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THE  LIBRARY 

OF 

THE  UNIVERSITY 

OF  CALIFORNIA 

LOS  ANGELES 


LIFE  OF 
NAPOLEON  BONAPARTE 


r. 


Y. 


y. 


Y. 

o 

o 


LIFE  OF 


NAPOLEON  BONAPARTE 


BY 

WILLIAM  MILLIGAN  SLOANE, 

Ph.  D.,  L.  H.  D. 
PROFESSOR    OF    HISTORY    IN    PRINCETON    UNIVERSITY 


VOLUME  IV 


>  •-.Mi'rtMl 


»W»#)<*Wl««4 


THE  CENTURY  CO.  NEW  YORK 
LONDON:  MACMILLAN  &  CO.,  LIMITED 

1896 


Copyright,  1896, 1897, 
By  The  Century  Co. 


TMt  Ot  ViNNt  Prem,  Niw  York,  U.  S.  A. 


stack 
Annex 


TABLE   OF   CONTENTS 


Chaptee  I.     The  Retreat  from  Russia  p^^^^ 

State  of  Napoleon's  Mind  —  Destruction  Imminent  — The  Affair  at  Wiazma  — 
Kutusoff's  Timidity  —  Napoleon's  Despair  —  Arrival  at  Smolensk  — The  Army 
Reorganized  —  Napoleon's  Daring  at  Krasnoi  —  Ney's  Great  Feat  —  Sufferings 
of  the  Army  —  The  Russian  Plan  —  Tchitchagoff's  Capture  of  Borrissoff    ...        1 

Chapter  II.     The  Horrors  of  the  Beresina 

Napoleon  at  Bay  — The  Enemy  at  Fault— The  Crossing  of  the  Beresina  — The 
Carnage— End  of  the  Tragedy  —  Napoleon's  Depai-ture  —  The  Remnants  of  the 
Ai-my  at  Vilua  — The  Russian  Generals  —  Napoleon's  Journey  —  Malet's  Con- 
spiracy —  The  Emperoi-'s  Anxiety  —  The  State  of  France  —  Affaii-s  in  Spain  .    .        9 

Chapter  III.     The  Prodigal's  Return 

"War  between  Great  Britain  and  the  United  States  —  Napoleon  Renews  his 
Strength  —  His  Administrative  Measures  —  Social  Forces  and  Political  Results 
—  Ideas  of  Peace  —  The  Military  Situation  —  The  Czar's  Resolutions  —  The  Con- 
vention of  Tauroggen  —  Defection  of  Prussia— Supreme  Exertions  of  France  in 
Napoleon's  Cause  —  Napoleon  as  a  Wonder-Worker 16 


Chapter  IV.    The  Revolt  of  the  Nations 

Napoleon  as  a  Financier  —  Failure  to  Seeiu-e  Aid  fi-om  the  Aristocracy  — The 
Fontainebleau  Concordat  —  Napoleon  Defiant— His  Project  for  the  Coming 
Campaign  —  State  of  the  Minor  German  Powers  —  Mettemich's  Policy  — Its 
Effect  in  Prussia  —  Prussia  and  her  King— The  New  Nation  — The  Treaty  of 
Kalish  —  The  Sixth  Coalition 24 

Chapter  V.    The  First  Campaign  m  Saxony 

Napoleon  Over  Hasty  —  Weakness  of  his  Army— The  Low  Condition  of  the 
Allies— Napoleon's  Plan  Thwarted— The  First  Meeting  a  Sui-prise— The  Battle 
of  Liitzen  — An  Ordinary  Victory  — The  Mediation  of  Austria  —  Napoleon's 
Effort  to  Approach  Russia  — The  Battle  of  Bautzen  —  Death  of  Duroc  — Napo- 
leon's Greatest  Blunder 33 


Vi  TABLE    OF    CONTENTS 

Chapter  Y1.    The  Nations  in  Grand  AimAY  tage 

Coudition  of  Affairs  after  Bautzen  —  The  Armistice  of  Poiscliwitz  —  Austria's 
New  Terms  —  Napoli'on's  Reliance  on  liis  Dynastie  Influence  —  Intervention  of 
Britisli  Agents  —  Na[i()le(>n's  Interview  with  Metternich  —  Tlie  Emperor's  Wrath 

—  Metternieh's  Deteruiiuatiou  —  Wellington's  Victories  —  Napoleon  at  Mainz  — 
The  Coalition  Completed  —  Diplomatic  Fencing — Renewal  of  Hostilities  —  The 
Responsibility 42 

Chapter  "S^I.     The  Last  Ijiperlvl  Victory 

Napoleon's  Prospects  —  The  Prepai-atious  and  Plans  of  the  Coalition  —  Cross 
Purposes  of  the  Combatants  —  Condition  of  Napoleon's  Mind  —  Strength  and 
Weakness  of  the  Allies  —  Renewal  of  Hostilities  —  The  Feint  in  Silesia — Napo- 
leon at  Dresden — First  Day's  Fighting — The  Victory  Won  on  the  Second  Day    51 

Chapter  "\T;II.    Politics  and  Strategy 

Napoleon's  Conduct  after  Di-esdcn  —  Military  Considerations  Overruled  by 
Political  Schemes  —  Probable  Explanation  of  Napoleon's  Failure  —  Pnissian 
Victories  at  Grossbeeren  and  on  the  Katzbach  —  Vandamme  Overwhelmed  at 
Kulm — Napoleon's  Responsibilitj'  —  Political  Considerations  again  Ascendant 

—  The  System  of  "Hither  and  Thither"  — The  Battle  of  Dennewitz  —  Its  Dis- 
astrous Consequences  —  Napoleon's  Vacillation  —  Strategy  Thwarted  by  Dijv 
lomacy •  .   .      58 

Chapter  IX.    The  End  or  the  Grand  Arjiy 

Plans  for  Conducting  the  Retreat  —  Napoleon's  Health  —  Bliicher's  Brilliant 
Idea  —  Napoleon  under  Compulsion  —  His  Skilful  Concentration  —  The  Battle- 
field aronnd  Lcii)sic  —  The  Attack  —  Results  of  the  First  Day's  Fighting  — 
Attempt  to  Negotiate  —  Napoleon's  Apathy  —  The  Positions  of  the  Third  Day 

—  The  Grand  Army  Defeated — The  Disaster  at  the  Elster  Bridge  —  Dissolution 

of  the  Grand  Army 67 

Chapter  X.    The  Frankfort  Proposals 

Importance  of  the  Battle  of  Leipsic  —  Decline  of  Napoleon's  Powers — His 
Gentler  Side — Disintegration  of  Napoleon's  Empire  —  The  Coalition  ami  the 
Sentiment  of  Nationality  —  Reasons  for  the  Parley  at  Frankfort — Insincerity 
of  the  Proposals  —  Napoleou  aud  France  —  The  Revolution  and  the  I^mpire  — 
Hollow  Diplomacy 77 

Chapter  XI.    The  IN^'ASI0N  of  Prance 

Amazing  Schemes  of  Napoleon  for  New  Levies  —  Attitude  of  the  People  toward 
the  Empire  —  The  Disaffected  Elements  —  Napoleon's  Armament  —  Activity  of 
the  Imperialists  —  Release  of  Ferdinand  and  the  Pope  —  Napoleon's  Farewell  to 
Paris  —  His  Strategic  Plan  —  France  against  Enrojie  —  The  Conduct  of  Berna- 
dotte  —  !Murat's  Defection  —  Conrtii^ling  Interests  of  the  Allies  —  Positions  of 
the  Opponents  at  the  Outbreak  of  Hostilities  .    • 84 


TABLE    OF    CONTENTS  vii 

Chaptek  XTI.     Natoleon's  Supeeme  Effort  p^o^ 

Tho  Pel  tility  of  (Jeiiius— Tlie  Battles  of  Brieniit)  and  La  RothitTO  — The  French 
Retreat —  Victory  at  t'lianipaubi^rt —  Victory  at  Moutniii'ail  —  Victory  at  Vau- 
champs — Success  Engenders  Dehision — Insincerity  of  the  Allies — Their  Clash- 
ing Interests  —  The  Congress  of  Chatillou  —  Napoleon's  Procrastination  — 
French  Victory  and  French  Diplomacy 93 

Chaptee  XIII.     The  Geeat  Captain  at  Bay 

Victoi''s  Failure  at  Montereau  —  Schwarzenberg's  Ruse  —  The  French  Advance 
and  the  Austrian  Retreat  —  Napoleon's  Effort  to  Divide  the  Coalition  —  Vain 
Negotiations  —  The  Treaty  of  Chaumont  —  Bliichei-'s  Narrow  Escape  —  The 
Prussians  Defeated  at  Craonne  —  Napoleon's  Determination  to  Fight  —  His  Mis- 
fortunes at  Laon  —  Dissensions  at  Bliichei-'s  Headquarters  —  Napoleon  at  Sois- 
sons  —  Rheims  Recaptured  —  Another  Phase  in  Napoleon's  Eclipse 102 

Chapter  XIV.    The  Steuggles  of  Exhaustion 

The  Allies  Demoralized  —  Napoleon's  Desperate  Choice  —  The  Battle  at  Arcis  — 
The  CoiTcspondence  of  Caulaincourt  and  Napoleon  —  Panic  at  Schwarzenberg's 
Headquai'ters  —  Cross-purposes  of  the  Allies  —  Napoleon's  Determination  Con- 
firmed —  His  Over-confidence  —  The  Resolution  to  Abandon  Paris  —  The  French 
Brought  to  a  Stand  —  Their  Masked  Retreat  —  luefBciency  of  Marmont  and 
Augereau  —  Napoleon's  March  toward  St.  Dizier  —  His  Terrible  Disenchantment 
—  How  the  Allies  had  Discovered  Napoleon's  Plans  —  Their  Determination  to 
Pm-sue  —  The  Czar's  Resolution  to  March  on  Paris  —  Successful  Retm-n  of  the 
Invaders 112 

Chapter  XV.    The  Beginning  of  the  End 

Napoleon's  Problem  —  The  Military  Situation  —  A  Council  of  War  and  State  — 
The  Return  to  Paris — Prostrating  News  —  The  Empress-Regent  and  her  Ad- 
visers—  Traitoi's  Within  —  Talleyrand  —  The  Defenders  of  the  Capital  —  The 
Flightof  the  Court— The  Allies  before  the  City 124 

Chaptee  XVI.     The  Pall  of  Paris 

The  Battle  before  Paris  —  The  Armistice  —  The  Position  of  Marmont  —  Legiti- 
macy and  the  Bourbons  —  The  Provisional  Government  —  Napoleon's  Fury  — 
Suggestions  of  Abdication  —  Napoleon's  New  Policy  Foreshadowed —  His  Troops 
and  Officers  —  The  Treason  of  Marmont — The  Marshals  at  Fontainebleau  — 
Napoleon's  Despair 132 

Chaptee  XVII.    Napoleon's  Piest  Abdication 

The  Meaning  of  Napoleon's  Abdication  —  The  Paper  and  its  Bearers  —  Progi-ess 
of  Marmont's  Conspiracy  —  Alexander  Influenced  by  Napoleon's  Embassy  — 
Marmont's  Soldiers  Betrayed  —  Marmont's  Reputation  and  Fate  —  Napoleon's 
Scheme  for  a  Last  Stroke  —  Revolt  of  the  Marshals  —  Napoleon's  First  Attempt 
at  Suicide  —  Unconditional  Abdication  —  Restoration  of  the  Bourbons  —  Napo- 
leon's New  Realm  —  Plight  of  the  Napoleons  —  Good-by  to  France,  but  not 
Farewell ■ 141 


viii  TABLE    OF    CONTEiNTS 

Chapter  XYIII.     The  Emperor  of  Elba  paoe 

Napoleou  aud  the  Popular  Frenzy  —  Serious  Dangers  Incurred  —  The  Exile 
under  the  British  Flag  —  The  Voyage  to  Elba  —  The  Napoleonic  Court  at  Porto 
Ferrajo  —  Mysterious  Visitors  —  Estraugeiuent  of  Maria  Louisa  —  Napoleon's 
"Isle  of  Repose"  —  The  Congress  of  Vienna — Its  Violation  of  Treaty  Agree- 
ment—  Discontent  in  France  —  Revival  of  Imperialism  —  Bitterness  of  the 
Army  —  Intrigues  against  the  Bourbons  —  Napoleon's  Behavioi-  —  His  Fears  of 
Assassination 151 

Chapter  XIX.    Napoleon  the  Liberator 

Napoleon  Ready  to  Reappear  —  Reasons  for  his  Determination  —  The  Return 
to  France  —  The  North wai'd  March  —  Grenoble  Opens  its  Gates  —  The  Lyons 
Proclamations  —  The  Emperor  in  the  Tuilcries  —  The  Emperor  of  the  French  — 
The  Additional  Act  —  Effects  of  the  Return  in  France  aud  Elsewhere  —  The 
Congress  of  Vienna  Denounces  Napoleou 161 

Chapter  XX.    The  Dynasties  Iiwplacable 

The  Vienna  Coalition  —  Its  Pui-pose  —  Napoleon  as  a  Liberal  —  The  Fiasco  — 
France  on  the  Defensive  —  Napoleon's  Health  —  War  Preparations  of  the  Com- 
batants—  Their  Respective  Forces  —  Qualities  and  Achievements  of  the  French 

—  The  Armies  of  Bliicher  and  Wellington  —  The  French  Strategy  —  Napoleon's 
First  Misfortune 170 

Chapter  XXI.    Lignt  and  Quatre  Bras 

Napoleon's  Orders — Ney's  Failure  to  Seize  Quatre  Bras  —  Wellington  Sur- 
pi'ised  —  Napoleon's  Fine  Strategy  —  The  Meeting  at  Ligny  —  Bliicher's  Defeat 

—  The  Hostile  Forces  at  Quatre  Bras — Wellington  Withdi-aws  —  Napoleon's 
Over-confidence  —  His  Instructions  to  Grouchy  —  His  Advance  from  Quatre  Bras  178 

Chapter  XXII.     The  Eve  of  Waterloo 

Wellington's  Choice  of  Position  —  State  of  the  Two  Armies  —  The  Orders  of 
Napoleon  to  Grouchy — Grouchy's  Interpretation  of  them — Napoleon  Surprised 
by  the  Prussian  Movements  —  His  Inactivity  —  The  Battle-field  —  Wellington's 
Position  —  Napoleon's  Battle  Array  —  His  Personal  Health  —  His  Plan  ....    187 

Chapter  XXIII.    Waterloo 

Hougomont  —  La  Haye  Saiutc  —  d'Erlon  Repulsed  —  Ney's  Cavalry  Attack  — 
Napoleon's  One  Chance  Lost  —  Plancenoit  —  Union  of  Wellington  aud  Bliicher  — 
Napoleon's  Convulsive  Effort  —  Charge  of  the  Guard  —  The  Rout  —  Napoleon's 
Flight 195 

Chapter  XXIV.    The  Surrender 

Nature  of  Napoleon's  Defeat  —  Its  Political  Consequences  —  Napoleon's  Fatal 
Resolution  —  The  State  of  Paris  —  Nai)()leon  at  the  fely.s^'c  —  His  Dejjarture  for 
Rochefort — Thoughts  of  Return  —  Procrastination  —  Wild  Schemes  of  Flight  — 
A  Refuge  in  England  —  His  Only  Resource  —  The  White  Terror  aud  the  Allies    204 


TABLE    OP    CONTENTS  ix 

Chapter  XXV.     St.  Helena  paoe 

EmbarrassnuMit  of  the  English  Ministrj'  —  A  Stran<»e  Embassy  —  Napoleon's 
Attitude  —  The  Transportation  —  The  Prison  —  And  its  Governor  —  Occupa- 
tions of  the  Prisoner  —  Napoleon's  Historical  Writings  —  Falling  Health  and 
Preparations  for  Death  —  His  Last  Will  and  Testament  —  The  End 212 

Chapter  XXVI.     Soldier,  Statesman,  Despot 

Questionings  —  The  Industrious  Burgher  —  The  Industrious  Sovereign  —  End 
of  the  Marvelous  —  Public  Virtue  and  Private  Weakness  —  The  Man  and  the 
Age  —  Latin  and  German  —  Fii-st  Struggles  —  Usurpation  of  Power  —  Political 
Theories  —  The  Napoleonic  System  —  Its  Foundation  —  Stimulus  to  Despotism 
—The  Surrender  of  France— The  Master  Soldier 220 

Chapter  XXVII.     Napoleon's  Place  in  History 

Exhaustion  —  The  Change  in  Napoleon's  Views  —  Intermitting  Powers  —  Their 
Extinction  —  Common  Sense  and  Idealism  —  The  Man  and  the  World  —  The 
Philosophy  of  Expediency — A  Mediating  Work  —  French  Institutions  —  Trans- 
formation of  France  —  Napoleon  and  English  Policy  —  His  Work  in  Germany 
—  French  Influence  in  Italy  and  Eastern  Europe  —  Napoleon  and  the  Western 
World 236 


Historical  Sources 249 

Index 263 


LIST   OF   ILLUSTRATIONS 


Volume  IV 
Napoleon  Leaving  the  French  Army  at  Smorgoni Frontispieee 

FACING  PAGE 

Russian  Peasants  Attackinq  French  Stragglers 1 

Marbot's  Soldiers  Foraging  on  the  Retreat 5 

Marshal  Laurent  Gouvion-Saint-Cyr 8 

The  Passage  of  the  Beresina 12 

Napoleon  and  his  Staff  Surprised  by  Cossacks 16 

Cossacks  Awaiting  a  French  Cavalry  Charge 21 

Marshal  Ney  Sustaining  the  Rear-guard  op  the  Grand  Army 25 

Napoleon  and  Pius  VII  at  Fontainebleau 29 

Eugene  De  Beauharnais  (Prince  Eugene)  Duke  of  Leuchtenberg,  Prince  of 

Eichstadt 32 

Gerard-Christophe-Michel  Duroc,  Duke  of  Friuli 36 

Marshal  Jean-Baptiste  Bessi^ires,  Duke  of  Istria 41 

Baron  Henri  Jojiini    .    .       44 

Marshal  Claude-Victor  Perrin,  Duke  op  Belluno 48 

Jacques-Alexandre-Bernard  Law,  Marquis  of  Lauriston 53 

Napoleon  in  1813 56 

Marshal  Edouaed-Adolphe-Casimir-Joseph  Mortier,  Duke  of  Treviso  ...  60 
Marshal  Jean-Baptiste-Jules  Bernadotte,  Prince  op  Ponte  Corvo,  Charles 

XIV  OF  Sweden 65 

Marshal  Nicolas-Charles  Oudinot,  Duke  of  Reggio 69 

Marshal  Jozef  Anton,  Prince  Poniatowski 73 

The  French  Army  Leaving  Leipsic 75 

Napoleon  and  his  Staff 76 

The  Battle  of  Hanau,  October  30, 1813 80 

Marie- Annunciade-Caroline  Bonaparte,  wif^  of  Joachlu  Murat;  Queen  of 

Naples,  Countess  Lipona;  and  her  Children,  Achille,  Laetitla.,  Lucien, 

AND  Louise 85 

NAPOLEON-FRANgOIS-CHARLES-JOSEPH,    PrINCE   IMPERIAL;    KlNG    OF   ROME ;     DUKE 

OF  Reichstadt 88 

Marshal  CHAJjLES-PiERRE-FRANgois  Augereau,  Duke  of  Castiglione     ....  92 

The  Guard  —  Campaign  of  France 94 

Staff-officer  Recontsoitering 101 

"  1814  "  —  Cajepaign  of  France 105 

Prince  Clemens  Wenzel  Nepomuk  Lothar  Von  Metternich-Winneburg    .   .  108 


xii  LIST   OF   ILLUSTRATIONS 

FACING  PAGE 

Friedrich  Wilhelm  Von  Bulow 113 

"CArTn-E" ll(j 

Henri-Jacques-Gcillaume   Clarke,    Coits't    D'Hunebourg,    Duke   of   Feltre 

(Marshal  of  France  under  Louis  Will) 120 

IlL\RSH.M.  fiTlENNE-jACQUES-JOSEPH-iVLEX-VNDRE  MaCDONALD,   DuKE   OF   TaRENTUM  125 

HL\i'  OK  THE  Field  ok  Oi'erations  in  1814 126 

Marshal  Auuust-Fredekk-Louis  Viesse  De  Maumont,  Duke  of  Ragusa  .   .   .  129 

The  Barri^re  De  Clichy,  or  the  Defense  of  Paris  in  1814 133 

Marshal  Michel  Nev,  Duke  of  Elchingen,  Prince  ok  the  Moskwa 136 

CHARLES-MAURICE-fiLIE,   DUKE   OF   TaLLEYR.VND-PkRIGORD,   PrINCE   OF    BeNK\T;NTO  141 

Napoleon's  Farewell  to  the  Ijipekial  Guard  at  Fontainebleau,  April  20, 1814  145 

The  Abdication,  Fontainebleau,  April  6, 1814 148 

Marshal  FRANgois-CHRisTOPHE  Kellermann,  Duke  of  Valmy 152 

Josephint;  at  Malmaison 156 

The  "Field  op  May"     161 

Joseph  Fouche,  Duke  of  Otranto 169 

Field-Marshal  Arthur  Wellesley,  Duke  of  Wellington 172 

Count  Maxluilien-Sebastien  Foy 170 

Okkicer  ok  the  Mounted  Ch^isseurs  Charging  (Imperial  Guard) 180 

Gerhard  Leberecht  Von  Blucher,  Prince  of  Wahlstadt 185 

Marshal  Emmanuel,  Marquis  De  Grouchy 188 

Map  of  Cajh'aign  of  1815,  June  15th  to  I9th 192 

Napoleon  and  the  Old  Guard  before  Waterloo 193 

"Waterloo" 194 

Sib  Thomas  Picton 197 

The  Ravine  at  Waterloo 201 

"It  is  Ue!" 203 

Marshal  Guillaume-Marie-Anne,  Count  De  BBtraE 204 

An  Episode  op  the  "  White  Terror,"  1815 207 

The  Last  Days  of  Napoleon 209 

Napoleon  on  Board  H.  M.  S.  "  Bellerophon,"  July,  1815 213 

Sir  Hudson  Lowe 216 

Count  Emmanuel-Augusten  Dieudonne  De  Las  Cases 218 

Las  Cases  and  his  Son  Writing  the  History  of  Napoleon  under  his  Dictation  220 

"  LoNGWooD,"  Napoleon's  Residence  at  St.  Helena 223 

Cardinal  Joseph  Fesch 225 

Marie-Laetitia   Ramolino   Bonaparte  —  "M^vdame  M^re"  —  Mother  of 

Napoleon  I     229 

Marie-Pauline  Bonaparte,  Madame  Leclerc,  Princess  Borghese 232 

Napoleon  at  St.  Helena 234 

Death  op  Napoleon  I 236 

Henri-Gratien,  Count  Bertrand 241 

The  Funeral  CoRTfens  of  Napoleon  in  the  Place  de  la  Concorde, 

December  15,  1840 244 

Napoleon  I 248 


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LIFE  OF  NAPOLEON  BONAPARTE 


CHAPTER  I 

the  eeteeat  from  russia 

State  of  Napoleon's  Mind — Destruction  Imjiinent — The  Affair 
AT  Wiazjia — Kutusoff's  Timidity — Napoleon's  Despair — Arri- 
val AT  Smolensk — The  Army  Reorganized — Napoleon's  Dar- 
ing AT  Krasnoi — Ney's  Great  Feat — Sufferings  of  the  Army — 
The  Russl\n  Plan — Tchitchagoff's  Capture  of  Borrissoff. 

FOR  nine  days  the  retreat  went  steadily  on.  Mortier  came  in  on  chap.  i 
October  twenty-seventh ;  Davout  was  assigned  to  keep  the  rear.  1812 
Napoleon  was  no  longer  seen  on  horseback ;  sometimes  he  drove,  but 
generally  he  trudged  among  the  men,  to  all  outward  appearance  as 
spiritless  as  any  one.  To  Junot  he  wrote  that  he  had  taken  his  decision 
in  consequence  of  the  cold  and  in  order  to  pro^ade  for  his  wounded 
fi-om  the  depot  at  Mozhaisk.  There  was  as  yet  no  severe  cold,  and 
there  was  a  far  shorter  road  to  Smolensk.  The  writer's  mind  was 
chaotic,  confusing  what  he  knew  soon  would  be  with  present  realities. 
His  maps  were  worthless,  and  clinging  to  experience,  he  showed  none 
of  his  accustomed  ventiu'esomeness.  The  well-worn  summer  unifonns 
of  his  men  were  no  protection  even  against  the  coolness  of  autumn 
nights.  What  a  prospect  when  winter's  cold  should  come !  It  was 
enough  to  stun  even  a  Napoleon. 

Vol.  IV.-i.  1 


LIFE    OF    XAi'OLEOX    BONAPARTE  [^t.  43 

Chap.  I  But  the  present  vtsls  bad  enough,  and  momentarily  grew  worse. 

1812  The  road  was  Uned  with  chan-ed  ruins  and  devastated  fields,  and  the 
waysides  were  dotted  with  groups  of  listless,  desperate  soldiers  who  fell 
out  and  sank  on  the  ground  as  the  stragghng  ranks  of  then-  comrades 
tramped  on.  Skirting  the  battle-field  of  Borodino,  the  marching  battal- 
ions looked  askance  on  the  ghastly  heaps  of  unburied  corpses;  but  the 
wounded  sui'vivors  were  dragged  from  field  hospitals  and  other  cav- 
ernous shelters  to  be  earned  onward  with  the  departing  army.  They 
were  a  sight  which  in  some  cases  turned  melancholy  into  madness.  In 
order  to  transport  them  the  wagons  were  Ughtened  by  throwing  the 
spoils  of  Moscow  into  the  pond  at  Semlino.  On  the  thirtieth  despatches 
of  gi-ave  import  reached  the  Emperor,  infonning  him  that  Schwarzen- 
berg  had  retreated  behind  the  Bug,  leaving  an  open  road  from  Brest  for 
Tehitchagoff  s  veterans  to  attack  the  right  flank  of  the  cohmms  flying 
from  Moscow.  Victor,  learning  of  Napoleon's  straits,  had  left  fifteen 
thousand  men  in  Smolensk,  and  was  advancing  to  join  Samt-Cyr  on 
the  Dwina  in  order  to  assure  the  safety  of  the  main  army  from  that 
side.  To  him  came  the  dismal  news  that  Wittgenstein  had  resumed 
the  offensive  against  Saint-CjT,  and  that  the  line  of  attack  on  the 
French  left  was  as  open  from  the  north  as  was  that  on  the  other  side 
fi-om  the  south.  Davout's  rear-guard  was  steadily  disintegi-ating  under 
hardships  and  before  the  harassing  attacks  of  the  Russian  riders  under 
Platoff.  Partizan  warfare  was  assuming  alanning  dimensions.  In  a 
single  swoop  two  thousand  French  recruits  under  Baraguey  d'Hilliers 
had  been  made  prisoners,  and  similar  events  were  growing  all  too  fi'e- 
quent.  In  consequence  of  these  crushing  discouragements  the  whole 
army  was  rearrayed.  "We  must  march  as  we  did  in  Egypt,"  ran  the 
order:  "the  baggage  in  the  middle,  as  densely  surrounded  as  the  road 
will  permit  with  a  half  battalion  in  front,  a  half  battalion  behind,  battal- 
ions right  and  left,  so  that  when  we  face  we  can  fire  in  eveiy  direction." 
Ney's  corps  was  then  assigned  to  the  place  of  danger  in  the  rear — a 
place  he  kept  with  desperate  gallantry  until  he  earned  the  title  "brav- 
est of  the  brave." 

The  early  promise  of  substantially  reinforcing  KutusofTs  army  had 
not  been  fulfilled.  The  fanatic  zeal  at  first  displayed  soon  effervesced, 
the  new  levies  were  untrustworthy,  and  the  long  marches  of  the  Rus- 
sians told  almost  as  terribly  upon  them  as  the  retreat  did  upon  their 
enemies.     Kutusoff's  army  therefore,  though  available  for  defense,  was 


^T.43]  THE  RETREAT  FROM  RUSSIA 

a  poor  weapon  for  attack,  especially  when  the  object  was  a  French  chjlP.i 
army  under  the  di-eaded  Napoleon.  The  Russian  commander  was  only  1812 
half-hearted  in  his  pursuit ;  and  when,  having  taken  the  short  cut  which 
was  unknown  to  his  enemy,  his  van  came  in  contact  with  tlie  French 
line  at  Wiazma  on  November  third,  the  Russian  soldiers  had  Uttle  heart 
to  fight.  The  circumstances  offered  every  chance  for  a  powerful  if  not 
a  decisive  blow  on  the  flying  column  fi-om  flank  and  rear ;  but  the  on- 
set was  feeble,  the  commander-in-chief  held  back  his  main  force  in 
anxious  timidity,  and  a  second  tune  the  opportunity  was  lost  for 
annihilating  the  retreating  foe,  now  reduced  in  number  to  about  sixty 
thousand.  Napoleon  was  far  away  on  the  front  when  Kutusoff  attacked, 
and  the  battle  was  conducted  on  the  French  side  by  the  marshals  in 
considtation  with  Eugene  and  Poniatowski.  The  reai'-guard  was 
momentarily  severed  from  the  line,  but  these  two  generals  wheeled  and 
fiercely  attacked  the  advancing  Russians,  engaging  all  within  reach 
until  Davout  was  able  to  evade  the  melee  and  rejoin  the  main  anny. 

The  French  lost  about  fom'  thousand,  the  Russians  about  half  as 
many.  Neither  of  the  two  armies  had  any  courage  to  renew  the  stniggle 
next  morning,  and  each  kept  its  way  as  best  it  could,  both  of  them 
exhausted,  both  shrinking  houi-ly  in  vigor  and  numbers.  Kutusoffs 
conduct  both  at  Malojaroslavetz  and  at  Wiazma  has  been  explained  by 
his  fixed  resolution  to  leave  the  destruction  of  the  invaders  to  his 
gaunt  alhes,  want  and  winter.  If,  however,  as  was  possible  at  either 
place,  he  had  annihilated  the  retreating  army,  this  might  have  been 
the  last  Napoleonic  war,  since  it  was  not  for  a  new  army  that  the 
Emperor  of  the  French  appealed  to  his  people,  but  for  something  quite 
different,  namely,  men  to  recruit  the  old  one.  As  it  was  Napoleon  first 
learned  of  the  conflict  at  Wiazma  on  the  fourth,  and  contemplated  a 
movement  which  might  lead  his  pursuers  into  an  ambush.  But  he 
found  the  three  columns  which  had  been  engaged  so  pitifully  disin- 
tegrated that  he  gave  up  in  despair  —  a  f eehng  heightened  when,  for  the 
first  time,  snowflakes  came  ominously  fluttering  through  the  fi*osty  air. 

The  weary  march  was  therefore  resimied,  and  there  was  some  sem- 
blance of  order  in  it,  although  Ney  wrote  Berthier  that  abeady  on  the 
fourth  there  were  without  exaggeration  fom'  thousand  men  of  the  grand 
anny  who  refused  to  march  in  rank.  The  number  was  increasing  daily. 
On  the  sixth  Napoleon  was  informed  that  Victor,  having  effected  a 
junction  with  Saint-Cyr,  had  checked  Wittgenstein  in  a  series  of  gallant 


LIFE    OF    NAPOLEON    BONAPARTE  [^t.  43 

Chap.  I  struggles,  but  that  step  by  step  the  two  divisions  had  been  driven  back 
1812  until  now  they  were  only  thu"ty  miles  distant,  having  abandoned  the 
line  of  the  Dwiua,  inclutUug  the  depot  of  Vitebsk.  "  Seize  the  offen- 
sive ;  the  safety  of  the  army  depends  on  it,"  was  Napoleon's  desperate 
reply.  Tenible  as  this  news  was  to  the  general,  it  was  ecUpsed  in  hor- 
ror for  the  Emperor  by  the  accounts  he  received  at  the  same  time 
fi'om  Paris  describing  Malet's  conspmicy,  a  movement  to  overthrow  the 
Empire  based  on  the  false  rumor  of  his  own  death.  "  And  Napoleon  II., 
did  no  one  think  of  him  ? "  he  cried  in  anguish.  Grand  army,  repu- 
tation, personal  prestige  —  all  these  he  might  lose  and  sui'vive ;  but  to 
lose  France,  that  were  ruin  indeed. 

That  night  a  heax^r  frost  fell ;  then,  and  no  sooner,  did  the  relentless 
severity  of  the  Russian  winter  begin.  This  is  proved  by  Napoleon's 
famous  twenty-ninth  bulletin,  and  by  the  joui-nal  of  Castellane,  the 
aide-de-camp  who  made  the  final  copy  of  it ;  in  spite  of  assertions  put 
forth  later  to  sustain  the  legend  of  an  army  conquered  by  the  elements, 
the  autumn  had  dalhed  far  beyond  its  time.  Next  day  the  weary  march 
began  again ;  scarcely  a  word  escaped  the  Emperor.  He  was  pale,  but 
his  countenance  gave  no  sign  of  panic ;  there  was  merely  a  grim,  persis- 
tent silence.  The  enemy  hung  on  flank  and  rear,  harassing  the  demor- 
alized column  until  it  was  more  like  a  horde  than  an  army.  With 
numbed  lunbs  and  in  the  gnawing  misery  of  bitter  cold,  the  French 
straggled  on.  Men  and  horses  died  by  the  score ;  the  survivors  cut 
strips  of  carrion  wherexxith  to  sustain  hfe,  and  desperately  pressed  for- 
ward, for  all  who  left  the  highway  fell  into  the  enemy's  hands.  In 
some  bivouacs  three  hundi'ed  died  overnight ;  there  are  statements  in 
the  papers  of  officials  which  seem  to  indicate  that  in  the  struggle  for 
life  the  weaker  often  perished  at  the  hands  of  their  own  comrades. 
The  half-crazed,  frost-bitten,  disorderly  soldiers  of  the  French  van 
reached  Smolensk  on  the  ninth,  and  on  the  thirteenth  the  remnants  of 
the  rear,  with  many  stragglers,  came  up  and  encamped.  The  heroes  of 
the  hour  were  Eugene  and  Ney.  Ney's  division  had  well-nigh  vanished  in' 
their  glory.  Fighting  without  fear,  and  dying  undaunted,  they  had 
saved  the  moiety  of  the  grand  army  which  reached  Smolensk ;  the  other 
half  had  perished  l>y  the  way.  Eugene  had  taken  a  long  circuit,  but 
his  division  had  lost  fewer  and  was  less  demoivalized  than  those  of  his 
colleagues.  Murat's  recklessness  in  fighting  the  Cossacks  had  resulted 
in  the  loss  of  nearly  all  his  horses ;  his  men  anived  on  foot. 


y. 

o 


Y. 


O 


o 


^T.43]  THE  RETREAT  FROM  RUSSIA 

The  scenes  in  Smolensk  were  shameful.  At  first  the  ganison  shut  Chap.  i 
the  gates  in  the  very  faces  of  the  human  wolves  who  clamored  for  food  1812 
and  shelter.  Disciphne  having  been  restored,  the  guard  was  admitted. 
The  stores  were  ample  for  a  fortnight's  rations  to  all  survivors ;  l)ut 
the  ravening  mob  could  not  be  restrained,  and  the  distribution  was  so 
ii-regular  that  precious  supplies  were  tumbled  into  the  streets ;  in  the 
end  it  was  found  that  the  guard  had  secured  sustenance  for  a  fort- 
night, ^vhile  the  line  had  scarcely  sufficient  for  a  week.  However,  the 
sick  and  wounded  were  housed  and  made  fairly  comfortable.  These 
sickening  tumults  over,  the  Emperor  seemed  to  regain  much  of  his 
bodily  ^dgor,  and  with  it  returned  his  skill  and  ingenuity :  stragglers 
were  reincoi-porated  into  regiments ;  supply- wagons  were  destroyed  in 
large  numbers  and  the  horses  assigned  to  the  artillery,  many  of  the 
guns  being  abandoned  so  that  the  service  of  the  remainder  might  be 
more  efficient;  the  army  was  rean'ayed  in  four  divisions,  nnder  the 
Emperor,  Eugene,  Davout,  and  Ney  respectively;  and  the  French 
made  ready  to  leave  Smolensk  with  a  bold  front.  Napoleon's  contempt 
for  his  enemy  was  matched  only  by  their  palpitating  fear  of  him. 
Most  men  would  have  abandoned  hope  in  such  a  crisis.  Napoleon  was 
fertile  not  merely  in  strategic  expedients,  but  in  devices  for  realizing 
his  plans.  Accordingly  he  aiTanged  that  the  fom-  columns  should 
move  on  parallel  hnes  toward  Lithuania,  a  day's  march  distant  from 
each  other,  he  with  six  thousand  of  the  guard  in  the  van ;  Ney,  taking 
the  other  four  thousand  to  strengthen  his  own  line,  was  to  keep  the 
rear.  The  movement  began  on  the  twelfth,  that  is,  before  the  last 
stragglers  had  come  in ;  on  the  fourteenth  Napoleon  took  his  departure ; 
and  thi'ce  days  later,  on  the  seventeenth,  the  towers  of  the  ramparts 
having  been  blown  up,  the  last  of  the  newly  ordered  ranks  marched 
out.  The  sick  and  wounded  had  found  shelter  in  houses  adjacent  to 
the  walls ;  many  were  killed  by  the  explosions,  the  rest  were  abandoned 
to  the  foe  and  foimd  humane  treatment.  Disorderly  and  mutinous 
French  soldiers  remained  in  considerable  numbers  to  plunder;  these 
were  for  the  most  part  caught  by  the  entering  Russians,  and  inhumanly 
done  to  death.  In  all  these  days  the  cold  had  not  abated,  and  at  times 
the  thermometer  marked  fifteen  degrees  below  zero. 

The  further  Kne  of  retreat  was  through  Ki'asnoi,  Borrissoff,  and 
Minsk,  the  Emperor  expecting  Schwarzenberg,  reinforced  by  foiu'teen 
thousand  German  recruits,  to  cover  the  crossing  of  the  Beresina  at 


LIFE    OF    NAPOLEON    BONAPARTE  [^t.  43 

Chap.  I  Boi'rissoff.  The  Riisbiiaus  followed  doggedly  on  their  parallel  line  of 
1812  pui-snit,  harassing  the  French  rear  and  flanks.  On  the  fifteenth  their 
van  came  in  touch  wnth  Napoleon's  di^'ision  near  Krasnoi  almost  as  he 
himself  passed,  and  their  artillery  opened  fu-e.  The  halls  yelled  as 
they  sped  by,  and  there  was  great  excitement.  Lebrun  called  atten- 
tion to  the  fact  as  if  it  were  remarkable.  "  Bah ! "  said  Napoleon,  as 
he  pressed  forward;  "bullets  have  been  flying  about  our  legs  these 
twenty  years."  He  well  knew  that  his  anxious  foe  would  not  seriously 
attack  him  and  his  guard ;  but,  justly  considering  that  the  case  would 
be  different  in  regard  to  his  rear,  he  halted  to  await  their  an-ival. 
Early  on  the  morning  of  the  seventeenth  he  sent  out  a  reconnoitering 
party,  as  if  about  to  wheel  and  give  battle ;  Kutusoff,  who  for  the 
moment  was  considerably  inferior  in  numbers,  fell  instantly  into  the 
snare,  and  dra^\dng  back  his  van,  as  Napoleon  had  foreseen  and  desired, 
made  ready  for  battle. 

Eugene  and  Davout  were  within  reach,  but  Ney's  position  was 
terrible :  he  was  only  then  leaving  Smolensk.  Was  he  to  be  left  to  his 
fate?  Around  and  behind  his  six  thousand  troops  were  swarming 
almost  as  many  stragglers ;  and  on  the  eighteenth  the  Russians,  in 
spite  of  their  momentary  halt,  threw  forward  their  van  with  the  hope 
of  cutting  off  his  hampered  and  sore-pressed  division.  But  the  short 
delay  had  been  precious :  Ney  rose  to  the  occasion,  and  on  the  nine- 
teenth crossed  the  Dnieper  over  the  ice,  hoping  to  follow  the  right 
bank  westward  and  rejoin  the  main  army  at  Orcha.  This  was  one  of 
his  most  daring  feats,  perhaps  his  most  brilliant  deed  of  arms.  Sum- 
moned by  a  flag  of  truce  to  surrender,  he  replied :  "A  marshal  of  the 
Empii'e  has  never  suiTcndered ! "  Platoff  and  the  Cossacks  were  hard 
on  his  heels ;  but  fighting  and  marching  throughout  the  weary,  bitter 
day,  at  night  the  undaunted  marshal  found  himself  in  touch  with 
Eugene,  who  had  turned  out  on  the  highway  from  Vitebsk  to  Orcha 
to  meet  him.  When,  on  the  twentieth,  they  effected  a  junction,  Ney 
had  only  eight  hundred  men  in  the  ranks  with  him;  perliaps  two 
thou.sand  more  were  trudging  behind  in  disorder. 

On  the  eighteenth  a  thaw  had  set  in  ;  it  had  begun  to  rain,  the  crust 
broke  under  the  men's  feet,  and  the  roads  were  lines  of  icy  clods.  The 
soldiers  had  no  foot-gear  but  rags ;  every  step  was  an  agony,  and  thou- 
sands who  had  so  far  endured  now  gave  up,  and  flmig  away  their  guns 
and  equipments.     There  were   not  more   than   twenty-five  thousand 


^T.  43]  THE    RETREAT    FROM    RUSSIA 

regularly  marching.  Already  on  the  previous  day  the  guard  had  shown  chap.  i 
signs  of  demoralization.  The  Emperor  alone  seemed  impassive.  For  lila 
days  he  had  shared  the  common  hardships ;  clad  in  a  long  Pohsh  coat 
of  marten  fur,  a  stout  hirch  staff  in  his  hand,  wdthout  a  sign  of  either 
physical  or  nervous  exhaustion  he  had  marched  silently  for  long  dis- 
tances among  his  suffering  men.  If  we  picture  him  standing  at  Krasnoi, 
weighing  how  long  he  dared  to  brave  an  enemy  which  if  consohdated 
and  hurled  upon  his  lines  would  have  annihilated  them,  we  must  feel 
that  collapse  was  prevented  then  only  by  his  nerve  and  by  the  terror  of 
his  name.  Once  more  he  threw  the  influence  of  his  presence  into  the 
scale,  and,  stepping  before  the  guard  on  this  dreadful  day,  he  said  sim- 
ply :  "  You  see  the  disorganization  of  my  anny.  In  unhappy  infatua- 
tion most  of  the  soldiers  have  thrown  away  their  guns.  If  you  follow 
this  dangerous  example  no  hope  remains."  The  state  of  the  men  was, 
if  possible,  worse  than  ever ;  in  fact,  it  was  indescribable.  Night  after 
night  they  had  bivouacked  in  the  snow.  What  with  the  wet,  the  daz- 
zling ghtter,  and  the  insufficient  food, —  for  at  best  they  had  only  a 
broth  of  horse-flesh  thickened  with  flom-, —  some  were  attacked  with 
blindness,  some  with  acute  mania,  and  some  with  a  prostrating  insen- 
sibihty.  Those  who  now  remained  in  the  ranks  were  clad  in  rags  and 
scarcely  recognizable  as  soldiers.  It  seemed,  therefore,  as  if  such  an 
appeal  could  only  awaken  an  echo  in  an  empty  vault ;  but  such  was  the 
French  character  that,  desperate  as  were  the  circumstances,  the  cry 
was  heard.  The  response  was  grim  and  sullen,  but  the  caU  was  not  in 
vain ;  and  reaching  Orcha  on  the  nineteenth,  there  was  stiU  an  army. 
As  yet,  however,  there  was  no  news  of  Ney. 

The  sky  seemed  dark  and  the  prospect  blank  when  it  was  learned 
that  both  Victor  and  Schwarzenberg  had  been  steadily  thrown  back. 
The  Russian  plan  was  for  Wittgenstein  and  Tchitchagoff  to  drive  in 
the  extreme  left  and  right  divisions  respectively  of  Napoleon's  atten- 
uated hue,  and  then  to  concentrate  at  Borrissoff  and  attack  the  main 
French  ai*my  retreating  before  Kutusoff.  So  far  the  various  parts  of 
this  scheme  had  been  successfully  executed.  Borrissoff  and  its  bridge 
were  stiU  in  possession  of  a  Pohsh  regiment;  but  the  garrison  was 
very  small,  and  could  not  repulse  the  attack  of  the  converging  Russian 
columns  or  of  any  portion  of  them.  It  behooved  Napoleon,  therefore, 
to  move  swiftly  if  his  few  remaining  troops  were  to  cross  the  Beresina 
in  safety.     It  was  in  this  frightful  dilemma  that  Ney  at  last  appeared. 


8  LIFE    OF   NAPOLEON    BONAPARTE  [^t.  43 

Chap.  I      Said  Napoleoii,  when  the  news  was  hroiight  to  him  :  "  If  an  houi'  ago  I 
1811'        had  heen  asked  for  the  thi-ee  milhous  I  have  in  the  Tuileries  vaults  as 
the  price  of  this  event,  I  would  have  handed  them  over."     The  mar- 
shal's presence  was  in  itself  a  splendid  encom'agement. 

Purchasing  such  stores  as  Jewish  contractors  offered,  abandoning 
the  heavy  pontoons,  and  liitehing  the  horses  to  a  few  field-pieces  found 
in  park,  the  undaunted  Emperor  sent  orders  to  both  Victor  and  Oudinot, 
enjoining  them  to  make  forced  marches  and  meet  him  at  Borrissoff. 
On  tlie  twenty-first,  amid  the  slush,  mud,  and  broken  cakes  of  cnist,  he 
staited  his  own  ai-my  on  a  swift  despairing  rush  for  that  crucial  point. 
It  was  too  late ;  that  very  day  Tchitchagoff's  van,  after  a  stubborn  and 
bloody  struggle,  occupied  the  toAvn  and  captured  the  all-important 
bridge.  The  thaw  had  opened  the  river,  and  its  overflowing  stream, 
more  than  sixty  yards  in  width,  was  full  of  floating  ice.  To  the  Rus- 
sians it  seemed  as  if  Napoleon  were  already  taken  in  their  snare,  and 
Tchitchagoff  issued  a  general  order  that  all  captives  below  mediimi 
stature  should  be  brought  to  him.  "  He  is  short,  stout,  pale ;  has  a 
short,  thick  neck,  and  black  hair,"  ran  his  description  of  the  "  author 
of  Europe's  miseries."  By  a  special  decree  of  the  Czar,  all  the  French 
prisoners  of  war  were  kindly  treated,  each  being  fmiiished  with  warm 
clothing  at  an  expense  of  about  twenty  dollars. 


^HidiHK 


tX    TU£    Ul'SLCM     Ut     XEaSMLLKH 


MARSHAL    LAURENT    GOUVION-SAINT-CYR 

FROM    THIC    I-AINTINO    BY  UORACE    VEBXET 


CHAPTER  II 

the  hoekoes  of  the  beeesina 

Napoleon  at  Bay  —  The  Enemy  at  Fault  —  The  Ceossing  of  the 
Beeesina — The  Carnage — End  of  the  Teagedy — Napoleon's  De- 
PARTUEE — The  Remnants  of  the  Aemy  at  Vilna — The  Russlvn 
Geneeals  —  Napoleon's  Joueney  —  Malet's  Conspiracy  —  The 
Empeeoe's  Anxiety  —  The  State  of  Feance  —  Affaies  in  Spain. 

THE  situation  of  the  French  was  desperate  indeed.  With  a  relent-  chap.  n 
less  foe  behind,  on  each  side,  and  now  in  front  protected  by  the  1812 
rampart  of  a  swollen  river,  which  was  overflowing  its  banks  and  was 
bordered  on  both  sides  by  dense  forests,  the  army  seemed  doomed.  A 
single  overmastering  thought  began  to  take  possession  of  Napoleon's 
mind  —  that  of  his  personal  safety.  He  appeared  to  take  a  momentous 
decision  —  the  determination  to  sacrifice  his  army  bit  by  bit  that  he 
might  save  its  head.  This  resolution  once  formed,  he  became  strong 
and  courageous,  his  head  was  clear,  and  liis  invention  active.  Oudinot 
was  summoned,  with  his  eight  thousand  men,  to  cMve  out  Tchitchagoff ; 
and  orders  were  sent  to  Victor,  commanding  him  to  take  the  eleven 
thousand  which  he  had,  and  at  any  hazard  cut  off  Wittgenstein  from  the 
Beresina.  Schwarzenberg  had  been  temporarily  checked  by  a  division 
of  Russians  under  Sacken,  and  was  no  longer  a  factor  in  the  problem. 
Oudinot  accomphshed  his  task,  but  the  Russians  fii-ed  the  bridge  as 
they  fled. 

Napoleon  was  scarcely  consoled  by  news  that  his  cavaliy  had  found 
a  ford  at  Studjenka.  Early  on  the  twenty-third  the  French  bridge-build- 
ers, with  all  available  assistants  and  material,  were  on  then*  way  up  the 
river.  The  remnants  of  the  army  were  reorganized,  and  the  baggage- 
train  was  reduced  to  the  smallest  possible  dimensions.  Unfortunately, 
Victor  had  not  received  his  orders  in  time,  and,  ignorant  of  the  Emperor's 

Vol.  IV.— 2  9 


IQ  LIFE    OF    NAFOLEON    BONAFARTE  [.Et.  4;J 

Chap.  II  plaiis?,  liad  changed  his  hue  of  march  to  one  more  southerly,  thus  leav- 
1812  ing  the  road  to  Studjenka  open  for  Wittgenstom,  who  abandoned  the 
pursuit  and  marched  du-ect  to  that  spot.  The  latter's  advance  was, 
however,  slow ;  Tcliitchagoff  was  completely  deceived,  as  many  of  the 
French  beUeve,  by  a  feint  of  Oudinot's,  but,  as  he  himself  declared, 
both  by  false  information  concerning  the  movements  of  Schwarzenberg, 
and  by  misrepresentations  concerning  Napoleon's  march  as  communi- 
cated through  both  Kutusoff  and  Wittgenstein.  Be  this  as  it  may,  the 
veterans  fi"om  the  Danube  marched  a  whole  day  down  the  stream  to 
guard  against  an  imaginary  danger.  The  Fi-ench  therefore  worked  at 
Studjenka  A^thout  distm-bance,  and,  as  the  frost  set  in  once  more,  the 
swampy  shores  were  hardened  enough  to  make  easy  the  approach  to 
their  works.  By  the  twenty-sixth  two  bridges  were  completed — a  light 
one  for  infantiy  early  in  the  morning,  and  late  in  the  afternoon  another 
considered  strong  enough  for  artillery  and  wagons.  At  one  o'clock 
Oudinot's  foot-soldiers  began  to  cross,  and  a  body  of  cavahy  success- 
fully swam  their  horses  over  the  stream,  which  owing  to  the  freshet 
was  now  in  places  five  feet  deep  instead  of  three  and  a  half  as  when  the 
ford  was  first  discovered ;  a  few  hours  later  artillery  followed,  and  the 
opposite  shore  was  cleared  of  the  enemy  sufficiently  to  open  the  bridge- 
head entirely,  and  control  the  direct  road  to  Vilna,  which  leaves  Minsk 
to  the  south.  This  great  success  was  due  partly  to  unparalleled  good 
fortune,  but  chiefly  to  the  gallant  fellows  who  worked  for  hours  without 
a  murmur  in  the  freezing  water,  amid  cakes  of  gi'inding  ice. 

With  two  short  interruptions,  of  three  and  four  hours  respectively, 
due  to  the  breaking  of  the  heavier  bridge,  the  crossing  went  forward  ii*- 
regulaiiy,  at  times  almost  intermitting,  until  the  morning  of  the  twenty- 
eighth.  About  noon  on  the  twenty-seventh  the  Emperor  passed ;  having 
superintended  certain  repairs  to  the  bridge,  he  started  next  morning  for 
Zembin.  The  same  afternoon,  Victor's  van  reached  Borrissoff  some- 
what in  advance  of  Wittgenstein,  who  came  up  a  few  hours  later,  and 
attacking  the  fonner's  rear,  captured  two  thousand  men.  Tcliitchagoff, 
having  finally  learned  the  truth,  appeai*ed  that  night  opposite  Bomssoff ; 
communication  with  the  oj)posite  shore  was  quickly  established,  and 
after  a  conference  the  two  belated  Russian  generals  agreed  to  march 
up-stream,  on  the  right  and  left  banks  respectively.  At  eight  next 
morning  Tchitcliagoff  attacked  Oudinot  and  Ney — twenty-six  thousand 
men  against  seventeen  thousand ;  two  houi's  later  Wittgenstein,  with 


^T.43]  THE  HORRORS  OF  THE  BEKESINA  U 

tweuty-five  thousand  fell  upon  Victor,  who  now  had  about  seven  thou-     chap.  n 
sand.     Yet  the  French  kept  the  bridges.  i8i2 

Thi'oughout  the  day  a  bloody  fight  went  on ;  it  was  rendered  uncei*- 
taiu  and  disorderly  by  the  thousands  of  stragglers  present,  and  by  the 
intensity  of  the  steadily  increasing  cold.  Behind  the  two  heroic  com- 
bats scenes  were  occurring  which  beggar  description.  Incredible  num- 
bers of  stragglers  cumbered  the  roadways  and  approaches;  the  vast 
mob  of  camp-followers  held  stubboi*nly  to  theu*  possessions,  and,  with 
loud  imprecations,  lashed  their  tired  horses  while  they  put  their  own 
shoulders  to  the  wagon  wheels.  Hundreds  were  trampled  under  foot ; 
families  were  torn  asunder  amid  wails  and  shrieks  that  filled  the  air ; 
the  weak  were  pushed  from  the  bridges  into  the  dark  flood  now  thick- 
ening imder  the  fierce  cold.  Toward  midday  a  cutting  wind  began  to 
blow,  and  by  tkree  it  was  a  hmTicane.  At  that  instant  the  heavier 
bridge  gave  way,  and  all  upon  it  were  engulfed.  An  onlooker  declared 
that  above  storm  and  battle  a  yell  of  mortal  agony  rose  which  rang  in 
his  ears  for  weeks. 

The  mob  on  the  river-bank  was  momentarily  sobered,  and  for  a  tune 
there  was  order  in  crossing  the  remaining  bridge ;  but  as  dusk  fell  both 
wind  and  battle  raged  more  fiercely,  and  gi'oups  began  to  surge  out  on 
right  and  left  to  pass  those  in  fi-ont.  Many  dashed  headlong  into  the 
angry  river;  others,  finding  no  opening,  seated  themselves  in  dumb 
despair'  to  wait  the  event.  At  nine  the  remnant  of  Victor's  ranks  began 
to  cross,  and  the  Russians  commenced  cannonading  the  bridge.  Soon 
the  beams  were  covered  with  corpses,  laid  hke  the  transverse  logs  on  a 
corduroy  road;  but  the  fi-ightful  transit  went  on  until  all  the  soldiers 
had  passed.  The  heavy  bridge  was  temporarily  repaired,  but  at  last 
neither  was  safe  ;  little  knots  gathered  from  the  rabble  at  intervals  and 
rushed  recklessly  over  the  toppling  structures,  until  at  eight  next  morn- 
ing the  French,  not  daring  to  wait  longer,  set  fire  to  both,  leaving  seven 
thousand  of  then*  followers  in  Studjenka.  They  biu'ned  also  the  wooden 
track  they  had  constnicted  tkrough  the  swamps.  The  Russian  ac- 
counts of  what  was  seen  in  the  morning  fight  portray  scenes  unparal- 
leled in  history :  a  thousand  or  more  charred  corpses  were  frozen  fast 
on  the  surface  of  the  river,  many  of  the  ghastly  heads  being  those  of 
women  and  children ;  the  huts  of  the  town  were  packed  with  the  dead. 
Twenty-four  thousand  bodies  were  burned  in  one  holocaust,  and  it  is 
solemnly  stated  that  in  the  spring  thaws  twelve  thousand  more  were 


12  LIFE    OF    NAPOLEON    BONAPARTE  [.Et.  43 

Chap.  II  bi'ouglit  to  light.  Ten  years  afterward  there  were  still  islets  in  the 
1812  shaDows  of  the  stream  covered  with  forget-me-nots  which  decked  the 
moldermg  hones  of  those  who  had  perished  dming  that  awful  night  of 
November  twenty-eighth,  1812. 

Next  day  the  Emperor  wrote  to  Maret  confessing  the  truth.  "  The 
army  is  numerous,  but  shockingly  disorganized,"  he  declared.  "  A  fort- 
night would  be  necessary  to  bring  it  once  more  under  the  standards; 
and  how  can  we  find  a  fortnight  f  Cold  and  privation  have  disorganized 
it.  We  may  reach  Vilna — can  we  maintain  ourselves  there  ?  K  we  only 
could !  even  for  the  first  eight  days.  But  suppose  we  were  attacked 
within  that  time,  it  is  doubtful  if  we  should  be  able  to  remain.  Food ! 
food!  food! — without  that  there  are  no  atrocities  which  this  unruly 
throng  would  not  commit  against  the  town.  In  this  situation  I  may 
regard  my  presence  in  Paris  as  essential  for  France,  for  the  Empire  — 
yes,  even  for  the  army."  He  also  composed  on  the  same  day  a  bulletin, 
since  famous,  which  was  dated  December  thu'd.  It  speciously  declared 
that  until  November  sixth  the  Emi^eror  had  been  everywhere  success- 
ful ;  thereafter  the  elements  had  done  then-  feU  work.  The  only  com- 
plete truth  it  contained  was  the  closing  sentence :  "  The  health  of  his 
Majesty  was  never  better."  As  the  sorry  remnants  of  the  grand  army 
moved  toward  Vilna,  they  grew  scantier  and  scantier.  Many  were  de- 
lirious from  hunger  and  cold,  many  were  in  the  agonies  of  typhus 
fever.  On  December  thii-d  there  were  stiU  nine  thousand  in  the  ranks ; 
on  the  fifth  the  marshals  were  assembled  to  hear  Napoleon  explain  his 
detennination  to  leave  at  once  for  Paris,  and  immediately  afterward  he 
took  his  depai-tm'e. 

It  was  not  a  very  "  gi-and  army  "  which  was  left  behind  under  Mu- 
rat's  command,  with  orders  to  form  behind  the  Niemen.  On  the  eighth 
the  thermometer  marked  twenty-five  degrees  below  zero,  and  a  few  un- 
armed wretches,  perhaps  five  hundred  in  all,  trailed  after  their  leader 
into  Vilna.  Their  ears  and  throats,  their  legs  and  feet,  were  swathed 
in  rags ;  their  bodies  were  wrapped  in  the  threadbare  garments  of  their 
dead  comrades,  or  in  such  cast-off  woman's  apparel  as  they  had  been 
able  to  secure  by  the  way.  They  were  followed  by  Ney  with  four  hun- 
dred, Wrede  wath  two  thousand,  and  finally  by  two  or  three  thousand 
stragglers.  After  a  few  lialf-hearted  and  ineffectual  efforts  to  organize 
this  mob  into  the  semblance  of  an  army,  Murat  abandoned  the  attempt 
and  posted  away  to  his  kingdom  of  Naples  —  a  course  severely  censured 


^T.  43]  THE    HORRORS    OF    THE    BERESINA  13 

by  the  Emperor.  This  was  the  closing  scene  of  Napoleon's  gi'eat  drama  Chap,  ii 
of  invasion.  His  men  and  horses  had  succumbed  to  summer  heats  as  1812 
rapidly  and  extensively  as  to  winter  frosts ;  he  had  brought  ruin  to  his 
enterprise  by  miscalculating  the  proportions  of  inanimate  natm-e  and 
human  strategy,  and  by  fatal  indecision  at  critical  moments  when  the 
statesman's  delay  was  the  soldier's  ruin.  Russia,  Hke  Spain,  had  the 
strength  of  low  organisms ;  her  vigor  was  not  centrahzed  in  one 
member,  the  destruction  of  which  would  be  the  destruction  of  the 
whole;  Moscow  was  not  the  Russian  empu-e,  as  Berlin  was  the  Prussian 
kingdom. 

Yet  justice  requires  the  consideration  of  certain  undoubted  facts. 
Making  all  due  allowance,  it  is  true  that  the  elements  were  Napoleon's 
worst  foe  when  once  his  retreat  was  fairly  under  way,  and  it  was  not 
the  least  of  Napoleon's  magnificent  achievements  that  after  the  cross- 
ing of  the  Beresina  there  was  still  the  framework  of  an  anny  which 
within  a  few  months  was  again  that  mai-velous  instrument  with  which 
the  campaigns  of  1813  and  1814  were  fought.  This  mu-acle  was  due  to 
the  shortsightedness  and  timidity  of  the  Russian  generals.  Tchitchagoff 
is  inexcusable  both  for  the  indifference  he  displayed  regarding  the  vari- 
ous points  at  which  the  Beresina  might  be  crossed,  and  for  the  igno- 
rance which  made  him  the  easy  dupe  of  feints  and  misleading  reports. 
As  to  Wittgenstein,  the  caution  which  he  exercised  because  operating 
alone  was  near  in  its  character  to  cowardice ;  his  snail-like  movements 
prevented  any  efficient  cooperation  in  the  general  plan,  and  he  failed  in 
grasping  a  situation  of  affairs  which  left  open  but  a  single  line  of  re- 
treat for  Napoleon.  Neither  of  these  two  had  any  adequate  conception 
of  the  losses  suffered  by  the  French,  and  they  permitted  the  last  oppor- 
tunity for  annihilating  the  invaders  to  escape.  As  to  Kutusoff,  who 
was  fully  informed  concerning  the  utter  disintegration  of  the  "  gi'and 
army,"  his  conduct  in  holding  back  the  main  Russian  force  at  the  cru- 
cial moment  is  utterly  indefensible ;  he  saved  thousands  of  his  troops, 
perhaps,  but  he  has  passed  into  history  as  the  man  who  is  indirectly 
responsible  for  the  rivers  of  blood  which  were  still  to  di'ench  the  con- 
tinent of  Europe.  Both  he  and  Wittgenstein  unloaded  all  the  blame 
on  Admu"al  Tchitchagoff,  and  contemporary  opinion  sustained  them. 
"  Had  it  not  been  for  the  admiral,"  said  the  commander-in-chief,  re- 
plying to  a  toast  proposed  to  the  conqueror  of  Napoleon,  "the  plain 
gentleman  of  Pskoff  (namely,  himself)  could  have  said  :  Europe  breathes 


14  LIFE    OF    NAPOLEON    BONAPARTE  [^t.  43 

Chap,  n  free  again."  This  opinion  is  one  which  histoiy  must  reject  as  utterly 
1812       false. 

"Wlieu  the  soldiers  heard  tliat  their  Emperor  had  departed  there 
was  an  almost  universal  outbm'st  of  frenzied  A\Tath.  "  He  flies,"  they 
shrieked,  "  as  in  Egypt !  He  abandons  us  after  he  has  sacrificed  us ! " 
As  has  been  remarked,  this  despair  was  natural,  but  the  accusation  was 
unjust.  Napoleon's  abandonment  of  the  grand  army  at  Smorgoni  was 
not  a  desertion  Uke  the  secret  flight  from  Egypt ;  for  now  he  was  chief 
and  not  subordinate,  his  own  judgment  was  the  court  of  final  appeal. 
Moreover  it  was  necessary  for  the  very  existence  of  the  army  that  its 
general  should  once  more  be  emperor,  the  head  of  the  state.  Traveling 
incognito,  he  passed  through  Vilna,  Warsaw,  and  Dresden.  Maret  was 
left  in  charge  of  matters  in  Litliuauia,  De  Pradt  was  carefully  in- 
structed how  to  treat  the  Poles,  and  on  December  fourteenth,  at  Dres- 
den, despatches  were  written  to  both  Francis  and  Frederick  William  in 
order  to  assure  theii*  continued  adhesion.  The  King  of  Saxony  was 
firmly  bound  in  the  fetters  of  a  personal  fascination  never  entirely  dis- 
pelled. Twice  on  the  long,  swift  journey  efforts  were  made  by  dis- 
enchanted German  officers  to  assassinate  Napoleon,  but  he  escaped  by 
the  secrecy  of  his  flight.  Such  conspiracies  were  the  presage  of  what 
was  soon  to  happen  in  Germany.  They  were  trivial,  however,  when 
compared  with  the  state  of  public  opinion  in  Paris  as  displayed  by 
the  Malet  conspiracy.  In  spite  of  all  that  he  had  done  to  establish  a 
settled  society,  France  was  not  yet  cured  of  its  revolutionary  habits; 
it  was  only  too  clear  that  the  constitution,  codes,  and  admirable  ad- 
ministrative system  were  operative  not  fi*om  pohtical  habit  but  by  per- 
sonal impulsion.  This  was  the  real  sore ;  the  conspiracy  itself  was  a 
gi'otesque  affair,  the  work  of  a  brain-sick  enthusiast,  lightly  formed  and 
easily  crushed. 

!Malet  was  a  fiery  nobleman  who,  having  run  the  gamut  between 
royalist  and  radical,  had  turned  conspirator,  liaving,  in  1800,  plotted  to 
seize  the  First  Consul  on  his  way  to  Marengo,  and  again,  hi  1807,  liav- 
ing been  imprisoned  in  the  penitentiary  of  La  Force  for  attempting 
to  overthrow  the  Empire.  Feigning  madness,  he  succeeded  in  l)eing 
transfen-ed  to  an  asylum,  where  he  successfully  reknit  his  conspnacies, 
and  finally  escaped.  On  October  twenty-third,  1812,  he  presented  him- 
.self  to  the  commander  of  the  Paris  guard,  announcing  Napoleon's  death 
on  the  seventh  ;  by  the  use  of  a  forged  decree  of  the  senate  purporting 


^T.  43]  THE    HORRORS    OF    THE    BERE.SINA  15 

to  establish  a  provisional  republican  government,  and  by  the  display  chap.  u 
of  an  amazing  effrontery  he  secm-ed  the  adhesion  of  both  men  and  of-  1812 
fleers.  Marching  at  their  head,  he  liberated  his  accomplices,  Lahorie 
and  Guidal,  from  La  Force,  seized  both  Savary  and  Pasquier,  minister 
and  prefect  of  police  respectively,  and  wounded  Hulin,  commandant  of 
the  city,  in  a  similar  attempt.  But  Doucet,  HuHn's  assistant,  seized 
and  ovei-powered  the  daring  conspirator,  Savary  and  Pasquier  were  at 
once  released,  and  almost  before  the  facts  were  known  throughout  the 
city  the  accomphces  of  the  plot  were  all  arrested.  Malet  and  twelve  of 
his  associates  were  tried  and  executed. 

The  Paris  wits  declared  that  the  police  had  made  a  great  "  tour  de 
force,"  and  as  far  as  the  city  was  concerned  the  affair  appeared  to  have 
ended  in  a  laugh.  But  Napoleon  was  dismayed,  for  he  saw  deeper. 
"It  is  a  massacre,"  he  exclaimed,  on  hearing  of  the  number  shot. 

If  the  Russian  campaign  had  been  successful,  it  would  have  put  the 
capstone  on  imperial  splendor.  But  already  its  failure  was  known 
among  the  French  masses,  and  ghastly  rumors  were  rife ;  the  Emperor 
himself  was  far  distant ;  the  Empress  was  not  beloved ;  the  httle  heir 
was  scarcely  a  personage ;  the  imperial  administration  was  much  crit- 
icized ;  the  "  system  "  was  raising  prices,  depressing  industry,  and  in- 
creasing the  privations  of  every  household.  Pius  VII.  was  now  living 
in  comfort  at  Fontainebleau,  but  he  was  a  prisoner,  and  earnest  Catho- 
lics were  troubled;  perhaps  heaven  was  visiting  France  with  retri- 
bution. Worst  of  aU,  ever  since  the  nations  at  both  extremities  of 
Em-ope  had  risen  in  arms  against  Napoleon's  tyi'anny  French  youth 
had  perished  under  the  imperial  eagles  in  appalling  numbers,  and 
throughout  the  districts  of  France  which  were  at  heart  royahst  there 
was  a  rising  tide  of  bitter  vindictiveness. 

What  had  occurred  in  Spain  did  not  allay  the  general  uneasiness. 
Marmont,  having  outmanoeuvered  Wellington  imtil  July  twenty-second, 
had  on  that  fatal  day  extended  his  left  too  far  at  Salamanca,  and  had 
suffered  overwhelming  defeat ;  southern  Spain  was  lost  to  France. 
Suchet,  having  taken  and  held  Tarragona,  concentrated  to  the  east- 
ward, so  that  by  his  holding  Aragon  and  Catalonia  for  Napoleon, 
Joseph  could  set  up  a  government  temporarily  at  Valencia.  Welhng- 
ton,  hampered  by  the  distracted  condition  of  Enghsh  pohtics,  had  felt 
bound,  in  spite  of  victory,  to  withdi'aw  to  the  Portugal  fi'ontier. 


1813 


CHAPTP]R  III 


the  trodig/vls  keturn 

Wab  betwteen  Great  Britain  and  the  United  States  —  Napoleon 
Renews  his  Strength  —  His  Administrative  Measures  —  Social 
Forces  and  Political  Results  —  Ideas  of  Peace  —  The  Mili- 
tary Situation  —  The  Czar's  Resolutions  —  The  Com'ENTioN  of 
Tauboggen  —  Defection  of  Prussia  —  Supreme  Exertions  of 
France  in  Napoleon's  Cause  —  Napoleon  as  a  Wonder-Worker. 

Chap.  Ill  T)  Y  stringently  enforcing  the  orders  in  council  Canning  had  seriou.sly 
JU  injured  Great  Britain.  It  was  in  some  sense  the  outcome  of  gen- 
eral exasperation  that  early  in  May,  1812,  Perceval,  the  Tory  premier, 
was  assassinated  in  the  lobby  of  the  House  of  Commons  by  Bellingham, 
a  bankrupt  of  disordered  mind.  In  the  consequent  reconstruction  of 
the  cabinet  Castlereagh  had  succeeded  the  Marquis  of  WeUesley.  On 
May  thirteenth  the  disastrous  orders  were  repealed,  but  the  United 
States  had  already  declared  war.  By  land  the  Americans  failed  dismally 
at  the  outset;  but  at  sea  they  were  five  times  victorious  in  as  many  dif- 
ferent engagements,  two  Enghsh  frigates  striking  their  flags  to  what 
was  then  considered  as  fairly  equal  force.  This  was  a  moral  victory  of 
immense  importance.  It  was  disproportionate  of  course  to  the  actual 
Enghsh  loss,  which  was  easily  reparable,  but  it  was  an  appalling  novelty 
to  the  British,  who  unwillingly  realized  that  the  sons  had  shown  a  sea- 
manship of  the  highest  quality  and  were  not  unworthy  of  their  sires. 
The  anxiety  of  Wellington  and  the  maritime  successes  of  the  Americans 
were  not  unwelcome  lights  in  the  otherwise  dark  picture  of  European 
affairs  upon  which  Naj)oleon  was  forced  to  look  after  his  return  from 
Moscow. 

The  prodigal  Eni])('ror  was  luidisinayed ;  as  he  had  recu})erated  his 
physical  powers  under  incredible  hardships,  so  he  sharpened  those  of 


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JET.  43]  THE    PRODIGAL'S    RETURN  17 

his  mind  amid  the  greatest  difficulties.  His  first  care  was  to  make  chap.  ni 
siu'e  of  France.  To  a  deputation  of  the  servile  senate  he  roimdly  de-  i8i3 
nounced  all  faint-hearted  civil  officials  as  menacing  the  authority  of  law. 
"  Timid  and  cowardly  soldiers,"  he  said,  "  may  cost  a  nation  its  inde- 
pendence ;  faint-heai*ted  officials,  however,  destroy  the  authority  of  the 
laws.  The  finest  death  would  be  that  of  the  soldier  on  the  field  of  honor, 
were  not  that  of  the  official  who  dies  to  defend  his  monarch,  the  throne, 
and  the  laws  stiU  more  glorious."  To  the  council  of  state  he  scored  all 
such  as  had  continued  to  attribute  to  the  people  a  sovereignty  which  it 
was  incapable  of  exercising ;  who  derived  authority,  not  from  the  prin- 
ciples of  justice  nor  fi'om  the  nature  of  things  nor  from  civil  rights,  but 
from  the  caprice  of  persons  who  understood  neither  legislation  nor  ad- 
ministration. The  meaning  of  such  language  was  clear,  and  the  words 
of  the  master  sufficed  to  bring  the  entire  machine  into  perfect  order. 
The  great  officers  of  state  were  not  slow  in  then*  response  —  from  the 
police,  fi'om  the  university,  fi*om  the  com*ts  came  protestation  after 
protestation  of  loyalty;  the  vocabulary  of  the  French  language  was 
ransacked  for  terms  to  express  the  most  fulsome  adulation.  Napoleon's 
firm  front  was  in  itseK  an  inspiration,  and  such  unanimity  of  devotion 
in  high  quarters  confii'med  the  people  in  then*  changed  tendency. 
Soon  not  merely  the  French  nation  but  the  whole  Empire  was  once 
again  under  the  magician's  spell.  Deputations  began  to  arrive,  not 
only  from  all  parts  of  France  itself,  but  fi'oni  the  gi'eat  cities  of  cen- 
tral and  western  Europe,  from  Rome,  Florence,  Turin,  and  Milan, 
from  Hamburg,  Mainz,  and  Amsterdam,  and  the  expressions  of  devotion 
uttered  by  the  deputies  were  limited  only  by  the  possibihties  of  ex- 
pression. Scoffing  wits  recalled  the  famous  scene  from  Moliere,  in 
which  the  infatuated  Orgon  displays  indifference  to  his  faithfiil  wife 
and  shows  interest  only  in  Tartufe. 

But  in  spite  of  this  trenchant  joke,  Napoleonic  government  stood 
fii'ui  ui  France,  and  soon,  this  all-important  point  having  been  gained, 
there  was  not  a  Uttle  hrfectious  enthusiasm,  which  grew  ia  propor- 
tion as  the  Emperor  deployed  with  every  day  and  hoiu-  his  marvelous 
faculties  of  admmistration.  Reduced  as  the  appropriations  were,  the 
pubhc  works  in  Paris  went  on;  the  naval  station  of  Brest  was  com- 
pleted ;  the  veterans  received  then*  Emperor's  minutest  care ;  the  des- 
titute families  of  soldiers  who  had  perished  for  France  were  relieved : 
the  imperial  pan-  were  everywhere  conspicuous  when  a  good  work  was 

Vol.  IV.— 3 


18  LIFE    OF   NAPOLEON    BONAPARTE  [.*:t.43 

Chap,  m  to  be  done.  Finally,  when  a  plan  of  rec^ency  for  Maria  Louisa  was 
1813  divulged,  the  praiseworthy,  genuine  sentiment  which  underlay  these 
pubhc  actiWties  was  found  to  have  reinforced  their  dramatic  effect 
sufficiently  to  make  the  scheme  acceptable.  This  plan,  while  giving 
to  the  Empress  all  the  splendors  of  imperial  sovereignty  throughout 
both  the  Empire  and  the  vassal  states,  was  carefully  constructed  with 
wholesome  checks.  What  she  could  not  do  was,  however,  less  evident 
and  less  important  than  what  she  could  do.  In  the  hands  of  an  able, 
devoted  wife  the  regency  might  have  been  a  tower  of  strength  to  an 
absent  husband  battling  for  the  existence  of  his  Empu-e;  worked  by 
a  vain,  flabby,  and  perhaps  already  disloyal  nature,  it  had,  with  all  its 
strength  and  display,  but  little  value  as  a  safeguard  against  the  coni- 
plots  of  the  Talleyrand  set,  who  desii-ed  the  crash  of  the  Empire  that, 
amid  the  ruins,  they  might  further  pillage  on  their  own  account. 

That  the  schemers  were  not  sooner  successful  than  they  were  is 
due  to  a  combination  of  small  things  —  each  perhaps  trivial  in  itself 
but  the  whole  most  efficacious  in  perpetuating  Napoleon's  hold  on  the 
French.  During  his  presence  in  Paris  all  the  old  inquisitiveness  and 
boundless  concern  for  detail  seemed  to  i*etum  without  diminution  of 
force.  Before  his  last  departure  he  had  won  the  popular  heart  by  the 
model  family  life  of  the  Tuileries,  which,  thoxigh  never  ostentatiously 
displayed,  was  yet  seen  and  widely  discussed.  In  the  thick  of  Russian 
hoiTors  he  had  fomid  time  to  correspond  with  his  infant's  governess 
concerning  the  difficulties  and  dangers  of  teething;  it  was  felt  that 
while  the  emperor  and  general  was  warring  on  the  steppes  of  Muscovy, 
the  husband  and  father  was  present  in  spirit  on  the  banks  of  the  Seine. 
On  his  return  it  was  generally  remarked  that  his  reception  into  the 
bosom  of  his  family  was  tender  and  affectionate,  and  that  parental 
pride  in  a  thriving  child  was  paramount  to  the  ruler's  ambition  for  an 
established  dynasty.  The  imperial  pair  were  seen  in  company  ahke  on 
the  thronged  thoroughfares,  and  on  the  outer  boule^•ards  of  Paris. 
They  were  always  greeted  with  enthusiasm,  sometimes  there  was  a  dis- 
play of  passionate  loyalty.  When  the  Emperor  visited  his  invalid  vet- 
erans, he  tasted  their  food  and  would  have  the  Empress  taste  it  too ;  she 
graciously  assented  and  there  was  universal  delight.  In  short  the  do- 
mestic bhss  of  the  Tuileries  radiated  happiness  into  the  plain  homes 
of  the  nation,  and  made  the  common  people  not  merely  tolerant  but 
fond  of  sucli  a  paternal  despotism. 


^T.43]  THE    PRODIGAL'S   RETURN  19 

Napoleon  returned  from  Russia  sincerely  protesting  that  what  he  chap.  hi 
most  desired  was  peace.  Yes,  peace ;  but  of  what  kind  ?  The  answer  1813 
was  inclusive  of  the  whole  European  question.  It  was  easy  to  believe 
that  Spain  was  nearly  exhausted,  that  if  the  process  of  devastation 
could  be  continued  three  years  longer,  her  shattered  society  would  fin- 
ally accept  the  gentle  Joseph  as  its  regenerator.  It  was  not  unnatural 
for  the  Emperor  to  regard  his  Confederation  of  the  Rhine  as  safe  and 
loyal;  yet,  just  as  in  the  Moscow  campaign  his  superlative  strategy 
far  outran  the  remainder  of  his  system,  so  he  had  failed,  embodiment 
of  the  new  social  order  as  he  believed  himself  to  be,  in  fully  estimating 
the  creative  force  of  the  revolution  in  middle  and  south  Germany, 
Some  inkling  of  the  national  movement  he  must  have  had,  for  Schwarz- 
enberg's  lukewaiinness  had  awakened  suspicions  of  Austria,  and  Prus- 
sia's new  strength  could  not  be  entirely  concealed.  Soon  after  reaching 
Paris  he  learned  with  dismay  that  his  Prussian  auxiliaries  had  made 
terms  with  the  Czar.  This  was  done  in  defiance  of  their  king ;  but  it 
indicated  the  national  temper,  which,  seeing  the  hand  of  God  in  the 
disasters  of  the  monster  who  after  humiliating  Prussia  had  dared  to 
invade  Russia,  made  it  impossible  for  Prussian  troops  to  serve  again 
in  the  ranks  of  a  French  army.  The  bolts  of  divine  wrath  had  fallen 
on  the  French  and  the  French  dependants,  the  Prussian  and  the  Aus- 
trian contingents  had  escaped  unscathed ;  both  German  armies  must 
surely  have  been  spared  for  a  special  pm-pose. 

In  his  interview  at  Warsaw  with  De  Pradt  Napoleon  had  predicted 
that  he  would  speedily  have  another  army  of  three  himdred  thousand 
men  afoot.  In  this  rough  calculation  he  had  included  both  Prussians 
and  Austrians.  With  a  spirit  of  bravado,  he  there  referred  to  the 
narrow  escapes  of  his  life  :  defeated  at  Marengo  until  six,  next  morn- 
ing he  had  been  master  of  Italy ;  at  Essling,  the  rise  of  the  Danube  by 
sixteen  feet  in  one  night  had  alone  prevented  the  annihilation  of  Aus- 
tria; having  defeated  the  Russians  in  every  battle,  he  had  expected 
peace ;  was  it  possible,  he  asked,  for  him  to  have  foreseen  the  Russian 
character,  or  have  foretold  then*  heroic  sacrifice  of  Moscow,  for  which 
doubtless  he  Mmself  would  catch  the  blame?  So  now,  if  his  aUies 
stood  firm,  he  would  have  another  great  army,  and  stUl  conqiier.  All 
this  was  not  bluster,  for  his  figures  were  in  the  main  coiTCct.  More- 
over, Russia's  strength  was  steadily  diminishing,  a  fact  of  which  he 
was  dimly  aware.     Of  Kutusoff's  two  hundred  thousand  men   only 


20  LIFE    OF    NAPOLEON    BONAPARTE  [^Et.  43 

Chap,  m  forty  thousand  remamed  when  he  entered  Yibia  after  the  Napoleonic 
1813  forces  had  left  it ;  Wittgenstein's  army  had  suffered  proportionately, 
and  the  troops  from  the  Danube  still  worse.  Kutusoff  wanted  peace 
quite  as  much  as  did  Napoleon,  and  the  ineffective  Russian  pursuit 
was  intnisted  to  Yermoloff,  an  untried  officer,  to  Wittgenstein,  and  to 
the  incapable  Tchitchagoff.  The  bickerings  and  insubordination  of 
the  French  marshals  had  now  become  notorious,  but  they  were  fully 
offset  by  the  discord  and  inefficiency  of  the  Russian  generals. 

Alexander,  however,  was  not  for  peace.  Out  of  the  rude  experiences 
he  had  been  undergoing  there  had  been  formed  two  fixed  ideas ;  that 
Napoleon  could  not,  even  if  he  would,  surrender  his  preponderance 
in  Europe,  and  that  he,  himself,  might  hope  to  appear  as  the  Hberator 
of  European  nationality.  For  a  moment  it  appeared  possible  for  the 
Czar  to  establish  himself  as  king  of  Poland  by  the  aid  of  the  Jesuits 
and  of  Czartorysky's  fiiends.  But  the  Jesuit  leader  knew  that  Napo- 
leon's strength  was  far  from  exhausted,  and  fled  to  Spain.  Czartorysky 
entertained  the  idea  that  in  case  of  Napoleon's  overthrow  he  might 
unite  Poland  imder  his  o^^^l  leadership  and  demand  a  truly  liberal  con- 
stitution, such  as  could  not  be  worked  by  a  Russian  autocrat  with  three 
hundi-ed  thousand  Russian  soldiers  at  liis  back.  Should  the  virtual 
independence  of  Poland  be  wining  from  Alexander,  and  not  secm'ed 
by  the  French  alliance,  then  the  only  available  constitutional  ruler 
would,  he  thought,  be  a  member  of  his  own  princely  family  and  not 
one  of  the  rival  Poniatowskis.  The  autocrat  did  not  clearly  understand 
the  drift  of  his  boyhood  friend,  but  he  saw  enough  to  render  the  notion 
of  reconsti-ucting  Poland  in  any  fonn  distasteful,  and  finally  abandoned 
it.  He  then  took  the  sensible  resolution  to  recruit  his  strength,  not  by 
emptying  his  own  lean  purse,  but  by  securing  the  cooperation  with  his 
forces  of  the  strong  armies  buUt  up  by  Prussia  and  Austria.  It  was 
therefore  with  a  fairly  definite  purpose  that,  on  December  eighteenth, 
he  left  St.  Petersbm'g  for  Vilna.  He  had  in  mind  first  to  secm-e  the 
fi-uits  of  victory  by  energetic  pursuit,  then  to  sound  the  temper  of 
Prussia  and  Austria. 

!Murat  had  led  the  remnant  of  the  gi'and  army  over  the  Niemen  on 
December  foiu'teenth  ;  on  the  nineteenth  he  entered  Konigsberg.  The 
day  beffjre  Macdonald  had  learned  by  a  despatch  from  Bertliier  of  the 
final  disasters  to  the  Russian  expecUtion,  and  on  the  twentj^-eighth  his 
van  reached  Tilsit.     The  Pi-ussian  auxiliaries  were  in  the  rear  under 


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iET.  43]  THE    PRODIGAL'S    RETURN  21 

York,  who  had  been  for  nearly  two  months  in  regular  communication  Chap.  m 
with  the  Czar,  and  knew  the  details  of  Napoleon's  rout,  as  Macdonald  ihi3 
did  not.  Wittgenstein  had  been  despatched  to  cut  off  Macdonald's 
retreat.  But  \vith  the  dilatoriness  which  characterized  all  the  Russian 
movements  he  came  too  late,  a  single  detachment  under  Diebitsch  fall- 
ing in  with  the  Prussians  on  their  own  territory.  The  Prussian  general 
was  in  a  quandary;  he  was  quite  strong  enough  to  have  beaten  Die- 
bitsch, but  his  soldiers  were  friendly  to  Russia  and  embittered  against 
Napoleon.  His  own  sympathies  being  identical  with  those  of  his  men, 
and  considering  that  he  might  in  extremity  plead  his  isolation,  he 
therefore,  on  December  thirtieth,  concluded  the  convention  of  Taurog- 
gen,  in  which  he  agreed  to  neutralize  the  district  of  Prussia  which  he 
occupied,  and  await  orders  from  Berlin.  Six  days  later  an  envoy  ar- 
rived from  Frederick  William,  nominally  to  degrade  York,  in  reality 
to  conclude  a  treaty  of  alhance  with  Russia. 

By  the  assistance  of  Stein,  who  had  been  called  from  Vienna  to 
counsel  the  Czar,  such  a  docvmient  was  finally  composed  and  signed  at 
Kahsh  on  February  twenty-eighth,  1813.  Prussia  and  Germany  were 
thus  bom  again  under  the  auspices  of  Russia.  It  was  by  the  Czar's 
authorization  that  Stein  began  the  reorganization  of  the  provinces  held 
by  the  Prussian  troops.  These  circumstances  left  Murat's  positions  at 
Dantzic  and  on  the  Vistula  untenable.  Thi'oughout  the  campaign  he 
had  been  vastly  more  concerned  for  his  personal  prestige  than  for  Na- 
poleon's cause,  and  he  was  only  too  ready  to  leave  a  sinking  ship.  On 
Januaiy  fifteenth,  as  has  ah'eady  been  told,  after  suiTcndering  his  com- 
mand to  Eugene  at  Posen  he  left  for  Naples.  He  was  in  haste,  for  on 
the  twelfth  the  Russians  had  entered  the  grand  duchy  of  Warsaw  on 
their  way  to  its  capital.  Schwarzenberg,  with  his  own  and  the  remnants 
of  two  other  corps,  —  those  of  Reynier  and  Poniatowski, —  could  easily 
have  checked  the  foe ;  but  the  convention  of  Tauroggen  had  quickened 
the  Austrian  memory  of  Russia's  friendly  lukewarmness  in  1809,  Francis 
was  in  no  humor  to  bolster  the  falling  cause  of  his  ten'ible  son-in-law, 
and  after  some  show  of  negotiation  a  temporary  neutrality  was  arranged. 
When  a  few  Cossacks  appeared  before  Warsaw,  on  February  sixth,  the 
Austrian  general  evacuated  the  city  as  if  yielding  to  superior  force,  and 
withdi-ew  across  the  Vistula  toward  the  frontier. 

These  blows  seemed  to  fall  hghtly  on  the  armor  of  Napoleon's  intre- 
pidity.    So  far  from  feeling  any  dismay  the  Emperor  did  not  contem- 


22  LIFE    OF    NAPOLEON    BONAPARTE  [.Et.  43 

Chap,  in  plate  curtailing  his  ambition.  Perhaps  he  was  not  entu'cly  deceived ; 
1813  quite  possibly,  by  the  slightest  exhibition  of  diminished  activity,  he 
might  have  weakened  his  influence  in  the  great  land  which  formed  the 
heart  of  his  dominions.  As  one  piece  of  bad  news  after  another  reached 
Paris,  each  in  turn  seemed  only  a  goad  to  new  exertion  for  Emperor  and 
people.  France  was  by  that  time  not  merelj'  enthusiastic  ;  she  was  fas- 
cinated and  adoring.  The  ordinary  conscription  of  1813  yielded  a  hun- 
dred and  forty  thousand  recruits  ;  four  regiments  were  formed  for  artil- 
lery service  fi*om  the  idle  sailors,  three  thousand  men  were  taken  from 
the  gendarmerie,  some  even  from  the  national  guard.  On  January 
thirteenth  the  senate  decreed  a  further  draft  of  a  hundred  thousand 
fi'om  the  lists  of  1813,  and  ordered  that  the  conscription  for  1814  should 
be  forestalled  in  order  that  the  himdi'ed  and  fifty  thousand  boys  thus 
collected  might  be  hardened  by  a  year's  camp  life,  and  rendered  avail- 
able for  immediate  use  when  then*  time  arrived.  There  is  truth  in  the 
charge  that  Napoleon  robbed  the  cradle  and  the  grave.  In  order  to  officer 
this  mighty  host,  which  included  about  a  thml  of  the  able-bodied  men 
of  France  between  seventeen  and  forty-five,  such  commanders  as  could 
be  spared  were  called  home  from  Spain,  and  the  rabble  of  non-com- 
missioned and  commissioned  officers  which  began  to  straggle  in  from 
Russia  was  drawn  back  into  the  service.  These  survivors  were  treated 
like  conquerors,  being  praised  and  promoted  until  the  nation  became 
be^^'ildered,  and  thought  of  the  Russian  campaign  as  a  series  of  vic- 
tories. Foreign  visitors  wrote  that  the  Emperor  had  but  to  stamp  his 
foot  and  armed  men  sprang  up  on  eveiy  side  like  Petes'  corps  of 
Colchian  waniors  on  the  field  of  Mars. 

The  comparison  halted — Napoleon  was  ^etes  and  Jason  combined; 
he  yoked  the  bulls  that  snorted  fire  and  trod  the  fields  with  brazen 
hoofs,  he  held  the  plow  and  harrowed  the  field,  he  sowed  the  teeth  and 
reaped  the  harvest.  We  have  abundant  proof  that  literally  every  de- 
partment of  administi'ation  felt  the  impulse  of  his  will,  while  to  the 
organization  of  the  army,  to  the  arrangement  of  uniforms,  to  the  de- 
signing of  gun-carriages,  to  questions  concerning  straps,  buckles,  and 
commissary  stores,  to  the  temper  of  the  common  soldier,  to  the  opinion 
of  the  nation,  to  each  and  all  these  matters  he  gave  such  attention  as 
left  nothing  for  others  to  do.  By  this  exhibition  of  giant  strength 
there  was  created  a  true  national  impulse.  Witli  this  behind  them,  the 
senate  in  April  called  out  another  body  of  a  hundred  and  eighty  thou- 


^T.  43]  THE    PRODIGAL'S   RETURN  23 

sand  men,  partly  from  the  national  guard  and  partly  from  those  not  Chap,  ni 
ordinarily  taken  as  recruits.  By  this  time  the  fannsteads  of  France  isis 
and  western  Germany  had  yielded  up  all  their  available  horses,  a  num- 
ber sufficient  to  make  a  brave  show  of  both  cavalry  and  artillery.  Al- 
lowing for  sickness,  desertion,  and  malingering, —  and  of  all  three  there 
was  much, —  France  and  her  wizard  Emperor  had  ready  on  May  first  a 
fairly  effective  force  of  nearly  half  a  milhon  anned  men.  This  was  ex- 
clusive of  the  Spanish  contingent,  and  there  were  a  hundred  thousand 
more  if  the  levies  of  Bavaria,  Saxony,  and  the  Rhenish  confederation 
be  reckoned.  At  the  time  men  said  a  miracle  had  been  wrought :  it 
was  the  miracle  of  an  iron  will,  a  majestic  capacity,  and  a  restless  per- 
sistence such  as  have  been  combined  in  few  if  any  other  men  besides 
Napoleon  Bonaparte.  All  that  he  could  do  was  done, —  equipment,  drill, 
organization, —  but  even  he  could  not  supply  the  one  thing  lacking  to 
make  soldiers  of  his  boys  —  two  years  of  age  and  experience. 


CHAPTER  IV 


THE  REVOLT  OF  THE  NATIONS 


Napoleon  as  a  FiN.'VNcrEE — Failuee  to  Secure  Aid  from  the  Aris- 
tocracy—  The  Fontainebleau  Concordat — Napoleon  Defiant  — 
His  Project  for  the  Coming  Cai^ipaign  —  State  of  the  Minor 
Geriman  Powers  —  Metternich's  Policy  —  Its  Effect  in  Prussia 
—  Prussia  and  her  King  —  The  New  Nation  —  The  Treaty  of 
Kalish — The  Sixth  Co.u.ition. 

Chap.  IV  jTHHIS  iiiagic  was  wi'ought,  moreover,  without  any  assistance  from 
1813  J_  the  precious  army  hsts  which  Napoleon  delighted  to  call  his 
library,  for  those  volumes  had  either  been  lost,  destroyed,  or  left  be- 
hind in  distant  headquarters :  it  was  not  merely  by  recalling  his  old 
powers,  but  by  a  supreme  effort  of  memory  so  comprehensive  that  not 
even  superlatives  can  describe  it,  that  the  great  captain  brought  order 
into  his  military  estate.  No  wonder  that  under  such  a  strain  the  other 
tasks  which  demanded  consideration  were  not  so  perfectly  porfonned. 
The  financial  situation,  the  social  imcertainty,  the  religious  problem, 
none  of  these  could  be  overlooked,  and  each  in  turn  was  clamorous  for 
attention.  In  the  methods  employed  to  meet  these  emergencies  the  re- 
volutionary training  of  the  Emperor  comes  to  light.  To  cover  the  enor- 
mous expense  of  his  new  army,  contributions  were  "  invited  "  from  the 
rich  corporations  and  financiers,  and  it  was  announced  that  any  private 
person  who  was  disposed  to  maintain  a  horse  and  rider  for  the  imperial 
service  would  earn  the  Emperor's  special  gratitude.  To  any  increase  of 
the  direct  taxes  the  despot  would  not  listen ;  "  Credit,"  he  said,  "  is 
but  a  cUspensation  from  paying  cash."  In  spite  of  Mollien's  protest, 
however,  a  new  issue  of  paper  money  was  ordered,  but  for  this  there 
was  collateral  security.  It  was  found  in  certain  i)lots  of  land  or 
domains  belonging  respectively  to  each  of  many  thousand  communes, 


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iET.  4.!]  THE    REVOLT    OF    THE    NATIONS  25 

by  the  rentals  of  whicli  they  severally  diminished  their  direct  local  Chap.iv 
taxes.  Worth  three  hundred  and  seventy  million  francs,  these  proper-  i8i3 
ties  yielded  only  nine  millions,  although  their  prospective  returns  would 
be  far  larger.  With  government  five  per  cents,  selling  at  seventy-five, 
an  investment  of  a  hundred  and  thirty-five  millions  would  yield  the  in- 
terest actually  received.  This  step  was  taken,  the  lands  were  seized, 
and  the  government  cleared  two  hundred  and  thirty-five  millions ;  a 
hundred  and  forty  millions  of  the  five  per  cents,  were  set  aside  to  cover 
the  income  charges,  and  used  simultaneously  as  collateral  for  notes  to 
pay  current  expenses  until  the  lands  could  be  sold.  These  last  were 
kept  at  a  fair  price  by  taking  seventy-one  mOUons  of  treasure  from  the 
Tuileries  vaults  for  their  purchase.  Throughout  the  previous  year  the 
moribund  legislature  had  been  left  inert,  the  budget  being  decreed  with- 
out its  consent,  and  the  Emperor  told  MetteiTnch  at  Dresden  that  he 
contemplated  its  abohtion.  In  a  crisis  like  this  latest  one,  however,  its 
aid  was  not  to  be  despised ;  it  was  now  galvanized,  and  made  to  stamp 
these  puerile  measures  with  the  "  popular"  approval. 

There  has  always  been  "  a  mystery  in  the  soul  of  state."  When 
men  ceased  to  invest  government  with  a  supernatural  character,  they 
did  not  for  all  that  dispel  the  mystery.  Modern  statesmen  by  the  score 
have  chosen  to  beheve  the  occult  doctrine  that  the  state's  promise  to 
pay  is  payment,  and  Napoleon  was  one  of  these.  He  was  equally  child- 
ish in  regard  to  the  knotty  social  question  which  confronted  him, 
apparently  beheving  that  his  personal  volition,  as  the  expression  of 
political  power,  was  or  ought  to  be  equivalent  to  popular  spontaneity. 
The  mixture  of  the  old  and  new  aristocracies  had,  in  spite  of  all  efforts, 
been  mechanical  rather  than  chemical,  except  so  far  as  that  the  former 
was  rather  the  preponderating  influence  giving  color  to  the  compound.  In 
order  to  make  the  blending  real,  the  Emperor  proposed  a  "spontaneous" 
rising  of  those  high-born  youth  who  had  somehow  escaped  the  conscrip- 
tion. They  were  to  be  formed  into  four  regiments,  and  designated 
"  guards  of  honor."  The  measure  was  found  to  be  so  utterly  unpopular 
that  it  was  for  the  moment  abandoned;  the  young  men  had  no  stomach 
even  for  fancy  campaigning,  and  their  relatives  no  mind  to  deliver  them 
up  as  hostages.     The  guard,  moreover,  displayed  a  violent  jealousy. 

There  remained  the  ecclesiastical  question,  that,  namely,  of  canoni- 
cal institution.  Pius  VII.  had  lost  much  of  his  obstinacy  since  his 
removal  to  Fontainebleau,  for  the  Austrian  alliance  was  now  the  sheet- 

VOL.  IV.— 4 


26  LIFE    OF    NAPOLEON    BONAPARTE  [^t.  43 

Chap.  TV  anclior  of  France ;  the  French  ecclesiastics  had  tlireatened  to  depose 
1813  the  Pope ;  but  the  Roman  Cathohes  of  Bavaria,  Italy,  and  Austria  were 
loyal,  and  they  were  important  factors  in  Napoleon's  problem.  After 
an  exchange  of  New  Year's  compliments,  negotiations  between  the  tem- 
poral and  the  si)intual  powers  were  reopened.  At  first  the  Emperor  was 
exacting,  and  the  Pope  unjdelding.  Finally,  on  January  eighteenth. 
Napoleon  appeared  in  person  at  Foutainebleau,  accompanied  by  Maria 
Louisa,  and  unannounced  they  entered  the  prisoner's  apartment.  The 
Pope  started  up  in  pleased  surprise.  "  My  father,"  cried  his  visitor. 
"  My  son,"  came  the  response.  The  Emperor  caught  the  old  man  to 
his  arms  and  kissed  him.  Next  morning  began  a  series  of  personal 
conferences  lasting  five  days.  What  happened  or  what  was  said  was 
never  di\'ulged  by  either  participant,  but  on  January  twenty-tliird  the 
terms  of  a  new  concordat  were  settled.  Pius  VII.  was  to  reside  at 
Avignon  -^ath  his  cardinals  in  the  enjoyment  of  an  ample  revenue,  and 
institute  in  due  form  the  bishops  selected  by  the  council.  There  was 
to  be  amnesty  for  all  prelates  in  disgrace,  the  sees  of  the  Roman  bishops 
were  to  be  reestablished,  and  the  Pope  was  to  have  the  nominations  for 
ten  bishoprics  either  in  France  or  in  Italy  at  his  choice;  his  sequest- 
ered Roman  domains  were  likewise  to  be  restored.  The  document  wars 
not  to  be  published  without  the  consent  of  the  cardinals,  and  Napoleon 
was  actively  to  promote  the  innumerable  interests  of  the  Church.  The 
Emperor  and  the  Pope  had  scarcely  separated  before  the  former  began 
to  pi'ofess  cliagrin  that  he  had  gained  so  little,  and  the  latter  became  a 
victim  to  real  remorse.  The  cardinals  were  no  sooner  informed  of  the 
new  treaty  than  they  displayed  bitter  resentment,  and  Napoleon,  fore- 
seeing trouble,  violated  his  promise,  publishing  the  text  of  the  Fou- 
tainebleau Concordat  on  February  fom-teenth  as  an  imperial  decree. 
On  March  twenty-fourth  the  Pope  retracted  even  his  qualified  assent. 
The  Emperor  had  gained  a  temporary  advantage,  and  had  asserted  a 
sound  position  in  antagonism  to  the  temporal  sovereignty  of  the  Pope ; 
but  he  had  won  no  permanent  support  either  fi'om  France  or  from 
the  Roman  see,  with  which  he  had  dealt  cither  too  severely  or  too 
leniently. 

In  the  previous  July  a  treaty  between  tlie  Czar  and  the  Si)anish  na- 
tion, as  represented  by  the  Cortes,  had  been  negotiated  through  the 
intermediation  of  Great  Britain.  The  recent  conduct  of  York  was  suf- 
ficient indication  of  how  the  Pnissian  people  felt.     Napoleon  therefore 


/Et.  43]  THE    REVOLT    OF    THE    NATIONS  27 

knew  that  he  was  face  to  face  with  a  virtual  coalition,  comprising  cnxp.  rv 
Great  Britain,  Russia,  Sweden,  Turkey,  Spain,  and  Pi-ussia.  Since  his  1813 
retui-n  from  Russia  he  liad  displayed  in  pnvate  life  the  utmost  good 
sense.  But  in  public  life  he  seemed  incapable  of  accepting  the  situa- 
tion in  which  he  must  have  kno\vn  himself  to  be,  holding  the  loftiest 
and  most  pretentious  language  both  to  the  French  nation  and  to  the 
world.  In  his  addi*ess  on  the  opening  of  the  legislature  he  dwelt  on  Wel- 
lington's reverses  in  the  peninsula,  and  offered  peace  to  Great  Britain  on 
the  old  terms  of  "  uti  possidetis"  in  Spam.  In  a  less  public  way  he  had 
it  thoroughly  imderstood  tliroughout  Europe  that  he  would  take  no 
steps  toward  peace  with  Russia ;  that  he  would  not  yield  an  inch  with 
reference  to  the  grand-duchy  of  Warsaw,  or  regarding  the  annexed 
lands  of  Italy,  HoUand,  and  the  Hanseatic  league.  It  was  as  if  the 
whole  world  must  see  that  ordinary  human  concessions  could  not  be 
expected  fi-om  one  who  had  been  conquered  only  by  act  of  Providence, 
and  was,  now  as  ever,  in\'incible  so  far  as  men  were  concerned.  He  did, 
however,  allow  the  hint  to  escape  him  that  Prussia,  which  was  still 
bound  by  her  treaty,  might  hope  for  some  temtorial  increase,  and  that 
Austria  might  expect  Illyria.  Such  ideas,  expressed  in  grandiloquent 
phrase,  could  not  be  regarded  as  indicating  a  pacific  feeHng.  Every 
social  class  in  France  had  a  grievance ;  yet  amid  the  din  of  arms,  and 
in  the  dazzling  splendors  of  military  preparation,  even  the  retraction  of 
the  Concordat  attracted  little  attention,  and  a  few  riots  in  Dutch  cities, 
which  were  the  only  open  manifestation  of  discontent  throughout  the 
whole  Empire,  aroused  no  interest  at  all.  The  report  of  Napoleon's 
conciliatory  attitude  had  gone  abroad,  there  Vas  money  in  the  treas- 
ury, a  vast  armament  was  prepared,  the  peace  so  ardently  desired  was 
evidently  to  be  such  as  is  made  by  the  Hon  with  his  prey.  On  April  fif- 
teenth the  stiU  haughty  Emperor  of  the  West  started  for  the  seat  of  war. 
Ai"ound  the  skeleton  abandoned  by  Mui'at  at  Posen  Eugene  built 
up  out  of  the  stragglers  an  army  of  fourteen  thousand  men,  which  he 
hoped  would  enable  him  to  make  a  stand ;  but  with  York  deseriing  at 
one  end  of  the  line,  and  Schwarzenberg  seeking  shelter  in  Cracow  at 
the  other,  he  was  compelled  to  withdraw  to  Berlin.  Finding  his  recep- 
tion too  chilly  for  endurance,  and  being  again  menaced  by  the  Russian 
advance,  he  fell  back  thence  beyond  the  Elbe,  and  early  in  March  had 
established  his  headquarters  at  Leipsic.  By  that  time  new  forces  had 
arrived  from  France  and  the  various  gan-ison  towns,  so  that  on  the 


28  LIFE    OF    NAPOLEON    BONAPARTE  [iT?T.  43 

Chap.  IV  curviug  liue  from  Bremen  by  Ma<;del)urg,  Bernburg,  Wittenberg,  Meis- 
1813  sen,  and  Dresden,  there  stood  a  force  of  about  seventy-five  tliousand 
men  in  six  di\asions,  under  Vandamnie,  Lauriston,  Victor,  Grenier, 
Davout,  and  Reynier.  Napoleon  cliarged  Eugene  to  take  a  position 
before  Magdebm-g,  whence  he  could  protect  Holland  and  keep  Dresden. 
The  Emperor's  general  plan  was  to  assemble  an  Army  of  the  Elbe  on 
the  line  of  Magdeburg,  Havelberg,  Wittenberg,  and  an  Ai'my  of  the 
Main  on  the  line  of  Wiirzburg,  Ei-furt,  Leipsic ;  then,  despatching  the 
former  through  Havelberg  toward  Stettin,  to  hurry  the  latter  on  its 
heels,  relieve  Dautzic,  and  seize  the  lower  Vistula. 

This  would  have  been  a  plan  worthy  of  Napoleon's  genius  but  for 
one  fact.  "In  war,"  he  had  written  four  years  earlier,  ''the  moral 
element  and  public  opinion  are  half  the  battle."  If  he  had  imderstood 
these  factors  in  1813,  and  if  a  sound  judgment  had  developed  his  ideas, 
the  projected  campaign  would  have  become  famous  for  the  boldness  of 
its  conception  and  for  its  careful  estimate  of  natm-al  advantages.  But 
human  nature  as  the  conquering  Napoleon  had  known  it — at  least  Prus- 
sian human  nature — had  changed,  and  of  this  change  the  defeated  Na- 
poleon took  no  account.  He  was  no  longer  fighting  absolute  monarchs 
with  hireling  armies,  but  uprisen  nations  which  were  themselves  ai-mies 
instinct  with  capacity  and  energy.  On  March  twenty-first  Eugene  be- 
gan to  cany  out  his  stepfather's  directions.  But  for  the  new  feeling 
in  Pnissia  they  might  have  been  fully  executed.  The  vassal  princes 
of  the  Rhine  Confederacy  had  received  the  imperial  behests  concerning 
new  levies.  The  Duke  of  Mecklenburg-Schwerin,  aware  of  the  Ger- 
man national  movement  and  furthest  removed  from  French  influence, 
refused  to  obey.  King  Jerome  of  Westphalia  pleaded  poverty,  and 
procrastinated  until  he  dared  do  so  no  longer.  Bavaria  dreamed  for  an 
instant  of  asserting  her  neutrality,  but  the  menace  of  Erench  armaments 
wi-ung  an  unwilling  compliance  fi'om  her.  Wurtemberg  and  Frankfurt 
were  too  near  France  to  hesitate  at  all.  Saxony  was  in  a  position  far 
different  fi-om  that  of  any  other  state  in  the  confederation,  the  predica- 
ment of  Frederick  Augustus  her  king  being  peculiar  and  exceptional. 
After  his  interview  with  Napoleon  on  the  hitter's  flight  tlirough  Dresden 
he  felt  how  precarious  was  the  future.  Warsaw,  the  gem  of  his  crown, 
was  gone,  and  the  Prussian  people  were  in  revolt  against  the  Emperor 
of  the  French ;  he  turned  perforce  toward  Austria.  But  Austria  also 
was  uneasy  ;  the  people  were  again  hostile  to  Napoleon,  and  Francis,  in 


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^T.43]  THE    REVOLT    OF    THE    NATIONS  29 

an  aojoiiy  of  uncortainty,  could  only  temporizo.     With  Saxony  in  this    chap.  iv 
attitnde,  Metternich  gave  lull  course  to  his  ingenuity.  isia 

For  a  year  past  that  minister  had  been  playing  a  double  game. 
Seeking  tlu-ough  his  envoy  at  Stockholm  to  embroil  Bernadotte  with 
the  Czar,  he  told  Hardenberg  almost  simultaneously  that  it  was  all  up 
with  Russia,  that  England  was  worn  out,  and  that  Austria  was  about  to 
assume  the  role  of  mediator.  It  was  with  this  purpose  that,  on  the 
other  hand,  he  promised  to  treat  Russia  as  Russia  had  treated  Austria 
in  1809.  When,  in  his  despair,  Napoleon  wrote  to  Francis  from 
Dresden  demanding  an  merease  of  the  Austrian  contingent  to  check 
KutusofPs  advance  thi-ough  Poland,  Metternich  suffered  his  master  to 
give  no  answer,  but  sent  a  special  peace  embassy  to  London,  and  des- 
patched Bubna,  a  favorite  with  Napoleon,  to  seek  the  same  end  at  Paris. 
The  Emperor  of  the  French  laid  down  his  old  ultimatum,  but  offered  a 
subsidy  to  Austria  if  she  would  double  the  number  of  her  auxiliaries. 
Thereupon  Metternich  prepared  to  desert  Napoleon,  refused  to  fm-nish 
the  auxiliaries,  ordered  Schwarzenburg  "to  save  his  troops  for  the  next 
campaign,"  and  secretly  advised  Prussia  to  join  her  cause  with  that  of 
Russia.  Cai'eful  not  to  formulate  any  definite  terms  for  the  peace  he 
so  elamoi'ously  invoked,  he  refused  to  intervene  with  Russia  for  the 
restoration  of  Prussian  Poland,  thiis  avoiding  an  open  i-upture  with 
France,  assui-ing  that  the  seat  of  war  would  be  in  Saxony,  and  gaining 
time  to  secm-e  Austria's  dignity  as  a  mediator  by  the  preparations  of 
armaments  strong  enough  to  enforce  her  suggestions. 

This  attitude  compelled  Prussia  to  make  a  decision.  Frederick 
William  could  no  longer  wage  a  sham  warfare  nor  cover  hostile  inten- 
tions by  a  pretense  of  disinterestedness.  A  decision  must  be  taken, 
and  the  conduct  of  General  York  had  indicated  what  the  painful  con- 
clusion must  be.  The  convention  of  Taui-oggen  had  been  duly  dis- 
avowed ;  but  an  envoy  was  at  Russian  headquarters,  and  Alexander  had 
entered  Pi-ussian  territory  in  his  advance  against  Eugene ;  Napoleon 
was  demanding  an  increased  auxiliary  force.  The  temporizer  could 
temporize  no  longer.  He  firmly  believed  that  nothing  short  of  a  coaU- 
tion  between  Austria,  Russia,  and  Prussia  could  annihilate  Fi'ance,  and 
Austria  had  virtually  refiised  to  enter  such  a  combination.  Russia, 
moreover,  was  under  no  engagement  in  regard  to  Pmssian  Poland. 
What  was  to  be  done  ?  The  king's  first  instinct  led  him  to  seek  refuge 
with  Napoleon,  and  he  despatched  an  envoy,  offering  his  continued  al- 


30  LIFE    OF    NAPOLEON    BONAPARTE  [^t.  43 

Chap.  TV  liance  for  either  an  increase  of  territoiy,  or  for  ninety  million  fi*ancs  in 
1813  payment  of  the  commissary  supplies  furnished  during  1812.  With 
every  day,  however,  the  Pmssian  people  grew  more  Russian  in  feeling, 
and  on  Januaiy  twenty-second,  1813,  before  the  return  of  the  ambassa- 
dor the  com-t  was  forced  by  popular  opinion  to  withdraw  from  Berlin 
to  Breslau,  out  of  the  sphere  of  French  influence.  Napoleon's  answer 
soon  arrived ;  there  was  no  word  of  payment,  and  no  binding  en- 
gagement as  to  teiTitory  —  merely  a  repetition  of  vague  promises. 
Frederick  Wilham  was  disappouited,  and  reluctantly  consented  to  the 
mobilization  of  his  now  regenerated  and  splendid  army.  He  cherished 
the  hope  of  keeping  Alexander  behind  the  VistiUa,  and  forcing  Na- 
poleon to  an  ai-mistice  before  he  could  cross  the  Elbe. 

But  Hardenberg,  Stein,  and  Schamhorst  were  all  con\inced  that 
there  coidd  be  no  peace  in  Europe  without  restoring  the  ancient  bal- 
ance of  power  and  annihilating  Napoleon's  preponderance,  especially 
since,  from  every  class  in  the  nation,  came  addresses  and  petitions  ex- 
pressing detestation  of  French  inile.  Moreover,  the  long,  difficult  pro- 
cess of  German  unification  was,  in  a  sense,  complete.  "  I  have  but  one 
fatherland,  and  that  is  Gennany,"  wrote  Stein,  in  December,  1812 ; 
"  the  dynasties  are  indifferent  to  me  in  this  moment  of  mighty  devel- 
opment." A  bom  and  consistent  liberal,  he  abhoiTed  ahke  the  tyi'anny 
of  Napoleon,  of  Francis,  of  Alexander,  and  of  his  own  king.  But  the 
Czar  loved  him,  since  a  united  Germany  would  be  indifferent  to  those 
Polish  provinces  about  which  Pnissia  cared  so  much.  Certain,  there- 
fore, of  the  Russian  monarch,  the  great  statesman  detei-mined  to  join 
Frederick  William  at  Breslau,  and  urge  on  the  work  of  mobilizing 
troops.  Already,  by  Alexander's  authority,  he  had  induced  the  estates 
of  eastern  Prussia  to  sanction  York's  action,  and  to  provide  for  arming 
the  mihtia  and  reserves.  Theu*  ready  compliance  was  the  more  signifi- 
cant because  the  German  patriot  had  to  some  extent  been  out  of  touch 
with  the  general  movement,  having  consistently  and  from  principle  re- 
fused to  work  through  the  popular  League  of  Virtue,  or  any  secret  as- 
sociation whatsoever,  and  having  become  in  his  long  exile  a  virtual 
stranger  among  the  Pi-ussians. 

It  is  scarcely  possible  within  moderate  limits  to  give  the  faintest  con- 
ception of  Prussia  at  the  opening  of  1813.  The  popular  hatred  of 
Napoleon  was  defiant ;  the  death  of  Queen  Louisa  had  made  the  King 
sullen     There  was  a  splendid  army  of  a  hundred  and  fifty  thousand 


^:t.43]  Til  10    REVOLT    OF    THE    NATIONS  31 

men,  and  the  state55men  liad  managed  so  well  that  there  were  arms  for  chap.  iv 
every  able-bodied  male  between  seventeen  and  twenty-fonr.  Of  these  1813 
scarcely  any  shirked ;  most  vohmteered,  numbers  paid,  many  did  both. 
The  women  sold  their  hair  and  their  gold  ornaments,  wearing  iron 
trinkets  as  a  stimulus  to  patriotism.  In  some  cases  the  stout  Gennan 
maidens  sel■^^ed  the  guns  of  their  artilleiy,  and  one  of  them,  disguised 
in  a  uniform,  foiight  in  the  ranks  until  seriously  wounded.  The  peas- 
antry saw  their  homesteads  destroyed  with  equanimity  when  told  that 
it  would  weaken  France.  Komer  sang  and  fought ;  Amdt  sounded  the 
trumpet  of  German  unity ;  Liitzow  gathered  his  famous  "  black  troop," 
and  the  universities  were  so  fervid  that  Professor  Steffens  of  Breslau 
issued  the  fii"st  call  for  war  against  Napoleon,  a  summons  which  swept 
the  students  of  that  university,  as  well  as  those  of  Berlin,  Konigsberg, 
Halle,  Jena,  and  Gottingen  into  the  ranks.  Wherever  the  Russians 
appeared  they  were  hailed  as  dehverers,  not  merely  in  the  Prussian 
army,  but  among  the  citizens. 

This  was  the  impelling  power  which  Frederick  William  could  not 
resist.  Step  by  step  he  went  forward,  postponing  his  plans  for  getting 
back  his  Polish  provinces  and  accepting  instead  contingent  promises. 
By  the  treaty  of  Kalish,  already  mentioned  in  another  connection,  Old 
Prussia  was  definitely  guaranteed  to  him,  and  he  was  to  have  a  strip 
connecting  it  mth  Silesia,  but  the  territorial  aggrandizement  of  the  king- 
dom was  to  await  the  conquest  of  North  Germany,  all  of  which  except 
Hanover  might  under  certain  circumstances  be  incorporated  under  his 
crown.  Both  parties  agi*eed  to  use  their  best  endeavors  to  win  Austria 
for  the  coalition,  Russia  promising  likewise  to  seek  a  subsidy  from 
Great  Britain  for  her  impoverished  ally.  Another  stipulation  was  ful- 
filled when  on  March  seventeenth  Frederick  William  called  out  all  the 
successive  services  of  the  national  army  and,  summoning  his  people  to 
emancipate  their  country  from  a  foreign  yoke,  declared  war.  Two  days 
later  a  ringing  proclamation  was  issued  which  summoned  to  anns  not 
merely  Prussians  but  even  the  Germans  of  the  Rhine  Confederation. 
Hesitating  princes  were  threatened  with  loss  of  their  domains,  and — 
what  was  a  very  pointed  hint — Stein  was  made  head  of  an  administrative 
committee  to  erect  new  governments  in  all  occupied  lands.  Kutusoff's 
last  public  act  was  to  issue  a  manifesto  declaring  that  those  German 
princes  who  were  untrue  to  the  German  cause  were  ripe  for  destruction 
by  the  power  of  public  opinion  and  the  might  of  righteous  arms. 


32  LIFE    OF    NAPOLEON    BONAPARTE  [vEt.  43 

Chap.  IV  Siich  a  sitiiatiou  was  terrible  for  the  King  of  Saxony.     Russia  al- 

1813  ready  had  his  gi'and  duchy,  Pi-ussia  coveted  his  kingdom ;  in  fact  the 
Czar  was  currently  and  correctly  reported  to  have  said  that  Saxony  was 
better  suited  than  Poland  to  round  out  Frederick  Wilham's  dominions. 
Dresden  welcomed  the  Russian  and  Pnissian  sovereigns  because  the 
citizens  were  smarting  under  the  trials  of  militaiy  occupation.  But 
when  the  King  turned  to  Austria,  and  marching  with  his  cavalry  to 
Ratisbon  Aartually  put  his  army  at  Mettemich's  disposal,  the  Saxons  in 
general  supported  him.  On  April  twentieth  was  signed  a  secret  agree- 
ment between  Saxony  and  Austria  whereby  the  former  in  return  for 
thuiy  thousand  troops  secured  the  integi-ity  of  her  dominions.  This 
was  a  triimiph  for  the  Austrian  minister,  but  not  the  only  one,  because 
European  diplomacy  in  general  soon  joined  hands  with  the  national 
uprisings.  Napoleon,  determining  too  late  on  the  dismemberment  of 
Prussia,  made  a  last  attempt  to  win  back  his  old  comrade  in  arms,  and 
in  February  offered  Bernadotte  not  merely  Pomerania,  but  the  lands 
between  the  Elbe  and  the  Weser.  But  the  crafty  Gascon  had  studied 
the  Prussian  movement,  and,  putting  aside  the  rather  indefinite  prom- 
ises of  Napoleon,  prefen-ed  to  join  the  coahtion  for  the  safer,  easier 
prize  of  Norway.  Great  Britain  abandoned  her  scheme  for  a  Hanover 
expanded  to  stretch  from  the  Scheldt  to  the  Elbe,  and,  subsidizing  both 
Sweden  and  Pinissia,  cemented  the  new  coahtion.  This  was  a  return  to 
Pitt's  policy  of  restoring  the  old  balance  of  power  in  the  old  Eiu'ope. 
Bernadotte,  promising  tliiriy  th(^usand  men,  transported  twelve  thou- 
sand across  to  Germany,  and  joined  Billow  to  cover  Berlin.  This  force 
soon  became  the  Russian  right.  Kutusoff  died  in  April,  and  Barclay 
was  ultimately  restored  to  the  chief  command,  having  Bliicher  and  a 
second  Prussian  army  as  part  of  the  Russian  center.  Metternich  saw 
that  the  coalition  did  not  intend  to  conclude  such  a  peace  as  would 
leave  Napoleon  the  preponderance  in  Europe ;  to  secure  any  peace  at 
all  he  would  be  compelled,  as  Talleyrand  said,  to  become  king  of 
France.  Accordingly  a  new  turn  was  quickly  given  to  Austrian  diplo- 
macy, and  th(!  French  emperor's  definite  offer  of  Silesia  for  a  hundred 
thousand  men  was  rejected.  With  the  tliirty  thousand  which  Saxony 
had  put  at  his  disposal,  and  with  such  an  army  as  Austria  herself  could 
raise,  the  minister  felt  sure  that  at  some  critical  moment  she  would  be 
able,  as  a  well-armed  mediator,  to  command  a  peace  in  terms  restoring 
to  his  country  the  prestige  of  immemorial  empire. 


EUGENE    DE    BEAUHARNAIS    (PRINCE    EUGENE) 

DUKE    OF    LEUCHTENBERCi,    PRINCE    OF    EICHSTADT 


>'&UU     TIIK     I-AINTINU    IIY     lltlNUI    8CIIRFFKU 


CHAPTER  V 


THE  FIKST   CAMPAIGN  IN  SAXONY 


Napoleon  Ovee  Hasty  —  Weakness  of  his  Aemy  —  The  Low  Con- 
dition OF  THE  Allies  —  Napoleon's  Plan  Thwarted— The  First 
Meeting  a  Surprise — The  Battle  of  Lutzen  —  An  Ordinary 
Victory  —  The  Mediation  of  Austria  —  Napoleon's  Effort  to 
Approach  Russia — The  Battle  of  Bautzen  —  Death  of  Duroc 
—  Napoleon's  Greatest  Blunder. 

THE  grim  determination  of  Napoleon  to  rule  or  ruin  can  be  read  in  Chap.  v 
a  line  of  conduct  which  might  almost  he  called  foolhardy,  iuas-  i^i^ 
much  as  when  he  arrived  at  Mainz,  on  April  seventeenth,  he  knew 
httle  or  nothing  of  the  enemy's  position,  force,  or  plans.  Desirous  of 
preventing  his  foe  in  opening  the  campaign  he  spent  a  week  of  fruitless 
endeavor  at  that  place,  and  then  started  for  Erfm-t  to  obtain  a  nearer 
view.  The  general  aspect  of  his  soldiers  was  not  reassuring,  for  the 
young  recruits  were  still  raw  and  the  immaturity  of  his  preparations 
was  evident  in  a  lack  of  trained  horses  and  riders.  He  had  stolen 
three  weeks  from  the  enemy,  but  he  had  robbed  himself  of  all  that  his  in- 
defatigable energy  might  have  accomplished  in  that  time.  His  reckless- 
ness in  diplomacy,  his  refusal  of  all  concessions,  and  his  exaggerated 
cleverness  in  anticipating  his  opponents  were  to  prove  his  undoing 
from  the  mihtaiy  point  of  view.  The  other  elements  of  his  failure 
were  the  political  factors  already  mentioned. 

At  the  first  appearance  of  Tettenborn's  Cossacks,  Hamburg  rose 
and  drove  out  the  French,  remaining  in  possession  of  the  alhes  until 
the  end  of  May ;  but  the  trusty  French  garrisons  in  Dantzic,  Stettin, 
Ktistrin,  Glogau,  Modlin,  and  Zamosc,  having  been  reinforced  by  Eu- 
gene, held  their  respective  strongholds,  and  were  left  to  do  so.  The  ab- 
sence of  these  much-needed  veterans  was  the  fii"st  element  of  weakness 

Vol.  IV.— 6.  33 


34  LIFE    OF    NAPOLEON    BONAPARTE  [^t.  43 

Chap.  V  ill  Napolcoii's  annv.  A  second  was  the  insufficiency  of  real  cavalry, 
1813  brave  as  had  been  the  parade  of  horses  in  France.  It  was  the  great 
captain's  firm  conviction,  repeatedly  and  emphatically  expressed,  that 
vdthout  active  cavalry,  armed  with  long-range  guns,  oi^ensive  warfare 
was  not  possible.  This  defect  he  had  hoped  to  remedy  in  the  last  three 
weeks  before  opening  the  campaign.  The  tliu'd  element  in  a  fatal 
triad  was  the  temper  of  his  generals,  which  was  restless  and  insubordi- 
nate almost  from  the  outset.  They  were  his  mightiest  men :  Berthier 
as  chief  of  staff ;  Mortier  commanding  the  guard ;  Davout,  Ney,  Ber- 
■  trand,  Lauriston,  MaiTuont,  Reynier,  Macdonald,  and  Oudinot,  each  in 
readiness  with  a  coi-ps,  Victor  coming  up  with  another ;  Augereau  pre- 
paring to  lead  the  Bavarians,  Rapp  at  Dantzic,  Poniatowski  in  Galicia 
— twelve  coi-ps  in  all. 

The  French  soldiers  formed  a  great  army :  two  hundred  and  thirty- 
five  thousand  men  on  paper,  actually  two  hundred  thousand,  of  whom  a 
hundred  and  thirty-five  thousand  were  mobile  and  in  readiness  when  the 
Emperor  took  command.  Eugene  had  forty-seven  thousand  more.  Con- 
sequently when  Napoleon,  troubled  by  the  exaggerated  reports  of  his 
enemy  being  stronger  and  more  foi'ward  in  preparation  than  he  had  be- 
lieved possible,  set  out  for  Saxony  tlu-ee  weeks  earher  than  the  day 
originally  fixed  by  him  for  the  beginning  of  hostihties,  he  was  already 
a  victim  of  his  own  nervous  apprehensions.  In  colder  phlegm  he  would 
have  foreseen  the  tnith.  Russia  had  become  apathetic  as  soon  as  the 
seat  of  war  was  transferred  beyond  her  borders ;  strenuous  as  were  the 
efforts  of  Prussia,  Scharnhorst's  means  were  slender,  and  he  could  not 
work  miracles.  All  told,  the  allies  had  at  the  moment  only  scA'cnty 
thousand  men  ready  for  the  field.  Wittgenstein  was  for  the  moment 
commander-in-chief.  The  monarchs,  utterly  uncongenial,  were  strug- 
ghng  to  act  in  harmony,  but  double  weakness  is  not  strength.  They 
had  only  a  single  advantage  —  excellent  horses  in  abundance  for  both 
cavalry  and  artillery.  "  The  worse  the  troops,  the  greater  the  need  of 
artillery";  "Great  battles  are  won  with  artillery";  these  were  two  of 
Napoleon's  aphorisms.  The  great  strategist  had  lost  his  reconnoitering 
ainn  in  Russia  and  Poland,  the  artillery  specialist  must  have  scorned 
the  antiquated  guns  which  now  replaced  the  splendid  field-pieces  that 
rested  on  the  l)ottom  of  ponds  and  rivers  whither  he  had  flung  them 
on  his  disastrous  retreat.  With  his  high  officers  sullen,  his  ranks 
untried,  his  cavalry  feeble,  his  artillery  hastily  collected  fi'om  arsenal 


^T.43]  THE    FIRST    CAMPAIGN    IN    SAXONY  35 

stores,  his  staff  incomplete,  and  his  prestige  waning,  the  Emperor  might     chap.  v 
well  abdicate  temporarily  and  exclaim,  as  he  did,  "  I  shall  conduct  this        1813 
war  as  (ieneral  Bonaparte."    This  resolution  was  sacredly  kej^t. 

The  premature  opening  of  the  campaign  was  certain  to  make  Austria 
pivotal  in  European  politics  once  again.  Her  preparations  were  not  well 
advanced,  but  her  strength  was  growing  daily,  while  that  of  her  rivals 
was  sure  to  diminish  until  in  the  end  the  coalition  would  be  powerless 
without  her.  This  Napoleon  saw,  and  he  aiTanged  his  strategy  to 
checkmate  what  he  now  felt  to  be  a  hostile  neutrahty.  Believing  that 
the  enemy  would  meet  him  half  way  his  first  plan  showed  all  the  marks 
of  greatness  which  characterized  the  similar  one  he  had  so  successfully 
executed  at  Jena.  Its  central  idea  was  a  mass  formation  with  Eugene 
to  break  through  the  enemy's  hue,  then  by  a  wheel  toward  the  south  to 
annihilate  their  left,  and  finally  to  present  himself  \'ictorious  before  Aus- 
tria. If  successfid  he  might  dictate  his  own  terms.  But  the  enemy 
did  not  advance ;  it  was  perhaps  well  for  the  Emperor  of  the  French 
that  they  did  not.  An  eye-witness  declared  that  on  what  was  supposed 
to  be  the  very  eve  of  battle  there  was  Httle  real  discipline  outside  the 
sphere  of  the  commander's  personal  observation,  that  the  officers  had 
no  confidence  in  their  men  and  the  men  but  little  in  their  officers,  that 
the  superiors  were  absorbed  in  securing  some  measure  of  physical  com- 
fort, that  the  inferiors  were  listless  and  disobedient.  The  forward 
movement  was  successful,  and  the  union  with  Eugene  was  effected 
on  April  twenty-eighth.  Two  whole  days  elapsed,  however,  before 
the  enemy  was  found,  and  it  was  May  first  when  the  French  van 
drove  in  the  Russian  outposts  from  Liitzen,  ever  famous  as  the  scene 
of  Wallenstein's  overthrow  by  Gustavus  Adolphus  a  hundred  and 
eighty-one  years  earlier.  The  Russian  center  was  concentrated  be- 
tween the  Elster  and  the  Pleisse ;  Napoleon's  Une  was  more  extended, 
overlapping  his  enemy's  both  right  and  left.  In  a  prehminary  skirmish 
at  the  pass  of  Rippach,  Bessieres,  rashly  exposing  himself  at  the 
head  of  the  cavalry  of  the  guard,  was  killed.  His  loss  in  such  a 
crisis  was  hke  the  ruin  of  a  great  cohort  on  the  eve  of  a  close  battle. 
MaiTuont,  forgiven  for  his  failm*e  in  Spain,  was  near;  but  close  to 
Napoleon  as  he  was,  even  he  could  not  replace  the  gallant,  ti-usted 
cavahy  leader  who  for  nearly  seventeen  years  had  scarcely  quitted  his 
Emperor's  side. 

Owing  probably  to  the  inadequate  scouting  force  of  Napoleon,  the 


36  LIFE    OF   NAPOLEON    BONAPARTE  [Mt.43 

Chap.  V  battle  of  Liitzeii  was  in  the  natm-e  of  a  sm-prise.  Wittgenstein  had 
1813  detached  live  thousand  men  as  if  to  cover  Leipsic,  toward  which  the 
French  hne  was  advancing ;  then,  concentrating  the  mass  of  his  center 
and  left,  he  crossed  the  Elster  early  on  May  second  in  order  to  attack 
Key's  corps  on  the  Emperor's  right.  About  nine  Lauriston's  coi-ps, 
with  which  Napoleon  was,  came  upon  the  enemy,  and  was  fiercely  en- 
gaged—  so  hotly,  indeed,  that  it  seemed  as  if  it  must  be  the  Russian 
light  wing  which  baiTcd  the  way.  A  messenger  was  immediately  des- 
patched to  bring  in  Ney,  who  arrived  about  eleven.  The  marshal  and 
his  emperor  at  once  advanced  to  reconnoiter,  and  were  just  remarking 
that  there  was  only  a  small  force  between  them  and  the  city,  which 
through  their  field-glasses  they  could  dimly  discern  in  the  background, 
its  roofs  crowded  with  cui-ious  onlookers,  when  behind,  on  the  right, 
was  heard  the  sound  of  heavy  cannonading.  General  Bonaparte  was 
himself  at  once.  No  movement  is  considered  more  difficult  than  that 
by  which  an  army  marching  in  columns  wheels  when  attacked  on  its 
flank,  so  as  in  turn  to  outflank  the  assailants.  In  a  flash,  and  appar- 
ently without  a  thought,  the  Emperor  issued  minute  orders  for  this  in- 
tricate manceuver,  and  his  generals  accomphshed  it  with  a  masterly 
dextei-ity.  Napoleon  then  galloped  forward  toward  Liitzen  to  carry 
the  guard  behind  the  center  as  a  resei-ve,  and  Ney  dashed  mto  the 
thickest  of  the  fight  to  take  command  of  his  boy  conscripts,  who  were 
beginning  to  yield. 

The  conflict  raged  all  day,  with  varying  results,  along  the  line 
from  Great  and  Little  Gorschen  to  Starsiedel,  the  latter  hamlet  be- 
ing the  scene  of  teriific  fighting.  At  five  the  Pi-ussians  withdi'ew 
from  Kaja,  and  began  to  yield  along  the  whole  line  as  far  as  the 
Gorschen  s,  which  they  had  so  far  held.  Napoleon  had  fi*om  the  out- 
set been  reckless,  cheering  his  boys  by  presence  and  example  until 
they  fought  like  veterans.  As  the  Prussians  gave  signs  of  weak- 
ness, he  brought  in  his  artillery,  poor  as  it  was,  with,  the  old  gi'and 
style,  and  ordered  the  young  guard  into  the  gap  he  felt  sure  of  making. 
A  Russian  reserve  anived,  however,  at  the  crucial  instant,  and  stayed 
his  onset  until  seven.  At  tliat  hour  Macdonald  bore  down  his  oppo- 
nents at  Eisdorf,  and  attacked  the  Russo-Prussian  line  on  the  flank ; 
the  second  column  was  then  Imrled  against  its  center,  and  the  battle 
was  ended.  The  Russian  reserve  was  strong  enough  to  prevent  the 
retreat  from  becoming  a  rout,  but  since  Lauristou  had  occupied  Leipsic 


IS    TUB    MfBEUM     Or    VKU8A1LLKS 


GERARD-CHRISTOPHE-MICHEL    DUROC 

DUKE    OK    FRIUI.I 

rBOM    Tut    TAWTUMJ    UX    AN    LMi-VOWM    ABTIET 


.+:t.43]  the    first    CAMPAKIN    IN    SAXONY  37 

as  early  as  two  in  tlio  afternoon  there  was  but  one  course  open  for  the  Chap,  v 
allies :  to  withdraw  behind  tlie  Elbe.  Napoleon  gathered  his  army  into  isis 
three  coluiuus  and  followed;  but  slowly  and  circumspectly,  because 
witliout  cavalry  he  could  not  harass  them.  When,  on  May  eighth,  the 
French  reached  Dresden,  they  found  that  their  enemy  had  blown  up 
the  bridges,  and  were  entrenched  in  the  Neustadt  on  the  light,  or  north, 
shore.     Thus  the  victory  of  Ltitzen  was,  after  all,  indecisive. 

And  yet  the  utmost  skill  and  bravery  had  been  shown  by  the  com- 
batants on  both  sides.  The  field  was  strewn  with  the  corpses,  not  of 
such  rude  and  stalwart  peasants  as  had  hitherto  filled  the  ranks  of  op- 
posing armies,  but  of  gentle  youth  from  French  lyceums  and  Prussian 
universities.  There  were  forty  thousand  in  all,  an  equal  number  from 
each  aiTuy,  who  remained  dead  or  wounded  on  the  hard-contested  field. 
They  had  fallen  to  little  pm'pose.  The  victor  captm-ed  neither  prisoners 
nor  guns  in  important  nmnbers,  and  to  him  it  was  shght  compensa- 
tion for  the  loss  of  Bessieres  that  Schamhorst  was  killed.  The  alhes, 
though  beaten,  were  undismayed ;  long  experience  had  sharpened  their 
wits  and  toughened  their  purpose ;  there  was  ah'eady  much  strategical 
ability  at  their  headquarters,  and  there  was  about  to  be  more,  since 
Moreau,  summoned  from  America,  was  soon  to  take  service  with  his 
splendid  powers  against  his  country.  Great  as  the  battle  was,  it  must 
therefore  be  reckoned  as  an  ordinaiy  victory ;  it  sei-ved  to  prolong  ex- 
isting conditions,  but  it  did  not  decide  an  issue.  It  was,  however, 
something  that  it  gave  the  French  a  self-confidence  bordering  on 
enthusiasm,  and  it  was  more  that  after  Napoleon  had  commenced 
to  rebuild  the  Dresden  bridges,  Frederick  Augustus,  the  King  of 
Saxony  declared  himself  favorable  to  the  French.  Abandoning  Aus- 
tria, he  summoned  his  forces  from  Torgau,  and  the  allies  retreated 
eastward  behind  the  Spree.  The  lower  Elbe  was  also  recovered.  The 
King  of  Denmark  had  despatched  an  auxihary  force  to  Hambiu-g. 
Their  commander,  beheving  Napoleon's  fortunes  submerged  already, 
at  first  assisted  the  Russians:  but  after  Liitzen  he  turned  his  arms 
to  Vandamme's  assistance.  The  city  was  retaken,  three  thousand  of 
Bernadotte's  force  marched  out,  and  on  May  thirtieth  Davout,  with 
fifteen  thousand  of  his  own  men  and  three  thousand  Danes,  marched  in. 

Napoleon's  chief  purpose,  however,  was  imfulfilled,  for  Austria  was 
neither  panic-stricken  nor  dismayed.  On  the  contrary  she  still  stood 
forth  as  a  mediator,  and  now  with  armaments  to  enforce  her  demands. 


38  LIFE    OF    NAPOLEON    BONAPARTE  [^t.  43 

Chap.  V  Immediately  after  Liitzen,  Staclion,  sometime  Austrian  minister  of  war, 
1813  was  sent  to  the  camp  of  the  aUies.  He  stated  that  the  minimum  terms 
of  peace  would  be  the  chsmembennent  of  Warsaw,  the  restoration  of 
Prussia,  the  smn-ender  by  France  of  Holland,  Oldenburg,  and  the  Han- 
seatic  lands,  the  abandonment  of  the  protectorate  over  the  Confedera- 
tion of  the  Rhine  by  Napoleon,  and  the  surrender  to  Austria  of  lllpia 
and  Dalmatia,  with  a  rectification  of  her  western  frontier.  Almost 
simultaneously  Bubna  appeared  at  Napoleon's  headquarters  vnth. 
suggestions  for  a  general  armistice,  during  which  peace  negotiations 
should  be  earned  on  as  rapidly  as  possible  by  a  congress  of  the  powers. 
Dwelhng  on  the  necessity  of  temtorial  concessions  by  France  for  the 
sake  of  a  general  pacification  of  the  Continent,  the  envoy  declared 
that  if  this  were  accomplished.  Great  Britain,  findmg  herself  isolated, 
must  yield,  and  gi*ant  to  Napoleon  a  substantial  indemnification  fi'om 
her  vast  colonial  system.  The  propositions  of  Austria  were  received 
by  the  allies  with  open  eagerness,  by  the  Emperor  of  the  French  with 
apparent  hesitancy.  Next  to  the  establishment  of  his  Continental  em- 
pu-e,  the  humiliation  of  Great  Britain  was  Napoleon's  highest  ambition. 
Compromise  with  her  meant  defeat.  With  a  mixture  of  proud  deter- 
mination and  anxiety,  he  therefore  replied  to  Francis  that  he  desired  a 
pacification  as  ardently  as  any  one  ;  that  he  was  ready  for  such  a  con- 
gress as  was  suggested ;  that  he  would  even  go  further,  and  admit  to  it 
delegates  fi'om  the  insurgent  Spaniards ;  that  he  would  still  fui'ther 
consent  to  a  truce  dmiug  its  sessions  :  but  that  he  would  rather  die  at 
the  head  of  his  high-spirited  Frenchmen  than  make  himself  ridiculous 
before  England.  Never  was  the  'sviiter's  statecraft  unfolded  to  greater 
daring.  Long  consultations  were  held  with  the  King  of  Saxony,  a 
man  of  gentleness  and  refinement,  who  was  completely  won  by  Na- 
poleon's almost  filial  attentions,  and  Bubna  was  often  kept  at  the 
coimcil-table  until  after  midnight.  Eugene,  however,  was  instantly 
despatched  to  raise  a  new  anny  in  Italy,  vnth  orders  not  to  conceal  his 
movements  from  Austria. 

But  Napoleon's  chief  efforts  were  put  forth  in  the  direction  of  Rus- 
sia. The  adroit  Caulainconrt  was  chosen  as  a  fitting  envoy,  and  in- 
structed not  merely  to  reknit  his  personal  relations  with  the  Czar,  but 
also  to  suiTeuder  eveiy  point  which  had  been  contested  in  the  previous 
negotiations.  He  was  to  offer  first  the  suiTcnder  of  the  Continental 
system  as  far  as  Russia  was  concerned,  and  second  such  a  reconsti-uction 


^T.  43]  THE    FIRST    CAMPAIGN    IN    SAXONY  39 

of  the  map  of  eastern  Europe  as  would  put  an  end  to  the  grand  duchy  chap.  v 
of  Warsaw  forever.  This  mushroom  state,  with  the  domain  of  Dantzic,  i8i3 
was  to  be  divided  between  the  Duke  of  01denbm*g,  Alexander's  near 
kinsman,  and  the  King  of  Prussia;  Pinissia  itself  was  to  be  a  border 
state  under  Russian  influence,  with  a  capital  at  either  Konigsbm-g,  Dan- 
tzic, or  Warsaw,  Brandenburg,  with  Berlin,  would  fall  to  Jerome,  and 
Saxony  would  doubtless  get  the  territoiy  around  Krossen.  No  surren- 
der could  have  been  more  complete.  "Your  chief  concern,"  ran  the 
final  instruction,  written  on  May  seventeenth,  "will  be  to  secure  a  con- 
versation with  the  Emperor  Alexander.  My  intention  is  to  build  a 
golden  bridge  to  save  him  from  the  intrigues  of  Metteniicb."  Alas 
for  such  vain  hopes !  A  new  diplomatic  star  had  risen  at  the  Russian 
court  in  the  person  of  the  yoimg  Count  Nesseh'ode,  and  the  personal 
interview  so  earnestly  desired  by  Caulaincourt  was  steadily  refused; 
Napoleon's  proposals,  the  envoy  was  informed,  must  be  made  through 
the  Austrian  cabinet,  or  not  at  all. 

Diu-ing  the  parleyings  of  Austria  Napoleon  won  a  second  great  vic- 
tory, which  was  utterly  ineffectual  because  he  had  no  cavalry  force 
wherewith  to  pursue.  For  some  days  after  the  occupation  of  Dresden, 
for  the  same  reason,  he  had  been  ignorant  of  his  enemy's  whereabouts. 
Learning  at  last  that  the  allies  had  not  been  separated,  as  he  had  hoped, 
but  were  standing  at  Bautzen  in  a  strong  defensive  position  behind  the 
Spree,  he  left  Dresden  at  noon  on  the  eighteenth  of  May,  determined 
to  strike  a  decisive  blow.  His  enemy,  having  been  reinforced  by  Bar- 
clay with  sixteen  thoixsand  Russians,  and  by  Kleist  with  eleven  thou- 
sand Prussians,  was  about  ninety  thousand  strong.  On  the  nineteenth 
both  Barclay  and  York  advanced  fi-om  Bautzen ;  the  former  was  de- 
feated by  Bei-trand  in  a  sharp  struggle,  the  latter  by  Lauriston  in  a 
protracted  fight;  and  at  nightfall  the  French  were  before  the  place. 
In  front  was  the  unimportant  stream,  and  beyond  it  were  the  allies  in  a 
double  line,  their  fi'ont  on  the  bank,  then-  rear  on  the  heights  behind. 
About  midday  of  the  twentieth  the  French  attacked.  Macdonald 
stormed  the  bridge,  Marmont  and  Bertrand  crossed  by  pontoons;  at 
thi-ee  their  footing  was  won,  and  the  assault  of  the  place  began.  For 
three  hoiu-s  the  fighting  was  terrific,  but  at  six  a  portion  of  the  defenders 
withdrew  behind  the  town  to  the  second  line ;  at  eight  the  rest  did  like- 
wise. Next  morning  at  five.  Napoleon,  after  a  sleepless  night,  issued 
his  orders;  at  eight  the  conflict  opened  all  along  the  line.     Then  first, 


40  LIFE    OF    NAPOLEON    BONAPARTE  [^t.  43 

Chap.  V  the  Mamoliikc  body-servant  having  spread  a  coucli  of  skins,  the  Em- 
1813  peror  sought  repose;  he  slept  to  the  hillahy  of  cannon  and  nmsketry 
for  several  hours,  calmly  assured  of  his  combinations  workhig  perfectly. 
By  one  Ney  had  rolled  up  the  Russian  right  under  Barclay,  and  Na- 
poleon, waking,  sent  Marmont  and  Bertrand  around  the  right  of  the 
enemy's  center.  By  four  the  allied  armies  were  in  full  retreat.  Then 
would  have  been  the  moment  for  artillery  to  crash  and  cavalry  to 
piu'sue ;  but  neither  was  efficient,  and  while  the  French  army  did  what 
men  could  do,  at  best  they  could  only  follow  at  equal  speed  with  the 
foe,  and  could  not  throw  his  ranks  into  disorder.  "  "What !  no  results 
fi'om  such  carnage?"  said  Napoleon.     "Not  a  gunf  not  a  prisoner?" 

There  was  worse  to  come.  From  time  to  time  the  flying  columns 
wheeled  and  poured  a  heavy  artillery  fire  into  their  pursuers.  Near 
Reichenbach,  Bruyeres  was  killed  by  a  ball;  then  Kirehener  by  an- 
other, which,  ricochetting  fi'om  a  tree,  mortally  woimded  Duroc,  the 
commander's  faithful  aid,  his  second  self.  Such  a  blow  was  stupefying 
indeed,  for  it  was  the  loss  of  his  closest  confidant,  of  one  who  through 
every  vicissitude  had  been  a  near,  true  friend,  almost  the  only  compan- 
ion of  a  man  reduced  to  solitude  by  his  great  elevation.  Napoleon 
was  stricken  to  the  heai-t,  and,  halting,  gave  way  until  nightfall  to  his 
despair.  "  Poor  man  ! "  said  the  troopers  one  to  another,  "  he  has  lost 
his  children."  "  I]verything  to-morrow,"  was  the  sorrowing  ruler's  one 
reply  to  all  suggestions.  From  time  to  time  he  betook  himself  to  the 
bedside  of  the  d}dng  man  ;  at  last  Duroc  himself  could  no  longer  endure 
his  Emperor's  prostration,  and  l)esought  him  to  rejoin  the  soldiers.  The 
fi-iends  parted  in  a  long  embrace.  Thereupon  the  pm-suit  was  continued, 
but  without  ardor  and  without  success. 

The  nature  of  Napoleon's  victory  at  Bautzen  was  his  undoing.  Had 
it  been  a  second  Friedland,  Caulaincoiirt  no  doubt  would  have  met 
Alexander ;  but,  as  it  was,  the  allies  had  saved  their  army,  and  Austria's 
accession  to  the  coalition  would  still  insure  their  success.  Nesselrode 
was  convinced  that  Metternich  would  assent,  and,  dark  as  was  the 
hour,  persisted  in  refusing  to  communicate  with  France  except  by  way 
of  Austria.  AYittgen stein  lost  his  command,  Barclay  was  fully  rein- 
stated as  commander-in-chief,  and,  to  gain  time  for  Austria  to  try  her 
vaunted  mediation,  a  short  armistice  was  proposed  to  Napoleon.  Had 
the  latter  known  the  weakness,  the  discord,  the  exhaustion  of  his  foe, 
wretched  as  was  the  state  of  his  own  anny  and  depressed  as  were  his 


MARSHAL   JKAN-I5APTISTE    BHSSIKRHS 


DIJKI-;   Ol-    ISTRIA 


MKiM    Till:    1-AlNTIXU    Vt    hUUUim    lltuul'IM,    A>TLH    HIBSKMA 


^T.43]  THE    FIRST    CAMPAIGN    IN    SAXONY  41 

spirits,  he  might  have  refused,  and  even  the  monumental  error  of  1812  chap.  v 
might  now  have  been  made  good.  As  it  was,  the  year  1813  is  the  date  isn 
of  liis  one  irreparable  blunder,  the  initiation  of  his  final  disaster.  Other 
mistakes  he  had  made,  but  they  were  all  petty  compared  with  the  great 
one  to  which  he  was  now  tempted.  But  his  faithful  officers  were  falling 
like  standing  gi-ain  under  a  hail-storm ;  his  boy  soldiers,  though  fighting 
like  veterans,  inspired  httle  confidence,  for  there  was  the  same  uneasi- 
ness among  the  humble  privates  as  among  the  gi-eat  officers ;  he  had 
neither  cavalry  nor  artillery,  and  his  available  force  was  reduced  to  a 
hundred  and  twenty  thousand,  men  and  boys ;  Barclay  might,  as  for  a 
moment  he  contemplated  doing,  di*aw  off  into  the  Russian  steppes; 
the  traitors  in  Paris  were  already  stirring ;  in  short,  the  Emperor  felt 
that  he  must  at  least  consider.  This  was  the  monumental  blunder  of 
his  life  because  it  put  him  at  Austria's  mercy  without  her  being  forced 
to  reveal  her  pohcy. 


Vol.  IV.— 6 


CHAPTER  VI 

the  nations  in  grand  array 

Condition  of  Aff^urs  after  Bautzen  —  The  Armistice  of  Poisch- 
wiTZ  —  Austria's  New  Terms  —  Napoleon's  Reliance  on  his  Dy- 
nastic Influence — Intervention  of  British  Agents — Napoleon's 
iNTEiiviEW  WITH  Metternich — The  Emperor's  Wrath  —  Metter- 
nich's  Determination — Wellington's  Victories  —  Napoleon  at 
Mainz  —  The  Coalition  Completed  —  Diplomatic  Fencing  —  Re- 
newal OF  Hostilities  —  The  Responsibility. 

Chap,  vi  l^TAPOLEON  determined,  however,  to  deliberate  on  the  strongest 
1813  J^^  possible  vantage-ground,  and  for  tliis  reason  contimied  his  pur- 
suit as  far  as  Broslau,  which  was  occupied  by  the  end  of  the  month. 
Simultaneously  Berlin  was  threatened  by  Oudinot,  Victor  had  reheved 
Glogau,  and  Vandamme  was  marching  to  Davout's  assistance,  so 
that  Haiubm-g  was  safely  m  hand.  The  alhed  forces  stood  behind 
Schweidnitz,  and  by  the  same  marvelous  strategy  as  of  old  the  various 
coi-ps  of  the  French  army  were  disposed,  under  Ney,  Lauriston,  Rejoiier, 
Macdonald,  and  Bei-trand,  so  as  virtually  to  engirdle  the  enemy.  Napo- 
leon was  at  Neumarkt  with  the  guard ;  a  single  bold  dash  southward 
toward  the  Eulen  Mountains  with  his  concentering  force,  and  he  would 
have  ci*ushed  his  opponents.  But  another  victory  like  Liitzen  and 
Bautzen  would  reduce  liis  army  still  further,  and  then  in  his  weakness 
he  would  be  confronted  by  the  hunth'ed  thousand  Austrians  which,  ac- 
cording to  the  iK'st  advices,  his  father-in-law  had  assembled  in  Bohemia. 
In  that  junetm'e  Francis  might  risk  a  battle,  and  if  successful  he  could 
dictate  not  merely  an  armistice,  but  the  terms  of  peace — a  contingency 
more  tennble  than  any  other.  Time,  moreover,  seemed  quite  as  valuable 
to  the  Enip(r(»r  of  Die  French  as  to  his  foe :  while  they  were  calling  in 
resci-ves  and  strengthening  their  ranks,  his  hundred  and  eighty  thou- 

43 


^T.43]  THE    NATIONS    IN    GRAND    ARRAY  43 

sand  conscnpts  of  1814  could  be  marched  to  the  Elbe,  and  Eugene  chap.  vi 
could  complete  his  work  in  Italy.  Ignorant  of  the  panic  at  his  i«ia 
enemy's  headquarters,  the  uneasy  conqueror  decided  therefore  that  his 
best  com-se  was,  by  exhibiting  a  desire  for  peace  and  assenting  to  an 
annistice,  to  avoid  the  general  reprobation  of  Eiu'ope.  Accordingly,  he 
took  another  disastrous  step,  and  accepted  the  proposal  of  the  allies  for 
a  conference. 

How  earnestly  Napoleon  desired  peace  appears  from  his  spontaneous 
concessions.  He  would  agi'ee  to  the  evacuation  of  Breslau  for  the  sake 
of  harmony,  and  would  consent  to  such  a  truce  as  the  majesty  of  a  ruler 
and  the  rights  of  a  successful  general  miglit  alike  exact ;  but  he  would 
not  be  treated  like  a  besieged  conmiander,  Hamburg  should  remain  as 
it  was  at  the  conclusion  of  negotiations,  and  the  duration  of  the  annis- 
tice must  be  longer  than  the  term  proposed  —  six  weeks  at  the  least. 
On  these  two  points  he  took  his  stand.  The  fatal  armistice  of  Poisch- 
witz  was  signed  at  that  village  on  June  foui'th  by  three  commissioners, 
Shuvaloff  for  Russia,  Kleist  for  Prussia,  and  Caulaincourt  for  France. 
It  was  a  compromise  providing  for  a  neutral  zone,  stretching  from  the 
mouth  of  the  Elbe  southeastward  to  Bohemia,  which  was  to  separate 
the  combatants  until  July  twentieth.  Hostilities  might  not  be  renewed 
until  August  first.  Breslau  was  to  be  evacuated ;  Hamburg  was  to 
remain  as  the  truce  found  it.  These  terms  were  reached  only  after 
much  bluster,  the  aUies,  weak  and  disorganized  as  they  were,  demand- 
ing at  first  the  evacuation  of  both  Breslau  and  Hambiu'g,  with  a 
cessation  of  arms  for  a  month.  This  stand  they  took  in  rehance  partly 
on  England,  partly  on  Austria.  The  compromise,  as  mutually  ac- 
cepted, was  reached  in  spite  of  British  influence,  when  Francis,  ap- 
parently nervous  and  anxious,  arrived  at  Gitschin,  near  the  Bohemian 
frontier,  and  opened  a  conference  with  Nessebode. 

At  Vienna  men  had  said,  when  the  news  of  Bautzen  came,  that  the 
conqueror  was  perhaps  an  angel,  perhaps  a  devil  —  certainly  not  a  man. 
The  cabinet  had  seen  with  alarm  his  attempt  to  negotiate  du'ectly  with 
the  Czar.  Success  in  winning  Russia  would  put  Austria  again  at  Na- 
poleon's mercy ;  Alexander  must  be  kept  in  warlike  humor  at  all  haz- 
ards. Nesseh'ode  demanded  nothing  less  than  Austria's  adherence  to 
the  coahtion ;  Francis  was  still  unready  to  fight ;  and  Metteniich,  dis- 
playing aU  his  adroitness,  finally  wrung  from  Nesselrode  a  basis  for 
mediation  comprising  six  articles :  the  extinction  of  Warsaw,  the  en- 


44  LIFE    OF    NAPOLEON    BONAPARTE  [^t.  43 

Chap,  ti  largemcut  of  Pnissia  by  her  Polish  provinces  and  Dantzic,  the  restora- 
1813  tiou  of  Illyria  to  Austria,  the  independence  of  the  Hanseatic  towns, 
the  dissohition  of  the  Rhenish  Confederacy,  and  the  restoration  of 
Prussia's  western  boundaries  to  the  hues  of  180G.  This  was  a  "mini- 
mum" considerably  smaller  than  that  proposed  before  Bautzen;  but 
the  allies  could  well  accept  it  if  Austria  would  promise  never  to  take 
sides  with  France,  as  Metteniich  is  said  to  have  verbally  assiu-ed  the 
Czar  in  a  secret  meeting  would  be  the  case.  On  June  twenty-seventh 
it  was  foi-mally  arranged  that  a  congi'ess  to  pacify  the  Continent  on 
this  basis  should  be  held  preliminary  to  a  general  peace  including  Eng- 
land; and  the  treaty  binding  Russia,  Pi-ussia,  and  Austria  to  alliance 
in  case  of  Napoleon's  refusal  was  signed  that  day  in  secret  at  Reichen- 
bach.  Should  Napoleon  reject  Austria's  articles  of  mediation,  she 
was,  on  July  twentieth,  to  join  the  coalition,  and  fight  not  only  until 
he  was  driven  behind  the  Rhine,  but  until  the  fortresses  on  the  Oder 
and  the  Vistula  were  evacuated,  Italy  hberated,  Spain  restored  to  the 
Bom'bons,  and  Austria  reenlarged  to  her  boundaries  of  1805. 

"  If  the  aUies  do  not  in  good  faith  desire  peace,"  said  Napoleon  on 
June  fifth,  as  he  left  his  headquarters  for  Dresden,  "this  armistice  may 
prove  fatal  to  us."  Late  in  life  he  believed  that  if  he  had  in  his  great 
crisis  marched  right  on,  Austria  would  not  have  declared  against  him. 
Shrewd  as  he  was,  he  was  a  tyro  in  dynastic  politics.  Austria  has  been 
made,  aggi"andized,  and  saved  by  man'iages ;  but  no  conception  of  the 
duty  imposed  on  families  by  that  relation  as  understood  in  private  life 
has  ever  controlled  her  politics.  Francis  was  never  unwilling  to  use  his 
daughter  for  public  ends,  and  seems  to  have  dehghted  in  the  constnic- 
tion  of  family  feeling  formed  in  his  son-in-law's  mind  bj'^  homely  senti- 
ment. It  is  preposterous  to  suppose  that  Napoleon  really  entertained 
such  a  view  of  his  marriage  as  that  of  the  Parisian  bourgeois;  but  \iew- 
ing  himself  as  an  estabhshed  dynastic  ruler,  he  could  well  imagine  that 
when  Austria  had  her  choice  between  two  purely  djaiastic  alliances,  she 
would,  for  tlie  sake  of  Maria  Louisa,  have  chosen  that  with  France. 
This  rather  simple  concei>tion  he  seems  to  have  entertained  for  a  time, 
because  when  Maret  and  Metternich  met,  the  former  urged  the  matri- 
monial bond  as  a  consideration.  "Tlie  man-iage,"  rejoined  the  latter, 
with  a  cough — "yes,  the  maniage;  it  was  a  match  founded  on  political 
considerations,  but — "  and  the  conclusion  of  the  sentence  was  a  signifi- 
cant wag  of  the  head. 


IS    TBK    COLLECTION    Of    COCNT    l>'HEDOir\'ILLK 


BARON    HENRI   JOMINl 


^T.43]  THE    NATIONS    IN    GRAND    ARRAY  45 

Napoleon's  first  instinct  of  treachery  was  that  of  the  general,  and  it  Chap.  vi 
was  sound.  His  suspicions  were  fully  aroused  as  soon  as  he  reached  1813 
Dresden ;  for  Bubna.  began  at  once  to  stickle  for  antiquated  formalities 
in  negotiation,  and  stung  Napoleon  to  exasperation  by  his  evident  de- 
termination to  procrastinate.  Accordingly  the  Emperor  summoned 
Metteniich  to  a  personal  meeting.  The  minister  coidd  not  well  explain. 
Since  Castlereagh's  return  to  power  in  January,  1812,  Great  Britain  had 
kept  at  Berlin,  St.  Petersburg,  and  Vienna  able  diplomats  ready,  with 
purse  in  hand,  to  pay  almost  any  sum  for  a  strong  coalition.  It  had 
been  the  appearance  of  Sir  Charles  Stewai-t  from  Berlin,  and  of  Lord 
Cathcart  from  St.  Petersbiu'g,  at  the  allied  headquarters  which  ac- 
counted for  the  arrogant  firmness  of  Shuvaloff  and  Kleist,  and  deter- 
mined the  character  of  the  armistice.  On  June  foiu'teenth  and  fifteenth 
those  envoys  fm-ther  concluded  treaties  with  Prussia  and  Russia  re- 
spectively which  explain  the  performances  of  Bubna  at  Dresden,  and 
of  the  congress  which  later  met  at  Pragiie.  Prussia  promised,  in  return 
for  a  subsidy  of  two  thirds  of  a  million  pounds  sterling,  to  cede  a 
certain  portion  of  lower  Saxony,  with  the  bishopric  of  Hildesheim,  to 
the  electorate  of  Hanover,  and  agreed  to  keep  on  foot  eighty  thousand 
men;  Russia  was  to  maintain  a  himdred  and  sixty  thousand  men,  in 
return  for  one  and  a  third  million  pounds,  and  for  the  care  of  English 
vessels  in  her  harbors  she  was  to  receive  a  further  sum  of  half  a 
million.  Great  Britain  and  Russia  were  in  conjimction  to  emit  an  - 
issue  of  paper  money  to  the  amount  of  five  millions  sterling,  and  this 
loan  was  to  be  guaranteed  by  England,  Prussia,  and  Russia  conjointly. 
In  conclusion  it  was  solemnly  stipulated  that  neither  Russia  nor  Great 
Britain  should  negotiate  separately  with  France. 

In  view  of  the  successive  stages  of  Napoleon's  isolation, —  namely, 
the  armistice,  these  two  subsidy  treaties,  and  the  secret  treaty  of  Jime 
twenty-seventh  signed  at  Reichenbach, —  it  seems  futile  to  discuss  the 
question  whether  or  not  Napoleon  really  wished  peace  in  his  famous 
interview  with  Metternich  on  June  twenty-seventh — an  interview  which 
lasted  from  a  quarter  before  twelve  at  midday  until  nearly  nine  at  night, 
and  has  improperly  been  considered  as  the  turning-point  in  Napoleon's 
career.  Up  to  that  moment  Metternich's  intervention  had  amounted  to 
nothing  short  of  selfish  double-dealing.  Of  this  Napoleon  had  written 
evidence.  No  wonder  the  shifty  minister  described  his  interview  as  "  a 
most  curious  mixture  of  most  heterogeneous  subjects,  of  intermitting 

Vol.  n'.  —  7. 


46  LIFE    OF    NAPOLEON    BONAPARTE  [^t.  43 

Chap.  yi  fi'ieiidliness  with  the  most  passionate  outbreaks,"  and  strove  in  his  ac- 
1813  count  to  deepen  the  shadows  of  his  pictiu*e  by  discreet  silence  as  to 
certain  points  —  a  trick  he  may  have  learned  from  Whitworth.  The 
unfi-iendly  narrator  declares  that  Napoleon,  when  told  that  his  soldiers 
were  only  boys,  ilimg  his  hat  into  a  corner,  and  hissed,  "  You  do  not 
know  what  passes  in  a  soldier's  mind;  I  grew  up  in  the  field,  and  a 
man  Uke  me  troubles  himself  little  about  a  million  men."  The  Aus- 
trian statesman  fmiher  reported  the  French  emperor  to  have  charac- 
terized his  second  man-iage  as  a  piece  of  stupidity,  and  to  have  charged 
his  princely  interlocutor  with  venahty  ! 

Probably  all  this  is  true :  the  professional  soldier's  point  of  view  is 
terrible  to  the  laity.  Kossuth  declared  to  a  trastworthy  witness  that  he 
had  seen  the  letters  of  Maria  Louisa  which  betrayed  her  husband  to  her 
father ;  and  no  one  has  ever  denied  that  Napoleon  was  a  fair  judge  of 
character,  and  called  a  spade  a  spade  when  he  was  angiy.  And  angry 
he  was.  Here  was  the  man  who  had  plumed  hhnself  on  the  Bona- 
parte-Hapsbm-g  alliance,  who  had  hitherto  professed  the  most  ardent 
personal  esteem  for  Napoleon  himself,  and  who  had  so  far  found  Aus- 
tria's highest  welfare  in  supporting  the  Napoleonic  system.  And  what 
was  his  conduct  ?  A  complete  and  sudden  reversal  of  liis  previous  be- 
haWor,  personal  insolence,  and  public  scorn.  Then  and  there  he  de- 
manded the  suspension,  at  least  temporarily,  of  the  treaty  of  alliance 
between  Austria  and  France — a  paper  solemnly  negotiated  by  himself 
but  little  more  than  one  short  year  earlier ;  then,  too,  he  demanded  a 
further  prolongation  of  the  armistice  while  the  peace  congi-ess  held  its 
sessions,  and  coldly  throwing  every  other  consideration  to  the  winds, 
gave  his  victim  to  understand  that  Austria  was  no  longer  a  mediator, 
but  an  armed  arbiter,  detennined  to  regain  her  glory  by  the  line  of  least 
resistance — that  is,  by  alliance  with  Russia,  in  order  to  secure  a  Conti- 
nental peace,  to  which  Great  Britain  shoiild  not  be  a  party. 

Is  it  wonderful  that  under  such  provocation  Napoleon's  hot  Corsican 
blood  boiled  over,  or  that  his  unruly  tongue  uttered  starthng  language? 
The  time  had  come  when  he  must  recognize  masters  and  laws,  and  it 
was  not  easy.  At  thirty,  as  he  liked  to  boast,  he  had  gained  victories, 
appeased  a  popular  storm,  fused  pai-ties,  and  rallied  a  nation.  Furtlier, 
for  years  he  had  made  sport-  of  European  dynasties,  and  in  particular 
had  found  that  of  Austria  both  double-faced  and  time-serving.  Ha^^ng 
taken  a  leaf  from  her  book,  he  had  become  her  dupe,  and  it  was  hard  to 


^T.43]  THE    NATIONS    IN    GRAND    ARRAY  47 

beai'  the  consequences.  The  stormy  side  of  the  famous  interview  is  chap.  vi 
therefore  unimportant  historically;  its  only  significance  is  that  it  marks  i«i3 
the  last  stage  in  the  evolution  of  Austrian  diplomacy.  Being  now 
strong  enough  to  reassert  equahty  with  France  in  the  councils  of  Eu- 
rope, the  Hapsburg  empire  was  about  to  act.  Mettemich  believed  that 
Alexander's  aid  would  be  more  valuable  than  Napoleon's,  and  in  a  letter 
to  his  master,  written  two  days  after  the  famous  interview,  he  explained 
that  through  a  Continental  peace  lay  the  Mne  of  least  resistance.  The 
an-angement  he  suggested  to  Napoleon  would  leave  England  and  France 
to  renew  the  stniggle  and  fight  until  exhausted,  while  Austria,  Russia, 
and  Pinissia  were  recuperating.  Napoleon's  one  weapon  against  Eng- 
land was  his  Continental  system ;  on  the  morrow  of  a  victorious  cam- 
paign he  could  not  so  easily  throw  it  down.  If  there  was  to  be  a  Con- 
tinental peace,  and  not  a  general  one,  it  must  be  made  after  a  final 
decisive  victory;  and  to  assemble  his  troops  for  a  grand  battle  with 
Austria,  Russia,  and  Piaissia,  he  needed  time.  The  Poischwitz  ai-mis- 
tice  was  his  tii'st  fatal  bhmder ;  before  the  close  of  the  interview  he 
consented  to  its  prolongation  until  August  tenth,  ostensibly  that  the 
Congi'ess  of  Prague  might  an-ange  terms  for  a  Continental  peace;  and 
this  was  his  imdoing. 

The  Congi'ess  of  Prague  was  a  puppet-show,  and  has  no  place  in 
history  except  as  it  displayed  the  character  of  Metternich,  deceiving 
himself  to  its  close  with  the  belief  that  he  was  what  he  professed  to 
be  —  an  armed  mediator  tui-ning  the  course  of  European  politics  back 
into  dynastic  channels.  In  reaUty  it  was  as  Napoleon  said  —  he  be- 
lieved himself  to  be  du-eeting  eveiybody,  when  everything  was  du-ect- 
ing  him.  Behind  the  puppets  were  Alexander's  fatalism,  Pi-ussia's 
regenerated  nationahty,  the  half-awakened  sensibility  of  Austria,  and 
lastly,  British  gold  with  British  victories.  Wellington  had  finally 
focused  the  national  power  of  Spain,  and  was  actually  menacing  the 
soil  of  France.  His  famous  "  march  to  Vitoria,"  as  it  has  been  called 
because  of  the  decisive  battle  fought  at  that  place  on  June  twenty- 
first,  1813,  forced  Napoleon  finally  to  abandon  Spain.  Already  the 
Emperor  had  withdrawn  his  choicest  veterans  thence,  and  he  was 
well  aware  how  futile  any  further  straggles  for  Joseph's  throne  must 
be.  His  conduct,  therefore,  was  perfectly  consistent ;  vnth  a  bold 
fi'ont  he  laid  down  the  ultimatum  of  idi  possidetis  for  the  congi'ess, 
and  left  for  Mainz,  where  he  remained   fi'om  July  twenty-fifth  to 


48  LIFE    OF    NAPOLEON    BONAPARTE  [^t.  43 

Chap.  ^^    Augiist   first,   aiTanging   his  military  plans  for  tlie   defense   of  tlie 

1813        Pyi'enees,  and  despatcliiug  Soult,  who  went  against  his  will,  for  the 

campaign  which  sealed   the  marshal's   reputation  as  a  gi'eat  soldier. 

Doubtless,  too,  Napoleon  felt  that  distance  from  the  absurd  congress 

would  absolve  him  from  the  guilt  of  its  empty  pretense. 

There,  too,  he  met  his  empress;  perhaps  he  fondly  dreamed  that 
she  might  intercede  with  her  su-e;  in  the  long  interviews  they  held 
he  was  probably  drilling  her  in  the  functions  of  a  regent  chosen  to 
sustain  in  Pai'is  the  tottering  cause  of  her  consort  and  her  cluld. 
Fouche,  too,  was  recalled  fi'om  his  suspicious  retirement  to  untangle 
the  thread  of  Austrian  duplicity.  But  the  long  hours  of  consultation, 
aiTangement,  and  execution  were  mainly  concerned,  we  may  suppose, 
with  the  hurrying  in  of  new  levies,  the  raising  of  cavalry,  the  creation 
of  artillery,  and  the  general  preparation  for  the  hfe-and-death  struggle 
which  was  soon  to  take  place.  The  Danish  alhance  was  strengthened, 
and  Mm*at  by  strenuous  efforts  was  kept  within  the  shadowy  lines  of 
the  vanishing  Napoleonic  system.  Beugnot,  then  head  of  the  French 
regency  of  Berg,  was  one  day  called  at  a  moment's  notice  to  act  as 
amanuensis,  and  in  a  flurry  twice  took  his  Emperor's  chau*.  "  So  you 
are  detemiined  to  sit  in  my  seat,"  was  Napoleon's  simple  remark;  "you 
have  chosen  a  bad  time  for  it."  The  mayor  of  Mainz  was  St.  Antbe,  a 
stanch  conventional  of  the  old  school ;  another  day  he  and  Beugnot, 
with  the  Prince  of  Nassau,  accompanied  the  visitor  on  a  river  excur- 
sion, and  the  Emperor,  scanning  with  intense  interest  the  castle  of 
Biberich,  leaned  far  over  the  boat.  "  What  a  curious  attitude,"  whis- 
pered the  veteran  revolutionary  to  the  temfied  Beugnot ;  "  the  fate  of 
the  world  depends  on  a  kick  or  two." 

The  fate  of  the  world  was  not  in  jeopardy,  and  the  seat  of  Napoleon 
as  Emperor  of  the  West  was  not  to  be  occupied  by  another ;  but  the 
affairs  of  the  Continent  were  to  be  readjusted,  the  beneficent  work  of 
the  Revolution  was  to  be  transferred  to  other  hands,  and  the  notion 
of  Western  empire  was  to  vanish  like  other  baseless  fabrics.  The 
diplomacy  of  Lord  Aberdeen,  Castlereagh's  envoy  at  Vienna,  had  suc- 
ceeded before  Napoleon  returned  to  Dresden,  and  the  treaty  of  eventual 
triple  alliance,  signed  at  Reichenbach  on  June  twenty-seventh,  was 
made  good  on  August  first  by  Francis,  who  agreed,  in  return  for  an 
enonnous  subsidy  from  Great  Britain,  to  join  Russia  and  Prussia  with 
two  hundred  thousand  men.     The  rosters  of  Austria's  amiy  had  been 


riBAWisu   MAin:   yoa   thk  (.k-ntuby  co. 


MARSHAL   CLAUDE-VICTOR    PERRIN 

DUKE    OF    BF.l.LUNO 

D1UW1»0    OV    KBIC    rAHK    f»OM    TUK    rUBTBilT    D»    «STOIN.XJKA»    (mO« 


^T.43]  THE  NATIONS  IN  GRAND  ARRAY  49 

suiTeptitioiisly  obtained  by  French  agents  in  Prague.  Napoleon  was  chap.  vi 
aghast  as  he  read  the  proof  of  her  gigantic  efforts.  At  once  he  re-  ihi3 
doubled  his  own,  and  began  to  unfold  a  marvelous  diplomatic  shrewd- 
ness. With  Poland's  three  despoilers  thus  united  in  England's  pay, 
his  isolation  would  be  complete;  a  few  days  only  remained  until  the 
expiration  of  the  armistice;  he  had  but  one  arrow  left  in  his  quiver, 
and  he  determined  to  speed  it :  to  bribe  Austria  into  neutrality  by 
accepting  her  conditions  and  restoring  the  national  equilibrium  of 
Europe. 

The  proposition  was  made,  and  staggered  Francis ;  for  two  days  he 
dallied,  and  then  made  a  counter-proposition  with  a  new  clause,  which 
secured,  not  tlie  emancipation  of  states,  but  dynastic  independence  for 
the  sovereigns  of  the  Rhine  Confederation.  This  di-ew  the  veil  fi'om 
MetteiTiich's  policy.  Afraid  of  a  German  nationaUty  in  which  Piiissia 
would  inevitably  secure  the  hegemony,  he  was  determined  to  perpetuate 
the  rivaliies  of  petty  potentates,  and  regain  Austria's  ascendancy  in 
Germany  as  well  as  in  Italy.  This,  too,  would  strip  Napoleon  of  his 
Gemian  troops,  and  confine  France  to  the  west  shore  of  the  Rhine, 
even  though  it  left  Westphalia  and  Berg  under  French  i-ulers.  Such 
a  contingency  was  abhorrent  to  one  still  pretending  to  Western  empire, 
and  Napoleon  in  turn  procrastinated  until  the  evening  of  the  ninth, 
when,  as  a  final  compromise,  he  offered  the  dismemberment  of  Warsaw, 
the  freedom  of  Dantzic  and  lllyria,  including  Fimne,  but  retaining 
Triest.  But  by  this  time  dynastic  jealousy  had  done  its  work  at 
Prague,  and  when  these  tenns  were  commxmicated  to  the  plenipoten- 
tiaries unofficially,  Cathcart's  bellicose  humor,  which  was  heightened 
by  the  news  from  WeUington,  served  to  complement  Alexander's 
jealousy  of  Austria's  rising  power.  The  Pnissian  nationalists,  too, 
.saw  their  emancipation  indefinitely  postponed;  and  since  the  commu- 
nication of  Napoleon's  ultimatum  was  unofficial,  and  an  official  notifica- 
tion had  not  arrived  at  midnight  on  the  tenth,  the  commissioners  of 
Russia  and  Prussia  rose  at  the  stroke  of  the  clock,  and  informed  Met- 
ternich  that,  their  powers  having  expired,  he  w\is  boimd  by  the  tenns 
of  Reichenl^ach. 

Metternich  kept  iip  his  mask,  and  continued  to  discuss  with  Caulain- 
corni;  the  items  of  Napoleon's  proposition,  but  the  other  diplomats  gave 
vent  to  their  dehght.  Humboldt  lingered  until  Austria's  formal  declara- 
tion of  war  was  under  way  to  Dresden ;  simultaneously  beacons,  pre- 


50  LIFE    OF    NAPOLEON    BONAPARTE  [^t.  43 

Chap,  xi  aiTaiiged  for  the  pui-pose  on  Bolieiuiau  liiUs,  flashed  the  welcome  news 
1813  to  the  expectant  annies  of  Russia  and  Prussia.  Napoleon  still  stood 
undismayed  by  fonns,  for  under  the  terms  of  the  armistice  a  week's 
notice  must  be  given  before  the  renewal  of  hostilities.  On  the  thir- 
teenth he  offered  Austria  everything  except  Hamburg  and  Triost;  on 
the  fifteenth  he  offered  even  these  gi-eat  ports.  But  technical  right  was 
on  the  side  of  war,  and  his  proposals  were  refused. 

Where  the  blame  or  merit  for  the  renewal  of  hostilities  rests  will 
ever  remain  a  matter  of  opinion.  Amid  the  tangles  of  negotiation,  it 
must  be  remembered  that  on  March  twenty-fourth,  1812,  Russia  and 
Sweden  began  the  coalition ;  that  Russia  and  Prussia  were  forced  into 
imion  on  February  twenty-eighth,  1813,  by  the  element  of  interest  com- 
mon to  Alexander's  djniasty  and  the  Prussian  people ;  that  Great  Brit- 
ain entered  on  the  scene  in  her  commercial  agi'eement  with  Sweden  on 
March  third,  1813 ;  and  that  English  diplomacy  combined  with  the 
interests  of  Austrian  diplomacy  to  complete  and  cement  the  coahtion 
with  the  necessary  subsidies.  If  we  view  the  negotiations  of  Poisch- 
witz  and  Prague  in  comiection  vrith  Napoleon's  whole  career,  they  appear 
to  have  ran  in  a  channel  prepared  by  his  boundless  ambition ;  if  we 
isolate  them  and  scrutinize  their  course,  we  must  think  him  the  moral 
victor.  Whatever  he  may  have  been  before,  he  was  now  eager  for  peace, 
and  sincere  in  his  professions.  Believing  himself  to  have  acted  gener- 
ously when  Austria  was  under  his  feet,  he  was  outraged  when  he  saw 
that  he  had  been  duped  by  her  subsequent  course.  The  concessions  to 
which  he  was  forced  appear  to  have  been  made  slowly,  because  what 
he  desired  was  not  a  Continental  peace  in  the  interests  of  the  Haps- 
bm*gs,  but  a  general  peace  in  the  interest  of  all  Em'ope  as  represented 
by  the  Empire  and  the  djmasty  which  he  had  founded.  At  this  dis- 
tance of  time,  and  in  the  light  of  intervening  history,  some  credit  should 
be  given  to  his  insight,  which  convinced  him  that  strengthened  nation- 
ality, as  well  as  renewed  dynastic  influence,  might  retard  tlie  liberalizing 
influences  of  the  Revolution,  which  he  falsely  believed  himself  still  to 
represent.  For  the  dm-ation  of  the  Holy  Alliance  tliis  was  to  a  certain 
extent  tnie.  It  will  be  noticed  that  throughout  the  closing  negotiations 
no  mention  was  made  of  the  "Continental  system."  That  malign  con- 
cept of  the  revolutionary  epoch  perislied  in  Napoleon's  dechne,  and  liis- 
tory  knows  its  name  no  more. 


CHAPTER  VII 

the  last  imperi.\l  victory 

Napoleon's  Prospects  —  The  Preparations  and  Plans  of  the  Coa- 
lition —  Cross  Purposes  of  the  Combatants  —  Condition  of 
Napoleon's  Mind  —  Strength  and  Weakness  of  the  Allies  — 
Renewal  of  Hostilities  —  The  Feint  in  Silesia  —  Napoleon  at 
Dresden  —  First  Day's  Fighting  —  The  Victory  Won  on  the 
Second  Day. 

IN  later  years  Napoleon  confessed  that  during  the  interval  between  chap.  vn 
the  first  and  second  Saxon  campaigns  he  had  been  outwitted.  His  isis 
antagonists  had,  in  his  own  language,  "changed  for  the  better";  at  least 
they  secured  the  war  they  so  earnestly  desired  under  conditions  vastly 
more  favorable  to  themselves  than  to  their  opponent.  Both  parties 
had  been  arming  with  might  and  main  during  the  prolonged  tnice,  but 
each  member  of  the  djT^iastic  coahtiou  now  had  the  backing  of  a  grow- 
ing national  enthusiasm,  while  Napoleon  had  to  deal  with  waning  zeal 
and  an  exhausted  people.  Thus,  then,  at  the  opening  of  the  second 
campaign  in  Saxony  the  allies  had  four  himdi-ed  and  thirty-five  thou- 
sand men,  and  Napoleon  but  three  hundred  and  fifty  thousand.  With 
this  inferiority,  it  behooved  the  Emperor  to  use  all  his  strategic  powers, 
and  he  did  so  with  a  brilhancy  never  sui-passed  by  him.  Choosing  the 
Elbe  as  his  natural  defensive  line,  Hambiu"g  stood  ahnost  impregnable 
at  one  end,  flanked  to  the  southward  by  Magdeburg,  Wittenberg,  and 
Torgau,  three  mighty  fortresses.  Dresden,  which  was  necessarily  the 
focal  point,  was  intrenched  and  palisaded  for  the  protection  of  the 
army  which  was  to  be  its  main  bulwark.  Davout  and  Oudinot,  with 
seventy  thousand  men,  were  to  threaten  Berlin,  and,  thereby  drawing 
off  as  many  as  possible  of  the  enemy,  hberate  the  ganisons  of  Stettin 
and  Kiistrin ;  they  were  then  to  beleaguer  Spandau,  push  the  foe  across 


52  LIFE    OF    NAPOLEON    BONAPARTE  [^t.  44 

Chap,  vn    the  Oder,  and  stand  ready  to  fall  on  the  flank  of  tlie  eoalition  army. 
1813        Napoleon  himself,  with  the  remaining  two  hnnch-ed  and  eighty  thou- 
sand, was  to  await  the  onset  of  the  combined  Russian,  Prussian,  and 
Austrian  forces. 

The  allies  now  had  in  their  camp  two  mighty  strategists — Jomini,  the 
well-known  Swiss  adventurer  and  military  historian,  and  Moreau,  who 
had  returned  from  the  United  States.  The  former,  pleading  that  he 
had  lost  a  merited  promotion  by  Berthier's  ill-will,  and  that  as  a  for- 
eigner he  had  the  right  of  choice,  had  gone  over  to  the  enemies  of  his 
employer ;  the  latter,  yielding  to  the  specious  pleas  of  his  silly  and  am- 
bitious wife  that  he  might  fight  Napoleon  without  fighting  France,  had 
taken  service  with  the  Czar.  The  arrow  which  penetrated  Napoleon's 
\'itals  was  indeed  feathered  from  his  own  pinions,  since  these  two,  with 
another  of  Napoleon's  pupils — Bernadotte,  the  Crown  Prince  of  Sweden 
—  were  virtually  the  council  of  war.  Two  of  them,  the  latter  and 
Moreau,  saw  the  specter  of  French  sovereignty  beckoning  them  on. 
They  di'eamed  of  the  chief  magistracy  in  some  shape,  imperial,  mon- 
archical, consiUar,  or  presidential,  and  were  more  devoted  to  theii*  per- 
sonal interests  than  to  those  of  the  coalition.  In  the  service  of  their 
ambition  was  formed  the  plan  by  which  not  only  was  Napoleon  over- 
whelmed, but  the  fields  of  France  were  drenched  with  blood.  Under 
then"  ad^^ce,  three  great  armies  were  aiTayed :  that  of  the  North,  in 
Brandenburg,  was  composed  of  Prussians,  Swedes,  and  a  few  Russians, 
its  generals  being  Biilow,  Bernadotte,  and  Tchernicheff ;  that  of  the 
East  was  the  Pnisso-Russian  aimy  in  Silesia,  now  under  Bliicher,  that 
astounding  young  cavahyman  of  seventy,  and  Wittgenstein ;  finally, 
that  of  the  South  was  the  new  Austrian  force  under  Schwarzenberg, 
with  an  adjunct  force  of  Russian  troops  under  Barclay,  and  the  Rus- 
sian guard  under  the  Grand  Duke  Constantine.  Biilow  was  in  and 
near  Berlin  witli  about  a  hundred  and  fifty-six  thousand  men ;  Bliicher 
had  ninety-five  thousand,  and,  haAing  violated  the  armistice,  was  on 
August  fourteenth  already  within  the  neutral  zone  at  Striegau,  l)efore 
Breslau;  the  Austro-Russian  force  of  almost  two  liundred  and  fifty 
thousand  was  in  northern  Bohemia,  near  Melnik  ;  l^euuigsen  was  in 
Poland  building  u])  a  strong  reserve.  Schwarzenberg,  thougli  com- 
mander of  the  main  anny,  was  reduced  to  Anrtual  impotence  by  the 
presence  at  his  headquarters  of  all  the  sovereigns  and  of  Moreau.  Di- 
vided counsels  spring  from  diverse  interests;  there  was  at  the  outset 


Tin.     L-tLLIXrl 


JACQUES-ALEXANDRE-BHRNARD   LAW 

MAKQ.ULS   Ol-    1.AUR1STON 

I'KUM    TIIK    fAISTIKU    llY    VtUHH^OlM    UftHAUU 


^T.44]  THE    LAST    IMPERIAL    VICTORY  53 

a  pitiful  caution  and  ineffieioncy  on  the  part  of  the  alUes,  while  at    chap.  vit 
Napoleon's  heathiuarters  there  was  unity  of  design  at  least.  1813 

Both  contestants  were  apparently  luider  serious  misapprehensions. 
The  allies  certainly  were,  because  Francis  believed  that,  as  so  often  be- 
fore. Napoleon's  goal  would  be  Vienna.  The  plan  adopted  by  them  was 
therefore  very  simple  :  each  division  of  the  alhed  ai-my  was  to  stand  ex- 
pectant ;  if  assifiled  it  was  to  yield,  ch-aw  on  the  French  columns,  and 
expose  their  flank  or  rear  to  the  attacks  of  the  other  two  allied  armies  ; 
then  by  superior  force  the  invaders  were  to  be  suiTOunded.  The  allies 
divined,  or  believed  they  divined,  that  Napoleon  would  hold  his  guard 
in  reserve,  throw  it  behind  any  portion  of  his  line  opposite  which  they 
were  vulnerable,  break  through,  and  defeat  them  in  detachments. 
Then-  idea  was  keen,  and  displayed  a  thorough  grasp  both  of  the  prin- 
ciples on  which  their  opponent  had  hitherto  acted  and  of  his  normal 
character.  But  nevertheless  they  were  deceived.  Napoleon  discarded 
all  his  old  principles,  and  behaved  most  abnormally.  In  his  conduct 
there  are  evidences  of  a  cui'ious  self-deception,  and  his  decisions  con- 
tradicted his  language.  Pei-petually  minimizing  in  conversation  the 
disparity  between  the  two  forces,  and  sometimes  even  asserting  his  own 
superiority,  he  nevertheless  almost  for  the  first  time  assmned  the  de- 
fensive. This  unheard-of  course  may  have  been  due  to  misapprehension 
and  exaggeration,  but  it  produced  for  the  moment  a  powei-ful  moral 
effect  on  his  generals,  who,  without  exception,  had  hithei-to  been  clam- 
orous for  peace,  and  likewise  upon  his  new  boy  recruits ;  both  classes 
began  to  have  a  reahzing  sense  that  they  were  now  fighting,  not  for 
aggi-ession,  but  for  life.  If  the  Emperor  had  any  such  confidence  as  he 
expressed,  it  must  have  been  due  to  the  fact  that  boys  had  fought  like 
veterans  at  Liitzen  and  Bautzen,  and  that  at  last  there  were  cavahy 
and  artilleiy  in  fair  proportion.  Possibly,  likewise,  he  may  have  been 
desperate  ;  fuUy  aware  that  he  was  about  to  cast  the  dice  for  a  last 
stake,  he  may  have  been  at  once  braggart  and  timid.  K  he  should  win 
in  a  common  defensive  battle,  he  believed,  as  his  subsequent  conduct 
goes  to  show,  that  he  was  safe  indefinitely;  and  if  he  lost  —  the  vision 
must  have  been  too  dreadful,  enough  to  distract  the  sanest  mind :  an 
exhausted  treasury,  an  exhausted  nation,  an  empty  throne,  vanished 
hopes,  ruin. 

Yet  at  the  time  no  one  remarked  any  trace  of  nervousness  in  Na- 
poleon.    Long  afterward  the  traitorous  Mannont,  whose  name,  like 

Vol.  IV.— 8 


54  LIFE    OF    NAPOLEON    BONAPARTE  [Mt.U 

Chap,  vii  that  of  Moi'eau,  was  to  be  execrated  by  siicecediug  generations  of 
1813  honorable  Frenchmen,  recalled  that  the  Emi^eror  had  couteiuptuously 
designated  the  enemy  as  a  rabble,  and  that  he  had  like^\dse  overes- 
timated the  strategic  value  of  Berlin.  The  mahgnant  annalist  asserted, 
too,  that  Napoleon's  motive  was  personal  spite  against  Prussia.  It  has 
also  been  studiously  emphasized  by  others  that  the  "  children"  of  Na- 
poleon's army  were  perishing  like  flowers  under  an  untimely  frost,  forty 
thousand  French  and  German  boys  being  in  the  hospitals;  that  corrup- 
tion was  rife  in  every  department  of  administration ;  and  that  the  sol- 
diers' pay  was  shamefully  in  arrears.  An  eye-fatness  saw  Pejrusse, 
the  paymaster,  to  whom  Napoleon  had  just  handed  four  thousand 
francs  for  a  momnnent  to  l)ui"Oc,  coolly  pocket  a  quarter  of  the  sum, 
with  the  remark  that  such  was  the  custom.  He  would  be  rash  indeed 
who  dared  to  assert  that  there  was  no  basis  for  tliis  criticism.  It  is 
true  that  the  instructions  to  Davout  and  Oudinot  made  light  of  Bulow's 
army,  and  that  Berlin  had  vastly  less  strategic  value  than  those  instruc- 
tions seemed  to  indicate.  But,  on  the  other  hand,  both  generals  and 
men  were  sadly  in  need  of  self-relianee,  and  to  see  their  capitals  oc- 
cupied or  endangered  had  still  a  tremendous  moral  effect  upon  dynastic 
sovereigns.  As  to  the  defects  in  his  army.  Napoleon  could  not  have 
been  blind ;  but  in  all  these  directions  matters  had  been  nearly,  if  not 
quite,  as  bad  in  1809,  and  a  victory  had  set  them  all  in  order. 

What  nervousness  there  was  existed  rather  among  the  allies.  Never 
before  in  her  history,  not  even  imder  the  great  Frederick,  had  Pnissia 
possessed  such  an  army;  the  Austrians  were  well  drilled  and  well 
equipped ;  the  Russians  were  of  fair  qualitj^,  numerous,  and  with  the 
reserves  fi'om  Poland  would  be  a  powerful  anny  in  themselves.  Yet  in 
spite  of  their  strength,  the  allies  were  not  really  able.  Austria  was  the 
head,  but  her  commander,  Schwarzenberg,  was  not  even  mediocre,  and 
among  her  generals  tliere  was  only  one  who  was  first-rate,  namely, 
Radetsky.  Fredeiick  WiUiam  and  Alexander  were  of  incongnious  na- 
tures; their  alliance  was  artificial,  and  in  such  plans  as  they  evolved 
there  was  an  indefiniteness  which  left  to  the  generals  in  their  respec- 
tive forces  a  large  margin  for  independence.  The  latter  were  quick  to 
take  advantage  of  the  chance,  and  this  fact  accounts  for  the  generally 
lame  and  feeble  beginning  of  hostilities. 

For  example,  it  was  through  Bliicher's  wilfulness  that  the  moral  ad- 
vantage lay  with  N;i])ol('()ii   in  flic  opening  of  tlu^  struggle     On  'Tuly 


^r.  44]  TUE    LAST    liMPEK'lAL    VICTORY  5 


OU 


ninth  Bernadotte,  Frederick  William,  and  the  Czar  had  met  at  Trachen-  chap.  vii 
berg  to  lay  out  a  plan  of  campaign.  In  this  conference,  which  first  isia 
opened  Napoleon's  eyes  to  the  detennination  of  the  allies,  Bliicher  had 
secured  for  himself  an  independent  command.  The  accession  of  Aus- 
tria rendered  the  agi-eement  of  Trachenherg  null,  but  Bliicher  did  not 
abandon  his  ambition.  Impatient  of  orders  or  good  faith,  he  broke  into 
the  neutral  zone  at  Striegau  on  August  foui"teenth,  apparently  without 
any  very  definite  plau.  Napoleon,  hearing  that  forty  thousand  Russians 
from  this  army  were  marching  toward  Bohemia,  advanced  from  Dresden 
on  August  fifteenth,  to  be  within  reach  of  the  passes  of  the  Iser 
Mountains  on  the  Upper  Elbe,  and  halted  at  Zittau  as  a  central  point, 
where  he  could  easily  collect  about  a  hundred  and  eighty  thousand 
men,  and  whence,  according  to  circumstances,  he  could  either  strike 
Bliicher,  cut  oif  the  Russians,  or  return  to  Dresden  in  case  of  need. 
That  city  was  to  be  held  by  Saint-Cyi'.  On  August  twentieth  Bliicher 
reached  the  banks  of  the  Bober  at  Bunzlau ;  owing  to  Napoleon's  nice 
calculation,  Ney,  Marmont,  Lauriston,  and  Macdonald  were  assembled 
on  the  other  side  to  check  the  advance,  he  himself  being  at  Lauban 
with  the  guard.  Had  Bliicher  stood,  the  Russo-Prussians  would  have 
been  anniliilated,  for  then"  inferiority  was  as  tw^o  to  one.  But  the  head- 
strong general  did  not  stand;  on  the  contrary,  retreating  by  precon- 
certed aiTangement  behind  the  Deiehsel,  he  led  his  antagonist  to  the 
false  conclusion  that  he  lacked  confidence  in  his  army. 

Napoleon  was  not  generally  over-credulous,  but  this  mistake  was 
probably  engendered  in  his  mind  by  the  steady  stream  of  uneasy  re- 
ports he  was  receiving  from  his  own  generals.  On  the  twenty-third  he 
wrote  to  Maret  that  his  division  commanders  seemed  to  have  no  self- 
reliance  except  in  his  presence ;  "  the  enemy's  strength  seems  great  to 
them  wherever  I  am  not."  Marmont  was  the  chief  offender,  having  se- 
verely criticized  a  plan  of  operations  which  would  require  one  or  more 
of  the  marshals  to  act  independently  in  Brandenbui'g  or  Silesia  or  both, 
expressing  the  fear  that  on  the  day  when  the  Emperor  believed  himself 
to  have  won  a  decisive  battle  he  would  discover  that  he  had  lost  two. 
Seventeen  years  of  campaigning  had  apparently  turned  the  great  gen- 
erals of  Napoleon's  army  into  puppets,  capable  of  acting  only  on  their 
leader's  impulse.  Whatever  the  cause.  Napoleon  was  set  in  his  idea, 
and  pressed  on  in  pursuit.  On  the  twenty-second  Bliicher  was  beyond 
the  Katzbach,  with  the  French  van  close  behind,  when  word  arrived  at 


56  LIFE    OF   NAPOLEON    BONAPARTE  [.Et.  « 

Chap.  VII  Napoleon's  headquarters  that  the  Austro-Riissiaus  had  entered  Saxony 
1813  and  were  menacing  Dresden.  How  alert  and  sane  the  Emperor  was, 
how  thoroughly  he  foresaw  every  contingency,  appears  from  the  minute 
directions  he  wrote  for  Macdonald,  who  was  left  to  block  the  road  for 
Bliicher  into  Saxony,  wliile  Lauriston  was  to  outflank  and  shut  off  the 
perfervid  veteran  fi'om  both  Berlin  and  Zittau. 

These  instructions  having  been  ^NTitten,  Napoleon  at  first  contem- 
plated crossing  the  Elbe  above  Dresden  to  take  Schwarzenberg  on  the 
flank  and  rear  in  the  passes  of  the  Ore  Mountains.  This  would  not 
only  cut  off  the  Austrian  general  fi'om  the  Saxon  capital,  but  prevent 
his  swerving  to  the  left  for  an  advance  on  Leipsic.  But  finding  that 
his  enemy  was  moving  swiftly,  the  Emperor  resolved  to  meet  him  be- 
fore Dresden.  It  would  never  do  to  lose  his  ally's  capital  at  the  outset, 
or  to  suffer  defeat  at  the  very  head  of  his  defensive  hne.  Giving  or- 
ders, therefore,  for  the  corps  of  Mai-mont,  Vandamme,  and  Victor,  to- 
gether with  Latour-Mauboiu-g's  cavalry  and  the  guard,  to  wheel,  he 
hastened  back  to  reinforce  Saint-Cyr  at  Dresden.  On  the  twenty-fifth, 
as  he  passed  Bautzen,  he  learned  that  Oudinot  had  been  defeated  at 
Luckau ;  but  he  gave  no  heed  to  the  report,  and  next  day  reached  Dres- 
den at  nine  in  the  morning.  An  hour  later  the  guard  came  up,  ha^dng 
performed  the  almost  incredible  feat  of  marching  seventy-six  miles  in 
three  days.  Vandamme,  with  forty  thousand  men,  had  arrived  at 
Pima,  a  few  miles  above,  and  Sauit-Cyi-  was  drawing  in  behind  the 
temporary  fortifications  of  the  city  itself. 

The  enemy,  too,  was  at  hand,  but  he  had  no  plan.  In  a  council 
of  war  held  by  him  the  same  morning  there  was  protracted  debate, 
and  finally  Moreau's  advice  to  advance  in  six  columns  was  taken.  He 
refused  "  to  fight  against  his  coiuitry,"  but  explained  that  the  French 
could  never  be  conquered  in  mass,  and  that  if  one  assaihng  column 
were  crushed,  the  rest  could  still  push  on.  This  long  deliberation  cost 
the  alUes  their  opportunity;  for  at  four  in  the  afternoon,  when  they 
attacked,  the  mass  of  the  French  army  had  crossed  the  Elbe  and  had 
thus  completed  the  garrison  of  the  city.  For  two  hours  the  figliting 
was  fierce  and  stubborn;  fi'om  three  different  sides  Russians,  Austrians, 
and  Prussians  each  made  substantial  gains;  at  six  Napoleon  deter- 
mined to  make  a  general  sally  and  throw  in  his  guard.  With  fine 
promptness  Mortier,  at  the  head  of  two  divisions  of  the  young  guard, 
attacked  the  Russians,  and  fighting  until  midnight,  drove  them  beyond 


lIXGRAVT.n    BY    T.    JOHNSON 


NAPOLEON   IN    iSl} 

FROSI    TUi:   PAISTLNO    BT    AMAIlLK-LOClS-CXAfUL    TAONEST 


iET.  44]  THE    LAST    IMPERIAL    VICTORY  57 

the  hamlet  of  Striefen.  Saint-Cyr  dislodged  the  Pnissians,  and  pushed  Chap.  vii 
them  to  Strehla;  while  Ney,  with  two  divisions  of  the  young  guard,  1813 
threw  a  portion  of  the  Austrians  into  Plauen,  and  Murat,  with  two 
divisions  of  infantry  and  Latour-Maubom-g's  cavahy,  cleared  the  suburb 
Friedriehstadt  of  the  rest.  Napoleon,  alert  and  ubiquitous,  then  made 
his  usual  roimd,  and  knew  when  he  retired  to  rest  in  the  royal  palace 
that  with  seventy  thousand  men,  or  rather  boys,  he  had  repulsed  a  hun- 
dred and  fifty  thousand  of  his  foe.  His  inspmting  personal  work 
might  be  calculated  as  worth  eighty  thousand  of  his  opponents'  hest 
men.  That  night  both  Marmont  and  Victor,  with  their  corps,  entered 
the  city ;  and  Vandannne  in  the  early  dawn  began  to  l^omhard  Pmia, 
thus  threatening  the  alhes'  connection  with  Bohemia  and  drawing  away 
forces  from  them  to  hold  that  outj:>ost. 

The  second  day's  fighting  was  more  disastrous  to  the  alhes  than  the 
first.  The  morning  opened  in  a  tempest,  but  at  six  both  sides  were  ar- 
rayed. On  the  French  right  were  Victor  and  Latour-Mauhourg ;  then 
Marmont ;  then  the  old  guard  and  Ney  with  two  divisions  of  the  yoimg 
guard ;  next  Saint-Cyi",  with  Mortier  on  the  left.  Opposite  stood  Rus- 
sians, Prussians,  and  Austrians,  in  the  same  relative  positions,  on  higher 
ground,  encircling  the  French  all  the  way  westward  and  around  by  the 
south  to  Plauen ;  hut  between  their  center  an  1  left  was  reserved  a  gap 
for  Klenau's  Austrians,  who  were  coming  up  from  Tharandt  in  the 
blinding  storm,  and  were  overdue.  At  seven  began  the  artUleiy  fire 
of  the  young  guard ;  but  before  long  it  ceased  for  an  instant,  since  the 
gminers  found  the  enemy's  line  too  high  for  the  elevation  of  their  gims. 
"  Continue,"  came  swiftly  the  Emperor's  order ;  "  we  must  occupy  the 
attention  of  the  enemy  on  that  spot."  The  ruse  succeeded,  and  the  gap 
was  left  open ;  at  ten  Mm'at  dashed  through  it,  and  turning  westward, 
killed  or  captured  all  who  composed  the  enemy's  extreme  left.  The 
garrison  of  Pii-na  then  retreated  toward  Peterswald.  Elsewhere  the 
French  merely  held  their  own.  Napoleon  lounged  all  day  in  a  curious 
apathy  before  his  camp-fii'e,  his  condition  being  apparently  due  to  the 
incipient  stages  of  a  digestive  disorder.  Early  in  the  afternoon  Schwarz- 
enberg  heard  of  Murat's  great  charge,  but  he  held  fimi  until  at  five  the 
flight  from  Pirna  was  annoimced,  when  he  abandoned  the  conflict. 
By  six  Napoleon  was  aware  that  the  battle  was  over,  and,  mounting 
his  horse,  he  trotted  listlessly  to  the  palace,  his  old  gray  overcoat  and 
hood  streaming  with  rain. 


CHAPTER  VIII 

politics  and  strategy 

Napoleon's  Conduct  after  Dresden — Military  Considerations  Over- 
ruled BY  Political  Schemes  —  Probable  Explanation  of  Napo- 
leon's Failure  —  Prussian  Victories  at  Grossbeeren  and  on  the 

KaTZBACH — VaNDAJIME  0^"ERWHELMED  AT  KULM  —  NaPOLEON's  RE- 
SPONSIBILITY—  Political  Considerations  again  Ascendant  —  The 
System  of  "Hither  and  Thither" — The  Battle  of  Dennewitz — 
Its  Dlsastrous  Consequences  —  Napoleon's  Vacillation  —  Strat- 
egy Thwarted  by  Diplomacy. 

CHAP_vrii  rpHROUGHOUT  the  night  after  the  victory  at  Dresden,  Napoleon 
1813  ^  l^eheved  that  the  enemy  would  retmni  again  to  battle  on  the  mor- 
row. This  is  conclusively  shown  by  the  notes  which  he  made  for  Ber- 
thier  during  the  evening.  These  were  based  on  the  stated  hypothesis 
that  the  enemy  was  not  really  in  retreat,  but  would  on  the  moiTOW  by  a 
great  battle  strive  to  retrieve  his  failure.  But  the  Emperor  was  alto- 
gether mistaken.  To  be  sure,  the  council  of  the  disheariened  allies  de- 
bated far  into  the  small  hours  whether  an  advantageous  stand  could 
not  stiU  be  made  on  the  heights  of  Dippoldiswalde,  but  the  decision  was 
adverse  because  the  coalition  army  was  sadly  shattered,  having  lost  a 
third  of  its  numbers.  Crippled  on  its  left  and  threatened  on  its  rear, 
it  began  next  morning  to  retreat  in  fair  order  toward  the  Ore  Mountains, 
and  so  continued  until  it  became  known  that  Vandamme  was  directly 
in  the  path,  when  a  large  proportion  of  the  troops  litcrall}^  took  to  the 
hills,  and  retreat  became  flight.  Then  first,  at  foiu'  in  the  afternoon. 
Napoleon  l>egan  to  realize  what  had  actually  occun-ed.  And  what  did 
he  do  ?  Having  ridden  almost  to  Pirna  before  taking  measures  of  any 
kind  to  reap  the  fruits  of  victory,  he  there  issued  orders  for  the  single 
corps  of  Vandamme,  slightly  reinforced,  to  begin  the  pursuit !     There- 


^T.44]  POLITICS    AND    STRATEGY  59 

upon,  leaving  directions  for  Mortier  to  hold  Pima,  he  entered  a  cairiage   chap.  vni 
and  (h'ove  quietly  back  to  Dresden  !  isis 

These  are  the  almost  incredible  facts:  no  teiTific  onslaught  after  the 
fii'st  night,  no  well-ordered  pursuit  after  the  second,  a  mere  pretense  of 
seizing  the  advantage  on  the  third  day !  In  fact.  Napoleon,  having  set 
his  plan  in  operation  at  the  very  beginning  of  the  battle,  sank,  to  all 
outward  appearances,  into  a  state  of  lassitude,  the  only  sign  of  alert 
interest  he  displayed  throughout  the  conflict  beuig  shown  when  he  was 
told  that  Moreau  had  been  mortally  wounded.  The  cause  may  have  been 
physical  or  it  may  have  been  moral,  but  it  was  probably  a  political  mis- 
calculation. If  we  may  beheve  Captain  Coignet,  the  talk  of  the  staff 
on  the  night  of  the  twenty-seventh  revealed  a  perfect  knowledge  of  the 
enemy's  rout ;  they  knew  that  the  retreat  of  their  opponents  had  been 
precipitate,  and  they  had  credible  information  of  disordered  l)ands  seen 
hurrying  through  byways  or  rushing  headlong  through  mountain  defiles. 
Yet  for  all  this,  they  were  thoroughly  discontented,  and  the  biu'den  of 

their  conversation  was  execration  of  the  Emperor.    "He  's  a ■ 

who  will  ruin  us  aU,"  was  the  repeated  malediction.  If  we  may  believe 
Napoleon  himself,  he  had  a  violent  attack  of  vomiting  near  Pima,  and 
was  compelled  to  leave  everything  on  that  fateful  day  to  others.  This 
is  possible,  but  unhkely;  the  day  before,  though  listless,  he  was  well 
enough  to  chat  and  take  snuff  as  he  stood  in  a  redoubt  observing  the 
course  of  events  through  his  field-glass;  the  day  after  he  was  perfectly 
well,  and  exercised  unusual  self-control  when  tidings  of  serious  import 
were  brought  from  the  north.  The  sequel  goes  to  show  that  neither 
his  own  sickness  nor  the  bad  temper  of  the  army  sufficiently  accounts 
for  Napoleon's  uumilitary  conduct  on  the  twenty-eighth ;  it  appears,  on 
the  contrary,  as  if  he  refi*ained  of  set  purpose  from  annihilating  the 
Austrian  ai-my  in  order  to  reknit  the  Austrian  alliance  and  destroy  the 
coalition.  This  he  never  was  willing  to  admit;  but  no  man  likes  to 
confess  himself  a  dupe. 

Had  Oudinot  and  Macdonald  succeeded  in  their  offensive  operations 
against  Berlin,  and  had  Napoleon  himself  done  nothing  more  than  hold 
Dresden,  a  place  which  we  must  remember  he  considered  fi-om  the  outset 
as  a  defensive  point,  it  would  have  sufficed,  in  order  to  obtain  the  most 
favorable  terms  of  peace,  to  throw  back  the  main  army  of  the  coali- 
tion, hmniliated  and  dispmted,  through  Bohemia  to  Prague.  But,  as 
we  have  repeatedly  seen,  long  service  under  the  Empire  had  destroyed 


QQ  LIFE    OF    NAPOLEON    BONAPARTE  [^Et.  44 

Chap,  vm  all  initiative  in  the  French  marshals :  in  Spain  one  mighty  general  after 
1813  another  had  been  brought  low ;  those  who  were  serving  in  Germany 
seemed  stricken  with  the  same  palsy.  It  is  tnie  that  in  the  days  of  their 
greatness  they  had  commanded  choice  troops,  and  that  now  the  flower 
of  the  army  was  reserved  for  the  Emperor  ;  but  it  is  likewise  true  that 
then  they  had  fought  for  wealth,  advancement,  and  power.  Now  they 
yearned  to  enjoy  their  gains,  and  were  embittered  because  Napoleon 
had  not  accepted  Austria's  terms  of  mediation  until  it  was  too  late. 
Moreover,  Bernadotte,  one  of  their  opponents,  had  been  trained  in 
their  own  school,  and  was  figliting  for  a  cro\\Ti.  To  Bliicher,  untamed 
and  untrustworthy  in  temper,  had  been  given  in  the  person  of  Gneise- 
nau  an  efficient  check  on  all  lieadlong  impulses,  and  Billow  was  a  com- 
mander far  above  mediocrity.  Such  considerations  go  far  to  account 
for  three  disasters — those,  namely,  of  Grossbeeren,  Katzbach,  and  Kulm 
— which  made  it  insufficient  for  Napoleon  to  hold  Dresden  and  throw 
back  the  main  army  of  the  allies,  and  which  thwarted  all  his  strategy, 
military  and  political. 

The  first  of  these  affairs  was  scarcely  a  defeat.  Oudinot,  advancing 
with  seventy  thousand  men  by  way  of  Wittenberg  to  seize  Berlin, 
found  himself  confi'onted  by  Bernadotte  with  eighty  thousand.  The 
latter,  with  his  eye  on  the  crown  of  France,  naturally  feared  to  defeat 
a  French  anny ;  at  first  he  thought  of  retreating  across  the  Spree  and 
abandoning  the  Prussian  capital.  But  the  Prussians  were  outraged  at 
the  possibility  of  such  conduct,  and  the  schemer  was  convinced  that  a 
show  of  resistance  was  imperative.  On  August  twenty-second  a  few 
skirmishes  occuiTed,  and  the  next  day  Biilow,  disobeying  his  orders, 
brought  on  a  pitched  battle  at  Grossbeeren,  which  was  waged,  with 
varying  success,  mitil  nightfall  left  the  village  in  French  hands.  Ou- 
dinot, however,  discouraged  alike  by  the  superior  force  of  the  enemy, 
by  the  obstinate  courage  of  the  Prussians,  and  by  the  dismal  weather, 
lost  heart,  and  retreated  to  Wittenberg.  The  heavy  rains  prevented  an 
effective  pursuit,  but  the  Pnissians  followed  as  far  as  Treuenbrietzen. 
On  August  twenty-fii'st,  Bliicher,  aware  of  the  circumstances  which 
kept  Napoleon  at  Dresden,  had  finally  determined  to  attack  Macdonald. 
The  French  marshal,  by  a  strange  coincidence,  almost  simultaneously 
abandoned  the  defensive  position  he  had  been  ordered  to  hold,  and  ad- 
vanced to  give  battle.  It  was  therefore  a  mere  chance  when  on  tlie 
twenty-fifth  the  two  armies  came  together,  amid  rain  and  fog,  at  the 


MARSHAL   1-DuUAKD-ADOLPHE-CASIMIR-JOSEPH   MORTIHR 


DUKE   OF   TREVLSO 


KBOM    THE    PAINTISU    LY    DUUti-NlCOLAS    POXCE-CIJIUS 


iET.44]  POLITICS    AND    STRATEGY  61 

Katzbach.    After  a  bitter  struggle  the  French  wore  routed  with  frightful    chap.  viii 
loss.     A  teiTific  rain-storm  sot  in,  and  the  whole  country  was  turned        isi3 
into  a  marsh.     For  five  days  Bliichor  continued  the  pursuit,  until  lie 
reached  Naumhurg,  on  tlie  right  l)ank  oi"  tlu;  (^uciss,  where  he  halted, 
having   captured   eighteeu   thousand   prisoners   with   a   hundred  and 
three  guns. 

To  these  misfortmies  the  aifair  at  Kulm  was  a  fitting  clmiax.  No 
worse  leader  for  a  delicate  independent  movement  could  have  been  se- 
lected than  the  reckless  Vandamme.  He  was  so  rash,  conceited,  and 
brutish  that  Napoleon  once  exclaimed  in  sheer  desperation :  "  If  there 
were  two  Vandammes  in  my  ai-my,  nothing  could  be  done  until  one  had 
killed  the  other."  As  might  have  been  expected,  the  headlong  general 
far  outstripped  the  columns  of  Mannont,  Saint-Cyr,  and  Murat,  which 
had  been  tardily  sent  to  support  him.  Descending  without  circumspec- 
tion into  the  plain  of  Kulm,  he  found  himself,  on  the  twenty-ninth, 
confronted  by  the  Russian  guard;  and  next  morning,  when  attacked 
by  them  in  superior  force,  he  was  compelled  to  retreat  through  a  moun- 
tain defile  toward  Peterswald,  whence  he  had  come.  At  the  mouth  of 
the  gorge  he  was  luiexpectedly  met  by  the  Prussian  corps  of  Kleist. 
Each  side  thought  the  other  moving  to  cut  it  off.  They  therefore 
rushed  one  upon  the  other  in  despau',  with  no  other  hope  than  that  of 
breaking  through  to  rejoin  their  respective  armies.  The  shock  was 
temble,  and  for  a  time  the  confusion  seemed  inextricable.  But  the 
Russians  soon  came  up,  and  Vandamme,  with  seven  thousand  men, 
was  captured,  the  loss  in  slain  and  wounded  being  about  five  thousand. 
Saint-Cyr,  Marmont,  and  Miirat  halted  and  held  the  mountain  passes. 

This  was  the  climax  of  disaster  in  Napoleon's  great  strategic  plan. 
In  no  way  responsible  for  Gfrossbeeren,  nor  for  Macdonald's  defeat  on 
the  Katz])ach,  he  was  culpable  both  for  the  selection  of  Vandamme  and 
for  failure  to  support  him  in  the  pursuit  of  Schwarzenberg.  At  St.  He- 
lena the  Emperor  strove  in  three  ways  to  account  for  the  crash  inider 
which  he  was  buried  after  Dresden :  by  the  sickness  which  made  him 
unable  to  give  attention  to  the  situation,  by  the  inundation  which  ren- 
dered Macdonald  helpless  at  the  crossing  of  the  Bobor,  and  by  the  ar- 
rival of  a  notification  from  the  King  of  Bavaria  that,  after  a  certain 
date,  he  too  would  join  the  coalition.  This  was  not  history,  but  an 
appeal  to  public  sentiment,  carefully  calculated  for  luitrained  readers. 

The  fact  was  that  at  Dresden  the  gradual  transformation  of  the 

Vol.  IV.— 9 


62  LIFE    OF    NAPOLEON    BONAPARTE  [.Et.  44 

Chap.  Via    strategist  into  the  politician,  whicli  had  long  been  going  on,  was  coni- 
1S13        plete.      The  latter  misapprehended  the  moment  for  diplomatic  nego- 
tiations, conceiving  the  fonner's  victorj^  to  have  been  detei-minative, 
when  in  reahty  it  was  rendered  i)artial  and  contingent  by  failure  to 
follow   it   up.     Great    as    Napoleon   was    in  other    respects,   he  was 
supremely  gi'eat  as  a  strategist ;  it  is  therefore  his  psychological  dcA-el- 
opment  and  decUne  in  this  respect  which  are  essential  to  the  deter- 
mination of  the  moment  in  which   he   became  bankrujit   in   ability. 
This  instant  was  that  of  course  in  which  his  strategic  failures  became 
no  longer  intermittent,  but  regular;  and  after  Dresden  such  was  the 
case.     As  to  conception  and  tactics  there  never  was   a  failure  —  the 
year  1814  is   the   wonder-year   of  his   theoretical   genius;    but   after 
Dresden  there  is  continuous  failure  in  the  practical  combination  ol" 
concept  and  means,  in  other  words,  of  strategic  mastery.     This  con- 
tention as  to  the  clouding  of  Napoleon's  vision   by  the  interference 
of  political  and   military  considerations  is  proved  by  his  next   step. 
Hitherto  his  basal  principle  had  been  to  mass  all  his  force  for  a  deter- 
minative blow,  his  combinations  all  turning  about  hostile  annies  and 
their  annihilation,  or  at  least  about  producing  situations  which  would 
make  annihilation  possible.    Now  he  was  concerned,  not  with  armies, 
but  with  capital  cities.     Claiming  that  to  extend  his  line  toward  Prague 
would  weaken  it,  in  order  to  resmne  a  strong  defensive  he  chose  the  old 
plan  of  an  advance  to  Berlin,  and  Ney  was  sent  to  supersede  Oudinot, 
Schwarzenberg  being  left  to  recuperate  unmolested.     The  inchoate  idea 
of  political  victory  which  turned  him  back  from  Pima  was  fully  devel- 
oped ;  by  a  blow  at  Berlin  and  a  general  noi-thward  movement  he  could 
not  merely  punish  Prussia,  but  alarm  Russia,  separate  the  latter's  army 
from  that  of  the  other  aUies,  and  then  plead  with  Austria  his  consid- 
eration in  not  invading  her  territories.     In  spite  of  all  that  has  been 
written  to  the  contrary,  there  was  some  strength  in  this  idea,  unworfhy 
as  it  was  of  the  author's  strategic  ability.    Ney  was  to  advance  immedi- 
ately, while  he  himself  pressed  on  to  Hoyerswerda,  where  he  hoped  to 
establish  connections  for  a  common  advance. 

Such  a  concentration  would  have  been  possible  if  for  a  fortnight 
Macdonald  had  been  able  to  hold  Bliicher,  and  Murat  had  succeeded 
in  checking  Schwarzenberg.  But  the  news  of  Macdonald's  plight  com- 
pelled Napoleon  to  march  first  toward  Bautzen,  in  order  to  prevent 
Bliicher  from  annihilating  the  army  in  Silesia.     Exasperated  by  this 


iET.44]  POLITICS    AND    STRATEGY  03 

unexpected  diversion,  the  Emperor  started  in  a  reckless,  embittered  chap.  vm 
temper.  On  September  fifth  it  became  evident  that  Blu(--hor  would  not  1813 
stand,  and  Napoleon  prepared  to  wheel  in  the  du-eetion  of  Berlin ;  but 
the  orders  were  almost  immediately  recalled,  for  news  anived  that 
Schwarzenberg  was  marelmig  to  Dresden.  At  once  Napoleon  returned 
to  the  Saxon  capital.  By  September  tenth  he  had  di-awn  in  his  forces, 
ready  for  a  second  defense  of  the  city ;  but  learning  that  sixty  thousand 
Austriaus  had  been  sent  over  the  Elbe  to  take  on  its  flank  any  French 
army  sent  after  Blucher,  he  ordered  the  young  guard  to  Bautzen  for 
the  reinforcement  of  Macdonald.  Thereupon  Schwarzenberg,  on  the 
fourteenth,  made  a  feint  to  advance.  On  the  fifteenth  Napoleon  rephed 
by  a  countennove  on  Pmia,  where  jiontoons  were  thrown  over  the 
river  to  establish  connection  with  ^Macdonald.  On  the  sixteenth  Napo- 
leon reconnoitered,  on  the  seventeenth  there  was  a  skii-mish,  and  on  the 
eighteenth  there  were  again  a  push  and  countei-push.  These  move- 
ments convinced  Napoleon  that  Schwarzenberg  was  really  on  the  de- 
fensive, and  he  returned  to  Di-esden,  determined  to  let  feint  and  coun- 
terfeint,  the  "  system  of  hither  and  thither,"  as  he  called  it,  go  on  until 
the  golden  opportunity  for  a  ci'ushing  blow  should  be  offered.  Blucher 
meantime  had  turned  again  on  Macdonald,  who  was  now  on  the  heights 
of  Fischbach  with  Poniatowski  on  his  right.  Mortier  was  again  at 
Pirna ;  Victor,  Saint-CjT,  and  Lobau  were  guarding  the  mountam  passes 
from  Bohemia. 

This  was  virtually  the  situation  of  a  month  previous,  before  the 
battle.  Schwarzenberg  might  feel  that  he  had  prevented  the  invasion 
of  Austria,  Napoleon  that  he  had  regained  his  strong  defensive.  While 
the  victory  of  Dresden  had  gone  for  nothing,  yet  this  situation  was 
nevertheless  a  double  triiunph  for  Napoleon.  Ney,  in  obedience  to 
orders,  had  advanced  on  the  fifth.  Bernadotte  lay  at  Jiiterbog,  his 
right  being  westerly  at  Dennewitz,  under  Tauenzien.  Bertrand  was  to 
make  a  demonstration  on  the  sixth  against  the  latter,  so  that  behind 
this  movement  the  rest  of  the  army  should  pass  by  umioticed.  But  Ney 
started  three  hours  late,  so  that  the  skii-mish  between  Tauenzien  and 
Berirand  lasted  long  enough  to  give  the  alarm  to  Billow,  who  hmTied 
in,  attacked  Reynier's  division,  and  turned  the  affair  into  a  general  en- 
gagement. At  fu'st  the  advantage  was  with  the  Prussians ;  then  Ney, 
at  an  opportune  moment,  began  to  throw  in  Oudinot's  corps — a  move 
which  seemed  likely  to  decide  the  straggle  in  favor  of  the  French. 


64  LIFE  OF  NAPOLEON  BONAPARTE  [^t.44 

Chap,  vui  But  Boi'stoU,  wbo  had  becu  Billow's  lieutenant  at  Grossbeeren,  brongbt 
1813  lip  bis  men  in  disobedience  to  Bernadotte's  orders,  and  threw  them  into 
the  thickest  of  the  conflict.  Hitherto  the  Saxons  had  been  lighting 
gallantly  on  the  French  side ;  soon  they  began  to  waver,  and  now,  fall- 
ing back,  they  took  up  many  of  Oudinot's  men  in  their  flight.  The 
Prussians  poured  into  the  gap  left  by  the  Saxons,  and  when  Bernadotte 
came  up  with  his  Swedes  and  Russians  the  battle  was  over.  Ney  was 
driven  into  Torgau,  with  a  loss  of  fifteen  thousand  men,  besides  eighty 
guns  and  four  himdi-ed  train-wagons.  The  Pixissians  lost  about  nine 
thousand  killed  and  woimded. 

This  affair  concentrated  into  one  movement  the  moral  effects  of  all 
the  minor  defeats,  an  influence  which  far  outweighed  the  importance  of 
Dresden.  The  French  still  fought  superbly  in  Napoleon's  presence,  but 
only  then,  for  they  were  heartily  sick  of  the  war.  Nor  was  this  all :  the 
Bavarians  and  Saxons  were  coming  to  feel  that  their  obligations  to 
France  had  been  fully  discharged.  They  were  infected  with  the  same 
national  spirit  which  made  heroes  of  the  Prussians.  These,  to  be  sure, 
were  defending  their  homes  and  firesides;  but  seeing  the  great  French 
generals  successively  defeated,  and  that  largely  by  their  own  efforts, 
they  were  animated  to  fresh  exertions  by  their  victories ;  even  the  re- 
serves and  the  home  guard  displayed  the  heroism  of  veterans.  On  Sep- 
tember seventh  Ney  wrote  to  Napoleon:  "Yom-  left  flank  is  exhausted 
— take  heed ;  I  think  it  is  time  to  leave  the  Elbe  and  withdraw  to  the 
Saale";  and  his  oi)inion  was  that  of  all  the  division  commanders. 
Thi'oughout  the  coimtiy-side  pai-tizans  were  seizing  the  supply-trains ; 
Davout  had  found  his  Dutch  and  Flemings  to  be  mediocre  soldiers,  un- 
fit at  crucial  moments  to  take  the  offensive ;  the  army  had  shrunk  to 
about  two  hundred  and  fifty  thousand  men  all  told ;  straggling  was  in- 
creasing, and  the  country  was  ^artually  devastated.  To  this  last  fact 
the  plain  people,  sufferers  as  they  were,  remained  in  their  larger  patri- 
otism amazingly  indifferent:  the  " hither-and-thither "  system  tickled 
their  fancy,  and  tliey  dubbed  Napoleon  the  "  Bautzen  Messenger-Boy." 
Uneasiness  pervaded  every  French  encampment ;  on  the  other  side 
timidity  was  replaced  by  courage,  dissension  by  unity. 

Tliis  transformation  of  German  society  seemed  further  to  entangle 
the  political  threads  which  had  already  debased  the  quality  of  Napo- 
leon's strategy.  Technically  no  fault  can  be  found  with  his  promi)t 
changes  of  i»lan  to  meet  emergencies,  or  with  the  details  of  movements 


IM    THE    UUtKt-M    UF    VKUSMU.KS 


I.    JOIINHi>N 


MARSHAL    )HAN-15APT1STE-JUL.KS    BHRNADOl  TR 

I'KINCl-.    Ol-    I'ONTt    COKVn,   CHARMS    XIV    OK    SWl.DI-.N 


ntoM   riir.  i-aiminu  hy   rittN^oi 


A-.T.U]  rOLITICS    AND    STRATEGY  G5 

which  lod  to  liis  proloiij^od  inaction.  Yet,  lai-f^ely  considered,  the  result  cuap.  vhi 
was  disastrous.  The  great  medical  speciahst  refrains  from  th(^  inmie-  ihi3 
diute  treatment  of  a  sickly  organ  until  tlic  general  health  is  sufliciently 
recuperated  to  assui'c  success ;  the  medicaster  makes  a  direct  attack  on 
evident  disease.  Napoleon  conceived  a  great  general  plan  for  concen- 
trating about  Dresden  to  recuperate  his  forces;  but  when  Bliicher  pre- 
pared to  advance  he  gi'ew  imjiaticnt,  saw  only  his  immediate  trouble, 
and  ordered  Macdonald  to  make  a  grand  dash.  Driving  m  the  hostile 
outposts  to  Forstgen,  he  then  si:)ont  a  whole  day  hesitating  whether  to 
go  on  or  to  turn  westward  and  disperse  another  deta(!hment  of  his 
ubiquitous  foe,  which,  as  he  heard  from  Ney,  had  bridged  the  Elbe  at 
the  mouth  of  the  Black  Elster.  It  was  the  twenty-third  before  he 
turned  back  to  do  neither,  but  to  secure  needed  rest  on  the  left  bank  of 
the  Elbe.  But  if  Napoleon's  own  definition  of  a  truly  great  ma,u  be 
accurate, — namely,  one  who  can  command  the  situations  he  creates, — 
he  was  himself  no  longer  great.  The  enemy  not  only  had  bridges  over 
the  Elbe  at  the  mouth  of  the  Elster,  but  at  Acken  and  Rosslau.  The 
left  bank  was  as  untenable  for  the  French  as  the  right,  and  it  was  of 
stern  necessity  that  the  various  detachments  of  the  army  were  called 
in  to  hold  a  line  far  westward,  to  the  north  of  Leipsic.  Oudinot, 
restored  to  partial  favor,  was  left  to  keep  the  rear  at  Dresden  with 
part  of  the  young  guard.  On  October  first  it  was  learned  that  Schwarz- 
enberg  was  manoeuvering  on  the  left  to  surround  the  invaders  if 
possible  by  the  south,  and  that  Bliicher,  with  like  aim,  was  moving  to 
the  noi-th.  It  was  evident  that  the  alhes  had  formed  a  great  resolution, 
and  Napoleon  confessed  to  Marmont  that  his  "  game  of  chess  was  be- 
coming confused." 

The  fact  was,  the  Emperor's  diplomacy  had  far  outstripped  the  gen- 
eral's strategy.  It  was  blazoned  abroad  that  on  September  twenty- 
seventh  a  huudi-ed  and  sixty  thousand  new  conscripts  fi'om  the  class 
of  1815,  with  a  himdred  and  twenty  thousand  from  the  arrears  of  the 
seven  previous  classes,  would  be  assembled  at  the  mihtary  depots  in 
France.  Boys  like  these  had  won  Liitzen,  Bautzen,  and  Dresden,  and  a 
large  minority  would  be  able-bodied  men,  late  in  maturing,  perhaps,  but 
strong.  With  this  prehminaiy  blare  of  trumpets,  a  letter  for  the  Em- 
peror Francis  was  sent  to  General  Bubna.  The  bearer  was  insti-ucted 
to  say  that  Napoleon  would  make  great  sacrifices  both  for  Austria  and 
Prussia  if  only  he  could  get  a  heaiing.     It  was  too  late :  already,  on 


66  LIFE    OF    NAPOLEON    BONAPARTE  t^T.  44 

Chap.  VIII  September  ninth,  the  three  powers  had  concluded  an  offensive  and  de- 
1813  fensive  alliance  for  the  purpose  of  liberating  the  Rhenish  princes,  of 
making  sovereign  and  independent  the  states  of  southern  and  western 
Germany,  and  of  restoring  both  Prussia  and  Austria  to  their  limits  of 
1805.  This  was  the  treaty  which  beguiled  Bavaria  fi'om  the  French 
aUiance,  and  made  the  German  contingents  in  the  French  armies,  the 
Saxons  among  the  rest,  wild  for  emancipation  from  a  hated  service.  It 
explained  the  notification  previously  received  from  the  King  of  Bavaria, 
who,  in  return  for  the  recognition  of  his  complete  autonomy,  formally 
joined  the  coalition  on  October  eighth,  with  an  army  of  thiriy-six  thou- 
sand men.  How  much  of  all  this  the  French  spies  and  emissaries  made 
known  to  Napoleon  does  not  appear.  One  thing  only  is  certain,  that 
Napoleon's  flag  of  tmce  was  sent  back  with  his  message  undelivered. 
This  ominous  fact  had  to  be  considered  in  connection  with  the  move- 
ments of  the  enemy.  They  had  learned  one  of  Napoleon's  own  secrets. 
In  a  bulletin  of  1805  are  the  words :  "  It  rains  hard,  but  that  does  not 
stop  the  march  of  the  grand  army."  In  1806  he  boasted  concerning 
Prussia:  "AATiile  people  are  deliberating,  the  French  army  is  marching." 
In  1813,  while  he  himseK  was  vacillating,  his  foes  were  stirring.  On 
October  third,  Bliicher,  having  accomplished  a  superb  strategic  march, 
di'ove  Bertrand  to  Bitterfeld,  and  stood  before  Kemberg,  west  of  the 
Elbe,  with  sixty-four  thousand  men  ;  Bernadotte,  with  eighty  thousand, 
was  crossing  at  Acken  and  Rosslau;  and  Schwarzenberg,  with  a  hundred 
and  seventy  thousand,  was  abeady  south  of  Leipsic ;  Bennigscn,  with 
fifty  thousand  reserves,  had  reached  Teplitz.  The  enemy  would  clearly 
concentrate  at  Leipsic  and  cut  off  Napoleon's  base  unless  he  retreated. 
But  it  was  October  fifth  before  the  bitter  resolution  to  do  so  was  taken, 
and  then  the  movement  began  under  compulsion.  ^lurat  was  sent, 
with  three  infantry  corps  and  one  of  cavahy,  to  hold  Schwarzenberg 
until  the  necessary  manoouvers  could  be  completed. 


CHAPTER  IX 

the  end  of  the  grand  arjiy 

Plans  for  Conducting  the  Retreat  —  Napoleon's  Health — Blu- 
cher's  Brilliant  Idea — Napoleon  under  Compulsion — His  Skil- 
ful Concentration  —  The  Battle-field  aiiound  Leipsic  —  The 
Attack  —  Results  of  the  First  Day's  Fighting  —  Attempt  to 
Negotiate  —  Napoleon's  Apathy — The  Positions  of  the  Third 
Day — The  Grand  Army  Defeated — The  Disaster  at  the  Elster 
Bridge — Dissolution  of  the  Grand  Arimy. 

BUT  how  should  the  retreat  be  conducted  ?  Napoleon's  habit  of  re-  chap.  ix 
ducing  his  thoughts  to  wiiting  for  the  sake  of  clearness  remained  1813 
strong  upon  him  to  the  last,  and  in  the  painstaking  notes  which  he 
made  with  regard  to  this  important  move  he  outlined  two  alternatives : 
to  gaiTison  Dresden  with  two  corps,  send  three  to  reconnoiter  about 
Chemnitz,  and  then  march,  with  five  and  the  guard,  to  attack  Schwarzen- 
berg;  or  else  to  strengthen  Mm-at,  place  him  between  Schwarzenberg 
and  Leipsic,  and  then  advance  to  drive  Bemadotte  and  Bliicher  behind 
the  Elbe.  But  in  winter  the  fi'ozen  Elbe  with  its  flat  shores  would  be 
no  rampart.  Both  plans  were  abandoned,  and  on  the  seventh  orders 
were  issued  for  a  retreat  behind  the  Saale,  the  precipitous  banks  of 
which  were  a  natural  fortification.  Behind  this  line  of  defense  he 
could  rest  in  safety  diu-ing  the  winter,  with  his  right  at  Erfurt  and 
his  left  at  Magdeburg.  Dresden  must,  he  concluded,  be  evacuated. 
This  would  deprive  the  allies  of  the  easy  refuge  behind  the  Saxon  and 
Bohemian  mountains  which  they  had  sought  at  every  onset,  but  it 
might  leave  them  complete  masters  of  Saxony.  To  avoid  this  he  must 
take  one  of  three  courses:  either  halt  behind  the  Mulde  for  one  blow  at 
the  armies  of  the  North  and  of  Silesia,  or  join  Mm-at  for  a  decisive  bat- 


68  LIFE    OF    NAPOLEON    BONAPARTE  [^t.  44 

Chap.  IX  tie  with  the  Austrian  general,  or  else  concentrate  at  Leipsic,  and  meet 
1813        the  onset  of  the  luiited  alhes,  now  much  stronger  than  he  was. 

The  niglit  of  the  seA^enth  was  spent  in  indecision  as  to  any  one  or  all 
of  these  ideas,  but  in  active  prcjiaration  for  the  actual  movements  of  the 
retreat,  however  it  should  be  conducted ;  any  contingency  might  be  met 
or  a  resolve  taken  when  the  necessity  arose.  During  that  night  the  Em- 
peror took  two  warm  baths.  The  habit  of  drinking  strong  coffee  to 
prevent  drowsiness  had  induced  attacks  of  nervousness,  and  these  were 
not  diminished  by  his  load  of  care.  To  allay  these  and  other  ailments, 
he  had  had  recourse  for  some  time  to  frequent  tepid  baths.  INFuch  has 
been  written  about  a  mysterious  malady  which  had  been  steadily  in- 
creasing, but  the  burden  of  testimony  from  the  Emperor's  closest  asso- 
ciates at  this  time  indicates  that  in  the  main  he  had  enjoyed  excellent 
health  throughout  the  second  Saxon  campaign.  He  was  on  the  whole 
calm  and  self-reliant,  exhibiting  signs  of  profound  emotion  only  in  con- 
nection with  unportant  decisions.  He  was  certainly  capable  of  clear 
insight  and  of  severe  application  in  a  crisis ;  he  could  still  endure  ex- 
haustuig  physical  exertion,  and  rode  without  discomfort,  sitting  his 
horse  in  the  same  stiff,  awkward  manner  as  of  old.  There  were  certainly 
intervals  of  self-indulgence  and  of  lassitude,  of  excessive  emotion  and 
depressing  self-examination,  which  seemed  to  require  the  offset  of  a 
physical  stimulus ;  'out  on  tlie  whole  there  do  not  appear  to  have  been 
such  sharp  attacks  of  illness,  or  even  of  morbid  depression,  as  amount 
to  providential  interference ;  natural  causes,  complex  but  not  inexpM- 
cable,  sufficiently  account  for  the  subsequent  disasters. 

For  instance,  considerations  of  personal  friendsliip  having  in  earlier 
days  often  led  him  to  unwise  decisions,  a  hke  cause  may  be  said 
to  have  brought  on  his  coming  disaster.  It  was  tlie  affection  of  the 
Saxon  king  for  his  beautiful  capital  which  at  tbe  very  last  instant,  on 
October  eighth,  induced  Napoleon  to  cast  all  liis  well-weighed  scheme 
to  the  winds,  and  —  fatal  decision  —  leave  Saint-Cyr  and  Lobau,  with 
three  corps,  in  Dresden.  A  decisive  l)attle  was  inmiinent ;  tlie  com- 
mander was  untiiie  to  his  maxim  that  every  division  should  be  under 
the  colors.  But  with  or  without  his  full  force,  the  master-strategist 
was  outwitted :  the  expected  meeting  did  not  take  place  as  he  finally 
reckoned.  On  the  tenth  his  headquarters  were  at  Diiben,  and  his  di- 
visions well  forward  on  the  Elbe,  ready  for  Beniadotte  and  Bliicliei-; 
but  there  was  no  foe.     Both  these  generals  had  been  disconcerted  by 


MARSHAL   NICOLAS-CHARLES    OUDINOT 


DUKi;   OK    KI-.GC.IO 


Kwnii    T(ii:  l■^l^Tl^'^   nv    homkiit    i.Krrx'iiK 


^T.  .14]  THE    END    OF    THE    GRAND    AKxMY  69 

the  unexpected  swiftness  of  the  French  movements ;  the  fonner  acta-  chap,  ix 
ally  contemplated  recrossing  the  river  to  avoid  a  pitched  battle  with  isia 
those  whom  he  hoped  before  long  to  secure  as  his  subjects.  But  the 
enthusiastic  old  Pi-ussian  shamed  his  ally  into  action,  persuading  him  at 
least  to  march  soutli  from  Ackeu,  effe(;t  a  junction  witli  the  army  of 
Silesia,  and  cross  the  Saale  to  threaten  Napoleon  from  the  rear.  This 
was  a  brilliant  and  daring  plan,  for  if  successful  both  armies  might 
possibly  unite  with  Schwarzenberg's ;  but  even  if  unsuccessful  in  that, 
they  would  at  least  reproduce  the  situation  in  Silesia,  and  reduce  the 
French  to  the  "  hither-and-thither "  system,  which,  rendering  a  deci- 
sive battle  impossible,  had  thwarted  the  Napoleonic  strategy. 

Napoleon  spent  a  weary  day  of  waiting  in  Dubon,  yawning  and 
scribbling,  but  keeping  his  geographer  and  secretary  in  readiness.  It 
was  said  at  the  time,  and  has  since  been  repeated,  that  throughout  this 
portion  of  the  campaign  Napoleon  was  not  recognizable  as  himself; 
that  he  ruminated  when  he  shoidd  have  been  active ;  that  he  consulted 
when  he  should  have  given  orders ;  that  he  was  no  longer  ubiquitous 
as  of  old,  but  sluggish,  and  rooted  to  one  spot.  But  it  is  hard  to  see 
what  he  left  undone,  his  judgment  being  mistaken  as  it  was.  When 
rumors  of  Beraadotte's  movements  began  to  arrive,  he  dismissed  the 
idea  suggested  by  them  as  preposterous ;  when  finally,  on  the  twelfth, 
he  heard  that  Bliicher  was  actually  advancing  to  Halle,  and  no  possible 
doubt  remained,  he  gave  instant  orders  for  a  march  on  Leipsic.  Critics 
have  suggested  that  again  delay  had  l)een  his  ruin ;  but  this  is  not  true. 
An  advance  over  the  Elbe  toward  Berlin  in  search  of  the  enemy  would 
merely  have  enabled  Bliicher  and  Bernadotte  to  join  forces  sooner,  and 
have  rendered  their  union  with  Schwarzenberg  easier.  No  stricture  is 
just  but  one  :  that  Napoleon,  knowing  how  impossible  it  was  to  obtain 
such  exact  infonnation  as  he  seemed  determined  to  have,  should  have 
divined  the  enemy's  plan,  and  acted  sooner.  The  accurate  information 
necessary  for  such  foresight  was  not  obtainable ;  in  fact,  it  seldom  is, 
and  some  allowance  may  be  made  if  the  general  Hngered  before  rushing 
into  the  "  tube  of  a  fimnel,"  as  Marmont  expressed  it.  On  the  morning 
of  the  thirteenth,  while  the  final  arrangements  for  marching  to  Leipsic 
were  making,  came  the  news  of  Bavaria's  defection.  It  spread  thi'ough- 
out  the  army  like  wdldfire,  but  its  effect  was  less  than  might  be  imag- 
ined, and  it  served  for  the  priming  of  a  bulletin,  issued  on  the  fifteenth, 
announcing  the  approaching  battle. 

Vol.  IV.-  10 


70  LIFE    OF    NAPOLEON    BONAPARTE  [.Et.  44 

Chap.  EX  On  the  fifteenth,  Murat,  who  had  been  steadily  withdrawing  before 

1813  the  allied  army  of  the  South,  was  overtaken  at  Wachan  by  Schwarzen- 
berg's  van.  He  fought  all  day  with  magnificent  corn-age,  and  suc- 
cessfully, hiu'ling  the  hostile  cavahy  skirmishers  back  on  the  main 
column.  Within  sound  of  his  guns.  Napoleon  was  reconnoitering  his 
chosen  battle-field  in  and  about  Leipsic ;  and  when,  after  nightfall,  the 
brothers-in-law  met,  the  necessary  arrangements  were  virtually  com- 
plete. Those  who  were  present  at  the  council  thought  the  Emperor 
inexplicably  calm  and  composed  —  they  said  indifferent  or  stohd.  But 
he  had  reasons  to  be  confident  rather  than  desperate,  for  by  a  touch  of 
his  old  energy  he  had  concentrated  more  swiftly  than  his  foe,  having  a 
hundi'ed  and  seventy  thousand  men  in  aiTay.  Reynier,  with  fourteen 
thousand  more,  was  near;  if  Saint-Cyr  and  Lobau,  with  their  thirty 
thousand,  had  been  present  instead  of  sitting  idly  in  Dresden,  the 
French  would  actually  have  outnumbered  any  anny  the  coahtion  could 
have  assembled  for  battle.  The  allies  could  hope  at  best  to  produce 
two  hundred  thousand  men ;  Bernadotte  was  still  near  Merseburg ; 
Bliicher,  though  coming  in  fi'om  Halle,  was  not  within  striking-dis- 
tance. In  spite  of  his  vacillation  and  filial  failure  to  evacuate  Dresden, 
Napoleon  had  an  excellent  fighting  chance. 

The  city  of  Leipsic,  engirdled  by  numerous  villages,  lies  in  a  low 
plain  watered  by  the  Parthe,  Pleisse,  and  Elster,  the  last  of  which  to 
the  westward  has  several  arms,  with  swampy  banks.  Across  these  nins 
the  highway  to  Frankfort,  elevated  on  a  dike,  and  spanning  the  deep, 
central  stream  of  the  Elster  by  a  single  bridge.  Eastward  by  Connewitz 
the  land  is  higher,  there  being  considerable  swells,  and  even  hills,  to  the 
south  and  southeast.  This  rolling  country  was  that  chosen  by  Na- 
poleon for  the  main  battle  against  Schwarzenberg ;  Marmont  was  sta- 
tioned north  of  the  city,  near  Mockem,  to  observe  Blucher ;  Bernadotte, 
the  cautious,  was  still  at  Opj^in  with  his  Swedes.  On  the  evening  of 
the  fifteenth,  his  dispositions  being  complete.  Napoleon  made  the  tour 
of  all  his  posts.  At  dusk  three  white  rockets  were  seen  to  rise  m 
the  southern  sky ;  they  were  promptly  answered  by  four  red  ones  in 
the  north.  These  were  probably  signals  between  Schwarzenberg  and 
Bliicher.  Napoleon's  watch-fire  was  kindled  behind  the  old  guard,  be- 
tween Reudnitz  and  Crottendorf. 

The  battle  began  early  next  morning.  Napoleon  waited  until  nine, 
and  then  advanced  at  the  head  of  his  guards  to  Liebertwolkwitz,  near 


^T.  44]  THE    END    OF    THE    GRAND    ARMY  71 

Wachau,  on  the  right  bank  of  the  Pleisse,  where  the  decisive  struggle  chap.  ix 
was  sure  to  occm',  since  the  mass  of  the  enemy,  under  Barclay,  with  1813 
Wittgenstein  as  second  in  command,  had  attacked  in  four  colunms  at 
that  point.  Between  the  Pleisse  and  the  Elster,  near  Connewitz,  stood 
Poniatowski,  opposed  to  Schwarzenberg  and  Meerveldt ;  westward  of 
the  Elster,  near  Liudenau,  stood  Bertrand,  covering  the  single  line  of 
retreat,  the  Frankfort  highway,  and  his  antagonist  was  Gyiilay.  Thus 
there  were  four  divisions  in  the  mighty  conflict,  which  began  by  an 
onset  of  the  allies  along  the  entire  front.  The  main  engagement  was 
stubborn  and  bloody,  the  allies  attacking  with  httle  skill,  biit  great 
bravery.  Until  near  midday  Napoleon  more  than  held  his  own.  Victor 
at  Wachau,  and  Lauriston  at  Liebertwolkwitz,  had  each  successfully  re- 
sisted six  desperate  assaults ;  between  them  were  massed  the  artillery, 
a  hmidi-ed  and  fifty  gims,  under  Drouot,  and  behind,  all  the  cavalry 
except  that  of  Sebastiani.  The  great  artillery  captain  was  about  to 
give  the  last  splendid  exhibition  of  what  his  arm  can  do  under  favorable 
circumstances — that  is,  when  strongly  posted  in  the  right  position  and 
powerfully  supported  by  cavahy.  He  intended,  with  an  awful  shock 
and  swift  pursuit,  to  break  through  the  enemy's  center  at  Giildengossa 
and  surround  his  right.  So  gTeat  was  his  genius  for  combinations  that 
while  the  alhes  were  that  moment  using  tlu*ee  hundred  and  twenty-five 
thousand  effective  men  all  told  to  his  two  hundi'ed  and  fourteen  thou- 
sand, yet  in  the  decisive  spot  he  had  actually  concentrated  a  himdred 
and  fifteen  thousand  to  then*  hundi'ed  and  fom-teen  thousand.  This 
was  becaiase  Schwarzenberg,  having  attempted  to  outflank  the  French, 
was  floimdering  to  no  avail  in  the  swampy  meadows  between  the 
Pleisse  and  the  Elster,  and  was  no  longer  a  factor  in  the  contest. 

When,  at  midday,  all  was  in  readiness  and  the  order  was  given,  the 
artilleiy  fire  was  so  rapid  that  the  successive  shots  were  heard,  not  sep- 
arately, but  in  a  long,  sullen  note.  By  two,  Victor  and  Oudinot  on  the 
right,  with  Mortier  and  Macdonald  on  the  left,  were  well  forward  of 
Giildengossa,  but  the  place  itself  still  held  out.  At  three  the  cavalry, 
under  Murat,  Latour-Maubourg,  and  Kellermann,  were  sped  direct  upon 
it.  With  awful  effort  they  broke  through,  and  the  bells  of  Leipsic 
began  to  ring  in  triumph  —  prematui-ely.  The  Czar  had  peremptorily 
summoned  from  Schwarzenberg's  command  the  Austro-Russian  re- 
serve, and  at  four  these,  with  the  Cossack  guard,  charged  the  French 
cavalry,  hurling  them  back  to  Markkleeberg.     Nightfall  found  Victor 


72  LIFE    OF    NAPOLEON    BONAPARTE  [.Et.  44 

Chap.  IX  again  at  Wachau,  and  Macdonald  holding  Liebertwolkwdtz.  Simul- 
1813  taneously  with  the  great  charge  of  the  aUies  Meerveldt  had  dashed  out 
from  Connewitz  toward  Dolitz,  but  his  force  was  nearly  annihilated, 
and  he  himself  was  captured.  At  Mockern,  Marmont,  after  gallant 
work  with  inferior  numbers,  had  been  beaten  on  his  left,  and  then  com- 
pelled for  safety  to  draw  in  his  right.  While  he  still  held  Golilis  and 
Eutritzsch,  the  mass  of  his  armj'  had  been  thrown  back  into  Leipsic. 
Throughout  the  day  Bertrand  made  a  gallant  and  successful  resistance 
to  superior  numbers,  and  drove  that  portion  of  the  aUied  forces  opposed 
to  him  away  from  Lindenau  as  far  as  Plagwitz.  At  nightfall  three 
blank  shots  announced  the  cessation  of  hostilities  all  around. 

In  the  face  of  superior  numbers,  the  French  had  not  lost  a  single  im- 
portant position,  and  whatever  mihtaiy  science  had  been  displayed  was 
all  theirs ;  Bliicher  made  the  sohtary  advance  move  of  the  aUies,  the 
seizure  of  Mockern  by  York's  corps ;  Schwarzenberg  had  been  hterally 
mired  in  his  attempt  to  outflank  his  enemy,  and  but  for  Alexander's 
peremptory  recall  of  the  reserves  destined  for  the  same  task,  the  day 
would  have  been  one  of  irretrievable  disaster  to  the  eoahtion.  Yet 
Napoleon  knew  that  he  was  lost  unless  he  could  retreat.  Clearly  he 
had  expected  a  triumph,  for  in  the  city  nothing  was  ready,  and  over 
the  Elster  was  but  one  crossing,  the  solitary  bridge  on  the  Frankfort 
road.  The  seventeenth  was  the  first  day  of  the  week ;  both  sides  were 
exhausted,  and  the  Emperor  of  the  French  seems  to  have  felt  that  at 
all  hazards  he  must  gain  time.  Dui'ing  the  pre'^'ious  night  long  consul- 
tations had  been  held,  and  the  French  tUvisions  to  the  south  had  been 
slightly  compacted.  In  the  morning  Meerveldt,  the  captured  Austrian 
general,  the  same  man  who  after  Austerhtz  had  solicited  and  obtained 
on  the  part  of  Francis  an  interview  from  Napoleon,  was  paroled,  and 
sent  into  his  own  lines  to  ask  an  armistice,  together  with  the  interven- 
tion of  Francis  on  the  terms  of  Prague :  renunciation  of  Poland  and 
niyria  by  Napoleon,  the  absolute  independence  of  Holland,  of  the 
Hanse  towns,  of  Spain,  and  of  a  united  Italy.  \Yhen  we  remember 
that  England  was  pajonaster  to  the  coalition,  and  was  fighting  for  her 
infiuence  in  Holland,  and  that  Austria's  ambition  was  for  predominance 
in  a  disunited  Italy,  we  feel  that  apparently  Napoleon  wanted  time 
rather  than  hoped  for  a  successful  plea  to  his  father-in-law. 

This  would  be  the  inevitable  conclusion  except  for  the  fact  that 
he  witlidrew  quietly  to  his  tent  and  there  remained;  the  i-esourceful 


MARSHAL  JOZEF  ANTON,  PRINCK   PONIATOWSKI 


^T.44]  THE  END  OF  THE  GRAND  ARMY  73 

general  was  completely  apathetic,  being  eitlier  over-confident  in  his  chap.  ix 
diplomatic  mission  or  stunned  by  calamity.  The  day  passed  ^^^tllOut  i»^i3 
incident  except  a  momentary  attack  on  Marmont,  and  the  anival  of 
Bernadotte,  who  had  been  spurred  to  movement  by  a  hint  from  Gnei- 
senau  concerning  the  terms  on  which  Great  Britain  was  to  pay  her 
subsidies.  It  was  asserted  at  the  time  that  Napoleon  gave  orders 
early  in  the  morning  for  building  numerous  l)iidges  over  the  western 
streams.  If  so,  they  were  not  executed,  only  a  single  flimsy  structure 
being  built,  and  that  on  the  road  leading  fi-om  the  town,  not  on  the 
Mnes  westward  from  his  positions  in  the  subui'bs.  His  subordinates 
should  have  acted  in  so  serious  a  matter  even  without  orders;  but  like 
the  drivers  of  trains  which  run  at  lightning  speed,  they  had,  after 
years  of  high-pressure  service,  lost  their  nerve.  Marmont  asserts  that 
even  Napoleon  was  nerveless.  "We  were  occupied,"  he  wrote,  "in 
restoring  order  among  our  troops  ;  we  should  either  have  commenced 
our  retreat,  or  at  least  have  prepared  the  means  to  commence  it  at 
nightfall.  But  a  certain  carelessness  on  the  part  of  Napoleon,  which  it 
is  impossible  to  explain  and  difficult  to  describe,  filled  the  cup  of  our 
soiTOWs."  Considering  who  vn-ote  these  words,  they  must  be  taken 
with  allowance ;  but  they  indicate  a  tnith,  that  in  his  decadence  this 
hitherto  many-sided  man  could  not  be  both  general  and  Emperor.  No 
answer  from  Francis  was  received;  the  aUies  agreed  on  this  course, 
and  determined,  according  to  their  agreement  with  England,  not  to 
cease  fighting  till  the  last  French  soldier  was  over  the  Rhine.  It  was 
midnight  when  Napoleon  finally  drew  in  his  posts  and  gave  preHminary 
orders  to  dispose  his  troops  in  readiness  either  to  fight  or  to  retreat. 

When  day  dawned  on  October  eighteenth  the  French  army  occu- 
pied an  eutu-ely  new  position :  the  right  wing,  under  Mm*at,  IjHng 
between  Connewitz  and  Dolitz ;  the  center  at  Probstheida  in  a  salient 
angle ;  the  left,  under  Ney,  with  fi-ont  toward  the  north  between 
Paunsdorf  and  Gohlis.  Within  this  arc,  and  close  about  the  city, 
stood  all  the  well-tried  coi-ps,  infantry,  artillery,  and  cavalry,  under 
their  various  leaders  of  renown — Poniatowski,  Augereau,  Victor, 
Drouot,  Kellennann,  Oudinot,  Latour-Maubourg,  Macdonald,  Mar- 
mont, Reynier,  and  Souham ;  Napoleon  was  on  a  hillock  at  Thonberg, 
with  the  old  guard  in  reserve.  His  chief  concern  was  the  line  of 
retreat,  which  was  still  open  when,  at  seven,  the  fighting  began. 
Schwarzenberg,  with  the  left,  could  get  no  farther  than  Connewitz. 


74  LIFE    OF    NAPOLEON    BONAPARTE  [Mt.U 

Chap.  IX  Beunigsen,  -with  the  right,  started  to  feel  Bemadotte  and  complete  the 
1813  iuvestment.  Neither  was  entirely  successful,  hut  Marmont  withdrew 
fi-oni  before  Bliiclicr,  and  Ney  from  before  Bernadotte  and  Beunigsen, 
in  order  to  avoid  being  surrounded;  so  that  the  two  French  armies 
were  united  before  nightfall  on  the  western  outskirts  of  the  town,  where 
Bertrand  had  routed  Gyulay,  and  had  kept  open  the  all-iini)ortant  line 
of  rrtreat,  over  which,  since  noon,  trains  of  wagons  had  been  passing. 
But  magnificent  as  was  the  work  of  all  these  doughty  champions  on 
both  sides,  it  was  far  surpassed  in  the  center,  where  during  the  entire 
day,  under  Napoleon's  eye,  advance  and  resistance  had  been  desperate. 
Men  fell  like  gi'ass  before  the  scythe,  and  surging  lines  of  their  com- 
rades moved  on  from  behind.  Such  were  the  numbers  and  such  the 
carnage  that  men  have  compared  the  conflict  to  that  of  the  nations  at 
AiTuageddon. 

At  Victor's  stand,  near  Probstheida,  the  fighting  was  fiercer  tlian 
the  fiercest.  The  alMed  troops  charged  with  fixed  bayonets,  rank  after 
rank,  column  follo\Nang  on  column;  cannon  roared  while  gi-ape  and 
shrapnel  sped  to  meet  the  assailants ;  men  said  the  air  was  full  of 
human  limbs;  ten  times  Russians  and  Prussians  came  on,  only  to  be 
driven  ten  times  back.  The  very  soil  on  which  the  assailants  trod 
was  human  flesh.  Hour  after  horn'  the  slaughter  continued.  Occa- 
sionally the  French  attempted  a  rally,  but  only  to  be  thrown  back  by 
musket  fire  and  cavalry  charge.  It  was  the  same  at  Stotteritz,  where 
no  one  seemed  to  pause  for  breath.  Woe  to  him  who  fell  in  fatigue : 
he  was  soon  but  another  corpse  in  the  piles  over  which  new  rein- 
forcements came  on  to  the  assault  or  countercharge.  At  last  there 
was  scarcely  a  semblance  of  order;  in  hand-to-hand  conflict  men 
shouted,  struggled,  wrestled,  thrust,  advanced,  and  witluh-ew,  and  in 
neither  coml)atants  nor  onlookers  was  there  any  sense  of  reahty.  By 
dusk  the  heated  cannon  were  almost  useless,  the  muskets  cntii'ely  so, 
and,  as  darkness  came  down,  the  survivors  fell  asleep  where  they 
stood,  liders  in  their  saddles,  horses  in  their  tracks.  Napoleon  learned 
that  thirty-five  thousand  Saxons  on  the  left  had  gone  over  to  the 
enemy,  and  some  one  of  his  staff  handing  him  a  wooden  chair,  ho 
dropped  into  it  and  sank  into  a  stupor  almost  as  he  touclied  it.  For 
half  an  hour  he  sat  in  oblivion,  while  in  the  thickening  darkness  the 
marshals  and  generals  gathered  about  the  watch-fires,  and  stood  with 
sullen  mien  to  abide  his  awakening.     The  moon  came  slowly  up,  Napo- 


A(jU»rvllI.l,    UIM,    K'H   Tin    tIJlTlliV    (0. 


ni'ofiRJivunE  Hoi'Mon.lvAUooii  A  co.,  PAnii. 


il!h    iKl-.NCli    AKMV     IJ-AVlNd     1.I:1I'MC. 
rnoN  lilt  Agi-AiiKLLL  uv  r.  bc  uvnuACii. 


^T.  44]  THE    END    OF    THE    GRAND    ARMY  75 

Icon  awoke,  orders  were  given  to  complete  the  dispositions  for  retreat     chap.  ix 
already  taken,  and,  there  being  uotliing  left  to  do,  the  Emperor,  with        i8i3 
insei-utable  emotions,  passed  inside  the  walls  of  Leipsic  to  take  shelter 
in  an  inn  on  the  creaking  sign-board  of  which  were  depicted  the  anns 
of  Pi-ussia ! 

Throughout  the  night  French  troops  streamed  over  the  stone  bridge 
across  the  Elstcr ;  in  the  early  morning  the  enemy  began  to  advance, 
and  ever-increasing  nmnbers  hurried  away  to  gain  the  single  avenue  of 
retreat.  Until  midday  Napoleon  wandered  aimlessly  about  the  inner 
town,  giving  unimportant  commands  to  stem  the  ever-growing  confu- 
sion and  disorder.  Haggard,  and  with  his  clothing  in  disaiTay,  he  was 
not  recognized  by  his  own  men,  being  sometimes  rudely  jostled.  After 
an  affecting  farewell  to  the  King  of  Saxony,  in  which  his  unhappy  ally 
was  instructed  to  make  the  best  terms  he  coidd  for  himself,  the  Emperor 
finally  fell  into  the  throng  and  moved  with  it  toward  Lindenau.  Halting 
near  the  Elster,  a  French  general  began  to  seek  information  fi-om  the 
roughly  clad  onlooker  who,  without  a  suite  or  even  a  single  attendant, 
stood  apparently  indifferent,  softly  whistling,  "Malbrook  s'en  va  t'en 
gueiTe."  Of  course  the  officer  started  as  he  recognized  the  Emperor, 
but  the  conquered  sovereign  took  no  notice.  Bystanders  thought  his 
heart  was  tm-ned  to  stone.  Still  the  rush  of  retreat  went  on,  success- 
fully also,  in  spite  of  some  confusion,  until  at  two  some  one  blundered. 
By  the  incredible  mistake  of  a  French  subaltern,  as  is  now  proven, 
the  permanent  Elster  bridge  was  blown  up,  and  the  temporary  one  had 
long  since  fallen.  Almost  simultaneously  with  this  irreparable  disaster 
the  allies  had  stormed  the  city,  and  the  French  rear-guard  came  thun- 
dering on,  hoping  to  find  safety  in  flight.  Plunging  into  the  deep 
stream,  many,  like  Poniatowski,  were  drowned;  some,  like  the  wounded 
Macdonald,  swam  safely  across.  The  scene  was  heartrending  as  horses, 
riders,  and  footmen  rolled  senseless  in  the  dark  flood,  while  others 
scrambled  over  their  wi'ithing  forms  in  mad  despair.  Reynier  and 
Laimston,  with  twenty  thousand  men,  were  captured,  the  King  of 
Saxony  was  sent  a  prisoner  to  Berlin  and  Stein  prepared  to  govern  his 
domains  by  commission  from  the  allies.  By  ten  in  the  evening  Ber- 
trand  was  in  possession  of  Weissenfels ;  Oudinot  wheeled  at  Lindenau, 
and  held  the  unready  pursuers  in  check. 

Next  morning,  the  twentieth.  Napoleon  was  alert  and  active ;  retreat 
began  again,  but  only  in  tolerable  ox'der.    Although  he  could  not  control 


76  LIFE    OF   NAPOLEON    BONAPARTE  [^t.  44 

Chap,  ix  the  great  attendaut  rabble  of  camp-followers  and  stragglers,  he  had 
1813  nevertheless  about  a  hundred  and  twenty  thousand  men  under  his 
standards;  as  many  more,  and  those  his  finest  veterans,  were  besieged 
and  held  in  the  fortresses  of  the  Elbe,  Oder,  and  Vistula  liy  local  mihtia. 
These  places,  he  knew,  would  no  longer  be  tenable;  in  fact,  they  began 
to  surrender  almost  immediatel)-,  and  the  surAivors  of  Leipsic  were 
soon  in  a  desperate  plight  from  hunger  and  fatigue.  Yet  the  com- 
mander gave  no  sign  of  sensibihty.  "  'T  was  thus  he  left  Russia,"  said 
the  surly  men  in  the  ranks.  Hunger-typhus  appeared,  and  spread  with 
awful  rapidity;  the  countiy  swarmed  with  partizans;  the  columns  of 
the  aUies  were  behind  and  on  each  flank;  fifty-six  thousand  Bavarians 
were  approaching  fi-oni  Ansbach,  under  Wrede ;  at  Erfurt  all  the 
Saxons  and  Bavarians  still  remaining  under  the  French  eagles  marched 
away.  The  only  foreign  troops  who  kept  true  were  those  who  had  no 
country  and  no  refuge,  the  unhappy  Poles,  who,  though  disappointed 
in  their  hopes,  were  yet  faitliful  to  him  whom  they  wi'ongly  beheved 
to  have  been  tlieir  sincere  friend.  Though  stricken  by  all  his  woes,  the 
Emperor  was  imdaunted ;  the  retreat  from  Germany  was  indeed  peril- 
ous, but  it  was  marked  by  splendid  courage  and  imsurpassed  skill.  At 
Kosen  and  at  Eisenach  the  alhes  were  outwitted,  and  at  Hanau,  on  the 
twenty-ninth,  the  Bavarians  were  overwhelmed  in  a  pitched  fight  by 
an  exhibition  of  personal  pluck  and  calmness  on  Napoleon's  part  par- 
alleled only  by  his  similar  conduct  at  Ki'asnoi  in  the  previous  year. 
At  the  head  of  less  than  six  thousand  men,  he  held  in  check  nearly 
fifty  thousand  until  the  rest  of  his  columns  came  up,  when  he  fell  with 
the  old  fire  upon  a  hostile  hue  posted  with  the  river  Kinzig  in  its  rear, 
and  not  only  disorganized  it  latterly,  but  inflicted  on  it  a  loss  of  ten 
thousand  men,  more  than  doiible  the  number  which  fell  in  his  own 
ranks.  But  in  spite  of  this  brilliant  success,  the  ravages  of  disease  con- 
tinued, and  only  seventy  thousand  men  of  the  imperial  army  crossed 
the  Rhine  to  Mainz.  Soon  the  houses  of  that  city  were  packed,  and 
the  streets  were  strewn  with  victims  of  the  ten-iblo  hunger-typhus. 
They  died  by  hundreds,  and  corpses  lay  for  days  unburied ;  before  the 
plague  was  stayed  thousands  found  an  inglorious  grave. 


9^©f^^©^^f 


5d©^*^*?^*^^'?f»'*t©<?^^6?^©r ' 


I 


NAPOLEON    AND    HIS    STAFF 


KHUM     THF.    PAISTINU    BT    MtriSSONtFR 


> 

» 

> 


l.,,,h,«WW<^wO^WWWWWWW>i>WWWWWWWWWW»<<.Ki»»>^WWWWWWwW« 


CHAPTER  X 

the  frankl^okt  proposals 

Importance  of  the  Battle  of  Leipsic  —  Decline  of  Napoleon's 
Powers  —  His  Gentler  Side  —  Disintegration  of  Nai^oleon's 
Empire  —  The  Coalition  and  the  Sentiment  of  Nationality  — 
Reasons  for  the  Parley  at  Fr.\nkfort  —  Insincerity  of  the 
Proposals  —  Napoleon  and  France  —  The  Revolution  and  the 
Empire  —  Hollow  Diplomacy. 

THE  battle  of  Leipsic  is  one  of  the  most  important  in  general  chap.  x 
history.  Apparently'  it  was  only  the  offset  to  Austerlitz,  as  the  isis 
Beresina  had  been  to  Friedlaiid.  In  reality  it  was  far  more,  because  it 
gave  the  hegemony  of  continental  Europe  to  Prussia.  French  imperi- 
alism in  its  death-throes  wiped  out  the  score  of  royal  France  against 
the  Hapsburgs ;  Austria  was  not  yet  banished  from  central  Europe  to 
the  lower  courses  of  the  Danube,  but,  what  was  much  the  same  thing, 
Prussia  was  launched  upon  her  career  of  military  aggrandizement. 
Three  dynasties  seemed  in  that  battle  to  have  celebrated  a  joint  tri- 
umph ;  as  a  matter  of  fact,  the  free  national  spirit  of  Gennany,  having 
narrowly  escaped  being  smothered  by  Napoleonic  imperialism,  had 
chosen  a  national  dynasty  as  its  refuge.  The  conflict  is  well  designated 
by  German  historians  as  "  the  battle  of  the  nations,"  but  the  language 
has  a  different  sense  fi'om  that  which  is  generally  attributed  to  it. 
The  seeds  of  Italian  unity  had  been  sown,  but  they  were  not  yet  to 
germinate.  The  battle  of  Leipsic  seemed  to  check  them,  yet  it  was 
the  process  there  begun  under  which  they  sprang  up  and  bore  fi-uit. 
France  was  destined  to  become  for  a  time  the  sport  of  an  antiquated 
dynastic  system.  The  hberties  which  men  of  English  blood  had  been 
painfully  developing  for  a  century  she  sought  to  seize  in  an  instant ; 
she  was  to  see  them  elude  her  grasp  for  sixty  years  stiU,  imtil  her 

Vol.  rv.— 11  77 


78  LIFE    OP    NAPOLEON    BONAPARTE  [^t.  44 

Chap.  X  democratic  life,  having  assumed  consistency,  should  find  expression  in 
1813  institutions  essentially  and  peculiarly  her  own.  Though  the  conquer- 
ing monai'chs  believed  that  revolutionary  Uberalism  had  been  quenched 
at  Leipsic,  its  ultimate  triumph  was  really  assm'ed,  since  it  was  con- 
signed to  its  natural  guardianship,  that  of  national  commonwealths. 
The  imperial  agglomeration  of  races  and  nationaUties  was  altogether 
amoi"phous  and  had  been  foimd  impossible;  that  fonii  of  imion  was 
not  again  attempted  after  Leipsic,  while  another  —  that,  namely,  of 
constitutional  organic  nationaUties — was  made  operative.  The  suc- 
cessive stages  of  advance  are  marked  by  1813,  1848,  and  1870. 

The  Saxon  campaigns  disi)lay  the  completion  of  the  process  in 
which  the  gi-eat  strategist,  stifled  by  political  anxieties,  became  the 
creature  of  circumstances  both  as  general  and  statesman.  The  Russian 
campaign  was  nicely  calculated,  but  its  proportions  and  aim  were  those 
of  the  Oriental  theocrat,  not  of  the  prosaic  Eui'opean  soldier.  With 
the  aid  of  the  railroad  and  the  electric  telegi'aph,  they  might  possibly 
have  been  wrought  into  a  workable  problem,  but  that  does  not  excuse 
the  errors  of  premature  and  misplaced  ambition.  The  Saxon  cam- 
paigns, again,  are  marked  by  a  boldness  of  design  and  a  skill  in  combi- 
nation characteristic  of  the  best  strategy ;  but  again  the  proportions  are 
monstrous,  and,  what  is  worse,  the  execution  is  intermittent  and  feeble. 
As  in  Russia,  the  war  organism  was  insufficient  for  the  numbers  and 
distances  involved,  while  the  subordinates  of  every  grade,  though  supple 
instniments,  seemed  mercenary,  self-seeking,  and  destitute  of  devotion. 
Bonaparte  had  ruled  men's  hearts  by  his  use  of  a  cause,  securing  devo- 
tion to  it  and  to  himself  by  rude  bonhomie,  by  success,  and  by  sufficient 
rewards ;  Napoleon,  on  the  other  hand,  quenched  devotion  by  a  la%nsh- 
ness  which  sated  the  greediest,  and  lost  the  affections  of  his  associates 
by  the  demands  of  his  gigantic  plans. 

As  the  world-conqueror  felt  the  foundations  of  his  greatness  quiver- 
ing, he  became  less  callous  and  more  human.  Early  in  1813  he  said : 
"I  have  a  sympathetic  heart,  like  another,  but  since  earliest  childhood 
I  have  accustomed  myself  to  keep  that  string  silent,  and  now  it  is  alto- 
gether dumb."  His  judgment  of  himself  was  mistaken  :  throughout 
the  entire  season  he  was  strangely  and  exceptionally  moved  by  th(^  hor- 
rors of  war;  his  purse  was  ever  open  for  the  suffering;  he  released 
the  King  of  Saxony  from  his  entangling  engagements;  in  spite  of  his 
hard-set  expression  on  the  retreat  from  Leipsic,  he  forbade  liis  men  to 


^T.  44]  THE    FRANKFORT    PROPOSALS  79 

fire  the  suburbs  of  the  city  in  order  to  retard  tlie  pursuit  of  theh*  foes,     c-H^kP.  x 
and  licfore  lie  left  Maiuz  for  St.  Cloud  he  showed  the  deepest  concern,        wu 
aiul  put  forth  the  strongest  effort,  in  behalf  of  the  dying  soldiery. 

The  immediate  effects  of  Leipsic  were  the  full  display  of  that  na- 
tional spu'it  which  had  been  refined,  if  not  created,  in  the  fires  of  Na- 
poleon's imperious  career.  An  Austrian  amiy  under  Hiller  drove 
Eugene  over  the  Adige.  The  Italians,  not  unsusceptible  to  the  power 
in  the  aii',  felt  their  humihation,  and,  turning  on  their  imperial  King  in 
bitter  hate,  determined  under  the  influence  of  feelings  most  power- 
fully expressed  by  Alfieri,  that  they  would  emulate  northern  Europe. 
But  though  they  had  for  years  been  subject  to  the  new  influences,  en- 
joying the  equal  administration  of  the  Code  Napoleon,  and  freed  from 
the  interference  of  petty  local  tyrants,  they  were  neither  united  nor 
enhghtened  in  sufficient  degree.  After  an  outburst  of  hatred  to  France, 
they  wei-e  crushed  by  their  old  despots,  and  the  land  relapsed  into  the 
dii-est  confusion.  The  Confederation  of  the  Rhine  was,  however,  re- 
solved into  its  elements :  the  Mecklenburgs  reasserted  their  indepen- 
dence ;  King  Jerome  fled  to  France ;  Wiirtemberg,  Hesse-Dannstadt, 
and  Baden  followed  Bavaria's  example ;  Cassel,  Brunswick,  Hanover, 
and  Oldenburg  were  craftily  restored  to  their  former  rulers  before 
Stein's  bm-eau  could  establish  an  administration.  Holland  recalled  the 
Prince  of  Orange,  Spain  rose  to  support  Wellington,  and  Soult  was 
not  merely  driven  over  the  Pyrenees  —  he  was  defeated  on  French  soil, 
and  shut  up  in  Bayonue. 

Even  the  three  monarchs,  as  they  sedately  moved  across  Germany 
with  their  exhausted  and  battered  annies,  were  aware  of  nationality 
as  a  controlling  force  in  the  future.  In  a  direct  movement  on  Paris 
they  could,  as  Ney  said,  "  have  marked  out  their  days  in  advance," 
but  they  halted  at  Frankfort  for  a  parley.  There  were  several  reasons 
why  they  shoidd  pause.  They  had  seen  France  rise  in  her  might ; 
they  did  not  care  to  assist  at  the  spectacle  again.  Moreover,  the  coali- 
tion had  accomphshed  its  task  and  earned  its  pay ;  not  a  Frenchman, 
except  real  or  virtual  prisoners,  was  left  east  of  the  Rhine.  From  that 
point  the  interests  of  the  three  monarchs  were  divergent.  As  Gentz, 
the  Austrian  statesman,  said,  "  The  war  for  the  emancipation  of  states 
bids  fair  to  become  one  for  the  emancipation  of  the  people."  Alexan- 
der, Frederick  William,  and  Francis  were  each  and  all  anxious  for  the 
future  of  absolutism,  but  otherwise  there  was  mutual  distrust.     Aus- 


80  LIFE    OF    NAPOLEON    BONAPARTE  [Mt.U 

Chap.  X  tiia  was  suspicioiis  of  Prussia,  and  desired  immediate  peace.  In  the 
1813  restoration  of  Holland  under  English  auspices,  Russia  saw  the  per- 
petuation of  British  maritime  and  commercial  supremacy,  to  the  dis- 
advantage of  her  Oriental  asph-ations,  and  the  old  Russian  party 
demanded  peace.  On  the  other  hand,  Alexander  wished  to  avenge  Na- 
poleon's march  to  Moscow  by  an  advance  to  Paris ;  and  though  Fred- 
erick William  distrusted  what  he  called  the  Czar's  Jacobinism,  his  ovra 
soldiers,  thirsting  for  fui-ther  revenge,  also  desired  to  prosecute  the 
war;  even  the  most  euhghtened  Prussian  statesmen  believed  that 
nothing  short  of  a  complete  cataclysm  in  Prance  could  shake  Napo- 
leon's hold  on  that  people  and  destroy  his  power.  Offsetting  these 
conflicting  tendencies  against  one  another,  Metternich  was  able  to  se- 
cui'e  mihtary  inaction  for  a  time,  while  the  coalition  fonnulated  a  series 
of  proposals  calculated  to  woo  the  French  people,  and  thus  to  bring 
Napoleon  at  once  to  terms. 

Ostensibly  the  Frankfort  proposals,  adopted  on  November  ninth, 
were  only  a  sUght  advance  on  the  ultimatum  of  Prague ;  Austria  was 
to  have  enough  Italian  territory  to  secm-e  her  preponderance  in  that 
peninsula;  France  was  to  keep  Savoy,  with  Nice;  the  rest  of  Italy  was 
to  be  independent.  Holland  and  Spain  liberated,  France  was  to  have 
her  "  natural "  boundaries,  the  Alps,  the  Pyrenees,  the  ocean,  and  the 
Rhine.  Napoleon  was  to  retain  a  slight  preponderance  in  Germany, 
and  the  hope  was  held  out  that  in  a  congress  to  settle  details  for  a  gen- 
eral pacification,  Great  Britain,  content  with  the  "maritime  rights" 
which  had  caused  the  war,  would  hand  back  the  captured  French  colo- 
nies. The  various  ministers  present  at  Frankfort  assented  to  these 
proposals  for  Great  Britain,  Austria,  Russia,  and  Prussia  respectively ; 
but  Alexander  and  Frederick  William  were  dissatisfied  with  them,  and 
when  Castlereagh  heard  them,  he  was  as  fuidous  as  his  cold  blood  would 
permit  at  the  thought  of  France  retaining  control  of  the  Netherlands, 
Antwei-p  being  the  commercial  key  to  central  Em-ope. 

Such  a  humor  in  three  of  the  high  conti*acting  parties  makes  it 
doul)tful  whether  the  Frankfort  proposals  had  any  reality,  and  this 
doubt  is  further  increased  by  the  circumstances  of  the  so-called  negoti- 
ation. St.  Aignan,  the  French  envoy  to  the  Saxon  duchies,  had  in  vio- 
lation of  international  law  and  courtesy  been  seized  at  Gotha  and  held 
as  a  prisoner.  He  was  now  set  free  and  instructed  to  urge  upon  Napo- 
leon the  necessity  of  an  immediate  settlement.     To  his  brother-in-law. 


H 

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oo 


JEt.U]  the    FRANKFORT    PROPOSALS  81 

the  pacific  Caulaincoiu't,  who  was  soon  to  displace  Maret  as  minister  of  chap.  x 
foreign  affau's,  he  was  to  hand  a  private  and  personal  letter  from  Met-  i«i:) 
teruich.  In  the  course  of  this  epistle  the  writer  expresses  his  convic- 
tion that  any  effort  to  conclude  a  peace  would  come  to  nothing.  Not 
only,  therefore,  were  the  pretended  negotiations  entirely  destitute  of 
form,  they  were  prejudged  from  the  outset.  Still  further,  the  allies 
refused  what  Napoleon  had  granted  after  Bautzen,  an  annistice,  and  in- 
sisted that  hostilities  were  to  proceed  during  negotiation.  All  possible 
doubt  as  to  the  sincerity  of  the  proposals  is  turned  into  assurance  by 
Metternich's  admission  in  his  memoirs  that  they  were  intended  to  di- 
vorce Napoleon  fi'om  the  French  nation,  and  in  particular  to  work  on 
the  feehngs  of  the  army.  He  says  that  neither  Alexander  nor  Frederick 
William  woidd  have  assented  to  them  had  they  not  been  convinced  that 
Napoleon  would  "  never  in  the  world  of  his  own  accord  "  resolve  to  ac- 
cept them.  Yet  the  world  has  long  believed  that  Napoleon,  as  he  him- 
self expressed  it,  lost  his  crown  for  Antwerp  ;  that  had  he  believed  the 
honeyed  words  of  the  Austrian  minister,  and  opened  negotiations  on  an 
indefinite  basis  without  delay,  he  might  have  kept  France  with  its  rev- 
olutionary boundaries  intact  for  himself  and  his  dynasty,  and  by  the 
sacrifice  of  his  imperial  ambitions  have  retained  for  her,  if  not  prepon- 
derance, at  least  importance,  in  the  councils  of  Em'ope. 

Neither  Napoleon  nor  the  French  nation  was  deceived;  a  peace 
made  under  such  circumstances  could  result  only  in  a  dishonorable 
tutelage  to  the  allied  sovereigns.  France  abhoiTcd  the  dynasties  and 
all  their  works,  beUe\ing  that  dynastic  rule  could  never  mean  anything 
except  absolutism  and  feudaUsm.  The  experiment  of  popular  sover- 
eignty wielded  by  a  democracy  had  been  a  failure;  but  the  liberal 
French,  hke  men  of  the  same  intelligence  throughout  Em'ope,  did  not, 
for  all  that,  lose  faith  in  popular  sovereignty ;  they  knew  there  must  be 
some  channel  for  its  exercise.  Outside  of  France,  as  in  it,  the  most  en- 
lightened opinion  of  the  time  regarded  Napoleon  as  the  savior  of  society. 
The  Queen  of  Saxony  bitterly  reproached  Metternich  for  having  de- 
serted Napoleon's  "  sacred  cause."  This  was  because  the  Emperor  of 
the  French  seemed  to  have  used  the  people's  power  for  the  people's 
good.  His  giant  arm  alone  could  wield  the  popular  majesty.  It  is 
said  that  the  great  mass  of  the  French  nation,  on  hearing  of  the  Frank- 
fort proposals,  gi'oaned  and  laughed  by  tiu'ns.  Being  profoundly,  de- 
votedly imperiaUst  and  therefore  idealistic,  they  were  outraged  at  the 


82  LIFE    OF    NAPOLEON    BONAPARTE  [^t.  44 

Chap.  X  thought  of  Hapsburgs,  Romanoffs,  or  Holienzollerns,  the  very  incarna- 
1813  tions  of  German  feudahty,  as  leaders  of  the  new  Europe.  It  seemed 
the  h'ony  of  fate  that  civil  and  political  rights  on  the  basis,  not  of  privi- 
lege, but  of  manhood,  the  prize  for  which  the  world  had  been  turned 
upside  doN\Ti,  should  be  intrusted  to  such  keepers.  Welded  into  a 
homogeneous  natiouaUty  themselves,  the  French  could  not  under- 
stand that  the  inchoate  nationalities  in  other  states  had  as  yet  noth- 
ing but  djaiastic  forms  of  expression,  or  foresee  that  during  a  centmy 
to  come  the  old  dynasties  would  find  safety  only  in  adapting  royalty 
to  national  needs. 

Napoleon  seems  to  have  been  fully  aware  of  French  sentiment.  In 
addition,  he  understood  that  not  merely  for  this  sufficient  reason  could 
he  never  be  king  of  France  in  name  or  fact,  but  also  that,  having  else- 
where harried  and  humiliated  both  peoples  and  dynasties  in  the  name 
of  revolutionary  ideals,  the  masses  had  found  him  out,  and  were  as 
much  embittered  as  their  rulers,  believing  him  to  be  a  charlatan  using 
dazzling  principles  as  a  cloak  for  personal  ambition.  In  May,  1813,  the 
Emperor  Francis,  anxious  to  salve  the  lacerated  pride  of  the  Hapsburgs, 
produced  a  bimdle  of  papers  purporting  to  prove  that  the  Bonapartes 
had  once  been  ruling  princes  at  Treviso.  "  My  nobility,"  was  Napo- 
leon's stinging  reply,  "  dates  only  fi"om  Marengo."  He  well  knew  that 
when  the  battle  should  be  fought  that  would  undo  Marengo,  his  nobil- 
ity would  end.  In  other  words,  without  solid  French  support  he  was 
nothing,  and  that  support  he  was  fully  aware  he  could  never  have  as 
king  of  France.  If  the  influence  of  what  France  improperly  believed 
to  be  solely  the  French  Revolution  were  to  be  confined  to  her  boun- 
daries, revolutionary  or  otherwise,  not  only  was  Napoleon's  prestige  de- 
stroyed, but  along  with  it  would  go  French  leadership  in  Em-ope.  An 
imperial  throne  there  must  be,  exerting  French  influence  far  abroad. 
What  happened  at  Paris,  therefore,  may  be  regarded  as  a  counter-feint 
to  Metteniich's  effort  at  securing  an  advantageous  peace  from  the 
French  nation  when  it  should  have  renounced  Napoleon.  It  was 
merely  an  attempt  to  collect  the  remaining  national  strength,  not 
now  for  aggi-essive  warfare,  but  for  the  expulsion  of  hated  im'aders. 

Having  received  no  foraiulated  proposition  for  acceptance  or  rejec- 
tion, and  desiring  to  force  one,  the  Emperor  of  the  French  virtually 
disregarded  the  letter  of  Mettemich's  communication,  aiul  s(>nt  a  care- 
fully considered  message  to  the  allies.      Making  no  mention  in  tliis  of 


iET.44]  THE    FRANKFORT    PROPOSALS  y;j 

the  terms  brought  by  St.  Aignan,  ho  suggested  Caulanieourt  as  plenipo-  chap.  x 
toutiarj'  to  an  international  congress  whicli  should  meet  somewhere  on  i«i:i 
the  Rhine,  say  at  Mainilieim.  Further,  he  dechired  that  his  o1)j('et  had 
always  been  the  indt'ijendenee  of  all  the  nations,  "  from  the  Continental 
as  well  as  from  the  maritime  point  of  view."  This  communication 
reached  Frankfort  on  November  sixteenth,  and,  whether  wilfully  or  not, 
was  misinterpreted  to  mean  that  the  writer  would  persist  in  question- 
ing England's  maritime  rights.  Thereupon  Mettemich  rephed  by  ac- 
cepting Mannheim  as  the  place  for  the  proposed  conference,  and  prom- 
ised to  communicate  the  language  of  Napoleon's  letter  to  his  co-aUies. 
How  far  those  co-allies  were  from  a  sincere  desire  for  peace  is  proven  by 
their  next  stop,  taken  almost  on  the  date  of  Mottej-nich's  reply.  A  proc- 
lamation was  widely  posted  in  the  cities  of  France,  which  stated,  in  a 
cant  borrowed  from  Napoleon's  own  practice,  that  the  allies  desired 
France  "  to  be  great,  strong,  and  prosperous  " ;  they  were  making  war, 
it  was  asserted,  not  "on  France,  but  on  that  preponderance  which  Napo- 
leon had  too  long  exercised,  to  the  misfortune  of  Eiu'ope  and  of  France 
herself,  to  which  they  guaranteed  in  advance  an  extent  of  territory 
such  as  she  never  had  under  her  kings."  Napoleon's  riposte  was  to 
despatch  a  swarm  of  trusty  emissaries  throughout  France  in  order  to 
compose  all  quarrels  of  the  people  with  the  government,  to  strengthen 
popular  devotion  in  every  possible  way — in  short,  to  counteract  the 
possible  effects  of  this  call.  The  messengers  found  public  opinion 
thoroughly  imperial,  but  profoundly  embittered  against  Maret  as  the 
supposed  instigator  of  disastrous  wars.  Maret  was  transferi'ed  to  the 
Department  of  State,  and  the  pacific  Caulaincourt  was  made  minister 
of  foreign  affairs.  On  December  second,  at  the  earliest  possible  mo- 
ment, the  new  minister  addressed  a  note  to  Metternich,  accepting  the 
terms  of  the  "general  and  summary  basis."  This,  said  the  despatch, 
wovild  involve  great  sacrifices;  but  Napoleon  would  feel  no  regret  if 
only  by  a  similar  abnegation  England  would  provide  the  means  for  a 
general,  honorable  peace.  Metternich  replied  that  nothing  now  stood 
in  the  way  of  convening  a  congress,  and  that  he  would  notify  England 
to  send  a  plenipotentiary.  There,  however,  the  matter  ended,  and  Met- 
temich's  record  of  those  Frankfort  days  scarcely  notices  the  subject, 
so  interested  is  he  in  the  squabbles  of  the  sovereigns  over  the  opening 
of  a  new  campaign.  It  was  the  end  of  the  year  when  they  reached  an 
agreement 


CHAPTER  XI 

the  invasion  of  france 

Amazing  Schemes  of  Napoleon  for  New  Levies — Attitude  of  the 
People  toward  the  Emi^ire  —  The  Disaffected  Elements  —  Na- 
poleon's Armament  —  Activity  of  the  Imperialists  —  Release 
of  Ferdinand  and  the  Pope  —  Napoleon's  Farewell  to  Paris 
—  His  Strategic  Plan  —  France  against  Europe  —  The  Con- 
duct OF  Bernadotte  —  Murat's  Defection  —  Conflicting  Inter- 
ests OF  the  Allies  —  Positions  of  the  Opponents  at  the 
Outbreak    of    Hostilities. 


Chap.  XI  ^l^T"^"^^  happened  in  France  between  the  first  days  of  November, 
1813^14  T  T  1813,  when  Napoleon  reached  St.  Cloud,  and  the  close  of  the 
year,  is  so  incredible  that  it  scarcely  seems  to  belong  in  the  pages  of 
sober  history.  Of  five  hundred  and  seventy-five  thousand  Frenchmen, 
strictly  excluding  Germans  and  Poles,  who  had  been  sent  to  war  dur- 
ing 1812  and  1813,  about  three  hundred  thousand  were  prisoners  or 
shut  up  in  distant  gan-isons,  and  a  hundred  and  seventy-five  thousand 
were  dead  or  missing ;  therefore  a  hundred  thousand  or  thereabouts 
remained  under  arms  and  ready  for  active  service.  By  various  de- 
crees of  the  Emperor  and  the  senate,  nine  hundred  and  thirty-six 
thousand  more  were  called  to  arms  :  a  ln;ndred  and  sixty  thousand 
from  the  classes  between  1804  and  1814,  whether  the}''  had  once  served 
or  not ;  a  hundred  and  sixty  thousand  from  the  class  of  1815 ;  a  luin- 
dred  and  seventy-six  thousand  five  hundred  were  to  be  enrolled  in  the 
regular  national  guard,  and  a  hundred  and  forty  thousand  in  a  home 
guard;  finally,  in  a  comprehensive  sweep  from  all  the  classes  between 
1804  and  1814  inclusive,  every  possible  man  was  to  be  drawn.  This, 
it  was  estimated,  would  produce  three  hundred  thousand  more. 

It  is  easy  to  exaggerate  the  significance  of  these  enormous  figures, 

M 


MARIK-ANNUNCIADH-CAKOLINE    liONAl'ARTl: 

WIFI-.    OF  JOACHIM    MURAT;    Ql'KKN    OK    NAPLKS,   COUNTESS    LIPONA;     AND 
HI.K    CHILURKN,    ACHll.1.1-;,     1.  AKI  III  A .     lAICII-.N    AND    LOLISK 

l-UUV    TIIK    l-AISTLNU    tlY    fHANtUIH    utOAIlll 


L 


^T.44]  THE    INVASION    OP    FRANCE  85 

for  to  the  layman  they  would  seem  to  mean  that  every  male  capable  chap.  xi 
of  bearinj^  iirius  was  to  be  taken.  But  this  was  far  from  l)eiiiff  the  i«i3-i4 
case ;  contrary  to  the  general  impression,  the  population  of  France  had 
been  and  was  steadily  increasing.  In  spite  of  all  the  butcheries  of 
foreign  and  ci\al  wars,  the  number  of  inhabitants  was  growing  at  the 
rate  of  half  a  million  yearly,  and  the  country  could  probably  have  fur- 
nished three  times  the  number  called  out.  Moreover,  less  than  a  third 
of  the  nine  liuiitlrcd  and  thirty-six  thousand  were  ever  organized,  and 
not  more  than  an  eighth  of  them  fought.  This  disproportion  between 
plan  and  t'ulfihnc^it  was  due  partly  to  official  incapacity  or  worse, 
partly  to  a  popular  resistance  which  was  not  due  to  disaffection.  It 
speaks  volumes  for  the  state  of  the  country  that  even  the  hated  flying 
columns,  with  then-  thorough  procedm-e,  could  not  find  the  men,  espe- 
cially the  fathers,  husbands,  and  only  sons,  who  were  the  solitary  sup- 
ports of  many  families.  The  fields  were  tilled  by  the  spades  of  women 
and  children,  for  there  were  neither  horses  to  draw  nor  men  to  hold 
the  plows.  Government  pawn-shops  were  gorged,  and  the  government 
storehouses  were  bursting  with  manufactured  wares  for  which  there 
was  no  market ;  government  securities  were  worth  less  than  haK  their 
face,  the  ciuTcncy  had  disappeared,  and  usury  was  rampant.  Yet  it 
seems  certain  that  four  fifths  of  the  people  associated  none  of  these 
miseries  with  Napoleonic  empire.  The  generation  which  had  grown  to 
maturity  under  Napoleon  saw  only  one  side  of  his  activities :  the  ma- 
jestic public  works  he  had  inaugui-ated,  the  glories  of  France  and  the 
splendors  of  empire  diu-ing  the  intervals  of  peace,  the  exhaustion  and 
abasement  of  her  foes  in  a  long  series  of  splendid  campaigns — all  this 
they  associated  with  the  imperial  rale,  and  desu-ed  what  they  supposed 
was  a  simple  thing,  the  Empire  and  peace. 

The  other  fifth  was,  however,  thoroughly  aroused.  Wlien  the 
legislature  convened  on  December  nineteenth,  and  the  diplomatic  cor- 
respondence was  so  cleverly  arranged  and  presented  as  to  make  the 
alhes  appear  implacable,  an  address  to  the  throne  was  passed,  amid 
thunderous  applause  and  by  a  large  majority,  which  virtually  called 
for  a  return  to  constitutional  government  as  the  price  of  additional 
war  supplies.  In  sober  moments  even  the  most  ardent  hberals  were 
ashamed,  feeling  that  this  was  not  an  opportune  moment  for  disorganiz- 
ing such  administration  as  there  was  by  calls  for  the  reform  of  the  con- 
stitution.    Only  one  question  was  imperative,  the  awful  responsibility 

Vol..  IV.— 12 


86  LIFE    OF    NAPOLEON    BONAPARTE  [.Et.  44 

Chap.  XI  they  had  for  the  national  identity.  The  general  piihHe  was  so  outraged 
1813-14  hy  the  spectacle  that  the  deputies  reconsidered  their  action,  and  hy  a  vote 
of  two  hundred  and  fifty-four  to  two  hundred  and  twenty-three  stiaick 
out  the  obnoxious  clause.  But  this  did  not  appease  Napoleon,  who 
made  no  attempt  to  conceal  his  rage,  and  prorogued  the  chamber  in 
sconi.  His  support  was  ample  in  the  almost  imiversal  conviction  that 
at  such  a  moment  there  was  no  time  for  parleying  about  abstract  ques- 
tions of  political  rights;  but  every  cavilling  deputy  had  some  friends  at 
home,  and  in  a  crisis  where  the  very  existence  of  France  was  jeopar- 
dized there  were  agitations  by  the  reactionary  radicals.  The  royahsts 
kept  silent  then,  and  for  months  later,  contenting  themselves  vnth. 
biting  innuendos  or  witty  double  meanings ;  di'inking,  for  instance, 
to  "  the  Emperor's  last  victory,"  when  the  newspapers  announced  "the 
last  victory  of  the  Eniperor." 

The  first  conscription  fi-om  the  classes  of  1808-1814  was  thoroughly 
successful,  the  second  attempt  to  glean  from  them  was  an  utter  failure; 
the  effort  to  forestall  the  draft  of  1815  met  with  resistance,  and  was 
abandoned.  It  was  impossible  to  organize  the  home  guards  and  reserves, 
for  they  rebelled  or  escaped,  and  local  danger  had  to  be  averted  by  local 
volunteers  who  were  designated  as  "  sedentaiy  "  because  they  could  not 
be  ordered  awaJ^  By  the  end  of  January  not  more  than  twenty  thou- 
sand men  had  been  secured  for  general  sei-vice  from  all  classes  other 
than  the  fii'st — at  least  that  was  approximately  the  number  in  the 
various  camps  of  instruction.  In  order  to  arm  and  equip  the  recrvuts. 
Napoleon  had  recourse  to  his  private  treasure,  drawing  fifty-five  million 
francs  from  the  vaults  of  the  Tuileries  for  that  pui-pose.  The  remain- 
ing ten  were  transferred  at  intervals  to  Blois.  But  all  his  treasure  could 
not  buy  what  did  not  exist.  The  best  mihtary  stores  were  in  the  heart 
of  Europe ;  the  French  arsenals  could  afford  only  antiquated  and  almost 
useless  supplies.  The  recraits  were  armed,  some  with  shot-guns  and 
knives,  some  with  old  muskets  the  use  of  which  they  did  not  know ; 
they  were  for  the  most  part  without  uniforms,  and  wore  bonnets, 
blouses,  and  sabots.  There  were  not  half  enough  horses  for  the  scanty 
artilleiy  and  cavalry.  Worse  than  all,  there  was  no  time  for  instruc- 
tion in  the  manual  and  tactics.  On  one  occasion  a  boy  conscript  was 
found  standing  inactive  under  a  fierce  musketiy  fire ;  with  artless  in- 
trepidity he  remarked  that  he  believed  he  could  aim  as  well  as  anybody 
if  he  only  knew  how  to  load  his  gun ! 


Mt.U]  the    invasion    of    FRANCE  87 

The  disaffected,  thougli  few,  were  powei-ful  uud  active,  suborning  chai-.  xi 
the  prefects  and  civic  authorities  by  every  device,  issuing  proclamations  1813-14 
which  promised  anything  and  everything,  and  procuring  plans  of  foi-ti- 
fied  places  for  the  allies.  Talleyrand  began  to  utter  oracular  innuendos 
about  the  vindictiveuess  of  the  allies,  the  desertion  of  Murat,  the  sack 
of  Paris,  and  various  half-truths  more  dangerous  even  than  lies.  The 
air  was  so  full  of  rumors  that,  although  there  was  no  wide-spread  revo- 
lutionary movement,  there  were  now  and  then  serious  panics;  the  town 
of  Chaumont  surrendered  to  a  solitary  Wiii'temberg  horseman.  But 
when  the  populace  of  the  country  at  large  began  to  wonder  who  the 
coming  Bourbon  might  be,  and  what  he  would  take  back  from  the  pres- 
ent possessors  of  royal  and  ecclesiastical  estates,  they  were  staggered. 
People  in  the  cities  heard  with  some  satisfaction  the  strains  of  the 
''Marseillaise,"  which  by  order  of  imperial  agents  were  once  again 
ground  out  around  the  streets  by  the  hand-organs.  Napoleon  walked 
the  avenues  of  Paris  without  escort,  and  was  wildly  cheered;  the  Em- 
press and  her  Uttle  son  were  produced  on- public  occasions  with  dra- 
matic success,  and  popular  wit  dubbed  the  boy  conscripts  by  the  name 
of  "  Marie  Louises."  The  little  men  showed  a  grim  determination  and 
eventually  a  sublime  courage,  but  they  never  could  acquire  the  vet- 
eran steadfastness  which  wins  battles.  Jom-nals,  theaters,  music-halls, 
and  public  balls  were  all  managed  in  the  interest  of  imperial  patriotism ; 
impeiT.al  tyi-anuy  dealt  ruthlessly  with  suspicious  characters.  Yet  the 
imperialists  had  their  doubts,  and  many,  hke  Savary,  threw  an  anchor 
to  windward  by  storing  treasm*e  at  distant  points,  and  sending  their 
families  to  safe  retreats.  On  the  whole,  the  balance  of  pubUc  opinion 
at  the  opening  of  1814  was  overwhelmingly  imperialist  both  in  the 
cities  and  in  the  coimtry.  Men  ardently  desired  peace,  but  they  wanted 
it  with  honor  and  under  the  Empire. 

That  the  Empire  desired  peace  seemed  to  be  proved  by  steps  for  the 
release  of  its  two  most  important  prisoners,  the  King  of  Spain  and  the 
Pope.  Wellington  thought  that  if  the  former  had  been  despatched  di- 
rectly into  his  kingdom  on  December  eighth,  the  day  on  which  the 
conditions  between  himself  and  the  Emperor  were  signed,  England 
would  have  found  the  further  conduct  of  the  war  impossible.  Talley- 
rand, already  deep  in  royahst  plots,  must  have  been  of  the  same  opin- 
ion, for  he  did  not  advise  haste,  but  craftily  suggested  to  his  prisoner 
that  the  provisional  government  of  Spain  might  refuse  to  accept  him 


88  LIFE    OF    NAPOLEON    BONAPARTE  [^t.  44 

Chap.  XI  as  long  uiiless  the  treaty  of  release  had  been  previously  ratified  by  the 
1813-14  Cortes.  Accordingly,  it  was  referred  to  them,  and,  since  the  liberals 
desired  the  assent  to  theu'  new  constitution  of  a  king  not  under  duress, 
by  their  influence  it  was  i-ejected.  It  was  not  until  March,  1814,  that 
Ferdinand  was  unconditionally  released,  and  this  delay  proved  fatal  to 
Napoleon's  interests  in  Spain.  The  lilxTals  could  no  longer  fight  for 
free  institutions,  because  it  was  then  clear  that  the  dynastic  conserva- 
tism of  Europe  was  to  win  a  temporary  victory.  In  about  six  months 
King  Ferdinand  undid  the  progressive  work  of  six  years,  and  Spain 
relapsed  into  absolutism  and  ecclesiasticism,  with  all  their  attendant 
evils.  Nevertheless,  France  interpreted  the  conduct  of  the  Emperor  as 
indicating  an  earnest  desire  for  peace,  and  this  feeling  had  been 
strengthened  by  the  absolutely  unconditional  release  of  the  Pope  on 
January  twenty-second.  This  apparently  gracious  concession  was 
effective  among  the  masses,  wlio  did  not  know,  as  the  Emperor  did, 
that  the  aUies  were  already  on  French  soil. 

The  very  next  day  Napoleon  performed  his  last  official  act,  which 
was  one  of  great  courage  both  physical  and  moral.  The  national  guard 
in  Paris  had  been  reorganized,  but  its  leaders  had  never  been  thor- 
oughly loyal,  many  of  them  beuig  royahsts,  some  radical  republicans, 
and  the  disaffection  of  both  classes  had  been  heightened  by  recent 
events.  But  the  officers  were  nevertheless  summoned  to  the  Tuileiies ; 
the  risk  was  doubled  by  the  fact  that  they  came  armed.  Drawn  up  in 
the  vast  chamber  known  as  that  of  the  marshals,  they  stood  expectant; 
the  great  doors  were  thrown  open,  and  there  entered  the  Emperor,  ac- 
companied only  by  his  consort  and  their  child  in  the  ai-ms  of  his  gover- 
ness, Madame  de  Montesquiou.  Napoleon  announced  simply  that  he 
was  about  to  put  himself  at  the  head  of  his  army,  hoping,  by  the  aid  of 
God  and  the  valor  of  his  troops,  to  drive  the  enemy  beyond  the  fron- 
tiers. There  was  sOence.  Then  taking  in  one  hand  that  of  the  Em- 
press, and  leading  forward  his  child  by  the  other,  he  continued,  "I 
intrust  the  Empress  and  the  King  of  Rome  to  the  corn-age  of  the 
national  guard."  Still  silence.  After  a  moment,  with  suppressed 
emotion,  he  concluded,  "  My  wife  and  my  son."  No  generous-hearted 
Frenchman  could  withstand  such  an  appeal ;  breaking  ranks  by  a  spon- 
taneous impulse,  the  listeners  started  forward  in  a  mass,  and  shook  the 
very  walls  with  their  cry,  "  Long  live  the  Emperor!"  Many  shed  tears, 
and  felt,  as  they  withdrew  in  respectful  silence,  a  new  sense  of  devotion 


"t:  BAtWANO 


NAPOLEON-FRANgOIS-CHARl.ES-JOSEPH 

PRINCE    IMPURIAI. :    KING    OF    ROMi;;    DIKK    OF    RFICHSTADT 


rnoM  TiiK  rAisTi\(»  rv  k:u  thoma«  lawkkntk 


Mt.H]  TUH    invasion    of    FRANCE  89 

welling  up  ill  Umr  hearts.     On  the  eve  of  his  departure,  the  Emperor    chap.  xi 
received  a  niuuorously  signed  address  from  the  very  men  whose  loyalty      1813-14 
ho  had  hitherto  had  just  reason  to  suspect. 

It  was  four  in  the  morning  of  January  twenty-fifth  when  Napoleon 
left  for  Chiilons.  From  that  moment  he  was  no  longer  Emperor.  Dur- 
ing the  long  winter  nights  just  past  he  had  wrought  with  an  intensity 
and  a  feverish  activity  which  he  had  never  surpassed,  sparing  neither 
himself  nor  others,  displacing  no  consid(n'ation  for  prejudice  or  honest 
opposition,  calling  on  every  Frenchman  to  sacrifice  everything  for 
France,  to  which,  as  he  vehemently  asserted,  he  himself  was  more 
necessary  than  she  to  him.  If  he  had  come  honestly  to  beheve  what 
millions  of  others  believed,  it  was  little  wonder;  he  had  thenceforth 
but  one  aim  —  to  jn'ove  that  he  was,  as  of  yore,  the  fu-st  general  of 
France,  the  only  one  able  to  save  the  country  in  an  hour  when  all  her 
glories  were  falling  in  wreck  about  her.  His  strategic  plans,  immense 
and  intricate  as  was  his  task,  were  complete  and  excellent.  The  first 
was  intended  to  prevent  invasion  by  way  of  Liege,  the  most  direct  line 
and  that  which  Prussia  preferred.  The  second,  which  was  partly  de- 
fensive, was  the  one  eventually  used  against  the  clumsy  foi'm  of  advance 
actually  chosen  by  the  invaders.  Of  the  two,  the  former  was  the  more 
brilliant,  but  the  second  was  almost  as  clever.  By  it  the  Rhine  bank 
was  divided  into  three  parts  for  purposes  of  defense.  Macdonald  was 
stationed  at  Cologne  to  protect  the  lower  course;  Mannout  was  to 
guard  the  central  stretch,  and  they  two  divided  between  them  the  rem- 
nants of  the  army  which  had  been  swept  out  of  Germany ;  Victor  was 
stationed  on  the  upper  course  to  command  the  gan'isons  of  the  great 
fi-ontier  fortifications  and  strengthen  himself  by  the  new  levies;  Ber- 
trand  remained  as  a  soi"t  of  rear  post  on  the  right  bank  of  the  river  at 
Kastel,  opposite  Mainz.  All  told,  these  generals  had  at  first  only  fiLfty 
thousand  men. 

The  allies  no  sooner  obtained  possession  of  central  Em-ope  than  they 
outdid  its  recent  master  in  every  species  of  exaction.  The  countries 
which  had  formed  the  Confederacy  of  the  Rhine  were  compelled  almost 
to  double  the  number  of  the  contingents  they  had  raised  for  France,  and 
to  organize  every  fencible  man  into  either  the  first  or  second  line  of  re- 
serves, caUed  by  the  old  feudal  terms  of  ban  and  arriere-ban.  At  the 
same  time  the  allies  demanded  and  obtained  new  subsidies  both  of 
money  and  arms  from  Great  Britain.     In  the  three  armies  of  Austria, 


90  LIFE    OF    NAroLEON    BONATAKTE  [.Et.  44 

Chap.  XI  Prussia,  and  Russia,  as  they  stood  on  the  Rhine,  there  were  ready  by 
1S13-14  January  first  about  two  hundred  and  eighty-five  thousand  men.  By  the 
end  of  February  the  army-lists  of  France,  exchidiug  the  national  guards, 
displayed  a  total  of  six  hundred  and  fifty  thousand  men ;  the  coalition, 
including  England,  had  euregistered  nearly  a  million.  Deducting  forty 
per  cent,  as  ample  to  cover  all  shortcomings,  we  may  say  that  France, 
with  thi-ee  hundred  and  ninety  thousand  in  the  ranks,  men  and  boys, 
faced  Europe  with  six  hundred  thousand  full-grown  men.  These  fig- 
ures include  the  French  armies  of  Catalonia,  of  the  Pyrenees,  of  Italy, 
and  of  the  Netherlands,  together  with  the  gamsons  in  all  the  strong 
places  then  held  by  France  on  both  sides  of  the  Rhine;  they  also  in- 
clude the  Russian,  Austrian,  and  Pi-ussian  reserves,  with  the  national 
armies  of  Holland,  Spain,  and  Italy. 

Aside  from  the  ceutrifugal  forces  inherent  in  the  coalition,  there 
was  one  which  threatened  its  disintegration :  the  erratic  character  of 
the  gi-eat  Grascon  who  represented  Sweden.  Bernadotte's  first  care, 
after  the  battle  of  Leipsic,  was  to  move  north  and  secure  the  long- 
coveted  prize  of  Norway.  Ever  mindful  of  the  hint  about  a  French 
crown,  which  Alexander  had  thrown  out  as  still  another  bait  at  Abo, 
he  gave  as  his  pai-tiug  admonition  the  transparent  advice  that  the  com- 
ing campaign  shoidd  be  confined  to  a  frontier  invasion  of  France,  and 
at  Hambiu'g  he  actually  offered  Davout,  as  the  price  of  surrender,  a 
safe  return  for  himself  and  his  army  to  their  native  land !  This  was 
too  much;  Alexander  was  furious,  and  the  schemer  was  peremptorily 
ordered  to  leave  a  sufficient  investing  force  before  the  city  and  return 
with  the  rest  of  his  army  to  the  lower  Rhine.  There  he  was  suffered 
to  remain  in  idleness,  the  task  assigned  to  him  being  that  of  watching 
the  Netherlands ;  two  of  his  best  corps  were  withdrawn  from  him  and 
assigned  to  Bliicher. 

Nor  was  Napoleon  free  from  his  thorn  in  the  flesh.  In  a  bulletin 
published  by  him  after  the  retreat  from  Moscow  was  a  passage  which 
impHed  some  censure  of  Murat  for  his  lack  of  stability.  This  both  the 
King  of  Naples  and  his  spouse  bitterly  resented,  the  latter  roimdly 
abusing  her  brother  in  their  coi*respondence.  This  was  an  excellent 
pretext  for  desertion  when  the  general  crash  appeared  imminent,  and 
at  Erfurt  the  dashing  and  gallant,  but  weak  and  testy  monarch  de- 
camped. Hastening  south,  he  entered  at  once  into  alliance  with  Aus- 
tria, and  then,  putting  himself  at  the  head  of  eighty  thousand  Nea- 


^T.  44]  THE    INVASION    OF    FKANCE  gj 

politans,  set  out  for  Rome,  waging  a  terrific  warfare  of  proclamations,  chap.  xi 
Eugene,  too, — and  this  was  an  elemental  disaster, — was  virtually  check-  1813-14 
mated  by  the  defection  of  his  father-in-law,  the  King  of  Bavaria,  which 
opened  the  T}to1  to  the  alhes.  All  Italy  was  consequently  lost.  Auge- 
reau,  whose  feeble  loyalty  to  Napoleon  was  already  at  the  vanisliing- 
poiut,  had  been  api)ointed  to  take  fox-ty  thousand  conscripts,  collect 
any  straggling  sokhers  he  could  find  in  southeastern  France,  and  keep 
open  the  door  out  of  Italy  for  some  or  all  of  Eugene's  veterans,  with 
whose  assistance  it  was  hoped  the  marshal  could  fomi  an  army  for  the 
defense  of  the  Vosges  Mountains.  But  Eugene,  having  fought  the  in- 
decisive battle  of  Roverbello,  and  finding  himself  in  a  sorry  plight  from 
both  the  military  and  political  points  of  view,  could  send  no  reinforce- 
ments until  April,  when  finally  he  concluded  an  annistice  releasing 
his  army.  Augereau  therefore  found  himself  opposite  Bubna  at  Geneva 
with  an  ineffective  force,  and  with  very  Uttle  heart  to  wield  what  he 
had.  This  ended  Napoleon's  grand  scheme  for  uniting  the  forces  of 
Italy,  Naples,  Switzerland,  and  France. 

Prussia  was  now  the  ablest  as  well  as  the  bitterest  of  Napoleon's 
foes,  Stein,  Bliicher,  Gneisenau,  and  their  fiiends  aiming  at  nothing 
short  of  annihilating  the  Napoleonic  power.  This  was,  no  doiibt,  due 
in  part  to  a  thu*st  for  revenge ;  but  in  the  main  it  was  due  to  the  long- 
ing for  such  a  leadership  in  Germany  as  would  spread  abroad  the  new 
doctrines  of  liberal  and  constitutional  monarchy,  in  order  to  restrain 
Austria's  ever-increasing  influence.  The  councils  of  the  allies  presented 
an  amusing  spectacle.  The  Prussians  urged  an  inimecUate  advance  by 
the  best  hne  for  invasion,  that,  namely,  fi'om  Liege  and  Bmssels ;  but 
the  Austrians,  except  Radetzky,  drew  back,  fearing  Pnissia  almost 
equally  with  France.  The  Czar  held  the  balance,  but  his  scales  were 
very  sensitive,  inchning  often  toward  Prussia,  but  settUug  in  the  end  to 
a  compromise  suggested  by  Schwarzenberg  and  Metternich.  Having 
imitated  Napoleon  in  his  practice  of  war  requisitions,  the  allies  now 
determined  to  imitate  hun  in  contempt  for  international  law,  and  to 
violate  Swiss  neutrality.  The  plan  which  they  adopted  was  to  throw 
their  main  anny  into  France  by  way  of  Basel,  and  thus  turn  the  Hne  of 
fi'owning  fortresses  behind  the  Rhine,  as  well  as  the  Vosges  Mountains. 
Bliicher  was  to  cross  the  middle  Rhine,  and  BiUow,  with  thirty  thou- 
sand men,  was  to  cooperate  with  the  EngHsh  troops  under  Graham 
in  the  Netherlands.     The  whole  scheme  was  unmiUtary,  but  it  exactly 


92  LIFE    OF    NAPOLEON    BONAPARTE  [^t.  44 

Chap.  XI  suited  Mettemii'h,  who,  ha\'iiig  ou  January  tliii'toenth  first  learned  of 
1813-14  Beruadottc's  uuderstandiiij;  with  the  Czar  about  the  crown  of  France, 
was  very  uneasy.  Botli  he  and  Sohwarzenberg  desii"ed  to  end  the  war 
ou  the  frontier,  if  possible ;  Pnissia's  power  and  Alexander's  ambitions 
for  European  preponderance  were  far  more  dangerous  to  Austria  than 
a  Napoleonic  empire  confined  to  France. 

Bliieher,  leaving  twenty-eight  tliousaud  men  before  Mainz,  crossed 
the  Saaron  January  ninth,  with  forty-seven  thousand;  Schwarzenberg, 
"with  the  main  army  arrayed  in  fom*  columns,  two  hundred  and  nine 
thousand  strong,  crossed  the  Rhine  at  or  near  Basel  and  moved  to- 
ward Langres.  The  thin,  straggling  French  columns  began  to  retreat 
concentrically  toward  Chalons  on  the  Marne.  At  the  opening  of  the 
second  stage  in  the  campaign  Bliieher  had  invested  the  Mosel  fortresses, 
and  was  advancing,  with  less  than  thirty  thousand  men,  toward  Arcis 
on  the  Aube;  Schwarzenberg  was  in  and  about  Langres;  and  the 
French  were  concentrated  on  a  Hue  from  Vitry-le-Frang!ois  to  St. 
Dizier.  Napoleon  reached  Chalons  on  the  twenty-sixth,  having  left 
Joseph  to  represent  him  in  Paris.  The  wily  strategist,  feeble  as  was 
his  strength,  had  momentarily  secured  the  advantage  over  his  unwieldy 
foe,  having  wedged  himself  between  the  invading  armies,  and  being 
quite  strong  enough,  with  the  forty  thousand  i)ersons  in  his  ranks,  to 
cope  with  Bliieher. 


MARSHAL    CHARLES-PIERRE-FRANCOIS    AUGEREAU 


DUKE   OF   CAST1GL10NI-: 


>-BOM    TUK    PAINTINU    BY    RUBKRT    LKFKVKG 


CHAPTER  XII 

napoleon's  supreme  effort 

The  Fertilitx  of  GENros  —  The  Battles  of  Brlenne  and  La 
RoTHiERE  —  The  French  Retreat  —  Victory  at  Champaubert  — 
Victory  at  Montmirail  —  Victory  at  Vauchamps  —  Success  En- 
genders Delusion  —  Insincerity  of  the  Ajllies  —  Their  Clash- 
ing Interests  —  The  Congress  of  ChItillon  —  Napoleon's  Pro- 
crastination—  French  Victory  and  French  Diplomacy. 

THE  year  1814  is  the  most  astonishing  of  Napoleon's  miUtary  life,  chap^xii 
He  lii'st  conceived  a  plan  for  combining  the  resources  of  Italy,  ^^^^ 
Switzerland,  Naples,  and  France.  This  failed  by  Augereau's  sloth  and 
Murat's  ingi-atitude.  Nothing  daunted,  the  fertile  brain  then  outlined 
schemes  for  meeting  the  quick  advance  of  the  aUies  through  the  Neth- 
erlands, for  defending  the  Rhine  frontier,  and  for  a  levy  en  masse  of  the 
French  people  to  hurl  back  invasion  under  the  walls  of  Paris.  After 
taking  the  field,  the  daring  of  his  conceptions,  the  rapidity  of  his  move- 
ments, the  sui-prises  he  prepared  for  his  enemy,  the  support  he  wrung 
from  an  exhausted  land,  the  devotion  he  received  fi'om  a  panting,  ill- 
clothed  army  at  bay  —  all  are  so  uncommon  that  by  contrast  the  allies 
appear  to  be  a  lumbering,  stupid  mass.  With  another  antagonist  they 
would  have  appeared  in  a  very  different  Mght ;  Gneisenau's  clear  head, 
Bliicher's  daring,  Radetzky's  good  sense  and  courage,  together  with  the 
valor  of  the  forces  at  their  back,  would  have  won  the  goal  far  more 
easily  with  an  ordinary,  or  even  an  extraordinary,  combatant  in  Na- 
poleon's plight.  The  Emperor  of  the  French  had  not  merely  a  prestige 
woi-th  a  hundred  thousand  men,  as  he  was  fond  of  reckoning:  he  had 
an  activity  of  mind  and  body,  a  reservoir  of  resources,  which  made  his 
single  blade  cover  the  whole  circumference  of  defense  like  the  whu-ling 
spokes  of  a  fiery  wheeL 

Vol.  IV.— 13  93 


94  LIFE    OF    NAPOLEON    BONAPARTE  [Mt.U 

Chap,  xn  After  a  skirmish  for  the  possession  of  St.  Dizier,  the  campaign 
1814  opened  at  Brieune,  where  Bhichor,  hunying  to  gain  touch  with  the 
main  army  of  the  alHes,  was  caught  on  January  twenty-ninth.  The 
conflict  probably  did  not  recall  to  Napoleon  his  mock  conflicts  when  a 
school-boy  near  the  same  spot.  The  ten-ific  struggle  began  late  in  the 
afternoon,  and  lasted  in  full  fury  mitil  midnight,  when  the  Prussian 
general,  narrowly  escaping  captiu'c,  abandoned  the  town  and  hm-ried 
toward  Traunes.  Thoroughly  beaten,  he  needed  not  touch  alone,  but 
actual  union  with  the  Austrians,  and  this  he  gained  near  Bar  on  the 
Aube,  whence  Schwarzenberg  was  passing  on  toward  Auxeri'e.  Igno- 
rant of  this  success,  Napoleon  now  drew  up  his  hne  with  its  center  at 
La  Rothiere,  hoping  in  the  fii'st  place  to  hold  the  bridge  over  the  Aube 
at  Lesmont,  and  thus  secui*e  the  moral  effect  of  his  victory  at  Brienne, 
and  in  the  second  to  bring  on  another  engagement  with  Bliicher,  whom 
he  beUeved  to  be  still  isolated.  Marmont  was  at  Montierender,  Moiiier 
was  summoned  from  before  Troyes.  This  stand  of  Napoleon's  was  a 
desperate  attempt  to  overawe  the  alhed  sovereigns,  for  strategically  it 
was  fatal,  since  in  the  case  of  either  victory  or  defeat  the  French  anny 
was  in  danger  of  being  outflanked  by  Schwarzenberg's  advance,  and 
thus  cut  off  fi-om  Paris.  On  February  fii-st,  Bliicher,  reinforced  by 
twelve  thousand  of  the  Russian  guard,  attacked.  The  battle  lasted, 
with  fluctuating  success  for  the  allies,  dm-ing  two  days,  and  at  its  close 
Napoleon  safely  retreated  over  the  Aube  to  make  another  stand  at 
Troyes.  The  various  conflicts  were  terriflc;  in  the  end  Bliicher  lost 
six  thousand  dead  and  wounded,  the  French  about  four  thousand.  The 
odds  against  the  latter  were  never  less  than  two  to  one,  sometimes 
more.  Had  the  allies  first  thro\^Ti  their  full  strength  into  the  contest, 
and  had  they  then  followed  up  their  victory  by  a  weU-organized  pursuit, 
the  campaign  would  have  ended  there.  As  it  was,  they  paused,  per- 
mitted a  disorganized,  feeble  enemy  to  escape,  and  gained  nothing  fi'om 
the  bloody  conflict  except  an  ill-founded  self-confldence.  Bliicher  wrote 
on  the  evening  of  the  battle  that  they  would  be  in  Paris  within  eight 
days.  To  General  Reynier,  who  was  to  be  liberated  by  an  exchange 
of  prisoners,  the  Czar  said:  "We  shall  be  in  Paris  before  you."  A 
council  of  war  was  called  which  decided  for  an  advance  on  the  French 
capital  in  two  columns ;  to  Bliicher,  as  the  conqueror  of  La  Rothiere, 
was  assigned  the  shortest  line,  that  down  the  Mame. 

For  several  days  the  alhed  lines  moved  onwai'd,  slowly,  widely 


o 


n 


n 


^T.  44]  NAPOLEON'S    SUPREME    EFFORT  95 

scattered,  and  carelessly.  Napoleon  was  as  calm  and  undaunted  us  if  be  Chap.  xn 
had  been  tbe  victor.  Retreating  on  the  defensive  with  careful  delibera-  ish 
tion,  he  strengthened  his  forces  by  well-chosen  periods  of  rest,  and  by 
hiuTjnng  in  reinforcements  from  tlie  various  depots  about  and  beyond 
Paris.  On  the  afternoon  of  February  ninth,  when  leaving  Nogent  for 
Sezanne,  he  wrote  to  his  brother  Joseph,  whom  he  had  left  to  represent 
his  interests  at  Paris,  that  he  could  now  reckon,  all  told,  on  between 
sixty  and  seventy  thousand  men,  including  engineers  and  artillery ;  that 
he  estimated  the  Silesian  anny  under  Bliicher  at  forty-five  thousand,  and 
the  main  aiTuy  under  Schwarzenberg  at  a  hundi-ed  and  fifty  thousand, 
including  Bubua  and  the  Cossacks.  "  If  I  gain  a  victory  over  the  Si- 
lesian army,  and  put  it  out  of  account  for  some  days,  I  can  turn  against 
Schwarzenberg,  reckoning  on  the  reinforcements  you  will  send,  with 
fi'om  seventy  to  eighty  thousand  men,  and  I  think  he  cannot  oppose  me 
at  once  with  more  than  from  a  hundi'ed  and  ten  to  a  hundi'cd  and 
twenty  thousand.  If  I  find  myself  too  weak  to  attack,  I  shall  be  at 
least  strong  enough  to  hold  him  in  check  for  a  fortnight  or  three  weeks, 
and  this  would  give  me  the  opportunity  for  new  combinations."  To 
hold  Schwarzenberg  temporarily,  Oudinot  with  twenty-five  thousand 
men  was  stationed  on  the  hne  from  Provins  to  Sens,  and  Victor  with 
fourteen  thousand  was  sent  to  Nogent.  The  Emperor  himself,  with  the 
old  guard,  about  eight  thousand  strong,  with  Ney  and  MaiTaont  each 
commanding  six  thousand  infantry,  and  with  ten  thousand  cavalry 
under  Nansouty  and  Domnerc,  set  out  fi'om  Sezanne  to  try  his  for- 
tunes with  Bliicher. 

This  was  the  last  of  Napoleon's  great  strategic  schemes  which  was 
destined  to  be  crowned  with  success.  It  had  but  a  single  di'awback. 
While  Napoleon  was  still  the  boldest  man  in  war  that  ever  Hved,  as  at 
St.  Helena  he  declared  himself  to  be,  his  marshals  were  uneasy  and  de- 
pressed; Marmont,  in  this  moment  of  infinite  chance,  as  it  seemed  to 
him,  fell  into  a  panic.  The  marshal's  fears  were  not  justified,  for  his 
Emperor's  daring  was  not  foolhardy.  It  was  calculated  on  the  myriad 
chances  of  his  enemy's  opportunity  and  his  enemy's  abihty,  and  in  this 
case  it  was  perfectly  calculated.  Bliicher,  in  spite  of  Gneisenau's  con- 
tinuous warnings,  was  over-confident.  Having  dispersed  his  detach- 
ments more  than  ever,  he  had  for  two  days  been  moving  swiftl}'  in  the 
hope  of  cutting  off  Macdonald  by  a  dashing  feat  of  arms.  In  his  haste 
he  had  not  taken  up  two  Russian  corps  which  had  been  separated  fi'om 


96 


LIFE    OF    NAPOLEON    BONAPARTE  [^t.  44 


Chap,  xh  Ms  main  line,  but  on  the  contrary  he  had  left  them  so  far  out  that 
1814  they  were  beyond  support.  By  a  blunder  of  the  Czar's,  reinforce- 
ments which  had  been  promised  were  still  a  long  distance  in  the  rear. 
Schwarzenberg's  movements  were  marked  by  an  over-confident  delib- 
eration as  characteristic  of  him  as  overhaste  was  of  Bliicher.  Accord- 
ingly when  on  the  tenth  Manuont  advanced  fi'om  Sezanne,  he  found 
the  coi-ps  of  Olsusieff,  about  forty-five  hundi-ed  strong,  virtually  isolated 
at  Champaubert.  His  own  numbers  were  shghtly  superior,  and  with  a 
swift  rush  he  annihilated  the  unready  Russians.  Napoleon  was  beside 
himself  with  joy,  and  began  to  talk  of  the  Vistula  once  more  ;  but  he 
stopped  when  he  saw  how  sour  the  visages  of  Marmont  and  the  other 
marshals  grew  at  the  very  mention  of  such  an  idea.  Nevertheless,  if 
the  process  begun  at  Champaubert  could  be  continued,  victory  and  ulti- 
mate recovery  of  something  more  than  French  empire  were  assured. 
He  therefore  hiu-ried  Nausouty  and  Macdonald  on  toward  Montmirail 
for  a  second  stroke  of  the  same  kind. 

The  affair  at  Montmirail  was  more  of  a  battle  than  that  at  Champau- 
bert, for  Bliicher  had  been  able  to  gather  in  the  divisions  of  Sacken, 
York,  Kleist,  and  Kapzewitch.  The  battle  opened  about  an  hour  be- 
fore noon  on  the  eleventh  by  a  fierce  artillery  fire  from  the  French, 
behind  which  Napoleon  manoeuvered  so  as  to  concentrate  his  own  force 
against  the  Russians,  and  separate  them  from  York  with  his  Prussians. 
At  two  o'clock  Napoleon  attacked  the  Russians,  Mortier  engaging  the 
Pi-ussians  separately.  The  plan  succeeded,  and  by  nightfall  the  enemy 
was  in  full  retreat  for  Chateau-Thierry,  where  was  the  nearest  bridge 
over  the  Mame.  Napoleon  had  hoped  that  Macdonald  would  arrive 
from  La  Ferte-sous-Jouarre  in  time  to  seize  the  bridge,  cut  off  the  re- 
treat, and  make  the  victory  decisive.  But  in  spite  of  heroic  exertion, 
that  marshal  could  not  or  did  not  move  with  sufficient  rapidity  over 
the  heavy  dirt  roads.  The  flying  allies  sacked  the  town  with  awful 
cruelty,  and  destroyed  the  bridge  without  any  molestation  except  from 
the  inhabitants,  who  wreaked  then-  vengeance  on  numerous  stragglers. 
On  the  thirteenth  the  French  occupied  the  place,  repaired  the  bridge, 
and  crossed  to  the  right  bank.  Next  morning  Marmont  started  in 
pursuit  of  Bliicher. 

Somewhat  flushed  by  such  success,  Napoleon  dehberated  whether  he 
should  not  now  turn  and  attack  Schwarzenberg.  The  Emperor  thought 
these  victories  might  give  pause  to  a  mediocre  Austrian,  ever  mindful 


Mt.U]  NAPOLEON'S  SUPREME  EFFORT  97 

of  the  teirific  blows  his  country  luul  received  once  and  again  from  Chap.  xn 
France.  He  was  mistaken;  Schwarzenberg  had  moved,  though  slowly,  ism 
yet  steadily  forward.  On  the  twelfth  Victor  abandoned  the  bridge;  at 
Nogent,  and  Napoleon  sent  Macdonald  with  twelve  thousand  men  to 
join  Victor  at  Montereau.  Early  on  the  fourteenth  came  news  that 
Bliicher  had  driven  Marmont  back  to  Fromentieres.  By  noon  Napo- 
leon  had  effected  a  junction  with  this  marshal  near  Etogcs,  making  a 
famous  and  successful  flank  march  over  a  marshy  country,  a  manoeuver 
which  is  justly  considered  worthy  of  his  great  genius.  Advancing  then 
to  the  neighborhood  of  Vauchamps,  his  infantry  attacked  in  fi-ont, 
while  the  cavalry,  under  Grouchy,  outflanked  the  enemy's  line  and  fell 
on  the  rear.  Bliicher  was  apparently  doomed,  'for  he  had  only  three 
regiments  of  cavalry,  and  while  facing  one  powerful  enemy  he  would 
be  forced  to  break  the  ranks  of  another  in  order  to  open  a  line  of 
retreat.  He  solved  the  problem,  biit  at  enoi-mous  cost.  Foi-ming  his 
troops  into  a  hne  of  sohd  squares,  one  stood  to  support  the  artillery 
and  receive  the  onset  in  front,  while  the  others  dashed  at  Grouchy's 
horsemen,  each  square  standing  and  retreating  behind  the  next  alter- 
nately as  the  bloody  retreat  went  on.  At  last  the  butchery  ceased,  and 
Bliicher  fled  to  Bergeres.  The  French  pursued  only  as  far  as  Etoges. 
Napoleon  had  hoped  to  follow  all  the  way  to  Chalons,  annihilate  what 
was  left  of  Bliicher's  army,  and  then  to  return  and  throw  himself  on 
Schwarzenberg.  He  was  arrested  by  the  news  that  the  Seine  valley,  as 
far  as  Montereau,  was  in  the  hands  of  the  Austro-Russians ;  that  Oudi- 
not  and  Victor  had  been  driven  back  to  Nangis ;  in  short,  that  Paris 
was  seriously  menaced. 

It  was  long  asserted  that  in  the  three  actions  just  recorded  the 
French  far  outnumbered  theu'  opponents,  and  that  Napoleon's  general- 
ship was  consequently  inferior  to  his  high  average.  The  sufficient  an- 
swer to  this  is  in  the  facts  now  universally  accepted.  At  Champaubert 
there  were  four  thousand  eight  hundi*ed  and  fifty  French  against  four 
thousand  seven  himdred  Russians ;  at  Montmirail  there  were  twenty- 
two  thousand  seven  hundred  Russians  and  Prussians  against  twelve 
thousand  eight  hundred  French ;  and  in  the  third  engagement,  near 
Etoges,  Bliicher  had  twenty-one  thousand  five  hundi'ed  to  ten  thousand 
three  himdred.  It  is  therefore  natural  to  compare  these  three  victories 
with  those  at  Montenotte,  Millesimo,  and  Dego.  But  they  were  far 
greater.     At  forty-foui"  Napoleon  displayed  exactly  the  same  boldness. 

Vol.  rv.— 14 


98  LIFE    OF    NxVPOLEON    BONAPARTE  [.Et.  44 

Chap.  XII  steadfastness,  aud  skill  which  he  had  displayed  in  youth  ;  biit  in  addi- 
1814  tiou  he  overcame  the  stohd  enmity  of  winter,  of  variable  weather,  of 
roads  almost  impassable,  of  swampy  fields  that  were  almost  impassable 
by  reason  of  overtlowing  ditches  and  half-frozen  morasses.  He  over- 
came, too,  the  resisting  power  created  by  his  ovn\  example ;  for  here 
were  the  choicest  soldiers  of  the  Continent,  conuuauded  by  men  inured 
for  eighteen  years  to  the  hardships,  the  shifts,  the  rapidity  of  warfare 
as  he  himself  had  taught  the  art.  Momentarily  Napoleon  seems  to  have 
wondered  whether  allied  and  co-allied  Europe  had  learned  nothing  in 
half  a  generation,  and  whether  an  army  twice  and  a  haK  larger  than 
his  own,  under  veteran  generals,  was  to  withdraw  again  behind  the 
Rhine,  the  Elbe,  the  Oder,  perhaps  the  Vistula.  It  is  hard  to  believe 
that  he  dreamed  such  dreams  as  we  read  the  prosaic,  scientific,  hard 
common  sense  of  his  military  coiTespondence  between  January  twenty- 
sixth  and  February  foiu-teenth.  Yet  there  is  certainly  an  ai)pearauce  of 
self-deception  and  vacillation  in  his  political  and  diplomatic  j^lans,  due 
apparently  to  the  intoxication  of  success,  as  when  he  spoke  of  the 
Vistula  to  Marmont  after  Champaubert. 

The  innermost  thoughts  of  Metternich,  and  of  the  diplomats  associ- 
ated with  him,  are  very  hard  to  fathom.  For  two  generations  the  world 
beheved  that  after  Leipsic,  Napoleon,  in  his  sanguine  conceit,  rejected 
offer  after  offer  from  the  allies,  and  finally  perished  utterly  because  of  a 
folly  which  made  him  believe  he  could  recover  his  predominance.  There 
is  now  every  reason  to  believe  the  contrary,  and  to  suppose  that  Napo- 
leon clearly  understood  the  situation.  The  war  was  one  of  extermi- 
nation on  the  pai-t  of  the  allies;  in  the  interest  of  their  dynasties  they 
intended  not  only  to  destroy  Napoleon,  but  also  thereby  to  root  out  the 
ideas  for  which  he  was  supposed  to  stand.  By  the  hght  of  recent  me- 
mou's,  especially  those  of  Metternich  himself,  we  seem  forced  to  the 
conclusion  that  in  all  the  offers  after  Leipsic  there  was,  if  anything, 
far  less  of  reality  and  sincerity  than  in  those  between  the  armistice  of 
Poischwitz  and  the  battle.  \^Tien  Castlereagh  arrived  at  the  allied 
head<iuarters  early  in  January,  1814,  he  found  them  established  in 
Basel.  Schwarzenberg  had  found  no  difficulty  in  crossing  S^vitzel•land. 
Geneva  sun-ondered  its  keys  without  a  struggle,  and  generally  the 
Swiss  seemed  indifferent  to  the  violation  of  their  neutraUty.  As  the 
advance  continued,  it  appeared  that  the  French  were  equally  apathetic. 
Bubna  was  driven  from  before  Lyons  by  Augereau,  but  Dijon  sur- 


^T.  44]  NAPOLEON'S    SUPREME    EFFORT  99 

rendered  to  a  squad  of  cavalrymen  which,  at  the  request  of  the  con-    chap.  xii 
scieutious  mayor,  made  a  show  of  force  to  obHge  him.     It  was  not        1814 
difficult  under  such  circumstances  for  the  sovereigns  and  their  ministers 
to  convince  themselves  that  any  peace  with  Napoleon  would  be  nothing 
but  a  "ridiculous  tirmistice,"  and  that  the  Emperor  of  the  French  must, 
in  any  case,  be  utterly  overthrown. 

In  response  to  the  Frankfort  proposals,  the  pacific  Caulaincourt  had 
promptly  an-ived  to  conduct  negotiations.  The  invaders  had  almost  at 
once  suggested  that  they  must  abandon  the  Frankfort  proposals,  and 
confine  France  to  her  royal  limits;  that  is,  refuse  her  Belgium  with  the 
great  port  of  Antwerp.  So  far  they  were  agreed,  but  there  the  unanim- 
ity ceased.  The  Czar  desired  first  to  conquer  France,  and  then  leave 
her  to  choose  her  own  government;  he  intended  to  take  the  whole  of 
Poland,  and  give  Alsace  to  Francis  in  return  for  Gahcia,  thus  checking 
Austria  by  both  Prussia  and  France,  so  that  he  could  work  his  will  in 
the  Orient.  Metternich  wished  the  old  balance  of  power,  and  had  de- 
termined on  the  restoration  of  the  Boui'bons.  Francis  was  writing  to 
his  daughter  that  he  would  never  separate  her  cause  and  that  of  her 
son  from  France.  The  Prussian  king  and  ministers  desired  only  such 
an  arrangement  as  would  secure  to  their  country  what  she  had  re- 
gained. Stein  and  his  associates  wished  the  utter  htmiihation  of  then- 
foe.  Castlereagh  spoke  with  the  authority  of  a  paymaster ;  he  was  de- 
termined to  keep  the  Netherlands  fi-om  faUing  under  French  influence, 
to  restore  the  Bourbons,  and  to  estabhsh  so  nice  an  equiUbrium  in 
Eiu'ope  that  Great  Biitain  would  be  unhampered  elsewhere  in  the 
world.  There  was  to  be  no  mention  of  colonial  restitution  or  neutral 
rights.  Being  a  second-rate  statesman,  he  was  much  influenced  by 
Metternich,  and  the  two  sought  to  fonn  an  impossible  aUiance  between 
constitutional  hberty  and  feudal  absolutism. 

A  so-called  congress  was  opened  at  Chatillon  on  February  fifth.  It 
must  be  remembered  that  the  treaty  of  Reichenbach  was  still  a  secret. 
That  agreement  was  the  reahty  behind  the  congress  of  Prague,  the 
Frankfort  proposals,  and  the  meeting  at  Mannheim.  None  of  those 
gathei'ings  consequently  was  serious ;  that  at  ChatiUon  was  even  less 
so.  The  memoirs  of  Metternich  explain  all  the  facts :  Swiss  neutrality 
was  violated  by  Austrian  influence  in  order  to  restore  the  aristocratic 
constitution  of  Bern  and  the  ascendancy  of  that  canton ;  Alexander, 
posing  still  as  a  liberal,  was  angry  at  this  violation  of  international  law, 


100  LIFE    OF    NAPOLEON    BONAPARTE  [^t.  44 

Chap,  xn  and  forbade  the  restoration  of  Vaud  to  its  old  master.  Schwarzenberg's 
1814  deliberate  movements  were  due  primarily  to  timidity,  but  they  stood  in 
good  stead  Metternich's  desire  to  restore  the  Bourbons.  It  has  been 
asserted,  and  there  is  much  probability  in  the  conjecture,  that  not  only 
the  plan  adopted  for  invading  France,  but  the  slowness  of  the  Austrians 
in  advancing  toward  Langres,  toward  Troyes,  across  into  the  Seine 
valley,  together  with  the  spm-ious  activity  they  displayed  before  Mon- 
tereau,  Sens,  and  Fontainebleau,  was  part  of  a  scheme  to  wear  out  but 
not  to  exhaust  France,  and  then  compel  her  to  take  back  her  dynas- 
tic rulers.  Bliicher,  who  wanted  glory  and  revenge,  and  the  Pnissian 
Uberals,  who  desired  so  to  crush  France  that  Piaissia  might  be  fi*ee  to 
slough  off  her  militarism  and  build  up  a  constitutional  government, 
were  aUke  furious  at  being  chained  to  the  frontier.  All  these  cross- 
pm-jjoses  and  bitternesses  were  miiTored  in  the  ostentatious  proceedings 
of  the  congi-ess  of  Chatillon.  Napoleon,  either  thvining  the  facts,  or, 
more  probably,  informed  by  spies,  seemed  indifferent,  and  refused  at 
first  to  give  full  powers  to  Caulaincourt ;  finally  the  marshals,  ten-ified 
at  the  prospect  of  indefinite  war  opened  by  the  unlucky  mention  of  the 
Vistula,  made  their  influence  so  felt  that  the  Emperor  yielded. 

Maret's  name  was  long  held  up  to  detestation  as  the  instigator  of 
Napoleon's  procrastinating  policy  at  Dresden,  the  line  of  conduct  which 
seemed  to  have  made  it  possible  for  Austria  to  join  the  coalition. 
Among  the  papers  of  that  minister  is  an  account  of  his  relations  with 
Napoleon  dm-ing  the  congress  at  Chatillon,  which  displays  the  evident 
motive  of  an  attempt  to  prove  how  pacific  his  nature  really  was.  He 
declares  that  after  the  defeat  at  La  Rothiere,  Caulaincom-t  wi-ote  a 
panic-stricken  letter  demanding  full  authority  to  treat.  Maret  handed 
it  to  the  Emperor,  beseeching  him  to  yield.  Napoleon  seemed  scarcely 
to  heed,  but  indicated  a  passage  in  Montesquieu's  "  Grandem-  and  Fall 
of  the  Romans,"  which  he  happened  to  be  reading :  "  I  know  nothing 
more  magnanimous  than  the  resolution  taken  by  a  monarch  who  ruled 
in  our  time,  to  bury  himself  under  the  ruins  of  the  throne  rather  than 
accept  proposals  which  a  king  may  not  entertain.  Ho  had  a  soul  too 
lofty  to  descend  lower  than  his  misfortunes  had  hurled  him."  "  But  I, 
sire,"  rejoined  the  secretary — "I  know  something  more  magnanimous — 
to  cast  aside  your  glory  in  order  to  close  the  abyss  into  which  France 
would  fall  along  with  you."  "Well,  then,  gentlemen,  make  your 
peace,"  came  the  reply.     "  Let  Caulaincourt  make  it ;   let  him  sign 


y.    5 

O     i 


JET.  44]  NAl'ULEON'S    SUPREME    EFFORT  101 

everything  necessary  to  obtain  it.  1  can  support  the  disgi-ace,  but  do  Chap,  xu 
not  expect  me  to  dictate  my  own  humiliation."  Marct  informed  Cau-  ish 
laincourt,  but  the  latter  recoiled  before  the  responsiI)ility,  and  asked  for 
particular  instructions.  The  Emperor  persistently  refused,  but  wrote 
giving  the  minister  "  carte  blanche  "  to  take  any  measure  which  would 
save  the  capital.  Again  Caulaincourt  begged  for  details,  and  again 
Napoleon  refused,  persisting  until  Bertrand  joined  his  supplications  to 
those  of  Maret,  whereupon  he  consented  to  abandon  Belgium,  and  even 
the  left  bank  of  the  Rhine. 

The  formal  despatch  containing  these  concessions  was  to  be  signed 
next  morning,  on  February  eighth,  but  in  the  interval  came  news  of 
Bliicher's  movements.  Maret  found  the  Emperor  buried  in  the  study 
of  his  map.  "  I  have  an  entirely  different  matter  in  hand,"  was  the 
greeting ;  "  I  am  at  present  occupied  in  dcaUng  Bliicher  a  blow  in  the 
eye."  The  signature  was  indefinitely  postponed.  On  the  tenth  Alex- 
ander suspended  the  congi-ess  on  the  plea  of  Caulaincourt's  refusal  to 
state  his  own  or  accept  the  offered  terms.  Then  followed  the  three 
victories,  and  Napoleon,  on  the  night  of  the  twelfth,  wi'ote  to  Chatillon 
demanding  the  Frankfort  proposals.  Caulaincourt  urgently  besought 
the  allies  for  an  armistice,  and  begged  Napoleon  to  be  less  exacting. 
Prussia  and  Austria  were  eager  for  the  armistice,  but  Alexander  obsti- 
nately refused  to  reopen  the  congress  until  the  eighteenth,  when  every- 
thing seemed  changed,  and  all  the  allies  really  desired  peace.  Caiilain- 
coui't,  warned  by  Napoleon's  letter  of  the  twelfth,  refused  to  treat 
without  full  instructions,  and  as  he  had  none  he  began  to  procrastinate. 
In  the  end  he  bore  the  blame  for  not  having  used  the  carte  blanche 
when  he  had  it  in  order  to  save  his  country,  for  subsequently  he  had 
no  opportimity. 


Chap.  XIII 
1814 


CHAPTER  XIII 

the  great  captain  at  bay 

Victor's  Failure  at  Montereau — Schwarzenberg's  Ruse — The 
French  Advance  and  the  Austrian  Retreat — Napoleon's  Effort 
TO  Dhtde  the  Coalition — Vain  Negotiations — The  Treaty  of 
Chaumont — Blucher's  Narrow  Escape — The  Prussians  Defeated 
AT  Craonne — Napoleon's  Determination  to  Fight — His  Mis- 
fortunes AT  Laon — Dissensions  at  Blucher's  Headquarters — 
Napoleon  at  Soissons — Rheims  Recaptured — Another  Phase  m 
Napoleon's  Eclipse. 

THE  eagerness  of  the  Pi-ussians  and  the  Austrians  to  grant  an  ar- 
mistice was  at  first  due  to  the  behcf  that  Caulaincoiirt's  request 
was  a  confession  of  exhaustion;  the  Czar's  assent  to  reopening  the 
congress  on  the  eighteenth  was  wrung  from  him  by  the  military  opera- 
tions between  the  fourteenth  and  that  date.  Convinced  that  Pans  was 
menaced,  Napoleon  left  Marmont  to  hold  Bliichor,  and  starting  for  La 
Ferte-sous-Jouarre  on  the  fifteenth,  covered  fifty  miles  with  his  army 
in  a  marvelous  march  of  thirty-six  hours,  arriving  on  the  evening  of 
the  sixteenth  with  his  men  comparatively  fi*esh.  Next  morning  the 
French  began  to  advance,  and  the  Austrians  to  -svithdraw  toward 
the  Seine.  Victor  was  to  seize  Montereau  that  same  day  and  hold 
the  bridge.  Compelled  to  diive  an  Austrian  corps  out  of  Valjouan,  the 
marshal  did  not  reach  his  goal  until  six  or  seven  in  the  evening,  and 
finding  it  beset  by  the  Crown  Prince  of  Wiirtemberg  with  fourteen 
thousand  Germans,  he  merely  drove  in  the  outposts  and  then  halted 
for  the  night.  His  ardor  was  far  from  intense,  and  though  like  Mac- 
donald  at  Chateau-Thierry,  he  miglit  feel  that  he  had  done  aU  that 
could  be  demanded,  yet  he  lost  the  opportunity  of  annihilating  a  con- 
siderable portion  of  the  enemy's  force.     Simultaneously  Macdonald  had 

vn 


^T.  44]  THE    GREAT    CAPTAIN    AT    HAY  103 

now  advanced  until  he  stood  before  Bray,  while  Oudinot  on  the  left  chap.  xui 
was  before  ProWns.  Thus  far  Napoleon's  advance  had  been  a  front  isi* 
movement  to  cover  Paris,  but  that  same  day,  tlie  seventeenth,  he  drove 
Wittgenstein  fi'om  Nangis,  and  then  expected  by  a  i-ush  over  the 
bridge  at  Montereau  to  prevent  Schwarzenberg  from  extending  his 
flank  to  Foutaiuebleau,  a  move  which  would  surround  the  French 
right.  As  a  matter  of  fact,  strange  riders  speaking  curious  outlandish 
tongues,  Cossack  scouts  in  other  words,  had  appeared  for  the  first  time 
that  very  day  in  Nemours  and  Fontainebleau,  terrifying  the  inliabi- 
tants.  It  seems  highly  jn'obable  that  if  Napoleon's  force  could  have 
made  a  quick  push  from  Montereau  early  on  the  eighteenth,  it  would 
have  cut  off  a  considerable  portion  of  Schwarzenberg's  left.  In  any 
case  the  Emperor  was  deeply  incensed  by  what  he  considered  Vic- 
tor's slackness,  and  degraded  him.  The  humbled  marshal  confessed 
his  fault,  displayoug  profound  contrition,  and  was  speedily  restored 
to  partial  favor,  being  intrusted  with  the  command,  under  Ney,  of  a 
portion  of  the  young  guard. 

This  was  the  tMrd  of  the  marshals  —  Augereau,  Macdonald,  Victor, 
each  in  turn — who  since  the  opening  of  the  campaign  had  shown  a 
physical  and  moral  exhaustion  disabling  them  from  rising  to  the  heights 
of  Napoleon's  expectation.  "  We  must  pTiIl  on  the  boots  and  the  reso- 
lution of  '93,"  wrote  the  Emperor  to  Augereau ;  he  was  quite  right :  no- 
thing short  of  the  unsapped  revolutionary  vigor  of  France  could  have 
saved  his  cause.  On  the  eighteenth,  after  a  six  hours'  struggle,  the 
French  under  Gerard  and  Pajol  seized  Montereau.  Napoleon  had 
halted  at  Nangis,  and  there  Berthier  received  by  a  flag  of  truce  a  letter 
fi'om  Schwarzenberg,  declaring  that  he  had  ceased  his  offensive  march 
in  consequence  of  news  that  prehminaries  of  peace  had  been  signed  the 
day  previous  at  Chatillon.  This  was  probably  as  base  a  ruse  as  any 
ever  practised  by  Napoleon's  generals.  It  is  hkely  that  aU  the  Austrian 
marches  and  countermarches  for  ten  days  past  had  been  but  a  bustling 
semblance  calculated  for  diplomatic  effect.  Be  that  as  it  may,  before 
Napoleon's  advance  the  Austrian  commander  had  quailed,  and,  with 
the  French  at  Montereau,  his  columns  were  ah'eady  moWng  back  to 
Troyes,  where  they  were  di'awn  up  in  battle  array.  Napoleon  Avrote 
indignantly  to  Joseph  that  the  rase  was  probably  prehminary  to  a  re- 
quest for  an  ai-mistice,  and  that  he  would  now  accept  nothing  short  of 
the  Frankfort  proposals.     "At  the  first  check  the  wretched  creatures 


104  LIFE    OF    NAPOLEON    BONAPARTE  [^t.  44 

Chap,  xih  fall  on  their  knees."  Meanwhile  he  led  his  anny  over  the  river  to  No- 
1814        gent,  and  prejiared  to  attack  Schwarzeiiberg. 

But  Bliicher  had  not  been  idle;  by  superliuman  exertions  he  had 
colleett'd  and  strengthened  his  army  at  Chillous,  and  on  the  twenty- 
first  he  appeared  at  Mery  on  the  Seine,  threatening  Napoleon's  left 
tiank  in  case  of  an  advance  toward  Troyes.  By  this  time  the  flames 
of  French  patriotism  were  rekindled  in  town  and  country,  and,  the 
sokUers  being  flushed  with  victory,  it  was  clearly  the  hour,  to  strike  at 
any  hazard.  Oudinot  was  despatched  with  ten  thousand  men  to  hold 
Bliicher,  and  this  task  he  actually  accomplished,  capturing  that  portion 
of  Mery  which  lay  on  the  left  bank  of  the  river,  and  fortifying  the 
bridge-head  against  all  comers.  Marmont  bemg  at  Sezanne  with  eight 
thousand  men  to  cover  Paris,  and  Mortier  at  Soissons  with  ten  thou- 
sand to  prevent  the  advance  of  York  and  Sacken,  Napoleon  marched 
on  Troyes.  It  was  late  in  the  evening  when  his  main  army  was  di'awn 
up,  and  in  order  to  leave  time  for  his  rear  to  come  in,  he  postponed 
operations  until  the  morning.  Schwarzenberg  had  seventy  thousand  in 
line,  but  at  four  in  the  early  dawn  of  the  twenty-second,  leaving  in 
place  a  fi'ont  formation  sufficient  to  mask  his  movements,  he  decamped 
with  his  main  force  and  withdrew  behind  the  Aube. 

AiTived  at  Bar,  the  Austrian  commander  wrote  on  the  twenty-sixth 
an  admirable  letter  of  justification  for  the  course  he  had  taken.  Defeat 
would  have  meant  a  retreat,  not  behind  the  Aube,  but  the  Rhine. 
"  To  offer  a  decisive  battle  to  an  anny  fighting  with  all  the  confidence 
gained  in  small  affairs,  manoeuvering  on  its  own  territory,  with  pro- 
visions and  munitions  Avithin  reach,  and  with  the  aid  of  a  peasantry  in 
arms,  would  be  an  undertaking  to  which  nothing  but  extreme  necessity 
could  drive  me."  This  retreat  put  a  new  aspect  on  the  diplomacy  of 
Chatillon.  On  the  nineteenth  Caulaincourt  received  a  despatch  from 
Napoleon  revoking  the  carte  blanche  entirely ;  the  same  day  Napoleon 
received  an  ultimatum  from  the  congi'ess,  written  several  days  before, 
to  the  effect  that  he  was  to  renounce  all  the  acquisitions  of  France 
since  1792,  and  take  no  share  in  the  arrangements  subso({uent  to  the 
peace.  This  last  clause  being  a  covert  suggestion  of  abdication,  the  re- 
cipient flew  into  a  passion ;  when  finally  he  was  soothed  by  the  plead- 
ings of  Berthier  and  Maret,  he  gave  such  a  meaningless  reply  as  would 
enable  negotiations  to  proceed,  Imt  liis  counter-project  he  addressed 
directly  to  the  Emperor  Francis.     It  was  a  refusal  to  give  up  Antwerp 


Z      £ 


'J 


iET.  44]  THE    (lUEAT    (JAl'TAIN    AT    HAY  105 

and  Belgium,  and  an  emphatic  recun-ence  to  the  Fraukfoi-t  proposals.    Chap,  xui 
"If  we  are  not  to  lay  down  our  arms  except  on  the  oifeusive  conditions        ish 
proposed  at  the  congress,  the  genius  of  France  and  Providence  will  be 
on  our  side. " 

Napoleon's  missive  suggested  to  his  I'atlier-in-law,  as  was  its  inten- 
tion, that  a  Continental  peace  on  the  Frankfort  basis  would  leave 
France  free  to  recuperate  her  sea  power  and  continue  the  war  with 
England  alone.  This  was  the  wedge  which  for  some  time  past  the 
writer  had  been  proposing  to  diive  into  the  coalition  so  as  to  separate 
Austria  fi-om  Russia,  Castlereagh  was  very  imeasy  as  to  the  possible 
effect  of  the  message,  and  there  was  much  anxiety  among  all  the  diplo- 
mats. Their  fii-st  step  was  to  send  a  pacific  reply  and  renew  their 
request  for  an  armistice.  Napoleon  consented,  but  stipulated  that  hos- 
tilities should  proceed  during  the  preHminary  poui'i)arlers,  and  that  in 
the  protocol  a  clause  should  be  inserted  declaring  that  the  plenipoten- 
tiaries were  reassembled  at  ChatLllon  to  discuss  a  peace  on  the  basis 
proposed  at  Frankfort.  A  commission  to  aiTange  the  terms  of  the 
armistice  met  on  the  twenty-fom-th.  That  they  were  not  in  earnest  is 
shown  by  Frederick  William's  despatch  of  the  twenty-sixth  to  Bliicher, 
saying,  "  The  suspension  of  arms  will  not  take  place."  That  very  day 
also,  in  a  coimcil  of  war  held  by  the  allied  generals,  it  was  detei-mined 
to  form  an  invading  army  of  the  south.  Bliicher  was  authorized  to 
make  a  diversion  in  favor  of  the  main  army — a  move  which  he  had 
really  begun  the  day  before  by  a  march  to  the  right.  Napoleon,  leaving 
Macdonald  and  Oudinot,  with  forty  thousand  men,  to  follow  Schwarz- 
enberg,  hurried  after  Bliicher  with  his  remaining  force.  On  the 
twenty-eighth  the  commission  adjourned  its  sessions  with  a  formal 
reiteration  of  the  idtimatum  already  made  by  the  allied  powers. 

The  reason  was  that  by  that  time  its  members  beheved  Napoleon  to 
be  elsewhere  engaged.  Schwarzenberg's  army  had  checked  Oudinot, 
and  as  his  troops  recuperated  then*  strength  the  leader  recovered  par- 
tial confidence.  Bliicher  being  off  for  Paris,  with  Napoleon  on  his 
heels,  the  main  army  of  the  allies  had  then  tm-ned  on  the  forces  of 
Macdonald  and  Oudinot,  and  had  driven  them  westward  until  in  the 
pui"suit  it  reached  Troyes,  where  it  halted,  ready,  in  case  of  Bliicher's 
defeat,  to  recross  the  Rhine.  The  congress  of  Chatillou  was  formally 
reopened  on  March  first,  and  continued  its  useless  sessions  until  the 
nineteenth,  when  it  closed.     During  this  second  period  none  of  the  iui- 

VOL.  IV.— 15 


106  LIFE    OF    NAPOLEON    BONAPAKTE  [^x.  44 

CHAP.xm  portant  dignitaries,  except  Schwarzouborg  and  tlio  King  of  Pmssia, 
1^14  attended ;  the  rest  withdrew  to  Chaiimont,  where,  on  March  ninth,  the 
three  powers  signed  a  treaty  with  England,  dated  hack  to  March  first, 
liinchng  themselves,  in  retiu-n  for  an  annual  subsidy  (if  five  million 
poimds  sterhng  equallj"  divided,  that  each  would  keep  a  liunch-ed  and 
fifty  thousand  men  in  the  field,  for  twenty  years  if  necessary,  provided 
Napoleon  would  not  accept  the  boundaries  of  royal  France  —  a  futile 
stipidatiou.  This  treaty  was  the  precursor  of  that  iniquitous  triple 
alliance  between  Russia,  Austria,  and  Pmssia  which  was  destined  not 
merely  to  hamper  England  herself  so  seriously  in  the  subsequent  period 
of  history,  but  to  stop  for  some  time  the  progi"ess  of  liberal  ideas 
throughout  Em-ope. 

Bliicher  crossed  the  Mai-ne  on  February  twenty-seventh  ^ith  half 
his  force,  and  then  attempted  to  cross  the  Ourcq  in  order  to  attack 
Meaux  from  the  north.  But  he  was  checked  by  Marmont  and  Mortier, 
with  the  sixteen  thousand  men  they  already  had,  and  then,  after  six 
thousand  new  recruits  came  in  from  Paris,  he  was  forced  to  retreat. 
Should  Napoleon  amve  in  time  he  would  be  annihilated.  Accordingly 
he  hastened  up  the  valley  of  the  Om*cq  with  his  entire  force.  Napoleon 
aiTived  on  the  Marne  too  late  to  attack  Bliicher's  rear,  and  after  some 
hesitation  as  to  whether  he  should  not  return  to  complete  his  work 
with  Schwarzenberg,  he  finally  determined  that,  inasmuch  as  the  for- 
tress of  Soissons  was  secm-e,  and  Bliicher  must  therefore  retreat  to  the 
eastward,  he  could  himself  deliver  an  easy  but  staggering  blow  on  the 
Prussian  flank  when  they  should  cross  the  Aisne  at  Fismes.  Accord- 
ingly, on  March  third  the  worn-out  columns  of  the  French  passed  over 
the  Marne.  Unfoi'tunately,  Soissons  had  been  left  by  Marmont  in 
charge  of  an  inexperienced  commander,  wlio  had  sun-endered  almost 
without  resistance  when,  on  March  second,  Biilowand  Wintzengerode, 
having  come  in  from  the  Netherlands,  suddenly  ajipeared  before  the 
place.  This  stroke  of  good  fortune  enabled  Bliicher  not  merely  to  find 
a  city  of  refuge  for  his  exhausted  and  disorganized  force,  but  to  recniit 
it  by  the  two  victorious  and  elated  corps  which  thenceforth  served  him 
as  an  invalual)le  rear-guard.  Napoleon,  thwarted  again,  gave  no  out- 
ward sign  of  the  despair  he  must  have  felt,  but  crossed  the  Aisne  on 
March  fifth,  and  occupied  Rheims,  in  order  at  least  to  cut  Bliicher  off 
from  any  connection  with  Schwarzenberg.  He  then  tunied  to  join 
Marmont  and  Mortier  in  order  to  drive  Bliicher  still  farther  north,  so 


jet.u]  the  great  captain  at  bay  107 

that,  as  he  wrote  to  Josepli,  lie  mij^ht  gaiu  time  sufficient  to  return  by    chap.  xm 
Clialons  and  attack  Schwarzonljerg.  ish 

In  spite  of  all  his  tliscouragements,  Bliicher  had  no  intention  of  re- 
treating without  a  blow.  There  was  constant  friction  between  the 
Prussian  commander  and  his  subordinates,  so  that  dissension  prevented 
prompt  action.  Nevertheless,  after  much  delay  the  anny  was  got  in 
motion  to  resume  the  offensive,  the  general  plan  being  to  move  east- 
ward instead  of  withdrawing  due  north,  to  cross  the  plateau  of  Craonne, 
and,  descending  into  the  plain  north  of  Ben-y,  to  attack  the  French 
in  force  as  they  advanced  to  Laon.  Napoleon  had  expected  to  meet 
his  foe  under  the  walls  of  that  city ;  his  quick  advance  was  as  much 
of  a  surprise  to  Bliicher  as  Bliicher's  was  to  him.  The  fii'st  shock 
of  battle,  therefore,  oecm-red  at  Craonne  on  the  sixth,  when  neither 
army  was  in  reacUness.  But  Bliicher  secured  the  advantage  of  position. 
Though  he  had  only  a  portion  of  his  force,  the  troops  he  did  have  were 
on  a  comniandiug  plateau  above  the  enemy  when  the  action  began. 
The  skirmishes  of  the  first  day,  however,  were  indecisive.  Napoleon's 
knowledge  of  the  district  being  defective,  he  sought  to  secm'e  the  best 
possible  information  from  the  inhabitants.  Some  one  mentioning  inci- 
dentally that  the  mayor  of  a  neighboring  town  was  named  De  Bussy, 
Napoleon  recalled,  with  his  astounding  memory,  that  in  the  regiment 
of  La  Fere  he  had  had  a  comrade  so  named.  The  mayor  turned  out  to 
be  the  sometime  lieutenant,  and,  with  superserviceable  zeal,  the  former 
friend  poured  out  worthless  information  which  led  the  Emperor  to  be- 
Ueve  that  on  the  moiTOW  there  would  be  only  Bliicher's  rear-guard  to 
disperse.  But  it  was  not  so.  Bliicher  stiiiggled  with  his  utmost 
might  to  gather  in  his  cavalry  and  artillery,  while  Sacken,  with  the 
Russians,  stood  like  a  wall,  repelling  the  successive  sui-ges  of  Ney  and 
Victor  the  whole  day  thi'ough.  At  nightfall  the  Prussian  commander, 
finding  it  impossible  to  assemble  guns  or  horsemen  over  the  icy  fields, 
gave  orders  for  retreat,  and  his  anny  passed  on  to  Laon. 

Though  Craonne  was  a  victory,  the  losses  of  the  French  were  pro- 
poiiionately  greater  than  those  of  the  enemy,  and  the  pursuit,  though 
spirited,  gained  no  advantage.  "The  young  guard  melts  like  snow;  the 
old  guard  stands ;  my  mounted  guards  hkewise  are  much  reduced,"  were 
the  words  of  Napoleon's  private  letter.  Yet  he  pressed  on.  The  night 
of  the  seventh  he  spent  in  a  roadside  inn  under  the  sign  of  "The 
Guardian  Angel."    There  Caulainconrt's  last  messenger  from  Chixtillon 


108  LIFE    OF    NAPOLEON    BONAPARTE  [2Et.  44 

Chap,  xm  fouud  him.  The  congi'ess  was  still  sitting,  but  the  warrior  knew  the 
1814  fact  meant  and  could  mean  nothing  to  him ;  though  the  allies  had  iti- 
ereased  their  demands  in  proportion  to  their  victories,  they  had  not 
lessened  them  in  proportion  to  their  defeats.  Whatever  terms  he 
might  accept,  and  whatever  Metteruich  might  say,  this  war  he  felt  sm-e 
was  one  for  his  extermuiation.  As  he  said  then  and  there,  it  was  a 
bottomless  chasm,  and  he  added,  "  I  am  determined  to  be  the  last  it 
shall  swallow  up."  So  he  made  no  answer,  and  spent  the  night  com- 
pleting his  plans  for  bsittle  at  Laon. 

That  place  stands  on  a  terraced  hill  rising  somewhat  abruptly  from 
the  plain,  and  throughout  the  eighth  Bliicher  aiTayed  his  army  in  and 
on  both  sides  of  the  city,  which  itself  was  of  course  the  key.  Napoleon, 
being  a  firm  believer  in  such  movements  when  on  friendly  soil,  made  a 
long  night  march.  He  reached  the  enemy's  foi-e  posts  early  on  the 
ninth,  and  drove  them  in.  At  seven  Ney  and  Mortier  began  the  battle 
imder  cover  of  a  mist,  and  captured  two  hamlets  at  the  foot  of  the  hill. 
Marmout  was  on  the  right,  and  had  ah*eady  been  cut  off  from  the  center 
by  a  body  of  Cossacks ;  but  he  attacked  the  village  of  Athies.  After  a 
long  day's  hard  fighting,  he  succeeded  in  capturing  a  portion  of  it. 
Fm'ther  exertion  being  impossible,  his  men  bivouacked,  while  ho  him- 
self withdrew  to  the  comforts  of  Eppes,  a  chciteau  three  miles  distant. 
It  was  noon  when  Napoleon  learned  that  Marmout  had  been  severed 
fi'om  the  line ;  at  once  he  renewed  his  attack  on  Laon,  but  though  he 
gained  Clacy  on  his  left,  he  lost  Ardon,  and  was  thus  more  completely 
cut  off  from  Mamiont.  That  night  York  fell  upon  Marmont's  men  un- 
awares, and  routed  them  utterly. 

Napoleon  heard  of  this  disaster  shortly  after  midnight.  He  was,  of 
com-se,  deeply  agitated — did  he  dare  risk  being  infolded  on  both  sides, 
or  should  he  brave  his  fate  in  order  to  mislead  the  enemy?  He  chose 
the  desperate  coiu'se,  and  when  day  broke  stood  apparentlj^  undis- 
mayed. Even  when  two  fugitive  dragoons  arrived  and  confirmed  in  all 
its  details  the  ten-ible  news  from  Athies,  he  issued  orders  as  bold  as  if 
his  army  were  still  entire.  This  was  a  desperate  nise,  but  it  succeeded, 
for  the  pursuit  of  Marmont's  men  was  stayed.  At  four  the  main  French 
army  l)egan  its  retreat,  and  the  next  morning  saw  it  at  Soissons ;  six 
thousand  had  l)een  killed  and  wounded.  Again  Napoleon's  name  had 
stiffened  the  allies  into  inactive  hon-or,  for  they  did  not  pursue.  York 
was  so  disgusted  Avith  the  dissensions  at  Bliicher's  headquariers  that  ho 


PRINCE    CLEMENS   WENZEL  NEPOMUK    LOTHAR  VON 
METTERNICH-WINNEBURG 


M-v.U]  THE    GKEAT    CAPTAIN    AT    BAY  1()9 

threw  up  his  cdimiuiud  and  loft  for  Bnissols.  Bliiclior  was  literally  at  cnAP.xiii 
the  end  of  his  powers.  "  For  heaven's  sake,"  said  Laugcrou,  a  French  ihh 
refugee  in  the  Russian  service,  on  whom  the  command  would  have 
devolved,  "wliatever  happens,  let  us  take  the  cori)se  along."  "The 
corpse,"  with  dimmed  eyes  and  trem])ling  hands,  traced  in  gi'cat  nide 
letters  an  epistle  beseeching  York  to  return,  and  this,  indorsed  hy 
another  fi-om  the  Prince  Royal  of  Pmssia,  brought  back  the  aljle  Ijut 
testy  refugee. 

Meantime  Rhcims,  intrusted  to  a  feeble  garrison,  had  been  taken  by 
Langeron's  rear-guard  under  St.  Priest,  anotlier  French  emigrant  in 
the  service  of  the  aUies.  By  this  disaster  communication  between 
Schwarzenberg  and  Bliicher  had  been  reestabhshed.  In  the  short  day 
Napoleon  could  spend  at  Soissons,  he  took  up  twenty-five  lumdred  new 
cavahymen,  a  new  line  reguuont  of  infantry,  a  veteran  regiment  of  the 
same,  and  some  artillery  detachments.  It  is  not  easy  to  conceive  of  re- 
cuperative power  more  remarkable  tlian  that  which  was  thus  exhibited 
both  by  Franco  and  her  Emperor.  These  men  had  been  sent  forward 
from  Paris  in  spite  of  the  profound  gloom  now  prevalent  there.  The 
truth  was  at  last  known  in  the  capital ;  Joseph  was  hopeless ;  the  Em- 
press and  her  court  were  preparing  for  extremities.  News  had  come 
that  in  the  south  Soult  had  been  thrown  back  on  Toidouse;  that  in  the 
southwest  royalist  plots  were  thickening ;  that  in  the  southeast  Auge- 
reau  had  been  forced  back  to  Lyons ;  Macdonald  was  ready  to  abandon 
Provins  at  the  fii'st  sign  of  advance  by  Schwarzenberg ;  and  the  soiTy 
tale  of  Laon  was  early  unfolded.  Yet  the  administrative  machinery  was 
still  i-unuing,  and  soldiers  were  being  manufactured  from  the  available 
materials.  Those  who  had  been  sent  to  Soissons  had  been  hastily  gath- 
ered, equipx^ed,  and  diilled  almost  without  hope,  but  they  were  pre- 
cious since  they  enabled  Napoleon  to  refit  his  shattered  battaUous. 

Mannont  had  unwisely  abandoned  Berry-au-Bac,  and  that  in  dis- 
regard of  orders.  But  otherwise  he  had  done  his  best  to  make  good 
a  temporary  lapse,  and  had  got  together  about  eight  thousand  men  at 
Fismes.  His  narrative  gives  a  graphic  picture  of  the  situation — of  cUs- 
order,  confusion,  chaos  among  his  troops,  of  artillery  served  by  inex- 
perienced sailors,  of  undi'illed  companies  whose  members  had  neither 
hats,  clothes,  nor  shoes.  There  were  plenty  of  captured  uniforms  and 
head-coverings,  but  they  were  so  infested  with  vermin  that  the  French, 
sorry  as  was  their  phght,  refused  to  wear  them,  and  clung  to  their  old 


no 


LIKE    OF    NAPOLEON    UONAl'AliTE  [^t.  44 


1814 


Chap.  XIII  tattcrs.  Maniiout's  meu  were  heroes,  he  himself  was  not  yet  a  traitor. 
Thoui^h  overhonie  by  a  sense  of  Napoleon's  recklessness,  and  therefore 
unfit  for  the  desperate  self-sacrifice  which  would  have  made  hmi  a  fit 
coadjutor  for  his  chief,  he  was  prepared  to  atone  for  his  disgi-ace  at 
Athies.  Early  in  the  morning  of  the  thirteenth  the  main  French 
army  moved  from  Soissons ;  at  fom-  in  the  afternoon  Marmont  opened 
the  attack  on  Rheims.  Napoleon  himseK  had  arrived,  hut  his  troops 
were  slow  m  coming  up,  and  there  was  no  heavy  artillery  wherewith 
to  batter  in  the  gates.  The  sti-uggle  went  on  with  desperate  courage 
and  gaUantry  on  both  sides.  St.  Priest  was  lolled  by  the  same  gunner 
whose  aim  had  been  fatal  to  Moreau.  "  We  may  well  say,  O  Provi- 
dence! O  Providence!"  wrote  Napoleon  to  his  brotlier.  At  ten  the 
beleaguered  gan-ison  began  to  sally  and  flee.  Napoleon  rose  from  the 
bearskin  on  which  he  had  been  resting  before  a  bivouac  fii-e,  and  storm- 
ing with  rage  lest  his  prey  should  escape,  Inu-ried  in  the  guns,  which 
were  finally  within  reach.  Amid  awfid  tumult  and  carnage  the  place 
fell;  three  thousand  of  the  enemy  were  slain,  and  about  the  same  niun- 
ber  were  captm-ed.  Tlie  burghers  were  frenzied  with  delight  as  the 
Emperor  marched  in,  and  the  whole  city  burst  into  an  illumination. 

Next  moi-ning  Napoleon  and  Marmont  met.  The  culprit  was  loaded 
with  reproaches  for  the  affair  at  Athies,  and  treated  as  a  stern  father 
might  treat  a  careless  child.  No  better  evidence  of  the  Emperor's  low 
state  is  needed.  Mannont  was  now  the  hero  of  the  hour ;  his  pecca- 
dillos might  well  have  been  forgotten  for  the  sake  of  secm-ing  his  con- 
tinued faitlifulness.  With  Napoleon  at  his  best,  this  woidd  sm-ely  have 
been  the  case ;  but  aware  that  at  most  the  w^ar  could  be  a  matter  of 
only  a  few  weeks,  the  desperate  man  overdid  his  roh;  of  self-confidence, 
being  too  rash,  too  severe,  too  haughty.  Not  that  he  was  without  some 
hope.  Although  for  two  years  the  shadow  had  been  dechning  on  the 
dial  of  Napoleon's  fortunes,  and  althougli  under  adverse  conditions  one 
brilliant  comlnnation  after  another  had  crumbled,  yet  his  ideas  were  as 
gi-eat  as  ever,  the  adjustment  of  plans  to  changing  conditions  was  never 
more  admirable.  The  troulde  was  that  effort  and  result  did  not  cor- 
respond, and  this  being  so,  what  would  have  been  trifling  misd(>meanors 
in  jji-osperity  seemed  to  him  in  adversity  to  be  dangerous  faults.  The 
great  officers  of  state  and  army,  imitating  their  master's  ambitions,  had 
acquired  his  weaknesses,  l»ut  had  failed  in  securing  either  his  strength 
or  his  adroitness.     Witli  him  they  had  lost  that  fire  of  youth  which  bad 


^T.44]  THE    (}REAT    CAPTAIN    AT    BAY  11] 

carried  tbom  and  him  always  just  over  the  lino  of  liumaii  expectation,  chap. xni 
and  so  las  nice  adjustments  failed  in  exasperating  ways  at  the  very  turn  ish 
of  necessity.  Hard  words  and  stinging  ivpioofs  are  soon  forgotten  in 
generous  youth ;  they  rankle  in  middle  life ;  and  even  the  invigorating 
address  or  inspiring  word,  when  heard  too  often  for  twenty  years,  fails 
of  effect.  The  beginning  of  the  end  was  the  loss  of  Soissons  at  the 
critical  instant.  Napoleon  was  uncertain  and  touchy;  his  marshals 
were  honeycombed  with  disaffection ;  the  popidations,  though  flashing 
like  powder  at  his  touch,  had  nowhere  risen  en  masse.  Thereafter  the 
great  captam  was  no  longer  waging  a  well-ordered  warfare.  Like  an 
exhausted  swordsman,  he  hmged  here  and  there  in  the  gi*and  style; 
but  his  bram  was  troubled,  his  blade  broken.  Some  untapped  reser- 
vou's  of  strength  were  yet  to  be  opened,  some  untried  expedients  were 
to  be  essayed,  but  the  end  was  inevitable.  The  movement  on  Rheims 
was  the  spasmodic  stroke  of  the  dying  gladiator. 


CHAPTER  XIV 


THE  STRUGGLES  OF  EXHAUSTION 


The  Allies  Demoralized — Napoleon's  Desperate  Choice — The 
Battle  at  Arcis — The  Correspondence  of  Caulaincourt  and 
Nm'oleon — Panic  at  Schwarzenberg's  Headquarters  —  Cross- 
purposes  OF  the  Allies — N^vpoleon's  Determination  Confirmed 
— His  Over-confidence — The  Resolution  to  Abandon  Paris  — 
The  French  Brought  to  a  Stand — Their  Masioid  Retreat 
— Inefficiency  of  Marmont  and  Augereau  —  Napoleon's  March 
toward  St.  Dizier — His  Terrible  Disenchantment — How  the 
Allies  had  Discovered  Napoleon's  Plans — Their  Determina- 
tion TO  Pursue — The  Czar's  Resolution  to  ISLuich  on  Paris — 
Successful  Return  of  the  Invaders. 

chap^xiv  y  I  ^HOUCtH  iinscieiitific  as  a  military  move  and  futile  as  to  the  ulli- 
181*  J_  mate  result  of  the  war,  the  capture  of  Rheims  was,  nevertheless, 
a  teUing  thrust.  On  receipt  of  the  news  fi'om  Laon,  Schwarzenberg 
had  immediately  set  his  army  in  motion  against  Macdonald,  and  Blii- 
cher,  after  waiting  two  days  to  restore  order  among  his  worried  troops 
and  insubordinate  heutenants,  had  advanced  and  laid  siege  to  Com- 
piegne.  The  captm-e  of  Rheims  checked  the  movements  of  both  Aus- 
trians  and  Prussians ;  dismay  prevailed  in  both  camps,  and  both  annies 
began  to  tbaw  back.  The  French  halted  at  Nangis  in  their  retreat  before 
Schwarzenberg,  and  the  people  of  Compiegne  were  released  fi"om  the 
terrors  of  a  siege.  "This  ten-ible  Napoleon,"  wrote  Langeron  in  his  me- 
moirs, "  they  thought  they  saw  him  everywhere.  He  had  beaten  us  all, 
one  after  the  other ;  we  were  always  frightened  by  the  daring  of  his 
entei-prises,  the  swiftness  of  his  movements,  and  his  clever  combina- 
tions. Scarcely  had  we  fonned  a  plan  when  it  was  disconcerted  by 
him."    Besides  this,  in  obedience  to  Napoleon's  call,  the  peasantry  be- 


IK     TtlK    UuU LM^U.LIl?i     HlBKirM,    MIKI.IN 


NtlltAVi:lJ     IIV     T     JollSH'iN 


FRlHDRlCll    VVIl.HliLM   VuN    BULOW 


JEt.U]  the    STini(i(iLES    Oh'    KXllAI'STIoN  113 

gaii  an  organized  guerrilla  wai-fare,  avenging  tlie  jnllage,  iucendiarisin,  Chap.  xiv 
and  military  executions  of  tlie  allies  by  a  brutal  retaliation  in  kind  i«i4 
which  made  the  marauding  invaders  (luake.  Finally  the  momentaiy 
consternation  of  the  latter  verged  on  [)anic  when  the  report  reached 
head(iuarters  that  Bernadotte,  lying  inactive  at  Liege  with  twenty- 
tlu'ee  thousand  Swedes,  had  pennitted  a  flag  of  tru(!e  from  Joseph  to 
enter  his  presence.  Could  it  be  that  the  sly  schemer,  for  the  further- 
ance of  his  ambition  to  govern  France,  was  about  to  turn  traitor  and 
betray  the  coahtion  f 

But  the  consternation  of  the  allies  was  the  least  important  effect  of 
the  capture  of  Rheims  by  Napoleon.  It  initiated  certain  ideas  and  piu-- 
poses  in  his  own  mind  about  which  there  has  been  endless  discussion. 
Many  see  in  them  the  immediate  cause  of  his  ruin,  a  few  consider  them 
the  most  splendid  offspring  of  his  mind.  Reinforcements  from  Paris, 
slender  as  they  were,  flowed  steadily  into  his  camp;  and  when  he 
learned  that  both  Schwarzenherg  and  Blucher  had  virtually  retreated, 
he  believed  himself  able  to  cope  once  more  with  the  fomier.  Accord- 
ingly he  dictated  to  his  secretary  an  outline  of  thi'ee  possible  move- 
ments :  to  Ai-cis  on  the  Aube,  by  way  of  Sezanne  to  Provins,  and  to 
Meaux  for  the  defense  of  Paris.  The  fu-st  was  the  most  daring ;  the 
second  would  cut  the  enemy  off  from  the  right  bank  of  the  Seine,  Ijut 
it  had  the  disadvantage  of  keeping  the  troops  on  miry  cross-roads ;  the 
tlih'd  was  the  safest.  Of  course  he  chose  the  course  of  desperation — all 
or  nothing.  Leaving  Marmont  with  seven  thousand  men  at  Beny-au- 
Bac,  and  Mortier  with  ten  thousand  at  Rheims  and  Soissons,  he  en- 
joined them  both  to  hold  the  line  toward  Paris  against  Blucher  at  all 
hazards,  and  himself  set  out,  on  March  seventeenth,  for  Ai'cis  on  the 
Aube.  This  he  did,  instead  of  marching  dii-ect  to  Meaux  for  the  de- 
fense of  Paris,  because  it  would,  in  his  own  words,  "  give  the  enemy 
a  gi'eat  shock,  and  result  in  unforeseen  circumstances." 

Schwarzenberg's  movements  during  the  next  three  days  awakened 
in  Napoleon  the  suspicion,  which  he  was  only  too  glad  to  accept  as  a 
certainty,  that  the  Austro-Russian  army  was  on  the  point  of  retreating 
into  the  Vosges  or  beyond ;  and  on  the  twentieth  he  announced  his  de- 
cision of  marching  farther  eastward,  past  Troyes,  toward  the  frontier 
forts  stiU  in  French  hands.  This  idea  of  a  final  stand  on  the  confines 
of  France  and  Gennany  haunted  him  to  the  end,  and  was  the  "  will-o'- 
the-wisp"  which  intermittently  tempted  him  to  folly.     But  for  the 

Vol.  IV.- 10 


114  LIFE    OF    NAPOLEON    BONAPAKTE  [^Et.  44 

Chap.  XIV  present  its  execution  was  necessarily  postponed.  That  very  day  news 
1814  was  received  within  the  lines  he  had  established  about  Ai'cis  that  the 
enemy,  far  fi'om  retreating,  was  advancing.  Soon  the  French  cavalry 
sldnnishers  appeared  galloi)iug  in  flight,  and  were  brought  to  a  halt 
only  when  the  Emperor,  with  drawn  sword,  threw  himself  across  their 
path.  A  short,  sharp  stniggle  ensued — sixteen  thousand  French  with 
twenty-four  thousand  five  hundi'ed  of  theu"  foe.  It  was  irregular  and 
indecisive,  but  Napoleon  held  his  own.  The  neighboiing  hamlet  of 
Torcy  had  also  been  attacked  by  the  allies,  and  before  their  onset  the 
French  had  at  first  yielded.  But  the  defenders  were  rallied,  and  at 
nightfall  the  position  was  recaptiu*ed.  This  sudden  exhibition  by 
Schwarzenberg  of  what  looked  Hke  courage  puzzled  Napoleon ;  after 
long  deUberation  he  concluded  that  the  hostile  troops  were  in  all  prob- 
ability only  a  rear-guard  covering  the  enemy's  retreat.  He  was  not 
very  far  wi'ong,  but  far  enough  to  luako  all  the  difference  to  him.  The 
cii'cumstances  require  a  full  explanutiou. 

Thanks  to  Caulaincourt's  stiu'dy  persistence,  the  congress  at  Cha- 
tillon  was  still  sitting,  and  on  the  thu-teenth  the  French  delegate  wrote 
a  last  despau"ing  appeal  to  the  Emperor.  His  messenger  was  delayed 
three  days  by  the  militaiy  operations;  but  when  he  an-ived,  on  the  six- 
teenth, Maret  wrung  from  Napoleon  concessions  wliich  included  Ant- 
wei-p,  Mainz,  and  even  Alessandria.  In  the  despatch  announcing  this, 
and  wiitten  on  the  seventeenth  to  Cavdaincoiu't,  Maret  made  no  reser- 
vation except  one  :  that  Napoleon  intended,  after  signing  the  treaty, 
to  secure  for  himself  whatever  the  military  situation  at  the  close  of  the 
war  might  entitle  him  to  retain.  The  retm-n  of  the  messenger  was 
likewise  delayed  for  three  days,  and  it  was  the  twenty-first  before  he 
reached  the  outskirts  of  Chatillon.  He  arrived  to  find  Caulaincouri 
departing ;  the  second  "  carte  blanche  "  had  arrived  too  late.  With  all 
his  skill,  the  persistent  and  adroit  minister  had  been  unable  to  protract 
negotiations  longer  than  the  eighteenth.  His  appeal  having  brought 
no  immediate  response,  he  had,  several  days  earlier,  despatched  a  faith- 
ful wamiing,  and  this  reached  Napoleon  at  Fere-Champenoise  simulta- 
neously with  the  departure  of  the  messenger  for  Cliatillon.  Tlie  day 
previous  the  Emperor  had  received  bad  news  from  soutliern  France : 
that  Bordeaux  had  opened  its  gates  to  a  small  detachment  of  Eiighsh 
under  Hill,  and  that  the  Duke  of  Angouleme  had  been  cheered  by  the 
people  as  he  pubhcly  proclaimed  Louis  XVIII  King  of  France.     Ap- 


mt.u]  the  STKU(j(}Li:s  of  exhaustion  115 

parently   neitlior  this    infornuition    nor   ('aulaimoiu-t's   warning  pro-    Ciup. xiv 
foundly  impreysed  Napoleon;  he  knew  liis  Gascons  well,  his  "carte        ish 
blanche"  he  must  have  believed  to  be  in  Chatillou,  and  it  had  been  in 
biii'li  spirits  that  he  hastened  on  to  Ai*cis,  deterniined  to  make  tlie  most 
of  the  time  intervening  until  the  close  of  negotiations. 

When  news  of  Napoleon's  advance  reached  Schw^arzenl^erg's  head- 
quarters in  Troyes,  there  had  at  first  been  nothing  short  of  panic;  the 
commander  himself  was  on  a  sick-bed,  having  entirely  succumbed  to  the 
hardsliips  of  winter  warfare.  No  sooner  had  he  ordered  the  first  back- 
ward step  than  his  army  had  displayed  a  feverish  anxiety  for  farther 
retreat.  As  things  were  going,  it  appeared  as  if  the  different  corps 
woidd,  for  lack  of  judicious  leadership,  be  permitted  to  withdraw  still 
farther  in  such  a  way  as  to  separate  the  various  divisions  ever  more 
widely,  and  expose  them  successively  to  annihilating  blows  from  Na- 
poleon, like  tliose  which  had  overwhelmed  the  scattered  segments  of 
the  Silesian  army.  The  Czar  and  many  others  immediately  perceived 
the  danger.  With  faculties  unnerved  by  fear,  the  officers  foreboded  a 
repetition  with  the  Bohemian  army  of  Montmirail,  Champaubert,  and 
Vauchamps.  Rumors  filled  the  air :  the  peasantiy  of  the  Vosges  were 
rising,  the  Swiss  were  ready  to  follow  their  example ;  the  aimy  must 
withdraw  before  it  was  utterly  suxi'ounded  and  cut  off.  There  was 
even  a  report — and  so  fu^Illy  was  it  beheved  that  it  long  passed  for  his- 
tory— of  Alexander's  having  expressed  a  desire  to  reopen  the  congress. 

Schwarzenberg's  strange  hesitancy  in  the  initial  stages  of  the  inva- 
sion has  been  explained.  Beyond  his  natural  timidity,  it  was  almost 
certainly  due  to  Metternich's  politics,  which  displayed  a  desire  to  ruin 
Napoleon's  imperial  power,  but  to  save  France  either  for  the  Bourbons 
or  possibly  for  his  Emperor's  son-in-law.  If  the  Austrian  minister 
could  accompHsh  this,  he  coidd  thereby  checkmate  Pnissian  ambitions 
for  leadership  in  Germany.  But  during  the  movements  of  Februaiy 
and  March  the  actions  of  the  Austrian  general  appear  to  have  been  due 
almost  exclusively  to  cowardice.  The  papers  of  Castlereagh,  of  Met- 
ternich,  and  of  Scliwarzenberg  himself  aim  to  give  the  impression  that 
dm-iug  all  the  events  which  had  occm'red  since  the  congi'ess  of  Prague, 
everything  had  been  straightforward,  and  that  Austna  had  no  thought 
of  sparing  Napoleon  or  acting  otherwise  than  she  did  in  the  end.  Yet 
the  indications  of  the  time  are  quite  the  other  way :  the  Russians  in 
Schwarzenberg's  araiy  were  furious,  and,  as  one  of  them  wrote,  sus- 


no  LIFE    OF    NAPOLEON    HONAl'AKTE  [^t.  44 

Chap,  xtv  picioiis  "of  what  WO  are  doiug  and  what  we  are  not  domg."  Alexander, 
isH  in  this  crisis,  was  deeply  couceraed,  not  for  peace,  but  for  an  orderly, 
concenti-ated  retreat.  With  stubborn  fatalism,  he  never  doubted  the 
final  outcome;  and  dimng  liis  stay  in  Chatillon  he  had  spent  his  leisure 
hours  in  excogitating  a  careful  plan  for  the  grand  entry  into  Paris, 
whereby  the  honors  were  to  bo  his  ovm. 

Consequently,  when  on  the  nineteenth  he  hastened  to  Schwarzen- 
berg's  bedside,  it  was  with  the  object  of  persuading  the  Austrian  com- 
mander to  make  a  stand  long  enough  to  secui-e  concentration  in  retreat. 
This  idea  originated  with  the  Russian  general  Toll,  and  the  place  he 
suggested  for  concentration  was  the  line  between  Troyes  and  Pougy. 
But  the  council  was  teiTor-stricken,  and  though  willing  to  heed  Alex- 
ander's urgent  warning,  they  at  fi.rst  selected  a  position  farther  in  tlie 
rear,  on  the  heights  of  Trannes.  With  this  the  Czar  was  content,  but 
on  second  thought  such  a  course  appeared  to  the  more  daring  among 
the  Austrian  staff  as  if  it  smacked  of  pusillanimity.  Schwarzcniberg 
felt  the  force  of  this  opinion,  and  by  the  influence  of  some  one,  prob- 
ably Radetzky,  it  was  determined,  without  consulting  the  Czar,  to  con- 
centrate near  Arcis  on  the  left  bank  of  the  Aube,  in  order  to  assume 
the  offensive  at  Plancy.  This  independent  resolution  of  Schwarzen- 
berg's  staff  explains  the  j^resence  of  allied  troops  near  Arcis  and  at 
Torcy.  Alexander  was  much  incensed  by  the  news  of  the  meeting,  and 
declared  that  Napoleon's  real  purpose  was  to  hold  them  while  cutting 
off  their  connections  on  the  extreuK?  right  at  Bar  and  Chaumont.  This 
was  in  fact  a  close  conjecture.  Napoleon,  though  surprised  mto  action, 
was  naturally  confirmed  in  his  surmise  that  the  hostile  troops  were  a 
retreating  rear-guard;  and  in  consequence  he  had  definitely  adojjted 
the  most  desperate  scheme  of  his  life — the  plan  of  hurrying  toward  the 
Vosges,  of  sunnnoning  the  peasantry  to  rise  en  masse,  and  of  calling  out 
the  garrison  troops  fi*om  the  frontier  fortresses  to  reiirforce  his  army 
and  enable  him  to  strike  the  invaders  from  behind. 

By  his  retreat  to  Troyes  on  Fe])ruar7  twenty-second,  Schwarzenberg 
had  avoided  a  decisive  conflict,  saxing  his  o^vn  anny,  and  leaving  Napo- 
leon to  exhaust  himself  against  the  anny  of  Silesia ;  by  his  decision  of 
March  nineteenth  he  had  confirmed  Napoleon  in  the  conviction  that 
the  allies  were  overawed,  and  had  thus  led  his  desperate  foe  into  the 
greatest  blunder  conceivable  —  this  chimerical  scheme  of  concentrating 
his  slender,  scattered  force  on  the  confines  of  France,  and  leaving  open 


PLBLICATION  AL'THORIir.D  BY   ».,  V.  Jt  CO 


TVPOGnAVCIlE    BOCSSOO,    VAt.ADON    A    CO.,    PARIS 


"CAPTIVE. 

FROM  THF.  paintim;  ly  aldeut  riEitm  dawant 


^T.  44]  THE    STRUGGLES    OP    EXHAUSTION  117 

a  way  for  tlie  great  army  of  invaders  to  mai-cli  direct  on  Paris.  Of  crap.  xrv 
such  stuff  arc  contemporary  reputations  sometimes  constructed.  But  ism 
this  was  not  enough :  a  third  time  the  Austrian  general  was  to  stumhle 
on  gi'catness.  Napoleon's  movements  of  concentration  had  thus  far 
met  with  no  resistance,  in  spite  of  then-  temerity;  and  througliout  the 
nineteenth  the  enemy's  outposts,  wherever  found,  fled  incontinently. 
It  appeared  a  certainty  that  the  aUies  were  abandoning  the  line  of  the 
Seine  in  oi'der  to  avoid  a  blow  on  their  flank.  That  evening  Napoleon 
began  to  vacillate,  gra<lually  abandoning  his  notion  of  an  offensive 
move  near  Troyes,  and  deliberating  how  best  to  reach  Vitry  for  a  further 
advance  toward  his  eastern  fortresses.  To  avoid  any  appearance  of  re- 
treat, he  rejected  the  safer  route  by  way  of  Fere-Champenoise  to  Somme- 
sous,  and  determined  to  follow  the  com-se  of  the  Aube  for  a  while 
before  turning  northward  to  Sommepuis.  He  might  run  across  the 
enemy's  rear-guard,  but  he  counted  on  their  pusillanimity  for  the  prob- 
able retreat  of  the  very  last  man  to  Troyes.  When  Ney  and  Sebastiani 
began  on  the  twentieth  to  push  up  the  south  bank  of  the  Aube,  they 
expected  no  opposition.  That  very  morning  Napoleon  had  announced 
to  his  minister  of  war,  "  I  shall  neglect  Troyes,  and  betake  myself  in 
all  haste  to  my  fortresses." 

So  far  the  Emperor  had  made  no  exhibition  of  the  temerity  about 
which  so  much  was  later  to  be  said.  But  he  had  deceived  himself  and 
had  taken  a  wild  resolution.  Moreover,  it  is  amazing  that  he  should 
have  felt  a  baseless  confidence  in  Bliicher's  remaining  inert.  Tliis  hal- 
lucination is,  however,  clearly  expressed  in  a  despatch  to  Marmout  of 
the  very  same  date.  Yet,  nevertheless,  the  alternative  is  not  left  out 
of  consideration,  for  he  ordered  that  marshal,  in  ease  Bliicher  should 
resume  the  offensive,  to  abandon  Paris  and  hasten  to  Chalons.  This 
fatal  decision  was  not  taken  suddenly:  the  contingency  had  been  men- 
tioned in  a  letter  of  February  eighth  to  Joseph,  and  again  fi'om 
Rheims  emphatic  injunctions  to  keep  the  Empress  and  the  King 
of  Rome  from  falling  into  Austrian  hands  were  issued  to  the  same 
con'espondent.  "  Do  not  abandon  my  son,"  the  Emperor  pleaded ; 
"  and  remember  that  I  would  rather  see  him  in  the  Seine  than  in  the 
hands  of  the  enemies  of  France.  The  fate  of  Astyanax,  prisoner  to 
the  Greeks,  has  always  seemed  to  me  the  unhappiest  in  history."  The 
messenger  had  been  gone  but  a  few  hours  when  word  was  brought  that 
Bliicher  had  resumed  the  offensive,  and  a  swift  courier  was  despatched 


118  LIFE    OF    NAPOLEON    BONAPARTE  [JEr.  U 

Chap,  xtv    summoning  Marmoiit  to  Chalons.     In  this  iiltmiate  decision  Napoleon 

1814        showed  how  cosmopolitan  he  had  gi*o"«Ti :  he  had  forgotten,  if  he  had 

evei"  understood,  the  extreme  centralization  of  France ;  he  should  have 

known  that,  Paris  lost,  the  head  of  the  country  was  gone,  and  that  the 

dwarfed  limbs  could  develop  Httle  or  no  national  vitality. 

This  hitter  lesson  he  was  soon  to  leani.  On  the  momentous  after- 
noon of  the  twentieth,  as  has  been  related,  about  sixteen  thousand 
French  confi'onted  nearly  twenty-five  thousand  of  the  allies  in  the  sharp 
l>ut  indecisive  skii-mishes  before  Arcis;  the  loss  of  the  former  was 
eighteen  huudi-ed,  that  of  the  allies  twenty-seven  hundred.  In  spite  of 
the  dimensions  which  these  conflicts  had  assmned,  Napoleon  remained 
finn  in  the  behef  that  he  had  to  do  with  his  retreating  enemy's  rear- 
guard; Schwarzenberg,  on  the  other  hand,  was  convinced  that  the 
French  had  a  strength  far  be,youd  the  reahty.  Dm*ing  the  night  both 
armies  were  strongly  reinforced,  and  in  the  early  morning  Napoleon 
had  twenty-seven  thousand  five  himdred  men — quite  enough,  he  be- 
lieved, to  demoralize  the  retreating  Austrians.  It  was  ten  o'clock 
when  he  ordered  thi^  attack,  Ney  and  Sebastiani  being  directed  to  the 
plateau  behind  the  town.  What  was  theii'  surprise  and  dismay  to  find 
Schwarzenberg's  entire  army,  which  numbered  not  less  than  a  hundred 
thousand,  di-awn  up  in  battle  array  on  the  plain  to  the  eastward,  the 
infantry  in  three  dense  columns,  cavalry  to  right  and  left,  A\ith  tkree 
hundred  and  seventy  pieces  of  artillery  on  the  central  fi-ont!  The 
spectacle  would  have  been  dazzling  to  any  but  a  soldier:  the  bright 
an-ay  of  gay  accoutrements,  the  glittering  bayonets,  the  waving  banners, 
and  the  sen-ied  ranks.  As  it  was,  the  audacious  French  skirmishers 
instinctively  felt  the  incapacity  of  a  general  who  could  thus  assemble 
an  anny  as  if  on  pm-pose  to  display  its  numbers  and  expose  it  to 
destruction.  Without  a  thought  they  began  a  sort  of  challenging  ren- 
counter with  horse-artillery  and  cavalry. 

But  the  Emperor's  hopes  were  dashed  when  he  learned  the  tnith  ; 
with  equal  numbers  he  would  have  been  exultant ;  a  battle  with  odds 
of  four  to  one  he  dared  not  i"isk.  Sebastiani  was  kept  on  the  heights 
to  mask  the  retreat  which  was  instantly  determined  upon,  and  at  half- 
past  one  it  began.  This  nise  was  so  successful,  by  reason  of  the  alarms 
and  crossings  incident  to  the  withdrawal  of  the  French,  that  the  alhes 
were  again  terror-stricken;  even  tlic  Czar  rejected  every  suggestion 
of  attack;  again  force  was  demoralized  by  genius.     At  last,  however, 


mt.u]  the  struggles  op  exhaustion  119 

scouts  brought  word  that  columns  of  French  soldiers  were  debouching  chap.  xiv 
beyond  the  Aube,  and  the  facts  were  plain.  Even  then  the  paralyzed  i^u 
invaders  feared  to  attack,  and  it  was  not  until  two  thirds  of  Napoleon's 
force  was  behind  the  stream  that,  after  fierce  fighting,  the  French  rear 
was  cMven  fi'oni  the  town.  Oudinot's  coi-ps  was  the  last  to  cross  the 
river,  and,  standing  until  sappers  had  destroyed  the  bridge,  it  huiried 
away  to  follow  the  main  column  toward  Vitiy.  The  divisions  of  Gerard 
and  Macdouald  joined  the  march,  and  there  were  then  forty-five  thou- 
sand men  in  hue. 

While  Napoleon  was  tlius  neutraUziug  the  efforts  of  amiies  and 
generals  by  the  renown  of  his  name,  two  of  of  his  marshals  were  finally 
discredited.  Enfeebled  as  Bliicher  appeared  to  be,  he  was  no  sooner 
fi'eed  from  the  awe  of  Napoleon's  proximity  than  he  began  to  move. 
On  the  eighteenth  he  passed  the  Aisne,  and  Marmont,  disobeying  the 
explicit  instructions  of  Napoleon  to  keep  open  a  line  of  retreat  toward 
Chalons,  began  to  withdi"aw  toward  Fismes,  where  he  effected  a  junc- 
tion with  Mortier.  His  intention  was  to  keep  Bliicher  from  Paris  by 
false  manoeuvers.  Rheims  and  Epernay  at  once  fell  into  hostile  hands; 
there  was  no  way  left  open  toward  Chalons  except  the  long  detour  by 
Chateau-Thieny  and  Etoges ;  and  Bliicher,  it  was  found,  was  hui'rying 
to  effect  a  connection  with  Schwarzenberg.  This  was  an  assiu'ed  check- 
mate. Meantime  Angereau  had  displayed  a  similar  incapacity.  On  the 
eighth  he  had  begam  a  number  of  feeble,  futile  movements  intended  to 
prevent  the  allies  from  forming  their  Army  of  the  South.  But  after  a 
few  aimless  marches  he  retm-ned  to  Lyons,  and  stood  there  in  idleness 
until  his  opponents  had  completed  their  organization.  On  the  twentieth 
the  place  was  assaulted.  The  French  general  had  twenty-one  thousand 
five  hundred  men  under  his  immediate  command,  six  thoxisand  eight 
hundred  Catalonian  veterans  were  on  their  way  fi-oni  Peipignan,  and  at 
Chambery  were  seven  thousand  more  from  the  armies  of  Tuscany  and 
Piedmont.  The  assailants  had  thirty-two  thousand,  mostly  raw  troops. 
With  a  stout  heart  in  its  commander,  Lyons  could  have  been  held  until 
the  reinforcements  arrived,  when  the  ai-my  of  the  alUes  would  probably 
have  been  annihilated.  But  there  was  no  stout  heai-t  in  any  of  the  au- 
thorities ;  not  a  spade  had  been  used  to  thi'ow  up  fortifications ;  the 
siege-gims  ready  at  A\ngnon  had  not  been  brought  up.  Augereau,  at 
the  very  height  of  the  battle,  summoned  the  civil  authorities  to  a  con- 
sultation, and  the  imwarlike  biu'ghers  assented  without  a  murmur  to 


120  LIFE    OF    ^Ai'ULEON    BONAPARTE  [^t.  44 

Chap,  xtv  his  suggostiou  of  evacuiitioii.  The  great  capital  of  eastern  France  was 
1814  delivered  as  a  pilze  to  those  who  had  not  earned  it.  Had  Suchet  been 
substituted  for  Augereau  some' weeks  earlier,  the  course  of  history 
might  have  been  diverted.  But  although  Naiwleon  had  contemplated 
such  a  change,  he  shrank  from  disgracing  an  old  servant,  and  again,  as 
before  Leipsic,  displayed  a  kmtUy  spirit  destructive  to  his  cause. 

The  night  after  his  retreat  from  Arcis,  Napoleon  sent  out  a  recon- 
uaissauce  to  Vitry,  and  finding  it  garrisoned  by  Prussians,  swerved 
toward  St.  Dizier,  which,  after  a  smart  combat,  he  entered  on  the 
twenty-thii'd.  This  placed  him  midway  between  the  hues  of  his 
enemy's  commuuication  both  from  Strasbm'g  aud  from  Basel ;  wliich 
of  the  two,  he  asked  himself,  would  Schwarzenberg  return  to  defend  ? 
Thinking  only  how  best  to  bait  liis  foe,  he  set  his  army  in  motion 
northward;  the  anxious  Austrian  would  certainly  struggle  to  retain 
the  hne  in  greatest  danger.  This  illusion  continued,  French  cavahy 
scoured  the  coimtry,  some  of  the  Chatillon  diplomats  were  captured, 
and  the  Emperor  of  Austria  had  a  narrow  escape  at  Bar.  It  seemed 
strange  that  the  country-side  as  far  as  Langi-es  was  deserted,  but  the 
fact  was  apparently  explained  when  the  news  came  that  the  enemy 
were  in  force  at  Vitry ;  probably  they  had  abandoned  Troyes  and  had 
disregarded  Bricune  for  the  pm-pose  of  diverting  him  fi'om  his  pui'pose. 

Alas  for  the  self-deception  of  a  ruined  man !  The  enemy  at  Vitry 
were  a  body  of  eight  thousand  Russian  cavalry  from  the  Silesian  aniiy, 
sent,  under  Wintzengerode,  to  dog  Napoleon's  heels  and  deceive  him, 
just  as  they  actually  did.  Having  left  Vitry  on  the  twenty-eighth,  they 
were  moving  toward  St.  Dizier  when  Napoleon,  believing  that  they 
formed  the  head  of  a  powerful  hostile  column,  fell  upon  them  with 
needless  fuiy,  and  all  too  easily  put  them  to  liight;  two  thousand 
were  captm-ed  and  five  hundred  killed.  Thanks  to  Mai-mont's  disobe- 
dience and  bad  judgment,  Bliicher  had  opened  communications  with 
Schwarzenberg,  and  both  were  marching  as  swiftly  as  possible  du-ect 
to  Paris.  Of  this  Napoleon  remained  ignorant  until  the  twenty-eighth. 
From  his  prisoners  the  Emperor  first  gained  a  hint  of  the  appalling 
ti-uth.  It  was  impossible  to  believe  such  reports.  Orders  were  issued 
for  an  immediate  retmn  to  Vitry  in  order  to  secui'e  rehable  infoiina- 
tion.  Anived  before  the  place,  Napoleon  called  a  council  of  war  to 
decide  whether  an  attempt  to  stonn  it  should  be  made.  In  the  moment 
of  dehberation  news  began  to  an-ive  in  abundance :  captured  despatches 


KAVKIt     IIY    CIIABLE8    HT&TK 


HENRI-JACaUES-GUlLLAUME    CLARKE 

COUNT   D'HUNEBOURG,   DUKE   OF   FELTRE 

(marshal    of    FRANCE    UNDIiR    FOUIS    XVIll) 

FROM    THE    PAINTINti    BY     UflLLAVMK-DnftlR^-JORF.ril     IIRSCAMPS 


^T.  44]  THE    STRUGGLES    OF    KXIIAI'STION  121 

and  bulletins  of  the  enemy,  confinncd  by  definite  information  from  the    chap.  xiv 
inhabitants  of  the  surrounding  country.     There  could  no  longer  be  any       i8i4 
doubt:  the  enemy,  with  an  advantage  of  three  days'  march,  was  on  his 
way  to  Paris.     The  futility  of  his  eastward  movement  appears  to  have . 
struck  Napoleon  like  a  thunderbolt.     Paris  abandcmed  in  theory  was 
one  thing;  France  virtually  decapitated  by  the  actual  loss  of  its  capital 
was  quite  another.   The  thought  was  unendurable.    Mounting  his  horse, 
the  imhappy  man  spuiTed  back  to  St.  Dizier,  and  closeted  himself  in 
silent  conmiuning  ^\^th  liis  maps. 

The  allies  had  not  at  first  divined  Napoleon's  purpose.  Indeed, 
then*  movements  in  passing  the  Aube  and  on  the  day  following  were  lit- 
tle better  than  random  efforts  to  fatliom  it.  But  on  the  morning  of  the 
twenty-third  two  important  messengers  were  captured — one  a  couiier 
from  Berthier  to  Macdonald  with  despatches  stating  exactly  where  Na- 
poleon was;  the  other  a  rider  with  a  short  note  from  Napoleon  to  his 
Empress,  containing  a  statement  of  its  writer's  plans.  This  famous 
paper  was  lost,  for  Bliicher,  after  having  read  it,  let  the  rider  go.  But 
the  extant  Grerman  translation  is  doubtless  acciu-ate.  It  runs :  "  My 
fi-iend,  I  have  been  aU  day  in  the  saddle.  On  the  twentieth  I  took 
Ai'cis  on  the  Aube.  The  enemy  attacked  at  eight  in  the  evening.  I 
beat  him,  killed  fom'  thousand  men,  and  captui'ed  four  cannon.  On 
the  twenty-first  the  enemy  engaged  in  order  to  protect  the  march  of 
his  colmnns  toward  Brienne  and  Bar  on  the  Aube.  I  have  resolved  to 
betake  myself  to  the  Marne  in  order  to  draw  off  the  enemy  fi'om  Paris 
and  to  approach  my  fortifications.  I  shall  be  this  evening  in  St.  Dizier. 
Adieu,  my  friend;  kiss  my  boy."  Savaiy  declares  that  there  was  a 
final  phrase :  "  This  movement  makes  or  mars  me." 

The  menace  to  then-  lines  of  communication  at  fii'st  produced  con- 
sternation in  the  council  of  the  aUies.  The  first  proposition  laid  before 
them  was  that  they  should  retvu'n  on  parallel  lines  and  recover  their 
old  bases.  Had  this  scheme  been  adopted.  Napoleon's  strategy  would 
have  been  justified  completely  instead  of  partially  as  it  was ;  nothing 
but  a  miracle  could  have  prevented  the  evacuation  of  France  by  the 
invaders.  But  a  second,  calmer  thought  detennined  the  invaders  to 
abandon  both  the  old  Hnes,  and,  opening  a  new  one  by  way  of  Chalons 
into  the  Netherlands,  to  make  the  necessary  detom-  and  fall  on  Napo- 
leon's rear.  Francis,  for  the  sake  of  keeping  close  touch  ^\dth  his  own 
domains,  was  to  Join  the  Army  of  the  South  at  Lyons.     Although  there 

Vol.  IV.- 17 


122  LIFE    OF    NAPOLEON    BONAPAUTE  [.Ex.  44 

Chap.  XIV  is  110  proof  to  suppoi't  the  coujectiu-e,  it  seems  as  if  the  Czar  and  the 
1814  Iviug  of  Prussia  had  suggested  this  so  that  both  Francis  and  Metter- 
nich  might  be  removed  fi-om  the  mihtary  councils  of  the  allies  in  order 
that  the  more  warhke  party  might  in  then-  absence  take  decisive  mea- 
sures. That  night  a  package  of  letters  to  Napoleon  from  tlie  imperial 
dignitaries  at  Paris  fell  into  the  hands  of  the  invaders.  The  "vvTiters, 
each  and  all,  expressed  a  profound  despondency,  Savary  in  particular 
asserting  that  everything  was  to  be  feared  shoidd  the  enemy  approach 
the  capital.  Next  morning,  the  twenty-foiu'th,  the  junction  between 
Bliicher  and  Schwarzenberg  was  completed.  Francis  and  Metternich 
being  absent,  Schwarzenberg,  listening  to  warhke  advice,  determined  to 
start  immediately  in  piu'suit  of  Napoleon  and  seek  a  battle.  The  march 
was  begun,  and  it  seemed  as  if  Napoleon's  wild  scheme  was  to  be  com- 
pletely justified.     He  had  certainly  displayed  profound  insight. 

Alexander,  however,  had  been  steadily  hardening  his  purpose  to  an- 
nihilate Napoleon.  For  a  week  past  Vitrolles,  the  well-known  royahst 
agent,  had  been  at  his  headquarters ;  the  accounts  of  a  steady  gi-owth 
in  royalist  strength,  the  efforts  of  Napoleon's  hfelong  foe,  Pozzo  di 
Borgo,  and  the  budget  of  despondent  letters  from  the  Paris  officials, 
combined  to  temper  the  Czar's  mystical  humor  into  a  determination  of 
steel.  Accordingly,  on  the  same  day  he  summoned  his  personal  mili- 
tary advisers,  Barclay,  Wolkonsky,  Diebitsch,  and  Toll;  then,  pointing 
out  on  a  map  the  various  positions  of  the  troops  engaged  in  the  cam- 
paign, he  asked,  significantly  and  impressively,  whether  it  were  best  to 
pm"sue  Napoleon  or  march  on  Paris.  Barclay  supported  the  former  al- 
ternative ;  Diebitsch  advised  dividing  the  army  and  doing  both ;  but 
Toll,  with  powerful  emphasis,  declared  himself  for  the  second  course. 
The  Czar  Hstened  enthusiastically  to  what  was  near  his  own  heart,  and 
expressed  himself  strongly  as  favoring  it ;  the  others  jdelded  with  the 
eagerness  of  courtiers,  and  Alexander,  mounting  his  horse,  spurred  after 
Frederick  William  and  Schwarzenberg.  The  new  plan  was  unfolded; 
the  Prussian  king  supported  it ;  Schwarzenbei'g  hesitated,  but  jaelded. 
That  night  orders  were  issued  for  an  al)out-face,  a  long  explanatory 
despatch  was  sent  to  Bliicher,  and  on  the  twenty-fifth  the  combined 
armies  of  Bohemia  and  Silesia  were  hmTying  with  measured  tramp 
toward  Paris.  For  the  first  time  there  was  general  enthusiasm  in  their 
ranks.  Bliicher,  who  from  his  uiiicinitted  ardor  had  won  the  name  of 
Marshal  Forward,  was  transported  with  joy. 


iET.  44]  THE    STRUGGLES    OF    EXHAUSTION  123 

Tlie  two  armies  marched  on  parallel  lines,  and  met  with  no  resist-  Cuap.  xrv 
ance  of  any  importance,  except  as  the  various  skinnishcs  eual)led  the  isw 
irregular  French  soldiers  to  disjilay  a  desperate  courage,  not  only  the 
untried  "  Marie  Louises  "  coming  out  from  Paris,  but  various  bodies  of 
the  national  guard  convoying  provision-trains.  It  was  the  twenty-fifth 
before  Marmont  and  Mortier  effected  their  junction,  and  then,  although 
about  sixteen  thousand  strong,  they  were  steadily  forced  back  tlirough 
Fere-Champenoise  and  xlllemant  toward  Charenton,  which  was  under 
the  very  walls  of  Paris.  Marmont  displayed  neither  energy  nor  common 
sense  on  the  retreat :  liis  outljang  companies  were  cut  off,  and  strate- 
gic points  which  might  have  been  held  were  utterly  neglected.  The 
army  with  which  he  reached  Paris  on  the  twenty-ninth  should  have 
formed  an  invaluable  nucleus  for  the  fonnation  and  incorporation  of 
the  numerous  volunteers  and  in-egular  companies  which  were  available ; 
but,  like  its  leader,  it  was  entirely  demorahzed.  Ledru  des  Essarts, 
commander  of  Meaux,  was  obliged  on  the  twenty-seventh  to  abandon 
his  charge,  a  mihtary  depot  full  of  ammunition  and  supplies,  which 
was  essential  to  the  safety  of  Paris.  The  ganison  consisted  of  six 
thousand  men,  but  among  them  were  not  more  than  eight  hundred 
veterans,  hastily  collected  from  Marmont's  stragglers,  and  the  new  con- 
scripts were  ill-conditioned  and  badly  commanded.  Although  the  gen- 
erals drew  up  their  men  with  a  bold  front  to  defend  the  passage  of  the 
Marne,  the  undisciplined  columns  were  overwhelmed  with  teiTor  at  the 
sight  of  Bliicher's  anny,  and,  standing  only  long  enough  to  blow  up 
the  magazines,  fled.  They  fought  gallantly,  however,  on  their  retreat 
throughout  the  twenty-eighth,  but  to  no  avail ;  one  position  after  an- 
other was  lost,  and  they  too  bivouacked  on  the  evening  of  the  twenty- 
ninth  before  the  gates  of  the  capital.  It  is  a  weak  cm-iosity,  possibly, 
but  we  must  wonder  what  would  have  occiuTed  had  Marmont,  instead 
of  retreating  to  Fismes  on  the  eighteenth,  withdi'awn  to  Rheims,  where 
he  and  Mortier  could  at  least  have  checked  Bliicher's  unauthorized  ad- 
vance, and  perhaps  have  held  the  army  of  Silesia  for  a  time,  when  the 
moral  effect  would  probably  have  been  to  justify  Schwarzenberg  and 
confirm  his  project  for  the  pursuit  of  Napoleon.  In  that  case,  more- 
over, the  precious  information  of  Napoleon's  letter  to  his  consoi-t  would 
not  have  fallen  into  his  enemies'  hands.  Would  destiny  have  paused 
in  its  career? 


CHAPTER  XV 

THE  BEGINNING   OF  THE  END 

Napoleon's  Problem  —  The  Military  Situation  —  A  Council  op 
War  and  State — The  Return  to  Paris  —  Prostiuting  News 
—  The  Empress-Regent  and  her  Advisers  —  Traitors  Within  — 
Talleyrand — The  Defenders  of  the  Capital  —  The  Flight  of 
THE  Court  —  The  Allies  before  the  City. 


Chap.  XV  ri ^iiE  [)tilli(l,  silcut  Emporor  at  St.  Dizier  was  closeted  witli  consider- 
1814  JL  atious  like  these.  He  knew  of  the  defeat  which  forced  Mai-mout 
and  Mortier  back  on  Paris ;  the  loss  of  the  capital  was  imminent ;  par- 
ties were  in  a  dangerous  state ;  his  marshals  were  growing  more  and 
more  slack ;  he  had  failed  in  transferring  the  seat  of  war  to  Lon-aine ; 
the  information  he  had  so  far  received  was  ahnost  certainly  colored  by 
the  medium  of  scheming  followers  through  which  it  came.  What  sin- 
gle mind  could  gi-apple  vnth  such  affairs?  It  was  not  because  the 
thwarted  man  had  lost  his  nerve,  but  because  he  was  calm  and  clear- 
minded,  that  he  felt  the  need  of  frank,  dispassionate  advice  on  all  these 
matters.  On  the  other  hand,  there  stood  forth  in  the  clearest  light  a 
single  fact  about  which  there  could  be  no  doubt,  and  it  alone  might 
counterbalance  all  the  rest:  the  peoples  of  northern  and  eastern  France 
■were  at  last  aroused  in  l)ehalf  of  his  cause.  For  years  all  Em'ope  had 
nmg  with  outcries  against  the  outrages  of  Napoleon's  soldiery;  the 
allied  armies  no  sooner  became  invaders  in  their  turn  than  they  began 
to  outstrip  their  foe  in  eveiy  deed  of  shame ;  in  particular,  the  Siivage 
lifinds  from  Russian  Asia  indulged  their  inhuman  passions  to  the  full, 
wliile  the  French  peasantiy,  rigid  with  hoiTor,  looked  on  for  the  mo- 
ment in  paralysis.  Now  they  had  l)egun  to  rtse  in  mass,  and  from  tlie 
twenty-fiftli  to  the  twenty-eiglitli  their  volunteer  companies  brought  in 
a  thousand  prisoners.     The  dejiots,  trains,  and  impedimenta  of  eveiy 


MARSHAL   HTIENNE-IACQUES-JOSEPH-ALEXANDRli   MACDONALl) 


|)l:ki-;  of  tarkntum 


KKOU    TIIK    rAINTINO    flV    JACQUIM-LOiriH    DAVIU 


^T.  44]  THE    BE(iINNING    OF    THE    END  125 

sort  which  the  alhos  abandoned  on  tm-ning  westward  fell  into  the  hands    Chap.  xv 
of  a  peasant  soldiery,  many  of  whom  were  armed  with  shot-ginis.     The        i8i4 
rising  for  Napoleon  was  coniparaljle  only  to  that  which  earher  years  had 
seen  in  the  Vendee  on  behaK  of  the  Bom-bons. 

Besides,  all  the  chief  cities  of  the  district  were  now  in  the  hands  of 
more  or  less  regular  troops;  Dunette  was  marching  from  Metz  with 
four  thousand  men ;  Broussier,  from  Strasbm-g  with  five  thousand ; 
Verdxm  could  fiu-nish  two  thousand,  and  several  other  fortresses  a  hke 
number.  Souhani  was  at  Nogent  with  his  division,  Allix  at  Auxerre 
with  his ;  the  army  at  the  Emperor's  disposal  could  easily  be  reckoned 
at  seventy  thousand.  Assisted  by  the  partizan  bands  which  now  hung 
in  a  passion  of  hatred  on  the  skirts  of  the  invaders,  and  by  the  national 
uprising  now  fairly  under  way,  could  not  the  Emperor-general  hope  for 
another  sticcessful  stand  ?  He  well  knew  that  the  fear  of  what  had 
happened  was  the  specter  of  his  enemy's  council-board;  they  would,  he 
reckoned,  be  rendered  over-cautious,  and  give  him  at  least  a  fortnight 
in  which  to  manoeuver  before  the  fall  of  Paris  could  be  expected. 
Counting  the  men  about  Vitry  and  the  garrison  reinforcements  at  only 
sixty  thousand,  the  combined  armies  of  Suchet,  Soult,  and  Augereau  at 
the  same  number,  that  of  Marmont  at  fourteen  thousand,  and  the  men 
in  the  various  depots  at  sixteen  thousand,  he  would  have  a  total  of  a 
hundred  and  fifty  thousand,  from  which  he  could  easily  spare  fifty 
thousand  to  cut  off  every  hne  of  retreat  from  his  foe,  and  still  have  left 
a  hundred  thousand  wherewith  to  meet  their  concentrated  force  on  a 
basis  of  something  like  equality.  Prom  the  pui'ely  strategic  x)oint  of 
view,  the  march  of  the  allies  to  Paris  was  sheer  madness  unless  they 
could  count  on  the  exhaustion  of  the  population  right,  left,  and  behind. 
If  the  national  uprising  could  be  organized,  they  would  be  cut  off  from 
all  reinforcement  and  entrapped.  Already  their  numbers  had  been  re- 
duced to  a  hundred  and  ten  thousand  men.  Napoleon  with  a  hunth-ed 
thousand,  and  the  nation  to  support  him,  had  a  fair  chance  of  annihilat- 
ing them. 

It  was,  therefore,  not  a  mere  hallucination  which  led  him  to  hope 
that  once  again  the  tangled  web  of  affau's  might  be  severed  by  a  sweep 
of  the  soldier's  saber.  But  of  course  in  the  crisis  of  his  great  decision  he 
could  not  stand  alone;  he  must  be  sure  of  his  lieutenants.  Accordingly, 
after  a  few  hours  of  secret  communing,  he  summoned  a  council,  and 
laid  before  it  his  considerations  substantially  as  enimierated.     Those 


126  LIFE    OF    ^■A^ULEON    BONAPARTE  [^Et.  41 

Chap.  XV  present  were  Berthier,  Ney,  Lefebvre,  Caiilaincoiirt,  and  Maret;  Oudinot 
1814  and  Macdonald,  at  Bar  on  the  Ornain  and  Perthes  respectively,  were 
too  distant  to  arrive  in  time,  but  he  beheved  that  he  knew  their  opinion, 
which  was  tliat  the  war  should  be  continued  either  in  Lorraine  or  from 
a  center  of  operations  to  be  establislied  at  Sens,  From  this  conclusion 
Macdonald  did  not  once  waver ;  Oudinot  had  begun  to  hedge :  then-  ab- 
sence, therefore,  was  unimportant.  Berthier  was  verging  on  despera- 
tion, and  so  was  Caulaiucourt,  who,  since  leaving  Chatillon,  had  been 
vainly  strugghng  to  reopen  negotiations  for  peace  on  any  terms ;  Ney, 
though  physically  brave,  was  not  the  stuff  from  wliich  martyi's  are 
made,  and  Lefeb\Te,  natm'ally  weak,  was  laboring  under  a  momentary 
attack  of  senility.  The  council  was  imperative  for  j)eace  at  any  price ; 
the  Emperor,  having  foreseen  its  temper,  had  little  difficulty  m  taking 
the  mihtary  steps  for  caiTying  out  its  behests. 

Early  in  the  morning  of  March  twenty-eighth  the  army  was  set  in 
motion  toward  Paris.  The  line  of  march  was  to  be  through  Bar  on  the 
Aube,  Troyes,  and  Fontainebleau,  a  somewhat  circuitous  route,  chosen 
apparently  for  three  reasons :  because  the  region  to  be  traversed  would 
still  afford  sustenance  to  the  men,  because  the  Seine  would  protect  its 
right  flank,  and  because  the  dangerous  point  of  Meaux  was  thus  avoided. 
Such  a  conclusion  is  significant  of  the  clearest  judgment  and  the  nicest 
calculation.  Pages  have  been  written  about  Napoleon's  hallucinations 
at  the  close  of  his  career;  neither  here  nor  in  any  of  the  courses  he 
adopted  is  there  aught  to  sustain  the  charge.  At  breakfast-time  a 
squad  of  jubilant  peasants  brought  in  a  prisoner  whom  they  believed 
to  be  no  less  a  person  than  the  Comte  d'Artois.  In  reaUty  it  was 
Weissenberg,  an  Austrian  ambassador  on  his  way  to  Loudon.  He 
was  promptly  hberated  on  parole  and  despatched  with  letters  to  Francis 
and  Mettemich.  By  a  curious  adventiu'e,  VitroUes  was  in  the  minister's 
suite  disguised  as  a  serving-man,  but  he  was  not  detected. 

At  Doulevant  Napoleon  received  cipher  despatches  fi-om  La  Valette, 
the  postmaster-general  in  Paris,  a  trusted  friend.  These  were  the  fii'st 
communications  since  the  twenty-second;  the  writer  said  not  a  moment 
must  be  wasted,  the  Emperor  must  come  quickly  or  all  would  be  lost. 
His  decision  once  taken,  Napoleon  had  grown  more  feverish  with  every 
hour;  this  message  gave  wings  to  his  impatience.  With  some  regard 
for  such  measures  as  would  preclude  his  capture  by  wandering  bands  of 
Cossacks,  he  began  almost  to  fly.     New  couiiers  were  met  at  Doulain- 


128  LIFE  OF  NAPOLEON  BONAPARTE  [Mt.  U 

Chap.  XV  coiirt  with  despatches  which  contained  a  full  history  of  the  past  few 
1814  days;  in  consequence  the  troops  were  spurred  to  fi'esh  exertions,  their 
marches  were  doubled,  and  at  nightfall  of  the  twenty-ninth  Troyes  was 
reached.  Snatching  a  few  brief  hours  of  sleep,  Napoleon  at  dawn  next 
morning  thi*ew  discretion  to  the  winds,  and  started  with  an  insufficient 
escort,  determined  to  reach  Villeneuve  on  the  Vanne  before  night. 
The  task  was  performed,  but  no  sooner  had  he  arrived  than  at  once 
he  flung  himself  into  a  post-chaise,  and,  with  Caulaincoui't  at  his 
side,  sped  toward  Paris;  a  second  vehicle,  with  tlu'ee  adjutants,  fol- 
lowed as  best  it  might ;  and  a  third,  containing  Goiu'gaud  and  Lefebvre, 
brought  up  the  rear.  It  will  be  remembered  that  Gourgaud  was  an  able 
artillerist;  Lefebvre,  it  was  hoped,  could  rouse  the  subm-ban  populations 
for  the  defense  of  Paris.  At  Sens  Napoleon  heard  that  the  enemy  was 
ready  to  attack ;  at  Fontainebleau  that  the  Empress  had  fled  toward 
the  Lou'e;  at  Essonnes  he  was  told  that  the  decisive  battle  was  raging; 
and  about  ten  miles  from  the  capital,  at  the  wretched  posting-station 
of  La  Cour  de  France,  deep  in  the  night,  fell  the  fatal  blow.  Paris  had 
surrendered.  The  terrible  certainty  was  assured  by  the  bearer  of  the 
tidiugs,  BeUiard,  a  cavalry  officer  despatched  with  his  troop  by  Mortier 
to  prepare  quarters  for  his  own  and  Mai"mout's  men. 

Maria  Louisa  had  played  her  role  of  Empress-regent  as  well  as  might 
be  expected  fi'om  a  woman  of  twenty-three  with  slender  abilities ;  only 
once  in  his  letters  did  the  Emperor  chide  her,  and  that  was  for  a  fault 
venial  in  Em-opean  royalty :  receiving  a  high  oflicial,  in  this  case  the 
arch-chancellor,  m  her  bedchamber.  On  the  whole,  she  had  been  digni- 
fied and  conciliatory ;  once  she  rose  to  a  considerable  height,  pronoim- 
cing  before  the  senate  wiih.  great  effect  a  stuTing  speech  composed  by 
her  husband  and  forwarded  from  his  headquarters.  About  her  were 
grouped  a  motley  council :  Joseph,  gentle  but  efficient ;  Savary,  under- 
handed and  un warlike ;  Clarke,  working  in  the  war  ministry  like  a  ma- 
chine; Talleyrand,  secretly  plotting  against  Napoleon,  whose  title  of 
vice-grand  elector  he  wore  with  outward  suavity;  Cambaceres,  wise 
but  unready;  Montahvet,  adroit  but  cautious.  Yet,  while  there  was 
no  one  combining  ability,  enthusiasm,  and  energy,  the  equipment  of 
troops  had  gone  on  with  gi'eat  regulai'ity,  and  each  day  regiments 
of  half-diilled,  half-equipped  recruits  had  departed  for  the  seat  of  war. 
The  national  guards  who  ganisoned  the  city,  some  twelve  thousand  in 
all,  had  forgotten  their  imperialism,  having  gi-own  very  sensitive  to  the 


IN    Tilt;   Ml  »i:i  M   ui'    viJtnAILt.i:» 


l;MiIlAVi:D    IIY    T.    JOUSSON 


MARSHAL   AUGUST-FR^D^RIC-I.OUIS  VIESSH   DH   MARMONT 


DUKU   Ul-    KAOUSA 


yu'iii   Tilt:   i-AisTix(i    iiv  ji:A!<-nArTurrK-rAUMN'    hhiSkin 


^T.  44]  THE    BEGINNING    OF    TlIK    END  129 

shafts  of  royalist  wit;  yet  they  held  theu*  peace  and  had  performed  chap,  xv 
the  round  of  their  duties.  Eveiything  had  outwardly  been  so  quiet  i8i4 
and  regular  that  Napoleon  actually  contemplated  a  new  levy,  but  the 
emptiness  of  the  arsenals  compelled  him  to  dismiss  the  idea.  Theo- 
retically a  fortified  military  depot,  Paris  was  really  an  antiquated  for- 
tress with  arsenals  of  useless  weapons.  Spasmodic  efforts  had  been 
made  to  throw  up  redoubts  before  the  walls,  but  they  had  failed  fi-om 
lack  of  energy  in  the  militaiy  administration. 

A  close  examination  of  what  lay  beneath  the  surface  of  Parisian 
society  revealed  much  that  was  dangerous.  Talleyrand's  house  was  a 
nest  of  intrigue.  Imperial  prefects  Uke  Pasquier  and  Chabrol  were 
calm  but  perfimctoiy.  The  Talleyrand  cu'cle  gi-ew  larger  and  bolder 
every  day.  Moreover,  it  had  influential  members  —  De  Pradt,  Louis, 
Vitrolles,  Royer-Collard,  Lambrecbt,  Gregoire,  and  Garat,  together  with 
other  high  fiuictionaries  in  all  departments.  Bom-rienne  developed 
gi'eat  activity  as  an  extortioner  and  briber ;  the  gi*eat  royahst  irrecon- 
cilables,  Montmorency,  Noailles,  Denfort,  Fitz- James,  and  Montesquiou, 
were  less  and  less  careful  to  conceal  then"  activity.  Jaucomi;,  one  of 
Joseph's  chamberlains,  was  a  spy  carrying  the  latest  news  from  head- 
quarters to  the  plotters.  "  If  the  Emperor  were  killed,"  he  wrote  on 
March  seventeenth,  "  we  should  then  have  the  King  of  Rome  and  the 
regency  of  his  mother.  .  .  .  The  Emperor  dead,  we  could  appoint  a 
council  which  woidd  satisfy  all  opinions.  Bum  this  letter."  The  pro- 
gram is  clear  when  we  recall  that  the  httle  King  of  Rome  was  not 
thi-ee  years  old.  Napoleon  was  well  aware  of  the  increasing  chaos,  and 
smartly  reproved  Savary  fi'om  Rheims. 

But  Talleyrand  was  undaunted.  At  first  he  appears  to  have  desired 
a  violent  death  for  Napoleon,  in  the  hope  of  fm-thering  his  own  schemes 
during  a  long  imperial  regency.  At  all  events,  he  ardently  opposed  the 
departm*e  of  the  Empress  and  the  King  of  Rome  fi-om  Paris.  Never- 
theless it  was  he  who  despatched  Vitrolles,  the  passionate  royahst,  to 
Nesseh'ode  with  a  letter  in  invisible  ink  which,  when  deciphered,  tmTied 
out  to  be  an  inscrutable  riddle  capable  of  two  interpretations.  "  The 
bearer  of  this  deserves  all  confidence.  Hear  him  and  know  me.  It  is 
time  to  be  plain.  You  are  walking  on  crutches;  use  your  legs  and  wiU 
to  do  what  you  can."  Lannes  had  long  before  stigmatized  the  unfi-ocked 
bishop  as  a  mess  of  filth  in  a  silk  stocking;  Murat  said  he  could  take  a 
kick  from  behind  without  showing  it  in  his  face ;  in  the  last  meeting 

Vol.  rv.— 18 


130 


LIFE    OF    NAPOLEON    BONAPARTE  [^t.  44 


Chap.  XV  of  the  council  of  state  before  the  renewal  of  hostilities,  Napoleon  fixed 
1814  his  eyes  on  the  sphinx-like  cripple  and  said :  "  I  know  I  am  leaving  in 
Paris  other  enemies  than  those  I  am  gomg  to  fight."  His  fellow-con- 
sphators  were  scarcely  less  hitter  in  then-  dislike  than  his  avowed  ene- 
mies. "You  don't  know  the  monkey,"  said  Dalberg  to  Vitrolles;  "he 
would  not  risk  burning  the  tip  of  his  paw  even  if  aU  the  chestnuts 
were  for  hunself."  Yet,  master  of  intrigue,  he  pm'sued  the  even  tenor 
of  his  com-se,  scattering  innuendos,  distributing  showers  of  anonjonous 
pamphlets,  smuggUug  Enghsh  newspapers  into  the  city,  in  fact  workiug 
every  wu'e  of  conspiracy.  Sui-prised  by  the  Minister  of  Pohcc  ui  an 
equivocal  meeting  with  De  Pradt,  he  burst  out  into  hollow  laughter, 
his  companion  joined  in  the  peal,  and  even  Savary  himself  found  the 
men'iment  infectious. 

Toward  the  close  of  March  the  populace  displayed  a  perilous  sensi- 
tiveness to  all  these  influences.  The  London  "  Times"  of  March  fifteenth, 
which  was  read  by  many  in  the  capital,  asked  what  pity  Bliicher  and 
the  Cossacks  would  show  to  Paris  on  the  day  of  their  vengeance,  the 
editor  suggesting  that  possibly  as  he  wrote  the  famous  town  was  aheady 
in  ashes.  Such  suggestions  created  something  very  like  a  panic,  and  a 
week  later  the  climax  was  reached.  When  the  fugitive  peasants  from 
the  smTounding  country  began  to  take  refuge  in  the  capital  they  found 
business  at  a  standstill,  the  shops  closed,  the  streets  deserted,  the 
householders  preparing  for  flight.  From  the  twenty-third  to  the 
twenty-eighth  there  was  no  news  from  Napoleon;  the  Empress  and 
council  heard  only  of  Marmout's  defeat.  They  felt  that  a  decision  must 
be  taken,  and  finally  on  the  twenty-eighth  the  imperial  officials  held  a 
council.  The  facts  were  plainly  stated  by  Clarke;  he  had  but  forty- 
three  thousand  men,  all  told,  wherewith  to  defend  the  capital,  and  in 
consequence  it  was  determined  to  send  the  Empress  and  her  son  to 
Rambouillet  on  the  very  next  day.  This  fatal  decision  was  taken  partly 
through  fear,  but  largely  in  deference  to  Napoleon's  letter  containing 
the  classical  allusion  to  Astyanax.  The  very  men  who  took  it  behoved 
that  the  Parisian  masses  woidd  have  died  for  the  young  Napoli'on,  and 
deplored  the  decision  they  had  reached.  "Behold  what  a  fall  m  his- 
toiy!"  said  Talleyrand  to  Savary  on  parting.  "To  attach  one's  name 
to  a  few  adventures  instead  of  affixing  it  to  an  age.  .  .  .  But  it  is  not 
for  everybody  to  be  engulfed  in  the  ruins  of  this  edifice."  From  that 
hour  the  restoration  of  the  Bom'bons  was  a  certainty. 


^T.  44]  THE    BEGINNING    OF    THE    END  i;31 

It  was  a  mournfiil  pi'ocession  of  imperial  ean-iagos  which  next  chap,  xv 
morning  filed  slowly  through  the  city,  attracting  slight  attention  from  isu 
a  few  silent  onlookers,  and  passed  on  toward  Ram])ouillet.  The  bahy 
king  had  shrieked  and  clutched  at  the  doors  as  he  was  torn  away  fi'om 
his  apartments  in  the  Tuileries,  and  would  not  be  appeased ;  his  mother 
and  attendants  were  in  consternation  at  the  omen,  and  all  thoughtful 
persons  who  considered  the  situation  were  convinced  that  the  dissolu- 
tion of  the  Empu'e  was  at  hand.  A  deputation  from  the  national  guard 
had  sought  in  vain  to  dissuade  the  Empress  from  her  course ;  their  fail- 
ure and  the  distant  booming  of  cannon  produced  wide-spread  de- 
pression throughout  the  city,  which  was  not  removed  by  a  spirited 
proclamation  from  Joseph  declaring  that  his  brother  was  on  the  heels 
of  the  invaders.  All  the  pubhc  functionaries  seemed  inert,  and  every- 
body knew  that,  even  though  the  populace  should  rise,  there  was  no 
adequate  means  of  resistance  either  in  men  or  in  aims  or  in  proper 
fortifications. 

Clarke  alone  began  to  display  energy;  with  Joseph's  assistance, 
what  preparations  were  possible  at  so  late  an  horn*  were  made ;  six 
companies  were  formed  from  the  recruits  at  hand,  the  national  guard 
was  put  under  arms,  the  students  of  the  polytechnic  school  were  called 
out  for  service,  communication  with  Marmont  was  secured,  and  by  late 
afternoon  Montmartre,  Belleville,  and  St.  Denis  were  feebly  fortified. 
The  allies  had  been  well  aware  that  what  was  to  be  done  must  be  done 
before  the  dreaded  Emperor  should  arrive,  and  on  that  same  morning 
theu'  vanguard  had  summoned  the  town ;  but  during  the  parley  their 
generals  began  to  feel  the  need  of  greater  strength,  and  f rusher  asked  an 
ai-mistice  of  four*  hours.  This  was  granted  on  the  usual  condition  that 
within  its  duration  no  troops  should  be  moved ;  but  the  imphed  promise 
was  perfidiously  broken,  and  at  nightfall  both  Alexander  and  Frederick 
William,  accompanied  by  their  forces,  were  in  sight  of  the  far-famed 
city.  Dangers,  hardships,  bygone  insults  and  hmniliations,  all  were 
forgotten  in  a  general  tumult  of  joy,  wrote  Danilevsky,  a  Russian  offi- 
cer. Alexander  alone  was  pensive,  well  knowing  that,  should  the  city 
hold  out  two  days,  reinforcements  fi'om  the  west  might  make  its  cap- 
tm'e  impossible  until  Napoleon  should  anive.  Accordingly  he  took  rvv- 
tual  command,  and  issued  stringent  orders  preparatory  for  the  assault 
early  next  morning. 


CHAPTER  XVI 

the  fall  of  paeis 

The  Battle  before  Paeis — The  Aemistice — The  Position  of  Mar- 
MONT — Legitimacy  and  the  Bourbons  —  The  Provisional  Gov- 
ernment— Napoleon's  Fury — Suggestions  of  Abdication — Napo- 
leon's New  Policy  Foreshadowed — His  Troops  ant)  Officers — 
The  Treason  of  Marmont — The  Marshals  at  Fontainebleau 
— Napoleon's  Despair. 

chap^xat  ~|~1R0]\I  early  dawn  until  midday  on  March  tliii'tieth  the  fighting  be- 
1*1*  _L  fore  Paris  was  almost  continuous,  the  assailants  displaying  an 
assm'ance  of  victory,  the  defenders  showing  the  courage  of  despair. 
Marmont  and  Mortier  kept  their  ranks  in  order,  and  the  soldiers  fought 
gallantly ;  elsewhere  the  militia  and  the  hoys  emulated  each  otlier  and 
the  regulars  in  steadfastness.  But  when,  shoi-tly  after  noon,  it  became 
evident  that  Paris  was  doomed  to  fall  Ijefore  superior  force,  Joseph,  as 
deputy  emperor,  issued  to  Marmont  full  powers  to  treat,  and  followed 
the  Empress,  whom  he  overtook  at  Chartres,  far  beyond  Rambouillet, 
where  she  had  expected  to  halt.  She  had  determined,  for  gi"eater 
safety,  to  cross  the  Lou'e.  At  four  in  the  afternoon  the  Piiissians 
captured  Montmartre,  and  prepared  to  bombard  fi-om  that  height ;  at 
the  same  moment  the  last  ranks  of  the  alUcd  armies  came  up. 

Mai-mont  felt  fm-ther  resistance  to  be  useless ;  his  line  of  retreat 
was  endangered,  and  he  had  special  directions  not  to  expose  the  city  to  a 
sack.  There  was  still  abundant  courage  in  the  citizens,  who  stood  beliind 
the  banicades  within  the  gates  clamorous  for  arms  and  ammmiition. 
A  messenger  came  galloping  in  with  the  news  that  Napoleon  was  but 
half  a  day  distant.  The  lookouts  now  and  then  espied  some  general 
riding  a  white  horse,  and  called,  "  'T  is  he !  "  But  for  all  the  enthu- 
siasm, the  expected  "  he  "  did  not  appear.     Further  carnage  seemed  use- 


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^T.  44]  THE    FALL    OF    PARIS  133 

less,  siuce  French  honor  had  been  vindicated,  and  when  the  war-worn  chap.  xvi 
Marmont  withdi-ew  into  the  town  he  was  received  as  one  who  had  done  i«i4 
what  man  could  do.  Negotiations  once  fau-ly  begun,  the  aUics  a])an- 
donod  the  hard  conditions  with  which  they  opened  the  parley,  and 
displayed  a  sense  of  great  reUef.  Then-  chief  representative.  Count 
Orloff,  behaved  with  much  consideration.  Recognizing  the  force  of  the 
French  plea  that  their  army  was  quite  strong  enough,  if  not  to  defend 
the  city  another  twenty-f  oiu*  hours,  at  least  to  contest  it  street  by  street 
until,  arrived  at  last  on  the  left  bank  of  the  Seine,  they  could  regain 
Fontainebleau  in  safety,  Orloif  assented  to  what  were  virtually  the 
stipulations  of  Marmont  and  Mortier.  The  terms  adopted  made  pro- 
vision for  an  armistice,  assui'ed  kind  treatment  to  the  city,  and  permitted 
the  withdrawal  of  the  troops. 

Throughout  the  afternoon  and  evening  Marmont's  house  was  the 
rendezvous  of  the  negotiators  and  of  the  few  pohtical  personages  left 
in  the  city.  There  was  the  freest  talk :  "  Bonaparte  "  was  conquered ; 
the  Bom^bons  would  be  restored ;  what  a  splendid  man  was  this  Mar- 
mont !  Some  weeks  earlier  the  marshal  had  been  significantly  informed 
by  his  brother-in-law  PeiTCgaux,  a  chamberlain  of  Napoleon's,  that  in 
case  of  a  restoration  he  and  Macdonald  would  be  spared,  whatever  hap- 
pened to  the  other  gi'eat  imperial  leaders.  Talleyrand  had  ostensibly 
taken  flight  with  his  colleagues,  but  by  an  interesting  coincidence  his 
coachman  had  sought  the  wrong  exit  fi'om  the  city,  and  had  been 
turned  back.  That  night  he  appeared  in  Marmont's  presence  with 
direct  overtures  from  the  Bourbons.  His  interview  was  short,  and  he 
seemed  to  have  gained  nothing;  but  he  had  an  air  of  victory  as  he 
withdrew.  He  saw  that  Marmont  was  consumed  with  vanity,  feehng 
that  the  destinies  of  France,  of  Napoleon,  of  all  Europe,  perhaps,  were 
in  his  hands  alone.  This  was  much.  Passing  through  the  corridors, 
the  sly  diplomatist  respectfully  greeted  Prince  Orloff,  and  begged  to  lay 
his  profoimd  respects  at  the  feet  of  the  Czar.  "  I  shall  not  forget  to 
lay  this  blank  check  before  his  majesty,"  was  the  stinging  retort. 
Talleyrand  smiled  almost  imperceptibly  with  his  lips,  and  went  his 
way.  But  Alexander  said  on  hearing  the  facts:  "As  yet  this  is  but 
anecdote;  it  may  become  history." 

The  triumphal  entry  of  the  allies  into  Paris  began  next  morning, 
Mar(ih  thu-ty-first,  1814,  at  seven  o'clock.  It  was  headed  by  Alexander 
and  Frederick  William,  now  universally  regarded  as  the  Czar's  satellite 


134  LIFE    OF    NAPOLEON    BONAPARTE  [^t.  44 

Chap.  XVI  Idug.  Fraucis  was  in  Dijon ;  he  was  represented  by  Schwarzenberg. 
1814  The  three  leaders,  with  their  respective  staff  officers,  were  solemnly  re- 
ceived by  a  deputation  of  the  ninnicipal  authorities.  Their  soldiers 
were  orderly,  and  there  was  no  pillage  or  hcense.  Crowds  of  royahsts 
thronged  the  streets  acclaiming  the  conquerors  and  shouting  for  Louis 
XVin.  Throughout  the  afternoon  Talleyrand  and  Nesselrode  were 
closeted  in  the  former's  palace;  and  when,  toward  evening,  they  were 
joined  by  the  Czar  and  the  King,  both  of  whom  had  devoted  the  day  to 
ceremony,  the  diplomats  had  ah-eady  agreed  that  France  must  have  the 
Boui'bons.  The  sovereigns  had  actually  been  deceived  by  the  noisy 
royalist  manifestations  into  believing  that  France  welcomed  her  in- 
vaders, and  they  assented  to  the  conclusion  of  the  ministers.  A  formal 
meeting  was  instantly  arranged ;  there  were  present,  besides  the  mon- 
archs  and  their  ministers,  Schwarzenberg,  Lichtenstein,  Dalberg,  and 
Pozzo  di  Borgo.  Alexander  assumed  the  presidency,  but  TallejTand, 
with  consiunmate  skill,  monopolized  the  dehberations.  The  Czar  sug- 
gested, as  various  bases  for  peace,  Napoleon  under  all  guaranties,  Maria 
Louisa  as  regent  for  the  King  of  Rome,  the  Boiu'bons,  and,  it  is  beheved, 
hinted  at  Bernadotte  or  the  republic  as  possibilities.  Of  all  these 
courses  there  was  but  one  which  represented  the  notion  of  legiti- 
macy with  which  Alexander  had  in  the  coahtion  identified  himself,  and 
by  which  alone  he,  with  his  shady  title,  could  hope  to  assert  authority 
in  western  Eiu'ope.  This  was  expounded  and  emphasized  by  the  wily 
TaUcyi'and  with  tremendous  effect.  The  idea  of  the  republic  was  of 
com-se  relegated  to  ol)livion ;  of  Bernadotte  there  could  not  well  be  a 
serious  question.  If  France  wanted  a  mere  soldier,  she  ah*eady  had  the 
foremost  in  the  world.  Napoleon  still  alive,  the  regency  would  be  only 
another  name  for  his  continued  nile;  the  Bourbons,  and  they  alone, 
represented  a  principle.  There  was  little  difficulty,  therefore,  in  reach- 
ing the  decision  not  to  treat  with  Napoleon  Bonaparte  or  vnth.  any 
member  of  his  family. 

This  was  the  gi-eat  schemer's  first  stroke ;  his  second  was  equally 
brilliant :  the  servile  senate  was  appointed  to  create  a  provisional 
government  and  to  construct  a  new  constitution,  to  be  guaranteed  by 
the  allies.  That  body,  however  obsequious,  was  still  French ;  even  the 
extreme  radicals,  as  represented  by  Lain6  of  Bordeaux,  had  to  acknow- 
ledge this.  The  new  and  sulisei'vient  administration  was  at  work 
within  twenty-four  hours ;  Talleyrand,  with  his  two  creatui'es,  Dalberg 


^T.  44]  THE    FALL    OF    PAKI.S  135 

and  Jaucourt,  Montesquiou  the  royalist,  aud  Bom*nonvillo,  a  recalcitrant  cuap.  xvi 
imperialist,  constituting  the  executive  commission.  Two  days  later  the  ish 
legislature  was  summoned,  and  seventy-nine  deputies  responded.  After 
considerable  debate  they  pronounced  Napoleon  overthrown  for  having 
violated  the  constitution.  The  municipal  council  and  the  great  imperial 
offices,  with  their  magistrates,  gave  then-  assent.  The  heart  of  the  city 
appeared  to  have  been  transformed :  on  the  street,  at  the  theater,  every- 
where, the  wliite  Bourbon  cockades  and  ribbons  bm-st  forth  like  blos- 
soms in  a  premature  spring.  But  outside  the  focus  of  agitation,  and  in 
the  subm'bs,  the  populace  murmured,  and  sometimes  exhibited  open 
discontent.  In  proportion  to  the  distance  west  and  south,  the  country 
was  correspondingly  imperial,  obeying  the  imperial  regency  now  estab- 
Ushed  at  Blois,  which  was  summoning  recruits,  issuing  stining  procla- 
mations, and  keeping  up  a  brave  show.  In  a  way,  therefore,  France 
for  the  moment  had  three  governments,  that  of  the  allies,  that  of  the 
regency,  and  that  of  Napoleon  himself. 

When,  in  the  latest  hom*s  of  March  thirtieth.  Napoleon  met  Belhard, 
and  heard  the  disastrous  report  of  what  had  happened,  he  gave  full 
vent  to  a  frightful  outburst  of  wrath.  As  he  said  himself  in  calmer 
moments,  such  was  his  anger  at  that  time,  that  he  never  seemed  to  have 
known  anger  before.  Forgetful  of  all  his  own  shortcomings,  he  raged 
against  others  with  a  fury  bordering  on  insanity,  and  could  find  no 
lauguage  vile  or  blasphemous  enougli  wherewith  to  stigmatize  Joseph 
and  Clarke.  In  utter  self-abandonment,  he  demanded  a  carriage. 
There  were  noise  and  bustle  in  the  stable.  With  a  choked,  hoarse  voice 
the  seeming  maniac  called  peremptorily  for  haste.  No  vehicle  ap- 
peared. Probably  Caulaincoiu-t  had  dared  to  cross  his  Emperor's 
command  for  the  sake  of  his  Emperor's  safety.  Finally  Napoleon 
strode  forth  into  the  darkness  toward  Paris.  Questioning  and  storm- 
ing as  he  walked,  he  denounced  his  two  marshals  for  their  haste  in 
surrendering.  His  attendants  reasoned  in  vain  until,  a  mile  beyond 
La  Cour  de  France,  Mortier's  vanguard  was  met  marching  away  mider 
the  terms  of  the  convention,  and  Napoleon  knew  that  he  was  face 
to  face  with  doom;  to  advance  farther  would  mean  imprisonment  or 
worse.  General  Flahaut  was  therefore  sent  to  seek  Marmont's  advice, 
and  Caulaincourt  hm-ried  away  to  secm-e  an  audience  with  the  Czar. 
There  were  still  wild  hopes  which  would  not  die.  Perhaps  the  capitu- 
lation was  not  yet  signed,  perhaps  Caulaincourt  could  gain  time  if 


136  LIFE    OF    NAPOLEON    BONAPARTE  [^r.  44 

Chap.  XVI  nothing  else,  perhaps  by  sounding  the  tocsin  and  ilhiniinating  the  town 
1814  the  popuUice  and  national  guard  wovdd  he  led  to  rise  and  aid  the  army. 
The  reply  from  Marmont  came  as  swiftly  as  only  discouraging  news  can 
come;  the  situation,  he  said,  was  hopeless,  the  pubhc  depressed  hy  the 
flight  of  the  court,  the  national  guard  worthless ;  he  was  coming  in  with 
the  twenty  thousand  troops  still  left  to  himself  and  Mortier.  Napo- 
leon, now  calm  and  collected,  issued  careful  orders  for  the  two  mar- 
shals to  take  position  between  the  Essonne  and  the  Seine,  then*  left  on 
the  former  stream,  their  right  on  the  latter,  the  whole  position  pro- 
tected by  these  rivers  on  the  flanks,  and  by  the  Yonne  in  the  rear.  It 
was  clear  there  was  to  be  a  great  battle  under  the  walls  of  Paris.  Mac- 
douald  was  the  only  general  who  advised  it;  Berthier,  Drouot,  Bel- 
liard,  Flahaut,  and  Groui"gaud  all  wished  to  retm'n  into  LoiTaine;  but 
the  divisions  were  coming  in  swiftly,  and  in  the  short  midnight  hour 
before  returning  to  Fontainebleau,  Napoleon's  decision  was  taken. 

On  the  afternoon  of  Apidl  fii-st  the  Emperor  rode  fi-om  Fontainebleau 
to  Marmont's  headquarters.  While  he  was  in  the  very  act  of  congi'atu- 
lating  Mannont  on  his  gallantry,  the  commissioners  who  had  signed  the 
capitulation  arrived  and  opened  theii*  budget  of  news.  They  told  of 
the  foi-mal  entiy  by  the  alhes,  of  their  resolution  not  to  treat  with  Na- 
poleon, and  declared  that  the  white  cockade  of  the  Boiu'bons  was  every- 
where visible.  Napoleon  grew  pensive  and  somber  as  he  listened,  and 
then,  almost  without  speaking,  rode  sadly  back  to  Fontainebleau.  Next 
morning  he  was  cheerful  again,  and  as  he  stepped  into  the  White  Horse 
com*t  of  the  palace  at  the  hour  of  guard-mounting  two  battalions  cheered 
him  enthusiastically.  His  step  was  elastic,  his  countenance  lighted  with 
the  old  fire;  the  onlookers  said,  "It  is  the  Napoleon  of  Potsdam  and 
Schonbrunn."  But  in  the  afternoon  Caulaincourt  returned,  and  the  sky 
seemed  darkened ;  the  Czar  had  listened  to  the  envoy's  eloquence  only 
so  far  as  to  take  into  consideration  once  again  the  question  of  peace 
with  the  Empire  uuder  a  regency;  as  a  condition  antecedent,  Napoleon 
must  abdicate. 

The  stricken  man  could  not  hear  his  faithful  servant's  report  with 
equanimity.  He  restrained  his  violent  impulses,  but  used  harsh  words. 
Soon  it  seemed  as  if  ideas  of  a  strange  and  awful  form  were  mastering 
him,  the  gloomy  intei-view  was  ended,  and  the  Emperor  dismissed  his 
minister.  For  such  a  disease  as  his  there  was  no  remedy  but  action ; 
next  morning  two  divisions,  one  each  of  the  old  and  young  guard,  ar- 


IS    TUK    PUSSKSSIDN    OF     GCOR<.It:    CLINTO.N 


MARSHAL    MICHEL    NEY 

DUKE    OF   ELCHINGEN,   PRINCE   OF   THE    MOSKWA 


FBOM    COPY    Of   THK    I'AINTINO    UX    JRANyolS    UEKAKU 


iET.  44]  THE    FALL    OF    PARIS  137 

rived,  and  they  were  di'awn  up  for  review.  Napoleon,  in  splendid  garb  chap.  xvi 
and  with  a  Ijrilliaut  suite,  in  which  were  two  marshals,  Ney  and  Mon-  isw 
cey,  went  through  the  ceremony.  At  its  close  he  gathered  the  officers 
present  into  a  gi'oup,  and  explained  the  situation  in  his  old  incisive 
phrase  and  vibrating  tones,  closing  with  the  words :  *'  In  a  few  days  I 
am  going  to  attack  Paris ;  can  I  count  on  you  ?  "  There  was  dead 
silence.  "Am  I  right  ? "  rang  out,  in  a  final  exhausting  effort,  the 
moving  call  of  the  gi'eat  actor.  Then  at  last  came  the  hearty,  ringing 
response  so  breathlessly  expected.  "  They  were  silent,"  said  General 
Petit  in  gentle  tones,  "  because  it  seemed  needless  to  reply."  Napoleon 
continued:  "We  will  show  them  if  the  French  nation  be  master  in 
their  own  house,  that  if  we  have  long  been  masters  in  the  dwelhngs  of 
others  we  will  always  be  so  in  our  own."  As  the  officers  scattered  to 
their  posts  and  repeated  the  "  httle  corporal's  "  words,  the  old  "  growl- 
ers," as  men  had  come  to  call  the  veterans  of  the  Empu'e,  gave  another 
cheer.  The  bands  played  the  two  gi*eat  hymns  of  victoiy,  the  "  Mar- 
seillaise "  and  the  "  Chant  du  Depart,"  as  the  ranks  moved  away. 

Napoleon  must  now  have  certain  clear  conceptions.  Except  Mor- 
tier,  Drouot,  and  Grerard,  his  great  officers  were  disaffected;  but  the 
ambitious  minor  generals  were  still  his  devoted  slaves.  The  army  was 
thoroughly  imperiahst,  partly  because  they  represented  the  nation  as 
a  whole,  partly  because  they  were  mider  the  Emperor's  spell.  Of  such 
troops  he  appeared  to  have  at  hand  sixty  thousand,  distributed  as  fol- 
lows: Marmont,  twelve  thousand  five  hundred;  Mortier,  six  thousand; 
Macdonald,  two  thousand  seven  hundred;  Oudinot,  five  thousand  five 
himdi'ed;  Gerard,  three  thousand;  Ney,  two  thousand  thi-ee  himdi'ed; 
Drouot,  nine  thousand ;  and  about  eleven  thousand  six  hundred  guard 
and  other  eavahy.  Besides  these,  there  were  sixteen  hundred  Poles,  two 
thousand  two  hundi'ed  and  fifty  recruits,  and  fifteen  himdred  men  in 
the  gaiTisons  of  Pontaiuebleau  and  Melun.  Farther  away  were  consid- 
eralile  forces  in  Sens,  Tours,  Blois,  and  Orleans,  eight  thousand  in  all ; 
and  still  farther  the  armies  of  Soult,  Suchet,  Augereau,  and  Maison. 
Although  the  allies  had  lost  nine  thousand  men  before  Paris,  they  had 
quickly  called  up  reinforcements,  and  had  about  a  hundi*ed  and  forty 
thousand  men  in  readiness  to  fight.  This  situation  may  not  have  been 
entirely  discoiu*aging  to  the  devotee  of  a  dark  destiny,  to  which  as  a 
hapless  worshiper  he  had  lately  commenced  to  give  the  name  of  Provi- 
dence.    Be  that  as  it  may,  when  Macdonald  anived  on  the  morning  of 

Vol.  IV.— 19 


138  LIFE    OF    NAPOLEON    BONAPARTE  [^t.  44 

Chap.  XVI  tlie  foui'th  the  dispositions  for  battle  had  been  carefully  studied  and 
1814  arranged ;  every  corps  was  ordered  to  its  station.  As  usual,  Napoleon 
appeared  about  noon  for  the  ceremony  of  guard-mounting,  and  the 
troops  acclaimed  him  as  usual.  But  a  few  paces  distant  from  him 
stood  the  marshals  and  higher  generals  in  a  httlc  knot,  then-  heads 
close  bimched,  then-  tongues  running,  their  glances  averted.  From 
out  of  this  group  rang  the  thunderous  voice  of  Ney :  "  Nothing  but 
the  abdication  can  draw  us  out  of  this."  Napoleon  started,  regained 
his  self-control,  pretended  not  to  hear  the  crushing  menace,  and  with- 
drew to  his  work-room. 

Concurrent  ^\ath  the  resolve  of  the  marshals  at  Fontainebleau  ran 
the  actual  treason  of  one  who  alone  was  more  important  to  Napoleon's 
cause  than  all  of  them.  "  I  am  ready  to  leave,  with  my  troops,  the 
army  of  the  Emperor  Napoleon  on  the  following  conditions,  of  which  I 
demand  from  you  a  written  guaranty,"  are  the  starthng  words  fi'om  a 
letter  of  Marmont  to  the  Czar,  dated  the  previous  day.  On  April  first 
agents  of  the  provisional  government  had  made  arrangements  with  a  dis- 
credited nobleman  named  Maubreuil  for  the  assassination  of  Napoleon ; 
the  next  day  Schwarzenberg  introduced  into  the  French  lines  newspa- 
pers and  copies  of  a  proclamation  explaining  that  the  action  of  the  senate 
and  of  all  France  had  released  the  soldiers  from  their  oaths.  Mai-mont 
forwarded  the  documents  he  received  to  Berthier,  and  while  most  of  the 
officers  flung  their  copies  away  in  contemptuous  scorn,  some  read  and 
pondered.  On  April  third  an  emissary  from  Schwarzenberg  appeared  at 
Marmont's  headquarters,  and  what  he  said  was  spokeu  to  willing  ears. 
Still  under  the  influence  of  the  homage  he  had  received  in  Paris,  the 
vain  marshal  saw  himself  repeating  the  role  of  Monk ;  he  beheld  France 
at  peace,  prosperity  restored,  social  order  reestablished,  and  himself  ex- 
tolled as  a  true  patriot — all  this  if  only  he  pursued  the  easy  line  of 
self-interest,  whereby  he  would  not  merely  retain  his  duchy,  but  also 
secm-e  the  new  honors  and  emoluments  which  would  be  showered  on 
him.  So  he  yielded  on  condition  that  his  troops  should  withdraw  hon- 
orably into  Normandy,  and  that  Napoleon  should  be  allowed  to  enjoy 
life  and  liberty  within  cu'cumscribed  limits  fixed  by  the  alhed  powers 
and  France.  Next  morning,  the  fourth,  came  Schwarzenberg''s  assent, 
and  Marmont  at  once  sot  about  suborning  his  officers ;  at  four  in  the 
afternoon  arrived  an  embassy  from  Fontainebleau  on  its  way  to  Paris. 
The  officers  composing  it  desired  to  see  Marmont. 


^T.  44]  THE    PALL    OP^    PARIS  I39 

The  informal  meeting  held  in  the  courtyard  at  Fontainebleau  was  chap.  xvi 
a  historical  event.  Its  members  chatted  about  the  course  taken  by  ish 
the  senate,  about  Caulaincomt's  mission,  and  discussed  in  particular 
the  suggestion  of  abdication.  The  marshals  and  great  generals,  long 
since  disgusted  with  campaignmg,  wounded  in  their  dignity  by  the 
Emperor's  rebukes,  and  attributing  their  recent  failures  to  the  wretched 
quality  of  the  troops  assigned  to  tliem,  were  eager  for  peace,  and 
yearned  to  enjoy  their  hard-earned  fortunes.  They  caught  at  the  se- 
ductive idea  presented  by  Caulaincourt.  The  abdication  of  Napoleon 
would  mean  the  perpetuation  of  the  Empire.  The  Empu'e  would  be 
not  merely  peace,  but  peace  with  what  war  had  gained ;  to  wit,  the 
imperial  com't  and  society,  the  preservation  and  enjoyment  of  estates, 
the  continuity  of  processes  which  had  done  so  much  to  regenerate 
France  and  make  her  a  modern  nation.  The  prospect  was  iiTesistible, 
and  Ney  only  expressed  the  grim  determination  of  his  colleagues  when 
he  gave  the  watchword  so  unexpectedly  at  the  mounting  of  the  guard. 
Wlien  Napoleon  entered  his  cabinet  he  found  there  Berthier,  Maret, 
Caulaincourt,  and  Bertrand.  Concealing  his  agitation,  he  began  the 
routiae  of  such  famihar  labors  as  impend  on  the  eve  of  battle.  Almost 
instantly  hurrying  footsteps  were  heard  in  the  corridor,  the  door  was 
burst  open,  and  on  the  tkreshold  stood  Ney,  Lefebvre,  Oudinot,  and 
Macdonald.  The  leader  of  the  company  quailed  an  instant  under  the 
Emperor's  gaze,  and  then  gruffly  demanded  if  there  were  news  from 
Paris.  No,  was  the  reply  —  a  dehberate  falsehood,  since  the  decree  of 
the  senate  had  arrived  the  night  before.  "Well,  then,  I  have  some," 
roared  Ney,  and  told  the  familiar  facts. 

At  Nogeut,  six  weeks  earher,  Ney  and  Oudinot  had  endeavored  to 
bully  Napoleon  in  a  similar  way ;  then  they  were  easily  cowed.  But 
now  Napoleon's  manner  was  conciliatory  and  his  speech  argumentative. 
Long  and  eloquently  he  set  forth  his  situation.  Enumerating  all  the 
forces  immediately  and  remotely  at  his  disposal,  describing  minutely 
the  plan  of  attack  which  Macdonald  had  stamped  with  his  approval, 
explaining  the  folly  of  the  course  pursued  by  the  aUies,  contrasting  the 
perils  of  their  situation  with  the  advantages  of  his  own,  he  sought  to 
justify  his  assurance  of  victory.  The  eloquence  of  a  Napoleon,  calm, 
collected,  clear,  but  pleading  for  the  power  which  was  dearer  to  him 
than  life,  can  only  be  imagined.  But  his  arguments  fell  on  deaf  ears ; 
not  one  of  his  au(hence  gave  any  sign  of  emotion.     Macdonald  was  the 


140  LIFE    OF    NAPOLEON    BONAPARTE  ^Et.  44 

Chap.  XVI  ouly  One  present  not  openly  committed,  and  he  too  was  sullen ;  dining 
1814  the  last  twenty-four  hours  he  had  received,  through  Marmont,  a  letter 
from  Beurnonville,  the  contents  of  which,  though  read  to  Napoleon  then 
and  there,  have  not  been  transmitted  to  posterity.  What  happened  or 
what  was  said  thereafter  is  far  from  certain,  so  conflicting  and  so  biased 
are  the  accounts  of  those  present.  Contemporaries  thought  that  in 
this  crisis,  when  Ney  declai'ed  the  ai'my  would  obey  its  officers  and 
would  not  march  to  Paris  in  obedience  to  the  Emperor,  there  were 
menacing  gestures  which  betrayed  a  more  or  less  complete  pui'pose  of 
assassination  on  the  part  of  some.  If  so,  Napoleon  was  never  gi*eater ; 
for,  commanding  a  calm  by  his  dignified  seK-restraint,  he  dismissed 
the  faithless  officers  one  and  all.  They  went,  and  he  was  left  alone 
with  Caulaincourt  to  di'aw  up  the  form  of  his  abdication. 


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CHARLES-MAURICE-ELIE,    DUKH    Ol-    TAI.l.HYRAND-PERIGORD 

PRINCH   OF   BENtVKNTO 

rnOM  TIIK  TAINTIKO    DV  ART    ttrilKKrKIt 

1 

CHAPTER   XVII 

napoleon's  fikst  abdication 

The  Meaning  of  Napoleon's  Abdication  —  The  Papee  and  its 
Bearers  —  Progress  of  IVIaemont's  Conspiracy  —  Alexander  In- 
fluenced BY  Napoleon's  Embassy  —  Marmont's  Soldiers  Be- 
trayed—  Marmont's  Reputation  and  Fate  —  Napoleon's  Scheme 
FOR  A  Last  Stroke  —  Revolt  of  the  Marshals  —  Napoleon's 
First  Attempt  at  Suicide  —  Unconditional  Abdication  —  Res- 
toration OF  the  Bourbons  —  Napoleon's  New  Realm  —  Flight 
or  the  Napoleons — Good-by  to  France,  but  not  Farewell. 

THERE  is  no  doubt  that  Napoleon  sincerely  and  dearly  loved  Ms  chap.xvh 
"growlers";  there  is  no  doubt  that  with  grim  humor  he  constantly  isu 
cu'cum vented  and  used  them  for  his  own  ends;  even  in  his  agony  he 
contemplated  a  course  which,  leaving  them  convinced  of  their  success, 
would  yet  render  their  action  of  no  effect.  After  a  short  conference 
with  his  minister  he  took  a  pen  and  wrote  :  "The  allied  powers  having 
declared  the  Emperor  Napoleon  to  be  the  sole  obstacle  to  the  establish- 
ment of  peace  in  Europe,  and  since  the  Emperor  cannot  assm-edly,  with- 
out violating  his  oath,  sun-ender  any  one  of  the  departments  which  were 
united  with  France  when  he  ascended  the  throne,  the  Emperor  Napo- 
leon declares  himself  ready  to  abdicate  and  leave  France,  even  to  lay 
down  his  life  for  the  welfare  of  his  country  and  for  the  preservation  of 
the  rights  of  his  son  the  king,  of  the  Empress-regent,  and  of  the  laws 
and  institutions,  which  shall  be  subject  to  no  change  until  the  definite 
conclusion  of  peace  and  while  foreign  armies  stand  upon  oiu"  soil." 

But  these  words  earned  too  plainly  a  meaning  which  was  not  in- 
tended to  be  conspicuous,  and  the  paper,  as  finally  wi-itten  and  executed, 
runs  as  follows :  "  The  alhed  powers  having  declared  the  Emperor  Na- 
poleon to  be  the  sole  obstacle  to  the  reestabhshment  of  peace  in  Europe, 

141 


142  LIFE    OF    NAPOLEON    BONAPARTE  [2Et.  U 

Chap.  x^Ti  tlie  Emperoi"  Napoleon,  faithful  to  liis  oath,  declares  that  he  is  ready  to 
1814  descend  from  the  throne,  to  leave  France,  and  even  to  lay  down  his  life 
for  the  good  of  the  country,  [which  is]  inseparable  fi*om  the  rights  of  his 
son,  from  those  of  the  Empress's  regency,  and  from  the  laws  of  the  Em- 
pu-e."  Who  should  constitute  the  embassy  to  present  the  docimient  to 
the  Czar?  Caulaineourt,  of  course,  would  necessarily  be  one;  Ney, 
dangerous  if  thwarted,  must  be  the  second ;  and  the  third  f  Marmont 
certainly,  was  Napoleon's  ftrst  thought,  and  he  ordered  full  powers  to 
be  made  out  for  him.  But  on  second  thought  he  felt  that  his  aide-de- 
camp  in  Egypt,  his  tnisted  friend  fi'om  then  onward,  his  confidential 
adviser,  "  brought  up  in  his  tent,"  as  he  said,  might  injure  the  cause  as 
being  too  certainly  influenced  by  personal  considerations.  Macdonald, 
therefore,  was  named  in  his  stead.  The  embassy  should,  however,  pass 
by  Essonnes,  and  if  Marmont  desired  to  go  ho  might  send  back  for  his 
credentials. 

This  was  the  company  which,  arri\nng  about  fom*  in  the  afternoon 
at  Marmont's  headquarters,  presented  Napoleon's  message.  The  busy 
conspirator  was  stimned,  biit  he  had  already  won  at  least  five  of  his 
generals  —  Souham,  Merhn,  Digeon,  Ledru  des  Essarts,  and  Megnadier, 
his  chief  of  staff ;  the  tide  of  treason  was  in  full  flow,  and  could  not  be 
stemmed.  Should  the  Czar  assent  to  the  regency,  where  would  Mar- 
mont be?  Or,  on  the  other  hand,  should  Napoleon  learn  the  tnith, 
there  was  no  question  but  that  a  few  hours  might  see  the  emulator  of 
Monk  a  corpse.  In  quick  decision,  the  traitorous  marshal  confessed  the 
steps  already  taken,  and  then  at  the  loud  cry  of  reprobation  with  which 
his  statement  was  met,  he  falsely  asserted  that  he  was  not  yet  com- 
mitted, and  demanded  to  join  the  embassy.  The  others,  willing  to  re- 
move their  colleague  from  further  temptation,  assented;  and  Souham 
was  left  in  command,  with  strict  injunctions  to  inform  the  troops  of 
Napoleon's  abdication,  but  to  take  no  further  steps.  At  Schwarzen- 
berg's  headquarters  Marmont  found  means  to  betray  the  situation  to 
that  general.  The  Austrian,  by  Marmont's  own  account,  absolved  his 
fellow-intriguer  from  all  engagements  so  far  made ;  l)ut  somehow  that 
very  evening  about  nine  Talleyrand  knew  the  whole  stoiy,  and  hasten- 
ing, pale  with  terror,  to  Alexander's  presence,  poured  out  a  bitter  re- 
monstrance against  the  regency.  The  Czar  listened,  but  contemptu- 
ously dismissed  the  petitioner  with  the  non-committal  remark  that  no 
one  would  repent  having  tnisted  him. 


^T.  44]  NAl'OJiEON'S    FIRST    ABDICATION  I43 

It  was  almost  miduif^lit  when  Alexander  gave  audience  to  the  em-  chap.  xvn 
bassy,  Marmont  was  not  of  the  number,  having  slunk  away  in  guilty  ihii 
uneasiness  to  await  the  event  at  Ney's  house.  To  Caulaineoui-t,  as  the 
spokesman  of  tlie  Empire,  the  Czar  listened  attentively  and  sympa- 
tlietieally.  lb;  now  felt  himself  to  have  taken  a  false  step  when,  five 
days  earlier,  he  had  virtually  assented  to  the  restoration  of  the  Bour- 
bons. In  the  interval  their  cause  had  steatUly  gi'own  more  and  more 
unpopular;  neither  people  nor  soldiers,  not  even  the  national  guard, 
would  give  any  declaration  of  adherence  to  the  acts  of  the  provisional 
government;  the  imperial  army,  on  the  other  hand,  stood  firm.  His  own 
and  Russia's  honor  having  been  redeemed,  the  earlier  instincts  of  hatred 
for  absolutism  had  returned;  the  feeling  that  the  Empu-e  was  better  for 
his  puiposes  than  any  dynasty  welled  up  as  ho  hstened  to  Caulain- 
court's  powerful  argument  that  France  as  a  nation,  and  her  undivided 
army,  alike  desired  the  regency.  In  fact,  the  listener  wavered  so  much 
that,  two  days  later,  Ney  and  Macdonald  asserted  then-  belief  that  at  a 
certain  instant  their  cause  had  been  won. 

But  at  two  in  tlie  morning  an  aide-de-camp  entered  and  spoke  a  few 
words  in  Russian.  The  Czar  gave  a  startled  attention,  and  the  officer 
repeated  his  words.  "  Uentlemen,"  said  the  monarch,  "you  base  your 
claim  on  the  unshaken  attachment  of  the  army  to  the  imperial  govern- 
ment. The  vanguard  of  Napoleon's  army  has  just  deserfed.  It  is  at 
this  moment  within  our  lines."  The  news  was  tnie.  The  announce- 
ment of  Napoleon's  abdication  had  spread  consternation  among  Mar- 
mont's  men,  and  they  were  seriously  demoralized.  When  a  routine 
message  came  from  Foutainebleau  requning  Souham's  presence  there, 
his  guilty  conscience  made  him  tremble ;  and  when  Cloui'gaud  requested 
an  interview  the  uneasy  general  foresaw  his  own  arrest  and  was  terror- 
stricken.  Summoning  the  others  who,  like  himself,  were  partly  com- 
mitted, ho  told  his  fears,  and  the  soldiers  were  ordered  under  arms. 
Toward  midnight  the  march  began.  Ignorant  at  fii"st  of  whither  they 
were  going,  the  men  wore  silent ;  but  finding  themselves  before  long 
between  two  Austrian  lines,  they  hooted  tlieir  of&cers.  Thereupon  they 
were  told  that  they  were  to  fight  beside  these  same  Austrians  in  de- 
fense of  the  Empire,  and,  believing  the  he,  were  reconciled. 

Arriving  finally  at  Versailles,  and  learning  the  truth,  they  mutinied; 
but  Marmont  soon  appeared,  and  partly  cowed  them,  partly  persuaded 
them  to  bend  before  necessity.     After  learning  of  Souham's  deed  he 


144  LIFE    OF    NAPOLEON    BONAPARTE  [^t.  44 

Chap.  XVII  had  liuiTied  to  the  Czar's  antechamber.  In  an  adjoining  room  were 
1S14  assembled  the  members  of  the  provisional  government.  Like  Mar- 
mont,  they  had  learned  the  result  of  Souham's  efforts  and  had  regained 
theu'  equanimity.  After  grasping  the  appalling  fact  that  twelve  thou- 
sand men,  the  whole  sixth  corps,  with  arms  and  baggage,  were  pris- 
oners within  the  Austrian  lines,  of  course  there  had  been  nothing  left 
for  Caulaincourt  and  the  marshals  but  to  withch-aw.  With  much  em- 
baiTassnieut  the  Czar  promised  an  answer  to  then*  request  on  the  fol- 
lomng  afternoon.  All  knew  that  the  knell  of  the  Empire  had  struck. 
To  the  waiting  royahsts  it  seemed  a  fit  moment  for  pleasantry  as 
the  members  of  the  embassy  came  filing  out  with  stony  gaze.  The 
thwarted  imperiahsts  sternly  repulsed  theu'  tormentors.  Marmont 
breathed  hard  as  his  colleagues  passed  without  a  glimpse  of  recog- 
nition, and  murmm-ed :  "I  would  give  an  arm  if  this  had  not  hap- 
pened." "An  arm  ?  Sir,  say  your  head,"  rejoined  Macdonald,  bitterly. 
For  some  time  after  the  first  Restoration  Mannont  was  a  hero,  but 
soon  his  vanity  and  true  character  combined  to  bring  out  his  conduct 
into  clear  view,  and  from  his  title  of  Ragusa  was  coined  the  word 
"  ragusade  "  as  a  synonym  for  treason.  During  the  "  Huncbed  Days" 
his  name  was  of  course  stricken  from  the  list  of  marshals.  Loaded 
with  honors  in  the  second  Restoration,  he  proved  a  second  time  faith- 
less, and  in  1830  betrayed  his  trust  to  the  republicans.  The  people 
called  him  Judas,  and  he  died  in  exile,  honored  by  nobody. 

There  can  be  little  doubt  of  Napoleon's  conviction  that  his  offer  to 
abdicate  would  be  rejected  by  Alexander.  No  sooner  was  it  signed 
than,  with  his  characteristic  astuteness,  he  set  about  preparing  an  al- 
ternative course.  At  once  he  despatched  a  messenger  requesting  the 
Empress  to  send  Champagny  immediately  to  Dijon  as  an  ambassador 
to  intercede  with  her  father.  Then,  on  April  fom-th,  he  summoned  a 
conclave  of  his  officers  to  secure  their  assent  to  the  battle  which  he 
beheved  inevita])le.  It  was  the  call  to  this  meeting  which  had  stam- 
peded Souham  and  his  colleagues  in  desertion.  The  gi*eater  officers 
being  absent  from  Fontainebleau,  the  minor  ones  were  unanimous  and 
hearty  in  their  support  of  Napoleon's  plans.  But  at  the  very  close  of 
the  session  came  the  news  of  what  had  happened  at  Essonues.  When 
finally  assui'ed  of  eveiy  detail,  Napoleon  took  measures  at  once  to  repair 
as  best  he  could  the  breaches  in  his  defense,  saying  of  Marmont  quietly 
and  without  a  sign  of  panic :  "  Unhappy  man,  he  will  be  more  unhappy 


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^T.  44]  NAl'OLEUN\S    FIK.ST    AUDiCATiUN  145 

than  1."  Only  a  few  days  before  he  had  declared  to  Caulaincourt :  Chap.xvii 
"  There  are  no  lonj^er  any  who  play  fair  except  my  poor  soldiers  and  ish 
their  officers  that  are  neither  princes  nor  dukes  nor  counts.  It  is  an 
awful  thuig  to  say,  hut  it  is  true.  Do  you  know  what  1  ought  to  do? 
Send  all  these  no])le  lords  of  yesterday  to  sleep  in  their  beds  of  d(jwn, 
to  strut  about  in  their  castles.  I  ought  to  rid  myself  of  these  frondeurs, 
and  begin  the  war  once  more  with  men  of  youthful,  unsullied  coiu'age." 
He  was  partly  prepared,  therefore,  even  for  the  defection  of  Marmont. 
Next  morning,  on  the  fifth,  was  issued,  the  ablest  proclamation  ever 
penned  by  huu ;  at  noon  the  veterans  from  Spain  were  reviewed,  and 
in  the  afternoon  began  the  movements  necessary  to  an-ay  beyond  the 
Loire  what  remained  of  the  army  and  rally  it  about  the  seat  of  imperial 
government.  But  at  nine  the  embassy  returned  fit'om  Paris  with  its 
news  —  the  Czar  had  refused  to  accept  the  abdication ;  the  senate  was 
about  to  proclaun  Louis  XVIII. ;  Napoleon  was  to  reign  thereafter 
over  the  little  isle  of  Elba.  To  this  the  midaunted  Emperor  calmly  re- 
joined that  war  henceforth  offered  nothing  worse  than  peace,  and  began 
at  once  to  explain  his  plans. 

But  he  was  interrupted  —  exactly  how  we  cannot  teU ;  for,  though 
the  embassy  returned  as  it  left,  in  a  body,  the  memou's  of  each  member 
strive  to  convey  the  impression  that  it  was  he  alone  who  said  and  did 
everything.  If  only  the  narrative  attributed  to  Caulaincourt  were  of 
undoubted  authenticity,  cumulative  evidence  might  create  certitude ;  - 
but  it  is  not.  The  sorry  tale  of  what  probably  occiu'red  makes  clear 
that  all  thi'ee  were  now  royalists  more  or  less  ardent,  for  in  passing 
they  had  concluded  a  truce  with  Schwarzenberg  on  that  basis.  Mac- 
donald  asserts  that  his  was  the  short  and  brutal  response  to  Napoleon's 
exhibition  of  his  plans ;  to  wit,  that  they  must  have  an  abdication 
without  conditions.  Ney  was  quite  as  savage,  declaiing  that  the  con- 
fidence of  the  army  was  gone.  Napoleon  at  first  denounced  such  mu- 
tiny, but  then,  with  seeming  resignation,  promised  an  answer  next  day. 
He  did  not  yet  know  that  in  secret  convention  the  generals  were  re- 
solving not  to  obey  the  orders  issued  for  the  morrow ;  but  as  the  door 
closed  behind  the  marshals  the  mind  so  far  clear  seemed  suddenly 
eclipsed,  and  mui-muriug,  "These  men  have  neither  heart  nor  bowels;  I 
am  conquered  less  by  fortune  than  by  the  egotism  and  ingratitude  of 
my  companions  in  arms,"  the  great,  homeless  citizen  of  the  world  sank 
into  utter  dejection. 


146  LIFE    OF   NAPOLEON    BONAPARTE  [^t.  44 

Chap,  xxu  It  appears  to  have  been  a  fixed  purpose  with  Napoleon  never  to  fall 
1814  ahve  mto  his  enemy's  hands.  Although  they  acted  under  legal  forms, 
yet  some  Em-opean  monarchs  of  the  eighteenth  centmy  were  no  more 
trustworthy  in  dealing  with  foes  than  then*  great  prototype  Julius 
Caesar  in  his  faithlessness  to  a  certain  canton  of  the  Helvetians.  They 
did  not  display  sufficient  surprise  when  enemies  were  assassinated. 
Since  1808  the  European  colossus  had  worn  about  his  neck  as  a  kind 
of  amulet  a  little  bag  which  was  said  to  contain  a  deadly  poison,  one  of 
the  salts  of  prussic  acid.  During  the  night,  when  the  terrors  of  a 
shaken  reason  oveii3owered  him,  he  swallowed  the  drug.  Whether  it 
had  lost  its  efficacy,  or  whether  the  agitated  victim  of  melancholy  did 
not  take  the  entu-e  dose,  in  either  case  the  effects  were  imperfect.  In- 
stead of  oblivion  came  agony,  and  his  valet,  rushing  to  his  master's 
bedside  at  the  sound  of  a  bitter  cry,  claimed  to  catch  the  words:  "Mar- 
mont  has  struck  me  the  final  blow!  Unhappy  man,  I  loved  him!  Ber- 
thier's  desertion  has  broken  my  heart !  My  old  friends,  my  conu-ades 
in  arms ! "  Ivan,  the  Emperor's  body  physician,  was  summoned,  and 
administered  an  antidote ;  the  spasm  was  allayed,  and  after  a  short 
sleep  reason  resumed  her  seat.  It  is  related  in  the  memoirs  of  Caulain- 
court,  and  probably  with  a  sort  of  Homeric  truth,  that  when  the  min- 
ister was  admitted  in  the  early  morning.  Napoleon's  "  wan  and  sunken 
eyes  seemed  struggling  to  recall  the  objects  round  about;  a  luii verse  of 
torture  was  revealed  in  the  vaguely  desolate  look."  Napoleon  is  re- 
ported as  saying :  "  God  did  not  wiU  it.  I  could  not  die.  Why  did 
they  not  let  me  die  ?  It  is  not  the  loss  of  the  thi'one  that  makes  exist- 
ence unendm-able ;  my  mihtary  career  suffices  for  the  glory  of  a  single 
man.  Do  you  know  what  is  more  difficult  to  bear  than  the  reverses  of 
fortune  ?  It  is  the  baseness,  the  horrible  ingratitude,  of  men.  Before 
such  acts  of  cowardice,  before  the  shamelessness  of  their  egotism,  I 
have  turaed  away  my  head  in  disgust  and  have  come  to  regard  my  life 
with  horror.  .  .  .  Death  is  rest.  .  .  .  Rest  at  last.  .  .  .  What  I  have 
suffered  for  twenty  days  no  one  can  understand." 

Wliat  throws  some  shadow  on  this  account  is  the  fact  that  on  the 
follo^ving  moniing  Napoleon  appeared  outwardly  well  and  perfectly 
calm  when  he  assembled  his  marshals  and  made  a  final  appeal.  It  is 
certain,  fi'om  the  testimony  of  his  secretary  and  his  physician,  that  he 
had  been  violently  ill,  but  the  sobriety  of  the  remaining  chronicle  is  to 
be  doubted.     Possil)ly,  too,  the  empty  sachet  had  contained  a  prepara- 


^T.  41J  NAl'OLEON'S    FIRST    ABDICATION  I4.7 

tion  of  opium  intended  to  relieve  sharp  attacks  like  that  at  Pima ;  but  chap.  xvn 
in  view  of  the  second  attempt  at  suicide  made  after  Waterloo,  this  is  not  isw 
likely.  Yet  the  circumstances  may  easily  have  been  exaggerated;  for  the 
evident  motive  of  what  has  been  called  the  imperial  legend  is  to  heighten 
all  the  effects  in  the  Napoleonic  picture.  Whatever  was  the  truth  as  to 
that  gloomy  night,  Napoleon's  appeal  next  morning,  though  eloquent, 
was  in  vain ;  the  marshals  were  unshaken  in  their  determination,  though 
less  bitter  and  violent  in  their  language.  "  You  deserve  repose,"  were 
the  Emperor's  last  words  to  them;  "well,  then,  take  it."  Thereupon 
the  act  of  unconditional  abdication  was  written  in  these  words :  "  The 
allied  powers  having  declared  the  Emperor  Napoleon  to  be  the  sole  ob- 
stacle to  the  reestablishment  of  peace  in  Europe,  the  Emperor  Napoleon, 
faithful  to  his  oath,  declares  that  for  himseK  and  his  heii's  he  renounces 
the  tlirones  of  France  and  of  Italy,  because  there  is  no  personal  sacri- 
fice which  he  is  not  ready  to  make  for  the  welfare  of  the  nation."  These 
last  words  were,  after  some  consideration,  erased,  and  the  phi-ase  "in 
the  interest  of  France  "  was  substituted  for  them.  Some  think,  and  it 
may  well  be  true,  that  this  change  of  form,  taken  in  connection  with 
Napoleon's  calmness,  was  another  proof  of  his  deep  pui-pose.  Unable 
to  thwart  his  "growlers,"  he  may  have  recollected  that  once  before  he 
had  crossed  the  Mediterranean  to  give  a  feeble  government  full  scope 
for  its  own  destruction.  France  might  easily  recall  her  favorite  son  in 
her  own  interest.  He  was  scarcely  more  than  forty-four,  a  yoimg  man 
still,  and  this  he  probably  recalled  as  he  made  ready  to  play  a  new  role. 
AiTued  with  the  document  necessary  to  secure  his  pardon,  Ney  hur- 
ried back  to  the  capital.  The  elderly,  well-meaning,  but  obtuse  Louis 
XVIII.  was  immediately  proclaimed  king  by  the  senate.  Having 
"  learned  nothing,  and  forgotten  nothing,"  he  accepted  the  throne,  mak- 
ing certain  concessions  to  the  new  France,  sufficient,  as  he  hoped,  to  se- 
cure at  least  the  momentary  support  of  the  people.  The  haste  to  join  the 
wMte  standard  made  by  men  on  whom  Napoleon's  adventurous  career 
had  heaped  honor  and  wealth  is  unpai*alleled  in  history.  Jourdan, 
Augereau,  Maison,  Lagrange,  Nansouty,  Oudinot,  Kellei*mann,  Lefebvre, 
Hulin,  Milhaud,  Latom--Maubom'g,  Segur,  Berthier,  BeUiard  —  such 
were  the  earliest  names.  Among  the  soldiers  near  by  some  bowed  to 
the  new  order,  but  among  the  gamsons  there  was  such  wide-spread 
mutiny  that  royalist  hate  was  kindled  again  and  fanned  to  white  heat 
by  the  scoffs  and  jeers  of  the  outraged  men.     Their  behavior  was  the 


148 


LIFE    OF    NAPOLEON    BONAPARTE  [^t.  41 


Chap,  xvn  outwai'd  sigu  of  a  temper  not  universal,  of  course,  but  very  common 
1814        among  the  people.      At  Paris  botli  the  King  and  the  King's  brother 
were  cheered  on  then-  formal  entry,  but  many  discriminating  onlookers 
prophesied  that  the  Bom'bons  could  not  remain  long. 

Fully  aware  that  Napoleon  was  yet  a  power  in  France,  and  challenged 
by  the  marshals  to  display  a  chivaMc  spirit  in  providing  for  the  welfare 
of  their  former  monarch,  Alexander  gave  full  play  to  his  generous  im- 
pulses. His  first  suggestion  was  that  his  fallen  foe  should  accept  a 
home  and  complete  estabhshment  in  Russia ;  but  this  would  have  been 
to  ignore  the  other  members  of  the  coaUtion.  It  was  determined  finally 
to  provide  the  semblance  of  an  empire,  the  forms  of  state,  and  an  im- 
perial income,  and  to  make  the  former  Emperor  the  guest  of  all  Em-ope. 
The  idea  was  quixotic,  but  Napoleon  was  not  a  prisoner ;  he  had  done 
nothing  worthy  of  degradation,  and  throughout  the  civilized  world  he 
was  still  regarded  by  va»st  nmnbers  as  the  savior  of  European  society, 
who  had  fallen  into  the  hands  of  cruel  oppressors.  The  paper  which  was 
finally  drawn  up  was  a  treaty  between  Napoleon,  for  the  time  and  pur- 
poses of  the  instrument  a  private  citizen,  as  one  party,  and  the  four 
sovereign  states  of  Austria,  Prussia,  Russia,  and  England  as  the  other. 
It  had,  therefore,  no  sanction  except  the  public  opinion  of  France  and 
the  good  faith  of  those  who  executed  it,  the  former  being  boimd  by  her 
allies  to  a  contract  made  by  them.  It  was  France  which  was  to  pay 
Napoleon  two  millions  of  francs  a  year,  and  leave  him  to  reign  imdis- 
turbed  over  Elba ;  the  allies  gi-anted  Parma,  Placentia,  and  Guastalla 
as  a  realm  in  peipetuity  to  Maria  Louisa  and  her  heirs,  through  the  King 
of  Rome,  as  her  successors.  The  agreement  was  unique,  but  so  were 
the  circumstances  which  brought  it  to  pass.  There  was  but  one  imjjor- 
tant  protest,  and  that  was  made  by  Castlereagh  in  regard  to  the  word 
Napoleon  and  the  imperial  style!  His  protest  was  vain,  but  to  this 
day  many  among  the  greatest  of  his  countiymcn  persistently  employ 
"  Bonaparte  "  in  speaking  of  the  greater,  and  "  Napoleon  "  in  designat- 
ing the  lesser,  of  the  two  men  who  have  ruled  Prance  as  emperors. 

Four  commissioners,  one  from  each  of  the  powers,  proceeded  to 
Fontainebleau.  They  were  careful  to  treat  Napoleon  with  the  con- 
sideration due  to  an  emperor.  To  all  he  was  courteous,  except  to  the 
representative  of  Prussia,  Count  Truchsess-Waldburg,  whose  presence 
he  declared  unnecessary,  since  there  were  to  be  no  Prussian  troops  on 
the  southern  road  toward  Elba.     With  Colonel  Campbell,  the  British 


^T.  44]  NAPOLEON'S    FIRST    ABDICATION  149 

commissioner,  he  was  most  fnendly,  conversing  entliusiastically  with  chap,  xvii 
the  Scotch  officer  ahout  the  Scotch  poet  known  as  Ossiau.  What  was  isw 
particularly  admired  in  his  remarkable  outpom-iiigs  was  then*  war- 
like tone.  As  the  preparations  for  dei)arture  went  foi'ward,  it  hecame 
clear  that  of  all  the  imperial  dignitaries  only  Bertrand  and  Drouot 
would  accompany  the  exile.  The  others  he  dismissed  with  character- 
istic and  appropriate  farewells:  to  Caulaincourt  he  assigned  a  gift  of 
five  himdred  thousand  francs  from  the  treasm-e  at  Blois ;  Constant, 
the  valet,  and  Roustan,  the  Mameluke,  were  dismissed  at  their  own 
desu'e,  hut  not  empty-handed.  For  his  hne  of  travel,  and  for  a  hun- 
dred baggage-wagons  loaded  with  books,  fm-niture,  and  objects  of  art. 
Napoleon  stipulated  with  the  utmost  nicety  and  persistence.  With 
every  hoiu*  he  showed  greater  and  greater  anxiety  for  his  personal 
safety.  Indifferent  to  life  but  a  few  short  days  before,  he  was  now 
timid  and  over-anxious.  If  he  had  been  playing  a  part  and  pondering 
what  in  a  few  years,  perhaps  months,  his  life  and  person  might  again  be 
worth  in  European  politics,  he  could  not  have  been  more  painstaking  as 
to  measures  for  his  personal  safety.  The  stoic  could  have  recourse  to 
the  l)owl,  the  eighteenth-century  enthusiast  must  live  and  hope  to  the 
last.  Napoleon  seems  to  have  struggled  for  the  union  of  both  char- 
acters. "They  blame  me  that  I  can  outhve  my  fall,"  he  remarked. 
"Wrongfully.  ...  It  is  much  more  courageous  to  survive  unmerited  bad 
fortune."  Only  once  he  seemed  ovei'powered,  being  observed,  as  he  sat 
at  table,  to  strike  his  forehead  and  murmm- :  "  God,  is  it  possible  ? " 
Sometimes,  too,  he  appeared  to  be  lost  in  reverie,  and  when  addressed 
started  Uke  one  awakened  from  a  dream.  AU  was  ready  on  the  twen- 
tieth ;  but  the  Empress,  who  by  the  terms  of  the  "  treaty  "  was  to  ac- 
company her  consort  as  far  as  the  harljor  of  St.  Tropez,  did  not  appear. 
Napoleon  declared  that  she  had  been  kidnapped,  and  refused  to  stir, 
threatening  to  withdraw  his  abdication.  KoUer,  the  Austrian  commis- 
sioner, assured  him  of  the  truth,  that  she  had  resolved  of  her  free  will 
not  to  be  present.  In  the  cei-tainty  that  all  was  over,  the  Empress  had 
determined  to  take  refuge  with  her  father,  and  the  imperial  govern- 
ment at  Blois  had  dispersed,  Joseph  and  Jerome  flying  to  Switzerland. 
The  announcement  staggered  Napoleon,  but  he  rephed  with  words 
destined  to  have  gi*eat  significance  :  "Very  well ;  I  shall  remain  faithful 
to  my  promise ;  but  if  I  have  new  reasons  to  complain,  I  shall  consider 
myself  absolved."     Further,  he  touched  on  various  topics  as  if  seeking 


150  LIFE    OP    NAPOLEON    BONAPARTE  [JEt.  44 

Chap,  xvh  to  talk  agaiust  time,  remarking  that  Francis  had  impiously  sought  the 
1814  dissolution  of  his  daughter's  marriage;  that  Russia  and  Prussia  had 
made  Austria's  position  dangerous ;  that  the  Czar  and  Frederick  Wil- 
liam had  shown  httle  delicacy  in  visiting  Maria  Louisa  at  Eamhouillet; 
that  he  himself  was  no  usurper ;  and  that  he  had  been  wrong  not  to 
make  peace  at  Prague  or  Dresden.  Then,  suddenly  changing  tone  and 
topic,  he  asked  with  interest  what  would  occur  if  Elba  refused  to  accept 
him.  Koller  thought  he  might  still  take  refuge  in  England.  Napoleon 
rejoined  that  he  had  thought  of  that ;  but,  having  always  sought  to  do 
England  hann,  would  the  Enghsh  make  him  welcome?  Koller  re- 
phed  that,  as  all  the  projects  against  her  welfare  had  come  to  naught, 
England  would  feel  no  bitterness.  Finally,  about  noon  Napoleon  de- 
scended into  the  courtyard,  where  the  few  grenadiers  of  the  old  guard 
were  drawn  up.  The  officers,  commissioned  and  non-commissioned, 
were  called  forward,  and  in  a  few  touching  words  their  former  leader 
thanked  all  who  had  remained  tnie  for  their  loyalty.  With  then-  aid 
he  could  have  continued  the  war  beyond  the  Loire,  but  he  had  pre- 
feiTed  to  sacrifice  his  personal  interests  to  those  of  France.  "  Continue 
to  serve  France,"  runs  the  Napoleonic  text  of  this  fine  addi'ess :  but  the 
commissioners  thought  they  heard  "  to  serve  the  sovereign  which  the 
nation  has  chosen."  He  could  have  ended  liis  life,  he  went  on  to  say, 
but  he  wished  to  hve  and  record  for  posterity  the  great  deeds  of  his 
warriors.  Then  he  embraced  Petit,  the  commanding  officer,  and, 
snatching  to  his  breast  the  imperial  eagle,  his  standard  in  so  many 
glorious  battles,  he  pressed  it  to  his  lips,  and  entered  the  waituig 
can-iage.  A  swelling  sob  burst  fi'om  the  ranks,  and  tears  bedewed  the 
weather-beaten  cheeks  of  men  who  had  not  wept  for  years. 


CUxVPTER  xvin 

the  emperoe  of  elba 

Napoleon  and  the  Popular  Frenzy — Serious  Dangers  Incurred  — 
The  Exile  under  the  British  Flag — The  Voyage  to  Elba — 
The  Napoleonic  Court  at  Porto  Ferrajo — Mysterious  Visi- 
tors— Estrangement  of  Maria  Louisa — Napoleon's  "Isle  of  Re- 
pose"—  The  Congress  of  Vienna  —  Its  Violation  of  Treaty 
Agreement — Discontent  in  France — Revival  of  Imperialism  — 
Bitterness  of  the  Aemy  —  Intrigues  against  the  Bourbons 
— Napoleon's  Behavior — His  Fears  of  Assassination. 

NAPOLEON'S  joui'ney  to  Elba  was  a  series  of  disenchantments.  chap.  xvm 
As  has  been  said,  he  had  stipulated  in  his  "  treaty  "  that  the  Em-  1814-15 
press  should  accompany  him  to  St.  Tropez,  where  he  was  to  embark. 
Her  absence,  he  persisted  in  declaring,  was  explicable  only  by  forced 
detention;  and  he  again  talked  of  withdrawing  his  abdication  at  this 
breach  of  the  engagements  made  by  the  aUies.  But  he  gi-ew  more  com- 
posed, and  the  joiu'ney  was  sufficiently  comfortable  as  far  as  Lyons. 
Occasionally  dui'ing  that  portion  of  it  there  were  outbursts  of  good  feel- 
ing from  those  who  stopped  to  see  his  train  pass  by.  But  in  descending 
the  Rhone  there  was  a  marked  change.  As  the  ProveuQals  had  been 
the  radicals  of  the  Revolution,  so  now  they  were  the  devotees  of  the 
Restoration.  The  flood  of  disreputable  calumny  had  broken  loose :  men 
said  the  Emperor's  mother  was  a  loose  woman,  his  father  a  butcher,  he 
himself  but  a  bastard,  his  true  name  Nicholas.  "Down  with  Bona- 
parte! down  with  Nicholas!"  was  too  often  the  derisive  shout  as  he 
traversed  the  villages.  Maubreuil,  the  hu-ed  assassin,  was  hmrying 
fi-om  Paris  with  a  desperate  band,  ostensibly  to  recover  crown  jewels  or 
government  funds  which  might  be  among  Napoleon's  effects.  Recalling 
Alexander's  boast  that  his  best  servants  had  been  found  among  the 

161 


152  LIFE    OF    NAPOLEON    BONAPARTE  [Mt.  44-45 

Chap,  xvm  assassiiis  of  liis  father,  and  recollect iug  that  Francis  sighed  to  Metter- 
1814^15  iiich  for  Napoleon's  exile  to  a  far-distant  land,  Elba  beiug  too  near  to 
France  and  to  Europe,  it  is  conceivable  that  Talleyrand  might  reckon 
on  the  moral  support  of  the  dynasties  in  conniving  at  Napoleon's  assas- 
sination. Had  he  forgotten  the  murder  of  Enghien  1  Prohably  not ; 
but  his  conscience  was  not  over-tender.  Near  Valence,  on  April  twenty- 
fourth,  the  unperial  procession  met  Augereau's  can'iage.  The  arch- 
republican  of  Napoleon's  earlier  career  had  given  in  his  adliesion  to  the 
new  government,  and  had  been  retained  in  office.  He  alighted,  the  ex- 
Emperor  likewise :  the  latter  exhibited  all  the  ordinary  forms  of  polite- 
ness, the  former  studiously  disdained  them.  Napoleon,  with  nice  irony, 
asked  if  the  general  were  on  his  way  to  court.  The  thrust  went  home, 
but  in  a  gruff  retort  Augoreau,  using  the  insulting  "thou,"  declared 
with  considerable  embarrassment  that  he  cared  no  more  for  the  Bour- 
bons than  for  Napoleon;  that  he  had  had  no  motive  for  his  conduct 
except  love  of  his  country. 

Partly  by  good  fortune,  partly  by  good  management,  the  cortege 
avoided  the  infmiated  bands  who,  in  various  places,  had  sworn  to  take  the 
fallen  Emperor's  hfe.  At  Avignon  his  escape  was  almost  mh'aculous. 
Near  Orgon  a  mob  of  royalists  beset  the  carriage,  and  Napoleon  shrank 
in  pallid  terror  behind  Bertrand,  cowering  there  until  the  inuuediate 
danger  was  removed  by  his  Russian  escort.  A  few  miles  out  he  donned 
a  postilion's  imifoi-m  and  rode  post  through  the  town.  At  Saiut-Canuat 
he  would  not  touch  a  morsel  of  food  for  fear  of  poison.  Rumors  of  the 
bitter  feeling  prevalent  at  Aix  led  him  for  further  protection  to  clothe 
one  of  liis  aides  in  his  own  too  familiar  garb.  In  that  town  he  was 
\aolently  ill,  somewhat  as  he  had  been  at  Pontainebleau.  The  attack 
yielded  easily  to  remedies,  and  the  Prussian  commissioner  asserted  that 
it  was  due  to  a  loathsome  disease.  Thereafter  the  hounded  fugitive 
wore  an  Austrian  uniform,  and  sat  in  the  Austrian  commissioner's  car- 
riage ;  thus  disguised,  the  Emperor  of  Ell)a  seemed  to  feel  secure. 
From  Luc  onward  the  company  was  protected  by  Austrian  hussars; 
but  in  spite  of  these  mihtary  jailers,  mob  violence  became  stronger  from 
day  to  day  in  each  successive  town.  Napoleon  gi'cw  morbid,  and  the 
line  of  travel  was  changed  from  the  du'ection  of  St.  Tropez  to  that  of 
Frejus  in  order  to  avoid  the  ever-increasmg  danger.  The  only  alle^'^a- 
tion  in  the  long  hne  of  ills  was  a  visit  from  his  hght  and  giddy  but 
affectionate  sister  Pauline,  the  Princess  Borghese,  who  comforted  liiin 


IN    THK    UUSEUU    OF    VEIU1AILLE8 


enobaved  by  hgnby  wolf 


MARSHAL   FRANCOIS-CHRISTOI'HE    KELLERMANN 


DlKl.    l)^    VAL.MV 


FHOM  TUK  I-.MM'INU  BY  UEOROES  BuUUET 


Mi-.UAi,]  "       TIIH    HMl'KROli    OF    P:LBA  153 

and  promised  to  share  his  exile.    At  length  Frc'jus  was  reached,  and  chap.  xvin 
Napoleon  resumed  his  composm'C  as  he  saw  an  Eughsh  frigate  and  a      1814-15 
French  brig  lying  in  the  harbor.     Perhaps  the  beautiful  view  recalled 
to  an  outcast  monarch  the  return,  in  1799,  of  one  General  Bonaparte, 
who  had  landed  on  the  same  shore  to  ovei-thi-ow  the  Directory.     If  not, 
it  must  have  been  due  to  unwonted  dejection  or  dark  despair. 

Again  Napoleon  remarked  a  breach  of  his  treaty.  He  was  to  have 
sailed  from  St.  Tropez  in  a  corvette ;  here  was  only  a  brig.  Accord- 
ingly, as  if  to  mark  an  intentional  slight,  in  reahty  for  his  safety 
and  comfort,  he  asked  and  obtained  permission  to  embark  on  the  Eng- 
lish frigate,  the  Undaunted,  as  the  guest  of  her  captain.  The  promised 
corvette  was  at  St.  Tropez  awaiting  its  passenger,  but  the  hasty  change 
of  plan  had  made  it  impossible  to  bring  her  around  in  time.  Possibly 
for  this  reason,  too,  the  baggage  of  Napoleon  had  been  much  dimin- 
ished in  quantity ;  and  of  this  he  complained  also,  as  being  a  breach  of 
his  treaty.  His  farewell  to  the  Russian  and  Prussian  commissioners 
was  brief  and  dignified ;  the  Austrian  hussars  paid  full  military  honors 
to  the  party;  and  as  the  Emperor,  accompanied  by  the  Enghsh  and 
Austrian  commissioners,  embarked,  a  salvo  of  twenty-foiu*  guns  rang 
out  from  the  Undaunted.  Already  he  had  begun  to  eulogize  England 
and  her  ci\THzation,  and  to  behave  as  if  thi-owing  himself  on  the  good 
faith  of  an  Enghsh  gentleman,  exactly  as  a  defeated  knight  would 
throw  himself  on  the  chivahic  com-tesy  of  his  conqueror.  This  ap- 
pearance of  distinguished  treatment  heightened  his  self-satisfaction. 
His  attendants  said  that,  once  again  he  was  "  all  emperor." 

It  was  a  serious  blow  when,  on  passing  aboard  ship,  he  discovered 
that  the  salutes  had  been  in  recognition  of  the  commissioners,  and  that 
the  pohte  but  decided  Captain  Ussher  was  determined  to  treat  his  illus- 
trious guest  with  the  coui'tesy  due  to  a  private  gentleman,  and  with 
that  alone.  Although  chafing  at  times  during  the  voyage  against  the 
restrictions  of  naval  disciphne.  Napoleon  submitted  gTacefully,  and 
wore  a  subdued  air.  This  was  his  first  contact  with  Enghsh  customs : 
sometimes  they  interested  him ;  frequently,  as  in  the  matter  of  after- 
dinner  amusements  and  Simday  observance,  they  mitated  him,  and 
then  with  a  contemptu.ous  petulance  he  withdi'ew  to  his  cabin.  In 
conversation  with  Roller,  the  Austrian  commissioner,  he  once  referred 
to  his  conduct  in  disguisuig  himself  on  the  road  to  Frejus  as  pusillani- 
mous, and  admitted  in  vulgar  language  that  he  had  made  an  indecent 

Vol.  IV.— 21 


254  LIFE    OF    NAPOLEON    BONAPARTE  [^t.  44-45 

Chap,  xxm  display  of  himself.  He  was  convinced  that  all  the  dreadful  scenes 
1814-15  through  which  he  had  passed  were  the  work  of  Boiii-hon  emissaries. 
In  general  his  talk  was  a  running  commentary  on  the  past,  a  well-cal- 
cnlated  prattle  in  which,  with  apparent  spontaneity  and  ingennonsness, 
interpretations  were  placed  on  his  conduct  which  were  thoroughly 
novel.  This  was  the  beginning  of  a  series  of  historical  commentaries 
lasting,  with  interruptions,  to  the  end  of  his  life.  There  is  throughout  a 
unity  of  pm-pose  in  the  exphcation  and  embellishment  of  history  which 
will  be  considered  later.  On  May  foiu'th  the  Undaunted  cast  anchor  in 
the  harbor  of  Porto  Ferrajo. 

Elba  was  an  island  tUvided  against  itself,  there  being  both  imperial- 
ists and  royalists  among  its  inhabitants,  and  a  considerable  i)arty  which 
desired  independence.  By  rei^resenting  that  Napoleon  had  brought 
with  him  fabulous  sums,  the  Austrian  and  English  commissioners  easily 
won  the  Elbans  to  a  fervor  of  loyalty  for  their  new  emperor.  Before 
nightfall  of  the  foiu-th  the  court  was  estabhshed,  and  the  new  adminis- 
tration began  its  labors.  After  mastering  the  resources  and  needs  of 
his  pygmy  realm,  the  Emperor  began  at  once  to  deploy  all  his  powers, 
mending  the  highways,  fortifying  the  strategic  points,  and  creating 
about  the  nucleus  of  fom*  hunch'ed  guards  which  were  sent  from  Fon- 
tainebleau  an  efficient  httle  army  of  sixteen  hundred  men.  His  ex- 
penses were  regulated  to  the  minutest  detail,  the  salt-works  and  U'on- 
mines,  which  were  the  bidwarks  of  Elban  prosperity,  began  at  once  to 
increase  their  output,  and  taxation  was  regulated  with  scrupulous  nicety. 
By  that  supereminent  vu-tue  of  the  French  bm'gher,  good  management, 
the  island  was  made  almost  independent  of  the  remnants  of  the  Tuile- 
ries  treasure,  the  smn  of  about  five  milhon  fit-ancs,  which  Napoleon  had 
brought  from  France.  The  same  powers  which  had  swayed  a  world 
operated  wdth  equal  success  in  a  sphere  almost  microscopic  by  compari- 
son. To  many  this  appeared  a  soiTy  commentary  on  human  grandeur, 
but  the  gi-eat  exile  did  not  intend  to  sink  into  a  contemiitible  letbargy. 
If  the  future  had  aught  in  store  for  liim,  his  capacities  must  have  exer- 
cise and  their  bearings  be  kept  smooth  by  use.  The  Princess  Borghese 
had  been  sejjarated  from  her  secoud  liusband  soon  after  the  maniage, 
and  since  1810  she  had  lived  an  exile  from  Paiis,  ha%ing  been  banished 
for  impeiiinent  conduct  to  the  Empress.  But  she  cherished  no  maUce, 
and  before  long,  according  to  promise,  she  anwed  and  took  up  her  abode 
as  lier  brother's  companion.     Madame  Mere,  though  distant  hi  prosper- 


^Et. -14-45]  THE    E.MIMIKOK    OF    ELBA  I55 

ity,  came  likewise  to  soothe  her  son  in  adversity.  The  intercepted  let-  chap.  x\au 
ters  of  the  former  prove  her  to  have  been  at  least  as  loose  in  her  life  at  1814-15 
Elba  as  ever  before,  but  they  do  not  afford  a  sufficient  basis  for  the 
scandals  concerninf?  her  relations  witli  Napoleon  which  were  founded 
upon  them  and  industriously  circulated  at  the  couii  of  Louis  XVIII. 
The  shameful  charge,  thougli  recently  revived  and  ingeniously  sup- 
ported, appears  to  have  no  adequate  foundation. 

Napoleon's  economies  were  rendered  not  merely  expedient,  but  im- 
perative, by  the  fact  that  none  of  the  moneys  fi-om  Prance  were  forth- 
coming which  had  been  promised  in  his  treaty  with  the  powers.  After 
a  short  stay  KoUer  fi'ankly  stated  that  in  his  opinion  they  never  would 
be  paid,  and  departed.  The  island  swanned  with  Bom-bon  spies,  and 
the  only  conversation  in  which  Napoleon  could  indulge  himself  un- 
guardedly was  wnth  Sir  Neil  Campbell,  the  English  representative,  or 
with  the  titled  EngUsh  gentlemen  who  gratified  their  curiosity  by  visit- 
ing him.  Diu-iug  the  summer  heat,  when  the  court  was  encamped  on 
the  heights  at  Marciana  for  refreshment,  there  appeared  a  mysterious 
lady  with  her  child.  Both  were  weU  received  and  kindly  treated,  but 
they  withdi-ew  themselves  entirely  from  the  public  gaze.  Common 
inimor  said  it  was  the  Empress,  but  this  was  not  tnie;  it  was  the 
Countess  Walewska,  with  one  of  the  two  sons  she  bore  her  host,  whom 
she  still  adored.  They  remained  but  a  few  days,  and  departed  as  mys- 
teriously as  they  had  come.  Base  females  thronged  the  precincts  of  the 
imperial  residence,  openly  stnigghng  for  Napoleon's  favor  as  they  had 
so  far  never  dared  to  do ;  success  too  fi-equently  attended  their  efforts. 

But  the  one  woman  who  should  have  been  at  his  side  was  absent. 
It  is  certain  that  she  made  an  honest  effort  to  come,  and  apartments 
were  prepared  for  her  reception  in  the  little  palace  at  Porto  Fen-ajo. 
Her  father,  however,  thwarted  her  at  every  turn,  and  finally  she  was  a 
virtual  prisoner  at  Schonbrunn.  So  manifest  was  the  restraint  that  her 
gi-andmother  Caroline,  Queen  of  the  Two  Sicilies,  cried  out  in  indig-na- 
tion:  "If  I  were  in  the  place  of  Maria  Louisa,  I  would  tie  the  sheets  of 
my  bed  to  the  window-frame  and  flee."  Committed  to  the  charge  of 
the  elegant  and  subtle  Neipperg,  a  favorite  chamberlain  whom  she  had 
first  seen  at  Dresden,  she  was  phed  with  such  insidious  wiles  that  at  last 
her  slender  moral  fiber  was  entu-ely  broken  down,  and  she  fell  a  victim 
to  his  charms.  As  late  as  August,  Napoleon  received  impassioned  let- 
ters from  her ;  then  she  grew  f oi-mal  and  cold ;  at  last,  under  Metter- 


]^56  LIFE    OP    NAPOLEON    BONAPARTE  [iET.  44-45 

Chap,  xvni  nicb's  m-geney,  she  ceased  to  write   at  all.     Her  French  attcndaBt, 
181Z15      Meueval,  managed  to  convey  the  whole  sad  story  to  her  husband ;  hut 
the  Emperor  was  incredulous,  and  hojied  against  hope  until  December. 
Then  only  he  ceased  from  his  incessant  and  urgent  appeals. 

The  nmnber  of  visitors  to  Elba  was  sometimes  as  high  as  three  hun- 
dred in  a  single  day.  Among  these  were  a  few  English,  fewer  French, 
1)ut  many  Italians.  As  time  passed  the  heaviness  of  the  Austrian 
yoke  had  begun  to  gall  the  people  of  Napoleon's  former  kingdom,  and 
considerable  numbers  from  among  them,  remembering  the  mild  Eugene 
with  longing,  joined  in  an  extensive  though  feeble  conspiracy  to  restore 
Napoleon  to  the  throne  of  Italy.  Lucien  retiu^ned  to  Rome  in  order  to 
foster  the  movement,  and  Murat,  observing  with  unease  the  general 
faithlessness  of  the  great  powers  in  small  matters,  began  to  tremble  for 
the  secm-ity  of  his  own  seat.  With  them  and  others  Napoleon  appears  to 
have  corresponded  regularly.  He  felt  himself  entirely  freed  fi-om  the 
obligations  he  had  taken  at  Fontainebleau,  for  he  was  sm-e  the  people  of 
southern  France  had  been  instigated  to  take  his  life  by  royahst  agents, 
and  while  one  term  after  another  passed,  not  a  cent  was  paid  of  the 
promised  pension;  his  own  fortune,  therefore,  was  steadily  melting  away. 
For  months  he  behaved  as  if  really  determined  to  make  Elba  his  "  isle 
of  repose,"  as  he  designated  it  just  before  landing;  but  under  such  prov- 
ocations his  temper  changed.  The  corner-stone  of  his  treaty  was  his 
complete  sovereignty ;  otherwise  the  paper  was  merely  a  promise  mth- 
out  any  sanction,  not  even  that  of  international  law.  This  perfect  sov- 
ereignty had  been  recognized  by  the  withdrawal  of  aU  the  commissioners 
as  such,  Campbell  insisting  that  he  remained  merely  as  an  ambassador. 
In  a  treaty  concluded  on  May  thirtieth  between  Louis  XVIII.  and 
the  powers  of  the  coalition,  the  boundaries  of  France  were  fixed  sub- 
stantially as  they  had  been  in  1792,  and  the  destiny  of  the  lands  brought 
under  her  sway  by  the  Revolution  and  by  Napoleon  was  to  be  deter- 
mined by  a  European  congress.  This  body  met  on  November  first,  1814, 
at  Vienna.  It  was  soon  evident  that  the  four  powers  of  the  coalition 
were  to  outdo  Napoleon's  extreme  endeavors  in  their  reckless  disposition 
of  European  territories.  Before  the  close  of  the  month,  however,  Tal- 
leyrand, by  his  axh'oit  manipulations  and  his  conjimngs  with  the  sacro- 
sanct word  "  legitimacy,"  had  made  himself  the  moAdng  spirit  of  the 
congress,  and  had  so  inflamed  the  temper  of  both  Metternich  and  Cas- 
tlercagh  against  the  dictatorial  attitude  of  Russia  and  Prussia  as  to  in- 


rUBLICATION  AUTIIORIZF.D   BY   TJIE  ARTrST. 


7vrof.n.vvCKF.  iioissuy,  val^i-on  A  to.,  PAtiis. 


JUMiTHlNH    AI     MALMAl^UX. 


»IIUH    lilt   I'AI.MI.SO    U\   UtALlKH-DUMAS. 


/Et.  44-45]  THE    EMPEROR    OF    ELBA  157 

(luce  Austria  and  Great  Britain  to  sign,  on  Jamiary  third,  1815,  a  secret  CnAP.^vni 
treaty  with  France  wherol)y  the  parties  of  the  first  part  })Ound  them-  I8i4-i5 
selves  to  resist  the  aggressiveness  of  the  Northern  powers,  and  that  by 
force  if  necessary.  This  restored  France  to  the  position  of  a  great 
power.  By  the  middle  of  Februaiy  the  Northern  aUies  were  hronght  to 
terms,  and  in  retmni  for  theii"  concessions  it  was  agreed  that  Murat 
was  to  he  deposed.  This  spirit  of  compromise  menaced,  or  rather  finally 
destroyed,  the  sovereignty  of  Napoleon,  petty  as  it  was.  On  the  charge 
of  conspiiing  %vith  Murat,  he  could  easily  be  removed  from  Elba,  and 
deported  to  some  more  remote  spot  from  which  he  could  exert  no  in- 
fluence on  Exiropean  politics. 

From  the  opi'ning  sessions  of  the  congress  there  had  been  a  general 
consensus  of  opinion  as  to  this  course.  As  to  the  place  opinions  vaiied. 
Castlereagh  favored  the  Azores,  but  others  the  Cape  Verd  islands ;  St. 
Helena,  then  well  known  as  a  place  of  call  on  the  long  voyage  to  the 
Cape,  had  been  suggested  much  earlier,  even  before  Elba  was  chosen, 
but  when  or  by  whom  is  not  known.  It  is  quite  possible  that  Welhng- 
ton,  who  succeeded  Castlereagh  as  Enghsh  plenipotentiary  in  Feb- 
ruary, may  have  mentioned  the  name  ;  he  had  been  there,  and  knew  it 
as  almost  the  remotest  spot  of  land  in  the  world.  The  formal  proposi- 
tion to  that  effect  appears  to  have  been  made  by  the  Prussian  cabinet. 
The  congi'ess  took  no  definite  action  m  the  matter,  but  the  understand- 
ing was  so  clear  and  general  that  a  proclamation  to  the  national  guard 
was  printed  in  the  "Moniteur"  of  March  eighth,  1815,  stating  that 
measures  had  been  taken  at  the  Congress  of  Vienna  to  remove  Napo- 
leon farther  away.  It  was  easy  for  eveiybody,  including  the  captive 
himself,  to  believe  that,  all  the  other  articles  of  the  agreement  at  Fon- 
tainebleau  having  been  violated,  that  which  guaranteed  the  sovereignty 
of  Elba  was  equally  worthless. 

It  cannot  be  doubted  that  Napoleon  was  fully  aware  of  whatever 
was  proposed  at  Vienna,  and  it  is  absolutely  certain  that  he  was  thor- 
ougldy  informed  as  to  the  changed  state  of  pubhc  opinion  in  France. 
Having  promised  a  fairly  liberal  constitution  as  the  price  of  his  throne, 
Louis  XVIII.,  with  colossal  stupidity,  undertook  to  ig-nore  the  past,  and 
promulgated  the  charter  as  his  own  gi'aeious  act,  done  in  the  nine- 
teenth year  of  his  reign !  The  upper  chamber,  or  House  of  Peers,  was 
his  creature,  since  he  could  create  members  at  will.  Feeble  in  mind 
and  body,  he  was  unable  to  check  the  reactionary  assumptions  of  his 


158  LIFE    OP    NAPOLEON    BONAPARTE  [^t.  4J-i5 

Chap,  xvm  family,  who,  having  deserted  tbeu*  coiiutry,  had  returned  to  it  by  the 
1S14-15  aid  of  invaders  despised  and  feared  by  the  nation.  These  and  the 
retiu'ning  eniigi-ants  were  provided  with  ricli  sinecures,  and  began  to 
talk  of  restoring  estates  to  their  rightful  owners;  in  some  cases  the 
possessors,  on  their  death-beds,  were  intimidated  into  making  such  res- 
titution. The  extreme  clerical  party  began  even  to  hamper  the  min- 
istry in  its  efforts  to  grant  the  freedom  of  worship  guaranteed  l:)y  the 
constitution.  Secular  business  was  forbidden  on  certain  holy  days,  and 
funeral  masses  were  celebrated  for  Pichegru,  Moreau,  and  Cadoudal, 
that  for  the  latter  at  the  King's  expense.  When,  finally.  Christian 
bmial  was  refused  to  an  actress  there  were  riots  in  Paris. 

But  the  government  continued  its  suicidal  course ;  even  the  Vendee 
grew  disaffected,  and,  the  suffrage  having  been  greatly  restricted,  there 
were  mm-miuings  about  oUgarchies  and  tyrants.  At  Nimes  the  Protes- 
tants feared  another  St.  Bai-tholomew,  and  said  so.  Even  moderate 
royalists  grew  troubled,  and  could  not  retort  when  they  heard  the  new 
order  stigmatized  by  the  fitting  name  of  "paternal  anarchy."  Both 
veterans  and  conscripts  deserted  in  great  numbers  from  the  army  as 
they  saw  their  of&cers  discharged  by  the  score  to  make  places  for  the 
young  aristocracy,  or  their  comrades  retired,  nominally  on  half-pay,  in 
realit}^  to  eke  out  a  subsistence  as  best  they  could.  It  was  not  long  be- 
fore men  showed  each  other  pocket-pieces  bearing  Napoleon's  efl&gy, 
whispering  as  watchwords,  "  Courage  and  hope,"  or  "  He  has  been  and 
will  be,"  or  "  Frenchmen,  awake ;  the  Emperor  is  waking."  As  early 
as  July,  1814,  rmnors  of  his  return  were  rife  in  country  districts,  and 
by  autumn  the  longing  for  it  was  outspoken  and  general.  In  Paris 
there  was  gi'eater  caution,  but  as  Marmont  was  called  Judas  for  having 
betrayed  his  master,  so  Berthier  was  known  as  Peter  in  that  he  had 
denied  him,  and  it  was  a  common  joke  to  tie  a  white  cockade  to  the 
tail  of  a  dog.  Before  the  chamber  met  the  various  factions  openly 
avowed  themselves  as  either  royahsts,  Bonapartists,  liberals,  or  Jaco- 
bins. The  money  estimates  presented  made  it  clear  that  a  king  was 
more  expensive  than  an  emperor,  and  when  the  peers  not  only  voted 
to  indemnify  the  emigi-ants  for  tlie  lands  held  by  their  families,  but 
likemse  passed  a  l)ill  establishing  the  censorship  of  the  press,  it  was 
common  talk  that  the  present  state  of  things  could  not  last. 

The  number  of  French  pi-isoners  of  war  and  of  soldiers  released 
fi'om  the  besieged  fortresses  in  central  Europe  was  about  three  bun- 


^T.  44-45]  THE    EMPEROR    OF    ELBA  159 

di*ed  tbousand,  of  whom  a  third  were  veterans  of  the  Empire.  To  these  chap.  xvm 
must  be  added  the  ai-my  which  Soult,  ignorant  of  Napoleon's  abdica-  1814-15 
tion,  had  led  to  defeat  at  Toulouse,  and  the  soldiers  who  had  served 
in  Italy.  These  men,  long  accustomed  to  much  consideration,  found 
themselves  on  their  retuni  to  be  persons  of  no  consequence.  They 
learned  that  the  great  officers  of  the  Empire  were  everywhere  treated 
with  scant  courtesy,  and  that  the  great  ladies  of  the  imperial  court 
were  now  viriuaUy  driven  fi'om  the  Tuileries  by  the  significant  ques- 
tions and  loud  asides  of  the  royal  personages  who  had  supplanted 
them.  It  was  told  in  all  public  resorts  how  Ney  had  resented  the  rude 
affronts  put  on  his  wife  by  the  Duchess  of  Angouleme.  The  well- 
trained  subordinate  officers  of  these  contingents  were  turned  adi-ift  by 
thousands  on  the  same  terms  as  those  of  Napoleon's  own  ai-my,  half- 
pay  if  they  showed  themselves  good  Cathohcs,  othei-wise  nothing.  For 
the  most  part,  again,  this  promise  was  empty;  young  royaUsts  were 
put  in  theii"  places,  the  pay  of  the  old  guard  was  reduced,  a  new  noble 
guard  was  organized,  promotion  was  refused  to  those  who  had  received 
commissions  dining  the  operations  of  war,  and  the  asylums  estabhshed 
for  the  orphans  of  those  who  had  belonged  to  the  Legion  of  Honor 
were  abolished.  So  bitter  was  the  outciy  that  the  King  felt  compelled 
to  dismiss  his  minister  of  war,  and,  not  daring  to  substitute  Marmont, 
who  demanded  the  place,  appointed  Soult.  He  too  was  speedily  dis- 
credited for  harshness  to  Exelmans,  a  subordinate  who  was  discovered 
to  have  been  in  correspondence  with  Napoleon ;  and  by  the  middle  of 
February,  1815,  nearly  all  the  soldiers  were  at  heart  Bonapartists,  then- 
friends  for  the  most  part  abetting  them. 

In  less  than  two  months  after  Louis  XVIII.  took  his  seat,  TaUeyi-and 
and  Fouche  were  deep  in  their  element  of  plot  and  intrigue.  They 
thought  of  the  son  of  Philippe  Egalite  as  a  possible  constitutional  rider; 
they  talked  of  reestablishing  the  unperial  regency;  with  Napoleon  placed 
beyond  the  possibility  of  returning,  the  latter  coui-se  woidd  be  safe. 
During  the  succeeding  months  they  continued  to  juggle  with  this 
double  intrigue,  and  around  then-  plots  clustered  minor  ones  in  mass. 
Lord  Liverpool  actually  called  WeUington  to  London  for  fear  the 
duke  should  be  seized,  and  Marmont  put  the  Paris  garrison  under 
arms.  On  January  twenty-first,  1815,  the  death  of  Louis  XVI.  was 
commemorated  by  the  royahsts  with  the  wildest  talk;  and  such  was  the 
general  fury  over  Exelmans's  treatment  that  Fouche  at  last  stepped 


160  LIFE    OF    NAPOLEON    BONAPARTE  [iEx.  44-45 

Chap,  xviu  forwai'd  to  give  bis  conspiracy  some  form.  Carnot  and  Davout  were 
1814-15  both  expected  to  cooijerate ;  but  altbougb  they  refused,  enough  officers 
of  intiuence  were  secm-ed  to  make  a  plan  for  an  extended  insurrection 
entirely  feasible.  For  this  all  parties  were  willing  to  unite;  no  one 
knew  or  cared  what  was  to  supi)Iant  the  existing  government — any- 
thing was  better  than  "paternal  anarchy." 

How  accurate  the  information  was  which  reached  Napoleon  at  Elba 
we  cannot  ascertain,  for  his  feehngs  were  masked  and  his  conduct  was 
non-committal.  Ho  had  entii'ely  recovered  his  health,  and  though  old 
in  experience,  he  was  only  forty-five  years  of  age,  and  still  appeared 
like  one  in  the  prime  of  life.  He  was  apparently  vigorous,  being  short, 
thick-necked,  and  iuchned  to  corpulence.  His  cheeks  were  somewhat 
heav)'^  and  sensuous,  his  hair  receded  far  back  on  the  temples,  his 
limbs  were  powerful,  his  hands  and  feet  were  delicately  formed  and 
noticeably  small.  His  movements  were  nervous  and  well  controlled, 
his  eye  was  clear  and  bright,  his  passions  were  strong,  his  self-control 
was  apparent,  and  the  coordination  of  his  powers  was  easy.  To  the 
Elban  peasant  he  was  gracious;  vnth  his  subordinates  he  was  dignified; 
among  his  many  visitors  he  moved  with  good  hmiior  and  tact;  his  kind- 
ness to  his  mother  and  sister  made  both  of  them  devoted  and  happy. 

The  only  anxiety  he  displayed  was  in  regard  to  assassination  and 
kiduapi^ing:  the  former  he  said  he  could  meet  Hke  a  soldier;  of  the  lat- 
ter he  spoke  with  anxious  foreboding.  He  had  reason  to  fear  both. 
Every  week,  either  in  France  or  Italy  or  both,  there  was  a  plot  among 
fanatical  royalists  and  priests  to  kill  him;  and  though  the  Barbary 
pmites  were  eager  to  seize  him  and  win  a  great  ransom,  they  were 
excelled  in  their  zeal  both  by  Mariotte,  Talleyrand's  agent  in  Leghorn, 
and  by  Bruslart,  a  bitter  and  ancient  enemy,  who  had  been  appointed 
governor  of  Corsica  for  the  pm*pose.  For  these  reasons,  probably,  the 
Emperor  of  Elba  lived  as  far  as  possible  in  seclusion.  As  time  passed 
he  gi-ew  less  intimate  with  Campbell,  but  the  Scotch  gentleman  did 
not  attribute  the  fact  to  discontent.  Before  leaving  Elba,  on  February 
sixteenth,  to  reside  for  a  time  in  Florence  and  perform  the  duties  of 
Enghsh  envoy  in  that  place,  he  gave  it  as  his  opinion  that  if  Na- 
poleon received  the  pension  stipulated  for  in  the  treaty  he  woidd 
remain  tranquilly  where  he  was. 


<    t 

k— •         f^ 

O     - 


a.      5 


H 


CHAPTER  XIX 

napoleon  the  liberator 

Napoleon  Ready  to  Reai^pear — Reasons  for  his  Determination — 
The  Return  to  France — The  Northward  March — Grenoble 
Opens  its  Gates — The  Lyons  Proclamations  —  The  Emperor 
in  the  Tueleries  —  The  Emperor  of  the  French  —  The  Addi- 
tional Act  —  Effects  of  the  Return  in  France  and  Elsewhere 
— The  Congress  of  Vienna  Denounces  Napoleon. 

IT  has  lately  been  recalled  that  as  early  as  July,  1814,  the  Emperor  of  Chap.  xix 
Elba  remarked  to  an  English  visitor  that  Louis  XVIII.,  being  sm--  1814-15 
rounded  by  those  who  had  betrayed  the  Empire,  would  in  turn  probably 
be  himseLE  betrayed  by  them.  For  the  ensuing  foui"  months,  however, 
the  exile  gave  no  sign  of  any  deep  pm'pose ;  to  those  who  wished  to 
leave  him  he  gave  a  hearty  good-by.  In  December,  however,  he  re- 
marked to  one  of  his  old  soldiers,  pointedly,  as  the  man  thought:  "Well, 
grenadier,  you  are  bored;  .  .  .  take  the  weather  as  it  comes."  Shpping 
a  gold  piece  into  the  veteran's  hand,  he  then  tui'ned  away,  humming  to  a 
simple  air  the  words,  "  This  wiU  not  last  forever."  Thereafter  he  dis- 
suaded aU  who  sought  to  depart,  saying :  "Be  patient.  We  '11  pass 
these  few  winter  days  as  best  we  may ;  then  we  'U  try  to  spend  the 
spring  in  another  fashion."  This  vague  language  may  possibly  have  re- 
feiTed  to  the  Italian  scheme,  but  on  February  tenth  he  received  a  clear 
account  of  what  had  happened  at  Vienna,  and  on  the  evening  of  the 
twelfth  Fleury  de  Chaboulon,  a  confidential  friend  of  Maret,  arrived  in 
the  disguise  of  a  sailor,  and  revealed  in  the  fullest  and  most  authentic 
way  the  state  of  France.  When  he  heard  of  the  plan  to  reestablish  the 
regency.  Napoleon  Imrst  out  hotly :  "A  regency !  What  for "?  Am  I, 
then,  dead'?"     Two  days  later,  after  long  conferences,  the  emissary 


Vol.  IV.— 22 


162  LIFE    OP    NAPOLEON    BONAPARTE  [^Et.  45 

Chap.  XIX    Tvas  desjiatcbed  to  do  what  he  coiild  at  Naples,  and  the  Emperor  began 
1814-15      his  preparations. 

This  was  soon  known  on  the  mainland,  and  three  days  later  a  per- 
sonage whose  identity  has  never  been  revealed  arrived  in  tbe  gnise  of 
a  Itlarscillaise  merchant,  declaring  that,  except  the  rich  and  the  emi- 
gi'ants,  every  human  being  in  France  longed  for  the  Emperor's  return. 
If  he  would  but  set  up  his  hat  on  the  shores  of  Provence,  it  would 
draw  all  men  toward  it.  When  Napoleon  turned  pseudo-historian  he 
declared  in  one  place  that  the  breaches  of  the  Fontainebleau  treaty  and 
his  fears  of  deportation  had  nothing  to  do  with  his  return  from  Elba ; 
in  another  he  states  the  reverse.  Since  the  legend  he  was  then  studi- 
ously constnicting  requu'ed  the  unbroken  devotion  of  the  French  to 
the  standard-bearer  of  the  Revolution  for  the  sake  of  consistency,  he 
probably  recalled  only  the  feehngs  awakened  by  Flemy's  report  that 
opportunity  was  ripe,  and  that,  too,  earlier  than  had  been  expected. 
But  there  were  other  motives  at  the  time,  for  Peyrusse,  keeper  of  Na- 
poleon's purse  dming  the  Elban  sojoiu-n,  heard  his  master  asseverate 
that  it  would  be  more  dangerous  to  remain  in  Porto  Ferrajo  than  to 
return  to  France.  In  any  case,  so  far  as  France  and  the  world  at  large 
were  concerned,  the  contemptuous  indifference  of  Louis  and  his  minis- 
ters to  their  obhgations  under  the  treaty  powerfully  justified  Napo- 
leon's com-se.  Even  Alexander  and  Castlereagh  had  early  made  an 
indignant  protest  to  Talleji'and ;  but  the  latter,  abeady  deep  in  con- 
spu'acy,  tmTied  them  off  with  a  flippant  rejoinder. 

With  gi-eat  adroitness  and  secrecy  Napoleon  collected  and  fitted  out 
his  little  flotilla,  which  consisted  of  the  Inconstant,  a  stout  brig  assigned 
to  him  at  Fontainebleau,  and  seven  smaller  craft.  During  the  prepara- 
tions the  French  and  Enghsh  war-vessels  patrolling  the  neighboring 
waters  came  and  went,  but  their  captains  suspected  nothing.  Camp- 
bell's departure  created  a  false  rumor  among  the  islanders  that  Eng- 
land was  favoring  some  expedition  on  which  the  Emperor  was  about 
to  embark,  thus  allaying  all  suspicion.  When,  on  the  twenty-sixth, 
a  little  army  of  eleven  hundred  men  found  itself  afloat,  with  eighty 
horses  and  a  number  of  cannon,  no  one  seemed  to  realize  what  had 
happened;  except  Drouot,  who  pleaded  against  Napoleon's  rashness, 
all  were  enthusiastic.  To  avoid  suspicion,  each  captain  steered  his 
own  course,  and  the  various  craft  dotting  the  sea  at  irregular  intervals 
looked  no  way  imUke  the  other  boats  which  plied  those  waters.     Sev- 


.Kt.  45]  NATOLEON    THE    LIBERATOR  163 

eral  men-of-war  were  sighted,  but  they  kept  their  course.  As  one  dan-  Chap.  xk 
ger  after  another  was  averted,  the  great  adventurer's  spu-its  rose  until  1814-15 
he  was  exuberant  with  joy,  and  talked  of  Austerlitz.  It  was  March  first 
when  land  was  finally  sighted  from  the  Incomtunt;  as  if  by  magic,  the 
other  vessels  hove  in  sight  immediately,  and  by  four  the  men  were  all 
ashore  on  the  strand  of  the  Gulf  of  Jouan.  Cambronne,  a  colonel  of 
the  imperial  guards,  was  sent  to  requisition  horses  at  Cannes,  with  the 
strict  injunction  that  not  a  drop  of  blood  be  shed.  As  the  great  actor 
had  theatrically  said  on  board  his  brig,  he  was  "  about  to  produce  a 
great  novelty,"  and  he  counted  upon  dazzling  the  beholders  into  an  en- 
thusiasm they  had  ceased  to  feel  for  the  old  plays.  Among  others 
brought  to  Napoleon's  bivouac  that  night  was  the  Prince  of  Monaco, 
who  had  been  found  by  Cambronne  at  St.  Pierre  traveUng  in  a  four- 
horse  carriage,  and  had  been  taken  as  a  prisoner  into  Napoleon's  pres- 
ence. "  Where  are  you  going?  "  was,  according  to  tradition,  the  gi-eet- 
ing  of  Napoleon.  "  I  am  returning  to  my  domains,"  came  the  reply, 
"  Indeed!  and  I  too,"  was  the  meny  retort. 

Recalhng  the  mortal  agony  he  had  endm*ed  on  the  highway  through 
Aix  but  a  short  year  before,  and  its  causes,  and  having  been  informed 
how  bitter  was  the  anti-royaUst  feeling  in  the  Dauphine,  Napoleon  set 
his  httle  army  in  march  direct  toward  Grenoble.  At  Cannes  there  was 
general  indifference ;  at  Grasse  it  was  found  that  the  division  general 
in  command  had  fled,  and  there  were  a  few  timid  shouts  of  "  Long  live 
the  Emperor! "  Thence  to  Digne  on  the  Grenoble  highway  was  a  moun- 
tain track  over  a  ridge  twelve  thousand  feet  above  the  sea.  In  twenty 
hours  the  slender  column  marched  thirty-five  mUes.  The  "growlers" 
joked  about  the  "  httle  corporal "  who  trudged  at  their  side,  the  Alpine 
hamlets  provided  abundant  rations,  and  the  government  officials  fiu'- 
nished  blank  passports  which  enabled  Napoleon  to  send  emissaries  both 
to  Grenoble  and  to  Marseilles,  where  Massena  was  in  command.  The 
little  garrison  of  Digne  was  Bonapartist  in  feeling,  but  it  was  not  yet 
ready  to  join  Napoleon,  and  withdrew ;  that  at  Sisteron  was  kept  from 
meddhng  by  a  body  of  troops  which  had  been  despatched  as  a  coi-jis  of 
observation  from  Marseilles,  while  the  populace  shouted  heartily  for  the 
Emperor.  At  Gap  the  officials  strove  to  organize  resistance,  but  they 
desisted  before  the  menaces  of  the  people.  By  this  time  the  peasantiy 
were  coming  in  by  hundreds.  So  far  Napoleon's  entei-prise  had  received 
but  four  recruits :  two  soldiers  from  Antibes,  a  tanner  fi-om  Grasse,  and 


164  LIFE    OF    NAPOLEON    BONAPARTE  [^t.  45 

Chap.  XIX    a  gendarme.    Now  he  was  so  confident  that  he  dismissed  the  peasantiy, 
181-1-10      assm'ing  them  that  the  soldiers  in  front  would  join  his  standards. 

On  March  seventh  the  head  of  the  colmmi  of  imperial  adventiu'ers 
reached  La  Mm"o,  a  short  day's  march  from  Grenoble.  They  were  re- 
ceived with  enthusiasm,  and  a  bucket  of  the  poor  native  wine  was 
brought  for  the  refi-eshment  of  the  men.  When  all  had  been  served 
Napoleon  reached  out  for  the  cheap  Mttle  glass,  and  swallowed  his  ra- 
tion Hke  the  rest.  There  was  wild  dehght  among  both  his  men  and  the 
onlookers  as  the  "army"  set  out  for  Laffray,  the  next  hamlet,  where 
was  a  small  detachment  sent  from  Grenoble  to  destroy  a  bridge  over 
the  Drac.  With  inscmtable  faces  they  stood  across  the  highway,  lances 
set  and  muskets  charged,  imder  orders  to  fu-e  on  Napoleon  the  moment 
he  should  appear.  At  length  the  critical  moment  arrived.  "  There  he 
is !  Fire ! "  cried  a  royahst  officer.  The  soldiers  clutched  then*  arms, 
theii"  faces  blanched,  then*  knees  shook,  and  they — disobeyed.  Napo- 
leon, walking  slowly,  advanced  withm  pistol-shot.  He  wore  the  old 
familiar  gray  surtout,  the  well-known  cocked  hat,  and  a  tricolor  cock- 
ade. "  Soldiers  of  the  Fifth,"  he  said  in  a  strong,  calm  voice,  "  behold 
me ! "  Then  advancing  a  few  paces  farther,  he  threw  open  his  coat 
and  displaying  the  familiar  unifonn,  he  called:  "If  there  be  one  soldier 
among  you  who  wishes  to  Mil  his  Emperor,  he  can.  I  come  to  offer 
myself  to  your  assaults."  In  an  instant  the  opposing  ranks  melted  into 
a  mob  of  sobbing,  cheering  men,  kissing  Napoleon's  shoes,  struggling 
to  touch  the  skirts  of  his  shabby  garments.  The  smTounding  throng 
crowded  near  in  sympathy.  "Soldiers,"  cried  the  magician,  "I  come 
with  a  handful  of  brave  men  because  I  count  on  you  and  the  people. 
The  thi'one  of  the  Bourbons  is  illegitimate  because  it  was  not  erected 
by  the  nation.  Yoiu*  fathers  are  threatened  by  a  restoration  of  titles, 
of  privilege,  and  of  feudal  rights ;  is  it  not  so  ?  "  "  Yes,  yes,"  shouted 
the  multitude.  At  that  instant  appeared  a  rider  aiTayed  in  the  unifonn 
of  the  national  guard,  but  wearing  a  huge  tricolor  cockade.  Alighting 
at  Napoleon's  feet,  he  said:  "Sire,  I  am  Jean  Dumoulin  the  glove-maker; 
I  bring  to  your  majesty  a  hundred  thousand  francs  and  my  arm."  At 
that  instant  likewise  an  imperial  proclamation  denouncing  traitors,  and 
promising  that  mider  the  old  standards  victory  would  return  like  the 
storm-wind,  was  passing  from  hand  to  hand  in  the  ganison  of 
Grenoble.  Labedoyere,  the  colonel  of  the  Seventh  of  the  line,  fii'st 
announced   his   jnirpose    to    support   his   Emperor,  and  the  royalist 


^T.  45]  NAPOLEON    THE   LIBERATOR  165 

officers  saw  the  imperialist  feeling  spread  with  dismay.  They  arranged  Chap.  xrx 
to  evacuate  the  place  next  moraing.  At  seven  in  the  evening  Napoleon  1814-15 
summoned  the  town ;  the  commandant,  unable  to  resist  the  pressiu-e  of 
both  soldiers  and  populace,  fled  with  a  few  adliercnts,  and  at  ten  the 
gates  were  opened.  The  reception  of  the  retm-ning  exile  was  heai-ty 
and  impressive.  It  was  with  an  army  of  seven  thousand  men  that, 
after  a  rest  of  thirty-six  hours,  he  started  for  Lyons. 

"As  far  as  G-renoble  I  was  an  adventurer;  at  Grenoble  I  was  a 
prince,"  wrote  Napoleon  at  St.  Helena.  K  this  were  true,  at  Lyons  he 
was  an  Emperor  in  fact  as  well  as  in  name,  that  great  city  receiving 
him  with  plaudits  as  energetic  as  were  the  execrations  with  which  they 
dismissed  Artois  and  Macdonald.  Recalling  the  lessons  of  his  youth, 
some  learned  in  Corsica,  some  in  the  Rhone  valley,  the  returning  Em- 
peror carefully  felt  the  pulse  of  public  opinion  as  he  journeyed.  He 
found  the  longing  for  peace  to  be  universal,  and  even  before  enter- 
ing Lyons  he  began  to  promise  peace  with  honor.  But  this  he  quickly 
found  was  not  enough  :  it  must  be  peace  with  liberty  as  well.  The  sole 
task  before  him,  therefore,  he  declared  to  be  that  of  protecting  the  inter- 
ests and  principles  of  the  Revolution  against  the  returning  emigi'ants. 
France,  restored  to  her  glory,  was  to  live  in  harmony  with  other  Eui'o- 
pean  powers  as  long  as  they  minded  their  o^vu  affau's.  Napoleon,  the 
hberator  of  France !  To  teriify  foreign  invaders  and  intestine  foes 
a  great  united  nation  was  to  speak  in  trumpet  notes.  From  Lyons, 
therefore,  second  city  of  the  Empii-e,  was  summoned  a  popular  assem- 
bly to  revise  the  constitution.  To  convey  the  impression  that  Austria 
was  in  secret  accord  with  the  Emperor's  course,  three  delegates  from 
the  eastern  capital  were  summoned  to  assist  at  a  significant  ceremony 
which  was  to  occur  almost  immediately,  the  coronation  of  the  Em- 
press and  the  King  of  Rome.  Still  further,  a  decree  was  issued 
which  banished  the  returned  emigrants  and  swept  away  the  preten- 
sions of  the  arrogant  nobles.  Talleyi'and,  Marmont,  Augereau,  and 
Dalberg  were  attainted,  and  the  noble  guard  of  the  King  was  abohshed. 
Under  these  influences  Bonapartist  feeling  grew  so  intense  and  spread 
so  widely  that  the  army  of  Soult,  which  had  been  assembled  in  the 
southeast  to  oppose  Mm^at,  tmnaed  imperiahst  almost  to  a  man.  Mas- 
sena,  who  seems  to  have  followed  the  lead  of  Fouche,  waited  to  see 
what  was  coming,  and  remained  neutral.  Ney  fell  in  with  the  general 
movement,  and  joined  Napoleon  at  AuxeiTe.     "  Embrace  me,  my  dear 


16(3  LIFE    OF    NAPOLEON    BONArARTE  [^Et.  45 

Chap.  XIX   general,"  were  the  Emperor's  words  of  greeting.     "I  am  glad  to  see 
1814-15      you ;  and  I  want  neither  explanations  nor  justifications." 

All  resistance  disappeared  before  Napoleon's  advance  as  he  passed 
Autun  and  descended  the  Yonne  valley  toward  Paris.  Everywhere 
there  were  dissensions  among  the  populace,  but  the  enthusiasm  of  the 
soldiers  and  then-  sympathizers  triumphed.  The  troops  despatched  by 
the  King's  government  to  overpower  the  "usurper"  sooner  or  later 
went  over  to  the  "  usm-per's  "  standards.  One  morning  a  placard  was 
found  on  the  raihng  around  the  Vendome  column :  "  Napoleon  to  Louis 
XVIII.  My  good  brother,  it  is  useless  to  send  me  any  more  troops ;  I 
have  enough."  Paris  was  in  a  storm  of  suppressed  excitement.  The 
measures  of  resistance  were  half-hearted ;  the  King  made  lavish  con- 
cessions and  the  chambers  passed  excellent  laws  without  attracting  any 
attention  or  sympathy ;  volunteers  were  raised,  but  there  was  no  energy 
in  their  organization.  When  Napoleon  reached  Fontainebleau  on  the 
eighteenth,  the  resei'ves  stationed  in  and  near  Paris  on  the  south  came 
over  to  him  in  a  body.  On  the  nineteenth  Louis  issued  a  despairing 
address  to  the  army,  and  fled  to  Lille ;  on  the  morning  of  the  twentieth 
the  capital  found  itself  without  any  vestige  of  government.  The 
sti'eets  were  thronged  with  people,  but  there  was  no  disorder  until  a 
band  of  royahsts  attacked  a  half -pay  of&cer  wearing  the  imperial  cock- 
ade. At  once  the  city  guard  formed  and  intervened  to  quell  the  chs- 
tm-bance.  Thereupon  the  imperialists  endeavored  to  seize  the  Tuileries; 
they,  too,  were  checked,  and  a  double  force,  royalist  and  imperial,  was 
set  to  defend  that  impoi-tant  spot.  Over  other  pubhc  buildings  the 
imperial  colors  waved  alone  and  undisturbed.  Dm'ing  the  afternoon 
the  crowds  dispersed  and  the  uuperial  officials  quietly  resumed  their 
places.  At  nine  in  the  evening  a  post-chaise  rolled  up  to  the  Tuileries 
gate,  Napoleon  alighted,  and  the  observers  thought  his  smUe  was  like 
that  of  one  walking  in  a  dream.  At  once  he  was  caught  in  the  brawny 
arms  of  his  admirers,  and  handed  upward  from  step  to  step,  fi-om  land- 
ing to  landing :  so  fierce  was  the  affection  of  his  fiiends  that  his  life 
seemed  to  be  in  danger  fi'om  their  embraces,  and  it  was  with  relief  that 
he  entered  his  cabinet  and  closed  the  door,  to  find  himself  among  a  few 
of  his  old  stanch  and  tried  servants,  with  Caulaincourt  at  their  head. 
This  reception  had  been  in  sharp  contrast  to  the  apathy  displayed  on 
the  streets,  where  the  people  were  few  in  number,  unenthusiastic,  and 
indifferent.     "  They  let  me  come,"  said  Napoleon  to  Mollien,  "  as  they 


iET.  45]  NAPOLEON    THE    LIBERATOR  107 

let  the  other  go."    Finding  himself  unable  to  endure  the  loneliness  of    chap.  xix 
the  Tuileries,  and  depressed  by  the  associations  of  the  familiar  scenes,      1814-15 
he  withdrew  in  a  few  days  to  the  comparative  seclusion  of  the  lllysee, 
then  a  suburban  mansion  dubljed  by  courtesy  a  palace. 

Some  j)ortion  of  Napoleon's  leisuiv  in  Elba  had  been  devoted,  as 
was  mentioned  in  another  connection,  to  sketching  the  outline  of  a 
treatise  intended  to  prove  that  his  dynasty  was  quite  as  legitimate  as 
any  other  which  had  rided  over  France.  His  illusions  of  European 
empire  were  dismissed  either  permanently  or  temporarily,  and  for  the 
moment  he  was  the  apostle  of  nationahty  and  popular  sovereignty  in 
France.  Before  laying  his  head  on  his  pillow  in  the  Tuileries  he  dis- 
played this  fact  to  the  world  in  the  constitution  of  his  cabinet,  which 
would  in  oiu"  day  be  designated  as  a  cabinet  of  concentration,  represen- 
tative of  various  shades  of  opinion.  Maret,  Davout,  Cambaceres,  Gau- 
(liu,  MoUien,  Decres,  Caulaincoui-t,  Fouche,  and  Carnot  accepted  the 
various  portfoUos ;  most  sm-prising  of  all,  Benjamin  Constant,  the  con- 
stitutional repubhcan,  became  president  of  a  reconstructed  council  of 
state.  In  connection  with  the  announcement  of  these  names,  the  na- 
tion was  informed  that  the  constitution  was  to  be  revised,  and  that  the 
censorship  of  the  press  was  abolished.  In  reference  to  the  latter.  Na- 
poleon remarked  that,  since  everything  possible  had  been  said  about 
him  during  the  past  year,  he  could  himself  be  no  worse  off  than  he  was, 
but  the  editors  could  still  find  much  to  say  about  his  enemies.  To 
Constant  he  fi-ankly  explained  what  he  meant  by  revision.  The  com- 
mon people  had  welcomed  his  return  because  he  was  one  of  themselves, 
and  at  a  signal  he  could  have  the  nobles  mm'dered.  But  he  wanted  no 
peasants'  war,  and,  as  the  taste  had  returned  for  uni-estricted  discus- 
sion, public  trials,  emancipated  elections,  responsible  ministers,  and  all 
the  paraphernaha  of  constitutional  government,  the  public  must  be 
gratified.  For  aU  this  he  was  ready,  and  with  it  for  peace.  But  peace 
he  could  win  only  by  victory,  for,  although  in  his  conduct,  in  the  Lyons 
decrees,  and  in  casual  talk,  he  hinted  at  negotiations  with  foreign  pow- 
ers, those  negotiations  were  purely  imaginary. 

With  a  clear  comprehension  of  the  situation,  the  ministers  went  to 
work.  On  April  twenty-third  was  promulgated  the  Additional  Act, 
whereby  the  fi'anchise  was  extended,  the  state  chm'ch  aboHshed,  hberty 
of  worship  guaranteed,  and  every  wretched  remnant  of  privilege  or 
divine  right  expunged.     The  two  chambers  were  retained,  many  im- 


168  LIFE    OF    NAPOLEON    BONAPARTE  [^t.  45 

Chap.  XIX  perial  dignitaries  being  assigned  to  the  House  of  Peers,  the  Bonaparte 
1814-15  brothers,  Lncien,  Joseph,  and  Jerome,  among  the  number.  It  was,  as 
Chateaubriand  sarcastically  said,  a  revised  and  improved  edition  of 
Louis's  constitution.  The  preamble,  however,  was  new;  it  set  forth 
that  Napoleon,  having  been  long  engaged  in  constructing  a  great  Eui-o- 
pean  federal  system  suited  to  the  spirit  of  the  time  and  favorable  to 
the  spirit  of  civilization,  had  now  abandoned  it,  and  would  henceforth 
devote  himself  to  a  single  aim,  the  perfect  security  of  pubhc  hberty. 
This  specious  representation,  half  true  and  half  false,  awakened  no 
enthusiasm  in  France ;  it  was  accepted  along  with  the  Additional  Act, 
by  a  plebiscite,  but  by  only  a  million  three  hundred  thousand  votes  — 
less  than  half  the  number  cast  for  the  Consulate  and  the  Empire.  This 
was  largely  due  to  a  curious  apathy,  induced  by  a  still  more  curious  but 
firm  conviction  that  at  last  France  had  secured  peace  with  honor. 
Reference  has  been  made  to  a  military  conspu-acy  fomented  by  Fouche 
in  the  North ;  before  the  hostile  public  feeling  thus  engendered  in  that 
quarter  Louis  fled  to  Ghent  within  five  days  after  Napoleon  reached 
Paris,  and,  though  the  royal  princes  were  able  to  cany  on  civil  war  in 
the  South  a  little  longer,  it  was  generally  felt  that  the  nation  now  had 
a  ruler  of  its  own  choosing,  and  that  if  they  attended  strictly  to  their 
own  affairs  they  would  be  left  in  peace.  For  considerable  time  there 
was  little  news  from  abroad,  and  so  swift  was  the  nish  of  internal 
affau's  that  no  heed  was  given  to  what  there  was. 

This  was  suddenly  changed  in  Apiil,  when  it  was  brought  home  to 
the  nation  that  the  specter  of  war  had  again  been  raised,  and  that  the 
dynasties  were  finally  a  unit  in  their  detennination  to  extirpate  the 
Napoleonic  regime  as  a  measure  of  self-defense.  Eveiy  man  with  any 
means  saw  himself  beggared,  and  eveiy  mother  felt  her  son  sUpping 
from  her  arms  to  swim  once  more  that  sea  of  blood  in  which  for  a  gen- 
eration the  hope  of  the  nation  had  been  submerged.  The  depression 
was  general  and  tenible,  for  the  prospect  was  appalling.  England,  en- 
tangled ^\^.th  dynastic  alliances  in  order  to  preserve  her  prosperity  and 
dignity,  had  lost  most  of  her  serious  and  trusted  leaders,  and  the  few 
who  survived  were  so  panic-stricken  as  to  have  httle  perspicacity.  The 
King's  illness  having  at  last  removed  him  from  public  hfe,  he  had  been 
succeeded  by  the  most  profligate  and  frivolous  of  all  the  line  of  English 
kings,  the  Prince  Regent,  who  was  later  George  IV.  Percival  and  Liv- 
erpool were  not  merely  conservative  from  principle ;  tliey  were  negative 


Y     II.    1IAV1I>B0N 


JOSEPH    FOUCHK 

l)i:Kh   Ol     OTKANTO 

KKOM    Till:    l-AINTISn    liV    (XAIU'K-UaUI^:    mill  Kli 


^T.  45]  NAPOLEON    TILK    LIBERATOR  jgg 

from  the  love  of  negatives.  Already  they  had  laid  the  basis,  in  their  chap.  xix 
nnsjnanai^enient  of  domestic  affairs,  for  the  social  tm'l)iilence  which  isu-ir, 
witliiu  a  short  time  was  to  compel  the  most  sweeping  refonns.  Castle- 
reagh  had  not  even  an  inkling  of  what  the  treaty  of  Chaumont  might 
mean  to  Great  Britain  in  the  end.  To  destroy  Napoleon  he  was  per- 
fectly content  that  liis  own  fi-ee  country  should  support  a  system  of 
dynastic  poHtics  destructive  of  eveiy  principle  of  liberty. 

The  Congress  of  Vienna  represented,  not  a  confederation  of  states, 
l)ut  a  league  of  dynasties  posing  as  nations  and  banded  for  mutual  self- 
preservation.  To  them  the  permanent  restoration  of  Napoleon  could 
mean  only  one  thing,  the  recognition  of  a  nation's  right  to  choose  its 
own  rulers,  and  that  would  be  the  end  of  absolutism  in  Europe.  To 
Great  Britain  it  would  mean  the  destruction  of  her  prosperity,  or  at 
least  a  serious  diminution  of  both  power  and  prestige.  The  late  coali- 
tion, therefore,  was  re-cemented  without  difficulty,  but  on  a  basis  en- 
tirely new.  The  account  of  Napoleon's  escape  reached  Vienna  on 
March  sixth.  Within  the  week  Maria  Louisa,  now  entirely  under 
Neipperg's  influence,  wrote  declaring  herself  a  stranger  to  all  Napoleon's 
schemes,  and  a  few  days  later  the  French  attendants  of  the  httle  King 
of  Rome  were  dismissed ;  the  child's  last  words  to  Meneval  were  a  mes- 
sage of  affection  to  his  father.  At  that  time  negotiations  among  the 
powers  were  progressing  famously,  each  having  secured  its  main  object ; 
on  March  thirteenth  the  Congress,  under  Castlereagh's  instigation,  pub- 
licly denounced  Napoleon  as  the  "  enemy  and  distm'ber  of  the  world's 
peace,"  and  proclaimed  him  an  outlaw.  The  Whigs  stigmatised  the 
paper  in  parliament  as  provocative  of  assassiuation  and  a  disgrace  to 
the  Enghsh  character,  but,  of  all  the  unportant  journals,  the  "  Morning 
Chi'onicle"  alone  was  com-ageous  enough  to  sustain  them,  asserting 
that  it  was  a  matter  of  complete  indifference  to  England  whether  a 
Boui'bon  or  a  Bonaparte  reigned  in  France.  These  manly  protests 
were  unheeded,  and  by  the  twenty-fifth  all  Em-ope,  except  Naples,  was 
united  against  France  alone. 


Vol.  IV.— 23 


CHAPTER  XX 

THE  DYNASTIES  niPLACABLE 

The  Vienna  Coalition  —  Its  Purpose  —  Napoleon  as  a  Liberal  — 
The  Fiasco  —  France  on  the  Defensrts  —  Napoleon's  Health 
— War  Preparations  of  the  Combatants  —  Their  Respective 
Forces  —  Qualities  and  Achievements  of  the  French  —  The 
Armies  of  Blucher  and  Wellington  —  The  French  Strategy — 
Napoleon's  First  Misfortune. 

Chap.  XX  f  I  iHE  Supreme  effort  of  tlie  dynasties  to  outlaw  Napoleon,  and 
1815  JL  restore  France  to  the  Bourbons,  was  made  by  wliat  was  nomi- 
nally an  alliance  of  eight  members  —  Austria,  Great  Britain,  Prussia, 
Russia,  France,  Spain,  Portugal,  and  Sweden.  The  last  was,  however, 
absorbed  in  her  struggle  with  Norway,  and,  though  Spain  and  Portugal 
were  signatories,  the  real  strength  of  the  coahtion  arranged  at  Vienna 
lay  in  a  vii'tual  renewal  of  the  treaty  of  Chaumont:  Austria,  Prussia, 
and  Russia  were  each  to  put  a  himdred  and  eighty  thousand  men  in 
the  field,  and  Great  Britain  was  to  continue  her  subsidies. 

On  April  fom-th,  the  sovereigns  of  Em-ope  were  notified  that  the 
Emph'e  meant  peace;  they  retorted  by  the  mobilization  of  their  forces, 
and  by  denouncing  in  a  joint  protocol  the  treaty  of  Paris.  In  his 
extremity  Napoleon  appealed  to  Talleyrand,  but  that  minister  knew 
too  well  the  temper  of  the  Congress  at  Vienna,  and  refused  to  coop- 
erate. The  versatile  Fouchc  thereupon  initiated  a  new  plot,  this  time 
agamst  Napoleon,  and  sounded  Metternich;  but  Metternich  was  dumb. 
The  other  diplomats  asseverated  that  they  did  not  wish  to  interfere 
with  the  domestic  affairs  of  France;  but  they  prevaricated,  intending 
nothing  less  than  the  complete  restoration  of  the  Bourbons. 

Under  the  shadow  of  this  storm-cloud  Napoleon  regulated  his  do- 
mestic affairs  of  state  witli  intrepid  cahnness.     He  had  no  easy  task. 

It  was  the  revived  hatred  of  the  masses  for  priests  and  nobles  to  which 

no 


^T.  45]  TUE    DYNASTIES    IMPLACABLE  171 

he  had  appealed  on  his  progress  from  Grenoble,  and,  observing  the  chap.  xx 
wild  outbursts  of  the  popiduce  at  Lyons,  he  had  whispered,  "  This  is  isis 
madness."  It  was  with  studied  deliberation,  therefore,  that  in  Paris 
he  cast  himself  completely  upon  the  moderate  liberals.  This  alienated 
the  Jacobin  elements  throughout  the  countiy,  and  they,  in  tm-n,  stirred 
up  the  royahsts.  When  it  became  clear  that  neither  Maria  Louisa  nor 
the  King  of  Rome  was  to  be  crowned,  and  that  there  was  no  help  in 
Austria,  even  the  imperiahsts  displayed  a  dangerous  temper.  Such 
was  the  general  uneasiness  about  war  that  the  first  measures  of  army 
reorganization  were  taken  almost  stealthily.  It  was  easy  enough  to 
estabhsh  the  skeleton  of  foi-mation,  and  not  very  difficult  to  find  trust- 
worthy officers,  commissioned  and  non-commissioned ;  but  to  summon 
recruits  was  to  announce  the  coming  war.  Of  the  three  hundred  thou- 
sand veterans  now  retiu-ned  home,  less  than  one  fifth  responded  to  the 
call  for  volunteers;  the  Emperor  had  reckoned  on  fom*  fifths  at  least. 
The  National  Guard  was  so  sm'ly  that  many  felt  it  would  be  bravado 
for  Napoleon  to  review  them.  But  he  was  determined  to  do  so,  and  on 
April  sixteenth  the  hazardous  ceremony  took  place.  Until  at  least 
half  the  companies  had  been  reviewed  not  a  cheer  was  heard;  then 
there  were  a  few  scattering  shouts  here  and  there  in  the  ranks ;  finally 
there  was  some  genuine  enthusiasm. 

By  the  middle  of  May  the  national  deputies  summoned  at  Lyons 
began  to  arrive.  They  were  to  meet,  after  the  fashion  of  Charles  the 
Great's  assemblies,  in  the  open  field.  Then*  task  was  to  be  the  making 
of  a  new  constitution.  It  was  not  reassui'ing  news  that  they  brought 
from  their  various  homes,  and  their  accounts  distm'bed  pubhc  opinion 
in  Paris  sadly.  Before  long  it  was  known  that  civil  war  had  again 
broken  out  in  Vendee ;  the  consequences  would  have  been  most  disas- 
trous had  not  La  Rochejaquelein,  the  insurgent  leader,  been  killed  on 
June  fourth.  As  it  was,  the  ignoble  slaughter  of  one  of  theu"  order  in- 
tensified the  bitterness  of  the  nobles.  Worse  still,  it  had  been  found 
that  of  the  six  hundred  and  twenty-nine  deputies  five  himdred  were 
ardent  constitutionalists  indifferent  to  Napoleon,  and  that  only  fifty 
were  his  devoted  personal  friends ;  there  were  even  between  thu-ty  and 
forty  who  were  Jacobins,  and  at  Fouche's  command.  Under  these  cir- 
cumstances the  Emperor  dared  not  hold  the  promised  national  con- 
gress. What  could  be  substituted  for  it  ?  The  gi-eat  di-amatic  artist  was 
not  long  at  a  loss.    He  determined  to  summon  the  electoral  deputies  to 


172  LIFE    OF    NAPOLEON    BONAPARTE  [^t.  45 

Chap.  XX  a  goi'geoiis  opcii-aii'  ceremony  on  June  iii'st,  and  have  them  stamp  with 
1815  then*  ai^proval  the  Additional  Act.  A  truly  impressive  spectacle  would 
pass  muster  for  the  promised  "  field  of  May,"  and  profoundly  affect  the 
minds  of  all  present.  But,  unfortunately,  though  Segur  made  the  plan, 
and  though  every  detail  was  carefully  studied  by  Napoleon,  the  affair 
was  not  impressive.  About  eighteen  thousand  persons  assembled  on 
the  benches,  and  there  was  a  vast  crowd  in  the  field.  The  cannon 
roared  theu-  welcome,  and  the  people  cheered  the  imperial  carriage,  the 
marshals,  the  body-guard,  and  the  procession.  But  when  Napoleon 
and  his  brothers  stepped  forth,  clad  like  actors  in  theatrical  costumes 
of  white  velvet,  wearing  Spanish  cloaks  embroidered  with  the  imperial 
device  of  golden  bees,  and  with  great  plumed  hats  on  their  heads,  there 
was  a  hush  of  disappointment.  The  populace  had  expected  a  soldier  in 
a  soldier's  uniform ;  many  had  felt  sure  "  he  "  would  wear  that  of  the 
National  Guard. 

There  was,  however,  no  sign  of  disrespect  while  the  ministers  and 
the  reconstituted  corps  of  marshals  filed  to  their  places.  Among  the 
latter  were  famihar  faces  —  Ney,  Moncej^  Kellermann,  Serui-ter,  Le- 
febvi-e,  Grouchy,  Oudinot,  Jourdan,  Soult,  and  Massena.  A  committee 
of  the  deputies  then  stood  forth,  and  their  chairman  read  an  adch'ess 
declaring  that  France  desu'ed  a  ruler  of  her  o^^^l  selection,  and  promis- 
ing loyalty  in  the  coming  war.  Napoleon  arose,  and  in  spite  of  his 
absurd  clothes  commanded  attention  while  he  set  forth  his  reasons  for 
offering  a  ready-made  constitution  instead  of  risking  interminable  de- 
bate. Although  he  declared  that  what  was  offered  could,  of  course,  be 
amended,  there  was  no  applause,  except  from  a  few  soldiers.  When 
the  chambers  met,  a  week  later,  Lanjuinais,  one  of  Napoleon's  hfelong 
opponents,  was  chosen  president  of  the  House  of  Deputies.  The  speech 
from  the  thi'one  was  clever  and  conciliatory,  and  in  spite  of  evident 
distrust  both  houses  promised  all  the  strength  of  France  for  defense  — 
but  for  defense  only.  The  peers  declared  that  under  her  new  institu- 
tions France  could  never  be  swept  away  by  the  temptations  of  victory ; 
the  deputies  asserted  that  nothing  could  cany  the  nation  beyond  the 
bounds  of  its  own  defense,  not  even  the  will  of  a  victorious  prince. 

The  anxieties  and  exertions  of  two  months  were  manifest  in  Napo- 
leon's appearance.  His  features,  though  impressive,  were  di'awn,  and 
his  long  jaws  grew  prominent.  He  lost  flesh  everywhere  except  around 
the  waist,  so  that  his  belly,  hitherto  inconspicuous,  looked  almost  pen- 


FIELD-MARSHAL  ARTHUR   WELLESLEY 

DL'KK    OF    WHl.l.lNGTON 


rnoU    Tll»:     KVOHAVIMl     nv     SAMVr.1.    tXH'SIXS.    or    TIIK    I'AINTINtI     IIV    8111    TIIOMAK    I.AWBKNCK 


^T.4u]  THE    DYNASTIES    IMPLACABLE  I73 

dulous.  When  standing,  he  folded  his  liands  sometunes  in  front,  some-  chap.  xx 
times  behind,  but  separated  them  frequently  to  take  snuff:  or  rub  his  liir. 
nose.  Sometimes  he  heaved  a  mechanical  sigh,  swallowing  as  if  to  calm 
inward  agitation.  Often  he  scowled,  and  looked  out  through  half- 
closed  lids  as  if  growing  far-sighted ;  the  twitching  of  his  eye  and  ear 
on  the  left  side  grew  more  frequent.  With  thickening  difficulties  and 
increasing  annoyance,  serious  urinary  and  stomach  troubles  set  in; 
there  was  also  a  persistent  hacking  cough.  Recourse  was  again  had  to 
protracted  warm  baths  in  order  to  alleviate  the  accompanying  nervous- 
ness ;  but  as  the  ailments  were  refractory,  a  mystery  soon  attached  to 
the  malady,  and  his  enemies  said  it  was  a  loathsome  disease.  In  spite 
of  the  statements  both  of  the  Prussian  commissioner  at  Fontainebleau, 
Count  Truchsess-Waldbvirg,  and  of  Sii"  Hudson  Lowe,  it  is  highly  im- 
probable that  Napoleon's  health  was  undermined  by  sexual  infection. 
He  was  surrounded  aU  his  life  by  malignant  attendants,  and  among  the 
sweepings  of  their  minds,  which  in  recent  years  have  been  scattered 
before  the  public,  there  would  be  some  proof  of  the  fact.  In  the  utter 
absence  of  any  reliable  information,  some  have  guessed  that  the  trouble 
was  the  preliminary  stage  in  the  disease  of  which  he  died ;  and  others, 
again,  in  view  of  his  quick  changes  of  mood,  his  depressions,  exalta- 
tions, sharpened  sensibihties,  and  abrupt  rudeness,  have  explained  all 
his  peculiarities  in  disease  and  health  by  attributing  them  to  a  recon- 
dite form  of  epilepsy.  Exhausted  and  nervous,  the  sufferer  might  well, 
as  was  the  case,  be  found  in  tears  before  the  portrait  of  his  son;  he 
might  well  hft  up  his  voice,  as  he  was  heard  to  do,  against  the  destiny 
which  had  played  him  false.     But  he  was  quite  shrewd  enough  to  see  . 

that  during  his  absence  no  regency  could  be  trusted,  and  he  arranged  to 
conduct  affairs  by  special  messengers.  Joseph  was  to  preside  and  give 
the  casting-vote  in  the  comicil  of  state;  to  Lucien  was  given  a  seat  in 
the  same  body ;  but  the  supreme  power  rested  in  Napoleon. 

When  WeUington  replaced  Castlereagh  at  the  Congress  of  Vienna, 
it  was  qmckly  apparent  that  he  was  greater  in  the  field  than  at  the 
council-board.  Both  he  and  Bl  cher  desired  to  assume  the  offensive 
quickly ;  but  inasmuch  as  Alexander  was  determined  to  retain  his  as- 
cendancy in  the  coalition,  and  as  each  power  insisted  on  its  due  share 
in  the  struggle,  it  was  arranged  to  begin  hostilities  on  June  twenty- 
seventh,  the  earhest  date  at  which  the  Russian  troops  could  reach  the 
confines  of  Prance.     There  were  to  be  three  armies ;  Schwarzenberg, 


174  LIFE    OF    NAPOLEON    BONAPARTE  [^t.  ^ 

Chap.  XX  With  two  liiindrod  and  fifty  thousand  men,  comprising  the  Austrian, 
1815  Russian,  and  Bavarian  contingents,  was  to  attack  across  the  ujjper 
Rhine;  Blucher,  with  one  hundred  and  fifty  thousand  Prussians,  was 
to  advance  across  the  lower  Rhine ;  and  Welhngton  in  the  Netherlands 
was  to  collect  an  ai*my  of  one  hundred  and  fifty  thousand,  compounded 
of  Dutcli,  Belgians,  Hanoverians,  and  some  thu-ty-eight  thousand  Brit- 
ish, who  could  he  there  assembled.  The  two  latter  armies  were  in 
existence  by  the  fii'st  of  June,  but  Wellington  was  dissatisfied  with  the 
quality  of  his  motley  force ;  even  the  English  contingent  was  not  the 
best  possible,  for  his  Peninsular  veterans  had  been  sent  to  find  their 
match  in  Jackson's  riflemen  at  the  battle  of  New  Orleans. 

On  the  eve  of  hostilities  Napoleon  had  one  hundred  and  tweuty-fom- 
thousand  effectives,  with  thi-ee  thousand  five  hunch'ed  in  his  camp 
train ;  Wellington  had  one  hundred  and  six  thousand,  but  of  these,  four 
thousand  Hanoverians  were  left  in  garrison ;  Blucher  had  about  one 
himdi'cd  and  seventeen  thousand.  Neither  of  the  two  allied  generals 
dreamed  that  Napoleon  would  choose  the  daring  form  of  attack  upon 
which  he  decided, —  that  of  a  wedge  di'iven  into  the  broken  hne 
nearly  a  hundi'ed  miles  in  length  upon  which  his  enemy  lay, —  for  to  do 
so  he  must  pass  the  Ardennes.  But  he  did  choose  it,  and  selected  for 
the  pm-pose  the  valleys  of  the  Sambre  and  the  Meuse.  Allowing  for 
the  differences  in  topogi*aphy,  the  idea  was  identical  with  that  which, 
nineteen  years  before,  he  had  executed  splendidly  in  Piedmont. 

The  opening  of  the  campaign  was  sufficiently  auspicious.  By  a  su- 
perb march  during  the  night  of  June  thirteenth,  Napoleon's  army  had 
gained  a  most  advantageous  position.  The  fii'st  corps  under  d'Erlon 
was  at  Solre  on  the  Sambre,  the  second  under  Reille  was  at  Leers.  The 
guard,  the  sixth  corps  under  Lobau,  the  line  cavalry  and  the  third 
corps  under  Vandamme,  stood  in  that  order  on  a  hne  northeasterly 
from  Beaumont,  and  due  east  of  that  place  were  four  cavalry  corps ; 
to  the  south  lay  the  guard  cavalry  and  the  reserve  artillery  under 
Grouchy.  In  front  was  Charleroi,  whence  a  broad  turnpike  led  almost 
direct  to  Binissels,  thirty-four  miles  due  north ;  another  turned  eastward 
toward  Liege.  Thirteen  miles  distant  on  this  was  Sombreffe,  somewhat 
farther  on  that,  Quatre  Bras,  both  on  the  highway  running  east  and 
west  between  Namur  and  Ni voiles.  To  have  accomplished  such 
marches  as  it  did  the  French  army  must  have  been  fine ;  to  have  se- 
cured such  a  briUiaut  strategic  position  its  general  must  have  been 


iET.  45]  THE    DYNASTIES    IMl'LACABLE  175 

almost  inspired.  He  commanded  the  operating  lines  of  both  WeUing-  chap.  xx 
ton  and  Bliicher,  while  they  were  far  distant  from  each  other,  sepa-  isis 
rated  by  serions  obstacles,  and  instinct  with  a  centrifugal  tendency. 
The  same  high  qnaUties  which  shone  in  their  general  distinguished  the 
subordinate  French  commanderss.  Though  many  of  the  famous  names 
are  absent  from  the  hst, —  Mortier,  for  instance,  having  fallen  ill  on  the 
frontier, —  yet  Soult  was  present  as  chief  of  staff,  and  Ney  was  coming 
up  to  take  command  of  the  left  wing.  Reille,  d'Erlon,  and  Foy  were 
veterans  of  the  Peninsular  war ;  what  twenty-two  years  of  service  had 
done  for  the  "wild  Hun,"  Vandamme,  is  known.  Kellermann  was 
made  famous  by  Marengo,  Lobau  was  noted  for  daiing.  Gerard  had 
earned  distinction  in  Russia,  and  though  Grouchy's  merit  has  been  the 
theme  of  much  discussion,  yet  he  had  been  famous  under  Jourdan  and 
Moreau,  and  nothing  had  occuiTcd  in  the  long  interval  to  tarnish  his 
reputation. 

Nearly  half  of  Bliicher's  troops  were  iiTCgular  reserves,  and  many  of 
the  regulars  were  recniits,  but  all  were  thoroughly  di'illed  and  well 
equipped.  The  passion  of  hatred  which  animated  them  was  compara- 
ble only  to  the  "  French  fuiy  "  with  which  Napoleon's  army  would  fight 
for  national  existence.  Such  was  the  reverence  for  routine  among  the 
Pinissian  officers,  and  so  bitter  were  the  jealousies  of  the  petty  aristoc- 
racy from  which  they  sprang,  that  the  King  dared  not  promote  on  any 
basis  except  that  of  seniority.  In  order  to  make  Gneisenau  second  in 
command,  York,  ELleist,  and  Tauenzien  were  stationed  elsewhere,  and 
Billow  was  put  in  command  of  a  reserve  to  hold  Belgiimi  when  Bliicher 
should  advance  to  Paris.  The  aged  but  fiery  marshal  had  not  mended 
his  health  by  the  self-indidgence  of  a  year ;  the  thi'ee  division  generals, 
Ziethen,  Pirch,  and  Thielemann,  were  capable  men  of  local  renown. 
Gneisenau  and  Biilow  were  the  only  first-rate  men  among  the  Prussian 
commanders,  but  for  rousing  enthusiasm  Bliicher's  name  was  a  word  to 
conjui"e  with.  Welhngton  was  felt  by  his  officers  and  soldiers  to  be  a 
man  of  real  power ;  his  British  recruits  were  well  drilled,  and  his  vet- 
erans were  good.  His  associate  generals  were  no  more  famous  than 
those  of  Gneisenau,  but  they  were,  for  the  most  part,  Enghsh  gentle- 
men with  a  high  sense  of  duty  and  much  executive  abihty.  One  of  his 
corps  was  commanded  by  the  Prince  of  Orange,  a  respectable  soldier, 
whose  name,  however,  was  more  valuable  than  the  experience  he  had 
gained  in  the  Peninsula  as  aide-de-camj) ;  the  other  corps  was  under 


176  LIFE    OF    NAPOLEON    BONAPARTE  [^t.  45 

Chap.  XX  Lord  Hill,  an  admirable  subordinate  and  an  excellent  commander.  The 
1815  only  Euglisli  general  whose  name  is  a  familiar  one  abroad  was  Picton, 
who  died  on  the  field.  As  to  the  qualitj^  of  the  respective  armies,  it 
has  become  the  fashion  of  each  nation  to  decry  that  of  its  o^ai  and 
overrate  that  of  the  other  two.  Thus  they  condone  then*  own  blunders, 
and  yet  heighten  the  renown  of  victory.  Napoleon  was  superior  in  or- 
ganization, in  cavalry,  and  in  artillery  to  either  Wellington  or  Bliicher, 
but  he  was  inferior  to  both  in  infantry.  He  was  in  wi'etched  health, 
and  he  had  a  desperate  cause.  Taking  fully  into  accoTuit  his  consum- 
mate ability  and  personal  prestige,  it  yet  remains  true  that  the  odds 
against  him  were  high,  certainly  as  eight  to  five. 

Zietlien's  posts  before  Charleroi  saw  the  French  camp-fires  in  the 
early  hours  of  Jmie  fourteenth ;  that  evening  they  began  to  withdraw 
toward  Fleui'us,  whither  the  remainder  of  the  Prussian  army  was  grad- 
ually set  in  motion.  It  seems  incredible  that  this  should  have  been  the 
first  move  of  the  allies  toward  concentrating  their  widely  scattered 
forces,  for  neither  Wellington  nor  Bliicher  was  completely  surprised. 
Both  commanders  had  for  two  days  been  aware,  in  a  general  way,  of 
Napoleon's  movements,  but  they  were  awaiting  developments.  It  was 
Wellington's  opinion,  carefully  set  forth  in  his  old  age,  that  it  would 
have  been  better  strategy  for  the  French  to  advance  so  as  to  turn  his 
right,  seize  his  munitions,  and  cut  off  his  base ;  but  as  this  would  have 
rolled  up  the  entire  allied  force,  ready  to  deliver  battle  with  odds  of 
two  to  one,  the  statement  may  perhaps  be  accepted  as  an  explanation, 
but  certainly  not  as  a  justification. 

In  the  dawn  of  the  fifteenth  a  ringing,  rousing  proclamation,  like 
those  of  the  olden  time,  was  read  to  the  French  soldiers,  and  it  was  in 
high  spu'its  that  the  three  columns  began  theu*  march.  The  left,  under 
Reille,  dislodged  the  Prussian  outposts  fi'om  Thuin,  and,  forcing  them 
back  through  Marchiennes,  seized  the  bridge  at  that  place,  and  crossed 
to  the  left  bank  of  the  Sambre.  The  movement  was  complete  by  ten 
in  the  morning.  The  center  under  Napoleon  comprised  the  mass  of 
the  anny;  Pajol,  Vandammc,  Lobau,  the  guard,  Excelmans,  Keller- 
mann,  and  Milhaud.  Soult  despatched  his  orders  by  a  solitary  aide, 
who  broke  his  leg  by  a  fall  fi'om  his  horse,  and  failed  to  dehver  them. 
Though  at  equally  critical  moments  before  both  Eylau  and  Wagi-am, 
Berthier  had  done  as  Soult  did,  with  identical  results,  yet  the  latter  was 
justly  and  severely  blamed.     Had  Vandamme  been  found,  the  move- 


I>    TUK    LULLKLTIUN    of    CUlNT    KiJV 


K.N<Jl[,A,Vt:U     UV    U.    KHtKlO, 


COUNT    MAXIMII.IEN-SEBASTIEN    1-OY 


FIIOM     TIIK    l-AINTINIl     nV     rnAM;i>IS    OfcllAIUl 


iET.  45]  THE    DYNASTIES    IMi'LACABLE  177 

ments  of  the  center  would  have  been  gi^eatly  accelerated,  the  speedy  chap.  xx 
capture  of  Charleroi  would  have  enabled  the  thu-d  corps  to  reach  lais 
Fleiu'us  in  tune  to  intercept  Ziethen,  and  thus  the  whole  com*se  of 
events  would  have  been  changed.  The  marshars  ill  success  was,  there- 
fore, as  Napoleon  called  it,  a  "  deplorable  mischance,"  and  it  was  high 
noon  before  Pajol,  with  the  van,  reached  Charleroi  and,  after  a  smart 
engagement,  drove  out  the  Prussians.  The  right  wing,  imder  Gerard, 
was  in  motion  at  five  in  the  morning,  but  it  also  was  detained  by  a 
serious  disaster.  Shortly  after  starting  it  was  found  that  Bounnont, 
the  commander  of  its  best  division,  a  man  who  had  been  Chouan,  im- 
periahst,  and  royahst  by  tm-ns,  had  deserted  with  his  chief  of  staff  and 
eight  soldiers.  Having  been  at  the  councU  of  war,  he  had  the  latest 
information  of  Napoleon's  secret  plans,  and  his  treason  demoralized  the 
troops  he  so  basely  abandoned.  It  was  long  before  confidence  could 
be  restored ;  the  crossing  at  Charleroi  had  been  delayed  too  long,  and  it 
was  nightfall  when  Gerard  at  last  reached  Chatelet,  four  miles  below, 
secured  the  bridge,  and  crossed  with  only  half  his  men.  The  campaign 
opened,  if  not  in  disaster,  at  least  with  only  partial  success. 


Vol  IV.— 21. 


CHAPTER  XXI 

LiGNY   AND   QUATKE   BkAS 

Napoleon's  Ordees  —  Ney's  Failure  to  Seize  Quatee  Bras  —  Well- 
ington Surprised  —  Nai>oleon's   Fine   Strategy  —  The   Meeting 

AT  LiGNY  —  BlUCHER's   DeFEAT  —  ThE   HOSTILE  FoRCES  AT   QUATRE 

Bras  —  Wellington  Withdraws  —  Napoleon's  O^tir- confidence 
—  His  Instructions  to  Grouchy  —  His  Advance  from  Quatre 
Bras. 

Chap.  XXI  TJIOR  foiii'  houi's  after  bis  arrival  at  Charleroi,  Napoleon,  uneasy  as 
1815  Jj  to  the  whereabouts  of  bis  detacbments,  stood  in  idleness  waiting 
for  news.  During  tbis  interval  tbe  Prussians  reacbed  Fleurus  unmo- 
lested, aU  except  a  small  body,  wbicb  gathered  at  Gossebes,  on  the 
Binissels  road,  but  was  easily  dispersed  by  ReUle.  It  seemed  as  if  tbe 
road  to  Quatre  Bras  was  open,  and  when,  at  baK-past  fom*,  Ney  ap- 
peared, be  was  put  in  command  of  tbe  left,  with  verbal  instructions, 
as  Napoleon  asserted  some  years  later,  to  seize  that  strategic  point. 
Within  these  bmits  he  was  to  act  independently.  If  Quatre  Bras  were 
surprised,  tbe  second  move  could  be  attempted,  tbe  surprise  likewise 
of  Sombreffe.  Since  tbe  highway  between  tbe  two  was  the  only  line 
by  wbicb  the  aUied  armies  could  quickly  imite,  the  possibihty  of  attack- 
ing them  separately  would  be  assured  even  if  the  successive  attacks 
should  follow  each  other  so  closely  as  to  be  substantially  one  battle. 
Either  Ney  misunderstood,  or  Napoleon  recorded  what  be  intended  to 
say,  not  what  he  actually  said.  Colonel  Heymes,  Ney's  chief  of  staff, 
declared  that  tbe  Emperor's  final  words  were,  "  Go,  and  drive  back  tbe 
enemy";  tbe  Emperor  asserted  that  his  orders  were  positive,  to  go  and 
bold  Quatre  Bras. 

It  is  also  a  matter  of  dispute  whether  or  not  Napoleon  bad  hoped, 
after  seizing  tbe  bridges  and  crossing  tbe  Sambre,  to  complete  bis  move- 

178 


^T.  45]  LIGNY    AND    QUATliE    BRAS  179 

ment  by  siu'prising  hoth  Quatre  Bras  and  Sonil)roffo  on  that  same  day,  chap.  xxi 
the  fifteenth.  Had  lie  done  so  Bliicher  Tnif^ht  possildy  liavc  withikawn  isis 
to  effect  a  junction  with  Welhngton  for  the  decisive  conflict,  and  have 
thus  tliwarted  Napoleon's  strategy ;  but  it  is  not  Ukely,  for  that  move,  as 
finally  executed,  was  the  work  not  of  Bliicher  but  of  Gneisenau ;  at  this 
stage  of  the  campaign  the  Prussians  would  probably  have  retreated  to- 
ward Namur.  Whatever  may  have  been  Napoleon's  intention,  Ney  hur- 
ried to  Gosselies,  stationed  Reille  to  hold  the  place,  and  then,  despatching 
one  di\isiou  to  pursue  the  Prussians,  and  another,  with  Pu-e's  cavalry, 
toward  Quatre  Bras,  put  himself  at  the  head  of  the  cavahy  of  the 
guard  to  help  in  seizing  this  latter  important  point.  But  at  seven  his 
force,  to  their  astonishment,  was  confronted  by  a  strong  body  of  Nas- 
sauers  from  Wellington's  army,  who,  having  passed  Quatre  Bras,  had 
seized  Frasnes,  a  village  two  and  a  half  miles  in  advance.  These 
made  no  stand,  but  Ney,  instead  of  proceeding  immediately  to  attack 
Quatre  Bras  itself,  left  his  men  to  hold  the  position  at  Frasnes,  and 
hunied  away  to  consult  his  superior.  For  this  he  had  excellent 
reasons :  his  staff  was  not  yet  organized,  and  d'Erlon's  corps  was  not 
within  call ;  he  was  therefore  too  weak  for  the  movement  contemplated 
by  his  orders.  At  the  same  moment  Napoleon,  who  had  been  in  the  sad- 
dle since  thi-oe  in  the  morning,  and  who  had  become  convinced  that  the 
retreating  Prussians  would  not  halt  at  Fleurus,  but  would  rejoin  their 
main  army,  tm'ned  back  to  Charleroi,  and,  on  reaching  his  quarters  an 
hour  later,  flung  himself  in  utter  exhaustion  upon  his  couch.  In  fact, 
he  was  in  exquisite  tortm'e  fi-om  the  complication  of  urinary,  hemor- 
rhoidal, and  other  troubles  which  his  long  day's  ride  had  aggi*avated, 
and,  as  he  declared  at  St.  Helena,  probably  with  truth,  he  had  lost  his 
assurance  of  final  success.  The  day  had  been  fau'ly  successful,  but  at 
what  a  cost  of  energy!  No  one,  he  least  of  all,  could  feel  that  there 
had  been  any  buoyancy  in  the  movements,  or  favoring  fate  in  the 
combinations  of  his  annies. 

Throughout  the  day  Bliicher  had  displayed  a  fiery  zeal.  Since  early 
in  May  he  had  had  no  serious  consultation  with  Welhngton,  and  in  a 
general  conversation  held  at  that  time  there  had  been  merely  a  vague 
understanding  as  to  a  union  at  some  point  south  of  Sombreffe.  That 
town  was  accordingly  selected  by  him  for  concentration,  and  in  general 
his  orders  had  been  well  executed.  Why  the  bridges  of  Marchiennes 
and  Chatelet  were  not  imdermined  and  blown  up  by  the  Pmssians  has 


IQQ  LIFE    OF    NAPOLEON    BONAPARTE  [^t.  45 

Chap.  XXI  never  been  explained.  Moreover,  the  language  of  Gneisenau's  orders 
1815  to  Billow  being  vague,  the  latter  misinterpreted  it,  and  his  much-needed 
force  was  not  brought  in  as  expected.  Wellington's  conduct  is  a  riddle. 
About  the  middle  of  the  afternoon  he  was  informed,  through  the 
Prince  of  Orange,  as  to  his  enemy's  movements.  With  perfect  calm, 
he  commanded  that  his  troops  should  be  ready  in  their  cantonments ; 
at  five  he  issued  orders  for  the  divisions  to  march  mth  a  view  to  con- 
centration at  Nivelles,  the  easternmost  point  that  he  intended  to  oc- 
cupy ;  at  ten,  just  as  he  was  setting  out  for  the  Duchess  of  Richmond's 
ball,  he  gave  definite  instructions  for  the  concentration  to  begin. 
These  were  his  very  first  steps  toward  concentration,  although  twenty- 
seven  years  later  he  made  the  unsupported  assertion  that  he  had 
ordered  the  Anglo-aUied  army  to  concentrate  to  the  left,  as  Bliicher 
had  ordered  the  Prussians  to  concentrate  to  the  right.  As  a  matter  of 
fact  he  was  twenty-fom*  hom-s  behind  Bliicher  in  ordering  his  first 
defensive  movements.  This  is  not  excused  by  the  fact  that  his 
movement  of  concentration  was  completed  somewhat  earlier  than 
Bliicher's.  About  twenty  minutes  after  the  Prince  of  Orange  had 
reached  the  ball-room  Welhngton  sent  him  away  quietly,  and  then, 
summoning  the  Duke  of  Richmond,  who  was  to  have  command  of  the 
reserve  when  completely  formed,  he  asked  for  a  map.  The  two  with- 
drew to  an  adjoining  room.  Welhngton  closed  the  door,  and  said,  mth 
an  oath,  "  Napoleon  has  humbugged  me."  He  then  explained  that  he 
had  ordered  his  army  to  concentrate  at  Quatre  Bras,  adding,  "  But  we 
shall  not  stop  him  there ;  and  if  so,  I  must  fight  him  here,"  marking 
Waterloo  with  his  thumb-nail  on  the  map  as  he  spoke.  It  was  not 
until  the  next  morning  that  he  left  for  the  front.  Though  Napoleon, 
on  the  evening  of  the  fifteenth,  had  neither  Quatre  Bras  nor  Som- 
breffe,  he  held  all  the  debatable  gi-ound ;  and  if,  next  moniing,  he  could 
seize  the  two  towns  simultaneously,  the  first  move  in  his  great  game 
would  be  won.   It  seems  as  if  he  must  risk  everything  to  that  end. 

What  passed  between  Napoleon  and  Ney  from  midnight  until  two  in 
the  morning  is  unknown.  There  is  no  evidence  that  the  Emperor  ex- 
pressed serious  dissatisfaction,  although  he  may  have  been  exasperated. 
He  was  not  exactly  in  a  position  to  give  his  feelings  vent.  Whatever  was 
the  natiu'e  of  their  conversation,  Ney  was  again  at  his  post  long  before 
dawn,  and  not  a  soldier  moved  from  Charleroi  until  nearly  noon !  It 
seems  that  Napoleon,  or  Ney,  or  both,  must  have  been  stubbornly  con- 


TVi'Oi.lllVIHK    HOrs^ofl,    VAIADO.N    A    CO   ,    l'*l(ls 


oi-i-|(;i-;r    of   Tin-,    mointhd    ciiassi-iks    chakc.inc;. 

(I.Ml'HKIAL     (UAKI)'. 


nww  iiiK  r'AiMixc.  iiv  oi-'iiucAi'e.T. 


iET.  45]  LKiNY    AND    Ql'ATKE    BKAS  181 

vinced  that  Wclliugton  could  not  concentrate  within  twenty-four  hoiu-s.  chap.  xxi 
That  Napoleon  was  not  incapacitated  by  prostration  is  proved  by  his  isis 
acts :  about  five  he  sent  a  prelhuinaiy  order  to  Ney ;  veiy  early,  also, 
he  took  measures  to  complete  Gerard's  crossing  at  Chfitelct ;  and  then, 
having  considered  at  length  the  alternatives  of  pushing  straight  on  to 
Brussels,  or  of  taking  the  course  he  did,  he  had  reached  a  decision  as 
early  as  seven  o'clock.  It  seems  almost  certain  that  he  delayed  chiefly 
to  get  his  troops  well  in  hand,  partly  to  give  them  a  much  needed  rest. 
They  had  been  seventeen  hours  afoot  the  previous  day.  Toward  nine, 
beheving  that  more  of  Ney's  command  was  assembled  than  was  yet 
the  case,  he  sent  a  fretful  order  commanding  the  marshal  to  seize 
Quatre  Bras,  and  stating  that  a  semi-independent  command,  under 
Grouchy,  would  stand  at  Sombreffe,  while  he  himself  would  hold 
Gembloux.  This  done,  he  settled  into  apparent  lethargy.  To  Grouchy 
he  wrote  that  he  intended  to  attack  the  enemy  at  Sombrelfe,  and 
"even  at  Gembloux,"  and  then  to  operate  immediately  with  Ney 
"  against  the  English."  His  scheme  was  able,  for  if  at  either  saHeut 
angle,  Quatre  Bras  or  Sombreffe,  his  presence  should  be  necessary,  he 
could,  at  need,  quickly  join  either  Ney  or  Grouchy;  but  his  senses 
must  have  been  dulled.  When  informed  that  the  enemy  was  at  Flem'us 
in  force,  he  hesitated  long  before  resolving  to  move,  behaving  as  if  sure 
that  the  soldiers  there  were  only  a  single  corps  of  Bliicher's  army, 
which  he  could  sweep  away  at  his  convenience.  Meanwhile  Yan- 
damme  had  advanced.  The  Prussians  withdi'ew  fi-om  Fleurus,  and 
deployed  at  the  foot  of  the  hillock  on  which  the  village  of  Liguy 
stands.  When,  about  midday,  Napoleon  arrived  at  Flem*us,  he  had 
to  experience  the  unpleasant  surprise  of  finding  a  strong  force  ready 
to  opi^ose  him.  Eighty-seven  thousand  men,  all  Bliicher's  army,  ex- 
cept Billow's  corps  and  a  part  of  Ziethen's,  were  drawn  up  in  battle  an-ay 
to  oppose  him,  and  he  was  not  yet  ready  to  meet  them,  much  as  he 
had  desired  just  such  a  contingency.  He  was  not  aware  of  the  full 
strength  of  his  enemy,  but  he  was  not  sure  of  annihilating  even  those 
he  believed  to  be  in  presence,  for  he  had  left  ten  thousand  men  at 
Charleroi,  under  Lobau,  as  a  reserve,  and  the  troops  most  available 
for  strengthening  his  line  were  moving  toward  Quatre  Bras. 

By  the  independent  action  of  their  own  generals  a  substantial  force 
of  several  thousand  Dutch-Belgians,  virtually  the  whole  of  Perpon- 
cher's  division,  was  concentrated  at  Quatre  Bras  early  that  same  morn- 


182  LIFE    OF    NAPOLEON    BONAI'AIJTE  [^t.  45 

Chap.  XXI  ing.  To  be  siu-e  Wellington  had  siiunltaneoiisly  determined  on  the 
1815  same  step,  but  it  was  taken  long  before  his  orders  arrived.  Indeed,  he 
seems  to  have  i-eached  Quatre  Bras  before  his  orderly.  Scarcely  halt- 
ing, he  rapidly  surveyed  the  situation  and,  leaving  the  troops  in  com- 
mand of  the  Prince  of  Orange,  rode  away  to  visit  Bliicher.  The  two 
commanders  met  at  about  one  o'clock  in  the  windmill  of  Bry.  They 
parted  in  the  fii'm  conviction  that  the  mass  of  the  French  army  was  at 
Ligny,  and  with  the  verbal  understanding  that  Wellington,  if  not  liim- 
self  attacked,  would  come  to  Bliicher's  support.  On  leaving,  the  Eng- 
lish commander  sharply  ciiticized  the  tactical  disposition  of  his  ally's 
army;  but  Bliicher,  with  the  fixed  idea  that,  in  any  case,  the  Duke 
was  coming  to  his  aid,  determined  to  stand  as  he  was.  Witli  similar 
obstinacy.  Napoleon,  still  certain  that  what  he  had  before  him, 
although  a  great  force,  was  only  a  screen  for  the  retreat  of  the  main 
army  of  the  allies,  now  despatched  an  order  (the  second)  for  Ney  to 
combine  Reille,  d'Erlon,  and  Kellermann,  in  order  to  destroy  whatever 
force  was  in  opposition  at  Quatre  Bras.  This  was  at  two.  The 
French  attack  was  opened  at  half-past  two  by  Gerard  and  Van- 
damme ;  the  resistance  was  such  as  to  leave  no  doubt  of  the  real  Prus- 
sian strength.  This  being  clear,  Napoleon  immediately  wrote  two 
despatches  of  the  same  tenor — one  he  sent  to  Ney  by  an  aide,  and  one 
to  d'Erlon  by  a  sub-ofi&cer  of  the  guard.  The  former  (the  third  for 
the  same  destination)  lu'ged  Ney  to  come  for  the  sake  of  France ;  the 
other  summoned  d'Erlon  from  Ney's  command  to  the  Emperor's  own 
immediate  assistance :  "  You  will  save  France,  and  cover  yourseK  with 
glory,"  were  its  closing  words.  This  last  order,  the  original  of  which 
has  but  lately  been  revealed,  came  nigh  to  ruining  the  whole  day's 
work.  Before  Wellington  could  return  to  Quatre  Bras,  Ney's  force 
was  engaged  with  the  Prince  of  Orange,  and  before  three  o'clock  a 
fierce  conflict  was  raging  at  that  place.  D'Erlon  appears  to  have 
been  in  a  frightful  quandary  as  to  his  duty,  and  in  his  dilemma  he 
detached  his  best  division,  that  of  Durutte,  which  did  nothing  to 
any  purpose,  neither  assisting  Ney,  who  did  not  literally  obey  his 
orders  in  consequence,  nor  coming  to  Napoleon's  aid  in  time. 

Bliicher,  who  was  determined  to  fight,  come  what  would,  had  held 
in  as  long  as  his  impatient  temper  permitted ;  but  when  no  reinforce- 
ment from  Wellington  appeared,  he  first  fumed,  and  then  about  six 
gave  his  fatal  orders  to  prepare  for  the  offensive.     The  nature  of  the 


iET.  4-.]  LIGNY    AiNI)    QUATRE    BliAS  183 

ground  was  such  as  necessarily  to  weaken  his  center  by  the  initial  chap.  xxi 
movements.  Napoleon  marked  this  at  once,  and  simmioned  his  guard  i8i5 
in  order  to  break  through.  For  a  moment  the  Emperor  hesitated;  a 
mysterious  force  had  appeared  on  the  left ;  perhaps  they  were  foes. 
But  when  once  assured  that  they  were  d'Erlon's  men,  he  waited  not  an 
instant  longer;  at  eight  the  crash  came,  and  the  Prussian  line  was 
shattered.  Retreat  was  turned  into  a  momentary  rout  so  quickly  that 
Bliicher  could  not  even  exchange  his  wounded  horse  for  another,  and 
in  the  first  mad  rush  he  was  so  stunned  and  overwhelmed  that  his  staff 
gave  him  up  for  lost.  The  few  moments  before  he  was  found  were  the 
most  precious  for  the  allies  of  the  whole  campaign,  since  Gneisenau 
du'ected  the  flight  northward  on  the  line  to  Wavre,  a  route  parallel 
with  that  on  which  Welhngton,  whatever  his  success,  must  now  neces- 
sarily withdraw.  This  move,  which  abandoned  the  line  to  Namur,  is 
Gneisenau's  title  to  fame.  The  lines  were  quickly  formed  to  caiTy  it 
out,  and  the  rest  of  the  retrograde  march  went  on  with  great  steadiness. 
Napoleon  did  not  wait  until  d'Erlon  arrived  and  thereupon  order  an 
immediate,  annihilating  pursuit,  but  came  to  the  conclusion  that  the 
Prussians  were  sufficiently  disorganized,  and  would  seek  to  reorganize 
on  the  old  line  to  the  eastward.  They  were  thus,  he  thought,  com- 
pletely and  finally  cut  off  from  Wellington.  It  was  not  until  early 
next  morning  that  he  despatched  Pajol,  with  his  single  cavalry  corps, 
to  follow  the  foe,  for  he  was  confinned  in  his  fatal  conjecture  by  the 
false  report  of  five  thousand  Prussians  having  been  seen  on  the  Namur 
road,  and  exerting  themselves  to  hold  it.  The  Prussians  seen  were 
merely  a  horde  of  stragglers.  The  truth  was  not  known  until  next  day. 
Almost  simultaneously  with  the  battle  of  Ligny  was  fought  that  of 
Quatre  Bras.  At  eleven  Ney  received  orders  outlining  a  general  plan 
for  the  day;  about  haK  an  horn*  later  came  the  specific  command  to 
unite  the  forces  of  d'Erlon,  Reille,  and  Kellermann,  and  carry  Quatre 
Bras ;  at  five  anived  in  hot  haste  the  messenger  with  the  thu-d  order. 
At  two  o'clock  there  were  not  quite  seven  thousand  Anglo-Belgians  in 
Quatre  Bras,  but,  successive  bodies  arriving  in  swift  succession,  by  haK- 
past  six  o'clock  there  were  over  thu'ty  thousand.  At  two  Ney  had 
seventeen  thousand  men,  and  though  he  sought  to  recall  d'Erlon,  yet, 
owing  to  the  withdrawal  of  Durutte,  and  to  d'Erlon's  indecision,  he  had 
at  half -past  six  not  more  than  twenty  thousand.  Not  one  of  d'Erlon's 
men  had  reached  him,  and  Gerard's  division  of  Reille's  corps  had  been 


184  LIFE    OF    NAPOLEON    BONAFARTE  [^t.  45 

Chap.  XXI  kept  at  Ligny.  Had  he  advanced  on  the  position  the  previous  evening, 
1815  or  liad  he  attacked  between  eleven  and  two  on  the  sixteenth,  the  event 
of  the  campaign  might  have  been  different  from  what  it  was.  But  if  he 
reall}^  beUeved,  as  Hojonos  afterward  asseverated  was  the  case,  namely, 
that  his  orders  were  merely  to  push  and  hold  the  enemy,  then  his  con- 
duct thi'oughout  was  gallant  and  correct.  The  weight  of  evidence 
favors  the  claim  of  Napoleon  that  the  marshal  was  perverse  in  his  re- 
fusal to  take  Quatre  Bras  according  to  verbal  orders.  Whatever  the 
truth,  the  behavior  of  Ney's  men  was  admirable  when  they  did  ad- 
vance, but  they  were  forced  back  to  Frasnes  before  superior  numbers. 

Next  morning  WeUington  was  conversing  with  Colonel  Bowles 
when  a  staff  officer  drew  up,  his  horse  flecked  with  foam,  and  whispered 
the  news  of  Ligny.     Without  a  change  of  countenance,  the  commander 

said  to  his  companion  :  "  Old  Bliicher  has  had  a good  hcking,  and 

gone  back  to  Wavre,  eighteen  miles.  As  he  has  gone  back,  we  must 
go,  too.  I  suppose  in  England  they  will  say  we  have  been  Ucked.  I 
can't  help  it ;  as  they  have  gone  back,  we  must  go,  too."  Accordingly, 
he  issued  his  orders,  and  his  army  began  to  march  at  ten.  On  the 
whole,  therefore,  the  events  of  June  sixteenth  seemed  favorable  to  Na- 
poleon, since,  fighting  at  two  points  with  inferior  nimibers,  he  had  been 
victorious  at  one,  and  had  thereby  secui'ed  the  other  also.  We,  of 
course,  know  that  by  Gneisenau's  move  this  apparent  success  was  ren- 
dered nugatory.  It  is  useless  to  sm'mise  what  would  have  happened 
had  Billow  been  with  Bliicher,  and  d'Erlon  and  Lobau  with  Napoleon, 
or  if  either  of  these  possibihties  had  happened  without  the  other ;  as  it 
was.  Napoleon's  strategy  gained  both  Quatre  Bras  and  Sombreffe. 

The  Prussians  had  lost  twenty  thousand  men,  missing,  wounded, 
and  dead,  and  it  required  vigorous  treatment  to  restore  Bliicher.  But 
all  night  the  army  marched,  and  in  the  morning  Biilow,  having  found 
his  direction,  was  near  Beauderet  and  Sauvinieres,  within  easy  reach 
at  G-embloux.  The  retreat  continued  throughout  the  seventeenth. 
It  was  a  move  of  the  greatest  daring,  since  the  hne  was  over  a  broken 
country  almost  destitute  of  roads,  and,  the  old  base  of  supplies  hav- 
ing been  abandoned,  the  men  had  to  starve  until  Gneisenau  could 
secure  another  by  way  of  Louvain.  The  army  bore  its  hardships  well ; 
there  was  no  straggling  or  demoralization,  and  the  splendor  of  success 
makes  doubly  brilliant  the  move  which  confounded  Napoleon's  plans. 
Never  dreaming  at  first  that  his  foe  had  withcbaAvn  elsewhere  than 


I>-    TIIK    UuUtlSZ' 


GHBHARU   l.HlUiRhXHT   VON   BLUCllliK 

I'KINCIi    OK   WAHLSTADT 


^Et.  45]  LIGNY   AND    QUATRE    BRAS  185 

along  his  natural  line  of  supply  toward  Liege,  the  Emperor  considered  chap.  xxi 
the  separation  of  the  two  allies  as  complete,  and  after  carefully  deliber-  isis 
ating  throughout  the  long  interval  he  allowed  for  collecting  his  troops 
and  giving  them  a  thorougli  rest,  he  determined  to  wheel,  join  Ney,  and 
attack  Wellington,  wherever  found.  It  was  serious  and  inexplicable 
slackness  which  he  showed  in  not  taking  effective  measures  to  deter- 
mine immediately  where  his  defeated  enemy  was.  Being,  nevertheless, 
well  aware  of  the  Prussian  resources  and  character,  he  made  up  his 
mind  to  detail  Grouchy,  with  thirty-three  thousand  men,  for  the  pur- 
pose of  scoiu'ing  the  country  toward  Liege  at  least  as  far  as  Namur. 
Then,  to  provide  for  what  he  considered  a  possible  contingency, —  viz., 
that  which  had  actiially  occurred, —  this  adjunct  anny  was  to  turn 
north,  and  hasten  to  Gembloux,  in  order  to  assm'e  absolutely  the  isola- 
tion of  Wellington ;  in  any  and  every  case  the  general  was  to  keep  his 
communications  with  Napoleon  open. 

It  was  eight  iu  the  morning  of  the  seventeenth  when  Napoleon  is- 
sued fi'om  his  quarters  at  Fleurus.  -Flahaut  was  waiting  for  the  reply  to 
an  inquiiy  which  he  had  just  brought  from  Ney  concerning  the  details 
of  Ligny.  The  Emperor  at  once  dictated  a  despatch,  the  most  famous 
in  the  controversial  Hteratm'e  of  Waterloo,  in  which  his  own  achieve- 
ments were  told  and  Ney  was  blamed  for  the  disconnected  action  of  his 
subordinates  the  previous  day ;  in  particular  the  marshal  was  instructed 
to  take  position  at  Quatre  Bras,  "  as  you  were  ordered,"  and  d'Erlon 
was  criticized  for  his  faihu'e  to  move  on  St.  Amand.  The  wording  of 
the  hastily  scribbled  order  to  the  latter  he  had  probably  forgotten ;  it 
was :  "  Portez-vous  ...  a  la  hauteur  de  Ligny,  et  fondez  sur  St. 
Amand  —  ou  vice  versa;  c'est  ce  que  je  ne  sais  bien."  ("Betake  your- 
self ...  to  the  heights  of  Ligny,  pounce  on  St.  Amand  —  or  the 
reverse ;  I  am  not  quite  sure  which.")  Further,  the  Emperor  now  de- 
clared that,  had  Ney  kept  d'Erlon  and  Reille  together,  not  an  Enghsh- 
man  would  have  escaped,  and  that,  had  d'Erlon  obeyed  his  orders,  the 
Prussian  army  would  have  been  destroyed.  In  case  it  were  still  im- 
possible to  seize  Quatre  Bras  with  the  force  at  hand.  Napoleon  would 
himself  move  thither.  Then,  entering  a  carriage,  he  drove  to  Ligny ; 
Lobau  was  ordered  at  once  to  Marbais,  on  the  road  to  Quatre  Bras. 
After  haranguing  the  troops  and  prisoners.  Napoleon  was  infomied, 
about  noon,  that  Wellington  was  still  in  position.  At  once  a  second 
order  was  sent,  commanding  Ney  to  attack ;  the  Emperor,  it  ran,  was 

Vol.  IV'.— 25 


186  LIFE    OF    NAPOLEON    BONAPARTE  [^t.  45 

Chap.  XXI  already  iiuder  way  to  Marbais.  This  was  not  quite  true,  for  while  he 
1815  was  giving  detailed  instructions  to  Grouchy  before  parting,  that  general 
had  seemed  uneasy,  and  had  hually  pleaded  that  it  would  be  impossible 
further  to  disorganize  the  Prussians,  since  they  had  so  long  a  start. 
These  scruples  were  peremptorily  put  dowTi,  and  the  chief  parted  ami- 
cably fi'om  his  subordinate,  but  with  a  sense  of  uneasiness,  lest  he  had 
left  nice  and  difficult  work  in  unwilhng  hands.  Scouts  soon  overtook 
him,  and  expressed  doubt  as  to  the  Prussians  having  gone  to  Namiu*- 
In  case  they  had  not,  Grouchy  must  act  cautiously.  Accordingly,  posi- 
tive instructioiis  were  then  dictated  to  Bertrand,  and  sent  to  Grouchy, 
whose  movements  were  now  doubly  important.  The  latter  general  was 
to  reconnoiter  toward  Namur,  but  march  direct  to  Gembloux ;  his  chief 
task  was  to  discover  whether  Bliicher  was  seeking  to  join  Wellington 
or  not.     For  the  rest,  he  was  free  to  act  on  his  own  discretion. 

Napoleon  then  entered  his  carriage,  and  drove  to  Quatre  Bras. 
Mounting  his  horse,  he  led  the  pursuit  of  the  English  rear.  Indignant 
that  Ney  had  lost  the  opportimity  to  overwhelm  at  least  a  portion 
of  Wellington's  force,  he  exclaimed  to  d'Erlon,  "  They  have  ruined 
France  ! "  But  he  said  notliing  to  Ney  himself.  So  active  and  ener- 
getic was  the  Emperor  that  he  actually  exposed  himself  to  the  artOlery 
fire  with  which  the  English  gunners  sought  to  retard  the  pursuit.  It 
was  not  an  easy  matter  for  Grouchy  to  carry  out  his  instructions ;  at 
two  o'clock  began  a  steady  downpour,  which  lasted  well  into  the  next 
morning ;  the  roads  to  Gembloux  were  lanes,  and  the  rain  turned  them 
into  sticky  mud.  Not  vmtil  that  night  was  Grouchy's  command  as- 
sembled at  Gembloux ;  it  was  ten  o'clock  before  the  leader  gained  an 
inkling  of  where  the  Pnissians  were,  and  then,  though  uncertain  as  to 
their  exact  movements,  he  immediately  despatched  a  letter,  received  by 
Napoleon  at  two  in  the  morning.  The  marshal  explained  that  he 
would  pursue  as  far  as  Wavre,  so  as  to  cut  off  Bliicher  from  Brussels, 
and  to  separate  him  from  WeUington.  Some  hours  later,  when  finally 
convinced  that  the  Prussians  were  retiring  on  Wavi'e,  Grouchy  set  his 
columns  in  motion  in  a  straight  line  toward  that  place  by  Sart-a-Wal- 
hain,  choosing,  wuth  very  poor  judgment,  to  advance  by  the  right  bank 
of  the  Dyle,  and  thus  jeopardizing  the  precious  connections  he  had 
been  repeatedly  and  urgently  instnicted  to  keep  open. 


CHAPTER  XXII 

the  eve  of  watekloo 

Wellington's  Choice  of  Position  —  State  of  the  Two  Aemies  — 
The  Ordeks  of  Napoleon  to  Grouchy  —  Geouchy's  Interpreta- 
tion OF  Them  —  Napoleon  Surprised  by  the  Prussian  Move- 
ments—  His  Inactivity  —  The  Battle-field  —  Wellington's  Po- 
sition—  Napoleon's  Battle  Array  —  His  Personal  Health  — 
His  Plan. 

ON  the  night  of  June  seventeenth  WeUington's  army  reached  the  chap.  xxn 
heights  at  Mont  St.  Jean,  on  the  northern  edge  of  what  was  des-  isis 
tined  to  be  the  most-talked-of  battle-field  in  modern  times.  His  retreat, 
masked  by  a  strong  body  of  cavalry,  with  some  horse-artillery,  and  a  sin- 
gle infantry  division,  had  been  slow  and  regular,  being  retarded  some- 
what by  the  heavy  rain.  Ney  had  held  liis  position  at  Frasnes,  well  aware 
that  what  was  before  him  was  far  more  than  a  rear-guard — in  fact,  ow- 
ing to  the  arrival  of  strong  reinforcements  during  the  night,  it  was  the 
larger  portion  of  the  Anglo-Belgian  army.  But  the  instant  the  French 
marshal  was  informed  of  his  enemy's  retrograde  movements  he  thi'ew 
forward  a  strong  force  of  cavalry  to  cooperate  with  Napoleon.  When 
reunited,  the  French  army  numbered  seventy-one  thousand  five  hun- 
dred men,  and  two  hundred  and  forty  guns,  excluding  Gerard's  division 
of  the  second  corps,  which  had  been  left  at  Ligny  to  cooperate  with 
Grouchy.  That  Welhngton  was  far  on  his  way  to  the  defensive  posi- 
tion chosen  by  himself  was  probably  in  accord  with  Napoleon's  calcu- 
lations ;  his  only  fear  was  lest  his  foe  should  have  withdi-awu  behind 
the  forest  of  Soignes,  where  free  communication  with  Bliicher  and  the 
junction  of  the  two  allied  armies  would  be  assured,  as  would  not  be 
the  case  at  Mont  St.  Jean. 

This  anxiety  was  set  at  rest  by  a  cavahy  reconnaissance,  and  at 

187 


18g  LIFE    OF    NAPOLEON    BONAPARTE  [^t.  45 

Chap,  xxh  dusk  the  French  van  hivoiaaoked  at  Belle  Alliance,  separated  by  a 
1815  broad,  shallow  vale  from  then"  foe.  The  rest  of  the  army  followed  with 
great  difficulty,  some  by  the  road,  some  through  plowed  or  swampy 
fields,  wading  the  swollen  tributaries  of  the  Dyle,  and  floundering 
thi'ough  the  meadows  on  their  banks.  The  anny  of  Wellington  had 
seized,  in  passing,  what  provisions  and  forage  they  found,  and  they 
had  camp-fires  to  comfort  them  in  the  steady  rain.  The  French  had 
scanty  or  no  rations,  and  lay  throughout  the  night  in  the  grain-fields, 
without  fire  or  shelter.  All  told,  Welhngton  had  sixty-eight  thousand 
men ;  ten  miles  on  his  right,  at  Hal,  lay  eighteen  thousand  more ;  ten 
miles  on  his  loft,  twelve  from  his  headquarters  at  Waterloo,  was  Blii- 
cher.  Welhngton,  who  had  informed  the  Pi-ussian  commander  that 
unless  support  reached  him  he  would  fall  back  to  Brussels,  at  two 
o'clock  in  the  morning  had  assm-ance  of  Blucher's  cooperation.  There 
is  an  unsupported  statement  of  Napoleon's  that  he  twice  sent  to 
Grouchy  on  the  night  of  the  seventeenth,  by  two  separate  officers,  a 
definite  order  to  detach  seven  thousand  men  from  his  camp  at  Wavi^e 
(where  the  Emperor  affected  to  beheve  that  Grouchy  was),  and  make 
connection  by  St.  Lambert  with  the  right  of  the  main  aiToy.  This 
would  entu'ely  cut  off  Bliicher  from  Wellington.  The  motive  of  this 
statement  is  transparent  —  with  the  alUes  separated,  they  were  out- 
manoeuvered;  with  the  possibility  of  then-  union,  and  an  under- 
standing between  them  to  that  effect,  he  was  himself  outmanceuvered. 
Grouchy  denied  having  received  this  order;  neither  of  the  officers 
intrusted  with  it  ever  revealed  himself;  the  original  of  it  has  never 
been  found ;  and  in  subsequent  orders  issued  next  day  there  is  no  men- 
tion of,  or  reference  to,  any  such  message.  Either  the  declaration,  twice 
made  at  St.  Helena,  was  due  to  f orgetfuluess,  being  an  account  of  inten- 
tions not  carried  out,  or  else  it  was  put  forward  to  explain  the  result  of 
the  campaign  as  due  to  his  lieutenant's  inefficiency.  Grouchy  must 
have  had  an  uneasy  conscience,  since  for  thirty  years  he  suppressed 
the  text  of  the  Bertrand  order,  which  was  not  on  the  order-book  be- 
cause it  had  not  been  dictated  to  Soult ;  and  when,  after  falsely  claim- 
ing for  the  duration  of  an  entire  generation  that  he  had  acted  under 
verbal  instructions,  he  did  publish  it,  he  gave,  at  the  same  time,  a  mu- 
tilated version  of  his  own  report  from  Gembloux,  sent  on  the  night  of 
the  seventeenth,  changing  his  original  language  so  as  to  show  that 
he   had   never  looked  upon   the   separation  of  the  allies  as  his  chief 


tN    iiii.  uuseuM  or  Versailles 


EMillAVEIl    BY    CENBY    WOLF 


MARSHAL   EMMANUEL,    MARQUIS   DE   GROUCHY 


KROM    THE    KAISTISO    IIV    JKAN-BKIUSTIKS    ROlTn,LM{l> 


iET.45]  THE    EVE    OF    WATERLOO  Igg 

task,  but  that  what  was  uppeniiost  in  his  mind  was  an  attack  on  the  chap.  xxn 
Pnissians.  isis 

It  was  two  in  the  morning  of  the  eighteenth  when  the  letter  of 
Groucliy,  written  about  four  liours  earlier,  anived  at  Napoleon's  head- 
quarters. Botli  the  Emperor  and  Soult  knew  by  that  time  that  the 
wliole  of  Bliicher's  army  was  moving  to  Wavre ;  yet  they  did  not  give 
this  information,  nor  any  minute  directions,  to  the  returning  messenger. 
Grouchy,  therefore,  was  left  to  act  on  his  own  discretion,  his  superior 
doubtless  believing  that  the  inferior  would  by  that  time  himself  be  fully 
infoi-med,  and  would  hasten  to  thi-ow  himself,  hke  an  impenetrable 
wall,  between  the  Prussians  and  the  Anglo-Belgian  anny.  By  the  de- 
fenders of  Napoleon  Grouchy  is  severely  criticized  for  not  having 
marched  early  in  the  morning  of  the  eighteenth  to  Moustier,  where,  if 
energetic,  he  could  have  can'ied  over  his  army  to  the  left  bank  of  the 
river  by  eleven  o'clock,  thus  placing  his  force  within  the  sphere  of  Na- 
poleon's operations.  Perhaps  he  would  have  been  able  to  prevent  the 
imion  of  the  opposing  armies,  or,  if  not  that,  to  strengthen  Napoleon  in 
his  struggle.  It  is  proved  by  Marbot's  memoirs  that  this  is  what  Napo- 
leon expected.  On  the  other  hand,  excellent  critics  present  other  very 
important  considerations :  the  line  to  Moustier  was  over  a  country  so 
rough  and  miry  that  after  a  toiTential  raia  the  artillery  would  have  been 
seriously  delayed,  and  Prussian  scouts  might  weU  have  brought  down  a 
strong  Prussian  column  in  time  to  oppose  the  crossing  there  or  else- 
where. Grouchy,  moreover,  could  not  know  that  Wellington  would 
offer  battle  in  fi'out  of  the  forest  of  Soignes  —  a  resolution  which,  in 
the  opinion  of  Napoleon  and  many  lesser  experts,  was  a  serious  blunder. 
He  appears  to  have  been  positive  that  the  two  annies  were  aiming  to 
combine  for  the  defense  of  Brussels ;  finally,  when  from  Walhain  the 
sound  of  the  firing  at  Waterloo  was  distinctly  heard,  and  Gerard  fiercely 
urged  an  immediate  march  toward  the  field  of  battle.  Grouchy  was 
acting  strictly  within  the  hmits  of  the  Bertrand  order,  and  according  to 
what  he  then  held  to  be  explicit  instructions,  when  he  pressed  on  to 
concentrate  at  Wa^Te,  and  thus,  if  Napoleon  had  already  defeated  Wel- 
lington, to  prevent  any  union  between  Wellington  and  the  Prussian 
army.  It  is  almost  certain  that  Grouchy  would  in  no  way  have  changed 
the  event  by  marching  dii'ect  to  Mont  St.  Jean,  for  the  cross-roads  were 
soaked,  his  troops  were  ah-eady  exhausted,  and  the  distance  was  ap- 
proximately fovu'teen  and  a  half  miles  as  the  crow  flies;  the  previous 

Vol.  rv.—  26 


190  LIFE    OF   NAPOLEON    BONAPARTE  [iET.  45 

ceap.  xxn  day  he  had  been  able  to  make  somewhat  less  than  half  that  distance  in 
1815        nine  hours. 

Napoleon  himself  did  not  apparently  expect  the  Pnissians  to  rally 
as  they  did.  He  spent  the  hours  from  dawn,  when  the  rain  ceased, 
in  careful  reconnoitering.  The  mud  was  so  thick  in  places  that  he 
required  help  to  draw  his  feet  out  of  his  own  tracks.  At  breakfast, 
according  to  a  contemporaiy  anecdote,  he  expressed  himself  as  ha%ing 
never  been  more  favored  by  fortune ;  and  when  reminded  that  Blticlier 
might  effect  a  union  with  the  English,  he  rephed  that  the  Prussians 
would  need  three  days  to  form  again.  This  opinion  is  in  accord  with  his 
exaggerated  but  reiterated  estimates  of  the  disaster  produced  in  Bliicher's 
ranks  after  Ligny,  and  taken  in  connection  with  the  difficulty  of  mov- 
ing artillery,  which  is  not  a  sufficient  explanation  in  itself,  affords  the 
only  conceivable  reason  for  his  delay  in  attacking  on  the  eighteenth.  It 
also  explains  his  remissness  in  leaving  Grouchy  to  exercise  fuU  discre- 
tion as  to  his  movements.  At  eight  the  plan  of  battle  was  sketched ; 
at  nine  the  orders  for  the  day  were  despatched  throughout  the  lines ; 
al)out  ten  the  weary  but  self-confident  Emperor  threw  himself  down 
and  slept  for  an  hour ;  at  eleven  he  mounted,  and  rode  by  the  Brussels 
highway  to  the  farm  of  BeUe  Alliance.  It  was  probably  during  the 
Emperor's  nap  that  Soult  forwarded  to  Grouchy  a  despatch,  marked 
ten  in  the  morning,  instructing  that  general  to  manoeuver  toward  the 
main  ai"my  by  way  of  Wavre.  Although,  according  to  Marbot,  Na- 
poleon expected  Grouchy  in  the  afternoon  by  way  of  Moustier,  at  one 
o'clock  a  second  despatch,  of  which  the  Emperor  certainly  had  cog- 
nizance, was  forwarded  to  Grouchy,  expressing  approval  of  his  in- 
tention to  move  on  Wavre  by  Sart-a-Walhain,  but  instructing  him 
"  always  to  manoeuver  in  oui*  direction."  The  postscript  of  this  second 
order  enjoins  haste,  since  it  was  thought  Biilow  was  already  on  the 
heights  of  St.  Lambert. 

The  one  central  idea  of  Napoleon  and  Soult  was  clearly  to  leave  a 
wide  discretion  for  Grouchy,  provided  always  that  he  kept  his  com- 
munications with  the  main  anny  open,  and  that  his  general  du'ection 
was  one  which  would  insure  easy  connection,  in  order  either  to  cut  off 
or  check  the  Prussians.  But,  however  this  may  be,  the  hours  of  Na- 
poleon's inactivity  were  precious  to  his  enemies ;  by  twelve  Biilow  was 
at  St,  Lambert,  and  at  the  same  hour  two  other  Prussian  corps  were 
leaving  Wavre.     These  movements  were  apparently  tardy,  but  Gnei- 


.Et.45]  the    eve    of    WATEKLOO  191 

senau,  feeling  that  Wellington  had  been  a  poor  reliance  at  Ligny,  and  chap.  xxn 
very  much  doubting  whether  he  really  intended  to  stand  at  Waterloo,  i-i- 
was  unwilhng  that  Bliicher  should  despatch  his  troops  until  it  was 
certain  that  the  Prussian  army  would  not  again  be  left  in  the  lurch. 
Should  the  Anglo-Dutch  retreat  to  Brussels,  the  Prussians  must  cither 
retreat  by  Louvaiu,  or  be  again  defeated.  Anxiety  was  not  dispelled 
imtil  the  roar  of  cannon  was  heard  between  eleven  and  twelve.  Then 
the  Prussians  first  exerted  themselves  to  the  utmost ;  it  was  about  four 
when  they  were  within  striking  distance,  ready  to  take  Napoleon's 
army  on  its  flank.  When  Grouchy  reached  Wavre,  at  the  same  hour, 
he  foimd  there  but  one  of  Bliicher's  corps,  the  rear  under  Thielemann, 

From  Belle  Alliance  Napoleon  returned,  and  took  his  station  on  the 
height  of  Rossomme.  In  front  was  a  vale  something  less  than  a  mile 
in  width.  The  highway  stretched  before  him  in  a  straight  Hne  until 
it  skirted  the  large  farmstead  of  La  Haye  Sainte  on  the  opposite  side ; 
then,  ascending  by  a  slant  to  the  first  crest,  it  passed  the  hamlet  of 
Mont  St.  Jean,  only  to  ascend  still  higher  to  the  top  of  the  ridge  before 
falhng  again  into  a  second  depression.  At  Mont  St.  Jean  was  Well- 
ington's center.  The  road  from  Nivelles  to  Brussels  crosses  the  valley 
about  a  quarter  of  a  mile  westward,  and  on  it,  midway  between  the 
two  slopes,  lay  another  farmhouse,  with  its  barns,  that  of  Hougomont. 
More  than  half  a  mile  eastward,  in  the  direction  from  which  the  Pms- 
sians  were  expected,  lay  scattered  the  farm  biuldings  of  Papelotte,  La 
Haye,  Smohain,  and  Frischei-mont.  The  valley  was  covered  with  rich 
crops.  Unobstructed  by  ditches  or  hedges,  it  was  cut  longitudinally 
about  the  middle  by  a  cruciform  ridge,  with  spm*s  reaching  toward 
Belle  Alhance  on  one  side,  and  past  Hougomont  on  the  other;  the 
road  passed  by  a  cut  through  the  longitudinal  arm.  Hougomont  was 
almost  a  fortress,  ha^dng  strong  brick  walls  and  a  moat ;  it  stood  in  a 
large  orchard,  which  was  sxuTounded  by  a  thick  hedge.  The  house  at 
La  Haye  Sainte  was  brick  also,  and  formed  one  side  of  a  quadrangle, 
inclosed  fui'ther  by  two  brick  barns  and  a  strong  wall  of  the  same  ma- 
terial; though  not  as  large  or  soHd  as  Hougomont,  it  was  a  strong 
advance  redoubt  for  Mont  St.  Jean. 

The  right  and  center  of  Wellington  were  thus  well  protected,  the 
left  was  admirably  screened  by  the  places  already  enumerated.  His 
army  was  deployed  in  three  Unes,  the  front  plainly  visible  to  the 
French,  the  second  partly  concealed  by  the  crest  of  the  hill,  and  the 


J,H»RT    NUTllY    M.  J. 


o 
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a; 

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a: 


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o 

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cu 
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z 


^T.45]  THE    EVE    OF    WATERLOO  I93 

third  entirely  so.  His  headquarters  were  two  miles  north,  at  Water-  chap.  xxii 
loo ;  his  lines  of  retreat,  though  broken  by  the  forest  of  Soignes,  were  1815 
open  either  toward  Wavre  or  toward  the  sea.  The  latter  Hne  was  well 
protected  by  the  troops  at  Hal.  Uneasy  about  the  character  of  his 
Dutch-Belgian  troops,  the  duke  had  carefully  disposed  them  among 
the  rehable  English  and  Germans,  in  order  to  preclude  the  possibihty 
of  a  panic. 

In  the  foreground  of  Napoleon's  position  was  the  French  army,  also 
deployed  in  three  lines.  The  fi'ont,  extending  fi'om  the  mansion  of 
Frischermont  to  the  Nivelles  road,  consisted  of  two  infantry  corps,  one 
on  each  side  of  Belle  Alhance,  and  of  two  corps  of  cavalry,  one  on  the 
extreme  right  wing,  one  on  the  left;  of  this  hne  Ney  had  command. 
The  second  was  shorter,  its  wings  being  cavahy,  and  its  center  in  two 
divisions,  of  cavalry  and  infantry  respectively.  The  third,  or  resei-ve, 
was  the  guard.  Each  of  the  hnes  had  its  due  proportion  of  artillery, 
stationed  in  all  three  along  the  road.  This  disposition  gave  the  French 
array,  as  seen  from  beyond,  a  fan-like  appearance,  the  sticks,  or  col- 
umns, converging  towai-d  the  rear.  The  array  was  bi-ilhant;  eveiy 
man  and  horse  was  in  sight ;  the  nmnber  was  superior  by  about  four 
thousand  to  that  of  the  enemy ;  the  gi'ound  was,  by  eleven,  almost  dry 
enough  to  secure  the  fullest  advantage  from  superiority  in  artillery; 
deserters  from  the  foe  came  in  fi-om  to  time.  Sm^ely  the  moral  effect 
of  such  a  scene  upon  the  somewhat  motley  tkrong  across  the  valley 
must  be  very  powerful.  Yet  the  road  to  Charleroi  was  the  single  avail- 
able line  of  retreat,  and  it  passed  through  a  deep  cut ;  the  soldiers  were 
tned  and  not  really  fii'st-rate,  fifty  per  cent,  of  the  line  being  recniits, 
and  nearly  a  quarter  of  the  guard  untrained  men ;  the  tried  officers  had 
all  been  promoted,  and  those  who  replaced  them  needed  such  careful 
watching  that  deep  formations  had  been  adopted,  and  these  must  not 
merely  diminish  the  volume  of  fii"e,  but  present  vulnerable  targets ;  the 
cavahy  had  been  hastily  gathered,  and  was  far  from  being  as  efficient 
as  the  British  veterans  or  the  German  legion. 

For  some  moments  after  reaching  his  position  Napoleon  stood  im- 
passive. He  was  clad  in  his  familiar  costume  of  cocked  hat  and  gray 
sm'tout.  Throughout  his  Hnes  he  had  been  received  with  enthusiasm, 
and  his  presence  was  clearly  magnetic,  as  of  old.  The  direction  of 
affau's  in  this  momentous  crisis  was  his,  and  he  dreamed  of  two  im- 
placable enemies  routed,  of  appeasing  the  two  who  were  less  directly 


194  LIFE    OF    NAPOLEON    BONAPARTE  [JEt.  45 

Chap.  XXII  interested,  of  gloiy  won,  of  empire  regained.  Reason  must  have  told 
1815  him  how  empty  was  such  a  \dsion ;  for,  since  the  armistice  of  Poisch- 
witz,  Austria  and  Russia  had  been  quite  as  bitter,  and  more  tortu- 
ous, than  the  other  powers.  His  expression  mirrored  pain,  both 
physical  and  intellectual;  his  over-confidence  and  consequent  delay 
were  signs  of  degenerate  power;  his  exertions  for  thi-ee  days  past 
had  been  beyond  any  human  strength,  especially  when  the  faculties 
of  body  and  mind  had  previously  been  harassed  for  more  than  two 
months,  as  his  had  been. 

It  was  the  first  day  of  the  week,  but  there  was  a  calm  more  pro- 
found than  that  of  the  Sabbath ;  the  sky  was  duU,  the  misty  air  was 
heavy  with  summer  heat;  but  there  was  the  expectant  silence  of  a 
great  host,  the  deep  deteimination  of  two  grim  and  obstinate  armies. 
Wellington,  with  his  western  lines  protected,  would  be  safe  when  the 
Prussian  army  should  appear  where  he  knew  its  van  already  was,  and 
he  must  manoeuver  eastward  to  keep  in  touch.  Napoleon  must  crush 
the  British  center  and  left,  and  roll  up  the  line  to  its  right,  in  order  to 
separate  the  parts  of  his  dual  foe.  To  this  end  he  had  detennined 
to  make  a  feint  against  Hougomont ;  should  Welhngton  throw  in  his 
reserves  at  that  point  on  his  right,  one  strong  push  might  create  con- 
fusion among  the  rest,  and  hurl  the  whole  force  westward,  away  fi'om 
Brussels.  It  was  a  simple  plan,  great  in  its  simplicity,  as  had  been 
every  strategic  conception  of  Napoleon  fi-om  the  opening  of  the  cam- 
paign. But  its  execution  was  like  that  of  eveiy  other  movement  at- 
tempted since  the  first  great  march  of  concentration  —  tardy,  slack, 
and  feeble.  Personal  bravery  was  abundant  among  the  French,  but 
the  orderly  cooperation  of  regiment,  division,  and  corps  in  all  the  arms, 
the  courage  of  self-restraint,  and  the  self-sacrifice  of  individuals  in  or- 
ganized movement,  with  the  invigorating  ubiqiuty  of  a  master  mind — 
these  were  lacking  from  the  fii'st. 


CHAPTER  XXIII 


WATEKLOO 


HouGOMONT — La  Ha  ye  Sainte — d'Erlon  Repulsed — Ney's  Cavaley 
Attack — Napoleon's  One  Chance  Lost — Plancenoit — Union  of 
Wellington  and  Bluchee — Napoleon's  Convulsr^e  Effort — 
Charge  of  the  Guard — The  Rout — Nai'oleon's  Flight. 

l^TAPOLEON'S  salute  to  WeUington  was  a  cannonade  from  a  hun-  chap.  xxiii 
Jk_  1  dred  and  twenty  gmis.  The  fire  was  directed  toward  the  enemy's  isis 
center  and  left,  but  it  was  ineffectual,  except  as  the  smoke  partially 
masked  the  first  French  movement,  which  was  the  attack  on  Hougo- 
mont  by  their  left,  the  corps  of  Reille.  This  was  in  three  divisions, 
commanded  respectively  by  Bachelu,  Foy,  and  the  Emperor's  brother 
Jerome,  whose  director  was  Guillemeuot.  Preceded  by  skirmishers, 
the  column  of  Jerome  gained  partial  shelter  in  a  wood  to  the  south- 
west of  then-  goal,  but  the  resistance  to  theu'  advance  was  vigorous; 
on  the  skirts  of  the  grove  were  Nassauers,  Hanoverians,  and  a  detach- 
ment of  the  Enghsh  guards,  aU  picked  men,  and  behind,  on  higher 
ground,  was  an  English  battery.  The  two  other  divisions  pressed  on 
behind,  and  for  a  tune  their  gains  were  apparently  substantial.  But, 
checked  in  front  by  artillery  fire,  and  by  a  miu-derous  fusillade  from 
loopholes  cut  in  the  walls  of  Hougomont,  the  besiegers  hesitated. 
Their  fiery  energy  was  not  scientifically  directed;  but  such  was  then- 
zeal,  and  so  great  were  their  nimibers,  that  one  brigade  doubled  on  the 
rear  of  the  fortalice,  drove  back  the  Enghsh  guards  from  before  the 
entrance  to  the  courtyard  on  the  north,  and  charged  for  the  opening. 
Some  of  the  French  actually  forced  a  passage,  and  the  success  of 
Napoleon's  first  move  was  in  sight  when  five  gallant  Englishmen,  by 
sheer  physical  strength,  shut  the  stout  gate  in  the  face  of  the  assail- 
ants.   A  fearless  French  grenadier  scaled  the  wall,  but  he  and  his 

19S 


196  LIFE    OF    NAPOLEON    BONAPARTE  [^t.  45 

Chap,  xxih  comrades  within  were  killed.  A  second  assault  on  the  same  spot 
1815  failed ;  so,  too,  a  thii'd  from  the  west,  and  still  another  from  the  east, 
all  of  which  were  repelled  by  the  English  guards,  who  moved  do"UTi 
fi'om  above,  and  di'ove  the  French  into  the  wood,  where  they  held 
their  own.  These  close  and  bloody  encounters  were  contraiy  to 
Reille's  orders,  but  in  the  thick  of  combat  his  various  detachments 
could  not  be  restrained. 

The  second  division  of  the  battle  was  the  main  attack  on  Welling- 
ton's left  by  d'Erlon's  corps.  Between  twelve  and  one  a  Prussian  hussar 
was  captm-ed  with  a  message  fi-om  Bliicher  to  Wellington  announc- 
ing the  Prassian  advance.  At  once  the  postscript  was  added  to  the 
second  despatch  to  Grouchy,  ah*eady  mentioned,  and  Napoleon  made 
ready  for  his  gi-eat  effort.  Unable  to  sit  his  horse,  he  had  dismounted, 
and,  seated  at  the  table  on  which  his  map  was  spread,  had  been  fi-e- 
quently  seen  to  nod  and  doze.  Ney  and  d'Erlon,  left  to  then'  own  judg- 
ment, had  evolved  a  scheme  of  formation  so  complex  that  when  tried, 
as-  it  now  was,  it  proved  unworkable.  The  confusion  was  veiled  by  a 
teiTific,  continuous,  and  destructive  artillery  fire.  After  some  delay, 
and  a  readjustment  involving  preparations  against  the  possible  flank 
attack  of  the  Prussians,  d'Erlon's  corps  advanced  in  four  columns,  un- 
der Donzelot,  Alhx,  Marcognet,  and  Durutte  respectively.  Opposed 
was  Pieton's  decimated  coi-ps,  with  Bylandt's  Dutch-Belgian  brigade, 
which  had  been  all  along  a  target  for  the  strongest  French  battery,  one 
of  seventy-eight  guns,  and  was  now  to  bear  the  fii"st  onset  of  the 
French  troops.  Bylandt's  men  had  stood  firm  under  the  awful  artillery 
fii'e,  but  their  uniforms  were  like  those  of  the  French,  and  in  a  melee 
this  fact  might  draw  upon  them  the  fire  of  their  own  associates,  as 
later  in  the  day  at  Hougomont  it  actually  did,  and  they  gi*ew  very 
imeasy.  Durutte,  on  the  extreme  right,  seized  Papelotte,  but  lost  it 
ahnost  immediately.  The  conflict  then  focused  about  La  Haye  Saiute, 
where  the  garden  and  orchard  were  seized  by  an  overwhelming  force. 
The  buildings  had  been  inadequately  fortified,  but  Major  Baring,  with 
his  gan-ison,  displayed  prodigies  of  valor,  and  held  them. 

The  assailants,  supported  hitherto  by  batteries  fii-ing  over  their 
heads,  now  charged  up  the  hill ;  as  they  reached  the  crest,  their  own 
guns  were  silenced,  but  their  yells  of  defiance  rent  the  air.  The  Dutch- 
Belgians  of  the  first  rank  barkened  an  instant,  and,  followed  by  the 
jeers  and  menaces  of  the  British  grenadiers   and   Royal  Scots,  fled 


H\     K,    A.    MtLI.I.U 


SIR  THOMAS   IMCTON 


niOM    TlIK    KSUbAVINd    UV    1%   TUBMiU    OV    TlIK    I'OltTKAir    LY    M.    A.    BHKK 


yET.  45]  WATERLOO  197 

incontinently  until  they  reached  a  place  of  safety,  when  they  reformed  chap.  xxni 
and  stood.      Picton  was  thus  left  unsupported,  hut  at  that  decisive        isis 
moment  Donzelot  tried  the  new  tactics  again,  and  his  ranks  fell  into 
momentaiy  confusion.   Picton  charged,  the  British  artillery  opened,  and 
though  the  English  general  fell,  mortally  wounded,  his  men  hurled  back 
the  French.     This  first   success  enabled  Wellington   to  bring  in  his 
infantry,  and  to  throw  in  his  cavalry  against  a  body  of  French  riders, 
under  Roussel,  which,  having  swept  the  fields  around  La  Haye  Sainte, 
was  now  coming  on.     His  order  was  for  Somerset  and  Ponsonby  to 
charge.     The  shock  was  temfic,  the  French  cavalry  yielded,  and  the 
whole  of  d'Erlon's  line  rolled  back  in  disorder.     Efforts  were  made  by 
the  daring  Englishmen  to  create  complete  confusion,  bvit  they  were 
not  entu-ely  successful,  for  Durutte's  column  maintained  its  formation. 
This  ended  the  effort  upon  which  Napoleon  had  based  his  hope  of 
success;    there  was   still  desultory  fighting  at  Hougomont,  and  the 
Prussians,  though  not  visible,  were  forming  behind  the  forest  of  Paris. 
There  was  a  long  and  ominous  pause  before  the  next  renewal  of 
conflict.     Wellington  used  it  to  repair  his  shattered  left,  Napoleon  to 
form  a  corps,  under  Lobau,  intended  to  repel  the  flank  attack  of  the 
Prussians.     Ney  was  determined  to  redeem  his  repulse  by  a  second 
front  attack,  and  Napoleon,  either  by  word  or  silence,  gave  consent. 
While  the  batteries  kept  up  their  fire,  the  marshal  gathered  in  the  cen- 
ter the  largest  mass  of  horsemen  which  had  ever  charged  on  a  European 
battle-field  —  twelve  thousand  men,  light  and  heavy  cavalry.     His  aim 
was  to  supplement  Reille,  still  engaged  at  Hougomont,  and  dash  in 
upon  the  allied  right  center.     Donzelot's  column,  now  reformed,  was 
hm-led  dii'ectly  against  La  Haye  Sainte,  and  the  mass  of  the  cavahy 
siu'ged  up  the  Mil.      The   gunners  of  Wellington's  artUlery,  impro- 
tected  even  by  breastworks,  stood  to  their  pieces  until  the  attacking 
line  was  within  forty  yards ;  then  they  delivered  their  final  salvo,  and 
fled.     Wavering  for  an  instant,  the   French  advanced  with  a  cheer. 
Before  them  stood  the  enemy  in  hollow  squares,  foui*  ranks  deep,  the 
front  kneehng,  the  second  at  the  charge,  the  two  others  ready  to  fii"e. 
The  horsemen  dared  not  rush  on  those  bristling  hnes.     In  and  out 
among  the  serried  ranks  they  flowed  and  foamed,  discharging  their  pis- 
tols and  slashing  with  their  sabers,  until,  discom-aged  by  losses  and 
exhausted  by  useless   exertion,  their  efforts   grew  feeble.      Dubois's 
brigade,  according  to  a  doubtful  tradition,  dashed  in  ignorance  over  the 


Vol.  IV.— 27 


198  LIFE    OF    NAPOLEON    BONAPARTE  [^t.  45 

Chap,  xxhi  brow  of  E  Certain  shallow  ravine,  men  and  horses  rolling  in  horrid  con- 
1815  fusion  into  the  unsuspected  pit.  The  hollow  was  undoubtedly  there 
at  the  time,  although  it  has  since  been  filled  up,  and,  it  is  believed,  was 
likewise  the  gi'ave  of  the  fifteen  hundred  men  and  two  thousand  horses 
that  were  eventually  collected  fi-om  round  about.  The  British  re- 
serve cavalry,  supported  by  the  infantiy  fire  and  a  few  hastily  collected 
batteries,  completed  the  defeat  of  Ney's  first  charge.  A  second  was 
repulsed  in  the  same  way.  The  imdaunted  marshal  then  waited  for 
reinforcements.  No  fewer  than  thirty-seven  squadrons  came  in,  Napo- 
leon sending  Kellermann's  hea\y  dragoons  as  a  last  resort.  Gruyot's 
division  of  the  heavy  cavahy  of  the  guard  was  also  there  —  some  say 
they  had  been  summoned  by  Ney,  others  that  they  came  of  their  own 
accord ;  the  question  arises  because,  in  the  next  stage  of  the  battle, 
their  absence  fi"om  the  station  assigned  to  them  was  a  serious  matter. 
Another  time,  and  still  another,  this  mighty  force  moved  against  the 
foe.  Poui'ing  in  and  out,  backward  and  foi-ward,  among  the  squares, 
they  lost  cohesion  and  force  until,  in  the  very  moment  of  Welling-ton's 
extremity,  they  withdi-ew,  as  before,  exhausted  and  spent. 

The  energy  and  zeal  of  the  English  commander  were  in  strange  con- 
trast to  Napoleon's  growing  apathy ;  but  Welhngton  was  now  at  the 
end  of  his  resources.  It  was  six,  and  to  his  repeated  messages  calhng 
for  Bliicher's  aid  there  had  been  no  response.  He  was  face  to  face  with 
defeat.  Baring  had  held  La  Haye  Sainte  with  unsurpassed  gallantry; 
his  calls  for  men  had  been  answered,  but  his  requisitions  for  ammuni- 
tion were  strangely  neglected.  Ney,  seeing  how  vain  his  cavalry  charges 
were,  withdrew  before  the  last  one  took  place,  arrayed  Bachelu's  di- 
vision, collected  a  number  of  field-pieces,  and  fell  furiously,  with  can- 
nonade and  bayonet  charge,  upon  the  fann-house.  His  success  was 
complete ;  the  gamson  fled,  his  pursuit  was  hot,  and,  leading  in  person, 
he  broke  through  the  opposing  line  at  its  very  heart.  Had  he  been 
supported  by  a  strong  reserve,  the  battle  would  have  been  won.  Miif- 
fling,  Welhngton's  Prussian  aide,  dashed  away  to  the  Prussian  lines, 
and  as  he  drew  near  the  head  of  Ziethen's  division  shouted  :  "  The  bat- 
tle is  lost  if  the  corps  do  not  press  on  and  at  once  support  the  English 
army."  Ney's  adjutant,  demanding  infantry  to  complete  the  breach  he 
had  made,  was  received  by  Napoleon  with  j^etulance.  One  brigade  fi-om 
Billow's  corps  had  attacked  at  about  half -past  four;  repulsed  at  first, 
their  onset  was  growing  fiercer,  for  two  other  brigades  had  come  in. 


iET.45]  WATERLOO  I99 

Soult  had  opposed  Ney's  waste  of  cavalry.  But  the  latter  was  des-  chap.  xxm 
perate,  and  with  the  other  generals  was  displaying  a  wilfulness  isis 
bordering  on  insubordination.  A  portion  of  the  guard  had  just  been 
detached  for  Lobau's  support.  To  Ney's  demand  for  infantiy  the 
Emperor  rephed :  "Where  do  you  expect  me  to  get  them  from?  Am 
I  to  make  them?"  Had  the  old  Bonaparte  spuit  moved  the  chieftain 
to  put  himself  at  the  head  of  what  remained  of  the  guard  infantiy, 
and  to  make  a  desperate  dash  for  Ney's  suppoi-t,  a  temporaiy  advan- 
tage would  almost  certainly  have  been  won;  then,  with  a  remnant 
flushed  by  victory,  he  coidd  have  tiu'ned  to  Lobau's  assistance  before 
the  main  Prussian  army  came  in.  Thus  was  lost  Napoleon's  one 
chance  to  deal  WeUington  a  decisive  blow. 

It  was  to  prevent  a  dangerous  flank  movement  of  the  enemy  —  the 
advance,  namely,  of  Biilow,  with  the  cavahy  coi-ps  of  Prince  Wilham, 
upon  Plancenoit — that  Napoleon  had  detached  the  young  guard,  under 
Duhesme,  a  thu'd  of  his  precious  reserve,  for  the  support  of  Lobau's 
right ;  Dm'utte  being  in  the  rear  of  his  left,  that  portion  was  already  as 
strong  as  it  could  be  made.  Nevertheless  the  Prussians  seized  Plance- 
noit; at  once  the  French  raUied,  and  drove  them  out;  Blhcher  threw 
in  eight  fresh  battalions,  and  these,  with  the  six  abeady  engaged, 
dashed  for  the  ravine  leading  to  the  village.  The  passage  was  lined 
with  French,  and  for  a  time  it  was  like  the  valley  of  Hiunom ;  but  the 
Prussians  pressed  on,  and  the  young  guard  reeled.  Napoleon  sent  in 
two  battalions  of  the  old  guard,  under  Morand ;  theu-  firmness  restored 
that  of  their  comrades,  and  the  place  was  cleared,  two  thousand  dead 
remaining  as  the  victims  of  that  fiuious  charge  and  countercharge.  At 
seven  Biilow  was  back  again  in  his  first  position,  awaiting  the  aiiival 
of  Pirch's  corps  to  restore  his  riddled  ranks.  Napoleon  had  now  left 
only  twelve  of  the  twenty-three  battahons  of  the  guard  reserve,  less 
than  six  thousand  men.  Wellington  had  repau-ed  the  breach  made  by 
Ney,  and,  though  still  hard  pressed  on  his  right,  Ziethen  had  made  good 
the  strength  of  his  left,  some  of  his  cavahy  having  been  detached  to 
repair  other  weak  spots  in  the  Une.  At  this  moment  Ziethen  conceived 
that  Billow  was  further  giving  way,  and  hesitated  in  his  advance.  The 
brief  interval  was  noted  by  Dm'utte,  and  with  a  last  desperate  effort 
he  can-ied  Papelotte,  La  Haye,  and  Smohain,  hoping  to  prevent  the 
fatal  juncture.  It  was  half  an  hour  before  Ziethen  retrieved  his  loss, 
and  thus  probably  saved  Wellington's  left.     By  that  time  Pii-ch  had 


200  LIFE  OF  NAPOLEON  BONAPARTE  [.4:t.45 

Chap,  xxoi  come  up,  and  with  this  reiuforcemeut  Billow,  beliiud  the  heavy  fire  of 
1815  his  powerful  batteries,  charged  Lobaii,  and  advanced  on  the  guard  at 
Planeenoit.  Lobau,  the  hero  of  Aspern,  stood  like  a  rock  until 
Durutte's  men  and  the  remnants  of  d'Erlon's  corps,  flying  past  his 
flank,  induced  a  panic  in  his  ranks.  Thereupon  the  whole  French 
right  fell  into  confusion :  all  except  the  guard,  who  stood  in  the 
churchyard  of  Planeenoit  until  surrounded  and  reduced  in  number 
to  about  two  hundred  and  fifty  men;  then,  under  Pelet's  command, 
they  formed  a  square,  placed  their  eagle  in  the  midst,  drove  off  the 
cavahy  which  blocked  their  path,  and  reached  the  main  line  of  retreat 
with  scarcely  enough  men  to  keep  their  fonnation. 

Before  the  combined  armies  of  Wellington  and  Bliicher  the  French 
could  not  stand ;  but,  in  spite  of  inferior  numbers  and  the  manifest 
signs  of  defeat,  General  Bonaparte  might  have  conducted  an  orderly 
retreat.  The  case  was  different  with  Napoleon  the  Emperor,  even 
though  he  were  now  a  hberator;  to  retreat  would  have  been  merely 
a  postponement  of  the  day  of  reckoning.  Accordingly,  the  great  ad- 
venturer, facing  his  destiny  on  the  height  at  Rossomme,  determined,  in 
a  last  desperate  effort,  to  retrieve  the  day,  and  stake  all  on  a  last  cast  of 
the  dice.  For  an  instant  he  appears  to  have  contemplated  a  change  of 
fi'ont,  wheehng  for  that  purpose  by  Hougomont,  where  his  resistance 
was  still  strong;  but  he  finally  decided  to  crush  the  Anglo-Belgian 
right,  if  possible ;  roll  up  both  armies  into  a  confused  mass,  so  that,  per- 
chance, they  might  weaken  rather  than  strengthen  each  other;  and 
then,  with  Grouchy's  aid,  strike  for  victory.  Though  indifferent  to  Ney's 
demands,  he  had  set  in  array  against  Biilow  the  very  choicest  troops 
of  his  army ;  surely  they  might  stand  firm  while  his  blow  elsewhere 
was  dehvered.  But  he  did  not  reckon  in  this  with  Wellington's  re- 
serve power;  though  the  dramatic  stories  of  the  Duke's  mortal  anx- 
iety rest  on  shght  foundation,  there  is  no  doubt  that  he  felt  a  great 
reUef  when  the  Prussians  entered  the  combat,  for  immediately  he 
turned  his  attention,  not  to  rest,  but  to  the  reforming  of  his  line. 
Officers  and  men,  EngUsh  or  German,  knew  nothing  of  Billow's  or 
Bliicher's  whereabouts  when  Napoleon  took  his  resolution ;  but,  sensi- 
ble of  having  been  strengthened,  they  displayed  at  half-past  seven 
that  evening  the  same  grim  determination  they  had  shown  at  eleven 
in  the  morning.  Though  Welhngton's  task  of  standing  firm  until 
Bliicher's  an-ival  was  accomphshed,  and  though,  perhaps,  his  soldiers 


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yKT.45]  WATERLOO  201 

heard  the  distcant  firing  of  the  Pnissian  guns,  yet  nothing  could  be  chap.  xxiii 
seen  across  the  long  interval,  the  noise  attracted  little  attention,  and        isio 
neither  he  nor  they  could  know  what  was  yet  before  them.     It  was, 
therefore,  splendid  courage   in  general  and  amiy  which  kept  them 
ever  ready  for  any  exertion,  however  desperate. 

Against  this  aiiiiy,  in  this  temper,  Napoleon  despatched  what  was 
left  of  that  force  which  was  the  peculiar  product  of  his  life  and  genius, 
the  old  and  middle  guard.  Most  of  its  members  were  the  children  of 
peasants,  and  had  been  bom  in  ante-Revolution  days.  Neither  intelh- 
gent  in  appearance  nor  gi-aceful  in  bearing,  they  nevertheless  had  the 
look  of  perfect  fighting-machines.  Their  huge  bearskin  caps  and  long 
mustaches  did  not  diminish  the  fierceness  of  their  aspect.  They  had 
been  selected  for  size,  docility,  and  strength ;  they  had  been  well  paid, 
well  fed,  and  well  di'illed;  they  had,  therefore,  no  ties  but  those  to  their 
Emperor,  no  homes  but  theu'  baiTacks,  and  no  enthusiasm  but  their 
passion  for  imperial  France.  They  would  have  foUowed  no  leader  un- 
less he  were  distinguished  in  their  system  of  life ;  accordingly,  Ney  was 
selected  for  that  honor;  and  as  they  came  in  proud  confidence  up  the 
Charleroi  road,  their  Emperor  passed  them  in  review.  Like  every  other 
division,  they  had  been  told  that  the  distant  roar  was  from  Grouchy's 
guns ;  when  informed  that  all  was  ready  for  the  finishing-stroke,  that 
there  was  to  be  a  general  advance  along  the  whole  line,  and  that  no 
man  was  to  be  denied  his  share  in  certain  victory,  even  the  sick,  it  is 
said,  rose  up,  and  hurried  into  the  ranks.  The  ah*  seemed  rent  with 
their  hoarse  cheers  as  their  columns  swung  in  measured  tread  diago- 
nally across  the  northern  spur  of  the  cruciform  elevation  which  divided 
the  surface  of  the  valley. 

WeUingtou,  informed  of  the  French  movement,  as  it  is  thought  by  a 
deserter,  issued  hui'ried  orders  to  the  center,  ordered  Maitland's  brigade 
to  where  the  charge  must  be  met,  and  posted  himself,  with  Napier's 
battery,  somewhat  to  its  right.  While  yet  his  words  of  warning  were 
scarcely  uttered,  the  head  of  the  French  column  appeared.  The  Eng- 
hsh  batteries  belched  forth  a  welcome ;  but  although  Ney's  horse,  the 
fifth  that  day,  was  shot,  the  men  he  led  suffered  httle,  and  with  him 
on  foot  at  their  side  they  came  steadily  onward.  The  British  guards 
were  lying  behind  the  hill-crest,  and  the  French  could  discern  no  foe 
— only  a  few  mounted  officers,  of  whom  WeUington  was  one.  Aston- 
ished and  incredulous,  the  assailants  pressed  steadily  on  until  within 


202  LIFE   OF    NAPOLEON    BONAPARTE  [^t.  45 

Chap,  xxhi  twenty  yards  of  the  English  lino.  "Up,  guards !  make  ready! "  rang  out 
1S15  the  duke's  well-kno-^Ti  call.  The  British  jumped  i;p  and  fired ;  about 
three  hunch-ed  of  Ney's  gaUant  soldiers  fell.  But  there  was  no  confu- 
sion ;  on  both  sides  volley  succeeded  volley,  and  this  lasted  luitil  the 
British  charged.  Then,  and  then  only,  the  French  withdrew.  Simul- 
taneously Donzelot  had  fallen  upon  Alten's  division;  but  he  was  leading 
a  forlorn  hope,  and  making  no  impression. 

As  Ney  fell  back,  a  body  of  French  cuirassiers  advanced  upon  the 
English  batteries.  Theii"  success  was  partial,  and  behind  them  a  sec- 
ond column  of  the  guard  was  formed.  Agam  the  assault  was  renewed; 
but  the  second  attempt  fared  worse  than  the  first.  To  the  right  of 
Maitland,  Adam's  brigade,  with  the  Fifty-second  regiment,  had  taken 
stand ;  wheeling  now,  these  di'ove  a  deadly  flank  fire  into  the  advanc- 
ing French,  while  the  others  poui-ed  in  a  devastating  hail  of  bullets 
fi'om  the  front.  The  front  ranks  of  the  French  rephed  with  spirit,  but 
when  the  British  had  completed  their  manoeuver,  Colborne  gave  the 
order,  liis  men  cheered  in  response,  and  the  coimtercharge  began. 
*'  Vive  I'Empereur!"  came  the  responsive  cheer  from  the  thinning  ranks 
of  the  assailants,  and  still  they  came  on.  But  in  the  awful  crash  they 
reeled,  confusion  followed,  and  almost  in  the  twinkluig  of  an  eye  the 
rout  began.  A  division  of  the  old  guard,  the  two  battalions  under 
Cambronne,  retreated  in  fan*  order  to  the  center  of  the  valley,  where 
they  made  then*  last  gallant  stand  against  the  overwhelming  numbers 
of  Hugh  Halkett's  Grerman  brigade.  They  fought  untU  but  a  hun- 
dred and  fifty  sm*vived.  From  far  away  the  despairing  cry  of  "  Sauve 
qui  pent!"  seemed  to  ring  on  their  ears.  To  the  first  summons  of  sur- 
render the  leader  had  replied  with  dogged  defiance;  the  second  was 
made  soon  after,  about  three  in  the  afternoon,  and  to  this  he  yielded. 
He  and  liis  men  filed  to  the  English  rear  without  a  niurmm',  but  in 
deep  dejection.  This  occurrence  has  passed  into  tradition  as  an  epic 
event ;  what  Cambronne  might  well  have  said,  "  The  guard  dies,  but 
never  suiTenders,"  was  not  uttered  by  him,  but  it  epitomizes  their 
character,  and  in  the  phrase  which  seems  to  have  been  shouted  by 
the  men  themselves  in  their  last  desperate  struggle,  they  and  their 
leader  have  foimd  immortahty. 

Tlie  last  charge  of  what  remained  of  the  guard  took  place  almost 
at  the  moment  when  Dunitte  was  finally  routed.  "Wellington  then 
sent  in  the  fresh  cavalr}'  brigades  of  Vivian  and  Vandeleur  against 


^T.45]  WATERLOO  203 

the  column  of  Donzelot  and  the  remnants  of  the  French  cavalry,  chap,  xxiu 
These  swept  all  before  them,  and  then  the  duke  gave  the  order  for  a  isis 
general  advance.  The  French  left  fell  into  panic,  and  fled  toward 
Belle  Alliance.  Before  La  Haye  Sainte  stood  two  squares  of  French 
soldiers,  the  favored  legion  chosen  to  protect  the  imperial  head- 
quarters. In  the  fatal  hour  it  splendidly  vindicated  the  choice,  and 
amid  the  chaos  stood  in  perfect  order.  Throughout  the  famous  charge 
of  his  devoted  men  Napoleon  rode  hither  and  thither,  from  Rossomme 
to  Belle  Alliance.  His  loolis  grew  dark,  but  at  the  very  last  he 
called  hoarsely  to  the  masses  of  disorganized  troops  that  came  whirl- 
ing by,  bidding  them  to  stand  fast.  All  in  vain;  and  as  the  last  square 
came  on  he  pressed  inside  its  senied  wall.  It  was  not  too  soon,  for 
the  Prussians  had  now  joined  the  forward  movement,  and  in  the  su- 
preme disorder  consequent  the  other  square  dissolved.  Napoleon's 
convoy  withstood  the  shock  of  a  charge  from  the  Twelfth  British  Hght 
dragoons,  and  again  of  a  Pnissian  charge  at  Rossomme,  where  Gneise- 
nau  took  up  the  fierce  pursuit.  Though  assaulted,  and  hard  beset  by 
musketry,  the  square  moved  silently  on.  There  were  no  words  except 
an  occasional  remark  addressed  by  Napoleon  to  his  brother  Jerome,  or 
to  one  of  the  officers.  At  eleven  Genappe  was  reached ;  there,  such 
was  the  activity  of  the  pursuers,  all  hope  of  an  orderly  retreat  vanished, 
and  the  square  melted  away.  Napoleon  had  become  an  object  of  pity 
—  his  eyes  set,  his  frame  collapsed,  his  great  head  rolling  in  a  drowsy 
stupor.  Monthyon  and  Bertrand  set  him  as  best  they  could  upon  a 
horse,  and,  one  on  each  side,  supported  him  as  they  rode.  They  had 
an  escort  of  forty  men.  At  Quatre  Bras  they  despatched  a  messenger 
to  siunmon  Grouchy,  bidding  him  to  retire  on  Namiu*.  The  Prussians 
were  only  one  hour  behind.  At  daybreak  the  hunted  Emperor  reached 
Charleroi,  but  his  attendants  dared  not  delay;  two  rickety  carriages 
were  secured,  and  it  was  not  until  the  wretched  caravan  reached  Phi- 
hppeville  that  the  fugitives  obtained  a  few  hours'  repose. 


CHAPTER  XXIV 


THE  SUKKENDER 


Natuee  of  Napoleon's  Defeat — Its  Political  Consequences — Na- 
poleon's Fatal  Resolution — The  State  of  Paris — Napoleon  at 
THE  Elysee — His  Departure  for  Rochefort — Thoughts  of  Re- 
turn— Procrastination — Weld  Scheimes  of  Flight — A  Refuge 
in  England — His  OntjY  Resource — The  White  Terror  and  the 
Allies. 

chap.^xxtv  f  mHE  battle  of  Waterloo  is  so  called  because  Wellington's  despatch 
1815  X  to  England  was  dated  from  Ms  headquarters  at  that  place.  It 
was  not  gi'eat  by  reason  of  the  numbers  engaged,  for  on  the  side  of  the 
aUies  were  about  a  himdi'ed  and  thirty  thousand  men,  on  the  other 
seventy-two  thousand  approximately;  nor  was  there  any  special  bril- 
liancy in  its  conduct.  Wellington  defended  a  strong  position  weU  and 
carefuUy  selected.  But  he  wilfully  left  himself  with  inferior  numbers ; 
he  did  not  heartily  cooperate  with  Bliicher ;  both  were  unready ;  Gnei- 
senau  was  suspicious ;  and  the  battle  of  Ligny  was  a  Pnissian  blunder. 
Napoleon  committed,  between  dawn  and  dusk  of  Jmie  eighteenth,  a 
series  of  petty  mistakes,  each  of  which  can  be  explained,  but  not  ex- 
cused. He  began  too  late ;  he  did  not  follow  up  his  assaults ;  he  did 
not  retreat  when  beaten;  he  could  attend  to  only  one  thing  at  a  time; 
he  failed  in  control  of  his  subordinates;  he  was  neither  calm  nor  alert. 
His  return  from  Elba  had  made  him  the  idol  of  the  majority  in  France, 
but  his  conduct  throughout  the  Hundred  Days  was  that  of  a  broken 
man.  His  genius  seemed  bright  at  the  opening  of  his  last  campaign, 
but  every  day  saw  the  day's  task  delayed.  His  gi-eat  lieutenants  grew 
uneasy  and  untrustworthy,  though,  Uke  his  patient,  enduring,  and  gal- 
lant men,  they  displayed  prodigies  of  personal  valor.  Ney  and  Grouchy 
used  their  discretion,  but  it  was  the  discretion  of  caution,  most  unUke 


MARSHAL    GUII.I.AUMH-MARIE-ANNK,   COUNT    DH    BRUKH 

ruoix  Tin;  i-wiiTitAu-  nv  iiattaille,  Ai-rtat  simi;.  jjenoist 


^T.45]  THE    SURRENDER  205 

that  of  Desaix  at  Marengo,  or  of  Ney  himself  at  Eylau.  Tlieir  iguo-  Chap.  xxiv 
ranee  cannot  be  condoned;  Groucby's  decision  at  Walliain,  though  jus-  isis 
tilled  in  a  measure  by  Soult's  later  order,  was  possibly  the  immediate 
cause  of  final  disaster.  But  such  considerations  do  not  excuse  Napo- 
leon's failure  to  give  explicit  orders,  nor  his  nervous  interference  vnth 
Ney's  fonnation  before  Quatrc  Bras,  nor  his  deliberate  iterations  during 
his  captivity  that  he  had  expected  Grouchy  throughout  the  battle. 
Moreover,  the  interest  of  Waterloo  is  connected  with  its  immediate  and 
dramatic  consequences  rather  than  with  its  decisive  character.  If  Na- 
poleon had  won  on  that  day,  the  allies  would  have  been  far  from  anni- 
hilation ;  both  Wellington  and  Bliicher  had  kept  open  then  respective 
lines  of  retreat.  The  national  uprising  of  Emope  would  have  been 
more  determined  than  ever:  1815  would  have  been  but  a  repetition 
of  1814.  Finally,  the  losses,  though  ten-ible,  were  not  unparaDeled. 
Grouchy  won  at  Wavre,  and,  hearing  of  the  disaster  at  Mont  St.  Jean, 
first  contemplated  falling  on  the  Prussian  rear  as  they  swept  onward 
in  pui'suit.  But  he  quickly  abandoned  this  chimerical  idea,  and  on  re- 
ceipt of  Napoleon's  order  fi-om  Quatre  Bras,  withdrew  to  Namur,  and 
thence,  by  a  masterly  retreat,  conducted  his  army  back  into  Fi'ance. 
Including  those  who  fell  at  Wavre,  the  allies  lost  about  twenty-two 
thousand  five  huudi-ed  men,  of  whom  seven  thousand  were  British  and 
a  like  number  Prussians.  The  records  at  Paris  are  very  imperfect,  but 
they  indicate  that  the  French  losses  were  about  thnty-one  thousand. 

The  booty  captured  after  Waterloo  was  unimportant ;  but  the  pohti- 
cal  spoils  were  immense,  and  they  belonged  to  the  Prussians.  Their 
high  expectation  of  seizing  Napoleon's  person  was  disappointed;  but 
the  one  gi-eat  result — the  realization,  namely,  of  all  the  tyrannical  plans 
formed  at  Vienna  for  the  humiliation  of  liberal  France — that,  they  se- 
CTU'ed  by  their  instant,  hot  i^ursuit.  It  is  hard  to  discern  the  facts  in 
the  dust  of  controversy.  Prussia,  Austria,  Russia,  and  Great  Britain 
have  each  the  national  conviction  of  having  laid  the  Corsican  specter ; 
France  is  still  busy  explaining  the  facts  of  her  defeat ;  the  most  con- 
spicuous monument  on  the  battle-field  is  that  to  the  Dutch-Belgians ! 

After  a  short  rest  at  PhiHppeville,  Napoleon  composed  the  custom- 
ary bulletins  concerning  his  campaign,  and  despatched  them  to  the 
capital,  together  with  a  letter  counseling  Joseph  to  stand  firm  and  keep 
the  legislature  in  hand.  If  Grouchy  had  escaped,  he  wrote,  he  could 
abeady  array  fifty  thousand  men  on  the  spot ;  with  the  means  at  hand. 

Vol.  IV.— 2a 


206  LIFE    OF    NAPOLEON    BONAPARTE  [JEt.  ^ 

Chap,  xxiv  be  could  soon  organize  a  hundred  and  fifty  thousand ;  the  troops  in 
1815  regimental  depots,  together  with  the  national  guard,  would  raise  the 
number  to  three  hundi"ed  thousand.  These  representations  were  based 
on  a  habit  of  mind,  and  not  on  genuine  con^dction.  He  believed  Grou- 
chy's  force  to  have  been  annihilated,  and  though  he  paused  at  Laoii  as 
if  to  reorganize  an  army,  he  went  through  the  form  of  consulting  such 
officers  as  he  could  collect,  and  then,  under  their  advice,  pressed  on  to 
Paris.  The  officers  ui'ged  that  the  army  and  the  majority  of  the  peo- 
ple were  loyal,  but  that  the  aristocracy,  the  royalists,  and  the  hberal 
deputies  were  utterly  untinistworthy.  "  My  real  place  is  here,"  was  the 
response.  "  I  shall  go  to  Paris,  but  you  di'ive  me  to  a  foolish  course." 
This  was  the  voice  of  reason,  but  he  obeyed  the  behest  of  inclination. 
Yet  he  halted  at  the  threshold,  and,  entering  the  city  on  the  night  of 
June  twenty-fii'st,  made  no  public  announcement  of  his  presence.  On 
the  contrary,  he  almost  slunk  into  the  silent  halls  of  the  Elysee,  where 
a  sleepy  attendant  or  two  received  the  unexpected  guest  mthout  realiz- 
ing what  had  happened.  He  must  have  felt  that  the  moral  effect  of 
Waterloo  had  been  his  undouig ;  unhke  any  other  of  his  defeats,  it  had 
not  ruined  him  as  general  alone,  nor  as  raler  alone :  his  prestige  as 
both  monarch  and  soldier  was  gone. 

The  news  of  Ligny  had  been  received  in  the  city  with  jubilations ; 
at  the  instant  of  Napoleon's  arrival  the  truth  about  Mont  St.  Jean  was 
passing  all  too  swiftly  on  the  thousand  tongues  of  rumor  from  quarter 
to  quarter  thi'oughout  the  town,  creating  consternation  everywhere. 
Early  in  the  morning,  Davout,  fully  aware  of  public  sentiment,  and 
true  to  his  instincts,  advised  the  shi'inking  Emperor  to  prorogue  the 
chambers,  and  throw  himself  on  the  army ;  Carnot  beheved  the  pubhc 
safety  required  a  cUctatorship,  and  m-ged  it ;  Lucien  was  strongly  of 
the  same  opinion.  But  the  old  Napoleon  was  no  more;  vacillating 
almost  as  if  in  partial  catalepsy,  muimuring  empty  phi-ases  in  quick, 
indistinct  utterance,  he  refused  to  decide.  Members  of  the  Council 
began  to  gain  admittance,  and,  waxing  bolder  as  Napoleon  grew  more 
silent,  the  word  "abdication"  was  soon  on  every  tongue.  At  last  a 
decision  was  taken,  and  such  a  one !  Lucien  was  sent  to  parley  with 
the  eliambers,  and  Fouche  was  summoned.  The  latter,  with  msidious 
eloquence,  argued  that  in  the  legislature  alone  could  Napoleon  find  a 
support  to  his  throne.  The  talk  was  reported,  as  if  by  magic,  in  the 
assembly  halls,  and  Lafayette,  supported  by  Constant,  put  through  a 


z 


I  g 

■=     O 
J     rr; 


i  ^ 


GC 


^ 


> 


^Kt.  45]  THE    SURRENDER  207 

motion  that  any  attempt  to  dissolve  the  chambers  would  be  considered  chap.  xxiv 
treason,     Lucien  pleaded  in  vain  for  a  commission  to  treat  with  the  in-        isis 
vaders  in  his  brother's  name ;  the  deputies  appointed  a  committee  of 
pubhc  safety,  and  adjom'ned. 

Broken  in  sph'it,  Napoleon  spent  the  evening  in  moody  speculation, 
weighing  and  balancing,  but  never  deciding.  Should  he  appear  at  dawn 
before  the  Tuileries,  summon  the  troops  already  in  Paris,  and  prorogue 
the  hated  chambers,  or  should  he  not "?  The  notion  remained  a  dream. 
Early  in  June  the  coiu*t  apothecary,  Cadet  de  Gassicourt,  had  been  or- 
dered by  the  Emperor  to  prepare  an  infallible  poison.  This  was  done, 
and  dm-ing  this  night  of  terrible  vacillation  the  dose  was  swallowed  by 
the  desperate  fugitive.  But  as  before  at  Fontainebleau,  the  theory  of 
the  philosopher  was  weaker  than  his  instincts.  In  dreadful  physi- 
cal and  mental  agony,  the  would-be  suicide  summoned  his  phar- 
macist, and  was  furnished  with  the  necessary  antidotes.  But  the 
morning  brought  no  courage,  and  when  the  chambers  met  at  their  ac- 
customed houi',  on  the  motion  of  an  obscui'e  member  they  demanded 
the  Emperor's  abdication.  The  message  was  borne  by  the  mihtary 
commander  of  the  Palais  Bourbon,  where  the  legislature,  which  had 
now  usurped  the  supreme  power,  was  sitting,  and  he  asserted  of  his 
own  motion,  that,  if  comphance  were  refused,  the  chambers  would  de- 
clare Napoleon  outlawed.  The  Emperor  at  first  made  a  show  of  fierce 
wTath,  but  in  the  afternoon  he  dictated  his  final  abdication  to  Lucien. 
No  sooner  was  this  paper  received  than  the  wild  excitement  of  the 
deputies  and  peers  subsided,  and  at  once  a  new  Du'ectory,  consisting  of 
Carnot,  Fouche,  Caulaiucourt,  and  Quinette,  took  up  the  reins  of  gov- 
ernment. The  city  acquiesced,  and  hour  after  horn'  nothing  iuten-upted 
the  deep  seclusion  of  the  Elysee,  except  occasional  shouts  from  passing 
groups  of  working-men,  calling  for  Napoleon  as  dictator. 

But  there  was  a  change  as  the  stragglers  fi-om  Waterloo  began  to 
anive,  voMing  that  they  still  had  an  arm  for  the  Emperor,  and  de- 
nouncing those  whom  they  believed  to  have  betrayed  him.  The  notion 
of  sustaining  Napoleon  by  force  began  to  spread,  and  when  the  soldiers 
who  were  coming  in,  after  suppressing  the  insurrection  in  Vendee, 
added  their  voices  to  those  of  their  comrades  from  Waterloo,  the  new 
a;ithorities  feared  Napoleon's  presence  as  a  menace  to  their  power. 
Davout  had  been  the  fii'st  to  suggest  an  appeal  to  force,  but  when  Na- 
poleon recurred  at  last  to  the  idea,  the  marshal  opposed  it.     On  June 


208  LIFE    OF    NAPOLEON    BONAPARTE  [^t.  45 

Chap.  XXIV  twenty-fiftb,  therefore,  the  fallen  man  withdrew  to  Malniaison ;  where, 
1815  in  the  society  of  Queen  Hoi-tense  and  a  few  faithful  friends,  during 
three  days  he  abandoned  himself  for  long  intervals  to  the  sad  memories 
of  the  place.  But  he  also  wi'ote  a  farewell  addi'ess  to  the  army,  and,  in 
constant  communication  with  a  committee  of  the  government,  com- 
pleted a  plan  for  escaping  to  the  United  States,  "  there  to  fulfil  his  des- 
tiny "  as  he  himself  said.  For  this  purpose  two  frigates  were  put  at 
the  disposal  of  "  him  who  had  lately  been  Emperor."  AU  was  ready 
on  the  twenty-ninth.  That  day  a  passing  regiment  shouted,  "  Long 
life  to  the  Emperor,"  and,  in  a  last  despahing  effort.  Napoleon  sent  an 
offer  of  his  services,  as  a  simple  general,  to  save  Paris,  and  defeat 
the  allies,  who,  though  approaching  the  capital,  were  now  separated. 
Fouche  retiuTied  an  insulting  answer  to  the  effect  that  the  government 
could  no  longer  be  responsible  for  the  petitioner's  safety.  Then,  at 
last,  Napoleon  knew  that  all  was  over  in  that  quarter.  Clad  in 
civilians'  clothing,  and  accompanied  by  Bertrand,  Savaiy,  and  Gour- 
gaud,  he  immediately  set  out  for  Rochefort.  General  Becker  led 
the  party  as  commissioner  for  the  provisional  government. 

It  was  the  exile's  intention  to  hurry  onward,  but  at  Rambouillet  he 
halted,  and  spent  the  evening  composing  two  requests,  one  for  a  supply 
of  furnitm-e  fi'om  Paris,  the  other  for  the  hbrary  in  the  Petit  Trianon, 
together  with  copies  of  Visconti's  "  Greek  Iconogi'aphy,"  and  the  great 
work  on  Egypt  compiled  from  materials  gathered  during  his  ill-stan*ed 
sojourn  in  that  country.  Next  morning  a  cornier  arrived  fi'om  Paris 
with  news.  "  It  is  aU  up  with  France,"  he  exclaimed,  and  set  out  once 
more.  Crowds  lined  the  highways ;  sometimes  they  cheered,  and  they 
were  always  respectful.  Such  was  the  enthusiasm  of  two  cavalry  regi- 
ments at  Niort  that  Becker  was  induced  to  send  a  despatch  to  the  gov- 
ernment, pleading  that  an  army,  rallied  in  Napoleon's  name,  might  still 
exert  an  important  influence  in  pubhc  affairs.  Just  as  the  general  was 
closing  the  document  there  arrived  the  news  of  the  cannonade  heard 
before  the  capital  on  the  thirtieth.  Napoleon  dictated  a  postscript : 
"  We  hope  the  enemy  will  give  you  time  to  cover  Paris  and  bring  your 
negotiations  to  an  issue.  If,  in  that  case,  an  English  cruiser  stops  the 
Emperor's  de]>ai-ture,  you  can  dispose  of  liim  as  a  common  soldier." 

By  a  strange  coincidence,  Englisli  cruisers  had,  as  a  matter  of  fact, 
appeared  within  a  few  days  in  the  offing  before  Rochefort.  Whatever 
the  relation  between  this  cii'cumstance  and  his  suggestion.  Napoleon 


IN    tnr.   otKCMiitN   UALLKiiv    nr   auv 


Tin;    LAST   DAYS    OF    NAPOLliON 

rBOH    TUK    fTATUK    HT    VINCKNZO    VKLA 


^T.  45]  THE    SURRENDER  209 

studied  every  possible  means  of  delaying  his  journey,  and  actually  chap.  xxrv 
opened  a  correspondence  with  the  commanders  in  Bordeaux  and  the  1815 
Vendee,  ^\^th  a  view  to  overthrowing  the  "  traitorous  "  government.  It 
was  July  third  when  he  finally  reached  Rochefort.  Again  for  five  days 
he  procrastinated.  But  the  allies  were  entering  Paris ;  Wellington  was 
bringing  Louis  XVIII.  back  to  his  throne;  in  forty-eight  hours  the 
monarchs  of  the  coalition  would  arrive.  Bliicher  had  commissioned  a 
Pnissian  detachment  to  seize  and  shoot  his  hated  opponent,  wherever 
fomid.  On  the  eighth,  therefore,  the  outcast  Emperor  embarked ;  but 
for  two  days  the  frigates  were  detained  by  unfavorable  winds.  On  the 
tenth,  English  cruisers  hove  in  sight,  and  on  the  eleventh  Las  Cases, 
who  had  been  appointed  Napoleon's  private  secretaiy,  was  sent  to  in- 
tei-view  Captain  Maitland,  of  the  Bellerophon,  conceniing  his  instruc- 
tions from  the  British  government.  The  envoy  returned,  and  stated 
that  the  Enghsh  commander  would  always  be  ready  to  receive  Napo- 
leon, and  conduct  him  to  England,  but  he  could  not  guarantee  that  the 
ex-Emperor  could  settle  there,  or  be  free  to  betake  himself  to  America. 

This  language  was  ahnost  fatal  to  the  notion  of  a  final  refuge  in 
England,  which  Napoleon  had  begun  to  discuss  and  consider  during 
the  days  spent  in  Rochefort,  and  Las  Cases  sought  a  second  interview. 
According  to  his  account,  Maitland  then  changed  his  tone,  remarking 
that  in  England  the  monarch  and  his  ministers  had  no  arbitrary  power; 
that  the  generosity  of  the  English  people,  and  their  liberal  views,  were 
superior  to  those  entertained  by  sovereigns.  To  the  speaker  this  was  a 
platitude ;  to  the  Usteners  it  was  a  weighty  remark.  A  prey  to  uncer- 
tainty, Napoleon  entertained  various  schemes.  He  bought  two  small, 
half-decked  fishing-boats,  with  a  view  to  boarding  a  Danish  ship  that 
lay  outside,  but  the  project  was  quickly  dropped.  Two  young  officers 
of  the  French  frigate  suggested  sailing  all  the  way  to  New  York  in  the 
little  craft.  Napoleon  seriously  considered  the  possibility,  but  recaUing 
that  such  vessels  must  get  their  final  supplies  on  the  coasts  of  Spain  or 
Portugal,  rejected  the  plan,  for  he  dared  not  risk  faUing  into  the  hands 
of  embittered  foes.  Word  was  brought  that  an  American  ship  lay 
near-by,  in  the  Gironde.  General  Lallemand  galloped  in  hot  haste  to 
see  whether  an  asylum  for  the  outlawed  party  could  be  secured  imder 
her  flag.  He  retmned  with  a  reply  that  the  captain  would  be  "  proud 
and  happy  to  grant  it." 

But  in  the  interim  Napoleon  had  detennined  to  throw  himself  on 

Vol.  IV.—  28 


210  LIFE    OF    NAPOLEON    BONAPARTE  [^t.  45 

Chap.  XXIV  the  "  geuerosity  of  England."  On  the  thii'teenth  Goiu'gaud  was  sent  to 
1815  Loudon,  NN-ith  a  request  to  the  Prince  Regent  that  the  Emperor  should  he 
pennitted  to  hve  uukno^Ti  in  some  provincial  English  place,  under  the 
name  of  General  Dm'oc.  On  the  fifteenth  Napoleon  embarked  on  the 
BeJJeroplion,  where  he  was  received  with  all  honors ;  next  day  the  vessel 
sailed,  and  on  the  twenty-fom-th  she  cast  anchor  in  Torhay.  Diuing 
the  voyage  the  passenger  was  often  somnolent,  and  seemed  exhausted ; 
but  he  was  affable  in  his  intercoui'se  with  the  officers,  and  to  Maitland, 
who  unwisely  yielded  the  expected  precedence.  To  his  kindly  keeper, 
in  a  sort  of  beseeching  confidence,  the  prisoner  showed  portraits  of  his 
■wife  and  child,  lamenting  with  tender  sensibihty  his  enforced  sepa- 
ration fi'om  them.  The  scenes  in  Torbay  were  cmious.  Crowds  from 
far  and  near  lined  the  shores,  and  boats  of  all  descriptions  thronged  the 
waters;  the  sight-seers  dared  everythmg  to  catch  a  glimpse  of  the 
awful  monster  under  the  terrors  of  whose  power  a  generation  had 
reached  manhood.  If,  perchance,  they  succeeded,  the  ah*  was  rent  with 
cheers.  After  two  days  the  ship  was  ordered  round  into  Plymouth 
Sound,  but  the  reckless  sensation-seekers  gathered  there  in  still  greater 
numbers. 

Many  have  wondered  at  Napoleon's  surrender  of  his  person  to  the 
EngUsh.  There  was  no  other  course  open  which  seemed  feasible  to  a 
broken-spuited  man  in  his  position.  His  admirers  are  correct  in 
thinking  that  it  was  more  noble  for  him  to  have  survived  his  gi'eat 
ness  than  to  have  taken  his  own  life.  To  have  entered  on  a  series 
of  romantic  adventures  such  as  were  suggested — concealment  on  the 
Danish  vessel,  flight  in  open  boats,  concealment  in  a  water-cask  on  an 
American  merchantman,  and  the  like — woidd  have  been  merely  the 
addition  of  ignominy  to  his  capture ;  for  his  presence  under  the  Ameri- 
can flag  would  have  been  reported  by  spies,  and  at  that  day  the  stan- 
dard of  the  United  States  would  have  afforded  him  little  immunity. 
It  is  possible  that  on  the  morrow  of  Waterloo  Napoleon  might,  with 
Grouchy's  army,  the  other  survivors,  and  the  men  from  Vendee,  have 
reassembled  an  army  in  Paris,  but  it  is  doubtful.  Nothing  in  Revolu- 
tionary annals  can  equal  in  horror  the  royalist  frenzy,  known  as  the 
White  Terror,  which  broke  out  in  Provence  and  southern  France  on 
receipt  of  the  news  from  Waterloo.  The  ghastly  distemper  spread 
swiftly,  and  when  Napoleon  embarked  the  tricolor  was  floating  only 
at  Rochefort,  Nantes,  and  Bordeaux ;  his  family  was  proscribed,  Ney 


iET.  45]  THE    SURRENDER  211 

aud  Labedoyere  were  imprisoned  and  doomed  to  execution.  To  have  chap.  xxiv 
surrendei'ed  either  to  WeUington  or  Bliicher  would  have  been  seeking  1815 
instant  death;  to  have  collected  such  desperate  soldiers  as  could  be 
got  together  would  have  been  an  attempt  at  guemlla  warfare.  To 
take  refuge  with  the  officers  of  England's  navy  was  the  only  dignified 
course  with  any  element  of  safety  in  it,  since  Great  Britain  was  the 
only  land  in  Em-ope  which  afforded  the  privileges  of  asylum  to  certain 
classes  of  political  offenders.  Naturally,  the  negotiators  cUd  not  pro- 
claim their  extremity.  Considering  the  date  of  Gom-gaud's  embassy, 
it  is  clear  they  were  in  no  position  to  demand  formal  tei*ms,  and  Mait- 
land's  character  forbids  the  conclusion  that  he  made  them.  It  is  un- 
foriunate  that  he  did  not  commit  to  wi'iting  all  his  transactions  with 
Lallemand,  Savaiy,  and  Las  Cases ;  perhaps  he  was  injudiciously 
polite,  but  it  is  certain  that,  contrary  to  their  representations,  he  made 
no  promise,  even  by  implication,  that  under  England's  flag  Napoleon 
should  find  a  refuge,  and  not  a  prison. 


Chap.  XXV 

1815-21 


CHAPTER    XXV 

ST.    HELENA 

Embaerassment  of  the  English  Ministey  —  A  Strange  Embassy  — 
Napoleon's  Attitude  —  The  Transportation  —  The  Prison  —  And 
its  Governor  —  Occupations  of  the  Prisoner — Napoleon's  His- 
torical Writings  —  Failing  Health  and  Preparations  for  Death 
—  His  Last  Will  and  Testament  —  The  End. 

THE  ministry  of  Lord  Liverpool,  tlioiigli  ultra-Tory,  was  nevertheless 
embarrassed  by  the  course  of  affairs.  On  June  twentieth  the  pre- 
mier wrote  to  Castlereagh  that  he  wished  Napoleon  had  been  captured 
by  Louis  XVIH.,  and  executed  as  a  rebel.  This  amazing  suggestion 
was  the  result  of  the  progress  made  within  a  year  by  the  doctrine  of 
legitimacy.  Although  Talleyrand  had  observed  the  Hundred  Days 
from  the  safe  seclusion  of  Carlsbad,  and  was  coldly  received  by  his 
"  legitimate  "  sovereign  when  he  rettmied  to  Paris  under  Welhngton's 
aegis,  yet  there  was  no  one  equally  able  to  restore  a  "  legitimate  "  gov- 
ernment, and,  with  the  aid  of  Wellington,  who  assumed  without  ques- 
tion the  chief  place  in  reconstructing  France,  he  was  soon  in  full 
activity.  Li  strict  logic,  the  allies  reasoned  that  Napoleon  was  their 
common  prisoner,  and,  as  the  chief  malefactor,  he  should  meet  the  fate 
which  was  to  be  Ney's,  and  later  that  of  Murat.  By  long  famiharity 
with  such  notions,  the  Czar  had  finally  been  converted  to  the  once 
abhon-ent  idea  of  legitimacy,  and  was  hatching  the  scheme  of  the  Holy 
Alliance ;  even  he  would  have  made  no  objection.  But  Enghsh  opin- 
ion, however  instated,  would  not  tolerate  the  idea  of  death  as  a  penalty 
for  political  offenses.  Whatever  ministers  felt  or  said,  they  dared  con- 
sider no  alternative  in  deahng  with  Napoleon,  except  that  of  imprison- 
ment.    Accordingly,  St.  Helena,  the  spot  suggested  at  Vienna  as  being 

the  most  remote  in  the  habitable  world,  was  designated;  the  island  was 

aia 


OO 


o 

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O 

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w 


O 
2: 


o 

w 


^T.45-46J  ST.   HELKNA  213 

borrowed  from  the  East  India  Company,  and  acts  of  Parliament  were  chap.  xxv 
passed  which  estabUshed  a  special  government  for  it,  and  cut  it  off  isis 
from  all  outside  communication,  "  for  the  better  detaining  in  custody- 
Napoleon  Bonaparte."  The  Continental  allies,  therefore,  on  August 
second,  declared  the  sometime  Emperor  to  bo  their  common  prisoner. 
To  England  they  yielded  the  right  to  detenninc  his  place  of  detention, 
but  to  each  of  themselves  —  Austria,  Russia,  and  Pinissia  —  was  re- 
served the  right  of  sending  thither  a  commissioner  who  should  de- 
termine the  fact  of  actual  imprisonment. 

It  was  in  Torbay  that  the  newspapers  brought  on  board  the  BeJlero- 
pJion  first  announced  what  was  under  consideration.  On  July  tMrty- 
first,  with  inconsistent  ceremony,  the  determination  was  formally  an- 
nounced by  an  embassy  consisting  of  Lord  Keith,  the  admiral;  Sir 
Henry  Bunbuiy,  an  imder-secretary  of  state,  and  Mr.  Meike,  secretary 
to  the  admiral.  To  whom  did  this  highest  official  authority  address 
itself  ?  To  General  Bonaparte,  a  private  citizen  !  Theu'  message  was 
read  in  French,  and  Napoleon  displayed  perfect  self-control.  Asked  if 
he  had  anything  to  say,  the  ex-Emperor,  without  temper  or  bitterness, 
appealed  against  the  judgment  both  to  posterity  and  to  the  British 
people.  He  was,  he  said,  a  voluntary  guest ;  he  wished  to  be  received 
as  such  under  the  law  of  nations,  and  to  be  domiciled  as  an  Enghsh 
citizen  (sic).  Dming  the  interval  before  naturalization  he  would  dwell 
under  superintendence  anywhere  in  England,  thirty  leagues  fi'om  any 
seaport.  He  cordd  not  live  in  St.  Helena ;  he  was  accustomed  to  ride 
twenty  miles  a  day ;  what  could  he  do  on  that  httle  rock  at  the  end 
oi  the  world?  He  could  have  gone  to  his  father-in-law,  or  to  the 
Czar,  but  while  the  tricolor  was  stiU  flying  he  had  confided  in  British 
hospitahty.  Though  defeated,  he  was  still  a  sovereign,  and  deserved 
to  be  treated  as  such.  With  emphasis  he  declared  that  he  prefeiTed 
death  to  St.  Helena. 

The  embassy  withdrew  in  silence  from  the  moving  scene.  Lord 
Keith  had  previously  expressed  gi'atitude  to  Napoleon  for  personal 
attentions  to  a  young  relative  who  had  been  captured  at  Waterloo. 
Him,  therefore,  the  imperial  prisoner  now  recalled,  and  asked  if  there 
were  any  tribunal  to  which  appeal  might  be  made.  The  answer  was  a 
pohte  negative,  with  the  assui'ance  that  the  British  government  would 
mitigate  the  situation  as  far  as  prudence  would  permit.  "How  so?" 
said  Napoleon.     "  Sm'ely  St.  Helena  is  preferable  to  a  smaller  space  in 


214  LIFE    OF    NxVPOLEON    BONAPARTE  [^t.  46 

Chap.  XXV  England,"  answered  Keith,  "  or  being  sent  to  France,  or  perhaps  to 
1815  Russia."  "  Russia ! "  exclaimed  Napoleon,  taken  off  his  guard.  "  God 
preserve  me  from  it ! "  This  was  the  only  moment  of  excitement ;  the 
witnesses  of  the  long  and  trying  scene  have  left  on  record  the  pro- 
found unpression  made  on  them  by  Napoleon's  dignity  and  admirable 
conduct  thi'oughout.  Subsequently  the  prisoner  composed  a  ^v^l•itten 
protest  appealing  to  history.  An  enemy  who  for  twenty  years  had 
waged  war  against  the  EngUsh  people  had  come  voluntarOy  to  seek  an 
asylum  imder  English  laws ;  how  did  England  respond  to  such  mag- 
nanimity? In  his  o^vn  mind,  at  least,  he  instituted  a  comparison  be- 
tween himself  and  Themistocles,  who  took  refuge  with  the  Persians, 
and  was  kindly  treated.  The  parallel  broke  down  in  that  the  great 
Greek  had  never  forced  his  enemy  into  entangling  alliances,  as  Napo- 
leon had  forced  England  into  successive  coalitions  for  self-presei'vation. 
Moreover,  his  sm-render  was  not  vohmtary:  his  life  would  not  have 
been  worth  a  moment's  pui'chase  either  in  France  or  elsewhere  on  the 
Continent;  to  have  fled  by  sea  would  have  been  to  invite  capture. 
"Wherever,"  as  he  himseK  repeatedly  said — "wherever  thei*e  was  water 
to  float  a  ship,  there  was  to  be  found  a  British  standard."  Still  there 
were  many  in  England  who  took  his  view ;  much  sympathy  was 
aroused,  and  some  futile  efforts  for  his  release  were  made. 

For  the  jom-ney  to  St.  Helena  Napoleon  was  transferred  to  Admii'al 
CockbmTi's  ship,  the  Northumberland.  The  suite  numbered  thirty,  and 
was  chosen  by  Napoleon  himself.  Its  members  were  Bertrand,  Mon- 
tholou,  and  Las  Cases,  with  then*  famihes,  together  with  Gourgaud  and 
a  Polish  adjutant,  Prowtowski.  There  were  sixteen  servants,  of  whom 
twelve  were  Napoleon's.  The  voyage  was  tedious  and  uneventful.  The 
admh-al  adhered  to  Enghsh  customs,  and  discarded  the  etiquette  ob- 
served toward  crowned  heads;  but  he  remained  on  the  best  of  terms 
with  his  illustrious  prisoner.  There  were  occasional  misunderstand- 
ings, and  sometimes  iU-natured  gossip,  in  which  the  admu'al  was  de- 
nounced behind  his  back  as  a  "  shark  " ;  but  such  little  gusts  of  temper 
passed  without  permanent  consequences.  Napoleon  had  secm-ed  the 
excellent  libraiy  he  desired,  and  every  day  read  or  wi'ote  dming  most 
of  the  morning;  the  evenings  he  devoted  to  games  of  hazard  for  low 
stakes,  or  to  chess,  which  ho  played  very  badly.  He  was  careful  as  to 
his  diet,  took  abundant  regular  exercise,  and,  since  his  health  was  ex- 
cellent, he  appeared  in  the  main  cheerful  and  resigned. 


iSET.  46]  ST.   HELENA  215 

The  island  of  St.  Helena  is  the  craggy  summit  of  an  ancient  volcano,  Chap.  xxv 
rising  two  thousand  seven  hundi-ed  feet  above  the  sea,  and  contains  1815 
forty-five  square  miles.  Its  shores  are  precipitous,  but  it  has  an  ex- 
cellent harbor,  that  of  Jamestown,  which  was  then  a  port  of  call  on 
the  voyage  from  England,  by  the  Cape  of  Good  Hope,  to  India,  four 
thousand  miles  from  London,  one  thousand  one  hundred  and  forty 
from  the  coast  of  Africa,  one  thousand  one  hundred  and  eighty  from 
the  nearest  point  in  South  Ameiica.  There  were  a  few  thousand  in- 
habitants of  mixed  race,  and  the  chmate,  though  moist  and  enerv^ating, 
is  fairly  salubrious.  Under  the  act  passed  by  Parliament,  England 
increased  the  territorial  waters  around  the  island  to  a  ring  three  times 
the  usual  size,  and  pohced  them  by  "hovermg"  vessels,  which  made 
the  approach  of  suspicious  craft  virtually  impossible.  This,  with  nu- 
merous other  precautionary  measures  of  minor  importance,  made  St. 
Helena  an  impenetrable  jail.  It  was  October  sixteenth,  1815,  when 
Napoleon  landed  on  its  shores. 

The  residence  provided  for  the  imperial  captive  was  a  substantial 
farm-house  in  the  center  of  the  island,  on  a  plateau  two  thousand  feet 
high.  The  grounds  were  level,  and  bounded  by  natural  Umits,  so  that 
they  were  easy  to  guard,  and  could  be  observed  in  all  their  extent  by 
sentries;  eventually  a  circuit  of  twelve  miles  was  luai'ked  out,  and 
within  this  the  prisoner  might  move  at  will ;  if  he  wished  to  pass  the 
line,  he  must  be  attended  by  an  Enghsh  officer.  Considering  the  con- 
ceptions of  state  and  chivahy  then  prevalent,  the  place  was  mean; 
even  now,  when  enlarged  and  repaired,  the  house  is  thought  not  Tin- 
suitable  for  the  entertainment  of  an  imprisoned  Zulu  chieftain.  Long- 
wood,  for  this  is  the  familiar  name,  might  at  a  pinch  have  sufficed  for 
the  lodging  of  Greneral  Bonaparte;  it  was  certainly  better  than  a 
dungeon ;  but  its  modest  comfort  was  far  from  the  luxm-ious  elegance 
which  had  become  a  second  nature  to  the  Emperor  Napoleon.  Such  as 
it  was  to  be,  however,  it  was  still  uninhabitable  in  October,  and  its 
destined  occupant  was,  until  December  ninth,  the  guest  of  a  hospitable 
merchant,  Mr.  Balcombe,  at  his  viUa  known  as  The  Briars.  The  senti- 
nels and  patrols  remained  six  hundred  paces  from  the  door  during  the 
day ;  at  night  the  cordon  of  guards  was  drawn  close  around  the  house ; 
twice  in  twenty-four  hom-s  the  orderly  must  assiare  himself  of  the 
prisoner's  actual  presence,  and  hiunan  ingenuity  could  devise  no  pre- 
caution which  was  not  taken  by  land  and  sea  to  make  impossible  any 


216 


LIFE    OF    NAPOLEON    BONAPARTE  [iET.  46 


Chap.  XXV  sGcret  Communication,  inward  or  outward.  Cockbiu*n's  serene  good- 
1816  nature  rendered  it  out  of  the  question  for  the  captive  to  do  more 
than  declare  his  pohcy  of  protest  and  exasperation,  mitil  April,  1816, 
when  the  admiral  departed,  and  was  replaced  by  Sir  Hudson  Lowe. 
The  latter  was  a  vulnerable  foe.  A  creatm-e  of  routine,  and  fi'esh  fi-om 
a  two  years'  residence  as  Enghsh  commissioner  in  Bliicher's  camp,  he 
had  thoroughly  absorbed  the  temper  both  of  the  Tory  ministry  and 
of  the  Continental  reactionaries.  Neither  u'ascible,  severe,  nor  ill- 
natm'ed,  he  was  yet  pimctilious,  and  in  no  sense  a  match  for  the 
brilliant  genius  of  his  antagonist.  With  the  arrival  of  this  unfortunate 
official  properly  begins  the  St.  Helena  period  of  Napoleon's  life — a 
period  psychologically  as  instructive  as  any  other,  but,  as  regards  its 
futile  calculations,  comparable  only  to  that  of  his  ineffectual  agitations 
in  Corsica. 

Napoleon,  the  prisoner,  had  a  double  object  —  release  and  self -justi- 
fication. The  former  he  hoped  to  gain  by  working  on  the  feehngs  of 
the  English  Liberals ;  the  latter  by  writing  an  autobiography  which,  in 
order  to  win  back  the  lost  confidence  of  France,  should  emphasize  the 
democratic,  progi"essive,  and  beneficent  side  of  his  career,  and  consign 
to  obhvion  his  tyrannies  and  inordinate  personal  ambitions.  The 
di'cary  chronicle  of  the  quarrel  between  a  disarmed  giant  and  a  potent 
pygmy  is  uninteresting  in  detail,  but  very  illuminating  in  its  large  out- 
Unes.  The  routine  of  a  com't  was  instituted  and  for  a  time  was  rigidly 
observed  at  Longwood.  The  powerless  monarch  so  successfully  simu- 
lated the  wisdom  and  judgment  of  a  chastened  soul  that  the  accounts 
which  reached  the  distant  world  awakened  a  great  pity  among  the  dis- 
interested. As  on  shipboard  and  at  The  Briars,  he  gave  his  mornings  to 
literature,  clad  in  a  studied,  i^icturesque  dishabiUe.  The  afternoon  he 
devoted  to  amusement  and  exercise;  but  a  distaste  for  more  physical 
exertion  than  was  actually  essential  to  health  grew  steadily,  until  he 
became  sluggish  and  coriralent.  At  table  he  was  always  abstemious ;  his 
sleep  was  in-egular  and  disturbed.  The  evenings  he  spent  with  favorite 
authors,  Voltaire,  Comeille,  and  Ossian ;  fi'cquently,  also,  in  reading  the 
Bible.  The  opinions  he  expressed  were  in  the  main  those  of  his  pseudo- 
scientific  days ;  among  other  questions  discussed  was  that  of  polygamy, 
which  he  upheld  as  an  excellent  institution  theoretically.  Much  time 
was  spent  by  the  household  in  abusing  Longwood,  and  so  effectually,  that 
a  wooden  mansion  was  constructed  in  England,  and  erected  near-by ;  but 


KM.KAvi.ii   iiv   K,   A,  Mri,Li;a 


SIR    HUDSON    LOWE 

KUOU   TlIK    I-OKTIUIT    UY    t'UCMY 


^T.  40-51]  ST.    11  ELF] N  A  217 

the  prisoner  nindo  difficulties  sibout  every  particular,  and  never  occu-  chap.  xxv 
pied  it.  There  were  continuous  schemings  for  direct  intercourse  with  1815-21 
friends  in  France,  and  partial  success  ended  in  the  dismissal  of  Las 
Cases.  Gourgaud,  too,  departed,  ostensibly  because  of  a  quan-el  with 
Montholou,  really  to  agitate  with  Alexander,  Francis,  and  Maria  Louisa 
for  Napoleon's  release.  The  exile  confessed,  in  an  imguarded  moment, 
that  no  man  aUve  could  have  satisfied  him  in  the  relation  of  governor 
of  St.  Helena,  but  yet  he  was  adroit  and  indefatigable  in  his  efforts  to 
discredit  Lowe.  The  "  Letters  from  the  Cape  of  Good  Hope,"  published 
in  England  anonymously,  but  now  incorporated  in  the  official  edition 
of  Napoleon's  works  as  the  thirty-first  volume,  abuse  the  climate  of  St. 
Helena,  depict  the  injustice  of  the  imprisonment,  and  heap  scorn  on 
the  governor.  The  book  was  widely  read,  and  fm-nished  the  Whigs  in 
ParUament  with  many  shafts  of  criticism.  This  success  emboldened 
the  author,  and  further  compositions  by  his  hand  were  mysteriously 
pubhshed  in  Europe. 

For  three  years  Napoleon's  self-appointed  task  as  a  historian  was 
unremittingly  pursued,  and  the  results,  while  he  had  the  assistance  of 
Las  Cases  and  Gourgaud,  were  voluminous ;  thereafter  the  output  was 
a  slender  rill.  Most  of  the  volumes  which  record  his  obsei-vations  and 
opinions  bear  the  names  of  the  respective  amanuenses,  Montholon,  Las 
Cases,  Goui-gaud,  O'Meara,  and  Antommarchi,  the  two  latter  his  atten- 
dant physicians.  The  period  he  took  pains  to  elucidate  most  fully  in 
these  writings  was  that  between  Toulon  and  Marengo.  Over  his  own 
name  appeared  monographs  on  Elba,  the  Hundred  Days,  and  Waterloo. 
His  professional  abihty  is  shown  by  short  studies  on  the  "Art  and  His- 
tory of  War,"  on  "  Army  Organization,"  and  on  "  Fortification  " ;  like- 
wise by  his  full  analyses  of  the  wars  waged  by  Caesar,  Tm'enne,  and 
Frederick  the  Great.  These  are  not  unworthy  of  the  author's  repu- 
tation ;  his  versatnity  is  displayed  in  a  few  commonplace  notes  —  some 
on  Voltaire's  "  Mahomet,"  some  on  suicide,  and  others  on  the  second 
book  of  the  ^neid.  A  widely  circidated  treatise,  the  "  Manuscrit  de 
Ste.  Helene,"  which  warped  the  facts  of  history  much  in  his  style,  and 
was  long  attributed  to  him,  he  repudiated.  It  was  written  in  the 
Bom-bon  interest,  by  an  unknown  hand. 

For  nearly  four  years  Napoleon's  health  was  fan*.  O'Meara,  the 
physician  appointed  to  attend  him,  was  assiduous  and  skilful,  but  when 
he  became  his  patient's  devoted  slave  he  was  dismissed  by  Lowe. 

Vol.  IV.-  30 


218  LIFE    OF    NAPOLEON    BONAPARTE  [-3:1.46-51 

Chap.  XXV  Tlioreupou  cei'taiii  disquieting  symptoms,  which  had  been  noted  from 
1815^21  time  to  time,  became  more  pronounced,  and  the  prisoner  began  to  brood 
and  mope  in  seclusion.  In  the  autumn  of  1819,  Dr.  Antommarchi,  a 
Corsican  physician  chosen  by  Fesch,  was  installed  at  Longwood.  For 
a  time  he  had  some  success  in  ameUorating  the  ex-Emperor's  condition, 
and  to  theu'  confidential  talks  we  owe  om*  knowledge  of  Napoleon's 
infancy.  But  fi'om  month  to  month  the  patient's  strength  diminished, 
and  the  ravages  of  his  mysterious  cUscase  at  length  became  very  appar- 
ent. The  obstinacy  of  Lowe  in  carrjdng  out  the  letter  of  his  instruc- 
tions, by  intiniding  on  the  sufferer  to  secui'e  material  for  a  daily  report, 
seriously  aggravated  Napoleon's  miseries.  Two  priests  accompanied 
Antommarchi,  and  after  then*  anival  mass  was  celebrated  almost  every 
morning  in  the  chapel  adjoining  the  sick-room.  "  Not  every  man  is  an 
atheist  who  would  like  to  be,"  was  a  remark  Napoleon  di'opped  to 
Montholon.  Yet,  though  preparing  for  death,  he  was  making  ready 
simultaneously  to  speed  his  Parthian  aiTow. 

His  testament  displays  his  qualities  in  theu*  entirety.  The  language 
sounds  simple  and  sincere ;  there  is  a  hidden  meaning  in  almost  every 
hne.  His  rehgion  had  been,  at  best,  that  of  a  deist;  at  the  last  he  pro- 
fessed a  piety  which  he  never  felt  or  practised.  During  his  hfe  France 
had  been  caressed  and  used  as  a  skilful  artificer  caresses  and  uses  his 
tools ;  the  last  words  of  his  will  suggest  a  passionate  devotion.  To  his 
son  he  recommended  the  "  love  of  right,  which  alone  can  uicite  to  the 
performance  of  gi-eat  deeds " ;  for  his  faithless  wife  he  expressed  the 
tenderest  sentiments,  and  probably  felt  them.  It  was  his  hope  that 
the  English  people  would  avenge  itself  on  the  English  oligarchy,  and 
that  France  would  forgive  the  traitors  who  betrayed  her  —  Marmont, 
Augereau,  Talleyrand,  and  Lafayette — as  he  forgave  them.  Louis  he 
pardoned  in  the  same  spirit  for  the  "  libel  published  in  1820 ;  it  is  full 
of  falsehoods  and  falsified  documents."  The  blame  for  Eughien's  mur- 
der he  took  to  himself.  The  second  portion  of  the  document  is  a  series 
of  munificent-soun(Ung  bequests  to  a  Mst  of  legatees  which  includes 
every  one  who  had  done  the  testator  any  important  service  since  his 
earliest  childhood.  France  under  the  Bom-bons  confiscated  the  impe- 
rial domain  of  about  a  lumdred  and  eighty  millions,  which  Napoleon 
had  estimated  at  over  two  hundi-ed  and  twenty.  When  the  nation 
passed  again  under  the  Bonapartes  it  appropriated  eight  millions 
toward  the  unpaid  legacies.     In  the  end  his  executors  collected  three 


IN    THE    COLLKCriON    UF    W.   C.    CKANt 


COUNT    EMMANUEI.-AUGUSTIN    DIEUDONNE    DE    LAS    CASES 


»Ri>il     THK     lITHcmKAfH     BY     I.orTS-HIITnl.VTK    tlAKNII 


^T.  4C-51J  ST.   HELENA  219 

and  a  half  iiiillioiis  of  francs  wlierewitli  to  pay  bequests  amounting  on  cdap.  xxv 
their  face  to  over  nine  and  a  half.  In  a  cocUcil  he  renienihtsrs  a  cer-  1815-21 
tain  Cautillon,  who  had  undergone  trial  for  an  alleged  attempt  to  as- 
sassinate Wellington.  "  Cautillon  had  as  much  right  to  assassinate 
that  oligarch  as  he  [Wellington]  to  send  me  to  the  rock  of  St.  Helena 
to  perish  there."  Such  was  the  nature  and  substance  of  an  appeal  to 
a  generous,  forgiving  nation,  and  to  posterity,  by  one  who  wrote  in  the 
same  document  that  he  wished  to  die  in  the  bosom  of  the  Christian 
chiu'ch,  whose  central  doctrine  is  love,  and  whose  ethic  is  forgive- 
ness of  enemies. 

"  I  closed  the  abyss  of  anarchy  and  brought  order  out  of  chaos.  I 
cleansed  the  Revolution,  ennobled  the  people,  and  made  the  kings 
strong.  I  have  awakened  all  ambitions,  rewarded  all  merit,  and  en- 
larged the  borders  of  glory."  These  were  the  words  of  Napoleon  in 
1816 ;  he  lived  in  this  hallucination  to  the  end.  In  the  autumn  of  1820 
he  reahzed  his  condition,  and  throughout  the  winter  he  was  feeble  and 
depressed.  In  Febniary,  1821,  he  began  to  fail  rapidly,  and  the  symp- 
toms of  his  disease,  cancer  in  the  stomach,  multipHed ;  but,  in  spite  of 
feebleness,  he  faced  death  with  coui'age.  On  May  third  two  Enghsh 
physicians,  recently  an'ived,  came  in  for  consultation ;  they  could  only 
recommend  palliatives,  and  imder  the  influence  of  that  treatment  the 
imperial  patient  kept  an  imcertain  hold  on  his  faculties.  Two  days 
later  a  violent  storm  of  wind  and  rain  set  in.  A  spreading  willow,  un- 
der which  Napoleon  had  spent  many  hours,  was  overtiu'ned ;  the  trees 
planted  by  his  hands  were  uprooted ;  and  a  whirlwind  devastated  the 
garden  in  which  he  had  worked  for  exercise.  The  death  of  the  sufferer 
was  coincident,  and  scarcely  less  violent.  The  last  words  uttered  were 
caught  by  listening  ears  as  the  sun  rose ;  they  were  "  Tete  .  .  .  annee" 
Mme.  Bertrand  and  her  children  were  present ;  at  the  sight  of  their 
fi'iend's  suffermg  the  boy  fainted  and  the  little  girls  broke  into  loud 
lamentation.  At  eleven  in  the  morning  the  supreme  agonies  began ;  a 
little  before  six  in  the  evening  the  heart  put  forth  its  last  convulsive 
effort,  and  ceased  to  beat.  The  moiu-nful  band  of  watchers  within 
bowed  then*  heads.  Without  the  door  another  watch  was  set — that  of 
the  orderly.  Dming  the  first  outbui-st  of  grief  among  those  at  the  bed- 
side two  officers  entered  silently,  felt  the  cold  limbs,  marked  the  ab- 
sence of  life,  and  left  mthout  a  word.    England's  prisoner  had  escaped. 


CHAPTER  XXVI 

soldier,  statesman,  despot 

Questionings  —  The  Industrious  Burgher  —  The  Industrious  Sov- 
ereign—  End  of  the  IVIaryelous  —  Public  Virtue  and  Prr'ate 
Weakness  —  The  Man  and  the  Age  —  Latin  and  German  —  First 
Struggles  —  Usurpation  of  Power  —  Political  Theories  —  The 
Napoleonic  System  —  Its  Foundation  —  Stimulus  to  Despotism  — 
The  Surrender  of  France  —  The  Master  Soldier. 

Chap.jcxvi  rilHE  tomb  of  Erasmus  iu  Basel  is  marked  by  a  stone  slab  on  which 
Review  J_  ^yq  au  epitaph,  an  effigy  and  then  the  pathetic  word  "  Terminus. " 
Should  these  fateful  syllables  be  written  over  the  mortal  remains  of 
Napoleon  Bonaparte  ?  No.  Beyond  his  death  there  was  more ;  far 
more  than  the  work  he  wi'ought  during  his  life.  Men  ever  love  a 
seeming  mystery,  and  while  they  do,  a  favorite  theme  of  speculation 
will  be  the  career  of  the  great  Corsican  in  its  historical  aspect.  Be- 
fore our  long  study  can  be  brought  to  a  close  two  questions  must 
be  considered,  or  rather  two  sides  of  one  question  must  be  viewed. 
Why  did  he  rise,  and  what  did  he  accomphsh "?  The  answers  will  be 
as  various  as  the  investigators  who  give  them.  But  the  man  as  seen 
in  the  preceding  pages  certainly  displays  these  recognizable  character- 
istics: he  was  a  man  of  the  people,  he  had  a  transcendent  military 
genius,  he  was  indefatigable,  and  he  had  unsurpassed  energy. 

No  mere  man,  even  the  most  remarkable,  can  cUmb  without  sup- 
ports of  some  kind,  however  unstable  they  may  be.  Napoleon  Bona- 
parte did  not  soar,  he  rose  on  the  ladder  of  power  by  stages  easily 
traceable:  first  by  the  protection  of  the  Robespien-es ;  then  by  the 
necessities  and  velleities  of  Ban*as  and  the  Directory;  afterward  by 
the  encouragement  of  all  France,  which  was  sick  of  the  inefficient 
Directoiy;   and  still  later  by  the  army,  which  adored  a  leader  who 


r, 
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5  >  I 

s  H  fn 

P  O  ^ 


s; 


o 

O 


SOLDIER,   STATESMAN,   DESPOT  221 

frankly  repaid  devotion  in  the  hard  cash  of  booty,  and  bravery  in  the  Chap,  xxvi 
splendid  rewards  of  that  glory  which  was  a  national  passion.  With  Review 
such  opportunities  Bonaparte  unfolded  what  was  certainly  his  super- 
eminent  quahty — the  quaUty  which  endeared  him  to  the  French  masses 
as  did  no  other,  the  quaUty  which  above  all  others  distinguished  him 
fi-om  the  hated  tji-auts  under  whom  they  had  so  long  suffered,  the 
quality  which  even  the  meanest  intellect  could  mark  as  distinctively 
middle-class,  in  opposition  to  its  negation  in  the  upper  class  —  the  qual- 
ity, namely,  of  imtu'ing  industry ;  laborious,  self -initiated,  self-gmded, 
seK-iinpro\dng  industry.  This  burgher  quahty  Napoleon  possessed  as 
no  burgher  ever  did.  It  was  no  exaggeration,  but  the  simple  truth, 
when  he  said  to  Roederer :  "I  am  always  working.  I  think  much.  K 
I  appear  always  ready  to  meet  every  emergency,  to  confront  every 
problem,  it  is  because,  before  undertaking  any  enterprise,  I  have  long 
considered  it,  and  have  thus  foreseen  what  could  possibly  occur.  It 
is  no  genius  which  suddenly  and  secretly  reveals  to  me  what  I  have 
to  say  or  do  in  some  circumstance  unforeseen  by  others :  it  is  my  own 
meditation  and  reflection.  I  am  always  working — when  dining,  when 
at  the  theater ;  I  waken  at  night  in  order  to  work."  How  profoundly 
this  was  impressed  upon  those  intimately  associated  with  Napoleon  can 
be  traced  in  then'  memou's  on  many  a  page.  It  was  Soult  who  said, 
most  sapiently :  "  What  we  call  an  inspiration  is  nothing  but  a  calcula- 
tion made  with  rapidity." 

Generally  there  is  no  mystery  in  the  power  of  domination :  he  rules 
who  is  indispensable.  The  Jacobins  needed  a  man,  they  found  him 
in  the  imscrupulous  Bonaparte :  the  Directory  needed  a  man,  they 
found  him  in  the  expeii;  artillerist :  France  needed  a  man,  she  foimd 
him  in  the  conqueror  of  Italy.  And  having  risen,  he  did  not  intennit 
his  industry  for  a  moment.  Rehearsing  his  coronation  by  means  of 
puppets,  or  studying  with  painful  care  the  compheated  accounts  of  his 
fiscal  officers,  or  absorbing  himself  in  whatever  else  it  might  be,  he  was 
always  the  man  who  knew  more  about  everything  than  any  one  else. 
Throughout  his  reign  he  was  the  fountain-head  of  every  govern- 
mental activity :  the  council  of  state  sharjiened  not  theu"  own,  but  his 
thoughts;  his  secretaries  were  his  pocket  note-book;  his  ministers  were 
the  executors  of  his  personal  designs;  pensions  and  presents  were 
given  by  him  to  his  fi'iends,  and  not  to  those  who  served  the  state  as 
they  themselves  thought  best;  every  French  community  received  his 


222  LIFE  OF  NAPOLEON  BONAPARTE 

Chap.  XXVI  persoiial  attentiou,  and  every  Frencliman  who  came  to  his  general  re- 
Review  ceptious  was  treated  with  rude  jocularity.  In  all  this  he  was  perfectly 
natural.  At  times,  however,  he  felt  compelled  to  attitudinize ;  per- 
haps, in  the  theatrical  poses  which  he  assumed  for  self-protection  or 
for  the  sake  of  representing  a  personified,  unapproachable  imperial 
majesty,  he  copied  Talma,  with  whom  he  cultivated  a  sort  of  in- 
timacy. Possibly,  too,  his  violent  saUies  were  considered  dramatic  by 
himseK.  "  Otherwise,"  he  once  said,  "  they  would  have  slapped  me 
on  the  shoulder  every  day."  "  It  is  sad,"  remarked  Roederer,  apropos 
of  a  certain  event.     "Yes,  like  gi'eatness,"  was  Napoleon's  rejoinder. 

Napoleon's  preeminence  lasted  just  as  long  as  this  effective  personal 
supremacy  continued.  When  his  faculties  refused  to  perform  their  con- 
tinuous, unceasing  task,  he  began  to  decline ;  when  the  material  of  his 
calculations  transcended  all  humaii  power,  even  his  own,  the  descent 
grew  swifter;  and  the  crash  came  when  his  abihties  worked  either  inter- 
mittently or  not  at  all.  Ruin  was  the  consequence  of  feebleness;  the 
imagination  of  the  world  had  clothed  him  with  demoniac  qualities,  but 
it  ceased  so  to  do  just  in  proportion  as  his  superiority  to  others  in  plan 
and  execution  began  to  diminish.  "  There  is  no  empire  not  founded 
on  the  marvelous,  and  here  the  marvelous  is  the  truth."  These  were 
the  words  of  Talleyrand,  addressed  to  the  First  Consul  on  June  twenty- 
first,  1800,  just  after  the  news  of  Marengo  had  reached  Paris.  The 
marvel  of  the  absolute  monarchy  was  the  divine  right  of  kings :  when 
men  ceased  to  hold  the  doctrine,  the  days  of  absolutism  were  nimi- 
bered.  The  marvel  of  Napoleon  was  his  unquestioned  human  suprein- 
acy:  when  that  declined  his  empii'e  fell. 

In  the  truest  sense  of  that  word  so  dear  to  modern  times.  Napoleon 
was  a  self-made  man.  By  his  extraordinary  energy  he  made  a  deficient 
education  do  double  duty ;  and  those  of  his  natui'al  gifts  which,  in  a 
sluggish  man,  would  have  been  mediocre,  he  paraded  so  often,  and  in 
such  swift  succession,  that  they  appeared  mii-aculous.  This  fiery  en- 
ergy, it  cannot  too  often  be  repeated,  was  the  man's  most  distinctive 
characteristic ;  when  it  failed  he  was  undone.  Was  consistency,  as 
generally  imderstood,  to  be  expected  in  this  personage ;  is  it,  indeed, 
found  in  most  gi'eat  men?  Nowhere  does  the  theory  of  evolution 
writhe  to  sustain  itself  more  than  in  psychology;  nowhere  does  it  dis- 
cover a  gi-eater  complexity — a  complexity  which  makes  doubtfid  its  suf- 
ficiency.    Admitting  that  Napoleon  was  selfish ;  that  he  was  lustful ; 


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SOLDIEli,   STATESMAN,   DESPOT  223 

tlitat  once,  at  least,  he  was  criminal ;  that  at  various  times — yes,  even  Chap,  xxvi 
frequently — he  was  unpopular,  and  dared  not  in  extremity  call  for  a  na-  Review 
tional  uprising  to  sustain  his  cause;  that  ho  had  the  most  pitiful  hmita- 
tions  in  dealing  with  religion,  politics,  and  finance;  supposing  him  to 
have  displayed  on  occasion  the  qualities  of  a  resurrected  medieval  fi*ee- 
lance,  or  of  the  Borgias,  or  of  other  historical  monsters ;  confessing  that 
he  was  launched  upon  the  fieiy  lake  of  revolution  by  the  madness  of  ex- 
treme Jacobinism;  sustaining  the  awful  indictment  in  each  detail  —  was 
there  no  reverse  to  the  medal,  no  light  to  the  shadow,  no  general  result 
except  negations  ?  Was  the  work  of  Alexander  the  Great  worthless  be- 
cause of  his  debaucheries'?  Was  Catharine  11.  of  Russia  a  mere  damned 
soul  because  of  her  harlotries  ?  Did  Talleyi-and's  duplicity  and  mean- 
ness render  less  valuable  or  permanent  the  work  he  did  in  thwarting  the 
coalition  at  Vienna  1  The  answer  of  history  is  plain :  what  the  great  of 
the  earth  have  wrought  for  others  or  against  them  is  to  be  recorded  and 
judged  with  impartiahty ;  how  they  sinned  against  themselves  is  to  be 
told  as  an  awful  warning,  and  then  to  be  left  for  the  decision  of  the 
Great  Tribunal.  Modern  philosophy  requu'cs  such  complicated  and 
yet  such  minute  knowledge  in  every  department  of  science  that  the 
specialist  has  supplanted  the  general  scholar  and  the  system-maker; 
the  man  who  aspires  to  create  a  plan  displaying  the  unity  of  either  the 
objective  or  the  subjective  world,  or  any  harmony  of  one  with  the 
other,  is  generally  regarded  as  either  an  antiquated  imbecile  or  a  char- 
latan. Yet  in  the  examination  of  historical  characters  a  symmetrical 
consistency  capable  of  being  gi'asped  by  the  meanest  intellect  is  im- 
periously demanded  by  all  readers  and  critics.  This  is  natural,  but  not 
altogether  reasonable :  symmetry  cannot  be  found  in  the  commonest 
human  being  on  our  globe,  much  less  in  those  who  rise  supereminent. 
The  greater  the  man,  the  more  impossible  to  connect  in  a  mathematical 
diagi'am  the  different  phases  of  his  conduct.  The  search  for  mediocre 
consistency  in  the  character  of  Napoleon  is  hke  the  Cynic  philosopher's 
quest  for  a  man. 

This  personage  strove,  and  with  considerable  success,  to  think  and 
act  for  an  entire  nation — ay,  more,  for  western  Europe.  In  order  to 
render  this  conceivable,  he  first  took  command  of  his  own  body — sleep- 
ing at  will,  and  never  more  than  six  hom-s ;  eating  when  and  what  he 
would,  but  always  with  extreme  moderation ;  waking  from  profound 
slumber  and  rousing  his  mind  instantaneously  to  the  highest  pitch,  so 


224:  LIFE  OF  NAPOLEON  BONAPARTE 

Chap.  XXVI  that  be  then  composed  as  incisively  as  in  the  midst  of  active  ratioci- 
Beview  nation.  He  was  able  to  train  bis  secretaries  and  servants  into  instru- 
ments destitute  of  personal  vohtion — even  his  great  generals,  who  were 
taught  to  act  for  themselves  within  certain  limits,  never  transcended 
the  fixed  boundaiy,  and  grew  inefficient  when  deprived  of  bis  im- 
pulse. He  never  failed  to  reward  merit  or  to  gi'atify  ambition  for  the 
sake  of  securing  an  able  heutenant,  and  nascent  devotion  be  quickened 
into  passion  by  the  display  of  suitable  famibarity.  A  thoughtful,  self- 
contained,  self-sufficient  worker,  he  was  sometimes  a  trifle  uneasy  in 
social  intercourse,  perhaps  always  so  at  bottom;  but  he  played  his 
various  roles  in  pubMc  with  consummate  skill,  except  that  he  made  ner- 
vous movements  with  his  eyes,  bands,  and  ears.  His  httle  tricks  of  roll- 
ing his  right  shoulder,  tugging  at  his  cuffs,  and  the  hke ;  his  inability 
to  MTite,  and  his  generally  clumsy  movements  when  irritated,  were  due 
to  deficient  training  in  early  childhood.  Forbidding  in  his  intcrcom-se 
with  ambitious  women  and  other  self-seekers,  he  was  considerate  with 
the  suffering,  and  found  it  difficult,  if  not  impossible,  to  refuse  the  pe- 
titions of  the  needy.  Loving  rough  ways  in  those  busied  about  his 
person — as,  for  instance,  when  bis  valet  nibbed  him  down  of  a  morning 
with  a  coarse  towel, — he  was  yet  so  sensitive  that  he  had  to  have  his 
hats  worn  by  others  before  he  could  set  them  on  his  own  head.  It  is 
useless  to  seek  even  homely  physical  consistency  in  a  man  thus  con- 
stituted. 

It  is  equally  useless  to  ask  whether  Napoleon  could  have  been  as 
great  a  man  in  another  epoch  as  he  was  in  his  own.  In  any  epoch 
of  warfare  he  would  have  been  great ;  it  is  likely  that  in  any  epoch  of 
peace  he  would  have  reached  eminence  as  a  legislator  and  administra- 
tor. The  real  historical  question  is  this :  How  did  he,  being  what  he 
was,  and  bis  age,  being  what  it  was,  interact  one  upon  the  other ;  and 
what  was  the  resultant  ?  There  was  as  Httle  consistency  in  his  age  as 
in  himself;  the  sinuosities  of  each  fitted  strangely  into  those  of  the 
other,  and  the  result  was  a  period  of  twenty  years  on  which  common 
consent  fixes  the  name  of  the  Napoleonic  age.  Does  his  personality 
throw  any  hght  on  the  antecedent  period  —  does  his  career  influence 
the  succeeding  years? 

The  age  of  the  Revolution  has  such  intimate  connection  with  the 
movements  of  French  society  that  it  is  very  generally  called  in  other 
countries  the  French  Revolution.     But  while  the  movement  developed 


KNi«iiAV>:t>    iiv    M.   iiMurn 


CARDINAL  JOSEPH    FHSCH 

VUuM     THK     |-AI!>TIMI     UY    JkUuUK     M&Ol.lilM 


SOLDIER,  STATESMAN,   DESPOT  225 

itself  more  easily  and  took  more  radical  forms  in  France  than  else-  chap.  xxvi 
where,  it  was  due  to  the  condition  of  civihzation  the  world  around.  Review 
France  has  been  in  a  peculiar  sense  the  teacher  of  Europe ;  for  in  lan- 
guage, literature,  laws,  and  institutions  she  is  the  heir  of  Rome.  In 
spite  of  Roman  Catholicism,  or  perhaps  in  consequence  of  the  Roman 
hierarchy,  her  inlieritauce  has  been  pagan  rather  than  Christian ;  her 
ethics  have  been  Hellenic,  her  Uteratm-e  Augustan,  her  laws  impciial, 
her  temperament  a  combination  of  the  Stoic  and  Epicurean  which  is 
essentially  Latin,  her  language  elegant,  elliptical,  and  precise  like  that 
of  Livy  or  Tacitus.  The  Teuton  in  general,  the  Anglo-Saxon  in  par- 
ticular, may  give  his  days  and  nights  to  classical  studies :  he  is  never 
so  imbued  with  then*  spirit  as  the  Gaul,  "  It  is  with  his  Bible  in  one 
pocket  and  his  Shakspere  in  another,"  said  an  eminent  Frenchman 
not  long  since,  "  that  the  Anglo-Saxon  goes  forth  to  reduce  the  world 
in  the  interests  of  his  commerce,  his  civilization,  and  his  rehgion.  The 
most  enlightened  has  neither  the  cold  worldhness  of  Horace  nor  the 
calculating  zeal  of  Caesar,  but  he  has  the  persistency  of  faith  in  himself 
and  his  nation  which,  whatever  may  be  his  personal  belief,  is  a  con- 
stituent element  in  his  blood,  or,  better  still,  the  controUing  member 
of  that  complex  organism  to  which  he  belongs."  I  ventm*e  to  beheve, 
on  the  other  hand,  that  the  Frenchman  espouses  his  cause  from  an  un- 
selfish impulse  begotten  of  pm*e  reason,  an  ethereal  ichor  percolating 
through  society  by  channels  of  sympathy,  which  diminishes  the  his- 
toric pressui'e  for  continuous  national  consistency  and  natural  unity, 
but  emphasizes  the  great  uplifting  movements  of  society.  The  French 
armies  of  the  Revolution  went  forth  to  scour  Em"ope  for  its  deUver- 
ance  fi-om  feudaUsm,  absolutism,  and  ecclesiasticism,  because  the 
French  people  had  renewed  then"  youthful  and  pristine  vigor  in  their 
enthusiasm  for  pure  principle  without  regard  to  experience  or  expe- 
diency. Napoleon  Bonaparte  had  aU  their  doctrine,  with  something 
more:  a  consuming  ardor  unconscious  of  any  physical  hmitations  to 
the  nervous  strength  of  himself  or  others,  and  a  readiness  for  any  fate 
which  would  transmute  his  dull,  unsuccessful,  commonplace  existence 
into  excitement.  When  he  found  his  opportunity  to  heap  Pelion  i;pon 
Ossa,  to  supplement  himself  by  the  splendors  of  French  devotion,  he 
did  indeed  come  near  to  transcending  even  the  Olympians  and  stoim- 
ing  the  seat  of  Kronos. 

It  was  a  long,  discoiu'aging,  heartbreaking  struggle  by  which  he 

Vol.  rv.— 31 


226  LIFE  OF  NAPOLEON  BONAPARTE 

Chap.  XXVI  gained  bis  first  vautage-gromid.  This  was  no  exceptional  experience; 
Review  for  evciy  adventui'er  knows  that  it  is  more  troublesome  to  make  the 
start  than  to  continue  the  advance.  It  is  harder  to  save  tbe  first  small 
capital  than  to  conduct  a  prosperous  business.  It  is  more  difficult,  ap- 
parently, in  human  life  to  overcome  the  inertia  of  immobility  than 
that  of  motion ;  at  least  psycbological  laws  seem  in  this  respect  to  con- 
travene those  of  physics.  It  is  not  true  that  the  ai-mies  of  the  Repub- 
lic were  those  of  the  Bourbons :  the  transition  may  have  been  gradual, 
but  it  was  radical.  It  is  also  mitiaie  that  the  armies  of  Napoleon  were 
those  of  the  Revolution :  they  differed  as  the  zenith  from  the  nadir, 
being  recruited  on  a  new  principle,  animated  by  new  motives,  and  led 
by  an  entirely  different  class  of  men.  A  supreme  command  having 
been  attained  by  means  cm-iously  compounded  of  chivalric  romance 
and  base  scheming,  the  man  of  action  did  not  hesitate  a  moment  to 
put  every  power  in  motion.  Tlirowiug  off  all  superior  control,  he  set 
himself  to  every  task  in  the  revolution  of  Italy  —  conquest,  pohtical 
and  rehgious;  constructive  pohtics  and  administration;  social  and 
financial  transformation.  Winning  the  devotion  of  his  troops  by  in- 
toxicating successes,  as  a  leveler  he  was  pennanently  successful ;  but 
this  typical  burgher  had  no  permanent  success  in  building  up  a  demo- 
cratic-imperial society  out  of  the  royal,  princely,  and  aristocratic  ele- 
ments which  had  so  long  monopoUzed  the  ability  of  the  peninsula; 
what  he  wrought  outlasted  his  time,  but  the  coimtry  had  to  undergo 
another  revolution  before  its  middle  classes  were  ready  for  the  hea^^ 
burden  of  independence  and  self-government.  Yet  the  struggle  for 
what  was  accomphshed  appears  to  have  created  a  chmacteric  in  the 
doer.  Before  the  days  of  Italy  his  ambitions  were  petty  enough :  em- 
ployment in  the  service  of  Russia  or  England,  supremacy  in  Corsica  or 
military  promotion  in  France ;  but  afterward  they  enlarged  by  leaps 
and  bounds :  Itahan  principalities,  Austrian  dukedoms,  Lombard  con- 
federations, the  primacy  of  France  in  some  form.  Oriental  dominion — 
one  such  concept  took  form  in  the  morning,  to  be  swept  away  at  night 
and  replaced  by  ever  more  luxurious  growths  of  fantasy.  The  reali- 
zation of  these  dreams  was  still  more  amazing  than  their  misty  fonna- 
tion.  The  Revolutionaiy  doctrines  of  the  passing  age  had  stimulated 
France  to  over-exertion ;  her  leaders  were  discredited,  her  people 
exhausted.  The  same  agitation  had  stupefied  the  Italians;  but  what- 
ever their  political  disiutegi'ation  may  have  been,  the  Roman  chair  and 


SOLUIEU,   STATESMAN,   DESPOT  227 

throne  retained  its  moral  iiilliiciice  as  the  bond  and  mainspring  of  so-  Chap.  xxvi 
ciety  throughout  the  whole  peninsula :  and  now  the  successor  of  St.  Review 
Peter  was  humbled  to  the  dust,  willing  to  escape  with  the  mere  sem- 
blance of  either  secular  or  ecclesiastical  independence.  It  was  an  ex- 
ceptional moment,  a  vacillating,  retrogressive  hour  in  the  history  of 
Austria,  of  France,  and  of  Italy.  The  exceptional  man,  the  vigorous 
citizen  of  a  new  pohtical  epoch,  the  inspired  strategist  of  a  new  mih- 
tary  epoch,  the  unscrupulous  doubter  of  a  new  religious  epoch — this 
typical  personage  was  at  hand  to  take  advantage  of  the  situation ;  and 
he  did  so,  hastening  the  disintegrating  processes  already  at  work,  seiz- 
ing every  advantage  revealed  by  the  crumbling  of  old  systems,  and 
reaping  the  harvest  of  French  heedlessness.  The  opportunity  gave 
the  man  his  chance,  but  the  chance  once  seized,  the  man  enlarged 
his  sphere  with  each  successive  year. 

This  he  did  by  means  which  were  as  remarkable  as  the  personage 
who  devised  them — and  remarkable,  too,  not  for  their  negative,  but  for 
their  constructive  quahty.  Broadly  stated,  the  Revolution  utterly  ex- 
punged aU  the  governmental  and  social  guarantees  of  the  preceding 
monarchy,  destroying  not  merely  the  absolute  power  of  one  man  with 
its  sanction  of  divine  right,  but  all  the  checks  upon  it  to  be  found 
either  in  the  ancient  traditions  of  the  people  or  in  their  ancient  insti- 
tution of  parliaments.  It  will  be  clear  to  the  careful  student  of  the 
Revolutionary  governments  that  while  there  was  a  gradual  clarifying 
of  opinion  antecedent  to  the  Consulate,  and  a  vague  longing  for  guar- 
antees of  individual  rights  higher  than  the  acts  of  any  assembly,  how- 
ever representative  it  claimed  to  be,  nevertheless  great  ideas,  great 
conceptions,  great  outlines,  had  aU  remained  in  their  inchoate  state, 
and  that  of  the  several  succeeding  constitutions  each  had  been  more 
worthless  than  the  one  before.  Almost  any  kind  of  a  constitution  will 
serve  an  enhghtened  nation  which  has  confii'med  pohtical  habits,  if  it 
chooses  to  support  a  fundamental  law  not  hostile  to  them ;  and  none, 
however  ingenious,  can  stand  before  recalcitrant  populations.  The 
Revolutionary  constitutions  of  France,  excepting  perhaps  that  of  1791, 
were  alike  feeble;  and  in  the  stress  applied  to  the  one  democratic  land 
of  Europe  by  her  dynastic  enemies  all  around,  they  were  not  worth 
the  paper  and  ink  used  to  record  them.  Under  each  had  developed  a 
pure  despotism  of  one  kind  or  another,  on  the  plea  that  in  war  there 
must  be  a  single  head,  either  an  executive  committee  or  an  executive 


228  LIFE    OF    NAPOLEON    BONAPARTE 

Chap.  XXVI  uiau.  Tliese  pei'sons  or  person  had,  on  pleas  of  necessity  or  expedi- 
Review  BTicj,  gi'adually  aiTogated  to  the  executive  all  the  powers  of  govern- 
ment, befooling  the  people  more  or  less  completely  by  the  specious 
fonnalities  of  various  kinds  through  which  the  i^opular  will  was  sup- 
posed to  find  expression.  No  one  understood  this  fact  better  than  Na- 
poleon Bonaparte;  and  since  it  seemed  that  the  supreme  power  had  to 
be  in  the  hands  of  some  one  man  or  chque,  he  was  easily  tempted  to 
grasp  it  for  himself  when  it  became  clear  that  the  profligate  and  dis- 
honest Directory  had  run  its  course.  He  did  not  make  the  situation, 
but  he  used  it.  History  does  not  record  that  the  French  nation  was 
shocked  or  discouraged  by  the  events  of  the  eighteenth  of  Brumaire; 
on  the  contraiy,  the  occiuTcnces  in  Paris  and  at  St.  Cloud  seemed 
commonplace  to  a  storm-tossed  people,  and  the  results  were  welcomed 
by  the  majority  in  eveiy  class. 

The  reasons  for  this  general  satisfaction  varied,  of  com'se ;  for  the 
conservative  and  progressive  royahsts,  the  conservative  and  radical 
repubhcans  of  every  stripe,  had  widely  different  expectations  as  to  the 
next  act  in  the  di'ama.  But  the  chief  actor  was  concerned  only  for 
himself  and  the  nation;  partizans  he  neither  honored  nor  feared, 
except  as  he  was  anxious  not  to  be  identified  with  them.  To  hhn, 
as  a  man  of  the  people,  it  seemed  that  in  the  Revolution  the  third 
estate  had  asserted  itself;  that  the  third  estate  nmst  be  pacified; 
that  the  third  estate  must  be  prosperous ;  that  the  thu'd  estate,  for  all 
these  piu^oses,  needed  only  to  be  confirmed  in  then*  simple  theory  of 
government,  which  was  that  the  power  could  be  delegated  by  them  to 
any  one  fit  to  wield  it,  and  this  once  done,  the  delegate  might  mthout 
harm  to  the  state  be  left  imdisturbed  to  manage  the  i)ubhc  business, 
while  the  people  gave  theii*  undivided  attention  to  then*  pi'ivate  affairs. 
How  successful  the  Consulate  was  in  this  respect  is  universally  known 
and  admitted.  With  consummate  cleverness  the  First  Consul  sum- 
moned to  his  assistance  all  the  giants  of  his  time,  whether  they  were 
scholars  with  their  theories  and  knowledge,  administrators  with  their 
tact  and  experience,  political  managers  with  their  easy  consciences  and 
oiled  feathers,  or  skilful  demagogues  with  their  greedy  followers  and  in- 
satiate self-interest.  These  he  either  enticed  or  bullied  into  his  sei'\ice, 
according  as  he  read  their  characters ;  a  few  —  a  very  few — hke  Barere, 
he  found  obdurate,  and  drove  into  pi'ovincial  exile.  At  no  time  did  he 
make  a  finer  display  of  his   astovmding   capacity  for  molding  strong 


MARIR-LARTITIA    RAMOl.INO    BONAPARTE 

—  "MADAMI,    MTKI.  " — MOTMI-K    (II     NAI'OMON'    I 


SOLDIER,   STATESMAN,   DESPOT  229 

men  by  liis  still  stronger  will  than  during  the  early  days  of  the  Con-  chap.  xxvi 
sulate;  and  the  manifest  reason  for  his  success  was  that  he  had  a  fine  Review 
instinct  for  character  and  for  putting  the  right  man  in  the  right  place. 
What  he  thus  accompUshed  has  been  told.  The  foundations  he 
then  laid  rest  soUd  to-day;  the  now  antiquated  edifice  he  erected 
on  them,  though  altered  and  repaired,  still  retains  its  identity.  The 
Revolution  had  overthrown  the  old  regime  completely,  and  the  ruins 
of  society  were  without  form  and  void.  From  this  chaos  Napoleon 
painfully  gathered  the  substantial  materials  of  a  new  structure,  and 
out  of  these  reconstnicted  the  family,  the  state,  and  the  church. 
He  revived  the  domestic  spirit,  made  maniage  a  sohd  institution,  and 
reestablished  parental  authority  while  destroying  parental  despotism. 
In  civil  society  he  restored  the  right  of  property  and  fixed  the  sanctity 
of  contract,  thus  assuring  respect  for  the  individual  and  the  ascen- 
dancy of  the  law.  The  finances  he  reformed  by  an  equitable  system  of 
taxation,  and  by  the  establishment  of  an  ingenious  treasmy  system 
comparable  to  that  devised  by  Alexander  Hamilton  for  the  United 
States.  In  the  Concordat  he  went  as  far,  probably,  as  France  could 
then  go  in  emancipating  religion  and  the  chm-ch;  Protestantism  has 
prospered  under  the  regulations  he  laid  down,  and  by  his  treatment  of 
the  Jews  they  have  been  changed  fi'om  despised  and  down-trodden  social 
freebooters  into  prosperous  and  patriotic  citizens.  Upon  eveiy  class  of 
men  then  living  he  imposed  by  an  iron  will  a  system  of  his  own. 
The  leading  survivors  of  Jacobinism,  extreme  royalists,  moderate  re- 
publicans, proseribers  and  proscribed,  men  of  the  boui'geoisie — aU 
bowed  to  his  sway  and  accepted  his  rewards.  It  is  said  that  they 
yielded  to  the  superior  force  of  his  pohce  and  his  pretorians.  Be  it  so. 
The  fivefold  pohce  system  he  estabUshed  was  a  system  of  checks  and 
counter-checks  within  itself,  within  the  administration,  and  even 
within  the  army  —  a  body  without  which,  as  he  firmly  believed,  the 
beginnings  of  social  transformation  could  not  be  made.  He  pro- 
fessed, and  no  doubt  honestly,  that  he  would  divest  himself  of  this  po- 
hce service  as  opportunity  served,  and  deluded  both  himself  and  his 
followers  into  the  belief  that  the  process  was  almost  complete  before 
the  close  of  Ms  era.  Through  the  perspective  of  a  centuiy  we  can  see 
the  faults  of  Napoleon's  plan.  The  Gallic  Chm-ch  is  still  Roman, 
in  spite  of  his  intention  that  the  Roman  Church  should  become 
French ;  the  extreme  centralization  of  his  administrative  system  still 


230  LIFE  OF  NAPOLEON  BONAPARTE 

Chap.  XXVI  tlu'ottles  local  free  government  and  makes  both  oligarchic  rule  and 
Beviow  political  revolution  easier  in  France  than  in  any  other  fi'ee  land;  the 
educational  scheme  which  he  foiTucd,  although  more  fully  changed 
than  any  other  of  his  institutions,  and  but  recently  embarked,  let  us 
hope,  on  a  course  for  ultimate  independence,  nevertheless  suffers  in  its 
present  complete  dependence  on  state  support,  and  in  the  consequent 
absence  of  private  personal  enthusiasm  which  might  make  its  sepa- 
rate universities  and  schools  rich  in  opportimities  and  strong  in  the 
loyalty  of  their  sons.  But  we  must  remember  that  the  Consulate  was 
a  hundi'cd  years  since,  and  that  for  its  day  it  wrought  so  benefi- 
cently that  Bonaparie,  Fu'st  Consul,  remains  one  of  the  foremost 
among  all  lawgivers  and  statesmen.  And  that,  too,  precisely  for  the 
reasons  which  some  cite  as  his  condemnation.  He  took  the  Revolution- 
ary ideas  of  pohtical,  civil,  and  rehgious  emancipation :  with  these  he 
commingled  both  his  own  sound  sense  and  the  experience  of  advisers 
fi-om  every  class,  realizing  as  much  of  civil  liberiy  and  good  order  as 
appears  to  have  been  practical  at  the  moment. 

But  in  one  respect  he  failed  miserably,  and  that  failure  vitiated 
much  of  the  substantive  gain  which  seemed  to  have  been  made.  He 
failed  in  curbing  his  own  ambition.  The  majestic  ridge  of  his  achieve- 
ment was  the  verge  of  the  precipice  over  which  he  fell.  In  the  fii'st 
place,  his  signal  success  as  a  lawgiver  was  due  entirely  to  the  dazzling 
splendors  of  his  victories.  Marengo  was  the  climax  to  a  series  of  such 
achievements  as  had  not  so  far  been  wi'ought  on  the  tented  field  within 
the  bounds  of  French  history.  It  is  easy  to  assert  that  the  French 
were  intoxicated  because  they  were  French :  there  is  not  the  slightest 
reason  to  suppose  that  any  other  nation  under  similar  circumstances 
would  have  behaved  differently.  The  Seven  Years'  War  turned  the 
heads  of  the  English  people  completely,  and  they  lost  theu*  American 
colonies  in  consequence;  Rome  lost  her  pohtical  liberty  when  she 
became  mistress  not  only  of  the  Latin,  but  of  the  Greek  and  Oriental 
shores  of  the  Mediten*anean ;  the  distant  military  expeditions  of  Alex- 
ander the  Great  prepared  the  fall  of  his  ill-assorted  empire.  In  each 
case  the  careful  student  will  admit  that  social  exaltation  was  the  fore- 
iixnner  of  division  and  of  subsequent  despotism  in  some  form.  Even 
in  the  httle  states  of  Greece  and  southern  Italy  the  t>Tants  always 
arose  fi'om  the  disintegration  of  legal  government,  and  by  the  assertion 
of  some  form  of  power — mind,  money,  or  military  force. 


SOLDIER,   STATESMAN,   DESPOT  231 

It  was,  therefore,  as  a  militaiy  despot  that  the  First  Consul  promul-  ciiap.  xxvi 
gated  beueficent  codes,  founded  an  enduring  jurispinidence,  created  an  Eoview 
efficient  magistracy,  and  estabhshed  social  order.  In  this  process  he 
completed  the  work  of  the  Revolution  by  exalting  the  third  estate 
to  ascendancy  in  the  nation.  The  whole  work,  therefore,  was  not  only 
recognized  as  his  in  the  house  of  every  French  burgher ;  ho  was  con- 
sidered at  every  fireside  to  be  the  consummator  of  the  Revolution  for 
which  Franco  had  so  long  suffered  in  an  agony  of  bloody  sweat.  Was 
it  therefore  any  wonder  that  not  only  he  himself,  but  even  the  most 
enlightened  leaders  of  European  thought,  considered  the  safety  and 
renovation  of  European  society  to  depend  upon  the  extension  of  his 
work  ?  It  is  hard  for  us  to  appreciate  this,  because  in  France  Napo- 
leon's institutions  have  remained  almost  as  he  left  them,  and  well- 
nigh  stationary,  while  for  a  centuiy  the  processes  of  ruthless  reform 
have  been  continuously  worldng  in  other  European  lands,  and  some 
neighboring  peoples  have  outstripped  the  French  in  the  matter  of  a 
national  imity  consistent  with  local  freedom.  The  Fu'st  Consul  felt 
that  in  order  to  become  great  he  had  been  forced  to  become  strong ; 
we  can  understand  that  he  could  easily  deceive  himself  into  concluding 
that  in  order  to  be  greater  he  must  become  stronger.  It  was  in  these 
days  that  he  exclaimed,  in  the  intimacy  of  familiar  intercoiu-se :  "  I  feel 
the  infinite  in  me."  Thereafter  democracy  in  any  form,  even  the 
mildest,  was  offensive.  Such  men  as  Roederer  were  sent  to  Naples, 
Berg — anywhere  out  of  France.  The  times  were  not  far  removed 
from  those  of  the  beneficent  despots,  except  that  this  one  ruled,  not 
by  hereditary  divine  right,  but  by  military  force.  Bonaparte's  imper- 
fect training  in  pohtics  and  history  made  it  possible  for  such  visions  as 
those  which  now  arose  to  haunt  his  brain.  The  beneficence  he  had 
displayed  ah-eady;  for  despotism  he  had  had  the  finest  conceivable 
training,  fii'st  among  the  sluggish  populations  of  the  Itahan  states 
which  he  had  reorganized,  then  in  the  myth  of  Egyptian  conquest 
which  he  had  created  and  felt  bound  to  maintain,  and  lastly  in  the 
national  disorders  of  a  France  shuddering  at  the  possibility  of  a  return 
either  to  the  hideous  excesses  of  the  Terror  or  to  the  intolerable  abuses 
of  ecclesiasticism  and  absolute  monarchy. 

Among  other  di-eadful  curses  incident  to  revolution  and  civil  war  is 
the  stimulation  of  fanaticism.  In  his  seizure  of  the  supreme  power 
the  purpose  of  the  Fu'st  Consul  was  justified  to  himself,  and  his  pro- 


032  LIFE    OF    NAPOLEON    BONAPARTE 

ceap.  XXVI  cedure  was  rendered  tolerable  to  the  nation  at  large  by  the  scandalous 
Review  intrigues  and  eoniplots  which  were  hatched  like  cockatrices'  eggs  in 
eveiy  foul  cranny  of  the  land.  The  conspirators  stopped  at  nothing : 
bad  faith,  subornation,  murder  of  every  variety,  from  the  dagger  to  the 
bowl.  This  gave  the  Fu'st  Consul  his  chance  to  become  himself  the 
arch-intriguer,  and  as  such  he  overmatched  all  his  opponents,  ultra- 
montanes,  radicals,  and  royalists.  Finally  only  a  few  unreconstnicted 
reactionaries  were  left  from  each  of  these  classes,  who,  though  ex- 
hausted and  panting,  still  had  the  strength  to  be  noisy,  and  occasionally 
to  make  a  feint  of  activity.  But  in  the  various  localities  and  classes  of 
France  each  of  the  factions  had  numerous  silent  and  inactive  sympa- 
thizers who  had  surrendered  only  as  they  felt  unable  to  keep  up  the 
uneven  conflict.  The  flames  of  the  volcano  were  quenched,  and  the 
gulf  of  the  crater  was  bridged  by  a  crust,  but  the  lava  of  sedition 
boiled  and  seethed  below.  It  is  a  well-knoTvai  nostrum  for  civil  tiis- 
sension  to  stir  up  foreign  conflict,  and  then  to  call  upon  the  patriotism 
of  men  fi'om  all  parties.  To  this  the  First  Consul  dared  not  openly 
resort.  In  fact,  the  indications  are  that  if  his  enemies  in  France  and 
his  foes  abroad  had  consented  peaceably  to  the  fulfilment  of  his  now 
manifest  ambitions,  he  would  himself  have  been  glad  enough  to  se- 
cure without  fm-ther  fighting  what  he  had  gained  by  war,  and  to  ex- 
tend the  influence  of  a  Bouapartist  France  by  steady  encroachments 
rather  than  by  exhausting  hostilities.  The  word  of  every  man  has 
exactly  the  value  which  his  character  gives  it,  and  treaties  are  worth 
the  good  faith  of  those  who  make  them,  not  a  tittle  more.  Neither 
of  the  pai-ties  to  the  general  peace  was  exhausted,  neither  was  really 
earnest.  It  was  a  belUcose  age :  war  was  then  in  the  air,  as  peace 
is  now.  The  ruptm*e  of  the  treaty  made  at  Amiens  was  quite  as  much 
the  work  of  George  III.  as  it  was  of  Bonaparte  the  Fu'st  Consul,  and 
the  two  nations  over  which  they  ruled  were  easily  led  to  renew  the 
sti"uggle.  Nothmg  goes  to  prove  that  there  was  long  premeditation 
on  the  paii;  of  either;  but  at  the  time  and  since,  were  it  not 
for  the  wide- spread  distrust  in  Bonaparte's  character,  popular 
opinion  would  have  put  the  blame  of  renewed  war  more  upon 
his  opponent  than  on  him.  Thus  far  the  angel  and  devil  which 
struggle  for  possession  of  every  man  had  waged  a  fairly  even  con- 
flict, and  the  blame  and  praise  of  what  is  stigmatized  as  Bonaparte's 
conduct  must  be  meted  out  to  his  foes  in  even  measure.      He  and 


IN     THK    MtSKDM    l)V    VElUiAlLLKS 


MAKIH-l'AUl.INR    BONAPARTE 

MADAMli    l.KCLERC,  PRINCF.SS    BORGHESt 


PROU    TQK    PAINTINQ    BY    SODEBT    LKPEVBK 


SOLDIER,   STATESMAN,   DESPOT  233 

his  times  had  interacted  one  upon  the  other  to  a  remarkably  even  Coap.  xxvi 
degree.      But  once  launched  on  the  career  of  personal  aggrandize-      Review 
ment,  every  hindrance  to  consuming  ambition   was  ruthlessly   cast 
aside.     Until  1812  the  responsibility  for  inordinate  bloodshed  is  all 
his  own. 

It  is  needless  to  dwell  upon  the  period  of  the  Empire  in  order  to 
study  Napoleon's  character.  It  shines  forth  effulgent,  but  noxious. 
He  remained  personally  what  he  had  always  been  —  imperious,  labori- 
ous, unprincipled ;  but,  on  the  other  hand,  kindly,  generous,  sensitive 
to  the  popular  movements.  His  thu'st  for  power  became  predominant ; 
his  lavish  contempt  for  men  and  money  displayed  the  abandon  of  a 
desperate  parvenu ;  his  passion  for  war  burst  all  its  bounds.  Personal 
ambition  echpsed  principle,  expediency,  shrewdness  —  in  short,  every 
quahty  which  makes  for  self-preservation.  The  reason  was  not  con- 
scious despau',  but  unconscious  desperation.  Politically  he  had  fought 
and  won  an  easy  but  a  decisive  battle.  Imperiahsm  was  firmly  seated. 
The  behavior  of  the  French  people  was  natural  enough,  but  they  lent 
themselves  to  his  pui'poses  with  complete  suiTender.  In  this  the 
world  learned  a  lesson  which  should  never  be  forgotten :  that  democ- 
racy is  an  excellent  work-horse,  but  a  poor  charger ;  a  good  hack,  but 
an  untrustworthy  racer.  The  interest  of  the  plain  man  is  in  his  daily 
life,  his  family,  his  business,  his  advancement.  He  cannot  be  an  ex- 
pert in  foreign  or  domestic  politics,  in  public  law,  or  in  warfare ;  ex- 
pertness  requires  the  exclusive  devotion  of  a  lifetime.  Make  the  com- 
mon person  a  theorist,  and  he  is  an  ardent  democrat,  but  a  poor 
administrator.  Hence  the  necessity  in  transition  epochs  for  a  wise 
constitution.  It  was  not  difficult  to  convince  the  French  burgher 
that,  all  other  forms  of  democratic  administration  having  had  a  chance 
and  having  failed  in  times  of  war,  the  only  one  so  far  untried — that 
of  delegating  power  to  a  single  superior  man — should  have  a  fan- 
trial,  the  more  as  the  excellent  man  was  at  hand.  Even  in  times  of 
l^eace  the  hard-worked  citizen  either  neglects  his  poHtical  duties  al- 
together, or,  performing  them  in  a  thoughtless  routine,  longs  for  some 
one  he  can  trust  to  do  his  thinking  and  acting;  in  war,  as  far  as 
we  have  had  the  opportunity  to  observe  in  ancient  and  modem 
times,  his  imperialism  is  avowed,  and  he  demands  a  dictator.  We 
have  no  reason  to  suppose  that  there  is  any  democracy  which  could 
outlast  twenty  years  of  a  herculean  struggle  for  national  life  or  death. 

Vol.  IV.— 32 


934  LIFE    OF    NAPOLEON    BONAPARTE 

Chap,  xx^^  and  such  the  Franco-Eughsh   wars   which  introduced  this   centmy 
Rewew      secuied  to  the  Frenchman  of  that  time  to  be. 

From  the  soldier's  point  of  view,  Napoleon  had  likewise  such  an 
easy  trimuph  as  has  fallen  to  the  lot  of  few  commanders.  His  oppo- 
nents were  so  conservative  that  their  ideas  were  antiquated,  his  own 
strategy  was  so  new  and  revolutionary  that  it  dumfoimded  them.  A 
favorite  method  of  detraction  is  illustrated  by  the  familiar  story  of 
Columbus's  egg.  What  is  once  done,  anybody  can  do.  The  strategic 
reputation  of  Frederick  the  Great  is  in  our  day  first  attacked  by  the 
so-called  comparative  method  —  that  is,  by  comparing  it  with  the 
achievements  and  system,  not  of  his  contemporaries,  but  of  Napoleon, 
his  successor ;  and  then  the  strategic  reputation  of  Napoleon  is  dimin- 
ished by  sneering  at  that  of  Frederick,  with  whose  antiquated  method 
the  new  one  came  into  comparison  and  contact,  to  the  complete  disaster 
of  the  fonner.  This  vicious  cu-cle  may  be  dismissed  with  contempt. 
Napoleon's  strategic  genius  was,  unlike  any  other  talent  he  possessed, 
constnictive  and  original.  No  doubt  he  studied  Caesar;  no  doubt  he 
studied  Maillebois ;  no  doubt  he  studied  the  work  of  Tiu-enne  and  of 
the  great  Frederick ;  no  doubt  he  was  a  pupil  of  the  giant  soldiers  who 
inaugurated  and  carried  on  the  wars  of  the  Revolution ;  Init  while 
others  had  pursued  the  same  studies,  it  remained  for  him  to  devise 
and  put  into  operation  a  strategy  based  upon  past  experience,  but  sub- 
versive of  accepted  dogmas,  new,  adapted  to  its  ends,  and  founded  on 
theories  which,  though  modified  in  practice  by  the  discoveries  of  an 
inteiTcning  century,  have,  when  properly  understood,  never,  not  even 
to-day,  been  shaken  in  principle.  His  triumphs  as  a  soldier,  therefore, 
are  his  own ;  and  it  was  not  until  all  Em*ope  had  learned  the  lessons 
which  he  taught  her  generals  by  a  series  of  object  demonstrations 
lasting  twenty  years,  that  the  teacher  began  to  diminish  in  success 
and  splendor.  The  persistent  critics  of  Frederick  have  been  asking  and 
reiterating  questions  such  as  these :  Why  did  not  the  king  begin  early 
in  July,  1756  ?  Why  did  he  not  storm  the  camp  of  Phiia  f  Why  did 
he  not  continue  the  war  in  October  ?  Why  did  he  not  renew  hostih- 
ties  the  following  year  until  forced  to  it  1  And  so  on,  and  so  on.  By 
this  method  they  have  shrunk  the  horizon  to  their  own  dimensions, 
and  have  imprisoned  their  victim  within  the  pale  of  his  faults ;  but  a 
wider  view  and  the  historic  backgi'ound  display  his  strategy  in  large 
outline,  as  illuminated  by  the  light  of  his  age ;  and  thus  the  defeats  of 


x'aiVVfc.-  1 


rrinrc\Trox  wriionr^Ft.  nv  tiif.   »nTisT. 


TVrOGRAVLIlF.   BOfSSOD,    VAMDOX   A   CO..    PARIS. 


XAPOLHOX    AT    ST.     HHI.HXA. 


KnOM    TIIK.    TAINIISO    HV    I..    KIVVTKF. 


SOLDIER,   .STATESMAN,   DESPOT  235 

Kolin  aud  Kunersdorf,  as  well  as  the  victories  of  Leuthen,  Rossbach,  chap.  xxvi 
Zorndorf,  and  Torgau,  exhibit  the  Pi-ussian  general  as  the  gi-eat  genius  Review 
which  he  was.  It  was  not  until  Napoleon  had  taught  his  rivals  what 
fighting  ought  to  be  that  men  could  also  pick  and  nag  at  him  by  ask- 
ing why  Waterloo  did  not  begin  four  hours  earlier,  why  more  explicit 
directions  were  not  given  to  Grouchy,  why  in  1814  the  desperate  man 
chose  to  cut  off  the  line  of  his  enemies'  communications  rather  than 
withdraw  into  Paris  and  call  the  nation  to  arms ;  and  so  on,  to  infinity. 
Jiidged  either  historically  or  theoretically,  the  strategy  of  Napoleon  is 
original,  unique,  and  iniexcelled.  It  is  his  greatest  achievement,  be- 
cause his  most  creative. 


CHAPTER  XX\T:I 

napoleon's  place  in  history 

Exhaustion — The  Change  in  Napoleon's  Views — Intermitting  Pow- 
ers— Their  Extinction — Common  Sense  and  Idealism — The  Man 
and  the  World — The  Philosophy  of  Expediency — A  Mediat- 
ing Work — French  Institutions — Transformation  of  France — 
Napoleon  and  English  Policy — His  Work  in  Germany — French 
Influence  in  Italy  and  Eastern  Europe — Napoleon  and  the 
Western  World. 

ch.  xxvn  TF  Napoleon's  qualities  as  usurper,  statesman,  and  wan-ior  be  as 
Summary  X  remarkable  as  they  appear,  why  was  bis  time  so  short,  what  were 
the  causes  of  bis  decbne,  and  w^bat  is  bis  place  in  history?  The 
causes  of  his  decHue  may  be  summed  up  in  a  single  word — exhaustion. 
There  exists  no  record  of  human  activity  more  complete  than  is  that 
of  Napoleon  Bonaparte's  life.  In  its  beginnings  we  can  see  this 
worshiper  of  power  stimulating  his  immature  abilities  in  vain  until, 
with  reckless  desperation,  be  closed  the  period  of  training  and  made 
his  scandalous  bargain  with  BaiTas;  then,  grown  suddenly,  inexphc- 
ably  rich,  becoming  with  better  clothing,  food,  and  lodging  physically 
more  vigorous,  he  seems  mercilessly  to  drive  the  rowels  into  bis  own 
flanks  until  initiative,  ingenuity,  and  ruthlessness  are  displayed  with 
apparently  superhuman  dimensions.  The  period  of  achievement  is 
short,  but  glorious  in  politics;  the  age  of  domination  is  long  and 
exciting.  Throughout  Ijoth  there  is  the  same  reckless  physical  ex- 
cess and  intellectual  dissipation.  Then  comes  the  turn.  Every  human 
age  has  in  it  the  germs  of  the  next;  we  begin  to  die  at  birth,  and 
the  characteristic  quahties  and  powers  of  oui"  period  diminish  as 
those  of  the  next  increase.  So  it  was  with  Napoleon.  H(i  compressed 
so  much,  both   as  regards   the    number   and   importance   of  events, 


o 

m 
> 
H 
X 

o 

2; 

> 

o 

m 
O 
Z 


NAPOLEON'S    PLACE    IN    IILSTOUY  237 

into  so  short  a  space  that  his  times  are  Uke  those  -vn-inkled  Japanese  Cn.  xxvii 
pictures  which  are  made  by  shriveling  a  large  print  into  a  small  Summary 
compass  —  intense  and  deep,  but  unreal.  To  change  the  metaphor, 
he  found  the  ship  of  state  dashing  onward,  with  her  helm  lashed 
and  no  one  daring  to  take  the  task  of  the  steersman  in  hand.  He 
cut  the  lashings  and  laid  hold.  His  unassisted  efforts  as  a  pilot 
gave  the  vessel  a  new  com'se ;  but  he  had  no  steam  or  other  mechani- 
cal power,  no  deus  ex  machind,  to  aid  him ;  and  as  exhaustion  followed, 
he  seemed  to  be  steering  when,  in  reality,  his  actions  were  under  the 
compulsion  of  events  he  was  not  controlling ;  and  this  continued  until 
the  wreck. 

But  the  inertia  of  his  powers  resembled  their  rise  so  perfectly  as  to 
represent  continuous  growth,  and  thus  to  deceive  observers :  in  a  few 
years  he  had  ordered  the  Revolutionary  chaos  of  Western  Europe  to  his 
liking,  and  the  resultant  organization  worked  by  the  principles  he  had 
infused  into  it.  As  he  saw  his  imperfect  and  shallow  theories  of  society 
successively  confoimded,  he  had  no  vigor  left  to  reconstruct  them  and 
adapt  himself  to  new  situations.  His  efforts  at  the  role  of  liberator 
throughout  the  Hundi-ed  Days  deserve  careful  study.  He  simply  coidd 
not  yield  or  adapt  himself,  except  in  non-essentials.  The  shifts  to 
which  he  had  resort  would  have  been  ridiculous  had  they  not  been 
pathetic.  The  governmental  fonns  attempted  by  the  Revolution  had 
been  successively  destroyed  by  the  fmious  energy  of  Jacobinism :  the 
Dii'ectory  was  but  a  compromise,  and  when  it  took  refi;ge  for  safety  in 
the  army  its  performances  seemed  to  the  masses  siu-e  to  bring  back  the 
Terror ;  the  Consulate  was  only  a  disguised  monarchy  founded  on  mili- 
tary force;  and  as  royalism  was  impossible,  there  seemed  to  vast 
numbers  no  other  alternative  than  the  Empu-e.  That  there  was  no 
other  alternative  was  due  to  Napoleon's  imperious  character,  now 
developed  to  its  utmost  extent.  He  was  selfish,  hardened,  and,  though 
active  hke  his  symbohc  bee,  without  capacity  for  further  development. 
His  mother  knew  that  he  could  not  hold  out ;  she  said  it,  and  saved 
money  for  a  rainy  day.  He  himself  had  haunting  premonitions  of 
this  truth.  His  passion  to  pei-petuate  himself  by  founding  a  dynasty 
was  the  real  basis  for  his  warlike  ardor.  Profoundly  moved,  in  fact 
awe-stricken,  by  the  imperishable  hatred  of  the  older  djmasties,  and 
yet  reveling  in  his  military  genius,  he  waged  war  nithlessly  and 
with  zest,  enjoying  the  discomfiture  of  his  foes,  and  delighting  in  the 


238  LIFE  OF  NAPOLEON  BONAPARTE 

ch.  XXVII  exercise  of  his  powers.  But,  after  all,  war  was  but  a  means.  He 
Summary  fi'equeutly  dwslt  ou  the  advantages  of  hereditary  succession;  he 
hugered  with  suspicious  frequency  over  the  satisfaction  a  dynastic 
ruler  must  feel  iu  the  devotion  or,  if  not  that,  in  the  submissiveness 
of  his  people ;  he  was  hj-persensitive  to  the  slightest  popular  disturb- 
ance ;  and  he  must  have  foreboded  his  own  fall,  since  he  was  accus- 
tomed to  wear  poison  in  an  amulet  around  his  neck,  so  that  when  the 
great  crisis  should  arrive  he  might  take  his  own  life.  "Ah!  why 
am  I  not  my  grandson  ?  "  he  longingly  ejaculated. 

This  single  cause  of  Napoleon's  fall  can  be  better  seen  in  the  record 
of  his  second  captivity  than  in  any  other  portion  of  his  life.  There  is 
no  such  thing  as  absolute  exhaustion  short  of  death.  But  intermittent 
and  flickering  exertion  is  symptomatic  of  faihng  powers  in  a  jaded 
horse ;  it  forebodes  the  end  in  a  worn-out  man.  Cheerful  and  busy  at 
fii'st,  because  recruited  by  a  long  and  favorable  sea-voyage,  he  set  out 
in  St.  Helena  at  a  racing  gait  to  wiite  history  and  mold  the  pubhc  opin- 
ion of  Europe.  Playful  and  energetic,  he  caught  together  the  scanty 
remnants  of  his  momentary  grandem*,  and  emulated  the  masters  of 
ceremony  at  the  Tuileries  in  organizing  a  court  and  issuing  edicts  for 
the  conduct  of  its  httle  affairs.  His  life  was  to  be  that  of  a  caged  lion 
— caged,  but  yet  a  lion.  The  plan  would  not  work.  In  the  affairs  of 
Longwood  there  were,  as  everjrwhere,  hitches  and  m-egularities.  To 
Napoleon  these  soon  became  not  the  incidents,  but  the  substance  of 
life.  With  the  departnre  of  his  secretaries  the  business  of  biographi- 
cal composition  became  first  u-ksome,  then  impossible,  and  the  poor 
muse  of  history  was  finally  turned  out  of  doors.  To  regular  exercise 
succeeded  spasmodic  over-exertion;  complaint  became  the  subject-mat- 
ter for  the  exercise  of  both  mind  and  tongue;  daily  association  with 
kindly  but  second-rate  persons  checked  the  flow  of  great  ideas ;  the 
combinations  of  Austerlitz  and  Wagram  gave  place  to  the  sm.all  moves 
in  a  game  of  spite  with  a  bureaucratic  British  governor.  Fj-om  the 
days  of  his  boyhood  until  his  alliance  with  Barras  the  exile  had  been  a 
dreamy,  vague,  indefinite,  unsuccessful  fellow;  his  powers  were  not 
quickly  developed.  Wliilo  he  had  France  and  Ein"ope  to  work  upon, 
he  showed  the  extraordinary  qualities  repeatedly  outlined,  mind  and 
hand,  thought  and  deed,  working  together.  Already  jaded,  his  stu- 
pendous capacity  became  intennittent  after  the  fatal  amiistice  of 
Poischwitz ;  but  it  worked,  for  it  still  had  the  raw  material  of  gi*and 


^T.  51]  NAPOLEON'S    PLACE    IN    IILSTOKY  239 

strategy  and  gi*eat  politics  to  work  on.     This  continued  until  after  Ch.  xxvii 
Waterloo.     That  battle,  not  a  groat  one  in  itself,  was  nevertheless  ejjic,     Summary 
both  in  its  effects  upon  the  world  and  in  its  min  of  the  brains  which 
had  swayed  the  destinies  of  Europe  for  twenty  years.     Between  the 
flight  to  Charleroi  and  the  escape  to  the  Bellerophon,  Napoleon  shows 
no  pluck  and  no  brains. 

In  actual  capti\'ity  his  mind  was  without  a  sufficient  task  and 
under  no  pressure  from  necessity.  It  consequently,  though  somewhat 
invigorated  at  fii'st,  intermitted  more  and  more  toward  the  close,  work- 
ing, when  it  did  work,  awkwardly  and  with  friction,  until  the  physical 
collapse  came,  and  the  end  was  reached.  The  attempts  to  remodel  his- 
tory, the  efforts  to  dehneate  his  own  and  others'  motives,  the  specious 
sunnuaries  of  his  career  and  its  epochs,  the  fragmentary  expositions 
of  his  philosophy  in  ethics,  politics,  and  psychology — all  the  stately 
volumes  which  bear  his  name,  his  literary  remains,  in  fact,  present  a 
pitiful  sight  when  closely  examined.  They  are  but  the  scoriae  of  a 
bmnt-out  mind,  but  dust  and  ashes ;  a  splendid  mass,  but  an  extinct 
volcano.  It  was  only  natural  that  his  successors  and  admirers  should 
seek  to  erect  a  more  enduring  foundation  for  his  fame  by  collecting 
and  carefully  editing  what  he  had  written  when  at  his  best,  when  act- 
ing according  to  his  momentary,  nonnal  impulse,  and  when,  therefore, 
he  had  the  least  pose  and  the  greatest  sincerity.  But  it  is  a  proof  of 
their  shrewdness  that  they  selected  and  pubhshed  less  and  less  after 
Erfurt,  and  that  out  of  the  voluminous  pen-product  of  St.  Helena  they 
chose  a  hundred  and  fifty  pages  which  the  "  Correspondence,"  intended 
to  be  the  most  splendid  monument  to  the  Emperor's  gloiy,  could  pre- 
sent as  authentic  biographical  material. 

If,  then.  Napoleon  was  after  all  but  a  plain  man,  how  did  he  be- 
come a  personage  ?  Simply  because  he  was  the  typical  man  of  his  day, 
less  the  personal  mediocrity ;  the  typical  burgher  in  personal  character, 
the  typical  soldier  in  war,  the  typical  despot  in  peace,  and  the  typical 
idealist  in  pohtics ;  capable  in  all  these  quahties  of  analysis ;  capable, 
consequently,  of  being  understood ;  capable  of  exhaustion  and  of  being 
overwhelmed  by  combinations.  In  other  words,  he  was  really  great 
because  he  was  the  shrewd  common-sense  personage  of  his  age,  con- 
sidering the  ideal  social  structure  as  a  level  of  comfort  in  money,  in 
shelter,  in  food,  in  clothes,  in  rehgion,  in  morahty,  in  decency,  in  do- 
mestic good-nature,  in  the  commonplace  good  things  fairly  divided  as 


240  LIFE    OF   NAPOLEON    BONAPARTE  [JEt.  51 

Ch.  XXVII  far  as  they  would  go  roiind.  This  was  the  side  of  his  nature  which  in 
Summary  a  poriod  of  social  cxhaustion  planted  him  four-square  as  a  social  force, 
presented  him  to  France  as  the  rock  against  which  the  "red  fool- 
fmy''  of  Jacohiuism  had  dashed  itself  to  pieces,  and  gave  him  for  a 
tune  command  of  all  hearts.  Thus  estabhshed,  he  at  once  fell  heir  to 
French  tradition — that  is,  to  the  continuous  poUcyof  the  nation  in  for- 
eign and  domestic  affairs;  which  was  that  France  should  be  the  Jupiter 
in  the  Olympus  of  European  nations  by  reason  of  her  excellence  both 
in  beauty  and  in  strength.  Here  was  a  temptation  not  to  be  resisted, 
the  superlative  temptation  like  that  of  the  serpent  and  the  woman,  the 
chance  to  transcend  by  knowledge,  the  opportunity  to  "liitch  his  wagon 
to  a  star,"  to  commingle  the  glory  of  France  with  his  own  imtil  the 
elements  were  no  longer  separable.  Into  this  snare,  great  as  he  was  in 
his  representative  plainness,  he  fell,  and  in  the  ensuing  confusion  he 
not  only  destroyed  himself,  but  brought  the  proud  and  splendid  nation 
which  had  cherished  him  to  the  very  verge  of  destruction.  He  could 
not  sway  one  emancipated  people  without  swajdng  an  emancipated  Eu- 
rope, and  this  after  Austerlitz  he  deteiinined  to  do.  Then  he  lost  his 
head :  his  wisdom  turned  out  to  be  nothing  but  adoration  of  mere  ex- 
pediency; his  strength  proved  weakness  when,  with  his  imperial  ideal- 
ism, he  braved  in  Spain  the  idealism  of  a  tnie  nation;  his  vaunted 
physical  endiu-ance  disappeared  with  self-indulgence,  the  golden  head 
and  brazen  loins  fell  in  a  crash  as  the  feet  of  clay  disintegrated  before 
the  storm  of  national  uprisings. 

This  being  true,  we  have  in  his  career  every  element  of  epic  great- 
ness :  a  colossal  man,  a  chaotic  age,  the  triumj)h  of  principle,  the  re- 
estabhshment  of  historical  equilibrium  by  means  of  a  giant  cast  away 
when  no  longer  needed.  And  this  epic  quahty,  which  is  not  in  the  man 
alone  nor  in  the  age  alone,  appears  when  the  two  are  combined,  and 
then  only.  Looking  at  him  in  our  cold  light,  he  has  every  attri- 
bute of  the  commonplace  adventurer;  looking  at  the  France  of  1786 
with  our  perspective,  the  people  and  the  times  appear  almost  mad  in 
their  fi'antic  efforts  to  accomplish  the  work  of  ages  in  the  moments  of 
a  single  lifetime.  Yet  combine  the  two,  and  behold  the  man  of  the 
third  estate  rising,  advancing,  reflecting,  and  then  planting  himself  in 
the  foreground  as  the  most  dramatic  figure  of  public  life,  and  you  have 
a  scene,  a  stage,  and  actors  which  cannot  be  surpassed  in  the  range  of 
history.     To  the  end  of  the  Consulate  the  action  is  powei-ful,  because 


^wi 


IM  Tin:  Lui  via. 


V\\'    nv    T.   JUllNNiiN 


hi-:nri-gratikn,  count  bkktrand 

flioH     Tilt;     I'AlM'lMt     HY     rAUI.-llllTUl.VTi:     Kl  I.Mt'K'lli: 


NAPOLEON'S    PLACE    IN    HISTORY  241 

it  represents  reality :  n  nation  unified,  a  people  restored  to  wholesome  ch.  xxvii 
influences,  peace  inaugurated,  constitutional  government  established.  Summary 
There  is  so  far  no  tawdry  decoration,  no  fine  clothes,  no  posing,  no 
rant.  But  with  the  next  scene,  that  of  the  Empire,  the  spectator  be- 
comes aware  of  all  these  annoyances,  and  more.  The  leading  actor 
grows  self-conscious,  identifies  himself  with  the  public  interest  for  per- 
sonal ends  and  to  the  detriment  of  the  nation,  displays  no  moral  or 
artistic  self-restraint,  and  soon  aiTanges  every  element  so  as  to  make 
his  studied  personal  ambitions  appear  like  the  resultants  of  ominous 
forces  which  act  from  without,  and  against  which  he  is  donning  the 
armor  of  despotism  for  the  public  good.  The  play  becomes  a  human 
tragicomedy,  and,  verging  to  its  close,  ends  hke  the  tragedies  of  the 
Grreeks,  with  a  people  betrayed  and  the  force  of  the  age  chained  to 
a  horrid  rock  as  the  spoii;  of  the  elements. 

Was  this  the  end,  and  did  Napoleon  have  no  place  in  history,  as 
many  historians  have  lately  been  contending  ?  Far  fi'om  it.  From  his 
couch  of  porphyiy  beneath  the  gilded  dome  on  the  banks  of  the  Seine, 
"  the "  Emperor,  though  "  dead  and  tm-ned  to  clay,"  still  exercises  a 
powei-ful  sway.  The  actual  Napoleonic  Empu*e  had,  as  we  have  before 
remarked,  a  striking  resemblance  to  those  of  Alexander  and  Charle- 
magne. Based,  as  were  these,  upon  conquest,  and  continued  for  a 
httle  life  by  the  ideahsm  of  a  single  person,  it  seemed  like  a  brilliant 
bubble  on  the  stream  of  time.  But  Alexander  hellenized  the  civiliza- 
tion of  his  day,  and  prepared  the  world  for  Christianity ;  Charlemagne 
plowed,  haiTowed,  and  sowed  the  soil  of  barbaric  Em-ope,  making  it 
receptive  for  the  most  superb  of  all  secular  ideals,  that  of  nationality ; 
Napoleon  tore  up  the  system  of  absolutism  by  the  roots,  propagated 
in  the  most  distant  lands  of  Europe  the  modem  conception  of  in- 
dividual rights,  overthrew  the  rotten  stinicture  of  the  Grerman-Ro- 
man  empire,  and  in  spite  of  himself  regenerated  the  long-abused 
ideas  of  nationality  and  fatherland.  It  must  be  confessed  that  his 
own  shallow  pohtical  science,  the  second-hand  Rousseauism  he  had 
learned  fi'om  his  desultory  reading,  had  little  to  do  with  this,  except 
negatively.  One  by  one  he  saw  his  faiths  made  ridiculous  by  the 
violent  phases  of  Jacobinism  after  it  took  control  of  the  Revolutionary 
movement.  His  heart,  his  conscience,  his  intellect,  all  undisciplined, 
then  revolted  against  the  metaphysic  which  had  misled  him,  and 
"ideologist"  became  his  most  contemptuous  epithet.     Controlled  by 

Vol.  IV.— 33 


242  LIFE    OF    NAPOLEON    BONAPARTE 

ch.  xxvn  instinct  and  ambition,  he  nevertheless  rexnauicd  throughout  his  period 
Summary  the  ono  thorough  ideaUst  among  the  men  of  action,  Goethe  being 
the  superlative,  transcendent  genius  of  idealism  among  the  thinkers. 
Each  successive  day  saw  his  scorn  of  physical  Hmitations  increase, 
his  impatience  of  language,  customs,  laws,  of  local  attachment,  per- 
sonal tidelity,  and  national  patriotism  grow.  The  result  was  a  fixed 
conviction  that  for  humanity  at  large  all  these  were  naught.  At  last 
he  planted  himself  upon  the  burgher  philosophy  of  utility  and  ex- 
pediency, putting  his  faith  in  the  loyalty  of  his  family,  in  homely  de- 
pendence upon  matrimonial  alhance,  in  the  passion  of  hiunanity  for 
physical  ease  and  earthly  well-being.  This  was  the  concert  by  which 
he  sought  to  create  a  federation  of  beneficent  kingdoms  that  would 
win  all  men  to  the  prime  mover.  Space  and  time  rebelled ;  the  lofty 
ideals  of  humanity  and  philosophy  would  not  down ;  selfishness  proved 
impotent  as  a  support ;  the  dreamer  recognized  that  again  he  had  been 
deceived.  Haggard  and  exhausted,  he  finally  tm*ned,  in  the  role  of 
Napoleon  Liberator,  to  the  notion  of  nationality  and  of  government 
swayed  by  popular  will  in  all  its  phases.  But  it  was  too  late.  Instead 
of  being  the  leader  of  a  van,  he  had  forgotten,  in  his  own  phrase, 
to  keep  pace  with  the  march  of  ideas,  and  was  a  straggler  in  the  rear, 
without  a  moral  status  or  a  devoted  following. 

All  this  is  true ;  but  it  is  equally  true  that  much  of  his  work  en- 
dured both  in  France  and  in  the  civihzed  world.  In  France,  indeed, 
the  work  he  did  has  been  in  some  details  only  too  enduring.  History 
is  there  to  teU  us  that  the  test  of  high  civilization  is  not  necessarily  in 
great  dimensions.  Those  histories  of  the  ancient  world  in  which  hu- 
manity seems  strange  and  distasteful,  of  Egypt,  Phenicia,  Babylon, 
and  Assyria,  were  wide  in  extent  and  long  in  duration:  those  of 
Greece  and  Rome,  whose  poets,  statesmen,  legislators,  and  warriors 
are  our  despau-,  were  small  in  proportion  and  comparatively  short  in 
duration,  while  they  were  normal  and  healthy;  the  world-empires  of 
both  were  neither  natural  nor  admirable.  It  will  not  do,  therefore, 
to  judge  Napoleon  by  the  length  of  his  career,  or  by  the  standards  of 
other  times  and  different  circumstances.  The  centralization  of  admin- 
istration in  the  commonwealth  which  he  rescued  from  the  clutches  of 
anarchy  was  probably  essential  to  the  rescue ;  the  expediency  which 
he  deliberately  cultivated  in  the  Concordat,  in  the  laws  of  the  family 
and  inheritance,  and  in  the  fatal  Continental  system,  was  possibly  a 


NAPOLEON'S    PLACE    IN    HISTORY  243 

statesman's  palliative  for  momentary  political  disease.  His  artificial  ch.  xxvn 
aristocracy,  his  system  of  great  fiefs,  his  financial  shifts — who  dares  to  Summary 
say  that  these  institutions  did  not  meet  a  temporary  want?  More- 
over, it  is  worth  considering  whether  a  direct  reaction  to  moderate, 
sane  repubhcanism  from  extreme  and  furious  Jacobinism  was  possible 
at  all,  and  whether  a  reaction  from  Napoleon's  imperial  democracy  was 
not  easier  and  the  results  more  peiTaanent.  In  other  words,  is  it  likely 
that  the  thu-d  French  repubhc  could  have  been  the  direct  successor  of 
the  first  ?  The  question  is  certainly  debatable.  No  pen  can  dehneate 
the  sufferings  of  France  under  Napoleonic  institutions  as  that  of 
Taine  has  so  ably  and  scathingly  done ;  his  wonderfid  etching  power- 
fully exhibits  painful  truths.  But  who  is  to  blame  if  a  nation  is  ham- 
pered by  its  administration,  by  a  centralization  it  no  longer  needs,  by 
social  regialations  which  it  has  outgrown,  by  political  habits  wliich  do 
not  suit  the  age  1  Not  alone  the  man  who  inaugurated  them,  for  ends 
partly  selfish  but  also  partly  statesmanlike;  the  people  who  timidly 
endiu'e  are  responsible  for  the  doom  which  will  certainly  overtake 
any  nation  living  in  a  social  and  political  stnicture  antiquated  and 
unsuitable. 

One  thing  at  least  the  new  France  has  done  with  magisterial  style : 
she  has  introduced  into  her  pohtical  machinery  respect  for  pohtical 
habit.  The  French  government  of  to-day  is  distinctly  an  outgrowth  of 
conditions,  and  not  of  theories.  Its  constitution  has  none  of  the  fatal 
marks  of  completeness  which  her  other  republican  constitutions  have 
borne ;  on  the  contrary,  there  never  was  a  peiiod  in  modern  times 
when  to  the  outsider  French  institutions  seemed  as  crescive  as  they 
do  to-day.  And  they  have  abundant  material  on  which  to  work. 
There  are  signs  that  the  system  of  nations  as  aimed  camps,  for  which 
Napoleon  set  the  example,  is  breaking  by  its  own  weight ;  modera 
armies  are  mostly  national  schools  controlled  by  scientific  inquisitive- 
ness  and  permeated  by  a  civic  spirit ;  the  pacific  federal  system  of  the 
great  Eui'opean  powers  sometimes  seems  feeble  and  rickety,  but  it  is 
in  existence.  Alliances  are  now  federations  for  peace ;  the  Triple  Al- 
hance  is  or  was  a  federation  for  peace ;  so  too  the  Sextuple  AUiance, 
so  energetic  and  persistent  in  its  support  of  Tm'key,  has  been  a  federa- 
tion for  peace.  Perhaps  the  day  is  nearer  than  we  think  when  a 
working  system  of  international  understandings,  without  appeal  to 
war,  whatever  name  be  given  to  the  practice,  wiU  be  devised.     Then 


244  LIFE  OF  NAPOLEON  BONAPARTE 

ch.  xxvn  certainly,  Init  long  before,  let  us  hope,  France  may  anchor  her  liberties 
Summary  iu  a  bill  of  rights,  destroy  judicial  inquisition,  begin  to  slacken  the 
bonds  of  her  prefeotoral  system,  emancipate  her  universities  and 
academies,  regenerate  pubUc  feeling  as  to  the  increase  of  population 
by  modifying  her  laws  of  the  family,  and  go  on  not  only  to  populate 
her  own  fertile  fields,  but  to  make  the  magnificent  colonies  which  she 
has  acquu'ed  the  futm'e  homes  of  coiintless  children,  a  field  for  exert- 
ing her  superfluous  energy —  in  short,  when  she  may  slough  off  her  now 
supei-fluous  Napoleonic  institutions. 

It  would  be  uttei'ly  unjust,  however,  to  plead  a  justification  of  Na- 
poleon solely  by  such  a  monumental  fact  as  that  he  was  in  all  like- 
lihood the  forerunner  of  modern  France.  Even  when  the  coimtry 
adopted  him,  his  positive,  direct  influence  for  good  was  gi-eat.  The 
Concordat,  whatever  its  faults,  partly  secm'cd  a  fi'ee  chm'ch  and  a  free 
state,  separating  thus  what  God  had  never  joined  together  in  holy  wed- 
lock; his  splendid  bodes — for  no  matter  who  pondered  and  shaped 
them,  they  were  his  in  execution  — have  guaranteed  the  perpetuity  of 
civil  equality  not  only  in  France,  but,  as  the  sequel  has  shown,  thi'ough- 
out  great  expanses  of  Em-ope ;  the  questions  of  a  nation's  right  to  its 
chosen  ruler  and  government,  agitated  in  a  new  form  dm'ing  the  Hun- 
dred Days,  were  those  with  which  succeeding  generations  were  con- 
cerned until  they  were  answered  in  the  affirmative.  The  ditJerence 
between  the  France  of  1802  and  that  of  1815  is  on  one  side  painful,  but 
on  another  side  it  is  remarkably  significant.  The  former  was  tran- 
sitional and  chaotic ;  the  latter  had  that  amazing  but  completed  social 
union,  stronger  than  any  ever  known  in  history,  which  has  saved  the 
country  in  succeeding  storm-periods.  In  it  there  was  respect  for  per- 
sons, for  contract,  for  property;  the  administration  was  unitary,  homo- 
geneous, and  active ;  the  finances,  though  not  regulated,  were  restored 
to  vigor ;  and  the  processes  were  inaugurated  by  which  the  great  cities 
of  France  have  become  healthful  and  beautifiil,  while  at  the  same  time 
the  internal  improvements  of  the  country  have  been  systematized  and 
rendered  splendid  in  their  efficiency.  Revolutionaiy  concepts  were  so 
modified  and  assimilated  that  the  efforts  of  the  dynasties,  when  put  to 
the  test  of  public  opinion,  failed  because  they  were  felt  to  be  absm*d  by 
the  masses.  It  was  one  of  Napoleon's  aphoiisms  that  "  to  have  the 
right  of  using  nations,  you  must  begin  by  serving  them  well."  Like  a 
good  burgher,  he  made  his  servants  comfortable  and  happy.     His  ex- 


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NAPOLEON'S    PLACE    IN    HISTORY  245 

ample,  moreover,  was  reflected  abroad  throughout  Europe ;  and  to  the  ch.  xxvii 
milHous  of  plain  and  not  very  shrewd  mliabitants  of  other  lands,  the  Summary 
Revolution,  as  Napoleon  had  shaped  it,  lost  many  of  the  hoiTors  with 
which  Jacobinism,  to  the  everlasting  damnation  of  both  the  thing  and 
its  name,  had  clothed  it.  It  is  a  question  whether  there  was  in  exist- 
ence a  strong  liberal  France,  such  as  idealists  depict,  that  could  pacifi- 
cally have  done  this  wonderful  work.  Examining  and  duly  weighing 
the  desperation  of  dynastic  absolutism,  it  looks  as  if  nothing  but  the 
coimter-poison  of  Napoleon's  mihtarism  could  have  prevented  its 
annihilating  French  liberalism.  Without  Napoleon  the  conservative 
liberalism  of  to-day  would  have  been  impossible. 

Turning  to  the  field  of  general  history,  there  are  certain  facts,  ad- 
mittedly Napoleon's  doing,  which  quite  as  certainly  are  among  the  most 
important  factors  of  contemporary  pohtics.  Of  themselves  these  would 
suffice  to  give  him  a  high  place  in  constnictive  history.  In  the  first 
place,  he  deprived  England  of  the  monopoly  in  what  had  long  been  es- 
sentially and  pecidiarly  her  political  ideal.  What  was  the  basis  of  the 
long  conflict  between  England  and  France  to  which  Napoleon  fell  heir  ? 
Was  the  struggle  of  these  two  glorious  and  enlightened  sister  nations 
a  struggle  for  territorial  ascendancy  in  Europe  ?  Not  entirely.  Was  it 
a  lif e-and-death  struggle  for  ascendancy  in  the  Western  World  ?  No. 
The  Seven  Years'  War  had  decided  that  question  against  France,  and 
the  American  war  for  independence  had  in  a  sense  evened  the  score  in 
its  decision  against  England ;  for  the  prize  had  been  awarded  to  a  new 
people.  No ;  the  conflict  did  not  rage  over  this.  What,  then,  was  the 
cause?  Nothing  less  than  a  passion  for  the  ascendancy  of  one  of 
these  highest  forms  of  civilization  throughout  the  globe,  including 
both  Europe  and  America.  This  Anglo-Saxon,  political,  commercial 
religious,  and  social  conception  was  after  the  Napoleonic  wars  no 
longer  confined  to  Great  Britain.  Thence  onward  the  gi*eat  powers 
of  Europe  have  been  chiefly  concerned,  aside  from  their  care  for  self- 
preservation,  in  partitioning  Afi-ica  and  Asia  among  themselves ;  and 
this  process  is  no  sooner  complete  than  they  begin  to  murmiu'  about 
the  Monroe  doctrine  and  to  cast  longing  eyes  toward  Central  and 
South  America.  The  state  system  which  was  once  European  has 
become  coextensive  with  the  sphere  on  which  we  live,  and  this  notion 
of  world-domination  so  denounced  when  held  by  Napoleon  has  become 
the  motive-power  of  every  great  modern  civilization. 


246  LIFE    OF    NAPOLEON    BONAPARTE 

cn.  xxvii  If  "we  consider  the  national  politics  of  Eui'ope  beyond  the  houn- 
Sum^ary  darics  of  France,  history  again  becomes  a  record  of  influences  started 
by  Napoleon's  works,  either  of  commission  or  of  omission.  Rus- 
sia's gi'andem'  as  a  European  power  appears  to  be  largely  due  to  the 
temporary  extinction  of  Poland's  hope  for  national  resurrection.  Had 
Napoleon,  instead  of  playing  his  doubtful  game  with  the  gi*and  duchy 
of  Wai'saw,  tmiied  into  an  autonomous  permanency  the  scarcely  known 
provisional  government  of  Poland,  which  he  actually  inaugm'ated  and 
which  worked  for  a  considerable  time,  and  had  he  restored  to  its  sway 
both  the  Prussian  and  Austrian  shares  in  the  shameless  partition,  we 
might  have  seen  quite  another  result  to  the  mihtary  migi-ation  of  1812. 
We  can  scarcely  doubt,  moreover,  that  Poland,  restored  under  French 
protection,  would  have  been  a  buffer  state  between  Russia,  Prussia, 
and  Austria,  rendering  the  cnishing  coahtion  an  impossibility  in  1813, 
while  in  1814  the  alhes  could  probably  never  have  crossed  the  French 
fi'ontier,  if  indeed  they  had  dared  to  go  even  so  far  in  their  march 
across  Em'ope.  But  his  positive  achievement  was  quite  as  important. 
The  Gennany  of  to-day  is  a  great  federal  state  guided,  but  not  domi- 
nated, by  Pinissia.  What  are  its  other  important  members  ?  Bavaria, 
Wiirtemberg,  and  Baden  —  aU  three  in  their  present  extent  and  influ- 
ence the  creations  of  Napoleon ;  the  nice  balance  of  powers  in  the  Ger- 
man Empire  is  due  to  his  arrangement  of  the  map.  There  is  even  a  sense 
in  which  all  Germany,  as  we  know  it,  sprang  full  armed  fi-om  his  head. 
He  not  merely  taught  the  peoples  of  central  Europe  their  strategy,  tac- 
tics, and  military  organization:  it  was  he  who  canied  the  standard  of 
enhghtenmont  (in  his  own  interest,  of  com'se,  but  stUl  he  carried  it) 
thi'ough  the  length  and  breadth  of  their  territories,  and  made  its  sig- 
nificance clear  to  the  meanest  iuteUect  of  their  teeming  milhons. 
Thereafter  the  longings  for  German  unity,  for  German  fatherland,  for 
the  organization  of  German  strength  into  one  movement,  could  never 
be  checked.  The  swarm  of  petty  tyi'ants  who  had  modeled  their  life 
and  conduct  on  the  example  of  Louis  XIV.,  and  who  in  struggling  to 
vie  with  his  villainies  had  debauched  themselves  and  their  peoples,  was 
swept  away  by  Napoleon's  ruthlessness,  to  give  place  to  tlie  larger,  more 
wholesome  nationality  of  this  centuiy,  which  was  destined  in  the  end 
to  inspire  the  suiTounding  nations  with  the  new  concept  of  respect,  not 
alone  for  one's  own  nationality,  but  for  that  of  others. 

What  French  influence  effected  in  Italy  is  a  topic  so  recondite  as  tp 


NAPOLEON'S    PLACE    IN    HISTORY  247 

require  separate  discussion ;  for  the  results  were  not  so  immediate  or  ch.  xxvu 
so  di'amatic  as  they  were  in  Germany.  But  the  desti-uction  of  petty  Summary 
governments  was  as  i-uthless  as  in  the  north ;  the  ideas  wliich  marched 
in  Bonaparte's  ranks  found  at  least  a  large  minority  of  inteUigent 
admirers  among  the  invaded;  and  Italian  unity,  though  won  by  a 
family  he  feared  and  abused,  is  in  no  doubtful  sense  indebted  for  its  ex- 
istence, not  merely  to  Napoleon's  age,  but  to  the  ideas  he  disseminated 
and  to  the  efforts  at  a  practical  beginning  which  he  made.  As  to 
Austria-Hungary,  the  new  historical  epoch  which  makes  her  essentially 
the  empire  of  the  lower  Danube  takes  its  rise  from  Napoleon's  time  and 
influence.  The  relaxation  of  her  grasp  on  Italy  has  thrown  her  across 
the  Adriatic  for  the  territorial  expansion  essential  to  her  position  as  a 
great  power.  It  has  been  her  mission  to  rescue  by  moral  influence  some 
of  the  faii'est  lands  in  the  Balkan  peninsula  from  waste  and  anarchy. 
Mere  proximity  is  a  powerful  factor;  the  turbulence  of  Austrian 
local  patriotism  has  been  the  seed  of  wholesome  discontent  among 
the  Chi'istian  populations  of  Turkey,  whose  first  awakening  was 
largely  due  to  the  emissaries  sent  by  Napoleon  to  fire  the  hearts  of  the 
oppressed  and  suffering  subjects  of  that  distracted  land.  Servia  is  one 
example  of  this ;  and  in  a  sense  the  national  awakening  of  Greece 
began  with  the  hopes  similarly  aroused. 

Another  page  of  history  which  remains  to  be  wi'itten  is  that  which 
shall  record  the  influence  of  Napoleon,  direct  and  indirect,  upon  the 
destinies  of  the  United  States.  The  astoimding  magic  of  his  name  in 
our  country  is  partly  due  to  a  quaUty  of  the  American  mind  which 
makes  its  possessor  the  passionate  and  indiscmninating  adorer  of  great- 
ness in  every  form.  The  Americans  are  more  French  than  the  French 
in  their  admiration  of  power.  But  after  all  this  is  not  the  main  reason 
for  theu'  interest  in  Napoleon.  They  are,  dimly  at  least,  aware  of  certain 
facts  which  have  determined  their  history  and  made  them  an  indepen- 
dent nation.  Their  fii-st  war  for  independence  left  them  tributary  to  the 
mother-coimtry  both  industrially  and  commercially.  It  was  Napoleon 
who  pitUessly,  though  slyly  and  indirectly,  launched  them  into  the 
second  war  with  Great  Britain,  from  which  they  emerged  with  some 
glory  and  some  sense  of  defeat,  but,  after  aU,  with  the  tremendous  and 
permanent  gain  of  absolute  commercial  independence.  In  the  second 
place,  their  purchase  of  Louisiana,  though  understood  by  only  a  few 
at  the  moment,  revolutionized  their  system  both  inside  and  outside. 


248  LIFE  OF  NAPOLEON  BONAPARTE 

Ch.  xxvn  That  momentous  step  destroyed  the  Hteral  interpretation  of  the  con- 
summary  stitutiou,  hltherto  enslaviug  a  congeries  of  jarruig  Httle  commonwealths 
in  the  bondage  of  verbahsm,  because,  though  manifestly  beneficent  and 
necessary,  it  could  be  justified  before  the  law  only  by  an  appeal  to  the 
spirit  and  not  to  the  letter.  Thenceforward  Americans  have  steadily 
been  enlarging  their  constitutional  law  by  interpretation,  and  the  ap- 
parent timidity  of  amendment  wliich  they  display  is  simi)ly  due  to 
the  absence  of  necessity  for  revision  as  long  as  expansion  by  interpre- 
tation continues.  But  certainly  quite  as  important  as  this  was  also  the 
displacement,  by  the  acquisition  of  that  vast  tenitoiy,  of  what  may  be 
called  the  national  center  of  gi*avity.  Until  then  the  aspirations  of 
Americans  had  been  toward  Europe ;  the  public  opinion  of  the  countiy 
had  until  then  demanded  the  largest  possible  intercoiu'se  with  that  con- 
tinent compatible  with  freedom  from  political  entanglement.  There- 
after there  was  a  change  in  then*  spuit :  a  continent  of  their  own  was 
open  to  theii-  energies.  For  two  generations  their  history  has  been 
concerned  with  exploration,  with  mechanical  invention,  and  with  solv- 
ing the  great  problem  of  how  to  prevent  an  extension  of  slavery  cor- 
responding to  the  extension  of  temtory.  But  nevertheless,  steadily 
and  vigorously  two  correlated  concepts  were  propagating  themselves : 
neglect  of  Europe,  in  order  to  expand  and  assimilate  their  recent  ac- 
quisition; industrial  exclusiveness,  for  the  sake  of  this  gi-eat  home 
market  which  immigration,  settlement,  and  the  formation  of  new 
commonwealths  was  creating,  not  at  the  fi*ont  door,  but  in  the  rear  of 
the  States  stretching  along  the  Atlantic.  This  resulted  in  a  temporary 
"  ab.out-face  "  of  the  nation ;  and  it  is  only  now,  when  the  prize  of  ma- 
terial gi'eatness  and  of  tenitorial  unity  has  been  secui'ed,  that  the  nation 
turns  once  more  toward  the  rising  sun,  in  order  to  get  from  older  lands 
everything  gennane  to  its  own  civilization,  and  to  assimilate  these 
acquisitions,  if  possible,  in  realizing  its  own  ideals  of  moral  grandeur. 


THE  END. 


TBOM     riH.T'J'.KArH     IS     THK     1.01,1. IXTH  IN    try     UJi.    l'll\ltLK!>    J,    TOilPEB 


NAPOLEON    I 


rk'm  THK   iitsT   nv  ciiAi;iiirr,  Ari'nu   tuk   u^atu-uask 


TUc  liUit  itiarlu  Xltv  place  wlictv  tXood  the  Ix-il  uii  which  Napoleon  died 


HISTORICAL   SOURCES 

In  making  this  book  I  have  had  access  to  the  following  original 
sources : 

I.  Unpuhlislied  Documents :  a,  The  papers  of  the  French  Ministry 
of  Foreign  Affairs  during  the  years  of  Napoleon's  life,  including 
those  of  the  "  Fonds  Napoleon."  />,  The  unpublished  con'espondence 
of  Napoleon  kept  in  tlu^  Frcucli  Ministry  of  War,  including  the 
"  Volumes  Roiiges "  and  the  "  Dossier  de  I'Empereur."  This  is  as 
voluminous  at  least  as  the  pubhshed  correspondence,  but  of  personal 
and  technical  rather  than  political  interest.  I  have  also  consulted 
the  archives  of  the  General  Staff  in  the  same  building  concerning 
many  events  connected  with  Napoleon's  career,  c,  The  papers  of 
Napoleon's  youth  known  as  the  Ashburnham  papers,  but  now  owned  by 
the  Italian  government,  and  kept  in  the  Laurentian  hbrary  at  Florence. 
Since  I  used  them  they  have  been  published  by  Masson  and  Biagi, 
but  the  editors  have  corrected  the  text  to  an  extent  which  is  in  our 
day  not  considered  scientific,  d,  The  despatches  of  American  diplo- 
matists resident  abroad  dm-iug  Napoleon's  career,  e,  Certain  papers 
from  the  Record  Of&ce  in  London  relating  to  Napoleon's  smTender  and 
his  life  in  St.  Helena.  /,  Certain  papers  of  Henii  Beyle  containing 
characterizations  of  Napoleon  and  contemporary  anecdotes  concerning 
him.  These  were  translated  by  Jean  de  Mitty  fi'om  a  cipher  manu- 
script in  the  public  hbrary  at  Grenoble,  g,  A  considerable  number 
of  Napoleon's  letters  kindly  put  at  my  disposal  by  various  collectors. 

II.  Published  Official  Papers.  Within  the  last  few  years  original 
documents  concerning  the  Napoleonic  epoch  have  been  printed  very 
extensively.  Nearly  all  the  important  books  are  based  on  archival 
research,  and  the  respective  authors  generally  print  a  certain  number 
of  despatches  or  reports  in  justification  of  then-  conclusions.  The 
following  collections  are  the  most  important :  a,  The  CoiTespondence 
of  Napoleon,  h,  Official  Papers  of  the  Helvetic  Repubhc.  c,  Diplo- 
matic CoiTespondence  between  Prussia  and  France,  1795-97.  d,  Lord 
Whitworth's  despatches,  e,  Ducasse's  Supplement  to  Napoleon's 
CoiTespondence.  /,  The  Papers  of  Gentz  and  Schwarzenberg.  g, 
The  Papers  of  Mettemich.      /^  Napoleon's  Letters  to   Caidaiiicourt. 

Vol.  IV.— 34  249 


250  HISTOKICAL    .SOURCES 

/,  Napoleou's  Letters  to  King  Josepli.  j,  The  Letters  of  King  Jerome, 
Queen  Catharine,  and  King  Frederick  of  Wiirtoniberg.  A-,  The  Papers 
of  Castlereagh,  Banks,  Jackson,  and  other  Enghsh  statesmen  of  the 
time.  /,  Diplomatic  Correspondence  between  Russia  and  France,  m. 
The  Ai-chives  of  Coinit  Woronzoff.  n,  Diplomatic  Correspondence  of 
the  Sardinian  ambassadors  at  St.  Petersbm-g.  o,  Di])lomatic  Cor- 
respondence of  the  ministers  of  the  republic  and  kingdom  of  Italy. 
J),  Lecestre's  Unpulilished  Letters  of  Napoleon.  This  list  might  be 
extended  almost  indeiinitely  by  adding  such  collections  as  Ducasse's 
Memoirs  of  King  Joseph,  Napoleon's  Letters  to  Josephine,  the  Cor- 
respondence of  Eugene,  etc.,  etc. ;  but  these  older  books  are  too  well 
known  to  require  enumeration,  and,  though  authentic,  are  only  semi- 
official or  personal  imblications. 

III.  Contemporary  Memoirs.  Those  titles  given  in  the  bil)liog- 
raphy  are,  with  a  few  exceptions,  the  most  valuable.  The  positive, 
literal  truth  of  the  so-called  memoirs  attributed  to  Boumenne,  Con- 
stant, Caulaincourt,  Barras,  Fouche,  and  Avrillon  is  very  slender. 
They  are  all  made  by  skilful  patchwork,  and  must  be  read  with  the 
utmost  caution.  In  fact,  it  is  doubtful  whether,  with  the  exception 
of  BaiTas's  scandalous  record,  they  have,  strictly  speaking,  any  right 
to  the  names  they  bear.  This  much  negative  value  they  have :  that 
they  show  how  history  can  be  falsified  in  one  mterest  or  another. 
In  this  they  resemble  what  was  Napoleon's  own  literary  beqiiest,  the 
Memorial  and  other  dictations  written  down  at  St.  Helena. 

The  list  of  books  appended  makes  no  pretense  to  completeness.  It 
contains,  however,  the  titles  of  such  volumes  as  will  assure  the  reader 
a  complete  view  of  Napoleon  and  his  times  from  the  best  sources. 

My  thanks  for  special  courtesies  are  due  to  the  officers  of  the 
Bibliotheque  Nationale  of  France,  to  Messrs.  Girard  de  Rialle  and 
Louis  Farge  of  the  French  Foreign  Office,  to  Commander  Margueron 
and  M.  Bnin  of  the  French  War  Department,  to  Mr.  Hubert  Hall 
of  the  Record  Office  in  London,  and  to  Mr.  Albert  Vignaud,  Secre- 
tary of  the  American  Eml)assy  in  Paris.  To  Mr.  Eustis  and  Mr. 
Bayard,  American  ambassadors  in  Paris  and  London  respectively,  I 
am  indebted  for  the  courtesies  shown  me  by  the  French  and  English 
officials,  unknown  to  me  either  personally  or  by  name,  who  opened 
the  doors  of  their  archives  to  a  stranger. 


HISTORICAL    SOURCES 


251 


It  will  bo  understood  tliat  the  absence  of  references,  notes,  and 

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the  reading  public,   oxchidiul   them   as   interfering  vnfh    the   course 

of  the  narrative. 

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256 


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INDEX 


Aachen,  A'."^  court  »t,  ii.  210,  217,  224 

AaJen,  the  Kitncli  position  at,  it  234 

Abdullah  Pasha,  louttd  at  Esdraelon,  ii.  48,  49 

Ahen,  River,  unliUry  operations  on  the,  iii.  161 

Abensberg,  Lefebvre  defeats  the  Aiistriiui3  at,  iii,  161 : 
oiuliiint  uidfivd  ti>,  1G2  :  battle  of,  U13 

Aberdeen,  Lord,   English  envoy  at  Vienna,  ii.  48 

Abo,  AleAuiidir  s  hint  to  Uernailotte  at,  iv.  'JO 

Abouklr,  iMitlc  of,  ii.  53-55,  GG :  trophies  from,  deposited  at 
tlif  Invalittes,  U7 

Aboukir  Bay,  battle  of,  ii.  42,  43 

Abrantes,  Juuot  at,  iii.  96 

Abrant^s,  Duchesse  d*,  fiiendship  with  .V.,  L  104, 168 

Absolutism,  its  L-rowtli  in  Eim-pe,  i.  34  :  its  dechne  and  aboli- 
tion, ^S-ci'J.  tU,  ^o  :  iv.  nut.  'J22.  241 

Academy,  The,  ordered  to  oceupy  itself  with  literary  criticism, 
iii.  2S 

Acken,  military  operations  near,  iv.  65,  60,  69 

Acqui,  military  oi>onitions  at,  i.  215 

Acre,  Philippeaux  at,  i.  33 :  siege  of,  ii.  32,  4^-51 :  the  key  of 
Palestine,  49:  relief  expedition  from  Constantinople  to,  50, 
51 :  pnrlev  ht-tweeii  rhelippcaux  and  j.V.  at,  54  :  compared  with 
Smolensk,  iii.  243 

Act  of  Mediation,  the,  ii.  150 

Acton,  Sir  J.  F.  E.,  rule  of,  in  Naples,  ii.  229 

Adam,  Albrecht,  on  tlie  Fieni;h  advanee  into  Kuasia,  iii,  265 

Adam,  Sir  F.,  in  battle  of  Waterloo,  iv.  202 

Adda,  River,  military  operations  on  the,  i.  218,  233;  ii.  113 

Addington,  Henry,  succeeds  Pitt  in  the  ministry,  ii.  134:  ne- 
gotiates for  peace,  135:  belief  in  the  peace  of  Amiens,  137: 
holds  England  to  be  arbiter  of  the  Continent.  169 :  Continental 
policy,  1G9,  171  :  appoints  Lord  Wliitworth  ambassador  to 
Paris.  171 :  his  intiuence  undermined  by  Pitt,  186 :  driven  from 
power,  216 

Addison,  Joseph,  on  England's  insular  position,  ii.  169 

Additional  Act,  the,  iv.  ig7,  168, 172 

Aderklaa,  Austrian  advance  tlirough,  iii.  170 

Adige,  River,  military  operations  on,  i.  226,  232,  234-239,  250- 
254.  268.  273  ;  ii.  60,  62.  125,  236;  iii.  156;  iv.  79:  cession  to 
Austria  of  lands  on,  ii.  14  :  boundary  of  the  Cisalpine  Republic, 
14 :  boundary  of  Austria  in  Italy,  125,  126 :  Eugene  to  collect 
troi'ps  on,  232 

Adrial,  KL,  member  of  the  council  of  state,  ii.  143 :  reviser  of 

the  Code,  143 

Adriatic  Sea,  ^V.  threatens  to  seize,  i.  248 :  French  fleet  in,  ii. 
12  :  cession  to  Austria  of  lands  on,  14  :  marriage  of,  16:  JH.'s 
control  of,  iii.  88  :  the  highway  to  India,  89 

£etes,  -V.  likened  to,  iv.  22 

jEneid,  X'.*  notes  on  the,  iv.  217 

Afghanistan,  i>rojected  rising  against  England  in,  iii.  24 

Africa,  proposed  mihtory  operations  in  northern,  iii.  91 :  the  par- 
tition of,  iv.  245 

"Agamemnon,"  the,  at  siege  of  Bastia,  i.  154 ;  iL  42 

"Agathou,"  iiL  i:(0 

Agricultural  laborers,  condition  at  outbreak  of  the  Revolu- 
tion, L  53,  54,  57 

Agriculture,  encouragement  of,  ii.  141 

A^ues-SSortes,  the  canal  of,  ii.  224 

Ai8ne»  River,  militaiy  movements  on  the,  iv.  106, 119. 

All,  Fescli  at,  i.  22 :  \.  at,  79 ;  iv.  152,  163 :  arrest  of  Corsican 
commissioners  at,  i.  121 :  y.'s  sickness  at,  iv.  152  :  bitter  feeling 
against  A',  at,  152,  163 

Ajacclo  made  a  seat  of  government,  i.  11 :  the  Bonaparte  family 
in.  12,  14,  15,  17  :  -V.  at,  42,  43,  45,  46,  63,  70,  75,  92,  114,  120:  A. 
prepares  plans  for  its  defense,  46 :  political  parties  in,  62 :  pa- 
triotic schemes.  63 :  X.  assumes  leadership  in,  63 :  the  demo- 
cratic club  at,  6:J,  67,  70,  71,  75,  82,  108  :  withdrawal  of  French 
troops  from,  65 :  reorganizing  the  municipal  government,  67, 
70 :  attack  on  -V.  in,  70 :  disorders  iu,  70-72,  97-100.  106,  113 : 
claims  to  be  capital  of  Corsica,  74  :  political  movements  in,  95- 
99  ;  election  of  officers  in,  96,  97 :  popular  feeling  against  X.  in, 
99,  100 :  embarkation  of  Sardinian  expedition  at,  113 :  A',  de- 
mands allegiance  to  France  from,  118:  y.'s  plot  against  the 
citadel  at,  119-124  :  expedition  from  St  Florent  against,  120- 
123:  outburst  against  the  Bonapartes  in,  121:  A',  "s  cave  at,  125  : 
weakness  of,  153  :  A'.V  last  visit  to.  ii.  57 

Albania,  A',  offers  the  couutr>'  to  England,  ii.  261 

Albuera,  battle  of,  iii.  221 

Albufera,  Duke  of.    See  Suchet 

Alessandria,  <-'peniiig  of  the  road  to,  i.  1.52 :  military  operations 
near,  213  :  in  French  liands,  228  :  Melas  rallies  his  army  at,  ii. 
114,  116  :  topography  of  the  counti-y,  lir.,  117  :  Melas  retires  to, 
118 :  N.  concedes  to  the  aUies  at  Chatillon,  iv.  114 


Alexander  I.,  succeeds  Paul  I.,  il.  135:  waives  claim  Ut  .Malta, 
l:i5  :  hlwrates  English  ships,  ViTt :  his  bloody  title  to  the  throne, 
ii.  135,  203  ;  iiL  35,  36  ;  iv.  134  :  abandons  the  neutrality  policy. 
ii.  168 :  personal  relations  between  xV.  and.  168 ;  iii.  34,  36,  37, 39, 
45.  46,  54,  Gl,  79,  85,  86,  93,  94,  191,  19G,  236  ;  iv.  38,  40 :  pacifi- 
cation of,  ii.  170 :  ruptures  diplomatic  relation>«  with  France, 
199:  animus  toward  France,  211  :  greed  for  Oriental  empire, 
2U.  222,  223,  229,  262,  271 ;  iii.  33,  137,  182,  188;  iv.  'yj  :  attitude 
on  the  death  of  Enghicn,  ii.  211,  223 :  demands  indemnity  for 
King  of  Sanlinia,  211.  223  :  A".'**  words  of  wai-nlng  to,  222  :  de- 
m;tnd.s  indemnity  for  Piedmont,  223 :  undertakcb  peace  nego- 
tiations, 228:  his  scheme  of  redistribution  of  Europe,  228: 
England's  negotiations  with,  228 :  character  and  personality, 
228,  262 ;  Iii.  9,  38.  39,  '.»4,  i:«.  235,  236,  2C7  ;  iv.  47.  54,  99.  148 : 
recalls  his  peace  envoy,  ii.  229 :  brings  Pnissia  into  the  coali- 
tion, 242,  243:  at  Berlin,  242.  243:  relations  with  Frederick 
William  III.,  243  ;  iii.  49.  87, 151 :  prefers  one  of  Paul  l.'s  assas* 
sins,  ii.  245 :  at  Olinutz,  245  :  N.  opens  negi-'tiations  with,  246 : 
forces  the  battle  of  Austerlit^  246,  247  :  after  the  tiattle,  251 : 
deserts  Francis  I.,  251,  252:  interview  with  A'.,  252:  retreats 
to  Poland,  252  :  evacuates  Naples,  262  :  conscienceless  concern- 
ing teiTitories  of  others,  202  :  breaks  off  negotiations  with  A'., 
272  :  reject:*  theOiibril  treaty,  272,273  :  uncertain  attitude, 273: 
A'.  A'  insinuations  concerning  Queen  Louisa  and,  iii.  3,  49  :  com- 
mences operations  against  Turkey,  5  :  advances  tow;u-d  Prussia, 
7,  8:  Polish  attitude  toward,  9:  A'.«  doubts  about  his  move- 

.  inents,  10;  activity  after  Jena,  10:  offers  rewards  for  French 
prisoners,  14  :  devotion  of  the  army  to,  14,  15  :  interest  in  Con- 
stantinople, 29 :  meeting  with  A\  at  Tilsit,  34  et  seq.,  43-46 : 
N.'s  proposals  to,  35:  reminded  of  Paul  l.'s  death,  35:  in- 
vited to  make  a  separate  peace,  35 :  accepts  S.'s  terms,  35,  30 : 
promises  to  aid  France  against  England,  38:  deserts  Prussia, 
38 :  proposed  visit  to  Paris,  44  :  proposes  a  treaty  with  Turkey, 
44,  45:  on  Euiopean  politics,  45:  opinion  of  Louis  XVm,, 
45:  claims  concessions  from  N.,  48:  saves  Silesia  to  Prussia, 
48 :  acquires  Bielostok,  48,  49 :  refuses  to  seize  Prussian  ter- 
ritory, 53  :  parting  from  A",  at  Tilsit,  54 :  Savary's  intiuence 
over,  54 :  hostility  of  Russian  society  to,  54,  87,  94,  265  :  en- 
mity to  England,  59:  N.  proposes  matrimonial  unions  to,  76, 
139,  140,  190,  191 :  coquets  with  English  agents.  79 :  effect  of 
the  treaty  ('f  Tilsit  on,  80:  apprehensions  at  England's  ac- 
tions, 80:  seeks  to  abolish  serfdom,  80;  difficulties  of  his  po- 
sition, 80 :  demands  repiiration  for  Denmark,  81  :  declares  war 
on  England,  83;  repudiates  the  agreement  of  StolK>zia,  85: 
keeps  faith  with  A'.,  85  :  holds  A',  to  his  promises,  85  ;  ambition 
to  actiuirc  the  DanubiaTi  principalities,  85,  92,  93,  137,  191 :  ap- 
points Tolstoi  to  negotiate  with  A'.,  86:  declines  A^'s  offers, 
87  ;  essays  to  effect  the  liberation  of  Prussia,  87, 131 :  continues 
his  demands  on  A'.,  88,  89  :  A',  seeks  further  interviews  with,  91, 
93  :  court  intrigue  around,  92  :  receives  presents  from  A\,  92 : 
seeks  to  acquire  Finland,  92.  131,  137  :  breaks  off  negotiations 
for  interview  with  A'.,  93:  "stale-mated,"  94  :  humiliation  of, 
94,  236  :  Joseph  seeks  his  consent  to  acceptance  of  the  Spanish 
crown,  li>4:  uncertainty  concerning  A'.V  plans,  129:  approves 
A'.'s  coiu^e  at  Bayonne,  129  :  friendship  with  Caulaincourt,  129, 
131,  191 :  proposed  second  meeting  with  A'.,  129,  131,  132 :  in- 
fonued  of  the  capitulation  of  Baylen,  130 ;  influence  i'U  Em- 
peror Francis,  130 :  re- won  by  X.'s  promises.  130 :  remonstrates 
with  Austria,  130,  131 :  determines  to  exact  the  fruits  of  Tilsit, 
131 :  inteUectual  pretensions,  133:  meeting  with  A',  at  Erfurt, 
133  et  seq. :  dramatic  incident  at  performance  of  "  (Edipe,"  134  : 
apparent  success  of  his  demands  at  Erfurt,  137  :  hot  words  with 
A*,  at  Erfurt,  137  :  approves  of  X.'s  contemplated  divorce.  140  : 
relies  on  A',  to  gratify  his  ambitions,  150;  at  Konigsberg,  150, 
151 :  modifies  his  tone  to  Vienna,  151  :  neutrality  of,  174 :  gives  no 
supiKu't  to  Francis,  182  :  orders  invasion  of  Galicia,  182  ;  his  ob- 
servance of  Franco-Russian  treaties,  183. 188 :  advises  peace,  184 : 
A",  explains  the  treaty  of  SchOnbrunu  to,  188 :  hesitates  to  bo- 
troth  his  sister  to  A'..  190,  191 :  fears  the  loss  of  Sloldavia  and 
W  allachia,  191 :  chagrined  at  the  Austrian  war  and  its  results, 
191 :  anxiety  for  a  French  alliance,  191 :  attitude  concerning 
N.'$  second  marriage,  196,  240  ;  offers  Norway  to  Sweden,  21-% 
239,  243  :  discriminates  against  France  in  customs  duties, 
220 :  action  on  X.'g  occupation  of  the  North  Sea  coa.-^!, 
220:  resei-ves  his  family  ri^'hts  over  Oldenburg,  220:  refuses 
to  accept  Erfurt,  220  :  lilieral  tendencies.  235  :  friendship  with 
Cziirtonski,  235,  237  ;  iv.  20 :  ambition  for  equality  with  A'., 
iii.  236  ;  essays  the  r^le  of  European  mediator,  236  :  disgusted 
with  the  old  dynasties,  236 :  outwitted  by  A',  in  the  Polish 
negotiations,  236  et  seq.:  impending  rupture  with  A'..  236 
et  seq. :  rupture  with  X.  over  the  Polish  question,  236  et  seq. : 
refuses  to  restore  the  integrity  of  Pol:intl.  237:  pi-oposes  to 
accept  the  crown  of  Warsaw,  237  :  virtual  deehuTition  of  war 
against  France.  237  :  hopes  of  the  Poles  in,  238 :  A',  offers 
the  use  of  the  "  Moniteur  "  to,  239  :  A',  threatens  action  against. 


263 


2(i4 


INDEX 


Alrl.-uuUr  I.— cnnfi'niirtl. 
23!) :  |irci>ari-»  fur  war,  SRI :  proves  an  uiitnistwcirtliy  ally, 
a*n:  il.i.  niiiiiis  .Ml  ik'fcmlvi'  warfiiri',  ^40 :  ii<>.-lli..ii  as  to  llii' 
CuiitlMi  iiMl  S\»t.  Ill,  '.'ti^  JV.i :  .V.  warns  liiiii  of  his  iiiilitarv  pn-p- 
nratii.ns  JH":  liiiiK  an  clIiT  ..<  llii-  Kn-mli  ir.nm  to  Bcriia- 
dotU',  J*;! :  nioko  iiunlllli.'il  nlllaiuo  »ltli  rriiRsia,  2«;l :  I'Ifict 
of  Ills  iKilii-y  on  l'ru».-ia.  Hit :  ninkis  tornis  wllh  Tiirkiy.  244  : 
IHT8..nal  o.MiifilioM  « nil  Iho  war  of  IKli  'J4'J :  euiuisisions  by, 
•J411 :  ultiniatiini  in  Knuuo.  'H'.!,  'iVi :  |iropo8in  coiinUrttTuis  to 
y.,  iVl:  diluamU  iH'ttir  ImiiB  for  Swi-.lin.  'i'O :  invitid  lo 
I>r\-»<li'li,  Ml :  liiluaiiils  tlu'  cvotuatlon  nf  Prussia.  ar-O  :  ukase 
of  IKt,  11*10.  JSO:  his  iJenuan  lulvi.s.  r»  Maniiil.  S.iri :  allays 
trtiuMo  at  St.  I'fttreliun;.  2.V> :  flnaniial  ilinkullifs.  2.'ir) ;  luili- 
t-iry  p.illiv,  2.'.'.! :  n-pla. cs  Barclay  'li'  •''Hy  l.y  Kutusolf,  26() : 
Ills  lulvisiTB.  2<"v("s  2i;7:  sIKnt  stiaiUasintss,  ifiii.  2C7  :  reliKious 
•pirlt,  'iCu  :  i-onduct  Bft<r  the  capluro  of  Moscow,  2H7 :  deter- 
inincj  to  continue  the  wiir,  267  :  frieiidshiii  with  Ualitzin,  »~  : 
ttvatiueut  of  tyincli  prisoners,  iv.  8:  makes  terms  with  l>ruB- 
sla,  19:  gois  to  Vilna.  2tl:  pnijcct  to  iHcnme  kinj;  of  Poland, 
•JO :  ee»'k8  alliances  with  Prussia  and  Austria,  20 :  ahandous  the 
rolish  idea.  2<':  ambition  to  (kisc  as  liberator  of  Europe,  20; 
relations  with  Stein,  21,  ;I0  :  in  correspondence  with  York,  21 : 
necoliates  treaty  wllh  Spain,  .Inly.  1812,  211:  llettenilch  seeks 
to  embroil  him  wi(h  llernadotte.  2'.i :  advances  njiaiust  F.ugt'ue, 
W  ;  favors  annexation  of  Saxony  by  Prussia,  32  :  importance  of 
keepint:  him  hostile  to  Krance,  411:  .V.'»  attempt  to  negotiate 
with,  4a :  secret  meeting  with  .Metternich,  44  :  fatalism  of,  47  : 
Krancls  seeks  alliance  with,  47  :  jealousy  of  Austria,  4'.» :  medi- 
oirity  iu  military  alfaira.  'A :  in  military  council  at  Tmchuu- 
lK>rv.  S5  :  battle  of  Leipsic.  71.  72  :  anxiety  for  the  future  of  nb- 
B.>lutisni,  79  :  distrust  of  his  allies,  79.  So :  .lacobinism  of,  80 : 
dissatistied  with  Frankfort  terms,  SO  :  desires  reveiiRe  for  Mos- 
cow, tio:  cheeks  Bernadotte's  ambitions,  90:  encourages  Bor- 
uadolte's  ainliition,  90,  92 :  holds  the  balances  in  the  coalition, 
91  :  ambition  for  F.uropean  supremacy,  92  :  predicts  speedy  en- 
try Into  I'aris,  94  :  military  blunder,  90  :  designs  to  acr|uire  Ga- 
liciii,  VO:  poses  as  a  liberal.  99:  designs  regarding  rolaud,  99: 
desiR'S  to  comiuer  France,  99 :  forbids  the  restoration  of  Vaud 
t«i  Bern,  99,  li«i :  suspends  the  Congress  of  Cliatillon,  101 :  con- 
sents to  reopening  the  ("ongress,  102  :  activity  of,  115,  IIG :  pre- 
pares for  the  entry  into  Paris,  116:  terror-stricken  at  Arcis, 
lis:  attitude  toward  Austria,  122:  holds  a  military  council, 
122  :  Intrigues  with  Vitrolles,  122  :  eagerness  to  auuihilate  -V., 
122:  viohites  armistice  before  I'aris,  131;  orders  an  a^^saull. 
131 :  fears  .V.V  arrival  at  I'aris,  131 :  Talleyrand  sends  a  "  blank 
check  •■  to,  i;t3 :  leads  the  allies  into  Paris,  i:i3,  134  :  schemes 
for  French  government,  134 ;  the  representative  of  legitimacy. 
134  :  presides  at  the  council  for  [wace,  l;(4 :  deceived  by  the 
I'arlsians  reieption,  134  :  approves  the  Bourbon  restoration. 
134  :  laulainc<iurt  seeks  audience  of,  13.S  i:i(i :  Mannoiit's offer 
to.  13» :  hears  Talleyr.ind's  remonstrance  against  the  regency, 
142;  prcseutatlou  of  A'.'s  abdication  to,  142,  143:  hatred  for 
absolutism,  14:) :  hears  of  the  defection  of  X.'e  army,  143  :  re- 
vulsion of  feeling  in  favor  of  the  Empire,  143  :  refuses  to  ac- 
cept the  abdication,  145:  generous  iiiipulses,  148:  proposes  a 
home  for  .V.  in  Kussia,  14H  :  alleged  imlclicacy  of  his  visit  to 
the  Empress  at  Ramliouillet,  150;  boast  as  to  his  servants,  151, 
1.52 :  protests  t<i  Talleyrand  against  violations  of  treaty  oliliga- 
tioiis,  102:  determines  to  retain  ascendancy  in  the  coalition, 
173:  converted  to  the  legitimacy  idea,  212:  besought  lorA.s 
release,  217  :  coiTesiwindence  with  : — 

Galltzin,  Prince,  iii.  237  :  Ceoige  III.,  iii.  140 :  Marmont,  iv. 
13S;  Xapolcli,  iii.  90,  91,  9:),  129,  239,  2i;f.   , 

Alexander  the  Great,  X.  likened  to,  I.  202 :  iii.  242 ;  iv.  241 : 
X.  /  ailmir.ition  for.  11.  10.  31,  97,  lO.),  IIM  :  his  work  for  civiliza- 
tion, im,  liM  ;  iv.  223,  241 :  his  ideal,  iii.  242  :  the  cause  of  his 
undoing,  iv.  230 
Alexandria,  A'.«  >ncws  concerning,  ii.  31,  32  :  Nelson  seeks  the 
Eg)ptian  ex]>edition  at,  88 :  A'.'s  :irrival  at,  38  ;  capture  of,  39  : 
the  march  to  Cairo  from,  40 :  Adm.  Brueys  <irdcred  to,  42  ;  A'. 
at.  44  :  arrival  of  the  Khodes  expedition  at,  53;  F,ngli8h  fleet 
at,  55  :  ,V.  sails  from.  50  ;  England's  occupation  of,  17'9 
Alfleri,  Vittorlo,  sings  of  Italian  freedom,  ii.  149  ;  iv.  79 
Allen  Act,  r.nt'laii.l  s  jsisition  with  regard  to,  ii.  174 
AUonaar,  capituhitiou  of  the  Duke  of  York  at,  il.  63  :  capitula- 

Ui I,  '.13 

Alle,  River,  military  operations  on  the,  iii.  29-.'i2 

AUemand,  retreat  of  the  French  through,  iv.  123 

AllenbUTg,  Uennlgscn  collects  his  trooiis  at,  iii.  32 

AlUx,  J.  A.  F.,  at  Anverre.  iv.  125;  battle  of  Waterloo,  1% 

"All  the  'Talents,"  the  ministry  of,  Iii.  41 

Almeida,  si'  ge  and  capture  of,  iii.  218:  retaken  by  the  English, 

221 

Alpou,  River,  military  operations  on  the.  i.  238,  '2;I9 

Alps,  the,  Miilllaiy  ojicrntlnns  In,  I.  128,  2.5:1,  2i'.:),  '207  ;  ii.  105-113, 
I20,  lii  :  the  keys  i.f.  I.  200.  215  :  JYench  BU|ireinacy  in,  11.  00: 
Suvarotr's  liisasters  in,  1*3;  Hannibal's  jiassjige  of.  110:  road 
ai  ross  the  SiMiplon,  149;  Frances  "natural  boundary. "  iv.  HO 

Alsace,  Austria  driven  out  of,  i.  103:  royalists  In,  ii.  192:  Due 
d'Eiighlen'sconspinicy  in,  192,  195  :  regulalions  for  Jews  in,  ill. 
04  :  proi.oscd  ces-lon  of,  to  Austria,  iv.  99 

Alten,  K.  A.  von.  In  battle  of  W  aUrbHi,  Iv.  202 

Altenburg,  pence  negotiations  at,  iii.  1H3 

Altenkircnen,  baiiie  oi.  i.  2::5 

Alvlnczy,  Gen.  Joseph,  X.'n  ojierations  against,  I.  211;  com- 
manding Auslrian  forces  for  relict  of  Mantua,  230-240  :  defeats 
Mnss^'na  at  Baasano  and  Caldlero,  '2:17:  operations  against 
V.rona,  'i)7-240:  retreats  from  Caldlero.  '2:m;  openttions  on 
the  Adigc,  2.^1-254 :  the  Kivoli  campaiKii,  2M  et  scq. :  defeat  at 
KiToll,  'M  :  liees  to  the  Tyrol,  2S4 


America,  disquiet  oj  the  English  colonies  in,  i.  9 :  precedent  for 
France's  aid  to  English  colonies  in,  10;  English  ineiisures 
against  colonies  in,  11  :  Pjiynals  .piestion  concerning  the  dis- 
covery of,  70:  Mar.iuis  de  Hcauharnais  in,  1S9 ;  collapse  of 
FYcneh  sciiemes  of  coloniaitii>n  in,  ii.  163;  France  looks  to  her 
possessions  In,  179 ;  scheme  tor  a  Bourliou  monarchy  in,  iiL 
loi;.  Ill 

American  Embargo  Act  of  1807,  iii.  82,  83,  210,  211 

Americas,  Emperor  of  the  Two,  in.  90 

Amiens,  liie  treaty  of,  ii.  135, 149-151,  157,  167-109, 171-177, 179, 
ISl.  l.";!,  212,  22.5,  '2.58 ;  iii.  42  :  iv.  2;t2 

Amsterdam,  asked  for  loan  of  ten  millions,  ii.  102 :  smuggled 
comnierce  of,  iii.  203.  '2iM  :  Umis  permitted  to  return  to,  -207  ; 
removal  of  the  capital  to,  212  ;  march  of  I'lench  trooja  to,  212  : 
sends  deputation  ^l  I'aris  iv.  17 

Amurrlo,  t:en.  Victor  at.  ill.  142 

Anarchists,  in  France,  ii.  S8  :  assassination  schemes  among,  164 

Anarchy,  the  seed  o(  "a  pure  democracy, '  i.  244 

Ancients,  Council  of  the,  ic|iresenl  public  sentiment,  ii.  2 : 
members  of,  jii-oscribed,  6:  Sieyes  president  of.  23:  join  the 
Bonaiiartist  ranks,  08:  give  bamiuet  to  X.  in  St,  Sulpice,  08: 
share  in  Bonapartist  plots,  09 :  plots  of  the  18th  Brumaire,  09 
et  seq. :  endeavor  to  postpone  A'.'s  dictatorship,  70,  77  :  pass 
vote  of  conlldence  In  A'.,  78 :  adopts  the  Consulate,  83 

Allcona,  capture  of.  i.  '200:  imiiortance  of,  '202:  A',  at,  '262:  X. 
proposes  to  seize,  277  :  rise  of,  277  ;  fall  of,  ii.  93:  Austrian  oc- 
ciipation  of,  119:  seized  by  French  troops,  260:  annexed  to 
Italv,  iii.  68,  '.V4 

Andalusia,  Dnpont  advances  toward,  iii.  122:  withdrawal  of 
troops  from.  140 :  Sonlt  ordered  t^i,  219 

Andemach,  alteration  of  boundary  at,  ii,  14 

Andr6ossy,  Gen.  A.  F.,  service  in  Egypt,  11.  36 ;  accompanies 
A.  on  liis  return  from  Alexandria,  50 :  action  on  tile  18th 
Brumaire,  71 ;  ambassador  to  London,  177 :  despatch  fnun 
X.  to,  181  :  French  ambassador  at  N'ienna,  iii.  8 :  reports  Aus- 
trian activitv,  24  ;  inlluenie  in  Vienna,  25 

Ang^ly,  Regriault  de  St  Jean  d',  ilreads  a  new  Terror,  ii.  64 : 
member  of  the  council  of  state,  100:  prophesies  the  undoing 
of  France,  iii.  247 

Angerburg,  Lestoc4i  at.  iii.  14 

Anghiarl,  I'lovera  croiises  the  Adige  at,  i.  2.51,  254 

Anglas,  Bolssy  d",  quells  riot  at  the  National  Convention,  L 
108 

Anglo-Saxon  spirit  of  civilization,  iv.  225 
Angouieme,  Duchess  of,  ailionts  .Madame  Ney,  iv.  169 
Angouldme,  Duke  of,  proclaims  Louis  X\1II.  at  Bordeaux,  iv. 

114  .     ,.     ... 
Anne,  Grand  Duchess,  mentioned  for  marriage  with  A.,  iil 

139.  140 :  A',  seeks  her  liand  in  marriage,  191, 192 

Ansbach,  Bernadottes  movements  in,  ii.  234,  242 :  ceded  to  Ba- 
y.iri-.i,  251 ;  Angereau  coniinanding  in,  '270 :  French  violation  of 
territory,  iii.  50  :  military  movements  near,  iv.  76 

Anselme,  Gen.,  i-  I13 

Antlbes,  recinits  for  X.'e  army  from,  iv.  1G3 

Antilles,  scheme  for  population  of  tiie,  ii.  151. 1.52 

Antommarchl,  Dr.  P.,  assists  A',  on  his  history,  iv.  217 :  X.'t 
physician,  217,  218 

Antonelll,  Cardinal,  diplomatic  duel  with  I'ortalis,  ii.  221 

Antralgues,  Comte  d',  exposes  I'ichcgru's  treachery,  ii.  3.  4 : 
furnislies  pen-portrait  of  A'.,  18,  19 

Antwerp,  commercial  key  to  central  Europe,  iv.  SO  :  AT.  "loses 
bis  crown  for,  '  81 :  refused  to  France  by  the  allies,  99  :  X.  re- 
fuses to  give  lip.  101,  105 :  X.  concedes,  to  the  allies,  114 

Aosta,  an  ival  of  Lannes  at,  ii.  Ill 

Apennines,  military  operations  in  the,  i.  143,  213,  228;  ii.  63 

Apolda,  mililaiv  movements  near,  ii.  281,  28;t 

Apollonlus  of  Tyana,  A',  comp.ares  .lesus  Christ  witli,  ii.  133 

Aqua  tofana,  plot  to  poison  X.  with,  i.  258 

Arabia,  X.'k  attention  turned  toward,  i.  40, 49 

Aragon,  Frcm  b  occupation  of,  iii.  122  ;  military  goveniment  of, 
21;i :  captured  by  Suchet.  '221 :  French  possession  of,  iv.  15 

Aranjuez,  the  rcVolntion  at,  iii.  100-113:  Charles  IV.  s  court  at, 
1011,  107.  1119 

Arc  de  Triomphe,  erection  of  the.  iii.  62 

Arch-ChanceUor  of  State,  creation  of  the  office  of,  ii.  206 

Arch-Chancellor  of  the  Empire,  creation  of  tlie  olBcc  of,  11. 

2l»'. 
"Archive  Russe,"  cited,  i.  129 
AJrch-'Treasurer,  creation  of  the  oltbe  of.  ii.  200 
Arcis-sur-Aube,  Blucher  advances  on,  iv.  92  ;  X.  moves  to,  113- 

115  :  battle  ol,  114, 118. 119  :  jiroposed  concentnitlon  of  the  allies 
at,  110 ;  retreat  of  the  French  from,  118, 119 :  A'.'s  retreat  from, 
120:  French  capture  of,  121 

Arcole,  A',  at.  i,  211 :  the  lessons  of,  '242;  battle  of,  238.  239,  '246; 

ii.  92 
Ardennes  Mountains,  proposed  boundaries  for  Germany,  iu. 

24;l :  military  openti.ms  in  the,  iv.  174 
Ardon,  loss  of.  iv.  los 
Aremberg,  Duke  of,  marries  Mllo.  Tascher  de  la  Pagerie,  IiL 

UU 
Arena,  Joseph,  success  of,  in  Isola  Itoasa,  i.  04  :  member  of  the 

National  Assembly,  73  ;  banished  to  Italy.  94  :  Inlluencc  of,  138 : 

cliargnl  w  ith  conspiracy,  ii.  151 ;  execlltiini  of.  155 
Arenberg,  mcinber  of  the  Confediration  of  llic  Ithinc,  ii.  200 
Argenson,  Comte  d',  suggests  the  Suez  I'anal,  II.  31 
Argenteau,Gen.,  defeated  at  Dego  and  Monteliolte,  1.  216 
Aristocrats,  giiiiloiining  the,  L  148:  under  tlie  regime  of  the 

First  Consul,  il.  105 
Aries,  the  canal  of,  ii.  224 
Armed  neutrality,  tlie,  II.  134-130 :  Russia  abandong  the,  108 


INDEX 


2G;5 


Army  (French),  Ita  relation  to  the  throne,  I.  34  :  demoralization 
uii'I  •liscuiiU-iit  in,  uii«l  «)e6(-rli<>i(it  from.  'M,  3f>,  49.  50,  ho,  lol  ; 
iii.  11,  I'J.  17:(,  •.»J2,  'i'iJ.  '245,  J47,  iv.t ;  iv.  J,  7,  li,  'JO,  34,  :jr», 
40,  II,  .VJ-.Vs  :>'.».  (H»,  r.4.  tw,  7(;,  w,  i«.  Umi,  kh.  in,  I'iJ,  l'J4.  137, 
140,  15H  :  chiiiiKi-M  ii>  the,  I.  7d->tl  :  c><mpiiI»ory  survlce,  80,  Hi, 
1'^:  rtoivttniailidiulf  thf,  H4.!>l,W,lt.'i:  ivmilatluim,  171:  i»olit- 
iiiil  st-iitiiiii-iits  hi.  uiul  iitllueiiet  of,  1K3,  'Jtrj,  -jtU  ;  11.  2,  :i,  6'J,  70, 
irtl  ;  iv.  laT.  143:  iV.'v*  ri'l.itlnnii  with,  curu  for.  ainl  nliitnco  on, 
i.  21iO,  '-►23  ;  U.  ly,  yj,  101,  128,  ItJO,  .jai,  -J^'i.  'JfM,  2«V» ;  ill.  2,  3. 
44,  247 ;  Iv.  17,  22,  23.  6ti,  1*3,  141,  147.  14H,  20M,  220,  221.  22<i,  229  : 
iU  prestli;u  wcakt-iKMl  t>y  IHth  Kructhhir.  li.  ir> :  Ita  iimlnaprinu''^ 
of  actltin.  25:  iiupurtuncc  uf  S.'s  accurini;  iU  adhcsiun.  O'J : 
y.'H  nianiffstos  Ui,  im,  UX'i  :  contt-nipt  fnr  Uif  l^omoHliit,  V.VJ : 
quartered  in  ftirciKii  cuiiiitrics,  III  :  (lisit|i])L*arancc  o(  di»-on- 
tent  in  the.  20:i  :  creatitui  of  niartihuls  <.f  Kmnc-e,  20t'> :  coniill- 
atlnK thi'.  2(KS,  2(t7 :  iU  Uudenf,  234  :  tlfnt  .if  TrafalKar  on,  242  : 
effect  of  AubterliU  uii,  *2.'>4  :  Iho  aimy-chtat,  2(U,  20«  ;  Iii.  226: 
snl)^itttlnR  i>n  cunqiiereil  l'russl:i,  2  :  chaoKC  la  the  pemonnul  i>f 
tile,  11 :  veii;ility  of  (.ontractoiH,  II.  l:t :  Improving  the  conitniM- 
Siiry,  13:  strenytheiiinK  thf,2^:  cfiimtrsliip  of  corrtspondence 
front  the,  27  :  founding:  uf  niilitary  facti>rii'8,  27  :  mi>ruio  uftt-r 
Eylan,  40  :  jV-'itexhihitiuna  uf,  to  tlie  I'zjir,  44  :  pension  system, 
71 :  military  sehools,  74  :  its  lust  for  saclc  antl  booty,  121,  173  : 
ovei-conflilence  in,  178 :  the  aintini'-re  of  Hnsaco,  223  :  disci- 
pline in  Spain,  223  ;  '*  Marslial  8t'Kkp<.t's"  dcsertere,  22:1 :  ex- 
pense of  niainlenanee,  225,  2;J2  :  ita  LMjUipmunt  for  the  Russian 
campaign  of  1^12, 2-^3 :  A'.V  a<ldrosa  to,  before  the  Kusslan  cam- 
paiRii,  253  :  sufferings  in  Itussia,  255  ;  iv.  1  et  seq.:  vitalitj'.  13  : 
wrath  at  *V.'«  desertion.  14  :  scheme  for  supporting,  24  :  ijuality 
of  the  new  (181:)),  33  :  juvenile  soldiers  in,  63,  54,  65  :  corrup- 
tion in  the,  54 :  lack  of  pay  for,  54  :  effect  of  lonp  campaiuning 
on  the  generals,  55  :  dwindliuj;  numbers  of,  04  :  dearth  of  mili- 
tary supplies,  H6:  ankbilinn  amouR  the  minor  generals,  137: 
revival  of  Bonapartist  UiUiik  amoii^r  the,  159:  returns  to  X.'s 
standard,  166 :  nor^'anizati'.in  of,  171 :  its  morale  at  Waterloo, 
194  :  ,V.V  farewell  adiire^s  to  the,  208,     See  also  CoNSCRlPTlos 

Army  of  Catalonia,  service  on  the  Rhine,  iv.  90 

Army  of  Egypt,  advances  on  SjTia,  it.  46:  abandoned  by  iV.  in 
L^r^T't.  55:  A«ini.  liruix  sent  to  relieve  the,  55:  Its  desolate 
pli:,'bt,  55.  56 

Army  of  England,  the,  creation  of,  ii.  16 :  X.  general  of,  16,  23  : 
on  tiiewatcTiat  Boulogne,  32, 33:  tlieright  wingof,  34  :  strength, 
185  :  ordered  t"  march  to  the  eastward,  232 

Army  of  Helvetia,  iJicorporated  into  the  Army  of  the  Rhine,  ii. 
92 

Army  of  Holland,  freed  for  active  service,  ii.  97 

Army  of  Italy,  e<iUipment  of  the,  i.  116  :  campai^ni  in  the  Alps, 
12K  :  .V.  ,<  service  with  and  command  of,  129,  134,  140,  151,  193- 
195,  206 :  question  of  its  sustenance,  141 :  strength  and  organ- 
ization, 142  :  N.'s  plans  for  the,  144  :  Corsicans  in  the,  149  :  A'.'s 
monograph  on.  172  :  promised  liooty,  204,  205,  208 :  the  question 
of  its  emidoymeiit.  206,  207  :  joined  to  that  of  the  Pyrenees, 
207  :  destitution  of,  20S :  strength  (1796),  209  :  pillage  in  the,  211 : 
reinforced  from  Vendee,  2;J6 :  jiopularity  of,  259  :  growini;  arro- 
gance of  the,  ii,  2:  reinforced  by  the  Army  of  the  Alps,  6: 
specidatious  as  to  further  employment,  21  :  restrained  from  pil- 
lage, 28 :  Moreau's  service  with,  49  :  division  of,  and  disaster,  60 : 
frauds  in,  62:  commanded  by  Massena,  92,  120:  scheme  for 
raising  money  for,  102 :  X.'s  manifest^i  t«i,  104, 105  :  its  Hue  of 
operations,  105 :  service  on  the  Rhine,  iv.  90 

Army  Ot  Silesia,  contemplated  movement  against,  iv.  67 :  con- 
templated Miovoment  of,  69 

Army  of  the  Alps,  Xapoleou's  plans  for  the,  i.  144  :  combined 
with  Ariiiv  .>f  Italy,  ii.  6 

Army  of  the  Danube,  under  command  of  Jourdan,  ii.  49 

Army  of  the  East  (Allies),  iv.  52 

Army  of  the  Elbe,  formation  of,  iv.  28 

Army  of  the  Interior,  the,  i.  179 :  X.  made  second  in  command, 
18:: :  -V.  re  rgaiiizes,  1S5  :  1796,  208 :  commanded  by  Augereau, 
ii.  4 

Army  of  the  Main,  formation  of  the,  iv.  28 

Army  of  the  Netherlands,  senice  on  the  Khine,  iv,  90 

Army  of  the  North,  conquers  the  Atistrian  Netherlands,  i.  163 : 
in  IT'.')'.,  'z^fj :  operations  on  the  Rhine,  268 :  Barras's  schemes  in 
regard  to,  ii.  4 

Army  of  the  North  (Allies),  in  Brandenburg,  iv.  52 :  contem- 
platetl  movement  against  the,  67 

Army  of  the  Pyrenees,  transferred  to  Jlaritirae  Alps,  i.  206 : 
jomed  t.»  that  of  Italy.  207 :  service  on  the  Rhine,  iv.  90 

Army  of  the  Reserve,  <  -rdereil  to  I  taly .  it  106-108 :  expected  to 
attack  Melas.  110:  crosses  the  Alps,  110-113 

Army  of  the  Rhine,  the  (French),  X.  seeks  to  join,  i.  129 :  X. 
fails  of  admission,  i:y :  commanded  by  Citizen  Beauhamais, 
190  :  the  question  of  its  empU»ymeut.  206 :  fails  to  support  X. 
in  Italy,  2tj9 :  destitution  of,  ii.  4  :  Augereau  commander  of,  5: 
disbande*!,  23 :  Moreau  commanding,  92 :  X'.'s  manifesto  to,  104  : 
contempt  for  the  Concordat  in,  151  :  the  San  Domingo  expedi- 
tion selected  from,  152 :  X.'s  methixi  of  quelling  opposition  in, 
151-153  :  weakened  to  ensure  success  in  Italy,  188 

Army  of  the  Rhine  (Archduke  Charles's),  i.  263 

Army  of  the  Sambre  and  Mouse,  wins  battle  of  Fleuros,  t 
163  :  campaii^iiin.:  in  the  Alp^,  2r.;i :  brought  to  Paris,  ii.  4 

Army  of  the  South  (Allies),  iv.  62  :  pursues  Murat,  70 :  Auge- 
reau attempts  to  hinJer,  119 :  Francis  joins,  at  Lyons,  121 

Army  of  the  Tyrol  (AustrianX  retreats  to  head  waters  of  the 
Euns,  iii   lt'.7  :  Archduke  John  ordered  to  join,  167 

Army  of  the  Var,  i.  ii3 

Army  of  the  West,  the,  y.  ordered  to  join,  i.  ISfi :  .V.  refuses 
to  serve  in,  166, 177  :  untler  Iloche,  20S,  209 :  reinforces  the  Army 
of  Italy,  236 :  freed  for  active  service,  ii.  96,  97 
Vol.  IV.— 36 


"Army  Organization,"  A'.'<  essay  on,  Iv.  2I7 

Arnault,  A.  V.,  i<  P'Hh  .V.>  speech  to  Barraa,  U.  73  :  *'  Memoirs" 
.d,  III.'JM  ;  r^c.r.N  interview  Let  Ween  Mine,  de  Stael  and  A'.,  22« 

Amdt,  E.  M.,  nietiiburof  the  reform  purty  In  iTuiutla,  IL  270:  hU 
war-cry  of  "  Freedom  and  Austria,"  111.  151  :  inspires  to  Ger- 
man unity,  iv.  31 

Arrlghi,  Oen.  J.  T..  wounded  at  Acre,  H.  62 

Art.  A'.*"  plunder  of  works  of.  i.  225,201,  276:  revival  of,  IL  166: 
X.  ad  v  In.  8  III' (lurugeriient  of,  222 

"Art  and  History  of  War,"  A'.>  easay  on,  II.  217 

Artillery,  A. >  study  and  use  of,  L  AH;  ii.  117:  ondltluu  In  1796, 
210  :  its  u.^e  Hi  Wagram,  Hi.  177  :  us.-  of,  at  Ixipsic,  Iv.  71,  74 

Artisan  class,  at  nutbreak  of  the  Revolution,  L  5:t,  54 

ArtOls,  Count  of,  leads  emigrant  royalists  against  France,  1.  178  : 
retiiMii  to  I.ii-land,  1^2:  Hclietiii-M  for  the  restoration  of,  11.  154: 
complicity  in  the  Cadondal  eonnplrucy,  IW  :  refrains  from  en- 
tering France,  192  :  doubtful  courage  of,  192,  19:» :  huni»*cted  of 
plotting  In  I'aris,  193 :  A',  determines  U>  seize.  193  :  hiii  plots  in 
I'aris,  199 :  supposed  capture  of,  Iv.  125 :  enters  Paris,  148  :  re- 
ception in  Lyons,  l6r». 

Asia,  France's  interest  In,  li.  11 :  X.'g  schemes  of  conquest  In, 
42:  Russia's  audiition  in,  102,  126:  England's  vulnerabltUy  fn, 
iii.  90 :  proposed  invasion  of,  91  :  X,'s  scheme  to  drive  Russia 
into,  252  :  the  partition  of,  iv.  245 

Asia  Minor,  prnjiu^ed  military  opcnttions  in,  iiL  91 

Aspem,  til.  advantau'e  of  position  at,  ii.  117:  battle  of,  Iii.  ICO- 
171,  17H,  179  :  monument  in  churchyard  of,  173  :  losses  at,  174  : 
military  operations  near,  175:  captured  by  the  Austrians,  176 

Assembly  of  Notables,  I.  54 

Assvria,  the  history  of,  iv.  242 

Astl,  t'-poi-nipUy  of  country  near.  ii.  117 

Astorga,  Uritish  troops  at,  iii.  145, 146  :  A',  at,  14C,  152 ;  Ncy  at,  146 

Astrakhan,  proposed  Indian  expeditions  via,  ii.  134 

Asturias,  rel.rllion  in,  iii.  121  :  tlight  of  Blake  into,  144 

Asturias,  Prince  of,  leads  revolt  against  Godoy,  iii.  59:  con- 
spiracy of  his  father  against  his  succession,  60,  101  :  arrest  of, 
60,  100:  proposed  French  matrimonial  alliance  for,  60,  9'.f-10.'», 
113 :  character,  i>Hjpularity,  and  following,  99 :  seeks  X.'s  aid, 
99,  100:  mentions  his  mother's  shame,  100:  commissions  the 
Duke  del  Infantado,  100:  trial  and  release,  101  :  pardoned  by 
his  father,  101 :  Charles  IV.  abdicates  in  favor  of,  107.  See 
also  Fehmnani*  VII. 

Astyanax,  the  King  of  Rome  likened  to,  iv.  117,  130 

Atheists,  in  the  >atioiial  Conventi*  n,  i.  148 

Athies,  caj.ture  and  recapture  of,  iv.  108,  110 

Atlantic,  X.'s  mastery  of  ports  on  the,  iii.  203 

Attila,  X.  likened  to,  i.  273,  274 

Aube,  River,  militarj'  operations  on  the,  iv.  92,  94, 104, 113, 114, 

117,  119,  121 

Aubry,  Francois,  royalist  intrigaesby,  i.l65 :  JIT.'sviudictivenesa 

towai-d,  171, '173 

Auerstadt,  battle  of,  ii.  280-283 :  Prussia's  humiliation  at,  iii. 
49  :  Davout  created  Duke  of,  71.     Sec  DavoCT 

Augereau,  Gen.  P.  C.  F.,  a  product  of  Camot's  system,  i.  202 : 
general  of  diWsion,  Army  of  Itiily,  208 :  defeats  Austrians  at 
Millesimo,  215  :  at  Lonato,  233  :  battle  of  Bassano,  2:i7  :  at  Ve- 
rona, 2:17  :  battle  of  Arcole,  23H,  239  :  battle  of  Lonato,  241 : 
driven  into  Porto  Legnago,  2.11 :  the  Rivoli  campaign,  251,  254 : 
commanding  Army  of  the  Interior,  ii,  4:  takes  command  in 
Paris,  4,  5  :  events  of  the  18th  of  Fructidor,  5 :  commanding 
Army  of  the  Rhine,  5 :  opposes  A'.,  23  :  blunders  in  southwest- 
ern Germany,  25:  commaudingin  thePyTenees,  25, 30:  Jacobin 
candidate  for  supreme  command,  64 :  falls  to  attend  banquet 
at  St.  Sulpice,  68:  offers  serWces  to  A'.,  74:  pttsition  ou  the 
Main,  124  :  dangerous  position  after  Holienlinde!i,  125  :  at  Con- 
cordat celebration  at  Notre  Dame,  138,  139  :  victory  at  Castl- 
gUone,  207  :  created  marshal,  207  :  plan  nf  naval  cxi)edition  for, 
213 :  commanding  in  Germiuiy,  234 :  exasperates  llie  people  of 
Ansbach,  270 :  near  Coburg,  278 :  battle  of  Jtna,  2.^0.  281 :  at 
Golynim,  iii.  12 :  strength  in  Poland,  13  :  in  the  Eylau  cam- 
paign, 17.  19-21 :  wounded  at  Eylau,  21 :  venality.  67  :  created 
Duke  of  Castiglione,  71:  income,  71:  service  in  Spain.  217  :  in 
campaign  of  1813,  iv.  34:  battle  of  Leipsic,  73:  coufronting 
Buhna  at  Geneva,  91 :  sent  to  Eugene's  assistance,  91 :  waning 
loyalty  of,  91,  93  :  repulses  Bubna  from  Lyons,  98  :  moral  ex- 
haustion of,  10:i :  letter  from  X.,  103 :  driven  back  to  Lyons, 
109 :  strength,  110  :  incapacity,  119  :  evacuates  Lyons.  119,  120 : 
X.'n  kindness  toward,  120 :  contrasted  with  Suchet,  120 : 
strength,  March,  1814,  125 :  available  forces,  137 :  transfers  al- 
legiance to  Louis  XVTTI..  147,  152  :  lueeting  with  A',  near  Va- 
lence, 152:  alleges  patriotism  as  cause  of  his  desertion,  152: 
attainted,  165  :  A*. '«  forgiveness  for,  218 

Augsburg,  military  movements  near,  iii.  158,  159 

Augusta  of  Bavaria,  marries  Eugene  de  Beauharnais,  iL  257 

Aujezd,  militarv  operations  at,  iL  250 

AuUc  Council,  i.  263,  266 ;  ii.  105,  236 

Austerlitz,  battle  of,  ii.  245  et  seq. ,  275  :  the  lessons  of,  252,  253 ; 
iii.  259  :  '*  the  sun  of,'  iL  253 ;  iii.  260 :  reception  of  the  news  iu 
England,  ii.  2H :  meeting  of  the  sovereigns  after,  iii.  36  :  fruits 
of  the  battle,  88  :  TallejTand's  policy  after,  99 :  A'.'s  terms  after, 
128 :  Alexanders  pliableness  after,  266 :  the  battle  compared 
with  that  at  Leipsic,  iv.  77 :  interview  between  Francis  and 
X.  at,  72 

Austerlitz,  Bridge  of,  in  Paris,  iii.  62 

Austin,  John,  on  the  Napoleonic  Code,  il.  143 

Austria,  hampered  by  .alliances,  L  9:  campaign  against  France, 
•Si :  France  declares  war  acainst.  100,  110 :  relations  (alliances 
and  nei,'otiations  for  muttial  supiwrt)  with  Prussia.  102  :  ii.  251, 
268 ;  lit.  174,  181,  243.  251 :  captures  Lafayette,  L  105 :  effect  of 
military  successes,  115 :  military  operations  against,  in  Pied- 


266 


INDEX 


AualTiii—citUinur't. 

mont.  lit:  i>artitinnof  FolAnd,  131.  2fi2:  MMW^nn's  cAmpalKii 
«irii'i-t.  IKI  MiK  Mini;  of  lu'StiIitU'8  utniinst,  ua  :  t'litcre  (■ciuh'bi' 
(<  r  -11  of  tt])t'rutioris  :i^:iinst.  ](>5  :  defcatc*!  iit 

\\  .  .HIS  KJ:  tliivni  <>ut  nf  Alsaii',  liJ'M  ri-lu- 

(t,  .lli:iiK-fi»  ui)>t  iit-r:"tiutUiiis  with,  and  siili 

aidK.^  ii.  ui,  101.  2'.'^ :  iL  Ittt,  105.  121,  li*.  'Jio.  230,  231 ;  iii.  W, 
12*<,  i.'-o.  KM,  IW,  17-1:  iv.  i^  10(»,  Ift",  170:  uniiisticf  lictwoL-n 
Frail  ..hi.  i  1'''  :  I'lfiicli  svlii-iiK'8  iipiiiiBt,  175:  dffrute*!  by 
l*rn  :       tit  Kriii)>  e,  11)7  :  ruliktiiMis  (ullliiiices  and 

1), .  .il  t<up]K>rt)  widt  KiiAsiu,  IVK,  202:  H.  30, 

4-j,  -il,  2;i;( ;  tii.  l:w.  2;i7,  2-ll»,  25l  ;  Iv.  21,  4R, 

47  :  niuciiu;i  ul  military  oiKTiitUum  jif;aiiiHt,  i.  20<i :  ti|H'nitionH 
III  I'll  dinoiil  ill  17i*4.  2<Ki :  plans  fnrovtTtlinm  of,  20'.t :  forces  of, 
st>p:tratt-d  from  .Sanhnians,  211 :  A',  dictati-a  Utiiib  to,  at  Lt-o 
bi'H.  211  :  military  oiwriitious  in  Lombardy,  213-220:  diftated 
at  Moiitfuottc,  215:  army  si-paralfd  fru«i  HedmuiilfSf,  2ir> : 
crushed  at  l.odi,  21i'.  220:  violiitee  Venetian  nentrality,  2rJ, 
220:  treaty  witli  Venivr,  22»i :  outgeneraled  by  -V.  at  Mantua, 
227  :  tlie  system  of  ealiinet  eanipuigniiig  In  vogwe  in,  231  :  in- 
terest ill  lK»«!lso^sion  of  Mantua,  232  :  losses  in  eampaiKn  btfore 
Mtiiiinn,  234:  temponiry  nssation  t>f  bostilltii-a  between  Kraiue 
luid,  210:  Fnuu-o's  inlenHt  in  tbi-  hnmlliation  of.  24.'» :  military 
enthUhiiisiu  in.  2.'>0:  fourlb  attempt  to  retrieve  position  in  Italy, 
260:  Spain  allie*!  with  Frame  against,  2ti0 :  precarious  eoiidi- 
tioii  ol  foreign  relations,  262 ;  majjniflcenee  of  her  oj)iM»sition 
to  France,  'JOa  :  eovtts  Vi  intiaii  territory.  2G5  :  reuecupitv*  Triest 
and  Huiite.  2<J*< :  England  blamed  for  trouble  between  France 
aiid,  2<VJ :  treaty  of  Leoben,  2r.',i-272 ;  seeks  to  ret-ain  Modona, 
270 :  seeurea  po'ssesslim  of  Venetia,  270-273 ;  ii.  2G  :  proposes  to 
reoo^rnize  the  Fn-nch  rei)Ublic,  i.  271 :  defeated  by  lloche  on 
the  lUiiue.  271,  272:  rupture  of  the  coalition  with  Enghuid, 
272 :  X.  otters  Venice  to,  277  :  intluenoo  of  .V.  in,  278 :  desires 
rvtitoratiou  of  tlie  Slilaiiese,  270:  schemes  of  £ui-(>peaii  reor- 
ganization, 270;  iii.  2.''..  38,  44,88,01,151;  Gen.  Clarkes  mis- 
sion to,  i.  28^> :  releases  Lafayette,  283 :  N.  lias  free  hand  in 
uegoiiatioiis  with,  ii.  4  :  tlnal  negotiatiimii  with,  0:  activity  of, 
9:  treaty  of  Campo  Formic,  12-14:  Carnot's  desire  for  peace 
witJi,  13 :  Venice  seeivs  to  continue  war  with.  16:  Conjo'ess  of 
Rjistjitt,  18,  Gl,  02,  100,  IDl :  humiliation  of,  24,  170 ;  iii.  4,  84, 
163,  165,  193,  195-197  :  attitude  ot  Frederick  the  Great  towtud, 
ii.  27  :  acquisition  of  Swiss  territory,  27  :  to  be  restrained  from 
iDtcrft-rence  in  Konie,  28:  declines  reriproclty  with  France,  28: 
favors  secularization  of  ecclesiastical  principalities,  28 :  dis- 
turbed  feeling:  in,  28,  20  :  Bernadotte's  embassy  to,  28,  29,  35  : 
Fiance's  demands  on,  concerning  the  i'>ourbons,  20:  .strained 
relations  betv*een  France  and.  29:  alliance  with  Turkey,  40: 
violates  the  Helvetian  Republic,  49:  relations  (strained  or 
hostile)  with  Prussia,  50,  109,  232;  iii.  24,  40;  iv.  80,  01,  02: 
scheme  to  dismemlter  UavariHf  ii,  01 :  nnlitary  operations  on  the 
Af1i;:e,  02 :  niitilar>'  openttions  on  the  Rhine.  62,  03  :  joins  the 
si'Coiid  coalition,  02,  \*0,  03.  94  :  defeat-s  Massena  at  Zurich,  and 
Juulurt  at  Novi,  63  :  incurs  the  ill  will  of  Paul  I.,  03,  120,  134  : 
holdings  in  Italy.  05:  duplicity  v\ith  Russia,  05:  Russia  in- 
censed at,  102 :  Frances  senices  to  I*russia  against,  102:  mill- 
tar>"  situation  at  beginning  of  1800.  105:  Moreau  ordered  to 
move  against,  107  :  system  of  tactics  pursued  !)y,  108  :  defeated 
at  Knuen,  100:  successes  in  Italy,  110:  quality  of  her  troops, 
117:  battle  of  Marengo,  117-119:  negotiates  for  jieace,  119, 
121 :  agrees  to  evacuate  northern  Itjily,  UO:  armistice  between 
France  and,  119,  122:  interest  to  abamlon  England,  121:  X. 
proposes  general  armistice  to,  121 :  seeks  concessions  in  Italy, 
122:  raises  new  troops,  122:  N.  determines  to  j>ro8ecnte  the 
war  with,  122;  iwisition  behind  the  Inn,  124:  signs  Peace  of 
LuinJville,  125:  her  line  in  Italy,  as  fixed  at  Lun6ville,  125, 120: 
aniiistice  of  Steyer,  125 :  battle  of  Hohenlinden,  125 :  signs  sep- 
arate peace,  125:  Kiss  of  power,  120:  the  spiritual  principali- 
ties in,  126:  Russia's  jealousy  of,  126:  aspirations  concerning 
Bavaria,  126:  ecclesiastical  influence  in,  169:  shitfe  in  redistri- 
butions of  1802, 170 :  Ney's  check  on,  176 :  proposed  occupation 
of  Malta  by,  182:  A'.'#  preparations  for  striking,  186:  truckles 
to  France,  100:  withdraws  troops  from  .Swabia,  199;  acijuiesces 
in  creation  *>f  French  cmijire,  20* :  represented  at  N.'&  court 
at  Aa^-hen,  210:  X.'h  designs  against,  214,  215,  222:  recuperat- 
ing, 222:  pretext  for  war  between  France  and,  220  :  Francis's 
title  and  p-iwers  curtailed,  226;  the  sanitary  cordon,  228: 
popular  dislike  of  Kussla  in,  22H :  Alexander's  scheme  for  com 
peniiating,  22H  :  apprehensions  of  bising  Venice,  220  :  falls  into 
A.>  tnip,  229,  2^t0;  army  reforms,  2;J0:  mobilizes  troops.  2:10 ; 
her  ambitions,  230  :  herdisanuanient  demamled,  232  :  A',  threat- 
ens to  march  to  Vienna.  232  :  abused  in  Paris  newspajiers.  232  : 
declaration  of  war  against,  232:  iteclares  war  against  France, 
Sept.  3.  18(15,  X\:i :  strength,  23:t,  2.'14  :  her  line  of  defense,  234  : 
popular  opitdoii  of  A',  in,  2:i5 :  capitulation  of  I'lm,  235,  230: 
junrlion  of  troops  at  Marburg,  '*'.if> :  outKCueraled  by  A'.,  243  : 
urives  the  Elector  of  liavaria  from  Muidcli,  243  :  battle  of  Alls- 
terlitz,  240  et  wq.:  ilbfeeting  between  Russia  ami,  246  :  threat- 
eneil  with  I<>bb  of  Venetia  ami  the  Tyrol,  251  :  accepts  X.'s  terms 
for  an  armistter,  251  :  A.  <i  scheme  t*i  cr^uh,  251,  2.V2  :  suspected 
briber)'  of  Talleyrand  by,  251,  262 :  pays  war  indemnity  to 
Frnnee,  252  :  cessions  by.  252  :  acuuires  .Salzburg  and  Hen  lit'  s- 
gadeii,  252  :  surrenders  Venice  to  France,  252  :  losses  at  Annter- 
lllz,  253:  strippi-d  of  leadership,  254:  neiitralizUioti  of  her 
power.  259:  Francis  I.  declares  himself  hereditary  empemr, 
261  :  prol.  ctorof  Kagnsa  261,  262  :  deniondizatlon  of  the  anny. 
'272:  rehabilitation  of,  iiL  4:  n<-utrality  between  Ru^kIu  and 
Turkey,  5  :  anxiety  coneeniing  Polish  lands,  H  :  otfer  of  .Silesia 
til.  8,  24  :  rehiilves  on  iicutridlty,  H,  0  :  Turko-lVrslim  alllanee 
against,  Zi :  A*.  |iro)K)sei  alltanee  with,  24,  25  :  hostile  prepara- 
tions, 24  :  proposal  for  a  new  coalition,  25  :  proposes  t4>  act  as 


Austria  — eoii/iniu'd. 
mediator,  26 :  shrewd  attitude  of,  25  :  throws  troops  on  frontier 
of  Calicia,  25  :  ondtted  from  the  Continental  iil>mpu8,  38  :  A'.*a 
object  to  hnndliate.  39:  interest  in  I'olaiid,  40:  partition  of,  44, 
48 :  her  position  after  Tilsit,  4*  :  proiRised  eommereial  war 
agaiubt  England,  48;  oIFcnded  dignity  of,  55:  treaty  of  Fon- 
taineblean,  t>ct.  10,  1807.  84:  outward  subserviency  to  France, 
84:  X.'k  attitinle  toward,  84:  military  reorpuiijiation  of,  84, 
128,  130,  153,  154  :  proposed  neutralization  of.  01  :  the  situation 
in,  04  :  awakening  of  the  national  spirit  in,  108  :  encouraged  to 
revolt,  124,  127,  128. 138  :  ellect  of  the  Hayonne  negotiations  on, 
127  et  seq.:  hereditary  rivalry  with  France,  128:  beliiyerent 
tone  in,  128.  138,  150,  151 :  necessity  for  her  rejircssion,  1:10 :  Jv. 
and  Alexander  remonstrate  with,  130-132:  A',  propnses  alliance 
with,  132-  to  be  held  in  check  by  Hussia,  i;(2  ;  compact  between 
RviKsia  and  France  agiunst>  137  :  Kussia  urged  to  occupy  part 
of,  138  :  transformation  of,  HO  et  seij.:  the<ierman  tuuvenicnt  in, 
150  :  oi)portnnity  to  lead  a  revolt  against  A'.,  151  :  failure  of  nego- 
tiations with  tYance,  153  :  change  of  plan  of  camimign,  154, 158  : 
Napoleonic  ideas  in,  155  :  Archduke  Charles's  proclamations, 
155  :  intoxicated  with  success,  l.Vi :  the  tifth  war  with,  157  et  seq.: 
her  aggressions,  105  :  e.\tingui»<hnient  of  her  hoi)es  in  Italy,  167  : 
claims  the  battle  of  Aspern,  lT:t :  losses  at  Wagram,  178  :  plague 
in  her  army,  183  :  U*  reduce  her  army,  184  :  cession  of  territory, 
184:  y.'s  terms  of  peace,  1K4,  185:  A',  contemplates  alliance 
with,  184,  180, 191,  192 :  reduced  to  a  second-chiss  iK>wer,  184, 
193,  195,  196  :  desire  to  assassinate  A',  in,  185:  recognizes  A'.'« 
acquisitions  in  Spain,  Portugal,  and  Italy,  185  :  joins  the  Conti- 
nental .System,  186  :  A',  chooses  a  matrimonial  alliimce  with  the 
House  of,  189:  necessity  of  placating,  105:  good  feeling  to- 
ward France,  196  :  democratic  tendencies  in,  106  :  distriltution 
of  the  lands  taken  from,  204  :  brought  into  the  Napoleonic  sys- 
tem, 20t'> :  bankruptcy  of,  232  :  alliance  with  France,  230,  237  : 
interest  in  stirring  up  strife  between  France  and  Russia,  238 : 
pro-Russian  party  in,  238,  230  :  A'.'.v  I'eply  to  Francis's  retiuest 
for  assistance,  239  :  Alexander  seeks  the  favor  of,  240:  foments 
hor-tile  feeling  between  Russia  and  Fnince,  240,  241 :  seeks  ter- 
ritoi  ial  aggrandizement  at  cxijcnse  of  Turkey,  241  :  contem- 
plates nentrality,  2-13  :  overawed  by  A.'k  preparations.  243  :  con- 
tributes trtM>i)S  to  tlie  French  lU'my,  243 :  stipulates  for  territo- 
rial enlargement,  243 :  furnishes  troops  for  Russian  camjmign 
of  1812,  240  :  agricultm'al  distre^ss  in,  249  :  ac<iuireB  Galicia,  251 : 
attitude  of  her  trtnips  toward  Russia,  259 :  A',  suspicious  of,  iv. 
19  :  narrow  escape  at  Essling,  10  :  Alexander  seeks  .lUianee  with, 
20:  value  of  her  alliance  U*  l-Yance,  25,  2*» :  Roman  Catholic  in- 
lluence  in^  26  :  proposed  surrender  of  lUyria  to,  27,  38,  44  :  hos- 
tility to  A.  in,  28,29  :  Saxony  turns  toward,  28,  32  :  Metternich's 
diplomatic  schemes  for,  20  :  refuses  to  enter  coalition  against 
France,  29  :  N.  offers  to  subsidize,  29:  A',  seeks  aid  from,  to 
check  Kutusotf,  29 :  proposes  to  act  as  mediator,  29,  37-40,  43, 
44,  40,  47  :  wooed  for  the  coalition,  31  :  secret  agreement  with 
Saxony,  32  :  rejects  A'.'*  otfer  of  tsilesia,  32  :  hostile  neutrality 
of,  35  :  A'.'«  attitude  toward,  36  :  pivc>tal  in  Euro])ean  ])olitics, 
35,  39.  40:  growing  strength,  36,  47-19:  abandoned  by  Saxony, 
37  :  proposed  surrender  of  Dalmatia  to,  38  :  luoposcd  reetillca- 
tion  of  her  western  frontier,  38;  mitwits  A'.,  41,  50,  51,  59: 
gathers  troops  In  Bohemia,  42  :  the  allies*  reliance  on,  43  :  fear 
of  A'.,  43  :  Nesselrode  demands  her  adherence  t^)  tlie  coalition, 
43:  a^randizement  by  royal  marriages,  44:  to  be  pledged 
never  to  side  with  France,  44:  i)rojM'Scd  enlargement  of,  44: 
secret  treaty  of  Reiclienbach,  44,  45,  48  :  throws  otf  the  mask  of 
mediator,  46  :  duplicity  of,  40 :  regeneratii'U  of,  47  :  seeks  to  re- 
gain ascendancy  in  Gernuiny  and  Italy,  40  :  A.'«  agents  in,  49: 
A',  attempts  to  bribe,  49,  50:  declares  war,  49,  50:  Hamburg 
ami  Triest  offered  to,  50  :  takes  the  lead  among  the  allies,  54  : 
strength,  64  :  N.  seeks  alliance  with,  50, 02  :  saved  by  Schwarzen- 
berg  from  invasion,  03  :  A',  olfers  terms  to,  65 :  sclieme  to  re- 
store status  of  1806,  66  :  concludes  alliance  of  Sept.  0,  1813,  66  : 
seeks  to  regain  prcdondnance  in  Itjdy.  72  :  rise  of  her  Prussian 
rival,  77  :  desires  peace,  80  :  demands  Italian  territory,  80  :  at 
the  Congress  at  i-'i-ankfort,  80:  tro(»p3  on  the  Rhine,  89,  90: 
forms  alliance  with  Murat,  90  :  the  Czar's  designs  to  check,  09  ; 
violates  Swiss  neutrality,  99  :  susiiieious  slowness  of  her  move- 
ments, 100:  eager  for  an  aindstice,  101. 1(f2,  105:  A',  endeavors 
to  separate  Russia  from,  105:  tieaty  of  Chaumont,  KHi :  the 
triple  alliance,  106  :  attitude  toward  A'..  115  :  N.'n  dread  of  cap- 
ture of  the  Emjtress  by,  117  :  party  to  the  treaty  of  Fontainc- 
bleau  (April,  1H14),  148  :  weight  of  her  yoke  in  Italy,  156  :  nego- 
tiates secret  treaty  with  England  ami  Fiance,  157:  Invited  to 
take  part  in  the  cMmmation  of  the  King  of  Konie,  105  :  nuMnl>er 
of  the  Vienna  Coalition,  170:  quota  of  troops,  170  :  refuses  help 
to  France,  171  :  the  campaign  of  the  Hundred  Days,  174  et  seq.: 
claimsthegloryof  annihilating  A'.,  205:  claims  the  right  of  over- 
8e<  ing  (he  imprisonment  nf  A'.,  213  :  loss  of  Italian  ti<rritory,  247 

Austria -Hungary,  the  rise  of,  iv.  247 

Austrian  Netherlands,  the,  defeat  of  the  I'Vench  in,  i.  100: 
the  revolutionary  spirit  in,  110  :  Dnmourlez's  successes  in,  116: 
fYeneh  conquest  of,  163 :  surrendered  to  France,  ii.  14.  See 
alsoRKUiiiM 

Autun.  A.  at,  i.  19,  22,  25.  20 ;  iv.  106  :  the  Binmapartes  at,  i. 
22  :  Talleyrand  bishop  of,  ii.  22 

Auxerre,  military  movements  near,  iv.  94 :  Imperial  forces  at, 
125  :  Ney  rejidns  A.  at,  165,  106 

Auxonne,  A',  at.  i.  4K,  49,  58,  59.  70,  8I-8:),  134 :  disturbances  In, 
58,  59,  87  :  A',  seeks  to  be  retained  at,  85 

Avignon,  the  Girondists  at,  i.  128:  A',  arrives  before.  128  :  Jacobin 
siege  lit.  128  :  A'.'w  life  at.  128,  129  :  annexed  to  Fi  ance,  '2m :  the 
l*«qir  asks  compensation  for  the  loss  of,  ii.  l;to  :  lost  to  the  Pope 
at  the  peace  of  Tidentino,  208  :  resilience  of  Plus  VII.  at,  iv.26: 
Augcreiiu's  neglected  guns  at,  110 :  plots  to  assassinate  A',  at,  162 


INDEX 


267 


Azanza,  M.  J.  de,  King  Jofioph's  Spanish  minl»ter  at  Farls,  111. 

■2U'> 

Azaxa,  Chevalier  J.  N.  de,  reprt'BoiiU  Hpaln  ut  Amloiis,  li.  Ifi8: 

lit  tin-  Tiiilcrifa,  Miircli  13,  IH)W,  IHI 
Azores,  proposition  to  Uoport  tlie  Kniperor  to,  Iv.  107 


B 

Babylon,  the  liistory  of,  iv.  242 

Bacciocchl.  Mme.,  litemry  roterle,  if.  \CA :  ac(|u!rc«  the  duchy 

o(  l.ih  I  a,  JJT.     SiL-  also  BmSAI'AItTK,  M  AUIKAN  SKELISA 

Bacclocclii,  Pasquale,  nmrrit-:«  FJifta  huonapartu,  i.  lU'i 

BachelU  in  l.ittlc  ..f  Wattrl*"..  iv.  lltfl,  198 

Bacon,  Francis,  .V.V  study  nf,  it.  36 

Badajoz,  Soiilt'iit  capture  of,  iii.  21U  :  Eiifflish  sicgo  and  stomiinj; 
of,  -j-ji.  -in.  ■-»42 

Baden,  viulation  of  her  neutrality.  J.  lO.*! ;  ii.  211,  233:  nmkes 
IK'acf  with  France  (ITWX  i.  2;J.%  27C> :  rehitiuuH  willi  Riissi:i,  ii. 
170:  BtrengtIii-'ninK  of,  170:  rt^siduncc  of  the  l>iic  d'F.UKld*  ri  in, 
192:  French  expedition  to,  l'J4 :  news  of  the  Hue  d'Kuk'hien's 
arrest  in,  195 :  friendly  rel.Uions  with  France,  243 :  ac<|uircs 
territory  after  Austerlit;:,  2.'t2 :  snhservience  to  Fnincc,  2M, 
260:  created  a  separate  kin^fdom,  257 :  memlierof  the  Confed- 
eration of  the  Roine,  200,  201:  supplies  contini^ent  for  S.'tt 
army,  ii.  261;  iii.  244:  allotment  of  Austrian  Iniids  to,  204: 
turns  from  A",  to  the  allies,  iv.  79 :  position  in  Germany.  246 

Bagration,  Gen.  Peter,  holds  Mnrat  at  ll>dlaiirnnn,  ii.  244  :  in 
Imttle  '•(  Austt-rlitz,  J.^o  :  in  caniimi;:n  of  Kylau,  iii.  19  i  called 
in  by  liiirtla)  *ie  T'dly,  2r)4  :  inovenicnts  on  the  Dnieper  and 
Pripet,  254 :  contemplated  junction  with  Barclay,  255 :  esUib- 
lislu'S  communication  with  Orissa,  255:  driven  east  by  Davout, 
25i'. :  junction  with  Barclay  at  Snioletisk,  25.5,  250  :  plan  of  junc- 
tion witli  Barclay  at  Vitebsk,  250  :  battle  of  Smolensk,  257 

Ballly,  Jean  Sylvaln,  mayor  of  Paris  i-  57 

BalCOmbe,  Mr.,  entertains  A',  at  St.  Helena,  iv.  215 

Balearic  Isles,  A',  offers  them  to  England,  ii.  201,  262 

Balkan  Peninsula^  Russia's  ambitions  in.  iii.  230 :  rescue  of  the 
peopK-  of,  iv.  ^47 

Baltic  Sea!,  the,  Enghmd's  operations  in  and  on,  ii.  135 ;  iii.  20, 
34.  :J5,  79.  H4»,  9;J :  gateway  of,  5S:  Spanish  military  movements 
on,  116;  A'.'»  mastery  of  ports  on,  203:  efficient  blockade  of, 
impossible,  214 

Baltimore,  Jerome  Bonapai-te's  residence  in,  ii.  164 

Bambei^,  Austrian  troops  at,  ii.  234:  A'. '»  military  route  through, 
274 :  concentration  of  troops  in,  iii.  158 

Bank  of  England,  suspends  specie  payments,  i.  283 :  scarcity  of 
money  in,  iii.  2;i2 

Bank  of  France,  organization  of,  ii.  89,  140, 141 :  the  R^caniiors 
and  the,  206.  267:  compelled  to  lower  ita  rate,  iii.  61,  62: 
plethora  of  silver  in,  232 

Barbary,  plots  of  the  pirates  to  seize  A'.,  iv.  160 

Barb^-Marbois,  F.,  proscribed,  ii.  5:  minister  of  finance,  137: 
Slate  ti\  ;isnrer,  141 :  minister  of  the  treasury,  265 

Barbels,  ;;uerrilla  l>:inds  of,  i.  228 

Barcelona,  French  troops  at,  iii.  105 :  Duhesme  besieged  in,  142 : 
besic^r.i  liy  Vices.  143 

Barclay  de  Tolly,  M.  A.,  proposed  movement  against,  iii.  254  : 
calls  in  I'.aL'i  ation,  ■j.>4  :  retreats  to  Drissa,  254 :  junction  with 
Bagi-atiun  at  Smolensk,  255,  256 :  plans  to  meet  Bagration  at 
Vitebsk,  250  :  battle  of  Smolensk.  256-258  :  takes  stand  behind 
the  Uscha,  257  :  retreats  toward  Moscow,  257 :  charged  with 
German  bias,  260:  succeeded  by  Kutnsoff,  260:  retained  as 
militaiy  adviser,  260:  restored  to  chief  command,  iv.  32,  40: 
battle  of  Bautzen,  39-41 :  with  the  Army  of  the  South,  52  :  battle 
of  Lcipsic.  71  :  aihises  pursuit  of  A'.,  122 

Barere,  Bertrand,  exiled,  ii.  228. 

*'  Bargain  of  Famine,"  the,  i.  49,  53 

Barbam,  Adm.,  naval  administration  of.  ii.  238 

Baring,  Major,  in  battle  of  Waterloo,  iv.  litfi,  198 

Bamabe,  lU-  lans  Brumaire  illegal,  ii.  151 

Barras,  Jean-Paul-Francois-Nicolaa,  relations  with  N.  and 
inUucnce  ou  his  career,  i.'l3o,  139, 173. 175, 177. 179, 193, 199 ;  ii. 
15,  20.  23  :  iv.  220.  2:16.  2:i8 :  in  siege  of  Toulon,  j.  136,  137  :  op- 
poses Robespierre,  148  :  influence  among  the  Tbeniiidorians, 
151:  leader  of  militarj-  committee  of  the  Convention,  162:  a 
Dantonist,  173  :  iu  social  life.  173, 199:  commander-in-chief  of 
Convention  forces.  179 :  claims  the  honors  of  the  Thirteenth 
Vendemiaire,  180,  182;  resigns  his  command.  183:  member  of 
the  Direct^»ry,  l)s6.  202 :  character,  186.  199.  200 ;  ii.  23,  62  :  in- 
timacy with  Josephine  Beauhamais.  i.  101 :  connection  with  A'.".f 
marriage,  192  :  brilteJ  by  Venetian  ambassador,  272  :  dissatisfied 
with  treaty  of  Leoben,  272 :  learns  of  Pichegru's  treachery,  ii. 
4 :  plan  to  bring  troops  to  Paris.  4  :  clamors  for  peace,  13  :  tie- 
rides  Camofs  suj^estions,  13 :  responsibility  for  the  18th  i-Yuc- 
tidor,  15 :  responsibility  for  the  13th  Vendemiaire,  15  :  approves 
the  treaty  of  Carapo  Formio,  16 :  charged  with  tami>ering  with 
Bemadotte.  29:  intrigue  with  A'.,  Talleyrand,  and  Siey^s  for  a 
new  constitution,  33:  suggests  that  A',  assume  a  dictatorship, 
33 :  warns  AT.  to  leave  Fnmce  for  Egypt,  35 :  resignation  ami 
fall  of,  09, 73,  78,  81 :  N.'s  charges  against,  before  the  Ancients, 
77,78 

Barry,  Mme.  du,  relations  with  Talleyrand,  ii.  22 

Bar-sur-Aube,  military  movements  near,  iv.  94,  104,  116.  121, 
126:  naiTow  escape  of  Francis  at,  120:  iV.'»  march  tlirough,  126 

Bar-sur-Omain,  Ondinot  at,  iv.  126 

Bartenstein.  Fi  i-nch  occupation  of,  iii,  17 :  military  movements 
ncjir.  19  :  treaty  of,  iii.  24,  25,  35 

Barth^lemy,  F.,  member  of  the  Directory,  ii.  1 :  imprisonment 
of,  5 


Basel,  treaty  of,  I.  164  ;  ii.  131 :  III.  Ofl:  nlt^^ration  of  )>onndary 
at,  il.  14  :  republican  propai^anda  In.  27  :  Invfujun  nf  Frunrc  via, 
iv.  91,  <.»2:  hear|<|uiirlerH  uf  the  alljis  at.  9h  :  Hchwiu);eiibcrg's 
communicutfons  with,  threatened,  120,  121:  Uimb  of  Knuimus 
in,  220 

Bassano,  defeat  of  Wumiser  at,  i.  235 :  Alvlnczy  defeatu  Ma»«^na 
at,  2:t7  :  battle  of,  2:J7:  creation  of  herediliiry  duchy  of,  Ii.  255: 
Mani  cr.iitrd  l)uk«M.f,  ill.  71.     Sec  al^o  Mahkt 

Basseville,  N.  J.  H.,  killed  in  Rome,  1.  155,  229,  2fl«) 

Bastla,  niiidu  a  seat  of  Ki^ivennnunt,  1.  11  :  A',  at,  46 :  radical  In- 
tluriicesin,  62  :  patriot  Huccetu  tn,  04  :  tradition  concerning  A'.'f 
connection  with  evenU  at.  64  :  sliare  in  annexation  of  CofHlca 
to  France,  6«i :  I'ardl'B  return  to,  IW:  revolutionary  movements 
In,  72  :  dechired  the  capital  of  Contica,  74  :  dlnordeni  in,  '.4  :  iV. 
sails  frimi.  May  2,  1792,  loO:  A',  riers  V*,  120:  under  domination 
of  SHlieelti.  121  :  Krcnrh  pow)  r  in,  12;t :  iniprfimnment  of  C«ir- 
sIcimH  in.  149  :  F.nglisli  capture  of,  I.M  :  Ni-lKon  at,  ii.  42 

Bafltllle,  tbe,  destruction  of,  i.  56,  57,  91 :  ctlebrntinnB  of  the 
Bt^irnilng  of,  102  :  ii.  127 

Batavlan  Republic,  the,  fommtlon  of,  1. 164: -an  appanage  of 
l-'rance,  197:  na\at  <lefeat  at  <'amperdouri,  it.  25:  dependence 
on  France,  25:  levy  of  trotJps  and  war  miiterlal  on,  25,  2») :  An- 
gh>Kus.''ian  force  forced  t^i  evacuate,  0:1 :  h>yalty  to  A'.,  97  :  a 
new  constitution  fr>r,  150:  regains  colonies,  150,  168:  Engliah 
eir<irt8  t*'  discredit  France  lu,  169.    See  also  liOLtAKD  ;  Nkth- 

KKLANPS 

"Battle  of  Dorking,"  ii.  185 

Battle  of  Five  Days,  iii.  103 

"  Battle  of  tbe  Nations,"  iv.  77 

Bautzen,  baitk-  uf.  iv,  39.  40,  53:  fatal  results  of  the  French 
victory  at,  40.  41 :  A',  moves  toward,  62:  the  Young  Ouard  ordered 
t<^  03 :  A',  nicknamed  from,  64  :  boy-soldiers  at,  65 ;  the  armistice 
after.  81 

"  Bautzen  Messenger-Boy,"  the,  iv.  64 

Bavaria,  treaty  with  France  (IT.n'.X  i.  279:  Austria's  pazeon,198; 
ii.  120,  2;{n.  2;i3  :  Austria's  scheme  to  dismember,  61  :  Suvaroff 
driven  from  Italy  to,  93:  Mort-au  ordered  toilrive  the  Anstrians 
into.  107 :  thecami>aiiai  in,  I24et8e(i.:  negotiations  with  France, 
130:  acquires  Pasaau.  170:  relations  with  Russia,  170:  Alex- 
ander I.  8  scheme  of  giving  to  Austria,  228 :  A',  threatens  to 
enlarge,  232,  251  :  Austrian  troops  in,  234  :  the  Elector  driven 
from  Munich  by  Austria,  243:  friendly  relations  with,  subser- 
vience and  military  support  to  France,  ii.  243,  254,  200,  201, 
274;  iii.  11,  151,  152,  158,  214,  245,  240;  iv.  23:  a^-quires  Ans- 
bach,  ii.  251 :  created  a  separate  kingdom,  251,  252,  257 :  acquires 
territ^^ry  after  Austerlitz,  252  :  member  of  the  Confederation 
of  the  Rhine,  260,261:  joins  in  the  war  against  Prussia,  274: 
defeated  at  Innsbruck,  iit.  156 ;  A'.'*  success  in,  174  :  Maria 
Louisa's  progress  through,  197 :  allotment  of  Austrian  lands 
to,  204:  losses  of  her  soldiers  in  Russia,  255  :  Roman  Catholic 
influence  in,  iv.  26  :  hesitates  to  furnish  new  levies,  28  :  Auge- 
reau  commanding  troops  of,  34:  national  spirit  in,  64:  revnl- 
sion  of  feeling  against  France,  64,  00.  09,  79,  91 :  part  in  the 
campaign  at  Leipsic,  76:  position  in  Gemiany,  246:  battle  of 
Hanau,  76  :  the  campaign  of  Waterloo,  174  et  seq. 

Bayanne,  Cardinal,  at  Paris,  Iii.  58 :  his  demands  on  behalf  of 
the  Pope,  94 

Baylen,  capitulation  of,  Pnpont  at,  iii.  122, 124,  130 

Bayonne,  formation  of  new  French  army  at,  iii.  90,  100,  104 :  N. 
goes  to.  111,  112:  Ferdinand  VII.  at,  113:  trial  tif  Ferdinand 
at,  114 :  end  of  negotiations  at,  115 :  convocation  of  Spanish  no- 
tables at,  117:  ultimate  faihire  of  X.'s  work  at,  118:  N.  at, 
Nov.  3,  1808,  143 :  etfect  of  negotiations  at,  144 :  the  decree  of 
1S08,  210  :  Soult  shut  up  in,  iv.  79 

Bayreuth,  A',  at,  ii.  275  :  Ney  at,  278  :  Davout's  force  in,  iii.  167 

"  Beaucaire,  the  Supper  of,"  i.  129, 130 

Beauderet,  inilitnry  movements  near,  iv.  184 

Beauhamais,  Marquis  Alexandre  de,  marriage  to  Josephine 
de  la  Pagerie,  i.  ls9 :  service  in  America,  189:  separated  from 
his  wife,  1K9  :  commander  of  the  Army  of  the  Rhine,  190  :  par- 
tial reconciliation  with  Josephine.  190  :  elected  to  States-Gen- 
eral, 190 :  president  of  National  Assembly,  190 :  denunciation, 
imprisonment,  and  execution.  190 

Beauhamais,  Eugene  de,  birth  of,  i.l89:  early  life,  191:  in- 
terposes to  reconcile  Josephine  and  A'.,  ii.  58 :  viceroy  at 
Milan,  229:  ordered  to  organize  troops  on  the  Adige,  232: 
marries  Augusta  of  Bavaria,  257  :  expels  the  Knglish  from  Leg- 
horn, iii.  57  :  letter  from  A*,  to,  57,  58  :  presents  ultimatum  to 
Pius  VII.  57,  58  :  formally  adopted  by  A'.,  103  :  viceroy  of  Italy, 
10:J :  defeated  by  Archduke  John,  156  :  letter  from  A*,  to,  161 : 
commanding  in  Italy.  163,  104  :  character,  164  :  at  Villach, 
168 :  at  Bruck,  174  :  drives  Archduke  John  into  Hungary-,  175  : 
battle  of  Wagram,  176,  177 :  guards  the  Marchfeld,  181 :  exe- 
cutes Hofer's  sentence,  186 :  otters  anmesty  to  the  TjToleans 
186  :  informs  Josephine  of  the  impemling  divorce,  189 :  share 
in  the  Austrian  marriage  negotiations,  194  :  acquires  princi- 
pality of  Frankfort,  204 :  vicert>y  of  Italy,  214 ;  a  grand  duchy 
created  for,  244  :  strength  of  his  corps.  Slarch.  1812,  246 :  con- 
templated moveme^  by.  254 :  battle  of  Borodino.  201  :  defeats 
Kutusoff  at  Malojai^lavetz.  260.  270 :  l)atlle  of  Wiazma,  iv.  3 : 
the  hero  of  the  retreat  from  Moscow,  4,  5 :  at  Krasnoi,  0 :  junc- 
tion with  Ney,  6  :  succeeds  Murat  in  command,  21,  27  :  reorga- 
nizes the  amty,  27  :  withdraws  to  llerlin,  27  :  retires Ijchind  the 
Elbe,  27  :  establishes  headquarters  at  Leipsic,  27  :  A'.V  instruc- 
tions to,  28  :  to  guard  Holland,  28 :  Alexander  advances  against, 
29:  strength  in  the  Saxon  campiUKU  of  1M13,  34  :  junction  with 
AT.,  35  :  ordered  to  raise  a  new  anny  in  Italy,  38,  43 :  driven 
over  the  Adige  by  Hiller,  79 :  checkmatetl  in  Italy,  91  :  battle 
of  Roverl.ello,  91  :  eonclutleS  armistice,  91 

Beauhamais,  Francois  de,  French  minister  at  Madrid,  con- 


268 


INDEX 


Beauhtimais,  Francois  de—con<inM«i. 
iiei'tion  witli  Kt-nlinaiid's  conspiracy,  lit  100,  101 :    conducts 
intrtjrties  for  tli>-    IN'rtujruose  throne,  102:  opL-ns  the  eyes  of 
<_;(><lfy,  1(^1  :  :itivi-.c.-  K«.Tilin:uul  to  };o  to  llnyornu'.  Ill 

BeauharQalS.  Hortense,  I'irth  of,  i.  189  :  early  life,  191 :  in- 
t<TiH>!ii  s  t"  itc-iiiRJU'  JoM-plitne  ami  A*.,  tl.  5^:  iniuries  Louis 
Itoiiai:trtf.  H-4  :  iii.  •2iMu     Sei  al»->  lUoXAl'AliTt:,  llniiTKSSK 

Beauliarzials,  Josephine,  >'Kial  life  in  rariB,  i.  i7;j:  N.'s  Iu- 
fatuution  f.T.  an.l  murrl:i;:e,  18S-li>G ;  ii.'ilS:  liirlli  and  early 
life»  i.  1S9-1'.>1 :  rharaeleristica.  IS'.*-!?^:  imprUonmunt,  IIH) : 
returns  to  Martinique,  IW :  rfturns  to  >Yanee,  190:  intimacy 
with   n;UT!ls.  I'.tl.      See  also  It^tSAI'AKTK,  j4>SErmNK 

BeauhiimalS  family,  proposed  alliance  between  Ferdinand  VII. 
ami,  lii.  i'l'-lOl :  ^hHre  in  the  Austrian  marrinpo  negotiations,  194 

BeauUeu,  J.  P.,  coniuumdinp  Austrian  army  in  Ixuubardy,  i. 
■JKi  'J19:  fttta.  ks  I^diarpe  at  Voltrl,  213,  215:  falls  back  on 
Ae«|ui,  2ir> :  .V.V  openitiona  against.  216-220:  military  genius, 
217:  defense  of  Milan,  217-219:  oulllankeil  at  Piarenza,  218: 
retreati*  to  the  Miiicio,  219  :  seizes  rcschiern,  219.  22fi  :  thwarts 
JV'.V  plan,  219:  violHt<.'S  Venetian  neutrality,  226:  his  army 
scatt.rc.l.  2;il 

Beaumont,  inilitar>'  operations  near,  iv.  174 

Becker,  Gen.,  acci>mpanle8  A',  to  Kochefort,  iv.  208 :  urges  A'.'« 
value  lis  a  general,  208 

Beet-root  sugar,  production  encouraged,  iii.  65 :  jV.'«  interest 
in,  2;t2 

Belce,  Canon,  vice-president  of  the  Directory  of  Coi-sica,  i.  73 

Belgium,  proposals  to  estnldish  a  republic  in,  i.  115 :  plunder  of 
w.irk-s  of  art  from,  2'2,"» :  X.'ti  iK)Iicy  eoucerning,  265 :  ceded  to 
FYnnre  by  treaty  of  Loobeu,  271 :  Englami's  elforts  to  release, 
279 :  Knnoe's  interest  in,  279 :  England's  eniiccssions  as  to,  iL  8 : 
incorporated  with  France,  101  :  the  Code  Napoleon  in,  143 : 
public  works  in,  224 :  visit  of  A',  and  Marin  Louisa  to,  iii.  206  : 
mediocrity  of  soldiers  of,  iv.  64:  the  allies  refuse  to  give  tlie 
countrj'  to  France,  99 :  A',  entreated  to  abandon,  101 :  A',  re- 
fuses to  give  up,  104,  105  :  cauipait:n  of  Waterloo,  174  et  seq. : 
provisions  for  defense  of,  175 :  weakness  of  her  troops,  193, 
19*^,  197.    See  also  Austrian  Netherlanps 

Belle  Alliance,  French  van  at,  iv.  188  :  A',  at,  100,  191,  193  : 
t-ii.>;;i-ipb>.  I'.'l  :  the  l-Ycncb  position  at,  193:  fighting  at>  2(W 

Bellegarde,  Gen.  H.  de,  supersedes  filclas,  ii.  122 :  on  the  Slincio, 

122 

*' Bellerophon,**  the.  Napoleon  embarks  on,  i v.  209,210,239:  sails 
for  Torbay,  210 :  goes  to  Pl>'mouth  Sound,  210 :  in  Torbay,  213 

Bellesca,  organizes  rebellion  in  favor  of  D«>n  John,  iii.  97 

Belleville,  defense  of,  iv.  131 

Belliard,  Gen.  A.  D.,  carries  the  news  of  surrender  of  Paris  to 
the  Finpcror,  iv.  12H,  135:  advises  a  return  to  Lorraine,  136: 
transfers  his  allegiance  to  Louis  X■\^II.,  147 

Bellingham,  John,  assiL-^sinates  Mr.  Perceval,  iv.  16 

Bellinzona,  Austrian  tone  nt,  ii.  Ill :  ftloncey  arrives  at,  113 

BellOWitZ,  military  opt-rations  near,  iL  249 

Belluno,  LuHinnandi-ivLii  beyond,  i.  207:  creation  of  hereditarj' 
duchy  of,  ii.  2."m  :  Vict-.r  created  Duke  of .  iii.  71.     See  ViCTOU 

Belt,  tile,  dirtlculties  of  Remadotle's  crossing  the,  iii.  93 

Belvedere,  Gen.,  forces  near  liurgos,  iii.  143 

BeneventO,  r:ilb>rnnd  created  lYince  of,  ii.  256  (see  TALLEV- 
KAMO:  lie-tni.iiou  of  mag.azlnes  at,  iii.  146 

Bennlgsen,  Gen.  L.  A.  T.,  assassin  of  I'anl  L,  ii.  245 :  com- 
mantling  Kussian  forces  at  Breslau,  245  :  battle  of  Pultusk.  iii. 
12,  14  :  gencral-in-chief  of  the  Knssian  army,  14.  15:  position 
at  Szuczyn,  14  :  turns  back  Ney  from  Konigsberg,  14 :  attempts 
to  reach  Dantzic,  15  :  attempts  to  destroy  Ney,  15  :  defeated  at 
Mohrungen,  15  :  military  genius,  15,  28 :  campaign  of  Eylau,  17 
ct  seq. :  captures  French  courier  at  Eylau,  19  :  retreats  to  Kon- 
igsberg. 21  :  hampered  for  men  and  fumis,  23  :  moves  a^iainnt 
Sey  on  the  Passarge,  29  :  retires  behind  the  Alle,  29  :  strentzth, 
Bununer  of  1807, 29 :  battle  of  Heilsberg,  29,  30 :  injurious  delays 
by,  31:  battle  of  Friedland,  31,  32:  abandons  Heilsberg,  32: 
confesses  ilefeat,  32  :  retreats  across  the  Nicmen,  32  :  reinforce- 
ments for,  32:  proposes  an  annistice,  34,  35:  commanding  in 
Poland,  iv.  52:  reaches  Teplitz,  CG :  in  battle  of  Leipsic,  74 

Berchtesgaden,  apiM)rtioned  to  the  Grand  Duke  of  Tuscany,  ii. 
170:  ct(re4l  to  Austria,  252:  embodied  in  the  Confederation  of 
the  lChin< ,  iii.  184 

Bereslna,  battle  of,  compared  with  that  of  Friedland,  iv.  77 

Beresina,  River,  the  crossing  of  the,  iv.  5,  7-13 

Berg,  Grand  Duchy  of,  quoti  of  men,  ii.  261 :  French  seizure 
of  lands  near,  2T:t :  vassalage  to  France  recognized  at  Tilsit,  iii. 
47:  the  tJnmd  Duchess  iiuarrels  with  Queen  Hortense,  1^9: 
scheme  to  Ineorpfirati-  it  with  France,  204  :  Louis  Napoleon 
created  Oraiid  Duke,  213:  the  French  regency  of,  iv.  48: 
French  influence  in,  49 

Bergamo,  the  revolutionary  movement  In,  1.  265,  269,  270 

Bergen,  battle  (»f,  ij.  63 

BergdrCB.  lilucher  retreats  to,  Iv.  97 

BerUer,  M.,  aaslsts  in  preparation  of  the  Code,  11.  143 

Berlin,  cohsternatiun  in  (1797-98),  il.  2h  :  SieyiV  mission  to,  28: 
French  jmrty  in,  1(»2  :  the  visits  of  Alexander  I.  to,  242,  243  :  iH. 
3:  war  feeling  in,  ||.  •2l\  :  A',  refuses  to  treat  ontaide  of,  iii.  1, 
6:  A*.'j(entr>'fnto,  3  :  A.  receives  Polishdeputation  in,  H  :  French 
occupation  of,  17  :  centralization  In,  iv.  13  :  Eugene  at,  27  :  the 
Priifisbin  court  removed  U>  Hreslau  from,  :10:  patriotism  In  tlie 
university,  31  :  defense  of.  32  :  propo8e<i  allotment  of,  to  Jerome, 
39 :  threaU-ned  by  (Midinot,  42  :  England's  diplomacy  in,  45 : 
French  denionstratloiis  against,  51  :  Itulow  commanding  at,  52  : 
overestimate  of  ItJi  strategical  value,  54  ;  Itliicher's  road  to, 
blocked  by  LanriRt4>n,  56:  failure  of  Oudlnot  and  MiU'donnId  in 
movt-mcntH  iiuainftt,  59-63  :  A'.  detenuincB  to  march  on,  62,  63  : 
jMHiBllile  movement  toward,  69 


Berlin  Decree,  the,  iii.  6.  6,  40,  42,  43,  82,  95,  209,  244 

Berlin  University,  iii.  83 

Bern,  treaty  <>i  Leoben  to  be  ratified  at,  1.  271 :  proposed  congress 
at,  ii.  13,  i4  :  capture  of  the  city.  27  :  Frencli  intervention  in, 
27  :  the  plundering  of,  27  :  French  military  arrogance  in,  2s : 
atlenipt  to  restore  the  constitution  of,  iv.  99 

Bemadotte,  Gen.  J,  B.  J.,  military  successes  of,  i,  163 :  a  pro- 
duet  ol  I'arjiofs  system,  202  :  conunamling  Army  of  the  Sambre 
and  -Meuse,  263:  storms  Gradisea,  267:  communicates  Piehe- 
gru's  treachery  to  Uarras,  ii.  4  :  ambassador  to  Austria,  2S,  29, 
35 :  chai-ges  of  venality  concerning  his  mission,  2:t :  recalled, 
29  :  characteristics,  29,  63  ;  iii.  241 ;  iv.  52,  00:  marries  Desirce 
flarj*,  ii.  29 ;  iii.  215:  ordered  to  the  middle  Rhine,  ii.  60:  de- 
velops the  couseriiition  schemes  of  Carnot,  63,  64  :  secretary  of 
war,  ('•3,  64:  counterplot-s  on  the  IHth  Ilnimaire,  74:  plans  to 
bead  a  force  at  St,  Houd,  74 :  creat^'d  marshal,  207  :  ordered  to 
Gottingen,  232  :  commanding  in  Gennany.  %H:  marches  to  In- 
golstadt,  234 :  watches  the  itussian  army,  235 :  violates  lYus- 
sian  neutrality  at  Ansbach,  242:  in  battle  of  Aust^rlitz,  217, 
249  :  created  Prince  of  Pontc  C'orvo,  256  ;  iii.  71 :  at  Lobenstein, 
ii.  278 :  defeats  Uohenlohe  at  8chleiz,  279 :  at  Naumburg,  2H0 : 
absence  from  J<:na  and  Auerstadt,  2K2:  relations  with  A'.,  282; 
iii.  215,  241;  iv.  32:  at  Apobla,  ii.  283:  defeats  Prussians  at 
Ualle,  iii.  1;  sacks  Liibeck.  4 :  strength  in  Ptdand,  13:  iKJsition 
at  Elbing,  14:  action  at  Molirungcn,  15:  escapes  t**  Gil- 
genburg,  15:  threatens  Konigsberg,  15:  in  campaign  of  Eylau, 
18 :  threatens  Denmark.  58 :  Deinnark  yieUls  to,  69 :  in- 
come, 71  :  fails  to  join  the  Russian  forces  in  Finland, 
93:  restrains  Spanish  operations  on  the  haltic,  116:  his 
advance-guard  of  Spanish  troops,  124:  troops  in  Bremen, 
Ilaml'urg,  and  Lubeck,  157:  to  concentrate  in  Dresden,  158: 
ordered  to  Linz,  107,  174:  relieved  by  Lefeb\Te  at  Linz,  174  :  in 
battle  of  AVagram.  170, 178 :  disgraced  at  Wagrum,  176, 178,  183  : 
lieadB  troops  for  service  in  the  Netherlands,  183 :  kindly  treat- 
ment of  Pomerania,  215:  failure  on  the  Marehfeld.  215:  chosen 
as  successor  to  ("harks  Mil.,  215:  installation  at  Stockholm, 
215:  assumes  title  of  Prince  (.liarles  John,  215 :  popularity  in 
Sweden,  215:  republicanism  of,  215  :  ambition  to  acquire  .Nor- 
way, 215 :  iv.  32,  ito :  changes  from  Ronuxn  Catholic  to  Lutheran, 
iiL  241 :  character  of  his  rule,  241 :  eager  to  escape  from  FYench 
protection,  241 :  varied  cliaracter  of  his  life,  241 :  virtual  king 
of  Sweden,  241 :  unwillingly  grants  a  liberal  constitution,  241 : 
and)ition  to  acquire  the  I-Yench  crown,  243 ;  iv.  52,  60,  69, 
90,  92,  113,  134:  temporizes  with  France  and  Russia,  iii.  244: 
assists  Russia  against  A'.,  260 :  Mettemicb  seeks  to  embroil  him 
with  Alexander,  iv.  29:  A',  attempts  to  win  over,  32:  Pomera- 
nia ottered  to,  32 :  joins  the  (-oalition,  :t2,  52 :  his  troojis  evacu- 
ate Hamburg,  37  :  conmianding  Army  of  the  North.  52 :  in  mil- 
itary council  at  Trachenbeig,  .55  :  battle  of  Grossbeeren,  60:  at 
Jiiterbog,  03  :  battle  of  l>ennewitz,  63,  64  :  crosses  the  Elbe,  66 : 
contemplated  movement  against,  07  :  A',  seeks  to  engage,  68, 
69:  proposed  jumtii.n  with  Schwarzenberg,  r.9:  at  Mersebniy, 
70:  at  oppin,  7u :  offers  terms  to  Davont,  90:  ordered  to  the 
lower  lUiine,  9(» :  at  Liege,  113 :  receives  ilag  of  truce  from  Jo- 
seph. u:( :  the  allies  dread  betrayal  by,  113 

Bemadotte,  Mme.,  i.  176 

Bemburg,  iniuh  forces  at,  iv.  28 

Bemeck,  tU  feat  of  Junot  by  the  Black  I,cgion  at,  iii.  180 

Bemer  Klause,  the,  i.  252 

Berry,  rnibtar>  movements  near,  iv.  107 

Berry,  Charles  Ferdinand,  Due  de,  doubtful  courage  of,  ii. 
192  :  n  trains  from  entering  France,  192:  suspected  of  plotting 
in  lirittany,  193 

Berry-au-Bac,  abandoned  by  Marnu»nt,  iv.  109  :  Marniont  at» 

113 

Berthier,  Gen.  Alexandre,  a  product  of  Caniot's  system,  i. 
202  :  service  in  the  Alps,  209  :  at  Ix)di,  219  :  in  the  RivoH  cam- 
paign, 253;  caiTies  treaty  of  Cmnpo  Formio  to  the  Directory, 
ii.  10  :  plunders  Venetia,  20  :  proclaims  the  Roman  Rcimblic, 
26  :  ordered  to  kill  hostile  tril>esnien,  47 :  ordered  to  prepare 
for  triumphal  enti-y  into  Cairo,  52 :  accompanies  A',  on  his  re- 
tm-n  from  Aleximdria,  50:  action  on  the  I8th  Brumaire,  71: 
forms  the  army  of  reserve,  92:  sent  to  Gcnevji,  92:  method  of 
computing  his  army,  110:  plans  for  crossing'  the  Alps,  110: 
urges  cajdure  of  Fort  B;ird,  111 :  created  mai'shal,  207 :  Master 
of  the  Hounds,  207  :  miizzles  the  press  in  Prussia,  270,  271 :  let- 
ter from  A'..  Aug.  20, 1806,  273 :  personal  attendance  on  A'.,  276, 
277 :  in  battle  of  Eylau,  iii.  20  ;  iv.  176  :  nt  Tilsit,  iii,  45,  61 :  in- 
come. 71,  226 :  created  l*rince  of  Neufchatel,  71,  78,  214  :  op- 
pointed  vice-constable,  78 :  at  Bayonnc,  113 :  chief  of  staff,  157, 
246;  iv.  34:  orders  to,  iii.  158;  deficiency  of  military  know- 
ledge, 159:  fails  in  execution  of  his  orders,  159,  KK):  chiu-ged 
with  treachery,  160:  on  N.'tt  habit  of  work,  103:  discovers  at- 
tempt to  assasHinate  A^,  185 :  A\V  proxy  to  marry  Maria  Louisa, 
195-197:  created  Prince  of  Wagi-am,  197:  letter  from  Ney  to, 
Nov.  5,  1812,  iv.  3 :  Informs  Macdonald  of  the  Kussiau  disasters, 
20:  alleged  hostility  to  Jomini.52:  battle  of  Dresden,  58:  at  Nan- 
gls,  103:  receives  flag  of  truce  from  Sehwarzenberg,  103:  per- 
BUiules  A.  to  resume  negotiations,  im :  cai)tiire  of  one  of  his 
couriers,  121 :  at  council  at  St.  Dizier,  126 :  a<IvlBes  a  return  to 
lyorrafne,  130:  Marmont  sends  treasonable  documents  to,  138: 
at  the  abdication  scene,  139:  transfers  his  allegiance  to  Louts 
XVIII.,  147:  nicknamed  "Peter,"  158:  faults  at  Eylau  and 
Wat'ram,  176 

BerthoUet,  C.  L,  plunders  Italian  scientific  collections,  L  225: 
acconipaides  A.  on  his  return  from  Alexandria,  II.  60:  member 
of  the  senate,  100 

Berton,  L.  S.,  i.  31 

Bertrand,  Gen.  H.  O.,  base  condunt  at  Vlenim,  11.  2;i7  :  in  cam- 
paign of  lbl3,  iv.  34:  in  battle  of  Rautzen,  39,  40:  lielcaifuers 


/ 


INDEX 


2G9 


Bertrand,  Oen.  11.  Q.—eontintud. 
SchvveiUnit/,  43 :  hattl)-  of  iHiinowitJ!,  63 :  dHvon  by  Bliirlur  t<» 
BltUrftUl.  (It;:  battle  «.f  Lripsb,  71,  7*i,  74,  7fi:  tJik.H  WtlsMm. 
fcls,  75:  (Ifft-nda  the  Kblnt*  at  KiwU'I,  b'.t:  bfk'«  A',  to  :iI>:uhIoii 
Bt'lgium  aiid  the  left  biuik  nf  tht-  Rhino,  loi :  at  thu  ubdb  ation 
scene,  WJ:  iicoorapanifrt  A',  to  I'Ahii,  Hi),  V>2:  sends  positive  In- 
stnictioiia  t4>  (Irouchy,  l«rt,  IUh,  IHV  :  escorts  AT.  from  the  flcM 
of  Waterloo. '.'(XI :  aceonipaidcs  A'.  U>  Kochcfurt,  208;  accom- 
panies A',  to  St.  Helena,  'J14 
Bertrand,  Mme..  present  at  S.'m  deathlied.  Iv.  219 
Bessarabia  allei^'ed  eonceHMlnn  of,  to  Ungsiu,  HI.  48 
Bessl^res,  Gen.  J.  B.,  Hervlce  In  Ej^ypt,  11.  mi:  created  marshal, 
'JOT :  in  liutile  of  Anttterlltz,  254):  In  Kylau  campalKii.  lit.  1'.),  20: 
created  Ouko  of  Istrhi,  70,  71 :  hiconie,  71 :  character,  7ft :  X.'s 
opinion  of,  7.'t:  invaden  Spain,   lon,  lOt),  112:  Inatructluiis  to, 
concerning  SpaniHh  policy.  110:  ordered  U*  arrest  Ferdinand, 
113:  bcfsieKCa  Suntander,  \T2:  defeats  the  Spaniards  at  Medina 
de  Rio  3eco,  122:  occupies  Old  Castile  and   AraKon,  122:  or- 
dered to  connect  with  Jiinot,  123:  at  Miranda,  142:  pursues 
Hiller,  1*52 :  battle  of  EsslinR,  170, 171 :  commanding  the  Younff 
Uuard,  240:  killed  at  Rlppach,  Iv.  36,  37:  impoitance  of  his 
loss  to  A'.,  3.^ 
Bet  bene  ourt,  Oen.,  crosses  the  Simplon,  il.  113:  near  Domo 

ti"0s8.«I:i.  113 

Beugmot,  repent  of  Benj,  iv.  48:  anecdote  concerning,  4ft 
Beunionvllie,  Marquis  de,  A'.V  envoy  to  l^ussla,  li.  lOJ  :  roy- 

n\i^t  iiitriu'ii-  i.-f,  iv.  KC,  140 
Beys,  tlie  i^^Tptian,  11.  40 

Blberach,  i»attle  of,  li.  im) 

Blberich,  anecdote  of  A.  at  tlie  castle  of,  Iv.  48 

Bible,  A.  .*  Ptndy  of  the,  iv.  210 

Blcdtre,  prison  of,  imprisonment  of  n  milliner  in»  ill.  76 

BlelOStOk,  unit,  d  to  Knssla,  ill.  48,  53 

Bilbao,  l.efcbvre  near,  iii.  142 

Blsamberg,  junction  of  Archduke  Charles  and  Hillcr  at,  iii.  104, 
107  :  military  operations  near,  170,  177 

Biscay,  A'.".v  contemplated  movementa  in,  iii.  143:  military  gov- 
ernment  of,  21:1 

Bismarck,  Prince  Otto  von,  policy  in.  1875,  li.  172 

Bltterfeld,  Bertrnn.l  driven  l»y  Ulucher  U\  iv.  GO 

Biville,  landing;  of  the  Caili'udal  conspirators  at,  ii.  190 

Black  Elster,  River,  military  movemonts  on  the.  iv.  66 

Black  Forest,  the,  Desaix  defeats  the  Austrians  in,  I.  272:  mili- 
tiry  operation'^  in,  ii.  K'K,  loo,  234 

Black  Legion,  the,  orpiiiiziitlon  of.  iii.  180:  defeats  Junot  at 
Bemeek.  1>^0:  defeats  the  Saxons  at  Nossen,  180 

Black  Sea,  proposed  Indian  expeditions  via,  ii.  134 

Blake,  Gen.,  defeated  at  Medina  de  Rio  Seco,  iii.  122:  advances 
from  Duvaugo,  143:  concerted  French  movement  against,  l^i: 
driven  l)aek  t^  Valmaseda,  143:  N.'s  scheme  to  annihilate,  143  : 
defeated  at  Espinosa,  144  :  joins  La  Romana,  in  Asturias,  144 : 
annihilation  of  his  army  by  Suehet,  221 

Blankenburg,  Louia  XVIII.  retreats  to,  ii.  3 

Blankenhaln,  Prince  Hohenlohe  at.  ii.  278 

BlasowltZy  niilitarj'  «.iperations  near,  ii.  249 

BlOiS,  A'.'«  private  treasure  at,  iv.  80, 149  :  imperial  retrency  estab- 
lished at,  la/i :  French  garrison  at,  137  :  dissolution  of  the  im- 
perial government  at,  149 

Bliicher,  Marshal  G.  L.  von,  member  of  Prussian  reform  party, 
ii.  209 :  Prussian  commander,  272 :  military  movements  near 
Eisenach,  278:  battle  of  Auerstadt,  282,  283:  reaches  Liibeck, 
iii.  2  :  duplicity  to  Klein,  2  :  surrender  of,  2 :  in  campaign  of 
1813,  iv.  32 :  at  Striegau,  52,  55  :  violates  the  annistice,  52,  55  ; 
commanding  the  army  of  the  East,  52  :  gives  AT,  an  advantage, 
54,  55;  secures  an  independent  command,  55:  pursued  by  A"., 
65:  at  Bunzlau,  55 ;  retreats  behind  the  Deichsel,  55:  crosses 
the  Katzbach,  55;  battle  of  Katzbach,  60,  61:  pursues  Afacdon- 
ald,  01 :  Macdonald  fails  to  hold,  62 :  operations  in  Silesia,  02  : 
Attacks  Macdonald  at  Fischbach,  ftJ :  Macdonald  ordered  to 
check  his  advance,  65 :  advances  on  Dresden,  65:  northward 
movement,  65:  marches  to  Kemberg,  66:  drives  Bertrand  to 
Bitterfeld,  60  :  contemplated  movement  aeainst,  07  :  X.  seeks 
to  eng^e,  68,  69:  joint  movements  with  Beniadotte  and 
Schwarzenberg,  69:  advances  to  Halle,  09:  battle  of  Leipsic, 
70,  72,  74  :  acquires  two  Swedish  corps,  90  :  crosses  the  Rhine, 
91  :  aims  to  annihilate  N.,  91 :  crosses  the  Saar,  92  :  invests 
the  Mosel  fortresses,  92:  advances  on  Arcis,  92  :  effects  union 
with  Schwarzenberg  94  :  defeated  at  Brienne,  94  :  battles  of  La 
RothiiTe  and  Troyc-s  94 :  predicts  a  speedy  entrj'  into  Paris, 
94  :  leads  the  advance  down  the  Marne,  94  :  attempts  to  cut  off 
Macdonald,  95:  strength,  Feb.  9,  IHU.  95:  French  movement 
front  Suzanne  against,  95,  96  :  battle  of  Montmirail,  90:  retreat 
across  the  Marne,  90 ;  defeated  at  Vauchamps,  97  :  retreats  to 
Berg^res,  97 :  drives  Marmont  to  Froinentieres,  97  :  A',  deals 
him  "a  blow  in  the  eye,"  101  :  Marmont  ordered  to  hold,  102  : 
at  Mery,  104  :  collects  his  army  at  Chalons,  104  :  Oudinot  sent 
against,  104  :  pursued  by  A'.,  105  :  makes  diversion  in  favor  of 
main  army,  105  :  advances  on  Paris,  105  :  letter  fi'om  Frederick 
William  III.,  Feb.  26,  1814,  105;  A',  in  pursuit  of,  105:  moves 
on  Meaux,  106  :  recruits  his  forces  at  Soiss«uis,  10('> :  retreats  up 
the  Ourcq,  100  :  cheeked  by  Marmont  and  Mortier,  10(» :  crosses 
the  M:irne,  100:  cut  off  from  Sehwarzenber^,  100,  107  :  driven 
north,  10*>,  107  :  battle  of  Craonne,  107  :  retreats  from  Craoime 
to  Laon,  107  :  dissensions  in  his  anny,  107-109,  112 :  battle  of 
Laon,  lOS  :  recalls  York,  109 :  regains  communication  with 
Schwarzenberg,  109:  dismayed  at  the  capture  of  Rheims,  112, 
113  :  besieges  Compiigne,  112  :  resumes  the  tiffeiislve,  117,  119  : 
Marmont's  plan  of  oper.ations  atniinst,  119:  crosses  the  Aisne, 
119:  effects  junction  with  Schwarzenberc,  119,  120,  122:  cap- 
tures a  courier  to  the  Empress,  121:  advised  of  the  movement  on 


BlUcher,  Mamhal  O.  L.  von  —  eontiniud. 

Tarls,  I'i2:  *  MiirHlial  Forward,"  \S1 :  crosses  the  Marne,  123: 
fears  of,  tn  I'arls,  i:Mi:  captures  Montmartr- ,  J;i2 :  demnB  to 
tjiku  the  Ihld,  173:  phiii  cif  the  eanipaik'n  of  Waterloo,  174: 
quality  of  his  tn»o|.H,  175  :  A'.n  poMltloii  with  rcKard  to  VVulling- 
lon  and,  17,1:  relative  stren^Mli  In  Waterh-u  canipalun,  170 : 
awalti4  developments.  170  :  relutlons  with  \Vellliit;toti,  179  :  pos* 
slide  rhango  of  Htratetry,  17'.' ;  flcfenslvc  movementH,  IKO:  at 
FletiruM,  IHI  :  retires  fnna  Menms,  1h1  :  his  tictit  h  erillclzed 
by  WrlllriKion,  1h2  :  meetlnu'  with  Wcllinift.n  at  Kry.  1m2  :  bat- 
tle of   IdKiiy,  1H2,  1H3:    u'els  "a koo<1  licking,"  iw,  184: 

wounded  at  Lluny,  18-1:  Qmuchy's  pursuit  of,  ih6:  appre- 
he[)ded  niovtrinent  to  Join  NVelllngton,  IHO :  promi><e8  siipiHtrt 
to  Wellington,  1h8;  Grouchy  alms  to  jirevetit  union  ttetwven 
Wellington  and,  1H9:  movement  t**  Wavre.  IKy-PJI  :  dlHa>tter  at 
LIgny,  190  :  poHslblo  retreat  via  l^iuvaln,  101  :  fails  to  come  to 
WclHngton'H  asMlstance,  198:  Wellinifton's  faint-hearted  coop- 
eration with, 'iOl  :  his  lines  of  retreat,  205:  determlMation  to 
kill  .v.,  20*.!,  211 :  character:  ambition,  iv.  55 :  ardor  and  cour- 
age, 9;*.  122,  179, 182  :  dertip-  for  Kb>ry  and  revenge,  ion,  '209,  211 : 
duplicity,  ill.  2:  luadstronK  temper,  iv.  :>\,  55,  oo:  inlluenco 
over  troops,  175  :  over-conlldence,  95,  90  :  scIf-lnduIgencc,  175 

Bober,  River,  military  movements  on  the,  iv,  55,  01 

Bocognano,  A.  in  hiding  near,  i.  I'JO 

Bohemia,  An  hdukc  Ferdinan<l  escapes  into,  11.  235:  Archduke 
Kerdituind  eommanding  in,  245 :  A'.'«  line  of  retreat  through, 
253:  plan  of  Au-^trian  operations  In,  iii.  154  :  S.'h  reasons  for 
not  pursuing  Archduke  Charles  into,  103  ;  gatherlngof  Austrian 
troops  in,  Iv.  42  :  boundary  of  a  neutral  zone,  43  :  l>eac<tns  Hash 
the  declaration  of  war  through,  49,  50:  Au^tro-Rnsslan  troops 
in,  52  :  ailvance  of  Russian  troops  toward,  55  :  the  allbs'  com- 
munication with,  threatened,  57  :  guarding  the  passes  front,  63: 
refnu'c  of  the  allies  in,  67  :  army  of,  moves  on  Paris,  122 

Bohemian  Forest,  nnlitary  inovenicnts  in  the,  iii.  158,  103,  167 

Bois,  Pierre  du,  proposes  French  seizure  of  Egypt,  li.  31 

Bologna,  seizure  and  ransom  of,  i.  228,  229 :  the  Pope  prepares 
to  rctovcr,  215  :  armistice  of,  240  :  new  scheme  of  government 
for,  247  :  A*,  at,  251,  259:  military  operations  at,  251,  259:  sur- 
rendered to  France,  200:  ceded  to  Venice  at  Leoben,  271:  in- 
corporated in  the  Cisalpine  Republic,  ii.  14 

Bonaparte.    See  Bconapartr 

Boniface,  Pope,  crowns  Pepin,  il.  208 

Bonifacio,  A',  at.  i.  114 

Bonnier,  M.,  mcn)ber  of  the  Congress  of  Bastatt,  il,  01:  killed 
at  K:i.-tatt,  01 

Bontemps,  M.,  arrest  of,  H.  17 

Bordeaux,  condition  in  1703,  I.  133:  exempt  from  legislation 
concerning  Jews,  iii.  04  :  opens  its  gates  to  English  troops,  iv. 
114:  proclamation  of  Louis  XVIII,,  114:  N.  seeks  to  rouso 
imperial  feeling  in,  209 :  immunity  from  the  White  Terror, 
210 

Borghese,  Prince,  manies  Pauline  (Buonaparte)  Leclerc,  ii.  164 : 
separates  from  Pauline,  iv.  154 

Borghese,  Princess  Pauline  (Buonaparte),  looseness  of  her 
life,  iv.  155,  164:  acquires  the  duchy  of  Lucca,  227:  dismissed 
from  Paris,  154 :  accompanies  A',  to  Elba,  152-155 :  alleged  scan- 
dalous relations  with  A'.,  155.    See  also  Bconaparte,  Paulike 

BorghettO,  battle  of.  i.  2'27 

Borgo,  Pozzo  dl    See  Pozzo  di  Borgo 

Bormida,  River,  road  to  Italy  opened  through  the  valley  o^  i. 
152:  the  country  of,  ii.  110,  117:  Melas  crosses,  117:  military 
operations  on  the,  119 

Borodino,  Bonaparte  at,  ii.  253:  Itattle  of,  iii.  260,  201,  2f>;j,  264: 
rescuing  the  wounded  from  the  field  of,  iv.  2 

Borrlssoff,  the  French  retreat  through,  iv.  5-8, 10:  Russian  plan 
of  operations  at,  7 :  captured  by  Tclntchagotf,  8,  9 :  battles  at, 

10,  11 

Borstell,  Gen.,  battle  of  Denncwitz,  iv.  64 

Bosporus,  proposed  expedition  to  the,  iii.  91 

Botanical  Garden,  lecture  system  of  the,  i.  167 

Bothnia,  rcjiulse  of  the  Russians  from,  iii.  93 

Bou,  Mnie.,  i.  108 

Boudet,  Gen.  Jean  in  battle  of  Essling,  iii.  1G9, 170 

Bouill^,  Marquis  F.  C.  A.  de,  i.  189 

Boulay  de  la  Meurthe,  Antolne,  presents  temporary  plan  of 
the  <  onsulate,  ii.  n3 :  memt>er  of  the  coimcil  of  state,  100:  re- 
viser of  the  Code.  143 

Boulogne,  the  Army  of  England,  tlotilla,  and  military  prepara- 
tions at,  ii.  32,  33.  185,  180,  212,  213,  230:  A^  at,  33:  A'.'«  cere- 
monial at,  July,  1804.  209:  real  purpose  of  the  flotilla,  214  :  dis- 
tribution of  Legion  of  Honor  crosses  at,  231 :  the  army  ordered 
east  from,  232 

Bourbon-Cond^,  Louls-Antoine-Henrl  de.  See  Esohien, 
Dur  i>' 

Bourbon-Hapsburg  alliance,  Corsica  joins  the,  i.  9 

Bourbons,  the,  intluence  of  i.  9  :  A'.'s  attitude  toward,  103  ;  11- 
19,  IJO,  13'>,  174,  192,  199,  228  ;  iv.  101 :  discredit  royalty,  1.  159: 
their  motto,  178:  Franee's  demands  on  Austria  concerninK,  ii. 
29  :  hopes  and  nimorsof  restorntion  of,  and  plots  therefor.  0.5,  82, 
104,  I'JO.  162,  203 ;  iv.  87,  99,  100,  133.  134, 170 :  Talleyrand's  pre- 
dilection for,  ii.  82:  England's  attitude  toward,  94,  95.  174, 
2'28  ;  iv.  99  :  a  blow  at  the,  it  133  :  AT.  complains  of  England's 
protection  of,  174,  228 :  foster  the  Jacobin  spirit  of  insurrec- 
tion. 191:  responsibility  for  the  execution  of  Ney,  191:  the 
Due  d'Knghien,  192:  intrigues  airainst  A'.V  life,  194;  iv.  1.54, 
156  :  S.'s  attempt  to  fix  death  of  Due  dEnshien  on,  ii.  199  : 
causes  of  the  French  dislike  for,  202,  203  :  their  "divine  right," 
203:  their  founder,  225:  sehenie  to  establish  a  monarchy  in 
America,  iii.  106,  111  :  Mettcrnich's  desire  to  restore  the,  iv. 
99,  100 :  rising  in  Vendue,  125 :  restoration  of,  130,  VA\,  i:i5, 


270 


INDEX 


B^>iir)>ons,  tho  —  con/i ntirtf . 

us,  l.vs  :  t'titliTisltiMii  f.T.  In  I'arls,  135  :  revulsion  of  feolinR  in 
Fmnrc  lui'l  >■>  Ali'xamU'r  npihist,  1-I3:  rti-kle  inipiTialists  8iip- 
|»oit  Iy>)ui!<  X\'1I1..  M7 :  niDintaiu  bples  in  RUio,  155:  A.  on 
thf  ilK-irilinin.  >  of  tluir  throne,  UM 

The  Neapolitan*  imju'iiilin^  ilownfall,  il.  329:  banUliod, 
a.Vi.  ^J-Vi.  'ii'.' ;  iii.  ItJit :  propi'sal  that  lliey  retidn  power  in 
SUily.  ii.  'J.v.» 

The  Spanish,  sdionie  to  cniancipnto  Spnin  fn>ni  rule  of.  il. 
30:  inctip.'U'ily  untl  ilcKrailntion,  iii.  &*.>:  .\.'«  attitndc  towitrd, 
111:  deixistHi,  113-ll.\  117,  1*28;  proim&ali}  to  restore  tho 
Uir.uie  to.  'MM;  iv.  44 

Bourgeoisie,  the,  tit  outbrcalc  of  the  RcvoUitton,  I.  63,  5S:  N* 
^. .  ks  ilu-  siiiii>.>rt  of,  ii.  178 

Bounnont,  G^n.,  t-l«.st*rl!j  ln'fiirc  Chnrleroi,  iv.  177 

Bourneime,  L.  A.  F.  de,  on  the  question  of  A'.V  birth,  L  18: 
.'.hiuvs  nuitlifumtical  liotiors  with  iV,,  28:  Bliarts  A.V  p<n*erty 
in  I'aris,  101.  Ufi:  ohiaJns  diploniutic  position  nt  Stuttj^iirt, 
Itrj:  itntsdotvs  u(  *V.  1»\,  KKi :  describes  S.'s  |HT8onality,  lt»9: 
A.'*  frii-ndship  for.  170:  improved  fortunes  of,  176:  X.'svon- 
fliieiuea  witli,  ii.  34.  35 :  on  X.'n  plans  of  escaping  from  Kpypt, 
C7 :  A".  fxi)rfsses  Ids  sntisfuctton  to,  couciTuinp  the  IStli  Hru- 
mairc,  75 :  rebukes  A',  at  SL  Cloud.  77  :  chanuter,  177  :  dis- 
nii^^cd.  177  :  on  Mme,  do  Stael,  iii.  227 :  venality  of,  iv.  12'.* 

Bourse,  y."  failure  lo  Kovern  tile,  ii.  26G :  rise  in  values  after 
Ilu-  Au^triau  nmniape,  iii,  202 

Bowles,  Cot  Geo.,  euuversation  with  WelUnK'tiUi,  iv.  184 

Boyer.  Gen.  J.  P.,  prepares  a  *' triumphal  "  return  to  Cairo,  ii.  62 

Brabant,  visit  of  .v.  and  Maria  Louis;*  to,  iii.  206 :  Kreiuli  oicu- 
patioii  i'f,  2ttT :  A.'a'otler  to  exchange  it  for  Uanseatic  towns, 
207 

Braganza,  House  of,  decline  of,  iii.  95 :  flii^'ht  to  Brazil,  lOO : 
A',  pr-'poses  to  restitre  Portuj:al  to.  242 

Brandenburg,  pr-'inised  allotuient  of,  to  Jerome,  iv.  39:  the 
Amiy  of  ibe  NiTtli  in,  .V2:  eoiitotni>IaU'd  operations  in,  fiS 

Brandenburg,  House  of,  tlu-  imperial  crown  for  the,  ii.  273: 
owes  lis  safety  to  llie  (-'zar,  iii.  61 

Braunau,  tlie  Austrian  camp  at,  ii.  234  :  captured  l>y  Lannes, 
2;if. :  Kussian  tfiHtpa  at,  230  :  French  occupation  of,  262 

Bray,  Macdomdd  before,  iv.  102,  10:i 

Brazil,  l>on  .lohn  embarks  for,  iii.  96,  97 

Brelsgau,  ci^ant  t*.>  t^rand  Duke  of  Tuscany  in,  ii.  125:  Due 
d  KimU'en  prepares  to  retire  to  the,  193:  part  of,  acquired  by 
Ita-U  Ti,  2r>'.; :  \\  urtend)ei>;  acquires  part  of,  252 

Brelt^nlee,  .Vuslrian  advance  tlirougli,  iii.  170 

Bremen,  closed  to  liritish  commerce,  ii.  183:  laid  under  con- 
triliution,  183:  proposal  t*>  pive  it  to  Prussia,  258 :  Bernadotte's 
fore«-  in,  iii.  157:  scheme  to  incorporate  with  France,  204: 
(H'sitiun  iti  the  French  empire,  214:  French  forces  at,  iv.  28 

Brenta,  River,  military  operations  on  the,  i.  234,  235,  238-240, 
2'»0 

Brescia,  seized  by  France,  i.  226 :  the  French  position  at,  232 : 
c;iplured  by  tjuasdanowieh,  2:i2:  evacuated  by  the  enemy.  233: 
the  revolntioiKiry  movement  in,  265.  269 

Breslau,  Russian  troops  at,  ii.  245:  tlie  Prussian  court  moves 
from  Iterlin  to,  iv.  30:  patriotism  in  the  university,  31 :  French 
oerujiation  of,  42 :  pursuit  nf  the  allies  to,  42  :  French  evac- 
nati(»n  of,  43:  military  movements  near,  52 

Brest,  naval  preparations  at,  ii.  33,  46,  213 :  bltnikade  of,  213, 230, 
2;il :  iii.  C,  42:  junction  of  Nelson  and  Cornwallis  before,  ii. 
23o:  the  fleet  ordered  to  the  EuKlish  Channel  from,  230 :  Ville- 
neuve  8  mission  to  relieve,  231 :  the  sijuadron  ordered  to  the 
M<-dilerraiiean,  iii.  89:  iniptisunmeut  of  SchiU's  followers  in, 
IMi:  ti;tval  station  at,  iv.  17 

Brest-LitovBld,  militjiry  operations  near,  iii.  268 

"  Briars,  The,"  iV.  a  guest  at,  iv.  215,  210 

Bribery,  A.  «  first  lesson  in,  i.  120 

Bridge  of  Arts,  tlie,  iii.  62 

Brlenne,  A',  at,  i.  is,  22-30,  83,  125  ;  iv.  94 :  A'.V  mock  l)attlc8  at, 
i.  27;  iv.  94:  Lucicn  Buonaparte  at,  i.  42:  Lucien  quits,  and 
Ivonis  remains  at,  45:  Louis  fails  of  admission  to,  49:  N.'n  gar- 
(!en  at,  125 :  A'.'p  contemporaries  at,  129 :  battle  of,  iv.  94 : 
mililary  mnvetnent.s  near,  120,  121 

Brienne^  Mme.  Lom^nie  de,  A^'*  early  friend,  i.  2C,  27,  54 

Brigandage,  suppression  of,  in  Corsic:i,  1.  4 

BrigidO,  CoL,  at  l.attle  of  Arcole,  i.  238 

Brindisl.  embarpo  on,  ii.  183 

Brlnkmann,  on  A'.'«  innneucc  in  France,  ii.  88 

BriBSOt,  J.  P.,  ba.l.r  of  the  fJinmdiHts,  I.  Ill 

Brittany,  fonnrlation  nf  the  .lacobin  <'lnb  in,  i.  66:  Tiolcnce  and 
civil  war  in.  122 ,  133,  164,  182  ;  ii.  62,  94,  96 :  S.  conciliates,  90 : 
BUM[»rted  pl"t  of  the  I>ue  de  Berry  in,  193 

Brlxen,  Joubert  at,  i.  208:  apportioned  to  the  Grand  Duke  of 
'i  iiB'  ;iny,  ii.  170  :  ceded  to  Itavaria,  252 

Broglie,  Due  de,  on  the  Emperor's  court  at  FontAiDcbleau,  iii. 

IK' 

BrouBSier,  Gen.,  m.'ireheft  to  relief  of  I'aris,  iv,  125 
Bruck,  friiire  Khk.  ne  at,  ill.  174 

Brueys  dAigalUers,  Vice-Adm.  Fran  cols- Paul,  commanding 
Kr-n<li  fleet  in  the  Ailriatic,  ii.  12:  ordered  to  Corfu,  42 :  or- 
der.-d  |.,  Ak■xandrll^  42:  in  llie  battle  of  tlie  Nile.  42-44 

BruiX^  Adm.  E..  sent  Ut  conquer  the  Mediterranean,  ii.  55:  in- 
t'  rvh;w  with  iJan-JtH,  73:  anninient  in  favor  of  the  slave  trade, 

Brumaire,  the  plot  of  the  Iftlh  of,  il.  C9  et  seq.,  81  et  seq.,  201, 

•£tr' :  iv.  riH 
Brune,  Gen.  0.  M.  A.,  iilundent  Bern,  fl.  27 :  military  Kcnins. 

(41:  4niiii.ai(fti  in   llonund,  60,  6:t,  Gt\,  207:  balLle  of  IWrKeii,  63: 

fiu|K:riur<lif4  M:iHH<'*na  in  Italy,  124 :  advances  U)  Trent,  125:  ere- 

aU'd  roaraliul,  207:  venality  of,  111.  C7 


Brunet,  Gen.,  cimimnndinK  the  army  of  Italy,  i.  128 

Briinn,  nHlit:iry  op.ratii-na  near,  ii.  236,  237,  245,  247-249 ;  iiL 
177:  A",  e.staliiisht  s  headquarters  at,  ii.  245 

Brunswick,  Kreneli  occupation  of.  iii.  7:  onranization  of  the 
lUark  l.e^ion,  IHO  :  the  Black  Legion's  escajH)  through,  181 :  re- 
st* iml  to  it><  former  ruler,  iv.  79 

Brunswick,  Charles  F.  W.,  Duke  of,  commander-iuchief  of 
the  Prussian  army,  ii.  272,  276,  278:  at  Nauniber^',  276:  decline 
..f  his  inlbience,  278  :  at  Erfurt,  278 :  plan  nf  opposition  to  the 
l-Yench,  279:  in  battle  of  .lena,  280-282:  death  of,  282;  iii.  7: 
proclamation  against  the  l-Yench  republic,  7:  appeids  to  A'.'* 
inercv,  7 

Brunswick,  Frederick  W.,  Duke  of,  deprived  of  his  throne, 
iii.  iwt:  orpuii/es  the  Black  Li-pioii,  IhO:  exploits  with  the 
Black  L.^'ion,  ISO,  isl :  escapes  to  Ennhuid,  181 

Brunswick,  House  of,  Sieyes  susiiected  of  plotting  with  the,  ii. 

65 

Bruslart,  governor  of  Corsica,  plots  against  A'.,  Iv.  160 
BlUSsels,  proposed  invasion  of  France  via,  iv.  91 :  York  retires 
U;  lO'.t:  military  operations  near,  174  ct8«|.,  181,188,189,  191: 
topi'K'raphy  of,  191 
Brutus,  statue  at  tbu  Tnileries,  ii.  97 
Bruy^rcS,  killed  at  Keiilunbarh,  iv,  40 
Bry,  nieetinu'  <'i  W  ellinu'tini  and  Blucher  at,  Iv.  182 
Bubna,  Gen.,  emissary  from   Francis  to  A'.,  iii.  183,  184;  Iv. 
29,    65:   su^rjicsts  an  annistice,  38:   procrastinates,  45:   con- 
fronting: Augereau  at  (Jeneva,  91:  in  the  campaign  of  1814,  95: 
driven  fmni  Lyons  by  Anuereau,  98 
"Bucentaur,"  the,  det-truetion  of,  ii.  ic 
"Bucentaiire,"  the,  at  Trafalgar,  Ii.  240,  241 
Budberg,  Russian  councibir,  iii.  45 
Budwels.  Anhduke  Chailes  at.  iii.  167 
Buenos  Ayres,  Knplish  cxi>edition  against,  iii.  81 
"Buffer"  states,  ii.  260;  iiL  48 
Bug,  River,  proposed  frYench  occupation  to  the,  iii.  7  ;  military 

operations  on  the,  10.  11,  93  ;  iv.  2 
Bulgaria.  alb-K^'d  c4Uicessiou  of.  Ui  Russia,  iii.  48 
Bull'fightS,  A',  proposes  to  introduce  them  into  Paris,  ii.  265 
Billow,  Gen,  F.  W.  von,  jimction  of  Bcrnadotte  with,  iv.  32: 
connnanding  Army  of   the   Ni>rth,  52:    holdinn   Berlin,  52: 
strength,  52:  belittled  by  N.,  54:  military  ability,  GO:  battle 
of  Grossbeeren,  60:  battle  of  Dennewitz.  63:  coiqieratee  witli 
Graham  in  the  Netherlands,  91 :  capttires  Soissons,  106:  com- 
manding reserve  forces,  175:  in  Waterh)o  canipaiu'n,  180:  near 
Beauderet,  184 :  at  St.  Lambert,  190 :  battle  of  Waterloo,  198- 

21 H) 

Bunbury,  Sir  Henry*  on  commission  to  notify  N,  of  his  sentence, 
iv.  213 

BunzlaU,  Blucher  at,  iv.  55 

Buonaparte,  Carlo  Maria  dl  (father  of  X.),  early  life  of,  i,  13, 
14 :  ennobled,  13:  marriage  14:  submission  and  French  natu- 
ralization, 15:  character,  15,  22:  death,  16,  32:  anddtious  and 
advancements,  21-24,  29,  32:  mission  to  Versailles,  22-24: 
claim  ajiaiust  the  Jesuits,  24,  32:  breaks  down,  29:  his  "in- 
famy," 50:  A',  renounces  the  royalist  principles  of,  7G:  his  pa- 
ternity of  A',  denied,  iv.  151 

Buonaparte,  Caroline  (sister  of  N.),  birth,  i.  16:  at  Nice,  144: 
early  life,  195:  gift  to  her  brother  on  departure  for  Egypt,  11. 
36:  maiTied  to  Murat,  127,  164,  165:  resents  A.'tt  abuse  of 
Murat,  iv.  90.     See  also  Mlkat,  Mme. 

Buonaparte,  Princess  Charlotte,  proposal  to  marry  her  to  the 
Prinew  "f  A^tuilas,  iii.  102:  sent  tn  Madame  M£-re,  KKJ 

Buonaparte,  Hortense,  life  in  llollaud.  iii.  27 :  death  of  her 
eldest  son,  45:  quarrels  with  the  Graiui  Duchessof  Berg,  139: 
share  in  the  Austrian  marria^'e  nesotiations,  194 :  Ltmis  com- 
plains of,  207  :  criticized  by  Mme.  deStael,  227.    See  alsoBKAU- 

UAKNAIS.  Uf^KTKNSK 

Buonaparte,  Jerome  (brnther  of  A'.X  l>irth,  i.  16,  33:  sent  to 
school  in  Talis  185:  niarriu^-e  U>  Fdizabeth  Patterson,  ii.  164: 
residence  in  the  United  States.  104:  deserts  his  wife  Elizabeth, 
164:  service  in  the  West  Intlies,  164:  fails  to  secure  divorce 
from  his  American  wife,  256 :  nuu'ries  Catherine  of  Wnrtem- 
berg,  257;  iii.  75,  76:  a-ssistJi  in  tho  sack  of  Poland,  4:  com- 
manding corps  of  WiirtemberRcrs  and  Bavarians,  11:  king  of 
Westphidia,  49,  213,  214 :  I'ins  VIL  refuses  to  annul  his  mar- 
riage, 57  :  Jissumcs  the  title  of  Nai)olcon,  67  :  relatituis  with  A'., 
67,  68:  ordered  to  raise  levies  in  Westphalia,  lO^:  at  the  Er- 
furt conference,  l:i3 :  defeated  by  the  Black  Legion,  180:  de- 
prived of  part  of  Hanover,  213:  supplies  (piota  Ui  A'.'«  army, 
244,  245:  in  the  Russian  campaign,  254:  at  (Jrodno,  254:  mili- 
tary blunders  atid  incompetence,  254 :  prt>posed  allotment  of 
Brandenburt,'  and  Berlin  to,  iv.  39 :  flees  to  tYance,  79 :  UiUvh 
refuge  in  Switzerland,  149  :  assigned  to  the  House  of  Peers,  168 : 
battle  of  Wateiloo.  195,  203 

Buonaparte,  Joseph  (k'randfathcr  of  A'.),  ennobled,  i.  13 
Buonaparte,  Joseph  (brotlur  of  A'.),  childish  relations  with  N., 
i.  20:  educated  for  the  priesthood,  22,  28:  goes  to  Autnn,  22: 
character,  26;  ii.  168;  iii.  103,  104;  iv.  128:  desire  for  military 
service,  I.  28:  search  for  a  career,  28,  29,  41.  43,  46,  49,  74,  79, 
171,  174-176:  attends  his  father  in  his  last  illness,  29,  32:  his 
politics,  43 :  studies  law  at  Pisa,  46 :  early  htruggles.  49 :  claims 
share  in  framing  Corsican  appeal  to  National  Assembly,  63: 
ap])ointe<l  mayor's  secretary  at  Ajaccio,  67:  at  Marseilles.  70: 
member  of  the  t'onstitnent  Assenddy  at  Orezza,  72.  74  :  repre- 
sent.s  Ajaceii)  In  district  Directtjry,  74 :  disappointnieids  to,  74  : 
polllleal  ofllccB  and  schemes,  79.  81 :  member  of  c'orsican  Di- 
rectory, 94  :  reminiscences  of.  conversations,  ccudldences,  and  re- 
lations with  .v..  104;  il.  99;  iii.  41,67,68  hh,  110.116, 148:  leaves 
Corslia  forTonlon,  1.  123  :  tmdes  on  his  broilu  is  comndssion  In 
the  National  Oimrd,  124  :  nmde  counulssary-geiieral,  140 :  mar- 


INDEX 


271 


Buoimpnrto,  Joseph  —  emitinued. 
liiiKc-  uf,  iTii  :  (U>prlvi-<t  of  eiiiplnymont,  WO,  171 :  iiottlrs  In 
Ociioa,  171,  174:  proposal  Innd  Mpiiciiliitluii  for,  172:  A'.x  lof. 
rL'Spoiideiico\vilh,  n;t-177,  18M;  ii.  4-1  ;  hi. '.%  U;t,  228  ;  iv.  'J5, 1(W, 
101, 107.  U7,  20&:  pliui8  fur  (Ilploiimttc  uppulntiiiunt,  f.  17r>,  ]7<; : 
nmiriii^'t',  1711:  cinuiioured  of  I>i  slico  rimy.  Im^:  ioii-Ivch  »!ip- 
Ii>rnalU'  appuliitiiu-iit,  185:  Krt-ticli  inlnit)t<.-r  iit  Kuiiic,  il.  IM, 
20:  dfiniimlH  lYuviTUH  dfsinlsttiil  from  Koiuu,  20:  (luiimiiils  IiIm 
pi  I SH  port  8,  20  :  suiids  liiforiautioii  to  A',  in  Kuypt,  04  :  polilii-iil 
uiid  social  proft'i'tiiunt,  05:  iiivmlier  of  tliu  l-'lvu  llinKlrcil,  05: 
plcnipotentiiiry  to  iirLTotiatu  with  *'olifn/.l,  122:  Kriinci;*B  rei>- 
rusoiitiitivc  at  Liiiit-vilk',  120:  hb  ukilful  dlplimuK'y,  104:  nu- 
KothUes  tho  tit'iity  of  AiniciiM.  lOM:  A'.  conllifcH  the  Due  d'EiiK- 
lilcn's  cii8L>  to,  I'.Hi :  at  MhIiiiilihuii,  lUO :  He<-kH  cK-iiiciiL-y  fur  tho 
Dm*  d'Knghli-ii,  1%,  197 :  cooIul-ss  Wutwcen  N.  ami,  1«J7 :  tho  Huht 
of  iriipurhil  aucceH»iun  hi  his  family,  200 :  civuti-<l  ICIector  and 
inipi'iial  piini-e,  200:  on  hi»  hrothtT'tt  Htrt-iiKtli  with  thu  army, 
2U  :  at  A'.'*  coroniitiun,  210:  dcirlinua  the  crown  of  Iluly,  220: 
in  buttle  of  Austciiitz.  24'J :  made  king  of  Napt«.-0,  2>'i5 ;  ili.  110 : 
domhiion  over  Sicily,  ii.  259 :  advised  to  show  lilniKclf  Icrrihte 
at  Ih-st,  iil.  a  :  reports  N.'s  Indian  schome,  0  :  I'ins  VII.  refuses 
to  rocopnizo  Ids  Sf>verei^nty,  57 :  assnm^.-s  tlio  title  of  Napoleon, 
07  :  resideni-e  at  Naples,  102  :  intiTview  with  A',  at  Venice,  102- 
104  :  the  crown  of  Spain  otfered  to,  103.  104  :  n-fonu  of  Neapol- 
itjin  politics.  10:i :  ambition,  104:  ordered  ti)  Itayonne,  llfi: 
kiuK'  of  Spain,  117,  1:12,  142,  214;  iv.  19,  47:  assnmes  govern- 
ment at  Madrid,  iii.  121 :  enlreftta  A'.'«  assistance  in  Spain,  12:J, 
124:  lacks  male  ilusoendants,  125:  asserts  his  suvcruiKnty,  147  : 
driven  from  Madri*!,  147:  tlio  Spaniards  swear  alleniance  to, 
148,  140 :  accoinpaTiics  N.  on  his  second  man  iaj^e  jonrncy,  108 : 
his  Spanish  lerrit*>ry  contracted,  2ia:  signs  n  conditional  abdi- 
cation, 210:  bickerings  with  Simlt,  210:  Wellington  moves  to 
Madrid  against^  222 :  temporary  government  at  Valencia,  iv.  15 : 
acting  regent  in  Paris,  02,  'J5:  gives  up  liope,  109:  sends  tlag 
of  truce  to  ilernadotte,  113 :  enjoined  to  save  the  Empress  and 
Iier  son  from  Austrian  capture,  117:  member  of  the  Empress- 
Regent's  council,  128 :  proclaims  his  l)r(^»tlier's  approach  to 
Paris,  i;il :  prepares  for  defense  of  Paris,  l:.U  :  deputy  emperor, 
132  :  overtakes  the  Kiiipress  at  Chartres,  132  :  empowers  Mar- 
niont  to  treat  for  surrender,  132  :  Napoleon's  rage  at,  135 : 
takes  Tffuge  in  Switzerland,  149:  assigned  to  tlie  House  of 
Peers,  168:  president  of  tiie  council  of  state,  173:  advised  to 
hold  tlie  Itgishiture  in  hand,  205 
Buonaparte.  Josephine,  marital  relations  with  iV.,  i.  280-282 ; 

ii.  14,  oH,  12K,  i;i(',  103,  104,  209,  210;  iii,  10,  28,  125,  120,  139,  140, 
190,  194:  character,  licentious  conduct,  jealousy,  etc.,  i.  280- 
282;  ii.  37.  5H;  iii.  10,  28,  74,  75,  189,  100:  domestic  and  social 
life,  the  Imperial  coui't,  etc.,  i.  280-2S2 :  ii.  102-104,  178;  iii. 
74-76. 113  :  the  divorce,  its  causes  and  ciecretal,  i.  2H1,  282  ;  ii.  44, 
58,  103,  104,  209;  iii.  00, 125,  i:tO,  140,  1H9,  100,  194:  letters  from 
iV.,  i.  194,  281.  2H2  ;  iii,  30,  51,  89  :  visits  Uoine,  ii.  18 :  joins  N.  ill 
Paris,  Dec.,  1707, 18:  Royalist  intrigu.s  with,  24  :  bids  farewell 
to  A',  at  Toulon,  37  :  influence  over  Gohier,  60:  in  pecuniary 
straits,  83 :  brings  about  marriage  between  Hortense  and  Lonis 
Bonaparte,  164 :  fear  of  Talleyrand,  100 :  attitmle  in  the  Due 
d'I*;ngliien"s  case,  106,  197:  accompanies  N.  to  Bf)ulogne,  200: 
ecclesiastically  married  to  A'.,  218 :  the  coronation,  219-221 : 
forbidden  to  follow  her  husband  to  i*olaiul,  iii.  28  :  reproaches 
A'',  with  his  amours,  28 :  ti-avels  tlirougli  France,  02 :  accom- 
panies y.  to  Bayonne.  Ill :  N.'s  harsh  treatment  at  Foutaine- 
bleau,  130:  self-abasement  of,  189:  withdraws  to  Malmaison, 
100:  conduits  negotiations  for  N.'s  Austrian  marriage,  194: 
A.  visits,  afti'r  the  divorce,  197 :  never  preferred  to  power,  248 

Buonaparte,  Letizia.  death  of,  i.  lo :  tradition  concerning 
birth  of  A'.,  10,  20  :  character,  20  ;  iv,  151,  237 :  letter  from  A'. 
to,  i.  32 :  vicissituctes  of  fortune,  32,  33,  41,  40,  135,  174  ;  ii.  65  ; 
iv.  237  :  her  opinion  of  .V.,  i.  44  :  settles  near  Toulon,  155 :  disap- 
proves y.'s  marriage,  195:  social  influence,  ii.  65:  remark  of 
Mme.  Pennon  to,  80:  distrusts  A'. 's  elevation,  104  :  residence  in 
Corsica,  164:  refuses  to  attend  the  coronation,  219 :  Princess 
Charlotte's  sojourn  with,  iii.  103 :  attacks  on  her  good  name, 
iv.  151 :  visits  A',  at  Elba,  154,  155 :  thrift,  237 :  knowledge  of 
A'.'s  limitations,  237 

Buonaparte,  Louis  (brother  of  A'.),  birth,  i.  10 :  prospects,  41 : 
loses  appoiiitmeut  to  artillery  school.  45:  remains  at  Brienue, 
45 :  A',  aids  and  protects,  40,  40,  70,  h2,  83,  85  :  fails  to  secure  ad- 
mission to  Brienne,  49:  certiflcate  tohisrepnblicanisTri,  70:  con- 
flrined,  83 :  follows  his  brother's  fortunes,  02.  150 :  idle  career, 
lOH:  promoted  adjutant-general  of  artilleiy,  140:  ordered  to 
Chalons  ivs  a.  cadet,  140:  officer  of  home  guard  at  Nice,  151: 
falls  from  favor,  151 :  lieutenant  of  artillery,  153 :  deprived  of 
employment,  100:  ordered  to  ChAlons,  171, 174  :  promoted,  185  : 
marries  Hortense  BuHuharnais,  ii.  104;  iii.  206:  his  son  Napo- 
leon, ii.  180:  created  Constable  of  France,  200 ;  iii.  78:  at  N.'s 
coronation,  ii.  219 :  declines  the  crown  of  Italy  for  his  son,  220 : 
made  king  of  Holland,  256 ;  iii.  27,  78,  206:  ordered  to  hold  the 
Rhine,  ii.  270 :  character,  iii.  27  :  reprimanded  by  A^.  for  econ- 
omy, 27 :  character  of  his  reign,  27,  116,  207,  212,  213 :  letters 
from  A'.,  28,  110,  110,  211,  212:  relations  with  A\,  67,  68:  as- 
sumes title  of  Louis  Napoleon,  67.  78:  the  Spanish  crown  of- 
fered to,  110:  refuses  the  crown,  110,  207:  loyalty  to  the  Dutch, 
116:  violates  tlie  Continental  System,  204:  N.'s  atlection  for, 
200:  promoted  general,  2oo :  matio  councilor  of  state,  200: 
share  in  the  Italian  and  Egyptian  campaigns,  200:  aiTogates 
tlie  royal  dignity  to  himself,  200.  207:  N.'s  ((uarrel  with,  200- 
212 :  N.  offei-3  t*)  exchange  the  Hanseatic  towns  ftu-  Brabant  and 
Zealand,  207:  contemplates  resistance  U*  A'.,  207:  reduced  to 
the  position  of  a  French  governor,  207 :  prepares  to  defend  Hol- 
land, 207:  summoned  to  Paris,  207:  complains  of  his  queen 
Hortense,  207 :  virtually  a  prisoner  in  France,  207 :  submits  to 


Buonaparte,  I>oniB  —  rontinufd. 
N.,  207  :  permitted  t^t  return  t^t  Amnterdam,  207  :  opens  ncgo- 
llatloim  with  Eiigtaml,  207,  2(M:  conllnuen  to  opjKise  A'.,  211  : 

flight  to  TejditZ.  212 

Buonaparte,  Louis  Napoleon  (nephew  of  N..  son  of  Jx>uifl; 

(Touii  prince  of  llujjund),  created  Oraud  Duku  of  Berg,  111. 

213 
Buonaparte,  Lucien  (great-uncle  of  A^.,)  condition,  t.  'jur.  alfec- 

lion  On-  his  family,  ■.V.i:  Illness  of,  41,  43-iO:  political  opinions, 

01  :  dealll,  01 

Buonaparte,  Lucien  (brother  of  A'.),  birth,  i.  16 :  f^oes  Ut  Antnn, 
22:  relations  uilh  ^V.,  28,40,  61:  advancement  for,  20:  at 
llrienne.  42:  turns  toward  the  priesthood,  42  :  leuves  Brienne, 
45,  61 :  elforU  to  enter  at  Aix,  49:  memoirs  of  A'.,  r.o,  ixi,  191- 
iy;i;  Ii.  172:  imlependence  of  I.  70:  radical  leader  at  Ajaccio, 
108:  letter  to  CoHta,  lio:  in  diplomatic  ser^'ice,  117  :  iletionnces 
F'aoli,  117:  at  Tonlon,  123:  appropriates  A'.V  birth  certlfl«ato, 
124:  in  conunissary  department,  124,  135:  "the  little  Robes- 
pierre," 140 :  marriage,  151  :  deprtve<l  of  employment,  109 :  des- 
tltuti'Mi  of,  171,  172:  imjirisoned  at  Ai\,  174:  liberated,  185: 
foments  quarrels  In  Italy,  ii.  59:  political  and  social  prefer* 
ment,  65:  member  and  president  of  the  Five  Hundred,  O.'i,  06, 
72,  78-8<i:  on  the  lOlh  Rnimnire.  78  80 :  makes  a  dnmialic  scene 
at  St.  Cloud,  79,  HO  :  summons  Bunapartist  members  of  tlie  Five 
Hundred  to  meet,  80,  81:  harangues  the  nmtilated  chambers, 
83:  minister  of  the  interior,  87 :  suggests  plebiscite  on  the 
riuestion  of  life  consulship,  l.W:  declineM  t^>  marry  the  (|Ueen  of 
Etruria,  164  :  exiled,  104  :  second  marriage,  164  :  democracy  of, 
164:  In  literary  society,  104:  at  summit  of  his  career,  164: 
French  minister  to  Madri<],  104:  dispute  between  N.  and 
Joseph  concerning  marriage  of,  107:  the  savior  of  N.'n  for- 
tunes on  the  iHth  iirumaire,  202:  the  right  of  ImiM-'rial  suc- 
cession ill  his  family,  206:  created  an  imperial  prince,  206: 
at  Rome  during  N.'n  coronation,  219:  proposal  that  he  take 
the  crown  of  Etruria,  iii.  102:  opposes  hereditary  consulate 
for  A'.,  102:  residence  at  Rome,  102:  marries  Mme.  de  Jau- 
birthon,  102:  refuses  kingly  honors,  102,  103:  refuses  to 
divorce  his  wife,  102.  103:  cliaracter,  102,  103:  interview  with 
N.  at  Mantua,  102,  103:  sails  to  the  Uniti-d  StaU-s,  212:  cap- 
tured by  the  English.  212:  Mme.  de  Stael's  complaint  of  N. 
to,  228:  fosters  revolution  in  Rome,  iv.  156:  assigned  to  the 
House  of  Peers,  168:  member  of  the  council  of  state,  173: 
advises  a  dictatorship  after  Waterloo,  206 :  endeavors  to  solve 
the  difficulties  after  Waterloo,  200, 207 :  N.  dictates  his  abdica- 
tion ti.,  207 

Buonaparte,  Maria-Anna  (sister  of  A''.),  i.  lo 

Buonaparte,  Marie- Anne- Elisa  (sister  of  A'.),  birth,  i.  16 :  edu- 
cated at  Saiut-cyr,  -jh,  ;n,  32.  30:  defective  cducatitm,  :iO,  KV*  : 
A',  visits  at  St.  Cyr,  l(t3:  quits  St.  Cyraiid  retnrnstoCon^ica,  107, 
108:  at  Nice,  144:  suitor  for,  174:  mamage  to  Felice  Hacciocchl. 
10.5;  ii.  104:  acquires  Massa-eCarrara  and  Garf.ignana,  255: 
created  (irand  Duclicss  of  Tuscany  and  I'rincess  of  Lucca  and 
Piouibino,  iii.  213.     See  also  BAfClocrm,  Pkin('Kss 

Buonaparte,  Nabulione,  i.  10,  17  :  forms  of  the  name,  18,  19 

Buonaparte,  Napoleon.    See  Nai'oi.kon 

Buonaparte,  Napoleon  Louis  Charles  (nephew  of  A'.,  son  of 
Lmiis),  y.'.s  parlialily  f.>r,  ii.  IKO ;  iii.  200:  proposal  to  create 
him  king  of  Italy,  ii.  220 :  death  of,  iii.  45,  125,  200 

Buonaparte,  Pauline  (sister  of  A^.),  birth  of,  i.  lO:  at  Nice, 
144:  suitor  for,  174;  flirtation  with  Fr^ron,  195:  marries  (Jen. 
Lederc,  ii.  152:  marries  I*i-ince  Borghese,  164:  aci|uire>i  Guaa- 
talla,  255:  adviser  to  Maria  Louisa,  iii.  197:  created  Duchess 
of    Guastalla,  213.     See    also    Leclerc,  Mme.  ;    Bokghese, 

PUINrESS 

Buonaparte  family,  the,  i.  2,  8-l6:  ennobling  and  coat 
armor  of,  13,  22:  vicissitudes  of  fortune,  17,  30.  32,  33,  41, 
43-46,  49,  60,  61,  74,  94,  05,  108,  109,  121,  129.  130,  109,  171,  172, 
174,  195:  N.  regards  himself  as  head  of,  45.  94,  125.  185,  105: 
claim  against  the  government,  40,  61:  the  '•  infamy"  of,  50: 
Salicetti's  influence  over,  62 :  influence  in  Corsica,  78,  119  :  N.'s 
devotion  to,  79,  93,  04,  143,144;  outburst  against,  in  Ajaccio, 
121:  driven  from  their  estates,  121:  leave  Corsica  for  IVulon, 
123:  residence  in  Touhm,  124,  127:  flight  U)  Marseilles,  127, 
134 :  driven  from  Tonlon,  129:  social  diplomacy  of,  155:  news 
of  A''.'*  return  from  Egypt  brought  to,  ii.  57:  political  prefer- 
ment among  members  of,  05:  meeting  to  ccmsider  the  heredi- 
tary consulship,  157, 158 :  the  women  of,  164, 105  :  ilomestic  life, 
178:  relations  with  the  First  Consul,  178:  social  triumph  of, 
iiu  75:  urge  divorce  from  Josephine,  00:  allotment  of  crowns 
among,  105,  109:  consolidation  of  Italy  nnder,  107:  agree  on 
the  Austrian  marriage,  195:  arrogance  of  its  memlxjrs,  206, 
207,  213:  fraternal  instincts,  244,  245:  Austrian  discovery  of 
their  royal  descent,  iv.  82:  proscribed,  210:  France  again  un- 
der, 218 

Burgau,  ceded  to  Bavaria,  ii.  252 

Burgos,  Murat  assumes  command  at.  iii.  106 :  Ferdinand  VII,  at, 
112 ;  siege  and  fall  of,  141,  144 :  French  movement  toward,  143 : 
failure  of  Marmont  to  capture,  222 

BuTffundy,  A',  visits,  i.  82 

Burke,  Edmund,  influence  of  his  oratory,  i.  115,  116:  on 
Malmcsl)ury'3  mission  to  Paris,  279 

Burrard,  Gen.  H.,  defeats  Wellesley's  plans  at  Vimeiro,  iii. 
12:i :  retired  from  active  service,  144 

Busaco,  battle  nf,  iii.  218:  the  catitinii're  of,  223 

ButtafuOCO,  Matteo,  treachery  of,  i.  5,  0,  9,  10:  invites  Rous- 
seau to  Corsica,  7  :  relations  with  Choisenl,  9:  represents  Cor- 
sica at  Versailles,  61:  attitude  toward  Corsican  patriots,  63: 
poi)ular  hatred  of,  05,  74,  75  :  succeeded  by  Salicetti,  73,  75  :  N.'s 
diatribe  against,  75.  76:  N.'s  ''Letters'*  to,  82:  his  marriage 
condemned  by  N.,  187 


INDEX 


Buzhbwden,  Gen.,  aUnuicc  of  Biisslan  troopa  under,  ii.  236: 

ji'iiis  Klltu^otf  lit  Wiscliall,  '2i!i 
Bylandt,  Count  de,  ailvisis  Uullaiid  to  defy  France,  iil.  207 : 

ill  butUt  of  Watf  rliKi,  iv.  196 


Cabanis,  iniluiiioc  on  tlie  OonsiilaU',  i.  127 

Cabarrus,  Jeanne  M.  L  T.,  i.  l'."0.    Stt)  also  Kontksatk,  Mwe 

I't;    TA1.1.IKV.    M.MK. 

Cadiz,  Nelson  lusts  an  eye  at,  11.  42:  VUlcneuve  makes  f<ir,  231, 
238,  ia:  i.ullint:»\K>ii  bluokadcs,  239:  Nclsiin's  fleet  otf,  240: 
tlinuUried  invasiun  by  Enu'lanil,  iii.  103,  121:  selzuif  of  a 
t"ri»cli  Wiet  at,  121,  122:  Soult  before,  219,  221:  Soult  aban- 
dons, 222 :  becomes  llie  capital  of  tlie  nationalists,  222 

Cadore,  cruiition  of  luTcditiiry  ducliy  of,  ii,  255:  Cliainpagny 
in  a.  (1  imke  of,  iii.  71.    Sec  (ihmpaony 

Cadoudal,  Georges,  compluints  of  England's  harlvoring  of,  ii. 
174 :  conspiriicy  to  siiic  .\ .,  Itf.i  et  scq. :  leader  of  the  Clionans, 
181»:  arrest  ami  execnlion,  I'.tO,  193:  S,'s  clemency  toward  bis 
co-conspirattii-^  2(>.i:  funeral  iii;isa  celebrated  for,  iv.  158 

Caesar,  Au^stus,  -V.  likened  to,  iii.  ;i9 

CsBsar,  JuUus,  y.'s  stmly  of  and  admiration  for,  reseuibluiices 
lKt"ith  .V  aucl.  i.  ',14,  2-12,  21.2  ;  ii.  97,  103,  104,148,  149;  iii.  242  ; 
iv.  nc.  217,  234:  -V.  ilisclaiins  the  r61e  of,  ii.  77,  80:  his  work 
foiiivili/jition,  103,  104;  iii.  242 

Caffarelli,  Gen.,  lunur  of  .V.'»  letter  to  Piua  Vll.,  ii.  217:  in 
K'lttb-  of  .^u-ttiliiE.  2">(i 

Cagllari,  exptiliticn  ntrninst,  1. 113 

CaEors,  liinlii.laie  of  Mnmt,  ii.  127 

"Cala,'  and  "Caius,"  ii.  210 

"<!alra,"  i.  H4.  im 

Cairo,  niilitiiiy  opiralions  at,  i.  213 ;  ii.  41:  Magallon  consul  at, 
32:  the  march  from  .Alexandria  to,  40:  capture  of,  41:  failure 
of  the  prouiisid  plunder  at,  41 :  fortification  of,  4.5  :  K.  at.  47, 
62:  retreat  of  the  army  from  Acre  to,  61:  X.'s  "triumphal" 
return  to.  .',2:  sun-emlcr  of,  135 

Calaiorra,  the  .Spanish  forces  near,  iii.  I4;t,  144 

Calais,  pantllcl  betweiii  Ma^'debnrg  ami,  iii.  53 

Calder,  Adm.  Sir  Robert,  encounters  Villeiieiive  off  Cajie  Fin- 
istcrr.-,  ii.  •2:i»:  reinforces  blockade  of  Brest,  230:  encounter 
with  Villcncuvc,  2:i'J 

Caldiero,o.  lupiid  l>y  .Alvinczy,  i.  237 :  Alviuczy  retreats  from,  238 

Calendar,  the  Republican,  i.  147 

Calonne,  C.  A.  de,  taxation  problems  of,  i.  54 

Calotte,  tlic  constitution  of  the,  i.  48 

Calvl,  1-iencli  inlluence  and  power  in,  i,  02,  123:  the  Buona- 
parti  s  seek  :isylmu  in,  121 :  X.  at,  122:  iinpriBonnient  of  Cor- 
si'  ans  in,  149:  Knglish  capture  of,  154 

Cambacirds,  J.  J.  R.,  dreads  a  new  Terror,  ii.  C4 :  apjiointed 
consul,  xo:  minister  of  justice,  87  :  oi-pmizer  of  the  Code  Na- 
poleon, 142,  143,  141! :  scheme  for  reform  of  the  tribunate,  156: 
sniKestf  iilebiscite  on  i)ue.',tiun  of  life  consulship,  158:  Chaii- 
cclliir  of  h'rance,  20G :  at  -V.'»  coronation,  219 :  demurs  to  ac- 
tion against  the  Hue  d'Engbien,  194  :  created  Duke  of  Parma, 
Ui.  71:  salary,  78 :  areb-chaneellor,  78:  on  A'. '«  appearance  after 
the  tre.ity  of  Schonbrunn,  189:  member  of  extraoniinary  coun- 
cil on  A'.'«  second  inaniage,  194 :  member  of  tlie  Empress-Re- 
gent's council,  iv.  128:  character,  128:  member  of  y.'s  new 
cabinet,  167 

Cambronne,  Gen.,  P.  J.  E.,  ai.ls  in  X.'s  escape  from  Elba,  iv. 
ir,3:  in  iKittie  of  Waterloo,  202 

Campan,  Mme.,  aiiiicnntment  in  the  imperial  court,  ii.  207 

Campbell,  Sir  Nell,  Hritisb  commissioner  at  Fontainelileau.  iv. 
14H,  U9:  .V.V  nlations  with,  118,  149,  165,  10(1:  aceonipailies 
.V.  to  Elba,  1.'.3:  ambassador  to  jV.'«  court  at  Ellja,  IX:  leaves 
Elb:i  f,.r  Florence,  100,  102 

Camperdown,  battle  of,  ii.  25 

Campo  Formlo,  treaty  of,  i.  283;  ii.  12-14, 16,  20,  24,  28,  95,  08, 

121  ;  iil.  250 
Canada,  lost  to  France,  1. 6,  9 
Canals,  Bonaparte's  scheme  of,  ii.  178 
Canino,  Prince  of.    See  Bi'onapartk,  Lucfkn 
Cannes,  -V.'»-  march  tlirongh,  on  return  from  Elba,  iv.  163 
Canning,  George,  denounces  N.,  il.  95:  foreign  secretarj*  in 
Portland  eaiunet,  iii.  ,'i8:  responsibility  for  tbe  bombardment 
of  Copeidiagen,  y.<,  79:   despatches  the  fleet  to  the   Baltic, 
79.  W):  dciuamls  the  secret  articles  of  Tilsit,  79,  8(1:  fall  of 
20s:   policy  of  action  against   X.,  217:   enforces  Orders  in 
roam  il.  iv.  10 
Canonical  institution,  tlie  (luestion  of,  Ii.  25.  26 
Canova,  Antonio,  m.akea  statue  of  Empress  Maria  Louisa,  iii. 

Cantonal  assemblies,  ii.  159 

Cape  of  Good  Hope,  taken  by  England  from  the  Dutch,  ii.  8, 25 : 

.  C'li  .1  t  .  lb'    ll:il;nl:in  Itcpubllc  by  treaty  of  Amiens,  150:  Eng. 

lumls  liflits  in,  liix :  .V.'k  ambitions  concerning,  184  ;  iii.  235 
Cape  St.  Vincent,  battle  of,  i.  283 ;  II.  42 
Cape  Vcrd  Islands,  proposition  to  deport  X.  to,  iv.  157 
Caprera,  exiiedition  agMinst,  i.  114 
CaprinO,  liattle  at,  i.  ■2.'>3 

"  Captain,"  .Nelson's  Bhii>  in  battle  of  Cape  St.  Vincent,  II.  42 
Capuchins,  al  tempt  to  oust  them  from  f'orsican  domains,  i,  98 
Caraccloli,  Adm.  F.  C,  execution  of,  il.  191 
Cardinals,  the  College  of,  transplanted  to  Franco,  iii.  198,  202 
Carlnthla,  -V.  in,  i.  •JC:  revolutionary  sentiment  In,  ii.  28:  part 

..f,  I..I..I  to  France,  iil.  1K4 
Carinthlan  Mountains,  pursuit  of  Archduke  John  across  the, 

111.  105  ^ 


Carlsbad,  Talleyrand  at,  iv. 
"Carmagnole,   the,  i,  144,  1 


at,  iv.  212 

168 

Carniola,  t'Imrles  gu:irds  road  iut<i,  i.  267 :  ceded  to  France, iii,  184 

Camot,  Lazare  N.  M.,  niiuLster  of  war,  i.  133.  166:  favors  .v., 
134,  179,  194 :  reitrganizes  tbe  FYencb  army,  142,  198,  201,  202, 
2;)2:  military  policy  of,  14« :  removal  of,  100  :  escape  of,  ir,9; 
ii.  5,  17 :  member  of  the  Directoi-y,  i.  180.  200-202 :  character, 
2(H>-2(r2:  at  battle  of  Maubeiige,  2(r2:  plans  the  Italian  cam. 
paign  (1795),  207 :  X.'n  correspondence  with,  May,  1790,  221, 
2^22 :  advises  restoring  the  .Milanese  to  Austria,  2S0:  relations 
Willi  .v.,  il.  6:  desire  for  peace  with  .Austria,  13:  Barras  derides 
his  suggestions,  13:  writes  a  justilleatory  iiamphlet,  02  :  devel- 
opment of  his  ccmscription  scheme.  63,  04  :  reajipointed  niin- 
isier  of  war,  87,  101 :  inDuence  on  the  full  of  the  Hirectory,  87  : 
military  genius,  101 ;  detaches  Lecourbe's  force  from  Morcau's 
army,  110:  possilile  successor  to  .V.,  I'.M):  inlluence  on  the  Con- 
sulate, 127  :  member  of  the  tribunate,  150 :  remonstrates  against 
adulation  of  .V„  188:  opposes  the  civalion  of  tbe  Empire,  20.'^: 
pensioned,  iii.  227:  commissioned  to  write  on  fortiflcation, 
2'27:  invited  to  join  in  insurreeliou,  iv.  100;  member  of  A'. '« 
new  cabinet,  107:  advises  a  dictatorship  for  F"rance  after 
'Waterloo,  200 :  member  of  the  new  liireetory,  207 

Caroline,  Queen  of  Naples,  iii.  99:  <m  .Maria  Louisa's  impris- 
onmeiit  al  s.  IinnlininM,  iv.  ].',5 

Carpentras,  lost  to  ibe  Pope  at  peace  of  Tolentino,  ii.  208 

Carrier,  J.  B.,  crimes  of,  i.  138:  opposes  Robespierre,  148 

Carrlon-Nisas,  A.  H.,  "Peler  tbe  Creat,"  ii,  225 

Cartagena,  Villeneuve  ordered  to,  ii.  239:  rebellion  in,  iii.  121 

CarteaUX,  Gen.,  seizes  \'alence,  i.  128:  besieges  Avignon,  128: 
takes  Marseilles,  131  :  eaiiturcs  OlUoules,  134  :  besieges  Toulon, 
13-1 :  ignorance  of  military  alfairs,  135 :  removed  from  coni- 
nniml,  135 

Cassel,  Blucber's  military  movements  in,  11.  278:  restored  to  its 
former  ruler,  iv.  79 

Castanos,  Gen.  F.  X.  de,  causes  Dupont's  surrender  at  BayUn, 
iii.  1'22:  pnsition  on  the  Ebro,  143,  144:  concerted  Freucli 
movement  against,  144  :  collects  his  troops  at  Sigucnza,  144 

Castegglo,  battle  of.  ii.  116 

Castellane,  journal  of,  iv.  4 

Castelnuovo,  disarmament  of,  i.  273 

Castiglione,  battle  of,  i.  234;  ii.  92:  Augereau's  victory  at, 
207  :  eelebratiou  of  the  battle  of,  228:  Augereau  created  Didio 
of,  ilL  71.    See  AnoEKEAU 

Castile,  F'rencli  occupation  of,  iii.  219:  weakness  of  French 
forces  in,  221 :  reinforcements  for  Massena  ordered  from,  221 

Castlereagh,  Lord,  secretary  lov  war  in  Portland  cabinet,  iii.  58 : 
policy  of  action  an.l  bitterness  .against  A".,  217  ;  iv.  l.w,  169 :  prime 
minister  of  Engbiii.l,  iii.  249:  inspires  action  by  Bernadotte, 
'200:  becomes  foreign  secretary,  iv.  10,  45.  48:  dissatisfied  with 
the  Frankfort  terms,  80:  character.  80,  99:  at  beadquarters  of 
the  allies  at  Basel.  98 :  inlluence  in  European  councils,  ii9  :  un- 
der Mettcrnicb's  Inlluence,  99:  uneasiness  at  A','k  message  to 
Francis,  105:  on  the  European  policy  of  1814,  115:  protests 
against  the  use  of  tbe  imjierial  style  by  A'.,  148:  negotiates 
secret  treaty  between  England,  Austria,  and  France,  1,56,  167  : 
protests  to  Talleyrand  agiuiist  violation  of  treaty  obligations, 
102 :  retires  from  Congress  of  Vienna,  173 :  letter  from  Lord 
Liverpool,  June  20,  181.5,  212 

Catalonia,  Fiench  occupation  of,  iii.  122:  Duhcsme  evacuates, 
123  :  military  goveniment  of,  213 :  FYencb  possession  of,  iv.  15 

Catharine  of  Wurtemberg,  mamcs  Jerome  Bonaparte,  ii. 
•2.57  ;  iii.  7.5,  70 

Cathcart,  Gen.  'W.  S.,  besieges  Copenhagen,  ilL  69:  beads 
Euglisli  embassy  to  Russia,  207 :  influences  the  armistice  of 
PoischwitE,  iv,  45 :  English  minister  at  St.  Petersburg,  45 :  at 
C(Uigre8S  of  Prague,  49 

Catherine  IL,  policy  of,  i.  9 :  iii,  44,  235 :  death  of,  i.  262,  280 : 
.Y.  shatters  a  gift  of,  Ii.  14 :  X.'k  admiration  for,  222  :  share  in 
partiti..n  of  Poland,  iii.  236:  her  life  and  work,  iv.  223 

Catherine,  Grand  Duchess  (of  Russia),  mentioned  for  marriage 
with  A'.,  iii.  139,  140:  marries  the  Duke  of  Oldenburg,  140,  213, 
230 

Catholic  Emancipation,  the  question  of,  il.  134 

CatO,  statue  at  tbe  Tuileries,  ii.  97 

Cattaro,  Alexander  l.'s  scheme  for  aci|uiring.  ii,  228:  Russian 
oeeup.'Uion  «»f,  21 '.2  :  eompensation  for,  iii.  49 

Caulaincourt,  A.  A.  L.  de,  kails  expcilition  to  Olfenburg,  ii. 
191 :  Master  of  tbe  Horse,  2(17,  270 ;  relations  with  A',,  270  ;  iii. 
.SO;  iv.  114,  115,  128,  135.  I:i0,  149,  100:  conducts  negotiations 
with  Russia,  iii.  71,  86-88,  91,  93,  94,  129,  131,  188,  236,  239,  241  ; 
iv.  38-10:  connection  with  the  d'Erighien  nnirder,  iii,  86 :  A'.'s 
instructions  to,  92  :  discusses  partition  of  Turkey,  93 :  exidaiiis 
Bcrnaiiotte's  dilatoriuess,  93 :  reproved  by  A'.,  i29:  friemisbip 
with  the  Czar,  129,  i;)l :  ordered  to  ventilate  the  divorce  ques- 
tion, 140:  conducts  X.'k  matrimonial  negotiations  in  Russia, 
19(1,  191 :  explains  the  Austrian  marriage  to  Alexander,  190 :  re- 
called, 241,  247:  knowledge  of  Itussia,  247:  French  eoinmis- 
sionerat  Poischwitz,  Iv,  43:  at  Congress  of  Prague,  49:  letter 
from  Mettcrnirh,  Nov..  1813,  81,  82:  Minister  of  Foreign  Affairs, 
HI,  83  :  letter  to  .Mctternieb,  Dee.  2,  1813,  83 :  conducts  negotia- 
tionsat  Chalilloii,  ',i;i  102, 104,  107,114,  115:  demands  autborily 
to  treat  after  l,;i  K.iiliiJre,  100,  101:  blamed  for  not  saving  bis 
country  at  cbalillon,  101  :  letter  from  Maret,  114  :  at  council  at 
St,  Dlzier,  120:  seeks  peace  at  any  price,  120:  seeks  ainliencu 
with  Alexander.  13.5,  130 :  at  the  abdication  scene,  139,  140:  on 
commission  to  present  abdication  to  Alexander,  I4'2, 143 :  iirgi  s 
the  rcgem  y,  113 :  IranslerB  his  allegiance,  145 :  .V.'»  declaration 
to,  concerning  bis  gener.ils.  145  :  mumulrs  of,  140  :  records  A'.'d 
fli-st  attemjit  at  siilelde,  140  :  member  of  X.'t  new  cabinet,  167 : 
mombor  of  the  new  Directory,  207 


INDEX 


273 


Cautillon,  attempt  to  asanflsliiato  Wellington,  Iv.  219:  N.'s  lie- 

Cavallos,  tlrfetiils  i^'enUuiuid's  poHitinn,  iif.  irj 

Cavalry,  .V.'a'  vtewn  on,  nnd  use  of,  I.  'M);  11.  117 

Cayenne,  wliolesale  depurtntluns  to,  il.  6 

Celibacy,  N.  "n,  i.  77 

Ceraccm,  elmr^'ed  with  eniiHpIriiey,  U.  IGl:  cxeeutlon  of,  155 

Ceraluo,  niilitary  opemtions  near,  i.  2M 

Cerbeau,  Du,  i.  hi 

Cervoni,  i.  i;u,  i:w 

Ceva,  i.ntiie  «.f,  i.  -213,  i>ir.,  aic 

Ceylon,  letained  Itv  KiikIuikI,  it.  135,  168:  France  guarantees  Its 

I'Otlll  tl  to  llclllliul    iHi 

Cliaboulou,  Fleury  de,  sent  to  Naples,  Iv.  UU,  lO'i:  reveala  the 

state.-r  Kniue  to  A.,  IC.l,  1(W 

Chabrau,  Gen.,  forces  in  Savoy,  li.  UO:  crosses  the  Little  St. 
ItiTtiar.l,  111 

Chabrol,  impciiiil  prefect,  iv.  129 

ChaillOt,  suspected  plot  of  royalists  at.  ii.  193 

CllA>lons,  -V.  leaves  Paris  for,  iv.  89 :  l-'remh  concentration  at,  9*2 : 
.V.  ii'atlie»,  92  :  N.  plans  pursuing'  Bhicher  to,  li7  :  Blnulier  col- 
lects his  uriny  at,  lot:  A.  plans  to  attaelx  Scliwarzenhcrf;  at, 
107:  Marniont  ordered  to,  117-119:  the  allies  open  new  com- 
munications via,  121 

Cham,  Anli.hike  < 'liiiiles  makes  a  stand  at,  iii.  1G3,  167 

Chamartin,  the  Kren.h  troops  at,  iii.  145,  147 

Cliambers  of  Commerce,  estaiiiishment  of,  ii.  i4i 

Cbamb^ry,  A',  at,  ii.  17,  19 :  reinforcements  for  Augcreau  at,  iv. 
110 

Champagny,  L.  A.,  created  Dnke  of  ('adore,  iii.  71 :  appointed 
Minister  i>f  K\teriial  Kelations,  7H,  104:  pleiupotcntiary  at  Al- 
tenbnrg,  IHM,  IHl:  snertjudcd  in  tlie  Foreign  Otllce  by  Maret, 
241,  252 :  mission  to  Kriimiw  at  Uijon,  iv.  144 

Cbampaubert,  i-attu-  of,  iv.  90-98 

Championnet,  Gen.,  overthrows  the  Neapolitan  throne,  ii.  59, 
150  :  disiira-'efiil  eondiiet  at  Naples,  63 

Channel  tunnel,  the,  ii.  185 

"Chant  du  Depart,*"  tlie,  iv.  137 

Chaptal,  J.  A.,  member  of  the  council  of  state,  ii.  100 

Chardon,  Abb6,  on  N.tt  hoyhuod,  i.  23 

Chareuton,  Marinont  and  Mortier  driven  back  to,  Iv.  123 

Charette,  institutes  royalist  retaliation  on  republican  prisoners, 
i.  u;i 

Charleroi,  military  operations  near,  iv.  174,  176-178,  180,  181, 
193,  201  :   X.  at.  178.  179,  203,  239 

Charles,  Archduke,  defeats  Jourdan,  i.  235:  defeated  l)y  Mo- 
reaii,  235  :  caiiipaiL;ii  in  the  TjtoI,  203,  204  :  ordered  into  Friuli, 
203,  2t;0:  niilitary  genius.  263  ;  iii.  167:  guards  Carniola,  i.  207  : 
battle  on  the  Ta^diamento,  267 :  on  the  river  Mnr,  208  :  cut  olf 
from  succor,  209 :  letter  from  A'.,  209  :  defeats  Jourdan  at  Ost- 
rach  and  Stuckach.  ii.  60:  effect  of  his  successes,  01:  defeats 
Mass^na  at  Zurich,  63:  defeated  by  Mass^ua  at  Zuricli,  93: 
withdraws  teraiiorarily  from  service,  105:  resumes  Lonmiand 
after  Hnheulinden,  125,  230:  commanding  Austrian  army  in 
Italy,  233  :  reaches  Marburg,  236:  position  on  the  Adige,  230  : 
connuanding  Austrian  tmops  from  Italy,  245:  the  thmne  of 
Spain  otfered  to.  iii.  130:  reorganizes  the  Austrian  army,  153, 
154  :  doelares  war  against  France,  154  :  to  operate  in  Bohemia, 
154:  plans  to  rouse  the  Cicnnan  people,  154:  procnisti nates, 
154:  offensive  movement  in  the  Daimbe  valley,  158:  A'.'s  plan 
for  meeting,  158 :  mistakes  in  the  campaign  of  Eckmiihl,  158- 
160:  crosses  the  Is;ir,  159,160:  a  lost  opportunity,  159:  plan 
of  offense,  159:  marches  against  Davout,  159:  marches  on 
Ratisbon,  159,  161;  force  at  Ludmannsdorf  and  Rohr,  160: 
force  at  Mousburg,  101:  retires  to  Ratisbon,  162:  in  l)attle  of 
Eckmiihl,  162  :  retires  before  Davout,  162 :  A'.'^  reasons  for  not 
pursuing,  after  Ecknuihl,  163:  crosses  the  Danube,  103:  makes 
a  stand  at  Cham,  163,  107  :  sues  for  peace,  103,  167:  junction 
with  Hiller  at  Bisamberg,  104,  167:  seizes  Ratisbon,  167:  at 
Budweis,  107:  indecision  of,  167:  his  line  on  the  Danube,  168: 
advance  toward  Wagiam,  109:  attempts  to  break  iV.'.>(  bridges, 
170:  in  battles  of  Aspern  and  Essliiig,  170-172:  conduct  after 
Aspern,  173.  174:  seeks  the  offices  of  diplomacy.  174  :  battle  of 
Wagram,  175-179  :  withdraws  toward  Znaini.  177  :  orders  Arch- 
dnke  John  to  attack,  178:  pursued  by  A',  and  Marmont,  181: 
oaks  an  armistice.  IHI :  quarrels  witli  the  Emperor  and  John, 
1H2:  resigns  his  command.  1H2:  at  marriage  of  Maria  Louisa,  197 

Charles  Emmanuel,  succeeds  Victor  Amadeus,  i.  216:  retires 
toS;irditii;i,  ii.  20.  5'l,  93 

Charles  Emmanuel  IV,,  invited  by  Russia  to  return  to  Tiu-iu, 
ii.  '.13 

Charles  Ludwig  Frederic,  of  Baden,  marries  Stephanie  Na- 
pi'lcone,  ii.  257 

Charles  the  Great,  his  work  for  civilization,  ii.  103,  104:  N.'a 
emulati-'ii  of,  103,  104:  iii.  231,  233:  French  longings  for  a  mod- 
ern, ii.  13M  :  restoring  the  empire  of,  149  :  reversion  to  state  and 
titles  of  the  reign  of,  200.207:  coronation  of,  208:  gift  ^1  the 
Papacy,222;  his  system  of  '  marches."  iii.  48:  iV.  resumes  the 
grant  of,  94:  magnillecncc  of  his  empire,  104:  Spanish  terri- 
tory of,  105:  his  donation  to  Haitrian  I.  rev(»ked  by  A'.,  106: 
his  ideal,  242:  N.  compared  with,  242;  iv.  241:  the  second, 
iii.  250:  imitation  of  his  times,  iv.  171:  influence  on  Europe,  241 

Charles  IV.  (of  Spain),  attachment  to  Godoy,  ii.  131 :  king  of 
Spain,  1S4  :  subserviency  to  France,  and  relations  with  N.,  iii. 
59,  i;o,  10(1,  101,  110:  conspires  against  his  son's  succession,  60: 
unites  with  X.  in  coercing  Portugal,  95 :  scheme  to  acipiire. Por- 
tugal, 90:  character,  98:  announces  his  son's  cons|)ii':icy,  100: 
blames  the  French  minister  at  Mailrid,  100:  c(UTe-*pondence 
with  y.,  101, 104, 105  :  pardons  Ferdinand,  101  :  proposes  to  cut 
off  Fenlinand's  succession,  101:  A',  reveals  his  policy  to,  104: 
Vol.  IV.— 37 


(^harh'H  I V .  —rant ill  ufil. 
panic-stricken  at  the  French  invRslon,  105:  deposes  (Jodoy, 
100 :  hiht  days  of  hi-  kingdom,  100  :  ahdicatcH,  \m  :  reinidlutefl 
hifi  alidicatlun,  108,  KKi,  114:  "cekn  Muratn  protection.  lO^f: 
virtual  pilHoncr  In  thi*  KHcurial,  III:  deposed,  113-115:  sum- 
moneil  to  Bayonne,  111:  refuses  KiTdinuiid's  offer  t'>  surrender 
ttniToun,  IM:  jiensiuned,  115:  rcHtruinv  (ie».  Holnno's  movc- 
nu-nts,  116:  at  Complegne,  110:  goes  to  MurHelHes,  117  :  wvak- 
nons  of,  1 17  :  goes  to  Italy,  117 

Charles  V.,  nuignillccnce  of  his  empire,  Hi.  UH 

Charles  X.    s.-.-  ali^o  autois,  corNT  ok 

Charles  XII.  of  Sweden,  military  despotism  of,  it.  80 

Charles  XIII.,  kin;;  nf  >swedi'n,  ii.  270 :  succeeds  CfUstavus  IV., 
iii.  2b'» :  niaki  H  P-.-niadotic  his  8uece»s<jr,  210  :  under  N.'a  pro- 
tection, 215  :  fiil.l.-ncH  nf  his  rule,  241 

Charters,  dchtnieti.in  of  feudal,  1.  57 

Chartres,  lUuht  of  the  EmiirchH  and  Joseph  through,  iv.  132 

Chartres,  Due  de  (bonis  rhilippe),  scheme  U)  place  him  on  the 
Kicnch  Ihn.nc.  iv.  159 

Chateaubriand,  F.  A.,  friendship  with  Mme.  Baccloccid,  ii.  164 : 
lit4rary  w.Mk.s  165.  100:  envoy  to  Vnhiis,  pw;:  a  disciple  of 
Kiiusscau,  lot'.:  envoy  to  Rome,  106:  suppoMcd  siMmsor  for  the 
4'nncordat,  Uk> :  inlluence,  166:  his  name  ondtted  from  the 
honor  list  of  1810,  iii.  229:  on  the  new  constitution,  iv.  108 

Cha,teau-Thierry,  French  occupalion  of,  iv.  96:  Bliicher's  re- 
tr<  at  throut^h.  and  sack  of,  96:  Macdonald's  failure  at,  102: 
niilitaiy  movements  near,  119 

Chd,telet,  military  operatioTis  near.  iv.  177,  179,  181 

Chatham,  Earl  of,  compared  with  Carnot,  i.  201 :  policy  toward 
France,  li.  131 

Cha,tillon,  Congress  of,  iv  99-10.5,  107,  108.  114,  lls:  raulain- 
coiirt'.s  carte  Maiiche  at,  loO,  101,  104:  rumored  preliminaries 
of  jieacr  at,  103:  semis  ultimatum  U*  A'.,  1(14,  105:  closes,  105, 
100  :  captuiv  of  some  of  the  diphmiats  of,  120 

Chauuiont,  Hiirienders  to  one  Wurtcmherg  horseman,  iv.  87 : 
tre;ity  <if,  100,  107,  170:  military  operations  near,  116 

Chemnitz,  the  .Saxon  urmy  at,  ii.  276:  coutemplated  movemeDta 
at,  iv.  07 

Chenier,  Andr^,  ii,  225 

Chenier,  ftL  J.,  driven  from  the  tribnnate,  ii.  156:  "Cyrus," 225: 
suppresses  bi«  writim-'s,  iii.  72:  rewards  for  his  literary  work, 
227:  (ijiposis  the  empire,  229;  made  inspector-general  of  the 

Uni\i  isity,  22'J 

Cheops,  Pyramid  of,  A',  in  the,  ii.  45 

Cherasco,  capture  of,  i.  215.  216 

Chevreuse,  Mme.  de,  pert  remark  to  N.,  and  banishment,  iii.  76 

Chimay,  Princess  de,  i.  190.    See  also  Tallien,  Mme. 

China,  A.'.v  attention  turned  toward,  i.  40 

Chiusa  Veneta,  capture  of  fort  at,  i.  267 

Choiseul,  C.  A.  G.,  refuses  protectorate  to  Corsica,  i.  5:  his  pol- 
icy toward  Corsica,  8,  9:  disgrace  of,  22:  N.'s  hatred  for,  26: 
scheme  of  Egyjitian  conquest,  ii.  31 

Chouans,  the,  rebellion  of,  i.  164, 197,  278:  legislation  against, 
ii.  (U  :  the  Cadoudal  onnspiracy,  189  et  seq. 

Christian  VIL,  imhecility  of,  iii.  59 

Christianity,  A'.v  confusion  of  ideas  concerning,  i.  39 

Church,  the,  S.'s  attitude  toward,  and  relations  with,  i.  39,  83, 
157  ;  ii.  104,  113,  132,  1S3,  138,  139,  158,  165.  169,  170,  257,  203, 
264  :  iii.  57.  58.  70.  72,  73,  94,  95.  121,  147,  166,  186.  187,  192,  198, 
199,  201,  202,  232,  233,  240 ;  iv.  15,  25 :  demands  for  refoi-m  of, 
in  i'<irsica,  i.  62:  enforced  contributions  by,  at  Ajaccio,  70: 
attitude  of  the  French  governments  toward,  and  relati(m8  with 
the  nation,  70,  144  ;  ii.  62,  87,  139,  165,  208  et  seq.:  N.'tt  study  of 
the  Oallican,  i.  86 :  reorganization  of  its  property,  87 :  changes 
in,  94  :  sequestration  of  lands  of,  94,  KM):  Louis  XVI. 's  support 
of,  100:  Ar.'«  speculation  in  sequestered  lands  of,  172:  plot- 
ting in,  178 :  question  of  allegiance  of  the  clergy.  247 :  relation 
to  education,  ii.  145-147:  inlluence  in  Austria  and  Germany, 
169  :  reconstruction  in  France,  203 :  schente  frtr  unity  of,  in 
(Jorniany,  2(i0:  archbishops  created  counts,  iii.  71:  degrada- 
tion in  Spain,  98 :  pillaged  in  Spain,  123 :  repressed  in  the  Ty- 
ViA,  155 ;  the  bishops'  court  pronounces  A'. 's  first  marriage  null, 
194:  attitude  toward  N.'k  second  marriage.  198,  199:  the  t'ol- 
leije  c»f  Cardinals  transplanted  from  Rome  to  Paris,  198,  202 

Cicero,  statue  at  the  TuiUiies.  ii.  97 

Cintra,  .nin<.t  surrenders  at,  iii.  123   124. 144 

Cisalpine  Republic,  the,  formation  of,  ii.  6,  14 :  pillage  of,  26 : 
treaty  witli  France,  March,  1798,  26:  the  Valtfllina  incorpor- 
ated with,  27:  recoginzed  by  Prussia,  29:  dis.solution  of,  57: 
picks  a  quarrel  with  Sardinia,  59:  reestablishment  of,  113,  120, 
149:  tribute  levieil  on,  120;  (piestion  of  a  president  for,  149: 
Enulisb  clforts  to  di^^eredit  France  in,  169 

Clspadane  Republic,  the,  i.  247 :  question  of  a  constitution  for, 
ii.  6 

Citadella,  battle  of,  i.  237 

"  Citizen,"  use  of  the  term  in  France,  ii.  127 

Citizenship,  lilieity,  equality,  and  frateniityin.i.  57:the  primary 
duty  of,  1811 

Ciudad  RodrigO,  Spanish  defense  of,  iii.  218 :  8t(»rming  of,  222, 
242 

Civil  Code,  introduced  into  Warsaw,  iii.  50.    See  also  Codk 

Civil  liberty,  developed  in  inverse  ratio  to  political  liberty,  ii.  143 

"  Civism,"  i.  99,  lOO,  190 

Clacy,  captured  by  A'.,  iv.  108 

Clanship,  i.  3 

Clarke,  Gen.,  letter  from  N.,  Nov.  19,  1796.  L  245,  246 :  at 
Montebello.  280:  meeting  with  A*.,  280:  mission  to  Vienna, 
280:  French  agent  in  treaty  of  Campo  Formio,  ii.  13:  recalled 
to  Paris,  13,  15:  forbidden  to  enter  Vienna,  28;  guardian  to 
King  Louis's  widow,  150 :  drives  British  ships  from  Tuscan 


274 


INDEX 


Clarke.  Gvn.— continued, 
liartKirs,  183  :  rnaltd  l>uko  of  Feltrc,  ill.  71 :  ordered  to  fortify 
the  Siviiiish  fr>iilitr,  1»K):  minUtcr  of  wiir,  iv.  V2S:  niL'niburof 
thi'  Kmi'rt-.'v'^-lU'Kcnt  i>ci>uncil,  IJN  !:«»:  lulviucs  tlit>  tlijilit  of  the 
Ein|'ri*a,  Ki*> ;  iTipJiris  (or  ilefciibf  of  Piiris,  131  :  *V.'«  ra^e 
at,  IX> 

Clary,  Eug^nle-Bemardlne-Deslree  proposal  t*i  wed  ^v.  to, 
i.  I7r.  IK7,  18«:  afflaiiccd  to  Piiphot,  ii.  2ts'29:  ut:irrk-8  bvnia- 
d"iti-,  •_".» 

Cler^,  the,  i>»»8ition  at  outbreak  of  the  revolution,  i.  5*J,  r»3,  M: 
Attitiitlu  iti  Corsica,  01 :  y.'n  attitude  towartl,  and  rt-httions 
with, ('.7,  Ki,'J«'l  :  ii.  7  :  rcvidutioii  iimoiiL;  ttierlur^>  of  Daiiiiliiiiy, 
i.  M,  87  :  i-oiiHtiiulioiml  reforms  for,  87  :  uplicaval  anions,  iU  : 
attitude  of  tlie  Dlri'cli>ry  toward,  ii.  2.  'U  :  traiifiiuuted  to  t'liy- 
eiitu-,  r> :  Talleyrand  a  leader  ainoii);,  2'2  :  released  from  tli>-  Ja- 
cidiin  ban,  87  :  at>olitioM  of  eelilmcy  of,  1;12:  conformists  and 
Donconforu)it>t&  to  the  eivil  constitution,  13*2,  138,  Hilt :  a  "con- 
8ei.ratc«!  constabulary,"  i3'.> :  re8torati<tn  to  tlie  eecleitiastieal 
fob!,  •J'i'i:  enconnige  lelH-IHon  in  Spiiin,  iil.  121.  See  also 
Cm  K<  ■»  ;  i'.MAOY  ;  Pus  VH.;  Romk 

CleveS,  l'russia'8  price  for,  ii.  170:  cedeti  to  France,  2r>l 

Cleves  and  Berg,  tlie  Uraud  Dueliy  of,  ii.  261 :  French  garrison 
ill.  -J'.i 

Clichy  Club,  the,  ii.  3.  3.  5, 15 

Coalition  of  1813,  contrifniia!  forees  in,  iv.  •K>-!>2 

CobenzU  Count  ll,  Austrian  pUniiwt'Cntiary  at  Campo  i'orniio, 
ii.  i;i,  M:  at  t'oni:re&*  of  liastatt,  18:  nepotiatea  with  France 
afttT  Marengo,  V22  :  on  universal  eomiueist,  iii.  39 

CoblentZ,  luudquartei-fi  of  KrtiiLh  royalists,  ii.  81 

Coburg,  military  operations  near,  ii.  278 

Cockburn,  Adxo.  Sir  George,  conveys  N.  to  St.  Helena,  iv. 

Code  Civil,  itti  eontravcntion  by  .lewigh  legislation,  iii.  M 
Code  Napoleon,  the,  ii-  U2-U4  ;  iv.  244  :  introduced  into  I'anna 

and  I'iiieeniui,  ii.  227  :  abolition  of  tlio  biw  of  entail  and  pri- 

m.-m-niture,  iii.  (I'J:  A'. V  excuse  fctr  overruling,  70:  introduced 

into  H..ll;inil,  212:  in  Italy,  iv.  7^ 
Code  of  Commerce,  tlie,  ii.  U4  ;  iii.  ci 
Code  of  Criminal  Procedure,  the,  ii.  i44 
Colgnet,  Private.  -»V.'«  friendly  familiarity  with,  ii.  128 
Coignet,  writes  of  the  entry  into  Berlin,  iii.  3  :  on  the  march  to 

Kiissiii,  248  :  reports  demoralization  after  Dresden,  iv.  5'J 
Coigny,  MUe.  de,  mairied  to  Savarj',  ii.  2C7 
Coimbra,  military  movements  near,  iii,  218 
Colbome,  Sir  J.,"in  battle  of  Waterloo,  iv.  202 
Col  dl  Tenda,  the  nemh  line  at,  ii.  105 
College  of  Cardinals,  inireased  French  representation  in  tlie, 

iil.  'M 
College  of  France,  the,  ii.  145 
Colli,  Gen.,  commanding'  riedmontcse  troops,  1.  213,  215 :  rein- 

fonenunts  for,  .left  at^  d,  215 
Collingwood,  Adm.  Cuthbert,  his  knowledge  of  the  enemy's 

mov.-mentM,  li.  2:tH  :  bb.ekades  Cadiz,  239 :  at  lYafalgar,  240 
Cologne,  Macdniiald  entrusted  with  defense  <if,  iv.  89 
Colombier,  Caroline  du,  .V.>  ilrst  love,  i.  40,  85 
Colombier,  Mme.  du,  i.  39,  85 
Colonization,  ralbyrainl's  views  on,  ii.  22 
Colonna,  rei)ri'Hent8  Corsira  in  the  Natit»nal  Assembly,  i.  02,  03  : 

meiiilxT  of  the  directory  of  Corsica.  73 
Colonna- Ce sari,  leads  (.'oreican  expedition  against  Sardinia,  i. 

lU 

Column  of  Vend6me,  erection  of  the,  iii.  02 

Com^dle  Frant^ise,  numbers  accompany  N.  to  Erfurt,  iii.  135 

Commerce,  condition  of,  at  outbreak  of  the  Revolution,  i. 
53 :  intlncnce  on  the  social  life  of  the  worM,  ii.  31  :  encourage- 
ment of,  141  :  revived  by  the  I'uaee  of  Amiens,  151 :  improved 
r iifion  of,  105:  the  scope  of  I'.rttihh,  173 

Committee  of  Public  Safety,  n mi-s  hiipreme  jiower.  1. 123: 
aided  by  *'arnot,  VSd  :  ('or»i<:inN  iieiio\ineed  in,  149:  keeps  iV. 
under  surveillance,  152:  plans  expedition  against  Rome,  155: 
alwlished,  105.  172:  the  new,  174,  175.  178:  appoints  A',  on 
military  commission,  176:  proposes  to  transfer  N.  to  Constan- 
tinople, 178:  considers  policy  of  exelinling  English  goods  from 
the  r.iTitinent,  iii.  5  :  dilllculties  with  Mme.  de  Stael,  227 

Communal  list,  the,  ii.  k4 

Complegne,  Spanish  royal  exiles  at,  iii.  110  :  meeting  of  the  Era- 
pi  it  with  bis  Austrian  bride  at,  197,  198,  200,  200  :  Bliicher  be- 

-ie::.>.  iv.  112 

Compignano,  Countess  of.    See  BtJONAPAiiTE,  Makik-Anne- 

Kll'-A 

Compulsory  loans,  ii.  hh 

Compulsory  military  service,  *.  12« 

Concordat,  the,  ii.  133.  i:ih,  wn,  208  et  seij.,  2W;  iv.  229,  2-12, 244: 
mrvi.  r  ill  hoio.r  of.  ii.  i:(h,  i:{9  :  iti  effect  in  France,  139  :  "the 
vacrinc  of  religion,'  139:  cr.ntenipt  of  the  Army  of  the  Uhinc 
for,  161  :  thewtipjiOHed  siMinsctr  for,  100  :  etfort  in  fJennany,  109 : 
ext4nr>b>n  U*  Venice  refused  by  I'iu»  VII.,  ill.  67:  Venetia  ad- 
niilt'd  t'-,  94:  iinilojiig  the  work  of,  95:  rupture  of,  233 

Concordat  of  Fontaine bleau,  the,  iv.  2G,  27 

Conde,  •  vnciialioii  of,  t.  133 

Cond6,  the  Great,  ii.  192 
Cond6,  Prince  of,  li.  197 
Condorcet,  J.  A.  N.  de  C.»  believer  in  e*iuality  of  the  sexes, 

il.  115 

Conegllano,  creation  of  hereditary  duchy  of,  tl.  255:  Moncey 
CI.  iit"l  hnke  of.  71.     See  MoNCKV 

Confederation  of  the  Rhine,  the,  organization  of,  li.  259-202 
271  :  M'Hxc-riiMHel  rtdnwrd  a<ln))sHion  to,  iil.  7:  levies  of  troops 
for  France  In,  24,  152,  157,  158.  244,  246  ;  iv.  23,  28  :  recognised 
at  TlUlt,  ill.  47 :  H&zony  united  with,  48 :  relations  with  France, 


Confederation  of  the  Rhine  —contintied. 
fd,  02.  214  ;  iv.  19  :  additions  to,  iii.  184  :  called  to  arms  by 
I'russia,  iv.  31  :  propi'Sed  abandonment  of  fr'reneh  protectorate 
over,  38:  i>ro|»osed  dissolution  of,  44  :  pivposed  dynastic  inde- 
|)endence  for  sovereigns  of,  49  :  purpose  of  the  lillies  to  free, 
60:  resolveil  into  its  elements,  79:  forced  by  allies  to  raise 
military  contingents,  89 

Conflscation^  opposition  to  the  reintroduction  of,  ii.  15G  :  priu- 
eiple  of  |>uninhme(d  l>y.  iii.  225,  220 

CoiU,  snrreiniered  to  France,  i.  215 

ConneWltZ,  niilitary  operations  near,  iv.  70-73 

Consalvl,  CardlnaJ,  negotiates  the  Concordat,  ii.  13:1  :  memo- 
rialist of  Pius  \1I.,  222:  dismissed  from  the  Papal  service, 
2.'i0 

Conscription,  the,  i.  ic.:»,  2:t2;  ii.  00.  o:).  r.4,  lOO,  1%,  233,  255, 

205,  274  ;  iii.  11,  24,  20,  27,  03,  04,  100,  104.  15;S  222,  24.5,  248  ;  iv. 
16.  22,  23.  25,  43,  05,  84-87,  123,  153,  171  ;  development  of  Car- 
nofs  scheme,  ii.  03,  CA:  A'.'s  inlluenee  on  the  laws  of,  100: 
how  enforced,  195 :  Jewish  evasions  of  the,  iii.  03 :  Jews  made 
subject  to,  04 

Conservatoire  des  Arts  et  Metiers,  founded,  i.  167 
Conservatory  of  Music,  reorganization  of,  i.  167 
Constable,  ereaiion  of  the  oUleu  of,  ii.  206 

Constabulary,  aiioiitjon  of  the.  i.  80 

Constance,  city  of,  eeded  to  haden,  ii.  252 

Constance,  Lake,  the  Austrian  camp  on,  ii,  234 

Constant,  A'.V  \abl,  iv.  149 

Constant  de  Rebecque.  Henrl-BenJamln,  dreads  a  new  Ter- 
ror, il.  04  :  member  of  the  tribnnale.  KMi,  l.^.^i:  driven  from  the 
tril)unate,  150  :  president  of  the  conncil  of  state,  iv.  107  ;  sup- 
ports the  chambers.  2IH1.  207 

Constantlne,  Grand  DiLke,  in  battle  of  AusterlitA  ii.  249, 250: 
lieiini-sen  writes  to,  after  I'rii-dland,  iii.  32  :  Icailer  of  the  peace 
party.  :(2,  'M  :  at  'I'dsit,  45:  with  the  Army  of  the  South,  iv.  52 

Constantlne  the  Great,  A',  likened  to,  ii.  210 

Constantinople,  proimsal  to  send  X.  to,  i.  177:  N.'s  eye  on, 
202:  proposed  mission  for  Talleyrand  to.  ii.  45:  Russia  to  aid 
in  defense  of,  49 :  A',  given  leave  to  mareli  on,  49 :  licet  sent  to 
relief  of  Acre  from,  50,  51 :  Russian  ambition  to  acquire,  228 ; 
iii.  29,  54,  87,  91 :  a  British  fleet  at,  23 :  French  intlnence  at, 
33,  Hi :  proposed  disposition  of,  after  Tilsit,  48 :  revolution  In, 
127  :  England  threatens  to  boml)ard,  244 

Constitutional  checks,  i.  55 

Constitution  of  1799,  prohibition  against  First  Consul's  mili- 
tary lead(  ^>^llip,  ii.  100 

Consular  Guard,  the,  at  Marengo,  ii.  117, 118 :  strengthening 

(►f,  17H 

Consulate,  proposed  formation  of  a,  ii.  69 :  a  disguised  nnm- 

arehy,  iv.  237 

Continental  System,  the,  ii.  183,  242,  258 :  iii.  8ft-«2,  125, 128, 

153.  1.M5,  192,  1110,  201-215,  217,  220,  225.  231,  232,  230,  240,  246, 
249,  2.'>0;  iv.  15,  38,  47,  50,  242:    England's  policy  a^nst,  iii. 

HI.  S2 

Copenhagen,  battle  of,  ii.  135:  bombardment  of,  ill.  69,  79-81, 

214 
Coppet,  Mine,  ik'  Stael's  residence  at,  il.  207  ;  iii.  227 
Corday.  Charlotte,  a.><sa8sination  of  Marat,  i.  138 
Cordova,  French  capture  and  abandonment  of,  iii.  122 
Corfu,  .V.  proposes  to  seize,  i.  277  :   France's  jealons  care  of,  ii. 
21;    Adm.  Brueys  orderea  to.  42:   bloeliade  of.  40:   Russian 
occupation  of,  220,  228,  229,  202:  French  oecnpation  of,  iii,  81, 
88,  M9:  English  naval  watch  on,  90:  proposed  expedition  to 
Egypt  from,  91 
Corizier,  woundid  at  Aere,  ii.  .V2 

Corueille.  Pierre,  A'.'.s  siud>  of,  iii.  134;  iv.  210 

Cornet,  s-tarls  the  ]»nnfe(liiii4s  of  the  iNth  Brumairo.  ii.  70 

Cornwallis,  Lord  Charles,  iharacter,  ii.  168 :  negtdiatea  the 

treal.v  .-f  Amims,  IC.M 

Cornwallis,  Adm.  William,  junction  i>f  Nelson  and,  before 

Bnst,  ii.  2:i« 
Corona,  military  operations  at,  i.  251,  254 
Correggio,  A.  A.,  plumler  of  the  works  of,  i.  225,  228 
Corsica,  extcrmil  relations,  i.  2-5,  11,  12 :  i>hysic«l  features  and 
jiopulation,  2-5,  19.  150:  Rousseau's  views  on,  2,  7  :  the  Bnona> 
parte  family  In,  2,  12  et  seq.,  119:  feudalism  in,  3.  7:  Paoll's 
share  in  history  of,  4  et  scq..  02-08.  70,  72.  73,  117,  121-123:  na- 
tional heroes  and  patriotism  in,  4,  21,  01,  02 :  .Tews  iu,  5  :  French 
schemes  concerning,  expeditions  ngainst,  and  occupations  of, 
6-11,  41,  06,  60.  09,  89,  90, 119-12.3,  15:J,  1.55.  206,  248,  200:  A.'«Iovc 
for,  residences  in,  schemes  concerning,  and  peculiar  relatione 
to,  0,  7,  26,  27,  30,  42,  45-47,  49.  59,  02,  0:{,  66,  67,  74,  93-99,  107-110, 
124-126,  138,  1.50.  151,  15:t.  205.  20<; ;  ii.  104.  161  :  MonteS(|Ult  n"s 
vi«w8  on,  i.  7:  joins  the  Bourbon-Hapsburg  allianee,  9:  ctded 
by  (ienoa  to  France.  9,  JO:  England's  iuterLsts  in,  prtdeetorate 
over,  compiestand  nlmndonment  of.  10  04.  Om,  110, 121-123,  152- 
155,248,200:  disallectlon,  riots  and  rebellion  in,  U.  2I,4:J.  68-66, 
78.  83,  97-100,  117,  151,  248:  compared  «ith  .^^ardinia,  12:  S.'s 
history  of,  39.  44.  47  51  :  introduction  of  silkwonn  culture  Into, 
41:  the  betrayal  of.  50:  the  Kevolntiim  In,  58-00:  scheme  of 
liberation.  59et8t  ().:  plan  for  elective  council  in,  60:  rival  par- 
ties ami  classes,  sclirmes  and  intriwn*  s  in.  01-60,  94,  95,  97,  99, 
1(»9,  112.  llH-126:  desired  refoinm  for,  02  :  representation  in  the 
National  Assembly,  62-00:  the  council  of  twelve  nobles  In,  63: 
Genoa's  claims  to.  04,  65.  69.  ecclcsiastieal  and  rtligiotm 
troubles  70,  94,  98  :  democracy  In.  72 :  meeting  of  the  con^titu- 
mt  asseiiddv  at  Orezza,  72-74  :  Bastia  ileelared  the  capital.  74  : 
the  National  (Inanl  in,  74,  78,  iMU92,  90,  97.  109.  114  :  \.  leaves 
for  Anxonne,  79  :  N.  mobbed  in.  83  :  customs  In,  95  :  N.  leaves, 
99.  KM):  exi>edltion  against  .Sardinia  from,  111-114:  enforce- 
ment of  the  Convention's  decrees  in,  117  :  SalicettI  deserts  the 


INDEX 


275 


Corsica — continue. 
cause  of,  U'J:  A.  npiwlntod  Inflpcctnrjfcncml  of  nrtnicr>' for, 
liy:  new  ctiiiiinittrtiniu-i-s  «i*nt  t>,  I'll:  tlif  litmiiiipiirU-rt  leuvi-, 
123:  8UccoM«  ut  ri-vnlt  ui.';tiriwl  Ihc  Cnii\L*titiuii,  l2'J:  Ucuiv« n- 
tloii  t'uinniiriaiuit  for,  VM  :  A'.V  rxiiuilltion  ui,'uinHt,  liiH,  lf»*^  l,'>:(, 
icr>:  i-niployint'nt  <if  rofuK*!"*  ffni,  U'J:  Hiilii-ctti  liluiiiud  for 
hmiirrectioM  in,  IM  :  wictcliiii  iiituriial  pliKlit,  IM  :  cliui-gtM 
iiKuinst  ri'fxi'rt'H  fioin.  ir>0:   A^.V  liut  vUlt  to,  il.  C7 

Corslcan  Feuillauts,  the,  i.  i>r> 

Corslcan  Jacobins,  the.  1.  '■>f> 

Corao,  Cape,  radii's  litiutlni:  ;i(,  i.  r.H 

Corte,  thf  town  of.  i.  4:  iTUioval  of  Hratof  govomment  from,  11  : 
('alio  linunaparti'  at,  13-ir>:  a  riiolist  centt-r,  iVi:  Jtisupli  Bun- 
niipaitc  ul,  'M  :  A',  onltrtd  to,  lO'.i,  120  :  meeting  between  Pa<»M 
and  A",  at.  U'i  :   A',  a  snepect  at,  V20 

Coninna,  tin-  junta  of.  iii.  ri;t :  .Moore'8  retreat  t4>,  ami  death  iit, 
1  lt'>,  117:  nn^'land'M  tardiness  at,  14'.' 

Cossacks,  inililary  achievemuntu  of,  ill.  14,  15,  li),  '21):  luirasstlu' 
retiiiitinj;  Kicni-li  army,  iv.  4,  C, :  relii-VL-  Uanduiiv,  :W  :  in  bat- 
tle of  Leipsic,  71 :  in  tlio  campaign  of  1H14,  D5 :  mlvanee  to  No- 
niourH  and  Kontainetdiaii,  10;J :  at  tlie  battle  of  Ijion,  108:  fears 
of.  In  I'ariH,  l;(« 

Costa,  letter  fn.ni  A',  (o,  i.  109,  110:  letter  from  Luclen  to,  110 

Council  of  Ancients,  tiie,  i.  Uii 

Council  of  Juniors,  tin-,  i.  IGI 

Council  of  State,  the,  ii.  H6,  lUMOl :  stripped  of  its  supremacy, 
In'.t :  approVL-s  A'.'.v  action  ajfainst  tlio  Due  d'En^diitn,  11»4  :  iUs 
fun<  tions,  iii.  I'lS 

"  Count  of  EBsex,"  the,  i.  4-1 

*'  Courier,"  the  London,  pubUshes  Spanish  nnuiffesto  of  A'.,  iii. 
'Ill 

CoustOU,  Abb6,  attetnlfl  Carlo  Hnomipaile's  deathbed,  1.  32 

Coxe's  '*  Travels  in  Switzerland,"  A",  x  study  of,  i.  sfi 

Cracow,  eetled  (i.  the  grand  diieliy  of  Warsaw,  iii.  184  :  Schwarz- 
etil)eri;  seeks  slulter  in,  iv.  27 

Craned,  Dubois  de,  i.  l;i;i :  reoi-ganization  of  the  French  armies 
h\,  I'.tH  :  organi/i-s  national  eonserii)tion,  232 

Craonne,  i-atilr  of,  iv.  im 

Crema,  uillnUawal  of  the  Austrians  from  Milan  to,  il.  113 

Croatia,  Austrian  recruiting  in,  i.  23G :  part  of,  ceded  t*j  France, 
iii.  1S4 

Cromwell,  Oliver,  A',  disclaims  the  rAle  <)f,  ii.  77,  80:  the  need 
uf  a  s<<  (Hid,  in  Krame,  SI :  A',  compared  with,  148 

Cronstadt,  Alexamler  fears  for,  iii.  8() 

Cr6sne,  sicyes  accepts  the  estate  of,  ii.  Wi 

Crottendorf,  military  operations  near,  iv.  70 

Crusades,  the,  ii.  ;ti 

Cuneo,  :i.--si..iiitcd  with  .V.  in  Corsica,  i.  C2 

Custine,  Gen.  A.  P., occupies  Frankfurt,  i.  HO:  defeat  of,  115 

Cyprus,  Sir  r^idncy  Sniilli  puts  into,  ii.  56 

"Cyrus,"  by  (h.-nier,  ii.  2li5 

Czartoryslu,  A.  G.,  m»MU()irs  of,  ii.  228:  Russian  minister  of  for- 
ui-iu  alfair:-,  22H :  4>n  the  Kussian  policy  in  1805,  24«»:  friend- 
ship with  Alexander  I.,  iii,  9,  235;  iv.  20:  on  the  hereditary 
disease  of  tlic  Konianotfs,  iii.  44;  retirement  of,  235  :  scliemts 
in  regard  to  restoration  of  Poland,  235,  240;  iv.  20:  transfers 
faith  from  Ali-\ander  to  A'.,  iii.  240 

Czemicheff,  Count,  aiile-de-camp  to  Alexander  I.,  iii.  250:  N. 
otfers  terms  to,  -250 


DagObert,  A',  in  the  iron  chair  of,  ii.  209 

Dalberg,  Archbishop,  scheme  to  unify  the  (tcrman  Church,  ii. 
2iV.f,  2i>n:  Princr-I'rimaleT  2G0:  at  the  Erfurt  eonfereuee,  iii. 
133:  receives  Ratishon  in  cxcliantje  for  Frankfort  principality, 
204  :  his  territory  erected  into  a  grand  duchy  f^r  iMiu'cne,  244: 
estimate  of  A'.'.'*  influence,  245 :  characterization  of  lalleyrand, 
iv.  V.iO:  at  ju-acc  conucil  in  Paris,  134:  member  of  the  executive 
c(unriu.ssion,  i;i4,  l:!.!  :  attainted.  1G5 

Dalmatia,  ceded  to  Austria  at  Leoben,  i.  271  :  alterations  of 
boundaries  near,  ii.  14  :  ceded  by  Austria  Ut  Italy,  252:  crea- 
tion of  hereditary  duchy  of,  255  :  assigned  by  K.  to  Italy,  2i;2  : 
iV'.  off eis  to  excliange,  iii.  24:  Frencli  dominion  recognized  at 
Tilsit,  47:  Sonlt  created  duke  of,  70  (see  SoULT);  French 
sticu'-ith  in,  91 :  proposed  .suiTcnder  of,  to  Austria,  iv.  38 

Dalrymple,  Sir  H.  W.,  retired  from  active  service,  iii.  144 

Damascus,  vrarrison  of  El  Arish  ordered  to,  ii.  47  :  reinforee- 
Tiients  f'T  An.  from,  48 

Danican,  Auguste,  royalist  leader,  i.  178:  the  Thii-teenth  Veu- 

demiairr,  ISI 

Danilevsky,  on  the  allies  reachinf?  Paris,  iv.  131 

Danton,G.  J.,  becomes  head  of  the  Jacobin  commune,  i.  110: 
member  of  the  Nati<uml  Convention,  111:  dictator  of  France, 
115:  overawes  the  (Girondists,  138:  murder  of .  148 

DantziC,  ndtitary  movementa  near,  iii.  13,  1.5,  17  :  siepe  of,  17, 
2:i :  surrender  of,  24,  29  :  freedt)m  restored  to,  49:  independence 
of,  fil :  LefehvTe  created  Duke  of.  71  (see  Lefebvre):  Uavont 
ordered  to  hold.  204:  French  military  stores  in,  253:  Mnrafa 
position  at,  nnfenahle,  iv.  21  :  measures  for  the  relief  r.f.  28; 
held  by  the  FrcTieh,  33:  Rapp  ccunmanding  at,  .34:  proposed 
new  capital  for  Prussia.  39:  proposed  division  of  the  domain 
of.  39:  proposed  cession  nf,  t^»  i'russia,  44,  40 

Danube  River,  the,  rebellion  against  Tmkey  on,  ii.  32:  Kray 
retreats  toward.  109:  proposed  Indian  expediti<ms  \ia.  134: 
military  op^^ations  on,  233,  23.S  23C ;  iii.  5,  85,  91.  93.  127,  157, 
158,  KM),  1G3,  H;4, 1C7-HJ9.  171,  175,  2.39:  Mack  essays  to  cross  at 
fliinzburg,  ii.  235 :  the  French  march  from  the  Rhine  t^,  242  : 
annihilation  of  Mortier  on,  243:  N.'s  line  of  retreat  to,  271): 


I'anube  River,  the  —  continued. 
RuHslan  stu-ecHHi-M  on  the  luwer,  iii.  2:t :  A',  plftns  rediitrlbutlon 
of  liTritorlcH  oil,  44  :  propohcil  JCuivdati  acipilhltions  on,  4H: 
ti>poKra|dil<al  frjituren.  lOH :  the  eMMiIng  at  I^diMU,  16H.  1119, 
171,  175:  deft-at  of  JCuBHiauH  by  TurkH  on,  lUl :  ItUHiiia  uarned 
not  Ul  eroHS,  239 :  RmtHhin  HiicceMHeji  on,  243:  wlllidrawal  of 
RuBMlan  troops  from,  244:  elfect  of  the  riHlng  of.  at  KshIIdk. 
Iv.  19 

Danubian  Principalities,  proposed  partition  of,  ill.  44  :  AIci- 

anders  ambition  to  a. -luirc,  8fi,  H7,  92,  93  :  A',  otfem  to  exchange 

thi  III  for  Sib  Hiii,  K<;,  m7.  VK).    See  aluo  Moli>avia  ;  Wallachu 

Dardanelles,  the,  Alexander  I.'s  scheme  for  Hefxliig,  II.  228 

Darmagnac,  Gen.,  InvudeM  Navarre,  111.  106:  beizea  Pamrdona, 

105 

Darmstadt,  relations  with  RiiBSio,  11.  170:  Btrcngthening  of, 

no:  <|Uola  ..f  men,  2f.l 

Daru,  P.  A.  N.,  ailvi»e«  wintering  tn  Moscow,  ||(.  207 

Daunou,  P.  C.  F.,  dreads  a  new  Terror,  II.  CA :  iduaji  of  govern- 
mt  hi,  Hr> :  named  as  consul,  HO  :  member  of  the  tribunate,  100: 
inlhicnce  on  the  Consulate,  127:  driven  from  the  tribunate,  I5fl: 
attempt  to  admit  htm  to  the  senate,  15fl:  upholds  MachtavelU'H 
theses  concerning  the  Church  of  Rome,  lit.  201 

Dauphlny,  the  peasantry  of,  1.  79-81 :  A',  travels  in,  79 :  revolu- 
tionary  feeling  among  the  clergy  of,  81,  87  :  antl-royallHt  feeling 
in,  iv.  ii;3 

David,  Abb6,  arrest  of,  if.  189 

David,  Jacques  L.,  painter,  li,  225 

Davldowlch,  Gen.  P..  defeated  at  Roveredo,  i.  234,  235:  strength 
in  tin-  Tyrol,  23fi:  defeats  Vaubuls,  2.16,  237,  240:  retreats  to 
the  Tyrol,  240 

Davout,  Gen.  L.  N.,  service  in  Egypt,  ii.  36,  207  :  service  in  the 
Army  of  I^ngland,  185:  created  marshal,  2C>7:  character,  234 ; 
iii.  75:  watches  the  Russian  army.  iL  235:  in  battle  of  Auster- 
litz,  245,  247,  249,  250  :  at  Noidhalben.  278 :  at  Xaumburg,  280 : 
in  battle  t)f  .Jt'-mi,  2«0-283 :  captures  Wittenberg,  Hi.  2:  sacks 
i'oland,  4:  at  fbdynim,  12:  strength  in  Poland,  13:  in  the 
Eyiau  campaign,  17,  19-21 :  in  battle  of  Heilsberg,  29,  30 :  pur- 
sues Lestocfj  from  Friedland,  32-34 :  createil  Duke  of  Auerstadt, 
71  :  income,  71:  N.'k  opinion  of,  75:  recalled  from  Poland  to 
.Silesia,  129:  commanding  in  Saxony,  154:  Archduke  Charles 
plans  to  attack,  154:  his  command  in  the  fifth  Austrian  war, 
157:  f(jrces  in  Steltin,  Bayreuth,  llanover,  and  Magdeburg,  157: 
to  c.inccntiate  at  liamberu,  1.'j8:  couimandinj;  on  the  Isar,  159: 
Aielnliilx.-  Charles  marches  against,  159:  to  concentrate  at 
In^oMadt,  l.v.t-I(U  :  movements  before  Rati^bon,  101:  on  the 
l.alier,  Hil :  in  battle  of  Eckmuhl,  1('.2:  forces  back  Archduke 
Charles,  1G2:  battles  of  Aspern  and  Essling,  171,  172:  battle 
of  Wagram,  177,  178:  ordered  to  hold  Baltic  positions,  2W : 
revenue  of,  226  :  occupies  Swedish  Ponierania.  244  :  letter  from 
A".,  240 :  strength,  Maixh,  1812,246:  reproved  for  his  reports 
of  Prussia,  248:  slowness  of  action  at  opening  of  the  Russian 
eampai^'u,  2.^>4 :  drives  Bagration  ejistward,  256:  battle  of 
Borodino,  261 :  on  the  retreat  from  Moscow,  iv.  1,  2.  5 :  battle 
of  Wiazma,  3:  at  Krasnoi,  6:  division  commander  under 
Engf?ne,  28:  in  campaign  of  lHi;j,  34:  occupies  Hamburg,  37, 
42:  Vandamme  goes  to  liis  assistance,  42:  to  threaten  Berlin, 
51 :  N.'s  instructions  to,  54  :  mediocrity  of  his  troops,  64:  be- 
sieged in  Hamburg,  90:  invited  to  join  in  insuirection,  160: 
member  of  A'.'s  new  cabinet,  107:  advises  N.  after  Waterloo, 
206:  suggests  N.'s  nse  of  fon-e,  207 

"Day  of  the  Paris  sections,  the,"  i.  181-188 

Debry,  J.  A.  J.,  A'.  \  friendship  with.  i.  175 ;  ii.  61 :  member  of 
Congress  of  Rastatt,  (11 :  wounded  at  Raatatt,  61:  accusations 
against,  01 

De  Bussy,  in  the  La  Ffere  regiment,  iv.  107:  gives  A',  worthless 
information  at  Craonne,  107 

D6cadi,  decadence  of  the  festival,  ii.  165 

Decr^s,  Adm.,  French  minister  of  marine,  ii.  185:  letter  from 
A'.,  Sept.  l;i,  1805,185:  wanis  N.  against  his  career  of  con- 
<iuest,  iii.  247 :  member  of  N.'s  new  cabinet,  iv.  167 

Defermon  J.,  ii.  137 

DegO,  battle  of,  i.  213,  215,  216  ;  iv.  97 

Deichsel  River,  Blucher  retreats  behind  tht^  iv.  55 

Delacroix,  French  minister  of  foreign  affairs,  i.  279:  French 
ai^ciit  in  the  Netherlands,  ii.  20 

Demagogues,  disgnst  with,  in  France,  ii.  88 

De  Maistre,  -V.  refutes  bis  thooi-y  of  social  order,  iii.  72,  73  :  on 
the  suidneuess  of  Pius  VII.,  202 

Democracy,  a  pure,  i.  72,  244:  Germany's  opposition  to,  146: 
its  good  and  bad  i|ualities,  iv.  233 

Denfort,  royalist  intrigues  of,  iv.  129 

Denmark,  joins  the  "armed  neutrality,"  ii.  126  ;  iii.  41.  56:  pro- 
p<'-sed  eonmii-reial  war  against  England,  48:  N.  calls  for  alli- 
ance with,  .".6:  imi)ortance  of  her  sea  power,  58:  ordered  to 
declare  war  against  Eni_'land,  58:  England  otfers  to  seize  her 
fleet,  68  :  refuses  England's  ofler,  58  ;  yields  to  Beniadotte,  59 : 
losses  of  Norway,  Schleswig,  and  Holstein,59:  yields  to  Eng- 
land, 59:  humiliation  of,  69:  vassalage  to  France,  59,  214: 
Engl.and  seeks  to  conciliate,  80:  bondjardnient  of  Copenhagen, 
81 :  Alexander  I.  demands  reparation  for,  81 :  A",  urges  Eng- 
land's restoration  of  her  fleet,  84  :  Spanish  troops  in,  124 :  sei- 
zure of  American  ships  by,  211:  hostility  to  England,  214: 
holds  Norway.  214,  215:  friendly  to  France,  242:  despatches 
troops  to  Hamburg,  iv.  37 :  shifts  her  assistance  from  Russia 
to  France,  37 :  strengthening  the  alliance  between  France  and, 
48 

Dennewitz,  battle  of,  iv.  gs,  ca 

Denon,  D.  V.,  accompanies  A'^.  on  his  return  from  AlexandriJi, 
ii.  56 

Departmental  list,  the,  il.  84 


276 


INDEX 


De  Fradt,  i"  oharRe  of  PolUli  affaire,  iv.  14  :  Inteniew  betwicn 
A.  and.  nt  Warsaw,  u.  r.i :  niyalist  liitri^nies  of,  l'.>'.>,  IM) 

Desalx,  Louls-Charles-Antolne, a  pnulmi  of  l'ariii>t  e  sysli-m, 
i.  •J1I-J:  cl^'^svs  ItK-  Kliiny  nvfir  Stfaal'iirj;,  2"'J  :  deft-aU  the  Aiis- 
triims  ill  th<-  Blaik  Fonsl,  272:  siriicf  in  Kgypt,  ii  ;ii\,  41,  M, 
64.  SIJ :  liallli-  of  tliu  Pyramiiis,  41 :  uniereii  U>  leave  Kg>'pt.  5li, 
116  :  reachi-a  .siradella!  110 :  battle  of  .Marengo,  llti-llD :  killed. 
ll'.i   IJl.  12;):  (■■■[ilrasteil  with  Ne.v,  iv.  205 

Deseazano,  military  oiKTatioiis  near,  i.  252 

Desgenettes,  Dr.,  heroism  at  Jaifa,  ii.  Bl 

Des  mazls,  .N .'«  friemlship  for,  L  :il,  33 :  appointed  to  the  regi- 
nifiit  of  Lii  Fere.  »4 

Dessau,  raptured  hy  Liuiiies,  iii.  2 

DessoUes,  Gen.,  II.  107 

"Destiny^"  v.»,  i.  41 

Deutsch-Wagram,  Archduke  Charles  advances  to,  ill.  169.  See 

:,!-.■  U  AiiKAM 

D'HUliers,  Gen.,  service  in  Ecypt,  II.  36 

" Dialogue  on  Love,"  by  .v.,  i.  40,  K2 

Diderot,  Denis,  i-^-itnthor  with  Rjiyal.  i.  38 

Dlebltscli,  Gen.  H.  K.  F.  A.,  eiieouiitmi  a  I'riisaian  force,  iv.  21 : 

nnlilary  :i(lviser  t*'  Alexander.  122 
Dieppe,  landing;  v1  the  Cadoudal  conspirat4)r8  near,  il.  190 
Diet,  the,  rf<Un-tii.»n  of  Austria's  power  in  the,  ii.  126 
Dlgeon,  Gen.  A.  £.  M.,  seduced  by  Marmont,  Iv.  142 
Dlgne,  .V.'«  mari-h  throngli,  on  return  from  Klba.  iv.  H'>3 
Dijon,  .V.  visits,  I.  H2 :  formation  of  an  army  of  resei-ve  at,  ii. 

'.'i  :  .Mirrenders  to  the  allies,  iv.  UH,  9'.( ;  KraueiB  in,  134,  144 
Dlodorus  SiciUus,  .v.V  study  of.  i.  40 
Diplomacy,  the  huiu'Uagc  o1,  i.  8 
Dippoldiswalde,  milit^irv  movenients  near,  iv.  68 
Directory,  the,  eslabli^hment  of  1.  ICl,  183. 180,  l\in-201;  social 
lilf  unilci-.  100,  11:7  :  i^unppe  and.  197-203:  rtnanoial  Wiir  policy, 
20.'.:  li&^nmes  to  dictate  military  plans,  20ii,  215 :  plun.s  to  be- 
little .,V.,  221,  227  :  entmsts  N,  with  diplomatic  powers,  222 : 
yields  U'  .V.'»  plans,  222,  227:  contributions  sent  to,  22:i.  224: 
plans  for  campaiKU  In  tlerinauy,  2:i5 :  attitude  toward  Italy, 
244-249  :  X.'s  relBtL.ns  with,  221-227,  244-249,  259,  261-203,  271. 
272,  21*0;  ii.  4,6.  17,  20,  22-24,  28,  29,  33-36,  40.  49,  6.'i,  66,  00-07, 
73-75 ;  iv.  220,  221 :  retifles  the  treaty  of  Leotien,  i.  272  :  lettere 
from  .v.,  April  19,  1702,  272;  May  27,  1797,  277:  I'itfs  negoti- 
ations for  peace  with,  278,  279:  refuses  to  treat  with  Kn^land, 
279 :  antagonism  to  the.  ii.  2  :  plotof  Louis  XVIII.  and  Piehegru 
against,  3,  4:  Moreaus  relations  witli,  3,  4:  gains  complete 
Control  on  the  isih  of  FYuetidor,  5:  reliance  on  the  army,  6: 
etfects  of  the  18th  Fructidor  on,  15:  attitude  toward  Italy  and 
Venice,  15,  10:  approves  the  treaty  of  t'arapo  Formio,  16,  20: 
relations  with  Talleyrand,  22,  23 :  members  of,  23 :  attitude 
t^'ward  endgrants,  24:  attitude  towani  dei-gy,  24,  2K:  attitude 
toward  royalists.  24.  ]:t2:  attitude  toward  tile  German  ecclesias- 
tical principalities,  28 :  Eastern  policy.  32 :  Jacobinism  in,  ;13,  64  : 
fails  to  secure  alliance  with  Turkey,  45:  misunderstanding  be- 
tween the  United  Irishmen  and,  46:  weakness,  40,  02,  03:  de- 
sires the  escape  of  the  army  in  Egyi>t,  66:  reconstruction  of, 
67,  02.  03:  lilunders  in  Italy,  60.  01  :  corruption  in,  02,  03:  Co- 
hier  president  of,  66:  A',  pays  official  visit  to,  on  return  from 
Egypt,  66:  relations  with  Moreau,  08:  last  days  and  downfall. 
70  et  seq. ;  iv.  228,  2.37:  Carnot's  influence  on  its  fall,  ii.  87: 
suppresses  freedom  of  the  press,  96:  incorporates  Belgium 
with  tYaiice,  101 :  attituile  toward  Prussia,  102,  103:  relations 
with  Sieyes,  103 :  liberty  of  couseienee  under  the,  1;12, 138 :  sus- 
pentls  diplomatic  relations  with  the  United  .States.  136 :  pre- 
tensions toward  the  United  States,  136:  financial  inahnlnilnis- 
tration,  140:  recourse  to  forced  contributions,  141  :  plans  for 
invading  England,  185 :  system  of  licenses  for  English  goods, 
iii.  214 ;  difficulties  w  ith  Mine,  de  Stael,  227  :  organization  of 
a  new.  iv.  207 
Divine  right,  kings  by,  ii.  264  :  abolition  of,  in  France,  iv.  227 
Divorce,  a.V  share  in  codifying  the  law  of,  ii.  143:  under  the 

Code.  144  :  iV.'s  advocacy  of  easy,  164 
Dnieper  River,  military  operations  on  the,  iii.  240,  254, 266,  257, 

2.'.9 :  iv.  0 
Dniester  River,  Turkish  movements  on  the,  iiL  5 
Doctoroff,  GeiL,  in  battle  of  Austcrlltz,  ii.  250:  in  battle  of 

Kylau.  iii.  19 
D61e,  jnililicatioiis  of  .V.'«  literary  work  at.  I.  82 
Dolgorukl,  Prince,  mission  from  Alexander  I.  to  A'.,  ii.  247 
Dolgorulci,  Princess,  on  .V.'s  receptions,  ii.  128 
DolitZ,  military  operations  near,  iv.  72,  73 
Domination,  the  iiowcr  of,  iv.  221 
Domo  d'Ossola,  lletheneonrt  near,  ii   113 
Don,  River,  projK.sed  Indian  expeditions  via,  il.  134:  the  Cos- 

sa.  ks  .,1  till',  iii.  14 
Donauesctlingen,  the  Austrian  lieiulquartcrs  at,  ii.  105  :  aban- 
doned by  Kray,  108 
Donauwbrth,  military  movements  near,  til.  168 :  A',  reaches, 

1  .V.t 
Donzelot,  GeiL  F.  X.,  in  battle  of  Waterloo,  iv.  196,  197,  202,  203 
Dora  Baltea  River,  Austrian  force  on  the,  ii.  111 
Dora  Rldaria  River,  Austrian  force  on  the.  Ii.  ill 
Domburg,  nnlltary  movements  near,  ii.  281,  283 
Dorothea,  Empress-Dowager  of  Russia,  disaiiproves  A'.« 

projtoH'-d  marriage  to  Anne,  iii.  19]  :  hatreil  of  A'  ,  191 
DOUay,  -V.  .ir.lered  to,  i.  41,  42 
Doulaincourt,  A.  al,  Iv.  126,  128 
Doulevant,  -V.  at  iv.  126 
Doumerc,  Oen.  J.  P.,  moves  from  .Se^zanne  ngaiuat  Bliichcr, 

iv.  ',1.', 
Dover,  scheme  of  nuval  demonstration  oU,  ii.  212 
Drac,  River,  I  v.  164 


Draft,  use  of,  in  France,  it  64 

Drave,  River,  military  movements  on  the,  i.  268 ;  iii.  108 

Dresden,  dcatli  of  Moreau  before,  ii.  191 :  N.  at,  iii.  6.5,  .56;  iv. 
14.  25,  JN,  ;i9,  44,  45,49,  .50^  57,  69,  03,  65  :  Bernadottc  to  ciuieeu- 
tratc  in,  iii.  158:  Saxon  troops  in,  1.58:  A.'s  strategy  al,  167: 
seized  by  the  Duke  of  Brunsw  ick,  181 :  meeting  ot  the  allied 
sovereigns  atj  2.50.  251  :  the  climax  of  the  Naiioleonic  drama, 
261 ;  iv.  62:  A.V  incognito  journey  through,  14:  interview  be- 
tween A',  and  Mctternich  at,  26:  interview  between  A*,  ami 
Frederick  .\ugustus  at,  28:  French  finces  at,2S:  Eugene  to 
hold,  28:  welcomes  Alexander  and  Frederick  William  III.,  ;r2: 
tliscontent  at  military  oecnpatioii,  32:  retreat  of  the  allies  be- 
hind, 37:  destruction  and  reliuilding  of  the  bridges  at,  37: 
French  occupation  of,  37,  39:  defense  of,  61,69,  03:  held  by 
Saint-t'yr,  65:  French  advance  to  Zittan  from,  55  :  memiced  by 
the  allies,  60:  Iiattlo  of,  60-.59, 03:  demorali7.ation  of  the  army 
after,  69:  X.'k  mistakes  alter,  00,  61 :  A.'s  physical  ailments  nt, 
01 :  y.'g  successes  :it,  63 :  Schwarzenberg  moves  on,  63 :  Oudinot 
at,  65:  Bliicher  advances  lui,  65:  boy-soldiei-s  at,  06;  A'."*  re- 
treat from,  60,  07 ;  A'.V  sclieme  to  hold.  07  :  Frederick's  love 
for,  08:  French  piirisou  in  OS.  70:  ilaret's  iudncnee  over 
A',  at.  100;  A',  aclinowledgcs  his  mistake  in  not  making  peace 
at.  1,50 

Drissa,  w-eakiuss  of,  iii.  265  ;  Bagration  establishes  communica- 
tion with,  266 

Drouot,  Gen.  A.,  in  battle  of  Ansterlitz,  ii.  2.50:  battle  of 
Leipsic.  iv.  71,  73:  advises  a  return  to  I.on-aine,  130;  attach- 
ment to  A".,  137  :  strength  after  the  surrender  of  I'lU-is,  137  :  ae- 
com]>anics  .V.  to  Elba,  149 ;  advises  against  the  escape  from 
Elba.  ll'.2 

Diiben,  v.  at,  iv.  08,  69 

Dubois,  Gen.,  in  liattle  of  Waterloo,  iv.  197 

Duclos's  "  Memoirs  of  the  Reigns  of  Louis  XIV.  aad  Louis 
XV.,"  .\  .'.s-  stuiiy  of.  i.  85 

Duero,  River,  military  luovemeiits  on  the,  iii.  123,  124,  222 

Dufresne,  ii.  137 

Dugommier,  Gen.  J.  F.,  appointed  coinmander-in-chief  before 
Toidi.n.  i.  135,  136:  inlluence  at  Toulon,  137 

Dugua,  Gen.  C.  F.  J.,  service  in  Egypt,  ii.  36;  in  battle  of  the 
Pyramids,  41 

Duiiesme,  Gen.  P.  G.,  invades  Spain,  iii.  106  :  nt  Barcelona.  105  : 
oecujncs  Catalonia,  122  ;  evacuates  Catalonia,  123  ;  besieged  in 
liarcclona.  Hi:  in  battle  of  Waterloo,  iv.  199 

Dulaure's  "  History  of  the  Nobility,"  A'.'s  study  of,  i.  85 

Dumanoir,  Adni.,  at  Trafalgar,  ii.  241 

Duniolard,  J.  V.,  interpellates  the  government  as  to  A'.'s  iude* 
pendcncc.  ii.  2 

Dumoulin,  Jean,  comes  to  A'.'s  aid  at  LalTray,  iv.  164 

DumouTlez,  Charles  F.,  takes  part  in  the  cumiuest  of  Corsica, 
i.  06  ■  on  the  norlheastern  frontier,  108 :  wins  battle  of  Jem- 
mapis,  115:  defection  of,  117;  correspimdence  with  Nelsiui, 
ii.  193:  suspccled  of  loyalist  plots,  193,  195 

Diinaburg,  preparations  for  the  siege  (►f,  iii.  253;  Ney  advances 
toward.  254.  2.55 

Duncan,  Adm.  Adam,  wins  the  battle  of  Camperdown,  ii.  26 

Dunette,  Gen.,  iiMnelus  to  relief  of  Paris,  iv.  125 

Dunkirk,  besieged  by  liukc  of  Vork,  i.  133 

Duphot,  Gen.  L.,  alHam  ed  to  Desirte  Clary,  ii.  20,  29 :  killed  at 
Bonic,  21; 

Dupont,  Gen.  Pierre,  in  battle  of  Friedlnml,  iii.  31 :  ordered  to  in- 
vade .Spain,  101,  102:  invades  .Spain,  105;  advances  on  Andalu- 
sia. 122:  holds  the  Ta);us,  122:  capitulates  at  Baylen,  122,  124, 
130 

Durango,  Blakc  advances  from,  iii.  143 

Duroc,  Gen.  G.  C.  BL,  wounded  at  Acre.  ii.  62 :  A'.'x  nidede- 
eainp,  08:  A'.'.s-  envoy  to  Prussia,  103.  180;  (Irand  Marshal  of 
the  I*alai'c.  207  :  oilers  Hanover  to  Prussia,  232 ;  personal  atten- 
dance on  A'.,  270  :  proposes  terms  after  Tilsit,  iii.  .35:  blamed 
for  t^ueen  I.oiiisa's  failure,  62:  proposes  indemnity  for  Maria 
Louisa,  67;  created  Duke  of  FrinIi,  71 :  at  I'-ayonne,  113;  fore- 
sees France's  discontent,  247:  Killed  al  Reichenbju-h,  iv.  40; 
A^'s  grief  for,  40 ;  A',  contributes  to  monument  tt>,  .54  :  .Y.  pro- 
poses lo  take  the  name  of.  21(1 

Diirrensteln,  desttnetion  of  Mortier's  division  at,  ii.  2:t0,  243 

Durutte,  GeiL  J.  F.,  sent  lo  Lignv,  iv.  182,  183  :  battle  of  Water- 
loo, I'.iO.  197,  199,  21H),  202 

Dtisseldorf,  .buirdan's  :irmy  at,  i.  209 ;  Jourdan  crosses  the 
Khinc  at,  2:)5 

Dutch  Flanders,  ceded  t<i  France,  i.  164 

Duteil,  A'.'s  aci|uninlance  with,  i.  49:  A',  seeks  aid  from,  90; 
granis  .V.  ])ermission  to  sail  for  Corsica,  UlC 

Duteil,  Gen.  J.,  general  of  artillery  before  Touliui,  1.  136;  on 
A.'.>  abdily.  l;i7 

Dutheil,  N.  F.,  devises  idan  of  campaign  for  Austria  and  Eng- 
land. I.  200 

Dutot,  tal.cs  .V.'»  place  in  llu'  West,  i.  176 

Duval's  '"William  the  Conqueror,"  ii.  226 

Duvemet's  "  History  of  the  Sorboime,"  .V.'«  study  of,  i.  85 

Dwina,  River,  foriilleatlcuison  tlie,  Iii.  240;  military  movements 
on  llo-.  2.V..  2r.O,  2.'i9  ;  iv.  2,  4 

Dyle,  River,  military  movenientson  the,  iv.  180,  188 


E 

East,  the,  A'.'j*  attention  turned  towanl,  i.  40:  X.'ti  comparison 
of  Europe  with,  ii.  31 :  N.'tt  dreiuns  of  empire  In,  see  Nai'O- 

l.iCoN 

East  Friesland,  srhcine  to  iiicori'orate  it  with  Fmncc,  III.  204 
EastOalicia,  part  of,  ceded  to  Warsaw,  Iii.  18^ 


INDKX 


:t  t 


East  India  Company,  iend»  tlto  island  of  St.  Uulmm  to  ilif  k<>v 

uniriH-nt,  iv.  'Ji:t 
East  Indies,  Kui^Iitnd  wntchei)  Krt'iich  policy  concernlnKi  H.  171 
East  Prussia,  N*)  iiiovl'som,  lit.  H 
Ebelsberg,  I'uttl.-  <tf,  iii.  li;i 
EbrlngtOD,  Lord,  .V.'s  i  hunuterization  of  CornwalHs  to,  il.  IflH : 

A  .s  lifcliiiuliuii  t<»,  coiictTiilniL;  the  Due  d'EiiKlilei),  11>9 
Ebro,  River,  military  iiiovcnieuta  on,  iii.  105.  rJ3.  V*i,  H2  :  pro- 

puM'd  exL-liariKC  nt  territory  on,  lOT* :  boniitlary  of  French  an- 

iiixvii  t'-nit'Ty.  'J!:* 
Ecclesiastical  princes,  .v.  on  the  status  of,  ii.  ih 
EcclesiaslicaJ  principalities,  soculurizatlun  of,  r>n  tlio  Rhine, 

II.  I ■:."..  i.m; 
Ecolcsiastlclsm,  XV  confuttion  of  ideas  conconiing,  1.  39 
Eckinutil,  till-  i-iiiii)>tili:n  of,  iit.  ir>7  et  aeq. 
Education,  dL-umnds  for.  in  L'oi-stco,  \.  IV2 :  iV.'jt  intereBt  in,  syH- 

tein  un.l  refornis  of,  loa  ;  ii.  144-147,  'MKi,  2G4  ;  III.  28.  72-74  ;  iv. 

Egallt^,  Philip,  member  of  the  National  Convention,  I.  Ill 

Egl6,  Mine.,  jruardian  of  ilu-  Heanharnais  thildrcn,  i.  IIK) 

Egypt.  XV  plans  of  coii.iiitst  of,  i.  aO'*;  ii.  11,  12,  '21.  ;U-36,  184  ; 
Iii.  85 :  scandals  of  Mameluke  atlministration  in,  ii.  11,  32 : 
French  schemes  of  conquest,  11,  31-;iG;  iii.  00,  'Jl :  importance 
of,  11.  31:  rebellii)n  in.  32:  the  expeditionary  forces,  32-3ti: 
schohistic  I)ranch  of  the  expedition,  36 :  plunder  of,  3i>-3rt,  45 : 
departure  of  expedition  from  Toulon,  37:  character  of  the  jMipu- 
lation,  38-il  :  tlie  Muineiukep,  40 :  terrors  of  tlit*  campaiun,  40, 
41 :  the  army  disheartened.  41 :  Nelson  follows  the  I-Ycnch  lltft 
to,  4*2:  y.'s  rnlu  iu,  44,  4.') :  .V.V  religious  masquerading  in,  44, 
4.1:  eatahlishment  of  printing  presses  in,  4.'>:  insuiTection  sup- 
pressed in,  4.5  :  establishment  of  an  Institute  in,  4.1 :  dearth  of 
news  ironi  i-Yancc,  45,  46,  ri4  :  rnniore  of  y.'n  death  In,  4G; 
despatches  from  France,  Feb.,  1709,  49 :  A',  given  leave  to  re- 
main in,  49  :  importance  of  .V.'k  conf|uering.  50 :  Turkish  prep- 
arations for  the  relief  of,  51 :  attempted  risings  in,  rt2  :  Adm. 
Bruix  sent  to  relieve  the  army  in,  S-l :  X.  returns  frt>ni,  65-58: 
the  colonial  idea,  .Ifi :  tiie  turriinR-point  of  success  in,  .16: 
Kleber  prepares  to  evacuate,  94:  Desaix  recalled  from,  11(>: 
desperate  situiitiou  of  the  French  in,  122, 123  :  KU'lier's  adminis< 
tration  in,  123 :  Jissassination  of  Kleljcr,  135 :  French  disasters 
In,  135:  restored  to  Turkey,  135:  England  to  evacuate.  Itis: 
Turkey's  suzerainty  over.  168  :  question  of  reealabli.shin^  I'Yeneh 
ool.inios  in.  176:  A',  disclaims  desii^nson,  179:  A'.'jj  iiTitation  at 
England's  orcupation  of.  179:  l>avont*s  campaign  in,  207:  A'.'« 
immoralities  in.  20'.> :  plan  to  allure  Nelson  to,  212:  the  ob- 
ject of  the  exprditioii  a^'ainst.  215,  216:  Endish  commerce 
with,,  iii.  43  :  Kn^di^h  expedition  to  seize,  81 :  French  expedition 
against,  in  1811.  234,  •2:i5:  the  tactics  of  the  army  in,  adopted 
in  Russia,  iv.  2  :  X.'s  desertion  of  the  army  in,  likened  to  his 
conduct  at  .Smorgoni,  14 :  work  on,  compiled  by  N.'s  order, 
20>t :  history  of.  242 

Eichstadt,  portion  of,  acquired  by  Grand  Duke  of  Tuscany,  ii. 
17(1 :  cedi'd  to  Bavaria,  252 

Eisdorf,  lighting  at,  iv.  36 

Eisenach.,  military  movements  near,  ii.  276,  278 :  the  allies  out- 
witted at.  iv.  76 

El  Arish,  siege  and  surrender  of,  ii.  47  :  massacre  of  the  garri- 
son, 47,  48:  treaty  between  Sir  Sidney  Smith  and  Klelwr  at. 
122,  123 

Elba,  y.'s  literary  laliors  at,  i.  103;  iv.  167  :  secured  to  France, 
ii.  132:  France  to  evacuate,  168:  Countess  Walewska  follows 
A',  to,  iii.  16 :  the  sentence  of  exile  to,  iv.  145 :  the  monnn-h  of, 
145,  148.  161  :  y.'s  journey  to,  149-154:  poj<sibility  of  her  not 
receivincr  the  imperial  exile.  1.50:  imperialist  and  royalist  senti- 
ment in,  154:  X.  iietnns  his  new  administration.  154  :  A'.'s  life 
in.  154  et  seq. :  Bourliou  spies  in.  155  :  visitors  to,  156  :  scheme 
to  deport  A',  from,  157 :  A'.'«  escape  from,  161-163.  204  :  the 
naval  patrol  at,  162  :  -V.'s  monograph  on,  217 

Elbe,  River  the,  the  Prussian  base  on,  ii.  278  :  key  to  the  valley 
of,  iii.  a  :  English  blockade  of,  6,  42 :  west.rn  boundao'  of  I'riis- 
sia,  48:  conuuau<led  by  fortress  of  M;u.'dehurg,  49:  the  king- 
dom of  Westphalia  created  on,  49,  61  :  preparations  to  oppose 
English  landing  on.  60 :  I-Vench  occupation  of  the  coast  mar, 
204 :  military  movements  on.  iv.  27,  30,  37,  51,  55,  .56,  63,  6.V69 : 
sciieme  of  Hanoverian  extensirtn  <»n,  32:  territory  on,  ottered 
to  Sweden,  32 :  French  recovery  of  the  lower  part,  37 :  boun- 
dary of  a  neutral  zone,  43 :  exhaustion  of  the  Frendi  on,  64 : 
French  garrisons  on,  76 

Elbing.  niilitars  movements  near,  iii.  14,  17 

Elchingen,  Ney  cr.  att-.i  Ltuke  of,  iii.  71,    See  Nev 

"Elective  Affinities,"  iii.  134 

Electoral  Colleges,  il.  159 

Eliot,  Sir  Gilbert,  viceroy  of  Corsica,  i.  154 

Elliott,  kill,  d  at  Arcole.  i.  246 

Elsfleth,  escape  of  the  Black  Legion  to,  iii.  181 

ElSter,  River,  the,  military  operations  on,  iv.  35,  36,  65,  70-72, 

&.Vs6e,  the,  A',  takes  up  residence  at,  iv.  167:  A',  returns  fw\r. 
Waterloo  t",  206,  207 

Embabeh,  battle  of,  ii.  41 

Embargo,  the,  ii.  183,  2.51,  258  ;  iii.  5 

Emigrants,  plots  l)y,  i.  lOO,  164,  197;  ii.  193:  confiscation  of 
property  of,  and  harsh  le^'islation  against,  i.  100,  182,  191;  ii. 
64,  140:  the  aristocrats  of  tlie,  i.  127  :  A'.'s  s|>eculation  iu  lands 
of,  172 :  attitude  of  the  Directory  toward,  ii.  2.  24  :  A'."«  secret 
dealings  with,  6:  Talleyrand  among  the.  22:  encourage<l  to  re- 
turn, amnesty  to,  and  indemnity  for,  87,  158,  207,  266:  A",  com- 
plains of  En;.'land  liarboring,  ii.  174 :  A',  demands  their  expul- 
sion from  Naples,  229:  return  to  France  under  Louis  XVIII., 
iv.  168 :  banished  again  from  France,  165 


Emigration,  the,  I.  r>7,  wo,  k?,  90,  159, 160 
Emperor  of  the  Two  Americas,  the,  tli.  96 

Empire,  tlir  l-l.  m -b  um-  •'(  the  t.  no,  li.  ico 

Empire  of  the  West,  A.  threutena  to  rettUHi-ilatc  the,  ii.  175 

EngOn,  batllr  of.  ii.  109 

Enghlen,  Due  d',  arrcHt  and  murder  of,  i.  105;  II.  155,  194-197, 
21K), 'jd-j,  211.  267;  ill.  M> ;  iv.  162:  monarchical  Hchemtft  ami 
plots  of.  II.  154, 165, 192  194  :  character,  192  :  married  t4»  Prince** 
Kuhan-Rocbefort,  192:  seeks  service  with  Kn;:lund,  192:  resi- 
dence at  Kttenlielni,  192-194  :  prepurcH  lo  retin-  to  Frtdburg, 
193:  A',  exandries  paiiers  of,  195:  A.  defends  the  execution  of, 
198.  199:  A'.  bhuncH  Talleyrand  for  his  murder.  199;  ill.  153: 
stntementA  conceridiiK  A'.'«  connection  with  liU  murder,  162: 
A.V  si-If.blame  for  murder  of,  Iv.  218 

England,  France's  emulation  of,  1.  9:  hampered  by  parliamen- 
tary opposition  and  American  disquiet,  9:  the  American  up- 
rising against,  10,  II :  Paoll'H  rotationa  with,  n^ylnm  In,  and  aid 
from,  10,  11,  68,99,  II6-11H,  121-12;*.  154:  wives  aid  to,  estab- 
lishes protectorate  over,  and  takes  poR«eMslon  of  C(,r?»ica,  10, 
64,  112,  121-123,  152-155  :  trauKfonnation  c,f  parties  in,  11 :  A'.'« 
study  of  history  of,  40,  49.  60,  90 :  sympathy  w  Ith  France  in,  80: 
French  admirers  of  the  constitution  of,  k1  :  constitutional  kov- 
crnment  In,  87 :  closes  the  .Scheldt,  115  :  republican  Idi-as  in, 
115, 116:  effect  of  execution  of  Louis  XVI.  In,  116:  hostility  be- 
tween France  and,  116,  197  :  ii.  21,  23,  96.  134,  173,  176-IH2, 259; 
ill.  6.  .54,  89;  iv.  16:  S^'m  hieaaof  ser\ing,  i.  123.  129,  192:  if.  10; 
iv.  226:  subsidizes  European  powers,  i,  131,  i:}2;  11.96,  121.  134, 
169.  225,  230,  231.  241,  259,  274  ;  Iii.  217.  224  ;  Iv.  31.  32,  4.5,  48-60, 
72,  73,  89,  99,  106,  170:  naval  ef^tablishnient,  expense^  and  ac- 
tivity, i.  132,  2t'>0;  ii.  134,  185;  iii.  182:  cajituresoilloules.  1.134: 
in  the  defense  and  occupation  of  Toulon,  1:16.  Ml :  naval  opera- 
tions and  power  on  the  Mediterranean  (rither  than  speciflcally 
mentioned  items),  141,  153 ;  ii.  10-12,  38,  167  ;  iii.  89,  90:  influ- 
ence in  Genoa,  i.  143:  prints  counterfeit  French  mon«  y  in 
Genoa,  145;  fails  to  help  the  allies  In  Piedmont,  1.52.  153:  A'.*« 
attitude  toward,  Sept.,  1794,  1.53:  naval  supremacy,  ]5:t,  197  ;  iL 
10, 11,  33,  43,  134,  1H.5,  2:18,  24],  242  ;  ill.  41-43.  88-90.  205.  235 ; 
iv.  80:  alliances  with  Austria,  i.  164,  268  ;  li.  UXi,  ]05,  121,  122 : 
sends  fleet  to  northern  coast  of  France,  i.  178:  subsidizes  French 
royalists.  197  :  the  fleet  driven  from  Lejihorn,  228 :  seizes  Porto 
Ferrajo,  245:  insurrection  in  Corsica  against  rule  of,  248: 
blametl  by  N.  for  embroiling  France  and  .\ustria.  269:  rwpturo 
of  the  coalition  with  Austria,  272:  military  couditiod  in  1796, 
278:  desire  for  peace  with  France,  and  negotiations  leading 
thereto,  27h,  279.  2Kt;  ii.  8,  59;  iii.  208;  iv.  44:  interest  in  the 
Netherlands  and  Belgium,  i.  279;  prestige,  magnilleence  of 
empire,  influence,  independence,  etc.,  of,  283 ;  ii,  30,  37, 
.50,  135,  169,  ISO,  254,  259;  iii.  41,  61,  89.  147,  241,  242; 
iv.  47,  77,  153:  defeats  Spain  at  Cape  St.  Vincent,  i.  283: 
price  of  consols,  March,  1797.  283 :  elfect  of  the  treaty  of 
Leobcn  in,  ii.  8:  conquest  of  Duti^-h  colonies,  8,  25:  A'.V  per- 
sonal hostility  to.  9, 11,  94, 122, 179-182.  211  ;iii.  4-fi,  4.3.  55.  .56,  72, 
88-91,  235,  250,  268 ;  iv.  :iS,  1(»5  :  speculations  in  Paris  as  to  op- 
erations against,  ii.  21 :  financial  condition,  21,  134  :  Talleyrand 
expelled  from,  22:  defeats  Holland  at  Camperdown,  25:  ac- 
quires the  Cape  of  Good  Hope,  25  ;  protects  Sardinia,  26:  A'.'< 
schemes  of  invasion  of.  32.  33,  184-187.  209,  211-216.  230-232: 
N.'s  views  on  political  history  of,  34  :  lier  Indian  p4>.sse!>sion8, 
and  French  and  Russian  schemes  to  strike  her  through  them, 
35,  126,  134.  168.  176;  iii.  88,  90,  91 :  naval  oi>erations  at  Acre, 
ii.  48,  50:  fleet  at  Alexandria,  .55:  joins  the  second  coalition, 
62,  90,  94:  military  operations  in  Holland,  62,  63;  iii.  182,  208, 
217,  224  :  completion  of  the  work  of  the  Revolution  in,  ii.  i»2  :  re- 
lations, net^otiations,  and  alliances  with  Kussia,  93,  135,  228, 

229,  259,  262.  273  ;  iii.  38,  43,  48,  59,  79-81,  83,  ^5.  9;i,  240,  244, 
266.  267 ;  iv.  26,  45,  80:  reception  of  Russian  soldiers  in.  after 
Aikm.iar,  ii.  93:  siege,  capture,  and  occupation  of  Malta,  and 
negotiations  concerning  its  cession  and  tenure,  tt;(,  126,  1.35, 
168,  171,  175,  176,  179,  182,  184,  225,  226,  228,  259:  attitude 
toward  the  Bourl)ons,  04 :  declines  to  negotiate  with  A'.,  94: 
prepares  to  invade  France,  94:  denonnced  by  A',  as  author 
of  the  war  of  1799,  94:  debate  in  P.arhament  on  A*.**  acces- 
sion as  First  Consul,  94,  95:  hatred  of  revoluti<mary  ex- 
cesses, 95:  alliance  \*ith  Portupd,  102:  opposes  spread  of 
revolutionary  ideas,  103,104:  blockades  Genoa,  108:  forma- 
tion of  the  "armed  neutrality  '  against,  126 :  accused  by 
Paul  I.  of  treachery.  126 :  the  CjjntineuUiI  System  and  the 
embargo,  A'.'*-  commercial  warfare  against,  131,  132,  173.  183, 
222,  242,  251,  258;  iii.  5,  6,  40-43,  48,  54,  5.5.  57,  58.  60,  8(t,  82, 
83,  88,  128,  185,  203,  205,  206,  20S,  214,  217.  224,  22.5,  231,  232,  234, 
249 ;  iv.  47  (see  also  Bkklis  Deorek  ;  Conti.nkstal  Svs-teu  ; 
Milan  Decree):  Portn^;al  forced  to  withdraw  from  alliance 
with,  ii.  132:  reply  to  the  "armed  neutrality."  134.  135:  X.'s 
demands  for  colonial  cessions.  135 :  concludes  peace  with 
France,  (let.  1,  1801,  135;  retains  f'eylon  and  Trinidad,  135: 
treaty  of  Amiens,  135,  169.  171,  173.  175  et  soij. ;  iv.  232:  treaty 
of  commerce  with  the  Inited  States.  1794,  ii.  136:  recognizes 
neutnility  of  United  States,  136  :  attempts  to  pnt  down  San  Do- 
mingo insurrection,  152:  surrender  of  Rochambeau  to,  153: 
schemes  for  restoration  of  Charles  X.  in,  154  :  to  evacuate 
Egyiit,  168:  Paul  I.'s  antipathy  to,  168:  efl'orts  to  discredit 
F'lunce  in  Europe,  169  etseq.:  disapproves  A'.s  reconstruction 
of  Europe,  170,  171 :  ai>points  Lord  Whitworth  ambassador  to 
Paris,  171:  refuses  to  admit  French  consuls,  173:  protests 
against  the  slave-trade,  173  :  commerce  of.  173,  177  ;  ill.  41,  43, 
95,  203-205,  214,  220,  224.  235,  240;  iv.  50,  80:  position  with  re- 
gard to  the  Alien  Act.  ii.  174:  freedom  of  the  press  in,  174: 
complaints  against,  of  harboring  emi;:rants  and  Bourbons,  174: 
attacks  of  the  French  press  on,  174, 187 :  A',  attempts  to  muzzle 
the  press  in,  174, 228 :  N.'s  answer  to  remonstrances  from,  176 : 


278 


INDEX 


En^lanil  —  rtmtinufd, 
•  K't'ii|uill»ri  o(  .Ut Miiiilria,  170 :  siispocU  Friuice's  »nr  pn'jiara- 
tl"iu>,  IT'.i.  INO:  .V.'»  trtalnunt  ot  lur  rfiircstiiutivc,  179:  tlif 
roMil  im«ii>:i'  «.t  March  (i,  mti,  i«o:  the  militia  lalknl  .iiii, 
Mauli  10.  1«H.  18<i:  ili|il<'ni:>tit'  nipturv  withKnimc,  IsJ:  pub- 
licalloti  of  lxir.1  Whitnortli  8  iltsiiatihi-s  in.  18-J:  .lixlarfs  war 
iKulnst  Knuuf.  May  IH,  l»l;l.  ISJ:  ilwlan-s  einliarco  on  FYi'mh 
shi|>.4,  1S3:  loniMUMuement  ot  liostilitlt-s.  1H3:  attacks  Spanish 
coninicnc,  IM  :  panic  in,  lai :  pliuis  for  ilcfcnsc.  18C.  210 :  puta 
Onraccioll  to  death,  I'Jl :  interest  in  .i»col>in  insurrection.  191 : 
active  .liiiloniacy  in,  19i:  tlic  l>uc  ilKiichicn  scelis  to  enter 
the  service  of,  192:  .V.»  attempt  to  III  tlie  death  of  Due  dEn- 
Khlen  on,  199:  I'ltfs  return  to  power,  Jlo:  initurc  of  the  war 
with,  210:  evpulsion  of  her  envoys  from  Stntttnirt  and  Mu- 
nich, 211:  naval  aid  from  IN.rtnpil,  212:  war  witli  Siuiln,  IKi., 
1804.  212:  acquires  Trinidad,  212:  hlockades  Hreet,  213:  Ad- 
diUK'tou  sneceeded  hy  Pitt.  211!:  Justice  of  the  war  with,  -i^C : 
European  alliances,  225 :  had  faith  of,  22r>:  X.  Insists  on  no 
asylum  f..r  the  BiMirhons  in,  22« :  falls  to  secure  Prussia's  alli- 
ance, 229;  .V.«  iMiliey  toward,  231  :  author  i>f  the  Third  Coali- 
tion, 231 :  Mack's  Ide.us  of  her  invading;  Frame,  236 :  naval 
8h..rleoniln«,  siS:  hntlle  of  Trafalgar,  210-212:  reception  of 
the  news  of  Austerliii  in,  ■i.'U:  lethar^■y  after  Tn\falKiir,  257: 
di'clBri  9  war  against  l-russia,  2.'i«:  Kox  assumes  iwwer  2.'iH:  ..V. 
ouisiders  peace  with,  25X,  259:  l>ord  Varmonths  netiotiatlona, 
201 :  X.  oilers  European  territory  to,  2iil,  262 :  end  of  neuotia- 
tions  with,  202:  alliance  with  i>rnssia  aud  Russia,  2r,2 :  <lp- 
mands  the  suriender  of  Sicily,  262:  pnijiosal  to  give  Ennover 
to,  271,  273 :  state  of  war  with  Pi ussia,  274  :  her  vnlneiable 


England  —  atiitimu-d. 
States  declares  war  against,  16 :  assassination  of  Mr.  Perceval 
16:  negotiates  treaty  lutwecn  Russia  and  Spahi.  July,  1812  20 ' 
in  grand  European  coalition  against  A'.,  27  :  Metternich's  nego- 
tiations with,  29:  retunis  to  Hit's  policy,  32:  ahan.lons  Han. 
overian  schemes,  32;  proiM.sal  to  bleed  her  cohmies,  :)8:  pi-o- 
liosed  isolnli<ui  of,  ;t8 :  the  allies'  reliance  on,  43 :  guarantees  a 
Mar  loan,  45:  treaty  with  I'ruBSia,  June  14,  1813,  45-  treaty 
with  Russia,  June  16,  1S13,  45:  issues  paper  money,  45:  to  he 
kept  iMit  of  the  Continental  peace,  40:  Jletternieh  proposes 
that  she  continue  the  war,  47 ;  commercial  akleement  with 
.Sweden,  60:  intlueiice  in  Uolland,  7J,  8(1,  99:  dcteiniination  to 
crush  France,  73:  at  the  C.ingress  of  Frankfort.  80:  prop,.sal 
thai  she  hand  hack  French  colonies,  80:  "maritime  righlj.,  '  so 
83 :  prolongation  of  the  war  hi  Spain,  87 :  desire  to  esla'lilisli 
equilil.rinm  in  Europe,  99:  signs  treaty  of  Cliaumonl,  100;  ef- 
fect of  the  triple  alliance  on,  106:  troops  occupv  Hordiaux 
114 :  jiarty  to  the  treaty  of  Fontainebleau  (April'  1814)  148  • 
distinction  in,  between  the  two  NaiM>leon9,  148:  X  contem 
plat<8  taking  refuge  in,  1.50:  X.'s  eulogy  of  her  civilization  and 
chivalry,  153  :  negotiates  sei  ret  treaty  « itli  Austria  and  France 
167  :  regeiio  in,  108 :  lack  of  suitable  leaders  in,  108 :  her  ily' 
nastic  alliances,  108,  109 :  elfects  of  X.s  restoration  lui,  169 ; 
member  ot  the  Vienna  Coalition,  170:  c  aniiaiign  of  Waterloo 
174-170  :  losses  at  W  aterloo,  205 :  claims  the  glory  of  annihilat- 
ing A.,  '206:  watihes  the  harlior  of  Rochefort,  208,  209:  A'. 
thi-ows  himself  on  the  genirositv  of,  iui),  210:  reasons  for  X  '» 
surrender  to,  210,  211,  '214  ;  asvlnm  for  political  refueeea  2li  • 

Hit,.]..,-.,., «  .l....*l .>l*..  r ,,.;        ,      ...  ..   .^  ,   -**  . 


IB:  Turkey  ileclarea  war  against,  iii.  23:  semis  Heet  to  c 
stantinople,  23:  refuses  subsidy  to  Russia,  2:):  Afghanistan  in- 
cited against,  24  :  Persia  stirred  up  am        ' 


inent  of  St.  Helena,  215:  X.'s  las"t  wishes  for.  218:  the  Seven 
Yeai-s'  War,  ■2;iO,  215 :  character  of  the  wars  with  France,  233, 
'234:  A.'x  slrnggles  with,  246;  wars  with  the  United  States  '247 


war  a^iaiiist  (1793),  41 :  "  All  the  Talents  "  ministry,  41 :  Dnki 
of  Portland's  ministry,  41 :  commercial  rivalry  with  the  Uniti  cl 
Stilt,  s,  41:  the  "rule  of  1750,"  41,  42:  nnderstanding  with  the 
I  nited  St.ites,  42 :  declares  blockade  from  lirest  to  the  Elbe 
42;  war  with  France  (180:1).  42:  decline  of  manufactures  42  ■ 
failure  of  commercial  negotiations  with  Swed.n  and  Russia 
43 ;  French  d'  "  -       - 


.  h  rench  demands  on,  48 :  Russia  to  mediate  between  France    Eppes,  M  annoiit  at,  iv  108 
• .,   i  ffs  ."'".rortugnese  Heet,  57  :  gains  entrance  toand  is    Equality,  S.>  allectatioii  of  le 
expelled  from  Leghorn,  67  ;  olfers  to  seize  Denmark's  fleet,  68:        of  the  word,  i^,/'"*"""  " 


Entail,  restoration  of  the  right  of,  iii.  C7:'  abolition  of  the  law 

of,  69 
Enzersdorf,  milil:iry  operations  near,  iii,  169,  170,  175 
Enzersfeld,  military  nioveinents  near,  iii.  16H 
Epemay,  cii].iiiicil  by  the  allies,  iv,  119 
"  Epochs  of  My  Life,"  1. 42 


love  for,  il.  '20 :  one  of  the  meanings 


208:  IV.  27,  k:):  contempt  for  the  blockade,  iii.  88:  withdraws 
troops  from  Sicily,  89:  sends  troops  to  Portugal,  89,  96.  97  12.) 
217;  siijiposed  assistance  to  Sweden,  91:  jiroposed  menace  to' 
91:  blockades  the  Russian  fleet,  93:  promised  cooperation  o( 
the  I'ajial  States  against,  94 :  l'..rtug:il  enforces  the  lierlin  and 
Milan  decrees  against.  95:  fate  of  her  allii-s,  96:  supports  the 
House  of  Braganza.  96:  outbreak  of  the  Peniusnlar  war  97; 
heiiellts  accruing  from  the  troubles  in  Spain,  103;  scheme  to 
capture  Cadiz,  10.5,  121:  negotiations  with  Austria  128:  prcv 
p.)sed  humiliation  of,  13'> :  plans  of  A',  and  Alexander  at  Erfurt 
Ciiieerning,  137  :  .V.  fcai-s  an  alliance  between  Turkey  and,  137  • 
c\a-s|.er;ited  at  the  capitulation  of  Cintra,  144 :  supposed  plan 
to  abandon  Portugal,  145;  tardiness  at  Corunna,  149:  oircrs  to 
subsidize  Austria.  150:  Austria  appeals  for  assistance  to.  174  • 
escape  of  the  Duke  of  limnswick  to,  181 :  expeilition  to  Flush 


-;;  -    --- 'I'^  ordered  to,  249:  French 

forces  at,  IV.  28 ;  A',  goes  to,  ,■(3 ;  plan  of  winter  (piarters  at,  67 : 
Saxon  anil  Havarian  troops  al,  76  :  Murat  deserts  at,  90 

Erlon,  Gen.  d',  in  the  Waterloo  campaign,  iv.  174,  175,  179  185- 
battle  of  tjuatre  P.ras.  182-180;  A'.'k  expression  of  indignation 
at  .\cy  to,  180:  battle  of  Waterloo,  196,  197,  200 

Erskine,  Lord,  on  England's  attitude  with  regard  to  France,  ii. 
95 

Escolqulz,  Canon,  tutor  to  Ferdinand  VII,.  iii.  99:  letter  to 
A'..  i),t.  12,  18IIS,  99,  1(10:  defends  Ferdinand's  p.isition,  112: 
notified  by  X.  of  Ferdinand's  deposition,  113,  114:  infamy  of. 

117  T  J  t 


Escorial,  (lodoy's  intrigiiea  at  the,  ill,  100 :  Cliarles  IV.  a  vir- 
tual prisoner  in.  111 
Escudier,  J.  F.,  cmmissloner  of  the  N:itional  Convention,  i.  131 


mark's  hostility  to,  214  :  divided  .^^um-il^Vn;  217  •'il^p^m™  "i    ^'^"^T"  ' '  '"■  "•  "" '  ''"™""'  "'•'«=»<»■■""'>"•«  ''-''-""n 

r ij^ti^'^j  ^:^;.J';;;^:'ff:^s;i;^'ii7'ri:tVuff?<:s'ii;!^i  ^'^'S!^^^f^^°^'-  ••'•■  '--^  -'"""^ «'  «•■  ^-y-  >• 

in  the  Peninsula,  ■i-20, '221  :  depreciation  of  the  -  (."in 


266:  negotiates  peace  between  Turkey  and  Russl.i,  260:  dis- 
tracted condition  of  politics  Id,  Itr.  16 :  naval  defeats,  I« :  1  nlted 


King 

,.        ,  "    , 4;  under 

Irench    iirotictlon,  2'.'9;    A',   calls  for  alllame   with.    III.  60: 
liilltrallty  of,  66:  scln-me  to  Incorporate  in  Italy,  .56:  proposal 


INDi;X 


279 


V^tTUTUi  ~  continued, 
tliut  LU(jit-[i  Uikv  ttie  crown  of,  102:  alxlltntion  of  thr  <|ii(^ri 
redout,  I(W :  iiicorp<imt4Ml  into  tin- kingdom  of  lUiIy,  Kni :  llio 
ciowii  uittTi-il  to  FtTiliimn.l  VII.,  lU:  ^. «  .llNitOrtitlou  of,  I'iS 

Etteilhelm,  ivsi.lcnci-  of  lUc  Hue  ilKiiglii.-ri  nt,  II.  IW-HM  :  n- 
piilril  t-niit;riuit  coiiH|tirHt-y  at,  l<,):i:  OrdeiKT'a  rxpi'dltloii  to, 
I'Jl:  :iiTtst  i>f  the  Due  il'Kiik'MK'ii  at,  IIM :  Caulalucuurt's  mU- 
Ki->n  t",  Hi.  Hii 

Euleu  Mountains,  military  movcnuiita  iit-ur,  iv.  4'i 

Euphrates,  piojMmd  military  oi*ci-atioD)t  on  the,  lit.  91 

Europe,  ninvi-ment  of  ctvili/jiiioii  h>,  i.  1,'i:  tliu  ruvohitloiiary 
I'po'h  ami  spitiul  of  ruvolutionaiy  idras  In.  1,  6'J  it  st-q.;  II. 
34>,  5'.),  1113  :  ali8oluli»m.  ita  ileray  iind  alMlition,  i.  M  ;  III.  213 : 
Iv.  IG'J,  22r),  241 :  iiroiiiicil  feelings,  concerted  inovenientd,  nnd 
coalitions  npilnst  France,  I.  HO,  ivn  ;  ii.  :ir,,  4ti,  59,  62,  90,  93,  9.'), 
12(1.  173.  210,  211,  22;i ;  Jli.  5,  tK),  Hf,  ;  iv.  i:.,  19,  27,  2H,  32.  46, 
157,  168-170:  .V.  on  the  sovereigns  of,  I.  IK):  the  Directory  and, 
197-203:  ncutnility  of  northern,  2tHJ:  conditions  <>f  civlll/^tinn 
and  warfare  In  (17'.HiX  210:  the  dedlinics  of,  dc|)endcnt  on  fate 
of  Italv,  212,  23G:  N.  a  cfttzcn  of,  248  :  schemoei  of  rfcon&tnic- 
tlon  of  the  map  of,  262  :  ii.  170,  228,  2-19 ;  Hi.  V^,  48.  fiO,  61,  154  ; 
iv.  32,  48.  52,  55,  156,  157 :  schemes  of  paciflcatlon  of,  1.  277  ;  11. 
131,  137.  228;  iii,  234;  iv,  19.  38,  4;t,  44,  40,  47,  la-i :  France's 
foreijjn  policy  in,  ii.  2  :  scliemes  of  NHpoleunic  and  French  em- 
pire over,  6,  19.  138j  175,  215,  227;  iil.  87,  91;  iv.  38:  y.  on  the 
freedom  of,  ii.  20  ;  iii.  C^:  X.'s  relations  to,  and  intlucnce  on,  ii. 
25,  91,  137,  175  ;  iii.  139 ;  iv.  148,  24«*> :  upheavals  in  the  i>oIilic« 
of,  ii.  27-30,  170:  c<jmpared  hy  S.  with  tlie  Orient,  31 :  general 
armament  of  (1798),  46:  A'.Vviaions  of  military  domination  in, 
60:  .sitnaltun  of  altairsat  closeof  1799, 59:  jealousy  in,  concern- 
ing the  Mediterriincan,  90:  A',  the  destroyer  of,  95  :  intluence 
of  England  in,  and  her  subsidies  to  the  powers  of,  96,  121,  134, 
169,  225,  230,  2:11,  241,  259,  274  ;  iii.  217,  224  ;  iv.  M,  32,  45,  48- 
50,  72.73,  89,  99.  106,  170:  situation  of  atfaira  at  begin  rung  of 
1800,  ii.  101  et  seq. :  efforts  of  the  Directory  to  extend  the 
French  syst<^-m  in,  102,  10:i:  Prussia's  place  in.  102;  iii.  22: 
militi»r>'  situation  in  (ISOtO,  ii.  105:  the  *' armed  neutrality," 
126  :  reduction  of  Austria  :i8  u  power  in,  126:  tl»e  old  dymisties 
and  the  dynastic  idea  in,  126,  17;i,  202,  203  ;  iii.  55, 120, 127,  154  ; 
iv.  44,  82:  anxiety  in,  as  to  permanency  of  Peace  of  Amiens,  ii. 
167 :  destruction  of  the  balance  of  power,  170 :  N.'s  warning  to, 
March  13,  1803,  182:  JV'.*«  views  on  Continental  conquest,  185: 
JV'.'it  notification  to,  in  the  murder  of  the  Due  d'Enghieu,  202 : 
the  embargo,  blockades,  and  other  commercial  wai-fare  in,  214, 
222,242;  iii.  6,  6,  43.  48,  80-82,  88,110,  214,  234,  249  (see  also  BER- 
LIN Dkcuke;  Continental  system;  Milan  Decree):  out- 
lireak  of  war  in  1805,  ii.  223:  A",  arrayed  against,  225:  the  price 
of  tlie  hegemony  of,  253:  Fox  upholds  existing  sovereignties 
in,  261:  necessity  of  colonial  produce  to,  iii.  6:  Russia's  am- 
bition Ui  be  included  in,  40:  general  warfare  in,  41:  English 
monopoly  of  commerce,  41 :  law  of  colonial  trade,  41 :  Alex- 
ander I.  on  politics  of,  45 :  St.  Petersburg  holds  the  peace  of, 
65:  y.'s  hopes  of  a  coalition  in,  against  England,  55:  general 
Sanhedrim  of,  63,  64:  influence  of  the  peace  of  Tilsit  on,  77: 
a  moment  of  universal  anarchy  for,  84  :  the  situation  in.  94 : 
power  of  the  word  "legitimacy"  in,  116:  growth  of  the  national 
idea  in,  120, 127, 154,206;  iv.  241  (see  also  Germany  ;  Prussia): 
the  right  of  force  in,  iii.  128:  the  French  idea  of  their  great 
cause  in,  16.%  166 :  views  on  A'.'s  second  marriage,  197  :  publicity 
of  N,'8  domestic  concerns  throughout,  212:  system  of  private 
contlscatioiis,  226  :  rejoicings  over  the  birth  of  the  king  of  Rome, 
230  :  the  condition  of,  set  forth  in  S.'s  reply  to  the  Paris  Cham 
ber  of  Commerce,  231,  232 :  A'.'*-  coast-system  of  protection,  '234  : 
appreheuiiions  of  wai'  in,  239,  241 :  tendency  toward  rupture  of 
the  peace  of,  241 :  the  Russian  march  of  French  tnuipaover,  250: 
A'. 's  scheme  for  two  powers  in,  250:  responsibility  of  Kutusoff 
for  bloodshed  in,  iv.  13  :  Austria  a  pivotal  state  in,  35,  39,  40: 
A',  desires  to  avoid  the  reprobation  of.  43:  a  neutral  zone  for, 
4;^:  peace  congress  of,  43,  44:  nervousness  among  the  allies.  54  : 
Prussia  acquires  the  hegemony  of  Continental,  77 :  distrust 
among  the  allies,  79,  80:  the  comniercial  key  to  central.  80: 
struggle  for  manhood  suffrage  in,  82:  exactions  of  the  allies  in 
central,  89 :  the  armed  forces  of,  Jan.  1,1814,  W :  jealousies  among 
thepowei-s,91,92  :  England's  desire  to  establish  equilibrium  in, 
99:  military  outrages  in.  124:  mobilization  of  troop.s,  170:  no- 
tilleil  that  the  Empire  means  peace,  170  :  possible  consequences 
of  A'.'«  success  at  Waterloo,  205;  the  doctrine  of  legitimacy. 
212 :  France  the  teacher  of,  225 :  abolition  of  feudalism  and  ec- 
clesiasticism.  225 :  progi-ess  of  reform  in,  231 :  a  belli*  oae  age 
in,  232  :  influence  of  Clnirles  the  Great  on,  241 ;  the  armies  of 
modern,  'J43 :  the  alliances  of,  243 :  the  national  politics  of,  246 

Eutntzsch,  military  operations  near.  iv.  72 

Eiag^r^s,  the,  i.  i:i8 

Executive  Council,  establishment  of  the,  i.  ill:  military  prep- 

Illations  by,  115 

Exelmans,  Gen.  R.  J.  I.,  corresponds  with  the  Emperor,  iv. 

l.'i'.t:  in  Waterloo  campaign,  176 
Extravagance,  at  outbreak  of  the  Revolution,  i.  54 
Eylau,  the  campaign  of,  iii.  17  et  seq.;  iv.  176:  the  causes  of  A'.« 

weakness  at,  iii.  2H:  the  graml  army  after,  40:  the  lessons  of 

259 


Family  relatione,  under  the  Code,  ii.  144 
Fanaticism,  iv.  231,  232 
Fauvelet,  A. V  school  friend,  i.  lot 
FaypOUlt,  G.  C,  French  political  agent  in  Genoa,  ii.  7 
Feltre,  creation  of  hereditary  duchy  of,  U.  255:  Clarke  createil 
Duke  of,  iii.  71.    See  CLARKE 


Feraud,  murder  of.  I.  168 

Ferdinand,  Archduke,  conmmndlnu  Austrian  army  In  (ier- 
niiiii>,  Ii.  2:1: t :  •  H>  :t|>eH  Into  Bohi-rnht,  2:)5:  iit  rim.  235:  com- 
nnuiilnig  in  Itnhemla,  245:  Invii'len  I'olaiid  ami  captures  War- 
saw, 111.  l.')4,  15(i:  viuinitlludeM  In  Poland,  HU:  evaeuutcH  War- 
saw, 165:  oil  the  wii)  to  churU'ii'ft  asiiiittjtni-e,  174 

Ferdinand  of  Parma,  ii.  132 

Ferdinand  I.,  King  of  .\apleis  il.  220;  111.  242.     See  abto  Fkr- 

r>I.SAM>  IV. 

Ferdinand  III.,  llees  to  Vienna,  Ii.  59,  60 

Ferdinand  IV.,  position  In  1797,1.  21^1:  evaeuaten  the  Pupal 
stalls,  131:  •onipell-d  to  restore  plunder,  131 

Ferdinand  VIL  (»ee  alno  Asti  hiah,  Pklnck  ok),  h  tttn*  t-  A'., 
Iii.  lOM.  112,  116:  Heeks  S.n  fiivor,  lOH,  117:  viiUn  Madrid, 
1119:  doiibtrul  reci>gidtlon  of  his  thront-,  110:  hinted  order  tlwt 
he  go  to  Bayifune,  111,  112:  at  V'ltoria,  112:  revnlAlon  of 
Spanish  feeling  agaluht,  112:  goes  U*  itayonne,  112,  113:  A'.*< 
attitude  towiinl.  112-IIm:  orders  for  his  arrest,  113:  depo8«-d, 
113-115;  character,  114,  116.  117:  olfers  toHtirrender  his  cr<»wn, 
114  :  the  crown  of  Ktniria  ottered  to,  114  :  trial  at  Bayonne,  114  : 
popularity  in  S]iain,  114,  121:  pension  and  grant  to,  115:  in 
virtual  custody  of  Talleyniml,  115,  116  :  cowed  Into  submliution, 
115,  118:  :L><ks  A'.'h  adoption  and  peiiiil-^ion  to  appear  at  court, 
200:  release  of,  Iv.  87,  88 :  relapse.-)  into  abstdutlsm  and  eeclt- 
shLNticism,  K.S 

Fere-Champenolse,  the  Enii>eror  at,  iv.  114 :  military  move- 
ments  near,  117  :  retreat  of  the  Frencli  through,  123 

Fermo,  con>tulidated  with  the  kingdom  of  lUily,  Hi.  94 

Feirara,  the  rope  prepares  to  recover,  i.  245:  new  scheme  of 
government  f<tr.  247  :  surrendered  to  France,  260:  c  ded  Ut 
Veidcu  at  lA:ohen,  271 :  Incorporated  In  tlie  Cisalpine  Republic, 
ii.  14 

Ferrol,  reported  Junction  of  French  and  Spanish  fleets  at,  ii.  230: 
bb>cUade  of.  231 :  Villeneuve's  retreat  to,  239:  supposed  Eng- 
lish schemes  at,  iii.  145,  146 

Feraen,  Count,  essays  to  represent  .Sweden  at  Congress  of  Ras- 
t;ttt,  ii,  is 

Fesch,  Josepll,  i.  15:  childhood  «ith  AT.,  20:  appointed  to  semi- 
nary at  Aix,  22 :  A'.'»  corresiiondence  with,  28,  41, 79,  80  :  enters 
the  priesthood,  32 :  returns  to  Corsic;i,  59 :  literary  colbdM^rator 
with  N.,  67,  83:  member  of  the  constituent  assembly  at  Orczza, 
72:  custodian  of  y.'s  papers,  77  :  supplanted  as  head  of  family 
by  A'.,  94:  radical  leader  at  Ajaccio,  108:  leaves  Corsica  for 
Toulon,  123 :  in  connnissary  depiirtnient  at  Toulon,  124  :  store- 
keeper in  eommissaiy  department,  135 :  escapes  arrest,  151 :  at 
Aix,  174  :  conforms  to  the  civil  cimstitution,  ii.  132:  archbishop 
of  Lyons  and  cardinal,  165:  reenters  the  church,  165:  Grand 
Almoner,  207:  selects  a  physician  for  A'.,  iv.  218 

Feudal  system,  in  Corsica,  i.  3,  7 :  remnants  of  the.  'M  :  absorp- 
tion of  its  power  in  the  French  crown,  52:  alx)lition  of,  57,  ^, 
114;  ii.  144;  iii.  70,  147;  iv.  225:  the  oath  of  the  Legion  of 
Honor  concerning,  ii.  159:  A'. '« influence  on,  iii.  245:  French 
hatred  of,  iv.  81,  82 

FeuiUants,  the,  i.  88 :  form  a  ministry,  Wl :  fall  of  the  niinistr>', 
105 

Fictlte,  J.  G.,  member  of  the  refomi  party  in  Prussia,  ii.  270: 
influence  on  Prussian  regeneration,  iii.  83 

Fifth  Regiment  (French)  A",  oflers  himself  to  the  bullets  of  the, 
iv.  164 

Fifty-second  Regiment  (Knglish),  in  battle  of  Waterloo,  iv.202 

Figueras,  captoreii  by  tbe  Kieiuii.  iii.  105 

Fllanglerl,  Gaetano,  -V.*'  .-^tudy  of,  i.  40 

Finance,  an  occult  doetrine  of,  iv.  25 

Finisterre,  Cape,  Calder  encounters  Villeneuve  off,  ii.  230 

Finlcensteln,  A',  at,  iii.  22,  23,  26:  Persian  envoy  at,  2.3 

Finland,  Kussian  ambition  to  acquire,  iii.  35,  80,  91.  VM,  137: 
Russia's  claims  to,  recognized  at  Tilsit,  47:  acquired  by  Russia, 
54,  182,  191,  205,  215,  236,  240:  Russian  inviusion  of,  1>2,  93: 
Ru?.sia  threatened  with  the  loss  of,  2;i9:  offered  to  Sweden  by 
y  ,  243 

Floravente,  Gen.,  captured  at  Verona,  i.  273 

First  Consiil.  the  office  of  the,  ii.  85 

Fischbach,  military  movenient-s  near,  iv.  63 

Fismes,  -V.  aims  to  strike  the  iT-ussians  at,  iv.  106:  Marmont 
rallie-i  his  troi>ps  at,  lint,  iio:  junction  of  Marmunt  and  Mor- 
tier  at,  119  :  Marmont  retreats  Ui,  123 

Fitz-James,  Edward,  royalist  intrigues  of,  iv.  129 

Fiume,  reoccupied  by  Austria,  i.  268  :  seized  by  A'.,  268  :  A',  pro- 
poses to  Lcde.  iv.  49 

Five  Hundred,  the,  i.  I6I :  their  representation  of  public  senti- 
ment, ii.  1  :  inquiry  in,  as  to  A'.'*  independence,  2:  its  mem- 
bers proscribed,  5:  Jacobin  majority  in,  G4,  66:  Bonapartes 
among.  65:  I.ncien  Bonaparte  elected  president,  66,  72:  A',  at 
the  meetings  of,  18th  ami  19th  Brumaire,  72,  76-^1  :  counter- 
plots against  A',  amimg,  74  :  oi>position  by,  75-80:  meeting  of 
Bonapavtist  members  of,  80,  81:  adopts  the  Consulate,  83: 
deposition  of  members,  84 :  rewards  among,  for  complacency, 
S4 

Flahaut,  Gen.  A.  C.  J.,  sent  to  seek  Marmont's  advice,  iv.  135: 
advises  a  return  to  Lorraine,  136 :  bearer  of  despatch  from  N. 
t..  Ney.  185 

Flanders,  iV.  in,  i.  41.  42 :  A'.'*  journey  to,  iii.  237.  Sec  Aus- 
trian Netherlands;  Batavian  Republic;  Ditch  Flan- 
DKRy;  HoLLAsn;  Nkthkklands 

Fleurus,  battle  of,  i.  163  :  Jourdan*s  victory  at,  ii.  206:  niilitaiy 
operations  near,  iv.  176-178,  181  :  A',  at.  181,  186 

Florence,  the  Buonaparte  family  in,  i.  12, 14.  22.  23,  41 :  position 
in  the  tVench  empire,  iii.  214  :  sends  deputJition  to  Paris  iv.  17 

Flushing,  Holland's  indemnity  for,  ii.  102 :  English  capture  of, 
iii.  182  :  A',  builds  ships  at,  183 


*2S0 


INDEX 


Fomblo,  bftttlf  of,  I.  'Jifl 

Fontalnebleau,  litis  vn.  at.  U.  218:  treaty  of.  Hi.  69:  social 
>  u  i>  at,  ::. :  maty  of  (Oct.  10,  18»»TV  H4  :  N.'n  court  nt.  87,  1H<1, 
•SM:  .lii'loiniUii-  luvolititioiia  at,  94  :  treaty  of  (Ort.  'JH.  IH<t"), 
for  itarlili.ui  of  I'ortUKal.  9^.  W,  KM.  UC.  Hfi,  UH:  XV  !mr>*h 
troatiiu'iit  of  Jiisfpliiiiv  at,  i:t9:  iiiiprisoiniK'nt  of  litis  VII. 
nt,  IS?  .  iv.  i:.,  j:*,  2G  :  the  titTnt-  (nf  Oi-I.  18, 1810).  iii.  'iH  :  tlie 
I'oiKtTxIiit  I'f,  iv.  •26,  '27:  iiiUitjiry  iDoriiiieiitfi  neiir,  UH),  lo;t, 
IJC:  .V.  at,  rj8.  Kiti,  lOf. :  .V.  revifws  tlu'  (luard  at.  lyo,  Ki?  : 
tn-fl-MHinMeuttfraiicesof  thcnmrshalsat,  i:i7,  i;i8:  scrneof  .V.V 
nlulK'ittion,  la9.  HO:  council  of  war  nt»  144:  treaty  of  (April, 
1K141.  us,  \-A\  l.M,  I.Vl.  l.Vi-!:»7.  It'..*:  A'.  liHvos,  for  EUm.  1.10 

Fontanes,  Marquis  de,  oration  on  Wngiun^ton  hy.  ii.  97.  98: 
ntirt^  fioin  prt'siiliiuy  of  the  t»enat<>,  iii.  225  :  graml  master  of 
thr  iiiii\.  t>it>.  '.'.ir. 

Fontenaye.  Mme.  de,  i.  I90.    See  also  Tallien,  Mme. 

ForcUlielm,  -V.V  Last-,  il.  27.1,  276 

Forez  Regiment,  the.  I.  8i 

Forfait,  P.  A.  I..,  Secretary  of  the  Navy.  ii.  87 

Fbrsteen.  militarv  (tperatioiiB  near,  iv.  05 

Fort  Bard,  ii.  ill.  li;i 

Fort  Carre,  -VV  contJntinent  in.  1.  150-162 

Fortlftcation,  A'.V  essay  on,  Iv.  217 

Fort  LUCO,  tires  on  Frencli  ship  at  PorU)  di  LiJo,  I.  273,  276 

Fort  Mulfrrave,  capture  of,  i.  136 

Fouch6.  Joseph,  il<  scrihes  atrocities  at  Toulon,  i.  137  :  o^iposes 
liolteapit  rn  ,  148  :  Minister  of  Police,  ii.  63,  206.  267 :  joins  tlic 
HoiiHptirtist  ranks,  72 :  tietection  of  plots  by,  74  :  X.'g  conlidence 
in,  W.  attitmle  towanl  tlie  conspirators  of  Niviiso,  154,  155: 
suspt>cted  of  Jacohinisiu,  165:  disj^raccd,  ile^radeil,  and  ban- 
ished, l.M,  177 ;  iii.  139,  211 :  character,  ii.  177 ;  iii.  149, 195,  204, 
208 ;  iv.  159 :  institnttes  Moreau's  letter  to  X.,  u.  191 :  urKes  ac- 
tion ouainst  Bourbon  i)h»tter8,  194  :  ordered  to  supervise  corre- 
spondence from  the  army,  iii.  27 :  created  Duke  of  Otranto,  71 : 
licenses  vice  in  Paris,  75  :  wliips  in  the  nobility  to  the  imperial 
court,  76:  favors  Ferdinand  VII.,  99,  UK):  share  in  the  matter 
of  Josephine's  ilivorcc.  139, 140 :  raises  national  guards  for  ser- 
vice in  the  Netherlands.  183:  on  the  second  marriage  of  N., 
195 :  advocates  alliance  h  itli  Russia,  195 :  member  of  extraor- 
dinary council  on  X.'n  second  marriage,  195  :  raises  troops  to 
repel  the  Walchcren  expedition,  195:  the  supcrserviceuble 
Mephistopheles  of  the  emjiire,  20H:  intervenes  in  Holland's 
negotiations  wit  11  Kiigland,  20K:  Eii;:]i^h  Initt  b  conspiracy,  211 : 
returns  from  exile  in  Italy,  247.  24s:  nuinuiiulizes  against  war, 
248  :  waniii  S.  of  the  fate  of  Cliarles  XII.,  24H  :  recalled  to  ac- 
tive service,  iv.  48:  double  intrigues  of,  1.19:  neutrality  of,  165: 
member  tif  X.'e  new  eabinet,  167:  military  conspiracy  of,  108: 
plots  against  *V.,  170.  171:  attitude  after' Waterloo,  2(W,  207: 
member  of  the  new  birectorj-,  207:  refuSL-s  responsibility  for 
A".  A  safely,  2(W 

Foug^.  Mnie.,  .V.>  relations  with.  ii.  209 

Fouquler-TlnvUle,  A.  Q,,  execution  of,  i.  162 

Fourcroy,  A.  F.,  member  of  the  council  of  state,  ii.  100,  137  :  or- 
L'ani/er  of  tile  educational  system  of  France,  146,  147 

Fourth  Artillery.  trejis»ui  in  the.  i.  loi 

Fourth  Regimeut,  -V.V  serviec  in  the,  i.  85,  92 

Fox,  Charles  James,  on  French  military  successes,  i.  163:  re- 
iKjrls  \.  as  favorable  to  peace,  ii.  175:  defends  France  in  Par- 
liament, 17*>:  visits  y.  at  Paris,  175:  bias  toward  France.  180: 
lays  aiide  French  sympathies,  186  :  secretary  of  state,  2.14  :  be- 
comes prime  minister,  258:  declares  war  against  Prussia,  2.58: 
negotiations  willi  y.,  2.18,  259,  261,  262:  supposetl  peace  policy 
of,  259:  Upholds  tlie  claims  of  existing  sovereignties  in  Euroj)e, 
261:  compelled  to  adopt  Pitt's  program,  262:  death,  262;  iii. 
41 

Toy,  Gen.  M.  S.,  Masst^na's  envoy  to  Paris,  iii.  220,  221 :  brings 
orders  for  reinforcements,  221 :  in  the  Waterloo  camjiaign,  iv. 
175:  battle  of  Waterloo,  195 

France,  convention  with  Genoa  regarding  Corsica,  i.  6,  8:  emu- 
lation of  Kngland,  9  :  her  colonial  ambitions,  possessions,  and 
losses,  9.  279;  ii.  2,  15:t,  174,  179;  iii.  48,  69;  iv.  244:  preceilent 
for  her  aid  to  American  colonies,  i.  10:  relation  of  the  army  to 
the  throne,  ;t4 :  X.  studies  her  history  and  ptilitics,  40,  49,  103  : 
A.'«  liitleruess  against,  41,  42.  44,  47,  60,  75,  7)1 :  outbreak  uf  the 
Revolution  of  1789  in,  02  et  seq. :  social  conditions  and  customs, 
the  domcBlic  relations,  etc..  52-57.  114,  158,  173  ;  ii.  :tO,  127. 129, 
130,  i:t7,  144,  2(t8;  ii).  63.  65-71,  73,  125;  iv.  24,  25,  27,  85.  229, 
231,  244  :  financial  troubles,  issues  of  paper  money,  fluuneial 
policies  and  reforms,  i.  54,  172,  198;  ii.  ;i2,  88,  89,  120,  140.  141, 
148  20:i.  205.  266  ;  Iii.  27.  01,  62,  65,  153,  225,  232 ;  iv.  24.  25,  229  : 
declaied  a  limited  nniimrchy,  i.  55 :  the  rise  of  popular  trovern- 
raent.  57:  destruction  of  feudalism.  .17  :  iii.  70,  245  :  adi)pti.)n 
of  the  trl(  olor,  i.  57  :  the  eml  of  absolutism,  64  :  the  title  ami 
position  of  the  king.  64,  86.  91  :  Corsica  and  Navarre  joined  to, 
05:  diHorganizatioiinf  thearmy,  79:  changes  in,  79-81 :  patriot- 
Ism,  spirit  of  national  unity,  military  enthusiasm,  etc..  79,  89 
91. 1*2,  116,  158-UU*.  198  ;  U.  96,  UW.  145,  2(M  ;  iii.  13,  153.  245.  246; 
Iv.  22,  2:t,  104.  175:  the  first  stage  of  transfornuttion  in,  i.  86: 
famine,  86  :  the  problem  of  government,  86-88,  91,  ".'2  :  geogra- 
phical reconstniction,  87  :  failure  of  reform,  h7.  88:  split  on  the 
8ubJc4tor  monarchy,  88:  the  national  oath,  89:  fear  of  war,  89. 
90:  viciHsitudesof  royalism  in  ;  iJ-mrbon  and  anti-Kourbon  sen- 
timent and  intrigues,  89.  159,  105,  178;  ii.  6.  15.  65.  82,  87,  151, 
192;  iv.  MO.  ur9,  1^4.  135,  143:  desertion  of  troops  to  .Xustrla,  I. 
101  :  anarchy.  101,  i:tH  :  ontltrviik  of  insurrection,  June  20,  1792, 
102:  theKepublle,  lai :  experte<l  coalition  ugaln*-t,  110:  elturts 
nt  and  failures  r»r  eonHlilutiomd  government,  110,  158,  168;  II. 
03.  68.  69.  77.  82.  158;  Iii.  'J25 ;  iv.  165.  167,  171,  227  (s.e  also 
npeclfle  conKtltutlons  mentioned  Infra):  abolition  of  the  nnui- 
ar<'hy,  1.  lU,  115,  168;  Ii.  203:  declaratioti  of  the  republic,  I.  Ill; 


France  —  continufd. 
establishment  of  an  executive  council.  111:  political  parties, 
Ul:  the  republican  calendar,  111;  ii.  165,  222,  262:  the  dic- 
tatorship, i.  lli'i :  i>roparing  for  foreign  wjir,  115:  declares  war 
against  England,  116:  S.'n  personal  relationswith  and  intlnenco 
on;  the  likes  and  dislikes  uf  the  Freiicli  pet»ple  for  iV.,  124- 
126,  196.  225,  224". ;  ii.  19.  66.  67,  »S,  94.  HHl,  101.  120,  13(1,  138.  140, 
175,  187,  210;  iii.  10,  27.  55.  61,  62,  6.1,  66.  125.  131.240;  iv.  17, 
22,  80-83,  85,  86,  89.  124,  141,  142. 147.  148,  158,  160.  162,  218,  226, 
229.  231.  242-245  :  civil  war.  i.  127  et  scq. ;  ii.  94.  96  :  nnissacres, 
i.  138  :  militaryism.  147-149, 18:1 ;  ii.  50 ;  iii.  125  :  difflcultics  of  a 
new  ]Mditical  programme,  i.  159-161 :  conllseation  of  lands,  16(t: 
adujilion  of  ancient  Roman  governmental  systems,  1(K>,  161: 
tlic  Pircclory,  161  et  seii.  :  land  and  labor  troubles.  162:  purg- 
ing of  the  army,  163:  militarv  successes,  163:  territorial  am- 
bitions, 104:  suspected  intlneiices  in  the  army,  165:  the  consti- 
tution of  1795,  165.  17.1,  178.  179.  182-18^1.  186,  200-202;  ii.  1,  63, 
66 :  reaction  in.  i.  106  :  condition  of  the  prc^s,  167  ;  ii.  96.  162. 
174,  187  :  growth  of  science,  literature,  and  the  arts,  J.  167  ;  iii. 
27,  28,  72.  227,  229  :  woman  in,  i.  173  :  British  views  of  alTairs 
in,  178  :  English  Meet  on  northern  coast,  178 :  military  dictator- 
ship, 183:  parties,  183,  184:  the  regicides  in.  186:  coalitions 
against^  197  ;  ii.  2r.,  59,  62.  90 :  cursed  by  absolutism,  i.  198  :  the 
popular  conception  of  its  boundaries,  198:  struggle  for  and 
achievement  of  liberty  and  civil  rights,  198,  199;  ii.  84,  90.  167, 
187,  202 ;  iii.  68 ;  iv.  77,  78,  167,  244  :  the  Thirteenth  Vendemi- 
aire,  i.  199:  foreign  policy,  199:  intestiinil  troubles.  199:  mili- 
tary dictator  of  Eurojie,  202  :  condition  at  opening  of  1796.  202, 
203:  a  new  lease  of  national  life  for,  204:  military  strength 
and  recuperative  power.  208-210;  ii.  6,  8,  9,  105;  iii.  29,  246; 
iv.  23,  24,  :*:(,  84.  86,  93,  109,  125,  128:  vicissitudes  of  her  naval 
power,  i.  208,  210;  ii.  212,  214,  2;^.  231,  238,  241,  242;  iii.  239 ; 
iv.  105  :  apex  of  revolutionary  greatness,  i.  212 :  preeminence 
in  p:urope,  212:  rcjiiicings  over  Lodi,  220:  foreign  popula- 
tions well  disposed  tt)ward,  236:  Eastern  policy,  262;  ii.  32: 
ilissatisfaction  with  treaty  of  I.coben,  i.  272 :  desire  for 
peace,  ii.  1,  92,  121,  157,  255 ;  iiL  90,  1.13 ;  iv.  64.  87,  AH,  165 :  sui- 
cide among  naval  officers,  ii.  2  :  internal  administration,  offices 
and  oflice-holders,  and  public  works,  2,  85,  9it-101,  13'.t-148.  174, 
178 ;  iii.  02,  74,  125,  192,  226,  227,  230;  iv.  85,  244  :  the  i:ighlcenth 
of  Fructidor,  ii.  5  :  martial  law  in,  5  :  punctiliousness  in  ex- 
acting war  indenmities,  8  :  exasperation  at  England's  mastery 
of  the  seas,  10,  11  :  aspirations  towaid  "liberty  of  the  seas," 
11 :  educational  methods  and  reforms,  22,  144-148;  iii.  28,  72- 
74;  iv.  230,  244:  X.  constructive  commander-in-chief,  ii.  24: 
makes  war  only  against  tyraimical  dyri:isties.  28:  schemes  of 
world-conquest,  31:  popular  ideas  concerning  the  Egyptian 
campaign,  46  :  X.  summoned  to  take  su])reme  conmutntl,  55 : 
elections.  May,  1799,  02  :  relations  between  church  and  state, 
religious  sentiment^  tlie  clei-gy,  etc..  62,  87,  132,  l:t;i,  138,  139, 
144,  146,  165,  203,  257  ;  iii.  57,  73,  95,  233;  iv.  24-26, 158,  159,  167, 
225,  229,  244  :  feai-s  of  a  revival  of  the  Terror,  ii.  63 :  the  draft 
in,  64  ;  iv.  22,  23  (see  also  Conscuhtion):  arbitrary  tariff  in, 
ii.  04  :  thirst  for  gloiy  and  booty  in,  64,  127.  160,  172.  232 ;  Iii. 
13,  68,  245;  iv.  85,  221 :  the  constitution  of  1799.  ii.  06,  68.  69, 
80,  81,  84,  85,  90,  97,  99,  100,  10(1,  155, 156,  158,  167  :  '*  the  pear  is 
ripe,"  67,  70:  need  of  a  Cromwell,  HI  :  feelings  of  the  various  par- 
ties, 83:  adoptiiin  of  the  Roman  consular  sy.stem,  83:  the  ple- 
biscite of  Dec.  1.1, 1799,  86,  90  :  the  new  charter,  86  :  compulsory 
loans,  88  :  disgust  at  demagogues,  88 :  results  tpf  tlie  upheaval  of 
Brumaire.  88:  taxation  methods  and  reforms.  89, 101, 141, 224;  ill. 
65,  2112;  iv.  24:  end  of  the  provisional  consulate,  ii.  90:  two 
policies  ((pen  to  X.,  91 :  contldence  in  the  new  administration, 
92:  English  preparatitins  to  invade,  94 :  the  inveterate  foe  of 
England,  96  :  salaries  of  the  First  Consul,  consuls,  and  other 
oHiccrs,  99,  100:  the  legislative  system,  '.nt-101,  155;  iii.  (18  (see 
also  titles  of  its  various  branches):  the  judicial  system,  and 
legal  abuses  and  reforms,  ii.  99-101,  142-144,  195,  204;  iv.  229, 
244  :  isolation  against  England  and  Austria,  ii.  103  :  X.'n  scheme 
of  leadership  among  nations.  103  :  her  fate  identified  with  that 
of  A.,  104  :  inctliciency  of  the  department  of  war,  108:  use  of 
the  term  *'  citizen,'"  127  :  public  festivals.  127  :  use  of  the  term 
"empire,"  127,  MO:  the  centi-r  of  a  system  of  republics,  1.32: 
characteristics  and  temperaments  of  her  people,  i:t2,  162,  167, 
202;  iii.  199;  iv.  82.  175,  225:  satisfaction  with  the  peace  of 
Amiens,  ii.  137  :  A'.'x  reorganiuttion  of,  137  et  set).:  aspirations 
toward  a  European  empire,  138 :  position  in  Europe  in  1801, 
138:  political  centralization,  139,  187;  iii.  125;  iv.  118, 121,  229, 
2;J0,  242,  243  :  usury  in.  ii.  140.  141 ;  iii.  63,  64  ;  iv.  85  :  specula- 
tion  in,  ii.  140:  the  Ministry  of  thelnterhir,  140:  crime  in,  140  : 
confiscation  of  crown  and  emigrants"  lands.  140  :  levy  of  forced 
contributions  by.  141  :  revival  of  the  puldic  credit,  141  :  com- 
merce, agriculture,  and  industries  in.  141,  174,  223,  224  :  iii.  62, 
63,  125,  192,  203,  225,  231,  2:(2  ;  iv,  16,  85  :  compHied  with  the 
Roman  empire,  ii.  143  :  tendency  toward  one-man  government, 
148:  discontent  of  the  republicans,  148:  tendency  toward  a 
paternal  government,  151  :  the  Consulate  compared  with  the 
RoMian  einiiire,  151  :  plebiscite  on  question  of  hcrcditai-y  con- 
sulship. 158,  159:  prerogatives  of  the  government.  160 :  her 
cu]>  of  satisfaction  full,  160  :  X,  thcpcrsonilication  of.  162:  au- 
tocratic iHiWer  of  the  government^  162:  restoration  of  )mblie 
couHdence,  165  :  sanctions  A",  k  schemes  of  Euro])ean  reitrganl- 
zatioii,  170:  arbitrary  shipping  regulations,  173:  protective 
policy,  173:  rest-U'cs  the  slave-tratie,  173:  sequestrations  of 
English  property  in,  173:  influence  of  the  bourgeoisie,  178  :  pre- 
pares naval  armament-s,  179  :  importation  of  English  goods  into, 
forbidden,  183:  disregfird  for  treaty  stlimlatious,  183:  t^cisuru 
of  English  prisoners  of  war  In.  183  ;  declares  embargo  on  British 
ships,  183:  failure  of  the  Revoluticm  to  give  political  freedom 
to,  187:  elfccl  of  Moreau's  fate  on  Ihu  moderate  rcj>ublicans, 


INDEX 


281 


Ymuco  — continued.  ^  ,      ., 

lUl:  iHillie  »y»ti-lil,  191,  SOT;   Iv.  ■m:    law  of  Iicummi   In,  li. 
lur,  ■  fii.llKiiutioii  nvir  the  iltulli  "(  tin-  Due  ahliKliiuli,  IIJJ  ;  thu 
Juys  licforo  tliu  >iiiiilic,'J(l-i  it  8ii|.  :  .V.»  i:..li™i>U.iii  "f  llii'  im 
iiirt-    Wi    -Ha :  (iiK-htliMi  o(  ciiisular  lu-redlty,  aio ;   rtf..nii» 
in  iO^i.-iiu  ■■  inutloii  i.t  llii!  uiiii.ln.  JOa  el  iii-.i. ;  lli.i"ii»lliii- 
tiuimt  IWM,  •.'(>5,  »).; :  till-  .1UI-.11..H  ut  lKrfim.ir>  iMupIri', '.HI.. : 
iiiiiHiinl  tltlt»  ill.  -Hit; ;  .  ri-iitiiMi  .it  luiirslmln,  •-•Oi; :  .\.i>  ilyii  iim, 
•200  ;  tlif  iiii|i.riul  li.Tiil.lic  iluvi.  e,  -iM,  itn  :  .\ .  » illstliiclioii  l.e- 
twcuii  till)  suit.:  uu.l  tla-  .niiiiri-.  ■Ml.  VI.'..'.    Ji-.l  :  hcIumiiu  ..In 
llieat  unipiii-,  in  :  liir  iicn.iiUis  uii.l  ailliilliil»  .■.>iilrii»tcHl,  iU  . 
bloikmlia  Eui-..i..Uii  iu.rt»,  -JU  :  .li»liucli.iM  ..t  the  l'..l.u  b  Ii..ih» 
for  ctiKiiiiistiLiil  iiiiilttra  in.  JJl.  ri'.'  ;  rt»l..riitl.m  nf  tlii;  t.vc 
Roriiinialiii.lar.jrJ:  Kiiruiwaii  iipprili.  ii.M..ii»  hk  t-.li.r  luummji 
tioMB,  Sia :  d.cliin-  ill  noviriimiiit  Ir.iuIii.  '.'il ;  i".  'Ji' ;  Iv.  >*•>  ■ 
uiiiuii  ..f  tlie  cr..»iis  "f  Italy  an.l,  ii.  ■-•a! :  p..»itioii  In  tliu  hiiw- 
ptan  l.alaiicf.  JJ"  ;  ill.  41  :  military  u.iiiiiiiaii.l.n.,  it.  SM  :  niival 
powir  8liattir.a  at   IrafnlKiir,  -M,  242;  pr.iiiiinuiicu  ..1-2.14: 
the  ei.iirt  ..(  (iKiitl),  ^IM.  M:!.  ^Wi,  2li7 :  the  imperial  euUelilmii, 
264  :   venality  "(  utneials,  20r. :  iii.  225 :  Clitillelllill  clMluealis 
6-   rielit  of  seiiivh  anil  impressment,  f. :  the  suiiporta  <-l  the 
empire,  2«:  liliem.l  to  a  eei.halopo.l,  2i'. :  (..iiinliiiK  of  military 
faetories,  27  :  ilcelarts  war  auaiiirt  Knjiluiul  (17'.i;)>,  41 :  colonial 
traile,  rnl«  of  175«,  41.  42:  .I..MS  liall.ors  to  Klitfllsh  ships,  42  : 
to  me.iiute  botwc.ii  Russia  an.l  Turk.y,  4H  :  .iesiru  for  uaval 
allies,  56  :  eilert  of  tlie  treaty  of  Tilsit  in,  m  :  lier  Riiropean  re- 
lations, 01 :  lays  other  eountries  nnder  eominerelal  triliute,  02  : 
loumcys  of  the  Emperor  and  Empress  throiiiih,  02 ;  the  Semitic 
question  in,  02-04  ;  iv.  229  :  panic  ..f  1805,  iii.  05  :  ai.pivemtioii 
of  covcrmnent  bonds,  0.". :  plospovity.  00  ;  eleation  of  licre.lilaiy 
legislators,  07  :  the  risht  of  entail,  07,  09 :  the  aristocracy,  O'.i- 
71 :  cieation  of  a  noble  class,  7(1,  71 :  salaries  of  minister,  and 
ainbassa.lors,  71 :  the  prefecture.  72 :  restriction  of  c..mmerte 
with  the  Initeil  States  83:  lack  of  .in  heir  to  the  tliri.ne.  9<i : 
pr..poseil  supremaey  in  Europe.  91 :  secret  compact  with  Spain 
for  partition  of  l'..rtn(;al,  9.-> :  iieuotiates  f..r  riglits  in  Spanish 
cohJnics,  1(15  ;  welcome  to  the  uraiid  aniiy  in.  141 :  rival  rc1i.>.|1s 
of  history  in,  152 :  the  army  and  nation  cxhanste.l,  173 :  dis- 
content ill,  18(1.  192.  247  :  iv.  8.5-as;  ccssi..n  of  Austrian  terri- 
tory to  iii.  184:  growing  independence  of  the  nubility,  192:  abso- 
lutist ten.lciiey.  190:  enthusiasm  over -V.s  5. 1  olid  marriage,  198- 
200-  traiisplaiitati..ii  of  the  ecelesiasti.al  isl.iblisliineiits  from 
Konie  to,  193.  202 :  creation  of  the  Papal  departments  .,f  Itoiiie 
and  Trasiinenns,  201,  202 :  overpowered  by  Eiiglaml  at  sea,  202, 
203-  monopolies  in,  204:  violations  of  the  Conlinental  System 
in   204  ;  scheme  to  incorporate  new  lands  int..,  204  :  seizure  ot 
American  vessels  by,  210.  211,  244:  part  of  the  North  Sea  coast 
incorporate.i  into  the  empire,  213,220:  eiilargeineiit  of  the  em- 
pire '>14  •  vassal  states,  214 :  a  central  bureaucracy  in,  214  :  pro- 
posal to  incorporate  Spain  inUi,  210  :  the  natural  extensions  of. 


216  •  principle  of  punishment  by  conHscatiou,  22(. :  Russian  dis 
crimination  a-.-ainst  goods  from,  220  :  enthusiasm  in.  over  Urth 
of  the  King  ot  Rome,  230:  the  successor  to  the  Irankisb  iloiiii- 
nion  of  Charles  the  Great,  231 :  military  expenses.  232  :  revenue 
from  contributions,  232:  the  war  method  ot  rei.leni>.liiiig  the 
treasury,  232,  235  :  excliangc  ..f  prisoners  witli  Eiighiiid,  234. 
expeditions  against  Sicily,  Egypt,  and  Ireland,  234,  2.tn :  Kiu- 
8ia  s  virtual  declaration  of  war  against,  23.  :  etfeel  of  the  t^oll- 
tinental  System  on  industry,  245  ;  '•Byiiig  colunins.    24j:. admi- 
ration for  the  empire  in,  245;  general  confldenee  in,24«:  m- 
trigues    leading  to  the  Russian  eaiupaign  ..f  1812,  249-2o2 : 
scarcity  of  provisions  in,  250  ;  Malefs  conspiracy,  iv.  4,  14.  15  . 
revolutionary  spirit  in,  14, 15 :  effect  of  the  Russian  failure  in,  15 : 
eivil  ..tlieials' whipped  into  line,  17  :  relief  for  soldiers  families, 
17  •  plan  of  regency  for,  18  :  reception  of  stragglers  from  Russia 
in '•>■'•  the  stimulus  of  bad  news  in,  22:  seizure  of  communal 
domains,  24,  25  :  prop.jsed  •'  guard  of  honor,"  25 :  X.  threatens 
to  aljoUsh  the  legislature,  25 :  value  ot  the  Austrian  alliance  t.., 
25  "O-  possibility  ..f  -V.«  becomiiiR  king  of,  ;)2  :  proposed  ter- 
ritorial eonces-sions  by,  38 :  scheme  to  confine  her  to  the  west 
bank  of  the  Kliiiie,  49  :  exhaustion  ot.  51 :  demoraliKilion  of  the 
inarehals   69.  00;  militarv  reverees.  01:  revulsion  of  feeling  ot 
Bavaria  and  Saxony  reganling,  04  :  England's  determination  to 
crush,  73  :  death-thr..e,s  of  the  empire.  77  :  her  ;•  natural  boun- 
daries •  80:  the  Frankfort  proposals  ;«  to  temtorial  changes, 
8(>-83  ;'  hatred  of  dyn,astic  rule,  81 :   failure  of  poi.ular  s..v- 
ereignty,  81:  hatre.i  ..f  feudalism,  81.  82:   movement  for  the 
expulsion  of  the  invaders,  82  :  publicati.jii  ot  the  alli.^s  procla- 
mation in,  83;  losses  of  the  wars  of  1812-1813,  84  ;  the  home 
guard    80:  radical  agitation  in,  80:   "sedentary     yoluiiteere, 
86:  pknics,  87:  imperialist  sentiment  in,  87^9:  ima'le'l  h>- 
the  allies,  88  et  seq.:  disallecti.ui  in  the  Natu.nal  t,iinrd,  88, 
89:  schemes  of  the  allies  for  invasion  of,  89,  91,  92,  1(X);  the 
aUies  determine  to  conBiie  her  to  her  royal  liniits,  99 ;  the 
Czars  determination  to  conquer,  99  :  pr.iposal  that  she  con- 
tinue the  war  with  England,  105 ;   attempt  to  contlne  A    to 
the  bouu.laries  of  royal,  100  :  marauding  excesses  i.f  the  allies, 
113  ■  irregular  warfare  in,  1-23  :  empty  arsenals  xa,  129:  the  .lis 
solution  of  the  empire,  131 :  propose.l  forms  of  government  for, 
134  ■  under  three  f..rins  of  goveniment,  135  :  the  provisional 
fiovemmeiit  seeks  the  Emperors  death  by  assa^ination.  l.)^ ; 
regeneration  of,  !:i9:  proposed  perpetuation  of  the  empm, 
139-  N   reimunees  the  throne  of,  147:  pensions  A.,  148:  the 
virtue  of  the  Freiicli  burgher,  1.54 :  fails  to  pay  S.s  pension, 
165,  156,  160;  formation  of  the  new  upper  chamber,  157  :  re- 
stored to  p..8ition  ot  a  great  power,  157  :  Louis  XVIII.  s  con- 
stitution, 1.-.7  :  change  of  public  opinion,  157-100:  comparative 
expenses  of  the  kingdom  and  the  empire,  158:  return  of  the 
endgrants  t.i,  158:  restriction  of  the  sutfrnge,  1.t8  :  re'^s^  ..f 
prisoners  of  war,  158,  169:  "paternal  anarchy     In,  158,  IbO. 
Vol.  IV.— 38 


Fmnco  —  con?in»r.i.  .  ...         ,  . ,_ 

abolition  of  ..rphaii  asylums,  169:  .V. »  march  through,  ..n  hU 
return  fn.ii.  Elba,  103-liv. :  vlBb.iis  of  a  reunited  105  :  -V  »  plans 
for,  on  returning  Iroin  Elbm  105:  i.rlurii.'.l  einlgninl.  banished 
from,  105  ;  .V.  the  "  lll>eraU)r  '  of,  105  :  the  a|»,ilt  e  of  p..pilli.r 
sovereignty  In.  107  ;  alKdition  of  prlvll.  ge  and  .Uvliie  riahi,  107, 
227  :  the  new  cabinet,  107  :  r.  eon«triietl..i.  ol  the  II. .use  ..1 1  e.  rs, 
107,  108 :  pr..iiiulgati..li  of  Ih.-  A.blitb.i.al  Act,  107,  IOh  ;  pb  l.ls- 
clto  in,  108:  the  .p,.ler  of  war  In,  IOH.  171  ;  bilurnitt  ..f  the 
n..ble«  171:  pl.-.lge.l  to  self-.lcfeiise  only.  172:  recmstitulid 
corps  ..1  murslials.  172  :  the  '  Fieni;h  fury,'  176:  Austrian  and 
Prussian  Belieme.  for  the  liiinilllatl..n  of,  206  ;  (.•arn..t  n.li^ses  a 
dietat..lshlp  lor,  200  :  orguilizatbui  of  a  new  Dlr.-.tory,  207  ;  Ue^ 
mands  fi.r  .V.»  alnilcation.  2117  :  ap|«.lntiiient  of  iomniiltei;  of 
public  safety,  2(>7;  the  allies  In.  a>«:  the  While  Terror,  210: 
reeoiislructi..ii,  212  :  coiitlscBti..n  of  the  imperial  ilomaln,  218 : 
the  Kovolutlon  in,  224  JiO :  the  tea.  her  ..f  Enrol*.  ■22.-^  the 
heir  of  ll..ine,  2i'> ;  enthusiasm  for  principle,  -225;  the  liui.l 
lislale,  22N  231 ;  overthrow  of  the  ol.l  regime,  229  :  Fr..te«t.iiit- 
isni  ill,  229 ;  the  new  regime,  229  :  teii.leney  l..»ttrd  revoluti.,n, 
230  •  the  Terror,  2:11  ;  conspiracies  In,  232  ;  rupture  of  the  treaty 
of  \iniens,  2;i2  :  trial  ot  a  BliiKleheade.l  government,  233  :  abali- 

donuient  of  the  people  to  >■^I'"7'"■■•'■^,-^^•.'^^''"'l;i'V:^  rL.i? 
wars  with  Englan.l,  2;i3. 234  :  the  French  tniditi..ii,  240 .  jiresent 
conditions  of  government,  243  ;  hopes  f..r  the  future,  244  :  pro- 
gress between  180-2  and  181.5,  244  :  .V.  the  forerunner  of  nUHlern, 
244  :  the  Seven  Years'  War,  245.  See  also  names  of  penxun  or 
plaiesiDunected  Willi  eveiita  in,  passim  .... 

Francis  L  (Emperor  of  Austria),  seheuie  of  temtonal  aggran- 
diFcMoeit;,  i.  19i  :  opposes  the  a.Tny  of  the  Klilm-  •200  :  (treed  or 
Italian  territory.  '202.  ^270  ;  ii.  'J:i :  prepares  (..r  Hight  mto  llun- 
giry  i  270:  offers  .V.  a  principality  and  settled  income,  II.  13. 
.ledi'iies  t.1  send  diplomatic  agent  to  Paris,  28:  A.  writes  per- 
sonal letter  to,  94,  95  :  military  plans  f<.r  1800.  105 :  elter  from 
A-^  to  June,  IHOO,  121 :  his  claims  of  empire,  210:  .llsmember- 
mintof  his  empire.  •220:  advised  of  A".'*  seinir.-  of  t'le- erown 
ot  Italy    •220:  dedans  war  against  Ironce.  .Sept.  .).  1806.  233. 

alteini.ts  negotiat s  with  A'.,  2:i7  :  inaugurates  peace  n?»!Ot'«: 

ti.uis.^246:  secures  an  armistice,  •251 :  interview  with  A.  after 
Austerlitz,  ^251  :  iii.  30  ;  iv.  72:  proposes  to  e.'nt'uue  «•;"»"• 
ii    '51   2.52:  abami..iis  his  Germanic  crown,  201  :  outwitted  by 
Andre.)ssv,  iii.  8 :  resolves  on  neutrality,  8. 9 :  attitu.le  duniig  the 
Evlaii  eaiiipaign.  24 :  A',  olfcrs  Silesia  to.  24  :  his  "  divine  right 
30:  eharaetcr,  36:  the  Czar's  intluenee  with,  \M:  A.|leiiianda 
that  he  disarm,  i:)2 :  compact  between  Russia  and  *rancc 
against,  137:  reproached  by  A',  from  Erfurt,  1:I8:  dec  des  to 
strike  .V.  during  his  Spanish  .liffleulties,  1.50:  abused  by  N., 
16.5,  193:  treatment  of  Hungary,  100:  seeks  aid  of  Frederick 
William.  174:   fails  to  secure  advaiiLage  after  Aspem,  174. 
obstinacy  of.  174:  his  position  after  Wagn.iy,  179 :  hopes  of 
continuing  the  »  ar,  181 :  assumes  command  of  the  arjnj ,  182 . 
trusts  t.,  dilatory  n. gotiations,  182:  coneedes  A.»  i'e"iauds, 
181  •  .rets  no  support  from  Alexander,  182 :  proposiU  that  he 
alulicate,  183. 1K4. 193  :  peace  negotiatb.ns  between  A.  ami  183 : 
au"ered  at  the  treaty  •>!  Sehonbi  unn,  188 :  at  in-amagc  ot  Mana 
Louisa.  197  ;  asks  aid  .against  Russian  aggression,  ■239  :  alarnied 
at  Russian  successes  on  the  Danube,  243  :  acquires  l;alieia.  2ol . 
dean  of  the  sovereigns  at  Dresdeu,  -251 :  A .  seeks  to  h..ld  Ins  ad- 
hesion   iv.  14:  lukewarmness  toward  A.,21:  dread  of  A .,  »i, 
•>9-  letter  from  A'.,  29:  A'.'s  reply  to  his  peace  proposals,  38: 
A'  •«  dread  of,  42 :  at  Oitschiu,  43 :  conference  with  Isesselrode^ 
43-  political  use  of  his  daughter,  44:    seeks  alliance  with 
Alexander,  47  :  letter  from  Mettemich,  June  29,  1813,  4. :  rati- 
iieslhc  treaty  of  Reicheiibach.  48 :  reception  of  A .  s  attempts 
t..  bribe  Austria,  49:  fears  French  invasion  of  Vienna,  53.  let- 
ter from  A'..  Sel.t.,  1813.  05 :  declines  to  treat  after  Leipslc.  73: 
anxiety  for  the  future  of  absiilutism,  79 :  distrust  of  his  allies, 
79   80:  discovers  Ithe  roval  ancestry  of  the  Bu.mapartes,  82: 
proposed  cession  of  Alsace  to,  99:  to  Maria  IxmiKi  on  the  situa- 
tion 99:  A.  demaii.ls  the  Frankf.^rt  prois.sals  fr..ni,  1(14.  1  oo. 
narrow  escape  from  capture  at  Bar-sur-Aube    P20:  joins  the 
4rmy  of  the  South  at  Lyons,  121 :  relations  with  his  allies,  122 . 
letter  from  A',  to,  March  -28, 1814, 120 :  at  Dijon,  134, 144  :  A .  seeks 
the   aid  of.  through   Maria   Louisa,  114:    Maria  L..uisa  takes 
refuge  with   149,  1.56:  seeks  the  dissolution  ot  his  daughters 
m.irriag.-,  150;  desires  A'.'s  exile,  1.52 :  keeps  his  .laughter  a  vir- 
tual pii8..lier,  1.55;  besoughlfor  A'.'jt  release   '217 
Francisco,  Don  anfaute  of  Spain),  ordered  to  Bayonne,  iii. 

Franconla,  treaty  with  France.  1796,  i.  ^279 :  French  occupation 
oT ii.  202  ;  iii.  1-29 :  the  campaign  in,  18  :  exploiU  of  the  Black 

Pr^kfort'on  the  Main,  occupied  by  Custine,  L  115:  member 

^^X"nf°eraU,"iTtthe  Rhine,  ii.  200:  J-reneh  demonstra- 

tions  near, -270:  the  principality  transfemd  from  Dalberg  to 

Prince  Eugene,  Ui.  204  :  fnrnislies  new  levies,  iv.  -I* ;  I""-'/')'  »« 

the  allies  it,  79-83,  99,  101 :  -Y.  adheres  to  the  proposals  ot,  101. 

Frasnes,  military  operations  at,  iv.  179,  184,  187 

ntdlri^k^vi't'^gns  tfJ'^ay  of  Fontainebleau.  iii,  69:  hopes  to 
acTm"    sw.  ,len,  214  :  assists  in  the  Cntinental  System  '214 

Frederick  August  L,  Elector  ..f  Saxony,  accepts  French  terms 
afai"ena  iiL7l  pr..p..sed  .xehange  ..t  Polan.l  for  Saxony.  44: 
1  ade  km^I  SiLxo,,y.'48  :  ac„uii-es  the  grand  duchy  ot  ^>  ^r^"". 
ii-  nterview  with  A',  at  Dresden,  iv.  ^28:  pecu  lar  i;elati..ns 
toward  A.,  14,  ^28,  -iSI,  38 :  offers  his  troops  t..  Austria,  32 :  dm- 
cult  p  siti  .11  if,  .■^2:  dedares  himself  favorable  to  France,  37  . 
love  for  to  capital,  68:  sent  prisoner  to  Berlin.  76:  released 
by  S.  from  his  engagements,  78 


282 


INDEX 


Frederick  the  Great,  opinion  of  Paoll,  i.  6 :  defeats  Austrin. 
1'.^  :  his  inililarj  ^'tnius  niiil  iiriiuipUs  of  Wftrfuru.  210.  '2^i2,  '2i'2  ; 
ii.  iTJ.  2li  ;  iv.  -SM.  *iitr» :  coiitniatc*!  w  jth  iV..  i.  '210,  '2-i'2 ;  ii.  li'T : 
atlituae  towimi  Aust^i:^  -21 :  sUitue  at  Xhv  Tuili  lies,  it"  :  Urri- 
torinl  arqiii-^itiuns,  *JtVH :  S.'s  visit  lo,  and  s|>oliation  *)f  tlic  loiuti 
of,  ill.  3:  tilf-coi-onaliuu,  3(»:  vnd  of  hip  sy>ti'ni,  Si:  .V.  npu- 
illait'S  tht'  iiiililary  Mi-as  of.  120:  A'.V  aiiiilyHis  of  the  wars  of, 
217  :   -Y.itsHi.ly  of!  234 

Frederick  WilliaiU  L.  his  civil  ami  military  admiiiislrntlon,  ii. 
2'>:  s*Ii....|  >vht»iii  of.  2C.1I. 

Frederick  WUllam  IIy_roiei»  of.  ii.  2G8 

Frederick  William  IIL,  Sleytss  iniBsion  to,  ii.  2S:  X.  ofTcib 
till-'  frit'mifihip  >4  Krauce  to,  1U2:  character  and  ptTsonality, 
11*2,  2.VS.  26H,  274;  iii.  7.  3'.i,  40,  45,  4',",  50  53;  iv.  M:  nfiisi-s 
U>  make  allianci-  with  A'.,  ii.  120 :  iKiitmlity  t>f,  120,  VJO,  232. 
368:  motive  in  Joining  the  "ai-med  neutrality,"  120:  iV.V 
tlirvatvninj;  messiiieo  to,  180  :  friendly  U*  France,  222  :  letter  to 
A'..  May.  1805,  228:  swears  friendship  with  Alexander  I.,  243: 
joins  tlie  Thin!  roalition.  242,  243 :  signs  away  rrutsiaii  iudu- 
mndence,  25S ;  threatens  t<>  alidieate,  271 :  pruiwsis  the  (ir^ari- 
ization  of  a  North  (icrman  Cunfoiieration,  271,  272:  niolulizes 
the  army.  273:  demands  tho  I'Veiich  evacuation  of  (Jcrmany. 
273.274:  dediuvs  war,  274 :  at  Naumbui-n,  270:  reluctjuice  for 
war,  278,  27'.t:  military  LInndors,  27i>:  in  Imttle  of  Auerstadt, 
282,  2K3 :  suis  f«»r  peace,  iii.  1 :  flight  from  .T6na,  1,  2  :  refuses 
to  accept  an  armistice.  7:  ticsiicration  of,  7 :  precarious  eitu- 
atiun  at  Kouigsberii,  15:  .V.  opens  mgotiations  with,  21:  rr- 
fuscH  A'. ■»  overtures.  22:  refuses  to  nci;<'tiati'  s«'ri»rate  peace, 
35:  desperate  situation,  36:  his  "divine  npht,"30:  S.'s  alli- 
tudc  towftnl,  38,  40,84:  anuislice  nrraii^'nl  with,  38:  meeting 
with  the  Emperors  at  Tilsit,  38-40,  43  tr. :  hiimiliaiion  of,  4'.i: 
calls  on  his  queen  for  aid,  49 :  epoil:^  interview  between  A',  and 
his  queen,  50:  death  of,  53:  residence  :it  .Meniel,  87  :  iu  need  of 
eomforts,  H7:  sequestration  t»(  bis  Wcsti)lialiun  estates,  120: 
friendship  with  Alexander,  151 :  at  St.  retershurs,  151 :  pro- 
poses nlliimee  with  Austria,  174  :  refuses  aid  to  Francis,  174 :  se- 
cret arnuiment  by,  174  :  denounces  Sehill,  180 :  withdraws  from 
offer  of  alliance,  182:  sounds  Austria,  243:  oflfers  alliance  to 
Alexander,  243  :  at  Dresden.  251 :  X.  seeks  to  Ixdd  his  adhesion, 
iv.  14  :  Prussian  disrejnird  of,  19 :  noniinally  degrades  York,  21 : 
forced  to  a  decision,  29 :  negotiates  with  N.,  29.  30 :  removes  the 
court  to  Breslau,  ;iO:  grief  at  death  of  the  Queen,  30:  mobilizes 
the  army,  30,  31  :  declares  war,  31 :  proposed  allotment  of  terri- 
torj-  to,  39:  mediocrity  in  military  alfairs,  54:  in  milit;iry 
council  at  Trachenberg,  55  :  anxiety  for  the  future  of  absidiit- 
ism,  79:  distrust  of  his  allies,  79,  80:  dissatisfied  with  the 
Frankfort  t^-Tms,  80:  seeks  the  retention  of  Prussian  aequisi 
tlons,  99 :  letter  to  Blucher,  Feb.  20,  1814,  105 :  at  Congress  of 
Chatillon,  100:  attitude  toward  Francis,  122:  favors  movement 
tm  Paris,  122 :  violates  armistice  before  Paris,  131 :  his  rela- 
tions with  Alexander,  133 :  enters  Paris,  133,  134  :  at  the  peace 
cotmcil  ill  Paris,  134  :  ajiproves  the  Bourbon  restoration.  1:h  : 
deceived  by  the  Parisians*  reception,  l:t4  :  alleged  indelicacy  of 
his  visit  to  the  Empress  at  lUmbouillet,  150 :  system  of  pro- 
mntiori  in  tlie  army.  175 

Frederick  Williani  IV.  (crown  prince),  a  suitor  for  a  Napoleo- 
nic princess,  iii.  251  :  persuades  York  to  rejoin  Blucher,  iv.  109 

Frederick,  king  of  Wiirtemberg,  at  tlie  Erfurt  conference,  iii. 
133:  marries  his  daughter  to  Jerome  Buonaparte,  257 

Free  trade,  demand  for,  in  Corsica,  i.  62 

Freiburg,  i>ue  d'Enghion  prepares  to  retire  to,  ii.  193:  military 
moveiiuiits  near,  ii.  280 

Fr^Jus,  A',  lands  at,  ii.  57;  iv.  153:  N.'s  triumphant  progress  to 
Paris  from,  ii.  58  :  place  of  N.'h  cmltarkation  changed  from  St. 
Tropez  to,  iv.  152,  153:  arrival  of  A^  at,  153 

•'French  Citizen,"  the,  change  of  name  to  "French  Courier," 
iii.  72 

"French  Courier,"  the,  iii.  72 

French  Empire,  the,  the  Emperor  the  head  of,  ii.  255:  distin- 
giiislnd  from  Fi-ance,  201 

French  language,  N.'k  use  of  the,  i.  44 

Frfere,  Gen.,  hneccss  at  Senovia,  iii.  122 

Pr6ron,  Louis  S.,  in  siege  of  Toulon,  i.  130,  137  :  bloodthirsty 
eliaraett  r,  1:17:  A'.'w  friendship  with,  139:  oi>iiose8  Robespierre, 
148:  inlluence  among  the  Thermidorians,  151:  social  life  in 
Paris,  173:  a  Dantonist,  173  :  uses  influence  iu  X.'it  behalf,  175, 
177  :  flirtation  with  Pauline  Buoimparte,  195 :  commissioner  at 
Marseilles,  195 

Friant,  Gen.,  nuirchcB  toward  Ingolstadt,  iii.  101 :  in  battle  of 
ll-.roiliiii.,  201 

Fribourg.  Ibe  plundering  of,  ii.  27 

Frlck  Valley,  t^>  i'e  ceiird  to  Austria,  ii.  27 

Friedland.  battle  of,  iU.  31-33:  the  campaign  reviewed,  32-.35: 
Alexander's  plialdeness  after,  200:  battle  of,  compared  with 
that  lit  lJcre>*ina,  iv.  77 

Friedrlchshanm,  treatv  of,  iii.  un 

Friedrlchstadt,  lighting  at,  iv.  57 

Friends  of  the  Constitution,  the  i.  89 

Frlschermont.  the  farm«  of,  iv.  191 :  the  French  position  at,  193 

FriuU,  retreat  of  Wumisers  troox)s  through,  i.  235:  Quasdano- 
wicha  strength  in,  230:  Archduke  Charles  in,  203:  camjiaigu 
in,  200  et  Hcq. :  cetled  by  Austria  to  Italy,  ii.  252:  creation  of 
hereditiiry  dncby  of,  255:  Ihiroc  created  Duke  of,  iii.  71.  See 
l)t  ki»o 

Fromenti^res,  military  operations  near,  iv.  97 

Fructldor,  the  18th  of,  ii.  5:  A'.'s  responsibility  for,  15,  21,  96: 
Talhyrands  views  of,  23:  connterstroke  to,  03:  amnesty  for 
the  vietlniH  of,  H7  :  nipturcs  negotiatlonH  at  Lille,  95 

Fructldorlans,  attitude  toward  A'.,  ii.  15:  the  radical  wing  of 
the,  29 


Fuenterrahla,  AT.  seeks  infomiation  concerning,  iii.  101 
Fulton,  Robert,  tries  to  interest  A',  in  steam,  U.  214 
Fuentes  de  Onoro,  battle  of,  iii.  221 
Fusina,  the  French  army  at,  i.  274 


Gaeta,  creation  of  hereditary  duchy  of,  it.  256 

Gaffori,  i-  01 :  fails  to  arouse  enthusiasm  iu  Ajaccio,  63 

Gallcia,  Kusslan  troops  in,  ii.  233:  Austria's  forces  on  the  fron- 
tier •>!,  iii.  25:  Kusslan  invtulun  of,  182:  A',  demands  cession 
of,  184 :  part  of,  ceded  to  Russia,  184  :  teiTitory  of,  cetled  to 
griuul  duchy  of  ^Val■8aw,  184,  2:u!.  237 :  Austria  stipulates  for 
acquisition  i>f,  243:  ceded  to  Austria,  251:  I'oniatowaki  com- 
manding in,  iv.  34  :  Alexander  proposes  to  exchange  Alsace, 
f<.r,  99 

Galltzin,  Prince,  in  battle  of  Eylau,  iiL  19,  20:  invades  Galicia, 
isj  :  letter  from  Alexander  I.,  237 :  Alexander's  friendship 
with,  207:  character,  207 

Galilean  Church,  the.  A". 'a-  study  of,  i.  80 :  a  vtduntary,  ii.  132 : 
A.  A' threat  to  liberate  it  from  Rome.  58:  regulation  of  its  rela- 
ti<»U8  w  itb  R^nne,  2(U,  202  :  A'.'w  failure  to  change,  iv.  229 

GallO,  Austrian  plenipotentiary  at  Leoben,  i.  270 :  Austrian  pleni- 
potiiitiary  in  tieaty  of  Campo  Formio,  ii.  13:  bribed  by  A.,  13 

Gambling,  aujipression  of,  iii.  75 

Ganteauuie,  Adin.,  member  of  tlie  council  of  state,  ii.  lOo :  com- 
manding at  P>rest,  213 :  plan  of  naval  operations  for,  213  :  fails 
to  run  the  blockade  of  Brest,  213 

Gap,  X.'s  welcome  at,  on  return  from  Elba,  iv.  ]0:( 

Garat,  D.  J.,  Bonapartlst  agent  in  Naples,  ii.  61 :  royalist  in- 
trigues of,  iv.  129 

Garda,  Lake,  military  operations  near,  i.  226,  2;J2-234,  252-254 

Gareau,  rapacity  of,  i.  2:10 

Garfagnana,  >;iveu  to  Elisa  (Buonaparte),  ii.  255 

Gasparin,  A.  E.,  member  of  Convention  eonnnission  for  Corsica, 
i.  i:(l 

Gassendl,  A'.'*-  host  in  Nmts,  i.  83 

Gassicourt,  Cadet  de,  story  of  Lannes's  deatlibed,  iii.  173  :  pre- 
pares poison  for  A.,  iv.  207 

Gaudin,  M.  M.  C,  apjioiuted  to  the  treasury,  ii.  87, 141 :  meiuber 
of  X.'s  new  cabinet,  iv.  167 

Gaza,  capture  of,  ii.  47 

Gembloux,  A',  at,  iv.  181:  military  movements  near,  184: 
Orouehy  ord.Ted  to,  185,  180,  188 

Genappe,  A.v  illj^ht  through,  iv.  203 

Gendarmerie,  formation  of  the  system  of,  i.  80 

Geneva,  -V.  in,  ii.  17:  to  be  ceded  to  France,  27 :  Bertluer  sent 
U>,  92:  Mmc.  de  Stael's  exile  iu,  iii.  27  :  Atigereau  confronthtg 
llnluia  at,  iv.  91  :  surren<lers  to  the  allies,  98 

Geneva,  Lake  of,  French  forces  on  the,  ii.  UO 

"Genius  of  Christianity  "  (Chateaubriand  s).  ii.  lOO 

Genoa,  relation  of  Corsica  U>,  i.  3,  4  :  loses  its  h<dd  on  Corsica, 
4-4i,  9 :  convention  with  France  regarding  Corsica,  0.  8:  cedes 
Corsica  to  France,  9,  10  :  the  Buonaparte  family  in,  13  :  PaoH's 
fears  concerning,  02 :  claims  to  Corsica,  64,  05,  69 :  A.V  rela- 
tions with  and  attitude  ti>«ard.  00,  145-147.  150,  207  ;  ii.  7,  10: 
relations  with  France,  i.  141, 143-145:  English  hillueneo  in,  143: 
seizure  of  F'rench  vessel  in  harbor  of,  14:1 :  counterfeit  French 
money  in,  145  :  her  neutrality  violated,  145 :  preparations  for 
war  with,  145-147,  150  :  A'.'s  scliemo  of  operations  against  Sar- 
dinia and,  140:  neutrality,  147:  the  roiui  opened  to,  152:  re- 
opening of  couunerce  with  Marseilles,  15;i :  politicid  status  in 
1790,  207:  levy  of  enforced  coiitriiiutions  from,  208,  229;  ii. 
102:  military  operations  against  (1790),  i,217:  French  proposition 
to  revolutionize,  227:  guerrillas  from,  228:  coercive  measures 
against,  228:  makes  allianee  with  the  Directt>ry,  248:  disposi- 
tion by  treaty  of  Leoben,  271 :  French  intervention  in,  il.  7 : 
sends  an  embassy  to  Mnntehello,  7:  revolnlit)n  iu,  7:  disap- 
pearance of  (lenoa  the  Superb,  7:  commercial  greatness,  10: 
plunder  of,  11:  transformed  into  the  Ligurian  Republic,  14: 
trampled  under  foot  by  A^.,  95:  the  French  line  at,  105  :  Aus- 
tria's jdans  against^  105:  English  expedition  against,  105,  108: 
Ma.ssena  forced  back  into.  108:  siege  of,  108,  110.  113,  114:  tho 
key  of.  113  :  surrender  of,  114  :  A',  learns  of  Massi^na's  ilisaster 
at,  UO:  accepts  a  consular  constitution,  149:  contributes  men 
to  France,  in  war  of  IHif.i,  184:  Massena's  defense  of,  207: 
French  acquisition  of,  227,  229:  position  in  the  Frencli  empire, 
iii.  214 

Gentlli,  member  of  the  Direct^)ry  of  Corsica,  i.  73 :  delegate  to 
the  National  Assembly,  74  :  places  Ionian  Islands  under  French 
protection,  il.  11 

Gentz,  Frledrich  von,  manifesto  against  A'.,  iii.  156 :  on  the 
campaign  of  1813,  iv,  79 

George  IIL,  recalls  Paoli  to  England,  i.  154  :  incurs  the  ill  will 
(»f  Paul  I.,  ii.  93:  receives  personal  letter  fnmi  A'.,  94:  pas- 
quinades un,  90:  quarrel  with  Pitt  over  Catholic  emancipation, 
134:  character,  173:  fears  f<-r  absolntism,  173:  on  treaty  of 
Amiens.  177:  message  to  I'arliament.  March  8,  1803.  180:  Elec- 
tor of  Hanover,  183:  effect  of  his  imbecility,  210:  letter  from 
A'.,  Jan.  2,  1805,  225:  uegntiations  for  the  return  of  Hanover  to, 
258,  259,  271,  273 :  use  of  tJernnm  troops  in  the  American  cohm- 
ies,  272:  ousts  the  "All  the  Talents"  ministry,  iii.  41:  joint 
letter  from  A.  and  Alexander  to  (180S),  140:  retirement  of,  iv, 
168  :  ruj)tnro  of  the  treaty  of  Amiens,  232 

George  IV,  (Prince  Regent),  attitude  toward  France  (1795),  i. 
178:  regency  of,  iv.  108:  character,  108:  besought  for  asylum 
for  A.,  210 

Georgia^  France  undertakes  to  drive  the  Russlims  from,  iti.  24 

Gera,  military  movements  near,  il.  281 


INDEX 


283 


Gerard,  GeiL  E.  M.,  created  bnion,  iii.  227 :  buttle  <i(  ItortMlliin, 
2til  :  seizia  Monteruuu,  !v.  10;t :  moves  t<>wur<i  Vitry.  Ill):  jtt- 
tiicliiiieiit  to  A'.,  137 :  streiiKth  iifter  tlie  Huricniit!!-  i»f  I'arlH,  137  : 
in  tlie  Waterloo  Ciini]miKn.  175  et  seq.  :  at  (JliAti-k^t,  177  :  uruiweri 
tlu-  Siimbii-,  177,  181 :  buttle  uf  Llgiiy,  182, 183,  187 :  at  Walliahi, 
18:» 
Gerasdorf,  niilitary  operntious  near,  iii.  176:  Arcluluke  CliarUs 

atlvuiH'i's  t<i,  Iti'.) 
German  Churcb,  XV  threat  to  Ulierato  it  from  Kome,  111.  fi8 
Germanic  Diet,  I'mssla's  Krowintr  aHcendanuy  in  the,  I.  262 
German  Empire,  y.'t  scheme  to  rival  the,  ii.  21G:  abuliahed, 

German-Roman  Empire,  decadence  of,  il.  27 

Germany,  bonors  to  I'lmit  in,  1.  lO:  A'.V  study  ut,  40:  onposi- 
(ioii  uf,  to  dciiiocrury,  Mi> :  cedeH  tho  left  bank  of  the  Khliie  to 
Krance,  104:  growtli  of  lihL-rnl  ideas  in  Koutlierii,  ir>4 :  neu- 
trality of  nortliern,  ICA :  secularization  of  church  hui<U  in,  ir>4  ; 
ii.  1G9 :  repuldican  schemes  for,  i.  20(1 :  to  be  forced  to  yield  the 
Khtne  frontier,  2U3:  military  operations  in  (lT'.>r>),  'iOti:  Jimr- 
dan's  disastei'S  in,  235,  270:  N.  enters,  208;  A'.'w  inllueiicu  in, 
278:  claim  to  Malta,  ii.  12:  AuKcreiiu's  blunderitiK  in,  25: 
plundering  in,  25:  French  military  arrojfinice  in,  27:  attitude 
of  the  directory  towanl  the  eceleaiastical  principalities  of,  28  : 
auti-revolutionary  siMitinu'ut  in,  29:  Jourilau  ortiered  to  com- 
mand in,  GO:  Archduke  rbarlcs  ttunmandtnK  iu  central,  '.i.l: 
the  seat  of  liberalism  in,  102:  bilUtinK  of  l-'rench  trooiw  in, 
103:  iVanee's  pecuniary  ticmainls  upon,  103:  A'.'x  plan  for  a 
campaign  in  central,  107  :  Moreau  Uvies  contributions  on,  120 : 
adjustment  of  tbe  temporal  arid  spiritual  ]n  inciimlitiesof,  125, 
12(5,  IGO :  reduction  of  Austria's  a-sceiidancy  in,  120:  I'Vanee's 
rights  in.  accnlinj;  to  Peace  of  Lnneville,  rill:  I "ranco- Russian 
a^ireemt-rit  conrcniinK  135,  13(J:  the  (_'ode  NapoU^on  in,  143: 
L'Ifect  of  tlie  (,'oncordat  in,  IflO:  question  of  indemnifying  dis- 
placed princes,  1(19 :  Kngland's  a<tiv<'  diplomacy  in,  109  ct  8c(|., 
192:  JV.V  policy  of  re"rg;iiiiz;ition  in,  lt".9,  170:  rearrangement 
of  territoricB.  170,  220,  'j.Vi  :  tit  vtlopnunt  of  national  spirit,  re- 
generation, and  unification  in,  170,  220;  iii.  77,  120,  165.  lt;5, 
243,  250 :  iv.  19,  21,  2H,  30.  31,  19,  51,  64,  77,  79,  91,  240 :  strength 
of  the  military  party  and  anti-French  sentiment  in  1875,  ii.  172  : 
X.'s  eye  to  invasion  of,  186:  Moreau's  levies  on.  188:  homage 
to  y.  by  the  princes  <if,  210:  X.'n  claim  to,  227  :  Alexander  I.'s 
achenic  fm-  partition  of,  228 :  N.  threatens  to  invade,  232 :  Arch- 
duke Ferdinand  conunaniling  in,  233  :  highhanded  proceedings 
of  tho  French  army  in,  242:  extension  of  the  French  empire 
in,  256:  humiliation  of.  '2'}G  et  seq. :  state  of  religion  an<l  mo- 
rality in,  257:  scheme  for  unity  of  the  Church  in,  259,  200: 
good-will  to  A',  in  western.  2(;o:  the  Oermanic  empire  abol- 
ished, 261 :  French  occupation  of  southern,  262,  271 :  Russia's 
pretensions  in,  272  :  N.'s  intention  to  evacuate,  273:  Frederick 
William  demands  the  evacuation  of,  274  :  Austria  asks  for  re- 
arrangement of,  iii.  25:  its  composite  character,  49:  hVeiich 
nobility  eutbnveil  with  lands  in,  71:  liberal  movement  in,  83: 
Austria  looks  for  indemnities  in,  151 :  hopes  of  the  Ilapsbuvgs 
to  regain  lost  territory  in,  154:  Archduke  Charles's  address  to, 
155 :  insuiTcctions  in,  180;  hatred  of  X.  in,  185 :  French  ocu- 
patioii  of  the  coast,  204  :  French  evacuation  of  southern,  204: 
conflseati-m  in,  220  :  Mmc.  de  .Stael's  book  on,  229  :  withdrawal 
of  French  troops  from,  23t:  influence  of  Prussia  in,  243:  pro- 
posed new  bouudaiies  for,  243:  feelings  towartl  iV.  in,  245: 
withdrawal  of  tbe  Hap-ilmrgs  from  the  leadership  of,  250:  con- 
spiracies in,  iv.  1  i :  revolutionary  feeling  in,  19 :  Russian 
proclamation  to,  31 :  Sweden  sends  troops  to,  32 :  Austria  aims 
at  rect>vering  ascendancy  in,  49:  purpose  of  the  allies  to  restttre 
states  in,  66:  the  retreat  from,  70:  proposed  influence  f'T  A', 
iu,  80 :  Prussia's  ambition  for  leailership  in,  115 :  X,'n  iufluence 
in  the  creation  of  ra<"lern,  240:  the  federation  of,  24(J 

'*  Germany  lu  her  Deepest  Humiliation,"  ii.  271 

Gernstadt,  militai  v  nperatiMUs  near.  ii.  2m2 

Gerry,  Elbridge,  r.dKvnu.i  attempts  to  corrupt,  ii.  23 

Ghent,  lli^^lit  of  Louis  XVIII.  t^),  iv.  108 

Giacomlnetta,  A'.'«  ciuldish  love,  i.  20 

Gibraltar^  i.  ■':  Nelson  sails  for,  ii.  230 :  Nelson  waters  his  ships 
at,  23',' :  iniportan.e  of.  iii.  89 

Gibraltar,  Straits  of,  Villeneuvo  ordered  to,  ii.  239 

"  GUded  Youth,"  the,  i.  ifil 

Gllgenburg,  Noy  and  Bernadotte  escape  to,  iii.  15:  military 
movements  near,  18,  19 

GingTien^,  P.  L.,  Bonapartist  agent  in  Turin,  ii.  61 

GirondG,  Department  of  the,  exempt  from  legislation  couccni- 
iug  .fe"8,  iii.  1)4 

Gironde,  River,  A',  proposes  to  seek  :isylum  on  American  ship 
in  tliCj  iv.  209 

Girondists,  the,  form  a  ministry,  i.  100:  the  fall  from  the  min- 
istry, 102 :  leaders  of,  111:  position  in  the  National  Convention, 
111 :  struggle  between  the  Jacobins  and,  111 :  favor  Ix)uisXVT.. 
115  :  failure  of  their  policy,  127 :  defeat  the  Jacobins  in  Mar- 
seilles, r2M :  movement  of  Marseillais  on  Paris,  128:  retreat 
from  Avignon,  129:  their  cause  discussed  iu  the  "Supper  of 
Beaucaire,"  130,  131 :  prepare  Toulon  for  siege.  131, 132 :  ileliver 
the  fleet  at  Toulon  to  Lord  Iltiod,  132 :  murders  of.  at  Toulon, 
137  :  overawed  by  Danton  and  Marat,  138:  effects  of  their  pol- 
icy, 147:  failure  of,  158,  159:  their  part  in  organizing  the  Di- 
rettoiy,  101:  influence  on  the  new  constitution,  165:  royalism 
among.  1H6 

Girzikowltz,  military  operations  near,  ii.  249 

Gltschin,  Francis  I.  at,  iv.  43 

Glatz,  si.ge  of,  iii.  23 

Glogau,  lubl  liy  the  FYench,  iv.  33  :  relieved  by  Victor,  42 

Glory,  the  Freneh  passion  for,  ii.  160,  232;  iii.  13 

Gneisenau,  Gen.  August,  institutes  military  reforms  in  I'rus- 


Onfdsenau,  fiun.  AugilRt  —  ronfinti/t/. 
sia,  iii.  KM  iidlitury  ability,  iv.  OO,  93,  1R3,  1B4 :  ipuni  up  Ber- 
nailotte  at  I^lpHlc,  73:  alnijf  to  aiudbllate  A'.,  91:  wanii  UlU* 
eher  agahitit  over-contldeiK-e,  95:  in  WAt«rhK>  campaiKU,  175, 
179.  180 :  orders  the  PrUMsian  retreat  Ut  Wuvre,  I8:t,  iHi :  hin 
title  to  fume,  18:1,  IM  :  holdH  Blui  btT'H  troopft,  191  :  doubtii 
Welllngtorih  itblllty  to  sUind  at  Waterloo,  191:  In  battle  uf 
Wut4rloo,  2((;i,  2(f4 

Godoy,  Manuel  do,  prime  mlniflter  of  Hpaln,  11.  VM,  132,  lft4: 
relations  with  (^leen  L«iutfta,  131,  1H4,  212;  ill.  m,  9k,  99.  112, 
117:  the  "Prince  of  the  Peiui-,' II.  1K4;  III.9H:  proiwwd  king- 
flom  for,  in  Portugal,  57,  96 :  SpanlHli  revolt  against,  59 :  tre.-icn- 
cry  to  a'.,  59,  on:  lll-gotu-n  wtuUh,  98.  99:  r*  latlons  with  A'., 
98,99,  104:  waidng  power  and  downfall  of,  99,  lol,  106,  l(i7, 
114:  eaUAcs  aiTest  of  Ferdinand,  100:  Kerdlniuid'H  chargiH 
aKaiuht,  UK):  hecomus  aware  of  A'.''  policy,  104  :  ttklll  In  illplo- 
macy,  104 :  refuses  to  aAsent  to  Freneh  seizure  of  Portugal, 
l(i.'i :  apitallud  at  the  Froncli  Invasion,  105:  contt-mplateH  a 
Botu'lHUi  UKUiarcby  in  America,  106:  clamor  for  his  death,  106, 
107:  capture  of,  1U6,  107:  seeks  protection  of  Ferdlmind,  1(17: 
destruction  of  Ids  property,  107:  propffsed  trial  of,  Uf7,  112: 
hinted  order  that  he  eomo  t^i  France,  110,  111 :  ttnmmone<l  to 
Hayourie,  114:  jiopular  hatred  of,  114:  at  Complegne,  116:  In- 
fumy  of,  117 

Goethe,  Jobann  W.  von,  meetings  with  A'.,  ill.  134 :  decorated 
at  Krfurt,  1:17  :  on  N.,  242,  245:  the  idcaliat  among  thlukersi 
iv.  242 

Gohier,  M.,  nu-mber  of  the  Directory,  11.  63:  represent*  Ja- 
cobin element  in  the  Directory,  64 :  falls  under  Josephine's 
Influence,  66:  president  of  the  Directory,  60:  joins  the  B<ina- 
partii^t  ranks,  66,  07  :  proposed  resignation  of,  69 :  fleeks  counsel 
with  Bunas,  72,73:  refuaes  to  re.slgn,  73:  impriaonment  of, 
74,  78 

Gohlis,  military  operations  near,  iv.  72,  73 

Goldbach,  River,  military  operations  on  the,  ii.  248-260,  263 

Golden  Book,  the.    See  Vknice 

Goltz,  at  libit,  iii.  43,  49:  interview  with  N.,  51 

Golyilim,  luilitary  operations  near,  iii.  12 

Gorz,  ceded  to  France,  iii.  184 

GosS,  ca-.tle  of.  treaty  of  Leoben  signed  in,  i.  270 

Gosselies,  military  operations  near,  iv.  178,  179 

Gotha,  iinpiis.»nment  of  St.  Aignan  at,  iv.  80 

Gottingen,  iJertiadottc  ordered  to,  ii.  232:  patriotism  in  the  unl- 

veisity,  iv.  31 

Gourgaud,  Gen.,  accompanies  N,  to  Paris,  iv.  128:  advises  a 
return  to  lx>rrainc,  130:  requests  inten'iew  with  Souham,  143: 
accompanies  M.  to  Roehefi'rt,  208:  goes  to  London  to  seek 
Knglisli  asylum  for  A'.,  210,  211 :  acompanies  N.  to  St.  Helena, 
214  :  nii-s.sion  to  secure  A",  g  release,  217 :  assists  A',  on  his  hls- 
tt.ry,  217 

Government,  Rousseau's  views  on,  i.  2 :  the  centralization  of, 
ii.  i:J9:  the  mystery  of,  iv.  25 

Gradisca,  sttu-ming  of,  i.  267 

Graham,  Gen.,  commaiuling  English  troops  in  the  Netherlands 
iv.  91 

Grain,  monopoly  of  trade  in,  i.  54 

Grand  army,  the,  X.'s  distrust  of,  iii.  40 :  passes  from  Prussia 
to  Spain,  141:  Murat  eomnianding  the  reninaut.s  of,  iv.  12: 
denioraliz;itinn  of,  13:  crosses  the  Niemen.  20 

Grandmalson,  charges  pl<»t.^  among  tbe  Five  Hundred,  ii.  79 

Granville,  Lord,  on  atfairs  in  France,  i.  178 

Grasse,  A'.  ■->  march  through,  on  return  from  Elba,  iv.  163 

Graudenz,  piecaiions  Hituation  of  the  garrison  of,  iii.  15:  Ben- 
nigs-  ii  atlempls  to  succor,  15:  demanded  by  A',  as  a  pledge, 35 

Gravina,  Adm.,  escapes  from  Trufalgur,  ii.  241 

Great  Britain,  the  modern  empire  of,  ii.  37.    See  also  ENGLAND 

"Great  Elector,"  the  oiflce  of,  ii.  85.  20G 

Great  Gorschen,  fighting  at,  iv.  36 

Great  Raigem,  military  operations  near.  U.  247 

Great  St.  Bernard  Pass,  the  passage  of  the,  ii.  110,  ill 

"Great  Terror,"  the,  i.  148 

Greece  (ancient),  intlnenee  on  French  art,  iii.  72:  effects  of 
aml'ition  iu,  iv,  230:  the  history  of.  242 

Greece.  Nelson  seeks  the  French  fleet  at,  ii.  42:  proposal  that 
France  take,  iii.  44  :  X.  plans  the  lil»eration  of.  44 :  the  national 
awakenini:  nf,  iv.  247 

Gr^goire,  Henri,  influence  on  the  Consulate,  ii.  127 :  royalist 

iiilri-ues  ..f.  129 

Gregorian  calendar,  restoration  of  the,  11,  222 

Gregory  VII..  ii.  218 

Grenadier  Guards,  in  battle  of  Waterloo,  iv.  196 

Grenier,  Gen.,  in  battle  of  Hohenlinden,  ii.  125 :  division  com- 
mander under  Eugene,  iv.  28 

Grenoble,  Pius  VII.  a  prisoner  at,  iii.  95,  187:  X.'n  march  to, 
on  retmn  from  Elba,  iv.  163:  imperial  proclamation  at,  104: 
obeys  N.'s  summons  to  surrender,  1(!5:  iV.*«  welcome  at,  166: 
A^  at,  171 

GrenviUe,  Lord,  letter  to  Talleyrand  from,  ii.  94:  on  A'.'» 
wickedness,  95 

Grisons,  the,  (piarrel  between  the  Valt«lliua  and,  ii.  7 :  Aus- 
trian violation  of  neutrality  in,  49:  Kray's  communicationa 
via,  to  be  cut,  107 

Grodno.  Jerome  ut.  iii.  254 

Gros,  A.  J.,  jiainter,  ii.  225 :  created  a  baron,  227 

Grosbols,  I  csidiiue  of  Barras,  ii.  81 

Grossbeeren,  battle  of.  iv,  oo,  61,  64 

Grosa-Ebersdorf,  military  operaiioiis  near,  iii.  168 

Grouchy,  Gen.  E.  iu  battle  of  Hohenlinden.  il.  125  :  at  Tilsit, 
iii.  45 :  commanding  cavalry  in  Russian  campaign  of  1812, 246 : 
in  battle  of  Vaucharaps,  iv.  97:  recreated  marshal.  172:  move- 


284 


INDEX 


iiK  iiu  ftii'l  or-Um  in  ttu'  WhUtIoo  campftljni,  174  et  seq.,  181, 
IK.'..  ISC,  IHS-i'.Hi,  VX>.  'HH.  HV*,  '2:if>:  IcIItr  to  A'.,  Jiiiu'  17,  1815, 
iNii  iK':  «iii'Ik-vI«hI  iiiiuillin^iu-Ks  of,  iHti:  iJi-raiii  to  i-ooptTtUc' 
with,  187 :  uiitiwy  const'ifiuc  of.  iss:  K:»rblfil  atcuunt  of  Wa- 
t«rlo->  Itv.  IHM.  I8*i:  at  Wiilhain.  IK*,  '315:  iTltKisms  of,  ISO:  at 
Wnvn-,  r.tl  :   .V.V  n-lianri'  "ti.  'iW), 'i»t5 :  ordi-rid  t4»  rotiix'  on 
Nnimir,  Jftt.  ■JO.'.:  ri'sjKnisihility  (or  dlsjistor  at  Watorl'Mi,  •JO.'V: 
viit.iry  at  \Vii\rc.  "JiiT.:  lojuh  his  iirniy  hack  to  Fraiu  c,  'UK* 
Ouadaframa  Mountains,  .v.  crosses  the,  iii.  ur.,  i4G 
Quadeloupe,  Kri.-iu  )■  i>i:iiiii  to  sd-fii^thiMi,  ii.  'Ji:) 
"Guardian  Angel,  The,"  in'ftr  rniomif,  tht-  KinperorB  nijiht  at, 

i\.  n»:.  KIM 
"Guard  of  honor,"  the  proiH>»i'il,  iv.  as 
Guards  ^English),  in  hatth-  of  WatoHoo,  Iv.  201.  302 
OuastaUa,^iv<  II  t«'  riuilini'(lhioiia]itU'tc)ii.  2A&:  graiite<l  to  Maria 

U>tlls:t.  iv.   HH 

Guastalla,  Duchess  of,  raulino  civatoit,  iii.  213 

Gudin,  Gen.,  m  Imttlu  of  rtiltu^^k,  iii.  12  :  in  the  Eckmiihl  cam- 

|i,ii:ii.  It*.] 
Gu^rin.  Pierre  N.,  rre.itctl  Itanm,  iii.  227 
Guernsey,  ItUKsian  sotdifn*  transporleii  to,  ii.  1*3 
Guiana,  Vichck'ni  *  scnnes  from,  ii.  lori 
Guldal,  i'iiu".ii;«  (1  ill  M;iUt'«  loiispirary,  iv.  15 
Guleu,  Gen.,  i"  the  Itivoli  eampaJKii,  i.  2.M,  '2tA 
Guillemlnot.Gen.,  meiliator  l>ct ween  Russia  and  Turkey,  iii.  86: 

111  l.:itth-  .■!   \V:it.rl.K»,  iv.  I'.iri 

Guillotine,  the,  tlie  work  of,  i.  148 
Guldengossa,  military  oponitions  near.  iv.  71 
Gunzburg,  Muck  essays  to  cross  ttie  liaiiuhe  nt,  ii.  23n 
Gustavus  Adolphus,' scene  of  1i{k  defeat  of  WaUenst<-in,  iv.  3U 
Gustavus  rV.,  kill.;  of  Sweden,  hat^d  hy  his  suhjects,  iii.  'M  :  in 

l'..iijeniiiiu,  ;i:. :  weaknes^a  of,  35  :  ^ives  place  to  Charles  XIII., 

■Ji:. 
Guyot,  hattlc  of  Wat^-rloo,  iv,  198 
Gyulai,  Austrian  diplomatic  af?entj  ii.  24G 
Gyulay,  Gen.,  i>attle  of  Ltipsic,  iv.  vi,  74 


Hadrian  L,  <1inrles  the  Great's  donation  to,  revolced  by  N.,  iii. 

itv. 
Hague,  The,  removal  of  tlie  capital  to  Amsterdam  from,  iii.  212 
Hal.  \\  elliiii:toii*8  troops  at,  iv.  188,  193 
Halberstadt.  the  Black  Lenionn  esciipe  through,  iii.  181 
Halkett,  Hugh,  in  Imttle  of  Wjiterloo,  iv.  202 
Halle,  lit  iri;iT(itle'9  victory  at,  iii.  1  :  (lie  Itlack  Legion's  escape 

tliroii^li.  isi  :  patriotism  in  the  university,  iv.  :U  :  Hliieher's 

IMlwiTlce  to,  r/,1,  TU 

Hamhui^.  nep»tiations  hetwccn  France  and  lYussia  concerning, 
ii.  ln2:  laid  umler  contrihulioii,  IR't:  dosed  U>  Brititnh  e(mi- 
nierce,  183 :  seizure  of  Kiimlxihl  at,  211 :  proposal  to  pive  it  to 
Pnissia,  258:  French  occupation  of,  iii.  7  :  Spanish  troops  in. 
124:  Bernadotte's  force  in.  ir.7  :  smuKcled  commerce  of,  ^H'M 
scheme  to  incoriKtrate  witli  i-Yance,  204  :  jiosition  in  tlie  Frt-nch 
empire,  214  :  sends  deputation  to  rnris,  iv.  17  :  risinjr  nRainst 
tlie  Kren*  ii  parrison,  33  :  captured  by  Vandimime,  37  :  lianish 
tr<M.ps  Sent  ^^  :i7  :  occupied  liy  D.avont.  42 :  tlie  status  quo  to 
be  maintained  in.  43  :  ^.  offers  the  city  to  Austria,  50:  end  of 
N.'s  defensive  line,  fil  :  Diivuiit  hesie^'eil  at,  i>0 
Hameln,  uttempt  to  hcEie^'e,  ii.  270:  capitulation  of,  iii.  2 
Hamilton,  Alexander,  v.  s.  treaj^ury  system,  iv.  229 
Hanau,  nudinot's  command  in,  iii.  157:  battle  of,  iv.  70;  com- 

pjiit  d  to  Krasiioi,  70 
Hannibal,  A.V  allusion  to,  i.  217 :  hi»  passage  of  tlie  Alps,  11. 

no.  r_>o 
Hanover,  A',  threatens  to  seize,  ii.  180 :  fJeorpe  III.,  Elector  of, 
IKi:  French  necupaticns  of,  183.  211.  271 ;  iii.  7,  157,  204  :  Pnis- 
Bia  neKoti.'it<-8  with  France  for,  ii.  228, 229, 2:12 :  the  French  garri- 
son replaced  by  Prussians,  2;i2 :  ceded  t4J  Prussia,  251,  258,  261  : 
neu'otiations  for  it-s  return  to  Georpe  III.,  258,  259,  271,  273: 
attempt  to  <irive  the  French  from,  270:  troops  in  Pomerania, 
iii.  :jr» :  atlott4.'d  to.Icronie,  204  :  Jerome  deprived  of  part  of,  213: 
excepted  from  the  scheme  of  I'russian  apprandizcnient.  iv.  31 : 
England  abandons  scheme  for  extension  of,  32  :  Prussia  prom- 
ises to  cede  part  of  Saxony  to,  45  :  pi-oposed  ceBsion  of  liildes- 
lieirn  Ut.  45:  rcKtored  to  its  former  ruler,  79:  campaign  of  the 
Hiimired  hav-;.  174  el  seq. 

Hanover,  the  House  of,  ii.  202,  203 

HanseatiC  towns,  free  cities,  ii.  2fil :  Joachim  I.'s  aspirations 
cinc<  rniup,  270:  propfi>>al  to  include  in  Noilh  Gennan  Confed- 
eration, 272:  hesitate  to  reply  to  Pnissla,  273:  neutrality  of, 
Iii.  41  :  virtual  dependence  on  France,  nfi :  snnigplcd  commerce 
of,  20:j:  mheme  to  in(>or|M>rate  thcni  with  France,  2(M  :  A.  of- 
fers to  evacuate.  20H  :  offered  l'<  lyoiiiM  for  Itnibanl  and  Zealand, 
207:  Enplanii  threatened  with  loss;of  trade  with,  208:  A",  rc- 
fuBcH  to  vadv  pidnts  concemlnK.  iv.  27:  proiHtsal  that  France 
eva-  uate  the,  '.iH:  pro)H)Hed  independence  of  the,  44,  72 

Happiness,  .V.  on.  i.  77 

Hapsburg,  House  of,  end  of  Its  policy  of  territorial  expansion, 

II.  125:  •  Ifect  of  the  ftayouin-  n<-potliitliins  on,  iii.  127  et  seq.  : 
mvkn  Indemnity  for  lost  doruainH.  151 :  hopes  of  repainfnp  lost 
territory.  154:  demorallzatiftn  in,  in7 :  mntrinionial  nlliunce 
with  A'.,  189,  193;  Iv.  82:  ilemocratlc  blown  at  the  diRnity  of, 

III.  v.*c<;  Iv.  77:  withdraws  from  the  Icademhlp  of  Uennany,  in. 

2-*.4) 

Harcourt,  on  atfain*  in  France,  I.  178 

Hardenberg,  Prince  K.  A.  vod,  nims  nt  eonRolidatlim  of  Prus- 
sia, ii,  229 :  dismiKiial  of,  258 ;  Iii.  38,  44  :   Prussian  minister.  11. 


Hardenlwrg,  Prince  K.  A.  von  —  contimu'd. 
2tt9;  Hi.  36:  at  Tilsit,  44:  proposes  the  partition  of  Turkey,  44: 
seeks  refupe  in  Vienna,  138 :  effect  of  his  reforniB,  243 :  Metter* 
nich'w  nepotialions  with,  iv.  29:  hostility  to  A'.,  30 

Harel,  sban-  in  the  execution  of  d'Eiiphien,  ii.  198 

Hassenhausen,  eiipipement  at>  ii.  282 

Hatzl'eldt,  Prince,  eourt-nuirtialed  and  sentenced  to  deatli,  iii. 
;{ :  Ibc  xiiteiiee  commuted,  3 

HaugWitZ,  Count,  i'russian  envoy  to  l-Yance,  ii.  246,  258:  pol- 
icy after  Ansterhtz,  251 :  concludes  treaty  with  France,  258: 
ilemand  for  the  disgrace  of,  271 

Hauterive,  Duhoux  d',  rojalist  leader,  1. 178:  reviews  French 
situation  m  18iil,  ii.  t:t8 

Havelburg,  French  ti\)ops  at,  iv.  28 

Havre,  France's  alleged  naval  iireparations  at,  il.  182 

H6bert,  J.  R.,  leader  of  the  Exapi'res,  1. 138:  terrorist,  148 

Heddersdorf,  defeat  of  the  Austrian8  by  Hochc  at,  1.  272 

HeidenheUn,  the  French  position  at,  ii.  235 

Hellsberg,  Ney  retreats  from,  iii.  Ifi:  Bennigseu  reaches,  15,  19: 
battle  of,  29,  30 :  A',  concentrates  his  army  at,  30:  the  Kusslans 
abandon,  32:  A^'«  jteril  at,  ;i4 

Heinrlchsdorf,  cuL'aKement  near,  iii.  31 

Hellopolis.  battle  of.  ii.  123 

Helvetian  Republic,  the,  alliance  with  France,  ii.  27:  forma- 
tiiui  of,  27.  5'.»:  neutrality  violated  by  Austria,  49:  A'.  Grand 
Mediator  of  the.  150:  English  efforts  U>  discredit  France  In, 
ir>9:  in  vassalage  to  I-'ranoe,  iii.  214 

Henry,  Prince  of  Prussia,  ii.  2G9 

Honry  III.,  A.  likened  to.  ii.  218 

Henry  IV.,  luadH  the  Ikiurbon  d.iTiasty,  i.  103:  N.  discerns  llke- 
msa  tn  himself,  ii.  225:  A',  emulates  in  uxoriousness,  ill.  198 

Herat,  i-roposed  lYanco-Russian  expedition  via,  ii.  126 

Herbois,  Collet  d',  member  of  the  National  Convention,  i.  Ill, 
i:i7 

Hercules,  Pillars  of,  "the  new,"  ill.  236 

Hereditary  nobility,  aVioli.shed,  ii.  144 

Heredity,  A',  (m.  i.  77 

Herodotus,  A'.'w  study  of,  i.  40 

Hesse,  l-'rench  march  through,  ii.  233 :  furnishes  contingent  to 
y.'s  army,  iii.  246 

Hesse-Cassel,  excUnled  from  the  C'onfederation  of  the  Rhine, 
Ii.  '^641 ;  iii.  7  :  proposal  to  inchule  in  the  C(iiife<leratii>n,  ii.  272  : 
liesitat's  to  reply  to  Prussia,  273 :  I<Yench  (K-cupation  of.  iii.  7  : 
nmtiality  of,  7  :  <irganized  into  the  kiiigiioni  of  Westphalia,  49 

Hesse-Cassel,  House  of,  extitution  of,  iii.  7 

Hesse-Darmstadt,  member  of  the  C<infederation  of  the  Rhine, 
ii.  260,  261 :  tpiota  vtf  men,  261 :  turns  from  A',  to  the  allies,  Iv. 
79 

Heyinfes,  CoL,  records  A'.'«  orders  to  Ney  at  Quatre  Bras,  iv.  178, 

1K4 

High  Admiral,  creati4)n  of  the  offlco;of,  ii.  206 

Highways,  A'. V  sthenic  of,  ii.  178 

Hiidesheim,  apportioned  to  Prussia,  ii.  170:  proposed  cession 
of,  to  Hiiiiover,  iv.  45 

Hill,  Lord,  joins  Wellington  in  the  Peninsula,  iii.  217  :  occupies 
l'.(iriieau\,  iv.  114  :  in  Waterloo  campaign,  176 

Hiller,  Gen.,  military  operations  c.n  the  Inn,  iii.  154:  move- 
ments to  support,  158 :  movements  before  Katisbon,  161 :  driven 
hack  tci  Landshnt,  162:  flees  to  Neumarkt,  162:  Bessieres  pur- 
sues, 162  :  crosses  the  Danube  at  Mautern,  164  :  battle  of  EI>e1s- 
herg,  164 :  defeats  W^rede  at  Erding,  HH :  cH'ects  junction  with 
Charles  at  Bisamherg,  164,  167 :  drives  Eugi^ne  over  the  Adige, 
iv.  79 

Hilliers,  Baraguey  d',  capture  of  his  command  in  Russia, 
iv.  2 

History,  the  functintis  ami  study  of,  i.  1,  2  ;  iv.  223 :  A'.V  study 
and  theory  of,  i.  40,  70,  85,  86 

"  History  of  Corsica,"  i-  47. 48,  67,  69,  70 

Hoche,  Gen.  Lazare,  defeats  Wurmser  at  Weissenhurg,  i.  1C3: 
commanding  Army  of  the  West,  209:  military  genius.  211;  ii. 
122:  campaign  in  the  Netherlands,  i.  263:  defeats  Austria  on 
the  Rhine.  271,  272 :  expedition  to  Ireland.  278,  279 :  cimsidercd 
for  niiiiistei  iif  war,  ii.  4 :  distrusted  hy  the  people,  4 :  death  of, 
5.  6 

Hofer,  Andreas,  exploits  in  the  Tyrol,  iii.  I8I  :  capture,  trial. 
:uhl  di  ath  of.  ISO:  bis  family  einiohled,  186:  his  patriotism  ana 
fitiiic.  IHtl:  compared  to  Tell,  186 

Hohenems,  acquired  l>y  W'urtemberg,  ii.  252 

Hohenlinden,  battle  of,  ii.  124  126 

Hohenlohe,  Prince  of,  commanding  at  Chemnitz,  ii.  276:  at 
Hlankenhaiii,  27H :  defeated  liy  Bernndotte  at  Sclileiz.  279 :  in 
baltb'  of  .It'tui,  2S0,  281,  2H3 :  retreats  to  I'runzlau,  283:  surren- 
der  of,  iii.  t! 

Hohen-Thann,  military  movements  near,  ill.  160 

HohenzoUem,  nicnilier  of  the  Confederation  of  the  Rhine,  11. 
2' 10 

HohenzoUem,  House  of,  ii.  2(»2,  203:  A',  in  the  palace  of  the, 
iii.  3 :  its  t^-rrilories,  6 :  A",  contemplates  its  extinction,  6 :  pro- 
visions for  French  evacnntion  nf  its  lamlK,  53:  N.'a  attitude  to- 
wanl,  86,  243 :  humiliation  of,  127,  128 

Holltsch,  interview  between  Francis  I.  and  A.  near,  ii.  251 

Hollabrunn,  Bagration's  stand  at,  ii.  244  :  Koult  at.  244 

Holland,  lionorn  Ui  Paoli  iu.  1.  10:  A'.V  study  of  the  hintory  of, 
'Mi:  expected  enmity  of.  110:  closes  the  Scheldt.  115:  becomes 
the  Batavian  Hopuhlie,  164  :  eoni|uesiand  oecu|)ation  hy  Ftiince, 
197;  ii.  3,  150;  iif.  212:  republican  achemes  for.  i.  200:  plunder 
(tf  works  of  art  frruu.  225:  organization  of  the  Orange  party  in, 
278,  279  :  etforts  to  check  democracy  in,  278,  279 :  EngliKh  con- 
(iiiests  of  colonies  from,  Ii.  8:  pnqtosal  t^j  make  her  a  depon- 
(leney  of  France,  8:  loss  of  colonics  hy,  25  :  compulsory  enrol- 


INDEX 


285 


Holland  —  eontintitd. 
men!  In  Uu;  rfpiilillcim  HyAt«m,  2^:  Dnine'B  c»mpnli;n  in,  (U), 
62,  03.  2(»7  :  loyally  to  -Y.,  1>7  :  hi.lcnmity  (..r  Kluhhlnu',  KM*:  tin- 
Code  Nii|M>k^i«ii  ill,  Ua;  111.  212;  u  new  loiiHtitiitinii  linpoHtMl 
on,  il.  150:  indvniiiity  to  Iliiuai-  of  Oran:;i-.  KM  :  French  unamn- 
tces  tt>,  184:  shiirc  in  tho  war  at  IHlKt,  IHI :  iudt-pcndeiKe  ut. 
227:  iV.V  claim  to,  227 :  I'liiatitii  lionnd  to  secure  the  IlbrrtieH 
of,  24;i:  I^iiIh  made  kliiK,  2.V» ;  ill.  7m.  *.'0«'.  :  eiillntnunt^  fnun, 
under  the  Krench  eaKles.  11 :  LoiiIsh  reitrn  In,  27,  •2t»\  207,  212, 
213:  vn&HiiIiLKe  to  France  reeo);nir4-d  ul  Tiliiit,  47  :  relatinna  of 
France  uitli,  <•!  :  sniiii^Rled  connuurce  of,  no,  20:i,  2(M  :  L<>iiIh'h 
loyiUty  to  t)ie  Diitcli,  IK'. :  Oudiiiot  ordered  to  c»erce,  24M  :  Krik'- 
land  a  imper  hlockade  of.  20r.:  vi»It  ..f  .V.  to.  jo*', :  vi..|ftte8  the 
Coiitlnoiital  SyHtcni,  20*;,  207:  .V.  rotiueeM  Louis  t.i  tlie  ponitlun 
of  a  Frencli  Kovenmr,  207  :  K*'»>nniplil(iilly  ii  part  of  Franeo,  207. 
210:  S.'h  Mclicine  for  tin-  annexation  of,  2<r7,  20H :  Knijtaiid 
threatened  with  lose  of  tra<le  with,  20S:  S.  orient  to  evacuate, 
20H :  opposition  U*  .V.  in,  211:  seizures  of  American  Hliipn  In, 
211  :  Fouch^'s  BnKllHhKnt*  h  conspiracy,  211 :  l^iuiit  alidieateH, 
212:  removal  of  the  capital  to  Amsterdam,  212:  annexed  Ut 
Fi*aiice,  212:  popularity  of  L<iui8  in,  212:  prosperity  untler 
French  nile,  212,  213:  the  national  movement  in,  213:  "the  al- 
luvium of  France,"  210:  KukIIhIi  expedition  to.  224:  IncoriHH 
rntod  into  the  French  empire,  ^iT* :  a.  refuses  to  cede  any  part 
of,  iv.  27:  riotji  in,  27:  F.ii(;t>ne  to  Ruard,  *iH:  proposal  that 
Franco  evacuate,  :tM:  mediocrity  of  soldiers  of,  G4  :  X.  olfers  to 
restore  indepemlence  of,  72:  EuKltsh  inhucnce  in,  72.  HO:  re- 
calls the  I'rince  of  Onmne.  71':  proposed  indepeiideDce  i>f,  80 
Holland,  Lord,  advocates  A'.h  cause  In  Parliament,  ti.  it4 
HolSteln,  tlireatened  Fn-ncU  invasion  of,  iii.  58 :  Denmark's  loss 

"f,  .V.' 

Holy  Alliance,  the,  iv.  50,  212 

Holy  Inquisition,  abolished  in  Spain,  iii.  147 

Holy  League,  the,  i.  103 

Holy  Roman  Empire,  dismemhennent  of  the,  it.  170 :  aliolition 

of,  272:  d'  sire  to  substitute  a  Western  Empire  for,  2.'>'»:  title 

of  the  heir  to,  iii.20o 
Hood,  Lord,  seizure  at  Toulon,  i.  132 
Hortense,  Queen,  at  Malmaisou,  Iv.  2O8.    See  Bkaubarnals 

H"KTKN-^K    I'K 

Hostage  Law,  the,  ii.  f.4,  88,  89 

Hougomont,  ll»e  farm-house  of,  iv.  191,  194:  fighting  at,  lOri- 

UtT,  2W) 

Hoyerswerda,  A",  moves  toward,  iv.  02 

Hugo,  Victor,  on  .v.,  i.  230 :  at  school  in  Madrid,  iii.  223 

Humanity,  tlie  cause  of,  i.  158 

Hy6res,  rctre:it  of  the  Corsican  expedition  to,  i.  155 

Hultn,  Gen.  P.  A.,  presides  at  trial  of  Due  dKnj:hien,  ii.  196-198 : 
tiansfeis  his  alles,'iiiiice  to  Ix)uis  XVIII.,  iv.  147 

Humboldt,  William  von,  memher  of  lYussian  reform  party,  ii. 
•1*'<'M  reoryanizcs  the  educational  system  of  Prussia,  iii.  83  :  at 
(.'onKress  of  Priiixue,  iv.  49 

Hundred  Days,  the  campaign  of  the,  iv.  174  et  seq.:  X.'s  mono 
•rraph  on,  217  ;  the  political  question  of  the,  244 

Hungary,  Francis  I.  prepares  for  flight  into,  i.  270:  French  ma- 
chinations in,  ii,  28:  importimee  of  securinj^  to  the  allies, 240: 
Archtluke  John  in.  iii.  105, 108,  174, 175, 17H  :  N.'h  policy  of  win- 
ning the  people  of,  100:  Leopold  Il.'sreitrn,  100:  FYaueis  I.'s 
treatment  of,  166 


Iberian  Peninsula,  proposed  appropriation  of,  iii.  89 

Ibrahim  Bey,  in  the  battle  of  the  I^Tamids,  ii.  41 :  faila  to  as- 
sist the  lihodes  evpedition,  ft3 

He  Dieu,  landini:  id  Count  of  Artois  on,  i.  182 

nier,  Gen.,  commanding  in  the  TyTol,  ii.  122 

nier,  River,  Austrian  forces  on  the,  ii.  233,  234 

niyria,  Austrian  recruiting  in,  i.  236:  Marmont  in,  iii.  174:  con- 
9tituti"n  of,  1H4:  miliury  govenmient  of,  213:  proposed  sur- 
render of,  to  .\ustria,  iii.  243  ;  iv.  27,  38,  44,  49,  72 

Imagination,  -V-"*  prophetic  utterance  on  a  disordered,  i.  77 

Imperial  Guard,  at  Kronach,  ii.  278:  discontent  among  the, 
iii.  12:  strength  in  Poland,  13:  at  Eylan,  19,  20:  battle  of 
Heilsberj^,  29:  battle  of  Friedljuid,  31:  exclusiveness  of,  71: 
service  in  Spain,  105,  203,  217  :  accompanies  .V.  from  Spain  to 
Paris,  140:  strength  in  March,  1812,  240:  omission  of  A',  to  use 
them  at  Borodmo.  203  :  at  Smolensk,  iv.  .■> :  at  Ki-asnoi,  0 :  on 
march  from  Smolensk  to  Lithuania,  5:  X.'s  address  to,  near 
Orcha,  7  :  demoralization  of,  7  :  jealousy  of  the  proposed  "  guard 
of  honor,"'  25  :  at  Rippach,  3'> :  in  battle  of  Liitzen,  30  :  the  al- 
lies" belief  in  A'.'«  use  of,  53  :  at  Lauban,  55  :  feat  of  marching, 
56:  battle  of  Dresden,  50,  57:  its  losses,  107:  iV.  reviews  the, 
136,  137 :  in  Waterloo  campaimi,  174-202  :  battle  of  Ligny,  18:j : 
battle  of  Waterloo.  10:t,  200.  2ui  :  personnel  and  morale,  201 : 
"  dies  but  never  surrenders,"  202 

Imperial  University,  foundin-;  of  the,  iii.  72 

Imposts,  th<  reirulatuMi  of,  i.  22 

"  Inconstant."  the,  A'.«  escape  from  Elba  in,  iv.  102,  163 

India,  .W'f  ;itientinn  turned  towani,  i.  40:  N.'s  aspirations  for  a 
career  in,  123.  129,  192;  ii.  lo:  A*,  given  leave  to  march  on, 
49:  importance  of  A'.'s  conquering.',  50 :  Russia's  ambition  in, 
102,120,  108;  Franco  Russian  plans  for  invasion  of,  120,  KM: 
N.'s  dreams  of  emjure  in.  184  ;  iii.  235.  207,  268;  iv.  220:  \:k 
plans  for  attacking  Enu'bind  in,  ii.  213  :  proposeil  French  exi>«-- 
dition  to,  iii.  0  :  proposed  Framt>- Persian  invasion  of,  24  :  Eng- 
land's vulueruble  heel.  Hs,  W.  91 :  the  hit'liway  to,  89 

Indus,  River,  the,  promised  Indian  e\i>cditi(»n9  via,  ii.  134 

Industry,  improved  condition  of,  ii.  165:  jV.  advises  encourage- 
ment of,  222 


Infantado,  Duke  del,  h-aibr  of  Fenlinand  VU.'i  party,  111.  99: 

•  ..iiiiiiihHloii.  .1  Kovrrrior  of  New  CimtlU*.  IIM) 
Infantry,  a  .  **  > urU  \  h  w  ^  •  oncrmlnK.  I.  'JXf  '^* 
"  Inlluence  Ol  the  PasslOOB,"  .V.'<  fetudy  ut  Mme.  de  Htaels,  II. 

30 

IngolBtadt,  Bemadott«  marvhea  to,  IL  234 :  Davout  to  concentroto 

at.  III.  159-101 

Inn  Quarter,  c.^bd  to  Au>ttHa,  II.  27:  emlK>dle<l  In  the  I'onfod- 

erati.'ii  ol  lh<    ICbinc,  III.  IM 
Inn,  River,  the,  ndlliary  niovementJi  on,  II.  124.  233,  236;  lU. 

151.  I.V.I,  ir,4,  IKI 
Innocent  IL,  eontrtmted  with  Plus  VII.,  202 
Innsbruck,  mv/.vl  by  the  lyroli;*.,  ||>.  IM:  KarrisomHl  tiy  Amu 

trliiTi.H,  1:,*; :   Ufilivre  driveti  TyroleauM  frum,  105 
Inquisition,  the  Holy,  blamed  for  dlM>rderK  in  Spain.  111.  124 
Institute  of  Franco,  reork'uiduiticui  of.  l.  107 :  Talltyraiid  a 

mendi*  r  of,  h.  2'A  32:  ele<  tii  A',  a  member,  67,  214:  furt  of 

the  edueutiMrial  MyKt4'tn  cf  Frani-e,  I4fi 
Institutions,  A . >  Htuti)  of.  t.  40 
International  law,  th<-  law  of  robudal  trade,  ill.  41,  42:  nen- 

tnd  whips  and  neutral  g.-MJn,  41  43:  the  "nile^.f  17W.,*'41,  42: 

right  of  hearcli,  42,  >^l  :  contraband  of  uar,  42:  Hanetity  of  all 

llaifS  on  hluli  m.  as  4h  :  the  law  of  neutrals,  20:t,  205,  214 :  uw  of 

"i*imnlate<l  papers.'   '20'i,  210 

International  understandings,  a  imped-for  systi^^m  of,  iv.  243 

Invalldes,  Hospital  of  the,  tropbien  from  AUmkir  deposited 
al^  ii.  97:  iiiniiiruratloii  or  tin-  empire  at.  209:  distribntlon  of 
1^  uion  of  riouor  crosses  at,  2:il  :  relics  of  Frederick  the  (Jreat 
sent  to,  iii.  3 

Ionian  Islands,  taken  under  French  protection,  fi.  11 :  wonthlp 
of  A',  in.  U  :  France  retains,  14  :  suzerainty  of  Turkey  over. 
1(>8 :  occupied  by  Russia,  211  :  compensation  for.  III.  49:  Eng- 
land's naval  watehfulneas  o\er,  '.HI :  military  (government  <>f, 213 

Irel&nd.  Iloehe's  expeilition  to,  i.27H,  279:  plann  of  French  Inva* 
slon  of,  ii.  33,  40,  213,  214,  2:iH :  arrest  ami  dismissal  of  French 
consuls  in.  173:  A*,  foments  disturbance  in,  175:  volunteer 
forces  in.  iw. :  Knulish  tnHips  sent  to  Portugal  from,  iii.  97: 
French  evpedition  ak'uin-t  (1H11),  2^t4,  235 

Iron  Mask,  the  Man  In  the,  i.  12 

Isar,  River,  militjiry  movements  on  the,  Ii.  124;  iii.  159-162 

Isenburg,  uumber  of  the  Confederation  of  the  Rhine,  Ii.  260 

Iser  Mountains,  milit«ry  movements  near,  iv.  55 

Islam,  A.  pndrsses  the  reli^don  of,  ii.  45 

Isola  Rosea,  i>airiot  succens  at,  i.  04 

Isonzo,  River,  military  operations  on  the.  i  267  :  proposed  boon- 
dary  for  U^dy,  ii.  10 

Istrla,  ceded  to  Austria  at  Lcoben,  I.  271  :  Austrian  forces  in,  ii. 
Ill :  ceded  by  Austria  to  Italy,  252 :  creation  of  hereditary 
dnehy  of,  255  :  Bes8i(>res  created  Duke  of,  iii.  TO,  71.     See  Bbs- 

SlfeliKS 

Italian  Church,  AT.V  threat  to  liberate  it  from  Rome,  iil.  58 

Italian  Republic,  A',  president  of  the,  ii.  149 

Italy,  attniity  with  Corsica,  i.  2,  3,  11,  12 :  the  root  of  the  Buona- 
parte f;iNiily  in,  12,  13:  expected  enmity  of,  110:  movements  of 
the  French  rieet  against,  113:  A'.'*  plan  of  ciini]>algn  in.  141, 
144-140:  suspension  of  offensive  operations  in,  152:  "pening 
the  roads  uito,  152,  208:  tmeasincss  in,  at  English  jiroximity, 
155:  French  schemes  ai^inst  Engliali  iiifluenre  in,  l.'>5 :  growth 
of  liberal  ideas  in,  104  :  A',  claims  the  honors  of  the  campaign 
in,  174  :  adoption  of  X.'s  plan  of  campaign  aL-ainst  (n'.Ti),  175, 
176:  Austria's  gaze  on,  198:  A'.'»  peculiar  relations  to,  and 
knowledge  of,  205-207,  225:  the  battle-field  of  rival  dynasties, 
207:  status  in  1790,  207:  revolutionary  spirit  in.  207:  wealth, 
207,  225,  229 :  cost  of  the  war  in,  211 :  A'.«  successes  in  ( 1796), 
211 :  l-Yench  pillage  in,  211,  201,  270  ;  ii.  8,  12,  21 :  the  destinies 
of  Europe  dependent  on  fate  of,  i,  212:  "an  artichoke,"  213: 
the  garden  of,  210,  217:  crushed  at  Lotli.  219,  220:  levying  con- 
tributions in,  219,  220,  223-225,  228,  229 :  the  fate  of  Europe  de- 
pendent on  campaign  in,  2;i6 :  A'^.'*  personal  views  of  his  cam- 
paign in,  242:  A'.V  negotiations  with,  244-249:  relations  with 
France,  244-249:  tlie  rampaign  in,  250  et  scq.:  Austria's  fourth 
attempt  to  retrieve  position  in,  250:  the  key  of,  252:  Sjuiin's 
mastery  of,  200:  Austrias  greed  for  territory  in,  202  :  Austria's 
determination  to  fight  in,  203:  spread  of  the  revolutionary 
movement  in,  264.  205  :  A'. '^organization  of  native  forces  in,  267: 
scheme  of  a  central  republic  for,  271:  general  disannament  of, 
273 :  A*,  has  free  hand  in  rearrangement  of,  ii.  4 :  A',V  schemes 
to  master,  6:  lands  in,  ceded  to  Austria,  14:  attitude  of  the 
Directory  toward,  15, 10  :  A'.V  reports  on  tlie  people  of,  15,  16 : 
y.  the  deliverer  of,  17  :  the  enlightenment  of.  25  :  JYanccs  pol- 
icy toward,  20 :  keeping  <tpen  gateways  into,  27 :  Polish  trotips 
in,  28:  X.'s  forces  in,  28:  reasons  for  success  of  revolutionary 
propaganda  in,  30:  proposed  movements  of  the  allies  in,  49: 
Jouberfs  connnand  in,  49 :  French  disasters  in,  55,  92 :  dissolu- 
tion of  the  republics  in,  57:  France  foments  quarrels  in,  50: 
SclnSrers  blunders  in,  i-O:  Russian  military  operations  in,  02, 
63  :  Francis  I.  determined  to  hold  northen).  93 :  A'.'k  bad  faith 
with  the  states  of,  95 :  Fi-etn-b  and  Austrian  troo|>a  in,  105 :  A'.> 
plan  of  campaign  in,  (180<»X  10*;  et  seq.:  the  reserve  army  ordered 
to,  107  :  Lecourbc  ordered  to,  110:  Austrian  successes  and  forces 
in,  110,  111 :  open  t«^  A'.s  armies,  113:  Austria  agrees  to  evacu- 
ate northern,  119 :  Austria  s^-eks  concessions  in,  122 :  Maiv^enas 
maladministration  in,  124:  Murat  commanding  In  central.  124  : 
Brune's  and  Mucdon.-dd's  movements  in,  125:  Austria  s  line  hi, 
as  fixed  at  Luneville,  125:  alleged  plans  of  A',  to  secure  princi- 
pality in,  120  :  A'.'x  problems  in,  131  et  seq.:  influence  ot  l-Yance 
in,  133:  Franco- Russian  agreement  concerning,  1:1.5,  l:W:  the 
Code  Xaiwleon  in,  143;  Iv.  79:  reorgiuiization  of  the  Cisalpine 
Republic,  ii.  149:  A'.Vgripon,  168:  .Austria's  share  in,  170:  Mo- 
reau's  soldiers  drafted  into,  188:  the  second  campaign  in,  188: 


286 


INDEX 


Italy  —  nmiinufd, 
rt»lrution  ot  the  temporal  power  in,  308:  necessity  for  reor- 
piiilzatioii,  .ti-2  :  utiloii  of  the  ertiwus  of  l-Yance  and,  220  :  corw- 
iiAliun  ft  S.  AS  kiiiK,  226:  .V.'*  scheme  of  iiulepemleiu-e  for, 
227:  A*.  iK""res  Kiissiaii  interference  in,  22H :  Prince  EuKt>ne 
B^auhaniais  viceroy  u(,  22y :  A'.V  sojourn  in,  229 :  Austria's  am- 
liitiou  concerning.  2^U):  Eugene  Keauharnais  t<t  or^iuiize  troops 
in,  2112:  Austria's  interest  in,  2;W  :  Arehiiuke*'liarles  command- 
In^  in,  2;W;  Fru&sin  bound  t<>  secure  tlu-  iiulepeudeuee  of,  243: 
Au>trliin  troi>p8  witiiilnnvn  to  Vienna  from,  24r»:  JV'.  proju'ses 
(o  u«ld  Venetiii  to,  i'tl :  acquires  Krinli  and  Istriii,  2.V2 :  acquires 
l>alnii)tia.  252,  202 :  X.  exact*  tribute  from,  2r.5 :  Vcnetia  iuei>r- 
IMtrated  into,  2.V1.  202:  enlistments  fn>m,  undir  the  French 
eiiKhs.  iil.  Jl:  French  dominion  reeo^nized  at  Tilsit,  47:  tern- 
iMiral  a)>iK>intnient  of  liistmps  in,  &7 :  ecclesiastical  difflcullies 
in,  r>l,  2;W:  relations  of  hYanee  with,  61  :  proposal  to  lay  under 
commercial  trilmte  to  France,  62:  Kreneli  nobility  emiowetl 
with  lands  in,  71 :  A'.'«  royal  progress  through,  88:  A.'n  llrni 
liidd  on,  88:  as  a  highway  U>  India,  Hit;  lack  of  an  heir  to  the 
throne.  iXC  alKilition  of  the  hostile  strip  between  Naples  and, 
94  :  annexation  of  Papal  States  to.  58,  '.t4  :  Ktruria  incorponit<  d 
with  kinnJom,  iiO,  lO-J :  .V.  visits  (Nov..  1S08),  102  :  X.  off.  i>  tlu- 
crown  to  Lueien,  Ut2,  lo;t :  Austria  looks  for  indemnities  in, 
151  :  hopes  of  the  Ilapsburfirs  to  regain  territory  iu,  154  :  dt  feat 
of  Prince  Kugine  by  Archduke  John  in,  IMi :  Arclulnke  John 
ill,  ItVt.  104  :  ci>nsolidation  of,  under  the  Napoleon  family,  ICT  : 
extinguishment  of  Austria's  hojies  in,  107  :  tlie  city  of  Rome  in- 
corixirated  with,  180:  Machiavelli  and  Daunon  on  the  attitude 
of  the  church  of  Home  towanl.  201  :  breaking  the  cliains  of  ec- 
clesiastical oppi-ession  in,  202  :  eubstitntion  of  military  desi>ot- 
isni.  202:  allotment  of  Austrian  lands  to,  204  :  Kngland's  paper 
blockade  of,  205 :  Kugiiic  nuide  viceroy  of,  214  :  "  the  Hank  of 
France,"  216:  confiscation  in.  226:  furnishes  contin-jrent  to  AW 
army,  246 :  A',  ruler  of,  iv.  19 :  Roman  Catholic  inlluence  in,  26 : 
A*,  refuses  to  cede  any  part  of,  27  :  Eugene  ordered  to  niise  a 
new  army  in  :i8,  4:i :  proposal  to  liberate  her  from  Franco,  44  : 
Austria  seeks  to  regain  ascendancy  in,  40,  72,  8(t:  X.  ortcrs  to 
guar:int<>c  the  unity  of,  72:  sowing  the  seeds  of  unity  for.  77  : 
effect  of  the  battle  of  Leipsic  ou,  77  :  confusion  in,  7".t :  Altleri's 
work  in,  79 :  humiliation  of,  79  :  proposed  independence  of,  80 : 
fails  to  support  A'.,  91,  93 :  lost  to  France,  91 :  A',  renounces  the 
throne  of,  147 :  feels  the  Austrian  yoke,  156 :  revulsion  of  feel- 
ing toward  A",  in,  156:  plots  against  A'.,  160:  social  reforms 
in,  2-26:  after-effects  of  the  Revolution,  226:  A'.Vlask  in,  226: 
l^-neh  inllueni-es  in,  246,  247  :  Austria  driven  from,  247 
Ivan,  l>ody  physician  to  the  Empeior,  iv.  146 
Ivrea,  attacked  Viy  Lannes,  ii.  Ill :  capture  of,  li:j 
Isqulerdo,  Sp:uiish  minister  to  France,  iii.  91):  conducts  nego- 
tiations between  Spain  and  France,  10.5 :  reiKtrts  failure  of  his 
mission,  105 


Jackson,  Andrew,  at  New  Orleans,  iv.  174 

Jacobin  Club,  the,  foundation  of,  i.  55:  influence,  87,  88,  91: 
b-tiri'  fiMiii  \.  tn,  103,  104:  ch»8ingof,  UU 

Jacobinism,  in  A.  ^  early  life,  i.  84:  X.  renounces,  150:  its  de- 
cline in  France,  ii.  1 :  Fi'cnch  hatred  of,  24  :  rising  tide  of  (179it). 
64:  Pitt's  delusion  concerning  A'',  and,  94:  decadence  and  ob- 
literation of,  127, 151, 165,  167  :  effect  on  A'.,  iv.  223 

Jacobins,  tlie,  declare  open  hostility  to  Louis  XVI.,  i.  100,  115: 
Damon's  leadrrsliip  in,  110:  struggle  l)etween  the  Ciirondists 
and.  Ill :  positinn  in  the  National  Convention,  111,  158:  con- 
nection of  the  Buonapart^-s  with,  127 :  supremacy  of.  127,  139: 
defeated  by  the  Oiromiists  in  Marseilles,  128  :  intensity  of  their 
movement,' 131 :  disorders  r)f  their  rule,  147:  decline  of  their 
power,  158,  ir>9,  178;  ii.  1 :  military  successes,  1.  159:  influence 
among  the  Thermidorians,  101 :  tyranny  of,  162, 103:  strive  for 
the  m:i8ter>',  165 :  reaction  in  favor  of,  168 :  X.'s  relations  with, 
lOH,  182 :  inlluence  in  the  Directory,  ii.  33 :  activity  iu  May  elec- 
tions a799X  62:  political  faith,  64  :  influence  in  the  Five  Hun- 
dred, 60 :  suppression  of  their  section  of  the  press.  66 ;  attitude 
on  the  19th  lirumairc,  78,  79 :  end  of  the  party,  81,  84  :  financial 
effects  i>f  their  rule,  88,  H9 :  leyislation  against,  89:  attitmie  to- 
ward the  Church,  132:  assaBsination  scliemes  among,  154,  155: 
reput4'd  rising  iu  France,  iHit :  England  ftisters  the  spirit  of  in- 
surrection among  tlie,  191  :  .ilienated  from  A'.,  iv.  171  :  subser- 
vient to  y.'s  will,  229 

Jaffa,  bombardment  nf,  ii.  47 :  massacre  and  license  at,  47, 48 :  the 
Frenrh  hospitals  at,  50,  61 :  st^iries  of  X.'g  inhumanity  at,  51  : 
tiK-  retrc:it  from,  .M 

Jamestown,  St.  Helena,  Iv.  216 

Janina,  Pasha  of,  rebi-iiiouB  spirit  of,  ii.  11 

Janizaries,  n  bellion  of  the,  iii.  33,  127 

Jason,  -V.  likcmd  to,  iv.  22 

Jauberthon,  Mme.  de,  marries  Lueien  Buonaparte,  iii.  102 

Jaucourt, ,  royabst  intrlgnea  (tf.  iv.  129  :  letter  of,  March 

17    I'-II.  129:  member  of  the  executive  commiHslon,  135 

Jay  treaty,  the,  ii.  136 

Jemmapes,  ttattie  of,  1. 115 

Jefferson,  Thomas,  bis  embargo  policy.  111.  h2,  83 

J^na,  I'attb  of,  11,  279-2H:i :  moral  effect  upon  Pruiwia,  Iii.  1 :  prac 
tical  n^^nlts  to  the  Fr(-n(li,2:  Prussia's  humiliation  at,  49 :  a 
royal  hare-hunt  on  the  Held  of,  13H  :  immediate  etfeets  of  the 
battle,  147:  patrlotiam  In  the  university,  Iv.  31:  the  strategy 
of.  35 

J^na,  the  bridge  of,  in  Parts,  Hi.  62 

Jerome<kingo|  \V4Htphalia),vifdate8  the  Continental  System,  III. 
2^*4:  a'((uirefl  Hanover  and  Magdeburg,  204:  hesitates  about 
fumlnhlnK  new  levies,  Iv.  28.    8ee  also  Bt'uNAPAliTK,  JKItoHE 


Jesuits,  Carlo  Ruonapart«'s  claims  .ngainst  the,  i.  15,  21,  24,  32: 
.\le\aiuier  seeks  tlair  influence  in  Poland,  iv.  20 

Jesus  Christ,  A .  « ompares  Apollonius  of  Tyana  with,  ii.  i:i3 

Jews,  in  Corsica,  i.  5:  Paoli's  relations  with  the,  5  :  rights  and 
duties  under  the  Code,  ii.  144  :  the  Semitic  question  in  France, 
iii.  02-64:  gt-neral  Sanhedrim  of,  6;i,  64:  A'.V  legislation  con- 
cerning, 69:  liable  to  militar>' service,  04  :  regulations  for  Al- 
8;ice,  f>4  :  present  standing  in  France,  64  ;  iv.  229 

Jezzar,  commanding  Turkish  troops  in  Syria,  ii.  46-18:  A',  reports 
his  massacres  to,  47  :  reinforcements  from  Damascus  for,  48 

Joachim  L,  grand  tiuke  of  Cleves  and  Berg,  ii.  201.     See  also 

Mt  KAT 

John,  Archduke,  succeeds  Kray  in  command,  ii.  122  :  forces  of, 
122 :  position  on  the  Inn,  124 :  battle  o(  Iluhenlinden,  124, 125  : 
reaches  Marburg,  230:  to  excite  revolt  in  the  Tyrol,  iii.  154: 
defeats  Prince  F,ut;eue,  156:  abandons  the  Tyrol,  163:  escapes 
from  Macdonald  into  llurigary,  105 :  ordered  to  Liuz,  167:  at 
Volkermarkt,  108:  in  Hungary,  174:  driven  into  Hungary  by 
Eugtne,  175 :  preparations  to  oppose,  175  :  advances  toward 
Raab,  175  :  in  Prcsburg,  175,  176,  178  :  turns  to  guard  Hungary, 
178:  ordered  to  attack,  178:  accused  of  crimiual  negligence. 
17H:  banished  to  Styria,  17h  :  proposes  to  continue  the  war, 
IJSI  :  quarrels  with  Charles,  182 

John,  Don,  regent  of  Portugal,  iii.  95:  character,  95:  yields  to 
deinaniis  of  France,  95:  plan  to  cai»ture,  IKJ :  Bellesca  organizes 
rebellion  in  favor  of,  i)7 

Jominl,  Henri,  on  the  Eckmuhl  campuign,  iii.  163:  records  A'.'« 
warlike  spirit.  248 :  A'.'^t  military  eontidences  and  conversations 
with,  253,  256 :  alleged  hostility  of  Berthier  to,  iv.  52  :  goes  over 
to  the  allies,  52:  military  genius,  52 

Jouan,  Gulf  of,  landing  of  A",  on  shores  of,  iv,  163 

Joubert,  Gen.  B.  C,  in  Rivoli  campaign,  i.  251-254 :  occupies 
Rivoli,2:.l  :  military  operations  iu  the  Tyrol, 266,  268,269;  Joins 
A'.,  20n:  uilbdniws  from  tlie  TyTol.  269,  273:  French  agent  in 
the  Nctbrrlands,  ii.  26:  to  succeed  A',  in  Italy,  49:  defeated 
and  killed  M  Novi,  57,  63,  06:  succeeds  Moreau,  63:  relations 
witli  Sieyes,  )"'3 :  statue  at  the  Tuilcries,  97 

Jourdan,  Gen.  J.  B.,  defeats  the  Anstrians  at  Fleunia,  i.  163: 
suspected  of  intrigue,  165  :  a  i>roduct  of  Carnot's  system,  202 : 
saved  from  defeat  at  Maulieuge,  202:  commanding  f on  es  at 
Dusseldorf,  209:  military  giiiius,  211:  seizes  Wurzburg,  236: 
meets  with  disaster  In  Cermany,  2:t5:  defeated  near  Katisbon, 
235:  wins  battle  of  Altenkirchen,  2:(5:  disgnu-ed,  279:  member  of 
the  Five  Hundred,  ii.  49 :  ctumnandinL:  Army  of  the  Danube,  49 : 
ordered  to  central  CJermany,  (U):  defeated  at  Ostrach  and  Stock- 
ach,  60:  succeeded  by  Lenouf,  6u:  carries  out  conscription 
measures,  03 :  Jacobin  candidate  for  supreme  command,  64 :  de- 
mands a  vote  of  **  public  danger,"  GO:  fails  to  attend  Itanquet  at 
St.  Sulpiee,  08:  warned  to  keep  the  peace,  74:  legislation 
aimed  against,  89:  annexes  Pietlmont,  149:  victory  at  Fleurus, 
206  :  pacification  of  I*iedmont.  206 :  created  marshal,  206  :  mil- 
itary adviser  to  Joseph,  iii.  142 :  goes  over  to  Louis  XVIII.,  iv. 
147  :  recreated  marshal,  172 

"Journal  of  Debates,"  the,  iii.  72 

"Journal  of  the  Empire,"  the,  iii.  72 

Joux,  imprisonment  and  death  of  Toussaint  Louverture  in  castle 
of.  ii.  152 

Judicial  administration,  the,  ii.  99-101 

Judiciary,  reform  of  the,  i.  S7 

July  14,  .elelnation  of.  ii.  127 

Junot,  Gen.  Audoche,  A',  wins  the  admiration  of,  i.  139 :  letters 
from  A'.,  I'd  ;  iii.  270;  iv.  1:  acc<mipauies  A',  to  Paris,  i.  156; 
delivers  A'.'s  terms  to  Venice,  270:  escorts  Josephine  to  Monte- 
bello,  282:  formulates  demand  on  the  Venetian  senate,  ii.  7: 
service  in  Egypt,  36:  in  battle  of  F.sdraelon,  49:  ordered  to 
leave  Egypt,  50  :  ordered  with  "corps  of  observation"  to  Por- 
tugal, iii.  57  :  his  venality  and  greed.  07,  97:  ordered  to  invade 
Portugal,  95,  96:  reaches  Abrantea,  96:  garrisi'us  Portuguese 
fortresses,  90  :  prepares  for  invasion  of  Spain,  96  :  reaches  Lis- 
bon, 97  :  military  administration  in  Portugal,  97:  goestoOiwilo, 
97 :  aspires  to  tju*  crown  of  Portugal.  97,  219  :  revulsion  of  feel- 
ing in  Portugal  against,  97:  appointed  governor  of  Portugal, 
104:  strength  in  Portugal,  122:  Rcssit'res  ordereil  to  connect 
with,  123:  precarious  situation,  123:  escapes  to  cintra,  12.S: 
defeated  at  \'imeiro,  12:1,  124  :  surrenders  at  Cintra,  123,  124, 
144  :  returns  to  France,  123  :  forces  in  Spain,  143 :  defeated  by 

"  tlie  Black  Legion  at  Berneck,  180:  in  Leon,  217  :  battle  uf  Boro- 
dino,  201 

Junot,  Mme.,  i-  108 :  opinions  of  X.,  ii.  128, 129 :  ancient  lineage 
of,  iii  97 

Jura  Mountains,  proposed  boundary  for  Germany,  Iii.  243 

JiiterbOg,  Bmiadotte  at,  iv.  63 


Kala,  lighting  at,  iv.  30 

Kaiatscha,  River,  military  ojierations  on  the,  iil.  260,  261 

Kalish,  treaty  of,  Feb.  2h,  I813,  iv.  21,  31 

Kalkreuth,  Gen,  Prussian  rommauder.  ii.  272:  defense  of  Dant- 

zic,  iii.  24:  at  'I'lMt.  43:  agreement  Ui  evacuate  Prussia,  81 
Kaluga, 'At' nsion  of  the  Rua^iau  lines  toward,  iii.  266:  French 

retnat  lowurd,  20H 
Eamenskl,  Gen.,  Kusttfan  general -In -chief,  iii,  14  :  mistake  at 

battle  of  Pnltiisk,  14:  retired,  14 
Kandahar,  iiinjectid  rising  against  England  in,  iil.  24 
Kapzewltch,  Gen.,  reinforces  HIneher  at  Montmirail,  iv.  96 
Karl  August,  I'nke  of  Saxe  Weimar,  accept*  French  terms  after 

J.'na,  iii.  7 
KarlingS.  the,  the  legitimacy  uf,  ii.  208 


INDEX 


287 


Kastel,  fkrtmrxl  sUtiuiu-d  ut,  fv.  A9 

Katzbach,  River,  liluclitr  rro»8.-8  the,  iv.  85:  battle  of,  flo,  61 

Kebl.  -Mor.iiu  tros.si'8  the  Uhlrir  at,  I.  2^5 

Keitb,  Adm.  G.  K.  £..  oxpcdiiiun  uKuin^t  iit-m>a.  11.  l()r> :  Krutitudu 
to  .N.  for  favors  iv.  2l:t :  aniiouiicea  thu  ftuut«ncu  u(  uuprlsuu- 
mint  to  .v.,  2i;( 

Kellermaun,  Qen.  F.  C.,(ltrenUthrnllit-snt  Valmy, l. iir> :  cmn- 
maiiiliiig  (orcfa  hi  tho  Alps,  v^H,  jw.  pluita  of  th«  Directory  re 
ganliiiK.  2^1 :  hi  .Siivoy,  •»'.*'j:  re«  elvus  8ulml<ly  from  A'.,  ■-'■ij :  pro- 
position thiit  ho  urKiihl/x-  ri'|tnl)lieM  in  Itiily,  'i'JT 

KeUermann, Oeii.F. £..iM  tmtticuf  Miu-cuko.  If.  hh,  iid.  175: 
hattli  o(  Li'ipsif,  iv.  71,  73:  trnnBfert  his  allegiance  to  Louts 
X\  III.,  U7 :  recrtatud  marshal,  172:  in  tho  Waterloo  cam- 
paign, 175,  17C^  IH-J,  183.  I'.tS:  tiattle  of  Qutttio  Bnia,  18a,  183 

Kemberg,  Ithiclur's  march  to,  iv.  f.O 

Kerallo,  M.  de,  commends  y.'n  ahilit),  i.  2K,  '29 

Khiva,  [iripos.  .1  KnuK-o-RiiHtiian  oxpeditiuii  via,  il.  126 

Kieumayer,  Gen.,  Austrian  commundant  in  Fraiiconia,  Hi.  IHTI 

Kllmalne,  Gen.  C.  J.,  wut-in-s  Vt-ni<'r,  i.  •2ca\ 

"  King  of  the  French,"  or  "  King  of  France,"  i.  w 

Kings,  di\ini;  rii^ht  of,  iv.  Ji-J 

Kinzig,  tlif  Aiistiian  line  at.  ii.  10.') 

Klnzig.  River,  military  uperatious  on  the,  iv.  76 

Kircliener,  Gen.,  kitkd  at  Riichcnbach,  iv.  40 

Klageufurt,  rapture  of,  i.  2t)8:  A.  in,  269:  invasion  of  the  Ty- 
rol from,  iii.  IKI 

Kl^ber,  Gen.  J.  B.,  niilit^iry  sticccsscs  of,  1.  163:  a  product  of 
Caiuufs  a>8tem,  202:  serviie  in  Ejrypt,  ii.  30  et  soq.:  marches 
on  Syria,  4tt,  47  :  in  battle  of  Esdratlun,  48,  49 :  at  the  siem-  of 
Acre,  ."HI:  in  the  battle  of  Abonkir,  f.4  :  apiwinted  to  chief  com 
mand  of  army  in  F.^ypt,  .is  :  instructions  for  cvm-uatinK  Ek'ypt. 
50  :  prvitcsts  a;:ainat  X.  s  conduct,  56  :  deceived  by  A'.,  56  :  pre- 
pares tt>  evacuate  Ek'ypt,  U4 :  military  genius,  122:  coneludcs 
treaty  of  EI  Arish,  122  :  defeats  the  Turkish  antiy  at  Heliopolis, 
123  :  bis  admirable  administration,  123 :  asj»asslnatioii  of,  123, 
135 :  succeeded  by  Menou,  123 

Klein,  Gen.,  in  the  Austerlitz  campaign,  ti.  245:  BUichcr's  du- 
plicity to.  iii.  2 

Kleist,  Gen.,  in  battle  of  Bautzen,  iv.  30  :  Prussian  commis- 
sioner at  I'oischwitz,  43,  4.'. :  battle  of  Kulm,  61 :  reinforces  BIu- 
cher  at  Montmirail,  96:  displaced,  175 

KlenaUp  Gen.,  at  surrender  of  Mantua,  i.  2.'>7  :  threatens  Augc- 
rean,  li.  126:  commanding  under  Archduke  John,  122:  battle 
of  W;if;r;tm,  iii.  17»' :  march  from  Tharandt  to  Dresden,  iv.  57 

Knight  of  Malta,  the,  letters  from  the  Czar  to,  i.  262  :  death  of, 
ii.  12 

Knights  of  St.  John  of  Malta,  the,  corruption  ainoncr,  ii.  38: 
wars  a;raiiist  the  Turks,  40  :  Paul  I.  seeks  to  head,  102  :  Malta 
restore.!  to,  167,  171 

KobelnitZ,  military  operations  near,  ii.  249 

Kolber^,  Benniu'sen  attempts  to  succor,  iii.  15:  siege  abandoned, 
23  :  A.  demands,  ;is  a  pledge,  35 

Kolin,  battle  of.  iv.  2;J5 

Koller,  Gen.,  Austrian  commissioner  at  Fontainebleaa,  iv.  149: 
suiigests  an  a.sylum  for  A',  iu  England,  150:  accompanies  AT.  to 
Elba,  lo:i :  quits  Elba,  155 

Kollowrath,  Gen.,  in  battle  of  Austerlitz,  ii.  249 :  ordered  to  seize 
Linz,  iii.  167 

Konigsberg,  Lestocq's  retreat  to,  iii.  l :  Ney's  false  move  to- 
ward, 14:  Frederick  William  shut  up  in,  15:  Benuigsen's  de- 
fense of,  ly  :  Bennigsen  retreats  to,  21 :  Russian  retreat  toward, 
31:  Lestocq  driven  into,  32:  reinforcements  for  Bennitrsen 
from,  32 :  A',  leaves  Tilsit  for.  55 :  the  League  of  Virtue  in,  s;i : 
popnlarity  of  Stein's  measures  at,  ir>0:  Alexander  I.  at,  150, 
151 :  ilunit  enters,  iv.  20 :  patriotism  in  the  miiversity,  31 :  pro- 
posed new  capital  for  Prussia,  39 

Komer,  Theodor,  incites  Pmssian  patriotism,  iv.  31 

Komeuburg,  military  operations  near,  iii.  168 

Korsakoff,  Gen.,  defeated  by  Masstna  at  Zurich,  ii.  63,  93 

Kosciusko.  Tadeusz,  lack  of  faith  in  N.,  iii.  8,  9 

Kosen,  the  ;illie>  outuitled  at,  iv.  76  * 

Kossuth,  Louis,  charges  treachery  against  Maria  Louisa,  iv.  46 

KottbuB,  ■  eded  to  .Saxony,  iii.  53 

KourakJne,  Count,  at  Tilsit,  ill.  43:  Russian  ambassador  to 
Knmce.  2:i8:  injured  by  tire,  23S:  leaves  I'aris  for  St.  Peters- 
burg, 230  :  takes  X.'k  messages  to  Alexander,  239 

Krasnoi,  the  tYeuch  retreat  tluough,  iv.  5-7  :  A'. 'fi  coolness  at, 
6,  7:  compared  to  Hatiau,  76 

Kray,  Gen.  Paul,  commanding  Austrian  troops  on  the  Rhine, 
ii.  1115:  A'  's  [ilaTis  to  defeat,  106:  abandons  Donauescliiiigen, 
108:  outwitted  by  Morean,  108,  109:  defeated  by  Moreau  at 
Eugcn,  109:  retreats  toward  the  Danube,  10*^:  defeated  at 
Messkirch,  lO'J:  superseded  by  Archduke  John,  122 

Kremlin,  the,  iii.  2tV2.  2&4 :  French  occupation  of,  262,  265 :  pil- 
laged. 265  :  failure  to  destroy,  269,  270 

Krems,  Kntn.--"tf  crosses  the  tianube  at,  ii.  236 

Kronach,  the  Imperial  Guard  at,  ii.  278 

Krossen,  proposed  allotment  of,  to  Saxony,  iv.  39 

Kuim,  battle  of,  iv.  60,  61 

Kunersdorf,  battle  of,  iv.  2-35 

Kiistrin,  capitulation  of,  iii.  2  :  held  by  the  French,  iv,  33:  re* 
lief  of  the  French  gjirrison  in,  51 

KutUSOff,  Gen.  M.  L.  G.,  moves  toward  Brunn,  ii.  236:  crosses 
the  Daiuilh!  at  Kreras,  236  :  escapes  from  Murat,  243  :  pursued 
by  the  French,  244:  at  Schrattenthal,  244:  outwits  Murat  at 
Hollabrunn,  244  :  joins  Austrian  and  Russian  troops  at  Brunn, 
245:  battle  of  Austerlitz,  249-251 :  snceecds  Barclay  de  Tolly, 
iii.  260:  battle  of  Borodino,  260,  261  :  flight  from  Borodino.  261, 
262  :  clain^s  the  victory,  262, 264 :  reinforcements  for,  266 :  takes 
position  at  Tarutino,  :^6 :  menaces  the  French  in  Moscow,  266 : 


Kntn.'K>rr,  Ovn.— continued. 
refi-m  LaurtHton  to  St.  ret^'nl>nrg,  266 :  extcndH  hiit  lino  toward 
Kaluga,  266:  feigned  movenn  nt  iigiiliiHl.  2*>h-270;  dt^featetl  at 
Malojaronlavetz,  269,  270:  HuMtlnn  failure  U>  nlnforeo,  Iv.  2,  3: 
A'.  iifunH  an  auibrish  for,  3:  Imttli-  of  Wlnzrna.  3:  IiIh  nllliii 
Want  and  Winter,  A,  12  :  at  KrnMnol,  6  :  pursuit  of  tho  French 
urniv,  7  :  mlHt.ike  an  to  .\.'m  mo\emrnt«,  10 :  reHponilhlllly  for 
further  hloodithed,  13:  "the  philn  gentleman  of  I'Mkoff,"  13: 
bail  gi'ni-ral.ohip  fif.  13,  20 :  Iomcb  in  the  eumpidgn,  19,  20 :  en- 
ters Vllna,  -M:  desires  peace,  20:  advuncu  through  Poland,  29: 
A'.  Koeks  AuHtrian  altl  to  check,  29:  luiUeH  procluumtlun  to  Uer* 
man  princets  31  :  death,  32 


Labanoff,  Prince,  comes  to  Bcnnlgsen's  aid  after  Fricdiand,  11. 

32:  c Iu.  tH  negotiations  with  .V.,  35  :  at  Tilsit,  43 

Labedoy^re.  Qen.  C.  A.  H.,  iletirndneK  to  (iupi>ort  A'.,  Iv.  164  : 

iniprisotied  and  eontlunuetl  to  death,  211 
Laber,  River,  military  opcmtiont>  on  the,  ill.  161,  162 
Laborde,  Alexandre  de,  A. 'a  confidential  agent  In  the  treaty ol 

Schonbrnnn,  iii.  I'.r;; :  suggests  the  niarriagu  of  A*,  and  Maria 

I>>uisa.  193 

I«abOUCh^)re,  Henry,  mission  from  Ilidland  to  England,  iii.  208 
La  Carolina,  iiefeat  of  Itupont  at,  ill.  122 
Lacombe-Saint- Michel,  J.  P.,  secures  A'.'t  apifointment  to 
the  Arm}  of  the  West.  l.  156:  member  of  Conmiitt««  of  .'safety, 

Vrt', 

La  Cour  de  France,  A',  at,  iv.  12«.  135 

La  Cuesta,  Gen.,  defeated  at  Medina  de  Rio  Seco,  iiL  122 

La  Favorlta,  battle  of.  i.  254,  256 

Lafayette,  Marquis  de.  comnuunU  the  National  Guard,  L  57: 
end.  avoFs  to  calm  the  National  Assembly,  102, 103  :  A*,  on,  103: 
commanding  armies  in  the  North,  105 :  pronounces  against 
]>opular  exeessej*,  105 :  flight,  and  capture  by  the  Autttrians, 
105:  released  from  Austrian  pris'tu,  283;  11.  98,  1.59:  ]>os.>>iblo 
successor  to  A'.,  120:  influence  on  the  Con.-ulate.  127:  remon- 
strates against  .V.'«  life  consulship,  159 :  aujiitorts  the  cliam- 
bers,  iv.  206,  2)>7  :  A*.'»  forgiveness  for,  218 

La  Ffere,  the  regiment  of,  i.  :u  :  the  regiment  at  Douay,  42 :  or- 
dered on  special  service,  44  :  A'.'»  8ervii;e  in,  48,  79,  Hi :  mutiny 
in.  59:  transformed  into  the  First  Regiment,  H5 

La  Ferte-sous-Jouarre,  militarj-  movements  near,  iv.  96:  y.'s 
rapid  marcli  to.  102 

Laffont,  royalisl  leader,  i.  178:  on  the  Thirteenth  Vendi^ndaire, 
181,  1N2:  exeeuted,  182 

Lafifray,  dramatic  welcome  to  the  returned  Emperor  at,  iv.  164: 
A'',  offers  himself  to  the  bullets  of  the  Fifth  Eeginieut  at,  164 

La  Fl^Che,  the  military  school  at,  i.  25 

La  Force,  imprisonment  of  Malct  in,  iv,  14,  15 

Lagrange,  Gen.,  moves  against  CastaAos,  iii.  144:  transfers  his 
alle-iatjee  to  L.JUis  XVltl.,  iv.  147 

Lagrange,  J.  L.,  created  bamn,  iii.  227 

Laiarpe,  Gen.,  general  of  division,  Army  of  Italy,  i.  208 :  attacked 

by  Beaulieu  at  Voltri,  213,  215  :  retreats  to  Savona,  215:  killed 

at  Fombio,  218  :  tutor  to  Alexander  I.,  iii.  94 
La  Haye,  the  farms  of,  iv.  191 :  flghthig  at,  199 
La  Haye  Sainte,  the  farm-house  of,  iv.  191 :  fighting  at,  196- 

I'.IH,  20:1 

Lahorie,  Gen.  V.,  engaged  in  Malwt's  conspiracy,  iv.  15 
Laine,  J.  H.  J.,  radical  member  of  the  Senate,  iv.  134 
Lajolais,  Gen.  F.,  plots  of,  in  the  Cadoudal  conspiracy,  ii  189, 

190:  implicates  Moreau,  189 
La  Junquera,  s  lint-Cyr  at,  iii.  U2 
Lakanal,  Joseph,  jnovides  for  mixed  schotds,  ii.  145 
Lake  Constance,  K  ray's  communications  via,  to  he  cnt,  ii.  107 
Lallemand,  Gen.  C.  F.  A.,  proposes  asylum  fur  A",  on  an  Ameri- 
can ship,  iv.  209:  negotiations  with  Capt,  Maitland,  211 
Lallemant,  M.,  French  reitubliean  .igent  in  Venice,  i.  276 :  ii.  7 
"  L'Ambigu,"  published  in  LondoTi,  ii.  174  :  A',  lamjiooued  in,  174 
Lanibrecnt,  n-yalist  inti-ignca  of,  iv.  129 
La  MortillaL,  -V.  prepares  plans  for  its  defense,  i.  46 
La  Mure,  A.  x  welenmeat.  on  return  from  Elba,  iv.  164 
Land,  t.  nun-  at  outbreak  of  the  Revolution,  i.  .5,  53,  54,  57 
Landes,  Department  of  the,  exempt  from  legislation  concern- 

inu'  .It  U-,  111,  64 
Landgrafenberg,  military  operations  at,  ii.  279 
Landsberg,  engagement  at,  iii.  19 

Landshut,  niilitar}'  movements  near,  iii.  160-162,  167:  AT.  at. 
162:  battle  of,  163:  Archduke  Charles's  military  mistake  at, 

167 

Langeron.  Gen.  Andrault,  in  battle  of  Austerlitz,  ii.  2.50:  cap- 
tures Kheims,  iv.  in*.*:  .<n  the  dissensions  In  Blucher's  army, 
109:  on  the  terror  of  A.'.'*  name,  112 
Langres,  nnlitary  m..venients  near.  iv.  92,  100,  120 
I.anjulnals,  Jean  D.,  inesident  oi  House  of  Deputies,  iv.  172 
Lannes,  Gen.  Jean,  reconunendcd  for  promotion,  i.217  :  threat- 
ens fJenoa,  228:  service  in  Egyj.t,  ii.  36:  wounded  at  Acre,  52: 
battle  of  Aboukir,  54 :  accompanies  A',  on  his  return  fntm 
Alexandria,  56 :  action  on  the  18th  Bruniaire,  71 :  conmiand- 
ing  at  the  Tuileries,  74:  crosses  the  St.  Bernard,  110.111:  at- 
tacks Ivrea,  IU:  hesitates  at  Fort  Itard.  Ill:  reaches  Aosta, 
111:  defeats  <Ht  at  Casteggio,  116:  comrnan.ling  c*»rp8  at  Ma- 
rengo, 116-118:  battle  of  Montebello.  128;  restored  to  favor, 
178:  created  marslml,  207:  character.  2:i4 ;  iii.  161,  172,  173: 
captures  Braunau,  ii.  236 :  pursues  the  Russians,  244 :  in  battle 
of  Austerlitz.  249,  250:  at  Coburg,  278:  in  battle  of  Jeua,  279, 
280:  seizes  Dessau,  iii.  2:  pursues  Hohenlohe,  2:  ordered  to 
the  Narew,  11:  battle  of  Pultusk,  12:  strength  in  Poland,  13: 
sickueBS,  17  :  battle  of  Heilsbcrg,  29 :  battle  of  Fiiedland,  31, 


288 


INDEX 


Lannes,  «ii'ii.  Jenii—  continufil. 
32:  cn-aliM  imko  nf  Muiitcbcllo,  71 :  familiarity  with  A..  7r.: 
iiiovos  tviuiibt  Ouitiulos,  m  :  uinvi-menta  lufore  Kiiti^lnui.  Uil, 
162:  ill  ImttK- of  Kckiiiuhl,  lt>2:  Ht  tlie  crobsin^  of  (he  l»aiiiila' 
at  Li>l«au.  1(W:  I»:iltk-  «if  K^sliii;:,  170.  172:  mortallv  wouiuliil, 
172 ;  .V.V  pricf  at  loss  of,  172.  17y :  ruproiichcs  iV.  (or  his  nmbi- 
tii>ii,  17J:  .V.  saves  liim  fmiu  diowiiiiii:,  isr>:  warns  A",  against 
IrtMclit ry.  217  :  tinuaitcriziiti.-n  of  TjiHeyraiui.  iv.  12D 

lAnusse,  Gen.  F.,  ret'onumMnii'd  for  promotion,  1.  217 

Laou,  I'iittli-  of.  iv.  Iit7-10'.i.  112:  S.  at,  2(K1 

Laplace,  P.  S.,  Mini^toi'  of  tht-  Interior,  ii.  87 :  succeeded  hy  Ln- 
lUii  Hiit-riiiiiiirtf.  S7 :  creatcii  haron,  iii.  227 

Lapoype,  Gen.  J.  F.,  ftnlinj;  ;tjrrtinst,  in  Marseilles,  i.  142 :  ae- 
i|uittt.<l  )•>  lh>' 0>>nvfntiuii.  142 

Lorevelll^e-L^peauz,  LoulB-Marie  de,  memiierof  the  Direc- 
tory, i.  IKt;.  2(m.  202;  ii.  2:i:  vhiirueter,  i.  'iW.  dissiitisfled  witli 
treaty  of  Leo)»eii.  272:  ^.V."*  rehilions  with,  ii.  IS:  resigns  from 
tile  Hirtvtory.  ivi 

La  Roohejaqiieleln,  Gen.  L.  du  V.,  killeii,  iv.  171 

La  Rouiana,  Gen.  P.  C,  revolts  in  Uemmirli,  iii.  124:  at  Val- 
iiiaM-lu,  h;(:  111  SunUuuler,  14:t:  joined  liy  Blake,  144 

La  Rothlere,  baiiie  at,  iv.  '.t4.  lOO 

Lasalle,  Gen.  A.  C,  captures  Stettin,  ill  2:  success  near  Valla- 
dolid.  122:  m  Imtlle  of  Asptrn,  170:  killeil  at  Wa^'ram,  177 

Las  Cases,  E.  A.  D.,  .V.'«  intiniaey  with,  i.  82:  memoirs  of  A'., 
137  :  reiuuMlti  the  story  of  the  **tlay  of  the  sections,"  184  :  S.'s 
coiiverNiitioiis  with,  ii.  1st". :  y.'s  declaration  to,  coueernin^  tlie 
Due  d  Kn^hien,  1911:  a]ii>ointed  private  wuretary  to  i\'.,  iv.  209: 
negotiates  with  t'apt.  Maitliiml  for  .V.V  passajre  to  Knjihui«i, 
2tn',  211 :  aeifunpanies  .V.  to  .St.  Helena,  214 :  assists  iN'.  on  his 
history.  217  :  (li^iiiii-seti,  217 

Latouche-Tr^viUe,  Adm.  L.,  scheme  of  naval  operations  for,  ii. 
212:  ileath  of.  212 

Latour-Maubourg,  Gen.  M.,  eommnndintr  cavalry  in  Russian 
eanipaiL'ti  of  isii'.  iii.  24(1 :  lialtle  of  Dresden,  iv.  M'.,  57:  battle 
of  I.eipsie,  71,  73:  iransfere  his  allegiance  to  Louis  XVIII,,  147 

Lauban,  .v.  at.  iv.  r.r. 

Lauderdale,  Lord,  Britisli  envoy  to  France,  ii.  2G1,  2C2:  demands 
lii>  pa^^IK'rti,  273:  reopens  negotiations,  274 

Laudon.  Gen.  G.  £.,  conimauding  forces  in  tlie  Tyrol,  i.  2G8:  at 

Wnma,  273 

Lauriston.  Gen.  A.  J.,  splen.Iid  artillery  work  at  Wngrani,  iii. 
177:  rejilaces  Caiihiincourt  at  St.  Pet^i-hluirg,  241:  mission  to 
Kutusi'tf  s  camp,  200:  eomnianding  tlivision  under  Eugene,  iv. 
28:  in  canipaigu  of  1813,  34:  occupies  Leipsie,  30:  battle  of 
Lutzeii,  30  :  battle  of  Bautzen,  3".l:  iSeleagners  Sehweidnitz,  42: 
eonironts  Blucher  at  the  Botier,  .'(5  :  detailed  to  liloek  Bliieher'a 
i\iad  to  Berhu,  50:  battle  of  Leipsic,  71,  75:  captured  at  Leip- 
sie,  7."» 

Lausanne,  t>vatiou  to  N.  at,  ii.  17  :  French  forces  near,  lio:  N. 
at.  -May  10.  IKOO.  110 

La  Valette,  Gen.,  fonnulates  demands  on  the  Genoe><e  senate,  ii. 
7  :  |K>>tmiU<ter-general  at  Paris,  letter  to  A'.,  Marcli,  1814,  iv,  120 

Lawyers,  status  at  outbreak  of  the  Revolution,  i.  53 

Lazaref,  Kussiau  gienadier,  decorated  by  N.  at  Tilsit,  iii.  54 

League  ol  Virtue,  the,  iii.  S3;  iv.  30 

Lebrun,  Cliarles  F.,  appuinteil  third  consul,  ii.  so.  143:  revises 
tlie  ('juie,  143  :  evades  ii^iioiisiliility  conc-irrning  the  Due  d'Ln- 
gliieii,  194:  Treasurer  of  Fianee,  200:  at  A'.V  c<ironation,  219: 
create'!  Duke  of  I'iacenza,  iii.  71 :  Arch*TreaJiurcr,  78 :  salary  of, 
7h  :  at  Krasnoi,  iv.  0 

Lech,  River,  military  operations  on  the,  ii.  107  ;  iii.  158,  159 

Leclerc,  Victor-Enimanuel,  conducts  expedition  against  San 
Domingo,  ii.  ir>2.  153:  marries  i'aulinc  Buonaparte,  152:  death 
of,  153 

Leclerc,  Mine.,  aefiinpanies  her  husband  to  San  Doniinno,  ii. 
l.'>2:  marries  Piiuce  ILirghcse,  U'A 

LecOUrbe,  Gen.  C.  J.,  commanding  in  the  Alps,  ii.  107  :  cap- 
tures Meinmingcn,  IW:  captures  Stockacli,  109:  ordered  to 
lUdy.  110 

Leers,  tJen.  Keille  at,  iv.  174 

Lefebvre,  Gen.  F.  G.,  eommander  of  the  Paris  garrison,  ii.  71 : 
joins  ttie  Bonapartist  ranks,  71:  in  battle  of  .lena,  280.  281: 
hlrciigth  in  rolauf],  iii.  14:  liesieges  Dantzic,  23,  24:  created 
Duke  of  Dantzic,  71:  be»ie;:i-s  Sarauossa,  122:  success  at  Tn(U-l:i. 
122:  near  isilbao,  142:  rash  iiiKvriih  nts  liy,  143:  in  mo\c-iiii  nt 
agiduH  Matlriii,  145:  connitaiiilinu  Bavarian  troops  at  Mnnicb, 
158:  in  campaign  of  Keknntlil,  100:  defeats  the  Auslriaiis  at 
Abeiisberg,  101:  at  .Salzbnrg,  Hi4  :  ihives 'I'yrokans  from  Inns- 
bruck, 105 :  relieves  Vaiitiaiiime  at  Linz,  174:  withdrawn  from 
the  I'yrol,  IHl :  comniaiidluK  the  Did  tJuard,  240;  a  monunUiry 
attack  of  senility,  iv.  120 :  nt  council  at  St.  I>i/,ier,  120  :  accom- 
panies the  KmiK-ror  to  Paris,  12h  :  at  the  abilieation  scene,  139  : 
traiisfetfi  hts  allrgiance  to  Louis  XVIII.,  147:  recreateil  mar- 
shal, 172 

Lefebvre-Desnouettes,  GoL  Charles,  sei-vice  in  Kgypt,  ii.  30 

Leghorn,  A',  plans  to  meet  Joseph  at,  i.  175 :  the  English  fleet 
irii\en  from,  228:  levy  of  enforceil  contributions  fnun,  229: 
Kngland  gains  entrance  inUi,  iii.  57.  expulsion  of  the  Kngllsli 
fnun,  57:  |HJsition  in  (he  French  empire,  214;  i)lots  against 
A.  In,  iv.  I0(t 

Legion  of  Honor,  establishment  of  the,  Ii.  15H,  159:  distribution 
of  erosses.  231 :  Ilrst  Russian  member  of  the,  Itl.  54:  Fren<  h 
prMe  In.  70:  new  members  of,  227:  abolition  of  the  ori>baii 
futylums  of  the,  iv.  159 

Legislature,  the,  ii.  h5,  99  lOl  :  eonstttullon  of,  155:  new  meth- 
o.U  of  .beting  to.  l.v.»;  A'.  oiieiiB,  Aug.  10,  1807,  iii.  01:  its 
fuiiellonH,  tlH:  ilistrdrntlon  of  titles  among  headx  of,  71:  A',  con- 
tcmplttteH  its  alH>ll(loii,  fv.  25  :  <b-iiianfU  constitutlouul  govern- 
ment,  85:  prorogued,  80:  overthrows  A'.,  136 


LegnagO,  French  occupation  of,  i.  227,  232:  mUltary  operations 
near,  250,  251 

Legrand,  Gen.  C.  J.,  in  battle  of  Austerlitz,  ii.  249:  in  battle 
of  Asperu,  iii.  170,  171 

IfBibnitZ,  G.  W.  von,  advocates  Frencli  conquest  of  Egypt, 
ii.  31 

LelpslC,  seized  by  the  Duke  t>f  Bninswiek,  iii.  181:  Eugene  es- 
tablishes headquartirs  at,  iv.  27:  French  forces  at,  2K,  30:  mill- 
tar>  nuiveuients  mar,  30,  60,  05,  00,  08,  69:  battle  of,  70  et  seti.: 
topn^iaphy,  70,  71:  A',  in,  75:  importance  of  the  battle  in  his- 
tory. 77 :  liiumph  of  revolutiomuy  liberalism  at,  78  :  A^.  spares 
the  city  fn»m  Are.  7n.  79:  etleets  of  the  battle  of,  79;  mistaken 
ideas  eoncti'iiim;  A'.V  attituile  after.  98 

Le  Noble's  "  Spirit  of  Gersou,"  A'.v  study  of,  i.  85 

Lenouf,  Gen.    sncceeii.s  Jour^lan  in  command,  ii.  60:   retreats 

behimi  the  Klline,  IK) 
Leo  IIL,  crowns  Charles  the  Great,  ii.  208 
Leoben,  the  French  at,  i.  211:   seized  hy  Massi^na,  269:  A'.'spo. 

ailum  at,  209.  270  :  treaty  of,  209-272,  274.  276,  280.  283;  ii.  8,  9, 

13,  14:  alleged  duplicity  by  A',  at,  i.  270,  271 :  Frencli  march  to, 

ii.  28  :   Ney's  victory  at,  2;J0 
Leon,  French  troops  in,  iii.  217 
Leonetti,  denounceil  by  A'.,  i.  122 
Leopold  IL,  at  knowledges  Uungarian  rights,  iii.  166 
Lepelletler,  the  section  of,  i.  179 
Lesuiont,  military  operations  at,  iv.  94 
Lcsseps,  J.  R  B.,  French  consul-general  at  St.  Petersburg,  iii. 

79,  SO 

Lestocq,  Gen.  retreats  to  Kbuigsberg,  iii.  1 :  joins  the  lYiissian 
army,  10:  at  Neidenlmrg,  12 :  at  Angerburg,  14  :  opposes  Ney's 
marcli  to  Konigsberg,  14;  relieves  the  garrison  of  Graudenz, 
15:  in  campiiigu  of  Eylau,19,  20:  in  battle  of  Heilsbei-g.  29-31 : 
in  Frieiibuiii  campaign,  31-;H4  ;  pui-sued  by  Davout.  33.  34 

Leszcyuski,  Maria,  A.  V  imitation  of  her  marriage  to  Louis  XV., 
iii.  190 

Letoumeur.  C.  L.  membci-  of  the  Directory,  i.  200,  202:  char- 
acUr,  200:  retires  frnm  the  Diiiclory,  ii.  1 

"Letters  from  the  Cape  of  Good  Hope,"  iv.  217 

"  Letters  of  Buonaparte  to  Buttafuoco,"  i.  82 

Leuthen,  batiir  of,  iv.  235 

Levaut,  the,  France  oeeupies  Venetian  possessions  in,  i.  277: 
Genoa's  eonimeree  with,  li.  10:  French  plots  for  disturbances 
in,  11 :  Frame's  jealous  cai-e  for  possessions  in,  21, 179  :  England 
aspires  to  eontrol,94:  Sebastiani's  mission  to,  174-170:  question 
of  establishing  French  colonies  in,  176:  Portuguese  naval  oper- 
ations in.  212:  plans  for  redistribution  of  lands  on,  iii.  44:  the 
control  of.  89:  ctlicient  blockade  of,  impossible,  214 

Leve son-Go Wer,  Lord,  English  ambassador  at  St.  Petersburg, 
iii.  Ml 

Leyen,  Von  der,  number  of  the  t'on federation  of  the  Uliine,  ii. 

200 

Liberty,  Paoli  on,  i.  5:  the  recitgnizcd  colors  of,  57 

Liberty,  fraternity,  and  equality,  i.  57 

"Liberty  of  the  Seas,"  ii.  11 

Lichtensteln,  hr mbui  oi  the  Confederation  of  the  Rhine,  ii.  260 

Lichtensteln,  Prince  John  of,  in  battle  of  Austerlitz,  ii.  249- 
251:  negotiates  for  an  armistice,  251:  in  battle  of  Aspern,  iii. 
173 :  Austrian  peace  commissioner,  184-180  :  at  jieace  council  in 
Paris,  iv.  134 

Lido,  Porto  dl,  Venetians  fire  on  French  vessel  in,  i.  273 

IJebertwolkwitz,  military  operations  near,  iv.  7()-72 

Li^ge,  Ilighlol"  Latayettc  to,  i.  105:  military  operations  near,  115; 
ii.  89,  113,  174,  1K5 

Ligny,  l»attle  (tf,  iv.  181-185:  Gerard  at,  187  :  Bliicher's  ilisaster 
at,  190 :  a  Prussian  Idunder,  204  :  the  news  of,  in  Paris,  206 

Liguria,  ecrhsiastical  reforms  and  confiscations  in,  iii.  202 

Liguriau  Alps,  guerrillas  in  the,  i.  228 

Llgurian  Republic,  the  formation  of,  ii.  7,  14 :  French  control 
over,  26 :  Piedmont  a<ided  to,  20  :  reorganizeii.  120 :  tribute  lev- 
ied on,  120:  English  ett'orls  to  discredit  France  in,  160:  incor- 
porated with  France,  227 

Lille,  peace  negotiations  at,  ii.  8,  59,95:  flight  of  Unm  XVIII. 
to.  iv.  100 

Lindau,  ceded  to  Bavaria,  ii.  252 

Lindenau,  sci/.e<i  by  the  Duke  of  Brunswick,  iii.  181 :  military 
i-purations  mar,  iv.  71,  72,  75 

Linz,  rmlitary  movements  near,  iii.  158-100,  167,  172 

Lisbon,  recall  vf  the  l"Yench  envoy  fnun,  iii.  95:  denu'cracy  in, 
90 :  .lunot's  nuirch  U>,  90,  97  :  fraternization  of  the  people  with 
Jnnot's  anny,  97  :  Russian  squadron  sent  to,  130:  French  scheme 
to  seize,  203 :  Masi^i-na's  march  t*>.  218,  219  :  Massena's  precari- 
ous situation  before,  219.  220 :  Wellington's  dilllcult  position  at, 
220:  nUed  with  fugitives,  220 

Lisle,  ROUget  de,  composes  the  "  Marseillaise."  i.  102 

Literature,  levival  of.  ii.  105 :  censorship  of,  iii.  72 

Lithuania,  Poniatowski's  doubts  ol,  iii.  247:  innjassivity  of  its 
peo]ilc.  252:  the  man  h  from  Sinolcnsk  toward,  iv.  5:  .Maret  In 
charge  of  affairs  in,  14 

Littawa,  River,  militarv  ojierations  on  the,  ii.  247 

"Little  Corporal,"  the,  i.  220;  iv.  137,  ica 

Little  Gibraltar,  capture  of.  i.  i36 

Little  Gorschen,  il-.:bting  at,  iv.  30 

"  Little  Napoleon."  iii.  I5 

Little  St.  Bernard  Pass,  the  crossing  of  the.  11. 110,  111 

Liverpool,  Lord,  attacks  Wellington,  iii.  221  :  recalls  Wellington, 
iv.  159 :  mismanagement  of  F.nglish  afl'airs,  ](>8.  169:  embarrass- 
ment  of,  212:  views  as  to  the  disposition  of  A'.,  212:  letter  to 
Castleivagh.  June  2il.  1815,  212 

Loano,  battle  of,  i.  208 

IfObau,  ci<'ssing  the  Danube  at,  ill.  168, 169, 173,  176 


INDEX 


289 


Lobau.  Gen.,  euunlinc  ronds  from  BohemiA,  Iv.  C3:  IioMh  Vrv^ 
(It-M,  (IH,  70:  in  tlio  Waterloo  cninpnit^ni,  I74-17fl:  at  Uluirlonti, 
IKI :  ..nk-rfJ  to  Miirlmis,  inr, :  hattle  of  WalerU-o,  107,  I'M,  *JUO 

Lobau,  River,  inilltiny  inovenionttt  on  the,  iil.  169,  171,  17ft 

Lobenstein,  HLTiunluttv  at,  il.  218 

Lodl,  t'iittlu  of,  i.  iMs-jjo;  il.  yj:  ^V."*  nam>w  cschimj  at*  1.  241 : 
wiilKlniwal  of  tin-  Aiistriatis  froia  Milan  to,  M.  113 

LOCTOI^O,  Prtiuh  8ii«  ic-'S  nt,  iii.  I'li:  Ncy  at,  l-i'2 

Loire,  River,  iln'  Krnprcas  Ilei-s  across  tlie,  iv.  I'M:  military 
iiioVLMMcnts  on  tliu,  145 

Lolson,  Gen.  L.  H.,  at  IMaci-iizo,  il.  lid 

Lombardy,  Frmcli  truo|>s  in.  i.  70:  iniUtary  operations  against, 
I'JH.  nj,  yo7,  'MS,  iVJ,  215:  favors  tlie  I'rcnch  Hevuhitlon,  165: 
till!  military  ^ato  to,  *J()(i :  X.'h  succt-sacs  in,  Jll  :  cxpccttHl  jiar- 
tition  of,  213:  ricline»«  of  the  coiinti-y,  2H;,  217;  ii.  117:  A'.'* 
Inlluence  in,  2-iii :  revolutionary  niovcnu-nt  in,  •205:  Krancu's 
Interest  in,  270,  2K<):  iuuoriK>rat«<l  in  the  Cisalpine  Kepublte,  ii. 
11 :  held  by  Austria,  O'l :  a.  aims  to  secure,  113 :  the  Iron  crown 
of,  32fi  :  A  .'n  royal  pro^n-ess  tluou^h,  iii.  88 

Lonato,  battle  of,  1.  2;t2-23-l,  241 :  A'.\s  naiTOW  cacafK)  at,  233, 234, 
241 

London,  Talleyrarnl  diplomatic  agent  in,  ii.  22:  Tallcyraml  ex- 
pelled from,  22  :  publiL-ation  of  "  L'Ambfgu  "  in,  174  :  Irish  ni'l- 
ieal  paper  in.  siilisidized  by  X.,  174:  receptiou  of  the  Duice  uf 
Hriiiiswiek  in,  iii.  IHI 

Longwood.  y.'s  residence  at,  i.  20 ;  iv.  215-219,  238 

Longwy,  i,'arrison  of,  eapitulatos  to  Prussia,  i.  105 :  abandoned 
by  the  enemy,  110 

Loretto,  capture  of,  i.  260,  261 :  the  image  of  the  T-ady  of,  261 

L'Orlent,  the  squadron  ordered  to  the  Mediterranean  from,  iii. 

S'.t 

Lorraine,  proposal  to  continue  the  war  in,  Iv.  124,  126,  136 

Lothair,  ^V.  contrasted  with,  iii.  202 

Louis,  royalist  intrigues  of,  iv.  129 

Louis,  king  of  Ktruria,  attendant  in  N,'8  ante-chamber,  ii.  132: 
deuthof.  149.  150;  iii.  57 

Louis,  kini;  of  Etruria  (&)n  of  the  preceding),  proposad  kingdom 
in  Portugal  for,  iii.  96 

Louis,  prince  of  lYnssia,  iL  269:  killed  at  Saalfeld,  279 

"  Louis  Capet,"  i.  115 

Louis  Philippe.    See  Chartre3,  Dtrc  db 

Louis  XIV.,  disgraces  Vauban,  i.  202:  schemes  of  world-con- 
ipk'st.  ii.  31 :  "abolishes"  the  Pyrenees,  iii.  59:  X,  not  the  suc- 
cessor of,  231 :  influence  of  his  villainies,  iv.  246 

Louis  XV.,  refuses  protectorate  to  Cui-sica,  i.  5:  death  of,  22: 
A'.V-  imitation  of  his  nian-iage  to  Maria  Leszcynski,  iii.  196 :  N. 
not  the  successor  of,  231 

Louis  XVL,  accession  of,  i.  22  :  chai-acter,  52,  53,  56,  57  :  contest 
with  the  Parliament  of  Paris,  54,  55 :  alienation  of,  from  the 
people,  54-56:  attempted  reforms  by,  54-57  ;  abandoned  by  the 
nobles,  57 :  curtailment  of  his  hunting-grounds,  57  :  takes  up 
residence  in  Paris,  57:  title  under  the  new  constitution,  64: 
honors  Paoli,  68:  betrayal  of,  86:  accepts  the  Constitution,  87: 
flight  and  recapture,  88:  clamor  for  his  trial,  90:  refuses  to 
sanction  secularization  of  estates  of  the  church  and  notiility, 
100:  negotiates  with  foreign  powers,  100,  115,  160:  celebrates 
the  fall  of  the  Bastille,  102 :  takes  refuge  in  the  National  As- 
sembly, 102 :  the  National  Assembly  dismisses  liis  body-guard, 
102:  Marseilles  demands  dethronement  of,  102:  imprisoned  in 
the  Temple,  102:  X.'s  views  concerning,  104:  condemnation 
and  execution,  115:  causes  of  his  downf:ill,  160:  the  r^cides 
of,  186  :  celebrations  of  his  death,  il.  127 ;  iv.  159 

Louis  XVIL,  i.  159 

Louis  XVIII.,  reco<mized  by  the  powers,  i.  178:  relationship  to 
Victor  Amadeus.  216:  retires  to  Blankenbarg,  ii.  3:  purchases 
Pichegru  s  adhesion.  3 :  N.'s  negotiations  with.  6, 154 :  banished, 
134 :  hopes  for  restoration  of,  154 :  residence  in  Warsaw,  154, 
189,  192 :  the  Cadoudal  conspiracy,  189 :  promises  constitutional 
government,  189 :  manifesto  of,  192  :  Alexander  I.'s  opinion  of, 
iii.  45:  at  Mittau,  45:  otfere<l  a  kingdom  in  the  United  States, 
208 :  proclaimed  king  at  Bordeaux,  iv.  114 :  acclaimed  in 
Paris,  134 :  proclaimed  king  by  the  Senate,  145,  147 :  imperial 
generals  transfer  their  allegiance  to,  147:  character,  147.  157, 
158 :  his  feeble  tenure,  148  :  scandals  circulated  at  the  court  of, 
155 :  treaty  with  the  powers,  May  30,  1814,  156 :  power  to  cre- 
ate peei-s,  157:  blunders  of,  157-159:  appoints  Soult  minis- 
ter of  war,  159  :  AT.  prophesies  the  betrayal  of,  161 :  indifference 
to  treaty  obligations,  162  :  senils  troops  against  N.,  16G:  makes 
concessions,  1(^:  flees  to  Lille,  166:  flees  to  Ghent.  168:  X.'s 
forgiveness  for,  218 

Louisa,  Queen  (of  Pnissia),  brings  about  the  treaty  of  Potsdam, 
ii.  242,  243:  character  and  influence,  269.  278:  X.'s  abuse  of, 
iii.  3 ;  at  Memel.  36,  87:  at  Tilsit,  40:  scandal  concerning  the 
Tzar.  49 :  interviews  with  A',  concerning  Magdeburg.  4i>-53 : 
the  incident  of  the  rose,  52 :  sarcastic  speech  to  Talleyrand,  52 : 
compared  with  Queen  Mary  of  England,  53 :  death  of,  53,  251 ; 
iv.  30 :  in  need  of  comforts,  iii.  87 

Louisa,  Queen  (of  Spain),  relations  with  Godoy,  ii.  131, 184,  212  : 
iii.  60,  9>*,  10(»,  112,  117  :  friendship  for  A'.,  iL  212  :  admits  Eng- 
land to  Leghorn,  iii.  57 :  supposed  poisoning  of  her  daughter- 
in-law,  99  :  examines  Ferdinand's  papers,  100 :  her  son  reveals 
her  shame,  100:  suspected  of  intrigue  in  Spain,  loi :  panic- 
stricken  at  the  French  invasion,  105:  advocates  the  scheme 
of  monarchy  in  America,  106  :  repents  her  abdication,  lOS,  ItKt ; 
N.'s  attitude  toward,  110 :  virtual  prisoner  in  the  Escorial,  111 : 
snmmoneil  to  Bayonne.  114 

Louisiana,  ecUd  to  France,  ii.  132,  174:  collapse  of  French  rule 
in,  153:  expedition  to.  174:  Spain's  exasperation  over  loss  of, 
184 :  N.'s  dream  of  empire  in,  184 :  sold  by  Fi-ance  to  the  United 
States,  1&4,  212 ;  iv.  247,  248 

VOL.  IV.— 39 


Louvain,  Gnei«enau  opeuH  fresh  communications  via,  iv.  184; 

poMtiblu  n-ti'-at  of  tlio  I'rnHAlana  vlii.  I'Jl 
Louverture,  Toussalnt,  'b-feuHe  of  Sun  Ihjndngo,  i|.  162:  or- 

giiiilzrH  a  con.iuhir  govennnent,  152:    caiiturc  and  death  of, 

152 
Louvre,  the.  X.'i  second  marriage  in,  il.  198-200 
Love,  A.  on.  I.  40 
Low  Countries.     s«e  Aistkian   NKTHKULA.Hns;  Bata\7an 

ItKI't  HUr.  liKUJIlM;  lilTCH  KLA.«tUItlW;  llOLLA.HJ)  ;  NKTIIKK- 
LASbN 

Lowe,  Sir  Hudson,  allegations  al>out  N.'"  phytiical  allmentji,  iv. 
i;3:  character,  216:  his  custody  of  X.,  216-218:  X.'m  difipnlet 
with,  238 

Lubeck,  proptjsal  ttt  give  It  to  Pru&Bla,  ii.  258:  surrender  of,  III. 
2:  sack  of,  4:  Iternadottus  force  in,  157:  extciwlon  of  the 
French  cuipire  to,  213 

Luc,  A',  lit,  iv.  152 

Lucca,  given  U»  I'an1inc(Baonaparte)Borghc8e,  il.  227, 229:  given 
to  Elisa.  2'i.'  :  «  rmtloii  of  hereditary  duchy  of,  255 

Lucca  and  Plomblno,  Prince  of.    Stc  BAfvio<vni,  v.  p. 

Lucca  and  Piombino.  Princess  of.  See  Blo.nai'Aktk,  Makie- 
Annk-Kli>a 

Luckau,  defeat  of  Omlinot  at,  Iv.  56 

Ludmannsdorf,  Archduke  Charles's  force  at,  ill.  160 

Lun^vllle,  ncKotiations  between  Cohenzl  and  Joseph  Bonaparte 
at,  ii.  122.  125:  the  Peace  of,  125,  126,  131,  132,  168,  171,  193, 
229,  2:hi),  2."'9 

Lusha,  River,  ndlitary  movements  on  the,  Hi.  269 

Lusignan,  Gen.,  militiirj  operations  on  the  Piave,  L  266,  267 

Liitzeu,  'atUu  of,  iv.  3.v-;iH,  r»:i.  65 

Liitzow,  Baron  L.  A.  W.,  raises  the  *'  black  troop,"  Iv.  31 

Luxembourg,  the,  Barras's  social  life  in,  I.  17:( :  Gohier  and 
filoiilins  witlnlraw  to,  ii.  73:  Moreau  cunimandlng  guard  at,  74: 
the  Fii-st  Consul  installed  at,  84:  residence  of  the  Bonapartes 
at.  127 

Lyceums,  the,  U.  14C,  147 ;  ill.  73,  74 

Lyons.  A'.V  memoir  t«>  the  Academy  at,  i.  40  :  the  "Two-cent  Re- 
volt '•  in,  41  :  A',  at,  41, 108,  lU ;  ii.  5H  ;  iv.  151, 1G5,  171  :  honors 
to  Paoli  in,  i.  08 :  massacres  and  anarchy  in,  111,  123,  128,  138 : 
Girondist  success  at,  12k  :  siege  of,  13:1 :  fall  of,  l:(5  :  recapture 
of,  148:  reorganization  of  the  Cisalpine  Republic  at,  ii.  149: 
Fesch  becomes  archbishop  of,  165  :  repulse  of  Bubna  from  be- 
fore, iv.  98 :  Augereau  driven  back  to,  109 :  assaulted  by  the 
allies,  119:  evacuated  by  Augereau,  119,  120:  Francis  L  at, 
121  :  constitutional  assembly  summoned  Ui,  165:  reception  of 
Art'-ia  and  Macdonald  at,  165  :  national  assembly  at.  171 

Lyons  Academs^  the,  X.'s  essay  before,  i.  76-78  :  X.'s  competi- 
tion iur  prize  of,  95 


Uacdonald,  Gen.  E  J.  J.  A-,  commanding  Army  of  the  North,  !. 

iiOli :  ;i  i-To,tuct  of  ('.irni't's  system,  202:  orderetl  to  command 
in  Nui)U.4,  ii.  TiO:  succicds  Chamiiionnet,  63 :  defeatetl  on  the 
Trebbia,  63:  action  on  the  ISth  Brumaire,  71:  commanding 
guard  at  Versailles,  74:  commanding  in  the  Orisons,  124: 
crosses  the  Spliigeii,  12C:  created  Duke  of  Taranto,  iii.  71: 
commanding  in  Italy,  If'A :  pursues  Archduke  John  into  Hun- 
gary, 165  :  at  Villach,  168  :  battle  of  Wagram,  177  :  strt-ngth, 
March,  1812,  216:  in  Russian  campaign,  256:  reaches  Tilsit, 
iv.  20 :  campaign  of  1813,  34  :  battle  of  Lntzen,  :J6  :  battle  of 
Bautzen,  39 :  beleaguers  Schweidnitz,  42 :  confrcmts  Blucher  at 
the  Bober,  55,  61 :  detailed  to  block  Bliicher's  ro.id  into  Sjixony, 
56:  fails  in  his  movement  against  Berlin,  59-6:i :  battle  of  Katz- 
bach,  60,  61:  reinforcements  for.  6;t:  attacked  by  Blucher  at 
Fischbaeh,  63 :  ordered  to  check  Bluchers  advance,  65  :  battle 
of  Leipsic,  71-73.  75 :  at  crossing  of  the  Elster,  75 :  defends  the 
Rhine  at  Cologne,  89;  Blucher  attempts  to  cut  oiT,  95  :  fails  to 
check  Bliicher's  retreat,  96:  ordered  toward  Montmirail,  96 : 
ordered  to  join  Victor  at  Monterean,  97  :  Ins  failure  at  Chateau- 
Thierry,  102:  before  Bray,  102,  103:  moral  esliaustion  of.  103: 
opposed  toSchwarzenberg,  105, 112  :  driven  beyond  Troyes,  105 : 
demoralized  at  Pro\'iiis,  109:  moves  toward  Vitry,  119:  at 
Perthes,  126 :  Bourbon  intrigues  with,  133  :  advises  endeavor 
to  recover  Paris.  136 :  strength  after  the  surrender  of  Paris, 
137 :  at  Fontaincblcau,  l:i7,  i:^8 :  approves  plan  of  attack  on 
Paris,  139 :  at  the  altdication  scene,  139,  140 :  on  commission  to 
present  abdication  to  the  Czar,  142,  143 :  rebuke  to  Mannont, 
144  :  transfers  his  allegiance,  145  :  reception  in  Lyons,  165 

Macedonia,  X.'s  eye  on,  i.  262 

Macerata,  annexed  to  Italy,  iii.  5^  94 

Machiavelli,  Ixis  "  History  of  Florence,"  x.'s  study  of,  i.  85 : 
on  friendships,  ii.  163  :  theses  concerning  the  CTmrch  of  Rome, 
iii.  201 

Mack,  Gen.  K,  leads  Neaptditan  army  against  Rome,  ii.  49: 
mobilizes  the  Austrian  anuy,  230:  quartermaster-general  with 
Archduke  Ferdinand  in  Germany,  233:  X.'s  opinion  of,  233: 
essays  to  cross  the  Danube  at  Gunzburg,  235  :  mislctl  concern- 
ing A\'*  movements,  235  :  interview  with  N.,  235, 236  :  result  of 
his  capitulation,  236 

"Madame  M^re,"  i.  16.    See  also  Buonaparte.  Letizia 

Madeleine  Islands,  A',  writes  of  their  strategic  importance, 
i.  46 

Madison,  James,  policy  of  non-intervention,  iii.  83 :  declares 
war  against  England,  244 

Madrid,  etfect  of  Marengo  at,  ii .  131 :  Lucien  Buonaparte  minister 
at,  164  :  the  laud-owning  class  in,  98 :  culmination  of  intrigues 
at,  iii.  100 :  the  queen  regent  of  Etruria  sent  to,  102  :  Irritation 
agaiust  l-Vance  in,  lu4  :  Murat  advances  on,  106:  rioting  in,  107, 
118:  entry  of  Ferdinand  VII.  into,  109  :  Murat  enters.  109-111: 


290 


INDEX 


^ladrid  —  eoutinufd. 
pro|Hi8ea  visit  of  X.  to.  110, 112 :  K.  dieapproves  the  seiztire  of, 
110:  Charlca  IV.  a  virtual  prisoner  at,  lU:  placed  iimUr  lui- 
luiiiistrtitJon  of  a  jiinia,  IV2:  aiinouiicement  of  the  Biiurbons' 
deiK>sttiMn  ill.  114:  revolt  ajr-iinst  Murat's  tynuiny  in,  114,  US: 
Joseph asfliinieslhek'overnnunt at,  117, 121:  MiiratcouimiuuUii>: 
at,  IXi :  the  Kreneh  jKJssesfiion  of,  in  danger,  V2'2  ■  the  French 
eviienate,  12;*,  124:  Sir  John  Moore's  snpi>osed  movement  on, 
144, 145  :  the  Kn-nch  army  hefore  tlie  piles  of,  145  :  eapitnlation 
of,  145:  S.  makes  tttlkers  prisoners  of  war,  145  :  French  tr^wps 
leave,  146:  chilly  reccptiini  of  j,V.  in,  147  :  h"rench  evacuation 
of,  14H :  Wellinjrton  moves  against,  222  :  Victor  Hugo  at  school 
in,  ■-'■^;i  :  (Jiorjjc  Sand  in,  2*23 
Ma^allon,  Charles,  French  consul  at  Cairo,  ii.  32 :  advocates 

St  1/ arc  of  ^,^;ypt,  ;12 
Magdalena,  i'"iiil>;irdment  of,  i.  114  :  capture  of,  140 
Magdalena  Islands,  cxpe«iition  agjunst  the,  i.  114 
Magdeburg,    Hohcnlolic's  retreat  to,   ii.  283:  siojie  of,  ill.  2: 
Friiierick  William's  hard  struggle  to  retain,  49:  t^neen  Louisa's 
etforts  to  Kivi',  49-53:  pa^sses  to  Jerome  with  Westpliulia,  49, 
2(>4  :  paraUcl  between  Calais  and,  53:  lYeuch  occupation  of, 
i:.7.  2(H,  249,  253  ;  iv.  28,  51,  07 

MaglnajO,  I'aoli's  landing  at,  1.  68 

Magnano,  battle  of,  ii.  t*.o 

Mamnud  IL,  proclaimed  sultan,   iii.  127 :  makes  treaty  with 

Kus-i;i,  214 

*'  Mahomet "  (VoUaire'sX  S.'s  notes  on,  iv.  217 

Malllebois,  y.'s  study  of,  iv.  2;i4 

Main,  River,  Augcreau's  force  on  the,  ii.  124 

Main,  Army  of  the.    See  Ahmv  of  the  M.\in 

Mainau,  'nicl  to  linden,  ii.262 

Mainteuon,  Mme.  de,  patron  of  the  St.  Cyr  Academy,  i.  103 

Mainz,  evacuation  of,  L  133 :  ceded  to  France,  ii.  14, 18,  25  :  Mar- 
niont  ordered  to,  232 :  iV.  leaves  Paris  for,  274 :  occupied  by 
Mortier,  270 ;  iii.  7  :  sends  deputation  to  Paris,  iv.  17  :  A',  at, 
33,  47,  m,  79  :  meeting  of  iV.  and  Maria  Louisa  at,  48 :  French 
retreat  to,  7G  :  discjise  in,  70  :  S'.'s  humanity  at,  79  :  defense  of 
the  Uhine  at,  S9 :  Prussian  forces  at,  92 :  A.  concedes  to  the 
allies  at  Chiitillon,  114 

Mainz,  Bishop  of,  .V.'^■  sarcasm  to  agent  of,  ii.  18 

Mainz,  the  Elector  of,  ii.  259,  2tH).    See  also  Dalbkrg,  Akch- 

HI-^Hol' 

Maison,  Gen.,  available  forces  of,  iv.  137  :  transfers  his  allegi- 
an.f  t'.  Louis  XVni..  147 

Maistre,  Joseph  de,  on  social  order,  iii.  72 

Maitland,  Sir  P.,  in  battle  of  Waterloo,  iv.  201,  202 

Maitland,  Capt.  F.  L.  takes  N.  on  Iioai-d  the  "Bellerophon," 
i\.  JO'.t:  r.  latiotis  with  X,  20'.»-211 

"  Malbrook  s'en  va  t'en  guerre,"  iv.  75 

Malct,  C.  F.  de,  couspirncy  to  overtlirow  the  empire,  iv.  4,  14, 
l."» :  hi:?  career  and  execution,  14, 15 

Malmalfion,  -V.  at,  ii.  133,  103,  195 ;  iii.  152 ;  iv.  208 :  social  vices 
at,  iii.  75  :  Josephine  withdraws  to,  190  :  A',  visits  Joseplune  at, 
19"  ' 

Malmesbury,  Earl  of,  mission  to  Paris  (1796),  i.  278,  279 :  views 
conceruiug  Fntnce,  279 :  resumes  peace  uegotiatious  at  Lille, 
ii.  H 

Malojaroslavetz,  battle  of.  iii.  269,  270;  iv.  3 

Malta,  X-  plans  seizure  of,  i,  262 ;  ii.  11,  12,  21 :  rival  claimants 
of,  12 :  French  intrigues  in,  38 :  the  citadel  of  the  Mediterra- 
nean, 38:  N,'s  expedition  against,  38:  capture  of,  38:  the 
KiU;f  hts  of  St.  John,  38,  40 :  blockade  of,  40  :  besieged  by  England, 
93  :  Paul  I.  seeks  control  of,  93,  102,  126 :  French  capture  of, 
102  :  captured  by  Enpland,  126:  proposed  cession  of,  to  Russia, 
120:  England  withilraws  from,  135,  168:  Russia  waives  claim 
to,  135  :  restored  to  the  Knights  of  St.  John,  107  :  proposed  ces- 
sion by  En;;land,  171 :  i-Yauce  pushes  England  for  declaration 
concerning,  175,  176:  En^'land's  occupation  of,  179,  182,  184, 
225,  226,  228:  England  refuses  to  admit  the  Neapolitan  garri- 
son, 182:  N.  suggests  Austrian  or  Russian  occupation,  182: 
England  insists  on  ten  yeais'  occupancy  of,  182  :  A.V  ambition 
concerning,  184  :  proposal  that  England  keej),  259  :  importance 
of,  iii.  H9 

Mamelukes,  scandals  concerning,  ii.  11,  40 :  usurpation  of  Egypt 
by.  32  :  foundation  of  the  military  organization  of,  39,  40  :  at- 
tack the  French  at  Shebreket,  40:  in  the  battle  of  the  Pyra- 
mids, 41 :  enlisted  in  French  army,  45  :  the  last  of  the,  53 

Manche,  Letoumeaux  de  la,  njember  of  the  Directory,  i.  IHG 

Manhood  suffrage,  i.  iKt 

Manin,  last  done  ol  Venice,  death  of,  ii.  10 

Mann,  Admiral,  drivi-n  from  the  Mediterranean,  i.  260 

Mannheim,  .V.*«  line  of  retreat  via,  ii,  270  :  proposed  conference 
at,  iv.  Kj,  '.I'.t 

"Man  of  destiny,"  the,  i.  195 

"Man  on  horseback,"  the,  i.  180, 183 

ManslUa,  Smilt  ordered  tr.,  iii.  J46 

Mantua,  capture  of,  i.  '.ill  ;  military  operations  around,  218,  2J9, 
2Ji;,  '227,  231  :  siege  of,  227  et  Beq.,  2:J6  :  gamson,  231  :  impor- 
tiiucc,  232  :  the  sIckc  raised,  232  :  reblockadcd  by  the  French, 
234  :  WurniBer  relieves,  234,  235:  Austria's  clforti*  to  relieve,  236 
el  set).,  ySO-'iSH :  A'.'«  critical  position  before,  237  :  Wnrmser's 
Inetfectual  sally  from,  240:  Ifidsilctlanco  to  France,  247  :  Wurni- 
Kcr'B  defense  and  Burrender  of,  254-258  ;  dispoaltlon  Ity  treaty  of 
Li^-ohen,  271 :  capture  of,  280:  incor])orated  in  the  ClBaliilne  Re- 
public, ii.  14  ;  lost  to  France,  03 :  InttTview  between  A',  and  Lu- 
din  »t^  iii.  1(»2,  103  :  trial  and  execution  of  Ilofer  at,  180 

Manufactures,  condition  of,  at  outbreak  of  the  Revolution,  1.  53  : 
enrourau'i-nirnt  of.  ii.  141;  Iii.  27.  '2'M 

"  Manuscrlt  de  llle  d*Elbe,"  the,  i.  103 

"ManuBcrlt  de  Ste.  H6l6ne,"  repudiated  by  A^.,  iv.  217 


Marat,  J.  P.,  head  of  the  committee  of  surveillance,  i.  110 :  crimes 

and  JL^sjissination  of.  138 
Marbais,  ndlitar.\  movements  near,  iv.  185,  1S(» 
Marbeuf,  Marquis  de,  tradition  ciuuerning  his  paternity  of  .V., 

i.  14  :    inlluenccs  S.'n  education,  21,  22,  20:  unu-riage  of,  32: 

deiilb.  41,  01 

Marbeuf,  Mgr.  Y.  A.  de,  bishop  of  Autun,  social  influence  of,  I. 
:tri :  iii>i.Tiir<.  of.  47  ;  literary  patron  of  A.,  47 

Marbot,  Gen.,  denies  the  story  of  Lannes's  deathbed,  iii.  173: 
relates  anectlot^:  of  the  cantiniire  of  Uusaco,  223  :  memoirs  of, 
iv.  IMt.  r.'O:  on  Orouchy's  blunders.  1H9,  190 

Marburg,  junction  of  Austrian  troops  at,  ii,  236 

Marceau,  Gen.  F.  S..  in  Itattle  of  Fleurus,  i.  163 :  statue  at  the 
'riiileries,  ii.  '.17 

March,  River,  ndlitary  operathms  on  the,  iii.  178 

Marchfeld,  the,  lighting  in,  iii.  109  :  military  operations  on,  173, 
174:  Prince  Eugene  left  to  guard,  181  :  Bernadotte's  failure  on, 
215 

Marchlennes,  military  operations  near,  iv.  170,  179 

Marciaua,  A.  at,  iv.  155 

Marcoguet,  Gen.,  in  battle  of  Waterloo,  iv.  196 

Marengo,  A.'s  over-conlldenee  at,  ii.  110 :  topography  of  country 
near,  117  :  battle  of,  110-120;  iii.  152,  228:  A'.\  triumidiant  re- 
turn frou),  ii.  120  :  S'.'s  desire  for  peace  after,  122  :  cllcct  of  the 
battle  at  Madrid,  131  :  Moreau's  troops  employed  at,  188:  cele- 
bration on  the  field  of,  I'-iS:  statements  concerning  A'.V  move- 
ments after,  l.'i'J  :  .V.  V  narrow  escape  at,  iv.  19 :  a  noijility  dat- 
ing from.  H'2:  its  place  in  French  history,  230 

Maret,  H.  B.,  secretary  to  A.,  ii.  l:w;  iii.  23:  recovery  of, 
2s :  inttnenee  of,  28:  increased  activity  of,  28:  created  Duke 
of  Bassauii,  71 :  report  fr<»ni  Laborde  to,  193,  194  :  member  ut 
extraonlinary  council  *m  X.'s  second  marriat:e,  195:  succeeds 
l^hanipagny  in  the  Foreign  Ottlce.  212  :  warlike  zeal  of,  248 : 
letter  from  A'.,  Sept.  10.  18J2,  204 :  letter  from  A.,  Nov.  29, 1812. 
iv.  12:  in  charge  of  affairs  in  Lithuania,  14:  meeting  with 
Metteriuch.  44  :  on  the  Austrian  marriage,  44  :  letter  from  A., 
All;:.  23.  isi;t,  rtS  :  Minister  of  Foreign  Artairs,  81,  83  :  succeeded 
by  f'aulaiiicourt,  81, 83 :  transferred  to  the  Department  of  State, 
83:  French  dislike  of,  S3:  influence  over  A.  at  Dresden,  100: 
on  the  Congress  of  CliAtillon,  100.  101  :  i-ecords  anecdote  of 
Caulaincourt  after  La  Rotliiere,  100,  101 :  pei-suades  A',  to  re- 
sume negotiations,  104  :  wrings  concessions  from  A'.,  114:  let- 
ter to  Caulaincourt,  Marcli  17,  1814,  114:  at  council  at  St. 
Dizier,  126:  at  the  abdication  scene,  139;  member  of  N.'s  new 
caldnet,  107 

Maria,  Queen  of  Portugal,  mental  alienation  of,  iii.  95  :  em- 
barks for  llrazil,  97 

Maria  Amelia,  princess  of  Saxony,  mentioned  for  marriage 
with  A.,  iii.  139 

Maria  Amelia;  i|ueen  of  Saxony,  reproaches  Metternieh  for 
deserting  .\'.,  iv.  81 

Maria  Antonietta  Theresa,  wife  of  Ferdinand  YIl.,  death  of, 
iii.  99 

Maria  Carolina,  queen  of  Naples,  alleged  intrigues  of,  ii.  229: 
approni  biiig  dtiwnfall,  229  :  breaks  her  comi>act  with  A'.,  255 

Maria  Louisa,  of  Austria,  at  Compiegne.  iii.  110:  jtroposed 
marriage  with  A.,  139,  193,  194  :  preparations  for  her  mai-riage, 
194-197  :  marriage  in  Vienna,  195-197  :  progress  from  Vienna 
to  Paris,  197,  198:  meeting  with  A.  at  Compiegne.  197,  198: 
civil  marriage,  198:  induction  into  her  inipeiial  court,  198-200: 
personality  and  character,  199,  2(M(,  248,  249,  251  ;  iv.  18:  visit 
to  Holland,  iii.  206  :  statue  by  Canova,  229  :  birth  of  the  King 
of  Rome,  230 :  abandoimient  of  A'.,  230 ;  iv.  149,  155.  150,  169  : 
A.'s  affection  for,  iii.  230.  245,  248,  249;  iv.  18,  218:  accompa- 
nies N.  to  Dresden,  iii.  250,  251;  retm'us  from  Dresden  to 
Paris,  251 :  at  Prague.  251 :  married  to  Neipperg,  251:  lack  of  af- 
fection for,  in  France,  iv.  15 :  plan  of  regency  for,  is.  48, 134, 141, 
142  :  visits  Pius  VII.,  20 :  Mettcrnich  on  lier  nuirrlage,  44 :  po- 
litical ends  subserved  through,  44:  her  marriage  "a  idcce  of 
stupidity,"  40 :  chained  with  treachery,  46  :  meets  A',  at  Mainz, 
4H :  dramatic  appearances  before  tlie  people,  87,  88 :  entrusted 
to  the  care  of  the  National  Cuard.  88:  Francis  I.  to,  on  the 
situation,  99 :  prepares  for  e.vtrcmities,  l(h* :  Joseph  enjoined 
to  preserve  her  from  Austrian  capture,  117  :  letter  from  A'., 
March  23,  1814,  121,  123:  character  as  Empress-regent,  128: 
her  council,  128:  rebuked  by  A'.,  128:  fliwht  from  Paris,  128- 
132:  establishes  a  regency  at  Blois,  135:  flight  of,  130:  A. 
seeks  lier  intervention  with  her  father,  144  :  declines  to  accom- 
pany A.  to  EU»a,  149:  A*.'.s'  anxiety  for,  149-151;  takes  refuge 
with  her  father.  149,  155  :  at  Rainbtmillet.  150 :  A.  breaks  off 
relations  with,  155:  succumbs  to  Neipperjr's  wiles,  155:  pro- 
posed coronation  of,105 :  relations  with  Neii)pcrg,10'.( :  disclaims 
connection  with  her  husband,  169:  failure  of  the  attemi)t  to 
iroun.  171  ;  besought  for  A'.'j*  release,  217  :  N.'s  sentiments 
toward,  •.>18 

Marie  Louise,  queen  of  Etruria,  Lmden  refuses  to  marry,  ii. 
104  :  abdicates  and  irocs  to  Madrid,  iii.  102  :  interview  with  A., 
lOj  :  supports  Charles  IV..  108  :  ordered  to  Hayonne,  116 

Maria  Theresa,  ebaraetcr.  iii.  :j6 

Marie  Antoinette,  tradition  concerning,  i.  22 

"  Marie  Louises,"  iu  the  defense  of  Paris,  iv.  123 

Manotte,  I  alUj  rand's  a*.;ent  in  Leghorn,  iv.  160:  plots  t^>  seize 
A'.,  Ii'.o 

Maritime  Alps,  war  in  the.  1.  no,  200,  208 

Markgrafneustedl,  military  operations  near,  iii.  176-177 

Markkleeberg,  H^ditiug  near,  iv.  71 

Markoff,  Count,  Knsnian  ambussador  at  Paris,  iL  168,  211  :  at 
tb.-  Tuilerics,  .Manb  13,  1ho;j,  180.  181 

Marlborough,  Duke  of,  ndlitary  genius,  i.  210:  A.  compared 
with,  '.21(» 


INDKX 


291 


Marmont, Gon.  A.  F.  L.,  A',  visits,  I.  82 :  records  iV.'jmercy,  137 : 

uiliiilraticiri (or  A'., la'.i,  H4  : uocMinimniiii  A',  to  I'lirls,  May 2,  IT'.m, 
150:  at  Milan, 223:  rt'coriUuttcrunci-Hof  A',  ut  Mlliiii,22:i  :ht*rvlcL' 
hi  Kgyitt,  ii.  'M  :  A.  tvlla  him  of  iiiteiittuii  t^>  return  fruiii  KK>'|)t, 
5.'» :  roport.s  (icclar»tloii  of  Sir  Siilnuy  •Sinltli,  r..'i :  nt-t:om]>HiilcH 
^.  on  his  rftiirn  fruni  Alcxuiutriji,  an  :  coinnDiiHliiiK  ut  thu  mlU- 
tory  srhuol,  74|:  pn.4sc8  Fort  Huril,  11 1»  li:):  in  Itnttlr  of  Ma- 
rengo, IIH  :  orilert'il  from  the  Texel  Ut  Mull)z,2:t2  :  at  .NmihiirR, 
2:11  :  chaiBctur,  2a4 ;  Iv.  114  :  lettei-  from  N.  to,  Nov.  ir.,  IKIir,,  II. 
21-1 :  created  Duke  of  KaKtisft,  III.  71  :  called  to  Vienna  fi-oin  11- 
l>Tia,  174  ;  pursues  Arcluluke  CliarleH.  17H,  IHl  :  repulsed  at 
Znaiin,  181  :  replaces  Ma.saena,  221  :  withdraws  for  concentra- 
tion, 222  :  moves  aL:ainst  Hurpow,  222  :  advances  on  WtdliliKton, 
222  :  liattle  of  Salamanca,  222,  2t'.ll ;  iv.  15  :  eampaiun  of  181:),  M  : 
the  Sjixttii  cani|iaii;n,  y5  :  lialtlc  u(  llaut7.en,  ."('.i,  4(l :  treachery, 
53,  54 :  recollections  of  .V.,  54  :  confronts  Blucher  at  the  Hoher, 
55:  critici/i'S  A'.'«  plans,  55  :  battle  of  Dresden,  56,  57  ;  Hcnt  to 
support  of  Vandammo  at  Kulm,  01 ;  A',  confesses  failuro  to,  05  : 
characterization  of  the  maix'h  t^>  Lcipslr,  60  :  battle  of  Leipsic, 
70,  72-74:  on  A'.V  conduct  after  Lripsic,  7:i :  assigned  U»  de- 
fense of  the  Rhine,  81):  at  Monlierendi  r, '.14  :  falls  into  panic,  tin; 
moves  from  Suzanne  apaiiist  lilnrlii-i-,  '.15,  '.Hi:  aiuilhilates  Olsu- 
sietf's  corps,  '.»0 :  dcnioralizntinn  of,  '.h;  :  pursues  liluchei',  90: 
driven  by  Blucher  t*>  Kronicntii  res,  '.r,  ;  junction  of  A',  and,  near 
Etoges,  'J7  :  battle  of  Chanipaubert,  I'M  :  ordered  to  hold  IJlucher, 
102:  at  StJzannc,  KM:  loses  Soissons,  100:  junction  with  A'., 
106:  cheeks  Blucher  at  the  Ourci|,  106 :  4iattle  of  Laon,  loS: 
routed  by  York,  108 :  at  F.ppcs,  108  :  dLsaster  at  Athles,  108, 110 : 
abandons  Borry-atl-Bac,  loit :  rallies  his  troops  at  Fisines,  100, 
110:  captures  Rhelms,  110:  reproached  by  A'.,  110:  at  Berry- 
au-Bac,  li:i :  defends  the  Paris  line  auainst  Bliicher,  113  :  letter 
from  .v.,  March  20, 1814,  117  :  ordered  toChftlons,  117-11'.) :  Joins 
Mortier  at  Fisines,  11'.) :  plan  of  ^tpcrations  against  Bliicher,  ll'J  : 
disobedience  anil  inc;ipacity  of,  lO'J,  ll'J,  120,  12:) ;  rctreata  to 
Fismes,  123  :  junction  with  Mortier,  12:) :  8)ippo.scd  advantages 
of  a  retreat  to  RheitnB,  PJ-I :  driven  back  to  Cliarcnton,  123: 
driven  back  on  I'ai-is,  124,  128,  130, 131 :  strength,  125  :  empow- 
ered to  treat  for  snn-ender,  132 :  defense  of  Paris,  132, 133  :  van- 
ity, 133,  138  :  concludes  terms  of  surrender,  l:J3  ;  approached  by 
Bourbon  intriguers,  i:t3 :  homage  of  Paris  to,  133,  138:  de- 
uounced  by  -V.,  135:  receives  the  Emjteror's  congratulations, 
136  :  reveals  the  worst  to  the  Emperor,  136 ;  ordered  to  take  po- 
sition under  the  walls  of  Paris,  136  :  strength  after  the  surrender 
of  Pari.s  136, 137  :  the  treason  of,  138 :  terms  of  his  secession,  138  : 
letter  to  Alexaniler,  April  3,  1814, 138  :  rcpeat.s  the  rAle  of  Monk, 
138,  142  :  sends  treasonable  documents  to  Bcrthicr,  1.38 :  seduce-s 
live  of  his  generals,  142  :  reveals  his  plot  to  Schwarzenberg,  142 : 
at  Essonnes,  142  :  attempts  to  explain  away  his  .action,  142  :  de- 
mands to  join  the  embiissy  to  the  Czar,  112 :  "  brought  up  in 
N.'s  tent,"  142  :  aids  in  delivering  up  Souham's  troops,  143, 144  ; 
fails  to  face  Alexander,  143  :  deni4>ridization  among  his  troops, 
143 :  seeks  audience  with  the  Czar,  143,  144 :  his  subseciuent 
career  of  treason,  and  death,  144  :  despised  by  the  imperial  gen- 
erals, 144:  coining  of  the  word  "  ragusa<le,*"  144:  Macdonald's 
rebuke  to,  144 :  nicknanuHl  Jud.a-s,  144,  158 :  stricken  from  the 
list  ol  marshals,  144 :  X.  on  his  desertion,  144, 145 :  A'.'s  charge 
against.  146  :  puts  the  Paris  garrison  under  arms,  159:  applies 
for  post  of  minister  of  war,  159:  attaiuted,  165:  X.'s  forgive- 
ness for,  218 
Mame,  River,  military  operations  on  the,  iv.  92,  94,  96,  106, 121, 

l-.>3 

Marriage,  under  the  Code,  ii.  143,  144 

Marseillais,  the,  in  the  riots  of  August  10, 1792,  i.  104, 105 

"  MarseUiaase,"  the,  suni;  in  Paris,  i.  102  :  permitted  by  impe- 
rial order,  iv.  87  :  played  at  Fontainebleau,  137 

Marseilles,  A'-  at,  i.  42,  61,  7'.i,  IOh,  134,  156,  184,  195 :  sends  de- 
putation to  Paris,  102:  demands  aboliti'Ui  of  monarchy,  102: 
equipment  of  Sardinian  expedition  from.  113:  anarchy  and 
massacres  in,  123,  127.128,  131,  138:  the  Buonapartes  in,  12", 
156,  185  :  defeat  of  the  Jacobins  in,  128  :  movement  of  ilaraeil- 
lais  on  Paris,  128  :  captured  by  Cartcanx,  131 :  refugees  from,  at 
Toulon,  132  :  the  "  Bastille  "of,  141 :  .V.'n  views  of  the  fortiflca- 
tions,  141,  142:  feeling  .against  S.  in,  141,  142:  circidatiim  of 
counterfeit  money  in,  145  :  news  of  the  Terror  in.  149  :  reopen- 
ing of  commerce  with  Genoa,  153  :  forced  military  loans  in,  208 : 
Massona  commanding  at,  iv.  163  :  A',  scuds  emissaries  to,  103 

"  Marsh,"  the,  p'l^ition  in  the  National  Convention,  i.  Ill 

"Marshal  Forward,"  iv.  122.    See  also  Blicuer 

Marshall,  John,  l':dleyrand  attempts  to  corrupt,  ii.  23 

Martial  law.  rcfonns  of,  i.  80 

Martinique,  birtliidace  of  Josephine  Beauharnais,  i.  189  :  French 
sqnaiiron  at,  ii.  213 :  French  plans  to  strengthen,  213 

Maxy,  Queen  ("f  I'-nglaiul).  likeneil  to  IJneen  Louisa,  Hi.  53 

"  Masked  Prophet,"  the,  i.  44,  48 

Massa-e-Carrara,  inrorporated  in  the  Cisalpine  Republic,  ii. 
14  :  given  to  Elisa  (lluonaparte),  255 

Mass^na,  Gen.  Andr6,  general  in  Army  of  Italy,  i.  142, 208 :  seizes 
Vfutiniiglia,  143  :  plan  of  campaign  in  the  Apennines,  143  :  on 
the  courage  of  his  troops,  143.  144  :  defeats  Austrians  at  ilille- 
sinio,  215  :  at  Lodi,  219  :  defeated  at  Bassano,  237  :  battle  of  Ci- 
tadclla,  2;!7  :  dcicatcd  by  Alvlnczy  at  Caldiero.  237  :  military 
operations  on  the  Piave,  237,  267  :  attacked  at  St.  Michel,  251 : 
in  the  Kivoli  campaign,  2.53,  254,  256  ;  ii.  207  :  operations  in  the 
Italian  Alps,  i.  2i'.7 :  captures  Chiusa  Veneta,  207  :  seizes  St. 
Michael  and  Leoben.  269  :  operations  on  the  river  Mur,  269:  or- 
dered to  Switzerland,  ii.  00  :  military  genius,  GO  :  iii.  4,  217  :  de- 
feated at  Zurich,  ii.  63  :  defeats  Korsakoff  at  Zurich,  63,  93, 
2CI7  :  lltt.il  for  role  of  (i.neral  Monk,  65  :  victories  in  Italy,  66  : 
suiireme  conmiamler  of  the  Army  of  Itjdy,  92,  10.5,  120.  232: 
puts  Suvaroff  to  flight,  93 :  defeats  Archduke  Charles  at  Zurich, 


Mnsn/na,  Oen.  Andri"'  —  emilinufd. 
93  :  makes  a  forc.d  levy  in  Swllzerlnnd,  101,  IW  :  bringh  -"^x  Iti- 
eriuiiil  into  French  hauils,  108  :  defense  and  iurri-nilerol  <ienoii, 
1»«.  lln,  11:),  114,  2<r7  :  plans  tor  the  relbf  of.  110,  113  :  nuoer- 
seded  by  Brum',  124  :  republicanism  of,  1'J4  :  en  ateil  ninrslinl, 
'207  :  leaves  Italy  for  AUHtrhl,  245:  ordrn-d  to  Napb-s.  2.',5 :  uvo- 
rice. .f,  ill.  4  :  venality  of,  07  :  created  Duke  of  Klvcdl,  71  :  yearly 
Income  aiul  einjnnous  fortun'',71,  l~'.i,  Tlfi :  to  concentrate  at 
Mm,  ir,8:  to  conceidrat4i  on  the  I-eeh,  I.5'J  :  niovemenli!  on  the 
Isar,  159,  ini,  162:  in  campaign  of  EckniUhl,  16(1:  ordi-nd  from 
Augsburg  to  Ingolstadt,  160, 161  :  at  Mousburg,  161 :  In  the  Knna 
valley,  167:  crosses  the  Danube.  168:  in  battle  of  A>|iern,  170, 
171 :  character.  173:  battle  id  Wagram,  1711,  177:  nmimandlng 
In  Spain,  217  :  dlsjisters  in  the  I'eldnsula,  217,  218  :  Insiilxirdlnn- 
tlon  In  his  army,  218  :  battle  of  Bosuro,  218  :  in  Colmbra,  218  : 
nuircli  toward  Llsbuii.  21m:  enters  Portugal,  218 :  t^ailt's  Jea- 
lousy of,  219  :  Soult  fails  to  relieve,  21»:  withdraws  tiiwanl  Mail- 
tarcm,  219:  awaitx  relnlorcenientii,  219,  TiO:  failure  In  Spain, 
220:  precarhms  situation  before  Linlmli,  220,  '221:  Jolniil  by 
Soult,  '221 :  defeated  at  Fuentcs  ile  ilnoro,  '221  :  relnforcenicnU 
ordeii  d  from  Castile  t^i,  221  :  ilisgraccd  by  A'.,  '221  :  luceeeded 
by  Marmont,  '221  :  holds  Ids  position,  221  :  insulHirdiiiation 
among  his  ofllccra,  2'il  :  punishes  desertion,  2'23:  commanding 
at  ilarsellles,  iv.  103  :  neutrality  of,  ICS :  recreated  iiiorahal, 
172 

Masserla,  Joseph,  assoclntcil  with  y.  In  Corsica,  i.  02 :  siicceM 
of  bis  .'ielliili<'n.64 

Massias,  Baron  N,,  French  minister  at  Karlsruhe,  Ii.  196 

Matra,  M  E.,  a  rival  r,r  Paoll,  1.  5 

Haubeuge,  battle  oi,  i.  -im 

Uaubreuil,  Comte  de,  arranges  for  the  .a-ssoaslnatlon  of  the  Em- 
Iieror.  iv.  K)8,  151 

Mautem,  Miller  irosses  the  Danube  at,  iii.  164 

Maximilian,  Archduke,  evacuates  Vienna,  III.  164 

Maximilian  Joseph,  king  of  Bavaria,  gives  his  daughter  to  F.u- 
griie  dc  I'.cauharnais,  ii.  257:  at  the  Erfnrt  conference,  iii.  133: 
his  reforms  in  tlie  TjTol,  165 :  threatens  to  Join  the  cpidltlon, 
iv.  61 :  Joins  the  allies,  00  :  grant  ol  autonomy  to,  06 :  defection 
of,  91 

Meaux,  prison  masaacres  in,  i.  Ill  :  Bliicher  moves  on,  Iv.  100 : 
.V.  ,v  jilfiii  of  movement  via,  113  :  evacuation  of.  123 

Mecklenburg,  territory  rest^ircil  to  the  reigning  house,  iii.  43 

Mecklenburg-Schwertn,  propositi  to  include  in  North  Ocnaan 
ConfcdtTiition.  ii,  272 

Mecklenburg-Schwerin,  Duke  of,  refuses  to  fnmish  levies.  It. 
2M 

Mecklenburg-Strelitz,  proposal  to  Include  in  North  German 
Confederation,  ii.  272 

Mecklenburgs,  the,  assert  their  independence,  iv.  79 

Medical  School,  lecture  system  of  the,  i.  167 

Medina  de  Rio  Seco,  French  success  at,  Iii.  r22 

Mediterranean,  the,  English  naval  operations  in,  ami  poweron, 
i.  1'23,  i:)2,  1.53;  ii.  10,  11,  :i5,  :)8,  .57:  iii.  89:  naval  operatii>na 
in  the,  i.  260,  '262  :  departure  of  the  English  fleet  from,  262  :  AT. 
a  child  of,  ii.  10 :  France's  ambition  for  conquest  of,  11 :  the 
citadel  of  the,  12,  38 :  X.'x  si  hemes  on,  12,  103 ;  iii.  89,  90 :  elab- 
oration of  plans  for  operations  in,  il.  21 :  importance,  31 :  -V. 
calls  for  ships  in,  46 :  Adm.  Bruix  sent  to  conquer,  65  :  Euro- 
pean jealousy  regarding  control  of,  90 :  English  cessions  in,  13S, 
167,  168:  'i'lUeifenve's  orders  for  operation  in,  239:  attempt 
to  unite  FYcncIl  tleets  in,  89:  A'.'»  nniatery  of,  203:  English 
trade  with,  214  :  Roman  dominion  of,  2.30 

Meerveldt,  Gen.,  Austrian  plenipotentiary  at  Leoben,  i.  '270: 
Austrian  plenipotentiary  in  treaty  of  Campo  Fomiio,  ii.  13: 
defeated  at  Leoben,  236 :  battle  of  Leipsic,  iv.  71,  72  :  at  Auster- 
litz,  72  :  sent  to  ask  an  armistice,  72:  caidured  at  Leipsic,  72 

Megnadier,  Gen.,  seduced  by  Marmont,  iv.  142 

Mebemet  All,  accession  to  power,  ii.  53 

Meike,  "u  coumiission  to  notify  A',  of  his  sentence,  iv.  213 

Meissen,  French  forces  at,  iv.  28 

Melas,  Gen.,  commanding  -Austrian  army  in  Italy,  Ii.  105: 
drives  Suchet  across  the  Var.  1U8 :  forces  Mass^na  back  into 
Genoa,  108 :  inilitarj-  tactics,  108 :  cuts  -'n  communication  with 
JIassiSna,  110  :  position  on  the  Var,  110  :  hurries  to  Turin,  110, 
111,  114 :  X:s  plans  for  the  defeat  of,  110,  113  :  reinforcements 
for.  111:  rallies  his  army  at  Alessandria,  114, 116:  capture  of 
one  of  his  couriei's,  116:  military  characteristics,  117  :  crosses 
the  Bormida,  117  :  In  liattle  of  Marengo,  117-119  :  retires  to  Ales- 
sandria, 118:  superseded  by  Bellcgai-de,  122 

Melnlk,  Austro-Russian  troops  near,  iv.  52 

M^lun,  the  garrison  at,  iv.  i:)7 

Helzi,  Comte  F.,  nominated  for  president  of  the  Cisalpine  Ee- 
piiblic,  ii.  149 :  letter  from  X.  to,  March  6.  18<H,  191 

Memel,  Queen  Louisa  at,  iii.  ;)6  :  pioposal  that  Russia  seize,  83 : 
l'..lstoi  visits  Frederick  William  and  Louisa  at.  87 

Memmlngen,  iMi>tured  by  Leeourbe,  ii.  109 :  seized  by  .Soult,  235 

M^neval,  Claude  F.  de,  statement  of  A',  to,  concendng  the 
Due  d  r.iighieip,  ii.  '200:  reveals  Maria  Louisa's  defection  to  «., 
iv,  l.>6  :  dismissed  from  the  service  of  the  King  of  Rome.  169 

Menou,  Gen.  J.  F.  de,  commanding  the  Ainiy  of  the  Interior,  I. 
179 :  ordered  to  disarm  the  insurgents,  179 :  pusillanimity  of, 
180,  184 :  service  in  Egypt,  ii.  36 :  professes  Islamism,  44 :  suc- 
ceeds KKber,  123:  surrenders  in  Egypt,  123:  disasters  in 
Egypt,  135 

Mentone,  .v.  in,  i.  141  ,  „ 

Hercier,  L.  S.,  .V.'«  study  of  his  "  Philosophic  Visions,    11.  30 

Merlin,  iP.  A.,  member  of  the  Directory.  11.  ,5,  2:1,  35 :  interferes  to 
prevent  .V.8  resignation  as  commander  of  Eg>T>tianexjieditioli, 
35 :  resigns  from  the  Directory,  62 :  seduced  by  Marmont,  iv. 


292 


INDEX 


HerMbOTK,  Bornadfitto  nt,  Iv.  70 

Miiy,  liluai.r  »i,  iv.  101 :  niptiuvd  by  Oiullnot,  104 

Hesslarcli,  i';>iilf  "'.  'i-  ii'-' 

Mett«nberg,  inpiBi iiunt  on  tlio,  II.  100 

Mettonilch,  Prlnco  von,  chunntcr,  il.  8.  ;  Iv.  45-»i :  on  A.« 
,l..~i>;as  .r  l><P4-.\  il.  JKl:  "11  llu-  treat.v  of  Tilsit.  Hi.  CO:  allu- 
sions to  .V. K  Itiiun'  I'f  iio» IT,  84 :  kltcr  to  Stadlon,  Jiil.v  jr.. 
1807,  S4 :  y.'r  convfreations  and  conlldciitos  wiili,  8S,  2iy,  'j:il, 
asa  ;  Iv.  a«,  45:  at  St.  Cloud  levee,  Aug.  16, 1808,  132  :  deceived 
liy  the  elinuc  of  Tallivnind  and  KouclnS  149,  IM:  i;oe8  to 
Vienna.  l.W:  pUiii|iol,ntiar)'  at  Altenlmrg,  183:  eugcests  a 
union  between  X.  and  Maria  Lotilsa.  Ili3. 194  :  8Uceeed»  .-ilailion 
as  foreign  minister,  l'.i4  :  re|iorts  France's  flnanclal  comlitioii, 
as-J:  stirs  lip  strife  between  hYance  and  Kiissia,  '238:  reports 
the  Kii8-ian  army  on  tlio  Uaiuibe,  2311 :  character  of  his  nego- 
tiations with  France,  241  ;  on  the  Russian  war  of  1812,  24'.>:  In- 
terview with  X.  at  Dresden,  Iv.  2.'i:  holds  back  Schwarzenborg, 
29:  negotiations  with  F.nglaiid,  29:  prepares  to  desert  .V.,  •_".!: 
seeks  to  einbi-oil  Russia  and  Swidcu,  29:  negotiations  witli 
llardcnberg,  29:  negotiations  with  A'.,  29:  fureseesthe  aims  of 
Uie  new  eoHllllou,  32 :  triumph  in  the  Saxon  atfair,  32 :  X. 
fears  the  Intrigues  of,  39 :  arranges  a  basis  of  mediation  with 
Kesselro.le,  43:  meeting  with  Maret,  44:  on  the  FiancoAns- 
trian  nuirriage,  44 :  secret  meeting  with  Aleiander,  44 :  <loublc- 
dealing  of,  4.'.,  40 :  interview  with  .V.,  4.''>-i7  :  demands  suspen- 
sion ot  the  Franct.- Austrian  treaty  of  1811,  iCr.  charged  by  X. 
with  venality,  40 :  poses  iis  armed  mediator,  47  :  interview  w  ith 
A".,  June  27,  1813.  4.'i-i7  :  letter  to  Francis,  .tune  29,  181:),  47  : 
advocates  a  I'ontinental  peace,  47 :  encourages  rivalries  ot 
pettv  potentates,  49 :  at  Congress  of  Prague,  49 :  his  policy  ex- 
posed, 49:  diplomacy  during  the  Frankfort  parley,  80-83  :  re- 
proached for  deserting  .V.,  81 :  letter  to  Caulaincourt,  Nov.  9, 
1813,81,  82:  letter  from  Caulaincourt,  Dec.  2, 181;),  83  :  suggests 
compromise  plan  of  invasion  of  France,  91,  92 :  his  memoirs, 
98,  99 :  position  in  European  iliplomacy,  98-100:  inHucnec  over 
Castlcroagh,  99;  desires  to  restore  tlie  Bourbons,  99,  1(K) ;  his 
policy  concerning  lYance,  IIB;  strives  to  check  PrU8si:in  ambi- 
tion, 115:  on  the  European  policy  of  1814, 116:  relations  with 
tlie  allies,  122:  letter  from  .V.,  March  28,  1814,  120:  besought 
to  cnconip;i.ss  X.'s  exile,  152  :  urges  Jlaria  Louisa  to  break  re- 
lations with  her  husband,  IftS,  l.W:  negotiates  secret  treaty  be- 
tween Austria,  EuKlaml,  and  I'Vauce,  166,  157:  FouchS  at- 
tempts intrigue  with,  170 

Mettemlch,  Countess,  share  in  the  Austrian  marriage  negotia- 
tions ill-  1'-14 

Metz,  imprisomncnt  of  tlie  Prince  of  Hesse-Cassel  in,  ill.  7  : 
sen. Is  nun  to  relief  of  Paris,  iv.  125 

Meuse,  River,  a  French  river,  iii.  207  :  militarj'  movemeuts  on 
tb.,  IV.  171 

Mexico,  scheme  of  a  Bourbon  monarchy  in,  iii.  106,  111 

Middle  Guard,  in  batHe  of  Waterloo,  iv.  201 

Milan,  under  foreign  voko.  I.  207:  X.'s  entry  into  and  subse- 
quent visits  to,  211.  220,  224,  24G  ;  il.  114,  120  ;  iii.  88,  102,  104  : 
defense  ot,  by  Beaulieil,  i.  21:)-220 ;  flight  of  the  Archduke  from, 
218  ;  coercion  applied  to,  219,220;  provisional  government  for, 
224 ;  plundered  of  works  of  art.  225 :  levy  of  enforced  contri- 
butions from,  229;  X.'s  inllueuce  in,  204:  X.'s  residence  nt 
Montebello,  277,278,  280.  282,283:  Gen.  Clarke  at,  280:  cele- 
bration of  July  14  in  (1797),  il.  2 :  troops  moved  to  Picardy 
troui,  10  ;  Morean  ordered  to  cut  Krays  communication  with, 
107 :  planof  march  to,  abandoned,  110  ;  festival  at,  li;) :  Frenc^h 
entry  into  (.lune  2.  1800),  113  :  X.'s  c.ire  for  the  cathedral,  113; 
Austrian  evacuation  of.  113  :  Count  of  St.  Julien  sent  to,  121  ; 
coronation  ot  X.  at,  220.  227  ;  Prince  Engine  Beauharnais  vice- 
roy at,  229  :  sends  deputation  to  Paris,  iv.  17 

HUan  decree,  the,  iii.  82,  88,  9.',,  iu 

Milanese,  the,  provisional  government  for,  i.  224:  scheme  to 
orgiuiize  republic  in,  227  :  disposition  by  treaty  of  Leoben,  271; 
question  uf  rcsti'ring  to  Austria,  280 

MUhaud,  Gen.  J.  B.,  tiansters  his  allegiance  to  Louis  XVIII., 
iv.  117  :  in  Waterloo  campaign,  176 

Military  courts,  reeonstltuticui  of,  L  80 

Military  discipline,  reforms  in,  i.  80-^)2 

Military  schools  in  France,  i.  25 ;  ill.  74 :  X.'s  critioisniB  of, 
i.  :i1 

Military  strategy,  -V.  «  skill  in,  li.  107  ;  the  art  of,  119 

Mlllell,  .V-'»  MiniURr-housc  anil  grotto,  1.  75,  125 

Mllleslmo,  military  operations  at,  1.  213,  216,  210  :  battle  of,  iv. 
97 

MinclO,  River,  the,  militar)'  operations  on.  i.  219,  226.  232,  234  ; 
li.  CJi,  122:  boundary  of  Austrian  holdings  in  Italy,  ii.  119 

Minsk,  .V.'n  schcnie  to  seb.e,  ilL  253  :  the  Frcncli  retreat  through, 
iv.  r,,  10 

MioUis,  OetL  S.  A.  F.,  occupies  the  city  of  Rome,  111.  180 

Miot  de  MolitO,  I  ■  224:  conversations  with  A'.,  II.  100:  on  the 
diMi'instnitliin  against  England,  216:  "Memoirs  "of,  quoted.  III. 
111:1 

Hirabeau,  H.  O.  R.,  activity  at  the  meeting  of  the  Estates  Gen- 
eral, i.  50:  on  positii (  the  N'avarrese,  06 :  pica  for  Corsica 

in  tlie  .National  Assembly,  06:  shale  in  the  conr|uest  of  (Cor- 
sica, 05:  Inspires  amnesty  to  Pnoli,  65,  68:  leads  the  National 
Assembly  against  Buttafuoco,  76:  military  reforms  of,  80: 
sucicids  Neckcr,  88:  death,  88:  opinion  ot  Talleyrand,  11.  22: 
slaluc  al  the  Tuilcries.  97  :  Ills  pcditics  to  be  Iglwrod,  iii.  28 

Miranda,  BcshI,  rc»  ai,  il.  142 

Mississippi,  River,  the,  the  Culled  ."^tatos  acquires  control  of, 

li.     IKI 

Mlttau,  I/.ui»  .Will,  at.  III.  45 
Mlawa,  militar>-  operations  near.  III.  18 
Hbckem,  military  vpcratlons  near,  Iv.  70,  73 


Hodena,  intrigue  in  the  court  of,  i.  207 :  held  to  ransom,  228, 
22'.>:  the  armistice  with,  broken,  247;  Austria's  protectorate 
over,  '202:  Anslria  seeks  ^l  retain,  270:  disposition  by  treaty  of 
Leoben,  270,  271 :  incorporated  into  the  Cisalpine  Republic,  ii. 
14  :  -V.';'  Iiatl  faith  with,  96 

Modena,  Duke  of,  atiempta  to  bribe  A'.,  i.  223, 275, 270 :  destruc- 
tion of  his  g.jvernment,  228:  driven  from  his  throne,  247 

Modlln,  French  military  stores  in,  iii.  263:  held  by  the  tYench, 
iv.  .i;i 

MohilefT,  French  garrison  in,  iii.  259 

Mohningen,  skirmish  at,  iii.  15 

Mold,! via,  Russian  ambition  to  posses!!,  il.  228;  ill.  80,  85,  92,  9;i. 
137,  191,  2:i0:  dismissal  of  the  Turkisli  viceroy  of,  6:  alleged 
concession  of,  ti»  Russia,  48:  Russian  evacuation  of,  54:  A',  of- 
fers to  olfsct  Silesia  against  Wallachia  and,  80,  87,  90:  Russia 
threatened  w  ith  the  loss  of,  239 

MoliJre,  J.  B.,  scene  from  "lartilfe,"  iv.  17 

Molltor,  Gen.  G.  J.  J.,  in  battle  of  Aspern,  iii.  170 

Mbllendorf,  Gen.  R.  J.  H.,  Prussian  cimimander.  11.  272 

Mollien,  N.  F.,  director  of  public  debt,  ii.  141:  keeper  of  the 
arni)  -chest,  'jr.t,  -I'M :  minister  of  the  treasury,  206,  200 :  advises 
against  w  ar,  iii.  i^i :  protests  against  issue  of  paper  money,  iv. 
24 :  remark  of  X.  to,  106,  167 :  member  of  X.'s  new  cabinet, 
167 

Monaco,  Prince  of,  brought  as  prisoner  to  A^,  iv.  163 

Moncey,  Gen.,  crosses  the  si.  Ootthard,  11.  110,  113:  created 
marshal,  207:  created  Duke  of  Conegliano,  iii.  71:  invades 
Spain,  105 :  defeated  at  Valencia,  1'21 :  advances  on  Valencia, 
122:  at  Madrid,  122  :;at  Tafalla,  142:  moves  against  Castailos, 
144:  besieges  Saragossa,  145:  at  review  of  the  Guard  at  Fon- 
tainelileau,  iv.  i:!7  :  recreated  marshal,  172 

Mondego,  River,  Wellington  retreats  down  the,  iii.  218 

MOUdOVi,  battle  of,  i,  216,  210 

Money-lenders,  X.'s  hatreil  for,  ii.  83 

Monfalcone,  ci-.U.I  to  France,  iii.  184 

Monge,  Gaspard,  A'.'k  mathematical  teacher,  i.  107  :  miidster  of 
tin'  navy,  107 :  founds  the  Polytechinc  School,  107 :  plunders 
Italian  scientific  collections,  225  :  carries  treaty  <if  Campo  For- 
mio  to  the  Directory,  ii.  10:  warlike  declaration  against  Eng- 
land. 21  ;  elaborates  plan  for  operations  in  the  Jlediterranean, 
21  :  accompanies  -V.  on  his  return  from  Alexandria,  5t; ;  mem- 
ber of  the  senate,  100:  A'.'sfricndship  with,  214:  created  bar. ni. 
iii.  227 

"  Moniteur,"  the,  records  "  Buona  Parte's"  action  at  Toulon,  I. 
!;)«:  records  A'.'k  daily  life,  ii.  20:  on  the  events  ot  the  18th 
Brnmuire,  72 :  excites  warlike  feeling  in  France  (1800),  90 :  at- 
tacks England,  174.  187 :  publishes  Sebastian!  s  report,  176 : 
on  the  imperial  court  at  Aachen,  217  ;  threatens  Austria,  2;)2  : 
on  the  belli  of  Austerlitz,  252  :  insults  Prussia,  2-58;  announces 
tlie  position  of  the  Napideonic  princes,  iii.  67.  08 :  announces 
the  fall  of  the  House  of  Br.aganza,  96 ;  iiistifles  FYench  invasion 
ot  Spain,  105;  puldishes  "  authorized  reports  of  the  Spanish 
failure,  153 ;  on  Austrian  aggressions,  106 :  luinounees  the  an- 
nexation of  Holland,  212  ;  X.  offers  Alexander  the  use  of,  239 : 
proclamation  to  the  National  Guard,  March  8,  1816,  iv.  167 

Monk.  Gen.  George,  A',  is  offered  the  rOle  of.  il.  C;  .Massena 
tltti  d  for  the  lOle,  05 :  X.  compared  with,  148  :  Marmont  emu- 
lates the  role,  iv.  138,  142 

Monnler,  Gen.  J.  C,  in  battle  of  Jlarengo,  ii.  118 

Monroe,  James,  President  of  I'nitcd  States,  understanding 
with  I'.iiL-lan.l,  iii.  42 

Monroe  Doctrine,  the,  iv.  245 

Montalivet,  Comte  J.  P.  B.,  member  of  the  Empress-Regent's 

conlieil,  iv.  12K 

Mont  Blanc,  Department  of,  i.  133 

Montbrun,  Gen.  L.  P.,  eomnianding  cavalry  in  Russian  cain- 
l,aign  of,  1812,  iii.  246 

Mont  Cenis  pass,  the  crossed  by  A'.,  il.  18 :  crossed  by  Tur- 
rcaii,  llu,  113:  Austrntn  watcli  on,  111:  the  road  over,  223; 
iii.  02 

Monte  Albaredo,  the  lYonch  pass  over,  li.  Ill 

Monte  BaldO,  military  operations  near,  i.  232,  237,  251-2S4 

Montebello,  the  Austrian  retreat  toward,  1.  239:  A'.'s  residence 
at,  277,  278,  280,  282,  283 ;  .losepliine  at,  281,  282  :  Genoese  eni- 
liass>  U\  ii.  7  ;  engagements  near,  116:  battle  of,  128:  Lanues 
cr.-aUd  liiikc  of,  iii.  71.    .See  Laknes 

Monte  Legino,  Riunpon's  stand  at,  i.  216,  241 

Montenotte,  battle  of,  i.  215;  iv.  97 

Montereau,  militarj'  movements  near,  iv.  97,  100:  Victor  or- 
dered to  seize,  102  :  besieged  by  the  Crown  ll-inec  .if  Wiirteni- 
biTg.  102 :  battle  of.  103:  captured  by  the  French,  103 

Monte  RotondO,  Carlo  Buonaparte  at,  I.  16 

Montesquieu,  C.  de  S.,  views  on  Corsica,  i.  7  :  A'.'«  views  on 
his  political  ^peculations,  ii.  33,  ;)4:  A"« study  of,  36 :  on  human 
ambition,  iii.  07:  A'.'»  a.lmlration  for,  136:  "Oranileur  and 
Fall  ..f  the  Romans,"  iv.  IIHI 

Montesquieu,  A.  A.  A.,  royalist  intrigues  of,  iv.  129 :  member 
.,r  III.'  cxcintiM-  .■oiMioission,  1;)6 

Montesquiou,  Mme.  de,  g.'verness  to  tlie  King  of  Rome,  Iv.  88 

Montgolas,  M.  J.  G.,  Ilavariau  minister  of  state,  iii.  139 

Mont  GenSvre,  buil.lbig  a  mad  over,  il.  221 

Montholon,  Charles,  the  "  Manuscrit  ile  I'tle d'Elbc  "  attribuleil 
tt.,  i.  103;  X.'s  .leclarntion  to,  concerning  the  Due  d'F.nghicn, 
ii.  199:  accomimnies  X.  to  St.  Helena,  214  ;  residence  on  thu 
Island,  217  :  assists  X.  on  his  history,  217  :  remark  of  X.  to, 

218 

Monthyon,  Gen.,  escorts  A',  from  the  field  of  Wntcrlo.i.  Iv.  203 
Montierender,  military  nnivcments  at,  Iv.  94 
Uontmartre,  defense  of,  iv.  131 :  captured  by  the  Prussians, 
132 


INDEX 


29:{ 


Montmlrail,  i-aitu-  nf.  iv.  or,,  97 
Montmorency,  ntyuliMt  intrlinh-H  r»f,  Iv.  120 
Montpelller,  <lriitli  of  I'urlti  ituniiujiiirto  at,  I.  '.12 
Mont  St.  Jean,  Wcllinjjt'ms  lolnut  to,  Iv.  1K4,  1H7  :  poMll»IIItv 
of  (iioinhv  ifiictiiiiK.  imc  topoKraphy  nf,  lUI  :  Wt'llinKtou  h 
ifiitiTiit,  l',U  :  llKhtliin  at, '20r> 
Moore,  Sir  John,  cumnmiMUiiK  EriKUth  trnoiw  ill  the  IN-nlrmiilii, 
iij.  Ill :  lit  Saliimaiica,  M4  :  at  AHtoivu,  MTi,  140:  Froiieli  Rcnnli 
for,  nr. :  pn-pari's  to  att^uk  Soiilt,  14*»:  croMttos  the  F.hIji,  MC.  : 
(K-»ti'(>yH  inii^a/liioH  at  HL-ni'Vi-nto,  140:  roaeheM  roruniia.  14''> : 
Ills  rt^truut,   lU-uth,   uud  uxaiiipio,  UU,   147:  defeat  o(  Sonll, 

Moosburg,  An-hihike  Charles's  forcu  at,  \i\.  101:  Mnaiu'im  at, 

u;i 
Morand,  Gen.  L.  C.  A.,  in  the  Krkiiulhl  canipnlKii,  lil.  161:  hnt- 

l\v  i.f  i;..i  o.liiiu,  •2C,\  :  in  hnttic  of  WaUTlon,  iv.  109 

Moravia,  KutuBoir  s  iidvAiice  into,  II.  'i;(r. 

Moreau,  Gen.  J.  V.,  «  pruduct  of  Carnot'B  system,  1.  202:  com. 
maiidiiiK  forced  at  Strashurg,  201t:  at  Munich,  2;J4.  2;ir>:  dofealH 
Archduke  I'harlea,  '2,irt :  erosses  the  Khiiie  at  l\ehl,  TAr* :  opera- 
tions on  the  Rhine,  208:  military  jrenius,  211 ;  11.  lOG,  107,  UU  : 
iv.  02 :  fails  to  reinforce  A'.,  i,  270-27;i :  crosses  tlie  Rhine  near 
atrashiirj:.  272:  decUnea  to  aid  the  Direct^>r8,  11.  'A,  4  :  Herves  In 
the  Anuy  of  ItJily,  49:  suspected  of  coniplieity  witli  IMeltiifm, 
4i»,  107,  190:  last  stand  in  Piedmont,  fi?  :  sueeeedft  Si^lierer  In 
coniniand,  liO:  military  operations  in  the  Apenidnes,  63:  sue- 
cecdod  hy  Jouhert,  G3 :  tempti-d  with  a  ilictntorsliip,  04  :  tainted 
with  r4»yalism,  04 :  jiduH  the  Ilonapartiat  ranks,  07 :  a  hanquet 
at  St.  .Sulpice,  08:  relations  with  the  Directoi-y,  OH:  command- 
ing Knar4l  at  the  Luxembourg.  74  :  blamed  for  imiirisonlnR 
Muulins  and  Gohier,  74 :  appointed  t*)  command  tlie  Army  of 
the  Rhine,  92,  105:  pci-sonal  ambition,  92.  100,  107  ;  Iv.  52:  a  mil- 
itary rival  of  .v..  ii.  92,  100,  107.  126  :  A'.V  sehenie  toBtrengthi-n, 
100 :  letter  from  M.,  Mareh  10,  1800. 107 :  ordered  to  take  the  (jf- 
fensive,  107  :  participation  in  the  revolution  of  lirumaire,  107  : 
luck  of  supplies  for,  108  :  crosses  the  Rhine,  April  2/>.  isoo,  108, 
109:  outwits  Kray,  lOH,  109:  passes  the  Black  Forest.  108,  ItW: 
defeats  Kray  at  Alesskirch  and  Kngen,  109:  troops  detached 
from,  110:  levies  contributi()ns  on  South  Cermany,  120:  effect 
of  his  victories,  120 :  occupies  Munich,  120:  fortresses  ceded  t<>, 
122 :  representative  of  Revtdutituiary  traditions  in  warfare,  12:t : 
position  near  Munich,  124:  battle  of  Ilohenlinden,  124.  12r): 
eclipses  N.  in  military  glory,  125 :  advances  toward  \'ienna, 
125:  republican  sentiment  in  his  army,  151 :  fall  of,  155,  188- 
191,  ly:i :  implicated  in  the  Cadoudal  conspiracy,  188  et  secj.: 
arrest  and  imprisonment  of,  iw.  popular  denunciation  of,  190: 
banishment  of,  191  :  takes  up  arms  against  N.,  191  :  mortally 
wounded  at  Dresden,  191;  iv.  69:  effeet  of  his  disgrace,  ii. 
203:  movements  at  Munich,  iii.  158;  summoned  from  America 
for  European  service,  iv.  37,52:  goes  over  to  the  allies,  52: 
with  Schwarzenberg's  army,  52 :  character,  52 :  enters  the  Rus- 
sian service,  52:  ambition  to  ac(iuire  the  French  crown,  52: 
treachery  of,  53.  54 :  plans  tlie  battle  of  Dresden,  60 :  refuses  to 
fight  against  his  country,  60:  death,  110:  funeral  mass  cele- 
brated fur,  158 

Moreau,  Mme.,  ambition  of,  ii.  190,  191 

Morlaix,  ViUeneuve  at,  ii.  211 

"Morning  Journal,"  on  England's  indifference  to  French  af- 
fairs, iv.  1(;9 

Morsbacll.  naliUiry  movements  near,  iii.  IGO 

Mortler,  Gen.  E.  A.,  a  product  of  Carnot's  system,  i.  202 :  occu- 
pi(  s  Hanover,  ii.  183  :  created  marshal.  207  :  destruction  of  his 
division,  230:  annihilated  at  Diirrcnstein,  2-13:  in  the  Auster- 
litz  campaign,  245:  occupies  Mainz,  270;  iii.  7:  seizes  tho 
Prince  of  Hesse-Casael,  7:  threatens  Stralsund,  23:  battle  of 
Heilsberg,  29  :  battle  of  Friedland,  31 :  created  Duke  of  Treviso, 
-^:  yearly  income,  71  :  reinforcements  for,  129:  occupies  Fran- 
coftia,  129  :  forces  in  Spain,  143  :  ordered  to  Idow  up  the  Krem- 
lin, 369,  270:  in  the  retreat  from  M<)Seow,  iv.  l:  commanding 
the  Gil^ard,  campaign  of  1813, 34 :  battle  of  Dresden,  60,  57 :  holds 
Pirna,  IW,  03:  battle  of  Leipsic,  71:  at  Troyes.  94:  battle  of 
Montminiil,  90  :  at  Soissabs,  104  :  junction  with  A^..  106  :  checks 
Bliicher  at  the  Oureq,  100  T  battle  of  Laon,  108  :  defends  the  Paris 
line  against  liliieher,  113:  .at  Rhcims,  113:  at  SoisBons,  113: 
junction  with  Marmont  at  Fismes,  119:  driven  back  t<»  Charen- 
ton,  123:  junction  with  Marmont.  123:  driven  back  on  Paris, 
124, 128 :  defense  of  Paris,  132,  133  :  concludes  terms  of  surren- 
der, 133  :  denounced  hy  N.,  l;i5  :  ordered  to  take  position  vmder 
tlie  walls  of  Paris,  136  :  strength  after  surrender  of  Paris,  130, 
137  :  attachment  to  N.,  137  :  absent  from  the  Waterloo  cam- 
paign, 175 

Moscow,  A',  threatens  to  march  to.  iii.  232  :  military  enthusiasm 
in,  255  :  Russian  retreat  from  Smolensk  toward.  257  :  A'.'s  line 
from  the  Niemen  to,  259:  defense  of,  260-202:  agreennnt  of 
the  opposing  generals  as  to  its  capture,  201,  205 :  tlie  Kremlin. 
202,  204  :  capture  and  burning,  202-205  :  N.  expects  Alexaii.irr 
to  save,  203:  N.'s  political  and  military  blunders  at,  2r.n,  -jiu  : 
topot,Maphy,  buildings,  monuments,  etc.,  204  :  fouutJiin  of  Rus- 
sian iiispinitinn,  204:  Russian  abandonment  of,  265  :  disputed 
honor  of  the  contlagi-ation,  205  :  pillage  of,  205.  200  :  the  French 
ai-my  in,  205-207  :  X.'s  dissipation  in,  207  :  A'.'a  intention  to  be 
crowned  in,  267:  French  retreat  from,  267-270;  iv.  1  et  scii.: 
throwing  away  the  spoils  of.  2  :  destruction  of,  19  :  Alexander's 
desin-  to  avenge  the  Freneli  seizure  of,  80 
Mosel,  River,  military  operations  on  the,  iv.  92 
MoskWa,  River,  military  movements  on  the,  lil.  201,  264 
Moullns,  J.  F.  A.,  member  of  the  Directory,  ii.  63:  represents 
Jarubin  clement  in  the  Directory, 64 :  prop<'«t!d  resignation  of, 
69:  refuses  to  resign,  73 :  imprisonment  of,  74, 78  :  A'."*  charges 
against,  before  the  Aucienta,  77,  78 


"Mountain,"  the,  iK>Hltion  (n  tho  National  Convenilon,  I.  Ill : 
HUHptelH  an  Kiigllih  party  In  roinlca,  116:  action  dl»<  uRhed  hi 
the  "  HupiH-r  of  McHui  alrr,"  IM) :  A'.'m  alllllatlon  with,  142,  143  : 
fall  of.  147  :  fa<:tlonH  In,  MH  :  htatuii  In  the  provlncen,  159 :  an* 
nihihitlon  iif,  108,  109 

Moufltler,  <pnHllon  of  Oroui-hy'i  moving  to,  Iv.  Ifl'J,  IWi 

MozhalHk,  mlliUry  oiwratlonii  at,  III.  '2f>^i,  '27U:  deiHjt  of  the 
I'rijirb  artiiy  at,  Iv.  1 

Mutning,  Gen..  In  Imttio  of  Waterloo,  Iv.  198 

MulrOU,  l*ine.l  at  Areole,  I.  246 

Mulde,  River,  eontemi'lated  niovenM-nti  on  the.  Iv.  07 
Miiller,  W.,  number  of  PniMjiiiin  nform  parly,  II.  269 
MultedO,  niemlK-rof  Directory  of  CorMlcii,  i.  "3:  denounce*  .V., 
ir.o:  btt.T  from  A'.,  153 

Munchberg,  Soult  at,  11.  278 

Munich,  .Nf<>ii-an  at,  1.  XH,  2:15;  Ii.  120  124  ;  lit.  IM:  militAry 
opurationH  mar,  11.  124,  125:  .M<>h'e  ne  la  Tnurhi-'ii  nm'hlnii* 
tfuns  In,  189 :  expulHion  of  the  KiikIImIi  envoy  at,  211:  the 
F.te<-tor  of  llnvarla  rt-iH-cuples,  243  :  A'.'n  plan  to  remdi,  III.  15H 

Miinster,  iioHitton  in  Ihe  French  empire.  111.  1*14 

Mur,  River,  niillUiry  operfitioUH  on  the,  I.  20m,  2i*.9 

Murad  Bey,  atUiekH  the  Freneh  at  .She)<rek(-(,  II.  40:  battle  of 
Oh-  l'\ranifds,  41:  worrieH  .Y.  with  myst^Tlomi  intrigue*,  52: 
fails  to  as^iut  the  Rhodes  exptdition,  53  :  ileath,  5^} 

Murat,  Gen.  Joachim,  at  Morghett«>,  i.  227:  threat«nii  Oenoa, 
228  :  in  Rivoli  eainpaign,  254  :  service  in  Kgypt,  II.  SO:  ordered 
to  kill  hoHtile  tribesmen,  47  :  battlr  of  Abonklr,  54  :  areonipa- 
nii'.'t  A*,  on  return  from  Alexandria,  50  :  action  on  the  I8th 
Hrumalre,  71:  commanding  guard  at  Mt.  C]ou«l,  74:  projHfBcs 
to  clear  the  Orangery,  80 :  pursut-s  the  AustrlaUH  from  .Mdan, 
113:  battle  of  Marengo,  iiH:  commanding  in  central  Italy, 
124:  wat<hes  Naples,  124:  Ids  plebeian  blrlh,  127:  marries 
Caroline  Buonaparte,  127,  l(i4,  105:  guardian  to  King  Louifi'H 
widow,  150:  military  commandant  at  Pari.s  197:  share  In  trial 
of  d  Knghlen,  198:  ereated  marshal,  207  :  at  A'.'«  coronation, 
219:  captures  Worneeks  division  at  Nordlingcn,  235:  entem 
Vieima,  230  :  reproached  by  A'.,  236 :  crosseH  the  Talhtr  bridge, 
2;{0,  2;i7  :  bxse  conduct  at  Vieinia,  237  :  vanity  of,  243 :  permiU 
Kutusoff's  escape.  243:  "destroys  the  fruit.-*  of  a  rnnii>aign," 
244  :  pursues  the  Russian  force,  244  :  eheek«  d  tiy  llagration  at 
IIollal>runn,  244:  outwitted  by  Kutusotf  at  llollabrunn,  244: 
battle  of  Austerlitz,  249,  250:  Cniml  Duke  of  CU-ves  and  Ikrg. 
261  :  takes  title  of  Joachim  I.,  261 :  his  ambitions,  270:  PruB- 
sian  campaign  of  180*',  274,  278,  280 :  personal  attendance  on 
N.,  276  :  at  Saalburg,  278  :  in  battle  of  Jc^na,  280 :  character, 
iii.  2,  109,  111:  invests  Magdeburg,  2:  pursues  Hoheulohe,  2: 
at  Oolymin,  12 :  strength  in  Poland,  13 :  in  campaign  of  F.ylau, 
19-21:  pursues  Bennigscn,  21 :  battle  of  Ileilstn-rg,  29:  pursues 
Lestocq  from  Friedland,  32:  at  Tilsit,  45:  interview  with 
Queen  L^misa,  62:  assumes  title  of  Naiwdeon,  67 :  advances  on 
Madrid,  106  :  at  Burgos,  100 :  assumes conunantl  in  Spain,  106 : 
his  dilemma,  109:  his  pndectlon  sought  by  Charles  IV.,  109: 
letter  to  N.,  March  25.  1808,  109,  110:  enters  Madrid,  109-111 : 
ambition  to  secure  the  Spanish  throne,  109,  114, 115, 117:  letters 
from  y.,  March,  1808,  110,  111:  designated  Protect^ir  of  Spain, 
110:  relations  with  A'.,  Ill :  attitude  of  .Spanish  people  toward, 
111:  his  policy  in  Spain,  HI:  refuses  t«i  recognize  Ferdinand, 
112:  trouble  with  his  prisoner  (Jodoy,  114:  appointed  dic- 
tator of  Spain,  114:  Madrid  revolts  against,  114,  115:  A',  of- 
ers  him  the  crown  of  Naples  or  i>f  Portugal,  115:  executes 
patriots  in  Madrid,  115:  becomes  king  of  Naples,  117,  213, 
242;  y.'s  control  over,  118:  butchery  in  the  Mailrid  riots, 
118  :  strength  at  Madrid,  122  :  commander-in-chief  at  Madrid, 
122  :  executes  decree  depriving  the  Pope  of  secular  power,  186, 
187:  member  of  extraordinary  council  on  A'."«  second  mar- 
riage, 194  :  violates  the  Continental  System,  204  :  cavalry  com- 
mand in  the  Russian  campaign  of  1812,  246 :  strength,  March 
12,  1812,  240  :  urges  action  at  Vitebsk.  250  :  battle  of  Smolensk, 
257,  258  :  remonstrates  against  tlghting  at  Smolensk,  258:  en- 
ters Moscow,  262  :  reports  the  temper  of  the  Russian  peasantry, 
200:  sudden  attack  on,  267,  209 :  desperate  flu'hting  on  the  re- 
treat from  Moscow,  iv.  4 :  ordered  ^l  form  behind  the  Niemen, 
12  :  commanding  the  remnants  ut  the  grand  army,  12  :  deserts 
the  army  and  returns  to  Naples,  12,  21,  27.87:  crosses  the 
Niemen,  20:  enters  Konigsberg,  20:  held  t.j  his  allegiance,  18 : 
battle  of  Dresden,  57  :  sent  to  support  Vauilanime  at  Kidm. 
61 :  fails  to  check  Schwarzcnberg  or  hold  BUicher,  02  :  ordered 
^)  hold  Schwarzenberg,  66,  67  :  battle  of  Waehau,  70,  7 1 :  battle 
of  Leipsie,  70,  71.  73  :  forms  alliance  w  ith  Austria,  9o :  marches 
on  Rome,  90:  censured  hy  A\,  90:  deserts  A'.,  90,  93:  char- 
aeterizatlon  of  Talleyrand,  129:  uneasy  for  his  throne,  156: 
dejicsed.  157  :  Soult  opposed  to.  165 :  condemned  to  death,  212 

Murat,  Mme.,  marital  relations,  ii.  165 

Murati,  success  of,  at  r.;istia,  1.  04 

Museum  of  Arts  and  Crafts,  founded,  i.  167 

Mustapha  IV.,  seeks  the  friendship  of  France,  iii.  85:  overw 
tluows  SeUm  III.,  85  :  weak  reign  of,  127  :  murders  Selim  III., 
127 


N,  Napolecm's  monogram,  iii.  37 

Namur,  nnlitary  operations  near,  iv.  174.  179,  183,  185,  186,  203 

NangiB,  Victor  and  Oudinot  driven  bark  to,  iv.  l»7  :  Wlttgonatein 
driven  from,  103:  A',  at,  103:  Berthierat,  103:  l-Yench  retreat 
stopped  at.  112  , 

Nansouty,  Gen.,  in  the  F.ckmiihl  campaign,  iii.  161 :  coraniand- 
iiig  cavaliv  in  ivussian  cnntpaign  of  IHl'i,  240:  moves  from  A*- 
zanne  ugaiiist  lilucher.  iv.  9.1,  W,:  ordered  toward  Muntmirail. 
96  :  transfers  his  allegiance  to  Louis  Will.,  147 


294 


INDEX 


Nantes,  imtnimity  fn>ni  tho  \Vhit«  Terror,  iv.  010 

Napier,  Gen.,  in  i'titllr  of  WdUrloo.  iv.  201 

Naples,  H-'UiIk.ii  tntluence  in,  i.  It:  hiimiliutioii  of,  113,228:  aids 
in  lifunst-  t'f  Toulon,  1^2:  inuler  foreign  yoke,  207:  French 
propttsitinn  to  ri-voliitionize,  227:  becomes  refnictory,  247: 
makes  peace  wiili  France,  24*^:  X.'s  leniency  to,  200:  y.'s  in- 
fluence in,  27H :  iilumler  of,  li.  U  :  arrogunce  of,  12  :  <ii|ili'nijitie 
offset  of  Spain  against,  12  :  claims  Malta,  12  :  neiiirulization  of, 
21 :  dread  of  l-Yench  spoliation  in,  27  :  makes  war  on  ilonu-,  40, 
■49,  5i):  spread  of  revolution.iry  ideas  to,  r»ll :  joins  the  second 
coalition,  50,  02 :  Mue^lonaM  uideied  to,  GO :  Bonapartist  agency 
in,  61 :  capture  of,  !iy  Chami'ioniiet,  00,  03  :  (uibridled  license 
at,  63:  watched  by  Munit,  124:  llussia  intercedes  for,  131 : 
English  ships  forbidden  to  enter,  131:  forced  contributions 
fnmi,  131:  i-Yance  withdraws  from,  135,  108,  1S3:  not  alhm-ed 
to  garrison  Maltji,  182:  seized  by  Saint-Oyr,  183:  fate  of  her 
admiral,  Caraceioli,  I'.U  :  Russia  demands  France's  evacuation 
of,  211,  222  :  independence  of,  229:  a  focus  of  anti-I'nnch  con- 
spiracies, 229:  y.  demands  expulsion  of  emigrants  from,  220: 
J\'.  threut<,'ns  to  seize,  2^*2 :  Villcneuve  ordered  to,  230:  Prussia 
bounil  to  secure  the  liberties  of,  243 :  banishment  of  the  Bour- 
bons from,  252,  255,  259 ;  iii.  106 :  llussian  occupation  of,  it.  255, 
271  :  Joseph  Bonaparte  made  king  of,  255;  iii.  3,  110  :  Massthia 
ordered  to,  ii.  255:  rupture  of  the  queen's  engagement  with  A'., 
255 :  iV.  exacts  tribute  from,  255 :  opened  to  Knglish  sbii)s,  255  : 
Russia  evacuates,  202  :  vassala>:e  to  France  recognize*!  at  Tilsit, 
iii.  47  :  troulile  concerning  tlie  Papal  States,  57 :  aludition  of  the 
hostile  strip  between  Italy  ami,  94  :  financial  and  political  re- 
form in,  103:  Murat  becomes  king  of,  115,  117,  213,  242:  Eng- 
land's loss  of  trade  with,  208:  seizure  of  American  ships  by,  211  : 
Murat  returns  to,  iv.  12,  21 :  fails  to  support  iV.,  91,  93 :  insecm*- 
ity  of  Murafs  throne,  156:  refrains  from  joining  the  European 
co:ilition  agtiinst  A'.,  109 

Naples,  King  ot    See  Buonaparte,  Josepu 

•*  Napoiadron,"  iii.  223 

Napoleon  Buonaparte.  (Xote.~  Items  concerning  Napoleon's 
relations  with  persons  orplaces  will  be  found  under  the  respec- 
tive names  of  snob  subjects.  For  a  conspectus  of  events  in  his 
career,  see  the  Tables  of  Contents  in  each  volume.  For  aphor- 
isms l)y  or  concerning  Napoleon,  see  Phrasks.  For  details 
of  his  character  see  paragraph  helovf,—  Analysis  of  char- 
a^'ter.)  Birth  and  infancy,  i.  14-24 :  brothers  and  sisters,  15, 10 : 
foniis  of  his  name,  18,  19 :  nicknames,  19 ;  his  personal  recollec- 
tions of  childhood,  20,  23:  development  of  military  genius  at 
the  snow  forts,  27 :  challenges  a  schoolmate,  20 :  letter  to  his 
father,  29,  30:  conceptions  of  the  State,  40:  aptitude  for  the 
navy,  29 :  two  enemies  of,  33  :  views  on  and  first  lessons  in 
revolution,  40,  67-74,  90,  U2 :  hatred  of  t'rance,  47,  00:  im- 
provement in  financial  condition,  70  :  a  Corsican  revolutionist, 
72:  first  appearance  as  an  orator,  73:  political  schemes,  70: 
certitleates  as  to  liis  republicanism,  70,  79:  prepared  for  con- 
Hrmation,  83:  his  dctra<tors,  84:  hisdesire  concerning  bis  biog- 
raphies, 84:  course  of  life  from  1791  to  1795,  84etseq. :  i»ayment 
of  debts,  85  :  growing:  notoriety,  iK):  a  starting-point  of  bis  ca- 
reer, 92:  addresses  the  Minister  of  War  on  the  NationaUJnard, 
92 :  debts  of,  92  :  a  Corsican  .Jacobin,  93-105  :  strained  relntJuns 
with  the  Ministry  of  War,  93,  170, 177  :  purchases  seiiuestruted 
church  lands,  94:  election  methods,  97;  his  "civisni,"  99,  100  : 
with  the  mob  at  the  Tuileries,  103 :  on  riots,  103  :  relations  with 
the  Marseilles  deputation,  104:  on  the  conllict  of  Aniiust  10, 
1792,104:  seeks  commission  in  naval  artillery,  107:  aims  at 
Coi-aican  leadership,  119:  failure  in  politics,  126:  general  of 
brigade.  137,  139-142,  171 :  his  own  record  of  his  life,  139,  140: 
influential  friends,  139,  142-144:  a  Jacobin  general,  139-145: 
denies  his  nobility,  140:  refuses  to  obey  the  Convention's  sum- 
mons, 142:  a  Montagnard,  142.  143:  the  "plan-maker"  of  the 
Robespierrcs,  144  :  tlie  germ  of  bis  military  system,  140:  vicis- 
situdes in  wai'  and  diplomacy,  140-153 :  suspension  au(i  arrest, 
150-153:  appeal  to  the  "representatives  of  the  p.ojib"  (1794), 
151,  1.V2:  release,  152,  153  :  the  emi  of  apprenti' cs^lilp.  ir.4  IGi  : 
degraded  from  artillery  to  infantry,  165  :  .hicoiiin  i)roi  livitit  s. 
169,  170:  renounces  Jacobinism,  I70 :  the  (JenLial  of  tlie  Con- 
vention. 171-180:  plans  marriage  and  settled  life.  170  :  jealousy 
directed  against,  180:  his  police  sei-vices,  180:  courtship  and 
marriage,  180-19G:  atypical  Corsi.-an,  187:  views  on  love  and 
marriage,  187:  adopts  new  spelliitg  of  his  name,  194,  195:  a 
j)rodnct  of  Carnot's  system.  2iKi :  the  (Kilipus  r)f  France,  204  :  on 
a  great  stage,  204-212:  demands  reinfoneinent.-i,  209:  insists 
on  unity  of  command,  209:  keynote  of  mi  lit  an  p-dicy,  209,210: 
secret  of  his  military  success.  212  :  "  thr  Little  »'i)rporal,"  220; 
iv.  103:  an  in-nborilhiMti'  conrpieror  and  diplomatist,  i.  221- 
230:  entrust <d  with  diplomatic  powers,  222:  threats  against, 
222:  iirostituHon  of  his  subordinates,  223,  230:  scheme  of  art 
plunder,  225  :  views  concerning  art«  and  sciences.  225,  220 : 
plans  Hueceeding  the  capture  of  Milan,  220-230:  refuses  bribes, 
2.'Mt:  a  prophecy  fulfllled,  2;i6 :  narrow  escapes,  241 :  extinction 
of  the  Corsican  in,  248:  memoirs,  257  :  military  jealousy  di- 
rected against.  263;  indeptndent  attitude  of,  iL  2:  attitude 
toward  royalty,  3:  '*  a  personage  in  Europe,"  6:  plans  for  Imild- 
ing  up  sea  jtowcr,  12  :  bribery  of  and  by,  13 :  constructive  com- 
mander-lnchief  of  French  forces,  24:  represses  pillage,  28: 
BUpplanter  of  the  Revolution,  31 :  his  "  complete  code  of  poli- 
tics," 33,  34 :  theories  of  government,  33,  34  :  doubtful  iKiints  in 
connection  with  the  Egyptian  campaign,  33-35:  on  English 
political  histor>',  31:  "tho  pear  is  not  yet  ripe,"  35 :  assumes 
ther6leof  a  prophet,  45:  el  Kubir,  the'  Exalted,  45:  receives 
Secret  information  from  his  brothers,  54 :  sunmioiied  to  take 
supreme  c<^nimaiid,  55  :  death  at  St.  Helena,  57  ;  iv.  219  :  gives 
t^jaflt:  "the  harmony  of  all  the  French,"  il.  Oft:  schenie  to 
make  htm  consul,  69 :  secret  meeting  of  his  friends,  15th  of 


Napoleon  Buonaparte  —  confini/«rf. 

Brumaire,  09:  critical  nuuneut  in  Talleyrand's  house,  70:  tem- 
porary dictat^ir,  72:  speech  t-o  Barras's  messenger,  19th  Bru- 
maire, 73:  dangerous  conlldence  of,  74 :  "  traitor  and  outlaw," 
77,  79,  82 :  the  arbiter  of  French  destiny.  82  :  reports  of  his 
weiiltli,  83:  First  Consul.  KJ,  84,  86:  royalist  predilections  for, 
88:  his  choice  of  two  policies,  91 :  the  epoch  of,  92  :  importance 
in  universal  history, -.iJ :  apparent  loss. of  militai'y  ambition, 
92:  choice  of  ailniinistrators.  92,  99-101 :  English  views  t)f,  94, 
95  :  salary  as  First  Ctiiisul,  KMt:  the  jicrsonality  of  the  council 
of  state  his,  KK):  aims  at  centralization  of  government,  101: 
benetlcent  ettects  of  his  regime  on  the  worM,  101:  controls 
foreign  relations,  nil :  foreign  policy,  103,  104:  makes  enemies 
as  First  Consul,  104:  the  fate  of  France  identitled  with  his, 
104:  contrasts  administrative  with  military  glory,  107  :  on  the 
art  of  war,  IOh:  expansion  of  his  schemes,  113:  his  favorite 
tactics,  117  :  distinction  between  the  statesman  and  the  gen- 
eral, 119,  120 :  violation  of  the  constitution  in  as,suming  com- 
niaml,  120:  undisputed  nnistery  of  France,  J20  :  sportive  tricks 
with  old  dynasties  ot  Europe,  126:  period  of  his  greatest  re- 
nown, 129,  13(1 :  married  life.  129,  130, 103,  104  :  malicious  libels 
on,  130  :  as  kiugniaker,  132  :  urged  by  Russia  to  declare  himself 
king,  134  :  codification  of  the  laws,  143  ;  regenerates  feudal  soci- 
ety, 144  :  study  of  h»w,  140  :  his  interest  in  education,  140 :  the 
new  era,  148:  method  of  deporting  opposition.  151-153:  appa- 
rent summit  of  bis  power,  154:  pUits  and  attempts  to  assassi- 
nate, 164,  155.  258;  iv.  140,  151, 152, 156:  policy  towai'd  his  ene- 
mies, ii.  165  :  popularity,  157-HM) :  proposal  t**  make  him  king, 
160:  the  tool  of  fate  and  architect  of  his  own  fortunes,  101 :  his 
first  marriage,  101 :  a  soldier  of  fortune,  101 :  at  maturity,  161 
et  seq.  :  a  man  of  all  ages,  162  :  the  per8onificati(}n  of  France, 
162 :  etfect  of  conspiracies  on,  162, 103 :  safeguards  for,  103  :  on 
friendships,  163:  on  the  forces  by  which  kings  rule,  103:  ef- 
fect of  his  married  life  on  the  Code,  104:  war  a  necessity  to, 
172:  French  admiration  for,  177  :  expansion  of  the  revolution- 
ary system,  178:  relations  with  the  diplomatic  corps,  178,  179: 
consular  levee  of  March  13,  1803,  179:  reception  of  diplomatic 
corps,  April  4,  1803,  182:  remonstrances  against  adulation  of, 
188:  mortification  of,  199:  on  the  piimacle  of  revolutionary 
power,  201 :  brief  review  of  his  career,  201-203:  creates  a  vir- 
tual tyranny,  202:  "consul,  stadholder,  or  emperor?"  205: 
his  imperial  title,  206 :  his  civil  list,  200 :  heraldic  device  of  the 
empii-e,  200,  207 ;  secures  the  imperial  succession  to  his  family, 
207:  inauguration  of  the  empire,  209:  coronation,  209,  217  et 
seq. ;  iv.  221  :  his  naval  plans  of  1805,  ii.  213,  214 :  reception  of 
the  news  of  Trafalgar,  214:  as  a  man  of  science,  214:  his 
strength  with  the  army.  214 :  forms  of  his  strategy,  210 :  fear 
of  poison,  219:  encourages  arts  and  sciences,  222,  224,  225: 
first  speedi  from  the  imperial  throne,  222:  gemis  of  the  na- 
tional uprising  against,  223:  the  sjiell  of  bis  name,  224:  depre- 
cates war,  225:  backed  by  the  nation,  225:  "moderation"  of, 
227:  auger  at  naval  failures,  231  :  rapidity  and  perfection  of 
his  movements,  23^i :  his  nnlitary  comnn\n'ders,  2:^4  :  sinks  the 
emjieror  in  the  general,  234,  275;  iii.  90;  iv.  35:  the  head  of 
the  French  empiie,  ii.  255 :  demands  recognition  as  Emperor 
of  Home,  250:  violation  of  dynastic  ties,  201:  ideas  about  ter- 
ritorial sanctity,  201,  202:  "Napoleon  the  Great,"  203:  the 
imperial  catechism,  264:  traveling  arrangements,  276,  277: 
distrust  of  his  suite,  277  :  simplicity  of  his  military  dress,  iii. 
3  :  likened  to  an  octopus,  9 :  piditical  methods  and  policies,  10, 
03,  92,  152,  240  :  a  new  seat  of  wai'  for,  11 :  determined  to  "con- 
quer the  sea  by  land,"  11 :  new  experience  in  campaigning,  12  : 
his  first  child,  16 :  the  center  of  his  administration,  26 :  the 
supports  of  bis  empire,  20 :  centralization  of  govcrimient  in, 
26,  27:  nameless  charges  agaitist,  28:  his  excuses  for  his  li- 
cense, 28 :  his  monogram  (N)  37  :  commercial  p<dicy,  41,  108: 
attitude  toward  the  Russt)-Prussian  alliance,  47  :  preference 
for  action  before  words,  50:  lecognizes  the  power  of  decora- 
tions, 67:  drafts  on  his  associates,  07:  the  surname  of  Napo- 
leon. 07 :  on  the  amliitions  of  the  iYench  people,  08 :  on  pater- 
nal government,  08:  personal  decrees,  70:  recognizes  popular 
fickleness,  70:  creates  a  titled  class,  70,  71:  art  under,  72: 
system  of  imperial  patronage,  74:  discourages  gambling,  75: 
relations  with  his  friends  and  generals,  75:  imjuisons  a  mil- 
liner, 75 :  pert  remarks  addressed  to,  70 :  supposed  cause  of 
the  turn  of  his  fortunes,  78:  ignorance  concerning  American 
affairs,  82:  realizes  the  limitations  of  his  power,  86,  89:  his 
"  master,"  89 :  ill  luck  at  sea,  IKI :  piditical  system  of,  92 :  the 
height  of  liis  power,  92:  crushes  a  watch  in  passion,  103:  his 
detenninatiou  t*»  crush  opposition,  103:  intercepts  suspected 
correspondence,  103,  120:  his  "cabinet  noir,"  103:  turn  of 
his  fortunes,  108,  118:  justifies  pillage,  124:  crushing  blows, 
124.  120  et  seq.:  the  embodiment  of  jHiwer,  125:  divorce  im- 
pending, 125:  system  of  t<'rritorial  expansion,  128:  his  extinc- 
tions of  ruling  dynasties,  128:  dipIomati<- exhibit  of  bis  political 
scheme  at  St.  Cloud,  131,  132:  dramatic  incident  at  jierfor* 
mance  of  "  (Edipe,"  134 :  appreciation  of  the  drama,  134,  135 : 
familiarity  with  ancient  history,  135,  130 :  thickening  of  the 
divorce  plot,  139:  the  character  of  his  civilization,  139:  orders 
list  of  mairiagealde  princesses  to  be  prepared,  139:  a  gang  of 
self-seeking  traitors  to,  149, 150:  well  informed  on  the  European 
8itu:ition,  151,  152  :  system  of  spies,  1S2  :  skilful  historians  on, 
152:  slnfts  responsibility  for  wars  onto  the  enemy,  153:  his 
plan  of  cami)algns,  157:  ptdicy  of  wooing  pettplo  and  alaising 
their  rulers,  105,  100  :  Bonaparte  distinguished  from  Napoleon, 
179  ;  iv.  7H,  1 18:  ultimate  terms  of  peace,  Iii.  184  :  sick  of  war, 
184  :  dread  of  assassination,  185  :  excommuniciited,  180 :  change 
In  his  manner,  189:  his  "harem,"  1K9  :  declining  jiopularity, 
192  :  basin  of  his  i»i'Wer,  192  :  alleges  the  reasons  for  his  divoi-ce, 
194 :  decides  on  tlie  Austrian  marriage,  195 :  second  miUTiage, 


INDEX 


295 


Napoleon  Buonanarto  — confi'uwrd. 
lOK,  1U9  :  lmiiiuiie»  the  cnrdinulH,  lO'J :  renounces  titio  of  Rnmnn 
Emperor,  200;  euiisoUdiitlnn  of  tiis  powi-i,  'JOl  :  niltt  vacant 
biHlioprics,  'J02  :  extent  of  liitt  eiiipiri.*,  '203,  2i:) :  L-lmii^e  uf  naval 
pulicy,  203  :  tliu  national  upridinKM  it^ainHt,  204> :  caitHL-s  leiulln^ 
to  his  overthrow,  20<>  :  iniatakfu  policy  of  provldiiiK  thronea  for 
relutivus,  213 :  IiIh  pi'n|uiHitu8  in  EiikHhIi  HUKar  uiiil  eotfce,  214  : 
Hpitnisli  uchoon>oys  nickname  for,  223:  dealH  with  statu  projw 
erty  (or  pt'i-stinal  Iieiicllt,  225:  policy  of  pcrMjruil  attachincnU, 
225,  221! :  hill  "extraordinary  iloniain,"220,  232  :  chooses  hctwuou 
liveB  of  clilhl  and  mother,  2:10:  Int]ierlal  rcsldcners,  221>, 
230:  endows  matfrnity  lio^pitiil,  230:  asjdrationsfor  si^a  power, 
231,  232:  Hood  tido  of  MUictsa,  232  :  method  of  rcploninhinjr  an 
empty  treasury,  232,  235:  llio  man  and  tlic  cmlnnlicd  poljti 
Cftl  force  of  Europe  distiUKUislicd,  233-235:  "  Emperor  of  the 
Continent,"  234  :  an  incident  thitt  changed  the  conise  of  his- 
tory, 238,  239  :  niw  naval  schemes,  23'.i :  lieliof  In  the  devotion 
of  France,  210:  policy  of  territorial  a«ffrandizement,  2-10:  Ins 
ideal,  242:  begiinunK  of  his  decline,  242:  coimidered  the  anti- 
christ, 245:  secret  funds,  240:  studies  Rnnuui  history,  247: 
warned  ayainst  war  by  ministers  and  friends,  247,  248 :  warned 
of  the  fato  of  Charles  XII.,  248:  moral  reforms,  248,  241):  the 
climax  of  his  dranm,  251 :  physical  characteristics  at  openinR  of 
the  llusaian  campaign  of  IS12,  252  :  alllicted  with  dysuria,  252  ; 
address  to  hfs  army  before  the  Russian  rami'aii.'n,  253  :  plans  of 
action,  254,  255 :  lonyinfj  for  a  t-'i'cut  Itattle,  255 :  desperate  mili- 
tary straits  of,  25H,  25ii:  deplores  the  barbarity  of  war,  2tK) : 
contracts  a  hiathsome  tliseaae,  207  :  weakness  and  indecision  on 
the  retreat  from  Moscow,  270  :  shares  tlio  hatilships  of  the 
army,  iv.  1,  4,  7  :  commands  a  division  of  the  army,  5  ;  bullethi 
of  Dee.  3.  1812.  12  :  false  report  of  his  death,  14 :  wrath  of  the 
anny  against.  14:  *' robbed  the  cradle  and  the  jn"ave,"  22  :  rev- 
olutionary trainiuK,  24 :  bis  "lil)rary,"  24  :  <ni  credit,  24 :  faces 
a  European  coalition,  2('>,  27:  refuses  to  cede  European  hold- 
ings, 27  :  conciliatory  attitude,  27 :  fallacies  of  bis  military 
schemes  of  1813,  28:  aims  of  the  new  coalition  aRaiust,  32:  be- 
lief in  cavalry,  34  :  attitude  toward  Austria,  35 :  liis  blunder  of 
1813,  41:  the  beginning  of  the  final  disaster,  41:  a  tyro  in  dy- 
nastic politics,  44  :  allet;e<l  turnin;^-i)oiiit  in  his  career,  45  :  sus- 
pects treachery,  45  :  isolation  of,  45,  4'.t :  characterizes  hia  Aus- 
trian marriasc  as  stupidity,  46 :  his  first  fatal  blunder,  47 :  tries 
to  bribe  Austria,  50:  former  friends  turn  apainst,  52:  advan- 
tage over  the  allies,  53  :  the  hazard  of  the  die,  53 :  eharactcrl- 
zatlou  of  the  allies,  54  :  value  of  his  i)re8ence  in  the  Held,  57  : 
climax  of  dia:iater,  01  :  appeals  U^  sentiment  rather  than  his- 
tory, Gl :  the  wuiuler-year  of  bis  tbeciri-tical  genius,  02:  trans- 
formed fr<nn  ntratei^'i^t  into  pi'litirjan,  02:  the  diplomat  out- 
sti'ips  the  strategist.  i".5  :  lieliuition  nl"  a  threat  man,  05 :  outwitted 
by  the  allies,  08,  O'.f :  the  savior  of  society,  81 :  found  out  by  the 
masses,  82:  newness  of  his  nobility,  82:  bis  aim  the  indepen- 
dence of  tlie  nations,  83 :  spends  his  private  treasure  on  tho 
lU'iny,  86  :  his  last  olticial  act,  88  :  no  longer  Emperor,  89  :  leaves 
Paris  for  Chabms,  8'.):  value  of  his  prestige,  93:  bis  supreme 
milit:u-y  effort,  93 :  a  famous  mai'cb  by,  '.)7  :  the  allies'  determi- 
nation to  exterminate  the  Napoleonic  idea,  98,  99  :  his  military 
correspondence,  1814,  98:  yields  to  his  marshals,  lifO  :  estraiige- 
nieut  and  desertion  of  his  marshals,  1()3,  i;i'J,  14.5-147:  sugges- 
tion that  he  abdicate,  104  .  realizes  tlie  war  is  for  his  extermina- 
tion, 108:  "the  spasmodic  atrnke  or  the  dying  gladiator,"  111: 
rouses  tlie  peasantry  to  guerrilla  warfare,  112,  113:  desperate 
scheme  of,  116 :  '*  this  movement  makes  or  mars  me,"  121 :  cap- 
ture of  a  bundle  of  letters  from  Paris  for,  122 :  clianccs  for  a 
last  stand,  125  :  contemplates  a  new  levy,  129  :  the  allies  refuse 
to  treat  with,  134 :  proposal  that  he  g(nern  France  uudor  guar- 
antees. 134:  overthrown  by  the  legislature,  135:  regains  his 
equilibrium,  130:  rage  at  learning  of  the  surrender,  135,  130: 
the  allies  refuse  to  negotiate  with,  130:  his  lU'st  abdication, 
136,  139-142.  144:  influence  over  the  troops,  137  :  desertion  of 
the  army,  143:  the  knell  of  of  the  empire,  144:  proclamation 
of  April  5,  1814,  145:  a  homeless  citizen  of  the  world,  145: 
determination  never  to  be  taken  alive,  140  :  final  form  of 
his  declaration  of  abdication,  147 :  use  of  the  imperial  style, 
148:  the  savior  of  European  society,  148:  treatnicut  accorded 
to,  by  the  allies,  148-164 :  parting  gifts  to  old  acqiuiintanees, 
149 :  treasure  at  Blois,  149 :  denies  the  charge  of  usurpation, 
160:  alleged  to  be  a  bastard,  151;  alleged  theft  of  crown 
jewels,  151 :  his  true  name  said  to  be  Nicholas,  151 :  calunmies 
heaped  on,  151,  152,  155:  plots  for  the  exile  of,  152:  adopts 
disguise,  152,  153:  farewell  to  the  allies'  commissioners,  153: 
effect  of  English  customs  on,  153:  begins  the  administration 
of  his  island  realm,  154:  treasure  at  the  Tuileries,  154:  his 
historical  commentai-ies,  154:  forced  to  practise  economy,  155: 
diniiuutiiu)  of  his  private  f<»rtune,  150:  scheme  to  deport  him  still 
further,  157:  keeps  inforaied  as  to  conjse  of  Ein-oiiean  events, 
157,  160:  scouts  the  idea  of  a  regency,  li'l :  prepares  for  his  es- 
cape, 101,  102:  alle^'ed  fears  of  deportation,  102:  his  escape 
justified,  162:  dismisses  the  peasantry  from  his  column,  164: 
troops  Hock  to,  100:  forms  his  Tiew  cabinet,  107:  acquiesces  in 
populardemand  for  constitutional  government,  167  :  the  apostle 
of  popular  sovereignty,  107  :  views  on  abolition  of  cenaoi-ship 
of  press,  107 :  devotion  to  the  cause  of  public  liberty,  168  :  reso- 
lution of  the  European  dynasties  Ut  extirpate  his  regime,  108 : 
**  tire  enemy  and  disturber  of  the  world's  peace,"  109 :  pro- 
claimed an  outlaw,  109,  170 :  turns  toward  the  moderate  liber- 
als, 171:  call  for  volunteers,  171:  his  reconstituted  corps  of 
marshals,  172:  proclamation  to  the  army,  June  15,  1815.  170: 
apparent  successes  of  ,fune  10,  1815,  184  :  effects  of  his  inactiv- 
ity, 190 :  his  last  tlream  of  glory,  193,  194  :  loss  of  the  last  chance, 
199:  the  empenu-  contrasted  with  the  general,  200:  demand 
for  his  abdication,  200  :  calls  for  him  as  dictator,  207 :  idea  of 


Napoleon  Buonaparto  —  ermtinwtl. 
regaining  (he  government  by  force,  207,  208:  ab4llcut4^'M  for  tho 
Hecoucl  time.  207  :  aibipts  civilian'H  clothbig,  20h:  thu  govern- 
ment rufuHeH  rt'HpuriHildllty  for  IiIh  Kafi-ty,2<M  :  roriiuntieitehi-mv« 
for  his  chcape,  210  :  dcHlre  for  ht^i  execution.  212 :  letiurded  at 
the  eomnuin  nrisoneriff  tlieallleH.  212,  213:  lienerul  Ilonupurt^?, 
a  prlv.ite  citizen,  213:  aniMjaU  agalnnt  bis  Hcntencu,  213,  214: 
nnhobls  polygamy,  216 :  his  auloliiography,  216,  217 :  elfortu  for 
his  release,  210,  217:  lut  a  prisoner,  210-2P.>:  uttemptii  inter* 
course  witli  friends  in  I'mtice,  2)7  ;  farewell  nx  Hnagu  to  hJN  hoii, 
218:  his  tcBtament,  218:  bequestM  and  their  Mettlemenlit,  21H, 

219  :  butt  sickness  aiul  death,  319  :  a  poHitihIe  t-pltaph,  220:  hln 
rise  Ui  power,  220  utseq.:  nueHlioningH  as  to  hm  life  ami  work, 

220  ct  Hefj.:  his  love  uf  artillery,  221 :  luck  of  education,  222 :  oil 
greatness,  222  :  influence  on  hi^t^try.  224  etseq.:  early  HtniggleH, 
225  et  Me»i.:  methods  of  aeiiulrlng  supreme  |>ower,  22X.  2:H,  232  : 
lasting  ciniracUr  of  his  wi»rk,  229;  legal  rufonns,  229:  pollco 
system  of,  229:  centralization  of  bis  adminintrativosyst^'m,  229, 
2:w,  242:  social  nforms,  229,  '2;JI,  242  ;  educational  Bywtem,  2:M): 
the  secret  of  his  downfall,  230:  position  among  lawglverM  and 
statesmen,  230:  rule  by  milltaiy  force,  2:)1 :  deficient  edneatbui 
in  politics  and  history,  231:  attitude  toward  denio'-rai-y,  2.31 : 
InHueuce  on  modern  times,  2:11,  241:  popular  dlstrm^t  of  hIa 
character,  232:  meet«  Intrigue  with  Intrigue,  2^12  :  reHpoMblbll- 
ity  for  bloiidshed,  233:  causea  of  his  downfall,  230-23H,  240:  bis 
place  in  history,  236-241,  245 :  essays  the  rAle  of  liberator,  237, 
240,242:  hi  captivity,  2;J9 :  his  "CorresiMjudence,"  239:  rooU 
out  absolutism.  241 :  Ills  artificial  aristocracy,  243 

Anah/xin  1./  character.  Ability  to  mold  men,  li.  2,  3,  fi,  22-24, 
;t7,  07,  09-^71,  84,  87,  88,  93,  94,  99-101,  UH,  105,  107,  120,  128  160^ 
2:11,  2:i2;  iv.  78,  228,  229:  as  an  a<lventurer,  iv.  240:  ambition, 
i.  28,  33,  36.  59,  03,  76,  78,  94,  113,  118,  P20,  122,  124,  153, 150,  18«, 
187,  205,  207,  220.  220.  248;  li.  9,  19-21,  .32,  .50.  103,  1(H,  201  ;  lit. 
2,  22,  24,  41,  08,  88,  89,  91,  128,  189,  233,  2;(.5,  250  ;  iv.  .'iO,  220,  28^^- 
233,  211,  242:  amusements*,  Iv.  214,  210:  anxiety  for  his  safety 
ami  comfort,  iv.  149:  asceticism,  i.  58:  autocracy,  li.  177:  bra- 
vado,  iii.  22 :  use  of  bribery,  acceptance  and  rejection  of  bribes, 
i.  120;  ii.  23:  as  a  burKher,  ii.  178;  iv.  221:  calnmess  under 
stress,  ii.  214 ;  iv.  170 :  use  of  cant,  iv.  83 :  capacity  for  work, 
energ\',  industry,  and  attenti<m  to  detail,  i.  125,  i:i'^,  144,  155, 

156,  224  ;  ii.  6,  19,  101.  128,  13H,  143,  277,  278  ;  ill.  22,  26,  27,  29, 
46,  62,  04,  7.5,  133,  141-14:i,  102,  [163,  167,  200.  247,  253,  255,  2.';C ; 
iv.  10-18,  22,  23,  33,  67,  89,  221-223,  233,  230,  237 :  casuistry,  I. 
81 :  caustic,  sarcastic,  or  vigorous  tongue  or  pen,  i.  33.  63.  122 ; 
ii.  37,  40,  73,  77,  78,  104,  105,  172,  252 ;  iii.  34,  52,  55,  07,  105,  166, 
211,  248,  252,  260:  caution,  i.  126,  150;  il.  82,  83,  201,  248;  (lack 
of),  ii.  202  ;  iii.  11 :  change  in  temperament,  iii.  179:  character 
at  lirienne,  i.  29:  cheerfulness  and  good  humor,  ii.  128,  178; 
iii.  22,  45:  clemency,  iii.  3:  coflVe-di inking  habit,  iv.  68:  con- 
tempt for  ideals,  ii.  130:  iii.  '.;7,  2h.  72,  116,  240:  contempt  for 
men  and  money,  iv.  233:  CMsmo)M»litanism,  iv.  118:  eourage.  I. 

157,  158,2:i8,  241,  248;  ii.  248;  iii.  20,  22,  146,  185;  iv.  95,  186: 
charge  of  cowardice  against,  ii.  248 :  a  criminal,  iv.  223 :  cruelty, 
ii.  47, 48,  271 ;  iii.  3 :  decay  of  physical  and  intellectual  powers ; 
neglect  of  details  ;  vacillation,  etc..  iii.  28,  75, 140, 162. 10:(,  184- 
186,  189,  252,  20:1,  267,  270;  jv.  65,  73,  117,  194,  199,  205-207,  222, 
230-240,  242,  desire  for  peace,  ii.  94,  273;  iii.  183,  184;  iv.  19. 
38,  43,  45,  50,  88,  167:  desperation,  iii.  74:  despondency  and 
pessimism,  i.  41,  42,  40,  60,  51,  129;  iv.  3,  145,  140:  dcsi>otism, 
iii.  7,  00-08,  70,  72,  i)7,  240;  iv.  231 :  the  man  of  destiiiy  ami  of 
the  hour  ;  the  representative  man  of  his  epoch  ;  a  fatalist  and 
oi)iK)rtuni3t,  i.  1,  41,  81,  97,  100,  131,  140,  102-170,  195  ;  ii.  00-75, 
91,  101,  102.  246 ;  iii.  52,  247 ;  iv.  137, 173,  208,  227,  233,  239 :  de- 
termination to  rule  or  ruin,  iv.  32 :  his  "divine  chai-acter,"  it 
263:  domestic  virtues  — filial,  parental,  and  connubial  affec- 
tion, i.  29,  32,  42,  79.  82.  85.  94,  1.56,  157,  170,  174. 185,  IHO,  280- 
282  ;  iii.  140,  173.  189,  190,  194,  206,  212,  230,  233,  245,  248,  249 ; 
iv,  18,  27,  44,  14*>-151,  173:  love  of  dramatic  ell'eet;  abilitv  as 
an  actor,  i.  125,205;  ii.  20.  155;  iii.  90;  iv.  163.  171,  172.  222: 
dread  of  assassination  and  kidnapping,  ii.  08,69;  iii.  185;  iv. 
9,  152,  100:  dreams  of  universal  and  European  empire,  i.  19<>; 
ii.  172,  173,  175,  211,  215,  255  ;  iii.  41,  01,  89.  249;  iv.  38,  48,  49, 
81,  167 :  dreams  of  Orientid  c<uniue8t  and  empire,  i.  40,  00,  175, 
177,  192,  202  ;  iL  10-12,  31,  ;J2,  34-37,  41,  42,  45,  50,  184;  iii.  4-6, 
23.  24,  33,  36,  44,  55.  85.  80,  88-91,  93,  102,  124,  127,  129.  130,  132, 
235,  252,  207,  208 ;  iv.  220 :  dress,  i.  230 ;  ii.  20 ;  iii.  3,  37.  54.  75, 
197 :  duplicity,  shiftiness,  and  versatility,  i.  125,  138,  150, 157, 
177,  179,  185,  243,  244,  277  :  dynastic  amljltiona  and  l-pugings  for 
an  heir,  ii.  149,  157-100,  163,  164,  197,  202,  20*;,  '2W,  210.  21h  ;  iii. 
(i7,  84,  90,  115,  125,  189,  191.  192.  194.  190,  199.  200.  2;t0.  234  ;  iv. 
18,  44,  50,  107,  237, 238  :  early  education  and  later  studies,  i.  19- 
34  3(^42,  48,  51.  00,  79-81,  80,  103,  107.  125,  157 :  early  military 
irregularities  and  inaptitude,  i.  48,  49,  61.  90,  93-101,  125:  or- 
ganizes educational  system,  ii.  264  ;  iii.  28,  73  :  egoism,  vanity, 
and  self-assert  ivenesa,  ii.  66.  56,  77,  80,  81,  221 ;  iii.  2,  3,  28,  01, 
75.  148,  157,  189.  231,232,240:  elasticity  of  spirits,  iv.  136:  ele- 
ments of  his  failure,  iv.  33,  34  :  endurance  of  privation,  iii.  13, 
22,  146,  162;  iv.  7:  etiuestrlanism.  sporting  instincts,  etc.,  lit 
45,  197:  exaggeration  and  ^lisregard  of  truth,  t  137,  184:  as  a 
flnaucier,  it  88,  89,  140,  141,  205,  206;  iii.  27,  05.  225-229,  240; 
iv.  24,25,  221,  223,  229.  243,  244:  foresight  and  lusiyht.  ii.  29, 
30  201  •  iii.  2. 241 ;  iv.  .50 :  generosity,  hospitality,  and  charity, 
i.  74.  257  :  it  19.  67  ;  ill.  133.  130.  225,  227,  229.  230,  251 ;  Iv.  224, 
233:  his  .all-embracing  genius,  il.  131,234:  habit  of  reducing 
thougiita  to  writing,  iv. 67 :  hallucinations  ami  self-delusions,  iit 
'134  '*5'*-  iv.  117,  120.  12t>,  219,  229:  hatred  and  vindictiveness, 
t  uT;'!!.  19:  as  a  historian,  iv.  162,  217,  238,  239:  humanity, 
iv.  78,  79 :  his  human  supremacy,  iv.  222 :  an  Iconoclast,  it  18 : 
imperious  character,  iv.  237:  inconsistency,  iit  129,  179,  184, 
204;  iv,  222-224:  inelegance  of  luauuer,  lack  of  breeding  and 


196 


INDEX 


.N«IH)l«in  Buonaparte- MFUinwd.  ,,,.  , 

•li'licuv.  il    rJH-Um.  KVi  J<Ut,  ITS,  266:  111.  38,66,  l»n.  la.'.  "I- 

mi.     Intiu  ru.c-  ..f  .  ritUisnl.  111.  73 :  Invincibility,  11.  r,4      v. 


1110  H'.i  167  •-W.  JH.'.'li's'J", '.Wii:  iimirnniilinUy  (nssnnunl),  111. 
II :  'inniii'iUUcnii'.'  InvisliiuM,  iiiiil  l;>vi-  of  ''isplay,  *'.'•  **•  J^;,'.';'!'; 

22i  '  ■"     ""       - '" 

on 

tiir; 

cducatii 

4t*. 

l.">7, 

135,  ....  --  ,         .        . 

M7.  231-234,  236,  242,  243,  Ki2,  iM,  i>6 

113,  119,  12(1,  23;)-235,  237,  245,  2.'. " 

18,  ^    

62, 

15'.l,  no.   163,  .„..  — ^^  .,^ .  --.  — ,- .,  „•,       il    .,,.,  . 

334  "3.')  2;I7  'iSii  240  :  denies  nmral  rt'sponsihllily,  ii.  Joi . 
nervi"  Iv.  7:  nervousness,  iv.  34;  over-credulousiicsa  iv.  65: 
patriotism,  I.  89.  IKi,  9.%  %,  118, 119,  245:  Ii.  104:  persistence.  I 
125,  126;  Ii,  42,  44,49:  personal  appearance,  1.  23,  29,  OJ,  n 
19'  ''  ""  '"'' 

vig, 


i57;  II.  21.106,  107.  110, 
2,275-278:  111.  1,2,  10,  13, 
181, 


25,  l-2«;  Ii,  42,  44,49:  personal  appearance,!.  ",  f;,  ",'•  "• 
■1    •>,)    ■)(;•)•  III   30,  75;   Iv.  194,  210:  physical  condition  and 
igor  '1  "129;  iii.  22,  23,  39,  162,  252;  iv.  100.  172,  173,  222-224  : 
lihvsi'eal  peculiarities,  conditions,  ailments,  etc.,  i.  41,  44,  09; 
Iv.  69,  61,  08,  69,  1737170,  179,  181,  194    190,  20:t-206,  210,  216- 
219:    plain-spokennesa,  Iv.  46  :  his  political  acumen    ii.  90 ; 
poverty,  i.  20,  33,  34,  40,  68.  85,  91,  101,  102,  156,  166,  169,  172: 
powers'  of  analysis  and  calculation,  I,  28,  29 :  secret  of  his  pre- 
cuiiiiencc,  iv.  222,  240  :  ready  wit.  Hi.  76  :  reclilessiiess,  1.  139  : 
as  a  reformer,  Iii.  147  :  reliance  on  public  opinion,  iv.  105 :  nt- 
titu. 
125. 
158, 
67.  ( 

1*>9     ...    _..-   , .  - 

iv. '229V rcroluiion,  wLiii  162 :  restiesstiess,  i.  90, 134, 136, 109: 
review  of  liis  character,  iv.  233:  sanguine  teniperaiueiit  ul. 
24 :  sell-assertion,  selfconfldeiice,  self-inttiest,  and  selUsh- 
ness,  i.  30,  31,  33,  44,  69,  166,  18.-i,  205,  221-223.  242  ;  Ul  10, 
34.  67,  88,  161,  178,  231,  2:)2.  23,1.  249 ;  iv.  21,  1.t3,  222,  23.  : 
a  self-made  man,  Iv.  222 :  self-restraint,  i.  230,  243 :  sense  of  in- 

"■""     ii.  44;  ill.  16,  2^  87, 


National  Convention,  the- oonKniiAf. 
tli.n  of  memliers,  101,  100,  107,  178  :  rebellion  and  riots  atrainst, 
10'>  lOS.  179  et  hci-  ;  proclaims  amucsly,  104 :  r,kyalist  iiitrii;iies 
In  'l6.',:iKipular  hatred  of,  107:  prepares  tor  coullict.  108,  179: 
adopts  .V.  X  plan  for  Italian  campaiisn,  176:  distrusts  .V., 
179:  triumph  on  the  Thirteenth  Vendi'miaire,  182-186:  its 
plans  thwiirted  by  violence,  1S3 :  A'.'s  peculiar  relations  to, 
206  2IK;:  flnancial  lualadminislration,  ii.  140:  plans  tor  Invad 
rug  Kiu;land,  185  :  scheme  of  revolnlioimry  exteusii'U,  iii.  249 
National  Guard,  the,  i>lvaniJiitloii  and  reoiganiaitiou  i^f,  i.  57, 
,Ml  M,  ;iJ.  102,  l«.',  1*6:  callilik'  in  I'Hlcers  of,  96,  90  :  N.  adjll- 
tiintiimjor  in,  90;  feeliu;;  agiiiust  the  Conventli'li  among,  108, 
178-  ilefeuse  of  the  I'uileries,  179:  oppose  the  Conveutloii 
forces  180-182 :  the  Thirteenth  Vcndeniiaire,  180-182 :  X.  i\\>- 
pointed  eomniander  of,  ii.  70,  71 :  dnifts  tor  the  imperial  army 
from,  Iv.  22,  23  :  In  defense  of  Paris,  123,  128:  ileeay  of  Imper- 
ialism unioiig,  128  :  fails  to  persuade  the  Empress  to  stay,  131 : 
.V  hopes  to  raise,  i:tC:  refuses  to  obey  the  provisional  govern- 
ment, li:i:  pr.iiUimati.in  to,  Mandi  8,  1816,  167:  reviewed  by 
.V,,  171 :  surly  spirit  among,  171 

National  Guard  of  Corsica,  -V.'s  schemes  to  form,  I.  66 :  A. 
;ij,l".iiit<',l  adjutant-major  in,9t', 

National  Library,  lecture  system  of  the,  i.  167 

National  List,  the,  II.  s4 

Naudln,  letter  of  y.  to,  ,lnly  27, 1791,  i.  90 

Naumburg,  I'lussian  headquarters  at,  ii.  274,  276:  Davout  and 
Heroiidutte  at,  280:  Bluchcr  pursues  Slacdon;dd  to,  Iv.  61 

Navarre,  iinestiou  of  the  sovereignty  of,  i.  04,  05  :  incorporated 
with  Fiance,  66  :  French  invasion  of.  Hi.  10.; ;  the  chateau  of, 
granted  to  Ferdinand  VII.,  116 :  X.'s  contemplated  movement* 
in,  14;i :  military  government  of,  213 

Navy,  .V.  ■>  aptitude  for  the,  i.  29 :  suicide  among  otBcers  of  the 
French,  ii.  2  :  prepamtloiis  at  Toulon,  27 

Nazareth,  skirmish  at,  Ii.  48,  49 

Necker  Jacques,  schemes  of,  i.  22 :  N.'s  study  of,  40 :  minister 
of  lluaiue,  50 :  proldemsof  taxation,  60, 64  :  llight  from  France, 
61 :  Imnishmcnt,  50 :  fall,  88  :  lime,  de  Statd's  inheritance  from, 
iii.  228 


Louisa,  Iii.  251 ; 


26:1,  266,  21, 
13-.I.  173,  2;)0;  iv 


224  :  as  soldier,  statesinau,  and  despot,  iv. 

'    '   ' '   :  statecraft  ami 


220  et  SCO.:  speculative  mania,  172, 175. 176, 185;  statecraft  and 
diplomajy.  i.  167,  221,  271  :  ii.  13,  14,  25.  84-87,  90,  91,  90  97  99 
ct  sell..  166-100,  107,  109-172,  174,  178,  201-207,  210-212,  21;.,  222, 
220  227,  ■iW-206,  277,  278  :  ill.  3;),  54.  77,  101,  147,  236,  237,  239, 
240  244  249,  260  ;  iv.  ;«,  38,  49 :  his  strong  will,  li,  144,  228,  229  : 
views  coucerning  suicide,  and  his  attempts  thereat,  i.  41,  42 :  ii 


Nelson,  Adm.  Horatio,  captures  Bastia,  i.  154 ;  il.  42 :  expected 
cooperation  with  Austria  at  Savona,  I.  216  :  sails  from  Cadiz  in 
chase  of  the  Egyptian  expedition,  11.  38  :  returns  to  Sicily,  42 : 
seeks  the  French  lleet  iu  Greece,  42  :  follows  to  Egypt,  42 : 
loses  an  eye  at  Cadiz,  42 :  battle  of  Cape  St,  Vincent,  42 :  battle 
of  the  Nile,  42,  43,  50 :  battle  of  Copenhagen,  ii.  135 :  sanctions 
the  execution  of  Caraccioll,  191 :  corresiHimlencc  with  Dii- 
mouriez,  193 :  aided  by  Portugal,  212  :  plan  to  allure  hlin  to 
Egypt  21":  Villcueuve  avoids.  213:  enticed  to  the  West  Indies, 
2:10:  joins  Coriiwallis  before  Brest,  230:  sails  for  Portsmouth, 
230:  pursues  Villeneuve  to  UibraltJir.  2.30:  chases  Vlllciienve 
to  the  West  Indies  and  back,  2;t8 :  .arrives  olf  Cadiz,  239 :  hU 
ambition,  239 :  battle  of  Trafalgai-,  240-242 :  his  death,  241 

Nemours,  Cossacks  advance  to,  iv.  103 

Nesselrode.  Count,  appearance  iu  Kus-shin  diplomacy,  Iv.  39: 
refuses  to  treat  with  France,  39,  40 :  conference  with  tVancia, 
43:  demands  Austria's  adherence  to  the  coalition,  43;  agrees 
to  basis  of  Austrian  mediation,  43  :  letter  from  Talleyrand  to, 
129 ;  approves  the  restoration  ol  the  Bourbons,  134  ;  negotiates 
with  Talleyrand,  134 


i 


Napoleon  n.,  king  of  Kome,  .V.«  affection  lor,  iii.  245 :  iv.  18 ;  ,  „,  a  ni± 

iJalei's  conspiracy,  4  :  insigniUcance  of,  16 :  possibility  ol  a  re-  Neuburg^..^';;™°];^,«^v"„vf* 
geiicy  f',r  4>^ 

Napoleone,  Stephanie,  marries  Prince  Cliarles  of  Baden,  il.  257 : 

.V.'s  liai^nM  w  till,  257 

Napoleon's  Mount,  ii-  247,  249 

Narbonne,  Comte  de.  mission  from  Dresden  to  Russia,  ill.  2.)i 
Narew  River,  milllary  movements  on  the,  ill.  11,  18,  23 
Nassatl,  m. mlicr  .if  til,'  CoMfcderntl.rn  of  the  Rhine,  II. '260,  261 
Nassau'.  Prince  of,  anccbite  of,  iv.  48 


BKUiinM:  Ditch  Flaxpers;  Holland 
i.euburg.  Mamiont  at,  ii.  234 
Neufchateau.  member  of  the  Directory,  ii.  6,  23:  mission  to 


foiigress  of  Rastatt,  35  .   .  „., 

Neufchatel,  ceded  to  France,  ii.  251 :  Berthior  created  Prince 

of,  iii.  71.     .'<ee  Bkuthikr 
Neuinarkt,  .lourdiin's  defeat  near,  i.  2:15:    Mossi'na's  niove- 

nieiils  at,  209  :  llight  of  lliller  to,  ill,  102 ;  .V.  at,  Iv.  42 
Neu-Reppln,  military  movements  near,  il.  28;l 
Neutrality,  the  principle  of  the  agreement  of  1780,  II.  136 


wI^ronTl'AVBpmhVv  the  (■orsicannirairsin.l.  62-66:  persuades  Neuwled,  lloche  crosses  the  Rhine  at,  i.  272 

t"  b^^rfuna..(^:r^n;,orcou!S  New  Castile,  Duke  del  lufautado  commissioned  governor  of, 
to  creat.- Corslcan  National  Guard,  78:  debates  on  the  military        "i- H*  ,      ^  -  i  „     i  m  co  q, 

TOwer  80  •  dillMilties  of  Its  work.  80-W8.  91.  92 :  self-eiracement  New  England,  commercial  greed.  111.  82  83 

??V-".-ec  c,  a  ti.  al  1.  gl-lation  by  w  :  the  King  tjikes  refuge  in,  Newfoundland,  proposed  French  expe.litioii  to,  II,  213 

•  dlsmi-jrie  King's  body-guard,  lirj  ;  aludlshes  the  king-  New  Galicla.  :.in,.  x.  ,1  to  the  grand  duchy  of  Warsaw,  111.  184 


102 


shin  wi:  LafavetLcMdeavorslocalm,  lOi.Wi:  dUpei-ses,  IU     New  Orleans,  baltlc  of,  1^^174 

aionkl  ConvenUon.  the.  -lection  of  a,  i.  no:  meeting  of.    New  York.  ,.n. ,...-;,   that  A',  sa  1  to  iv.  20! 


National  Convention,  the, .   , 

.Sept.  21  1792,  111:  the  King  Bunimoued  bef,,re,  116;  culorc.s 
its  ■Ic.rees  in  (■orsl,l^  117  :   I'aoll  summoned  Ui  appear  bef.,re, 

117    121:  appeal  to,  by  .V.,  In  I'a.dls  behalf,  118;  denoi es 

Paiiu,  119  :  sends  new  commissioners  to  Corsica,  121 :  promises 
Indemnity  to  Corsican  sulterem.  I'M,  124:  supremacy  of,  1-J4  : 
Corsica's  Bucceshfiil  revolt  against,  1'29:  popular  support  of, 
131  :  ellect  of  the  •  Treasiui  of  Tcudou  "  imi,  i:)3  :  receives  news 
of  capture  of  Toulon,  i;)7:  vengeance  mi  Toulon,  i:i7,  1'.18 : 
overthrow  of  the  Girondists,  l;)8 :  ,V.  and  Gen.  Lapoype  ium- 
moned  before,  142:  terrorists  In,  148:  turns  lui  ILibespierre, 
1«:  downfall,  149,  168:  Jacobins  In,  16»:  question  of  reeloc- 


Ney  Marshal  Michel,  a  product  of  Carnofs  system,  I.  im  :  in 
batth-  of  ll.iheiilindcn  ii.  125:  oc.npies  Switzerland,  160,  176; 
service  in  the  Aniiv  of  England,  186  :  execution  of.  191 :  joins 
.V  at  Watirloo,  p.ii :  created  marshal,  '207 :  plan  for  his  luva- 
siou  of  Ireland,  214  :  character,  2:t4  ;  ill-  76  ;  Iv.  126 :  liobis  the 
bridge  at  GUlizburg,  11.  2,15 :  victory  at  I.cohen,  ■2;t6  :  dears  the 
en. -my  fr..iu  the  Tyr.d,  245:  at  Itayrenth,  '278:  in  battle  of 
.Umi,  280,  ^81 :  Invests  Miig.leburg,  ill.  2  ;  at  Neldeiiburg.  12 : 
HtreiiKlli  In  Poland,  13:  threatens  Konigslierg.  14,  15:  repri- 
manded by  .v.,  14 ;  retreats  fn.m  llellsberg,  15 :  iinrsue,!  by 
Beunlgsen,  15:  escapes  to  llllgeiiburg,  16:  in  Eylau  campaign 


INDEX 


297 


Noy,  Mitrtthal  Mlchol  —  roH/mi/crf. 
IK.  2M:  bultlo  ill  IliilfbrrK',  '2'J:  mnvemeiiU  on  the  I'aMsarKi*, 
'iU  :  bultte  uf  Kricillaint,  :)1  :  crt-iittMl  Ihikir  (if  KMiIiikiii.  71  : 
yt'iirly  iiicuou-,  71,  "JJO:  y.'g  upliiitiii  of,  IM  qtmrri-l  witli  'I'ol 
stol,  87:  at  LohTdAo,  U'J :  inovtn  ii^^iln^t  CastuitoH,  144:  liuk 
uf  vigor  of  iiinvciiaiit,  144  :  iii<'Vfiiifiit  ii;.'iiliibt  Mmlritl,  M'>  : 
Htaliuiied  ut  A»ti'rk:u,  140:  in  L«-oii,  •211:  tttruiigMi,  Miirrli,  1h|-.*, 
'24tj :  udvuiii  e»  on  liunuliiii-^,  'IM  :  buttle  of  Sniolcii-<k.  'i'i7  : 
rvckU'iis  pursuit  aiU-r  SmuU-ntik,  '2Cu  :  buttif  of  [Uirnibno, 
*JC1 :  *' thf  hrjiviat  of  the  bmve,'  Iv.  'J:  hero  of  the  retreiit 
from  .Moscow,  ■>,  4,  r> :  letter  t**  Bertbler,  Nov.  fi,  |8I'J,  :i : 
junction  with  Kii^eiie,  tj  :  "A  iiutraiiul  of  the  Kriipirc  h&a 
never  surrinderud ,"  (i :  peiiloiiB  retreat  fmm  Sniobnsk,  (J: 
his  lUi'Mt  brllliunl  deed  of  arniHitt:  croitsefl  the  I'nleper,  fi :  at 
tlie  croi4.sinK  uf  the  Bereitiiiii,  7,  H,  to:  loarhrH  Vllna,  1'2  :  in 
eanipaiKM  uf  1M1:{,  ;U  :  buttle  ot  Lutzen,;tt>:  battle  of  hanlzeri, 
40 :  beleaguers  ScliweJitnit/.,  4'J :  eonfroiita  Hbielier  at  tb<- 
Bober,  &5  :  Itattle  ut  Drestlen,  57  :  superseitts  tiudinut,  6'J  :  bat- 
tle of  Denncwitz,  IW,  (U  :  driven  Into  TorKUU,  *A  :  letter  to  A',, 
Sept.  7,  1H13,  04  :  battle  of  LeipHie.  T>i,  74  :  on  the  allies' march 
on  Paris,  7 'J  :  moves  from  Sti-zanne  a^raiust  Blueher,  D^:  cuni- 
maiiding  the  VonnK  Guard,  103:  buttle  of  Oraonne,  107  :  hsittle 
of  Laun,  108:  moves  up  the  Aube,  117:  battle  of  Arcih  snr- 
Aube,  118:  courage.  120:  at  council  at  St.  Dlzier,  120:  sfrtngth 
after  the  surrender  of  I'aris,  137:  at  review  of  the  Guard  at 
Funtuliietdeau,  137  :  treasonable  utterance  at  Kontaincbleau, 
138:  demands  the  Kmperur's  abdicati'>n,  i;(H,  i;VJ:  voices  the 
disulfectiun  uf  the  army,  140:  uri  commission  to  present  abdi- 
cation to  the  Czar,  142,  143:  trniisfei-s  his  atleudance,  14n:  re- 
turns to  I'aris,  147:  resents  royalist  alfronts  to  bis  wife,  ir><.i: 
rejoins  Napoleon  at  Auxerre.  105,  100:  recreated  marihal,  172  : 
in  the  Waterloo  campaign,  175 :  diMpute  concerning  his  orders, 
178:  ordered  to  Quatre  Bras,  178,  170.181,  184,  185:  moves  to 
Oosselies,  179:  interview  with  A\,  IHO.  181:  battle  of  Qnilr.- 
Bras,  181-180  :  at  Kriisnes.  184, 187  :  A',  determines  to  join,  is.". : 
A'.'s  despatch  t»),  June  17.  1815,  185:  X.'g  indignation  at.  1m;  : 
moves  to  cooperate  with  A'.,  187  :  battle  of  Walerhw,  vxi,  lur,- 
202,  204:  insubordinate  spirit,  l',t;i :  ci'nnnanding  the  (Juatd, 
201  :  atljuatre  Bras,  205  :  contrasted  with  Desaix,  205:  at  Kyluu, 
205  :  impi'isoned  and  condemned  to  death.  210-212 
ice,  A',  at,  i.  124,  142,  144,  147,  150,  184,  204:  inadequate  works 
at,  128:  the  Buonapartes  at,  144:  news  of  the  Terror  in,  149: 
France's  ambition  to  gain,  164,  198 :  lost  to  Sanlinia,  213 :  pro- 
puwd  that  France  shouM  keep,  iv.  80 
Nlemen,  River,  the,  miliUxry  nn»vements  on,  iii.  32,  254,  258,  259, 
204;  iv.  12,  '20:  meeting  of  the  sovereigns  on,  iii.  37  et  .seq.: 
l*russian  territory  on,  53  :  Freucli  advance  frum  the  Vistula  tu, 
255  :  Fiench  advance  to  tlie  Dwina  from,  255 
Nile,  River,  the,  the  campaign  on,  ii.  40  et  seq. :   ilamdiikts 

diowiifd  in,  41  :  battle  of,  42-44,  56,  238 
Mines,  alarm  among  the  I*rotestants  of,  iv.  158 
Nlort  enthusiasm  for  the  fallen  Emperor  at,  iv.  208 
Nivelles,  military  operations  near,  iv.  174,180:  topography  of. 

191,  193 

Nivdse,  ilu-  i'lot  of,  ii.  154, 155 

Noailles,  Comte  de,  royalist  intrigues  of,  iv.  129 

Nobility  of  France,  the,  loss  of  its  feudal  power,  i.  52  :  privi- 

leges,  and  as^umiitionsof  privilegesof,  54, .57  :  yieldiug  of  privi- 

k-L't's  by,  57  :  tliu'lit  of,  57, 80  (see  also  Emigrants) 
Noble  Giiaxd,  institmion  of  a,  iv.  159:  abolition  of  the,  105 
Nogara,  military  operation  near,  i.  251 
Nogent,  Victor  ordered  Ut,  iv.  95  :  N,  at,  95,  104  :  abandoned  by 

\  i'.tor.  97  :  Souhain  s  forces  at,  125 :  abilication  proposed  to  t!ie 

Enipcror  at,  139 

Non-Intercourse  Act  of  March  1, 1809,  iii.  210 

Non-intervention  Act,  the,  iii.  83 

Nordhalben,  I'avout  at,  ii.  278 

Nordhausen,  military  movements  near,  ii.  283 

Ndrdlingen,  the  French  position  at,  ii.  234  :  capture  of  Werneck's 

ili\isani  at,  235 
Normandy,  unrest  in,  i.  133:    Marraont's  troops  to  withdraw 

into,  iv.  138 
North,  pioposed  League  of  the,  ii.  271 
North  Cape,  a  boundary  of  the  Continental  System,  iii.  214 
North  German  Confederation,  proposed  organization  of,  ii. 

271-273.  27:'.      S,u   also  CmNKKDEKATION   OF  TUE   RHINP: 

North  Sea,  pniposid  Frtuch  t*xi»edition  to.  ii.  213:  part  of  the 

i-oust  iiKorpor;iUi|  into  the  Fiench  Empire,  iii.  213,  220,  225 
*'  Northumberland,"  the,  conveys  A",  to  St.  Helena,  iv.  214 
Norway,  lost  to  Denmark,  iii.  59:  subordination  to  Denmark,  214: 
in  va-^satage  to  France,  214 :  ottered  by  Alexander  to  Sweden, 
215,  239,  243,  246:  Bernadottes  ambition  to  acquire,  215;  iv. 
32,90:  in  possession  of  Denmark,  iii.  216  :  Russian  troops  for  the 
conquest  of.  -ifio  :  strii'_'ule  with  Sweden,  iv.  170 
Nossen,  dvfv.n  oi  tlu-  Saxons  by  the  Black  Legion  at,  iii.  180 
Notables  of  France,  ii.  84 :  abolition  of  the  list  of,  159 
Notre  Dame  Cathedral,  serviee  in  honor  of  the  Concordat  at, 

ii.  138.  i;ut :  \:.s  romnation  in,  21ft-221 
Novl,  battle  .-f,  ii.  57,  0;i,  60:  mililaiy  operations  near,  ii.  117 
Nuits,  A.  visit-s  i.  82.  83 :  society  in.  82,  83 
Nyon,  Carnot  s  concealment  at,  ii.  17 


**  Oberon,"  iii.  136 

Ocana,  battle  of,  iii.  219,  221 

Ochs,  Peter,  republi'jan  propagandist  in  Switzerland,  ii.  27 
Oder,  River,  the,  proposed  surrender  to  A',  of  forts  on,  iii.  138: 
threatened  expulsion  of  the  Frem  h  from,  iv.  44  :  military  move- 
ments on,  52 :  Frendli  garrisons  on,  76 
Vol.  rv.— 40 


"CEdlpe,"  perfonned  at  Erfurt,  llf.  134 

Offenburg,  i*|>ui«'d  milgrant  rouHpiratoni  in,  IL  193:  Caulain- 
roiirt'H  lApudltion  to,  l'.t4 

Officialdom,  p'pnlir  hulnd  id,  f.  54 

Offlngen,  tb>   Fnncb  ponition  at,  11.  235 

OkIIo,  River,  the,  BL-anlitu  retreats  behind,  I.  219:  Austlis's 
boundary  in  Venella,  271 :  Sihi-rer  driven  behind,  II,  60 

O'Hara,  Gon.,  <-aptured  before  Toub-n,  1.  130 

Old  Castile,  French  m-cupatlon  of,  iii.  122 

Oldenburg,  propo.sal  to  include  in  North  German  Confederation, 
ii.  272 :  ncli'-iiie  to  ineor|M)rate  with  France,  111.204:  Alexan- 
der 1.  re-.erv.?i  bis  family  rluhts  over.  220:  AlexandiT  oil.  m  to 
e\<  hangf,  for  Krfurt,  220:  IncurjHtrated  In  the  French  empire, 
2:10,249:  pnq>osid  that  France  eva<:uat^-,  Iv.  :t8  :  restored  to  lt« 
former  ruler,  79 

Oldenburg,  Duke  of,  manies  Grand  Duchens  Catherine,  III.  MO. 
213:  .l.tlirori.,|,2i:(,  2;i4:  i»ropos.rl  allot  tn«nt  of  territory  to.  iv.  39 

Old  Guard,  the,  battle  of  Leipsie,  ii.  70,  73:  moven  against  Bld- 
cher  from  Stiyiune,  95:  A',  reviews  them  at  Fontalnebleau,  136, 
i:t7 :  A',  takes  leave  of,  150:  reduction  of  the  pav  of.  159:  In 

liattle  of  Waterloo,  199,  201.     See  aUo  iMI'KltlAL  HVARV 

OlllOUles,  capture  and  reeaplure  of.  I,  I;i4 

Olmiitz,  military  operations  near,  II.  245,  247 

OlSUSieff,  Gen.,  annihilated  by  Mannoiitut  Cbampaubert,  iv.  96 

O'Meara,  Edward,  publishtr  of  an  Elban  M.S.,  i.  HW:  A*.'*  de- 
claration to,  eonecrning  the  Due  d  Engbien,  ii.  l*.fJ:  A'.>  con- 
versations with,  iii.  6:  physician  to  A'.,  217  :  asblst«  A",  on  his 
history,  217:  dismissed  by  Ij<»we,  217 

Oneglia,  Mui-setm's  a<lvatice  throuub,  [.  143:  French  troope  in 
tin-  vallty  of,  M4  :  A'./»  serviee  at,  144,  151 

Oporto,  seizure  of  the  French  governor  of,  ill.  97 :  bishop  of, 
appli*  H  to  EriKlund  for  help,  97  :  occupied  by  Soult,  219 

Oppln,  liern:id<»tte  at,  iv.  7« 

Orange,  House  of,  iridemnity  to,  for  b.-;s  of  p*iwer,  ii.  108 

Orange,  the  Prince  of,  n-ealled  to  Holland,  iv.  79:  in  Waterloo 
■  amp'iiK'n,  17.'..  IHO:  at  the  Duchess  uf  Richmoml's  ball,  180: 
battle  of  t^iiatre  Bras.  182 

Orcha,  military  movements  near,  iv.  6.  7 

Ordener,  Gen.,  leads  expedition  to  Ettenlieim,  and  arrests  the 
Due  d"Kn-hien,  ii.  194 

Ore  Mountains,  i-ontemplated  operations  in  the,  iv.  56:  retreat 
of  the  allies  toward,  58 

Orezza,  A**,  at,  i.  69,  93 :  meeting  of  the  constituent  assembly  at, 

72-74 

Orgon,  attempt  to  assassinate  N.  at,  iv.  152 

Oriani,  Comte  B.,  A'.'x  statement  to.  i.  226 

"Orient,"  the,  sunk  in  Aboukir  Bay,  ii.  43 

Oriental  question,  the,  ii.  108 

Orleans,  pri-on  nias-.a>res  in,  i.  HI :  French  garrison  at,  iv.  137 

Orloff,  Count,  'on<hnt.s  negotiations  for  surrender  of  Paris,  iv.  133 

Onnea,  Ma-.-rnas  advance  througli,  i.  143 

Orscha,  Fit- IK  h  garrison  in,  iii.  259 

Ortenau,  ceded  to  Baden,  ii.  252 

Osnabriick,  position  in  the  French  empire,  iiL  214 

Osslan,  A'.'^  aninaiiitanee  with  and  study  of,  ii.  36;  iv.  149.  216 

Osterinann-Tolstoi,  Gen.,  in  battle  of  Eylau,  iiL  19,  20:  char- 
acter, 86:  eo[iduets  negotiations  with  A'.,  86,  87,  90,  91:  recep- 
tion at  Paris,  87  :  cpiarrel  with  Ney,  87:  A'.'*  opinion  of,  91 :  at 
St.  Cloud  levee.  Aug.  15,  1808,  132 

Osterode,  -V.'.v  headquarters  at.  iii.  22,  26 

OstrolenKa,  Kussian  retreat  to,  iii.  12:  Russians  driven  out  of,  ^ 

Ostrach,  liattle  of,  ii.  60 

Othman,  the  royal  line  of,  iii.  127 

OtrantO,  embargo  on.  ii,  183:  creation  of  hereditary  duchy  of, 
255  :  Fouch<:-  creatcii  Duke  t>f,  iii.  71.     See  Fouch6 

Ott,  Gen.,  licsieges  Genoa,  ii.  108.  110,  113,  114:  defeated  by 
Lannes  at  Castepgio,  116:  readies  Alessandiia,  116:  in  battle 
of  -Marengo,  118,  119 

Otto,  Comte  L.  G.,  andiassador  to  England,  ii.  175  :  letter  from 
A'.,  Oct.  2;t,  I.S02,  llii,  185:  recalled  from  ix)ndon,  177 

Otto  the  Great,  A',  likened  to,  ii.  218 

Ottoman  Empire,  proposed  partiticui  of,  ii.  32.   See  also  Egypt  : 

TUKKKV 

Oubril,  his  treaty  rejected  by  .\lexander  I.,  ii.  272,  273  :  Russian 
envoy  to  Paris,  259.  202.  271,  272 

Oudinot,  Gen.  C.  N.,  in  battle  of  Austerlitz.  ii.  249:  created 
Duke  of  Reggio,  iii.  71 :  X.'s  opinion  of,  75 :  character,  75 :  com- 
manding in  Hanau.  157  :  ordered  t*i  Augsburg,  158;  ordered  to 
Abenslierg,  162  :  battle  of  Wagram.  176,  177  :  ortlered  to  coerce 
Holland,  204 :  stren-zth,  March,  1812,  240 :  at  the  cri>ssing  oi  the 
Beresina,  iv.  8-10 :  in  cami>aigii  of  1813,  34 :  threatens  Berlin, 
42,  51  :  A'.'v*  instructions  to,  ,54:  defeated  at  Luckau,  56:  fails  in 
his  movement  against  Berlin,  59-*>l :  battle  of  Grossbeeren,  CO : 
retreats  to  Wittenberg,  60:  superseded  by  Xey,  62:  battle  of 
Dennewitz,  t'3,  64 :  at  Dresden,  65:  battle  of  tcipsic,  71,  73: 
ehecks  pui"suits  at  Lindenau,  75 :  opjioscs  Schwarzenberg,  95 : 
driven  back  t()  Nangis,  97  :  before  I'rovins,  10;t :  captures  Xl<5ry, 
104:  ordered  to  hold  BlUcher,  104:  checked  by  Sebw.irzenberg, 
105:  driven  beyond  Troyes,  105:  retreats  from  .\rcis,  119:  at 
Bar-sur-Ornain.  126 :  streuL'th  after  the  snrreniier  of  Paris,  137  : 
at  the  abdication  scene,  l;w :  transfers  bis  allegiance  to  Louis 
XVIII.,  147  :  recreated  marshal,  172 

Ourcq,  River,  military  operations  on  the,  iv.  106 

Ouvrard,  G.  J.,  sent  by  Foucht^  on  mission  to  England,  iiL  208, 

209 


Pachra,  River,  French  crossing  of  the,  iii.  269 

Pacific  Ocean,  influence  of  the  United  States  on  the,  ii,  184 


298 


INDEX 


Paderbom,  «p|><>rtU>iie>l  to  Pnuaia.  II.  170 

Fadu&,  military  upcratlous  iitriu-,  I.  SSI:  cro»Uoii  oj  hereditary 

Paserle,  Marfe-Josephe-Rose  Tascher  de  la.    Sco  Bkau- 

ll\KNAI-<.  .Ii'^Kl'MINK  ,.  , 

Paxerie  Mile.  Tascher  de  la,  s<.ii;;lit  in  miurliwi'  !•>  I'cnliiiaua 
VI 1.   ill.  m,  urn:  murriis  tin-  Uulii-  ut  ArcmlwrR,  li.  IIM 

Pagerie  Taacher  de  la,  futlur  ot  .i..sfi>hiiu'  Ui;iuliiiriiai8,  L 
ivi:  a.'i.tli  o(.  I'.Hi 

Falne  Thomas,  I'li  tlimndal  comlitloii  of  Eniilninl .  ii.  21 

PalolGen.,  8»iii»  Mmiteiviiu.  Iv.  1(13:  in  the  W  nttrloo  caiu- 
|.ii^'ii,  171.  :  1  n-M-iim  lit  ul  Clmrlinii.  177  :  bllttio  i)(  Lltpiy,  183 

Palace  of  the  Govenunent,  the,  ii.  '.'7 

Palafox,  Gen.  JosA  de,  niilit;irj  ability,  ill.  121 :  iit  Samcossa, 

1<:I.  144 

Palais  Royal,  lKail<|iiiirt«r»  .of  tho  tribiuiate,  II.  100:  a  retugo 

r.ir  tlir  clUropiltitlilt',  1(10 
Palestine,  the  kiy  of,  11.  « :  inipurtaiicc  of  JV.'«  (Miiqucring,  49, 


22(i :  spring  i-leetioiis  of 


Palm,  J.  P.,  iHWksfllcr  of  Nuremberg,  execution  of,  li.  271 

Falma.  -V.  u.lviuices  to,  i.  274 

Pamplona,  -V.  seeku  intoniiation  ooiiccrnliig.  111.  101 :  selzoil  by 
L):iriii:i^iiac,  HVi 

Pan,  Mallet  du,  eritiiiitB  Mine,  do  Stacl.  111.  227 

Panatherl,  wiTiiary  .if  Uin-itory  of  Corsica,  1.  73 

Pantheon  Club,  closiimvif  tlie,  i.  isc 

PaoU,  Pascal  lii»  shar..  in  the  history  of  f'c.rnioa.  1.  4  et  Be(i. : 
Illation.*  with  the  .lews  anil  with  the  Vatican..'!:  eompared 
Willi  WiisbiiiKtoii.  I".:  his  cliaracter  and  reiioim,  ('.,  7:  ulTers 
HByliiin  to  KouBseau,  7  :  hoodwinked  by  C'hoiseul,  8.  'J;  defeat 
and  escape,  10 :  appeals  to  the  Powers,  10 :  aBpinitioas  for  Cor- 
siea.  12,  13,  ('.2:  .V.'»  address  to,  19:  his  conciliation  sought  by 
France,  21 :  .V.  a  supporter  ami  admirer  of,  27,  47,  4«,  77,  118, 
12.". :  the  ■•  UisUiry  of  ^^.rsica  "  dedicated  to,  47.  4.S :  X.'s  (Mjrre- 
spondeiice  with,  4'.»-.'il  :  his  return  to  Corsica,  (;2-«S,  70,  72:  ac- 
tivity of  his  agents,  c<\ :  directs  Corsiciui  .iKitatioii,  r.4  :  amnesty 
granted  to,  I15,  (17:  i|iiil»  England,  68:  honored  by  Louis  XVI. 
and  the  National  Assembly,  68:  misrepresented  in  I'aris,  118: 
impnbirity  in  Corsica,  69,  117 :  meeting  witli  .V.  at  Rostiiio,  72, 
73:  virtual  dictator  of  Corsica,  73:  agitation  in  his  behalf  in 
CoFBlca,  94,  9'.t:  interferes  in  riota  in  Ajaccio,  98:  ditHcnlties  of 
his  situation,  99  :  displeasure  at  .V.,  99,  KKi :  .V.  seeks  reconcill- 
.ition  with,  109:  despair  of.  109:  commander-in-chief  in  Cor 
Bica,  lO*.*:  lieutenant-general  iu  the  Krench  army,  110;  opposes 
Sardiuiau  Invasion  Bcheinc,  111,  112,  114,  117:  A'.V  insubordi- 
nation to,  112:  suspected  of  Intrigue  with  England,  112,  118: 
position  on  declaration  of  war  against  Kiiglund.  nil,  117: 
denounced  by  Lueien  Buonaparte,  117:  summoned  to  appeal- 
before  the  National  Convention,  117,  121 :  A',  antagonizes,  118 
120,  122,  12.%  14:1 :  denounced  Ity  the  National  Convention,  119  : 
Bummoiis  .V.  to  Corte,  120:  ulfers  to  leave  Corsica,  121:  seeks 
English  protection  for  Corsica,  121-123:  views  of  condition  of 
France,  122:  declared  an  oullav».,  1'J3 :  fails  to  fortify  Ajaccio, 
l,i;i :  seeks  aid  from  England,  l.'>4  :  recalled  to  England,  154 

Paollsts,  the,  i.  (12 

Papacy,  the  Fr.  nch  feeling  against  the,  1.  229  :  the  Directory 
desires  its  overthrow, 2.19,  201 :  .V.'n  alliance  with,  2(11 :  A',  pro- 
I»i8».8  negotiations  with  the.  ii.  7  :  relations  of  .V.  and  France 
with,  1:12,  i:i3,  139.     See  also  iiUKCii ;  Pius  VII.;  Komk 

Papal  States,  the,  French  iiidii..siiion  to  revoluthinlze,  i.  227  ; 
h'rciich  seizures  and  raiiMun  in.  228,  229  :  A',  iirotects  clergy  in. 
261;  under  French  inllueiicc,  271:  scheme  to  compier,  il.l2;  hold 
by  Aintria,  9.1,  lo.i ;  evacuated  by  Ferdinaml  1\'.,  131:  A',  de- 
mands expulsion  of  Russians,  English,  and  SardiiiiHiisfroni,216: 
A.V  iiitinence  over,  reeognizeil  at  Tilsit,  iii.  47:  A',  demands 
banishment  of  hostile  agents  from,  and  closing  of  ports  to  Eiig- 
laml,  .17  :  French  invasion  of.  94  ;  deniands  for  the  iuviolaliility 
of,  94  :  annexed  to  France.  201 
Papelotte,  th.'  farm*  of,  iv.  191 :  llgliting  at,  1911,  199 
Paradomanla,  iii.  44 
"Parallel  between  Csesar,  Cromwell,  and  Bonaparte,"  ii. 

I4H,  14.1 

Parbasdorf,  military  operations  near,  iii.  17fi,  177 
Paris,  the  military  bcIkoI  at,  i.  2.1.  30,  31  :  X.'k  gojourn  in  (1787 
44,  4.1:  the  Parliament  banished  from,  5.1:  base 
population  lbn-k  t^»,  5(1:  encounter  in  the  riiice  Vendome,  56: 
burning  of  the  barriers,  56:  deBtmctiou  of  the  Bastille,  56,  .17  : 
LoulB  XVI,  takes  up  residence  in,  .17  :  faniine,  86  ;  return  of  the 
court  to,  86  :  municipal  reform,  88  :  .V.  returns  to(May  28,  1792), 
101 ;  A*.  «  impoverished  condition  in,  1(11,  1(V2  :  great  outburst  of 
aeditlon,  102:  .Marseilles  sends  a  deputation  to,  102:  the  bar- 
ricailes  on  August  1(1.  1792,  104,  1(15 :  .V.  and  Elisa  in.  107 :  .V.« 
residences  in  (Holland  Patriots'  Hotel)  107,  (Fosses  Montinartrc) 
166,  (Mlcboillere  .Street)  176,  (('luintereine  .Street)  il.  18,  (Vic- 
tory Street ),  .18  :  massacrefl  of  royalist  prisoners.  1. 1(18  :  overturn 
of  municipal  govenimeiit,  llo:  comnilttee  of  survcilhince,  nil, 
111:  prlB-ui  raiWHai-res  in  (.Sept.  2-41,  1792),  111  :  representation  in 
the  National  (convention,  HI :  conib-niiiation  and  execution  of 
I>>u1b  .\Vl.,  115:  establishment  of  th(.  revolutionary  tribunal, 
123:  A',  at  (179:)),  134:  stenes  of  the  Terror,  149:  .V.'n  sojourn 
In  (179.1),  l.K!,  16(1  et  seq.,  173,  176:  inllueiici.  In  p<ilitlcal  move- 
ments, 1.18:  bread  riots,  162:  .laiobin  Jilota,  162:  eritleal  eon- 
dlllon  of  atfnlrs,  1(13,  165,  166:  social  life  (1795,  1796),  166-169, 
173.  174,  191:  hatred  of  the  NaUonal  Convention  In.  167;  mill. 
tary  prcparallon»,  168,  178,  179:  royalist  plot«  against.  178: 
critic  al  condition  of  alfair»,  178-1k(1  :  rebellion  against  tho  Con. 
vcntioii,  179  et  si^i. ;  the  Thirteenth  Venib'nilalrc,  18(l-lm  : 
reNtoratlon  of  order,  182;  .V.  cows  the  low  elements  In,  185: 
rojoiclngv  in,  over  I'ledmonti-Be  snccosses,  221  :  glorillcatiiui  of 
JV.  In  (1796),  222  :  rcccidacle  for  idundered  works  of  lu-t,  225 ; 


Paris  —  continued, 
"the  capital  of  European  liberties,' 

1797, 11. 1 ;  critical  condition  of  alIaiI1^,  2 :  royalist  Intrigues,  tlio 
Cli.  by  taction,  2. ;),  6  :  necessity  for  a  powerful  general  in,  3,  4  ; 
Ilarras  schemes  to  bring  troops  to,  4  ;  the  18th  of  Fructiilor,  5; 
.V.  »  remittances  to,  8;   feeling  in,  over  the  treaty  of  Cainlw 
Formio,  15;  return  of  A',  to  (1797),  17-'.'0;  the  ".street  of  Vic- 
tory," 18:  plot  and  countcriilot  in,  24  :  distnist  of  A',  in  (1798), 
33 ;  popular  ideas  in,  concerning  the  Egyptian  campaign,  46 : 
X.'n  triumphant  progress  from  t-Yc-jiis  to,  58:   hatred  of  the 
Terror,  64, 6.1 ;  .V.'n  roccplion  in  (from  Egyjit),  (i.1-(.9 ;  bamiuel  to 
A',  ill  .St.  .Sulplee,  68, 69 ;  X.  appointed  commander  of  the  troops, 
69etsei|.;  the  18tli  Brumaire,  70  et  scii.;  iv.2'28;  Fouche  closes 
the  barriers,  li.  74  :  apportionment  of  the  guards  in,  74  :  A',  re- 
ojiens  the  baiTiers,  74  :  tlie  19tli  Bruiuaire,  76  et  seq- :  w  ceding 
out  old  republican  piditiciiuis  from,  84  :  warlike  feeling  in  (1800), 
ac:  welcomes  A',  from  Marengo,  120:  .V.'s  relatnuis  with  iwlite 
society  ill,  130  :  service  in  honor  of  the  Coiiconlat,  I;i9  ;  schemes 
of   the   Due  d'Knahicn'B   supiHirtcrs    in,    154,    155  :    explosion 
of  infernal  inacliine  in  Kue  St.  Nicaise,  1.15;  Wine,  de  Stael 
exiled  from.  165 :  restoration  of  street  names,  105 ;  improved 
social  conditions,  165 ;  the  press  of,  atfcickB  England,  174 ;  center 
of  the  government,  178:  feeling  in,  concerning  A'.'»  court  at 
Aachen,  217  ;  coronation  of  A'.,  217,219-221 :  piosimLs of  coining 
war  in,  2(KI :  llckleness  of  society  in,  200  :  abuse  of  Austria  and 
Russia  by  press  of,  2;i2 :  A',  returns  to  (.Ian.  27, 1806).  2(12 :  alfec- 
tion  for  .V.  In,  '263;  A',  proposes  to  introduce  bull  fights,  266: 
A',  leaves  for  Mainz,  274;  relics  of  I'rcdcrick  the  (ireat  seut  to, 
iii.  3 :  oflicial  reports  from  Eylau  in.  21 :  the  situation  in  (1807), 
•26  et  Bell.:  the  head  and  body  of  F'lance,  26 :  sensitiveness  of 
the  Bouree,  2(1 :  Mine,  de  Stael  retiini.s  to,  and  again  expelled 
from,  27;  the  situation  in,  after  Friedland,  36;  proposal  that 
Alexander  visit,  44  :  (|ue»tion  of  the  ciu'dinal  at,  68  :  return  of 
A',  from  Tilsit  to.  61 :  public  works.  62  ;  iv.  17  :  Jewish  Sanhed- 
rim in,  iii.  63  :  social  vices  in,  75 ;  Tolstoi's  reception  at,  87  :  the 
soul  of  France,  118,  125 ;  iv.  118,  121 :  the  divorce  scandal  in,  ill. 
140;  N.  returns  iiom  Spain  to  (Jan.  6,  1809),  116:  A',  returiis 
from  Vienna  to,  186,  189;  X.'k  second  marriage,  198-2(X);  the 
Colh'ge  of  Cardinals  transplanted  from  Rome  to,  198,  202  :  re- 
joicings in,  over  birth  of  the  king  of  Rome,  230,  231 :  a  rival  to 
Koine  as  capital  of  the  Western  empire,  '231 :  reineinbrance  of 
the  Terror,  -245:  'monarchical  sciitiineut  in,  245:  importance 
of  A'.»  presence  in,  iv.  12:  the  Midel  conspiracy  in,  14.  15: 
treachery  in,  41 :  the  allies'  advance  on,  79,  80,  94,  95,  97,  102, 
116,  117,  "l'20-l'2.5,  131,  133,  134,  208  :  gloom  and  panic  in,  87,  109, 
12'2,  126,  i;i0, 131,  136,  171 :  A'.'»  public  appearances  in,  87,  88: 
the  national  guard,  88:  defense  of,  93.  KKt,  104,  113,  121,  123, 
128-132 ;  .losejdi  actuig  regent  in,  95 ;  Dliicher's  advance  townni, 
1(15;  sends  reinforcenients  to  A'.,  loii,  113:  A'.'ii  resolution  to 
abandon,  117;  .V.'»  march  toward,  126,  128,  165,  166;  surrender 
of,  1-28,  i;i3 :  the  Empress's  lllghl  from,  128-132,  136 :  intrigue 
in.   129  :  royalist  inlliienccs  iu.  130 :  in  coimnunication  with 
Marmont,  131 ;  summoned  to  surrender,  131  ;  armistice  before, 
131:  looking  lor  A',  in,  132;   lighting  before,  132:  not  to  be 
sacked,  132,  133:  entrance  of  the  allies,  l:t3.  1;14,  136,  137.  209: 
council  of  the  allies  and  French  diplomats,  134:   royalist  en. 
thiisiasm  in,  134-l:til;  assents  to  the  overthrow  of  A'.,  135:  the 
white  cockade  in,  135,  1.18 :  plaiiB  for  the  recovery  of,  136,  137  ; 
recepti.in  of  l,iniis  XVIII.  in,  148:   riots  in,  at  burial  of  an 
actress,  158;  secret  longings  for  A'.'n  return  in,  168;  the  gar. 
risoii  iiiit  under  arms,  169  :  disappearance  of  the  government. 
Kill:  raising  the  imperialist  staiidani  in,  166:  placju-d  on  the 
VendOnie  colnmii,  166  :  exciteiiieiit  ill,  1116 :  arrival  of  A',  in, 
160,  107:  treaty  of,  170:  the  news  of  Waterloo  and  l.igny  in, 
206,  206:  A',  returns  from  \\  atirloo  to,  206;  formation  of  a 
new    Directory,   207:   appointment  of  a  committee  of  public 
safety,  -207  :  A'.  oHcrs  to  defend,  208 :  jiossibility  of  reas.seinbliiig 
an  arniv  in,  210 
Paris,  Forest  of,  formalicin  of  the  Prussians  behind,  iv.  197 
Paris,  Miirquia  de,  le;els  ibc  Parisian  mob,  i.  86 
Paris  sections,  ile  da.\  of  the,  i.  ihi  -188 
Parker,  Sir  Hyde,  at  battle  of  Ciqienhagen,  il.  136 
Parliament  of  Paris,  reconstitntion  of  the,  i.  64:  contest  with 
bonis  .W'l.,  ,14,  55:  baiiisheil  from  the  capital,  65 
leincnlB  of    Parma,  intrigue  in  the  court  of,  i.  JO?  ;  plundered  of  works  of 
art,  225  :  A'.'*  leniency  to,  260 :  A'.'«  inlluence  in,  278 ;  A'.'k  vio. 
lalioii  of  neutrality  of,  ii.  95:  seeuied  to  J'rance,  132:  adopts 
the  French  Code,  227:  creation  of  hereditary  duchy  id,  255: 
Caiiibac(?res  created  Duke  of,  iii.  71  (see  C.VMIi.vCKUfis);  eeile- 
slastieal  reforms  and  conftscations  in,  202:  position  in  the 
French  empire,  214  :  granted  t^i  Maria  lx)iiisa,  iv.  148 
Parma,  Duke  of,  sulinission  of,  i.  2I8:  plan  to  give  the  I'lqial 

Slates  to.  ii.  12  :  X.'s  promises  to,  212 
Parthe,  River,  militarv  niovi'inents  on  the,  iv.  70 
Parthenope£in  Republic,  the,  pi  oclaimed,  li.  69 :  abaudimment 
of,  1:11,  1:12  :  (ate  of  its  admiral.  Caraceiidi,  191 

Parthlans,  It an  campaigns  against  the,  iii.  247 

Pasquler,  Baron  de,  attitude  towanl  A'.,  ii.  65 :  prefect  of  po. 
li.  ,  ,  iv.  1.1 :  episode  of  the  Millet  conspiracy,  16  :  imperial  pre- 
tcct.  r.'9 
Passarge,  River,  military  operations  on  the.  111.  22.  21,  '26.  '29 
Passanano,  X.'g  licadquarters  at.  li.  13.  15,  16 
Passau,  apiiortioncd  to  Bavaria,  11.  170,  262  :  X.'»  line  of  rcticat 
to.  2.i;t 

Passeyr,  the  estates  of,  conferred  upon  Ibifer's  family,  ill.  186 

Patterson,  Elizabeth,  inarrled  to  Jerome  Buonaparte,  II.  164 

PavU   I.,  silceec.ls  Catberine  II..  1,  '262:    institutes   the   second 

coalilion,  il.  59:  incensed  atdeorge  III..  93:  demands  Thugnt's 

dismissal,  93:  incensed  at  Auslrlii,  9:i,  1(12  ;  withdraws  from  the 

coalition,  93,  94 :  nceks  control  of  .Malta,  93,  102,  1'26;  friend- 


INDEX 


299 


Paul  l.^eontintted. 
shin  with  A*,  ami  France,  04,  102,  lafi,  1(W  :  plnn  for  invaalim  of 
Imliii  mill  ]iiirtittuii  of  AbIh,  Ur*:  reielveM  tlu-  Hwnnl  »t  Vak'tUt 
fnmi  .v.,  Iifj:  almif  t*  destroy  Auatria'B  |H>wt.T,  rjr>:  aicusfs 
RnKluixt  iukI  All^t^ia  <>(  tivjicliery,  I'Jil :  coiicliidea  altliuico 
with  .v.,  \m:  aa^iwsltiiiU;*!.  las,  -Jll.  'J^r.;  HI.  a.\  a*i:  eirtet  of 
hts  iK'iith  oit  h'niiicr.  it  l:ifi :  antipathy  to  (Inat  HrlUtii,  1G8 : 
8ii|i|»>rt4  thi  Hollar  of  Savoy,  U'j.    Ht>e  aUo  Russia 

"Paul  and  Virginia,"  ill.  227 

Paunadorf,  mtliiary  operations  nt-ar.  iv.  73 

Pavia,  thi-  Rack  <if,  i.  220 ;  ill.  .i:  military  operations  near,  U 
114 

Pawnbrokera^e  in  France,  HI.  iv* 

Peaaant  propi^otors,  ut  utitiirfiik  of  the  Revolution,  1.  S3,  54 

Peccadeuc,  Plcot  de,  .v. "  t luiny.  1.  33 

Pelet,  Gen.,  iharvreH  H«ithier  with  tnachery,  Hi.  ICO:  on  tho 
Imttle  of  AHpi-rn,  170:  denies  the  story  of  Lanne^'N  dcathl>cil, 
173:  in  battle  of  \Vaterl-K>,  iv.  2(K) 

Pelham,  Thomas,  employs  Mihoe  de  la  Touche,  li.  IHU 

Peltier,  J.  G.,  pnblishe?*  "  LAmhtKn."  11.  173, 174:  prosecuted  fur 
liiMlirm  .v.,  174 

Penal  Code,  the.  Mi.  22r>.  Jic 

Peninsula,  Peninsular  War.    Sec  Pobtuoal  ;  Spaim 

Pensions,  iif-rnts  in  Fremli,  I.  SO 

Pension  system,  iii.  7i 

Pepin  the  Short,  rorotiation  of,  ii.  aOH 

Peraldl,  associated  with  N.  in  Oontlcn,  1.  02  :  Beekn  election  in 
National  Uiuiid  of  C()rsica,  1*7  :  liecomee  an  enemy  4if  iV,,  ii7, 
ICJ:  or»lere<l  to  prepare  lleet  at  Toulun,  110:  seeks  to  arrest 
A'..  120 

Perceval,  Spencer,  :ia3JV'Uiinution  of,  iv.  ic :  misiuauaeement  of 

r.ML'lMi  atlairs,  ICH.  HU) 
Peretti,  lii.n  naitie  reprobated  in  Corsica,  i.  6i»:  vote  of  censure 

on,  74  :  seeks  election  in  National  (luaru  of  Corsica,  '.tfi 
Pennon,  Mme..  A'.'s  friendship  with,  i.  31,  32,  104,  1G8-170: 

fiii^nilsliip  with  Salicetti,  1(>8-170:    correaiM>ndence  with  A.. 

It'.O,  170:  deeliuea  iV. «  matrimonial  otfer,  1H7;  notable  saying 

of,  ii.  m 
Ferpignan,  reinforcement,^  for  AiiRcreau  from,  iv.  Hit 
Perponcher,  Gen.  G.  H,,  in  battl.-  ..f  gnutre  Bras,  iv.  I8I 
Perregaux.  Comte  de,  rujaiisi  iiiiiii;ucsMf,  iv.  kw 
Persia,  propnsi'-l  Inilian   cxiK<iiti"ns   viji,  ii.  134:  Sebastiani's 

mission  to,  174-17i>:  tieaty  with  France,  iii.  '23,  24  :  X.  arrangCH 

treaty  between  Turkey  and,  2;t,  24  :  incited  to  invaile  India,  24  : 

proposed  rupture  with  En^dau<l,  24  :  N.  studies  the  history'  "f. 

VM* :  .V.V  iiit*  rcmrse  with,  23'J :  Themietocles's  refuge  in,  iv.  214 
Perthes,  MaciinnaM  at,  iv.  126 

Peru,  8'  heme  of  a  ltoiirl>on  monarchy  in,  iii.  10<»,  111 
Feschiera,  seized  by  Beaulieu,  1.  '210,  22fi:  French  occupation 

of,  227. 232 :  the  revolutionary  movement  in,  266 :  disamiametit 

of,  273 

"  Peter  the  Great,"  by  raiTion-N'isas,  ii.  22ri 
Peterswald,  military  mnvemetit-i  near,  iv.  r»7.  61 
Petit,  Gen.,  at  review  uf  the  Guard  at  FontaJneblean,  iv.  i:t7 : 
.V.V  far.well  to.  150 

Petit  Trianon,  .V.  secures  the  lil>rary  from,  iv.  20s,  214 
Peyrusse,  corruption  of,  jv.  54  :  keeper  of  A'.'«  purse  at  Elba,  162 
Pfafifenhofen,  military  movements  near,  iii.  IGO 
Ph^lippeaux,  A.  de,  A'.'s  enemy,  i.  33:  superintends  the  de- 
fense ..I  Acre.  ii.  4S,  50:  parley  with  .V.  at  Acre,  54 
Phenicia,  the  history  of,  iv.  242 
Philip,  Don,  of  Spain,  ii.  132 
Philip  le  Bel,  schemes  of  worltl -conquest,  ii.  31 
Philippe    "  fealit^,"  despicable  actions  of,  i.  8C:  scheme  for 
his  son,  -200 

Philippeville,  A',  at,  iv.  20;*.  205 

"Philosophical  and  Political  History  of  the  Two  Indies," 

.V.V  stuiiy  ''i'.  ii.  M 
"Philosophic  Visions"  (Mercierx  -V.  *■  study  of,  ii.  36 
Phrases : 
Atjien  : 

"Italia  virtuosa,  maguanima,  lil>era,  et  una,"  ii.  149 
AjU'Wimoux  or  utianxiijned:  (See  also  Poptdar,  infra) 
(A  lady]  "fond  of  men  when  they  are  polite,"  iii.  139 
"  A  mystery  in  the  soul  of  state,"  iv.  25 
'■  Ueuiocraey  an  excellent  work-horse,  but  a  poor  charger;  a 

good  hack,  but  an  untrustworthy  racer,"  iv.  2;t;j 
"  Everything  has  been  restored  except  the  two  million  French- 
men who  dietl  ftir  liberty,"  ii.  139 
"PYeedom  of  the  seas  and  the  invasion  of  England,"  ii.  2:U 
IBonaparte)  "  his  consular  majesty,"  ii.  187 
A  Paris  actor : 
"  Jai  fait  de.s  rois,  madame,  et  n'al  pas  voulu  I'etre,"  ii.  132 
"  Legislative  eunuchs,"  ii.  100 

[lx>uis  XVIIL]  "learned  nothing  and  forgot  "nothing,"  iv.  147 
(The  army  chest]  "a  French  l*r"Viilence,  which  made  the 
laurel  a  fertile  tree,  the  fruits  of  which  had  nourished  the 
brave  whom  its  branches  covered,"  iii.  226 
A  nidt : 

"  Freedom  and  Austria,"  iii.  151 
fieri  hier : 

*'  By  general's  reckoning,  not  that  of  the  office,"  ii.  110 
C'lmhronTW. : 

"The  guard  dies  but  never  surrenders,"  iv.  202 
Charles  IV.: 
A  king  "who  had  nothing  further  to  live  for  than  his  Txfuise 
and  his  Emmanuel,"  111.  129 
Coiffn^t : 
"Providence  and  courage  never  abandon  the  good  siddier," 
iii.  248 


rhnwen—  cojitinuett. 
CoiujreHM  0/  Virnrut  : 

|.Su|K>leon]  *-  the  enemy  and  dl8turl*er  of  the  world's  iH'acc," 
iv.  169 
Ciartorygki  : 

*'Parmlomanla,  '  ill.  44 
Dalbfrtj : 

"  The  monkey  (Talleyrand)  would  not  risk  burning  the  tip  of 
his  paw  i-veu  if  all  the  cheslnutH  were  for  himself,  '  Iv.  130 
Priiiefnt  botfforuJn : 

(The  FIntt  (.'onNulH  re.Hidi;nce|  "  U  not  exactly  ft  court,  but  it 
1h  no  longer  a  camp,"  li.  128 
G^'iitz : 

"The  war  for  the  enmnclj'Utlon  of  stat^-H  bldN  fair  to  become 
one  for  the  emauelpatiun  ol  the  people,"  Iv.  79 
Ot»the : 

"  A  great  man  can  be  recognized  only  by  hlB  i>eeni,"  Iv.  1:U 
Kut  \moff : 

"The  plain  gentleman  of  Pskoff,"  Iv.  13 
Marhiarelli  : 

"  Friends  must  be  treated  as  If  one  day  they  might  be  ene< 
mies,"  li.  1<'>3 
Marmont : 

"  The  lube  of  a  funnel,"  Iv.  C9 
Napoleon : 

"  About  Ut  produce  a  great  novelty,"  iv.  163 

"A  great  man  — one  who  can  command  the  situations  he 
creates,"  iv.  65 

"  A  kind  of  vennin  which  I  have  in  my  clothes,"  if.  156 

"  A  lion's  advice,"  iii.  267 

"A  man  like  me  troubles  himself  little  about  a  million  men." 
iv.  46 

"  A  thing  must  needs  bo  done  before  the  announcement  ol 
your  plan,"  iii.  56 

"Bullets  nave  been  Hying  aboat  our  legs  these  twenty  years," 
iv.  6 

"Credit  is  but  a  dispen-'ati<tn  from  paying  cash,"  iv.  24 

"  Emperi'r  of  the  Continent,"  iii.  234 

"  Enemy's  lands  make  enemy's  gooils,"  lil.  5 

(England  a)  "nation  of  traders,"  ii.  186 

"  Everything  to-morrow,"  iv.  40 

"  Fortune  is  a  woman  ;  the  more  she  iloes  for  me,  the  more  I 
shall  exact  from  her,"  i.  223 

"  Forty  centuries  look  down  upon  you  from  .  .  .  the  P)Ta* 
mids,"  ii.  41 

"Gathered  to  strike;  separated  to  live,"  ii.  236.  See  also  p. 
244 

"Generals  who  save  troops  for  the  next  day  are  always 
beaten,"  iii.  263 

"God  hath  given  it  (the  crown  of  Italy]  to  me ;  let  him  be- 
ware wlio  touches  it,"  ii.  226 

"Great  battles  are  won  witli  artillery,"  iv.  34 

"I  am  cornjuered  less  by  fortune  than  by  the  egotism  antl  in- 
gratitude of  my  companions  in  amis."  iv.  145 

"I  am  determined  to  be  the  last  [the  bottomless  chasm]  shall 
swallow  up,"  iv.  lOH 

"I  am  driven  onward  to  a  goal  which  I  know  not,"  iii.  247 

"I  am  the  god  of  the  day,  "  ii.  80 

"I  cannot  be  everywhere,"  ii.  242,  (C/.  "Tlie  enemy's 
8trent;th,"  infra) 

"Ideologist."  iv.  241 

"I  feel  the  infinite  in  me,"  iv.  231 

"If  there  Iw  one  soldier  among  you  who  wishes  to  kill  his 
Emperor,  he  can.  I  come  to  olfer  myself  to  your  as- 
saults '  iv.  164 

"  I  have  destroyed  the  enemy  merely  by  marches."  ii.  235 

"I  have  never  found  the  limit  of  my  capacity  for  work,"  iii. 
163 

"  I  have  often  slept  two  in  a  bed,  but  never  three,"  iii.  38 

"I  leave  my  army  to  come  and  share  the  national  perils,*' 
ii.  66 

"  I  may  find  in  Spain  the  Pillars  of  Hercules,  but  not  the  lim- 
its of  my  power,"  iii.  124 

"In  our  day  no  one  hjus  conceived  anything  great ;  it  falls  to 
me  to  give  the  example,"  i.  223 

"  In  war,  the  moral  element  and  public  r>pinion  are  half  the 
battle,"  iv.  28 

"  In  war  you  see  your  own  troubles ;  those  of  the  enemy  you 
cannot  see.     You  must  show  confidence,"  iii.  161 

"I  pray  God  to  have  yon  in  his  holy  keeping,"  ii.  264 

"I  sli.iU  conduct  this  war  [.Saxon  campaign]  as  General  Bona- 
parte," iv.  35 

"  It  is  .  .  .  courageous  to  survive  unmerited  bad  for- 
tune," iv.  149 

"  It  rains  hard,  hut  that  does  not  stop  the  march  of  the  grand 
army,"  iv.  i\tu    (Cf.  "While  others,"  etc.,  infra) 

"  I  walk  with  the  goilde>:s  of  fortune,  accompanied  by  the  god 
of  war,"  ii.  77 

"Liberty  and  equality  .  .  .  put  beyond  caprice  of  chance 
and  uncertainty  of  the  future,"  il.  159 

"  il  asters  of  the  Channel  for  six  hours,  we  are  masters  of  the 
world,"  ii.  212 

"  My  generals  are  a  parcel  of  jwst  inspectors."  iii.  124 

"  Metaphysicians    ...     lit  only  to  be  dniwnwl,"  ii.  156 

"  My  enemies  make  api>ointments  at  my  tomb,'  iii.  189 

*'  My  master  ha.s  no  bowels,  and  that  ma:>ter  is  the  nature  of 
things,"  iii.  89 

(Napoleon  determined  to]  "conquer  the  sea  by  land,"  iii.  11 

[Napoleon]  "shows  himself  terrible  at  the  first  moment," 
iiL3 


300 


INDEX 


Fhnsea  —  eontinufd. 

[NatK^leoii]  "  tho  minister  of  the  power  of  God,  iimi  liis  inmge 

on  earth.  "  if.  264 
(Nnpoleim'sl  "  library. "  iv.  24 
iNev)  "  tlif  Itravt'st  of  the  brave,"  Iv.  2 
"  Perfidious  nml  tyrannical  Great  Britain,"  iii.  117 
[Singitit;  the  tiiite  uf  Tilsit]  "i.ecording  to  the  written  Bcore," 

Tii.  65 
"Spurred  and  lH>oted  ruler,"  ii.  96 
"T^te  .  .  .  anuoe."  iv.  2iy 

•'Tho  art  of  war  is  to  uain  time  when  your  strength  is  infe- 
rior," ii.  108 
[The  Cnncordiit]  "tlie  vaceine  of  reliRion,"  ii.  139 
"Tlie  Ebnt  is  nothing  l>ut  a  lino.'  iii.  124 
"Tlie  enemy's  strength  seems  great  [to  the  division  counuiui- 

ders]  wherever  I  am  not,"  iv.  fiS.    (C/.  "I  cannot,"  etc., 

supra) 
"The  finances  are  falling  into  disorder,  and    .    .    .    need 

war,"  ill.  235 
"The  game  of  chess  is  becoming  confused."  iv.  )".'» 
"The  genius  of  France  and  Providence  will  be  on  our  side," 

iv.  105 
"The  growlers,"  iv.  137,  141,  147 
"The  new  Pillars  of  Uercules,  '  iii.  235 
•'The  pe;ir  is  not  yet  ripe,"  ii.  36.    (For  the  ripening  of  the 

pear,  see  ii.  G7,  148) 
"The  Revolution  is  planted  on  the  principles  from  which  it 

proceeded.     It  is  ended,"  ii.  90 
"The  Spanish  nicer,"  iii.  203 
"The  Bun  of  Aiislerlitz,"  ii.  253 
"The  system  of  hither  and  thither,  '  iv.  63,  64,  69 
"Theworse  the  troops  tlic  greater  the  need  of  jirtillery,"  iv.  34 
"This  is  the  moment  when  eharactersof  a  superior  sort  assert 

themselves,"  ii.  44 
"Ttiis  movement  makes  or  mars  me,"  iv.  121 
"Three  years  more,  and  I  am  lord  of  the  Universe,"  iii.  235 
"To  have  the  right  nf  using  nations,  yon  must  begin  l)y  serv- 
ing tlieni  Will,'  iv.  244 
"To  honor  and  serve  the  Emperor  is  to  honor  and  serve  God," 

ii.  2C4 
"  To  strike  a  salutary  terror  into  others,"  ii.  199 
•'  Victor  of  Ansterlitz,"  ii.  253 
"  V'ous  6tes  un  homme,"  iii.  134 
"  War  is  like  government,  a  matter  of  tact,"  i.  222 
(War  with  Russia]  "  n  scene  in  an  opera,"  iii.  241 
"We  'II  pass  these  few  winter  days  i\B  best  we  may;  then 

we  11  try  to  spend  the  spring  in  another  fashion, '  iv.  161 
"  We  must  pull  on  the  boots  and  tlie  resi»lution  of  93,'  iv.  103 
"Wherever  .  .  .   water  t<»  lloiit  a  ship,  there  ...  a  British 

standard,"  iv.  214 
"  Which  has  l>een  the  happiest  age  of  humanity?"  iii.  136 
"While  others  were  taking  counsel  the  French  army  was 

manhing,"  ii.  2H;i.    (C/.  "It  rains  hard, "  supra) 
"  Why  am  I  not  my  grandson "?  '  iv.  238 
"You  manage  men  witli  toys,"  ii.  159 
Nfiiton  : 
"  England  expects  every  man  t«  do  hia  duty,"  ii.  240 
"In  cast'  signals  cannot  be  seen  or  clearly  understood,  no 

captain  can  do  wrong  if  he  places  liis  ship  alongside  that 

of  an  enemy,"  ii.  240 
"Westminster  Abbey  or  Victory,"  ii.  43 
AV|/  ; 

"  A  marshal  of  the  Empire  has  never  suiTcndered,"  iv.  G 
Mmr.  Pennon  : 

"  The  pike  is  eating  the  other  two  fish,"  ii.  86 
Pitt  (concernini:): 

The  "  Austerlitz  look,"  ii.  254 
Pius  VII.  : 

[Bonaparte  the  Pope's)  "son  in  Christ  Jesus,"  ii.  217 
Popular: 
''  Armed  men  spring  up  at  the  stamp  of  liis  fool,"  iv,  22 
"  Ban,"  and  "arri6re  ban  "  (feudal  terms),  iv.  89 
"Bautzen  Messenger-Boy,"  the,  iv.  64 
[Hlucher]  "  Mjirshal  Forward"  iv.  122 
'*  Emperor  of  tin-  Gauls,"  ii.  204 
"  Enen.y's  ships  make  enemy's  goods,"  iii.  5 
"  lyjnality,"  ii.  142 

"Fighting  with  the  legs  instead  of  with  thehayonetj',"!!.  279 
"France  the  mont  beautiful  land  next  to  the  kingdom  of 

heaven,"  iii.  13 
"  French  fury,**  iv.  175.    (Cf.  "  Furia  fraucesca,"  ii.  252) 
"Frenchmen,  awake;  the  F.mjMTor  in  waking,"  iv.  158 
"  He  has  been  and  will  be,"  iv.  lOH 
"  His  sacred  Majesty,"  ii,  263 
"  Liberty  of  the  seas,'"  ii.  151,  16H 
"  Marie  LxiuiscB,"  the,  iv.  87 
'■  Mother  Moscow,"  "tlie  holy  city,"  Hi.  264 
"Napojadron,"  ill.  223 

"  Xapftleon,  by  the  grace  of  God  Emperor,"  ii.  264 
[Napoleon]  "perhaps  an  angel,  perhaps  u  devil,— certainly 

not  a  man,"  (v.  43 
"  Napolefin  the  Great,"  II.  263 
"  Neutral  flag,  neutral  goods,"  II.  168 
"  Neutral  ships  make  neutral  goods ;  free  shlpB,  free  goods," 

ii.  136 
"  Paternal  anarrhy,"  Iv.  158,  160 
"  HagiiHade,"  iv.  144 

"  Robbing  the  cradle  and  the  grave,"  Iv,  M 
"  Hanve  ijul  pent,"  Iv,  202 
"  The  Emperor's  last  rlctory,"  Iv.  86 


Phrases  —  continufd. 

"The  fountain  of  honor,"  ii.  169 

"The  libtrHt«»r  of  Poland,"  iii.  8 

"Thi-  little  CHrpond."  i.  220;  iv.  137,  163 

"  The  man  of  God,  the  anointed  of  the  Lord,"  ii.  263 

"The  JiaiMileoii  of  Potsdam  and  Sehonbrunn,  iv.  136 

"The  return  of  the  hero,"  ii.  66 
Rt'ffjutud  dr  St.-Jean  d'A  mjely  : 

"The  unhappy  man  [Napoleon]  will  undo  hiniself,  undo  us 
all,  undo  everything,    iii.  247 
IttHHitution^  Motto  o/  the  : 

France,  "one  and  Indivisible,"  ii.  221 
St.  Andr,^: 

"The  fate  of  tlie  world  depends  on  a  kiek  or  two,"  iv.  48 
Savigny : 

[Tlie  Code  Kapol(:on]  "a  political  malady,"  ii.  143 

"  Une  jwire  pour  la  solf,"  ii.  86 
Soult  : 
"An  inspiration  is  nothing  but  a  calculation  made  with  ra- 
pidity," iv.  221 
TalUi/rand : 
"Italy  the  Hank  of  France  ;  Spain  its  natural  continuation; 

and  Holland  its  alluvium,    Iii.  216 
"  Napoleon's  civilization  that  of  Roman  history,"  iii.  139 
"  Pleasure  will  not  move  at  the  drum-tap,"  tii.  76 
"Society  will  pardon  much  to  a  man  of  the  world,  but  cheat- 
ing at  cards  never,"  iii.  118 
"  There  is  no  empire  not  founded  on  the  marvelous,  and  here 
tho  marvelous  is  the  truth,"  iv.  222 
I'atuiaimn^ : 

"That  devil  of  a  man,"  iii.  75 
ViflrTVUve: 
"  Any  (■a])tain  not  under  Are  is  not  at  his  post,  and  a  signal  to 
recall  bin)  would  be  a  disgrace,"  ii.  240 
WiUinffton : 
"  I  nnist  fight  him  here  [Waterlf.o],"  iv.  IKO 

"Old  Bliicher  has  had  a good  licking,"  iv.  184 

"  Up,  Guards  !  make  ready  I"  iv.  202 
Zachan'aa,  Pope: 

"  He  is  king  who  has  the  power,"  ii.  208 
Fiacenza,  militaiy  operations  near,  i.  217,  218;  ii.  114:  Loison 
at,  116:  adopts  the  French  Code,  227:  creation  of  hereditary 
dueby  of,  2r>5  :  Liltrun  created  Ihikc  of,  iii.  71.     See  Lebrl'n 
Piacenza,  Duke  of,  submission  of,  i.  218 
Piave  River,  military  oi.eratinns  on  the,  i.  236,  2.37,  266,  267 
Picardy,  moviiomt  of  troujis  to,  ii.  16 

Plchegru,  Gen.  Charles,  S.'n  early  acquaintance  with,  i.  129: 
lalb'l  t'>  <'iiiiiin:uiil  Paris  troops,  162:  compurs  the  Austrian 
Nttliei  lands,  16;i.  li'.-l :  suspected  of  intrigue,  105:  royalist 
srhemes  of,  178;  ii.  105,  liKi:  a  product  of  Carnols  system,  i. 
202:  conquest  of  Holland,  ii.  3:  plans  a  coup  d'etat,  3:  expo* 
sure  of  his  treachery  in  1795,  3,  4:  jiroscribed,  5:  imjtlicated 
with  Moreau,  49,  107,  190:  escapes  from  Guiana,  105:  heads 
royalist  rising  in  Prnvence,  105:  fall  and  desitb,  189,  190:  leads 
royalist  plot,  190:  Savary  suspected  of  complicity  in  death  of, 
2(17  :  funeral  nnuss  celebrateit  for,  iv.  158 
Plcton,  Sir  T.,  in  Waterloo  campaign,  iv.  176  :  battle  of  Water* 

loc,  I'lC:  killed,  197 
Piedmont,  military  operations  in.  i.  128,  152,  209,  213  ct  seq.: 
troujis  i>f.  filter  Savoy.  i:i;i :  French  movement  against,  145: 
iV.  advises  against  advaneing  into,  146:  Austnt-Sardinian  op- 
erations in  (1794),  206:  revolutionary  spirit  in,  207 :  conquest 
of,  213^220,  228:  army  separated  from  Austrians.  216:  suc- 
cesses in,  221  :  French  proposition  U>  oiyanize  republic  in,  221, 
227 :  loses  island  of  St.  Peter,  ii.  8 :  incorporated  with  the 
Ligurian  Republic,  26  :  Moreau's  last  stanit  in,  57 :  held  by 
Suvaroff,  93  :  held  by  Austria.  95,  105 :  tribute  levied  on,  120  : 
incorporated  with  France.  149,  171,  175,  179:  .Tourdan's  pacifi- 
cation of,  206:  AUxatiibi  1.  ilenmudsindemnlty  for,  223  :  ecclesi- 
aaticjil  leforma  and  nmflsejitions  in,  iii.  202 :  parallel  between 
th<'  \\  ateiloo  campaign  and  that  in,  iv.  174 
Piedmontese,  in  Fn  neli  service,  ii.  9. 

Piktupbnen.  Frederick  William  and  Harde;d>erg  at,  iii.  38 : 
Kreibriek  \Villl:iiii's  stiiy  at,  51 

"  Pillars  of  Hercules,  the  new,"  iii.  235 

Pillau,  Napoleon  deiuanils,  as  a  pledge,  iii.  35:  French  military 
stores  in,  253 

Pinckney,  C.  C,  Talleyrand  attemptJi  to  corrupt,  ii.  23 

Plombino,  given  to  F.Iisii  (Buonaparte)  Baeeiocchl,  ii.  227,  229. 
See  als..  lACCK  AND  I'lo.MDINO 

Pirch,  Gen.,  in  Waterloo  cami)aign.  iv.  175,  199 

Pir6,  Gen.,  ordered  t«)  Quatrc  Bras.  iv.  179 

Pima,  Vandamme  at,  iv.  56-58  :  Mortier  at,  59,  63  :  sickness  of 
A',  at,  59,  147  :  N.  abandons,  62  :  A',  moves  on,  6:1 

Pisa,  ("arlo  Buonajmrte  at,  i.  14 

Pitt,  WllUam,  Jr.,  prime  minister  of  England.  I.  115. 116 :  takes 
artlvi-  tmasurcH  against  France,  131,  132:  dillli-ullies  of  his  ad- 
ministration, 27K,  279:  anxiety  for  peace  after  Leoben.ii.8: 
declines  to  negotiate  with  A'.,  94  :  delusion  concerning  S.  and 
France,  94:  denouuecs  A',  as  the  destroyer  of  Europe,  95:  ad- 
vocatoH  restoration  of  the  Bombotis  95:  policy  toward  France, 
134.  210,  211.  231,  262:  Iv.  32:  British  eonfldence  in.  ii.  134: 
falls  from  power  on  the  Catlndic  Emancipation  question,  134  : 
calls  f4ir  defense  of  the  kingdom.  186:  raises  volunteers,  186: 
returuH  to  power,  210:  his  policy  of  European  coalitions,  210, 
211  :  boromes  prime  minister,  216  :  on  France's  designs  against 
England,  216  :  success  of  his  etrorts,228:  reception  of  the  news 
of  Austorlitz,  254:  death.  254:  Fox  compelled  to  adopt  his 
program,  262 :  England  returns  to  his  ptdicy.  Iv.  32 


INDEX 


301 


PlUB  VX,  signs  treaty  of  Toleiitino.  I.  '211 :  raiiBoms  Bolo^in,  228, 
2'2'i):  prepares  to  recover  lost  t<^rril<"ry,  'JIS;  (imirrol  with 
Friiiue,  247  :  N.'/t  jirolilem  concerning',  24^:  liostltitiuH  by,  U.*.! : 
cami>iUK»  n|j;nfiist,  2r)1^2t)l :  liis  aniiy  illsperscd,  2tio  :  expn-saes 
KratituJe  to  .v.,  21U:  .V.V  cnqiiest  of,  U.  tl :  ill  Inaltli,  7  :  prr 
seriitiun  of,  2*1 :  \vitlnlrftW8  to  Siena,  20 :  atrippi'il  of  lii>  p<»sH»rt- 
Hioiifl,  20 :  tloath,  hiiriul,  and  memorial  BcrvleeH,  2r>,  h7,  1:I3,  1:)0 

Plus  VII.,  election  of,  ii.  VS.i :  reHiinu.s  temporal  power,  ISA :  re* 
movrs  tlie  ban  from  Talleyrand,  i;ui:  relutions  with  N.,  13I», 
217  et  seq. ;  iii.  57,  5H,  v»4,  l>r» ;  Iv.  2t» :  the  matter  of  A'.'«  corona- 
tion, ii.  20H  et  sei|.,  217-221:  refuses  to  receive  Mme.  Talley- 
raiul.  20y  :  his  demands  for  the  Cliurrh.  2(Hi :  at  Kontalnebleau, 
2lH:  liis  humiliation  and  return  to  Koine,  221,  222:  refuses  a 
divorce  to  Jerome  Buonajtarte.  256;  iii.  7:  noutrnllty  in  the  Ans- 
terlltz  campaitoi.  ii.  256  :  desires  unity  of  the  German  Chun  h, 
260:  refuses  to  recognize  Joseph's  sovereignty,  iii.  57  :  A'.'w  ul- 
timatum to,  57,  58:  refuses  to  join  tlio  Krcnch  federation 
against  Entfland,  U4:  his  demands  on  N,,\H:  concessions  to 
A'.V  demands,  94:  iirisoncr  at  Qrenoble,  <J5,  187:  disbamlmenl 
of  the  Noble  Ouarvl,  '.tfl:  a/aiju'ant  prince  in  the  t^niriiia!.  'J5: 
issues  bull,  June  10,  1809,  95:  Wearing  eifect  of  y.'s  ttnarrel 
with,  95:  indemnity  for,  166:  deposed  from  the  temporal 
power,  166,  18*'»,  1H7,  11*2:  retains  his  ecclesiastical  position. 
186:  exeommnnieates  A',  and  his  adherents.  18«; :  impriscuied 
at  Savona,  187,  233:  removed  from  I^mle  t4i  Fontaiiiebleau, 
187:  refuses  t^)  renounce  the  setMilar  p<iwor,  187:  in  Morence, 
187  :  does  not  recognize  A*. V  divorce,  199 :  provision  of  residence 
and  revenue  for,  2»1 :  the  second  c|uurrel  of  investitures.  201  : 
relations  with  the  Oallican  Church.  201.  202 :  intlexibility  of,  201, 
202:  De  Midstreon  the  snpinenessof,  202:  c-ontrasted  with  Inno- 
cent XL,  202:  partial  submission  of,  233:  refuses  to  institute 
X.'m  nomtm>es  ;is  bishops,  233:  prisoner  at  Fontainehleau,  iv. 
15,  25,  26:  luwtility  i»f  the  French  ecrlesiastics  to,  26  :  the  ("on- 
cordat  of  Fontainehleau,  26 :  interviews  with  A',  at  Fontaine- 
hleau, 26:  restoration  of  Roman  domains  to,  26 :  residence  at 
Avignon,  26 :  retracts  his  assent,  26 :  release  of,  87,  88 :  humili- 
ation nf,  227 

Plzzlghettone,  French  occupation  of,  i.  227 

Placentia,  ecclesiastical  reforms  and  confiscations  in,  iii.  202: 
granteii  tn  Maria  Louisa,  iv.  148 

PlagWitz,  tiu'hting  near,  iv.  72 

"Plain,"  the,  position  in  the  National  Convention,  i.  Ill 

Plancenoit,  tl;-'htinR  at.  iv.  ii>9, 200 

Plancy,  military  ninvements  near,  iv.  116 

Plato,  A. >  study  uf,  i.  49 

Platoff,  Count  M.  I.,  liarasses  the  Frencli  retreat  from  Mos- 
cow, iv.  2,  G 

Plauen,  tlshting  near,  iv.  57  :  Austrians  driven  into,  57 

Plebiscites,  --f  Dec  15,  1799,  ii.  86,  90:  of  May,  1802,  158,  159:  of 
ls(i4,  '207 

Plelsse,  River,  military  operations  on  the,  iv.  35,  70,  71 

Plombieres,  Ji-sephine's  coterie  at,  ii.  58 

Plutarch,  ^.'s  study  of,  L  40;  ii.  31 

Plymouth  Sound,  the  **BelIeri'phon"  in,  iv.  210  • 

Po,  River,  tlie  country  of  the,  i,  216;  ii.  116,  117  :  militaiy  oper- 
ations on  the,  i.  217,  218,  233,  272  ;  ii.  113,  114,  116,  119 

Point-du-Jour,  Sc-rurier's  guard  at  the,  ii.  74 

PoiSChWltz,  armistice  of.  iv.  -43-45,  47,  50,  98,  194,  238 

Poland,  i-aitition  of,  i.  131,  259,  262;  ii.  227,  268;  iii.  8,  25,  44: 
Austria  s  g;ize  on,  i.  198:  French  schemes  for  the  reconstruc- 
tion 01,  ii.  28-30:  Alexander  L's  designs  concerning,  228;  iii. 
40,  235,  240;  iv.  20,  99 :  Alexander  retreats  to,  ii.  252  :  extension 
of  the  French  empire  in,  256:  sack  of,  iii.  4  :  N.'s  opportunity 
to  save,  8,  9:  pro-XapoIeon  enthusiasm  in,  8,  9,  16,  251 :  ilissen- 
gious  in,  9:  A\'s  policy  concerning,  10,  14,  22,  40,  48,  166,  188, 
239,  252;  iv.  72  :  French  occupation  of,  iii.  U,  13  :  enlistments 
from,  under  the  French  eagles,  11,157,246:  A^.  organizes  govern- 
ment for,  14  :  A",  "the  lilterator  of,"  16:  horrors  of  the  winter 
campaign  in,  22 :  a  new  field  of  warfare  for  A'.,  22  :  new  levies 
ordered  in,  23:  morale  of  the  French  army  in,  40:  proposed 
transfer  to  the  King  of  Saxony,  44:  proi>osed  new  Icingdom  of, 
48:  Prussian  provinces  ceded  to  Warsaw.  53:  possible  restora- 
tion of,  55.  87,  188,  237-239,  244 '.  iv.  246 :  war  indemnity  ex- 
acted from,  iii.  65  :  French  nobility  endowed  witli  lands  in,  71 : 
strengthening  the  French  forces  in,  93 :  dangers  of  withdraw- 
ing  Russian  tro()ps  from,  93:  Davoiit  recalled  from,  129;  reli- 
ance on  A'.,  152,  240:  invaded  by  Archduke  Ferdinand,  l.'iO: 
concentration  of  troops  at  Warsaw.  15S  :  Archduke  Ferdinand's 
vicissitudes  in,  164:  enlargement  of.  191:  second  partition  of, 
235 :  schemes  of  Alexander  and  Czartoryski  in  regard  to,  235, 
240 :  rupture  between  Alexander  and  A^  over,  236  et  seq. : 
Alexan«ier  refuses  to  restore  the  integrity  of.  237  :  the  patriots 
of,  in  Warsaw,  238:  movement  of  Russian  troops  toward,  241: 
factor  in  the  Russian  war  of  1812,  249 :  X.'s  mistake  in  not  re- 
storing, 251 :  Abbi5  de  Pradt  3  mission  from  Dresden  to,  251 : 
the  Diet  of  Warsaw  liegs  for  the  reconstruction  of,  251.  252: 
possible  schemes  of  French  annexation  of.  252:  CzaI■^^ryski's 
ambitions  in,  iv.  20:  Kutnsoff's  advance  through,  29:  l^russia 
seeks  to  recover  part  of,  29-:J2:  Benidgsen  in,  52  :  N.  offers  to 
renounce,  72;  the  extinction  of,  246 

Poles,  seek  .illiancc  with  France,  i.  259:  in  French  service,  270; 
ii. '.»:  militarj' service  in  Italy,  28:  A^.'/*p*ilicy  of  winning,  iii.  166: 
loyalty  to  A'.,  240  ;  iv,  76  :  A'.'s  waning  prestige  among,  iii.  256 

Polish  Church,  N.'s  threat  to  liberate  it  from  Rome,  iii.  58 

Politics,  the  art  of,  L  36:  X.'s  passion  for,  and  study  of,  48,  60, 
f.'.t.  Ki;,  lis 

Polygamy,  forbiiMen  hv  the  French  Sanhedrim,  iii.  63:  A',  up- 
hnl^is,  iv.  216 

Polytechnic  School,  founding  of  the,  i.  167 ;  ii.  145, 146 :  calling 
out  the  students  of,  iv.  131 


Pomerania,  Pnissla  recommended  to  seize,  11. 273 :  Gustavutt  TV. 
commanding  In,  111.  35:  I'rnnsia  retains  her  htronghold**  Iti,  :i8  : 
A'.  proridseH  to  re.>4tore  to  Swt den,  2(i5 :  ik-rmidoiii- n  kindly 
treatment  of,  215:  Davout  occujtles  Hwediiih,  244:  olTered  [•• 
llernadotte.  iv.  :i2 

Pomeranla,  Duke  of,  seeks  representation  at  Congress  of  Ras* 
latl.  ii.  IH 

Pompei,  nit  niber  of  the  directory  nf  Corsica,  I.  73 

Poniatowskl,  Prince  J.  A.,relle«  i>n  A'.'*  uood  will.  Hi.  9:  Arch- 
duke Krrdinaiid'B  [tursuit  of,  164:  reoccupleH  VVarsaw,  165: 
strength  of  his  eorps,  Manh,  1H12,  246:  donbin  Ulhuarna's 
rising,  247:  buttle  of  Iturodino,  261:  battle  of  Wiaznm,  iv,  3: 
claims  to  the  I'olish  throne,  20:  fails  Ut  keep  llUKHia  out  of 
Warsaw,  21:  commanding  in  (jalicia,  31:  at  Kischhach,  63: 
battle  of  Ia'1\>h'u;  71,  7:*,  75:  drowned  lit  the  Elsler,  75 

Ponsonby,  Sir  W.,  in  battle  of  Watcrlwj,  iv.  197 

Pont  d'  Austerlitz,  iii.  62 

Pontdes  Arts,  iii.  62 

Pont  d'  J^na,  iii.  '2 

Pontebba  Pass,  battles  in,  I.  268 

Ponte  Corvo,  li>  rnadotte  created  Prince  of,  II.  256:  Iii.  71.    See 

also  liKUN.MH.TTK 

Pont^COUlant,  Doulcet  de,  uses  influence  on  X.'s  liehalf,  i 
175:  retired  from  the  central  committee,  177:  X.'s  relations 
with.  ii.  2 

Ponte-Nuovo,  battle  of,  i.  10 :  X.  visits  the  battle-ground  at^  73 

Pont  Royal,  the  nnU-e  at  the,  i.  18I 

Popular  government,  the  ris.-  of,  i.  67 

Popular  representation  without  eyes,  ears,  or  power.  It 

K-l 

Porcil,  niihlar>  operations  near,  i-  239 

Portalis,  J,  E.  M,,  couneilor  of  state,  ii.  137 ;  on  committee  to 
<iraft  th.  Cnde.  142:  ndnister  of  public  worship,  221 

Portland,  Duke  of,  prime  minister  of  England,  iii.  41,  68 

Port  Mahon,  i.  9 

Porto  FerrajO,  seized  by  England,  I.  245:  amval  of  the  exile 
at,  iv.  I..4 :  X.'ti  residence  at,  155 :  danger  of  X.'s  remaining  In, 
162 

Porto  Legnago,  Augereau  driven  Into,  i.  251 

Port  Royal,  education  of  Josephine  de  la  Pagerie  at,  i.  189 

Portsmouth,  Nelson  sails  for,  ii.  230 

Portugal,  growth  of  liberal  ideas  in,  i.  164  :  war  with  Spain,  Ii 
12  :  joins  the  second  coalition,  62 :  France  offers  peace  to,  102  : 
alliances  with  England,  102,  212:  X.'s  problems  in,  131  et  seq.  : 
forced  contribution  levied  on,  1:12 ;  iii.  95 :  abandons  English 
alliance,  ii.  132:  compelled  to  close  her  harbors  to  English 
ships,  132;  iii.  57  :  France  guarantees  integrity  of,  ii.  135  :  neu- 
trality of,  184,  212;  iii.  ,n6,  57.  95:  Spanish  invasion  of,  ii.  212: 
proposed  commercial  war  against  England,  iii.  48  :  X.  calls  for 
alliance  with,  56:  seizure  of  her  fleet  by  England.  57:  Jum-t's 
army  on  the  liorders  of,  57:  proposed  acquisition  by  Spain,  57, 
96:  "movement  of  English  troops  into,  89,  96,  97  :  the  situati4tn 
in,  94  :  French  invasion  of,  95  et  seii.,  118 ;  obeys  the  Berlin  and 
Milan  decrees,  95 :  closing  of  the  harbors,  95 :  rupture  of  diplo- 
matic relations  between  France  and,  95  :  proposed  partition  of, 
95:  dymistic  troubles  in,  05:  demoeracy  in,  95,  96:  commerce 
with  England,  95:  Spain  cooperates  with  France  .igainst.  96: 
seizure  of  fortresses  by  France,  96  :  flight  of  Don  .John  fnmi,  96, 
97  :  escape  of  the  fleet  from  tlie  Tiigus,  96,  97  :  revulsion  of 
feeling  against  Jnnot  in, '.t7  :  fraternization  of  tlie  people  with 
Jnnofs  army,  97  :  appointment  of  a  council  of  regency,  97: 
Junot  s  military  administration  in,  97  :  applies  to  England  for 
help,  97  :  insurrections  against  French  rule,  97 :  X.  offers  the 
crown  to  Lucien.  102:  intrigues  for  the  throne  of,  102 :  Junot 
appointed  governor  of,  1(U :  to  be  given  to  a  Bonaparte  prince, 
105 :  France  i»rnposcs  an  exchange  for,  105:  the  crown  offered 
to  Murat,  115:  destruction  of  her  c<innnerce,  118:  Junot's  oc- 
cupation of,  122:  French  evacuation  of,  123:  Lord  Wellesley 
enters,  123:  intensity  of  the  rebellion  in,  144:  sympathy  with 
Spain,  !44  :  supposed  English  scheme  to  abandon,  145:  Welles- 
ley  expels  the  French  from,  182 :  England's  loss  of  trade  with, 
208:  reinforcements  for  the  Englisli  army  in,  217:  English 
failures  in,  217:  held  by  Wellington,  217:  Mass^na  invades. 
218:  Junot  aspires  to  the  crown  of,  219:  Soult  aspires  to  the 
crown  of,  219,  226:  Sonlt's  invasion  of  (1809),  219  :  Wellington 
retreats  to,  221,  222:  A",  proposes  to  restore,  to  the  Honse  of 
Braganza,  242  :  member  of  the  Vienna  Coalitiitn,  iv.  170 :  X.'s 
dread  of  capture  in,  209 

Posen,  A",  in,  iii.  8,  251 :  expected  scene  of  operations,  10 : 
French  oc(;upation  of,  17:  incorporated  int^i  the  grand  duchy 
of  Warsaw,  48 :  Eugene  assumes  connnand  at,  iv.  21 :  Miu*at 
almndniis  the  army  at,  27 

Potemkin,  Prince.  A',  seeks  service  with,  i.  129 

Potsdam,  treaty  nf,  ii.  243,  251 :  A',  at,  iii.  3 

Pougy,  military  'i|)t'ratio)is  near,  iv,  116 

Pozzo  di  Borgo,  Count  C.  A.,  the  Corsican  victory  of,  i.  10 :  as- 
sociat.d  with  A',  in  I'orsica,  62:  member  of  the  Directory  of 
Corsica,  73:  delegate  to  the  National  Assembly,  74:  A. 's  life- 
long foe,  97  ;  iii.  239;  iv.  122:  attorney-general  of  t'orsica,  i. 
109:  suspected  of  intrigue  with  England,  112:  denounced  by 
X.t  122:  ordered  to  trial.  248:  Russian  envoy  at  Vienna,  iii.  8, 
138,239:  on  the  humiliation  of  Prussia,  53 :  influence  at  St. 
Petersburg,  129:  at  peace  council  in  Paris,  iv.  i;t4 

Pradt,  Abb6  de,  mission  from  Dre^tden  to  i'oland,  iii.  251 

Prague,  Maria  l^.uisa  at,  iii.  251 :  A*,  acknowledges  his  mistake 
i[i  not  making  peace  at.  iv.   1.50 

Pragiie,  Congress  of.  iv.  4.'>-47,  49,  50,  72,  80,  99 

Pralrial,  tlie  jbirtietb  of,  ii.  as 

Pratzen,  tlgluin-  on  th*-  heights  of,  ii.  247-250 

Preameneu,  Bigot  de,  on  committee  to  draft  the  Code,  ii.  142 


ao2 


INDEX 


Prefecta,  tho  cvslem  of,  n.  86 

PreKel,  River,  iniUtnn'  inovt-mente  on  Uie,  iH.  31 

Prenilau,  ll"htiilMhi'«  retrvat  to.  iL  283:  Hnhenloho  driven 
fr.-ni.  lii.  J 

Preeburg,  trtaty  of,  il.  2,v*.  262:  iii.  48.  88,  ISl,  155:  niiliUry 
(.innitioiis  mar.  174,  ITG,  178:  Anhduko  John  at.  175,  17fi,  178 

Press,  tie,  f noK'm  of ,  dtvreeii,  i.  r>7:  demand  for  freedom  of,  in 
tv.rsii a.  I'c* :  cnditittn  in  Fnuice,  1C7  :  nu-mt'ers  of,  prosiTiWed, 
ii.  :. :  aU'Iitiun  of  lilKTty  of,  5,  % :  N.  and  thi-  liberty  of,  16: 
innulinK  of,  24,  1G2,  174:  fiuppression  oi  Jai-oliin  papers,  CO: 
A*.>  ns*'  of,  IW:  iii.  27  :  servility  U>  .V.,  ii.  140-151 :  censorship 
of.  l.Vt,  151.  187.  224.  225,  23:i.  25<>,  271  ;  iii.  27,  72,  125.  227,  22i» ; 
iv.  l.'vH:  hi  nitMleni  l-Yame.  ii.  1C2:  .V.V  reason  for  repression 
of,  lfi2 :  lilurty  of.  in  En(;lnnd,  174  :  A'.  att*'nipts  to  nuizzle 
thi-  KuKlisIi,  228:  supervision  of  thf,  iv.  87  :  almlition  of  uen- 
S'-rsliip  pioinisi*),  107 

Press-gang  t  mployinent  of,  in  tYame.  ii.  212 

Pretender,  the.    sVe  I>uis  XVIII. 

Preusslsch-Eylau,    s.e  Eylau 

Pr^val.  Gen.,  refuses  service  on  d'Enghlen  conrt  ninrtinl.  ii.  1% 

Primary  Assembly,  the,  i.  183 

Primogeniture,  A'.  o»,  i.  77  :  alwlislied,  ii.  144  ;  lii.  09:  its  ad- 
viihia^'.s  iiihl  dei-ay,  Ci». 

Priniolano,  eapture  of  Wurniser's  ndvnnce-KHiu'd  at,  I.  235 

" Prince  of  the  Peace,"  the.    See (ioimv 

Pripet,  River,  li:i};rnii.'ns  stand  on  the,  iii.  254 

Privilege,  theovirtliroM  t.f,  i.  9\ 

Privy  council,  erealion  of  a.  ii.  159 

Probsthelda,  military  luovements  near,  iv.  73,  74 

Property  rights,. V.V  share  in  codifying  the  law  concerning,  ii.  143 

Prossnitz,  Jnnctiun  of  Russian  and  Austrian  troops  at,  it.  245 

Protestants,  demand  of  eivil  rl^ihts  for  the,  i.  55 

Provence,  a  lempestuous  thne  in,  1.  127:  royalist  risinK  in,  ii. 
105 :  royalist  ist-ntiment  hi,  iv.  151 :  S.'n  reeeptjon  in,  151,  156 : 
longing  in,  for  the  Emperor's  return,  102:  the  White  Terror  in, 
210 

Provera,  Gen.,  in  Rivoli  campaign,  i.  250-254  :  called  to  reor- 
t::nii/e  (lie  Koman  army,  ii.  2fi 

Provlus,  military  movements  near,  iv,  95,  10:i.  109,  113 

Prowtowski,  Gen.,  aecompanies  A',  to  St.  Helena,  iv.  214 

Prud'hon,  Pierre,  p  lintrr,  ii.  226 

Prussia,  relations,  allianees,  etc.,  with  Austria,  I.  102,  197;  ii. 
69,  102,  109,  251,  208;  iii.  24,  174,  IHI,  '251  ;  iv.  80.  91,  92:  cap- 
tures LoiiKwy,  i.  105:  expei'tcii  enmity  of,  110:  effect  of  mili- 
tary successes  of,  115 :  partition  of  Poland,  131,  202 :  abandons 
the  iToalition,  ir>4,  197:  defeats  Austria,  197:  uplifting  of,  and 
j,Towth  of  the  national  spirit  in,  197,  211,  202  ;  ii.  27,  102,  209- 
271  ;  iii.  35.  39,  5;t,  77.  83,  86,  lOS,  124,  120,  128,  150,  105,  174, 
242,  24:i,  24K ;  iv.  19,  21.  26-28,  :tO,  31,  47,  49.  64,  175,  240 :  makes 
peace  with  France  (1795),  i.  200,  (1796)  210:  neutralitv  of,  235; 
ii.  29,  02,  102,  10:i,  199.  208 ;  iii.  40 :  treaty  with  France  (1790).  i. 
279:  attitude  toward  hVanee  (1797-98X  ii.  27-^29:  favors  secu- 
larization of  ecclesiastical  prmcipalities,  28:  supposed  rais- 
talcen  policy  of.  29:  reeoi^iizes  the  Cisalpine  Ri'pnhlic,  29:  the 
center  of  gravity  of  Europe,  102:  nopoliat^-s  with  France  for 
Hamburg,  102:  refuses  t*)  join  the  second  coalition,  102: 
France's  :issistanee  to,  ajrainat  Austria,  102:  A',  negotiates 
with,  103:  supremacy  in  the  (ierman  Diet,  120:  joins  the 
*'armed  neutrality."  120:  territories  acquired  by  (1802),  170: 
strenu'theniuR  of,  170:  Ney'e  check  on,  175:  N.  dictates  her 
attitude,  ls(KJ.  180:  acquiesces  in  the  creation  of  the  em- 
pire, 204:  protests  against  Rumlwld's  seizure,  211 :  negotiates 
for  llannver,  228,  229  :  relations  with  Russia,  neKotiations  and 
treaties  between  the  two  countries,  and  attitudes  of  their 
rulers,  228.  202,  271  ;  iii.  10,  21,  22,  24,  25.  :iG,  :J8.  47,  87.  131, 138, 
174,  240,  243,  250.  251  ;  iv.  19-21.  29  ;n,  50.  99:  Hardeubergs 
aim  at  consolidati>>n,  ii.  229:  refuses  alliance  with  England, 
229 :  to  receive  Hanover  for  :is8istuiice  ttt  France,  232 :  garrisons 
Hanover,  2:12:  stremrth  compared  with  France.  232:  violation 
of  her  neutrality.  234:  resents  Bernadotte's  violation  of  Ans- 
Itach,  242:  renounces  her  neutrality,  243:  decline  of  her  inHu- 
ence,  243:  nc;.'ntiat<-8  for  peace,  240:  U>  close  her  ports  to 
England,  251 :  A',  demands  offensive  and  defensive  alliance  with, 
251:  Biibscrvience  to  France, '254  :  j)ropo8al  to  give  Hanilniri.', 
Ureineii,  and  Liiheck  to,  258  :  alliance  with  France,  258:  Enji- 
land  deelares  war  against,  258:  ac<|uires  Hanover,  258,  201: 
humiliation  of,  258,  202;  iii.  7,  25,  30.  39,  40,  49,  53,  55,  126-128: 
neutralization  of  her  power,  ii.  259:  joins  EriKland  and  Russia, 
202:  t*;rrit4»rial  atrenindizemeut,  208:  the  rei^rns  of  the  tYed 
cricks,  268 :  her  army,  268,  272-274.  270,  278  28;j ;  iii.  2.  179  ;  iv. 
:iO,  31.  45,  175:  educathm  in,  ii.  209:  condition  in  1800.  20'J: 
feuilalism  in,  2C.',i,  270:  influence  of  (jneeii  Ixuiisa  in.  209:  the 
refnnn  party  in,  209-271:  exasperation  at  N.  in.  270,  271.  273: 
A',  demands  the  diHannament  of,  272:  111  effects  of  arist4ieratie 
uride  In,  272,  273:  advised  by  A.  to  seize  Ponierania,  273: 
A'.'*t  neeeHHity  for  quick  action  with,  273,  274:  the  war  party, 
273.  27h:  hesitaltoii  about  mobilization,  274  :  ileclarcs  war,  274  : 
sUite  of  war  with  England,  274  :  weakness  of,  275 :  plan  of  the 
campaign,  275,  27h:  alliance  with  Saxony,  279:  moral  ctfcct 
of  .lemi  upon.  28:i;  iii.  1:  advance  of  the  French  through, 
1-3 :  ttital  ilefoat  of,  2.  4  :  plunderol  of  works  of  art.  3,  4  :  A'.'*- 
treatment  of,  3,  7  :  sack  and  rapine  tn,  4 :  unconscinnalile  dc 
mands  on,  6:  iM-ace  negotiations,  0.  7:  nlmuilnned  by  Saxony, 
7 :  ctdlntnientH  from,  under  the  French  eaulcs.  II  :  retreat  from 
I'ultUHk.  12:  X.'h  prolfercd  terms  to,  after  Kyliiu,  21,  22  :  pro- 
posed rehabilitation  of,  22:  IV.'s  re«erve  forces  in  central,  24  : 
tn-aty  with  KiiHsin  at  Harteiistcin,  24,  25:  pro|>oKal  for  a  new 
coalition,  25:  wenknens  of,  25,  34  :  nuutbers  In  the  field,  huim- 
Dier  of  lHr»7,  2!i:  sevcrit)- of  .V.'j?  terms  for,  :(0  :  A.  grants  con- 
ccMtontt  nt  Tilstt,  :(8:  armistice  with,  38:  retains  strongholds 


Prussia  —  eontinufd. 
in  Silesia  and  Tonierania,  38:  A''.'.*;  attempts  to  secure  alliance 
with,  40:  interest  in  Poland.  40:  French  libeml  idea  of  France's 
attinity  with,  40:  represent«tives  at  Tilsit,  43;  acquisitions  of 
territory,  44  :  proposed  transfer  of  Saxony  to.  44  :  resptmsibility 
for  her  belligerency,  44 :  new  boundaries,  48 :  reorgaiilzati»»n 
at  Tilsit,  48 :  reUiins  Silesia,  48,  49  :  the  kingdom  of  Westphalia 
carveti  out  of,  49:  treaty  of  Tilsit,  53  (see  also  Tilsit):  feel- 
inn  t4>ward  Frederick  William  in,  53  :  mutilation  of,  53 :  war  in- 
demnity exacted  from,  53,  05:  l-Yench  occupatit)u  of,  54.  80,  81, 
84,  87,  93,  120,  129,  234  :  effect  of  the  peace  of  Tilsit  on,  77  :  fails 
to  raise  war  indemnity,  81 :  doses  ami  fortifies  her  harbors,  K3  : 
abolition  of  old  land  tenures  in.  Ki:  responsibility  for  the  war 
with  France,  83  :  the  patriotic  writers  of.  8,3 :  reorgnnlzntiou  of 
the  educational  system.  M:  alwdition  of  the  privy  eonncil,  83  : 
municipal  autonomy,  83  :  freeing  the  serfs  in,  83:  the  "yunker" 
class,  8;t :  mililary  reforms  in,  83,  S4. 120  :  the  League  of  Virtue, 
8;t,  120:  subserviency  to  France,  84 :  hostility  to  tYance,  80: 
ideads  bankruptey,  86  :  A',  proposes  further  hnmilinfion  of.  so. 
87  :  A',  offers  to  evacuate,  87,  9<i,  130  :  encour;iv:ed  to  revolt,  124, 
126.  138:  civil  reforms  in,  120:  death  of  militjiiyism  in,  120: 
N.'s  attitude  toward,  138:  endeavors  to  secure  mitigation  of 
AT.V  deman*ls,  138:  proposes  to  reduce  her  army,  138:  French 
evacuation  of,  138, 141  :  effect  of  battle  of  .It'naon,  147  :  mililiu-y 

-  centralization  of,  147 :  wiu"likc  temper  in,  151 :  the  pursuit  after 
Waterloo,  16;J:  secret  armament  in,  174:  oifer  of  Warsaw  to, 
174:  French  occupation  of  the  coast,  204:  Mme.  de  St«el  in, 
22'.t:  pecuniary  tiemands  upon,  234:  treaty  with  France,  Feb. 
24,  1812.  243,  250:  A'.s  attitude  toward,  243:  inlluence  in  Ger- 
many, 243:  threatened  dismemberment  of,  243:  renders  mili- 
tary aid  to  France,  243  :  furnishes  contingent  to  X.'g  army,  240 : 
A.  belittles,  248:  coalition  with  Austria  and  Russia,  251:  re- 
ligious aspect  of  the  European  situation  in.  iv.  lit:  A',  bints  at 
ten  itori:il  ^■e^sio^s  to,  27  :  in  grand  coalition  against  A'..  27,  28  : 
foreel  to  a  'leeision,  29  :  A',  dcniaiuls  more  troops  from  29:  ad- 
vised by  .Mettiinich  to  join  Uusaia.  29:  alms  to  recover  Prussinn 
Foland,  29-32:  entry  of  Russian  troops  into,  29,  31:  popular 
detestation  of  A',  in,  30:  death  at  the  Queen,  30:  mobilization 
of  the  army.  30,  31 :  conilitiiui  at  opening  of  1813.  :i(Mt2  :  de- 
clares war,  31 :  scheme  for  t*iTit<irial  a^graiidizi-nient  of,  31 : 
seeks  subsidy  from  England,  31 :  designs  on  SaxoTiy,  32  :  A.  de- 
termines to  dismember,  32  :  subsidized  by  i:n^:laml,  32,  4.%  106. 
170:  strenuous  emleavoi-a  of,  34:  proptiseil  restoration  of,  38: 
proposed  new  capital  for,  39:  S.'s  new  aihemes  for,  39:  pro- 
posed enlargement  of,  44  :  proposed  rectification  of  the  western 
Ixmndary,  44  :  secret  treaty  ol  lielciieiilmch,  44,  45,  48  :  guaran- 
tees a  wiu*  loan,  45:  treaty  with  llngland,  .Tune  14,  1813,  45. 
streni;th  of,  54  :  N.'n  personal  spite  a;;ainst  54,02:  A.  « attempts 
to  separate*  Ruasia  from,  62:  heroism  in.  04:  losses  at  Denne- 
w  itz,  64  :  X,  offers  terms  to,  65  ;  scheme  to  restore  her  status  of 
1805,  60:  conclmles  alliance  of  Sept.  9,  1813,00:  begiuniuK  of 
her  military  aggrandizement,  77 :  acquires  the  hegemony  of  Con- 
tinental Euroiie,  77  :  engtrness  tt^r  war  in,  80:  at  the  Congress 
of  Frankfort,  80:  proposes  to  Invade  France  via  Li^Ke.  89,  91  : 
troojia  on  the  Rhine,  90:  N.'it  implacable  foe,  91 :  seeks  the  re- 
tention of  her  acquisitionB.  99:  desire  for  constitutional  gov- 
ernment in,  100:  eager  for  an  armistice,  101,  102.  105:  treaty 
of  Chaumont,  lOO :  the  triple  alliance,  10*'.:  Metteniieh  strives 
to  check  ain)>ition  of,  115  ;  pju-ty  to  the  treaty  of  Fontainebleau 
(April,  1814),  148:  attitude  at  Congress  of  Vienna,  150,  1.''.7  : 
quota  of  troops,  170:  member  of  tlie  Vienna  coalition,  170: 
campaign  of  Waterloo.  174  et  seq.:  reaps  harvesi  of  politicid 
spoils  at  Waterloo,  205:  claims  the  glory  of  annihilating  A'.. 
205 :  I<i8se8  at  Waterloo,  205  :  claims  the  right  of  overseeing  the 
imprisonment  of  N.,  213:  influence  in  Germany.  240 

Pruth,  River,  Ilnssia  actpiires  a  boundary  on  the,  iii.  244 

Przasnysz,  military  oiiiTutions  near,  ill.  18 

Public  works,  .\.  .v  scheme  of.  ii.  178 

PultUSk,  battle  of,  iii.  10-15 

Puntowitz.  military  operatnms  near,  ii.  249 

Puster  Valley,  milit'U'y  operations  in  the,  i.  268 

Pyramids,  battle  ot  the,  Ii.  41 

Pyrenees,  the,  Frcmh  troops  in  ii.  2r.,  :iO,  .32;  iii.  10.1,  loo: 
bonis  XIV.  *■  abolishes,"  59:  a  boundary  of  the  Continental 
system,  214  :  plans  for  the  defense  of.  iv.  48  :  Soult  driven  over, 
79  :  France's  "natural  boumiary,"  80 


Quasdanowlch,  Gen.,  A'. V  operations  against,  i.  211  :  captures 

bresrbi,  2;f2  :  battle  of  Lonat^i,  23;i,  2:h  :  stren^•th  in  Frinli,  230 

Quatre  Bras,  military  oijcrations  near.  iv.  174,  178-18(t:  battle 

.►f,  IHl-lKO  :  y.'s  lllglit  through,  203  :  Ney  at.  205 
Quedlinburg,  apiM.rtloned  to  Prussiji,  ii.  170 
Queiss,  River,  military  O|ieratious  on  the,  iv.  01 
Quenza,  CoL,  elected  lieutenant-eobtncl  in  National  Guard  of 
Corsica,  i.  97:  commanding  CDrsiean  vohinteers,  99  :  condu(*t 
at  Ajaccio  condemned,  101  :  his  command  under  IHunouriez,  108 
Ouiberon,  EhkIIsIi  expetiition  to,  i,  104 
Qulnette,  N.  M,,  number  of  the  new  Directory,  Iv.  207 
Quirinal,  the,  Fins  VII.  a  faiti^aiit  prince  in,  iii.  95 :  forcilde en- 
try into,  1H7 


Raab,  Archduke  .lobn  advanees  toward,  iil.  175 

Radetsky,  Count  J.  J.  W.,  military  genius,  iv.  54  :  favors  inva- 
sion of  France,  91  :  courage,  93  :  advises  concentration  of  the 
allies  nt  Arcis,  116 


INDKX 


303 


RadzlWlU,  PrlnceBB,  inemlur  of  PniBflian  reform  party,  !1.  2C9 
Ra^sa,  iiHulion  i'i  hiTeditiiry  iliifliy  of,  II. 'J.'.'. :  A'.  olfiTH  tin- 
U-nitnrv  to  I';ll^lllll(l, 'i<'>l,'i02:  Miinixtiili-ruaU-d  Ixikci'f,  IN. 71. 

Her   M-vicMoNT 

"Raguaade,"  Hk*  »onl  iv.  144 

Rabmaniyeh,  .Mniiiuliiku  rutreitt  towunl,  II.  47 

Ralgern,  military  opuratiouB  nt-ur,  ii.  24H,  249 

RaiiibOUlUet,  th'u  imperial  t mirt  iit,  HI.  J'i'J :  tll^lit  of  tliu  Km 

pii-s.i  u>.  iv.  i:t»-l:i*i,  ir>M:  .V.  at,  'Jtw 
Ramboulllet  decree,  the,  MnnlrA  ihio.  Hi.  210 
RtunoUnl.  usM.cjat' d  with  ,V.  in  ConilrH,  I.  tV2 
RamoUuo,  Letlzla  (mollitr  of  A'.),  inaiTiuK<'t  i.  Il:   I'humi  U-r. 

U-IC.      .Srr  ](l8<*  Hi  I'N AI'AltTK,  LKTI/.IA 

Rampon,  Gen.,  \mMa  Ar^cntuau  in  rhfrk,  I.  'Jir>,  '*lt> :  his  statxl  nt 
Motitf  U'k'ino,  '2U\  241 

Raplnat,  fnuKts  of,  ii.  iv2 

Rapp,  Count  Jean.,  mi  A'.Vti.sirc  for  peaci',  H.  172  :  in  hattlu  of 
Aii.stiilitz,  2.Mt:  Bcizca  a  wuuM-ho  asBiwsIn  i)f  A'.,  Hi.  1M.^:  n-- 
roiinta  tho  horrors  of  thy  HiiH^^iaiii'ampalKM,  25H:  hept  A',  to  du- 
si>t  at  Siiuilt'iibk,  '2M:  comiiiamliiiKat  I>aiit/,ir,  iv.  ^4 

Raatatt.  tonnn-ss  of,  ii.  13.  14.  17,  18,  2."..  28,  :ir.,  47, 60,  f.l,  UVJ : 
lit  iidaliKiitioii  of,  14  :  the  miirtlers  ut.ni,  I'.il 

Ratlsbon,  .luuniun's  ilcft-at  mar,  i.  2Mr. :  Hulectud  as  A'.'w  Iiead- 
qiiarti  i>^  iii,  l.'i7,  l,'»8  :  military  movt-muntH  near,  l&H,  159,  162, 
It.;i,  n;7:  hatllu  of,  1«;»:  aui/eii  by  Arehduky  Cliarlus,  1G7  :  A', 
wounded  at,  186:  niveii  to  Dalber^,  204 :  Snxoii  troops  offered 
to  Austria  at,  iv.  32 

Raynal,  Abb6  G.  T.  F.,  iV.  a  disciple  of,  i.  3ti,  38-l(),  42,  CO,  61, 
"u,  77  ;  ii.  ;tl.  'Jl  :  lii-*  works  and  opinions,  i.  38^0:  tlu-  "His- 
tory i)f  Cor^ira'  ad-^iressed  to,  47,  07,70:  founds  prize  for  es- 
say on  Atoei'ivii.  "d 

Raynouard,  F.  J.  M.,  "The  Temphirs. "  ii.  225 

R6al,  P.  F.,  iirjies  uclioii  iMfainst  Bourbon  plotters,  ii.  194:  po- 
lice a^nt,  I'.i5:  share  in  the  trial  oi  d'Kughicn,  195-198 

Reason,  the  party  of,  i.  148 

R^camier,  Mme.,  social  life  in  Paris,  i,  173;  Ii.  2C'i,  267:  insti- 
uatis  Mur.an's  letter  to  A^.,  191 :  A\>  differences  with,  266,  267  : 
relations  »itli  Mme.  de  St4iul,  26t;,  2*J7  :  exiled,  267 

Recaniier,  M.,  bankruptcy  of,  ii.  266 

Recco,  Abb^.  X.'s  early  tut<pr,  i.  20 

**  Redoubtable,"  the,  at  Tiafalgar,  ii.  241 

Red  Sea,  its  iniportancc.iii.  31 

"  Reflections  on  the  State  of  Nature,"  i.  82 

Relonn,  tbr  Krnn  h  imliility  and,  i.  Hit 

Regensburg,  st.at  of  the  tierman  Diet,  ii.  261.    See  also  RATIS- 

Hu\ 
Reggio,  new  scheme  of  ^nivernnient  for,  1.  247:  riisposition  by 

treat\  of  Leobeii,  271 :  creation  of  hereditary  duchy  of,  ii.  255  : 

Ou<liii.it  .  nated  Duke  of,  iii.  71.    See  OuiUNOT 
Regnaud,  M.  L.  E.,  ii.  137 
Regnier,  C.  A.,  moves  the  appointment  of  N.  as  commander  of 

tin    I'aris  garrison,  ii.  70.  71:  in  Leon,  Ui.  217:  strength,  March, 

isij,  i*4t; 
Reich,  Baronne  de,  imprisonment  of,  ii.  194 
Reichenbach,  French  generals  killed  at,  iv.  40 :  secret  treaty  of, 

44.  4.'>,  4.^,  4'.i,  99 

Reille,  Gen.,  service  in  Spain,  iii.  217:  at  Leei-s,  iv,  174:  in  the 

W  atcrliM)  cainpaijoi,  174,  175:  seizes  Marchieunes,  176  :  crosses 
th>-  Sanibie,  170:  at  Thuin,  176:  disjierses  the  Prussians  atiios- 
^elies,  178,  179:  battle  of  Quatre  liras,  182,  183,  185:  battle  of 
Waterloo,  195-197 

Religion,  X.'s  attitude  t<>ward,  i.  Ki;  ii.  132,  133.  138,  139.  144, 
I4f>,  i.%H.  ic,3,  165;  iii.  135,  136:  influence  on  the  social  life  of 
th.-  worl.l.  ii.  31 

Religious  opinion,  freeclom  of,  decreed,  i.  57 

R6musat,  Mme.  de,  N.'x  relations  with,  i.  39 ;  ii.  6.  37,  81, 128, 129, 
163.  274 ;  iii.  22.  28,  t'i6:  confidences  witli  Josephine,  ii.  196:  re- 
ports X.'tt  answers  to  Josepiiine's  charges,  iii.  28:  conversations 
with  Talleyrand,  66 

R6n6.  exploit  at  Uike  Garda,  i.  254 

Reunes.  interview  between  X.  and  Villeneuve  at,  ii.  241 

Republican  calendar,  erases  to  exist,  ii.  262 

Restoration,  the,  revulsion  of  feeling  against  X.  at  the,  ii.  130 

Reudnitz,  military  oprmtions  near,  iv.  70 

Revolution,  the,  it.s  germ,  i.  38:  X.'s  views  concerning,  40: 
first  mutterings  anil  opening  of,  49,  51  et  seq.:  excesses  of,  56- 
58:  federati(»n  for,  79:  European  antagonism  to,  80:  in  the 
Khone  Valley,  84-92:  becomes  a  national  movement,  142:  fav- 
ored in  Lombardy  and  Tuscany,  155 :  propagating  the  ideas  of, 
164  ;  ii.  25  :  failure  to  give  political  freedom  to  l-Yance,  187  :  ef- 
fect on  the  French  people,  204 :  its  humanitarian  mission,  223: 
the  art  of ,  iii.  72:  treatment  in  Freneh  literature.  72:  comple- 
tion of  its  program  to  close  the  Continent  to  English  eommerre, 
214:  the  work  of,  iv.  48:  A',  the  standard-bearer  of,  50, 162,  231: 
its  piincijiles  aud  effect,  224-227 :  shorn  of  its  horrors,  245 

Rewbell.  J.  F.,  member  of  the  Directory,  i.  186,  200,  202  ;  ii.  23  : 
character,  i.  200:  dissatisfied  with  treaty  of  Leoben,  272  :  A'.'sre- 
lathms  with,  ii.  15  :  advocal-s  A'.V  resignation,  35  :  suspected  of 
l>eenlation,  62  :  fails  of  I'ecleetion  to  the  Direct<iry.  62 

Rey,  Gen.,  in  the  battle  of  llivoii,  i.  254 

Reynier,  Gen.,  service  in  Egypt,  ii.  36:  battle  of  the  Pyramids, 
41  :  fails  to  keep  Russia  out  of  Wai-saw,  iv.  21  :  division  com- 
mander uii'ler  Eugene,  28:  in  campaign  of  1813,  34:  beleaguers 
Schweidnitz.  42  :  battle  of  Dennewitz.  63  :  battle  of  Leipsic,  70, 
73.  75:  captured  at  Leipsic,  75:  exchani;ed,  94 

Rhelms,  prison  massacres  in,  i.  Ill:  occupied  by  X.,  iv.  106: 
captured  by  St.  Priest.  t09 :  A'.V  low  physical  and  moral  condi- 
tion at.  110:  captured  by  the  French.  110.  112,  113:  A",  at,  117, 
129 :  captured  by  the  allies.  119  :  possible  advantages  of  a  sup- 
posititious retreat  by  Mannont  to,  123 


Rhine,  River,  the,  th*-  Ikoundary  riueiitlon  and  HtnigglcH  for,  i. 

164,  198,  203.  277.  279;  H.  14,  2.\  27.  2X,  35.  12-'.,  169,  22H  ;  iv.  44, 
49,  73,  Ml:  royullMt  ploU  on,  1.  178:  mlllUiry  opLTatlmiH  on,  2'i6, 
209.  XVt.  2fW,  271,  272  ;  il.  :i2,  60.  105,  108,  109,  194,  %Ui,  2:M,  261 ; 
Iv.  70,  70,  89  93.  KH,  174  :  plnu'lerlng  on,  Ii.  2.'i ;  Hi.  6;( :  Ireneh 
Biipreimicyon,  II.  (Ml:  iV.'«scheme  of  petty  Hlat^'Son,  170:  French 
march  to  the  DanulH-  from.  242:  I>>iiIh  onlercil  l^i  hold,  270 :  a 
French  river,  Ui.  2(r7 :  A'.'*  cxctir-ion  on,  Iv.  48 

Rhodes,  rurklnh  naval  preparatlonB  at,  II.  51:  exiiedltlon  to 
Egypt  from.  51.  .'.3,  64 

Rhone,  River,  the,  French  acctuUltloiis  un,  i.  200 :  N.'t  reception 
on.  iv.  151 

Rhone  Valley,  the,  the  Revolution  in.  I,K4-C>2:  iV.MHdluenccln, 
llif  :  rjvil  \v;ir  in.  127  :   to  he  ceiled  to  France,  ii.  27 

Richelieu,  Cardinal,  M-hitne  of  Int^^'rvention  in  (iermany,  iL 

1311;  poli.  y  111  (bme  of  the  Thirty  Years'  War,  169 
Rlchepanse,  Gen.,  succeiui  on  the  Mettvidmrg,  il.  IW:  In  battle 

of  llohenliiKb  n,  125 
Richmond,  Duchess  of,  ball  on  the  eve  of  Waterloo,  Iv.  180 
Richmond,  Duke  of,  interview  between  WellingUui  and,  at  the 

bull.  iv.  I  HO 
Rlcord,  C'lmmiKsionerof  the  National  Convention,  I.  131 :  in  siege 

of  Toulon,  136,  1;J7:   in  charge  of  movenientJi  against  Genoa, 

146,  147 
Ricord,  Mme.,  -V  >  attentions  to,  i.  152 
Riga,  A.  tlireulens  to  march  to,  Iii.  232:  preparations  for  the  siege 

of,  j.^.it :   I'l  ussfan  troops  at.  2.16  :  military  operations  near,  268 
Rights  of  man.  the,  i.  198 

Rippach,  hkirmish  at,  iv.  :i.5 :  death  of  P.e8HU.Tes  at,  35 

Riviera,  Austrian  garrison  for  the.  ii,  110,  111 

RlVOll,  the  starting-point  of  A'.'k  public  career,  1.  84:  battle  of, 
%i'i,  236,  237,  251-256;  ii.  92,  207  :  X.'s  chtimatc  of,  i.  2.v;,  259  : 
elfect  of  the  campaign  on  European  history,  250:  ikiassena 
i-reate.l  Duke  of.  Hi.  71.     See  Massena 

Road-work,  l-Yench  popular  hatre<i  of,  I.  .54 

Roberjot,  member  of  Congress  of  Rastutt,  ii.  61:  killed  at  Raatatt, 
61 

Roberjot,  Mme.,  aecuses  Debry  of  murder.  H.  61 

Robespierre,  AugUStin,  commissioner  of  the  National  Conven- 
tlcui,  i.  131 :  in  sicu'c  of  Toulo?i,  i:f6,  137  :  A'.'j?  friendship  with, 
139,142,143,146, 150,172:  leadership  (tf,  142 :  describes  the  French 
campaign  in  Lombardy,  144:  execution,  149:  influence  on  X.'s 
life.  iv.  -SM) 

Robespierre,  Charlotte,  A'. "s  attentions  to,  i.  152 

Robespierre,  Mme.,  pension  for,  ii.  187 

Robespierre,  Maximllien,  member  of  the  National  Conven- 
tion, i.  Ill  :  dictator  of  France,  11.5:  fall  and  execution,  14»J- 
149,  158:  religious  decrees,  148:  A'. V  characterization  of,  149: 
hatred  of  the  Church,  200:  dread  of  Carnot,  202:  influence  on 
A'.'s  life,  iv.  220 

"  Robespierre,  the  Little,'*  i.  140 

Rochambeau,  Gen.,  succeeds  Lcclcrc  in  San  Domingo,  n.  1.52: 
snrrendeis  to  an  English  fleet,  153 

Rochefort,  naval  expedition  from,  ii.  212,  213 :  the  fleet  ordered 
to  the  English  t'hannel  from,  230:  Villeneuve's  mission  to  re- 
lieve, 2;il  :  the  squadron  ordered  to  the  Mediterranean,  iii.  89: 
X.  journeys  to  Rochefort,  iv.  208,  209:  English  cruisei-s  at,  208, 
20'.!:  immunity  from  t!ie  Wliite  Terror,  210 

Roederer,  ii-  35,  137:  dreads  a  new  Terror.  64:  joins  the  Rona- 
partist  ranks,  66:  an  opiiortuinst.  67 :  on  the  necessity  of  re- 
newing the  constitution,  72:  the  IHth  lirnmairo,  73:  member 
of  tiie  council  of  state.  100:  on  lAmicroy's  educational  mea- 
sures, 146 ;  advocates  the  Legion  of  Ihuior,  158 :  suggests 
hereditary  consulship,  158:  dismissed,  177:  character,  177:  re- 
forms Neapolitan  flnance,  iii.  103:  interviews  and  crmversa- 
tions  with  A'.,  152;  iv.  221.  222  :  sent  out  of  France,  231 

Roger-Ducos,  niember  of  the  Directory,  ii.  63 :  scheme  to  make 
him  consul,  69:  proposed  resignation  of,  69  :  resigns  from  the 
Directory,  72.  78,  80  :  consul  of  France,  83 

Rohan,  Cardinal,  retirement  at  Ettciiheim,  ii.  192 

Rohan-Rochefort,  Princess  Charlotte  of,  married  to  Due 
d'ljcjbien,  ii.  192:  the  Due  dEni;hicn*s  last  message  to,  198 

Rohr,  Archduke  Charles's  force  at,  iii.  160 

Roland,  J.  M,  fonns  a  ministry,i.  100:  leader  of  the  Girondista, 

HI 
Romagna,  surrendered  to  France,  i.  260:  ceded   to  N'enice  at 
Leobeii.  271:  incorporated  in  the  Cisalpine  Republic,  ii.  14: 
Austrian  forces  in,  111 
Roman  Catholic  Church,  A. V  views  concerning  tlie.  i.  39:  in- 
tliience  in  Corsica,  70,  71:  opposition  U>  the  tYench  republic, 
164:  the  Pope  shorn  of  his  temporal  power,  Hi.  186,  187:  in- 
fluence on  France,  iv.  225 
Roman  Catholics,  disturbances  among,  in  Corsica,  i.  97,  98 
Roman  Church,  A'. '«  failure  t«»  Gallicize,  iv.  229 
Roman  Empire,  the,  ii.  210  :  compared  with  Napoleonic  Frai»ce, 

il.  143,  151 

Roman  Republic,  the,  organization  and  proclamation  of  ii.  26, 
r>'.> :  Neapolitan  inviusion  of.  59  :  abandonment  of,  i:J2 

Romanoff,  House  of,  X.  proimses  matrimonial  alliances  with, 
iii.  76 

Rome,  maritime  expedition  against,  i.  152,  155 :  diffieiHties  of  an 
attack  on,  155:  murder  of  French  minister  (Rasseville)  in.  155, 
229,  260  :  X.'s  hostility  toward  the  ccntml  i>ower  at.  1.57  :  tem- 
poral power  of  the  Pope,  207  :  plunder  of.  225  ;  ii.  26 :  plan  t< 
capture,  i.  229:  A'.'*  plans  conceniing,  247.  249.  261:  tpiarrel 
between  France  and,  247,  259:  influence  of,  248:  proposition 
to  hand  her  over  to  Spain,  259:  campaign  against  Pius  VI.. 
259-261  :  dispersal  of  the  Papal  army,  260 :  Victor's  militarj- 
watch  'in,  266 :  A'.  ;f  influence  in,  278  :  X.'g  operations  against, 
ii.  6:  Joseph  Ruonaparte  minister  at,  18:  Berthier  proclaims 


304 


INDEX 


X  Rom.i.1  lM>.il>lic  ill,  20 :  aMt  IVivera  to  reomaniiw  licr 
nriiiv  21-.:  liKnil  risiiiR  in,  20:  Auslriii  I"  Iw  rcstraiiiu.l  fr..ni 
inttrf.ri iicf  in.  2» :  Nt«i>olitaii  iuva.si..u  of,  16,  4'J,  511 :  rccuB- 


—  conttnitea,  ,    „ 

1(1  i  131  2B2  ■  iii.  10.  240,  211 :  relations  and  nlliameB  with 

rill   i.  r.lH,  2I>2  ;  ii.  :tO.  12,  49,  TO,  ltl2,  131,  I'.m.  22X-231,  2;t3, 


as  EiniKr..r  of,  2.W :  porta  ut.  cliwc.i  to  eiiuinies  o(  hram-f, 
2.V.  ■  hVi'iicli  oceupalion  ot,  iii.  in.  M  :  ixoniiinnnuation  for  llif 
invaiitreof,  ii.'. :  dislmniliiiint  of  tin-  Nolili-  (iiniril, ur. :  I'ms \  II.  8 
i.llc  <tat»'  ill,  115:  si-viTin« of  tin-  spirilual  and  tiiiiporal  iiowti^ 
1«C  IHii,  187  •  tin-  lilv  iinorporalc-d  nitli  Ital.v.  IHC  :  octiiplid  li.v 
0.i7i  Miollis,  18C.:  til.'  Oillwe  of  faniinals  and  eci  U'siasticid 
courts  transportt'd  U>  Kraiicc,  Ill.S  AH:  tlie  ,lepartninit  of. 
cr«at«d,  201,  2ti2.  211:  aciularizatioii  of  tin'  convents,  2(2 :  dis- 
persal of  foi-eijin  prelates,  '2112  :  Paris  a  rival  to,  as  capltnl  of  tlie 
Western  empire,  2ai :  sends  deputation  to  Pans,  iv.  17  :  resto- 
ration uf  tlie  P.'pes  domains,  20  ;  Murat  nmielies on, HI :  Lneieii 
fostei-s  iev..lntion  in,  IX:  France  the  heir  of,  2-25:  inllneneo 
tlironghoHt  Italy,  -i-.'C,  -22- 
Rome  (ancient),  i;..vernnu-iital  systems  of,  adopted  in  l-raiicc, 
i  ICO  ic.l;  ii.Ki:  inllneneeon  French  art,  ill.  72:  tlieterriUirial 
cvpansion  of.  12s  :  lo!,s  of  lur  iMditieal  lilierty,  iv.  '230  :  the  his- 

Rom'e  tbe  klnsof,  .scliwarzenliorKs  toast  to,  iii.  '200:  the  title. 
-2111  ;'birtiror2:)(i,  2111:  l.iilliainy  of  his  future,  -230:  address 
of  tlie  Paris  t^liainlier  of  Coninierce  on  the  liirtli  of,  231  :  Ins 
portrait  at  Borodino.  -260:  elitrnsted  to  care  of  the  Nalnuial 
Guard  iv.  UK:  Jooepli  enjoined  to  preserve  hiiii  from  Austrian 
capture,  117  :  lilieiu-d  to  Astyanax.  117,  130  :  chances  of  his 
succession,  121':  Uiwht  from  Paris,  1211-131:  an  ill  omen  for, 
131 :  proposed  reRency  for,  134:  X.  declares  for  his  succession, 
HI  112-  territ<irv  Rranted  to,  H«:  proposed  ciuoiiation  of, 
105':  dismissal  of  his  French  attendants,  Wll :  sends  message  to 
his  father.  lOH  :  failure  of  the  attempt  to  crown,  171 :  N.'s  lare- 
«cll  in.  s-a..;c  to,  -218  ... 

Roncesvalles,  Fieiich  military  inovements  at, m.  10.> 
KonCO,  inili(ary  operations  at,  i.  •2:18,  231) 
Rosily,  Adm.,  ordered  ti> supersede  Villeneuve,  u.  239 
Rosltten,  military  operations  near,  iii.  19 
Rossbach,  Irattle  of,  iv.  235 
Rosslau,  inilitarv  operations  near,  iv.  0.^,  GO 
Rossomme,  -V.  at,  iv.  191,  200,  2(w  :  riKlitiiig  at,  203 
Rostlno,  meetini;  of  .V.  and  Paoli  at,  72,73 
Rousseau,  Jean  Jacques,  views  on  Corsica,  i.  2, 7 :  offered  asy- 
lum  hv  I'aoli,  7:  X.s  study  of,  and  admiratloM  for,  A),  .!l.-tO, 
(ill  H-2,'l50;  ii.  Ill,  103  ;  iv.  211 :  A'.V  style  compared  with  that 
of  70:  on  man  in  a  state  of  nature,  82  :  inlluenceof.  in  1' ranee, 
l.w,  l.i9:  theory  of  natural  Ixnindaries,  198:  Chateauhriand  a 
disciple  of,  ii.  100 
Roussel,  Gen.,  in  Imttle  of  Waterloo,  iv.  197 
Roustan,  reply  to  Konssean,  i.  39 
Roverbello,  liattle  of,  iv.  91  . 

Roveredo.  I'attU-  of,  i.  234,  235  :  abandoned  liy  V  auliois,  230 
Rovlgo,  cicalion  of  hereditary  duchy  of,  ii.  2.W  ;  Savary  created 

Duke  "i  iii.  70.    See  S.\v.\nY 
Royal  Corslcan  Regiment,  refuses  to  flglit  against  its  native 

isliiTui,  i.  10. 
Royal  family,  imprisoned  in  the  Temple,  1. 102 
Royallsm,  hatred  of  the  French  for,  ii.  127 

tr.im  1  laiicr,  141  ,  .         ,■ 

Rovalists,  instil  nte  tin-  "  White  Tenor,"  i.  164, 165 :  plots  and  m- 
tri-m  s  of  105  178,  199 ;  ii.  2, :),  5,  21,  155,  189-191 ;  iv.  109  :  Enn- 
lisli  Milisidies  for,  i.  197:  Imnislied  from  .Sardinia,  210:  the 
Clichy  faction,  ii.  2,  ;(,  5 :  relati.uis  and  negotiations  between  X . 
and,  ii.  2  :),  24,  83,  88,  1-27.  118,  154,  105 ;  iv.  229 :  extended  in- 
fluence in  1798.  ii.  3  :  events  of  the  I8tli  of  Frnctidiu-.  4,  5, 15  : 
Austria  seeks  their  triumph  in  Paris,  12:  proscription  of,  5,  l,i: 
attilude  of  the  Diiectorv  toward,  -24:  claims  conccninit;  the 
minders  at  Rustatt,  01 :  Morean's  tendency  towaril,  01 :  8ii:h 
for  a  second  Kiclielieu,  81  :  views  of  the  results  of  the  18tli 
Bruniaire,  82 :  eiiconraicd  to  return  to  France,  87 :  dissensions 
annuu:  154,  155:  publish  "  f.Amlusii,"  174:.the  Cadondal  con- 
siiiracy,  189  et  seq.:  in  Alsace,  192 :  arcnmcrd  in  their  favor,  2-2.3 : 
prowing  strenirth  of.  iv.  1-22:  display  tin  ir  cnthusiaMn  in  Palis, 
i:il:  their  hour  of  triumph,  144:  opposili.m  to,  by  the  army, 
117:  supported  in  Pnivencc,  151:  plots  au-ainst  N.«  life,  152, 
1.5ii:  eoinmeniorate  the  death  of  I^ouis  .\VI,,  l,-,»:  defend  the 
Tuderies,  loil :  slirri-d  up  by  .lacohin  enmity  to  .V.,  171. 
Royal  power,  .v.  "ii  i.  im 

Royal  Scots  Fuslleers,  in  battle  of  Waterloo,  iv.  190 
"  Royal  Sovereign,"  the,  at  I'rafalKar,  ii.  24o 
Royer-Collard,  P.  P.,  Itoyallst  intrimics  of.  iv.  129 
Ruchel  Gen.,  bis  military  command,  ii.  276:  at  Kisenach,  278 : 
..rd.n.l  l.icohciTitrate  at  Weimar,  '280:  in  battle  of  J.'-lia,  2S0, 


its  evils  abolished 


Rue  de  Pail,  the,  iii.  02 

Rue  Rlvoli,  the,  iii.  02 

RuUy,  Gen.,  eonimands  expedition  to  Corsica,  i.  69  :  killed  at  8t. 

Florciit,  09 
Rumbold,  seizi-d  by  Fiemh  aitciils  at  llambnrK  11.  211 
Rumella.  proposed  ilisp..Bition  of,  after  Tilsit,  111.  18 
Rumlanzoff  Count,  KnsBiaii  minister,  111.  81,  91:  disrusBes  par- 
tiiiMN  of  lurk.y,  IM:  at  the  Kifurt  eoiibrence  i:i;i:  foresees 
.lanU'-r  to  the  Kranco-Kiissian  alliance,  18K:  adviser  to  Alexan- 
d.-r  I.,  -206  :   leails  the  |>eace  party  of  Russia,  '206 
RuBSbach,  River,  military  operations  on  tli.;.  Iil.  170,  116-17 1 
Russia,  aKkTandlzciuerit  of,  I.  9:   X«  aml.ill..ii  1"  serve,  l.".i, 
19-'    h   10;  Iv.  220:  share  In  the  partition  of,  and  relations  with. 


Russia  — conlinited, 
Poland. 

Austria,  -._.--.  .  .  .  ,„.  ,.,„ 

240  ;  iii.  132,  138,  -237--210,  219,  261,  -259  ;  iv.  21,  16,  li,  10,5,  100: 
death  ..f  Catherine  II.,  i.  202 :  foreign  policy  (1797X  202  :  -> .  in- 
tercepts dcspatclies  fi-om  the  Cziu-  to  MaltJ^  -262:  weakness  of 
revolutioiiai-y  sentiment  in,  ii.  30:  alliances  and  relations  with, 
schemes  of  conquest  of,  and  wiut*  with  Turkey,  15,  49,  271 ;  iii. 
•23,  44,  45.  48,  54,  81,  85-91,  127,  137,  182,  191,  235,  236,  214,  '200: 
Iilaiis  military  operations  in  Italy,  ii.  49 :  the  second  coalition, 
59,  1.2,  90.  !t;l:  military  operations  in  Switzerland  and  Italy,  02, 
63:  niiliuiry  operalions  in   llolland,  6-2,  63,  93:  defeated  at 
Kiirich  by  Masseiia,  63 :  successes  on  the  'I'rebbiu,  63 :  defeats 
.loubert  lit  Novi,  63  :  witbdrans  from  the  stcolid  coalition,  93: 
interest  in,   and  activity  concerniuK  Malta,  93,  10-2,  126,  135, 
182:  alliances  and  general  friendly  relations  with  France,  102, 
131,  131-130.  108,  170,  222,  261,  269  :  iii.  3,'),  '.Vj,  39-11.  13,  56,  01, 
86.  9-2,  1-29,  137,  138,  188,  196,  '260:  organizes  the  "  onned  neu- 
trality "  ii,  120,  134,  135 :  schemes  of  Oriental  extension  and 
conquest,  120,  131,  108,  211,  22-2,  223,  259 :  iil.  11,  18,  64,  87.  130, 
182-  iv.  80,  99:  intercedes  lor  Naples,  ii,  131:  A.'«  relations 
with  and  uttitn.Ies  toward,  131. 180,  '228,  232:  iii.  1-6,  40,  84,  92, 
'U4    '2:1-'    -'33  -Mh-'jil ;  iv.  27:  relations  with,  subsidies  from, 
umi  «!U-s  « it'll  England,  ii.   134,  13.5,  108,  229,  259.  202,  273;  iii, 
l;t,  48,  iil,  80,  HI,  83,  83,  93,  20;),  '201.  220.  240.  -244,  207  ;  iv,  31,  46, 
80,  100,  170 :  assassination  of  I'aul  I.  and  accession  of  Alexander 
I    ii.  i;i6:  abandons  the  'armed  neutrality,"  108:  hostile  and 
general  nnfriendlv  relations  with  France,  ISO,  199,  211,  22'2,  223, 
•>'>3    228,  232;  iii,  '220,  '28'2,  23.6-241,  2.50;  iv,  27,  38-^0:  mourns 
ll'ie  death  of  the  Hue  d  Enghieu,  ii.  199:  stains  on  reigning 
houses  of,  203 :  protests  asainst  seizure  of  Enghicn,  211 :  occu- 
pies Ionian  Islands,  211,  '226,  229,  262:  demands  indenimty  for 
the  kiuK  of  Sardiiii:u  211,  223,  '271 :  attitude  in  1805,  226:  rela- 
tions (friendly  and  hostile)  with  l-rnssia, '2'28, '242.  243, '271 ;  ni. 
10   21, '22.  '21,  25.  47,  174,  240,  '243,  261  ;  iv.  19,  21,  30,  31,  60:  her 
troops  in  Gali.ia,  ii.  233:  Beinadottc  and   Davmit  watch  her 
army,  235  :  military  position  on  the  Inn,  '236:  defeat  of  Mortier 
at  Unrrenstein, -230 :  militaiy  position  on  the  Enns,  230  :  out- 
generaled  by  JV.,243:    the   battle  of  Austerlitz,  '246  et  seq.: 
Czartoryski's  view  of  her  policy  in  ls05,  246 :  occuiues  Naples, 
256 :  excluded  from  councils  of  Wcstei  n  Europe,  259  :  occupies 
Bocche  di  Cattaro,  202 :  strengthens  Corfu.  262  :  pretensions  m 
Germany,  272 ;  military  operations  on  the  Panube,  iii.  6 :  mili- 
tary operations  against,  10:  concentrates  troops  at  Pultusk, 
10-  driven  from  \\  arsaw,  10:  (luuacter  of  the  population,  11: 
a  new  seat  of  war  for  A'.,  11 :  battle  of  Pultusk,  12:  retreat  to 
Ostrolelika,  12:  iV,'»  new  ex]jerienee  in  eanipaigning  in,  12 :  de- 
fects in  the  army,  11 :  devotion  of  the  ainiy  to  the  Czar,  11,16: 
the  Cossacks  11,  16:  defeat  at   Jlohrungen,  15:  condition  of 
troops  at  Eylau.  19:  financial  dilticulties,  23,31,232:  Turko- 
Persian  alliance  against,  23 :  successes  on  the  lower  Danube, 
23 :  w  eakness  of,  26  :  requests  Francis's  adherence  to  conven- 
tion of  Bartenstein,  25:    proposal  for  a  new  coalition,  2B: 
bravery  of  her  soldiers,  28:  dissensions  in  the  court,  29:  forces 
engaged  at  Friedland,  32  :  military  sacrifices,  34 :  peace  party 
in,  :)l:  lighting  the  battles  of  others,  31:  destitution  in  the 
army,  34:  schemes  of  territorial  aggn.miizement.  35:  A.  de- 
maiiils  pledges  from,  35:  pic.p...se.l  Bi.ltic  boundary  line.  :)6: 
ambition  to  be  regarded  as  a  Kunipcan  power,  40:  A.  a  foil  to 
her  ambition,  10:  representatives  at  'lilsit,  43;  schemes  for  the 
partition  or  acquisition  of  the  Ilainibian  principalities.  44.  48, 
SO,  81,  86,  236,  239 :  to  nii'diate  between  England  and  France, 
48':  aciiuires  Bielostok,  is,  49,  63  :  refuses  to  seize  Memel,  63 : 
dislike  of  .Savary  in,  54  :  court  and  social  manners  and  customs, 
61:  discontent  with  the  Czar,  51,  87,  94 :  intrigues  to  acquire, 
and  the  invasion  and  acquisition  of  Finland,  61,  80,  9I-9:t,  182, 
191   '205  21,5,230,240:  attempts  to  bring  Si.ain  into  the  coali- 
tion, 59:  cllect  of  the  treaty  of  Tilsit,  CO:  diplomatic  intrigiies 
in    79;  her  good   otlleis  sought  with  Iienniaik,  80:  frontier 
miunced  bv  France.  SO:  Alexander  seeks  to  abolish  serfdom  in, 
.ho:  commerce  of,  80:  eltects  of  the  peace  of  Tilsit  on,  80,  86: 
.V.  intervenes  between  Turkey  and,  81:  terms  of  the  agreement 
at  Sloliozia,  85  :  Tolstoi  defends,  87 :  diplomatic  crisis  in,  87,  88 : 
sends  a  fresh  mission  to  A'..  88:  proposed  inviLsion  of  Sweden, 
91:  court  intrigue  in,  92:  Caulaincourt  conducts  negotiations 
with,  93:  blockade  of  the  fleet  by  England,  93:  outwitted  by 
A'.,  102 :  the  .Spanish  question  discussed  w  ith,  1'21 :  A'.'s  proposed 
naval  cooperation  with,  130:  the  anti-French  party  in,  1;mi.  161 : 
urged  to  occupy  Warsaw,  and  parts  of  Prussia  and  Austria, 
138:  .V.  makes  technical  call  tor  the  aid  of,  153:  invailes  Oa- 
licla,  182  :  acquires  part  of  IJalicia,  181 :  menaced  by  the  treaty 
of  Schonbrunn    188:  news  of  the  Austrian  marriage  in,  196 : 
Ircalv  with  Sweden,  Sept.  17,  1809,  206:  evades  the  Continentjil 
Svstc'in,  214 :  Mnic.de  Stall  in,  2'29:  rivalry  of  France,  236: 
chects  of  the  Continental  Sisteni  on,  ■2;iC :  an  incblcnt  that 
changed  the  course  of  history,  238,  '239 :  advances  an  army  to 
tlic  Danube,  -2;)9 :  prepares  for  war,  2:19:  opens  negotiations 
with   England  and  Sweden,  -240:  war  with  France  im-vitable, 
-241:    acquires  a  boundaiT  on   the   Pnilh,   '244:   treaty  with 
Sweden,  April  12, 181'>,  -214  :  withilra\\8  troops  fnmi  the  Danube, 
•211 :  thorougbness  of  A'.'ii  preparations  for  w ar  with.  '216,  ^217 : 
Caulaineonrt's  knowledge  of, -247  :  agllcullural  distress  In,  219: 

I entration  of  troops  in, '249:  intrigues  leading  to  the  war 

of  181'i,  -249-252 :  ukase  of  Dec,  1810,  250 :  tin-  neutral  trade  of, 
•260 :  Narbonne's  mission  from  Dresden  to,  '261 :  A .»  scheme  to 
expel  her  from  Europe, -2,52 :  A'.'s  military  knowledge  of,  253, 
2.58:  menacing  outlook  for.  -253:  A'.'s  plan  of  campaign  in,  •25.1, 
2.56:  iliBposltion  of  her  army.  251 :  A',  strikes  the  flrst  blow  at, 
•261:  military  enthusiasm  in.  266:  military  weakness.  •266^ 
sulferings  of  both  armies  in,  255;  iv.  1  et  seq.  :  "the  Ney  of, 


INDEX 


305 


UiiBHia  —  eontitm^d, 
ill.  '257:  battlu  uf  Smolensk,  2r>7:  dcapotic  charActcr  of  her 
govrriimt'iit,  '257:  lack  of  ctiitralizatiuii  in,  ^.l",  'i'iH;  iv.  I'M 
iunvurs  i>(  tliu  aiiiipHipi  hi,  iii.  'i5K:  tin-  k'SHtniHof  Ryliiii  uiul 
Aiisti  rltlz,  25V):  S.'h  ii^nuruncu  of  tliu  KtruiiKtli  of  ft-ulini;  Iti, 
2fi'J:  spfculutloii  oil  tliu  C'zur'ii  inilitjiry  pullL-y,  25'J:  A'.  fiillM  to 
piwa  counU-Tfoit  mniiey  lii,  'iritf:  hiUtlo  of  Borodino,  '2(>0,  'ifA, 
203:  the  Kremlin,  24)2,  2(>l:  cluliim  the  honor  of  hiiniliik'  Mos- 
cow, 205:  temper  of  the  peaanntry,  200  :  the  ohUICuKHliin  p:irty 
for  pence,  200,  207  :  Alexuiuler'H  adviBent,  200,  207 :  foiunlliiK  of 
the  Kuasiun  Klhle  Soeiety,  207:  EnK'Uitti  military  inlnsinn  to 
reornftnlzo  the  army,  207  :  euuscs  of  the  I'reiieh  disanterM  lii, 
268:  A'.V  retreat  from  Mo»covv,  20H-270 :  partlzan  warfare  In, 
Iv.  2:  Hdoptlnj;;  the  taitks  of  E«ypt  in,  2:  the  terror  of  A'. 'if 
uamu  in,  3,  6,  7  :  her  alHes,  Want  and  Winter,  :(,  12:  maKsacru 
of  French  atraffglerii  in,  4,  0:  X.'s  contempt  for,  5:  treatment 
of  French  prisoners  hi,  8:  hopes  in,  itf  capturing  X.,  8:  A'.'« 
excuse  for  defeat  in,  12:  eomparetl  with  Spain,  13:  poor  gen- 
eralsliip  in,  13:  diminishing;  strength  of,  VJ:  invades  tlie  grand 
duchy  of  Warsaw,  21:  treaty  with  Spain,  July,  1812,  20 :  Met- 
ternich  seeks  ^l  emhroil  Sweden  and,  2'J;  possession  of  War- 
saw, 32:  apathy  of,  M:  Nesselrotle's  appearance  in,  39:  secret 
treaty  of  Keicht  nbaeh,  4-i,  45,  48:  issues  paper  money,  45 : 
treaty  with  England,  45 :  to  maintain  a  standing  army,  45 : 
guarantees  a  war  loan,  45:  inaugunites  the  coalition  of  1813, 
60:  strength,  54:  X.  attempts  to  separate  Prussia  from,  62: 
concludes  alliance  of  Sept.  H,  1813,  66 :  the  campaign  of  1813, 
78:  at  the  Cimgress  of  Frankfort,  80:  anxiety  for  peace,  80: 
troops  on  the  Khine,  90:  X.  endeavors  to  separate  Austria 
from,  105:  the  triple  alliance,  100:  treaty  of  Chaumont,  106: 
suspicious  of  Schwarzenberg's  attitude,  115,  116:  bari)arity  of 
her  troops,  124 :  party  to  the  treaty  of  Fontainebleau  (April, 
1814),  148 :  Alexander  proposes  a  home  for  A',  in,  148 :  attitude 
at  Cnngr  *S3  of  Vienna,  150.  157  :  quota  of  troops,  170 :  member 
of  the  \ienna  Coalition,  170:  the  campaign  of  the  Hundred 
Days,  174  et  seii. :  claims  the  glory  of  annihilating  A'.  205 : 
claims  the  right  of  overseeing  the  imprisonment  ofiV,,  213: 
X.'s  horror  of  being  sent  to,  214:  expansion  of,  240.  See  also 
Alexanper  I. ;  Paul  I. ;  ST.  I^etersbikg 

Rustan,  X.'s  body-servant,  277;  iii.  62;  iv.  40,  149:  Queen 
Louisa's  allusion  to,  at  Tilsit,  iii.  52 

Rustchuk,  Paslia  of,  appointed  grand  vizir,  iii.  127 :  attempts 
to  restore  Selim  III.,  127 

S 

Saalbur^,  military  operations  at,  li.  278 

Saale,  River,  military  operations  on  the,  ii.  279-282  ;  iv.  64,  67, 
00 

Saar,  River,  military  operations  on  the,  iv,  92 

Sachsen,  Gen.,  leads  Neapolitan  army  against  Rome,  ii.  49 

Sacken,  Gen.,  in  Imttle  of  Eylau,  iii.  19:  checks  Schwarzen- 
ipersr,  iv.  9:  reinforces  BUicher  at  Montrairail,  90:  held  by 
Mortiir.  104  :  battle  of  Craonne,  107 

St.  Aignan,  French  envoy  to  Saxon  duchies,  iv.  80 :  imprisoned 
at  (_;otlia,  HO:  conducts  ne'rotiations  with  A^.,  80,  82,  83 

St.  Amand,  d  Erlou  ordered  to  move  on,  iv.  185 

St.  Andr^,  mayi-T  of  ilainz,  anecdote  concerning  X.  and.  iv.  48 

St.  Bartholomew's  Day,  fears  of  a  repetition  of  the  massacre 
of,  iv.  158 

"St.  Bartholomew  of  privilege,"  the,  i.  57 

St.  Bernard  range,  Austrian  watch  on  the,  ii.  111.  See  also 
Gklat  St.  Bkknaui';  Littlk  St.  Bernard 

Saint-Cannat,  -<V.  at,  iv.  152 

St.  Cloud,  iiroposed  councils  at,  ii.  69,  70,  72,  74  et  seq. :  Berna- 
dotte  plans  to  head  a  force  at,  74:  Murat  commanding  guard 
at,  74 :  the  18th  and  19th  Brumaire  at,  76  et  seq. ;  iv.  228 :  X. 
declines  a  gift  of,  ii.  157  :  promuliration  of  the  decree  creating 
the  empire  from,  205 :  return  of  ^V.  from  Tilsit  to,  iii.  61 :  social 
vices  at,  75 :  important  levee  at.  Aug.  15, 1808, 131, 132 :  A',  and 
Maria  Louisa  at,  198  :  the  imperial  court  at,  229 :  ^V.  returns 
to,  iv.  79,  84 

Saint-CjO",  Elisa  Buonaparte  educated  at,.i.  28,  103,  107:  the 
Academy  at.  I0:i,  107 

Salnt-Cyr,  Carra,  in  battle  of  Aspem,  iii.  170,  171 

Saint-Cyr,  Gen,,  military  successes  of,  i.  163:  at  battle  of 
Hibcrach.  ii.  100:  engagement  on  the  Mettenberg,  109:  fails 
to  Clinic  up  :it  Mcsskireh,  109:  reinforces  Moreau  at  Engen, 
KV.i :  enters  Napk  •^.  183  :  ordered  to  occupy  Naples,  232  :  Ville- 
ncuvc  ordered  to  rouperate  with,  239:  at  La  Jiuujuera,  iii.  142 

Salnt-Cyr,  Gouvion,  strenf,'th  of  his  corps,  ilarch,  1812,  iii. 
246 :  losses  of  his  Bavarian  corps  in  Russia,  255 :  Wittgenstein  re- 
sumes offensive  against,  iv.  2:  junction  with  Victor,  2.  3:  checks 
Wittgenstein,  3 :  holds  Dresden,  55,  50.  68,  70  :  battle  of  Dres- 
den. 50,  57 :  sent  to  support  Vaudamme  at  Knlm,  01 :  guarding 
roads  from  Bohemia,  63 

St.  Denis,  tumults  at,  i.  44  :  restoration  of  the  cathedral  at,  iii. 
02  :  defense  of,  iv.  131 

St.  Dizier,  military  movements  near,  iv.  92,  94, 120:  X.  at,  120, 
121,  124:  military  council  at,  125,  126 

St.  Florent,  A',  prepares  jdansfor  it^  tiefense,  i.  40:  French  fleet 
at,  09:  disorders  at,  09,  113:  expedition  against  Ajaccio  from, 
120-riJ :  French  power  in,  123 :  English  capture  of,  154 

St.  George,  Provera  at,  i.  254 

St.  Gotthard  Pass,  Suvarotf 's  disasters  in,  ii.  93 :  French  pas* 
sage  of,  110,  113,  114  :  Austrian  watch  on,  111 

St.  Helena,  X.'«  will  made  at,  i.  70 :  X.'s  reminiscent  statements 
made  at,  82,  137,  173,  184;  ii.  32,  51,  54,  50,  81,  90,  133,  180,  199: 
iii.  70,  9o.  103.  212;  iv.  61,  95,  102,  165,  179,  188:  A'.'s  death  at, 
ii.  57 ;  iv.  219  :  X.'s  ambition  coucemiug,  ii.  184  :  early  proposi- 

Vol.  IV.— 41. 


St.  Helona  — eonfinwd. 

tion  to  deport  X.  to,  Iv.  157  :  choiion  m  the  place  of  eille,  212- 
215:  A'.'d  oliJeetic»n»  to  the  rock,  213:  speeial  form  of  goveni- 
nunt  for,  213,  215:  the  vr.yiKe  to,  214,  2:iH :  landing  or  A.  at, 
215:  U>pograpliy,  eiimate,  etc.,  215,217  ;  A'.»  life  on,  215-219: 
violent  Httirui  In,  219:  tlie  i-xlles  court  at,  23H 

Salnt-Hllaire.  Gen.,  in  battle  of  AuDlcrlitz,  il.  249,  250:  In 
i:\lau  <anipalgn,  iii.  19,  20 

St.  Ildefonao,  the  treaties  of,  li.  131,  132,  1H4 

St.  Jean  d'Acre.    See  AniK 

"St.  Jerome,*'  correggioB,  i.  228 

St.  Julien,  Count,  blundering  negotiations  by,  11.  121,  122:  Im- 
priMOMiiient  of,  122 

St  Lambert,  (ironchy  ordered  to  iv.  188:  Bulow  at,  190 

St.  Leu,  proposal  that  I/mis  withdraw  to.  III.  212 

St  Mark,  aetloim  at,  1.  25I,  253 

St  Maalmln,  Lueien  BuoDa])arte  In,  I.  140 

St  Michael,  sci/.ure  of,  by  Massi-na,  1.  269 

St  Michel,  battle  of,  i.  251 

St  Napoleon,  I.  vj 

St.  Peter,  island  of.  caiiture,  II.  8 

St.  Peter's,  Rome,  X.  claima  coronation  In,  II.  256 

St  Petersburg,  the  French  envoy  dismissed  f  i  oni,  il.  223 :  return 
of  the  Cziir  from  Tilsit  to,  ill.  54  :  the  peace  of  Europe  in,  55 : 
the  French  ambassador  at,  71;  diplomatic  intrigues  at,  79: 
Alexander  fears  for,  80 :  diplomatic  crisis  in,  87,  88  :  court  In- 
tilfnie  in,  92  :  terror  of  the  British  lleet  in,  93  :  situation  at,  94  : 
BOcLil  and  diplomatic  life  in,  129  :  Caulalncourt's  nd-nsion  to,  129, 
131 :  Frederick  William  III.  at,  151 :  newsof  the  Austrian  mar- 
riage at,  190  :  A',  tlireatens  to  march  to,  232  :  LanrisUm  sent  to 
replace  Caulatncourt  at,  241 :  defense  of,  254 :  deniorallzatiou 
at,  255:  military  enthnshujm  in,  255:  founding  of  the  Russian 
Bible  Society  in,  207  :  England's  diplomacy  In,  iv.  45.  Sec  alKO 
Alkxandkr  1.;  Patl  I.;  Russia 

St.  Pierre,  arrest  of  the  Prince  of  Monaco  at,  iv.  103 

Saint-Pierre,Bemardinde,rewards  to,  for  literary  work,  iii.  227 

St.  Priest,  Gen.,  captures  Kheim?,  iv.  109 :  killed  at  Kheims,  110 

St  Quentin,  the  canal  of,  ii.  224 

St  Rocb,  ilie  m- 1,  e  at  the  church  of,  1. 180, 181 

Saint-Ruff,  Abb^  de,  X.'s  social  relations  with, !.  35.  42:  death 

of,  H5 

St.  Stephen,  attack  on,  i.  114 

St.  Sulpice,  banquet  to  A',  in  church  of,  ii.  68,  69 

St.  Tropez,  A'.'s  embarkati<tu  from,  iv.  149, 151,153:  place  of  AT.** 

enili;irk;ition  changed  to  Krijjus,  152,  lo3 
Saladin,  founds  the  militar>*  organization  of  M.imeluke3,il.  39,  40 
Salamanca,  sir  .lohn  Moore  at,  iii.  144:  battle  of,  222;  iv.  15: 

defe;it  uf  Marniont  at,  iii.  200 
Salicetti,  Christopher,  represents  Corsica  in  the  National  As- 
sembly, i.  62-66 :  succeeds  Buttafuoco,  73  :  influence  in  Corsica, 
109,  117,  121:  plans  invasion  of  .Sardinia,  110,  111:  adheres  to 
France,  119:  arrives  in  Corsica,  119:  relations  with  X.  and  in- 
fluence on  his  career,  119,  122-124,  131,  134,  135,  149-1.52:  de- 
fends  the  Corsican  commission,  122  :  arrives  in  Paris.  123 :  heads 
a  commissii'n  to  Corsica,  131 :  in  siege  of  Toulon,  136,  137  :  in- 
fluence iu  France,  138 :  plans  expedition  to  Corsica,  138 :  ambi- 
tion, 140:  uifluence  among  the  Thermidorians,  151 :  blamed  for 
insun-ectiou  in  Corsica,  151 :  seeks  his  own  safety,  151 :  friend- 
ship with  Mme.  Permon,  168:  concealed  by  Mme.  Fermon,  169, 
170:  A\'s  address  to,  170:  levies  forced  contributions  in  Genoa, 
203  :  plana  of  the  Directory  concerning,  221 :  rapacity,  230 :  du- 
plicity, ii.  74 :  gives  (ienoa  a  consular  constitution,  149 
Saljn,  member  of  the  Confederation  of  the  Rhine,  ii.  200 
Salo,  the  revolutionary  movement  in,  i.  209 :  eugagement  at,  270, 
272 

Salzburg,  apportioned  to  the  Grand  Duke  of  Tuscany,  ii.  170; 
ceded  to  Austria,  252:  Lefebvre  at,  iii.  164:  embodied  in  the 
Confederation  of  the  Rhine,  184 

Sambre,  River,  military  movements  on  the,  iv.  174, 170-178, 181 

Sampiero,  i.  4 :  resemblance  to  X.,  12  :  X.'s  sketch  of,  47 

Sand,  George,  in  Madrid  dui-ing  the  war,  iii.  223 

San  Domingo,  influence  of  Louverture  in,  ii.  152:  declares 
its  independence,  152:  unsuccessful  attempt  to  conquer,  152: 
failure  of  X.'s  ambition  concerning,  184  :  plan  for  French  re- 
cover}- of.  213 

Sandoz-Rollin,  Prussian  minister  in  Paris,  ii.  21 

San  Giuliano,  military  operations  at,  ii.  117, 118 

San  Miniato,  the  Buonaparte  family  in,  i.  14 

Sansculottes,  the,  i.  147, 105 

Sansculottides,  the,  i.  147 

San  Sebastian.  c;iptured  by  the  French,  iii.  105 

Santa  Lucia,  French  plans  Vj  strengthen,  ii.  213 

Santander,  besieged  by  Bessieres,  iii.  122 

Santarem,  Masseua  withdraws  toward,  iii.[219 :  "  Marshal  Stock- 
pot's  "  deserters  at,  223 

Santerre,  A.  J.,  leader  of  the  mob  of  Aug.  10,  1792,  i.  105 :  fav- 
ored by  A'.,  105:  X.'s  threat  against,  ii.  73 

"  Santissima  Trinidad,"  the,  at  Trafalgar,  ii.  241 

Santon,  Mount  (Austeiiitz).  ii,  249,  250 

Saorgio,  A',  at  takinsj;  of,  i.  151 

Saragossa,  siege  of,  "iii.  121-124, 143-145 

Sarduiia,  weakness  of,  I.  9  :  compared  with  Corsica,  12  :  hostili- 
ties l)etwetn  France  and,  110-114,  116.  122.  128,  143,  140,  155: 
goes  to  defense  of  Toulon,  132:  operations  in  Piedmont,  in 
1794,  200:  revolutionai-y  spirit  in,  207  :  signs  armistice,  211,  21.5, 
216:  Victor  Amadeus,  king  of.  213:  conclusion  of  peace  with 
France  (1790).  221,  222,  240:  A',  opens  negotiations  with,  ii.  7: 
provoked  by  France  into  Italian  quarrels,  59:  X.'s  bad  faith 
with,  95  :  Russia  demands  indemnity  for  the  king  of,  211,  271 : 
Prussia  bound  to  secure  indemnity  for  king  of,  243 


306 


INDEX 


Sardinia,  Island  of,  fharles  Kmmamul  king  of,  I.  216 :  Cliarlee 
F.mmaimrl  rttii(.>  lo,  '-V'.  \K\:  Nolsou  Beeki*  slu-ltor  at,  38 

Sart-Jk-Wsdiiain.  linmchy  8  iiiovi'imiiU  via,  iv,  1B6,  IW 

Sanana,  tin-  ltin>n:\i»ftrU' fiunil)  in.  I  Vi 

SatBChan  Lake,  Kui.si:iii  tiisjuvt<  rs  :it,  ii.  250 

Saumarez,  Sir  James,  l'KHka.lf3  tbu  Russian  fleet,  iil.  93 

Sauvlnl^res,  miliuirj-  muvonu  nts  mar,  iv.  184 

Savary  Gen.,  aide -de-camp  U»  A'.,  ii.  195:  share  hi  Due  dEngli- 
i.ii  s  triiil  iiiid  ixeculion.  195.  1".>7, 198:  mission  to  Alcxundi-r  1. 
lit  Auslvrlilx,  240,  217 :  reitorts  Intorvicw  of  AUxandir  1.  witli 
A\,  251 :  unsavory  career,  207  :  marries  Mile,  de  t'oi^iny.  207  :  in 
EylttU  campaign,  iii.  18:  on  JV'.V  meiiUl  and  personal  vigor,  22: 
expiU  the  Russians  fn)ni  the  Narew  and  Ostri^linka,  23:  In 
baltlc  of  Ucllsberg.  3t>:  report  of  the  mcuting  at  TIl8lt,3H  :  ac- 
companies tlie  Czar  t**  St.  rctersburg,  64:  iYench  anibaiisador 
to  Russia,  HO,  85 :  inlluence  over  the  Czar.  54  :  disliked  in  Rus- 
sia, 64 :  crtattMl  Duke  of  Kovigo,  70 :  mission  to  Madrid.  Ill, 
112:  recognizes  Fertlinand  as  king,  112:  reproached  by  Ferdi- 
nand, 112:  encourages  Ferdinand  t«>  rely  on  A'.,  112,  113:  ac- 
compaiues  Ferdinand  toward  liay.'nne,  112. 113  :  notifies  Ferdi- 
nand of  his  deposition.  113.  114  :  hatred  of,  in  Paris,  211 :  min- 
ister of  police,  211  :  iv.  15:  episode  of  the  Malet  conspiracy, 
15 :  provides  for  time  of  danger,  87 :  records  A\'«  correspon- 
dence, 121 :  alarm  for  the  safety  of  l»aris,  122 :  member  of  the 
Empress- Regents  council,  128:  character,  128:  rei»roved  by 
A'..  129  :  Tallevrand.  to,  on  the  flijiht  of  the  Empress,  130  :  sur- 
prises Talleyra'nd  ami  De  Pradt  together.  130:  accompanies  N. 
to  Kochef.Tt,  2(V'*:  negotiations  with  Capt.  Maitland,  211 

Save,  River,  territory  on,  ceiled  to  France,  iii.  184 

Savigny,  F.  K.  von,  charaeterization  of  the  C'ode^  ii.  143 

Savona,  military  operations  at.  i.  160,  213,  215;  ii.  105:  impris- 
oiiiiieiit  of  I'ius  VII.  at,  iii.  1H7,  233 

Savoy,  military  operations  against,  in  Piedmont,  1. 128 :  captured 
by  France,  133:  France's  ambition  to  conquer,  164:  l<Yance'B 
claims  to,  198:  lost  to  Sardinia,  213:  Kellermann  in,  222:  Cha- 
bran's  forces  in,  il.  110:  proiHJsal  that  France  should  keep, 
iv.  80 

Savoy,  House  of,  the,  French  schemes  against,  i.  110 :  impor- 
t;uu-e  of  France  gaining  over,  200:  its  system  of  government, 
207:  vicissitudes,  213:  Francis  I. "s  hostility  to,  ii.  93  :  loses  the 
support  of  Paul  I.,  U9  :  lineage,  202,  203:  A'. "s  enmity  to,  iv.  247 

Saxe-Gotba,  :iccei>tti  French  terms  after  Jiina,  iii.  7  :  spread  of 
liheral  ideas  in,  7 

Saxe-Welmar,  accepts  French  terms  after  Jdna,  iii.  7  :  spread 
(•(  liberal  ideas  in,  7 

Saxony,  ^vithdraws  from  the  Coalition,  i.  235:  neutrality  of, 
IT'.'O,  235  :  seizure  of  tlie  KiigUsli  minister  to,  ii.  211 :  excluded 
from  the  t'onfederation  of  the  Rhine,  2*K):  proposal  to  include 
her  in  North  German  Confederati*>n.  272:  rep<trted  French 
advance  on,  273:  proposed  iiulependence  for,  273:  military 
movementa  in.  270:  alliance  with  Prussia,  279 :  takes  part  in 
the  Jena  campaign,  iii.  7:  spread  of  liberal  ideas  in,  7:  aban- 
dons Prussia  and  a<lopts  neutrality,  7:  proposed  exchange  of 
territories,  44 :  united  with  the  Rhine  Confederation,  48:  ac- 
quires Kottbus,  53:  independence,  01 :  the  Archduke  Charles 
proiMiises  to  march  into,  154:  furnishes  troops  to  France,  157  : 
troops  in  I>re.sden,  158,  240 :  defeated  at  Nossen  by  the  Black 
Legion,  180 :  in  vassalage  to  France,  214 ;  supports  A'.,  244 :  the 
levies  in,  iv.  23 :  peculiar  relations  toward  A\,  28,  29 :  turns  to 
Austria,  28,  29:  threatened  war  in,  29:  secret  agreement  with 
Austria,  32:  Prussian  designs  on,  32:  the  campaign  of  1813  in, 
33  et  seq.,  51 :  strategy  of  tlie  campaign  in,  35  :  abandons  Aus- 
tria, 37  :  declares  in  favor  of  France,  37:  jiroposed  allotment 
of  territory  to,  39:  Prussia  promises  to  cede  part  of,  to  Han- 
over, 45:  invaded  by  Austro-ilussian  troops,  56  :  national  spirit 
in,  04 :  revulsion  of  feeling  against  France.  64,  00:  refuge  of 
the  allies  iu,  67 :  defection  of  troops  at  Lelpsic,  74:  character 
of  tlie  campaigns  in,  78 

Say,  J.  B.,  nieml»ur  of  the  tribunate,  ii.  100 

Scandinavia,  eltort  to  bring  her  into  the  Coalition,  iii.  25 

8cha£rhau&en,  A',  plans  operations  at,  ii.  100 

Schamhorst,  Qen.,  plan  of  the  Pmssian  campaign,  ii.  278,  270: 
in  battle  of  Eylau,  iii.  20:  institutes  military  reforms  in  Prus- 
sia, K),  120:  mission  to  Vienna,  243:  hostility  to  A^.,  iv.  3t»: 
limits  to  his  means,  34':  killed  at  Liitzen,  37 

Scheldt,  River,  the,  reopening  of,  i.  115:  closing  the  navigation 
of,  J79:  a  French  river,  iii.  207 :  scheme  of  Hanoverian  exten- 
sion on,  iv.  32 

Sch^rer,  Gen.,  commanding  the  Army  of  Italy,  i.  208  :  ordered 
to  upper  Italy,  ii.  (iO:  driven  lichind  the  Mincio  and  Oglio,  00: 
defeated  at  Magnano,  GO:  succeeded  by  Moreau,  60:  incom- 
petency, 60,  02 

SchUl,  F.  von,  N.'s  abuse  of,  iil.  165:  final  stand  and  death  at 
StniUiind,  165,  180:  attempts  to  rouse  the  Uernian  spirit,  105: 
helpH  insurrection  in  Westphalia,  174  :  denounced  by  Frederick 
Williani,  IKO 

Schimmelpenninck,  R.  J.,  nrand  Pensionary  of  the  Batavlan 
Keputilic,  ii.  15n :  represents  the  Batavlan  Uepnbllrat  Amiens, 
16H ;  ititritfiies  to  make  Ivoulu  Buonaparte  king  of  Holland,  256 

SchlapanitZ,  military  ojieratlons  near.  ii.  248,  249 

Schlefermacher,  F.  E.  D..  member  of  the  reform  party  in  Pnia- 
^i.■^,  ii.  I'TO:  iiitliience  on  I'nissian  regeneration,  lu.  83 

BchlelZ,  eiignt;ejiient  at,  11.  279 

Schleswlg,  Deiimiirk's  loHHof,  Ui.  59 

SchlOdltten,  military  operations  near,  111,  19 

Schonbrunn,  A',  entabllshes  headquarters  In  nahico  at  (1805), 
ii,  2:i7.  244  ;  (iw«t)  iii.  105  :  interview  between  A',  and  Uaugwitz 
at, 11.258;  treaties  of,  271 :  ill.  180, 1K8,  193  :  A'.'«procIainationB 
from,  IGO :  A',  leaves  for  the  Lobau,  175 :  lYince  Liechtenstein 
at,  184:  accident  to  J^T.  near,  186:  attempt  to  assaulnato  A.  at, 


Sclibnbrnun  —  continufd, 
185:  A',  returns  to  Paris  from,  189:  virtnal  imprisonment  of 
Maria  Louisa  at,  iv.  155 
Schrattenthal,  Kutusoif  at,  ii.  24-4 

Schwarzenberg,  Prince,  reUance  on  Peccadeuc,  i.  33 :  Austrian 
ministtr  to  Krauce,  iii.  194:  su>;gests  the  miu-riage  of  A',  and 
Maria  Louisa,  I'.U  :  toasts  the  K^ing  of  Kome,  20tt:  commands 
Austrian  contiir^ent  in  Russian  campaign  of  1812,  246:  in 
VoUiynia.  25(. ;  Imldf*  back  Tormassoif,  259:  opposed  by  Tor- 
masscWt  and  Tcliitchagotf,  266;  retreats  behind  tlie  Bug,  iv,  2 : 
expected  to  ct»ver  the  crossing  of  the  Beresina,  5  :  driven  back, 
7:  checked  by  Sacken,  9:  lukewarmness,  19:  retreats  across 
the  Vistula,  21 :  evacuates  Warsaw,  21 :  seeks  shelter  iu  Cra- 
cow, 27:  held  l)ack  by  Metternich,  29:  commanding  the  Army 
of  the  South,  52:  hampered  by  presence  of  the  allied  sove- 
reigns, 52:  military  incapacitv,  cowardice,  and  reputation,  iv. 
64,  96,  KM).  115,  117-119 :  A^.  moves  against,  56 :  battle  of  Dres- 
den,  57 :  Vaudammc  s  pursuit  of,  61 :  Slurat  fails  to  check, 
C2 :  protects  Austria  from  invasion,  03  :  moves  on  Dresden,  03  : 
soutnern  movement  by,  05:  gets  to  southward  of  Leipsic, 
60 :  Murnt  ordered  to  hold,  6(i,  67  :  contemplated  attack  on,  07 : 
projmsed  junction  of  Bliicher  and  Bernadotte  with,  69:  battle 
of  Wachan,  70,  71 :  battle  of  Leipsic,  70-73  :  suggests  comjiro- 
mise  plan  of  Invasion  of  France,  91,  92 :  at  Linigres,  92 :  crosses 
the  Rhine  at  Basel,  92  :  movement  toward  Auxerre,  94  :  junc- 
tion with  Bliicher,  94 :  strength,  Feb.  9,  1814,  95 :  A'.'#  contem- 
plated movement  against,  95-97  :  steady  advance  of,  97  :  crosses 
Switzerland,  93:  danger  of  his  advancing  to  Fontainebleau, 
103:  sends  ling  of  truce  to  Berthier,  103:  retreats  to  Troyes, 
103  :  quails  before  N.'ti  advance,  103:  strength  at  Troyes,  UK  : 
withdraws  behind  the  Aube,  104  :  justilles  his  course,  104  :  at 
Bar-sur-Aube,  104 :  A',  prepares  to  attack,  104  :  Macdomdd  and 
Oudinot  in  pursuit  of,  105:  checks  Oudinot,  105,:  at  Congress 
of  ChAtillon,  100 :  Bliicher  cut  off  from,  loO,  107 :  A',  plans  to 
attack  him  at  Clu'ilons,  107 :  regains  communication  with 
Bliicher,  109 :  moves  against  Macdonald,  112 :  dismayed  at  the 
capture  of  Khcims,  112,  113:  supposed  retreat  to  the  A'osges, 
113:  engnvreiiu-nts  at  Arcis  and  Torcy,  114:  sickness,  115,116: 
on  the  Lunipean  policy  of  1814,  115:  retreats  to  Troyes,  116: 
A',  misled  by  his  actions,  116 :  apprehent^ions  of  X.'s  strength, 
118  :  strength,  118:  battle  of  Arcis-sur-Aubc,  118,  119:  Blucher 
seeks  a  junction  with,  119:  his  communications  threatened, 
120,  121 :  jnncti<in  w  ith  Blucher,  120,  122  :  favors  movement  on 
Paris,  122  :  detci  mines  to  seek  a  battle,  122 :  proposes  to  pursue 
A'.,  123 :  at  peace  council  in  Paris,  134 :  enters  Paris  with  the 
allies,  134  :  sedut  es  Marmont,  138  :  sows  treason  in  the  French 
army,  138 :  Marmont  reveals  his  plot  to,  142 :  plan  for  the  cam- 
paign of  the  Hundred  iJays,  173,  174 
SchweidnitZ,  the  allied  forces  near,  iv.  42 :  X.'it  strategy  at,  42 
Science,  A.  ailviscs  encouragement  of,  ii.  222 
Scrivia,  River,  the,  Ott  driven  back  to,  ii.  116  :  the  country  of. 

no,  117 
Sebastiani,  Geu.  F.  H.  B.,  mission  to  Persia  and  the  Levant,  ii. 
174-170  :  obtains  thorough  knowledge  of  the  East,  iii.  4  :  strat- 
egy and  diplomacy  at  Constantinople,  23 :  end  of  lils  iutluence 
in  Turkey,  33 :  defeats  a  Spanish  division,  183 :  moves  up  the 
Aube,  iv.  117:  battle  of  Arcis-sur- Aube,  118 
Secret  police,  license  vice,  iii.  75 
Segovia,  l''reiich  success  at,  iii.  122 

Segur,  Count,  minister  to  Russia,  ii.  207  :  appointed  master  of 
ceremonies  at  the  Tuileries,  207,  209:  foresees  France's  discon- 
tent, iii.  247  :  transfers  his  allegiance  to  Louis  XVIII.,  iv.  147  : 
plans  the  ratification  of  the  Additiomd  Act,  172 
Seine,  River,  the,  tlie  quays  of,  iii.  (>2  :  military  movements  on 

the,  iv.  97,  IW,  102,  104,  li3,  117,  126,  133,  130 
Selim  III.,  dismisses  \iceroys  of  iloldavia  and  Wallachia,  Iii.  5 : 
moves  against  Russia.  5:   declares  war  against  England,  23 : 
overthrow  of,  33, 44,  85,  127  :  held  prisoner  in  the  Seraglio,  127  : 
murdered  by  Mustapha  IV.  127 
Semaphore,  use  of,  in  warfare,  iii.  159 
Seuiliiio,  <lisiMi>itii>n  of  the  spoils  of  Moscow  at,  iv.  2 
Semonville,  Hu^et  de,  envoy  to  Constantinople,  i.  117 :  dreads 

a  new  Terror,  ii.  04 
S^nanconr,  S.  P.  de,  "  obermann,"  ii.  225 
Senarmont,  Gen.,  in  buttle  of  Friedland,  iii.  32 
Senate,  the,  in  1799.  ii.  85,  99-101:  ortlers  deportation  of  sus- 
pects, 155  :  subservience  to  A'.,  166.  157  :  new  niethoils  ()f  elect- 
ing to,  I.SO:   eidargement  of  its  powers,  159:  the  tool  of  the 
First  Consul,  204  :  steps  toward  creating  the  cmi>ire,  204,  205: 
changes  in,  under  the  constitution  of  1804,  206:  announces  the 
result  of  the  plebiscite,  21 8:  substitutii'U  of  a  hereditary  house 
for  the  elective,  iii.  07 :  ita  members  emioblcd,  71 :  conHrms  the 
divorce,  190:  decrees  the  annexation  of  the  Papal  States,  201 : 
decadence  of  constitutional  forms  in,  225:   speech  of  Maria 
Loiiisa  before  the,  iv.  128 :  ordered  to  draft  a  new  constitution, 
134:  absidves  the  army  from  allegiance  to  A'.,  138:  proclaims 
Louis  XVIII.,  145,  147 
Sens,  military  movements  near,  iv.  95,  100:  proi>osal  to  continuo 
tile  war  from  a  center  at,  120:  N.  at,  128  :  the  French  garrisim 
at.  137 

"  Sentimental  Journey  to  Nuits,"  N.'a,  i.  82 

September  22,  celebration  of,  ii.  127 

Serfdom,  at  outbreak  of  the  Revolution,  i.  53:  abolished  In  AVar- 
!-aw,  iii.  5r> 

Serpalten,  military  operations  near,  ill.  19 

S^rurier,  Qen.,  general  of  division.  Army  of  Italy,  1.208:  at  siege 
of  Mantua,  254,  250,  257:  storms  Oradisca.  207 :  delivers  Venice 
to  Austria,  Ii.  10:  action  on  the  18th  Brumaire,  71 :  command- 
ing at  the  Point-du-.Iour,  74  :  excites  the  soldiery  at  St,  Cloud, 
79:  recreated  marshal,  iv.  172 


INDEX 


307 


Serves,  N.  vIbUm,  i.  7'j 

Servia,  the  ri»c  of,  iv.  ^47 

Seiirre.  diHunltrH  m,  I.  II) 

Soventn  Refplment  of  tbe  Line,  suppurts  iV.  on  bin  rutuni  from 

lahii.  iv.  U\4 

Seven  Years'  War,  the,  I.  «.  9;  Iv.  2;to,  245 
Sextuple  Alliance,  the,  Iv.  243 

Seychelles,  ilot't>it'^tii>n  i>f  HUHiteotH  td  the,  11.  IfiS 

Sdzanno,  iV.  iit,  iv.  \):> :  MurimMit  at,  km :  iV.« plun  of  movoinunt 
via,  113 

Shebreket,  Miuiulukc  nttuck  on  the  Krcuch  nt,  il.  40 :  notion 
at ,  1 1 

Shipping,  ImijissiiiK  rfKiilnticns  by  PYhih-c,  il,  173 

Shuvalofr,  Count,  Kii«>i;in  comnii.^sioncrnt  I'oiHchwltz,  iv.  43.  4.". 

Sicily,  I  I'l.lin;!!!.!  IV.  king  of,  i.  'JiW;  iii.  242:  .Nflsun  8et'k«  the 
i'iKyptiiiii  uxpeditiori  iil,  it.  3m  :  N'cIbiiu  returns  to,  42:  JoHupli 
niatlc  kinK  of,  2:)r>,  2M> :  iiropiisiil  thut  the  Bourtioim  retain  power 
in,  2M1 :  A',  otfcru  KiiKluini  tt-nitnry  oa  HuhHtltute  for,  2r.l,  2»;2: 
EnKliuid  (leniati-lstlieHiirrcndtrof,  2tl2:  wltlnirawal  of  KiicliHli 
t!"Oopj*  from,  iii.  H'H:  i)roi>ose»l  Krcnrh  neizure  of,  81»,  IK):  Enn- 
lisli  troopH  sent  to  I'nrtUk':il  from.  97 :  r^nglaml  tlireatenctl  with 
Inss  of  trade  witli,  2(»s :  Eiiglisli  expedition  to,  217,  224 :  i-'rench 
t'xi)editlon  asainst,  234 

Siena,  I'ins  VI.  withdraws  to.  li.  26 :  posltlou  In  the  French  em- 
pire, iii.  i;i4. 

Sierra  Morefla,  defeat  of  Dupont  in.  iii.  122 

Siey6s,  Abb6,  pamplilct  on  tlie  Third  Estate,  i.  m,  200 :  rhamc- 
ttr,  2tMi.  ii.  03:  declines  service  In  the  Directory,  i.  200,  201: 
relations  with  A'.,  2iH);  it.  23,  33^64,  (IH,  OH:  'president  of  the 
Ancients,  23:  venality,  23;  nnssion  tu  Berlin.  2H:  cheek- 
mates  lYussia,  29:  charBcd  with  tampering'  with  Bernadottc, 
2y:  theories  of  government,  constitution-lmilding,  etc.,  33,  06, 
68,  6i>,  80,  Kl.  84,  8.%  i)i),  205:  memlier  of  tli<-  Directory,  57,  63: 
relations  with  Jouliert,  03  ;  sehemes  for  a  dir tutorship,  64,  05: 
siiBpeetedof  plottliivr  with  the  House  of  Brunswick,  05!  hrought 
into  the  Bonnpartist  ranks,  06,  67:  surrenders  hia  leadersliiji, 
OH:  j>ropuseil  resignation  of,  09;  sclieme  to  make  him  consul, 
69:  ditllculty  of  holding  hiin  in  the  traces,  09,  70:  resl^nis  from 
the  Directory,  72,  78:  at  St.  Cload.  19th  Brumaire,  76:  con- 
sul of  France,  83:  proeeedinp*  for  election  of  First  Consul,  86: 
accepts  theestate  of  Crrtsne^  ho  :  chief  of  tlie  Senate,  86  :  keeper 
of  the  Directory's  sei-ret  funds,  80:  negotiations  and  intri^;uesln 
Prussia,  103 :  relations  with  the  Directory,  103 :  monarchical 
selnines  fi>r  France,  103 

Siguenza,  Castaftos  collects  his  trcmpa  at,  iii.  144 

Silesia,  wrested  from  Austria  by  Prussia,  i.  197 :  Austria  seeks 
compensation  for,  197,  198:  Austria's  ambiti(m  conccrniuK, 
ii.  '2\io:  utfer  of  part  of,  to  Austria,  iii.  8:  military  operations 
in,  23  ;  iv.  02 :  JV.  offers  it  to  Austria,  iii.  24 :  ^.'s  reserve  forces 
in,  24:  Prussia  retains  her  strongholds  in,  38:  position  In 
Europe,  48  :  remains  Prussian,  48,  49 :  A',  offers  to  offset  the 
Danuhian  principalities  against,  8^  H7,  90:  French  occupation, 
93:  Alexander  demands  relin(iuishmeiit  of  designs  on,  93:  Da- 
voutordeied  to,  129:  Austri;i  stipulates  for  acfiuisition  of,  243: 
Ui  be  conuccteii  with  Old  Prussia,  iv.  31  :  Austria  rejects  X.'g 
offer  of,  32  :  tlie  Army  of  the  East  in,  52:  contemplated  opera- 
tions in,  r>5  :  military  operations  in,  02:  strength  of  her  forces 
under  Blucher,  95  :  army  of,  moves  on  Paris,  122 

Silk  culture,  introduced  into  Corsica,  i.  41 

Simplon,  creation  of  the  ilepartment  of  the.  iil.  213 

Slmplon  Pass,  to  pa-^s  under  l-'reneh  cmitrol,  ii.  27  :  the  crossing 
of  tlie,  lln,  113  :  military  miid  throu-h,  149.  223  ;  iii.  02 

Sisteron.  -V-  ■•;  welcome  at.  on  return  from  Elba,  iv.  103 

Slave-trade,  revival  of  the,  ii.  I'.l,  152,  158,  173:  Eugland  pro- 
tects amiiiist,  173 

Slobozla,  armistice  concluded  at,  iii.  85:  treaty  of,  127 

Smith,  Adam,  A''.'*  study  of,  i.  40 

Smith,  Sir  Sidney,  captures  French  transports,  ii.  48:  at  the 
sieire  of  Acre,  48,  50:  occupies  Jaffa,  51 :  watcliing  A',  at  Alex- 
mulria,  55:  allows  A.  to  slii>  through  bis  fingers,  CO  :  puts  into 
Cyprus,  50:  concludes  treaty  at  El  Arish,"l22:  cTiinKimling 
British  fleet  at  Lisbon,  iii.  90  :  urges  I>o>i  John  to  embark  for 
Brazil,  '."6 

Smohain.  the  farms  of,  iv.  191 :  fighting  at,  199 

Smolensk,  .V.".s-  plan  to  seize,  iii.  253:  military  movements 
near,  253,  255-257,  2r.6.  209,  270  ;  iv.  4-0 :  entliusisism  among  the 
Russians  at,  iii.  250 :  strate;.'ical  position,  250,  257:  battle  of, 
250-258:  A'.  V  military  blundt-r  at,  257-260:  the  siuine  at,  257, 
260:  e<)nipared  with  Acre,  '258:  French  garrison  in,  259;  iv.  2: 
concentration  of  Fremb  imops  at,  iii.  204:  guerrilla  warfare 
around,  200:  arrival  of  the  French  army  at,  in  its  retreat,  iv. 
4 :  abandonment  of  woiuuled  at,  5 :  the  march  to  Lithuania 
from,  5 :  reorganization  of  the  army  at,  5  :  massacre  of  French 
stragglers  in,  5 :  shameful  scenes  in,  5  :  destruction  of  the  forti- 
llcatifuiH  of,  rt :  Noy's  perilous  retreat  from,  0 

Smorgoni,  .V.>  desertion  of  his  army  at,  iv.  12,  14 

Social  contract,  A'.'x  views  cnnccming  the,  i.  :19, 159 

Social  customs,  privileges,  etc.,  i.  52,  53  :  X.'s  study  of,  77, 
8-.:.  HO 

Sbdermannland,  Duke  of,  attempts  the  siege  of  Hamein,  ii. 
270 

Soignes,  fears  of  Wellington's  withdrawal  behind,  iv.  187  :  Wel- 
lington's position  in  front  of,  1H9,  193 

Soissons,  Maria  Louisa's  prou'ress  through,  iii.  197. 198 :  Mortier 
at»  \\.  104,  113  :  Blucher  recruits  his  forces  at,  100 :  surrenders 
to  the  allies,  100,  111  :  French  retreat  ^^  lOH :  X.  at,  109:  the 
Krcnch  arin\  b  :i\'es,  110 

SokolnitZ,  llubtiui;  at.  ii.  2(8-2.50 

Solano,  Gen.,  makes  ineffectual  movement  against  the  I-Yench, 
iii.  110 


Solotbum,  the  plundering  of,  11.  27 

Solre,  lien,  d  r.rloM  ul,  iv.  174 

SombrelTe,  mllllao  mov nicnta  near,  Iv.  174,  178-181 

SomerBet,  Oen.  F.  J.  H.,  hi  imttle  of  Waterb^i,  Iv,  191 

Sommepuls.  ndtltary  movemontN  m-ur,  Iv.  117 

Sommesous,  military  niovtmentu  ircar,  Iv.  117 

SomOBlerra,  croHttlng  the  paHS  of,  111.  145 

Sophia  Dorothea,  wife  of  Jerome,  III.  245 

Sortlack,  Forest  of,  ndtltary  movements  in  the,  Hi.  31 

SOUbam,  Gen.,  in  battle  of  l^lpnle.  Iv.  73:  at  .Nogi-nt,  12A:  left 


In  commund  at  KsMoimeH,  142:  M.>dueed  by  Manuont.  142:  sura- 

ilulivoni  liiH  I 
the  AutttrlaiiH,  143,  144 


nioned  to  Foiitalncbleall,  143: 


army  prlnoners  to 


Soult,  MaXBhaJ,  cnnmumdlng  force  nt  Tnrentum,  II.  131  :  lervlce 
in  the  Army  of  Kugbind.  185:  created  iiiarxhat,  2ii7  :  charHcler. 
234;  iii.  ".^19:  M'izr.t  Memmlngi-n,  II.  2:i5  :  rea- Inn  IIollu)>ninn, 
244:  battle  of  AuHtcrlltz,  24h  2.141:  at  Munchberg,  27h  :  buttle  of 
Jena,  'im*f  2H1  :  IuvchU  .Magdeburg,  lit.  2  :  battle  of  PuttuHk.  12  : 
ntrengtb  in  Poland,  13:  campaign  of  Fylau,  19,  20:  at  (tiiterode, 
22:  liattle  of  ilcilsberg,  29:  puritucH  LeMlocq  from  Fri>-dtnnr), 
:vj:  created  Duke  of  Dalmatla,  70:  yearly  Inc4»me,  71,  226: 
movement  against  Blake,  143.  144 :  lack  of  vigor  of  movement, 
144:  ordered  to  Mantilla,  146:  entrusted  with  the  pursuit  of 
Moore,  140;  battle  of  Com  una,  140:  crosses  the  KsIa,  140:  de- 
feated by  Wellesley  In  Portugal,  1x2:  causes  Wellesley  to  with- 
draw, 1h;1  :  service  in  Spain,  217  :  ordered  to  Amlalusla,  219: 
ordered  Uj  Join  .>lasst'ua  in  Portugal,  219 :  jeabmHy  of  Ma-nnena, 
219 1  before  Cadiz,  219:  fails  to  relieve  ?hlxiss(jna.  219  :  captures 
Badajoz,  219:  defeated  In  attack  on  Sir  J'-hn  Moore,  219:  In- 
vasion of  Portugal  fl809),  219:  iKcnpies  Opor**'*  219:  expelled 
from  Portugal,  219 :  battle  of  Talavera.  219 :  made  commander- 
in-chief.  219  :  battle  of  Oeai^a,  219,  221 :  bickerings  with  Joseph, 
219 :  aims  to  win  the  crown  of  Portugal,  219,  220 :  failure  m 
Spain,  220:  retreats  toward  the  south  coast,  221  :  ntums  to 
Cadiz,  221:  defeated  at  Albuera,  221 :  marches  to  relief  of  Ba- 
dajoz,  221 :  joins  Mass^na,  221  :  nuirches  to  Joseph's  aid.  222 : 
abandons  Cadi?^  222:  despatched  on  I*yrenean  campaign,  Iv.  48: 
shut  up  in  Hayonne,  79 :  thrown  back  on  Toulouse,  109 :  strength, 
March,  1814,  125:  available  forces  of,  187  :  defeat  at  Toulouse, 
159 1  ai>pointed  minister  of  war,  159 :  revival  <if  imperial  senti- 
ment in  his  army,  105:  opposed  t^t  Murat,  165:  recreated  mar- 
shal, 172:  chief  of  staff  In  the  Waterloo  campaign,  175,  18h: 
Itlunder  before  Charlerol,  170, 177  :  cognizant  of  Blucher*s  move- 
ment to  Wavro,189:  ordei-s  to  Grouchy,  190,  205:  battle  of 
Waterlo(),  199:  on  inspiration,  221 

Sound,  the,  threats  to  close  it  to  English  commerce^  iii.  58 

South  America,  Spanish  concessions  to  France  in,  n.  132:  Eng- 
land s  commerce  with,  iii.  43 :  England  threatens  to  make 
Spanish  colonies  independent,  59 

Spain,  affinity  with  Corsica,  i.  3:  Bourbon  influence  in,  9;  iii. 
98:  expected,  enmity  of,  i.  1X0:  goes  to  defense  of  Toulon,  132: 
blockades  Mediterranean  ports,  141 :  A'. 'a  relations  with,  ami 
attitude  toward.  140;  ii.  12,  131  et  seq.,  184,  212.  202;  iii.  47, 
60,  100,  101,  103.  104,  109.  110,  116.  118,  123,  132,  13H,  147.  148, 
214.  210  et  seq.,  224,  234,  242  ;  iv.  27,  38,  47,  72,  88  :  gi-owth  of 
liberal  ideas  in,  i.  104:  withdraws  from  the  Coalition  (1795), 
197  :  relations  and  alliances  with  France,  200,  200;  ii.  131,  132, 
184,  212,  224,  230,  238  ;  iii.  65,  95.  90.  104.  105,  147  :  X.  proposes 
to  hand  Rome  over  to,  i.  259;  drives  Admiral  Mann  from  the 
Mediterranean,  260 :  destruction  of  fleet  off  Cape  St,  Vincent, 
283 1  diplomatic  offset  of  Naples  against,  ii.  12 :  war  with  Portu- 
gal, 12:  preparations  ff)r  action  in,  25:  schemes  of  revohi- 
tionary  propaganda  for,  30:  naval  inaction,  46 :  low  intrigues 
in,  131:  effect  of  Marengo  in,  131:  Godoy  prime  minister, 
131,  132:  proposed  incoi-poration  of  Portugal  with.  135:  re- 
covers colonies  under  the  peace  of  Amiens,  168:  exchanges 
Louisiana  for  Etruria,  174:  England  attacks  her  commerce, 
184:  exasperated  over  sale  of  Ltmisiana,  184:  treaties  with 
France,  184,  212:  loses  Trinidad  and  Louisiana,  212:  war 
with  England,  Dec,  1804,  212:  her  maritime  forces  controlled 
by  France,  212:  humiliates  Portugal,  212:  naval  power  shat- 
tered at  Trafalgar,  241 :  A',  offers  part  of  her  territoiy  t<;»  Eng- 
land, 202 :  called  on  for  troops  by  France,  iii.  24 :  proposal  that 
she  acquire  Portugal,  57:  attempt  to  bring  her  into  the  Coali- 
tion, 59:  incapacity  of  the  Bourbons  in.  59:  A',  encourages 
dissensiims  in,  59 :  decay  and  humiliation,  59,  98,  100.  106,  117  : 
revolt  against  Codoy,  59:  embargo  on  English  commerce,  60: 
the  fleet  ordered  to  Toulon.  00:  necessity  for  the  "  regnlation" 
of  her  affaii-s,  89 :  the  situation  In,  94 :  secret  compact  with 
France  for  partition  of  Portugal,  96,  96 :  new  title  for  the  kin^, 
96;  plans  for  invasion  of,  90:  scheme  to  acquire  Portugal,  96: 
depletion  of  the  army,  98:  d<i>opulation,  98:  corruption,  98: 
social  life,  98 :  degradation  of  the  Church  in,  98 :  primogeniture 
and  laud  tenure,  98:  factituis  of  the  crown  prince  and  of  the 
prime  minister,  99,  100;  X.  tempted  by  her  colonies,  100,  105  : 
arrest  of  the  crown  prince.  100  :  fortifying  the  French  frontier, 
100:  announcement  of  the  crown  princes  conspiracy.  100:  the 
"secret  hand"  in,  101:  expected  regenerati«m  by  France.  101: 
Dupont  ordered  to  invade.  101,  102  :  benetlts  accruing  to  Eng- 
land from  trouldes  in.  103  :  iV.  on  the  intestinal  troubles  in.  103: 
the  crown  given  to  Joseph,  103,  104,  117,  132,  214.  242:  French 
invasion  and  occupation  of,  104-106,  110.  118:  deposition  of 
Godoy  from  office,  100  :  Murat  assumes  command  in,  106 :  iMipu- 
lar  outbreaks,  106,  107,  110:  abdication  of  Charles  IV.,  107: 
patriotic  and  national  spirit  in,  108-llij,  118-122,  217,220,  222, 
224;  iv.  47.  240:  enthusiasm  for  Ferdinand  VII.  iil.  109;  poli- 
tical intrigues  in,  100-111  :  Murat  Protector  of,  110:  attitude 
of  the  people  toward  Murat,  111  :  deiwsitinn  of  the  lU^urbons, 
113,  114 :  Murat  appointed  dietat4>r,  114 :  A',  assumes  the  royal 
an^l  hereditary  rights  of  the  throne  of,  115,  116 :  Louis  refuses 


308 


INDEX 


Spain  —  eontinufd. 
the  crown  of,  110:  militan- movements  in  western  Spain  and 
on  llie  Baltic,  116 :  character  i>f  the  people,  116-118,  120,  121, 
147  220  ■  convocation  of  notal>lc8  at  Bajonne,  117  :  adoption 
of  a  new  constitution.  117,  119  :  destruction  of  her  commerce, 
118 :  lack  of  centralization  in,  118, 119 ;  iv.  13  ;  guerrilla  warfare, 
119-121, 147,  222  :  intluencc  of  tile  clerg)'  in  tlie  rebellion,  121 : 
rreni  h  disasters  in,  121,  222,  223 :  French  movement  against 
southern,  122:  fate  of  French  soldiers  in,  122:  FYencli  pillai:e 
In,  123;  national  uprisini:  apalnst  France,  123,  149:  dini- 
culties  of  the  J'rcnch  campaign  in,  123:  offer  of  the  throne 
to  Archduke  Charles,  1:I0:  .V.  returns  to,  141:  caliher  ot 
the  Krcncli  army  in.  142:  X:s  strength  in,  Nov.  3,  18IW,  142, 
143 :  regular  and  irrcpnlar  forces,  143 :  -V.  assumes  com- 
mand in,  143 :  lack  of  military  genius  in,  143,  144 :  Sir 
John  Moore  enUrs,  144  :  sympathy  between  I'ortugal  and,  144 : 
abolition  of  the  Imiulsition  and  of  the  feudal  system,  147  :  JN'. 
institutes  reforms  in.  147:  formation  of  a  liberal  constitution 
for,  148:  y.  threatens  to  assinue  the  crown,  148:  question  of 
annihilntiuK  its  nationality,  148:  statements  as  to  JV".'<  leavini;. 
162 :  reinforcements  for.  167  :  Wellesley  prepMCs  for  invasion 
of,  182 :  need  of  prompt  action  in,  184 :  the  war  in,  192 :  the 
cn>wn  offered  to  Louis  and  rejected,  207 :  England's  loss  of  trade 
with,  208:  Fouche's  olfer  to  restore  the  Bourbons  to,  208 :  seiz- 
ures  of  American  8hii)s  in,  211 :  annexation  of  part  of,  to  France, 
213 :  open  warfare  in,  216 :  seizure  of  northern  provinces  of, 
216  :  "the  natural  continuation  of  France,"  216:  policy  of  total 
annexation.  216:  French  rapine  in,  216:  policy  of  military 
administration  for,  216:  quality  and  strength  of  the  French 
armies  in,  217  :  Massena  in  command  in,  217:  Wellin;;ton  s 
provisions  for  French  victories  in,  218  :  blunders  by  the  iiiscir- 
rectionary  leaders,  221 :  Wellington  enters.  221 :  French  occu- 
pation, close  of  1812,  222 :  .^oult  abandons  the  south  of,  222 :  dis- 
cipline of  the  French  army  in,  223 :  England's  expeditions  to, 
224:  conllscation  in,  226:  troops  withdrawn  from  Cermany  for 
service  in,  234 :  X.'s  offer  of  peace  in,  refused  by  England,  242 : 
England  to  he  driven  from,  249 :  compared  with  Russia,  iv.  13 : 
French  disasters  in,  15 :  exhaustion  of,  19 :  recall  of  command- 
ers from,  22:  treaty  with  Russia,  July,  1812,  26  :  in  grand  coa- 
lition against  X.,  27:  X.  offers  peace  to  England  in,  27:  Wel- 
lington's reverses  in,  27  :  proposal  to  restore  Bourbon  rule,  44 : 
X.  abandons.  47  :  Wellington's  successes  in,  49:  French  defeats 
in,  60 :  X.  offers  to  restore  the  indipendence  of,  72 :  rises  in 
support  ot  Wellington,  79:  proposed  independence  of,  80:  pro- 
longation of  the  war  in,  87  ;  restoration  of  the  king  to,  87,  88: 
relapses  into  absolutism  and  ecclesiastieisin,  88 ;  adoption  of  a 
new  constitution,  88:  memberof  the  Vienna  Coalition,  170:  AV« 
dreaii  of  capture  in,  '209 

Spandau,  eai.itulation  of,  iii.  2 ;  proposed  siege  of,  iv.  51 

Spartel.  Cape.  Nelson's  fleet  off,  ii.  240 

Specialist,  the  work  of  the.  iv.  223 

Speculation,  mania  fi>r,  in  France,  i.  172 ;  ii.  140 

Spirding,  La!ke,  military  movements  near,  iii.  15 

Splilgen  Pass,  proposed  movement  of  the  reserve  army  via,  ii. 
IKl:  er.issed  by  Maedonald,  12,5 

Spree,  River,  military  niovemeuts  on  the,  iv.  37,  39,  60 

SUldion,  Count,  Anstrinn  dipbmiatic  agent,  ii.  246 :  Austrian 
minister  of  State,  iii.  24,  84,  160,  164 :  letter  from  Metternich, 
July  26,  1807,  84:  urges  jirnnipt  action,  154:  resigns,  194,  196: 
mission  to  the  allies'  camp,  iv.  38 

Stael,  Mme.  de,  relations  with,  enmity  toward,  and  criticisms 
of  X.,  ii.  15,  81,  91,  1'29,  130,  165;  iii.  70,  227-229:  procures  re- 
vocation of 'ralleyrand's  exile,  ii.  22:  A'.'ssludy  of  her  writings. 
.16 :  "  Inliucnce  of  the  Passions,"  36 :  on  liberty  in  France,  81  : 
her  salon,  130  :  her  character,  165 ;  iii.  227-229  :  banishments  of, 
ii.  266:  iii.  '27,  227-229  :  relations  with  Mme.  R^caniier,  ii.  266, 
267  :  returns  to  Paris,  iii.  27  :  orrlercd  back  to  Oeneva,  27  :  at 
Coppet,  227  :  difficulties  with  the  Directory,  227 :  criticizes 
Josephine  Keunharnais,  227  ;  difficnlties  « itb  the  Committee  of 
Public  Safety.  227  :  poverty.  228 :  her  book  on  Germany,  229 

Stage,  censorKliip  of  the,  ii.  '224 

Standing  armies,  i.  34 

Staps,  ;itt-  iiipts  to  .assassinate  A'.,  iii.  185 

Starheraberg,  Count,  Austrian  ambassador  to  London,  iii.  84: 
1.  aves  I.ond'iM,  84 

Starsiedel,  fighting  at,  iv.  36 

State,  x.'s  eorieeiitions  of  the,  i.  40 

State  system,  the,  iv.  245 

States  of  the  Cliurch,  lius  VIT.  strives  to  augment  the,  ii.  222 

Steffens,  Prof.,  summons  fiermau  students  into  the  ranks,  iv. 

31 

Stein,  Baron  H.  F.  C,  Prussian  statesman,  ii.  269 ;  iii.  8:) :  frees 
the  serfs.  8:1:  introduces  military  refonns  in  Prussia.  126:  re- 
signs his  ministry,  1'26  :  X,  demands  his  dismissal,  126,  138: 
seeks  refuge  in  Vienna,  138 :  exile  from  Prussia,  150 :  effect  of 
his  reforms,  243 :  adviser  to  Alexander  I.,  266 :  reorganizes 
Pnissian  provinces,  Iv.  21 :  formulates  the  treaty  of  Kalish,  21 : 

.  relations  with  Alexander,  21,  30:  hostility  to  AT.,  30,  91,  99: 
Joins  Fredi-rick  William  at  lireslan,  30  :  (m  the  unification  of 
dermniiy,  :>0:  characti'r,  :«):  leading  part  In  Prussia's  awaken- 
ing, :n  :  prepjires  to  govern  the  conquered  territorlcB,  76 

Sterling,  Adm.,  naval  operations  of,  ii.  231 

Stettin,  capitulation  of.  III.  2 :  Davout's  force  In,  167  :  proposed 
Frinili  movement  cm,  Iv.  28:  held  by  the  French,  33 :  relief  of 
the  French  in,  51 

Stewart,  Sir  Charles,  English  minister  at  Berlin,  Iv.  46  :  Influ- 
ences file  armistice  of  Poischwitz,  46 

Steyer,  anidstlce  signed  at,  Ii.  I'i5 

Stockacb,  bnllle  of,  ii.  OO:  captured  by  Lcconrbe,  109 
Stockbolm,  installation  of  liernadottc  at.  III.  215 


"Stockpot,  Marshal,"  iii.  223 

StbttentZ,  tli-'bting  at,  iv.  74 

Strabo,  .\-  •••'  stn.ly  of,  i.  40 

Stradella,  l>csai\  eomnianding  corps  at,  ii.  116:  fortified  camp 
at.  116:  military  operations  near,  119 

StralBimd,  tlneatened  by  Mortier,  iii.  23 :  Schill's  final  stand  at, 
li'.5, 180  :  cai)ture  ot,  180 

Strasburg,  Moreno's  army  at.  i.  209 :  Moieau  and  DesaLx  cross 
the  Ithiric  near,  272 :  retirement  of  Cardinal  Rohan  from,  ii. 
192:  imprisonment  of  Due  d'Enghieu  at,  194  :  FYeiich  expedi- 
tions to,  191 ;  iii.  158 :  Caulainconrfs  mission  to,  86  :  Maria 
Ixiuisa's  progress  through.  197  :  Schwarzcnberg's  communica- 
tions with,  threatened,  iv.  1'20,  121 :  sends  troops  to  relief  of 
I'aiis.  125 

Strebersdorf,  inilitar\-  operations  near,  iii.  168, 169 

Street  of  Peace,  the,  iii.  62 

Street  of  Riviai,the,  iii.  62 

Strehla,  llubting  near,  iv.  67 

Striefen,  ti^^hting  near,  iv.  57 

Striegau,  Bhnhcr  at,  iv.  52,  65 

Stuart,  British  envoy  to  Vienna,  ii.  192 

"  Study  In  Politics,  A,"  projected  by  A'.,  i.  172 

Stiuljenka,  the  passage  ctf  the  Beresina  at,  iv.  9-11 

Stura,  River,  the,  Massf/na's  advance  through  valley  of,  i.  143: 
Aiistiian  force  on,  ii.  Ill 

Stuttgart,  Bourrienne  in  diplomacy  at,  i.  102:  machinations  of 
Melu'e  de  la  Touche  in.  ii.  189  :  expulsion  of  the  English  envoy 
at,  211 

Styria,  junction  of  Austrian  trot,ps  in,  ii.  236 :  Prince  Eug6ne  in, 
iii.  171 :  Archduke  John  banished  to,  178 

Suchet,  Marshal  Louis-Gabriel,  retreats  before  Melas,  ii.  108 : 
expected  to  attack  .Melas.  110:  iiiilitai'y  operations  on  the  Var, 
114:  pursues  llie  Hll^sialls,  '^44  :  battle  ot  Austerlitz,  250:  ser- 
vice in  .Spain,  iii.  '-il7  :  anniliilates  Blake's  Spanish  army,  221 : 
captures  Aragon  and  A'alencia,  '221 :  captures  Tarragona,  iv. 
16 :  contrasteil  with  Augereuu,  120 :  strength,  March,  1814, 125  : 
available  forces  of,  137 

Sucy,  A'.'.s'  letters  to,  i.  96  :  prophesies  as  to  X.'s  future,  ii.  18, 19 

Suez,  Isthmus  of,  importance  of,  ii.  31 

Suez  Canal,  suggested  by  D'Argeiison,  ii.  31 

Suicide,  A'.'a  views  concerning,  and  his  attempts  to  commit,  i.  41, 
42  ;  ii.  51  ;  iv.  140,  147,  '207.  217,  238 

Sunday,  resumi^tion  of  its  observance,  ii.  165 

"Supper  of  Beaucalre,"  the,  i.  l'27-Wi,  I'O 

Survilllers,  Comte  de.    Sec  iti  onaparte,  Joseph 

Suvaroff,  Gen.  A.  V.,  defeats  .Maedonald  on  the  Trebhia,  ii.  63: 
liolds  Pietimont,  93  :  driven  by  Massi^-na  to  Bavaria,  93:  disas- 
ters in  the  Alps,  93 

S'wabla,  treaty  with  France  (1796),  i.  279  :  demonstrations  of  emi- 
grants in,  ii.  196 :  withdrawal  of  Austrian  troops  from,  199 : 
French  occupation  of ,  262 

S'Weden,  excluded  from  Congress  of  Rastatt,  ii.  18:  joins  the 
"armed  luMitrality,"  126:  X.'s  hatred  for  the  (royal  house  of, 
270 :  .loacbim  X.'s  asjurations  to  the  crown  of,  270 :  Prussia  re- 
commended to  go  to  war  with,  273:  member  of  the  Coalition, 
iii.  23  :  held  hack  by  ilortier,  '23 :  internal  dissensions.  .34 :  ncu- 
ti-ality  of,  41 :  failure  of  commercial  negotiations  with  England, 
43:  proposed  commercial  war  against  England,  48  :  virtual  de- 
pendence on  France,  56 :  English  regulations  concerning  Amer- 
ican trade  with,  81,  82 :  supposed  assistance  from  England  to, 
91 :  X.  hints  at  rectification  of  her  boundaries,  91 :  proposed 
Russian  invasion  of,  91 :  makes  obstinate  resistance  in  Finland, 
93  :  failure  of  the  demonstration  against,  124 :  Alexander's  un- 
certain positi(m  in  regard  to,  129 :  A^.  promises  Ui  restore  Pom- 
erania  U^,  205 ;  promises  to  exclude  British  commerce,  '205 : 
treaty  with  Russia,  Sept.  17, 1809,  '205 :  cedes  Finland  to  Russia, 
20.5,215:  Frederick  VI.  hopes  to  acciuire,  214:  X.'s  ambitions 
concerning,  214.  215:  accession  of  Charles  XIIl.,  216:  selection 
of  llernadotte  as  heir  to  the  throne,  215:  abdication  of  Gustavus 
IV..  215  :  Mme,  de  Stael  in,  229  :  Alexander  offers  Norway  to, 
'2:19,243,  'HiViZ  Russia  opens  negotiations  with,  240:  demands 
and  acquires  a  liberal  constitution,  241 :  eagerness  to  escape 
from  French  protection,  241,  '242:  A',  offers  F'inland  to,  243: 
bids  for  her  alliance  by  F'rance  and  Russia,  243,  244 :  Davout 
occupies  romerania,  24*4  :  treaty  with  Russia,  April  12,  1812, 
244:  Alexander  demands  better  terms  for,  2.50:  in  grand  coali- 
titm  against  X.  (1813),  iv.27  :  :\Ietternieh  seeks  to  embroil  Russia 
and,  29 :  subsidized  l^iy  Englaml,  ;i2  :  ambition  to  secure  Norway, 
32  :  A^.  attempts  to  win  over,  32 :  evacuates  Hamburg.  37  :  com- 
mercial agreement  with  England,  .50 :  inanguratts  the  coalition 
of  1813,  .50 :  Bernadotte  seeks  to  annex  Norway  to,  W :  struggle 
with  Norway,  170:  member  of  the  Vienna  Coalition.  170 
Swiss  Guard,  at  the  Tnileries,  i.  179 

Switzerland,  republican  schemes  and  revolutionary  movements 
in,  i.  200 ;  ii.  17,  27  :  X.'s  schemes  and  influence  in,  i.  278  :  ii.  7, 
8,  95.  160:  F'ren<'h  plundering  of,  27  :  organization  of  the  Hel- 
vetian Republic,  69:  Massena  ordered  to  command  in,  00: 
Russian  military  operations  in,  62,  03:  Berthier  commanding 
in,  92:  MasBi'-na's  successes  in,  92  :  Masst'-na  makes  a  forced 
levy  in,  101,  102  :  falls  into  I'rench  hands,  108,  1611,  179:  Kray's 
retreat  via,  cut  off,  109:  jealousy  of  Piedmont.  149:  factions  in, 
150:  adoptiim  ot  the  name,  160:  neutrality  of.  150:  the  Act  of 
Mediation,  150:  furnishes  contingents  to  X.'s  armies.  160:  iii. 
11.  2;i,  245,  246:  occnpied  by  Ney,  ii.  175 :  lends  aid  to  France 
In  1803,  184  :  independence  of,  227  :  X.'s  claim  to.  227  :  Prussia 
hound  to  secure  tile  liberties  of.  243 :  Mme.  de  Stael  banished 
to,  266  :  relations  of  Frauc:e  with,  iii.  47,  61  :  Valais  separated 
from,  213:  violation  of  bcr  neutrality  by  the  allies,  Iv.  91,  92, 
98,  99 :  fails  to  support  the  Emperor,  ill,  93 :  reported  rising  in, 
116 :  Jerome  and  Joseph  take  refuge  In,  149 


INDEX 


309 


Syria,  Nelson  seeks  the  Eftyptixi  oipeilltlon  ofl  the  coast  of,  il. 

»n;  .V.>  sclienu'S  of  coiKpit'^t  in,  42:  TurkUli  inuvuiuents  in, 

4t">,  -l"  ;  tile  Frnich  iKlvalit-e  into,  4)1,  47 
Szuczyn,  Kiuuian  retreat  to,  iii.  K. 


Tabor,  Mount,  imttio  mar,  il.  49 

Tabor  Bridge,  Muiat  crosses  tlie,  II.  236,  237 

Tacitus,  X.  K  r.ferencea  t",  II.  151 

Tactics  and  strategy,  tbe  lessons  of  Ansterlitz,  11.  K2,  2S3 

Tafalla,  McTuey  nt, Tii  iij 

TagUamento,  River,  military  operations  on  the,  I.  aci!,  2('.7 

TagUS,  River,  the,  Briti»li  tUet  In,  Hi.  llC.:  French  attempt  to 
eiiptiire  tile  licet  In,  'M'>,  ii7 :  Diipont  holds,  Vi'i:  the  lines  of 
TniTes  N'eilros,  21K  :  militjiry  operations  on,  219 

Talne,  H.  A.,  on  the  NuiKilconie  n^Kime,  iv.  243 

Talavera,  Imttle  <>f,  iii.  ih-j,  217,  2111 

Talleyrand,  Prince,  ministor  of  foreign  affiiirs,  ii.  11,  12,  2.1,  87, 
101,  Jitc. :  relations  with  ami  views  on  .v.,  Ii.  12,  IB,  20,  22,  23. 60, 
C7  ;  iii.  07,  7(;-7H,  10.-.,  lis,  lal,  13.'),  wo,  139,  220;  Iv.  170,  21R: 
attempts  to  force  A'.'n  hand,  ii.  10:  relations  with  Mine,  du 
Barry,  22:  expelled  from  HliKland,  22:  .Mirabeaii's  opinion  of, 
22 :  relations  with  the  Directory,  22,  23 :  career,  22,  23 :  system 
of  national  cdueatioii,  22,  145,  140  ;  eliaryed  with  tampering 
with  Bcrnadotte,  29:  member  of  the  Institute,  32:  advocates 
seizure  of  Egypt,  ;i2 :  intrigue  with  X.,  Harms,  and  .Sieyes  for 
anew  constitution.  33:  asrrilies  the  Egyptian  expediti(ui  to  X., 
35 :  proposed  niis.siiui  to  (\>n8tantinople,  4") :  dreads  a  new  Ter- 
ror, 04  :  critical  moment  in  hia  house,  before  the  18th  Brumalre, 
70:  inlliience  on  Biirras,  7:i :  lioiirlion  sympathies  of,  82:  X. 
proposes  a  constitution  to,  84:  olfera  peace  to  Portugal,  102  : 
miuiarchical  views  of,  104:  discusses  possDiility  of  A'.'*  death, 
120:  negotiations  with  Count  .St.  Julien,  121,  122  :  negotiation.s 
with  t'obenzl.  122  :  denianUs  bribes  from  Amoricau  envoy.*,  130  ; 
the  Pi>pe"8  ban  removed  from,  139 :  carves  up  German  princi- 
palities, 170  :  demands  to  know  England's  intentions  concern- 
ing Malta,  175:  Lord  -Whitworth's  utterances  to,  177  :  his  ex- 
planation of  the  scene  of  March  i:t,  l.tns,  182:  urges  action 
against  Bourbon  plotters,  194  :  notifles  Baden  of  the  seizure  of 
Due  d'Enghien,  194:  charged  with  suppressing  despatches,  195: 
Josephine's  dread  of,  190  :  blamed  by  X.  for  the  murder  of  the 
Due  d'Engliieii,  199;  ill.  153  :  murder  of  the  Due  d'Eilghien  sits 
lightly  on,  ii.  200:  Granil  Chamberlain,  207:  attitude  of  Pius 
'Vll.  toward,  209 ;  excommunication  taken  olf  from,  209 :  replies 
to  Russia's  demands,  211 ;  diplomatic  replies  to  Pius  VII.,  222 : 
at  Vienna.  246 :  created  Prince  of  Beneveuto,  250  ;  iii.  77,  214 : 
negotiations  with  Lord  Yarmouth,  ii.  259  :  bribed  by  German 
princes,  2G0 :  on  the  proposed  North  German  Confederation, 
273  :  at  Tilsit,  iii.  43,  40:  warns  -V.  against  Queen  Louisa's  fas- 
cinations, 51:  author  of  treaty  of  Tilsit,  51:  Queen  Louisa's 
sarcasm  to,  52  :  showy  character  of  his  diplomacy,  55 ;  respon- 
sibility for  the  treaty  of  Tilsit,  60:  advocates  support  of  the 
Emperor,  66  :  conversations  with  Mme.  de  Rimusat,  66  :  on  tlie 
discords  in  the  imperial  court,  76  :  resigns  from  the  ministry,  76, 
78:  salary,  77  :  bis  influence  on  the  wane.  77,  78:  Vice-Grand 
Elector,  78 :  iv.  128 :  policy  after  Austerlitz,  iii.  99 :  favors  Ferdi- 
nand VII..  99, 100 :  resumes  active  diplomacy,  105  :  negotiations 
■with  Izquierilo,  105 :  at  Bayonne,  114 :  estimate  of  Ferdinand 
VII.,  114  :  constituted  custodian  of  Ferdinand  V^I.,  115.  116, 
131 :  stinging  rebuke  addressed  to  .,V.  by,  118 :  prepares  to  re- 
turn to  public  life,  131 :  acts  in  the  interests  of  Austria,  133, 138 : 
at  the  Erfurt  conference,  133,  138-140:  ordered  to  ventilate  the 
divorce  question,  140:  his  treachery  read  by  -V.,  152:  blamed 
by  N.  for  the  Spanish  failure,  152 :  member  of  extraordinary 
council  on  X.^s  second  marri.^ge,  195  :  on  the  natural  extensions 
of  France,  216 ;  meeting  of  X.  and  Mme.  de  Stael  at  house  of, 
227,  228  :  pecuniary  losses,  229  :  on  the  aims  of  the  coalition  of 
1813,  iv.  32 :  spreads  alarming  reports.  87  :  on  the  Spanish  sit- 
uation, 87,  88:  royalist  intrigues  of,  87, 129, 130,  133,  134:  mem- 
ber of  the  Enipress-Resent's  council,  128 :  Murat's  and  Lannes's 
characterizations  of,  129 :  desires  a  violent  death  for  the  Em- 
peror, 129 :  opposes  the  departure  of  the  Empress  from  Paris, 
129 :  X.'s  knowledge  of  his  duplicity,  129, 130 :  on  the  Empress's 
flight  from  Paris,  130:  Dalberg's  characterization  of,  130  :  sim- 
ulated fli^iht  from  Paris,  133  :  ijiterview  with  Prince  Orloff,  133: 
sends  a  '■  blank  check  "  to  Alexamler,  133 :  at  peace  council  in 
Paris,  134 :  gives  adherence  to  Louis  X'VIII.,  134 :  negotiates 
with  Nesselrode,  134:  member  of  the  executive  commission. 
134, 135 :  learns  of  Mamionfs  defection,  142 :  remonstrates  with 
Alexander  against  the  regency,  142:  suspected  complicity  in 
plots  to  assassinate  A'.,  152  :  negotiates  secret  treaty  between 
France,  England  and  Austria.  156,  157 :  influence  at  the  Con- 
gress of  Vienna,  156.  157  :  double  intrigues  of,  159, 160,  162  :  ig- 
n'u-es  Russian  and  English  protests,  162:  attainted,  165:  X. 
appeals  to,  170:  at  Carlsbad,  212:  returns  to  Paris,  212  :  recep- 
tion by  Louis  XVni.,  212  :  resumes  active  functions,  212  :  on 
the  secret  of  empire,  222  :  his  value  in  European  politics,  223 : 
correspondence  with  — French  ambassador  at  London,  ii.  182: 
Grenvillc,  Lord,  94:  Napoleon,  23.  33,  232;  iii.  22,  93:  Nessel- 
rode.  Count,  iv.  129 :  charat^'er :  ambition,  iii.  78  ;  iv.  129 :  bril- 
liancy, ii.  21 ;  iii.  65:  capacity  for  intrigue,  ii.  33,  87  ;  iv.  87, 129, 
130,  133,  134,  159, 160,  162 :  diplomatic  and  piditical  ability,  ii. 
22,  87,  222  :  iii.  55,  77,  105:  duplicity,  ii.  22,  23,  87  ;  iv.  129,  130  : 
gaming  passion,  il.  22  :  greed.  87 :  learning,  22 :  licentiousness, 
22,  87:  self-interest,  iii.  149.152, 195;  iv.  18:  treachery,  iii.  149, 
152 ;  iv.  128 :  unscnipulousness,  ii.  21, 23, 136 ;  iv.  129, 1.52  :  ven- 
ality, ii.  23,  87,  170,  251,  282,  260 ;  iJL  67,  77,  99,  100 ;  iv.  223  : 
versatility,  ii.  22 

Vol.  rv.— 41* 


Talleyrantl,  Mme.,  Plus  vn.  refuses  to  receive,  il.  209 

TalUen,  J.  L.,  opposes  Itobesplerre,  L  148:  social  life  In  Paris, 
173 :  inlluence  for  iV.,  177  :  favors  a]>tMiintnient  of  X.  as  Conven- 
tion genend,  179:  murriage,  190 

Talllen,  Mme.,  "  the  goddess  of  Themildor. "  I.  173 :  A'."«  social 
Intercourse  Willi,  174  :  niatrliiionlal  experiences,  I'JO 

Talma,  F.  J.,  1.  l.i:) :  iiccomj.anies  A',  to  Erfurt,  ill.  135:  A'.'s  In- 
timacy with,  Iv.  2'J2 

Tanaro,  .v.  at  taking  of,  1. 151 

Tanaro,  River,  tho  country  of  the,  ii.  117 

Taranto,  •  mliargo  on,  II.  18.') :  creation  of  hereditary  duchy  of, 
2'..'. :  Ma.  ,loiiald  created  Duke  of.  III.  71.    See  MacIXjnaLD 

Tarentum,  Snuifg  force  at,  II.  131 

Tarragona,  captured  by  Suchel,  Iv.  15 

Tarutino,  KutuHoil  tak^s  position  at,  iii.  266 

Tarvla,  capture  of,  I,  268 

Tatars,  cbarncteristlcB  of  the.  Hi.  16 

Tatary,  .v.  Htudies  the  history  of,  I.  49 

Tauenzlen,  Gen.,  battle  of  Dennewitz,  Iv.  63 :  during  the  Water- 
loo canip.-iiu'n.  n5 

TauToggen,  Convention  of,  iv.  21, 29 

Taxation,  Necker's  iMoblems  of,  I.  60 :  exemption  of  privileged 
classes  from,  60,  62.  54  :  conditions  of,  at  outbreak  of  the  Kcvti- 
lution,  53-55:  the  stamp-tax,  64:  the  land-tax,  64:  outbreak 
against,  at  Auxonne,  6S :  demand  for  equality  of,  in  Corsica, 
62  :  reform  of  the  system  of,  ii.  89, 141 

Tchitchagoff,  Adm.,  Joins  Tormassolf,  III.  206 :  pursuit  of  the 
French  army  by,  iv.  2,  7,  20:  hopes  of  capturing  A'.,  8:  descrip- 
tion of  A'.,  8 :  captures  Bon-issoir,  8,  9  :  driven  out  of  Borrissoft, 
9  ;  at  the  crossing  of  the  Beresina,  10  :  blamed  by  Kutusolf  and 
Wittgenstein,  1,3,  14  :  bad  generalship  of,  13,  20 

Tehemlcheff,  Gen.,  commanding  Army  of  the  North,  Iv.  62 

TelnltZ,  Ilkditins  at,  ii.  24H,  249 

"Templars,  The,"  by  Itaynouard,  ii.  226 

Temple,  the,  the  royal  family  imprisoned  in  the,  I.  102 

Tenda  Pass,  captured  by  the  French,  i.  143,  1.52  :  N.'a  entertain- 
ment for  Mine.  TuiTcau  at,  162 

Teplitz,  Ix>iii8's  flight  to  iii.  212  :  Bennigsen  reaches,  iv.  66 

Terror,  the,  i.  148, 149,'.158, 162, 190,  202 ;  iv.  2:)1 :  fears  of  a  re- 
vival of.  ii.  63 

Terrorists,  the,  growing,  influence  of,  iL  64:  assassination 
sclienies  alnoui-',  154 

Testamentary  rights,  under  the  Code,  ii.  144 

Tettenbom,  Gen.,  relieves  Hamburg,  iv.  ;i3 

Texel,  the,  Slarmont  ordered  to  Mainz  from,  U.  232 

Thaim,  battle  of,  iii.  103 

Tharandt,  Klenau's  march  to  Dresden  from,  iv.  .57 

Themistocles,  his  refuge  with  the  Persians,  iv.  214 :  N.  draws 
parallel  between  his  case  aud  that  of,  214 

Thermidorians,  the,  i.  149 :  prominent  members  of,  151 :  adopt 
Roman  systems,  160,  161 :  establish  the  Directory,  161 :  anger 
the  people  of  Paris,  163 

Thielemann,  Gen.,  in  Waterloo  campaign,  iv.  175 :  at  Wavre, 
191 

Third  Coalition,  the,  ii.  227  et  seq. :  Prussia  induced  to  join, 
24-2,  243 :  rout  of  the  allies  at  Austerlitz,  251 :  destruction  of  its 
strent:tli  and  morale,  251 

Third  Estate,  the,  at  outbreak  of  the  Revolution,  i.  63 :  consti- 
tution of,  5ii :  assumes  to  represent  the  nation,  56:  forces  a 
junction  with  the  two  upper  Eslat«s,  66 :  Sieyds's  pamphlet  on 
the,  56 :  X.'s  care  for,  iv.  228,  231 

Third  Republic,  the  constitution  of  the,  i.  158 

Thirty  Years'  Wax,  Richelieu's  policy  at  close  of  the,  ii.  169 

Thom6,  alleges  attemi>t  to  stab  A^,  ii.  79 

Thonberg,  X'.  at,  iv.  73 

Thorn,  siege  of,  iii.  10 :  French  occnpation  of,  17  :  military 
movements  near,  18  :  A',  in,  251 :  French  military  stores  in,  253 

Thought,  inlluence  on  the  social  life  of  the  world,  ii.  31 

Thouvenot.  Gen.,  service  in  Spain,  iii.  217 

Three  Emperors,  Fight  of  the,  ii.  2.52 

Thugut,  Count,  greed  for  teiTitorial  aggrandizement,  L  198: 
determines  on  Italian  conquest,  202,  263:  opens  negotiations 
at  Leoben,  269:  warns  Gen.  Clarke  to  keep  away  from  Vienna, 
280;  li.28:  not  deceived  by  treaty  of  CampoFormio,  14:  Paul  I. 
demands  his  dismissal,  93  :  repudiates  St.  Julien 's  negotiations 
122  :  overthrow  of,  122 

Thuin,  military  operations  at,  iv.  176 

Thum^ry,  Marquis  of,  suspected  of  plotting  against  A'.,  iL  193 

Thuringia,  military  movements  in,  ii.  278 

Tiber,  River,  military  operations  on  the,  i.  260 

Tlcino,  River,  military  operations  on  the,  i.  217;  ii.  113 

Tiemey,  G.,  on  England's  attitude  toward  France,  ii.  95 

Tilly,  Count,  X.'s  letter  to,  Aug.  7,  1794,  i.  150 

Tilsit,  Bennigsen  crosses  the  Niemen  at.  iii.  32  :  meeting  of  the 
Emperors  at,  34-55,  76 :  treaty  of,  34,  3.%  47,  51,  53-i)6.  58, 60,  77, 
79,  80,  84-.S8,  93-95,  104,  129-131,  138.  189,  191,  196,  203,  225  232 
236,  238,  239,  249  :  neutralization  of,  38 :  reasons  leading  to  the 
peace  of,  40  et  seq.:  Queen  Louisa  at,  40,  49-63  :  French  repre- 
sentatives at,  43  :  fraternizing  of  Russia  and  France  at,  43-46  ! 
decoration  of  the  Russian  grenadier  at,  54  :  A'.'s  position  at,  139 : 
Macdonald  reaches,  iv.  20 

"Times,"  the  (London),  on  the  allies'  captore  of  Paris,  iv.  130 

Tissot,  Dr.,  X.'s  letter  to,  i.  44 

Tobacco,  estatilishment  of  state  monopoly  in,  iii.  232 

Toledo,  IMipoiits  (orcis  near,  iii.  122 

Tolentlno,  treaty  of,  i.  211,  260  ;  ii.  208 

Toll,  Gen.,  meets  Alexander  I.  after  Austerlitz,  11.  251 :  proposes 
concentration  of  the  allied  forces,  iv.  116:  advises  movement 
on  Paris,  122 

Tolosa,  French  forces  at,  iii.  142 


310 


INDEX 


Tolstoi.  Gen.    See  Ostebmass-Tolstoi 

Torbay.  tlu-  "  BeUeriiiOum  "  at,  iv.  210,  213 

Torcy  i-ntU'  at,  iv.  lU  :  military  operations  at,  116 

Torgau,  S:oeoii  ir^xips  witluirawn  (roin.  iv.  3":  French  occupa- 

il>.u  uf.  :■!  :  N\v  Jrivt'ii  into,  64:  batlK-  of,  235 
Tonuassoff,  Gen.,  cuufronte^l  by  .Schwarztnberg,  tlL  259 :  Joined 

hv    UliiUliii~-on,  2tit> 

Torres  Vedraa,  tlu-  lines  uf,  ill,  216,  219 

Tortoua.  smriiuUTe*!  lo  Fnuue,  i.  215:  N.  at,  281:  sell  em  o  to 
riluvi  ^l;l^^cIla  viii, 11.110:  the  key  of  Genoa, 113:  topography 
of  the  iM  uiuiy,  110,  117:  the  Consular  Guard  at,  117 

Torlugas,  the,  'l«  nth  of  Lerlerc  in,  ii.  i:.3 

Touche,  M^hee  do  la,  contrives  Moreau's  ruin,  ii.  189  :  English 
plots  with,  -.>11 

Toulon,  the  rtcovery  of,  for  the  Convention,  1.  84  :  military  and 
naval  preimrations  at,  110,  131.  132,  155:  11.  27,  32,  38,  212: 
return  of  the  Saritlnian  expfdition  to.  i.  117  :  anarchy  in,  123, 
128 :  tht.'  Bu")niiparle8  in,  127  :  the  Buonapartes  driven  ironij  129  : 
siene  of,  131-137,  173  :  Marseilles  refugees  at,  132  :  Lord  Hood's 
seirure  at,  132  :  the  *' treason  "  of,  132,  133:  X.  at.  134. 142,  151, 
153.  173,  184:  AV»  plans  for  capture  of,  136:  aV.  seeks  mercy  for 
rei>el3  at,  137:  the  Xattomil  Convention's  venpeance  on,  137, 
138 ;  massacres  in,  138 :  British  occupation  of,  141 :  recapture  of, 
14H  :  news  of  the  Terror  in,  149 :  English  fleet  driven  from,  154  : 
the  Corsican  exiKilition  leaves.  155  :  X.  at  siege  of.  173  :  forced 
military  loans  in,  2(t8  :  departure  of  Egyptian  expedition  from, 
11.  35-37 :  Nelson  seeks  the  EiJtyptian  expedition  at,  38 :  y.  sails 
from  Alexandria  for,  50 :  failure  of  Villeneuve's  expedition 
fn.ni.  213 :  A.  orders  the  Spanish  fleet  to,  iii.  GO 

Toulouse,  Soult  thrown  hack  on,  iv.  lO'.i:   defeat  of  Soul t  at,  159 

ToumoD,  the  Chamberlain  de,  mission  to  Spain,  iii.  loi 

Tours,  the  French  j;urrison  at,  iv.  137 

Trachenberp,  milit^iry  council  at,  iv.  55 

Trade,  conditron  at  outbreak  of  the  Revolution,  i.  53 

Trafalgar,  y.'s  reception  of  the  ne\*s  of,  ii.  214  :  battle  of,  240- 
242 ;  ill.  42 :  effect  in  France,  ii.  255  :  X.'g  reply  to,  iii.  6  :  the 
lesson  of,  202.  203 

Trannes,  military  movements  near,  iv.  94,  llfi 

Transpadane  Republic,  the,  i.  224,  246, 247,  265 :  question  of  a 
constitutiou  for  the,  ii.  0 

Trasimenus,  creation  of  the  department  of,  iii.  201,  202 

Traun,  River,  military  movements  on  tiie,  iii.  164 

TreaUes,  the  value  of,  iv.  232.  For  specific  treaties  see  the 
niiuKs  of  parties  signatory  (countries  or  rulers)  and  of  the 
places  at  wliich  sijjned 

Trebbia,  River,  Frencli  disasters  on  the,  ii.  57,  G3 

Treilhard,  M.,  member  of  the  Directory,  ii.  62 

Trent,  military  operations  near,  i.  234,  235,  250,  254:  abandoned 
by  Vaiilw'ia,  23r> :  Brune  advances  to,  ii.  125 :  apportioned  to  the 
Orinii  I>iik(  of  Tuscany.  170:  ceded  to  Bavaria,  252 

Treuenbrietzen,  I'mssian  pursuit  of  Oudiuot  to,  iv.  GO 

Treviao,  creation  of  hereditary  duchy  of,  ii.  255:  Mortier  created 
Duke  of,  ill.  70  (see  MoRTiEit):  the  Buonaparte  family  princes 
of,  iv.  82 

Trianon,  A',  retires  to,  after  the  divorce,  iii.  197:  the  imperial 
court  at,  2;m 

Trianon  Decree,  the,  iii.  214 

Tribunate,  the,  ii.  85,  99-101:  constitution  of,  155:  opposition 
to  y.  in,  155,  156 :  secret  sessions  of,  159 :  new  method  of  elect- 
jnt;  to,  159  :  form  of  addressing  the  First  Consul  in,  187  :  Car- 
not  remonstrates  in,  ay'ftinst  adulation  of  A'.,  188 :  independence 
of,  204 :  initiates  the  imperial  movement,  205 :  condition  under 
the  imperial  constitution  of  1804.206:  destruction  of,  iii.  67,  68: 
Compared  with  the  English  Parliament,  68:  its  functions,  68 

Tricolor,  Louis  XVI.  adopts  the,  i.  57  :  S.'s  scheme  to  unfurl,  in 
Corsica,  06:  insult  to,  in  Naples,  113 

Triest,  A',  threatens  to  seize,  i.  248:  seized  by  A''.,  268:  reoccu- 
pied  by  Austria,  268:  rise  of,  277:  importations  of  English 
goods  at,  iii.  128 :  ceded  to  France,  184 :  England's  loss  of  trade 
with,  2IIS:  basis  of  possible  Oriental  operations,  252:  French 
occupation  of.  iv.  49:  X.  offers  the  city  to  Austria,  50 

Trinidad,  retained  by  England,  ii.  135,  168 :  ceded  to  England, 

212 

Triple  Alliance,  the,  iv.  C6,  lOG,  243 
Triumphal  Arcn,  Paris,  erection  of  the,  iii.  f>2 
Troncbet,  on  committee  to  draft  the  Code,  ii.  142 
Troyes,  recall  of  the  rarliament  to  Taris  from.  i.  55  :  battle  of, 
iv.  94 :  mihtary  movements  near,  94,  100,  103-105,  113,  115-117, 

120,  126.  l'.»K 

Truchsesa-Waldburg,  Count,  I'russian  commissioner  at  Fon- 
tainehlcau.  iv.  liH:  A\'«  attitude  toward,  148 :  allegations  con- 
cendng  A"".*  jdiysical  ailments,  152,  173 

Tudela.  French  success  at.  Hi.  122:  scheme  of  operations  at, 
124:  Spanish  forces  near,  143,  144 

TullerleS,  the,  tlie  mob  at,  i.  lO:* :  the  carnage  at,  104  :  Robes- 
pierre orders  the  destruction  of,  119:  storndug  of,  Aug.  10, 
17'.»2. 163 :  defense  of,  179-1K2:  .V.  at,  on  the  IHth  Brumairc  ii  .71, 
72  :  Lannes's  guard  at,  74  :  decoration  of.  97  :  rechristeneu  "  the 
palace  of  the  govemiiKnt,"  97  :  X.  takes  possession  of,  98 :  resi- 
dence of  tile  Buonapartes' at,  128:  social  functions  at.  162,  16:4, 
178.  20it.  203  :  consular  levee  of  March  13.  1803,  179  :  y.'s  inter- 
view with  Ix»rd  Whltwortli  at,  Feb.  17,  1803,  179.  180:  scene 
between  Whltwortli  and  A'..  March  13,  18n:(,  IKO:  the  Iraiierial 
court  at,  207,  20'.»:  refurnishlnn  the,  iii.  27:  social  vices  at,  75  : 
X.  at,  88  :  the  divorce  scandiil  in,  140 :  the  divorce  decree  pro- 
nounced In,  190:  Imperial  family  life  at,  2'*5;  Iv.  IH :  deposit- 
ory of  th<'  Emperor's  funds,  8,  25,  86,  154  :  the  otflcers  of  the 
Natiimnl  Ouard  summoned  to,  88  :  fli-.:ht  of  the  Empress  from, 
131:  (hanges  hi  the  court  at,  159:  A',  reenters,  166:  strugglo 
between  royalists  and  imperialists  at,  166  :  loneliness  of,  167 


Turas,  military  operations  near,  li.24C^  249 

Turenne.  Marsbal,  military  genius,  i.  210:  X,  compared  with, 
2lo;  ,V.  ,s  analysis  of  the  wars  of,  iv.  217,  234 

Turin,  military  operations  around,  i.  213,  215:  A'.V  influence 
in,  278:  Cen.  Clarke's  misiiion  to.  2S0:  A'.  In.  ii.  17:  revo- 
lutionar}'  moveme?its  in.  26 :  Bonapartist  agency  hi,  61 :  Chiirles 
Emmanuel  IV.  invited  to  return  to,  93:  ilelas  hastens  to,  110, 
111,  114:  topography  of  country  near,  117:  sends  deputation 
U>  I'aris,  iv.  17 

Turkey,  A',  studies  the  history  of,  i.  49:  seeks  to  orj:anize  its 
armies,  175:  Franco  seeks  alliance  with,  175:  X.'s  plans  for 
service  in,  175,  177,  178:  Austria's  gaze  on,  198:  X.  s  eye  on, 
262:  France's  irdluence  on,  262:  disalfection  in,  ii.  11 :  schemes 
for  the  dismemberment  of,  11.  12,  21,  28-30,  246,  261 ;  iii.  35, 
44.  45,  48,  81,  8iV91,  93,  129.  131,  137,  1S8,  237,  238,  240:  France's 
JustiUcatiou  <if  Eu'yptian  schemes  to,  li.32 :  X.  seeks  alliance  with, 
32:  refuses  alliance  with  France,  4*t :  negotiations  and  alliances 
with  Russia,  45,  49;  iii.  44,  45,  48,  81,  85,  244,  266:  alliance  with 
liussio  and  Austria,  49:  military  activity,  1799,  62:  Jtdns  the 
second  coalition,  62.  90,  93:  checked  bv  l-'ranco-Russian  treaty 
of  peace  (1800X  102:  defeat  of,  at  lieiiopolis,  123:  Egypt  re- 
stored to,  135  :  treaty  between  France  and  (IHulX  136 :  integrity 
of  her  boundaries:  168:  suzerainty  over  Ionia  and  Egypt,  168: 
X.  on  her  policy,  222:  source  of  discord  lietween  France  and 
Russia,  271 :  Dubril  undertakes  to  guarantee  her  integrity,  272 : 
X  resolves  to  assert  supremacy  over,  iii.  4,  0  :  military  opera- 
tions on  the  Dniester,  6:  X.'s  scheme  of  protectorate  over,  G: 
hostilities  with  Russia,  10,  127,  1H2,  191,  236:  declares  war 
against  England,  23:  A',  arranges  a  treaty  between  Persia  and, 
23,24:  Austria  espouses  the  cause  of,  25:  overthrow  of  Selim 
ni.,  33,  44,  85,  127:  revolt  of  the  Janizaries,  33:  alliance  with 
France,  33:  end  of  Sel-astiani's  intluence  in,  33:  Russian  acqui- 
sitions in,  54:  French  influence  in,  HI:  A",  intervenes  between 
Russia  and,  81  :  terms  of  theagreeinent  at  Slobozia,  85:  Russia's 
ambition  to  acquire  territory  of,  87  :  usurpation  of  Mustapha 
rv,  127  :  threatened  amirchy  in,  127  :  reform  in,  127  :  threatened 
loss  of  French  prestige  in,  127  :  accession  of  Mahmnd  II.,  127  : 
Alexander's  uncertain  position  in  regard  to,  129  :  A',  fears  lier 
alliance  with  Kussia  or  England,  137;  England's  trade  under 
the  flag  of,  214:  Russian  designs  against,  235:  Austria  seeks 
territorial  a^^iandizement  at  expense  of,. 240:  pivotal  in  Euro- 
jiean  pulitn  s,  ^'42  :  A',  endeavors  Ui  form  alliance  with,  244 :  in 
grand  coalition  against  A'.  (1813).  iv.  27  :  European  support  of, 
243:  y.'s  influence  on  inoiiern,  247 

Turreau,  Gen.,  at  ilont  Cenis  Pass.  ii.  110:  crosses  Mont  Ceois, 
113 

Turreau,  Mme.,  X.'s  ghastly  entertainment  for,  i.  152 

Tuscany,  the  Buonajiarte  family  in,  i.  12, 13  :  favors  the  Frencli 
Revolution,  155:  peace  between  France  and,  155:  withdr.-iws 
from  the  coalition  (1795),  197  :  military  operations  against,  217, 
260:  French  proposition  to  revolutionize,  227:  treaty  with 
France,  Jan.  11,  1797,  251 :  plunder  of.  Ii.  11 :  involved  in  Ita- 
lian quarrels,  59:  France  acquires  temporary  possession  of.  60: 
X/m  bad  faith  with,  95:  Austrian  occupation  of,  105,  lit,  119 : 
reinforcements  f(»r  SKI:is  from,  111:  creation  of  kingdom  of, 
132  :  British  ships  driven  from  harbors  of,  183 :  th«  situation  in, 
iii.  94;  ecclesiastical  refoiins  and  contiscations  in,  202:  Elisa 
created  Grand  Duchess  of,  213.  See  BuoNAPAIiTK,  Makie- 
An.nk-Elisa 

Tuscany,  the  Grand  Duke  of,  i.  207 ;  flees  to  Vienna,  il.  69, 
60  :  1..RCS  his  tenitorv,  125:  territories  acquired  by,  170 

TutSChkofl",  Gen.,  in  liattle  of  Eylan,  iii.  19 

Twelfth  Light  Dragoons,  at  the  battle  of  Waterloo,  iv.  203 

Two-Cent  Revolt,  the,  i.  41 

Two  Sicilies,  the,  i.  260 

Tyrol,  the,  tlie  road  to  Vienna  through,  i.  206:  military  opera- 
tions in,  226,  227,  234-236,  240,  254,  266,  268,  269;  ii.  236,  246; 
iii.  155,  164,  165,  IKl :  X.'s  unsuccessful  attempt  to  concil- 
iate its  people,  i.  235:  loyalty  to  Austria,  250:  the  insurrec- 
tion in,  269 :  Kray's  retreat  to,  cut  otf,  il.  109  :  Iller  commarding 
in  the,  122:  Soult  cuts  otf  the  Austrian  retreat  to,  2:15:  Ney 
sweeps  the  Austrians  from,  245:  A',  threatens  to  seize,  251: 
ceded  by  Austria  to  Bavaria,  252:  insurrection  ripe  in,  iii.  151 : 
Archduke  John  to  excite  revolt  in,  154:  repression  of  priestly 
tyranny  in,  155  :  revolution  against  bondjige  in,  156 :  character- 
istics of  its  people.  155:  Maximilian's  reforms  in,  155  :  guerrilla 
warfare  in,  155,  181  :  rising  against  Bavarian  rule,  156:  aban- 
doned by  Archduke  John,  163:  its  people  altused  by  A'.,  165: 
French  evacuation  of.  174  :  risinj;  in,  181 :  French  invasion  of, 
186:  eflects  of  the  armistice  of  Znaim.  186:  reduced  to  sub- 
nUssiou.  186:  amnesty  offered  by  Prince  Eugene,  186:  opened 
to  the  allies,  iv.  91 


0CClanl,  x.'s  escape  to,  i.  120 

Udine,  congress  at,  ii.  13 

Ulm,  Austrian  retreat  to,  Ii.  109:  Austrian  troops  In  sight  of, 
233  :  tlie  Frencli  at,  233,  234  :  the  capitulation  at,  235,  236  :  con- 
centration of  troops  in,  iii.  158 

"Undaunted,"  the,  A",  sails  for  Elba  on.  iv.  153,  154 

United  Irtshinen,  misunderstanding  between  the  Directory  and 
lli<-,  ii.  n; 

United  States,  the,  constitutional  government  in,  i.  87 :  the 
Fr<  rich  idea  of  the  system  of  government  in,  160:  Talleyrand's 
resideiH-c  in,  ij.  22 :  Talleyrand's  views  on,  22  :  mission  concern- 
ing protection  of  commerce,  23:  treaty  of  commerce  with 
England,  1794,  136:  arrogance  of  the  DirecU»ry  t<iward,  13<>:  im- 
broKllo  with  France,  136:  suspension  of  diplomatic  relations 
wltli  France,  136:  commercial  convention  with  France,  136:  nem 


INDEX 


311 


linitcil  SlaU'H.  Iho  —  continufd. 
trality  dci-Iarution,  17li:i,  I'M :  Joromo  Biionnpnrtf'B  rcitidLMit-o 
111,  liU:  LVriiU  IfuiliiiK  tu  tliti  war  ot  IH12,  1hi  ;  iti. 'JIO:  pur- 
cliiisL-s  Loulriiium,  li.  IH4,  'Jl'J  ;  iv.  '247,  'i4H :  S.'k  rcliilloiiH  with, 
nihl  inlluciicuon.il.  184;  ill.  H'i,  311  ;  iv. '247.  'J4H:  <'imiotiir<>in- 
imrlHoi)  of  Fruncowlth,  ii.  206:  Moroau's  hiuiUhmt-iit  to,  I'Jl : 
coiiiiucrcial  rivalry  with  Kiik'tutKl,  lil.  41 :  British  chiltu  of  rl^ht 
of  Huarch,  42  :  olfcct  of  lUltiMh  'orders  tii  roiiih-it '  upon,  4'2: 
ocuau  cuiiimcrci',  4*2  :  aiithnrlzcs  rcprisalu,  42  :  Kroiich  uttuckB 
on  cummorce  uf,  seizures  u(  vesaels,  vte.,  4:i,  2(W,  210,  22*1,  244  : 
riHiii);  naval  power,  43:  liberty  uf  tcHt4tniuiitur>  tliH[)Ofllttoii  In, 
6U :  KnKlish  provisions  concerning  the  (nrrylnK  trade  of,  81, 
82 :  permitted  t'>  tnido  direct  with  Sweden,  81.  K2 :  A',  nttenipta  to 
force  tlieai  into  the  French  system,  *»2  uleellneof  trade  with  Kiig- 
land,  82  :  Jelfcrstm's  adnilnUtratlon,  82,  8:1 :  nKricultural  policy 
of  the  Dentocrutji,  82,83:  the  eniliari^o,  82,  83,  210,  211 :  the  war 
of  1812,  83,  244  I  policy  of  the  Kederalista,  KJ :  tlie  Non-interven- 
tion Act,  83  :  InifiHpensability  of  cotton  in  Knn)pe,  204  :  "  neu- 
tralized "  commerce  of,  20r. :  proposal  that  rx>niHX\'III.  acquire 
a  kingdom  in,  208 :  aliened  welzure  of  French  vetwiia  by,  210: 
the  Non-Int+Tcourse  Act  of  March  1,  180*.),  210:  prohibition  of 
commercial  intercourse  with  Ivnglund  and  France,  210:  Hoizure 
of  ships  by  Kngland,  211 :  Lncien  attempts  ty  escape  t«j,  212  : 
chilling  under  restrictioiia  of  commerce,  242:  crippled  com- 
nierco  of,  244  :  declares  war  ai^ainst  Knghitid,  iv.  10  :  naval  auc- 
cesaes  of,  Iti :  Moreau  summoned  from.  37,  62 :  N.  plans  cscapo 
to,  208.  209:  Hamilton'8  treasury  system,  229:  the  independ- 
ence of,  230 :  the  war  for  indepentlence,  245 :  wars  witli  England, 
247:  popular  interest  in  j,V.  in,  247,  248:  expansion  of  constitu- 
tional law.  248:  growth  of,  248:  A*.'*  inlluencu  iu.  248:  the 
s!;iverv  (|Ueslion  in,  248.    See  also  AuERICA. 

University  of  Berlin,  iii.  83 

University  of  Fiance,  ii.  147 ;  iii.  73 

Ural  Mountains,  proposed  Indian  expeditions  via,  ii.  134 

Urbino,  uniiexed  to  Italy,  iii.  r>8.  94 

Uscha,  River,  military  operations  on  the,  iii.  257 

Ussher,  Capt.,  conveys  A',  to  Elba  in  the  "Undaunted,"  Iv.  153, 
i:.4 

Usury,  the  curse  and  its  cure  in  France,  ii.  140 ;  ill.  63,  64 

Utlzy,  military  movements  near,  iii.  261 


Valais,  declared  an  independent  commonwealth,  il.  149:  Clia- 
teaubriaud  FYench  representative  in,  IGfi  :  scheme  to  incorpor- 
ate it  with  France,  iii.  204  :  separated  from  Switzerland,  213  ; 
indeiieiideiice  of,  213:  annexed  to  the  French  empire,  213 

ValeggiO,  y.'s  narrow  escape  at.  i.  241 

Valen^ay,  the  Spanish  captives  at,  iii.  115,  116,  131,  200 

Valence,  A',  joins  his  regiment  at,  i.  34  :  X.'ft  life  at,  and  visits 
to,  i.  34-42,  C8,  74,  79,  82,  85.  89-91, 108. 134  :  the  garrison  at,  and 
people  of,  81  :  obseiiuies  of  Mirabeau  at,  88:  Friends  of  the 
Constitution  in,  89:  reception  of  A^  and  Elisa  at,  108:  occu- 
pietl  by  Carteaux,  128 :  death  of  Pius  VI.  at,  ii.  26,  27  :  burial 
of  Tins  VI.  at,  139  :  meeting  of  A',  and  Augereau  near,  iv.  152 

Valencia,  massacre  of  the  French  at,  iii.  121 :  Moncey  advances 
oil.  v:i2  :  French  defeat  before,  124  :  captured  by  Suchet,  221 : 
tcnii.orary  French  government  at,  iv.  15 

Valenciennes,  evacuation  of,  i.  133 

Valenza,  military  operations  near,  i.  217 

Valetta,  French  plot  to  seize,  ii.  12 :  the  sword  of,  given  to  Paul 
I.,  102 

Valjouan,  Victor  drives  the  Austrians  from,  iv.  102 

Valladolid,  captured  by  the  Fi-ench,  iii.  105  :  French  success 
near,  122:  French  communications  at,  123:  A',  at,  Jan.  6, 1809,146 

Valmaseda,  Blake  driven  back  to,  iii.  143 

Valmy,  defeat  of  the  allies  at,  i.  115 

ValtetUna,  the,  quarrel  between  the  Grisons  and,  ii.  7 :  incor- 
porated in  the  Ciaalpine  Kepublic,  27 

Vandamme,  Gen.,  in  battle  of  Austerlitz,  ii.  249,  250:  dread  of 
A.,  iii.  7.'> :  in  battle  of  Eckumhl.  162:  at  Linz,  167,  174:  re- 
lieved by  Lefeltvre,  174:  strengtli  of  his  corjis,  March,  1812, 
24G  :  commanding  division  in  Eugene's  army,  iv.  23  :  junction 
of  Danish  troops  with,  37  :  captiires  Hamburg.  37:  goes  to  Da- 
vout's  assistance,  42:  in  battle  of  Dresden.  56-58:  at  Pirna, 
56-58  :  pursues  the  allies,  58 :  battle  of  Kulm,  01 :  captured  at 
Kulni,  61  :  character,  61 :  in  the  Waterloo  campaign,  174-176  : 
advances  toward  Fleuma,  181 :  battle  of  Ligny,  182 

Vandeleur,  Gen.,  in  battle  of  Waterloo,  iv.  202 

Vanne,  River,  iv.  i28 

Var.  River,  military  operations  on  the,  ii.  105,  108,  110,  111,  114 

Vatican,  relations  of  Paoli  witti  the,  i.  5 

Vauban,  disgrace  of,  i.  202:  eulogized  by  Camot,  202 

VaubOiS,  Gen.,  service  in  the  Alps,  i.  209:  defeated  by  Davido- 
wiili,  2:ii".,  237,  240:  service  in  Egypt,  ii.  30 

Vauchamps,  battle  of,  iv.  97 

Vaud,  revolutionary  outbreak  in,  ii.  17,  27:  French  intervention 
in,  27  :  Alexander  forbids  the  restoration  of,  iv.  1)9,  100 

Vaux,  submission  of  Carlo  Buonaparte  to,  i.  15 

Venalssin,  the,  annexed  to  France,  i.  260 

Vendue,  la,  civil  war,  massacres,  and  royalist  plots  in,  i.  122, 
127,  1:13.  138.  148.  164,  182,  197.  278 ;  ii.  62,  94,  96,  155  ;  Iv.  125, 
171,  207  :  reinforcements  for  the  Army  of  Italy  from,  i.  236  :  N. 
conciliates,  ii.  96  :  revulsion  of  feeling  against  the  Bourbons  in, 
iv.  1S8  :  A^.  seeks  to  rouse  imperial  feeling  in,  209 

Vend6miaire.  the  Thirteenth  of,  i.  180-182 ;  ii.  15 

Vendetta,  the.  i.  3.  4 

Venddme,  Column  of,  erection  of  the,  iii.  C2  :  placard  on  the, 
iv.  166 


Venetla.  neutrality  violated  by  Bcanllfti,  I.  219:  lealoiuy  be- 
tween Venice  and  other  towrmof,  264  :  coveted  by  AiiMtrla,  26A  : 
the  revo|iitlr>nary  niovrnu-nt  in.  269:  the  mainland  ceded  to 
AuHtrIa,  27(>-273  :  the  oligarchy  of,  27.'*:  Fren<  h  military  ojh  ra- 
tiouM  In,  11.  8 :  Fninie'H  »•  (pilnitlonii  In,  14  :  Incorporated  In  the 
Cisalpine  Kepnblli-,  14  :  phmderof,  26  :  Hiirrender  to  Amttrla,  26: 
A'.  threat'iiH  to  neize,  2.'«1  :  lncor|Kjrat>d  with  Italy,  266,262: 
admitted  lo  the  Tuncordat,  111.  94.  Hee  aino  VKMCK 
Venetian  Alps,  road  to  Vienna  through  th<-.  i.  2fi6 
Venetian  Republic,  political  titutuH  in  179*;,  l.  207 
Venice,  v.  HludieH  the  history  of,  1.  49:  AuxtriaH  ambltlonB  In, 
198,  262;  il.  22'.i,  2;i:i :  mllftary  operutlonn  aKalnut  (179fli,  1.  217: 
Beaulieu  violates  neutrality  of,  226.  227 :  treaty  with  Auiitria, 
226:  ducadeneu  and  ilownfall  of.  226,  280:  at  A'.#  mercy,  228: 
resents  vbdatiitUH  of  territory,  247  :  A'.**  violation  of  neutrality 
of,  264  :  the  hundliatlon  of.  264,  266 :  the  (iolden  r^>ok  of,  264, 
265,  269:  pillage  In,  2<;4,276;  II.  U  :  Kllmalnes  military  watch 
on,  I.  266  :  revolution  In,  268,  276,  277  :  ctmcUulen  negollntionii 
with  A'.,  269,  270 :  ac(iulre8  liidogna,  Ferrara,  and  the  Jtomagna, 
271 :  .V.  forbidden  to  interfere  w  ith,  272  :  Io»a  of  Ind.penrlence, 
272-276  :  Ilres  on  French  ship,  273  :  A.  "  an  Attila  to,''  273.  274  : 
A',  declares  war  agaliittt,  274  :  the  oligarchy  of.  275 :  atteroptii 
to  bribe  A'.,  27.1 :  treaty  between  France  and  (1797),  276 :  the  new 
republic  of,  276 :  loses  independence,  276,  277  :  Kren<h  oucupa- 
tion  of,  276,277  :  letter  from  N.  Ui  the  provisional  aovernment, 
277  :  A'.'*  characterization  of  the  Venetians,  277  :  A',  olfers  the 
republic  to  Austria,  277 :  A^.  reproached  for  tlie  overthrow  of, 
ii.  3  :  Lallematit's  propagan<la  in,  7:  Jiiiiot's  demands  on  the 
senate,  7  :  liismemberment  of,  ll  :  the  Dire<t^»ry'8  ambition  for 
the  comiuest  of,  11  :  reded  it)  Austria,  14  :  the  last  doge  of,  16 : 
destruction  of  the  *"  Bucentaur  "  at,  16:  destniiition  of  mt%'al 
stores  at,  16:  seeks  U)  contitme  war  with  Austria,  16  :  dragged 
into  war  by  A"..  95  :  election  of  Pius  VII.  at.  i:(3  :  A',  threatens 
to  seize,  2;t2  :  suiTendered  to  France,  252 :  Pius  VII.  refuses  to 
extend  the  Concordat  to,  lil.  57  :  ceded  to  France,  88:  appro- 
priations for  the  harbor,  88  :  y.  at,  Nov.,  1808,  102:  interview 
between  Joseph  and  X.  at,  102-104 :  basis  of  pf>ssible  Oriental 
operations,  252.  See  also  Vknetl4;  Venetian  Eepcbuc 
Ventimlglla,  seized  by  Mas3<'na,  143 
Vercelli,  Melas  proposes  to  attack  A',  via,  ii.  114 
Verdier,  success  at  Logrofio,  iii.  122 :  occupies  Aragon,  122 
Verdun,  ;ibandoned  by  the  enemy,  i.  110 :  imperial  troops  at,  It. 

125 
Verhuel,  r)utch  commissioner  to  Paris,  ii.  256 
Verona,  A',  at,  i.  246:  French  occupation  of,  227:  military  op- 
emti'iis  mar,  2:i2,  237-240,  251  et  seq. :  insurrection  in,  269, 
273  :  disariiiaiiuni  of.  273 

Veronese  Vespers,  the,  i.  269,  273 

Versailles,  meetings  of  the  Estates  at.  i.  49,  56 :  luxury  in.  86  : 
the  Parisian  mob  at,  86  :  prison  massacres  in,  111:  Macdonald's 
guartl  at,  ii.  74  :  A'',  retires  to.  after  his  divorce,  iii.  197  :  Souham 
delivers  bis  army  prisoners  at.  iv.  143,  144 

Vicenza,  military  operations  before,  i.  236  :  creation  of  heredi- 
tary duchy  of,  ii.  255 

Victor,  Gen.  C.  P.,  attacks  Provera  at  La  Favorita,  i.  254: 
watches  Rome,  266:  reinforces  Lannes  at  Casteggio,  ii.  116: 
commanding  corps  at  Marengo,  116-119  :  service  in  the  Anny  of 
England,  185  :  battle  of  Ueilsberg.  iii,  29  :  battle  of  Friedland, 
31,  32  :  created  Duke  of  BcUutio,  71 :  yearly  income,  71  :  charac- 
ter, 75  :  N.'s  opinion  of.  75  :  at  Amurrio,  142 :  defeateil  by 
Wellesley  at  Talavera,  182  :  strength  of  his  corps,  ilarch,  1812, 
246 :  ordered  to  advance  east  from  the  Niemen,  264 :  in  retreat 
from  Moscow,  iv.  2  et  seq.  :  effects  junction  with  Saint-Cyr,  2, 
3 :  checks  Wittgenstein,  3  :  abandons  Vitebsk,  4 :  driven  back, 
7 :  at  the  crossing  of  the  lieresina,  8-11 :  ordered  to  hold  back 
Wittgenstein,  9:  defeated  by  Wittgenstein  at  BorrissofT,  10: 
divisitui  commander  under  Eugene,  28 :  in  campaign  of  1813, 
34 :  relieves  Glogau,  42 :  battle  of  Dresden,  56,  57  :  guarding 
roads  from  Bohemia,  63  :  battle  of  Leijisic,  71,  73,  74  :  assigned 
to  defense  of  the  Rhine,  89:  ordered  to  Nogent,  95:  junction 
with  Macdonald  at  Montercau,  97:  abandons  Notrent,  97: 
driven  back  to  Nangis,  97 :  drives  the  Austrians  from  Valjouan, 
102  :  fails  to  capture  Montereau,  102,  103  :  moral  exhaustion  of, 
102,  103:  degraded,  but  restored  to  favor,  103:  conmianding 
portion  of  the  Yoimg  Guard,  103  :  battle  of  Craonne,  107 

Victor  Amadeus,  king  of  Sardinia,  i.  144,  213 :  guards  Lom- 
bardy,  206  :  checkmated  by  AT.,  216:  death  of,  216:  relationship 
to  Louis  XVIII.,  216 

"  Victory,"  the,  at  Trafalgar,  ii.  240,  241 

Vienna,  plans  for  French  advance  on,  i.  235:  Austria  opposes 
A'.'ft-  advance  to,  263  :  combined  movements  on,  266  et  seq.  :  the 
peace  party  In,  270:  rejoicing  in,  at  treaty  of  Leoben,  271: 
Gen.  Clarke's  mission  to,  280:  rejoicings  in,  over  treaty  of 
Campo  Formio,  ii.  14  :  Gen.  Cljirke  forbidden  t**  enter,  28 :  dread 
of  rcvolutionarj'  sentiment  in,  28 :  attack  on  the  French  era- 
l)as8y  (1798X  29:  flight  of  Ferdinand  III.  to.  59,  60:  A'.'s  plans 
to  subdue,  106:  A',  sends  peace  commissioner  to,  120:  court 
intrigues  at.  122  :  Moreau  advances  toward,  125  :  Stuart  British 
envoy  to,  192 :  A^  threatens,  232,  W3  :  Frencli  treachery  at.  237  : 
the  lYench  enter,  2:16,  237.  244 :  Talleyrand  at,  246 :  Pozzo  di 
Borgo's  mission  at,  iii.  8 :  Andri^ossy's  udssion  at,  8:  French 
influence  in,  25:  decree  of.  May  17,  1809,  94:  belligerent  tone 
at,  128,  138,  150,  151 :  efTect  of  X.s  and  Alexander's  remon- 
strances at.  130.  131  :  Metternich  goes  to,  150 :  defensive  mea- 
sures for,  V^B  :  X.'s  march  on,  after  Eckmubl,  164:  capitulation 
of,  164 :  A'.'s  characterization  of  its  inhabitant*,  165  :  Charles's 
plan  to  free,  167  :  proposed  French  retreat  toward,  172  :  A'.'« 
army  around,  174  :  consternativui  at  rumored  Franco-Russian 
marriage,  193:  French  soldiers  nursed  in,  195:  marriage  of 
Maria  Louisa  at,  195-197 :   pro-Russian   party  in,  238.  239 : 


312 


INDEX 


Visconti   'Oretk  Icoiioirniphy,"  iv.  208      ,  ,..  „      ,        . 
Vistula,  River,  the,  .V.Vi  cc.nqnests  west  of,  ill.  2  :  plan  ol  i 
mii;i.oM,5:  l.ridgiiiK  of,  l(i  11:  lYencli  positions  on   13 . 


"'"'Z:^7,o'^"A  .V.  in,  iv.  «:  EncUnd-.  diplomacy  In,  «: 
l-nincis  ft-ar.  «  Frencli  inva-sloil  of,  53:  Congrvss  of,  156,  15,, 
It'.'i  170 :  iH» ■-  of  .V.'<  esiajx;  in,  IC'J 

Vienna  Coalition,  the.  iv.  170,  '^23 

vl£a<i;'!v;'"nK-"''^i"r-H':iy  at,  L  268:  Eag^ne  and  Ma.donald 

Vlllanova.  military  operations  at,  1.  238 
Vmefranche,  eipidilion  against  Coralca  from,  1.  Ill 

VlileSeuve'  Adm.'.""  tl^o  '""tl"  ->' «"«  '*'""'•  "•  **  •  commanding 

M  Toi"on  *2^i  ropose.1  naval  expedition  for,  213  :  escapes 

?ro.n  To    ol  ,  and  rllturns.  213:  ordered  to  tlie  West  Indies. 

iis"  chanvcter,  213.  -230.  239-211 :  returns  to  Eurojvean  wate.-^, 

•L'M-  his  combined  nect  at  Kerrol  and  Corumin,  230 :  at  Mao, 

^1  ■  dUhcarlened,  230  :  dissatisfled  « ith  his  Oeet,  230  238,  239  : 

?^'om'ter  «  tl  Cttlder,  230.  239:  ordered  to  relieve  Rochefort 

and  Brest,  231:  retreats  to  Cadii,  231,  238,  239 :  tails  to  appear 

m  the  Channel,  233  ;  chased  liy  Nelson  to  the  West  I>«i';.s  and 

l.ick   •>3«-  retreat  to  Ferrol,  2;i9 :  orders  for  Slcditerninean 

cruis'e,'239 :  remonstrates  against  his  orders,  239 :  A .  PrcPYo? 

io  supersede,  ■239  ;  tries  to  evade  disgrace.  239  :  battle  of  Iralal- 

ear  240.  211:  interview  with  .V.,  211 ;  his  smcidc,  211 

VlUetard.  French  republican  agent  In  Venice,  i.  276 

Vlliia    V  1.1  iii.  2.i2-2.'-.4 :  llarclay  de  Tolly's  army  confronting, 

^4-'ibe  Krcncli  retreat   tbroUKli,  iv.   10,  12:   A.s  incognito 

journey  through,  U:    Kiitus,.lt  entei-s,  20:  Alexander  goes 

to,  20 

Vlmelro,  defeat  of  Junot  at,  iii.  123, 124  v.„  „.    i< 

Vlncennes,  the  trial  and  execution  of  the  Due  d  Enghien  at,  U. 

Vincent,' Gen.',  Austrian  representative  at  Erfurt,  iii.  138, 150 

f  cam* 
pali;non,a:  i.rmgii.K  oi,  .v>  w.  .....wi   positions  on    13  :   at- 

tempt  to  drive  the  IVench  across,  29  :  proposed  boundary  lino 
on  35  •  militJiry  operations  on,  93  ;  iv.  28,  30 :  Alexander  prom- 
ises assistance  to  Prussia  on.  iii.  213 :  the  Kreii.li  aiiny  reaches. 
250  •  French  advance  t/>  the  Niemen  from.  256  :  Murat  s  posi- 
tion on,  untenable,  iv.  21  :  Schwarzenberg  retreats  acroi,.s, 
■>!  •  threat<^^lie.l  expulsion  of  the  l-rench  from,  44  :  French  garri- 
sons on,  70 :  .V.  eutert.-iiiis  hopes  of  returning  to.  Sill,  98,  100 

Vitebsk,  its  strategi.al  position,  iii.  256:  N.  at,  256  :  military 
movements  near.  256;  iv.  «:  F"rench  garrison  in,  269:  the 
French  abandon,  iv.  4  „     ..        .  ^tt,      *    ,,., 

Vltoria  liupont  ordered  to,  iii.  102:  Ferdinand  VII.  at,  112. 
French  forces  at,  142  :  battle  of,  iv.  47 

VitroUes,  royalist  intrigues  of,  iv.  122,  129, 130 :  captured  with 
Weisseiilwrg  at  St.  Dizier.  126  .,     „ 

Vltry  militarv  movements  near.  iv.  92,  117,  119,  120  :  Prussian 
occu'piilion  of,  120:  lYeiich  troops  at,  125 

Vlve3  Gen.,  liesieges  Barcelona,  iii.  143 

Vlvlai,  Gen.,  in  battle  of  WaUrloo,  iv.  202  . 

Volga,  River,  the,  proposed  Indian  expeditions  via,   it.  I.i4  • 

Voihynli  Austrian  triops  in,  iii.  262,  250:  Bagration's  position 

Vbliennarkt,  Archdiilce  John  at,  ui.  108 

Volney   Constantln  F.  C,  espouses  the  Corsican  cause,  i.  64, 

65 :  X.'s  friendship  with,  95 ;  ii.  67,  214 :  member  of  the  senate, 

100 
Voltaire  on  the  character  of  Paoli,  L  6:  A'.'k  study  of.  40;  ii. 

163  ■  iv  216, 217  :  his  "  Essay  on  Manners,"  t  85 :  on  the  Hohen- 

lollern  territories,  iii.  6  :  performance  of  his  "(Edipe"  at  Erfurt, 

134 
Voltri.  ntilitary  operations  at,  1.  215  ,    ,  ,    „ 

Vorarlberg,  Kray's  retreat  via,  cut  ofl,  ii.  109 :  ceded  to  Bavaria, 

Vosees  Mountains,  the,  proposed  boundary  for  Germany,  iii. 
"4°:  the  allies  tum  the  line  of,  iv.  91,  92:  supposed  retreat  of 
Scbwaizcnberg  t..,  113:  reported  rising  in,  115:  A.  urges 
guerrilla  risings  in,  116  .       . 

VOBS,  Countess,  attendant  on  Queen  Louisa,  ul.  61 


Wachau,  battle  of,  iv.  70-72  „ 

Wagram  Cliarless  advance  toward,  lli.  169:  battle  of.  174-179; 

IvT  176  :  French  demoralization  after,  iii.  178  :  doubtful  hon.>r8 

of  178.  179  :  X.'t  position  after.  179  :  position  of  Francis  alter. 

179  :  Berthicr  created  Prince  of.  197.     See  liERTllIKK 

Walcheren,  the  EugUsh  expedition  to,  iii.  183,  195,  207,  208,  217, 

WalewBka,  Countess,  iV.'»  amours  with,  UL  16 :  visits  N.  at 
Kllia    l.V, 

Walhaln,  0(:rard  at,  iv.  189:  Grouchy  at,  189,  205 

Wallachla,  .lismiasal  of  the  Turkish  viceroy  of,  HI.  8 :  alleged 
concession  of,  to  Russia,  48 :  Russian  evaouatlon  of,  64 :  Rus- 
sian amidtion  to  possess,  80.  92.  93.  137,  2:i0:  Russian  occupa- 
tion of,  81.  85  :  Alexander  demands  imssession  of,  85 :  X.  oilers 
to  offset  Moldavia  and,  against  Silesia,  86,  87,  90:  proposed 
evacuation  of  Prussia  for  that  of,  87 :  Alexander's  lear  of  losing, 
191  :  Rns>ia  tlireatened  with  the  loss  of,  239  ,  ,  .        , 

Wallensteln,  scene  of  his  overtlirow  by  Oustavus  Adolphus.  Iv. 

War,  .V.'«  aphorisms,  theories  and  plans  of,  I.  209,  210;  Ii.  172; 
III.  1.17 :  barbarity  In,  Ii.  48  :  thirst  lor.  In  France,  64 :  the  art 
of,  119 


Warens.  Mme.  de,  memoirs  of,  1. 39  .    „      ,      ,    ., 

WM-fare,  progress  in  methods  of.  1.  242:  m  Napoleonic  times, 

Warsaw' (city).  L..uis  XVllI.  living  in.  ii.  154  :  Polish  national 
inovemelit  in.  111.  8  :  the  Russians  driven  from,  10  :  French  oc- 
cupation of,  13-16  :  friv,.lity  in.  16 ;  A .  «  au.ours  lu,  10  ;  A.  of- 
fers to  evacuate,  130  :  j.ropositlon  that  Ru.ssia  occupy.  138 . 
Ardiduke  Ferdinand  to  nnuch  against,  154  :  capture.  l;y  Arch, 
duke  Ferdinand,  I.IO  :  Polish  troops  at,  168  :  reoccupied  by  Po- 
niatowski,  165:  ollered  to  Prussia,  174;  attitude  of  the  loles 
In  238  :  Jesuit  ii.lluciKe  in,  210:  propositiiui  to  make  it  capital 
of'n  Saxon  province,  249  :  A',  in,  261  :  the  Diet  begs  the  resto- 
ration of  Poland,  2,11,  252 :  Schwarzenherg  evacuates,  iv.  21  : 
Russian  occupation  of,  21 :  proposed  new  capital  for  Irussia, 

Warsaw.  Grand  Duchy  of,  creation  of.  iii.  48,  64,  61 :  acciuircs 
Prus.-.ian  territi'rv.  53:  new  constitutnm  tor,  66:  A.  seeks  to 
add  Silesia  to,  80,  87,  90 :  .\lBxan.lcr'.s  jealousy  of,  Si  ;  A .  pro- 
mises  to  evacuate,  90  :  tortillcation  of,  93,  129 ;  aciuires  .New 
Galicia  184:  territorial  acquisitions,  188,  236:  pro-Russian 
party  in,  237  :  Aiexamkr  proposes  to  accept  the  crown  of,  237: 
military  operations  in.  244  :  open  to  inv.ision,  250  =  '^  .  llicog- 
nit..  journey  through,  iv.  14 :  interview  between  A.  and  De  ITa.lt 
at  14,  19  :  Russian  invasion  of.  21 :  A',  refuses  to  give  up,  27 
reft  tr..m  Saxony.  28:  in  Russian  iwsses.'^ion,  32:  threatened 
dismemberment  of,  38,  39,  49  :  proj.osed  extinction  of,  43  :  A.  « 

Waahlneton  George,  comparison  of  Pa<di  with,  i.  6:  death  of, 
M^rfdndmthm  of  France  for,  97  :  statue  at  the  Tuileries,  97  : 
festival  in  honor  of,  97,  98:  compared  with  A.,  98 :  declares  the 
neutrality  of  the  Vnited  States  (1793).  136  p„,„i„„ 

Waterloo,  the  advantage  of  position  at,  u.  11. :  the  P/"88ian 
puisnit  after,  iii.  163 :  S.S  attempt  at  suicide  after,  ly  147  :  A  » 
reminiscences  of.  178:  Wellington  indicates  the  battle  ground, 
180  •  the  controversial  lit<>rature  ..f,  18a :  the  batlle-tlel.l,  187  et 
seq.:  character  of  the  French  tr....psat,  193:  W  c  jui.-  on  shead- 
onarters  at,  193  :  the  i.lans  of  battle,  194  :  the  batUc  195  ct  seq.: 
am.lication  ..f  the  name  to  the  battle,  204 :  review  of  tlie  battle, 
•HU  ct  se.i  :  political  si.oils,  205  :  moral  elle.t  ..n  the  Linper.jr, 
206:  the  u.w3in  Paris,  206:  A'.V  in..nograph  on,217  :  A.  «  de- 
lav  at.  -lao  :  epic  character  of,  239  :  effect  on  the  world   239 

Waterloo  Campaign,  parallel  between  campaign  lu  1  ledinont 

WavTe?inili*tary  operations  at,  iv.  183, 184,  186,  189-191,  193,205 

Wealth,  -V.  on,  i.  77 

Weapons  of  war  in  1796,  i.  210 

Wphlau  MiiUtiiry  m..veinenla  near.  111.  31  „  , ..        . 

Weimar',  .lisscnsiou  lu  the  Prussian  camp  at,  u  280 :  flghtnig  at, 
■vsr  mtitii.Ks  ..f  A.  with  Goethe  an.l  Wielan.l  at,  in.  134-136 

WelniEir,  Grand  Duchess  of,  enterUiins  .V.,  iil.  135 
Welrother,  Col.,  at  Ausierlitz,  ii.  246 
TVplci.?pnbprg  Gen.  captured  near  St.  Dizier,  iv.  I2b 
wliSeSburl,  battle  of*;  i.  163:  the  French  position  at,  ii.  234 
'Wpici'^pnfels  titieii  l>v  Bertratid,  iv.  75  ... 

WeiBiISsee,'na,T,.w  escape  ..1  Frederick  William  III.  at,  UL  2 
Wellenburg.  a.  .niir.-.l  bv  Wurtcmbeig,  ii.  252  .    „    ..      , 

Welleslev  sir  Arthur,tali.s .-. .mmand  .)f  operations  m  P..rtugal, 

UL  9?:  e^nllfs  pfut.l^;i,  123  :  .Icleats  Junot  at  Viiue  ro,  123;  re- 
called  to  England  an.l  vin.iicated,  144  :  c-xpels  the  French  from 
Portugal,  182 :    prepares  for  iu\  asi.m  of  Spain,  182 :  battle  oi 
Tal-ivcra    1H'>-  with.iraws  before  Soult,  183:  created  Duke  of 
\V,-ilii«ton,  203.     SeeWKLLINOTo.N,  DIKE  OF    . 
WeUeslev   Lord,  succeeds  Canning  as  prime  minister,  iii.  208  . 
SLvntary  tor  F..reign  Alfairs,  217  :  reinforces  the  army  m  Por- 
tugal 217  :  succeeded  by  Castlereagb,  iv.  16  „  ,     , 
Wellington.  Duke  of  (see  also  Welleslky,  Sir  Abtuur).  ef- 
fe7?7ni™res  spirit  on.  U7:  holds  Portugal,  217  :  reinforced 
by  L..rd  Hill,  217  :  battle  of  Talavera.  217,  219:  battle  ..f  Busa- 
CO  218  :  letreatdown  the  Mon.leg..,  218  :  cnatructs  the  hues  of 
To'n'es  Vedras,  218,  219  ;  battle  of  Ocafla,  219, 221  :  .iiltlcult  iKjsi^ 
tion  at  Lisbon,  220 :  character,  220.  221 ;  s""'"!™,^  f?"'.."  .n^i'.f 
aid  ""1  •  advances  into  Spain.  221 :  battles  of  Albuera  and  »u- 
eiit'es  de  Ouor..,  221 :   retreats  to  Portugal,  221 :   recaptuics 
A  mddi,  221  :  attacked  by  Lord  Liverpool,  221 :  on  >lass.:-lla  s 
itand    5)1  ■  battle  of  Salamanca,  222 :  storming  of  Badajoz, 
S,  242:    captures  Ciudad  Rodri^-o,  222,  242  ;  advances  on 
ttie  Duero    222:   perb.d  of  inactivity,  222:  returns  to  Por- 
t  gal    222 i    resuines  the  offensive,  222:    between  two  fires, 
222:    .lemoralizatioii  of  his  army,  222:    °>?«'   "R'''.''.^'  *'»; 
drill,  222  :  liefcats  Marmont  at  Salamanca   iv.  15 :  » "I'd™"' 
to  the  Portuguese  fr.uitier.  15:  hampered  by  l^'>e  « '  I'"l'' ! 
cal  situation.  16,  10:  reverses  in  the  Peninsula.  'J' •  bat'lo  of 
Vitoria    47  :  threatens  France,  47  :  successes  In  Spam,  47, 4 J  . 
Spabi  rises  W  s  ipiiort,  79 :  on  the  war  In  Spaiij^  87  :  signs  con- 
dittus  with  .v.,  87  :  succecls  Castlereagb  at  Congress  of  %.- 
elliia,  167,  173:  nro|>oses  t.)  .lcp..rt  A.  to  '^];  "j']\  "'^},?1 -J.f . 
called  by  Lord  iiverpool,  169:  desires  to     "''V,'^' "■,';' • 
military  genius.  173  :  plan  .if  campaign  ..f  the  nundled  Itavs, 
Tl"    dissatlsfa.:tion  with  his  tro..i.»,  174:  X  s  p,.slliol     vitli 
regav.l  to  Bluclier  and,  175;  inllucnce  over  tro..p8,     'f  ••«'«• 
tKe  strength  in  Waterl...>  campaign,  176  :  '"™;'8,-'""'°l  P"','  ,'"• 
170-  reminiscences  of  Waterloo,  170, 180:  relat  ..ns  with  lilu- 
Cher  179  -interview  between  the  Duke  of  Richnu.n.    ami,  at 
the  I'lall,  IKO :  imlicat,'«  the  battle-ground  at  ^V»' "'"'•,''', „;.;i".'8' 
centration  of  his  lr....ps,  180,  181  :  i'",'''^^^;»  »'7';T,,',r,  Bral' 
182  ■  meeting  with  Bluclier  at  Bry,  182  :  battle  .,f  tJnatre.Bras, 
ia-)-186-  couver8atl..ii  with  Col.   Howies,  184  :   retreat  t..  M.  nt 
St:Jeau,lR4   187  :  .V.  .Ictermincs  t-.  alt..ck   185:  "I'l'":';-;''''^* 
junctim.  of  Blncherand.  180.  187:    ''Vi'^'l^'"',  "',,'",  !','' 188- 
et  seq.  191.  193,  204;  proposes  to  fall  back  to  Brussels,  188. 


INDEX 


313 


Wullingtoii,  Inike  of  —  rontinunl. 
Btrt-im'th  nt  WiUfiloo,  Ihh:  Itllicher  promlBes  support,  1R«: 
Oroiicliy  alum  to  pruvent  iiiifiii)  hftwreii  hliichcr  niiit,  iN'.t;  his 
ri'Soliitlnn  to  Kivti  Imttle  hi  front  of  SoiKiiu>>,  IHll :  hlH  renliT 
at  Mont  At.  Jean,  191:  (inL-lHuimu's  doubt  uf  hirt  fttniiihn'^'  :it 
Waterloo,  lui  :  htck  of  i.'oi)tl<l<'tH-i'  hi  tlx-  Dutch-IU^lKiiin  (loopft, 
193  :  hendipiarttTB  iit  Waterloo.  VXi  :  lltii'ii  of  retn-at.  1D3,  'J06  : 
the  pliiii  of  Wat4^Tloo,  194 :  Imttk' of  Wutorloo,  195  i-t  H<-t|.:  rt-- 
pentetl  calls  fi>r  lUiicher,  19H:  stones  of  his  anvU-ty,  tffHi;  IiIh 
coiuluct  of  the  Waterloo  cauipalRn,  204  :  faint-liearte<l  t-oopn-. 
atlou  wit))  Illiioher,  '204:  restores  LouIh  XV^III.,  'J09:  ilaiiKfrof 
N.'s  suiTciuler  tu,  211  :  Mliare  In  the  rueonHtnictiou  of  France, 
21» :  :ilU'^;c(l  attempt  to  iissiisainute,  219 

Wel3,  Ktis-sian  trnojis  at,  ii.  23«) 

Wereja,  cupturc  i»f  the  French  Rnrrlson  of,  !!l.  2fifl 

Werneck,  Gen.,  r:iptnre  of  hl8  division  nt  Ndrdlingen,  il.  235 

Werther,  A'.  mmiMn  d  to,  f.  42 

Weael,  ce-Ud  t--  I  r.mce,  ii.  2fil :  F"'reneli  Karrison  at^Sni,  270,273, 
27G:  dfinaiid  f<<i  its  restoration  to  lYussia,  274 

Weser,  River,  French  occupation  of  tlie  const  near,  Hi.  204 :  ter- 
ritory on,  itltered  to  Sweden,  iv.  32 

Western  Empire,  aceoinpliBhinent  of  N.'s  dream  of,  ill.  01 :  an 
eiul  ti.  tiK-  ihvanis  of,  iv.  48 

West  Indies,  the,  sehenic  for  populatint;,  il.  152 :  En^Ilah  hlock- 
ttde  of  the  French  fleet  in.ltU  :  .It^roiuo  Buonaparte  in,  104  :Eng- 
laud  watcher  French  policy  concerning,  171:  Franco  looks  to 
her  power  in,  179:  y.8  anihithms  in,  184:  t'rcnch  squadrons 
ordered  to,  213 :  Nelson  enticed  to,  230:  N.'s  nnildtioiis  in,  iii. 
23:. 

Westphalia,  militar>'  movements  in,  ii.  276:  organization  of  the 
kingdom  of,  iii.  49,  r»3:  Jerome  king  of,  01,  2i;j,  214:  war  in- 
demnity exacted  from,  05 :  levy  of  troops  in,  105,  244-24C ;  se- 
questration of  Frederick  William's  estates  in,  12G  :  insurrection 
In,  174  :  Sehill's  failure  in,  180  ;  sdienic  to  iucorporatt?  port  witii 
France,  204:  Fn'uch  occupation  of,  234:  French  inlluencc  in, 
iv.  49 :  tliglit  of  .ter<>nie  tit  France,  79 

West  Prussia,  I-e.st.'cq"s  retreat  throu^di.  iii.  l 

Whitbread,  Samuel,  on  the  French  Revolution,  il.  94,  95 

"White  Terror,"  the,  i.  105;  iv.  210 

Whitworth,  Lord,  eh:u-aoter,  i.  171  :  amhassiidor  to  Paris.  171, 
177  :  evailcs  declaration  of  EnKland's  Maltese  policy,  175 :  sum- 
moned to  thcTnileries,  Feb.  17,  IKOil,  179, 180:  at  consular  levee 
of  March  13,  1S()3. 179, 180  :  his  attitude,  1H2  :  on  N.'s  reception 
of  April  4,  183:  reports  on  Frances  naval  preparations,  182: 
publication  of  his  despatches  in  England,  182  :  A'. '^declarations 
to,  on  subject  of  invading  England,  185:  a  diplomatic  method 
of,  i\'.  -to 

Wiazma,  battle  of,  iv.  3 

Wieland,  C.  M.,  interview  with  A'',  at  Wiemar,  iii.  135 :  decorated 
at  Kriurt,  l:i7  :  rstimate  of  y.'.<  intluencc,  245 

WUberforce,  William,  deprecates  war  with  France,  ii.  182 

Willach  (farinthia),  ceded  to  France,  iii.  184 

WiUenherg,  militaiy  movements  near,  iii.  17,  18 

William,  Prince  ("f  I'russiaX  mission  to  Pju-is,  iii.  138:  iii  battle 
of  Waterloo,  iv.  r.".) 

"William  the  Conqueror,"  by  Duval,  ii.  225 

Willot.  Gen.,  i>roii(..^es  to  destroy  the  Directory,  ii.  5  :  suspected 
of  plottin-:  against  A'.,  193 

Wilson,  Sir  Robert,  endeavors  to  reorganize  the  Russian  army, 
iii.  21 M 

Wintzengerode,  captures  Soissons,  iv.  lOO :  defeated  near  St, 
IHzier,  120 

Wischau,  junction  of  .\ustrian  and  Russian  troops  at,  ii.  245 

Wittau,  military  operations  near,  iii.  175 

Wittenberg,  captured  by  Davout,  iii.  2:  French  forces  at,  iv.  28: 
I-'rL-neh  oeciipati-'U  uf,  51 :  military  movements  near,  60 

Wittgenstein,  Gen.,  in  the  Russian  campaign,  iii.  259:  menaces 
(br  Fr.iirli  I.  ft,  -iiW^ :  resumes  ottensive  against  Saint-Cyr,  iv,  2; 
checked  by  \ietor  and  Saint-t'jT,  3:  pursuit  of  the  French 
army,  7,  20  :  Victor  ordered  to  ludd  back,  9  :  at  the  p:issagc  of 
the  Beresina,  10 :  defeats  Victor  at  liomssoff,  10  :  bad  general- 
ship of,  13,  20,  21  :  losses  in  the  Russian  campaign,  20 :  fails  to 
cut  off  Macdouald'a  retreat,  21  :  commanding  the  allied  army, 
34  :  the  battle  of  Liitzen,  30 :  loses  his  command,  40 :  command- 
ing Army  of  the  East,  52 :  battle  of  Leipsic,  71 :  driven  from 
Namns,  103 

Wkra,  River,  bridging  of  the,  iii.  lo,  11 


WoUconaky,  Prince  P.  M.,  hi  military  council  with  Alexander 
I..  Iv.  122 

Women,  .V.'x  attitude  t/>ward,  and  IdeaA  concemlni;,  i.  77,  81, 
i:.2,  lh7,  1112,  27H;  H.  129.  103;  lil.  248:  e.hicntlon  of,  tl.  146: 
demands  of  (brman  social  ciiHtoiu  on,  iii.  IW 

Wrede,  Gen.,  in  canipaign  of  Ecknnihl,  iii.  104i:  movenientH  be- 
fore llatisbon.  102:  tlefcated  hy  Ilillfr  at  Erding.  IG4  :  hattiv 
of  Wagram,  177  :  reaches  Vilna,  Iv.  12 :  conmianding  Itavarlan 
troopa,  70 

Wright,  Capt.,  lands  the  Cadoudal  consplratont  in  France,  il. 
1H9,  I'.H) :  Savary  siihjK'cted  of  complicity  In  death  of,  207 

Wurmser,  Gen.,  iV.VnpcratlonsaKalnBt,  l.  21I:  sent  to  reinforce 
lleaulieii,  217:  military  geiiluH,  231  :  mardies  to  relief  of  Man- 
tua, 231  et  seq.  :  operatlonn  on  Lake  (iurda,  2;*;*,  2:t4  :  o]K'ratlons 
on  the  Brenta,  2;{4,  2;(5 :  attA-mpts  to  tmeeor  Mantua,  2.'M,  235  : 
advance-guard  captured  at  I'rlmolano,  2;t5:  defeated  nt  I'.aH- 
sano,  235  :  demoralization  of  his  araiy,  2.'l5  :  makew  inelfo  tual 
sally  from  Mantua,  240:  besieged  in  Mantua,  his  defense  and 
surrender,  2r»o.2rtH;  A'.*  generosity  to,  257,  2.'>H 

Wurtemberg,  makes  peace  with  France  (1790),  L  2;J5,  279  :  grant« 
totlieilrand  Dnkeof,  ii.  170:  relations  with  Russia,  170  :  French 
march  through,  2:13 :  friendly  relations  with  and  subservience 
to  France,  243,  200;  iii.  214:  created  an  independent  kingdom, 
ii.  2.''»2,  257  :  acipiires  territory  after  Ansterlitz,  252  :  mcndnT  of 
the  Confederation  of  the  Rhine,  20O,  201 :  supplies  contim:cnt8 
to  X.'m  armies,  ii.  201 ;  iii.  11,  244,  240;  iv.  28  :  Maria  I.^.uisa'8 
progress  through,  iii.  197  :  allotment  of  Austrian  lands  to,  2<i4  : 
turns  from  A',  to  the  allies,  iv.  79  :  position  in  Germany,  240 

Wiirtemberg,  Princess  Catherine  of,  marriea  Jcnunc  .Napo- 
leon^ iii.  75,  70 

occnpa- 
28 


Wiirzburg,  seized  by  Jourdan,  1.  235  :  reported  French 
tion  of,  ii.  273:  jV.a  base,  275,  270:  French  forces  at,  iv 


"  Yamacks,"  the,  iii.  127 

Yarmouth,  Lord,  negotiates  for  peace,  ii.  259,  261 

Yelin,  antln.r  of  "Gcniiany  in  her  Deepest  Humiliation,"  ii.  271 

Yermoloff,  Gen.,  pursuit  of  the  French  army  by,  iv.  20 

Yonne,  River,  military  operati(»ns  on  the,  iv.  i:iO,  100 

York,  Duke  of,  besieges  Dunkirk,  i.  133  :  defeated  by  Bruno  at 

Bergen,  ii.  03,  207  :  eapitulutea  at  Alkniaar,  03 
York,  Gen.,  in  conespondeneo  with  Alexander  I.,  iv.  21;  con- 
cludes convention  of  Tauroggcn,  21, 20,  29 :  nominally  degraded, 
21 :  desertion  of  the  French  cause,  27:  his  action  approved  tiy 
the  Estates  of  Eastern  I^russia,  30 :  battle  of  Bautzen.  39 :  battle 
of  Leipsic,  72:  reinforces  Blucher  at  Montmimil,  90:  held  Ity 
Mortier,  104:  routs  Marmont  at  Athies,  108:  quits  Blucher's 
army,  but  returns.  108,  109 
"Youi^  Guard,"  the,  iii.  172 :  battle  of  Liitzen,  iv.  30:  battle 
of  Dresden,  56,  57:  ordered  to  Bautzen,  03:  at  Dresilen,  05: 
under  command  of  Ney,  103:  Victor  commanding  portion  of, 
103:  "melts  liko  snow,'*  107:  N.  reviews,  136,  137:  battle  of 
Waterloo,  199 


Zahorowski,  A^.  seeks  service  with,  i.  129 

Zach,  Gen.,  in  battle  of  Marengo,  ii.  118 

Zacharias,  Pope,  on  kingly  power,  ii.  208 

Zamosc,  Iiebi  liy  the  French,  iv.  33 

Zampaglini,  ('orsican  patriot  brigand,  i.  78 

Zante,  France's  jealous  care  of,  ii.  21 

Zealand,  Freiub  occupation  of,  iii.  207:  N.'s  offer  to  exchange 

it  for  Hanseatic  towns,  207 
Zembin,  the  Emperor's  retreat  through,  iv.  10 
Ziethen,  Gen.  J.  J.,  in  Waterloo  campaign,  iv.  175:  atCharlerot, 

170:  at  Flcurus,  170,  177:  battle  of  Waterloo.  198,  199 
Zittau,  I'rench  advance  from  Dresden  to,  iv.  55:  Bliicher's  road 

to,  blocked  l)y  Lainiston,  56 
Znaim,  military  operations  near,  ii.  236:  KutusofT's  retreat  to^ 

244:    Charles  withdraws  toward,   iii.   177:   lighting  at,   178: 

French  repulse  at,  181 :  the  armistice  of,  ISO,  193 
Zomdorf,  battle  of,  iv.  235 
Zurich,  the  plundering  of,  ii,  27 :  battles  of,  GS.  93 :  Army  of  the 

Reserve  ordered  to,  108,  110:  Massi^na's  victory  at,  207 


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