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THE LIBRARY
OF
THE UNIVERSITY
OF CALIFORNIA
LOS ANGELES
LIFE OF
NAPOLEON BONAPARTE
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Y.
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LIFE OF
NAPOLEON BONAPARTE
BY
WILLIAM MILLIGAN SLOANE,
Ph. D., L. H. D.
PROFESSOR OF HISTORY IN PRINCETON UNIVERSITY
VOLUME IV
> •-.Mi'rtMl
»W»#)<*Wl««4
THE CENTURY CO. NEW YORK
LONDON: MACMILLAN & CO., LIMITED
1896
Copyright, 1896, 1897,
By The Century Co.
TMt Ot ViNNt Prem, Niw York, U. S. A.
stack
Annex
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Chaptee I. The Retreat from Russia p^^^^
State of Napoleon's Mind — Destruction Imminent — The Affair at Wiazma —
Kutusoff's Timidity — Napoleon's Despair — Arrival at Smolensk — The Army
Reorganized — Napoleon's Daring at Krasnoi — Ney's Great Feat — Sufferings
of the Army — The Russian Plan — Tchitchagoff's Capture of Borrissoff ... 1
Chapter II. The Horrors of the Beresina
Napoleon at Bay — The Enemy at Fault— The Crossing of the Beresina — The
Carnage— End of the Tragedy — Napoleon's Depai-ture — The Remnants of the
Ai-my at Vilua — The Russian Generals — Napoleon's Journey — Malet's Con-
spiracy — The Emperoi-'s Anxiety — The State of France — Affaii-s in Spain . . 9
Chapter III. The Prodigal's Return
"War between Great Britain and the United States — Napoleon Renews his
Strength — His Administrative Measures — Social Forces and Political Results
— Ideas of Peace — The Military Situation — The Czar's Resolutions — The Con-
vention of Tauroggen — Defection of Prussia— Supreme Exertions of France in
Napoleon's Cause — Napoleon as a Wonder-Worker 16
Chapter IV. The Revolt of the Nations
Napoleon as a Financier — Failure to Seeiu-e Aid fi-om the Aristocracy — The
Fontainebleau Concordat — Napoleon Defiant— His Project for the Coming
Campaign — State of the Minor German Powers — Mettemich's Policy — Its
Effect in Prussia — Prussia and her King— The New Nation — The Treaty of
Kalish — The Sixth Coalition 24
Chapter V. The First Campaign m Saxony
Napoleon Over Hasty — Weakness of his Army— The Low Condition of the
Allies— Napoleon's Plan Thwarted— The First Meeting a Sui-prise— The Battle
of Liitzen — An Ordinary Victory — The Mediation of Austria — Napoleon's
Effort to Approach Russia — The Battle of Bautzen — Death of Duroc — Napo-
leon's Greatest Blunder 33
Vi TABLE OF CONTENTS
Chapter Y1. The Nations in Grand AimAY tage
Coudition of Affairs after Bautzen — The Armistice of Poiscliwitz — Austria's
New Terms — Napoli'on's Reliance on liis Dynastie Influence — Intervention of
Britisli Agents — Na[i()le(>n's Interview with Metternich — Tlie Emperor's Wrath
— Metternieh's Deteruiiuatiou — Wellington's Victories — Napoleon at Mainz —
The Coalition Completed — Diplomatic Fencing — Renewal of Hostilities — The
Responsibility 42
Chapter "S^I. The Last Ijiperlvl Victory
Napoleon's Prospects — The Prepai-atious and Plans of the Coalition — Cross
Purposes of the Combatants — Condition of Napoleon's Mind — Strength and
Weakness of the Allies — Renewal of Hostilities — The Feint in Silesia — Napo-
leon at Dresden — First Day's Fighting — The Victory Won on the Second Day 51
Chapter "\T;II. Politics and Strategy
Napoleon's Conduct after Di-esdcn — Military Considerations Overruled by
Political Schemes — Probable Explanation of Napoleon's Failure — Pnissian
Victories at Grossbeeren and on the Katzbach — Vandamme Overwhelmed at
Kulm — Napoleon's Responsibilitj' — Political Considerations again Ascendant
— The System of "Hither and Thither" — The Battle of Dennewitz — Its Dis-
astrous Consequences — Napoleon's Vacillation — Strategy Thwarted by Dijv
lomacy • . . 58
Chapter IX. The End or the Grand Arjiy
Plans for Conducting the Retreat — Napoleon's Health — Bliicher's Brilliant
Idea — Napoleon under Compulsion — His Skilful Concentration — The Battle-
field aronnd Lcii)sic — The Attack — Results of the First Day's Fighting —
Attempt to Negotiate — Napoleon's Apathy — The Positions of the Third Day
— The Grand Army Defeated — The Disaster at the Elster Bridge — Dissolution
of the Grand Army 67
Chapter X. The Frankfort Proposals
Importance of the Battle of Leipsic — Decline of Napoleon's Powers — His
Gentler Side — Disintegration of Napoleon's Empire — The Coalition ami the
Sentiment of Nationality — Reasons for the Parley at Frankfort — Insincerity
of the Proposals — Napoleou aud France — The Revolution and the I^mpire —
Hollow Diplomacy 77
Chapter XI. The IN^'ASI0N of Prance
Amazing Schemes of Napoleon for New Levies — Attitude of the People toward
the Empire — The Disaffected Elements — Napoleon's Armament — Activity of
the Imperialists — Release of Ferdinand and the Pope — Napoleon's Farewell to
Paris — His Strategic Plan — France against Enrojie — The Conduct of Berna-
dotte — !Murat's Defection — Conrtii^ling Interests of the Allies — Positions of
the Opponents at the Outbreak of Hostilities . • 84
TABLE OF CONTENTS vii
Chaptek XTI. Natoleon's Supeeme Effort p^o^
Tho Pel tility of (Jeiiius— Tlie Battles of Brieniit) and La RothitTO — The French
Retreat — Victory at t'lianipaubi^rt — Victory at Moutniii'ail — Victory at Vau-
champs — Success Engenders Dehision — Insincerity of the Allies — Their Clash-
ing Interests — The Congress of Chatillou — Napoleon's Procrastination —
French Victory and French Diplomacy 93
Chaptee XIII. The Geeat Captain at Bay
Victoi''s Failure at Montereau — Schwarzenberg's Ruse — The French Advance
and the Austrian Retreat — Napoleon's Effort to Divide the Coalition — Vain
Negotiations — The Treaty of Chaumont — Bliichei-'s Narrow Escape — The
Prussians Defeated at Craonne — Napoleon's Determination to Fight — His Mis-
fortunes at Laon — Dissensions at Bliichei-'s Headquarters — Napoleon at Sois-
sons — Rheims Recaptured — Another Phase in Napoleon's Eclipse 102
Chapter XIV. The Steuggles of Exhaustion
The Allies Demoralized — Napoleon's Desperate Choice — The Battle at Arcis —
The CoiTcspondence of Caulaincourt and Napoleon — Panic at Schwarzenberg's
Headquai'ters — Cross-purposes of the Allies — Napoleon's Determination Con-
firmed — His Over-confidence — The Resolution to Abandon Paris — The French
Brought to a Stand — Their Masked Retreat — luefBciency of Marmont and
Augereau — Napoleon's March toward St. Dizier — His Terrible Disenchantment
— How the Allies had Discovered Napoleon's Plans — Their Determination to
Pm-sue — The Czar's Resolution to March on Paris — Successful Retm-n of the
Invaders 112
Chapter XV. The Beginning of the End
Napoleon's Problem — The Military Situation — A Council of War and State —
The Return to Paris — Prostrating News — The Empress-Regent and her Ad-
visers— Traitoi's Within — Talleyrand — The Defenders of the Capital — The
Flightof the Court— The Allies before the City 124
Chaptee XVI. The Pall of Paris
The Battle before Paris — The Armistice — The Position of Marmont — Legiti-
macy and the Bourbons — The Provisional Government — Napoleon's Fury —
Suggestions of Abdication — Napoleon's New Policy Foreshadowed — His Troops
and Officers — The Treason of Marmont — The Marshals at Fontainebleau —
Napoleon's Despair 132
Chaptee XVII. Napoleon's Piest Abdication
The Meaning of Napoleon's Abdication — The Paper and its Bearers — Progi-ess
of Marmont's Conspiracy — Alexander Influenced by Napoleon's Embassy —
Marmont's Soldiers Betrayed — Marmont's Reputation and Fate — Napoleon's
Scheme for a Last Stroke — Revolt of the Marshals — Napoleon's First Attempt
at Suicide — Unconditional Abdication — Restoration of the Bourbons — Napo-
leon's New Realm — Plight of the Napoleons — Good-by to France, but not
Farewell ■ 141
viii TABLE OF CONTEiNTS
Chapter XYIII. The Emperor of Elba paoe
Napoleou aud the Popular Frenzy — Serious Dangers Incurred — The Exile
under the British Flag — The Voyage to Elba — The Napoleonic Court at Porto
Ferrajo — Mysterious Visitors — Estraugeiuent of Maria Louisa — Napoleon's
"Isle of Repose" — The Congress of Vienna — Its Violation of Treaty Agree-
ment— Discontent in France — Revival of Imperialism — Bitterness of the
Army — Intrigues against the Bourbons — Napoleon's Behavioi- — His Fears of
Assassination 151
Chapter XIX. Napoleon the Liberator
Napoleon Ready to Reappear — Reasons for his Determination — The Return
to France — The North wai'd March — Grenoble Opens its Gates — The Lyons
Proclamations — The Emperor in the Tuilcries — The Emperor of the French —
The Additional Act — Effects of the Return in France aud Elsewhere — The
Congress of Vienna Denounces Napoleou 161
Chapter XX. The Dynasties Iiwplacable
The Vienna Coalition — Its Pui-pose — Napoleon as a Liberal — The Fiasco —
France on the Defensive — Napoleon's Health — War Preparations of the Com-
batants— Their Respective Forces — Qualities and Achievements of the French
— The Armies of Bliicher and Wellington — The French Strategy — Napoleon's
First Misfortune 170
Chapter XXI. Lignt and Quatre Bras
Napoleon's Orders — Ney's Failure to Seize Quatre Bras — Wellington Sur-
pi'ised — Napoleon's Fine Strategy — The Meeting at Ligny — Bliicher's Defeat
— The Hostile Forces at Quatre Bras — Wellington Withdi-aws — Napoleon's
Over-confidence — His Instructions to Grouchy — His Advance from Quatre Bras 178
Chapter XXII. The Eve of Waterloo
Wellington's Choice of Position — State of the Two Armies — The Orders of
Napoleon to Grouchy — Grouchy's Interpretation of them — Napoleon Surprised
by the Prussian Movements — His Inactivity — The Battle-field — Wellington's
Position — Napoleon's Battle Array — His Personal Health — His Plan .... 187
Chapter XXIII. Waterloo
Hougomont — La Haye Saiutc — d'Erlon Repulsed — Ney's Cavalry Attack —
Napoleon's One Chance Lost — Plancenoit — Union of Wellington aud Bliicher —
Napoleon's Convulsive Effort — Charge of the Guard — The Rout — Napoleon's
Flight 195
Chapter XXIV. The Surrender
Nature of Napoleon's Defeat — Its Political Consequences — Napoleon's Fatal
Resolution — The State of Paris — Nai)()leon at the fely.s^'c — His Dejjarture for
Rochefort — Thoughts of Return — Procrastination — Wild Schemes of Flight —
A Refuge in England — His Only Resource — The White Terror aud the Allies 204
TABLE OP CONTENTS ix
Chapter XXV. St. Helena paoe
EmbarrassnuMit of the English Ministrj' — A Stran<»e Embassy — Napoleon's
Attitude — The Transportation — The Prison — And its Governor — Occupa-
tions of the Prisoner — Napoleon's Historical Writings — Falling Health and
Preparations for Death — His Last Will and Testament — The End 212
Chapter XXVI. Soldier, Statesman, Despot
Questionings — The Industrious Burgher — The Industrious Sovereign — End
of the Marvelous — Public Virtue and Private Weakness — The Man and the
Age — Latin and German — Fii-st Struggles — Usurpation of Power — Political
Theories — The Napoleonic System — Its Foundation — Stimulus to Despotism
—The Surrender of France— The Master Soldier 220
Chapter XXVII. Napoleon's Place in History
Exhaustion — The Change in Napoleon's Views — Intermitting Powers — Their
Extinction — Common Sense and Idealism — The Man and the World — The
Philosophy of Expediency — A Mediating Work — French Institutions — Trans-
formation of France — Napoleon and English Policy — His Work in Germany
— French Influence in Italy and Eastern Europe — Napoleon and the Western
World 236
Historical Sources 249
Index 263
LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS
Volume IV
Napoleon Leaving the French Army at Smorgoni Frontispieee
FACING PAGE
Russian Peasants Attackinq French Stragglers 1
Marbot's Soldiers Foraging on the Retreat 5
Marshal Laurent Gouvion-Saint-Cyr 8
The Passage of the Beresina 12
Napoleon and his Staff Surprised by Cossacks 16
Cossacks Awaiting a French Cavalry Charge 21
Marshal Ney Sustaining the Rear-guard op the Grand Army 25
Napoleon and Pius VII at Fontainebleau 29
Eugene De Beauharnais (Prince Eugene) Duke of Leuchtenberg, Prince of
Eichstadt 32
Gerard-Christophe-Michel Duroc, Duke of Friuli 36
Marshal Jean-Baptiste Bessi^ires, Duke of Istria 41
Baron Henri Jojiini . . 44
Marshal Claude-Victor Perrin, Duke op Belluno 48
Jacques-Alexandre-Bernard Law, Marquis of Lauriston 53
Napoleon in 1813 56
Marshal Edouaed-Adolphe-Casimir-Joseph Mortier, Duke of Treviso ... 60
Marshal Jean-Baptiste-Jules Bernadotte, Prince op Ponte Corvo, Charles
XIV OF Sweden 65
Marshal Nicolas-Charles Oudinot, Duke of Reggio 69
Marshal Jozef Anton, Prince Poniatowski 73
The French Army Leaving Leipsic 75
Napoleon and his Staff 76
The Battle of Hanau, October 30, 1813 80
Marie- Annunciade-Caroline Bonaparte, wif^ of Joachlu Murat; Queen of
Naples, Countess Lipona; and her Children, Achille, Laetitla., Lucien,
AND Louise 85
NAPOLEON-FRANgOIS-CHARLES-JOSEPH, PrINCE IMPERIAL; KlNG OF ROME ; DUKE
OF Reichstadt 88
Marshal CHAJjLES-PiERRE-FRANgois Augereau, Duke of Castiglione .... 92
The Guard — Campaign of France 94
Staff-officer Recontsoitering 101
" 1814 " — Cajepaign of France 105
Prince Clemens Wenzel Nepomuk Lothar Von Metternich-Winneburg . . 108
xii LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS
FACING PAGE
Friedrich Wilhelm Von Bulow 113
"CArTn-E" ll(j
Henri-Jacques-Gcillaume Clarke, Coits't D'Hunebourg, Duke of Feltre
(Marshal of France under Louis Will) 120
IlL\RSH.M. fiTlENNE-jACQUES-JOSEPH-iVLEX-VNDRE MaCDONALD, DuKE OF TaRENTUM 125
HL\i' OK THE Field ok Oi'erations in 1814 126
Marshal Auuust-Fredekk-Louis Viesse De Maumont, Duke of Ragusa . . . 129
The Barri^re De Clichy, or the Defense of Paris in 1814 133
Marshal Michel Nev, Duke of Elchingen, Prince ok the Moskwa 136
CHARLES-MAURICE-fiLIE, DUKE OF TaLLEYR.VND-PkRIGORD, PrINCE OF BeNK\T;NTO 141
Napoleon's Farewell to the Ijipekial Guard at Fontainebleau, April 20, 1814 145
The Abdication, Fontainebleau, April 6, 1814 148
Marshal FRANgois-CHRisTOPHE Kellermann, Duke of Valmy 152
Josephint; at Malmaison 156
The "Field op May" 161
Joseph Fouche, Duke of Otranto 169
Field-Marshal Arthur Wellesley, Duke of Wellington 172
Count Maxluilien-Sebastien Foy 170
Okkicer ok the Mounted Ch^isseurs Charging (Imperial Guard) 180
Gerhard Leberecht Von Blucher, Prince of Wahlstadt 185
Marshal Emmanuel, Marquis De Grouchy 188
Map of Cajh'aign of 1815, June 15th to I9th 192
Napoleon and the Old Guard before Waterloo 193
"Waterloo" 194
Sib Thomas Picton 197
The Ravine at Waterloo 201
"It is Ue!" 203
Marshal Guillaume-Marie-Anne, Count De BBtraE 204
An Episode op the " White Terror," 1815 207
The Last Days of Napoleon 209
Napoleon on Board H. M. S. " Bellerophon," July, 1815 213
Sir Hudson Lowe 216
Count Emmanuel-Augusten Dieudonne De Las Cases 218
Las Cases and his Son Writing the History of Napoleon under his Dictation 220
" LoNGWooD," Napoleon's Residence at St. Helena 223
Cardinal Joseph Fesch 225
Marie-Laetitia Ramolino Bonaparte — "M^vdame M^re" — Mother of
Napoleon I 229
Marie-Pauline Bonaparte, Madame Leclerc, Princess Borghese 232
Napoleon at St. Helena 234
Death op Napoleon I 236
Henri-Gratien, Count Bertrand 241
The Funeral CoRTfens of Napoleon in the Place de la Concorde,
December 15, 1840 244
Napoleon I 248
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LIFE OF NAPOLEON BONAPARTE
CHAPTER I
the eeteeat from russia
State of Napoleon's Mind — Destruction Imjiinent — The Affair
AT Wiazjia — Kutusoff's Timidity — Napoleon's Despair — Arri-
val AT Smolensk — The Army Reorganized — Napoleon's Dar-
ing AT Krasnoi — Ney's Great Feat — Sufferings of the Army —
The Russl\n Plan — Tchitchagoff's Capture of Borrissoff.
FOR nine days the retreat went steadily on. Mortier came in on chap. i
October twenty-seventh ; Davout was assigned to keep the rear. 1812
Napoleon was no longer seen on horseback ; sometimes he drove, but
generally he trudged among the men, to all outward appearance as
spiritless as any one. To Junot he wrote that he had taken his decision
in consequence of the cold and in order to pro^ade for his wounded
fi-om the depot at Mozhaisk. There was as yet no severe cold, and
there was a far shorter road to Smolensk. The writer's mind was
chaotic, confusing what he knew soon would be with present realities.
His maps were worthless, and clinging to experience, he showed none
of his accustomed ventiu'esomeness. The well-worn summer unifonns
of his men were no protection even against the coolness of autumn
nights. What a prospect when winter's cold should come ! It was
enough to stun even a Napoleon.
Vol. IV.-i. 1
LIFE OF XAi'OLEOX BONAPARTE [^t. 43
Chap. I But the present vtsls bad enough, and momentarily grew worse.
1812 The road was Uned with chan-ed ruins and devastated fields, and the
waysides were dotted with groups of listless, desperate soldiers who fell
out and sank on the ground as the stragghng ranks of then- comrades
tramped on. Skirting the battle-field of Borodino, the marching battal-
ions looked askance on the ghastly heaps of unburied corpses; but the
wounded sui'vivors were dragged from field hospitals and other cav-
ernous shelters to be earned onward with the departing army. They
were a sight which in some cases turned melancholy into madness. In
order to transport them the wagons were Ughtened by throwing the
spoils of Moscow into the pond at Semlino. On the thirtieth despatches
of gi-ave import reached the Emperor, infonning him that Schwarzen-
berg had retreated behind the Bug, leaving an open road from Brest for
Tehitchagoff s veterans to attack the right flank of the cohmms flying
from Moscow. Victor, learning of Napoleon's straits, had left fifteen
thousand men in Smolensk, and was advancing to join Samt-Cyr on
the Dwina in order to assure the safety of the main army from that
side. To him came the dismal news that Wittgenstein had resumed
the offensive against Saint-CjT, and that the line of attack on the
French left was as open from the north as was that on the other side
fi-om the south. Davout's rear-guard was steadily disintegi-ating under
hardships and before the harassing attacks of the Russian riders under
Platoff. Partizan warfare was assuming alanning dimensions. In a
single swoop two thousand French recruits under Baraguey d'Hilliers
had been made prisoners, and similar events were growing all too fi'e-
quent. In consequence of these crushing discouragements the whole
army was rearrayed. "We must march as we did in Egypt," ran the
order: "the baggage in the middle, as densely surrounded as the road
will permit with a half battalion in front, a half battalion behind, battal-
ions right and left, so that when we face we can fire in eveiy direction."
Ney's corps was then assigned to the place of danger in the rear — a
place he kept with desperate gallantry until he earned the title "brav-
est of the brave."
The early promise of substantially reinforcing KutusofTs army had
not been fulfilled. The fanatic zeal at first displayed soon effervesced,
the new levies were untrustworthy, and the long marches of the Rus-
sians told almost as terribly upon them as the retreat did upon their
enemies. Kutusoff's army therefore, though available for defense, was
^T.43] THE RETREAT FROM RUSSIA
a poor weapon for attack, especially when the object was a French chjlP.i
army under the di-eaded Napoleon. The Russian commander was only 1812
half-hearted in his pursuit ; and when, having taken the short cut which
was unknown to his enemy, his van came in contact with tlie French
line at Wiazma on November third, the Russian soldiers had Uttle heart
to fight. The circumstances offered every chance for a powerful if not
a decisive blow on the flying column fi-om flank and rear ; but the on-
set was feeble, the commander-in-chief held back his main force in
anxious timidity, and a second tune the opportunity was lost for
annihilating the retreating foe, now reduced in number to about sixty
thousand. Napoleon was far away on the front when Kutusoff attacked,
and the battle was conducted on the French side by the marshals in
considtation with Eugene and Poniatowski. The reai'-guard was
momentarily severed from the line, but these two generals wheeled and
fiercely attacked the advancing Russians, engaging all within reach
until Davout was able to evade the melee and rejoin the main anny.
The French lost about fom' thousand, the Russians about half as
many. Neither of the two armies had any courage to renew the stniggle
next morning, and each kept its way as best it could, both of them
exhausted, both shrinking houi-ly in vigor and numbers. Kutusoffs
conduct both at Malojaroslavetz and at Wiazma has been explained by
his fixed resolution to leave the destruction of the invaders to his
gaunt alhes, want and winter. If, however, as was possible at either
place, he had annihilated the retreating army, this might have been
the last Napoleonic war, since it was not for a new army that the
Emperor of the French appealed to his people, but for something quite
different, namely, men to recruit the old one. As it was Napoleon first
learned of the conflict at Wiazma on the fourth, and contemplated a
movement which might lead his pursuers into an ambush. But he
found the three columns which had been engaged so pitifully disin-
tegrated that he gave up in despair — a f eehng heightened when, for the
first time, snowflakes came ominously fluttering through the fi*osty air.
The weary march was therefore resimied, and there was some sem-
blance of order in it, although Ney wrote Berthier that abeady on the
fourth there were without exaggeration fom' thousand men of the grand
anny who refused to march in rank. The number was increasing daily.
On the sixth Napoleon was informed that Victor, having effected a
junction with Saint-Cyr, had checked Wittgenstein in a series of gallant
LIFE OF NAPOLEON BONAPARTE [^t. 43
Chap. I struggles, but that step by step the two divisions had been driven back
1812 until now they were only thu"ty miles distant, having abandoned the
line of the Dwiua, inclutUug the depot of Vitebsk. " Seize the offen-
sive ; the safety of the army depends on it," was Napoleon's desperate
reply. Tenible as this news was to the general, it was ecUpsed in hor-
ror for the Emperor by the accounts he received at the same time
fi'om Paris describing Malet's conspmicy, a movement to overthrow the
Empire based on the false rumor of his own death. " And Napoleon II.,
did no one think of him ? " he cried in anguish. Grand army, repu-
tation, personal prestige — all these he might lose and sui'vive ; but to
lose France, that were ruin indeed.
That night a heax^r frost fell ; then, and no sooner, did the relentless
severity of the Russian winter begin. This is proved by Napoleon's
famous twenty-ninth bulletin, and by the joui-nal of Castellane, the
aide-de-camp who made the final copy of it ; in spite of assertions put
forth later to sustain the legend of an army conquered by the elements,
the autumn had dalhed far beyond its time. Next day the weary march
began again ; scarcely a word escaped the Emperor. He was pale, but
his countenance gave no sign of panic ; there was merely a grim, persis-
tent silence. The enemy hung on flank and rear, harassing the demor-
alized column until it was more like a horde than an army. With
numbed lunbs and in the gnawing misery of bitter cold, the French
straggled on. Men and horses died by the score ; the survivors cut
strips of carrion wherexxith to sustain hfe, and desperately pressed for-
ward, for all who left the highway fell into the enemy's hands. In
some bivouacs three hundi'ed died overnight ; there are statements in
the papers of officials which seem to indicate that in the struggle for
life the weaker often perished at the hands of their own comrades.
The half-crazed, frost-bitten, disorderly soldiers of the French van
reached Smolensk on the ninth, and on the thirteenth the remnants of
the rear, with many stragglers, came up and encamped. The heroes of
the hour were Eugene and Ney. Ney's division had well-nigh vanished in'
their glory. Fighting without fear, and dying undaunted, they had
saved the moiety of the grand army which reached Smolensk ; the other
half had perished l>y the way. Eugene had taken a long circuit, but
his division had lost fewer and was less demoivalized than those of his
colleagues. Murat's recklessness in fighting the Cossacks had resulted
in the loss of nearly all his horses ; his men anived on foot.
y.
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^T.43] THE RETREAT FROM RUSSIA
The scenes in Smolensk were shameful. At first the ganison shut Chap. i
the gates in the very faces of the human wolves who clamored for food 1812
and shelter. Disciphne having been restored, the guard was admitted.
The stores were ample for a fortnight's rations to all survivors ; l)ut
the ravening mob could not be restrained, and the distribution was so
ii-regular that precious supplies were tumbled into the streets ; in the
end it was found that the guard had secured sustenance for a fort-
night, ^vhile the line had scarcely sufficient for a week. However, the
sick and wounded were housed and made fairly comfortable. These
sickening tumults over, the Emperor seemed to regain much of his
bodily ^dgor, and with it returned his skill and ingenuity : stragglers
were reincoi-porated into regiments ; supply- wagons were destroyed in
large numbers and the horses assigned to the artillery, many of the
guns being abandoned so that the service of the remainder might be
more efficient; the army was rean'ayed in four divisions, nnder the
Emperor, Eugene, Davout, and Ney respectively; and the French
made ready to leave Smolensk with a bold front. Napoleon's contempt
for his enemy was matched only by their palpitating fear of him.
Most men would have abandoned hope in such a crisis. Napoleon was
fertile not merely in strategic expedients, but in devices for realizing
his plans. Accordingly he aiTanged that the fom- columns should
move on parallel hnes toward Lithuania, a day's march distant from
each other, he with six thousand of the guard in the van ; Ney, taking
the other four thousand to strengthen his own line, was to keep the
rear. The movement began on the twelfth, that is, before the last
stragglers had come in ; on the fourteenth Napoleon took his departure ;
and thi'ce days later, on the seventeenth, the towers of the ramparts
having been blown up, the last of the newly ordered ranks marched
out. The sick and wounded had found shelter in houses adjacent to
the walls ; many were killed by the explosions, the rest were abandoned
to the foe and foimd humane treatment. Disorderly and mutinous
French soldiers remained in considerable numbers to plunder; these
were for the most part caught by the entering Russians, and inhumanly
done to death. In all these days the cold had not abated, and at times
the thermometer marked fifteen degrees below zero.
The further Kne of retreat was through Ki'asnoi, Borrissoff, and
Minsk, the Emperor expecting Schwarzenberg, reinforced by foiu'teen
thousand German recruits, to cover the crossing of the Beresina at
LIFE OF NAPOLEON BONAPARTE [^t. 43
Chap. I Boi'rissoff. The Riisbiiaus followed doggedly on their parallel line of
1812 pui-snit, harassing the French rear and flanks. On the fifteenth their
van came in touch wnth Napoleon's di^'ision near Krasnoi almost as he
himself passed, and their artillery opened fu-e. The halls yelled as
they sped by, and there was great excitement. Lebrun called atten-
tion to the fact as if it were remarkable. " Bah ! " said Napoleon, as
he pressed forward; "bullets have been flying about our legs these
twenty years." He well knew that his anxious foe would not seriously
attack him and his guard ; but, justly considering that the case would
be different in regard to his rear, he halted to await their an-ival.
Early on the morning of the seventeenth he sent out a reconnoitering
party, as if about to wheel and give battle ; Kutusoff, who for the
moment was considerably inferior in numbers, fell instantly into the
snare, and dra^\dng back his van, as Napoleon had foreseen and desired,
made ready for battle.
Eugene and Davout were within reach, but Ney's position was
terrible : he was only then leaving Smolensk. Was he to be left to his
fate? Around and behind his six thousand troops were swarming
almost as many stragglers ; and on the eighteenth the Russians, in
spite of their momentary halt, threw forward their van with the hope
of cutting off his hampered and sore-pressed division. But the short
delay had been precious : Ney rose to the occasion, and on the nine-
teenth crossed the Dnieper over the ice, hoping to follow the right
bank westward and rejoin the main army at Orcha. This was one of
his most daring feats, perhaps his most brilliant deed of arms. Sum-
moned by a flag of truce to surrender, he replied : "A marshal of the
Empii'e has never suiTcndered ! " Platoff and the Cossacks were hard
on his heels ; but fighting and marching throughout the weary, bitter
day, at night the undaunted marshal found himself in touch with
Eugene, who had turned out on the highway from Vitebsk to Orcha
to meet him. When, on the twentieth, they effected a junction, Ney
had only eight hundred men in the ranks with him; perliaps two
thou.sand more were trudging behind in disorder.
On the eighteenth a thaw had set in ; it had begun to rain, the crust
broke under the men's feet, and the roads were lines of icy clods. The
soldiers had no foot-gear but rags ; every step was an agony, and thou-
sands who had so far endured now gave up, and flmig away their guns
and equipments. There were not more than twenty-five thousand
^T. 43] THE RETREAT FROM RUSSIA
regularly marching. Already on the previous day the guard had shown chap. i
signs of demoralization. The Emperor alone seemed impassive. For lila
days he had shared the common hardships ; clad in a long Pohsh coat
of marten fur, a stout hirch staff in his hand, wdthout a sign of either
physical or nervous exhaustion he had marched silently for long dis-
tances among his suffering men. If we picture him standing at Krasnoi,
weighing how long he dared to brave an enemy which if consohdated
and hurled upon his lines would have annihilated them, we must feel
that collapse was prevented then only by his nerve and by the terror of
his name. Once more he threw the influence of his presence into the
scale, and, stepping before the guard on this dreadful day, he said sim-
ply : " You see the disorganization of my anny. In unhappy infatua-
tion most of the soldiers have thrown away their guns. If you follow
this dangerous example no hope remains." The state of the men was,
if possible, worse than ever ; in fact, it was indescribable. Night after
night they had bivouacked in the snow. What with the wet, the daz-
zling ghtter, and the insufficient food, — for at best they had only a
broth of horse-flesh thickened with flom-, — some were attacked with
blindness, some with acute mania, and some with a prostrating insen-
sibihty. Those who now remained in the ranks were clad in rags and
scarcely recognizable as soldiers. It seemed, therefore, as if such an
appeal could only awaken an echo in an empty vault ; but such was the
French character that, desperate as were the circumstances, the cry
was heard. The response was grim and sullen, but the caU was not in
vain ; and reaching Orcha on the nineteenth, there was stiU an army.
As yet, however, there was no news of Ney.
The sky seemed dark and the prospect blank when it was learned
that both Victor and Schwarzenberg had been steadily thrown back.
The Russian plan was for Wittgenstein and Tchitchagoff to drive in
the extreme left and right divisions respectively of Napoleon's atten-
uated hue, and then to concentrate at Borrissoff and attack the main
French ai*my retreating before Kutusoff. So far the various parts of
this scheme had been successfully executed. Borrissoff and its bridge
were stiU in possession of a Pohsh regiment; but the garrison was
very small, and could not repulse the attack of the converging Russian
columns or of any portion of them. It behooved Napoleon, therefore,
to move swiftly if his few remaining troops were to cross the Beresina
in safety. It was in this frightful dilemma that Ney at last appeared.
8 LIFE OF NAPOLEON BONAPARTE [^t. 43
Chap. I Said Napoleoii, when the news was hroiight to him : " If an houi' ago I
1811' had heen asked for the thi-ee milhous I have in the Tuileries vaults as
the price of this event, I would have handed them over." The mar-
shal's presence was in itself a splendid encom'agement.
Purchasing such stores as Jewish contractors offered, abandoning
the heavy pontoons, and liitehing the horses to a few field-pieces found
in park, the undaunted Emperor sent orders to both Victor and Oudinot,
enjoining them to make forced marches and meet him at Borrissoff.
On tlie twenty-first, amid the slush, mud, and broken cakes of cnist, he
staited his own ai-my on a swift despairing rush for that crucial point.
It was too late ; that very day Tchitchagoff's van, after a stubborn and
bloody struggle, occupied the toAvn and captured the all-important
bridge. The thaw had opened the river, and its overflowing stream,
more than sixty yards in width, was full of floating ice. To the Rus-
sians it seemed as if Napoleon were already taken in their snare, and
Tchitchagoff issued a general order that all captives below mediimi
stature should be brought to him. " He is short, stout, pale ; has a
short, thick neck, and black hair," ran his description of the " author
of Europe's miseries." By a special decree of the Czar, all the French
prisoners of war were kindly treated, each being fmiiished with warm
clothing at an expense of about twenty dollars.
^HidiHK
tX TU£ Ul'SLCM Ut XEaSMLLKH
MARSHAL LAURENT GOUVION-SAINT-CYR
FROM THIC I-AINTINO BY UORACE VEBXET
CHAPTER II
the hoekoes of the beeesina
Napoleon at Bay — The Enemy at Fault — The Ceossing of the
Beeesina — The Carnage — End of the Teagedy — Napoleon's De-
PARTUEE — The Remnants of the Aemy at Vilna — The Russlvn
Geneeals — Napoleon's Joueney — Malet's Conspiracy — The
Empeeoe's Anxiety — The State of Feance — Affaies in Spain.
THE situation of the French was desperate indeed. With a relent- chap. n
less foe behind, on each side, and now in front protected by the 1812
rampart of a swollen river, which was overflowing its banks and was
bordered on both sides by dense forests, the army seemed doomed. A
single overmastering thought began to take possession of Napoleon's
mind — that of his personal safety. He appeared to take a momentous
decision — the determination to sacrifice his army bit by bit that he
might save its head. This resolution once formed, he became strong
and courageous, his head was clear, and liis invention active. Oudinot
was summoned, with his eight thousand men, to cMve out Tchitchagoff ;
and orders were sent to Victor, commanding him to take the eleven
thousand which he had, and at any hazard cut off Wittgenstein from the
Beresina. Schwarzenberg had been temporarily checked by a division
of Russians under Sacken, and was no longer a factor in the problem.
Oudinot accomphshed his task, but the Russians fii-ed the bridge as
they fled.
Napoleon was scarcely consoled by news that his cavaliy had found
a ford at Studjenka. Early on the twenty-third the French bridge-build-
ers, with all available assistants and material, were on then* way up the
river. The remnants of the army were reorganized, and the baggage-
train was reduced to the smallest possible dimensions. Unfortunately,
Victor had not received his orders in time, and, ignorant of the Emperor's
Vol. IV.— 2 9
IQ LIFE OF NAFOLEON BONAFARTE [.Et. 4;J
Chap. II plaiis?, liad changed his hue of march to one more southerly, thus leav-
1812 ing the road to Studjenka open for Wittgenstom, who abandoned the
pursuit and marched du-ect to that spot. The latter's advance was,
however, slow ; Tcliitchagoff was completely deceived, as many of the
French beUeve, by a feint of Oudinot's, but, as he himself declared,
both by false information concerning the movements of Schwarzenberg,
and by misrepresentations concerning Napoleon's march as communi-
cated through both Kutusoff and Wittgenstein. Be this as it may, the
veterans fi"om the Danube marched a whole day down the stream to
guard against an imaginary danger. The Fi-ench therefore worked at
Studjenka A^thout distm-bance, and, as the frost set in once more, the
swampy shores were hardened enough to make easy the approach to
their works. By the twenty-sixth two bridges were completed — a light
one for infantiy early in the morning, and late in the afternoon another
considered strong enough for artillery and wagons. At one o'clock
Oudinot's foot-soldiers began to cross, and a body of cavahy success-
fully swam their horses over the stream, which owing to the freshet
was now in places five feet deep instead of three and a half as when the
ford was first discovered ; a few hours later artillery followed, and the
opposite shore was cleared of the enemy sufficiently to open the bridge-
head entirely, and control the direct road to Vilna, which leaves Minsk
to the south. This great success was due partly to unparalleled good
fortune, but chiefly to the gallant fellows who worked for hours without
a murmur in the freezing water, amid cakes of gi'inding ice.
With two short interruptions, of three and four hours respectively,
due to the breaking of the heavier bridge, the crossing went forward ii*-
regulaiiy, at times almost intermitting, until the morning of the twenty-
eighth. About noon on the twenty-seventh the Emperor passed ; having
superintended certain repairs to the bridge, he started next morning for
Zembin. The same afternoon, Victor's van reached Borrissoff some-
what in advance of Wittgenstein, who came up a few hours later, and
attacking the fonner's rear, captured two thousand men. Tcliitchagoff,
having finally learned the truth, appeai*ed that night opposite Bomssoff ;
communication with the oj)posite shore was quickly established, and
after a conference the two belated Russian generals agreed to march
up-stream, on the right and left banks respectively. At eight next
morning Tchitcliagoff attacked Oudinot and Ney — twenty-six thousand
men against seventeen thousand ; two houi's later Wittgenstein, with
^T.43] THE HORRORS OF THE BEKESINA U
tweuty-five thousand fell upon Victor, who now had about seven thou- chap. n
sand. Yet the French kept the bridges. i8i2
Thi'oughout the day a bloody fight went on ; it was rendered uncei*-
taiu and disorderly by the thousands of stragglers present, and by the
intensity of the steadily increasing cold. Behind the two heroic com-
bats scenes were occurring which beggar description. Incredible num-
bers of stragglers cumbered the roadways and approaches; the vast
mob of camp-followers held stubboi*nly to theu* possessions, and, with
loud imprecations, lashed their tired horses while they put their own
shoulders to the wagon wheels. Hundreds were trampled under foot ;
families were torn asunder amid wails and shrieks that filled the air ;
the weak were pushed from the bridges into the dark flood now thick-
ening imder the fierce cold. Toward midday a cutting wind began to
blow, and by tkree it was a hmTicane. At that instant the heavier
bridge gave way, and all upon it were engulfed. An onlooker declared
that above storm and battle a yell of mortal agony rose which rang in
his ears for weeks.
The mob on the river-bank was momentarily sobered, and for a tune
there was order in crossing the remaining bridge ; but as dusk fell both
wind and battle raged more fiercely, and gi'oups began to surge out on
right and left to pass those in fi-ont. Many dashed headlong into the
angry river; others, finding no opening, seated themselves in dumb
despair' to wait the event. At nine the remnant of Victor's ranks began
to cross, and the Russians commenced cannonading the bridge. Soon
the beams were covered with corpses, laid hke the transverse logs on a
corduroy road; but the fi-ightful transit went on until all the soldiers
had passed. The heavy bridge was temporarily repaired, but at last
neither was safe ; little knots gathered from the rabble at intervals and
rushed recklessly over the toppling structures, until at eight next morn-
ing the French, not daring to wait longer, set fire to both, leaving seven
thousand of then* followers in Studjenka. They biu'ned also the wooden
track they had constnicted tkrough the swamps. The Russian ac-
counts of what was seen in the morning fight portray scenes unparal-
leled in history : a thousand or more charred corpses were frozen fast
on the surface of the river, many of the ghastly heads being those of
women and children ; the huts of the town were packed with the dead.
Twenty-four thousand bodies were burned in one holocaust, and it is
solemnly stated that in the spring thaws twelve thousand more were
12 LIFE OF NAPOLEON BONAPARTE [.Et. 43
Chap. II bi'ouglit to light. Ten years afterward there were still islets in the
1812 shaDows of the stream covered with forget-me-nots which decked the
moldermg hones of those who had perished dming that awful night of
November twenty-eighth, 1812.
Next day the Emperor wrote to Maret confessing the truth. " The
army is numerous, but shockingly disorganized," he declared. " A fort-
night would be necessary to bring it once more under the standards;
and how can we find a fortnight f Cold and privation have disorganized
it. We may reach Vilna — can we maintain ourselves there ? K we only
could ! even for the first eight days. But suppose we were attacked
within that time, it is doubtful if we should be able to remain. Food !
food! food! — without that there are no atrocities which this unruly
throng would not commit against the town. In this situation I may
regard my presence in Paris as essential for France, for the Empire —
yes, even for the army." He also composed on the same day a bulletin,
since famous, which was dated December thu'd. It speciously declared
that until November sixth the Emi^eror had been everywhere success-
ful ; thereafter the elements had done then- feU work. The only com-
plete truth it contained was the closing sentence : " The health of his
Majesty was never better." As the sorry remnants of the grand army
moved toward Vilna, they grew scantier and scantier. Many were de-
lirious from hunger and cold, many were in the agonies of typhus
fever. On December thii-d there were stiU nine thousand in the ranks ;
on the fifth the marshals were assembled to hear Napoleon explain his
detennination to leave at once for Paris, and immediately afterward he
took his depai-tm'e.
It was not a very " gi-and army " which was left behind under Mu-
rat's command, with orders to form behind the Niemen. On the eighth
the thermometer marked twenty-five degrees below zero, and a few un-
armed wretches, perhaps five hundred in all, trailed after their leader
into Vilna. Their ears and throats, their legs and feet, were swathed
in rags ; their bodies were wrapped in the threadbare garments of their
dead comrades, or in such cast-off woman's apparel as they had been
able to secure by the way. They were followed by Ney with four hun-
dred, Wrede wath two thousand, and finally by two or three thousand
stragglers. After a few lialf-hearted and ineffectual efforts to organize
this mob into the semblance of an army, Murat abandoned the attempt
and posted away to his kingdom of Naples — a course severely censured
^T. 43] THE HORRORS OF THE BERESINA 13
by the Emperor. This was the closing scene of Napoleon's gi'eat drama Chap, ii
of invasion. His men and horses had succumbed to summer heats as 1812
rapidly and extensively as to winter frosts ; he had brought ruin to his
enterprise by miscalculating the proportions of inanimate natm-e and
human strategy, and by fatal indecision at critical moments when the
statesman's delay was the soldier's ruin. Russia, Hke Spain, had the
strength of low organisms ; her vigor was not centrahzed in one
member, the destruction of which would be the destruction of the
whole; Moscow was not the Russian empu-e, as Berlin was the Prussian
kingdom.
Yet justice requires the consideration of certain undoubted facts.
Making all due allowance, it is true that the elements were Napoleon's
worst foe when once his retreat was fairly under way, and it was not
the least of Napoleon's magnificent achievements that after the cross-
ing of the Beresina there was still the framework of an anny which
within a few months was again that mai-velous instrument with which
the campaigns of 1813 and 1814 were fought. This mu-acle was due to
the shortsightedness and timidity of the Russian generals. Tchitchagoff
is inexcusable both for the indifference he displayed regarding the vari-
ous points at which the Beresina might be crossed, and for the igno-
rance which made him the easy dupe of feints and misleading reports.
As to Wittgenstein, the caution which he exercised because operating
alone was near in its character to cowardice ; his snail-like movements
prevented any efficient cooperation in the general plan, and he failed in
grasping a situation of affairs which left open but a single line of re-
treat for Napoleon. Neither of these two had any adequate conception
of the losses suffered by the French, and they permitted the last oppor-
tunity for annihilating the invaders to escape. As to Kutusoff, who
was fully informed concerning the utter disintegration of the " gi'and
army," his conduct in holding back the main Russian force at the cru-
cial moment is utterly indefensible ; he saved thousands of his troops,
perhaps, but he has passed into history as the man who is indirectly
responsible for the rivers of blood which were still to di'ench the con-
tinent of Europe. Both he and Wittgenstein unloaded all the blame
on Admu"al Tchitchagoff, and contemporary opinion sustained them.
" Had it not been for the admiral," said the commander-in-chief, re-
plying to a toast proposed to the conqueror of Napoleon, "the plain
gentleman of Pskoff (namely, himself) could have said : Europe breathes
14 LIFE OF NAPOLEON BONAPARTE [^t. 43
Chap, n free again." This opinion is one which histoiy must reject as utterly
1812 false.
"Wlieu the soldiers heard tliat their Emperor had departed there
was an almost universal outbm'st of frenzied A\Tath. " He flies," they
shrieked, " as in Egypt ! He abandons us after he has sacrificed us ! "
As has been remarked, this despair was natural, but the accusation was
unjust. Napoleon's abandonment of the grand army at Smorgoni was
not a desertion Uke the secret flight from Egypt ; for now he was chief
and not subordinate, his own judgment was the court of final appeal.
Moreover it was necessary for the very existence of the army that its
general should once more be emperor, the head of the state. Traveling
incognito, he passed through Vilna, Warsaw, and Dresden. Maret was
left in charge of matters in Litliuauia, De Pradt was carefully in-
structed how to treat the Poles, and on December fourteenth, at Dres-
den, despatches were written to both Francis and Frederick William in
order to assure theii* continued adhesion. The King of Saxony was
firmly bound in the fetters of a personal fascination never entirely dis-
pelled. Twice on the long, swift journey efforts were made by dis-
enchanted German officers to assassinate Napoleon, but he escaped by
the secrecy of his flight. Such conspiracies were the presage of what
was soon to happen in Germany. They were trivial, however, when
compared with the state of public opinion in Paris as displayed by
the Malet conspiracy. In spite of all that he had done to establish a
settled society, France was not yet cured of its revolutionary habits;
it was only too clear that the constitution, codes, and admirable ad-
ministrative system were operative not fi*om pohtical habit but by per-
sonal impulsion. This was the real sore ; the conspiracy itself was a
gi'otesque affair, the work of a brain-sick enthusiast, lightly formed and
easily crushed.
!Malet was a fiery nobleman who, having run the gamut between
royalist and radical, had turned conspirator, liaving, in 1800, plotted to
seize the First Consul on his way to Marengo, and again, hi 1807, liav-
ing been imprisoned in the penitentiary of La Force for attempting
to overthrow the Empire. Feigning madness, he succeeded in l)eing
transfen-ed to an asylum, where he successfully reknit his conspnacies,
and finally escaped. On October twenty-third, 1812, he presented him-
.self to the commander of the Paris guard, announcing Napoleon's death
on the seventh ; by the use of a forged decree of the senate purporting
^T. 43] THE HORRORS OF THE BERE.SINA 15
to establish a provisional republican government, and by the display chap. u
of an amazing effrontery he secm-ed the adhesion of both men and of- 1812
fleers. Marching at their head, he liberated his accomplices, Lahorie
and Guidal, from La Force, seized both Savary and Pasquier, minister
and prefect of police respectively, and wounded Hulin, commandant of
the city, in a similar attempt. But Doucet, HuHn's assistant, seized
and ovei-powered the daring conspirator, Savary and Pasquier were at
once released, and almost before the facts were known throughout the
city the accomphces of the plot were all arrested. Malet and twelve of
his associates were tried and executed.
The Paris wits declared that the police had made a great " tour de
force," and as far as the city was concerned the affair appeared to have
ended in a laugh. But Napoleon was dismayed, for he saw deeper.
"It is a massacre," he exclaimed, on hearing of the number shot.
If the Russian campaign had been successful, it would have put the
capstone on imperial splendor. But already its failure was known
among the French masses, and ghastly rumors were rife ; the Emperor
himself was far distant ; the Empress was not beloved ; the httle heir
was scarcely a personage ; the imperial administration was much crit-
icized ; the " system " was raising prices, depressing industry, and in-
creasing the privations of every household. Pius VII. was now living
in comfort at Fontainebleau, but he was a prisoner, and earnest Catho-
lics were troubled; perhaps heaven was visiting France with retri-
bution. Worst of aU, ever since the nations at both extremities of
Em-ope had risen in arms against Napoleon's tyi'anny French youth
had perished under the imperial eagles in appalling numbers, and
throughout the districts of France which were at heart royahst there
was a rising tide of bitter vindictiveness.
What had occurred in Spain did not allay the general uneasiness.
Marmont, having outmanoeuvered Wellington imtil July twenty-second,
had on that fatal day extended his left too far at Salamanca, and had
suffered overwhelming defeat ; southern Spain was lost to France.
Suchet, having taken and held Tarragona, concentrated to the east-
ward, so that by his holding Aragon and Catalonia for Napoleon,
Joseph could set up a government temporarily at Valencia. Welhng-
ton, hampered by the distracted condition of Enghsh pohtics, had felt
bound, in spite of victory, to withdi'aw to the Portugal fi'ontier.
1813
CHAPTP]R III
the trodig/vls keturn
Wab betwteen Great Britain and the United States — Napoleon
Renews his Strength — His Administrative Measures — Social
Forces and Political Results — Ideas of Peace — The Mili-
tary Situation — The Czar's Resolutions — The Com'ENTioN of
Tauboggen — Defection of Prussia — Supreme Exertions of
France in Napoleon's Cause — Napoleon as a Wonder-Worker.
Chap. Ill T) Y stringently enforcing the orders in council Canning had seriou.sly
JU injured Great Britain. It was in some sense the outcome of gen-
eral exasperation that early in May, 1812, Perceval, the Tory premier,
was assassinated in the lobby of the House of Commons by Bellingham,
a bankrupt of disordered mind. In the consequent reconstruction of
the cabinet Castlereagh had succeeded the Marquis of WeUesley. On
May thirteenth the disastrous orders were repealed, but the United
States had already declared war. By land the Americans failed dismally
at the outset; but at sea they were five times victorious in as many dif-
ferent engagements, two Enghsh frigates striking their flags to what
was then considered as fairly equal force. This was a moral victory of
immense importance. It was disproportionate of course to the actual
Enghsh loss, which was easily reparable, but it was an appalling novelty
to the British, who unwillingly realized that the sons had shown a sea-
manship of the highest quality and were not unworthy of their sires.
The anxiety of Wellington and the maritime successes of the Americans
were not unwelcome lights in the otherwise dark picture of European
affairs upon which Naj)oleon was forced to look after his return from
Moscow.
The prodigal Eni])('ror was luidisinayed ; as he had recu})erated his
physical powers under incredible hardships, so he sharpened those of
>■
o
o
•y.
tr,
a
n
o
en
>
n
JET. 43] THE PRODIGAL'S RETURN 17
his mind amid the greatest difficulties. His first care was to make chap. ni
siu'e of France. To a deputation of the servile senate he roimdly de- i8i3
nounced all faint-hearted civil officials as menacing the authority of law.
" Timid and cowardly soldiers," he said, " may cost a nation its inde-
pendence ; faint-heai*ted officials, however, destroy the authority of the
laws. The finest death would be that of the soldier on the field of honor,
were not that of the official who dies to defend his monarch, the throne,
and the laws stiU more glorious." To the council of state he scored all
such as had continued to attribute to the people a sovereignty which it
was incapable of exercising ; who derived authority, not from the prin-
ciples of justice nor fi'om the nature of things nor from civil rights, but
from the caprice of persons who understood neither legislation nor ad-
ministration. The meaning of such language was clear, and the words
of the master sufficed to bring the entire machine into perfect order.
The great officers of state were not slow in then* response — from the
police, fi'om the university, fi*om the com*ts came protestation after
protestation of loyalty; the vocabulary of the French language was
ransacked for terms to express the most fulsome adulation. Napoleon's
firm front was in itseK an inspiration, and such unanimity of devotion
in high quarters confii'med the people in then* changed tendency.
Soon not merely the French nation but the whole Empire was once
again under the magician's spell. Deputations began to arrive, not
only from all parts of France itself, but fi'oni the gi'eat cities of cen-
tral and western Europe, from Rome, Florence, Turin, and Milan,
from Hamburg, Mainz, and Amsterdam, and the expressions of devotion
uttered by the deputies were limited only by the possibihties of ex-
pression. Scoffing wits recalled the famous scene from Moliere, in
which the infatuated Orgon displays indifference to his faithfiil wife
and shows interest only in Tartufe.
But in spite of this trenchant joke, Napoleonic government stood
fii'ui ui France, and soon, this all-important point having been gained,
there was not a Uttle hrfectious enthusiasm, which grew ia propor-
tion as the Emperor deployed with every day and hoiu- his marvelous
faculties of admmistration. Reduced as the appropriations were, the
pubhc works in Paris went on; the naval station of Brest was com-
pleted ; the veterans received then* Emperor's minutest care ; the des-
titute families of soldiers who had perished for France were relieved :
the imperial pan- were everywhere conspicuous when a good work was
Vol. IV.— 3
18 LIFE OF NAPOLEON BONAPARTE [.*:t.43
Chap, m to be done. Finally, when a plan of rec^ency for Maria Louisa was
1813 divulged, the praiseworthy, genuine sentiment which underlay these
pubhc actiWties was found to have reinforced their dramatic effect
sufficiently to make the scheme acceptable. This plan, while giving
to the Empress all the splendors of imperial sovereignty throughout
both the Empire and the vassal states, was carefully constructed with
wholesome checks. What she could not do was, however, less evident
and less important than what she could do. In the hands of an able,
devoted wife the regency might have been a tower of strength to an
absent husband battling for the existence of his Empu-e; worked by
a vain, flabby, and perhaps already disloyal nature, it had, with all its
strength and display, but little value as a safeguard against the coni-
plots of the Talleyrand set, who desii-ed the crash of the Empire that,
amid the ruins, they might further pillage on their own account.
That the schemers were not sooner successful than they were is
due to a combination of small things — each perhaps trivial in itself
but the whole most efficacious in perpetuating Napoleon's hold on the
French. During his presence in Paris all the old inquisitiveness and
boundless concern for detail seemed to i*etum without diminution of
force. Before his last departure he had won the popular heart by the
model family life of the Tuileries, which, thoxigh never ostentatiously
displayed, was yet seen and widely discussed. In the thick of Russian
hoiTors he had fomid time to correspond with his infant's governess
concerning the difficulties and dangers of teething; it was felt that
while the emperor and general was warring on the steppes of Muscovy,
the husband and father was present in spirit on the banks of the Seine.
On his return it was generally remarked that his reception into the
bosom of his family was tender and affectionate, and that parental
pride in a thriving child was paramount to the ruler's ambition for an
established dynasty. The imperial pair were seen in company ahke on
the thronged thoroughfares, and on the outer boule^•ards of Paris.
They were always greeted with enthusiasm, sometimes there was a dis-
play of passionate loyalty. When the Emperor visited his invalid vet-
erans, he tasted their food and would have the Empress taste it too ; she
graciously assented and there was universal delight. In short the do-
mestic bhss of the Tuileries radiated happiness into the plain homes
of the nation, and made the common people not merely tolerant but
fond of sucli a paternal despotism.
^T.43] THE PRODIGAL'S RETURN 19
Napoleon returned from Russia sincerely protesting that what he chap. hi
most desired was peace. Yes, peace ; but of what kind ? The answer 1813
was inclusive of the whole European question. It was easy to believe
that Spain was nearly exhausted, that if the process of devastation
could be continued three years longer, her shattered society would fin-
ally accept the gentle Joseph as its regenerator. It was not unnatural
for the Emperor to regard his Confederation of the Rhine as safe and
loyal; yet, just as in the Moscow campaign his superlative strategy
far outran the remainder of his system, so he had failed, embodiment
of the new social order as he believed himself to be, in fully estimating
the creative force of the revolution in middle and south Germany,
Some inkling of the national movement he must have had, for Schwarz-
enberg's lukewaiinness had awakened suspicions of Austria, and Prus-
sia's new strength could not be entirely concealed. Soon after reaching
Paris he learned with dismay that his Prussian auxiliaries had made
terms with the Czar. This was done in defiance of their king ; but it
indicated the national temper, which, seeing the hand of God in the
disasters of the monster who after humiliating Prussia had dared to
invade Russia, made it impossible for Prussian troops to serve again
in the ranks of a French army. The bolts of divine wrath had fallen
on the French and the French dependants, the Prussian and the Aus-
trian contingents had escaped unscathed ; both German armies must
surely have been spared for a special pm-pose.
In his interview at Warsaw with De Pradt Napoleon had predicted
that he would speedily have another army of three himdred thousand
men afoot. In this rough calculation he had included both Prussians
and Austrians. With a spirit of bravado, he there referred to the
narrow escapes of his life : defeated at Marengo until six, next morn-
ing he had been master of Italy ; at Essling, the rise of the Danube by
sixteen feet in one night had alone prevented the annihilation of Aus-
tria; having defeated the Russians in every battle, he had expected
peace ; was it possible, he asked, for him to have foreseen the Russian
character, or have foretold then* heroic sacrifice of Moscow, for which
doubtless he Mmself would catch the blame? So now, if his aUies
stood firm, he would have another great army, and stUl conqiier. All
this was not bluster, for his figures were in the main coiTCct. More-
over, Russia's strength was steadily diminishing, a fact of which he
was dimly aware. Of Kutusoff's two hundred thousand men only
20 LIFE OF NAPOLEON BONAPARTE [^Et. 43
Chap, m forty thousand remamed when he entered Yibia after the Napoleonic
1813 forces had left it ; Wittgenstein's army had suffered proportionately,
and the troops from the Danube still worse. Kutusoff wanted peace
quite as much as did Napoleon, and the ineffective Russian pursuit
was intnisted to Yermoloff, an untried officer, to Wittgenstein, and to
the incapable Tchitchagoff. The bickerings and insubordination of
the French marshals had now become notorious, but they were fully
offset by the discord and inefficiency of the Russian generals.
Alexander, however, was not for peace. Out of the rude experiences
he had been undergoing there had been formed two fixed ideas ; that
Napoleon could not, even if he would, surrender his preponderance
in Europe, and that he, himself, might hope to appear as the Hberator
of European nationality. For a moment it appeared possible for the
Czar to establish himself as king of Poland by the aid of the Jesuits
and of Czartorysky's fiiends. But the Jesuit leader knew that Napo-
leon's strength was far from exhausted, and fled to Spain. Czartorysky
entertained the idea that in case of Napoleon's overthrow he might
unite Poland imder his o^^^l leadership and demand a truly liberal con-
stitution, such as could not be worked by a Russian autocrat with three
hundi-ed thousand Russian soldiers at liis back. Should the virtual
independence of Poland be wining from Alexander, and not secm'ed
by the French alliance, then the only available constitutional ruler
would, he thought, be a member of his own princely family and not
one of the rival Poniatowskis. The autocrat did not clearly understand
the drift of his boyhood friend, but he saw enough to render the notion
of reconsti-ucting Poland in any fonn distasteful, and finally abandoned
it. He then took the sensible resolution to recruit his strength, not by
emptying his own lean purse, but by securing the cooperation with his
forces of the strong armies buUt up by Prussia and Austria. It was
therefore with a fairly definite purpose that, on December eighteenth,
he left St. Petersbm'g for Vilna. He had in mind first to secm-e the
fi-uits of victory by energetic pursuit, then to sound the temper of
Prussia and Austria.
!Murat had led the remnant of the gi'and army over the Niemen on
December foiu'teenth ; on the nineteenth he entered Konigsberg. The
day beffjre Macdonald had learned by a despatch from Bertliier of the
final disasters to the Russian expecUtion, and on the twentj^-eighth his
van reached Tilsit. The Pi-ussian auxiliaries were in the rear under
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York, who had been for nearly two months in regular communication Chap. m
with the Czar, and knew the details of Napoleon's rout, as Macdonald ihi3
did not. Wittgenstein had been despatched to cut off Macdonald's
retreat. But \vith the dilatoriness which characterized all the Russian
movements he came too late, a single detachment under Diebitsch fall-
ing in with the Prussians on their own territory. The Prussian general
was in a quandary; he was quite strong enough to have beaten Die-
bitsch, but his soldiers were friendly to Russia and embittered against
Napoleon. His own sympathies being identical with those of his men,
and considering that he might in extremity plead his isolation, he
therefore, on December thirtieth, concluded the convention of Taurog-
gen, in which he agreed to neutralize the district of Prussia which he
occupied, and await orders from Berlin. Six days later an envoy ar-
rived from Frederick William, nominally to degrade York, in reality
to conclude a treaty of alhance with Russia.
By the assistance of Stein, who had been called from Vienna to
counsel the Czar, such a docvmient was finally composed and signed at
Kahsh on February twenty-eighth, 1813. Prussia and Germany were
thus bom again under the auspices of Russia. It was by the Czar's
authorization that Stein began the reorganization of the provinces held
by the Prussian troops. These circumstances left Murat's positions at
Dantzic and on the Vistula untenable. Thi'oughout the campaign he
had been vastly more concerned for his personal prestige than for Na-
poleon's cause, and he was only too ready to leave a sinking ship. On
Januaiy fifteenth, as has ah'eady been told, after suiTcndering his com-
mand to Eugene at Posen he left for Naples. He was in haste, for on
the twelfth the Russians had entered the grand duchy of Warsaw on
their way to its capital. Schwarzenberg, with his own and the remnants
of two other corps, — those of Reynier and Poniatowski, — could easily
have checked the foe ; but the convention of Tauroggen had quickened
the Austrian memory of Russia's friendly lukewarmness in 1809, Francis
was in no humor to bolster the falling cause of his ten'ible son-in-law,
and after some show of negotiation a temporary neutrality was arranged.
When a few Cossacks appeared before Warsaw, on February sixth, the
Austrian general evacuated the city as if yielding to superior force, and
withdi-ew across the Vistula toward the frontier.
These blows seemed to fall hghtly on the armor of Napoleon's intre-
pidity. So far from feeling any dismay the Emperor did not contem-
22 LIFE OF NAPOLEON BONAPARTE [.Et. 43
Chap, in plate curtailing his ambition. Perhaps he was not entu'cly deceived ;
1813 quite possibly, by the slightest exhibition of diminished activity, he
might have weakened his influence in the great land which formed the
heart of his dominions. As one piece of bad news after another reached
Paris, each in turn seemed only a goad to new exertion for Emperor and
people. France was by that time not merelj' enthusiastic ; she was fas-
cinated and adoring. The ordinary conscription of 1813 yielded a hun-
dred and forty thousand recruits ; four regiments were formed for artil-
lery service fi*om the idle sailors, three thousand men were taken from
the gendarmerie, some even from the national guard. On January
thirteenth the senate decreed a further draft of a hundred thousand
fi'om the lists of 1813, and ordered that the conscription for 1814 should
be forestalled in order that the himdi'ed and fifty thousand boys thus
collected might be hardened by a year's camp life, and rendered avail-
able for immediate use when then* time arrived. There is truth in the
charge that Napoleon robbed the cradle and the grave. In order to officer
this mighty host, which included about a thml of the able-bodied men
of France between seventeen and forty-five, such commanders as could
be spared were called home from Spain, and the rabble of non-com-
missioned and commissioned officers which began to straggle in from
Russia was drawn back into the service. These survivors were treated
like conquerors, being praised and promoted until the nation became
be^^'ildered, and thought of the Russian campaign as a series of vic-
tories. Foreign visitors wrote that the Emperor had but to stamp his
foot and armed men sprang up on eveiy side like Petes' corps of
Colchian waniors on the field of Mars.
The comparison halted — Napoleon was ^etes and Jason combined;
he yoked the bulls that snorted fire and trod the fields with brazen
hoofs, he held the plow and harrowed the field, he sowed the teeth and
reaped the harvest. We have abundant proof that literally every de-
partment of administi'ation felt the impulse of his will, while to the
organization of the army, to the arrangement of uniforms, to the de-
signing of gun-carriages, to questions concerning straps, buckles, and
commissary stores, to the temper of the common soldier, to the opinion
of the nation, to each and all these matters he gave such attention as
left nothing for others to do. By this exhibition of giant strength
there was created a true national impulse. Witli this behind them, the
senate in April called out another body of a hundred and eighty thou-
^T. 43] THE PRODIGAL'S RETURN 23
sand men, partly from the national guard and partly from those not Chap, ni
ordinarily taken as recruits. By this time the fannsteads of France isis
and western Germany had yielded up all their available horses, a num-
ber sufficient to make a brave show of both cavalry and artillery. Al-
lowing for sickness, desertion, and malingering, — and of all three there
was much, — France and her wizard Emperor had ready on May first a
fairly effective force of nearly half a milhon anned men. This was ex-
clusive of the Spanish contingent, and there were a hundred thousand
more if the levies of Bavaria, Saxony, and the Rhenish confederation
be reckoned. At the time men said a miracle had been wrought : it
was the miracle of an iron will, a majestic capacity, and a restless per-
sistence such as have been combined in few if any other men besides
Napoleon Bonaparte. All that he could do was done, — equipment, drill,
organization, — but even he could not supply the one thing lacking to
make soldiers of his boys — two years of age and experience.
CHAPTER IV
THE REVOLT OF THE NATIONS
Napoleon as a FiN.'VNcrEE — Failuee to Secure Aid from the Aris-
tocracy— The Fontainebleau Concordat — Napoleon Defiant —
His Project for the Coming Cai^ipaign — State of the Minor
Geriman Powers — Metternich's Policy — Its Effect in Prussia
— Prussia and her King — The New Nation — The Treaty of
Kalish — The Sixth Co.u.ition.
Chap. IV jTHHIS iiiagic was wi'ought, moreover, without any assistance from
1813 J_ the precious army hsts which Napoleon delighted to call his
library, for those volumes had either been lost, destroyed, or left be-
hind in distant headquarters : it was not merely by recalling his old
powers, but by a supreme effort of memory so comprehensive that not
even superlatives can describe it, that the great captain brought order
into his military estate. No wonder that under such a strain the other
tasks which demanded consideration were not so perfectly porfonned.
The financial situation, the social imcertainty, the religious problem,
none of these could be overlooked, and each in turn was clamorous for
attention. In the methods employed to meet these emergencies the re-
volutionary training of the Emperor comes to light. To cover the enor-
mous expense of his new army, contributions were " invited " from the
rich corporations and financiers, and it was announced that any private
person who was disposed to maintain a horse and rider for the imperial
service would earn the Emperor's special gratitude. To any increase of
the direct taxes the despot would not listen ; " Credit," he said, " is
but a cUspensation from paying cash." In spite of Mollien's protest,
however, a new issue of paper money was ordered, but for this there
was collateral security. It was found in certain i)lots of land or
domains belonging respectively to each of many thousand communes,
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by the rentals of whicli they severally diminished their direct local Chap.iv
taxes. Worth three hundred and seventy million francs, these proper- i8i3
ties yielded only nine millions, although their prospective returns would
be far larger. With government five per cents, selling at seventy-five,
an investment of a hundred and thirty-five millions would yield the in-
terest actually received. This step was taken, the lands were seized,
and the government cleared two hundred and thirty-five millions ; a
hundred and forty millions of the five per cents, were set aside to cover
the income charges, and used simultaneously as collateral for notes to
pay current expenses until the lands could be sold. These last were
kept at a fair price by taking seventy-one mOUons of treasure from the
Tuileries vaults for their purchase. Throughout the previous year the
moribund legislature had been left inert, the budget being decreed with-
out its consent, and the Emperor told MetteiTnch at Dresden that he
contemplated its abohtion. In a crisis like this latest one, however, its
aid was not to be despised ; it was now galvanized, and made to stamp
these puerile measures with the " popular" approval.
There has always been " a mystery in the soul of state." When
men ceased to invest government with a supernatural character, they
did not for all that dispel the mystery. Modern statesmen by the score
have chosen to beheve the occult doctrine that the state's promise to
pay is payment, and Napoleon was one of these. He was equally child-
ish in regard to the knotty social question which confronted him,
apparently beheving that his personal volition, as the expression of
political power, was or ought to be equivalent to popular spontaneity.
The mixture of the old and new aristocracies had, in spite of all efforts,
been mechanical rather than chemical, except so far as that the former
was rather the preponderating influence giving color to the compound. In
order to make the blending real, the Emperor proposed a "spontaneous"
rising of those high-born youth who had somehow escaped the conscrip-
tion. They were to be formed into four regiments, and designated
" guards of honor." The measure was found to be so utterly unpopular
that it was for the moment abandoned; the young men had no stomach
even for fancy campaigning, and their relatives no mind to deliver them
up as hostages. The guard, moreover, displayed a violent jealousy.
There remained the ecclesiastical question, that, namely, of canoni-
cal institution. Pius VII. had lost much of his obstinacy since his
removal to Fontainebleau, for the Austrian alliance was now the sheet-
VOL. IV.— 4
26 LIFE OF NAPOLEON BONAPARTE [^t. 43
Chap. TV anclior of France ; the French ecclesiastics had tlireatened to depose
1813 the Pope ; but the Roman Cathohes of Bavaria, Italy, and Austria were
loyal, and they were important factors in Napoleon's problem. After
an exchange of New Year's compliments, negotiations between the tem-
poral and the si)intual powers were reopened. At first the Emperor was
exacting, and the Pope unjdelding. Finally, on January eighteenth.
Napoleon appeared in person at Foutainebleau, accompanied by Maria
Louisa, and unannounced they entered the prisoner's apartment. The
Pope started up in pleased surprise. " My father," cried his visitor.
" My son," came the response. The Emperor caught the old man to
his arms and kissed him. Next morning began a series of personal
conferences lasting five days. What happened or what was said was
never di\'ulged by either participant, but on January twenty-tliird the
terms of a new concordat were settled. Pius VII. was to reside at
Avignon -^ath his cardinals in the enjoyment of an ample revenue, and
institute in due form the bishops selected by the council. There was
to be amnesty for all prelates in disgrace, the sees of the Roman bishops
were to be reestablished, and the Pope was to have the nominations for
ten bishoprics either in France or in Italy at his choice; his sequest-
ered Roman domains were likewise to be restored. The document wars
not to be published without the consent of the cardinals, and Napoleon
was actively to promote the innumerable interests of the Church. The
Emperor and the Pope had scarcely separated before the former began
to pi'ofess cliagrin that he had gained so little, and the latter became a
victim to real remorse. The cardinals were no sooner informed of the
new treaty than they displayed bitter resentment, and Napoleon, fore-
seeing trouble, violated his promise, publishing the text of the Fou-
tainebleau Concordat on February fom-teenth as an imperial decree.
On March twenty-fourth the Pope retracted even his qualified assent.
The Emperor had gained a temporary advantage, and had asserted a
sound position in antagonism to the temporal sovereignty of the Pope ;
but he had won no permanent support either fi'om France or from
the Roman see, with which he had dealt cither too severely or too
leniently.
In the previous July a treaty between tlie Czar and the Si)anish na-
tion, as represented by the Cortes, had been negotiated through the
intermediation of Great Britain. The recent conduct of York was suf-
ficient indication of how the Pnissian people felt. Napoleon therefore
/Et. 43] THE REVOLT OF THE NATIONS 27
knew that he was face to face with a virtual coalition, comprising cnxp. rv
Great Britain, Russia, Sweden, Turkey, Spain, and Pi-ussia. Since his 1813
retui-n from Russia he liad displayed in pnvate life the utmost good
sense. But in public life he seemed incapable of accepting the situa-
tion in which he must have kno\vn himself to be, holding the loftiest
and most pretentious language both to the French nation and to the
world. In his addi*ess on the opening of the legislature he dwelt on Wel-
lington's reverses in the peninsula, and offered peace to Great Britain on
the old terms of " uti possidetis" in Spam. In a less public way he had
it thoroughly imderstood tliroughout Europe that he would take no
steps toward peace with Russia ; that he would not yield an inch with
reference to the grand-duchy of Warsaw, or regarding the annexed
lands of Italy, HoUand, and the Hanseatic league. It was as if the
whole world must see that ordinary human concessions could not be
expected fi-om one who had been conquered only by act of Providence,
and was, now as ever, in\'incible so far as men were concerned. He did,
however, allow the hint to escape him that Prussia, which was still
bound by her treaty, might hope for some temtorial increase, and that
Austria might expect Illyria. Such ideas, expressed in grandiloquent
phrase, could not be regarded as indicating a pacific feeHng. Every
social class in France had a grievance ; yet amid the din of arms, and
in the dazzling splendors of military preparation, even the retraction of
the Concordat attracted little attention, and a few riots in Dutch cities,
which were the only open manifestation of discontent throughout the
whole Empire, aroused no interest at all. The report of Napoleon's
conciliatory attitude had gone abroad, there Vas money in the treas-
ury, a vast armament was prepared, the peace so ardently desired was
evidently to be such as is made by the Hon with his prey. On April fif-
teenth the stiU haughty Emperor of the West started for the seat of war.
Ai"ound the skeleton abandoned by Mui'at at Posen Eugene built
up out of the stragglers an army of fourteen thousand men, which he
hoped would enable him to make a stand ; but with York deseriing at
one end of the line, and Schwarzenberg seeking shelter in Cracow at
the other, he was compelled to withdraw to Berlin. Finding his recep-
tion too chilly for endurance, and being again menaced by the Russian
advance, he fell back thence beyond the Elbe, and early in March had
established his headquarters at Leipsic. By that time new forces had
arrived from France and the various gan-ison towns, so that on the
28 LIFE OF NAPOLEON BONAPARTE [iT?T. 43
Chap. IV curviug liue from Bremen by Ma<;del)urg, Bernburg, Wittenberg, Meis-
1813 sen, and Dresden, there stood a force of about seventy-five tliousand
men in six di\asions, under Vandamnie, Lauriston, Victor, Grenier,
Davout, and Reynier. Napoleon cliarged Eugene to take a position
before Magdebm-g, whence he could protect Holland and keep Dresden.
The Emperor's general plan was to assemble an Army of the Elbe on
the line of Magdeburg, Havelberg, Wittenberg, and an Ai'my of the
Main on the line of Wiirzburg, Ei-furt, Leipsic ; then, despatching the
former through Havelberg toward Stettin, to hurry the latter on its
heels, relieve Dautzic, and seize the lower Vistula.
This would have been a plan worthy of Napoleon's genius but for
one fact. "In war," he had written four years earlier, ''the moral
element and public opinion are half the battle." If he had imderstood
these factors in 1813, and if a sound judgment had developed his ideas,
the projected campaign would have become famous for the boldness of
its conception and for its careful estimate of natm-al advantages. But
human nature as the conquering Napoleon had known it — at least Prus-
sian human nature — had changed, and of this change the defeated Na-
poleon took no account. He was no longer fighting absolute monarchs
with hireling armies, but uprisen nations which were themselves ai-mies
instinct with capacity and energy. On March twenty-first Eugene be-
gan to cany out his stepfather's directions. But for the new feeling
in Pnissia they might have been fully executed. The vassal princes
of the Rhine Confederacy had received the imperial behests concerning
new levies. The Duke of Mecklenburg-Schwerin, aware of the Ger-
man national movement and furthest removed from French influence,
refused to obey. King Jerome of Westphalia pleaded poverty, and
procrastinated until he dared do so no longer. Bavaria dreamed for an
instant of asserting her neutrality, but the menace of Erench armaments
wi-ung an unwilling compliance fi'om her. Wurtemberg and Frankfurt
were too near France to hesitate at all. Saxony was in a position far
different fi-om that of any other state in the confederation, the predica-
ment of Frederick Augustus her king being peculiar and exceptional.
After his interview with Napoleon on the hitter's flight tlirough Dresden
he felt how precarious was the future. Warsaw, the gem of his crown,
was gone, and the Prussian people were in revolt against the Emperor
of the French ; he turned perforce toward Austria. But Austria also
was uneasy ; the people were again hostile to Napoleon, and Francis, in
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an aojoiiy of uncortainty, could only temporizo. With Saxony in this chap. iv
attitnde, Metternich gave lull course to his ingenuity. isia
For a year past that minister had been playing a double game.
Seeking tlu-ough his envoy at Stockholm to embroil Bernadotte with
the Czar, he told Hardenberg almost simultaneously that it was all up
with Russia, that England was worn out, and that Austria was about to
assume the role of mediator. It was with this purpose that, on the
other hand, he promised to treat Russia as Russia had treated Austria
in 1809. When, in his despair, Napoleon wrote to Francis from
Dresden demanding an merease of the Austrian contingent to check
KutusofPs advance thi-ough Poland, Metternich suffered his master to
give no answer, but sent a special peace embassy to London, and des-
patched Bubna, a favorite with Napoleon, to seek the same end at Paris.
The Emperor of the French laid down his old ultimatum, but offered a
subsidy to Austria if she would double the number of her auxiliaries.
Thereupon Metternich prepared to desert Napoleon, refused to fm-nish
the auxiliaries, ordered Schwarzenburg "to save his troops for the next
campaign," and secretly advised Prussia to join her cause with that of
Russia. Cai'eful not to formulate any definite terms for the peace he
so elamoi'ously invoked, he refused to intervene with Russia for the
restoration of Prussian Poland, thiis avoiding an open i-upture with
France, assui-ing that the seat of war would be in Saxony, and gaining
time to secm-e Austria's dignity as a mediator by the preparations of
armaments strong enough to enforce her suggestions.
This attitude compelled Prussia to make a decision. Frederick
William could no longer wage a sham warfare nor cover hostile inten-
tions by a pretense of disinterestedness. A decision must be taken,
and the conduct of General York had indicated what the painful con-
clusion must be. The convention of Taui-oggen had been duly dis-
avowed ; but an envoy was at Russian headquarters, and Alexander had
entered Pi-ussian territory in his advance against Eugene ; Napoleon
was demanding an increased auxiliary force. The temporizer could
temporize no longer. He firmly believed that nothing short of a coaU-
tion between Austria, Russia, and Prussia could annihilate Fi'ance, and
Austria had virtually refiised to enter such a combination. Russia,
moreover, was under no engagement in regard to Pmssian Poland.
What was to be done ? The king's first instinct led him to seek refuge
with Napoleon, and he despatched an envoy, offering his continued al-
30 LIFE OF NAPOLEON BONAPARTE [^t. 43
Chap. TV liance for either an increase of territoiy, or for ninety million fi*ancs in
1813 payment of the commissary supplies furnished during 1812. With
every day, however, the Pmssian people grew more Russian in feeling,
and on Januaiy twenty-second, 1813, before the return of the ambassa-
dor the com-t was forced by popular opinion to withdraw from Berlin
to Breslau, out of the sphere of French influence. Napoleon's answer
soon arrived ; there was no word of payment, and no binding en-
gagement as to teiTitory — merely a repetition of vague promises.
Frederick Wilham was disappouited, and reluctantly consented to the
mobilization of his now regenerated and splendid army. He cherished
the hope of keeping Alexander behind the VistiUa, and forcing Na-
poleon to an ai-mistice before he could cross the Elbe.
But Hardenberg, Stein, and Schamhorst were all con\inced that
there coidd be no peace in Europe without restoring the ancient bal-
ance of power and annihilating Napoleon's preponderance, especially
since, from every class in the nation, came addresses and petitions ex-
pressing detestation of French inile. Moreover, the long, difficult pro-
cess of German unification was, in a sense, complete. " I have but one
fatherland, and that is Gennany," wrote Stein, in December, 1812 ;
" the dynasties are indifferent to me in this moment of mighty devel-
opment." A bom and consistent liberal, he abhoiTed ahke the tyi'anny
of Napoleon, of Francis, of Alexander, and of his own king. But the
Czar loved him, since a united Germany would be indifferent to those
Polish provinces about which Pnissia cared so much. Certain, there-
fore, of the Russian monarch, the great statesman detei-mined to join
Frederick William at Breslau, and urge on the work of mobilizing
troops. Already, by Alexander's authority, he had induced the estates
of eastern Prussia to sanction York's action, and to provide for arming
the mihtia and reserves. Theu* ready compliance was the more signifi-
cant because the German patriot had to some extent been out of touch
with the general movement, having consistently and from principle re-
fused to work through the popular League of Virtue, or any secret as-
sociation whatsoever, and having become in his long exile a virtual
stranger among the Pi-ussians.
It is scarcely possible within moderate limits to give the faintest con-
ception of Prussia at the opening of 1813. The popular hatred of
Napoleon was defiant ; the death of Queen Louisa had made the King
sullen There was a splendid army of a hundred and fifty thousand
^:t.43] Til 10 REVOLT OF THE NATIONS 31
men, and the state55men liad managed so well that there were arms for chap. iv
every able-bodied male between seventeen and twenty-fonr. Of these 1813
scarcely any shirked ; most vohmteered, numbers paid, many did both.
The women sold their hair and their gold ornaments, wearing iron
trinkets as a stimulus to patriotism. In some cases the stout Gennan
maidens sel■^^ed the guns of their artilleiy, and one of them, disguised
in a uniform, foiight in the ranks until seriously wounded. The peas-
antry saw their homesteads destroyed with equanimity when told that
it would weaken France. Komer sang and fought ; Amdt sounded the
trumpet of German unity ; Liitzow gathered his famous " black troop,"
and the universities were so fervid that Professor Steffens of Breslau
issued the fii"st call for war against Napoleon, a summons which swept
the students of that university, as well as those of Berlin, Konigsberg,
Halle, Jena, and Gottingen into the ranks. Wherever the Russians
appeared they were hailed as dehverers, not merely in the Prussian
army, but among the citizens.
This was the impelling power which Frederick William could not
resist. Step by step he went forward, postponing his plans for getting
back his Polish provinces and accepting instead contingent promises.
By the treaty of Kalish, already mentioned in another connection, Old
Prussia was definitely guaranteed to him, and he was to have a strip
connecting it mth Silesia, but the territorial aggrandizement of the king-
dom was to await the conquest of North Germany, all of which except
Hanover might under certain circumstances be incorporated under his
crown. Both parties agi*eed to use their best endeavors to win Austria
for the coalition, Russia promising likewise to seek a subsidy from
Great Britain for her impoverished ally. Another stipulation was ful-
filled when on March seventeenth Frederick William called out all the
successive services of the national army and, summoning his people to
emancipate their country from a foreign yoke, declared war. Two days
later a ringing proclamation was issued which summoned to anns not
merely Prussians but even the Germans of the Rhine Confederation.
Hesitating princes were threatened with loss of their domains, and —
what was a very pointed hint — Stein was made head of an administrative
committee to erect new governments in all occupied lands. Kutusoff's
last public act was to issue a manifesto declaring that those German
princes who were untrue to the German cause were ripe for destruction
by the power of public opinion and the might of righteous arms.
32 LIFE OF NAPOLEON BONAPARTE [vEt. 43
Chap. IV Siich a sitiiatiou was terrible for the King of Saxony. Russia al-
1813 ready had his gi'and duchy, Pi-ussia coveted his kingdom ; in fact the
Czar was currently and correctly reported to have said that Saxony was
better suited than Poland to round out Frederick Wilham's dominions.
Dresden welcomed the Russian and Pnissian sovereigns because the
citizens were smarting under the trials of militaiy occupation. But
when the King turned to Austria, and marching with his cavalry to
Ratisbon Aartually put his army at Mettemich's disposal, the Saxons in
general supported him. On April twentieth was signed a secret agree-
ment between Saxony and Austria whereby the former in return for
thuiy thousand troops secured the integi-ity of her dominions. This
was a triimiph for the Austrian minister, but not the only one, because
European diplomacy in general soon joined hands with the national
uprisings. Napoleon, determining too late on the dismemberment of
Prussia, made a last attempt to win back his old comrade in arms, and
in February offered Bernadotte not merely Pomerania, but the lands
between the Elbe and the Weser. But the crafty Gascon had studied
the Prussian movement, and, putting aside the rather indefinite prom-
ises of Napoleon, prefen-ed to join the coahtion for the safer, easier
prize of Norway. Great Britain abandoned her scheme for a Hanover
expanded to stretch from the Scheldt to the Elbe, and, subsidizing both
Sweden and Pinissia, cemented the new coahtion. This was a return to
Pitt's policy of restoring the old balance of power in the old Eiu'ope.
Bernadotte, promising tliiriy th(^usand men, transported twelve thou-
sand across to Germany, and joined Billow to cover Berlin. This force
soon became the Russian right. Kutusoff died in April, and Barclay
was ultimately restored to the chief command, having Bliicher and a
second Prussian army as part of the Russian center. Metternich saw
that the coalition did not intend to conclude such a peace as would
leave Napoleon the preponderance in Europe ; to secure any peace at
all he would be compelled, as Talleyrand said, to become king of
France. Accordingly a new turn was quickly given to Austrian diplo-
macy, and th(! French emperor's definite offer of Silesia for a hundred
thousand men was rejected. With the tliirty thousand which Saxony
had put at his disposal, and with such an army as Austria herself could
raise, the minister felt sure that at some critical moment she would be
able, as a well-armed mediator, to command a peace in terms restoring
to his country the prestige of immemorial empire.
EUGENE DE BEAUHARNAIS (PRINCE EUGENE)
DUKE OF LEUCHTENBERCi, PRINCE OF EICHSTADT
>'&UU TIIK I-AINTINU IIY lltlNUI 8CIIRFFKU
CHAPTER V
THE FIKST CAMPAIGN IN SAXONY
Napoleon Ovee Hasty — Weakness of his Aemy — The Low Con-
dition OF THE Allies — Napoleon's Plan Thwarted— The First
Meeting a Surprise — The Battle of Lutzen — An Ordinary
Victory — The Mediation of Austria — Napoleon's Effort to
Approach Russia — The Battle of Bautzen — Death of Duroc
— Napoleon's Greatest Blunder.
THE grim determination of Napoleon to rule or ruin can be read in Chap. v
a line of conduct which might almost he called foolhardy, iuas- i^i^
much as when he arrived at Mainz, on April seventeenth, he knew
httle or nothing of the enemy's position, force, or plans. Desirous of
preventing his foe in opening the campaign he spent a week of fruitless
endeavor at that place, and then started for Erfm-t to obtain a nearer
view. The general aspect of his soldiers was not reassuring, for the
young recruits were still raw and the immaturity of his preparations
was evident in a lack of trained horses and riders. He had stolen
three weeks from the enemy, but he had robbed himself of all that his in-
defatigable energy might have accomplished in that time. His reckless-
ness in diplomacy, his refusal of all concessions, and his exaggerated
cleverness in anticipating his opponents were to prove his undoing
from the mihtaiy point of view. The other elements of his failure
were the political factors already mentioned.
At the first appearance of Tettenborn's Cossacks, Hamburg rose
and drove out the French, remaining in possession of the alhes until
the end of May ; but the trusty French garrisons in Dantzic, Stettin,
Ktistrin, Glogau, Modlin, and Zamosc, having been reinforced by Eu-
gene, held their respective strongholds, and were left to do so. The ab-
sence of these much-needed veterans was the fii"st element of weakness
Vol. IV.— 6. 33
34 LIFE OF NAPOLEON BONAPARTE [^t. 43
Chap. V ill Napolcoii's annv. A second was the insufficiency of real cavalry,
1813 brave as had been the parade of horses in France. It was the great
captain's firm conviction, repeatedly and emphatically expressed, that
vdthout active cavalry, armed with long-range guns, oi^ensive warfare
was not possible. This defect he had hoped to remedy in the last three
weeks before opening the campaign. The tliu'd element in a fatal
triad was the temper of his generals, which was restless and insubordi-
nate almost from the outset. They were his mightiest men : Berthier
as chief of staff ; Mortier commanding the guard ; Davout, Ney, Ber-
■ trand, Lauriston, MaiTuont, Reynier, Macdonald, and Oudinot, each in
readiness with a coi-ps, Victor coming up with another ; Augereau pre-
paring to lead the Bavarians, Rapp at Dantzic, Poniatowski in Galicia
— twelve coi-ps in all.
The French soldiers formed a great army : two hundred and thirty-
five thousand men on paper, actually two hundred thousand, of whom a
hundred and thirty-five thousand were mobile and in readiness when the
Emperor took command. Eugene had forty-seven thousand more. Con-
sequently when Napoleon, troubled by the exaggerated reports of his
enemy being stronger and more foi'ward in preparation than he had be-
lieved possible, set out for Saxony tlu-ee weeks earher than the day
originally fixed by him for the beginning of hostihties, he was already
a victim of his own nervous apprehensions. In colder phlegm he would
have foreseen the tnith. Russia had become apathetic as soon as the
seat of war was transferred beyond her borders ; strenuous as were the
efforts of Prussia, Scharnhorst's means were slender, and he could not
work miracles. All told, the allies had at the moment only scA'cnty
thousand men ready for the field. Wittgenstein was for the moment
commander-in-chief. The monarchs, utterly uncongenial, were strug-
ghng to act in harmony, but double weakness is not strength. They
had only a single advantage — excellent horses in abundance for both
cavalry and artillery. " The worse the troops, the greater the need of
artillery"; "Great battles are won with artillery"; these were two of
Napoleon's aphorisms. The great strategist had lost his reconnoitering
ainn in Russia and Poland, the artillery specialist must have scorned
the antiquated guns which now replaced the splendid field-pieces that
rested on the l)ottom of ponds and rivers whither he had flung them
on his disastrous retreat. With his high officers sullen, his ranks
untried, his cavalry feeble, his artillery hastily collected fi'om arsenal
^T.43] THE FIRST CAMPAIGN IN SAXONY 35
stores, his staff incomplete, and his prestige waning, the Emperor might chap. v
well abdicate temporarily and exclaim, as he did, " I shall conduct this 1813
war as (ieneral Bonaparte." This resolution was sacredly kej^t.
The premature opening of the campaign was certain to make Austria
pivotal in European politics once again. Her preparations were not well
advanced, but her strength was growing daily, while that of her rivals
was sure to diminish until in the end the coalition would be powerless
without her. This Napoleon saw, and he aiTanged his strategy to
checkmate what he now felt to be a hostile neutrahty. Believing that
the enemy would meet him half way his first plan showed all the marks
of greatness which characterized the similar one he had so successfully
executed at Jena. Its central idea was a mass formation with Eugene
to break through the enemy's hue, then by a wheel toward the south to
annihilate their left, and finally to present himself \'ictorious before Aus-
tria. If successfid he might dictate his own terms. But the enemy
did not advance ; it was perhaps well for the Emperor of the French
that they did not. An eye-witness declared that on what was supposed
to be the very eve of battle there was Httle real discipline outside the
sphere of the commander's personal observation, that the officers had
no confidence in their men and the men but little in their officers, that
the superiors were absorbed in securing some measure of physical com-
fort, that the inferiors were listless and disobedient. The forward
movement was successful, and the union with Eugene was effected
on April twenty-eighth. Two whole days elapsed, however, before
the enemy was found, and it was May first when the French van
drove in the Russian outposts from Liitzen, ever famous as the scene
of Wallenstein's overthrow by Gustavus Adolphus a hundred and
eighty-one years earlier. The Russian center was concentrated be-
tween the Elster and the Pleisse ; Napoleon's Une was more extended,
overlapping his enemy's both right and left. In a prehminary skirmish
at the pass of Rippach, Bessieres, rashly exposing himself at the
head of the cavalry of the guard, was killed. His loss in such a
crisis was hke the ruin of a great cohort on the eve of a close battle.
MaiTuont, forgiven for his failm*e in Spain, was near; but close to
Napoleon as he was, even he could not replace the gallant, ti-usted
cavahy leader who for nearly seventeen years had scarcely quitted his
Emperor's side.
Owing probably to the inadequate scouting force of Napoleon, the
36 LIFE OF NAPOLEON BONAPARTE [Mt.43
Chap. V battle of Liitzeii was in the natm-e of a sm-prise. Wittgenstein had
1813 detached live thousand men as if to cover Leipsic, toward which the
French hne was advancing ; then, concentrating the mass of his center
and left, he crossed the Elster early on May second in order to attack
Key's corps on the Emperor's right. About nine Lauriston's coi-ps,
with which Napoleon was, came upon the enemy, and was fiercely en-
gaged— so hotly, indeed, that it seemed as if it must be the Russian
light wing which baiTcd the way. A messenger was immediately des-
patched to bring in Ney, who arrived about eleven. The marshal and
his emperor at once advanced to reconnoiter, and were just remarking
that there was only a small force between them and the city, which
through their field-glasses they could dimly discern in the background,
its roofs crowded with cui-ious onlookers, when behind, on the right,
was heard the sound of heavy cannonading. General Bonaparte was
himself at once. No movement is considered more difficult than that
by which an army marching in columns wheels when attacked on its
flank, so as in turn to outflank the assailants. In a flash, and appar-
ently without a thought, the Emperor issued minute orders for this in-
tricate manceuver, and his generals accomphshed it with a masterly
dextei-ity. Napoleon then galloped forward toward Liitzen to carry
the guard behind the center as a resei-ve, and Ney dashed mto the
thickest of the fight to take command of his boy conscripts, who were
beginning to yield.
The conflict raged all day, with varying results, along the line
from Great and Little Gorschen to Starsiedel, the latter hamlet be-
ing the scene of teriific fighting. At five the Pi-ussians withdi'ew
from Kaja, and began to yield along the whole line as far as the
Gorschen s, which they had so far held. Napoleon had fi*om the out-
set been reckless, cheering his boys by presence and example until
they fought like veterans. As the Prussians gave signs of weak-
ness, he brought in his artillery, poor as it was, with, the old gi'and
style, and ordered the young guard into the gap he felt sure of making.
A Russian reserve anived, however, at the crucial instant, and stayed
his onset until seven. At tliat hour Macdonald bore down his oppo-
nents at Eisdorf, and attacked the Russo-Prussian line on the flank ;
the second column was then Imrled against its center, and the battle
was ended. The Russian reserve was strong enough to prevent the
retreat from becoming a rout, but since Lauristou had occupied Leipsic
IS TUB MfBEUM Or VKU8A1LLKS
GERARD-CHRISTOPHE-MICHEL DUROC
DUKE OK FRIUI.I
rBOM Tut TAWTUMJ UX AN LMi-VOWM ABTIET
.+:t.43] the first CAMPAKIN IN SAXONY 37
as early as two in tlio afternoon there was but one course open for the Chap, v
allies : to withdraw behind tlie Elbe. Napoleon gathered his army into isis
three coluiuus and followed; but slowly and circumspectly, because
witliout cavalry he could not harass them. When, on May eighth, the
French reached Dresden, they found that their enemy had blown up
the bridges, and were entrenched in the Neustadt on the light, or north,
shore. Thus the victory of Ltitzen was, after all, indecisive.
And yet the utmost skill and bravery had been shown by the com-
batants on both sides. The field was strewn with the corpses, not of
such rude and stalwart peasants as had hitherto filled the ranks of op-
posing armies, but of gentle youth from French lyceums and Prussian
universities. There were forty thousand in all, an equal number from
each aiTuy, who remained dead or wounded on the hard-contested field.
They had fallen to little pm'pose. The victor captm-ed neither prisoners
nor guns in important nmnbers, and to him it was shght compensa-
tion for the loss of Bessieres that Schamhorst was killed. The alhes,
though beaten, were undismayed ; long experience had sharpened their
wits and toughened their purpose ; there was ah'eady much strategical
ability at their headquarters, and there was about to be more, since
Moreau, summoned from America, was soon to take service with his
splendid powers against his country. Great as the battle was, it must
therefore be reckoned as an ordinaiy victory ; it sei-ved to prolong ex-
isting conditions, but it did not decide an issue. It was, however,
something that it gave the French a self-confidence bordering on
enthusiasm, and it was more that after Napoleon had commenced
to rebuild the Dresden bridges, Frederick Augustus, the King of
Saxony declared himself favorable to the French. Abandoning Aus-
tria, he summoned his forces from Torgau, and the allies retreated
eastward behind the Spree. The lower Elbe was also recovered. The
King of Denmark had despatched an auxihary force to Hambiu-g.
Their commander, beheving Napoleon's fortunes submerged already,
at first assisted the Russians: but after Liitzen he turned his arms
to Vandamme's assistance. The city was retaken, three thousand of
Bernadotte's force marched out, and on May thirtieth Davout, with
fifteen thousand of his own men and three thousand Danes, marched in.
Napoleon's chief purpose, however, was imfulfilled, for Austria was
neither panic-stricken nor dismayed. On the contrary she still stood
forth as a mediator, and now with armaments to enforce her demands.
38 LIFE OF NAPOLEON BONAPARTE [^t. 43
Chap. V Immediately after Liitzen, Staclion, sometime Austrian minister of war,
1813 was sent to the camp of the aUies. He stated that the minimum terms
of peace would be the chsmembennent of Warsaw, the restoration of
Prussia, the smn-ender by France of Holland, Oldenburg, and the Han-
seatic lands, the abandonment of the protectorate over the Confedera-
tion of the Rhine by Napoleon, and the surrender to Austria of lllpia
and Dalmatia, with a rectification of her western frontier. Almost
simultaneously Bubna appeared at Napoleon's headquarters vnth.
suggestions for a general armistice, during which peace negotiations
should be earned on as rapidly as possible by a congress of the powers.
Dwelhng on the necessity of temtorial concessions by France for the
sake of a general pacification of the Continent, the envoy declared
that if this were accomplished. Great Britain, findmg herself isolated,
must yield, and gi*ant to Napoleon a substantial indemnification fi'om
her vast colonial system. The propositions of Austria were received
by the allies with open eagerness, by the Emperor of the French with
apparent hesitancy. Next to the establishment of his Continental em-
pu-e, the humiliation of Great Britain was Napoleon's highest ambition.
Compromise with her meant defeat. With a mixture of proud deter-
mination and anxiety, he therefore replied to Francis that he desired a
pacification as ardently as any one ; that he was ready for such a con-
gress as was suggested ; that he would even go further, and admit to it
delegates fi'om the insurgent Spaniards ; that he would still fui'ther
consent to a truce dmiug its sessions : but that he would rather die at
the head of his high-spirited Frenchmen than make himself ridiculous
before England. Never was the 'sviiter's statecraft unfolded to greater
daring. Long consultations were held with the King of Saxony, a
man of gentleness and refinement, who was completely won by Na-
poleon's almost filial attentions, and Bubna was often kept at the
coimcil-table until after midnight. Eugene, however, was instantly
despatched to raise a new anny in Italy, vnth orders not to conceal his
movements from Austria.
But Napoleon's chief efforts were put forth in the direction of Rus-
sia. The adroit Caulainconrt was chosen as a fitting envoy, and in-
structed not merely to reknit his personal relations with the Czar, but
also to suiTeuder eveiy point which had been contested in the previous
negotiations. He was to offer first the suiTcnder of the Continental
system as far as Russia was concerned, and second such a reconsti-uction
^T. 43] THE FIRST CAMPAIGN IN SAXONY 39
of the map of eastern Europe as would put an end to the grand duchy chap. v
of Warsaw forever. This mushroom state, with the domain of Dantzic, i8i3
was to be divided between the Duke of 01denbm*g, Alexander's near
kinsman, and the King of Prussia; Pinissia itself was to be a border
state under Russian influence, with a capital at either Konigsbm-g, Dan-
tzic, or Warsaw, Brandenburg, with Berlin, would fall to Jerome, and
Saxony would doubtless get the territoiy around Krossen. No surren-
der could have been more complete. "Your chief concern," ran the
final instruction, written on May seventeenth, "will be to secure a con-
versation with the Emperor Alexander. My intention is to build a
golden bridge to save him from the intrigues of Metteniicb." Alas
for such vain hopes ! A new diplomatic star had risen at the Russian
court in the person of the yoimg Count Nesseh'ode, and the personal
interview so earnestly desired by Caulaincourt was steadily refused;
Napoleon's proposals, the envoy was informed, must be made through
the Austrian cabinet, or not at all.
Diu-ing the parleyings of Austria Napoleon won a second great vic-
tory, which was utterly ineffectual because he had no cavalry force
wherewith to pursue. For some days after the occupation of Dresden,
for the same reason, he had been ignorant of his enemy's whereabouts.
Learning at last that the allies had not been separated, as he had hoped,
but were standing at Bautzen in a strong defensive position behind the
Spree, he left Dresden at noon on the eighteenth of May, determined
to strike a decisive blow. His enemy, having been reinforced by Bar-
clay with sixteen thoixsand Russians, and by Kleist with eleven thou-
sand Prussians, was about ninety thousand strong. On the nineteenth
both Barclay and York advanced fi-om Bautzen ; the former was de-
feated by Bei-trand in a sharp struggle, the latter by Lauriston in a
protracted fight; and at nightfall the French were before the place.
In front was the unimportant stream, and beyond it were the allies in a
double line, their fi'ont on the bank, then- rear on the heights behind.
About midday of the twentieth the French attacked. Macdonald
stormed the bridge, Marmont and Bertrand crossed by pontoons; at
thi-ee their footing was won, and the assault of the place began. For
three hoiu-s the fighting was terrific, but at six a portion of the defenders
withdrew behind the town to the second line ; at eight the rest did like-
wise. Next morning at five. Napoleon, after a sleepless night, issued
his orders; at eight the conflict opened all along the line. Then first,
40 LIFE OF NAPOLEON BONAPARTE [^t. 43
Chap. V the Mamoliikc body-servant having spread a coucli of skins, the Em-
1813 peror sought repose; he slept to the hillahy of cannon and nmsketry
for several hours, calmly assured of his combinations workhig perfectly.
By one Ney had rolled up the Russian right under Barclay, and Na-
poleon, waking, sent Marmont and Bertrand around the right of the
enemy's center. By four the allied armies were in full retreat. Then
would have been the moment for artillery to crash and cavalry to
piu'sue ; but neither was efficient, and while the French army did what
men could do, at best they could only follow at equal speed with the
foe, and could not throw his ranks into disorder. " "What ! no results
fi'om such carnage?" said Napoleon. "Not a gunf not a prisoner?"
There was worse to come. From time to time the flying columns
wheeled and poured a heavy artillery fire into their pursuers. Near
Reichenbach, Bruyeres was killed by a ball; then Kirehener by an-
other, which, ricochetting fi'om a tree, mortally woimded Duroc, the
commander's faithful aid, his second self. Such a blow was stupefying
indeed, for it was the loss of his closest confidant, of one who through
every vicissitude had been a near, true friend, almost the only compan-
ion of a man reduced to solitude by his great elevation. Napoleon
was stricken to the heai-t, and, halting, gave way until nightfall to his
despair. " Poor man ! " said the troopers one to another, " he has lost
his children." " I]verything to-morrow," was the sorrowing ruler's one
reply to all suggestions. From time to time he betook himself to the
bedside of the d}dng man ; at last Duroc himself could no longer endure
his Emperor's prostration, and l)esought him to rejoin the soldiers. The
fi-iends parted in a long embrace. Thereupon the pm-suit was continued,
but without ardor and without success.
The nature of Napoleon's victory at Bautzen was his undoing. Had
it been a second Friedland, Caulaincoiirt no doubt would have met
Alexander ; but, as it was, the allies had saved their army, and Austria's
accession to the coalition would still insure their success. Nesselrode
was convinced that Metternich would assent, and, dark as was the
hour, persisted in refusing to communicate with France except by way
of Austria. AYittgen stein lost his command, Barclay was fully rein-
stated as commander-in-chief, and, to gain time for Austria to try her
vaunted mediation, a short armistice was proposed to Napoleon. Had
the latter known the weakness, the discord, the exhaustion of his foe,
wretched as was the state of his own anny and depressed as were his
MARSHAL JKAN-I5APTISTE BHSSIKRHS
DIJKI-; Ol- ISTRIA
MKiM Till: 1-AlNTIXU Vt hUUUim lltuul'IM, A>TLH HIBSKMA
^T.43] THE FIRST CAMPAIGN IN SAXONY 41
spirits, he might have refused, and even the monumental error of 1812 chap. v
might now have been made good. As it was, the year 1813 is the date isn
of liis one irreparable blunder, the initiation of his final disaster. Other
mistakes he had made, but they were all petty compared with the great
one to which he was now tempted. But his faithful officers were falling
like standing gi-ain under a hail-storm ; his boy soldiers, though fighting
like veterans, inspired httle confidence, for there was the same uneasi-
ness among the humble privates as among the gi-eat officers ; he had
neither cavalry nor artillery, and his available force was reduced to a
hundred and twenty thousand, men and boys ; Barclay might, as for a
moment he contemplated doing, di*aw off into the Russian steppes;
the traitors in Paris were already stirring ; in short, the Emperor felt
that he must at least consider. This was the monumental blunder of
his life because it put him at Austria's mercy without her being forced
to reveal her pohcy.
Vol. IV.— 6
CHAPTER VI
the nations in grand array
Condition of Aff^urs after Bautzen — The Armistice of Poisch-
wiTZ — Austria's New Terms — Napoleon's Reliance on his Dy-
nastic Influence — Intervention of British Agents — Napoleon's
iNTEiiviEW WITH Metternich — The Emperor's Wrath — Metter-
nich's Determination — Wellington's Victories — Napoleon at
Mainz — The Coalition Completed — Diplomatic Fencing — Re-
newal OF Hostilities — The Responsibility.
Chap, vi l^TAPOLEON determined, however, to deliberate on the strongest
1813 J^^ possible vantage-ground, and for tliis reason contimied his pur-
suit as far as Broslau, which was occupied by the end of the month.
Simultaneously Berlin was threatened by Oudinot, Victor had reheved
Glogau, and Vandamme was marching to Davout's assistance, so
that Haiubm-g was safely m hand. The alhed forces stood behind
Schweidnitz, and by the same marvelous strategy as of old the various
coi-ps of the French army were disposed, under Ney, Lauriston, Rejoiier,
Macdonald, and Bei-trand, so as virtually to engirdle the enemy. Napo-
leon was at Neumarkt with the guard ; a single bold dash southward
toward the Eulen Mountains with his concentering force, and he would
have ci*ushed his opponents. But another victory like Liitzen and
Bautzen would reduce liis army still further, and then in his weakness
he would be confronted by the hunth'ed thousand Austrians which, ac-
cording to the iK'st advices, his father-in-law had assembled in Bohemia.
In that junetm'e Francis might risk a battle, and if successful he could
dictate not merely an armistice, but the terms of peace — a contingency
more tennble than any other. Time, moreover, seemed quite as valuable
to the Enip(r(»r of Die French as to his foe : while they were calling in
resci-ves and strengthening their ranks, his hundred and eighty thou-
43
^T.43] THE NATIONS IN GRAND ARRAY 43
sand conscnpts of 1814 could be marched to the Elbe, and Eugene chap. vi
could complete his work in Italy. Ignorant of the panic at his i«ia
enemy's headquarters, the uneasy conqueror decided therefore that his
best com-se was, by exhibiting a desire for peace and assenting to an
annistice, to avoid the general reprobation of Eiu'ope. Accordingly, he
took another disastrous step, and accepted the proposal of the allies for
a conference.
How earnestly Napoleon desired peace appears from his spontaneous
concessions. He would agi'ee to the evacuation of Breslau for the sake
of harmony, and would consent to such a truce as the majesty of a ruler
and the rights of a successful general miglit alike exact ; but he would
not be treated like a besieged conmiander, Hamburg should remain as
it was at the conclusion of negotiations, and the duration of the annis-
tice must be longer than the term proposed — six weeks at the least.
On these two points he took his stand. The fatal armistice of Poisch-
witz was signed at that village on June foui'th by three commissioners,
Shuvaloff for Russia, Kleist for Prussia, and Caulaincourt for France.
It was a compromise providing for a neutral zone, stretching from the
mouth of the Elbe southeastward to Bohemia, which was to separate
the combatants until July twentieth. Hostilities might not be renewed
until August first. Breslau was to be evacuated ; Hamburg was to
remain as the truce found it. These terms were reached only after
much bluster, the aUies, weak and disorganized as they were, demand-
ing at first the evacuation of both Breslau and Hambiu'g, with a
cessation of arms for a month. This stand they took in rehance partly
on England, partly on Austria. The compromise, as mutually ac-
cepted, was reached in spite of British influence, when Francis, ap-
parently nervous and anxious, arrived at Gitschin, near the Bohemian
frontier, and opened a conference with Nessebode.
At Vienna men had said, when the news of Bautzen came, that the
conqueror was perhaps an angel, perhaps a devil — certainly not a man.
The cabinet had seen with alarm his attempt to negotiate du'ectly with
the Czar. Success in winning Russia would put Austria again at Na-
poleon's mercy ; Alexander must be kept in warlike humor at all haz-
ards. Nesseh'ode demanded nothing less than Austria's adherence to
the coahtion ; Francis was still unready to fight ; and Metteniich, dis-
playing aU his adroitness, finally wrung from Nesselrode a basis for
mediation comprising six articles : the extinction of Warsaw, the en-
44 LIFE OF NAPOLEON BONAPARTE [^t. 43
Chap, ti largemcut of Pnissia by her Polish provinces and Dantzic, the restora-
1813 tiou of Illyria to Austria, the independence of the Hanseatic towns,
the dissohition of the Rhenish Confederacy, and the restoration of
Prussia's western boundaries to the hues of 180G. This was a "mini-
mum" considerably smaller than that proposed before Bautzen; but
the allies could well accept it if Austria would promise never to take
sides with France, as Metteniich is said to have verbally assiu-ed the
Czar in a secret meeting would be the case. On June twenty-seventh
it was foi-mally arranged that a congi'ess to pacify the Continent on
this basis should be held preliminary to a general peace including Eng-
land; and the treaty binding Russia, Pi-ussia, and Austria to alliance
in case of Napoleon's refusal was signed that day in secret at Reichen-
bach. Should Napoleon reject Austria's articles of mediation, she
was, on July twentieth, to join the coalition, and fight not only until
he was driven behind the Rhine, but until the fortresses on the Oder
and the Vistula were evacuated, Italy hberated, Spain restored to the
Bom'bons, and Austria reenlarged to her boundaries of 1805.
" If the aUies do not in good faith desire peace," said Napoleon on
June fifth, as he left his headquarters for Dresden, "this armistice may
prove fatal to us." Late in life he believed that if he had in his great
crisis marched right on, Austria would not have declared against him.
Shrewd as he was, he was a tyro in dynastic politics. Austria has been
made, aggi"andized, and saved by man'iages ; but no conception of the
duty imposed on families by that relation as understood in private life
has ever controlled her politics. Francis was never unwilling to use his
daughter for public ends, and seems to have dehghted in the constnic-
tion of family feeling formed in his son-in-law's mind bj'^ homely senti-
ment. It is preposterous to suppose that Napoleon really entertained
such a view of his marriage as that of the Parisian bourgeois; but \iew-
ing himself as an estabhshed dynastic ruler, he could well imagine that
when Austria had her choice between two purely djaiastic alliances, she
would, for tlie sake of Maria Louisa, have chosen that with France.
This rather simple concei>tion he seems to have entertained for a time,
because when Maret and Metternich met, the former urged the matri-
monial bond as a consideration. "Tlie man-iage," rejoined the latter,
with a cough — "yes, the maniage; it was a match founded on political
considerations, but — " and the conclusion of the sentence was a signifi-
cant wag of the head.
IS TBK COLLECTION Of COCNT l>'HEDOir\'ILLK
BARON HENRI JOMINl
^T.43] THE NATIONS IN GRAND ARRAY 45
Napoleon's first instinct of treachery was that of the general, and it Chap. vi
was sound. His suspicions were fully aroused as soon as he reached 1813
Dresden ; for Bubna. began at once to stickle for antiquated formalities
in negotiation, and stung Napoleon to exasperation by his evident de-
termination to procrastinate. Accordingly the Emperor summoned
Metteniich to a personal meeting. The minister coidd not well explain.
Since Castlereagh's return to power in January, 1812, Great Britain had
kept at Berlin, St. Petersburg, and Vienna able diplomats ready, with
purse in hand, to pay almost any sum for a strong coalition. It had
been the appearance of Sir Charles Stewai-t from Berlin, and of Lord
Cathcart from St. Petersbiu'g, at the allied headquarters which ac-
counted for the arrogant firmness of Shuvaloff and Kleist, and deter-
mined the character of the armistice. On June foiu'teenth and fifteenth
those envoys fm-ther concluded treaties with Prussia and Russia re-
spectively which explain the performances of Bubna at Dresden, and
of the congress which later met at Pragiie. Prussia promised, in return
for a subsidy of two thirds of a million pounds sterling, to cede a
certain portion of lower Saxony, with the bishopric of Hildesheim, to
the electorate of Hanover, and agreed to keep on foot eighty thousand
men; Russia was to maintain a himdred and sixty thousand men, in
return for one and a third million pounds, and for the care of English
vessels in her harbors she was to receive a further sum of half a
million. Great Britain and Russia were in conjimction to emit an -
issue of paper money to the amount of five millions sterling, and this
loan was to be guaranteed by England, Prussia, and Russia conjointly.
In conclusion it was solemnly stipulated that neither Russia nor Great
Britain should negotiate separately with France.
In view of the successive stages of Napoleon's isolation, — namely,
the armistice, these two subsidy treaties, and the secret treaty of Jime
twenty-seventh signed at Reichenbach, — it seems futile to discuss the
question whether or not Napoleon really wished peace in his famous
interview with Metternich on June twenty-seventh — an interview which
lasted from a quarter before twelve at midday until nearly nine at night,
and has improperly been considered as the turning-point in Napoleon's
career. Up to that moment Metternich's intervention had amounted to
nothing short of selfish double-dealing. Of this Napoleon had written
evidence. No wonder the shifty minister described his interview as " a
most curious mixture of most heterogeneous subjects, of intermitting
Vol. n'. — 7.
46 LIFE OF NAPOLEON BONAPARTE [^t. 43
Chap. yi fi'ieiidliness with the most passionate outbreaks," and strove in his ac-
1813 count to deepen the shadows of his pictiu*e by discreet silence as to
certain points — a trick he may have learned from Whitworth. The
unfi-iendly narrator declares that Napoleon, when told that his soldiers
were only boys, ilimg his hat into a corner, and hissed, " You do not
know what passes in a soldier's mind; I grew up in the field, and a
man Uke me troubles himself little about a million men." The Aus-
trian statesman fmiher reported the French emperor to have charac-
terized his second man-iage as a piece of stupidity, and to have charged
his princely interlocutor with venahty !
Probably all this is true : the professional soldier's point of view is
terrible to the laity. Kossuth declared to a trastworthy witness that he
had seen the letters of Maria Louisa which betrayed her husband to her
father ; and no one has ever denied that Napoleon was a fair judge of
character, and called a spade a spade when he was angiy. And angry
he was. Here was the man who had plumed hhnself on the Bona-
parte-Hapsbm-g alliance, who had hitherto professed the most ardent
personal esteem for Napoleon himself, and who had so far found Aus-
tria's highest welfare in supporting the Napoleonic system. And what
was his conduct ? A complete and sudden reversal of liis previous be-
haWor, personal insolence, and public scorn. Then and there he de-
manded the suspension, at least temporarily, of the treaty of alliance
between Austria and France — a paper solemnly negotiated by himself
but little more than one short year earlier ; then, too, he demanded a
further prolongation of the armistice while the peace congi-ess held its
sessions, and coldly throwing every other consideration to the winds,
gave his victim to understand that Austria was no longer a mediator,
but an armed arbiter, detennined to regain her glory by the line of least
resistance — that is, by alliance with Russia, in order to secure a Conti-
nental peace, to which Great Britain shoiild not be a party.
Is it wonderful that under such provocation Napoleon's hot Corsican
blood boiled over, or that his unruly tongue uttered starthng language?
The time had come when he must recognize masters and laws, and it
was not easy. At thirty, as he liked to boast, he had gained victories,
appeased a popular storm, fused pai-ties, and rallied a nation. Furtlier,
for years he had made sport- of European dynasties, and in particular
had found that of Austria both double-faced and time-serving. Ha^^ng
taken a leaf from her book, he had become her dupe, and it was hard to
^T.43] THE NATIONS IN GRAND ARRAY 47
beai' the consequences. The stormy side of the famous interview is chap. vi
therefore unimportant historically; its only significance is that it marks i«i3
the last stage in the evolution of Austrian diplomacy. Being now
strong enough to reassert equahty with France in the councils of Eu-
rope, the Hapsburg empire was about to act. Mettemich believed that
Alexander's aid would be more valuable than Napoleon's, and in a letter
to his master, written two days after the famous interview, he explained
that through a Continental peace lay the Mne of least resistance. The
an-angement he suggested to Napoleon would leave England and France
to renew the stniggle and fight until exhausted, while Austria, Russia,
and Pinissia were recuperating. Napoleon's one weapon against Eng-
land was his Continental system ; on the morrow of a victorious cam-
paign he could not so easily throw it down. If there was to be a Con-
tinental peace, and not a general one, it must be made after a final
decisive victory; and to assemble his troops for a grand battle with
Austria, Russia, and Piaissia, he needed time. The Poischwitz ai-mis-
tice was his tii'st fatal bhmder ; before the close of the interview he
consented to its prolongation until August tenth, ostensibly that the
Congi'ess of Prague might an-ange terms for a Continental peace; and
this was his imdoing.
The Congi'ess of Prague was a puppet-show, and has no place in
history except as it displayed the character of Metternich, deceiving
himself to its close with the belief that he was what he professed to
be — an armed mediator tui-ning the course of European politics back
into dynastic channels. In reaUty it was as Napoleon said — he be-
lieved himself to be du-eeting eveiybody, when everything was du-ect-
ing him. Behind the puppets were Alexander's fatalism, Pi-ussia's
regenerated nationahty, the half-awakened sensibility of Austria, and
lastly, British gold with British victories. Wellington had finally
focused the national power of Spain, and was actually menacing the
soil of France. His famous " march to Vitoria," as it has been called
because of the decisive battle fought at that place on June twenty-
first, 1813, forced Napoleon finally to abandon Spain. Already the
Emperor had withdrawn his choicest veterans thence, and he was
well aware how futile any further straggles for Joseph's throne must
be. His conduct, therefore, was perfectly consistent ; vnth a bold
fi'ont he laid down the ultimatum of idi possidetis for the congi'ess,
and left for Mainz, where he remained fi'om July twenty-fifth to
48 LIFE OF NAPOLEON BONAPARTE [^t. 43
Chap. ^^ Augiist first, aiTanging his military plans for tlie defense of tlie
1813 Pyi'enees, and despatcliiug Soult, who went against his will, for the
campaign which sealed the marshal's reputation as a gi'eat soldier.
Doubtless, too, Napoleon felt that distance from the absurd congress
would absolve him from the guilt of its empty pretense.
There, too, he met his empress; perhaps he fondly dreamed that
she might intercede with her su-e; in the long interviews they held
he was probably drilling her in the functions of a regent chosen to
sustain in Pai'is the tottering cause of her consort and her cluld.
Fouche, too, was recalled fi'om his suspicious retirement to untangle
the thread of Austrian duplicity. But the long hours of consultation,
aiTangement, and execution were mainly concerned, we may suppose,
with the hurrying in of new levies, the raising of cavalry, the creation
of artillery, and the general preparation for the hfe-and-death struggle
which was soon to take place. The Danish alhance was strengthened,
and Mm*at by strenuous efforts was kept within the shadowy lines of
the vanishing Napoleonic system. Beugnot, then head of the French
regency of Berg, was one day called at a moment's notice to act as
amanuensis, and in a flurry twice took his Emperor's chau*. " So you
are detemiined to sit in my seat," was Napoleon's simple remark; "you
have chosen a bad time for it." The mayor of Mainz was St. Antbe, a
stanch conventional of the old school ; another day he and Beugnot,
with the Prince of Nassau, accompanied the visitor on a river excur-
sion, and the Emperor, scanning with intense interest the castle of
Biberich, leaned far over the boat. " What a curious attitude," whis-
pered the veteran revolutionary to the temfied Beugnot ; " the fate of
the world depends on a kick or two."
The fate of the world was not in jeopardy, and the seat of Napoleon
as Emperor of the West was not to be occupied by another ; but the
affairs of the Continent were to be readjusted, the beneficent work of
the Revolution was to be transferred to other hands, and the notion
of Western empire was to vanish like other baseless fabrics. The
diplomacy of Lord Aberdeen, Castlereagh's envoy at Vienna, had suc-
ceeded before Napoleon returned to Dresden, and the treaty of eventual
triple alliance, signed at Reichenbach on June twenty-seventh, was
made good on August first by Francis, who agreed, in return for an
enonnous subsidy from Great Britain, to join Russia and Prussia with
two hundred thousand men. The rosters of Austria's amiy had been
riBAWisu MAin: yoa thk (.k-ntuby co.
MARSHAL CLAUDE-VICTOR PERRIN
DUKE OF BF.l.LUNO
D1UW1»0 OV KBIC rAHK f»OM TUK rUBTBilT D» «STOIN.XJKA» (mO«
^T.43] THE NATIONS IN GRAND ARRAY 49
suiTeptitioiisly obtained by French agents in Prague. Napoleon was chap. vi
aghast as he read the proof of her gigantic efforts. At once he re- ihi3
doubled his own, and began to unfold a marvelous diplomatic shrewd-
ness. With Poland's three despoilers thus united in England's pay,
his isolation would be complete; a few days only remained until the
expiration of the armistice; he had but one arrow left in his quiver,
and he determined to speed it : to bribe Austria into neutrality by
accepting her conditions and restoring the national equilibrium of
Europe.
The proposition was made, and staggered Francis ; for two days he
dallied, and then made a counter-proposition with a new clause, which
secured, not tlie emancipation of states, but dynastic independence for
the sovereigns of the Rhine Confederation. This di-ew the veil fi'om
MetteiTiich's policy. Afraid of a German nationaUty in which Piiissia
would inevitably secure the hegemony, he was determined to perpetuate
the rivaliies of petty potentates, and regain Austria's ascendancy in
Germany as well as in Italy. This, too, would strip Napoleon of his
Gemian troops, and confine France to the west shore of the Rhine,
even though it left Westphalia and Berg under French i-ulers. Such
a contingency was abhorrent to one still pretending to Western empire,
and Napoleon in turn procrastinated until the evening of the ninth,
when, as a final compromise, he offered the dismemberment of Warsaw,
the freedom of Dantzic and lllyria, including Fimne, but retaining
Triest. But by this time dynastic jealousy had done its work at
Prague, and when these tenns were commxmicated to the plenipoten-
tiaries unofficially, Cathcart's bellicose humor, which was heightened
by the news from WeUington, served to complement Alexander's
jealousy of Austria's rising power. The Pnissian nationalists, too,
.saw their emancipation indefinitely postponed; and since the commu-
nication of Napoleon's ultimatum was unofficial, and an official notifica-
tion had not arrived at midnight on the tenth, the commissioners of
Russia and Prussia rose at the stroke of the clock, and informed Met-
ternich that, their powers having expired, he w\is boimd by the tenns
of Reichenl^ach.
Metternich kept iip his mask, and continued to discuss with Caulain-
corni; the items of Napoleon's proposition, but the other diplomats gave
vent to their dehght. Humboldt lingered until Austria's formal declara-
tion of war was under way to Dresden ; simultaneously beacons, pre-
50 LIFE OF NAPOLEON BONAPARTE [^t. 43
Chap, xi aiTaiiged for the pui-pose on Bolieiuiau liiUs, flashed the welcome news
1813 to the expectant annies of Russia and Prussia. Napoleon still stood
undismayed by fonns, for under the terms of the armistice a week's
notice must be given before the renewal of hostilities. On the thir-
teenth he offered Austria everything except Hamburg and Triost; on
the fifteenth he offered even these gi-eat ports. But technical right was
on the side of war, and his proposals were refused.
Where the blame or merit for the renewal of hostilities rests will
ever remain a matter of opinion. Amid the tangles of negotiation, it
must be remembered that on March twenty-fourth, 1812, Russia and
Sweden began the coalition ; that Russia and Prussia were forced into
imion on February twenty-eighth, 1813, by the element of interest com-
mon to Alexander's djniasty and the Prussian people ; that Great Brit-
ain entered on the scene in her commercial agi'eement with Sweden on
March third, 1813 ; and that English diplomacy combined with the
interests of Austrian diplomacy to complete and cement the coahtion
with the necessary subsidies. If we view the negotiations of Poisch-
witz and Prague in comiection vrith Napoleon's whole career, they appear
to have ran in a channel prepared by his boundless ambition ; if we
isolate them and scrutinize their course, we must think him the moral
victor. Whatever he may have been before, he was now eager for peace,
and sincere in his professions. Believing himself to have acted gener-
ously when Austria was under his feet, he was outraged when he saw
that he had been duped by her subsequent course. The concessions to
which he was forced appear to have been made slowly, because what
he desired was not a Continental peace in the interests of the Haps-
bm*gs, but a general peace in the interest of all Em'ope as represented
by the Empire and the djmasty which he had founded. At this dis-
tance of time, and in the light of intervening history, some credit should
be given to his insight, which convinced him that strengthened nation-
ality, as well as renewed dynastic influence, might retard tlie liberalizing
influences of the Revolution, which he falsely believed himself still to
represent. For the dm-ation of the Holy Alliance tliis was to a certain
extent tnie. It will be noticed that throughout the closing negotiations
no mention was made of the "Continental system." That malign con-
cept of the revolutionary epoch perislied in Napoleon's dechne, and liis-
tory knows its name no more.
CHAPTER VII
the last imperi.\l victory
Napoleon's Prospects — The Preparations and Plans of the Coa-
lition — Cross Purposes of the Combatants — Condition of
Napoleon's Mind — Strength and Weakness of the Allies —
Renewal of Hostilities — The Feint in Silesia — Napoleon at
Dresden — First Day's Fighting — The Victory Won on the
Second Day.
IN later years Napoleon confessed that during the interval between chap. vn
the first and second Saxon campaigns he had been outwitted. His isis
antagonists had, in his own language, "changed for the better"; at least
they secured the war they so earnestly desired under conditions vastly
more favorable to themselves than to their opponent. Both parties
had been arming with might and main during the prolonged tnice, but
each member of the djT^iastic coahtiou now had the backing of a grow-
ing national enthusiasm, while Napoleon had to deal with waning zeal
and an exhausted people. Thus, then, at the opening of the second
campaign in Saxony the allies had four himdi-ed and thirty-five thou-
sand men, and Napoleon but three hundred and fifty thousand. With
this inferiority, it behooved the Emperor to use all his strategic powers,
and he did so with a brilhancy never sui-passed by him. Choosing the
Elbe as his natural defensive line, Hambiu"g stood ahnost impregnable
at one end, flanked to the southward by Magdeburg, Wittenberg, and
Torgau, three mighty fortresses. Dresden, which was necessarily the
focal point, was intrenched and palisaded for the protection of the
army which was to be its main bulwark. Davout and Oudinot, with
seventy thousand men, were to threaten Berlin, and, thereby drawing
off as many as possible of the enemy, hberate the ganisons of Stettin
and Kiistrin ; they were then to beleaguer Spandau, push the foe across
52 LIFE OF NAPOLEON BONAPARTE [^t. 44
Chap, vn the Oder, and stand ready to fall on the flank of tlie eoalition army.
1813 Napoleon himself, with the remaining two hnnch-ed and eighty thou-
sand, was to await the onset of the combined Russian, Prussian, and
Austrian forces.
The allies now had in their camp two mighty strategists — Jomini, the
well-known Swiss adventurer and military historian, and Moreau, who
had returned from the United States. The former, pleading that he
had lost a merited promotion by Berthier's ill-will, and that as a for-
eigner he had the right of choice, had gone over to the enemies of his
employer ; the latter, yielding to the specious pleas of his silly and am-
bitious wife that he might fight Napoleon without fighting France, had
taken service with the Czar. The arrow which penetrated Napoleon's
\'itals was indeed feathered from his own pinions, since these two, with
another of Napoleon's pupils — Bernadotte, the Crown Prince of Sweden
— were virtually the council of war. Two of them, the latter and
Moreau, saw the specter of French sovereignty beckoning them on.
They di'eamed of the chief magistracy in some shape, imperial, mon-
archical, consiUar, or presidential, and were more devoted to theii* per-
sonal interests than to those of the coalition. In the service of their
ambition was formed the plan by which not only was Napoleon over-
whelmed, but the fields of France were drenched with blood. Under
then" ad^^ce, three great armies were aiTayed : that of the North, in
Brandenburg, was composed of Prussians, Swedes, and a few Russians,
its generals being Biilow, Bernadotte, and Tchernicheff ; that of the
East was the Pnisso-Russian aimy in Silesia, now under Bliicher, that
astounding young cavahyman of seventy, and Wittgenstein ; finally,
that of the South was the new Austrian force under Schwarzenberg,
with an adjunct force of Russian troops under Barclay, and the Rus-
sian guard under the Grand Duke Constantine. Biilow was in and
near Berlin witli about a hundred and fifty-six thousand men ; Bliicher
had ninety-five thousand, and, haAing violated the armistice, was on
August fourteenth already within the neutral zone at Striegau, l)efore
Breslau; the Austro-Russian force of almost two liundred and fifty
thousand was in northern Bohemia, near Melnik ; l^euuigsen was in
Poland building u]) a strong reserve. Schwarzenberg, thougli com-
mander of the main anny, was reduced to Anrtual impotence by the
presence at his headquarters of all the sovereigns and of Moreau. Di-
vided counsels spring from diverse interests; there was at the outset
Tin. L-tLLIXrl
JACQUES-ALEXANDRE-BHRNARD LAW
MAKQ.ULS Ol- 1.AUR1STON
I'KUM TIIK fAISTIKU llY VtUHH^OlM UftHAUU
^T.44] THE LAST IMPERIAL VICTORY 53
a pitiful caution and ineffieioncy on the part of the alUes, while at chap. vit
Napoleon's heathiuarters there was unity of design at least. 1813
Both contestants were apparently luider serious misapprehensions.
The allies certainly were, because Francis believed that, as so often be-
fore. Napoleon's goal would be Vienna. The plan adopted by them was
therefore very simple : each division of the alhed ai-my was to stand ex-
pectant ; if assifiled it was to yield, ch-aw on the French columns, and
expose their flank or rear to the attacks of the other two allied armies ;
then by superior force the invaders were to be suiTOunded. The allies
divined, or believed they divined, that Napoleon would hold his guard
in reserve, throw it behind any portion of his line opposite which they
were vulnerable, break through, and defeat them in detachments.
Then- idea was keen, and displayed a thorough grasp both of the prin-
ciples on which their opponent had hitherto acted and of his normal
character. But nevertheless they were deceived. Napoleon discarded
all his old principles, and behaved most abnormally. In his conduct
there are evidences of a cui'ious self-deception, and his decisions con-
tradicted his language. Pei-petually minimizing in conversation the
disparity between the two forces, and sometimes even asserting his own
superiority, he nevertheless almost for the first time assmned the de-
fensive. This unheard-of course may have been due to misapprehension
and exaggeration, but it produced for the moment a powei-ful moral
effect on his generals, who, without exception, had hithei-to been clam-
orous for peace, and likewise upon his new boy recruits ; both classes
began to have a reahzing sense that they were now fighting, not for
aggi-ession, but for life. If the Emperor had any such confidence as he
expressed, it must have been due to the fact that boys had fought like
veterans at Liitzen and Bautzen, and that at last there were cavahy
and artilleiy in fair proportion. Possibly, likewise, he may have been
desperate ; fuUy aware that he was about to cast the dice for a last
stake, he may have been at once braggart and timid. K he should win
in a common defensive battle, he believed, as his subsequent conduct
goes to show, that he was safe indefinitely; and if he lost — the vision
must have been too dreadful, enough to distract the sanest mind : an
exhausted treasury, an exhausted nation, an empty throne, vanished
hopes, ruin.
Yet at the time no one remarked any trace of nervousness in Na-
poleon. Long afterward the traitorous Mannont, whose name, like
Vol. IV.— 8
54 LIFE OF NAPOLEON BONAPARTE [Mt.U
Chap, vii that of Moi'eau, was to be execrated by siicecediug generations of
1813 honorable Frenchmen, recalled that the Emi^eror had couteiuptuously
designated the enemy as a rabble, and that he had like^\dse overes-
timated the strategic value of Berlin. The mahgnant annalist asserted,
too, that Napoleon's motive was personal spite against Prussia. It has
also been studiously emphasized by others that the " children" of Na-
poleon's army were perishing like flowers under an untimely frost, forty
thousand French and German boys being in the hospitals; that corrup-
tion was rife in every department of administration ; and that the sol-
diers' pay was shamefully in arrears. An eye-fatness saw Pejrusse,
the paymaster, to whom Napoleon had just handed four thousand
francs for a momnnent to l)ui"Oc, coolly pocket a quarter of the sum,
with the remark that such was the custom. He would be rash indeed
who dared to assert that there was no basis for tliis criticism. It is
true that the instructions to Davout and Oudinot made light of Bulow's
army, and that Berlin had vastly less strategic value than those instruc-
tions seemed to indicate. But, on the other hand, both generals and
men were sadly in need of self-relianee, and to see their capitals oc-
cupied or endangered had still a tremendous moral effect upon dynastic
sovereigns. As to the defects in his army. Napoleon could not have
been blind ; but in all these directions matters had been nearly, if not
quite, as bad in 1809, and a victory had set them all in order.
What nervousness there was existed rather among the allies. Never
before in her history, not even imder the great Frederick, had Pnissia
possessed such an army; the Austrians were well drilled and well
equipped ; the Russians were of fair qualitj^, numerous, and with the
reserves fi'om Poland would be a powerful anny in themselves. Yet in
spite of their strength, the allies were not really able. Austria was the
head, but her commander, Schwarzenberg, was not even mediocre, and
among her generals tliere was only one who was first-rate, namely,
Radetsky. Fredeiick WiUiam and Alexander were of incongnious na-
tures; their alliance was artificial, and in such plans as they evolved
there was an indefiniteness which left to the generals in their respec-
tive forces a large margin for independence. The latter were quick to
take advantage of the chance, and this fact accounts for the generally
lame and feeble beginning of hostilities.
For example, it was through Bliicher's wilfulness that the moral ad-
vantage lay with N;i])ol('()ii in flic opening of tlu^ struggle On 'Tuly
^r. 44] TUE LAST liMPEK'lAL VICTORY 5
OU
ninth Bernadotte, Frederick William, and the Czar had met at Trachen- chap. vii
berg to lay out a plan of campaign. In this conference, which first isia
opened Napoleon's eyes to the detennination of the allies, Bliicher had
secured for himself an independent command. The accession of Aus-
tria rendered the agi-eement of Trachenherg null, but Bliicher did not
abandon his ambition. Impatient of orders or good faith, he broke into
the neutral zone at Striegau on August foui"teenth, apparently without
any very definite plau. Napoleon, hearing that forty thousand Russians
from this army were marching toward Bohemia, advanced from Dresden
on August fifteenth, to be within reach of the passes of the Iser
Mountains on the Upper Elbe, and halted at Zittau as a central point,
where he could easily collect about a hundred and eighty thousand
men, and whence, according to circumstances, he could either strike
Bliicher, cut oif the Russians, or return to Dresden in case of need.
That city was to be held by Saint-Cyi'. On August twentieth Bliicher
reached the banks of the Bober at Bunzlau ; owing to Napoleon's nice
calculation, Ney, Marmont, Lauriston, and Macdonald were assembled
on the other side to check the advance, he himself being at Lauban
with the guard. Had Bliicher stood, the Russo-Prussians would have
been anniliilated, for then" inferiority was as tw^o to one. But the head-
strong general did not stand; on the contrary, retreating by precon-
certed aiTangement behind the Deiehsel, he led his antagonist to the
false conclusion that he lacked confidence in his army.
Napoleon was not generally over-credulous, but this mistake was
probably engendered in his mind by the steady stream of uneasy re-
ports he was receiving from his own generals. On the twenty-third he
wrote to Maret that his division commanders seemed to have no self-
reliance except in his presence ; " the enemy's strength seems great to
them wherever I am not." Marmont was the chief offender, having se-
verely criticized a plan of operations which would require one or more
of the marshals to act independently in Brandenbui'g or Silesia or both,
expressing the fear that on the day when the Emperor believed himself
to have won a decisive battle he would discover that he had lost two.
Seventeen years of campaigning had apparently turned the great gen-
erals of Napoleon's army into puppets, capable of acting only on their
leader's impulse. Whatever the cause. Napoleon was set in his idea,
and pressed on in pursuit. On the twenty-second Bliicher was beyond
the Katzbach, with the French van close behind, when word arrived at
56 LIFE OF NAPOLEON BONAPARTE [.Et. «
Chap. VII Napoleon's headquarters that the Austro-Riissiaus had entered Saxony
1813 and were menacing Dresden. How alert and sane the Emperor was,
how thoroughly he foresaw every contingency, appears from the minute
directions he wrote for Macdonald, who was left to block the road for
Bliicher into Saxony, wliile Lauriston was to outflank and shut off the
perfervid veteran fi'om both Berlin and Zittau.
These instructions having been ^NTitten, Napoleon at first contem-
plated crossing the Elbe above Dresden to take Schwarzenberg on the
flank and rear in the passes of the Ore Mountains. This would not
only cut off the Austrian general fi'om the Saxon capital, but prevent
his swerving to the left for an advance on Leipsic. But finding that
his enemy was moving swiftly, the Emperor resolved to meet him be-
fore Dresden. It would never do to lose his ally's capital at the outset,
or to suffer defeat at the very head of his defensive hne. Giving or-
ders, therefore, for the corps of Mai-mont, Vandamme, and Victor, to-
gether with Latour-Mauboiu-g's cavalry and the guard, to wheel, he
hastened back to reinforce Saint-Cyr at Dresden. On the twenty-fifth,
as he passed Bautzen, he learned that Oudinot had been defeated at
Luckau ; but he gave no heed to the report, and next day reached Dres-
den at nine in the morning. An hour later the guard came up, ha^dng
performed the almost incredible feat of marching seventy-six miles in
three days. Vandamme, with forty thousand men, had arrived at
Pima, a few miles above, and Sauit-Cyi- was drawing in behind the
temporary fortifications of the city itself.
The enemy, too, was at hand, but he had no plan. In a council
of war held by him the same morning there was protracted debate,
and finally Moreau's advice to advance in six columns was taken. He
refused " to fight against his coiuitry," but explained that the French
could never be conquered in mass, and that if one assaihng column
were crushed, the rest could still push on. This long deliberation cost
the alUes their opportunity; for at four in the afternoon, when they
attacked, the mass of the French army had crossed the Elbe and had
thus completed the garrison of the city. For two hours the figliting
was fierce and stubborn; fi'om three different sides Russians, Austrians,
and Prussians each made substantial gains; at six Napoleon deter-
mined to make a general sally and throw in his guard. With fine
promptness Mortier, at the head of two divisions of the young guard,
attacked the Russians, and fighting until midnight, drove them beyond
lIXGRAVT.n BY T. JOHNSON
NAPOLEON IN iSl}
FROSI TUi: PAISTLNO BT AMAIlLK-LOClS-CXAfUL TAONEST
iET. 44] THE LAST IMPERIAL VICTORY 57
the hamlet of Striefen. Saint-Cyr dislodged the Pnissians, and pushed Chap. vii
them to Strehla; while Ney, with two divisions of the young guard, 1813
threw a portion of the Austrians into Plauen, and Murat, with two
divisions of infantry and Latour-Maubom-g's cavahy, cleared the suburb
Friedriehstadt of the rest. Napoleon, alert and ubiquitous, then made
his usual roimd, and knew when he retired to rest in the royal palace
that with seventy thousand men, or rather boys, he had repulsed a hun-
dred and fifty thousand of his foe. His inspmting personal work
might be calculated as worth eighty thousand of his opponents' hest
men. That night both Marmont and Victor, with their corps, entered
the city ; and Vandannne in the early dawn began to l^omhard Pmia,
thus threatening the alhes' connection with Bohemia and drawing away
forces from them to hold that outj:>ost.
The second day's fighting was more disastrous to the alhes than the
first. The morning opened in a tempest, but at six both sides were ar-
rayed. On the French right were Victor and Latour-Mauhourg ; then
Marmont ; then the old guard and Ney with two divisions of the yoimg
guard ; next Saint-Cyi", with Mortier on the left. Opposite stood Rus-
sians, Prussians, and Austrians, in the same relative positions, on higher
ground, encircling the French all the way westward and around by the
south to Plauen ; hut between their center an 1 left was reserved a gap
for Klenau's Austrians, who were coming up from Tharandt in the
blinding storm, and were overdue. At seven began the artUleiy fire
of the young guard ; but before long it ceased for an instant, since the
gminers found the enemy's line too high for the elevation of their gims.
" Continue," came swiftly the Emperor's order ; " we must occupy the
attention of the enemy on that spot." The ruse succeeded, and the gap
was left open ; at ten Mm'at dashed through it, and turning westward,
killed or captured all who composed the enemy's extreme left. The
garrison of Pii-na then retreated toward Peterswald. Elsewhere the
French merely held their own. Napoleon lounged all day in a curious
apathy before his camp-fii'e, his condition being apparently due to the
incipient stages of a digestive disorder. Early in the afternoon Schwarz-
enberg heard of Murat's great charge, but he held fimi until at five the
flight from Pirna was annoimced, when he abandoned the conflict.
By six Napoleon was aware that the battle was over, and, mounting
his horse, he trotted listlessly to the palace, his old gray overcoat and
hood streaming with rain.
CHAPTER VIII
politics and strategy
Napoleon's Conduct after Dresden — Military Considerations Over-
ruled BY Political Schemes — Probable Explanation of Napo-
leon's Failure — Prussian Victories at Grossbeeren and on the
KaTZBACH — VaNDAJIME 0^"ERWHELMED AT KULM — NaPOLEON's RE-
SPONSIBILITY— Political Considerations again Ascendant — The
System of "Hither and Thither" — The Battle of Dennewitz —
Its Dlsastrous Consequences — Napoleon's Vacillation — Strat-
egy Thwarted by Diplomacy.
CHAP_vrii rpHROUGHOUT the night after the victory at Dresden, Napoleon
1813 ^ l^eheved that the enemy would retmni again to battle on the mor-
row. This is conclusively shown by the notes which he made for Ber-
thier during the evening. These were based on the stated hypothesis
that the enemy was not really in retreat, but would on the moiTOW by a
great battle strive to retrieve his failure. But the Emperor was alto-
gether mistaken. To be sure, the council of the disheariened allies de-
bated far into the small hours whether an advantageous stand could
not stiU be made on the heights of Dippoldiswalde, but the decision was
adverse because the coalition army was sadly shattered, having lost a
third of its numbers. Crippled on its left and threatened on its rear,
it began next morning to retreat in fair order toward the Ore Mountains,
and so continued until it became known that Vandamme was directly
in the path, when a large proportion of the troops litcrall}^ took to the
hills, and retreat became flight. Then first, at foiu' in the afternoon.
Napoleon l>egan to realize what had actually occun-ed. And what did
he do ? Having ridden almost to Pirna before taking measures of any
kind to reap the fruits of victory, he there issued orders for the single
corps of Vandamme, slightly reinforced, to begin the pursuit ! There-
^T.44] POLITICS AND STRATEGY 59
upon, leaving directions for Mortier to hold Pima, he entered a cairiage chap. vni
and (h'ove quietly back to Dresden ! isis
These are the almost incredible facts: no teiTific onslaught after the
fii'st night, no well-ordered pursuit after the second, a mere pretense of
seizing the advantage on the third day ! In fact. Napoleon, having set
his plan in operation at the very beginning of the battle, sank, to all
outward appearances, into a state of lassitude, the only sign of alert
interest he displayed throughout the conflict beuig shown when he was
told that Moreau had been mortally wounded. The cause may have been
physical or it may have been moral, but it was probably a political mis-
calculation. If we may beheve Captain Coignet, the talk of the staff
on the night of the twenty-seventh revealed a perfect knowledge of the
enemy's rout ; they knew that the retreat of their opponents had been
precipitate, and they had credible information of disordered l)ands seen
hurrying through byways or rushing headlong through mountain defiles.
Yet for all this, they were thoroughly discontented, and the biu'den of
their conversation was execration of the Emperor. "He 's a ■
who will ruin us aU," was the repeated malediction. If we may believe
Napoleon himself, he had a violent attack of vomiting near Pima, and
was compelled to leave everything on that fateful day to others. This
is possible, but unhkely; the day before, though listless, he was well
enough to chat and take snuff as he stood in a redoubt observing the
course of events through his field-glass; the day after he was perfectly
well, and exercised unusual self-control when tidings of serious import
were brought from the north. The sequel goes to show that neither
his own sickness nor the bad temper of the army sufficiently accounts
for Napoleon's uumilitary conduct on the twenty-eighth ; it appears, on
the contrary, as if he refi*ained of set purpose from annihilating the
Austrian ai-my in order to reknit the Austrian alliance and destroy the
coalition. This he never was willing to admit; but no man likes to
confess himself a dupe.
Had Oudinot and Macdonald succeeded in their offensive operations
against Berlin, and had Napoleon himself done nothing more than hold
Dresden, a place which we must remember he considered fi-om the outset
as a defensive point, it would have sufficed, in order to obtain the most
favorable terms of peace, to throw back the main army of the coali-
tion, hmniliated and dispmted, through Bohemia to Prague. But, as
we have repeatedly seen, long service under the Empire had destroyed
QQ LIFE OF NAPOLEON BONAPARTE [^Et. 44
Chap, vm all initiative in the French marshals : in Spain one mighty general after
1813 another had been brought low ; those who were serving in Germany
seemed stricken with the same palsy. It is tnie that in the days of their
greatness they had commanded choice troops, and that now the flower
of the army was reserved for the Emperor ; but it is likewise true that
then they had fought for wealth, advancement, and power. Now they
yearned to enjoy their gains, and were embittered because Napoleon
had not accepted Austria's terms of mediation until it was too late.
Moreover, Bernadotte, one of their opponents, had been trained in
their own school, and was figliting for a cro\\Ti. To Bliicher, untamed
and untrustworthy in temper, had been given in the person of Gneise-
nau an efficient check on all lieadlong impulses, and Billow was a com-
mander far above mediocrity. Such considerations go far to account
for three disasters — those, namely, of Grossbeeren, Katzbach, and Kulm
— which made it insufficient for Napoleon to hold Dresden and throw
back the main army of the allies, and which thwarted all his strategy,
military and political.
The first of these affairs was scarcely a defeat. Oudinot, advancing
with seventy thousand men by way of Wittenberg to seize Berlin,
found himself confi'onted by Bernadotte with eighty thousand. The
latter, with his eye on the crown of France, naturally feared to defeat
a French anny ; at first he thought of retreating across the Spree and
abandoning the Prussian capital. But the Prussians were outraged at
the possibility of such conduct, and the schemer was convinced that a
show of resistance was imperative. On August twenty-second a few
skirmishes occuiTed, and the next day Biilow, disobeying his orders,
brought on a pitched battle at Grossbeeren, which was waged, with
varying success, mitil nightfall left the village in French hands. Ou-
dinot, however, discouraged alike by the superior force of the enemy,
by the obstinate courage of the Prussians, and by the dismal weather,
lost heart, and retreated to Wittenberg. The heavy rains prevented an
effective pursuit, but the Pnissians followed as far as Treuenbrietzen.
On August twenty-fii'st, Bliicher, aware of the circumstances which
kept Napoleon at Dresden, had finally determined to attack Macdonald.
The French marshal, by a strange coincidence, almost simultaneously
abandoned the defensive position he had been ordered to hold, and ad-
vanced to give battle. It was therefore a mere chance when on tlie
twenty-fifth the two armies came together, amid rain and fog, at the
MARSHAL 1-DuUAKD-ADOLPHE-CASIMIR-JOSEPH MORTIHR
DUKE OF TREVLSO
KBOM THE PAINTISU LY DUUti-NlCOLAS POXCE-CIJIUS
iET.44] POLITICS AND STRATEGY 61
Katzbach. After a bitter struggle the French wore routed with frightful chap. viii
loss. A teiTific rain-storm sot in, and the whole country was turned isi3
into a marsh. For five days Bliichor continued the pursuit, until lie
reached Naumhurg, on tlie right l)ank oi" tlu; (^uciss, where he halted,
having captured eighteeu thousand prisoners with a hundred and
three guns.
To these misfortmies the aifair at Kulm was a fitting clmiax. No
worse leader for a delicate independent movement could have been se-
lected than the reckless Vandamme. He was so rash, conceited, and
brutish that Napoleon once exclaimed in sheer desperation : " If there
were two Vandammes in my ai-my, nothing could be done until one had
killed the other." As might have been expected, the headlong general
far outstripped the columns of Mannont, Saint-Cyr, and Murat, which
had been tardily sent to support him. Descending without circumspec-
tion into the plain of Kulm, he found himself, on the twenty-ninth,
confronted by the Russian guard; and next morning, when attacked
by them in superior force, he was compelled to retreat through a moun-
tain defile toward Peterswald, whence he had come. At the mouth of
the gorge he was luiexpectedly met by the Prussian corps of Kleist.
Each side thought the other moving to cut it off. They therefore
rushed one upon the other in despau', with no other hope than that of
breaking through to rejoin their respective armies. The shock was
temble, and for a time the confusion seemed inextricable. But the
Russians soon came up, and Vandamme, with seven thousand men,
was captured, the loss in slain and wounded being about five thousand.
Saint-Cyr, Marmont, and Miirat halted and held the mountain passes.
This was the climax of disaster in Napoleon's great strategic plan.
In no way responsible for Gfrossbeeren, nor for Macdonald's defeat on
the Katz])ach, he was culpable both for the selection of Vandamme and
for failure to support him in the pursuit of Schwarzenberg. At St. He-
lena the Emperor strove in three ways to account for the crash inider
which he was buried after Dresden : by the sickness which made him
unable to give attention to the situation, by the inundation which ren-
dered Macdonald helpless at the crossing of the Bobor, and by the ar-
rival of a notification from the King of Bavaria that, after a certain
date, he too would join the coalition. This was not history, but an
appeal to public sentiment, carefully calculated for luitrained readers.
The fact was that at Dresden the gradual transformation of the
Vol. IV.— 9
62 LIFE OF NAPOLEON BONAPARTE [.Et. 44
Chap. Via strategist into the politician, whicli had long been going on, was coni-
1S13 plete. The latter misapprehended the moment for diplomatic nego-
tiations, conceiving the fonner's victorj^ to have been detei-minative,
when in reahty it was rendered i)artial and contingent by failure to
follow it up. Great as Napoleon was in other respects, he was
supremely gi'eat as a strategist ; it is therefore his psychological dcA-el-
opment and decUne in this respect which are essential to the deter-
mination of the moment in which he became bankrujit in ability.
This instant was that of course in which his strategic failures became
no longer intermittent, but regular; and after Dresden such was the
case. As to conception and tactics there never was a failure — the
year 1814 is the wonder-year of his theoretical genius; but after
Dresden there is continuous failure in the practical combination ol"
concept and means, in other words, of strategic mastery. This con-
tention as to the clouding of Napoleon's vision by the interference
of political and military considerations is proved by his next step.
Hitherto his basal principle had been to mass all his force for a deter-
minative blow, his combinations all turning about hostile annies and
their annihilation, or at least about producing situations which would
make annihilation possible. Now he was concerned, not with armies,
but with capital cities. Claiming that to extend his line toward Prague
would weaken it, in order to resmne a strong defensive he chose the old
plan of an advance to Berlin, and Ney was sent to supersede Oudinot,
Schwarzenberg being left to recuperate unmolested. The inchoate idea
of political victory which turned him back from Pima was fully devel-
oped ; by a blow at Berlin and a general noi-thward movement he could
not merely punish Prussia, but alarm Russia, separate the latter's army
from that of the other aUies, and then plead with Austria his consid-
eration in not invading her territories. In spite of all that has been
written to the contrary, there was some strength in this idea, unworfhy
as it was of the author's strategic ability. Ney was to advance immedi-
ately, while he himself pressed on to Hoyerswerda, where he hoped to
establish connections for a common advance.
Such a concentration would have been possible if for a fortnight
Macdonald had been able to hold Bliicher, and Murat had succeeded
in checking Schwarzenberg. But the news of Macdonald's plight com-
pelled Napoleon to march first toward Bautzen, in order to prevent
Bliicher from annihilating the army in Silesia. Exasperated by this
iET.44] POLITICS AND STRATEGY 03
unexpected diversion, the Emperor started in a reckless, embittered chap. vm
temper. On September fifth it became evident that Blu(--hor would not 1813
stand, and Napoleon prepared to wheel in the du-eetion of Berlin ; but
the orders were almost immediately recalled, for news anived that
Schwarzenberg was marelmig to Dresden. At once Napoleon returned
to the Saxon capital. By September tenth he had di-awn in his forces,
ready for a second defense of the city ; but learning that sixty thousand
Austriaus had been sent over the Elbe to take on its flank any French
army sent after Blucher, he ordered the young guard to Bautzen for
the reinforcement of Macdonald. Thereupon Schwarzenberg, on the
fourteenth, made a feint to advance. On the fifteenth Napoleon rephed
by a countennove on Pmia, where jiontoons were thrown over the
river to establish connection with ^Macdonald. On the sixteenth Napo-
leon reconnoitered, on the seventeenth there was a skii-mish, and on the
eighteenth there were again a push and countei-push. These move-
ments convinced Napoleon that Schwarzenberg was really on the de-
fensive, and he returned to Di-esden, determined to let feint and coun-
terfeint, the " system of hither and thither," as he called it, go on until
the golden opportunity for a ci'ushing blow should be offered. Blucher
meantime had turned again on Macdonald, who was now on the heights
of Fischbach with Poniatowski on his right. Mortier was again at
Pirna ; Victor, Saint-CjT, and Lobau were guarding the mountam passes
from Bohemia.
This was virtually the situation of a month previous, before the
battle. Schwarzenberg might feel that he had prevented the invasion
of Austria, Napoleon that he had regained his strong defensive. While
the victory of Dresden had gone for nothing, yet this situation was
nevertheless a double triiunph for Napoleon. Ney, in obedience to
orders, had advanced on the fifth. Bernadotte lay at Jiiterbog, his
right being westerly at Dennewitz, under Tauenzien. Bertrand was to
make a demonstration on the sixth against the latter, so that behind
this movement the rest of the army should pass by umioticed. But Ney
started three hours late, so that the skii-mish between Tauenzien and
Berirand lasted long enough to give the alarm to Billow, who hmTied
in, attacked Reynier's division, and turned the affair into a general en-
gagement. At fu'st the advantage was with the Prussians ; then Ney,
at an opportune moment, began to throw in Oudinot's corps — a move
which seemed likely to decide the straggle in favor of the French.
64 LIFE OF NAPOLEON BONAPARTE [^t.44
Chap, vui But Boi'stoU, wbo had becu Billow's lieutenant at Grossbeeren, brongbt
1813 lip bis men in disobedience to Bernadotte's orders, and threw them into
the thickest of the conflict. Hitherto the Saxons had been lighting
gallantly on the French side ; soon they began to waver, and now, fall-
ing back, they took up many of Oudinot's men in their flight. The
Prussians poured into the gap left by the Saxons, and when Bernadotte
came up with his Swedes and Russians the battle was over. Ney was
driven into Torgau, with a loss of fifteen thousand men, besides eighty
guns and four himdi-ed train-wagons. The Pixissians lost about nine
thousand killed and woimded.
This affair concentrated into one movement the moral effects of all
the minor defeats, an influence which far outweighed the importance of
Dresden. The French still fought superbly in Napoleon's presence, but
only then, for they were heartily sick of the war. Nor was this all : the
Bavarians and Saxons were coming to feel that their obligations to
France had been fully discharged. They were infected with the same
national spirit which made heroes of the Prussians. These, to be sure,
were defending their homes and firesides; but seeing the great French
generals successively defeated, and that largely by their own efforts,
they were animated to fresh exertions by their victories ; even the re-
serves and the home guard displayed the heroism of veterans. On Sep-
tember seventh Ney wrote to Napoleon: "Yom- left flank is exhausted
— take heed ; I think it is time to leave the Elbe and withdraw to the
Saale"; and his oi)inion was that of all the division commanders.
Thi'oughout the coimtiy-side pai-tizans were seizing the supply-trains ;
Davout had found his Dutch and Flemings to be mediocre soldiers, un-
fit at crucial moments to take the offensive ; the army had shrunk to
about two hundred and fifty thousand men all told ; straggling was in-
creasing, and the country was ^artually devastated. To this last fact
the plain people, sufferers as they were, remained in their larger patri-
otism amazingly indifferent: the " hither-and-thither " system tickled
their fancy, and tliey dubbed Napoleon the " Bautzen Messenger-Boy."
Uneasiness pervaded every French encampment ; on the other side
timidity was replaced by courage, dissension by unity.
Tliis transformation of German society seemed further to entangle
the political threads which had already debased the quality of Napo-
leon's strategy. Technically no fault can be found with his promi)t
changes of i»lan to meet emergencies, or with the details of movements
IM THE UUtKt-M UF VKUSMU.KS
I. JOIINHi>N
MARSHAL )HAN-15APT1STE-JUL.KS BHRNADOl TR
I'KINCl-. Ol- I'ONTt COKVn, CHARMS XIV OK SWl.DI-.N
ntoM riir. i-aiminu hy rittN^oi
A-.T.U] rOLITICS AND STRATEGY G5
which lod to liis proloiij^od inaction. Yet, lai-f^ely considered, the result cuap. vhi
was disastrous. The great medical speciahst refrains from th(^ inmie- ihi3
diute treatment of a sickly organ until tlic general health is sufliciently
recuperated to assui'c success ; the medicaster makes a direct attack on
evident disease. Napoleon conceived a great general plan for concen-
trating about Dresden to recuperate his forces; but when Bliicher pre-
pared to advance he gi'ew imjiaticnt, saw only his immediate trouble,
and ordered Macdonald to make a grand dash. Driving m the hostile
outposts to Forstgen, he then si:)ont a whole day hesitating whether to
go on or to turn westward and disperse another deta(!hment of his
ubiquitous foe, which, as he heard from Ney, had bridged the Elbe at
the mouth of the Black Elster. It was the twenty-third before he
turned back to do neither, but to secure needed rest on the left bank of
the Elbe. But if Napoleon's own definition of a truly great ma,u be
accurate, — namely, one who can command the situations he creates, —
he was himself no longer great. The enemy not only had bridges over
the Elbe at the mouth of the Elster, but at Acken and Rosslau. The
left bank was as untenable for the French as the right, and it was of
stern necessity that the various detachments of the army were called
in to hold a line far westward, to the north of Leipsic. Oudinot,
restored to partial favor, was left to keep the rear at Dresden with
part of the young guard. On October first it was learned that Schwarz-
enberg was manoeuvering on the left to surround the invaders if
possible by the south, and that Bliicher, with like aim, was moving to
the noi-th. It was evident that the alhes had formed a great resolution,
and Napoleon confessed to Marmont that his " game of chess was be-
coming confused."
The fact was, the Emperor's diplomacy had far outstripped the gen-
eral's strategy. It was blazoned abroad that on September twenty-
seventh a huudi-ed and sixty thousand new conscripts fi'om the class
of 1815, with a himdred and twenty thousand from the arrears of the
seven previous classes, would be assembled at the mihtary depots in
France. Boys like these had won Liitzen, Bautzen, and Dresden, and a
large minority would be able-bodied men, late in maturing, perhaps, but
strong. With this prehminaiy blare of trumpets, a letter for the Em-
peror Francis was sent to General Bubna. The bearer was insti-ucted
to say that Napoleon would make great sacrifices both for Austria and
Prussia if only he could get a heaiing. It was too late : already, on
66 LIFE OF NAPOLEON BONAPARTE t^T. 44
Chap. VIII September ninth, the three powers had concluded an offensive and de-
1813 fensive alliance for the purpose of liberating the Rhenish princes, of
making sovereign and independent the states of southern and western
Germany, and of restoring both Prussia and Austria to their limits of
1805. This was the treaty which beguiled Bavaria fi'om the French
aUiance, and made the German contingents in the French armies, the
Saxons among the rest, wild for emancipation from a hated service. It
explained the notification previously received from the King of Bavaria,
who, in return for the recognition of his complete autonomy, formally
joined the coalition on October eighth, with an army of thiriy-six thou-
sand men. How much of all this the French spies and emissaries made
known to Napoleon does not appear. One thing only is certain, that
Napoleon's flag of tmce was sent back with his message undelivered.
This ominous fact had to be considered in connection with the move-
ments of the enemy. They had learned one of Napoleon's own secrets.
In a bulletin of 1805 are the words : " It rains hard, but that does not
stop the march of the grand army." In 1806 he boasted concerning
Prussia: "AATiile people are deliberating, the French army is marching."
In 1813, while he himseK was vacillating, his foes were stirring. On
October third, Bliicher, having accomplished a superb strategic march,
di'ove Bertrand to Bitterfeld, and stood before Kemberg, west of the
Elbe, with sixty-four thousand men ; Bernadotte, with eighty thousand,
was crossing at Acken and Rosslau; and Schwarzenberg, with a hundred
and seventy thousand, was abeady south of Leipsic ; Bennigscn, with
fifty thousand reserves, had reached Teplitz. The enemy would clearly
concentrate at Leipsic and cut off Napoleon's base unless he retreated.
But it was October fifth before the bitter resolution to do so was taken,
and then the movement began under compulsion. ^lurat was sent,
with three infantry corps and one of cavahy, to hold Schwarzenberg
until the necessary manoouvers could be completed.
CHAPTER IX
the end of the grand arjiy
Plans for Conducting the Retreat — Napoleon's Health — Blu-
cher's Brilliant Idea — Napoleon under Compulsion — His Skil-
ful Concentration — The Battle-field aiiound Leipsic — The
Attack — Results of the First Day's Fighting — Attempt to
Negotiate — Napoleon's Apathy — The Positions of the Third
Day — The Grand Army Defeated — The Disaster at the Elster
Bridge — Dissolution of the Grand Arimy.
BUT how should the retreat be conducted ? Napoleon's habit of re- chap. ix
ducing his thoughts to wiiting for the sake of clearness remained 1813
strong upon him to the last, and in the painstaking notes which he
made with regard to this important move he outlined two alternatives :
to gaiTison Dresden with two corps, send three to reconnoiter about
Chemnitz, and then march, with five and the guard, to attack Schwarzen-
berg; or else to strengthen Mm-at, place him between Schwarzenberg
and Leipsic, and then advance to drive Bemadotte and Bliicher behind
the Elbe. But in winter the fi'ozen Elbe with its flat shores would be
no rampart. Both plans were abandoned, and on the seventh orders
were issued for a retreat behind the Saale, the precipitous banks of
which were a natural fortification. Behind this line of defense he
could rest in safety diu-ing the winter, with his right at Erfurt and
his left at Magdeburg. Dresden must, he concluded, be evacuated.
This would deprive the allies of the easy refuge behind the Saxon and
Bohemian mountains which they had sought at every onset, but it
might leave them complete masters of Saxony. To avoid this he must
take one of three courses: either halt behind the Mulde for one blow at
the armies of the North and of Silesia, or join Mm-at for a decisive bat-
68 LIFE OF NAPOLEON BONAPARTE [^t. 44
Chap. IX tie with the Austrian general, or else concentrate at Leipsic, and meet
1813 the onset of the luiited alhes, now much stronger than he was.
The niglit of the seA^enth was spent in indecision as to any one or all
of these ideas, but in active prcjiaration for the actual movements of the
retreat, however it should be conducted ; any contingency might be met
or a resolve taken when the necessity arose. During that night the Em-
peror took two warm baths. The habit of drinking strong coffee to
prevent drowsiness had induced attacks of nervousness, and these were
not diminished by his load of care. To allay these and other ailments,
he had had recourse for some time to frequent tepid baths. INFuch has
been written about a mysterious malady which had been steadily in-
creasing, but the burden of testimony from the Emperor's closest asso-
ciates at this time indicates that in the main he had enjoyed excellent
health throughout the second Saxon campaign. He was on the whole
calm and self-reliant, exhibiting signs of profound emotion only in con-
nection with unportant decisions. He was certainly capable of clear
insight and of severe application in a crisis ; he could still endure ex-
haustuig physical exertion, and rode without discomfort, sitting his
horse in the same stiff, awkward manner as of old. There were certainly
intervals of self-indulgence and of lassitude, of excessive emotion and
depressing self-examination, which seemed to require the offset of a
physical stimulus ; 'out on tlie whole there do not appear to have been
such sharp attacks of illness, or even of morbid depression, as amount
to providential interference ; natural causes, complex but not inexpM-
cable, sufficiently account for the subsequent disasters.
For instance, considerations of personal friendsliip having in earlier
days often led him to unwise decisions, a hke cause may be said
to have brought on his coming disaster. It was tlie affection of the
Saxon king for his beautiful capital which at tbe very last instant, on
October eighth, induced Napoleon to cast all liis well-weighed scheme
to the winds, and — fatal decision — leave Saint-Cyr and Lobau, with
three corps, in Dresden. A decisive l)attle was inmiinent ; tlie com-
mander was untiiie to his maxim that every division should be under
the colors. But with or without his full force, the master-strategist
was outwitted : the expected meeting did not take place as he finally
reckoned. On the tenth his headquarters were at Diiben, and his di-
visions well forward on the Elbe, ready for Beniadotte and Bliicliei-;
but there was no foe. Both these generals had been disconcerted by
MARSHAL NICOLAS-CHARLES OUDINOT
DUKi; OK KI-.GC.IO
Kwnii T(ii: l■^l^Tl^'^ nv homkiit i.Krrx'iiK
^T. .14] THE END OF THE GRAND AKxMY 69
the unexpected swiftness of the French movements ; the fonner acta- chap, ix
ally contemplated recrossing the river to avoid a pitched battle with isia
those whom he hoped before long to secure as his subjects. But the
enthusiastic old Pi-ussian shamed his ally into action, persuading him at
least to march soutli from Ackeu, effe(;t a junction witli the army of
Silesia, and cross the Saale to threaten Napoleon from the rear. This
was a brilliant and daring plan, for if successful both armies might
possibly unite with Schwarzenberg's ; but even if unsuccessful in that,
they would at least reproduce the situation in Silesia, and reduce the
French to the " hither-and-thither " system, which, rendering a deci-
sive battle impossible, had thwarted the Napoleonic strategy.
Napoleon spent a weary day of waiting in Dubon, yawning and
scribbling, but keeping his geographer and secretary in readiness. It
was said at the time, and has since been repeated, that throughout this
portion of the campaign Napoleon was not recognizable as himself;
that he ruminated when he shoidd have been active ; that he consulted
when he should have given orders ; that he was no longer ubiquitous
as of old, but sluggish, and rooted to one spot. But it is hard to see
what he left undone, his judgment being mistaken as it was. When
rumors of Beraadotte's movements began to arrive, he dismissed the
idea suggested by them as preposterous ; when finally, on the twelfth,
he heard that Bliicher was actually advancing to Halle, and no possible
doubt remained, he gave instant orders for a march on Leipsic. Critics
have suggested that again delay had l)een his ruin ; but this is not true.
An advance over the Elbe toward Berlin in search of the enemy would
merely have enabled Bliicher and Bernadotte to join forces sooner, and
have rendered their union with Schwarzenberg easier. No stricture is
just but one : that Napoleon, knowing how impossible it was to obtain
such exact infonnation as he seemed determined to have, should have
divined the enemy's plan, and acted sooner. The accurate information
necessary for such foresight was not obtainable ; in fact, it seldom is,
and some allowance may be made if the general Hngered before rushing
into the " tube of a fimnel," as Marmont expressed it. On the morning
of the thirteenth, while the final arrangements for marching to Leipsic
were making, came the news of Bavaria's defection. It spread thi'ough-
out the army like wdldfire, but its effect was less than might be imag-
ined, and it served for the priming of a bulletin, issued on the fifteenth,
announcing the approaching battle.
Vol. IV.- 10
70 LIFE OF NAPOLEON BONAPARTE [.Et. 44
Chap. EX On the fifteenth, Murat, who had been steadily withdrawing before
1813 the allied army of the South, was overtaken at Wachan by Schwarzen-
berg's van. He fought all day with magnificent corn-age, and suc-
cessfully, hiu'ling the hostile cavahy skirmishers back on the main
column. Within sound of his guns. Napoleon was reconnoitering his
chosen battle-field in and about Leipsic ; and when, after nightfall, the
brothers-in-law met, the necessary arrangements were virtually com-
plete. Those who were present at the council thought the Emperor
inexplicably calm and composed — they said indifferent or stohd. But
he had reasons to be confident rather than desperate, for by a touch of
his old energy he had concentrated more swiftly than his foe, having a
hundi'ed and seventy thousand men in aiTay. Reynier, with fourteen
thousand more, was near; if Saint-Cyr and Lobau, with their thirty
thousand, had been present instead of sitting idly in Dresden, the
French would actually have outnumbered any anny the coahtion could
have assembled for battle. The allies could hope at best to produce
two hundred thousand men ; Bernadotte was still near Merseburg ;
Bliicher, though coming in fi'om Halle, was not within striking-dis-
tance. In spite of his vacillation and filial failure to evacuate Dresden,
Napoleon had an excellent fighting chance.
The city of Leipsic, engirdled by numerous villages, lies in a low
plain watered by the Parthe, Pleisse, and Elster, the last of which to
the westward has several arms, with swampy banks. Across these nins
the highway to Frankfort, elevated on a dike, and spanning the deep,
central stream of the Elster by a single bridge. Eastward by Connewitz
the land is higher, there being considerable swells, and even hills, to the
south and southeast. This rolling country was that chosen by Na-
poleon for the main battle against Schwarzenberg ; Marmont was sta-
tioned north of the city, near Mockem, to observe Blucher ; Bernadotte,
the cautious, was still at Opj^in with his Swedes. On the evening of
the fifteenth, his dispositions being complete. Napoleon made the tour
of all his posts. At dusk three white rockets were seen to rise m
the southern sky ; they were promptly answered by four red ones in
the north. These were probably signals between Schwarzenberg and
Bliicher. Napoleon's watch-fire was kindled behind the old guard, be-
tween Reudnitz and Crottendorf.
The battle began early next morning. Napoleon waited until nine,
and then advanced at the head of his guards to Liebertwolkwitz, near
^T. 44] THE END OF THE GRAND ARMY 71
Wachau, on the right bank of the Pleisse, where the decisive struggle chap. ix
was sure to occm', since the mass of the enemy, under Barclay, with 1813
Wittgenstein as second in command, had attacked in four colunms at
that point. Between the Pleisse and the Elster, near Connewitz, stood
Poniatowski, opposed to Schwarzenberg and Meerveldt ; westward of
the Elster, near Liudenau, stood Bertrand, covering the single line of
retreat, the Frankfort highway, and his antagonist was Gyiilay. Thus
there were four divisions in the mighty conflict, which began by an
onset of the allies along the entire front. The main engagement was
stubborn and bloody, the allies attacking with httle skill, biit great
bravery. Until near midday Napoleon more than held his own. Victor
at Wachau, and Lauriston at Liebertwolkwitz, had each successfully re-
sisted six desperate assaults ; between them were massed the artillery,
a hmidi-ed and fifty gims, under Drouot, and behind, all the cavalry
except that of Sebastiani. The great artillery captain was about to
give the last splendid exhibition of what his arm can do under favorable
circumstances — that is, when strongly posted in the right position and
powerfully supported by cavahy. He intended, with an awful shock
and swift pursuit, to break through the enemy's center at Giildengossa
and surround his right. So gTeat was his genius for combinations that
while the alhes were that moment using tlu*ee hundred and twenty-five
thousand effective men all told to his two hundi'ed and fourteen thou-
sand, yet in the decisive spot he had actually concentrated a himdred
and fifteen thousand to then* hundi'ed and fom-teen thousand. This
was becaiase Schwarzenberg, having attempted to outflank the French,
was floimdering to no avail in the swampy meadows between the
Pleisse and the Elster, and was no longer a factor in the contest.
When, at midday, all was in readiness and the order was given, the
artilleiy fire was so rapid that the successive shots were heard, not sep-
arately, but in a long, sullen note. By two, Victor and Oudinot on the
right, with Mortier and Macdonald on the left, were well forward of
Giildengossa, but the place itself still held out. At three the cavalry,
under Murat, Latour-Maubourg, and Kellermann, were sped direct upon
it. With awful effort they broke through, and the bells of Leipsic
began to ring in triumph — prematui-ely. The Czar had peremptorily
summoned from Schwarzenberg's command the Austro-Russian re-
serve, and at four these, with the Cossack guard, charged the French
cavalry, hurling them back to Markkleeberg. Nightfall found Victor
72 LIFE OF NAPOLEON BONAPARTE [.Et. 44
Chap. IX again at Wachau, and Macdonald holding Liebertwolkwdtz. Simul-
1813 taneously with the great charge of the aUies Meerveldt had dashed out
from Connewitz toward Dolitz, but his force was nearly annihilated,
and he himself was captured. At Mockern, Marmont, after gallant
work with inferior numbers, had been beaten on his left, and then com-
pelled for safety to draw in his right. While he still held Golilis and
Eutritzsch, the mass of his armj' had been thrown back into Leipsic.
Throughout the day Bertrand made a gallant and successful resistance
to superior numbers, and drove that portion of the aUied forces opposed
to him away from Lindenau as far as Plagwitz. At nightfall three
blank shots announced the cessation of hostilities all around.
In the face of superior numbers, the French had not lost a single im-
portant position, and whatever mihtaiy science had been displayed was
all theirs ; Bliicher made the sohtary advance move of the aUies, the
seizure of Mockern by York's corps ; Schwarzenberg had been hterally
mired in his attempt to outflank his enemy, and but for Alexander's
peremptory recall of the reserves destined for the same task, the day
would have been one of irretrievable disaster to the eoahtion. Yet
Napoleon knew that he was lost unless he could retreat. Clearly he
had expected a triumph, for in the city nothing was ready, and over
the Elster was but one crossing, the solitary bridge on the Frankfort
road. The seventeenth was the first day of the week ; both sides were
exhausted, and the Emperor of the French seems to have felt that at
all hazards he must gain time. Dui'ing the pre'^'ious night long consul-
tations had been held, and the French tUvisions to the south had been
slightly compacted. In the morning Meerveldt, the captured Austrian
general, the same man who after Austerhtz had solicited and obtained
on the part of Francis an interview from Napoleon, was paroled, and
sent into his own lines to ask an armistice, together with the interven-
tion of Francis on the terms of Prague : renunciation of Poland and
niyria by Napoleon, the absolute independence of Holland, of the
Hanse towns, of Spain, and of a united Italy. \Yhen we remember
that England was pajonaster to the coalition, and was fighting for her
infiuence in Holland, and that Austria's ambition was for predominance
in a disunited Italy, we feel that apparently Napoleon wanted time
rather than hoped for a successful plea to his father-in-law.
This would be the inevitable conclusion except for the fact that
he witlidrew quietly to his tent and there remained; the i-esourceful
MARSHAL JOZEF ANTON, PRINCK PONIATOWSKI
^T.44] THE END OF THE GRAND ARMY 73
general was completely apathetic, being eitlier over-confident in his chap. ix
diplomatic mission or stunned by calamity. The day passed ^^^tllOut i»^i3
incident except a momentary attack on Marmont, and the anival of
Bernadotte, who had been spurred to movement by a hint from Gnei-
senau concerning the terms on which Great Britain was to pay her
subsidies. It was asserted at the time that Napoleon gave orders
early in the morning for building numerous l)iidges over the western
streams. If so, they were not executed, only a single flimsy structure
being built, and that on the road leading fi-om the town, not on the
Mnes westward from his positions in the subui'bs. His subordinates
should have acted in so serious a matter even without orders; but like
the drivers of trains which run at lightning speed, they had, after
years of high-pressure service, lost their nerve. Marmont asserts that
even Napoleon was nerveless. "We were occupied," he wrote, "in
restoring order among our troops ; we should either have commenced
our retreat, or at least have prepared the means to commence it at
nightfall. But a certain carelessness on the part of Napoleon, which it
is impossible to explain and difficult to describe, filled the cup of our
soiTOWs." Considering who vn-ote these words, they must be taken
with allowance ; but they indicate a tnith, that in his decadence this
hitherto many-sided man could not be both general and Emperor. No
answer from Francis was received; the aUies agreed on this course,
and determined, according to their agreement with England, not to
cease fighting till the last French soldier was over the Rhine. It was
midnight when Napoleon finally drew in his posts and gave preHminary
orders to dispose his troops in readiness either to fight or to retreat.
When day dawned on October eighteenth the French army occu-
pied an eutu-ely new position : the right wing, under Mm*at, IjHng
between Connewitz and Dolitz ; the center at Probstheida in a salient
angle ; the left, under Ney, with fi-ont toward the north between
Paunsdorf and Gohlis. Within this arc, and close about the city,
stood all the well-tried coi-ps, infantry, artillery, and cavalry, under
their various leaders of renown — Poniatowski, Augereau, Victor,
Drouot, Kellennann, Oudinot, Latour-Maubourg, Macdonald, Mar-
mont, Reynier, and Souham ; Napoleon was on a hillock at Thonberg,
with the old guard in reserve. His chief concern was the line of
retreat, which was still open when, at seven, the fighting began.
Schwarzenberg, with the left, could get no farther than Connewitz.
74 LIFE OF NAPOLEON BONAPARTE [Mt.U
Chap. IX Beunigsen, -with the right, started to feel Bemadotte and complete the
1813 iuvestment. Neither was entirely successful, hut Marmont withdrew
fi-oni before Bliiclicr, and Ney from before Bernadotte and Beunigsen,
in order to avoid being surrounded; so that the two French armies
were united before nightfall on the western outskirts of the town, where
Bertrand had routed Gyulay, and had kept open the all-iini)ortant line
of rrtreat, over which, since noon, trains of wagons had been passing.
But magnificent as was the work of all these doughty champions on
both sides, it was far surpassed in the center, where during the entire
day, under Napoleon's eye, advance and resistance had been desperate.
Men fell like gi'ass before the scythe, and surging lines of their com-
rades moved on from behind. Such were the numbers and such the
carnage that men have compared the conflict to that of the nations at
AiTuageddon.
At Victor's stand, near Probstheida, the fighting was fiercer tlian
the fiercest. The alMed troops charged with fixed bayonets, rank after
rank, column follo\Nang on column; cannon roared while gi-ape and
shrapnel sped to meet the assailants ; men said the air was full of
human limbs; ten times Russians and Prussians came on, only to be
driven ten times back. The very soil on which the assailants trod
was human flesh. Hour after horn' the slaughter continued. Occa-
sionally the French attempted a rally, but only to be thrown back by
musket fire and cavalry charge. It was the same at Stotteritz, where
no one seemed to pause for breath. Woe to him who fell in fatigue :
he was soon but another corpse in the piles over which new rein-
forcements came on to the assault or countercharge. At last there
was scarcely a semblance of order; in hand-to-hand conflict men
shouted, struggled, wrestled, thrust, advanced, and witluh-ew, and in
neither coml)atants nor onlookers was there any sense of reahty. By
dusk the heated cannon were almost useless, the muskets cntii'ely so,
and, as darkness came down, the survivors fell asleep where they
stood, liders in their saddles, horses in their tracks. Napoleon learned
that thirty-five thousand Saxons on the left had gone over to the
enemy, and some one of his staff handing him a wooden chair, ho
dropped into it and sank into a stupor almost as he touclied it. For
half an hour he sat in oblivion, while in the thickening darkness the
marshals and generals gathered about the watch-fires, and stood with
sullen mien to abide his awakening. The moon came slowly up, Napo-
A(jU»rvllI.l, UIM, K'H Tin tIJlTlliV (0.
ni'ofiRJivunE Hoi'Mon.lvAUooii A co., PAnii.
il!h iKl-.NCli AKMV IJ-AVlNd 1.I:1I'MC.
rnoN lilt Agi-AiiKLLL uv r. bc uvnuACii.
^T. 44] THE END OF THE GRAND ARMY 75
Icon awoke, orders were given to complete the dispositions for retreat chap. ix
already taken, and, there being uotliing left to do, the Emperor, with i8i3
insei-utable emotions, passed inside the walls of Leipsic to take shelter
in an inn on the creaking sign-board of which were depicted the anns
of Pi-ussia !
Throughout the night French troops streamed over the stone bridge
across the Elstcr ; in the early morning the enemy began to advance,
and ever-increasing nmnbers hurried away to gain the single avenue of
retreat. Until midday Napoleon wandered aimlessly about the inner
town, giving unimportant commands to stem the ever-growing confu-
sion and disorder. Haggard, and with his clothing in disaiTay, he was
not recognized by his own men, being sometimes rudely jostled. After
an affecting farewell to the King of Saxony, in which his unhappy ally
was instructed to make the best terms he coidd for himself, the Emperor
finally fell into the throng and moved with it toward Lindenau. Halting
near the Elster, a French general began to seek information fi-om the
roughly clad onlooker who, without a suite or even a single attendant,
stood apparently indifferent, softly whistling, "Malbrook s'en va t'en
gueiTe." Of course the officer started as he recognized the Emperor,
but the conquered sovereign took no notice. Bystanders thought his
heart was tm-ned to stone. Still the rush of retreat went on, success-
fully also, in spite of some confusion, until at two some one blundered.
By the incredible mistake of a French subaltern, as is now proven,
the permanent Elster bridge was blown up, and the temporary one had
long since fallen. Almost simultaneously with this irreparable disaster
the allies had stormed the city, and the French rear-guard came thun-
dering on, hoping to find safety in flight. Plunging into the deep
stream, many, like Poniatowski, were drowned; some, like the wounded
Macdonald, swam safely across. The scene was heartrending as horses,
riders, and footmen rolled senseless in the dark flood, while others
scrambled over their wi'ithing forms in mad despair. Reynier and
Laimston, with twenty thousand men, were captured, the King of
Saxony was sent a prisoner to Berlin and Stein prepared to govern his
domains by commission from the allies. By ten in the evening Ber-
trand was in possession of Weissenfels ; Oudinot wheeled at Lindenau,
and held the unready pursuers in check.
Next morning, the twentieth. Napoleon was alert and active ; retreat
began again, but only in tolerable ox'der. Although he could not control
76 LIFE OF NAPOLEON BONAPARTE [^t. 44
Chap, ix the great attendaut rabble of camp-followers and stragglers, he had
1813 nevertheless about a hundred and twenty thousand men under his
standards; as many more, and those his finest veterans, were besieged
and held in the fortresses of the Elbe, Oder, and Vistula liy local mihtia.
These places, he knew, would no longer be tenable; in fact, they began
to surrender almost immediatel)-, and the surAivors of Leipsic were
soon in a desperate plight from hunger and fatigue. Yet the com-
mander gave no sign of sensibihty. " 'T was thus he left Russia," said
the surly men in the ranks. Hunger-typhus appeared, and spread with
awful rapidity; the countiy swarmed with partizans; the columns of
the aUies were behind and on each flank; fifty-six thousand Bavarians
were approaching fi-oni Ansbach, under Wrede ; at Erfurt all the
Saxons and Bavarians still remaining under the French eagles marched
away. The only foreign troops who kept true were those who had no
country and no refuge, the unhappy Poles, who, though disappointed
in their hopes, were yet faitliful to him whom they wi'ongly beheved
to have been tlieir sincere friend. Though stricken by all his woes, the
Emperor was imdaunted ; the retreat from Germany was indeed peril-
ous, but it was marked by splendid courage and imsurpassed skill. At
Kosen and at Eisenach the alhes were outwitted, and at Hanau, on the
twenty-ninth, the Bavarians were overwhelmed in a pitched fight by
an exhibition of personal pluck and calmness on Napoleon's part par-
alleled only by his similar conduct at Ki'asnoi in the previous year.
At the head of less than six thousand men, he held in check nearly
fifty thousand until the rest of his columns came up, when he fell with
the old fire upon a hostile hue posted with the river Kinzig in its rear,
and not only disorganized it latterly, but inflicted on it a loss of ten
thousand men, more than doiible the number which fell in his own
ranks. But in spite of this brilliant success, the ravages of disease con-
tinued, and only seventy thousand men of the imperial army crossed
the Rhine to Mainz. Soon the houses of that city were packed, and
the streets were strewn with victims of the ten-iblo hunger-typhus.
They died by hundreds, and corpses lay for days unburied ; before the
plague was stayed thousands found an inglorious grave.
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CHAPTER X
the frankl^okt proposals
Importance of the Battle of Leipsic — Decline of Napoleon's
Powers — His Gentler Side — Disintegration of Nai^oleon's
Empire — The Coalition and the Sentiment of Nationality —
Reasons for the Parley at Fr.\nkfort — Insincerity of the
Proposals — Napoleon and France — The Revolution and the
Empire — Hollow Diplomacy.
THE battle of Leipsic is one of the most important in general chap. x
history. Apparently' it was only the offset to Austerlitz, as the isis
Beresina had been to Friedlaiid. In reality it was far more, because it
gave the hegemony of continental Europe to Prussia. French imperi-
alism in its death-throes wiped out the score of royal France against
the Hapsburgs ; Austria was not yet banished from central Europe to
the lower courses of the Danube, but, what was much the same thing,
Prussia was launched upon her career of military aggrandizement.
Three dynasties seemed in that battle to have celebrated a joint tri-
umph ; as a matter of fact, the free national spirit of Gennany, having
narrowly escaped being smothered by Napoleonic imperialism, had
chosen a national dynasty as its refuge. The conflict is well designated
by German historians as " the battle of the nations," but the language
has a different sense fi'om that which is generally attributed to it.
The seeds of Italian unity had been sown, but they were not yet to
germinate. The battle of Leipsic seemed to check them, yet it was
the process there begun under which they sprang up and bore fi-uit.
France was destined to become for a time the sport of an antiquated
dynastic system. The hberties which men of English blood had been
painfully developing for a century she sought to seize in an instant ;
she was to see them elude her grasp for sixty years stiU, imtil her
Vol. rv.— 11 77
78 LIFE OP NAPOLEON BONAPARTE [^t. 44
Chap. X democratic life, having assumed consistency, should find expression in
1813 institutions essentially and peculiarly her own. Though the conquer-
ing monai'chs believed that revolutionary Uberalism had been quenched
at Leipsic, its ultimate triumph was really assm'ed, since it was con-
signed to its natural guardianship, that of national commonwealths.
The imperial agglomeration of races and nationaUties was altogether
amoi"phous and had been foimd impossible; that fonii of imion was
not again attempted after Leipsic, while another — that, namely, of
constitutional organic nationaUties — was made operative. The suc-
cessive stages of advance are marked by 1813, 1848, and 1870.
The Saxon campaigns disi)lay the completion of the process in
which the gi-eat strategist, stifled by political anxieties, became the
creature of circumstances both as general and statesman. The Russian
campaign was nicely calculated, but its proportions and aim were those
of the Oriental theocrat, not of the prosaic Eui'opean soldier. With
the aid of the railroad and the electric telegi'aph, they might possibly
have been wrought into a workable problem, but that does not excuse
the errors of premature and misplaced ambition. The Saxon cam-
paigns, again, are marked by a boldness of design and a skill in combi-
nation characteristic of the best strategy ; but again the proportions are
monstrous, and, what is worse, the execution is intermittent and feeble.
As in Russia, the war organism was insufficient for the numbers and
distances involved, while the subordinates of every grade, though supple
instniments, seemed mercenary, self-seeking, and destitute of devotion.
Bonaparte had ruled men's hearts by his use of a cause, securing devo-
tion to it and to himself by rude bonhomie, by success, and by sufficient
rewards ; Napoleon, on the other hand, quenched devotion by a la%nsh-
ness which sated the greediest, and lost the affections of his associates
by the demands of his gigantic plans.
As the world-conqueror felt the foundations of his greatness quiver-
ing, he became less callous and more human. Early in 1813 he said :
"I have a sympathetic heart, like another, but since earliest childhood
I have accustomed myself to keep that string silent, and now it is alto-
gether dumb." His judgment of himself was mistaken : throughout
the entire season he was strangely and exceptionally moved by th(^ hor-
rors of war; his purse was ever open for the suffering; he released
the King of Saxony from his entangling engagements; in spite of his
hard-set expression on the retreat from Leipsic, he forbade liis men to
^T. 44] THE FRANKFORT PROPOSALS 79
fire the suburbs of the city in order to retard tlie pursuit of theh* foes, c-H^kP. x
and licfore lie left Maiuz for St. Cloud he showed the deepest concern, wu
aiul put forth the strongest effort, in behalf of the dying soldiery.
The immediate effects of Leipsic were the full display of that na-
tional spu'it which had been refined, if not created, in the fires of Na-
poleon's imperious career. An Austrian amiy under Hiller drove
Eugene over the Adige. The Italians, not unsusceptible to the power
in the aii', felt their humihation, and, turning on their imperial King in
bitter hate, determined under the influence of feelings most power-
fully expressed by Alfieri, that they would emulate northern Europe.
But though they had for years been subject to the new influences, en-
joying the equal administration of the Code Napoleon, and freed from
the interference of petty local tyrants, they were neither united nor
enhghtened in sufficient degree. After an outburst of hatred to France,
they wei-e crushed by their old despots, and the land relapsed into the
dii-est confusion. The Confederation of the Rhine was, however, re-
solved into its elements : the Mecklenburgs reasserted their indepen-
dence ; King Jerome fled to France ; Wiirtemberg, Hesse-Dannstadt,
and Baden followed Bavaria's example ; Cassel, Brunswick, Hanover,
and Oldenburg were craftily restored to their former rulers before
Stein's bm-eau could establish an administration. Holland recalled the
Prince of Orange, Spain rose to support Wellington, and Soult was
not merely driven over the Pyrenees — he was defeated on French soil,
and shut up in Bayonue.
Even the three monarchs, as they sedately moved across Germany
with their exhausted and battered annies, were aware of nationality
as a controlling force in the future. In a direct movement on Paris
they could, as Ney said, " have marked out their days in advance,"
but they halted at Frankfort for a parley. There were several reasons
why they shoidd pause. They had seen France rise in her might ;
they did not care to assist at the spectacle again. Moreover, the coali-
tion had accomphshed its task and earned its pay ; not a Frenchman,
except real or virtual prisoners, was left east of the Rhine. From that
point the interests of the three monarchs were divergent. As Gentz,
the Austrian statesman, said, " The war for the emancipation of states
bids fair to become one for the emancipation of the people." Alexan-
der, Frederick William, and Francis were each and all anxious for the
future of absolutism, but otherwise there was mutual distrust. Aus-
80 LIFE OF NAPOLEON BONAPARTE [Mt.U
Chap. X tiia was suspicioiis of Prussia, and desired immediate peace. In the
1813 restoration of Holland under English auspices, Russia saw the per-
petuation of British maritime and commercial supremacy, to the dis-
advantage of her Oriental asph-ations, and the old Russian party
demanded peace. On the other hand, Alexander wished to avenge Na-
poleon's march to Moscow by an advance to Paris ; and though Fred-
erick William distrusted what he called the Czar's Jacobinism, his ovra
soldiers, thirsting for fui-ther revenge, also desired to prosecute the
war; even the most euhghtened Prussian statesmen believed that
nothing short of a complete cataclysm in Prance could shake Napo-
leon's hold on that people and destroy his power. Offsetting these
conflicting tendencies against one another, Metternich was able to se-
cui'e mihtary inaction for a time, while the coalition fonnulated a series
of proposals calculated to woo the French people, and thus to bring
Napoleon at once to terms.
Ostensibly the Frankfort proposals, adopted on November ninth,
were only a sUght advance on the ultimatum of Prague ; Austria was
to have enough Italian territory to secm-e her preponderance in that
peninsula; France was to keep Savoy, with Nice; the rest of Italy was
to be independent. Holland and Spain liberated, France was to have
her " natural " boundaries, the Alps, the Pyrenees, the ocean, and the
Rhine. Napoleon was to retain a slight preponderance in Germany,
and the hope was held out that in a congress to settle details for a gen-
eral pacification, Great Britain, content with the "maritime rights"
which had caused the war, would hand back the captured French colo-
nies. The various ministers present at Frankfort assented to these
proposals for Great Britain, Austria, Russia, and Prussia respectively ;
but Alexander and Frederick William were dissatisfied with them, and
when Castlereagh heard them, he was as fuidous as his cold blood would
permit at the thought of France retaining control of the Netherlands,
Antwei-p being the commercial key to central Em-ope.
Such a humor in three of the high conti*acting parties makes it
doul)tful whether the Frankfort proposals had any reality, and this
doubt is further increased by the circumstances of the so-called negoti-
ation. St. Aignan, the French envoy to the Saxon duchies, had in vio-
lation of international law and courtesy been seized at Gotha and held
as a prisoner. He was now set free and instructed to urge upon Napo-
leon the necessity of an immediate settlement. To his brother-in-law.
H
X
m
>
C
•t:
>
O
n
H
o
CO
tn
oo
JEt.U] the FRANKFORT PROPOSALS 81
the pacific Caulaincoiu't, who was soon to displace Maret as minister of chap. x
foreign affau's, he was to hand a private and personal letter from Met- i«i:)
teruich. In the course of this epistle the writer expresses his convic-
tion that any effort to conclude a peace would come to nothing. Not
only, therefore, were the pretended negotiations entirely destitute of
form, they were prejudged from the outset. Still further, the allies
refused what Napoleon had granted after Bautzen, an annistice, and in-
sisted that hostilities were to proceed during negotiation. All possible
doubt as to the sincerity of the proposals is turned into assurance by
Metternich's admission in his memoirs that they were intended to di-
vorce Napoleon fi'om the French nation, and in particular to work on
the feehngs of the army. He says that neither Alexander nor Frederick
William woidd have assented to them had they not been convinced that
Napoleon would " never in the world of his own accord " resolve to ac-
cept them. Yet the world has long believed that Napoleon, as he him-
self expressed it, lost his crown for Antwerp ; that had he believed the
honeyed words of the Austrian minister, and opened negotiations on an
indefinite basis without delay, he might have kept France with its rev-
olutionary boundaries intact for himself and his dynasty, and by the
sacrifice of his imperial ambitions have retained for her, if not prepon-
derance, at least importance, in the councils of Em'ope.
Neither Napoleon nor the French nation was deceived; a peace
made under such circumstances could result only in a dishonorable
tutelage to the allied sovereigns. France abhoiTcd the dynasties and
all their works, beUe\ing that dynastic rule could never mean anything
except absolutism and feudaUsm. The experiment of popular sover-
eignty wielded by a democracy had been a failure; but the liberal
French, hke men of the same intelligence throughout Em'ope, did not,
for all that, lose faith in popular sovereignty ; they knew there must be
some channel for its exercise. Outside of France, as in it, the most en-
lightened opinion of the time regarded Napoleon as the savior of society.
The Queen of Saxony bitterly reproached Metternich for having de-
serted Napoleon's " sacred cause." This was because the Emperor of
the French seemed to have used the people's power for the people's
good. His giant arm alone could wield the popular majesty. It is
said that the great mass of the French nation, on hearing of the Frank-
fort proposals, gi'oaned and laughed by tiu'ns. Being profoundly, de-
votedly imperiaUst and therefore idealistic, they were outraged at the
82 LIFE OF NAPOLEON BONAPARTE [^t. 44
Chap. X thought of Hapsburgs, Romanoffs, or Holienzollerns, the very incarna-
1813 tions of German feudahty, as leaders of the new Europe. It seemed
the h'ony of fate that civil and political rights on the basis, not of privi-
lege, but of manhood, the prize for which the world had been turned
upside doN\Ti, should be intrusted to such keepers. Welded into a
homogeneous natiouaUty themselves, the French could not under-
stand that the inchoate nationalities in other states had as yet noth-
ing but djaiastic forms of expression, or foresee that during a centmy
to come the old dynasties would find safety only in adapting royalty
to national needs.
Napoleon seems to have been fully aware of French sentiment. In
addition, he understood that not merely for this sufficient reason could
he never be king of France in name or fact, but also that, having else-
where harried and humiliated both peoples and dynasties in the name
of revolutionary ideals, the masses had found him out, and were as
much embittered as their rulers, believing him to be a charlatan using
dazzling principles as a cloak for personal ambition. In May, 1813, the
Emperor Francis, anxious to salve the lacerated pride of the Hapsburgs,
produced a bimdle of papers purporting to prove that the Bonapartes
had once been ruling princes at Treviso. " My nobility," was Napo-
leon's stinging reply, " dates only fi"om Marengo." He well knew that
when the battle should be fought that would undo Marengo, his nobil-
ity would end. In other words, without solid French support he was
nothing, and that support he was fully aware he could never have as
king of France. If the influence of what France improperly believed
to be solely the French Revolution were to be confined to her boun-
daries, revolutionary or otherwise, not only was Napoleon's prestige de-
stroyed, but along with it would go French leadership in Em-ope. An
imperial throne there must be, exerting French influence far abroad.
What happened at Paris, therefore, may be regarded as a counter-feint
to Metteniich's effort at securing an advantageous peace from the
French nation when it should have renounced Napoleon. It was
merely an attempt to collect the remaining national strength, not
now for aggi-essive warfare, but for the expulsion of hated im'aders.
Having received no foraiulated proposition for acceptance or rejec-
tion, and desiring to force one, the Emperor of the French virtually
disregarded the letter of Mettemich's communication, aiul s(>nt a care-
fully considered message to the allies. Making no mention in tliis of
iET.44] THE FRANKFORT PROPOSALS y;j
the terms brought by St. Aignan, ho suggested Caulanieourt as plenipo- chap. x
toutiarj' to an international congress whicli should meet somewhere on i«i:i
the Rhine, say at Mainilieim. Further, he dechired that his o1)j('et had
always been the indt'ijendenee of all the nations, " from the Continental
as well as from the maritime point of view." This communication
reached Frankfort on November sixteenth, and, whether wilfully or not,
was misinterpreted to mean that the writer would persist in question-
ing England's maritime rights. Thereupon Mettemich rephed by ac-
cepting Mannheim as the place for the proposed conference, and prom-
ised to communicate the language of Napoleon's letter to his co-aUies.
How far those co-allies were from a sincere desire for peace is proven by
their next stop, taken almost on the date of Mottej-nich's reply. A proc-
lamation was widely posted in the cities of France, which stated, in a
cant borrowed from Napoleon's own practice, that the allies desired
France " to be great, strong, and prosperous " ; they were making war,
it was asserted, not "on France, but on that preponderance which Napo-
leon had too long exercised, to the misfortune of Eiu'ope and of France
herself, to which they guaranteed in advance an extent of territory
such as she never had under her kings." Napoleon's riposte was to
despatch a swarm of trusty emissaries throughout France in order to
compose all quarrels of the people with the government, to strengthen
popular devotion in every possible way — in short, to counteract the
possible effects of this call. The messengers found public opinion
thoroughly imperial, but profoundly embittered against Maret as the
supposed instigator of disastrous wars. Maret was transferi'ed to the
Department of State, and the pacific Caulaincourt was made minister
of foreign affairs. On December second, at the earliest possible mo-
ment, the new minister addressed a note to Metternich, accepting the
terms of the "general and summary basis." This, said the despatch,
wovild involve great sacrifices; but Napoleon would feel no regret if
only by a similar abnegation England would provide the means for a
general, honorable peace. Metternich replied that nothing now stood
in the way of convening a congress, and that he would notify England
to send a plenipotentiary. There, however, the matter ended, and Met-
temich's record of those Frankfort days scarcely notices the subject,
so interested is he in the squabbles of the sovereigns over the opening
of a new campaign. It was the end of the year when they reached an
agreement
CHAPTER XI
the invasion of france
Amazing Schemes of Napoleon for New Levies — Attitude of the
People toward the Emi^ire — The Disaffected Elements — Na-
poleon's Armament — Activity of the Imperialists — Release
of Ferdinand and the Pope — Napoleon's Farewell to Paris
— His Strategic Plan — France against Europe — The Con-
duct OF Bernadotte — Murat's Defection — Conflicting Inter-
ests OF the Allies — Positions of the Opponents at the
Outbreak of Hostilities.
Chap. XI ^l^T"^"^^ happened in France between the first days of November,
1813^14 T T 1813, when Napoleon reached St. Cloud, and the close of the
year, is so incredible that it scarcely seems to belong in the pages of
sober history. Of five hundred and seventy-five thousand Frenchmen,
strictly excluding Germans and Poles, who had been sent to war dur-
ing 1812 and 1813, about three hundred thousand were prisoners or
shut up in distant gan-isons, and a hundred and seventy-five thousand
were dead or missing ; therefore a hundred thousand or thereabouts
remained under arms and ready for active service. By various de-
crees of the Emperor and the senate, nine hundred and thirty-six
thousand more were called to arms : a ln;ndred and sixty thousand
from the classes between 1804 and 1814, whether the}'' had once served
or not ; a hundred and sixty thousand from the class of 1815 ; a luin-
dred and seventy-six thousand five hundred were to be enrolled in the
regular national guard, and a hundred and forty thousand in a home
guard; finally, in a comprehensive sweep from all the classes between
1804 and 1814 inclusive, every possible man was to be drawn. This,
it was estimated, would produce three hundred thousand more.
It is easy to exaggerate the significance of these enormous figures,
M
MARIK-ANNUNCIADH-CAKOLINE liONAl'ARTl:
WIFI-. OF JOACHIM MURAT; Ql'KKN OK NAPLKS, COUNTESS LIPONA; AND
HI.K CHILURKN, ACHll.1.1-;, 1. AKI III A . lAICII-.N AND LOLISK
l-UUV TIIK l-AISTLNU tlY fHANtUIH utOAIlll
L
^T.44] THE INVASION OP FRANCE 85
for to the layman they would seem to mean that every male capable chap. xi
of bearinj^ iirius was to be taken. But this was far from l)eiiiff the i«i3-i4
case ; contrary to the general impression, the population of France had
been and was steadily increasing. In spite of all the butcheries of
foreign and ci\al wars, the number of inhabitants was growing at the
rate of half a million yearly, and the country could probably have fur-
nished three times the number called out. Moreover, less than a third
of the nine liuiitlrcd and thirty-six thousand were ever organized, and
not more than an eighth of them fought. This disproportion between
plan and t'ulfihnc^it was due partly to official incapacity or worse,
partly to a popular resistance which was not due to disaffection. It
speaks volumes for the state of the country that even the hated flying
columns, with then- thorough procedm-e, could not find the men, espe-
cially the fathers, husbands, and only sons, who were the solitary sup-
ports of many families. The fields were tilled by the spades of women
and children, for there were neither horses to draw nor men to hold
the plows. Government pawn-shops were gorged, and the government
storehouses were bursting with manufactured wares for which there
was no market ; government securities were worth less than haK their
face, the ciuTcncy had disappeared, and usury was rampant. Yet it
seems certain that four fifths of the people associated none of these
miseries with Napoleonic empire. The generation which had grown to
maturity under Napoleon saw only one side of his activities : the ma-
jestic public works he had inaugui-ated, the glories of France and the
splendors of empire diu-ing the intervals of peace, the exhaustion and
abasement of her foes in a long series of splendid campaigns — all this
they associated with the imperial rale, and desu-ed what they supposed
was a simple thing, the Empire and peace.
The other fifth was, however, thoroughly aroused. Wlien the
legislature convened on December nineteenth, and the diplomatic cor-
respondence was so cleverly arranged and presented as to make the
alhes appear implacable, an address to the throne was passed, amid
thunderous applause and by a large majority, which virtually called
for a return to constitutional government as the price of additional
war supplies. In sober moments even the most ardent hberals were
ashamed, feeling that this was not an opportune moment for disorganiz-
ing such administration as there was by calls for the reform of the con-
stitution. Only one question was imperative, the awful responsibility
Vol.. IV.— 12
86 LIFE OF NAPOLEON BONAPARTE [.Et. 44
Chap. XI they had for the national identity. The general piihHe was so outraged
1813-14 hy the spectacle that the deputies reconsidered their action, and hy a vote
of two hundred and fifty-four to two hundred and twenty-three stiaick
out the obnoxious clause. But this did not appease Napoleon, who
made no attempt to conceal his rage, and prorogued the chamber in
sconi. His support was ample in the almost imiversal conviction that
at such a moment there was no time for parleying about abstract ques-
tions of political rights; but every cavilling deputy had some friends at
home, and in a crisis where the very existence of France was jeopar-
dized there were agitations by the reactionary radicals. The royahsts
kept silent then, and for months later, contenting themselves vnth.
biting innuendos or witty double meanings ; di'inking, for instance,
to " the Emperor's last victory," when the newspapers announced "the
last victory of the Eniperor."
The first conscription fi-om the classes of 1808-1814 was thoroughly
successful, the second attempt to glean from them was an utter failure;
the effort to forestall the draft of 1815 met with resistance, and was
abandoned. It was impossible to organize the home guards and reserves,
for they rebelled or escaped, and local danger had to be averted by local
volunteers who were designated as " sedentaiy " because they could not
be ordered awaJ^ By the end of January not more than twenty thou-
sand men had been secured for general sei-vice from all classes other
than the fii'st — at least that was approximately the number in the
various camps of instruction. In order to arm and equip the recrvuts.
Napoleon had recourse to his private treasure, drawing fifty-five million
francs from the vaults of the Tuileries for that pui-pose. The remain-
ing ten were transferred at intervals to Blois. But all his treasure could
not buy what did not exist. The best mihtary stores were in the heart
of Europe ; the French arsenals could afford only antiquated and almost
useless supplies. The recraits were armed, some with shot-guns and
knives, some with old muskets the use of which they did not know ;
they were for the most part without uniforms, and wore bonnets,
blouses, and sabots. There were not half enough horses for the scanty
artilleiy and cavalry. Worse than all, there was no time for instruc-
tion in the manual and tactics. On one occasion a boy conscript was
found standing inactive under a fierce musketiy fire ; with artless in-
trepidity he remarked that he believed he could aim as well as anybody
if he only knew how to load his gun !
Mt.U] the invasion of FRANCE 87
The disaffected, thougli few, were powei-ful uud active, suborning chai-. xi
the prefects and civic authorities by every device, issuing proclamations 1813-14
which promised anything and everything, and procuring plans of foi-ti-
fied places for the allies. Talleyrand began to utter oracular innuendos
about the vindictiveuess of the allies, the desertion of Murat, the sack
of Paris, and various half-truths more dangerous even than lies. The
air was so full of rumors that, although there was no wide-spread revo-
lutionary movement, there were now and then serious panics; the town
of Chaumont surrendered to a solitary Wiii'temberg horseman. But
when the populace of the country at large began to wonder who the
coming Bourbon might be, and what he would take back from the pres-
ent possessors of royal and ecclesiastical estates, they were staggered.
People in the cities heard with some satisfaction the strains of the
''Marseillaise," which by order of imperial agents were once again
ground out around the streets by the hand-organs. Napoleon walked
the avenues of Paris without escort, and was wildly cheered; the Em-
press and her Uttle son were produced on- public occasions with dra-
matic success, and popular wit dubbed the boy conscripts by the name
of " Marie Louises." The little men showed a grim determination and
eventually a sublime courage, but they never could acquire the vet-
eran steadfastness which wins battles. Jom-nals, theaters, music-halls,
and public balls were all managed in the interest of imperial patriotism ;
impeiT.al tyi-anuy dealt ruthlessly with suspicious characters. Yet the
imperialists had their doubts, and many, hke Savary, threw an anchor
to windward by storing treasm*e at distant points, and sending their
families to safe retreats. On the whole, the balance of pubUc opinion
at the opening of 1814 was overwhelmingly imperialist both in the
cities and in the coimtry. Men ardently desired peace, but they wanted
it with honor and under the Empire.
That the Empire desired peace seemed to be proved by steps for the
release of its two most important prisoners, the King of Spain and the
Pope. Wellington thought that if the former had been despatched di-
rectly into his kingdom on December eighth, the day on which the
conditions between himself and the Emperor were signed, England
would have found the further conduct of the war impossible. Talley-
rand, already deep in royahst plots, must have been of the same opin-
ion, for he did not advise haste, but craftily suggested to his prisoner
that the provisional government of Spain might refuse to accept him
88 LIFE OF NAPOLEON BONAPARTE [^t. 44
Chap. XI as long uiiless the treaty of release had been previously ratified by the
1813-14 Cortes. Accordingly, it was referred to them, and, since the liberals
desired the assent to theu' new constitution of a king not under duress,
by their influence it was i-ejected. It was not until March, 1814, that
Ferdinand was unconditionally released, and this delay proved fatal to
Napoleon's interests in Spain. The lilxTals could no longer fight for
free institutions, because it was then clear that the dynastic conserva-
tism of Europe was to win a temporary victory. In about six months
King Ferdinand undid the progressive work of six years, and Spain
relapsed into absolutism and ecclesiasticism, with all their attendant
evils. Nevertheless, France interpreted the conduct of the Emperor as
indicating an earnest desire for peace, and this feeling had been
strengthened by the absolutely unconditional release of the Pope on
January twenty-second. This apparently gracious concession was
effective among the masses, wlio did not know, as the Emperor did,
that the aUies were already on French soil.
The very next day Napoleon performed his last official act, which
was one of great courage both physical and moral. The national guard
in Paris had been reorganized, but its leaders had never been thor-
oughly loyal, many of them beuig royahsts, some radical republicans,
and the disaffection of both classes had been heightened by recent
events. But the officers were nevertheless summoned to the Tuileiies ;
the risk was doubled by the fact that they came armed. Drawn up in
the vast chamber known as that of the marshals, they stood expectant;
the great doors were thrown open, and there entered the Emperor, ac-
companied only by his consort and their child in the ai-ms of his gover-
ness, Madame de Montesquiou. Napoleon announced simply that he
was about to put himself at the head of his army, hoping, by the aid of
God and the valor of his troops, to drive the enemy beyond the fron-
tiers. There was sOence. Then taking in one hand that of the Em-
press, and leading forward his child by the other, he continued, "I
intrust the Empress and the King of Rome to the corn-age of the
national guard." Still silence. After a moment, with suppressed
emotion, he concluded, " My wife and my son." No generous-hearted
Frenchman could withstand such an appeal ; breaking ranks by a spon-
taneous impulse, the listeners started forward in a mass, and shook the
very walls with their cry, " Long live the Emperor!" Many shed tears,
and felt, as they withdrew in respectful silence, a new sense of devotion
"t: BAtWANO
NAPOLEON-FRANgOIS-CHARl.ES-JOSEPH
PRINCE IMPURIAI. : KING OF ROMi;; DIKK OF RFICHSTADT
rnoM TiiK rAisTi\(» rv k:u thoma« lawkkntk
Mt.H] TUH invasion of FRANCE 89
welling up ill Umr hearts. On the eve of his departure, the Emperor chap. xi
received a niuuorously signed address from the very men whose loyalty 1813-14
ho had hitherto had just reason to suspect.
It was four in the morning of January twenty-fifth when Napoleon
left for Chiilons. From that moment he was no longer Emperor. Dur-
ing the long winter nights just past he had wrought with an intensity
and a feverish activity which he had never surpassed, sparing neither
himself nor others, displacing no consid(n'ation for prejudice or honest
opposition, calling on every Frenchman to sacrifice everything for
France, to which, as he vehemently asserted, he himself was more
necessary than she to him. If he had come honestly to beheve what
millions of others believed, it was little wonder; he had thenceforth
but one aim — to jn'ove that he was, as of yore, the fu-st general of
France, the only one able to save the country in an hour when all her
glories were falling in wreck about her. His strategic plans, immense
and intricate as was his task, were complete and excellent. The first
was intended to prevent invasion by way of Liege, the most direct line
and that which Prussia preferred. The second, which was partly de-
fensive, was the one eventually used against the clumsy foi'm of advance
actually chosen by the invaders. Of the two, the former was the more
brilliant, but the second was almost as clever. By it the Rhine bank
was divided into three parts for purposes of defense. Macdonald was
stationed at Cologne to protect the lower course; Mannout was to
guard the central stretch, and they two divided between them the rem-
nants of the army which had been swept out of Germany ; Victor was
stationed on the upper course to command the gan'isons of the great
fi-ontier fortifications and strengthen himself by the new levies; Ber-
trand remained as a soi"t of rear post on the right bank of the river at
Kastel, opposite Mainz. All told, these generals had at first only fiLfty
thousand men.
The allies no sooner obtained possession of central Em-ope than they
outdid its recent master in every species of exaction. The countries
which had formed the Confederacy of the Rhine were compelled almost
to double the number of the contingents they had raised for France, and
to organize every fencible man into either the first or second line of re-
serves, caUed by the old feudal terms of ban and arriere-ban. At the
same time the allies demanded and obtained new subsidies both of
money and arms from Great Britain. In the three armies of Austria,
90 LIFE OF NAroLEON BONATAKTE [.Et. 44
Chap. XI Prussia, and Russia, as they stood on the Rhine, there were ready by
1S13-14 January first about two hundred and eighty-five thousand men. By the
end of February the army-lists of France, exchidiug the national guards,
displayed a total of six hundred and fifty thousand men ; the coalition,
including England, had euregistered nearly a million. Deducting forty
per cent, as ample to cover all shortcomings, we may say that France,
with thi-ee hundred and ninety thousand in the ranks, men and boys,
faced Europe with six hundred thousand full-grown men. These fig-
ures include the French armies of Catalonia, of the Pyrenees, of Italy,
and of the Netherlands, together with the gamsons in all the strong
places then held by France on both sides of the Rhine; they also in-
clude the Russian, Austrian, and Pi-ussian reserves, with the national
armies of Holland, Spain, and Italy.
Aside from the ceutrifugal forces inherent in the coalition, there
was one which threatened its disintegration : the erratic character of
the gi-eat Grascon who represented Sweden. Bernadotte's first care,
after the battle of Leipsic, was to move north and secure the long-
coveted prize of Norway. Ever mindful of the hint about a French
crown, which Alexander had thrown out as still another bait at Abo,
he gave as his pai-tiug admonition the transparent advice that the com-
ing campaign shoidd be confined to a frontier invasion of France, and
at Hambiu'g he actually offered Davout, as the price of surrender, a
safe return for himself and his army to their native land ! This was
too much; Alexander was furious, and the schemer was peremptorily
ordered to leave a sufficient investing force before the city and return
with the rest of his army to the lower Rhine. There he was suffered
to remain in idleness, the task assigned to him being that of watching
the Netherlands ; two of his best corps were withdrawn from him and
assigned to Bliicher.
Nor was Napoleon free from his thorn in the flesh. In a bulletin
published by him after the retreat from Moscow was a passage which
impHed some censure of Murat for his lack of stability. This both the
King of Naples and his spouse bitterly resented, the latter roimdly
abusing her brother in their coi*respondence. This was an excellent
pretext for desertion when the general crash appeared imminent, and
at Erfurt the dashing and gallant, but weak and testy monarch de-
camped. Hastening south, he entered at once into alliance with Aus-
tria, and then, putting himself at the head of eighty thousand Nea-
^T. 44] THE INVASION OF FKANCE gj
politans, set out for Rome, waging a terrific warfare of proclamations, chap. xi
Eugene, too, — and this was an elemental disaster, — was virtually check- 1813-14
mated by the defection of his father-in-law, the King of Bavaria, which
opened the T}to1 to the alhes. All Italy was consequently lost. Auge-
reau, whose feeble loyalty to Napoleon was already at the vanisliing-
poiut, had been api)ointed to take fox-ty thousand conscripts, collect
any straggling sokhers he could find in southeastern France, and keep
open the door out of Italy for some or all of Eugene's veterans, with
whose assistance it was hoped the marshal could fomi an army for the
defense of the Vosges Mountains. But Eugene, having fought the in-
decisive battle of Roverbello, and finding himself in a sorry plight from
both the military and political points of view, could send no reinforce-
ments until April, when finally he concluded an annistice releasing
his army. Augereau therefore found himself opposite Bubna at Geneva
with an ineffective force, and with very Uttle heart to wield what he
had. This ended Napoleon's grand scheme for uniting the forces of
Italy, Naples, Switzerland, and France.
Prussia was now the ablest as well as the bitterest of Napoleon's
foes, Stein, Bliicher, Gneisenau, and their fiiends aiming at nothing
short of annihilating the Napoleonic power. This was, no doiibt, due
in part to a thu*st for revenge ; but in the main it was due to the long-
ing for such a leadership in Germany as would spread abroad the new
doctrines of liberal and constitutional monarchy, in order to restrain
Austria's ever-increasing influence. The councils of the allies presented
an amusing spectacle. The Prussians urged an inimecUate advance by
the best hne for invasion, that, namely, fi'om Liege and Bmssels ; but
the Austrians, except Radetzky, drew back, fearing Pnissia almost
equally with France. The Czar held the balance, but his scales were
very sensitive, inchning often toward Prussia, but settUug in the end to
a compromise suggested by Schwarzenberg and Metternich. Having
imitated Napoleon in his practice of war requisitions, the allies now
determined to imitate hun in contempt for international law, and to
violate Swiss neutrality. The plan which they adopted was to throw
their main anny into France by way of Basel, and thus turn the Hne of
fi'owning fortresses behind the Rhine, as well as the Vosges Mountains.
Bliicher was to cross the middle Rhine, and BiUow, with thirty thou-
sand men, was to cooperate with the EngHsh troops under Graham
in the Netherlands. The whole scheme was unmiUtary, but it exactly
92 LIFE OF NAPOLEON BONAPARTE [^t. 44
Chap. XI suited Mettemii'h, who, ha\'iiig ou January tliii'toenth first learned of
1813-14 Beruadottc's uuderstandiiij; with the Czar about the crown of France,
was very uneasy. Botli he and Sohwarzenberg desii"ed to end the war
ou the frontier, if possible ; Pnissia's power and Alexander's ambitions
for European preponderance were far more dangerous to Austria than
a Napoleonic empire confined to France.
Bliieher, leaving twenty-eight tliousaud men before Mainz, crossed
the Saaron January ninth, with forty-seven thousand; Schwarzenberg,
"with the main army arrayed in fom* columns, two hundred and nine
thousand strong, crossed the Rhine at or near Basel and moved to-
ward Langres. The thin, straggling French columns began to retreat
concentrically toward Chalons on the Marne. At the opening of the
second stage in the campaign Bliieher had invested the Mosel fortresses,
and was advancing, with less than thirty thousand men, toward Arcis
on the Aube; Schwarzenberg was in and about Langres; and the
French were concentrated on a Hue from Vitry-le-Frang!ois to St.
Dizier. Napoleon reached Chalons on the twenty-sixth, having left
Joseph to represent him in Paris. The wily strategist, feeble as was
his strength, had momentarily secured the advantage over his unwieldy
foe, having wedged himself between the invading armies, and being
quite strong enough, with the forty thousand i)ersons in his ranks, to
cope with Bliieher.
MARSHAL CHARLES-PIERRE-FRANCOIS AUGEREAU
DUKE OF CAST1GL10NI-:
>-BOM TUK PAINTINU BY RUBKRT LKFKVKG
CHAPTER XII
napoleon's supreme effort
The Fertilitx of GENros — The Battles of Brlenne and La
RoTHiERE — The French Retreat — Victory at Champaubert —
Victory at Montmirail — Victory at Vauchamps — Success En-
genders Delusion — Insincerity of the Ajllies — Their Clash-
ing Interests — The Congress of ChItillon — Napoleon's Pro-
crastination— French Victory and French Diplomacy.
THE year 1814 is the most astonishing of Napoleon's miUtary life, chap^xii
He lii'st conceived a plan for combining the resources of Italy, ^^^^
Switzerland, Naples, and France. This failed by Augereau's sloth and
Murat's ingi-atitude. Nothing daunted, the fertile brain then outlined
schemes for meeting the quick advance of the aUies through the Neth-
erlands, for defending the Rhine frontier, and for a levy en masse of the
French people to hurl back invasion under the walls of Paris. After
taking the field, the daring of his conceptions, the rapidity of his move-
ments, the sui-prises he prepared for his enemy, the support he wrung
from an exhausted land, the devotion he received fi'om a panting, ill-
clothed army at bay — all are so uncommon that by contrast the allies
appear to be a lumbering, stupid mass. With another antagonist they
would have appeared in a very different Mght ; Gneisenau's clear head,
Bliicher's daring, Radetzky's good sense and courage, together with the
valor of the forces at their back, would have won the goal far more
easily with an ordinary, or even an extraordinary, combatant in Na-
poleon's plight. The Emperor of the French had not merely a prestige
woi-th a hundred thousand men, as he was fond of reckoning: he had
an activity of mind and body, a reservoir of resources, which made his
single blade cover the whole circumference of defense like the whu-ling
spokes of a fiery wheeL
Vol. IV.— 13 93
94 LIFE OF NAPOLEON BONAPARTE [Mt.U
Chap, xn After a skirmish for the possession of St. Dizier, the campaign
1814 opened at Brieune, where Bhichor, hunying to gain touch with the
main army of the alHes, was caught on January twenty-ninth. The
conflict probably did not recall to Napoleon his mock conflicts when a
school-boy near the same spot. The ten-ific struggle began late in the
afternoon, and lasted in full fury mitil midnight, when the Prussian
general, narrowly escaping captiu'c, abandoned the town and hm-ried
toward Traunes. Thoroughly beaten, he needed not touch alone, but
actual union with the Austrians, and this he gained near Bar on the
Aube, whence Schwarzenberg was passing on toward Auxeri'e. Igno-
rant of this success, Napoleon now drew up his hne with its center at
La Rothiere, hoping in the fii'st place to hold the bridge over the Aube
at Lesmont, and thus secui*e the moral effect of his victory at Brienne,
and in the second to bring on another engagement with Bliicher, whom
he beUeved to be still isolated. Marmont was at Montierender, Moiiier
was summoned from before Troyes. This stand of Napoleon's was a
desperate attempt to overawe the alhed sovereigns, for strategically it
was fatal, since in the case of either victory or defeat the French anny
was in danger of being outflanked by Schwarzenberg's advance, and
thus cut off fi-om Paris. On February fii-st, Bliicher, reinforced by
twelve thousand of the Russian guard, attacked. The battle lasted,
with fluctuating success for the allies, dm-ing two days, and at its close
Napoleon safely retreated over the Aube to make another stand at
Troyes. The various conflicts were terriflc; in the end Bliicher lost
six thousand dead and wounded, the French about four thousand. The
odds against the latter were never less than two to one, sometimes
more. Had the allies first thro\^Ti their full strength into the contest,
and had they then followed up their victory by a weU-organized pursuit,
the campaign would have ended there. As it was, they paused, per-
mitted a disorganized, feeble enemy to escape, and gained nothing fi'om
the bloody conflict except an ill-founded self-confldence. Bliicher wrote
on the evening of the battle that they would be in Paris within eight
days. To General Reynier, who was to be liberated by an exchange
of prisoners, the Czar said: "We shall be in Paris before you." A
council of war was called which decided for an advance on the French
capital in two columns ; to Bliicher, as the conqueror of La Rothiere,
was assigned the shortest line, that down the Mame.
For several days the alhed lines moved onwai'd, slowly, widely
o
n
n
^T. 44] NAPOLEON'S SUPREME EFFORT 95
scattered, and carelessly. Napoleon was as calm and undaunted us if be Chap. xn
had been tbe victor. Retreating on the defensive with careful delibera- ish
tion, he strengthened his forces by well-chosen periods of rest, and by
hiuTjnng in reinforcements from tlie various depots about and beyond
Paris. On the afternoon of February ninth, when leaving Nogent for
Sezanne, he wrote to his brother Joseph, whom he had left to represent
his interests at Paris, that he could now reckon, all told, on between
sixty and seventy thousand men, including engineers and artillery ; that
he estimated the Silesian anny under Bliicher at forty-five thousand, and
the main aiTuy under Schwarzenberg at a hundi-ed and fifty thousand,
including Bubua and the Cossacks. " If I gain a victory over the Si-
lesian army, and put it out of account for some days, I can turn against
Schwarzenberg, reckoning on the reinforcements you will send, with
fi'om seventy to eighty thousand men, and I think he cannot oppose me
at once with more than from a hundi'ed and ten to a hundi'cd and
twenty thousand. If I find myself too weak to attack, I shall be at
least strong enough to hold him in check for a fortnight or three weeks,
and this would give me the opportunity for new combinations." To
hold Schwarzenberg temporarily, Oudinot with twenty-five thousand
men was stationed on the hne from Provins to Sens, and Victor with
fourteen thousand was sent to Nogent. The Emperor himself, with the
old guard, about eight thousand strong, with Ney and MaiTaont each
commanding six thousand infantry, and with ten thousand cavalry
under Nansouty and Domnerc, set out fi'om Sezanne to try his for-
tunes with Bliicher.
This was the last of Napoleon's great strategic schemes which was
destined to be crowned with success. It had but a single di'awback.
While Napoleon was still the boldest man in war that ever Hved, as at
St. Helena he declared himself to be, his marshals were uneasy and de-
pressed; Marmont, in this moment of infinite chance, as it seemed to
him, fell into a panic. The marshal's fears were not justified, for his
Emperor's daring was not foolhardy. It was calculated on the myriad
chances of his enemy's opportunity and his enemy's abihty, and in this
case it was perfectly calculated. Bliicher, in spite of Gneisenau's con-
tinuous warnings, was over-confident. Having dispersed his detach-
ments more than ever, he had for two days been moving swiftl}' in the
hope of cutting off Macdonald by a dashing feat of arms. In his haste
he had not taken up two Russian corps which had been separated fi'om
96
LIFE OF NAPOLEON BONAPARTE [^t. 44
Chap, xh Ms main line, but on the contrary he had left them so far out that
1814 they were beyond support. By a blunder of the Czar's, reinforce-
ments which had been promised were still a long distance in the rear.
Schwarzenberg's movements were marked by an over-confident delib-
eration as characteristic of him as overhaste was of Bliicher. Accord-
ingly when on the tenth Manuont advanced fi'om Sezanne, he found
the coi-ps of Olsusieff, about forty-five hundi-ed strong, virtually isolated
at Champaubert. His own numbers were shghtly superior, and with a
swift rush he annihilated the unready Russians. Napoleon was beside
himself with joy, and began to talk of the Vistula once more ; but he
stopped when he saw how sour the visages of Marmont and the other
marshals grew at the very mention of such an idea. Nevertheless, if
the process begun at Champaubert could be continued, victory and ulti-
mate recovery of something more than French empire were assured.
He therefore hiu-ried Nausouty and Macdonald on toward Montmirail
for a second stroke of the same kind.
The affair at Montmirail was more of a battle than that at Champau-
bert, for Bliicher had been able to gather in the divisions of Sacken,
York, Kleist, and Kapzewitch. The battle opened about an hour be-
fore noon on the eleventh by a fierce artillery fire from the French,
behind which Napoleon manoeuvered so as to concentrate his own force
against the Russians, and separate them from York with his Prussians.
At two o'clock Napoleon attacked the Russians, Mortier engaging the
Pi-ussians separately. The plan succeeded, and by nightfall the enemy
was in full retreat for Chateau-Thierry, where was the nearest bridge
over the Mame. Napoleon had hoped that Macdonald would arrive
from La Ferte-sous-Jouarre in time to seize the bridge, cut off the re-
treat, and make the victory decisive. But in spite of heroic exertion,
that marshal could not or did not move with sufficient rapidity over
the heavy dirt roads. The flying allies sacked the town with awful
cruelty, and destroyed the bridge without any molestation except from
the inhabitants, who wreaked then- vengeance on numerous stragglers.
On the thirteenth the French occupied the place, repaired the bridge,
and crossed to the right bank. Next morning Marmont started in
pursuit of Bliicher.
Somewhat flushed by such success, Napoleon dehberated whether he
should not now turn and attack Schwarzenberg. The Emperor thought
these victories might give pause to a mediocre Austrian, ever mindful
Mt.U] NAPOLEON'S SUPREME EFFORT 97
of the teirific blows his country luul received once and again from Chap. xn
France. He was mistaken; Schwarzenberg had moved, though slowly, ism
yet steadily forward. On the twelfth Victor abandoned the bridge; at
Nogent, and Napoleon sent Macdonald with twelve thousand men to
join Victor at Montereau. Early on the fourteenth came news that
Bliicher had driven Marmont back to Fromentieres. By noon Napo-
leon had effected a junction with this marshal near Etogcs, making a
famous and successful flank march over a marshy country, a manoeuver
which is justly considered worthy of his great genius. Advancing then
to the neighborhood of Vauchamps, his infantry attacked in fi-ont,
while the cavalry, under Grouchy, outflanked the enemy's line and fell
on the rear. Bliicher was apparently doomed, 'for he had only three
regiments of cavalry, and while facing one powerful enemy he would
be forced to break the ranks of another in order to open a line of
retreat. He solved the problem, biit at enoi-mous cost. Foi-ming his
troops into a hne of sohd squares, one stood to support the artillery
and receive the onset in front, while the others dashed at Grouchy's
horsemen, each square standing and retreating behind the next alter-
nately as the bloody retreat went on. At last the butchery ceased, and
Bliicher fled to Bergeres. The French pursued only as far as Etoges.
Napoleon had hoped to follow all the way to Chalons, annihilate what
was left of Bliicher's army, and then to return and throw himself on
Schwarzenberg. He was arrested by the news that the Seine valley, as
far as Montereau, was in the hands of the Austro-Russians ; that Oudi-
not and Victor had been driven back to Nangis ; in short, that Paris
was seriously menaced.
It was long asserted that in the three actions just recorded the
French far outnumbered theu' opponents, and that Napoleon's general-
ship was consequently inferior to his high average. The sufficient an-
swer to this is in the facts now universally accepted. At Champaubert
there were four thousand eight hundi*ed and fifty French against four
thousand seven himdred Russians ; at Montmirail there were twenty-
two thousand seven hundred Russians and Prussians against twelve
thousand eight hundred French ; and in the third engagement, near
Etoges, Bliicher had twenty-one thousand five hundi'ed to ten thousand
three himdred. It is therefore natural to compare these three victories
with those at Montenotte, Millesimo, and Dego. But they were far
greater. At forty-foui" Napoleon displayed exactly the same boldness.
Vol. rv.— 14
98 LIFE OF NxVPOLEON BONAPARTE [.Et. 44
Chap. XII steadfastness, aud skill which he had displayed in youth ; biit in addi-
1814 tiou he overcame the stohd enmity of winter, of variable weather, of
roads almost impassable, of swampy fields that were almost impassable
by reason of overtlowing ditches and half-frozen morasses. He over-
came, too, the resisting power created by his ovn\ example ; for here
were the choicest soldiers of the Continent, conuuauded by men inured
for eighteen years to the hardships, the shifts, the rapidity of warfare
as he himself had taught the art. Momentarily Napoleon seems to have
wondered whether allied and co-allied Europe had learned nothing in
half a generation, and whether an army twice and a haK larger than
his own, under veteran generals, was to withdraw again behind the
Rhine, the Elbe, the Oder, perhaps the Vistula. It is hard to believe
that he dreamed such dreams as we read the prosaic, scientific, hard
common sense of his military coiTespondence between January twenty-
sixth and February foiu-teenth. Yet there is certainly an ai)pearauce of
self-deception and vacillation in his political and diplomatic j^lans, due
apparently to the intoxication of success, as when he spoke of the
Vistula to Marmont after Champaubert.
The innermost thoughts of Metternich, and of the diplomats associ-
ated with him, are very hard to fathom. For two generations the world
beheved that after Leipsic, Napoleon, in his sanguine conceit, rejected
offer after offer from the allies, and finally perished utterly because of a
folly which made him believe he could recover his predominance. There
is now every reason to believe the contrary, and to suppose that Napo-
leon clearly understood the situation. The war was one of extermi-
nation on the pai-t of the allies; in the interest of their dynasties they
intended not only to destroy Napoleon, but also thereby to root out the
ideas for which he was supposed to stand. By the hght of recent me-
mou's, especially those of Metternich himself, we seem forced to the
conclusion that in all the offers after Leipsic there was, if anything,
far less of reality and sincerity than in those between the armistice of
Poischwitz and the battle. \^Tien Castlereagh arrived at the allied
head<iuarters early in January, 1814, he found them established in
Basel. Schwarzenberg had found no difficulty in crossing S^vitzel•land.
Geneva sun-ondered its keys without a struggle, and generally the
Swiss seemed indifferent to the violation of their neutraUty. As the
advance continued, it appeared that the French were equally apathetic.
Bubna was driven from before Lyons by Augereau, but Dijon sur-
^T. 44] NAPOLEON'S SUPREME EFFORT 99
rendered to a squad of cavalrymen which, at the request of the con- chap. xii
scieutious mayor, made a show of force to obHge him. It was not 1814
difficult under such circumstances for the sovereigns and their ministers
to convince themselves that any peace with Napoleon would be nothing
but a "ridiculous tirmistice," and that the Emperor of the French must,
in any case, be utterly overthrown.
In response to the Frankfort proposals, the pacific Caulaincourt had
promptly an-ived to conduct negotiations. The invaders had almost at
once suggested that they must abandon the Frankfort proposals, and
confine France to her royal limits; that is, refuse her Belgium with the
great port of Antwerp. So far they were agreed, but there the unanim-
ity ceased. The Czar desired first to conquer France, and then leave
her to choose her own government; he intended to take the whole of
Poland, and give Alsace to Francis in return for Gahcia, thus checking
Austria by both Prussia and France, so that he could work his will in
the Orient. Metternich wished the old balance of power, and had de-
termined on the restoration of the Boui'bons. Francis was writing to
his daughter that he would never separate her cause and that of her
son from France. The Prussian king and ministers desired only such
an arrangement as would secure to their country what she had re-
gained. Stein and his associates wished the utter htmiihation of then-
foe. Castlereagh spoke with the authority of a paymaster ; he was de-
termined to keep the Netherlands fi-om faUing under French influence,
to restore the Bourbons, and to estabhsh so nice an equiUbrium in
Eiu'ope that Great Biitain would be unhampered elsewhere in the
world. There was to be no mention of colonial restitution or neutral
rights. Being a second-rate statesman, he was much influenced by
Metternich, and the two sought to fonn an impossible aUiance between
constitutional hberty and feudal absolutism.
A so-called congress was opened at Chatillon on February fifth. It
must be remembered that the treaty of Reichenbach was still a secret.
That agreement was the reahty behind the congress of Prague, the
Frankfort proposals, and the meeting at Mannheim. None of those
gathei'ings consequently was serious ; that at ChatiUon was even less
so. The memoirs of Metternich explain all the facts : Swiss neutrality
was violated by Austrian influence in order to restore the aristocratic
constitution of Bern and the ascendancy of that canton ; Alexander,
posing still as a liberal, was angry at this violation of international law,
100 LIFE OF NAPOLEON BONAPARTE [^t. 44
Chap, xn and forbade the restoration of Vaud to its old master. Schwarzenberg's
1814 deliberate movements were due primarily to timidity, but they stood in
good stead Metternich's desire to restore the Bourbons. It has been
asserted, and there is much probability in the conjecture, that not only
the plan adopted for invading France, but the slowness of the Austrians
in advancing toward Langres, toward Troyes, across into the Seine
valley, together with the spm-ious activity they displayed before Mon-
tereau, Sens, and Fontainebleau, was part of a scheme to wear out but
not to exhaust France, and then compel her to take back her dynas-
tic rulers. Bliicher, who wanted glory and revenge, and the Pnissian
Uberals, who desired so to crush France that Piaissia might be fi*ee to
slough off her militarism and build up a constitutional government,
were aUke furious at being chained to the frontier. All these cross-
pm-jjoses and bitternesses were miiTored in the ostentatious proceedings
of the congi-ess of Chatillon. Napoleon, either thvining the facts, or,
more probably, informed by spies, seemed indifferent, and refused at
first to give full powers to Caulaincourt ; finally the marshals, ten-ified
at the prospect of indefinite war opened by the unlucky mention of the
Vistula, made their influence so felt that the Emperor yielded.
Maret's name was long held up to detestation as the instigator of
Napoleon's procrastinating policy at Dresden, the line of conduct which
seemed to have made it possible for Austria to join the coalition.
Among the papers of that minister is an account of his relations with
Napoleon dm-ing the congress at Chatillon, which displays the evident
motive of an attempt to prove how pacific his nature really was. He
declares that after the defeat at La Rothiere, Caulaincom-t wi-ote a
panic-stricken letter demanding full authority to treat. Maret handed
it to the Emperor, beseeching him to yield. Napoleon seemed scarcely
to heed, but indicated a passage in Montesquieu's " Grandem- and Fall
of the Romans," which he happened to be reading : " I know nothing
more magnanimous than the resolution taken by a monarch who ruled
in our time, to bury himself under the ruins of the throne rather than
accept proposals which a king may not entertain. Ho had a soul too
lofty to descend lower than his misfortunes had hurled him." " But I,
sire," rejoined the secretary — "I know something more magnanimous —
to cast aside your glory in order to close the abyss into which France
would fall along with you." "Well, then, gentlemen, make your
peace," came the reply. " Let Caulaincourt make it ; let him sign
y. 5
O i
JET. 44] NAl'ULEON'S SUPREME EFFORT 101
everything necessary to obtain it. 1 can support the disgi-ace, but do Chap, xu
not expect me to dictate my own humiliation." Marct informed Cau- ish
laincourt, but the latter recoiled before the responsiI)ility, and asked for
particular instructions. The Emperor persistently refused, but wrote
giving the minister " carte blanche " to take any measure which would
save the capital. Again Caulaincourt begged for details, and again
Napoleon refused, persisting until Bertrand joined his supplications to
those of Maret, whereupon he consented to abandon Belgium, and even
the left bank of the Rhine.
The formal despatch containing these concessions was to be signed
next morning, on February eighth, but in the interval came news of
Bliicher's movements. Maret found the Emperor buried in the study
of his map. " I have an entirely different matter in hand," was the
greeting ; " I am at present occupied in dcaUng Bliicher a blow in the
eye." The signature was indefinitely postponed. On the tenth Alex-
ander suspended the congi-ess on the plea of Caulaincourt's refusal to
state his own or accept the offered terms. Then followed the three
victories, and Napoleon, on the night of the twelfth, wi'ote to Chatillon
demanding the Frankfort proposals. Caulaincourt urgently besought
the allies for an armistice, and begged Napoleon to be less exacting.
Prussia and Austria were eager for the armistice, but Alexander obsti-
nately refused to reopen the congress until the eighteenth, when every-
thing seemed changed, and all the allies really desired peace. Caiilain-
coui't, warned by Napoleon's letter of the twelfth, refused to treat
without full instructions, and as he had none he began to procrastinate.
In the end he bore the blame for not having used the carte blanche
when he had it in order to save his country, for subsequently he had
no opportimity.
Chap. XIII
1814
CHAPTER XIII
the great captain at bay
Victor's Failure at Montereau — Schwarzenberg's Ruse — The
French Advance and the Austrian Retreat — Napoleon's Effort
TO Dhtde the Coalition — Vain Negotiations — The Treaty of
Chaumont — Blucher's Narrow Escape — The Prussians Defeated
AT Craonne — Napoleon's Determination to Fight — His Mis-
fortunes AT Laon — Dissensions at Blucher's Headquarters —
Napoleon at Soissons — Rheims Recaptured — Another Phase m
Napoleon's Eclipse.
THE eagerness of the Pi-ussians and the Austrians to grant an ar-
mistice was at first due to the behcf that Caulaincoiirt's request
was a confession of exhaustion; the Czar's assent to reopening the
congress on the eighteenth was wrung from him by the military opera-
tions between the fourteenth and that date. Convinced that Pans was
menaced, Napoleon left Marmont to hold Bliichor, and starting for La
Ferte-sous-Jouarre on the fifteenth, covered fifty miles with his army
in a marvelous march of thirty-six hours, arriving on the evening of
the sixteenth with his men comparatively fi*esh. Next morning the
French began to advance, and the Austrians to -svithdraw toward
the Seine. Victor was to seize Montereau that same day and hold
the bridge. Compelled to diive an Austrian corps out of Valjouan, the
marshal did not reach his goal until six or seven in the evening, and
finding it beset by the Crown Prince of Wiirtemberg with fourteen
thousand Germans, he merely drove in the outposts and then halted
for the night. His ardor was far from intense, and though like Mac-
donald at Chateau-Thierry, he miglit feel that he had done aU that
could be demanded, yet he lost the opportunity of annihilating a con-
siderable portion of the enemy's force. Simultaneously Macdonald had
vn
^T. 44] THE GREAT CAPTAIN AT HAY 103
now advanced until he stood before Bray, while Oudinot on the left chap. xui
was before ProWns. Thus far Napoleon's advance had been a front isi*
movement to cover Paris, but that same day, tlie seventeenth, he drove
Wittgenstein fi'om Nangis, and then expected by a i-ush over the
bridge at Montereau to prevent Schwarzenberg from extending his
flank to Foutaiuebleau, a move which would surround the French
right. As a matter of fact, strange riders speaking curious outlandish
tongues, Cossack scouts in other words, had appeared for the first time
that very day in Nemours and Fontainebleau, terrifying the inliabi-
tants. It seems highly jn'obable that if Napoleon's force could have
made a quick push from Montereau early on the eighteenth, it would
have cut off a considerable portion of Schwarzenberg's left. In any
case the Emperor was deeply incensed by what he considered Vic-
tor's slackness, and degraded him. The humbled marshal confessed
his fault, displayoug profound contrition, and was speedily restored
to partial favor, being intrusted with the command, under Ney, of a
portion of the young guard.
This was the tMrd of the marshals — Augereau, Macdonald, Victor,
each in turn — who since the opening of the campaign had shown a
physical and moral exhaustion disabling them from rising to the heights
of Napoleon's expectation. " We must pTiIl on the boots and the reso-
lution of '93," wrote the Emperor to Augereau ; he was quite right : no-
thing short of the unsapped revolutionary vigor of France could have
saved his cause. On the eighteenth, after a six hours' struggle, the
French under Gerard and Pajol seized Montereau. Napoleon had
halted at Nangis, and there Berthier received by a flag of truce a letter
fi'om Schwarzenberg, declaring that he had ceased his offensive march
in consequence of news that prehminaries of peace had been signed the
day previous at Chatillon. This was probably as base a ruse as any
ever practised by Napoleon's generals. It is hkely that aU the Austrian
marches and countermarches for ten days past had been but a bustling
semblance calculated for diplomatic effect. Be that as it may, before
Napoleon's advance the Austrian commander had quailed, and, with
the French at Montereau, his columns were ah'eady moWng back to
Troyes, where they were di'awn up in battle array. Napoleon Avrote
indignantly to Joseph that the rase was probably prehminary to a re-
quest for an ai-mistice, and that he would now accept nothing short of
the Frankfort proposals. "At the first check the wretched creatures
104 LIFE OF NAPOLEON BONAPARTE [^t. 44
Chap, xih fall on their knees." Meanwhile he led his anny over the river to No-
1814 gent, and prejiared to attack Schwarzeiiberg.
But Bliicher had not been idle; by superliuman exertions he had
colleett'd and strengthened his army at Chillous, and on the twenty-
first he appeared at Mery on the Seine, threatening Napoleon's left
tiank in case of an advance toward Troyes. By this time the flames
of French patriotism were rekindled in town and country, and, the
sokUers being flushed with victory, it was clearly the hour, to strike at
any hazard. Oudinot was despatched with ten thousand men to hold
Bliicher, and this task he actually accomplished, capturing that portion
of Mery which lay on the left bank of the river, and fortifying the
bridge-head against all comers. Marmont bemg at Sezanne with eight
thousand men to cover Paris, and Mortier at Soissons with ten thou-
sand to prevent the advance of York and Sacken, Napoleon marched
on Troyes. It was late in the evening when his main army was di'awn
up, and in order to leave time for his rear to come in, he postponed
operations until the morning. Schwarzenberg had seventy thousand in
line, but at four in the early dawn of the twenty-second, leaving in
place a fi'ont formation sufficient to mask his movements, he decamped
with his main force and withdrew behind the Aube.
AiTived at Bar, the Austrian commander wrote on the twenty-sixth
an admirable letter of justification for the course he had taken. Defeat
would have meant a retreat, not behind the Aube, but the Rhine.
" To offer a decisive battle to an anny fighting with all the confidence
gained in small affairs, manoeuvering on its own territory, with pro-
visions and munitions Avithin reach, and with the aid of a peasantry in
arms, would be an undertaking to which nothing but extreme necessity
could drive me." This retreat put a new aspect on the diplomacy of
Chatillon. On the nineteenth Caulaincourt received a despatch from
Napoleon revoking the carte blanche entirely ; the same day Napoleon
received an ultimatum from the congi'ess, written several days before,
to the effect that he was to renounce all the acquisitions of France
since 1792, and take no share in the arrangements subso({uent to the
peace. This last clause being a covert suggestion of abdication, the re-
cipient flew into a passion ; when finally he was soothed by the plead-
ings of Berthier and Maret, he gave such a meaningless reply as would
enable negotiations to proceed, Imt liis counter-project he addressed
directly to the Emperor Francis. It was a refusal to give up Antwerp
Z £
'J
iET. 44] THE (lUEAT (JAl'TAIN AT HAY 105
and Belgium, and an emphatic recun-ence to the Fraukfoi-t proposals. Chap, xui
"If we are not to lay down our arms except on the oifeusive conditions ish
proposed at the congress, the genius of France and Providence will be
on our side. "
Napoleon's missive suggested to his I'atlier-in-law, as was its inten-
tion, that a Continental peace on the Frankfort basis would leave
France free to recuperate her sea power and continue the war with
England alone. This was the wedge which for some time past the
writer had been proposing to diive into the coalition so as to separate
Austria fi-om Russia, Castlereagh was very imeasy as to the possible
effect of the message, and there was much anxiety among all the diplo-
mats. Their fii-st step was to send a pacific reply and renew their
request for an armistice. Napoleon consented, but stipulated that hos-
tilities should proceed during the preHminary poui'i)arlers, and that in
the protocol a clause should be inserted declaring that the plenipoten-
tiaries were reassembled at ChatLllon to discuss a peace on the basis
proposed at Frankfort. A commission to aiTange the terms of the
armistice met on the twenty-fom-th. That they were not in earnest is
shown by Frederick William's despatch of the twenty-sixth to Bliicher,
saying, " The suspension of arms will not take place." That very day
also, in a coimcil of war held by the allied generals, it was detei-mined
to form an invading army of the south. Bliicher was authorized to
make a diversion in favor of the main army — a move which he had
really begun the day before by a march to the right. Napoleon, leaving
Macdonald and Oudinot, with forty thousand men, to follow Schwarz-
enberg, hurried after Bliicher with his remaining force. On the
twenty-eighth the commission adjourned its sessions with a formal
reiteration of the idtimatum already made by the allied powers.
The reason was that by that time its members beheved Napoleon to
be elsewhere engaged. Schwarzenberg's army had checked Oudinot,
and as his troops recuperated then* strength the leader recovered par-
tial confidence. Bliicher being off for Paris, with Napoleon on his
heels, the main army of the allies had then tm-ned on the forces of
Macdonald and Oudinot, and had driven them westward until in the
pui"suit it reached Troyes, where it halted, ready, in case of Bliicher's
defeat, to recross the Rhine. The congress of Chatillou was formally
reopened on March first, and continued its useless sessions until the
nineteenth, when it closed. During this second period none of the iui-
VOL. IV.— 15
106 LIFE OF NAPOLEON BONAPAKTE [^x. 44
CHAP.xm portant dignitaries, except Schwarzouborg and tlio King of Pmssia,
1^14 attended ; the rest withdrew to Chaiimont, where, on March ninth, the
three powers signed a treaty with England, dated hack to March first,
liinchng themselves, in retiu-n for an annual subsidy (if five million
poimds sterhng equallj" divided, that each would keep a liunch-ed and
fifty thousand men in the field, for twenty years if necessary, provided
Napoleon would not accept the boundaries of royal France — a futile
stipidatiou. This treaty was the precursor of that iniquitous triple
alliance between Russia, Austria, and Pmssia which was destined not
merely to hamper England herself so seriously in the subsequent period
of history, but to stop for some time the progi"ess of liberal ideas
throughout Em-ope.
Bliicher crossed the Mai-ne on February twenty-seventh ^ith half
his force, and then attempted to cross the Ourcq in order to attack
Meaux from the north. But he was checked by Marmont and Mortier,
with the sixteen thousand men they already had, and then, after six
thousand new recruits came in from Paris, he was forced to retreat.
Should Napoleon amve in time he would be annihilated. Accordingly
he hastened up the valley of the Om*cq with his entire force. Napoleon
aiTived on the Marne too late to attack Bliicher's rear, and after some
hesitation as to whether he should not return to complete his work
with Schwarzenberg, he finally determined that, inasmuch as the for-
tress of Soissons was secm-e, and Bliicher must therefore retreat to the
eastward, he could himself deliver an easy but staggering blow on the
Prussian flank when they should cross the Aisne at Fismes. Accord-
ingly, on March third the worn-out columns of the French passed over
the Marne. Unfoi'tunately, Soissons had been left by Marmont in
charge of an inexperienced commander, wlio had sun-endered almost
without resistance when, on March second, Biilowand Wintzengerode,
having come in from the Netherlands, suddenly ajipeared before the
place. This stroke of good fortune enabled Bliicher not merely to find
a city of refuge for his exhausted and disorganized force, but to recniit
it by the two victorious and elated corps which thenceforth served him
as an invalual)le rear-guard. Napoleon, thwarted again, gave no out-
ward sign of the despair he must have felt, but crossed the Aisne on
March fifth, and occupied Rheims, in order at least to cut Bliicher off
from any connection with Schwarzenberg. He then tunied to join
Marmont and Mortier in order to drive Bliicher still farther north, so
jet.u] the great captain at bay 107
that, as he wrote to Josepli, lie mij^ht gaiu time sufficient to return by chap. xm
Clialons and attack Schwarzonljerg. ish
In spite of all his tliscouragements, Bliicher had no intention of re-
treating without a blow. There was constant friction between the
Prussian commander and his subordinates, so that dissension prevented
prompt action. Nevertheless, after much delay the anny was got in
motion to resume the offensive, the general plan being to move east-
ward instead of withdrawing due north, to cross the plateau of Craonne,
and, descending into the plain north of Ben-y, to attack the French
in force as they advanced to Laon. Napoleon had expected to meet
his foe under the walls of that city ; his quick advance was as much
of a surprise to Bliicher as Bliicher's was to him. The fii'st shock
of battle, therefore, oecm-red at Craonne on the sixth, when neither
army was in reacUness. But Bliicher secured the advantage of position.
Though he had only a portion of his force, the troops he did have were
on a comniandiug plateau above the enemy when the action began.
The skirmishes of the first day, however, were indecisive. Napoleon's
knowledge of the district being defective, he sought to secm'e the best
possible information from the inhabitants. Some one mentioning inci-
dentally that the mayor of a neighboring town was named De Bussy,
Napoleon recalled, with his astounding memory, that in the regiment
of La Fere he had had a comrade so named. The mayor turned out to
be the sometime lieutenant, and, with superserviceable zeal, the former
friend poured out worthless information which led the Emperor to be-
Ueve that on the moiTOW there would be only Bliicher's rear-guard to
disperse. But it was not so. Bliicher stiiiggled with his utmost
might to gather in his cavalry and artillery, while Sacken, with the
Russians, stood like a wall, repelling the successive sui-ges of Ney and
Victor the whole day thi'ough. At nightfall the Prussian commander,
finding it impossible to assemble guns or horsemen over the icy fields,
gave orders for retreat, and his anny passed on to Laon.
Though Craonne was a victory, the losses of the French were pro-
poiiionately greater than those of the enemy, and the pursuit, though
spirited, gained no advantage. "The young guard melts like snow; the
old guard stands ; my mounted guards hkewise are much reduced," were
the words of Napoleon's private letter. Yet he pressed on. The night
of the seventh he spent in a roadside inn under the sign of "The
Guardian Angel." There Caulainconrt's last messenger from Chixtillon
108 LIFE OF NAPOLEON BONAPARTE [2Et. 44
Chap, xm fouud him. The congi'ess was still sitting, but the warrior knew the
1814 fact meant and could mean nothing to him ; though the allies had iti-
ereased their demands in proportion to their victories, they had not
lessened them in proportion to their defeats. Whatever terms he
might accept, and whatever Metteruich might say, this war he felt sm-e
was one for his extermuiation. As he said then and there, it was a
bottomless chasm, and he added, " I am determined to be the last it
shall swallow up." So he made no answer, and spent the night com-
pleting his plans for bsittle at Laon.
That place stands on a terraced hill rising somewhat abruptly from
the plain, and throughout the eighth Bliicher aiTayed his army in and
on both sides of the city, which itself was of course the key. Napoleon,
being a firm believer in such movements when on friendly soil, made a
long night march. He reached the enemy's foi-e posts early on the
ninth, and drove them in. At seven Ney and Mortier began the battle
imder cover of a mist, and captured two hamlets at the foot of the hill.
Marmout was on the right, and had ah*eady been cut off from the center
by a body of Cossacks ; but he attacked the village of Athies. After a
long day's hard fighting, he succeeded in capturing a portion of it.
Fm'ther exertion being impossible, his men bivouacked, while ho him-
self withdrew to the comforts of Eppes, a chciteau three miles distant.
It was noon when Napoleon learned that Marmout had been severed
fi'om the line ; at once he renewed his attack on Laon, but though he
gained Clacy on his left, he lost Ardon, and was thus more completely
cut off from Mamiont. That night York fell upon Marmont's men un-
awares, and routed them utterly.
Napoleon heard of this disaster shortly after midnight. He was, of
com-se, deeply agitated — did he dare risk being infolded on both sides,
or should he brave his fate in order to mislead the enemy? He chose
the desperate coiu'se, and when day broke stood apparentlj^ undis-
mayed. Even when two fugitive dragoons arrived and confirmed in all
its details the ten-ible news from Athies, he issued orders as bold as if
his army were still entire. This was a desperate nise, but it succeeded,
for the pursuit of Marmont's men was stayed. At four the main French
army l)egan its retreat, and the next morning saw it at Soissons ; six
thousand had l)een killed and wounded. Again Napoleon's name had
stiffened the allies into inactive hon-or, for they did not pursue. York
was so disgusted Avith the dissensions at Bliicher's headquariers that ho
PRINCE CLEMENS WENZEL NEPOMUK LOTHAR VON
METTERNICH-WINNEBURG
M-v.U] THE GKEAT CAPTAIN AT BAY 1()9
threw up his cdimiuiud and loft for Bnissols. Bliiclior was literally at cnAP.xiii
the end of his powers. " For heaven's sake," said Laugcrou, a French ihh
refugee in the Russian service, on whom the command would have
devolved, "wliatever happens, let us take the cori)se along." "The
corpse," with dimmed eyes and trem])ling hands, traced in gi'cat nide
letters an epistle beseeching York to return, and this, indorsed hy
another fi-om the Prince Royal of Pmssia, brought back the aljle Ijut
testy refugee.
Meantime Rhcims, intrusted to a feeble garrison, had been taken by
Langeron's rear-guard under St. Priest, anotlier French emigrant in
the service of the aUies. By this disaster communication between
Schwarzenberg and Bliicher had been reestabhshed. In the short day
Napoleon could spend at Soissons, he took up twenty-five lumdred new
cavahymen, a new line reguuont of infantry, a veteran regiment of the
same, and some artillery detachments. It is not easy to conceive of re-
cuperative power more remarkable tlian that which was thus exhibited
both by Franco and her Emperor. These men had been sent forward
from Paris in spite of the profound gloom now prevalent there. The
truth was at last known in the capital ; Joseph was hopeless ; the Em-
press and her court were preparing for extremities. News had come
that in the south Soult had been thrown back on Toidouse; that in the
southwest royalist plots were thickening ; that in the southeast Auge-
reau had been forced back to Lyons ; Macdonald was ready to abandon
Provins at the fii'st sign of advance by Schwarzenberg ; and the soiTy
tale of Laon was early unfolded. Yet the administrative machinery was
still i-unuing, and soldiers were being manufactured from the available
materials. Those who had been sent to Soissons had been hastily gath-
ered, equipx^ed, and diilled almost without hope, but they were pre-
cious since they enabled Napoleon to refit his shattered battaUous.
Mannont had unwisely abandoned Berry-au-Bac, and that in dis-
regard of orders. But otherwise he had done his best to make good
a temporary lapse, and had got together about eight thousand men at
Fismes. His narrative gives a graphic picture of the situation — of cUs-
order, confusion, chaos among his troops, of artillery served by inex-
perienced sailors, of undi'illed companies whose members had neither
hats, clothes, nor shoes. There were plenty of captured uniforms and
head-coverings, but they were so infested with vermin that the French,
sorry as was their phght, refused to wear them, and clung to their old
no
LIKE OF NAPOLEON UONAl'AliTE [^t. 44
1814
Chap. XIII tattcrs. Maniiout's meu were heroes, he himself was not yet a traitor.
Thoui^h overhonie by a sense of Napoleon's recklessness, and therefore
unfit for the desperate self-sacrifice which would have made hmi a fit
coadjutor for his chief, he was prepared to atone for his disgi-ace at
Athies. Early in the morning of the thirteenth the main French
army moved from Soissons ; at fom- in the afternoon Marmont opened
the attack on Rheims. Napoleon himseK had arrived, hut his troops
were slow m coming up, and there was no heavy artillery wherewith
to batter in the gates. The sti-uggle went on with desperate courage
and gaUantry on both sides. St. Priest was lolled by the same gunner
whose aim had been fatal to Moreau. " We may well say, O Provi-
dence! O Providence!" wrote Napoleon to his brotlier. At ten the
beleaguered gan-ison began to sally and flee. Napoleon rose from the
bearskin on which he had been resting before a bivouac fii-e, and storm-
ing with rage lest his prey should escape, Inu-ried in the guns, which
were finally within reach. Amid awfid tumult and carnage the place
fell; three thousand of the enemy were slain, and about the same niun-
ber were captm-ed. Tlie burghers were frenzied with delight as the
Emperor marched in, and the whole city burst into an illumination.
Next moi-ning Napoleon and Marmont met. The culprit was loaded
with reproaches for the affair at Athies, and treated as a stern father
might treat a careless child. No better evidence of the Emperor's low
state is needed. Mannont was now the hero of the hour ; his pecca-
dillos might well have been forgotten for the sake of secm-ing his con-
tinued faitlifulness. With Napoleon at his best, this woidd sm-ely have
been the case ; but aware that at most the w^ar could be a matter of
only a few weeks, the desperate man overdid his roh; of self-confidence,
being too rash, too severe, too haughty. Not that he was without some
hope. Although for two years the shadow had been dechning on the
dial of Napoleon's fortunes, and althougli under adverse conditions one
brilliant comlnnation after another had crumbled, yet his ideas were as
gi-eat as ever, the adjustment of plans to changing conditions was never
more admirable. The troulde was that effort and result did not cor-
respond, and this being so, what would have been trifling misd(>meanors
in jji-osperity seemed to him in adversity to be dangerous faults. The
great officers of state and army, imitating their master's ambitions, had
acquired his weaknesses, l»ut had failed in securing either his strength
or his adroitness. Witli him they had lost that fire of youth which bad
^T.44] THE (}REAT CAPTAIN AT BAY 11]
carried tbom and him always just over the lino of liumaii expectation, chap. xni
and so las nice adjustments failed in exasperating ways at the very turn ish
of necessity. Hard words and stinging ivpioofs are soon forgotten in
generous youth ; they rankle in middle life ; and even the invigorating
address or inspiring word, when heard too often for twenty years, fails
of effect. The beginning of the end was the loss of Soissons at the
critical instant. Napoleon was uncertain and touchy; his marshals
were honeycombed with disaffection ; the popidations, though flashing
like powder at his touch, had nowhere risen en masse. Thereafter the
great captam was no longer waging a well-ordered warfare. Like an
exhausted swordsman, he hmged here and there in the gi*and style;
but his bram was troubled, his blade broken. Some untapped reser-
vou's of strength were yet to be opened, some untried expedients were
to be essayed, but the end was inevitable. The movement on Rheims
was the spasmodic stroke of the dying gladiator.
CHAPTER XIV
THE STRUGGLES OF EXHAUSTION
The Allies Demoralized — Napoleon's Desperate Choice — The
Battle at Arcis — The Correspondence of Caulaincourt and
Nm'oleon — Panic at Schwarzenberg's Headquarters — Cross-
purposes OF the Allies — N^vpoleon's Determination Confirmed
— His Over-confidence — The Resolution to Abandon Paris —
The French Brought to a Stand — Their Masioid Retreat
— Inefficiency of Marmont and Augereau — Napoleon's March
toward St. Dizier — His Terrible Disenchantment — How the
Allies had Discovered Napoleon's Plans — Their Determina-
tion TO Pursue — The Czar's Resolution to ISLuich on Paris —
Successful Return of the Invaders.
chap^xiv y I ^HOUCtH iinscieiitific as a military move and futile as to the ulli-
181* J_ mate result of the war, the capture of Rheims was, nevertheless,
a teUing thrust. On receipt of the news fi'om Laon, Schwarzenberg
had immediately set his army in motion against Macdonald, and Blii-
cher, after waiting two days to restore order among his worried troops
and insubordinate heutenants, had advanced and laid siege to Com-
piegne. The captm-e of Rheims checked the movements of both Aus-
trians and Prussians ; dismay prevailed in both camps, and both annies
began to tbaw back. The French halted at Nangis in their retreat before
Schwarzenberg, and the people of Compiegne were released fi"om the
terrors of a siege. "This ten-ible Napoleon," wrote Langeron in his me-
moirs, " they thought they saw him everywhere. He had beaten us all,
one after the other ; we were always frightened by the daring of his
entei-prises, the swiftness of his movements, and his clever combina-
tions. Scarcely had we fonned a plan when it was disconcerted by
him." Besides this, in obedience to Napoleon's call, the peasantry be-
IK TtlK UuU LM^U.LIl?i HlBKirM, MIKI.IN
NtlltAVi:lJ IIV T JollSH'iN
FRlHDRlCll VVIl.HliLM VuN BULOW
JEt.U] the STini(i(iLES Oh' KXllAI'STIoN 113
gaii an organized guerrilla wai-fare, avenging tlie jnllage, iucendiarisin, Chap. xiv
and military executions of tlie allies by a brutal retaliation in kind i«i4
which made the marauding invaders (luake. Finally the momentaiy
consternation of the latter verged on [)anic when the report reached
head(iuarters that Bernadotte, lying inactive at Liege with twenty-
tlu'ee thousand Swedes, had pennitted a flag of tru(!e from Joseph to
enter his presence. Could it be that the sly schemer, for the further-
ance of his ambition to govern France, was about to turn traitor and
betray the coahtion f
But the consternation of the allies was the least important effect of
the capture of Rheims by Napoleon. It initiated certain ideas and piu--
poses in his own mind about which there has been endless discussion.
Many see in them the immediate cause of his ruin, a few consider them
the most splendid offspring of his mind. Reinforcements from Paris,
slender as they were, flowed steadily into his camp; and when he
learned that both Schwarzenherg and Blucher had virtually retreated,
he believed himself able to cope once more with the fomier. Accord-
ingly he dictated to his secretary an outline of thi'ee possible move-
ments : to Ai-cis on the Aube, by way of Sezanne to Provins, and to
Meaux for the defense of Paris. The fu-st was the most daring ; the
second would cut the enemy off from the right bank of the Seine, Ijut
it had the disadvantage of keeping the troops on miry cross-roads ; the
tlih'd was the safest. Of course he chose the course of desperation — all
or nothing. Leaving Marmont with seven thousand men at Beny-au-
Bac, and Mortier with ten thousand at Rheims and Soissons, he en-
joined them both to hold the line toward Paris against Blucher at all
hazards, and himself set out, on March seventeenth, for Ai'cis on the
Aube. This he did, instead of marching dii-ect to Meaux for the de-
fense of Paris, because it would, in his own words, " give the enemy
a gi'eat shock, and result in unforeseen circumstances."
Schwarzenberg's movements during the next three days awakened
in Napoleon the suspicion, which he was only too glad to accept as a
certainty, that the Austro-Russian army was on the point of retreating
into the Vosges or beyond ; and on the twentieth he announced his de-
cision of marching farther eastward, past Troyes, toward the frontier
forts stiU in French hands. This idea of a final stand on the confines
of France and Gennany haunted him to the end, and was the " will-o'-
the-wisp" which intermittently tempted him to folly. But for the
Vol. IV.- 10
114 LIFE OF NAPOLEON BONAPAKTE [^Et. 44
Chap. XIV present its execution was necessarily postponed. That very day news
1814 was received within the lines he had established about Ai'cis that the
enemy, far fi'om retreating, was advancing. Soon the French cavalry
sldnnishers appeared galloi)iug in flight, and were brought to a halt
only when the Emperor, with drawn sword, threw himself across their
path. A short, sharp stniggle ensued — sixteen thousand French with
twenty-four thousand five hundi'ed of theu" foe. It was irregular and
indecisive, but Napoleon held his own. The neighboiing hamlet of
Torcy had also been attacked by the allies, and before their onset the
French had at first yielded. But the defenders were rallied, and at
nightfall the position was recaptiu*ed. This sudden exhibition by
Schwarzenberg of what looked Hke courage puzzled Napoleon ; after
long deUberation he concluded that the hostile troops were in all prob-
ability only a rear-guard covering the enemy's retreat. He was not
very far wi'ong, but far enough to luako all the difference to him. The
cii'cumstances require a full explanutiou.
Thanks to Caulaincourt's stiu'dy persistence, the congress at Cha-
tillon was still sitting, and on the thu-teenth the French delegate wrote
a last despau"ing appeal to the Emperor. His messenger was delayed
three days by the militaiy operations; but when he an-ived, on the six-
teenth, Maret wrung from Napoleon concessions wliich included Ant-
wei-p, Mainz, and even Alessandria. In the despatch announcing this,
and wiitten on the seventeenth to Cavdaincoiu't, Maret made no reser-
vation except one : that Napoleon intended, after signing the treaty,
to secure for himself whatever the military situation at the close of the
war might entitle him to retain. The retm-n of the messenger was
likewise delayed for three days, and it was the twenty-first before he
reached the outskirts of Chatillon. He arrived to find Caulaincouri
departing ; the second " carte blanche " had arrived too late. With all
his skill, the persistent and adroit minister had been unable to protract
negotiations longer than the eighteenth. His appeal having brought
no immediate response, he had, several days earlier, despatched a faith-
ful wamiing, and this reached Napoleon at Fere-Champenoise simulta-
neously with the departure of the messenger for Cliatillon. Tlie day
previous the Emperor had received bad news from soutliern France :
that Bordeaux had opened its gates to a small detachment of Eiighsh
under Hill, and that the Duke of Angouleme had been cheered by the
people as he pubhcly proclaimed Louis XVIII King of France. Ap-
mt.u] the STKU(j(}Li:s of exhaustion 115
parently neitlior this infornuition nor ('aulaimoiu-t's warning pro- Ciup. xiv
foundly impreysed Napoleon; he knew liis Gascons well, his "carte ish
blanche" he must have believed to be in Chatillou, and it had been in
biii'li spirits that he hastened on to Ai*cis, deterniined to make tlie most
of the time intervening until the close of negotiations.
When news of Napoleon's advance reached Schw^arzenl^erg's head-
quarters in Troyes, there had at first been nothing short of panic; the
commander himself was on a sick-bed, having entirely succumbed to the
hardsliips of winter warfare. No sooner had he ordered the first back-
ward step than his army had displayed a feverish anxiety for farther
retreat. As things were going, it appeared as if the different corps
woidd, for lack of judicious leadership, be permitted to withdraw still
farther in such a way as to separate the various divisions ever more
widely, and expose them successively to annihilating blows from Na-
poleon, like tliose which had overwhelmed the scattered segments of
the Silesian army. The Czar and many others immediately perceived
the danger. With faculties unnerved by fear, the officers foreboded a
repetition with the Bohemian army of Montmirail, Champaubert, and
Vauchamps. Rumors filled the air : the peasantiy of the Vosges were
rising, the Swiss were ready to follow their example ; the aimy must
withdraw before it was utterly suxi'ounded and cut off. There was
even a report — and so fu^Illy was it beheved that it long passed for his-
tory— of Alexander's having expressed a desire to reopen the congress.
Schwarzenberg's strange hesitancy in the initial stages of the inva-
sion has been explained. Beyond his natural timidity, it was almost
certainly due to Metternich's politics, which displayed a desire to ruin
Napoleon's imperial power, but to save France either for the Bourbons
or possibly for his Emperor's son-in-law. If the Austrian minister
could accompHsh this, he coidd thereby checkmate Pnissian ambitions
for leadership in Germany. But during the movements of Februaiy
and March the actions of the Austrian general appear to have been due
almost exclusively to cowardice. The papers of Castlereagh, of Met-
ternich, and of Scliwarzenberg himself aim to give the impression that
dm-iug all the events which had occm'red since the congi'ess of Prague,
everything had been straightforward, and that Austna had no thought
of sparing Napoleon or acting otherwise than she did in the end. Yet
the indications of the time are quite the other way : the Russians in
Schwarzenberg's araiy were furious, and, as one of them wrote, sus-
no LIFE OF NAPOLEON HONAl'AKTE [^t. 44
Chap, xtv picioiis "of what WO are doiug and what we are not domg." Alexander,
isH in this crisis, was deeply couceraed, not for peace, but for an orderly,
concenti-ated retreat. With stubborn fatalism, he never doubted the
final outcome; and dimng liis stay in Chatillon he had spent his leisure
hours in excogitating a careful plan for the grand entry into Paris,
whereby the honors were to bo his ovm.
Consequently, when on the nineteenth he hastened to Schwarzen-
berg's bedside, it was with the object of persuading the Austrian com-
mander to make a stand long enough to secui-e concentration in retreat.
This idea originated with the Russian general Toll, and the place he
suggested for concentration was the line between Troyes and Pougy.
But the council was teiTor-stricken, and though willing to heed Alex-
ander's urgent warning, they at fi.rst selected a position farther in tlie
rear, on the heights of Trannes. With this the Czar was content, but
on second thought such a course appeared to the more daring among
the Austrian staff as if it smacked of pusillanimity. Schwarzcniberg
felt the force of this opinion, and by the influence of some one, prob-
ably Radetzky, it was determined, without consulting the Czar, to con-
centrate near Arcis on the left bank of the Aube, in order to assume
the offensive at Plancy. This independent resolution of Schwarzen-
berg's staff explains the j^resence of allied troops near Arcis and at
Torcy. Alexander was much incensed by the news of the meeting, and
declared that Napoleon's real purpose was to hold them while cutting
off their connections on the extreuK? right at Bar and Chaumont. This
was in fact a close conjecture. Napoleon, though surprised mto action,
was naturally confirmed in his surmise that the hostile troops were a
retreating rear-guard; and in consequence he had definitely adojjted
the most desperate scheme of his life — the plan of hurrying toward the
Vosges, of sunnnoning the peasantry to rise en masse, and of calling out
the garrison troops fi*om the frontier fortresses to reiirforce his army
and enable him to strike the invaders from behind.
By his retreat to Troyes on Fe])ruar7 twenty-second, Schwarzenberg
had avoided a decisive conflict, saxing his o^vn anny, and leaving Napo-
leon to exhaust himself against the anny of Silesia ; by his decision of
March nineteenth he had confirmed Napoleon in the conviction that
the allies were overawed, and had thus led his desperate foe into the
greatest blunder conceivable — this chimerical scheme of concentrating
his slender, scattered force on the confines of France, and leaving open
PLBLICATION AL'THORIir.D BY »., V. Jt CO
TVPOGnAVCIlE BOCSSOO, VAt.ADON A CO., PARIS
"CAPTIVE.
FROM THF. paintim; ly aldeut riEitm dawant
^T. 44] THE STRUGGLES OP EXHAUSTION 117
a way for tlie great army of invaders to mai-cli direct on Paris. Of crap. xrv
such stuff arc contemporary reputations sometimes constructed. But ism
this was not enough : a third time the Austrian general was to stumhle
on gi'catness. Napoleon's movements of concentration had thus far
met with no resistance, in spite of then- temerity; and througliout the
nineteenth the enemy's outposts, wherever found, fled incontinently.
It appeared a certainty that the aUies were abandoning the line of the
Seine in oi'der to avoid a blow on their flank. That evening Napoleon
began to vacillate, gra<lually abandoning his notion of an offensive
move near Troyes, and deliberating how best to reach Vitry for a further
advance toward his eastern fortresses. To avoid any appearance of re-
treat, he rejected the safer route by way of Fere-Champenoise to Somme-
sous, and determined to follow the com-se of the Aube for a while
before turning northward to Sommepuis. He might run across the
enemy's rear-guard, but he counted on their pusillanimity for the prob-
able retreat of the very last man to Troyes. When Ney and Sebastiani
began on the twentieth to push up the south bank of the Aube, they
expected no opposition. That very morning Napoleon had announced
to his minister of war, " I shall neglect Troyes, and betake myself in
all haste to my fortresses."
So far the Emperor had made no exhibition of the temerity about
which so much was later to be said. But he had deceived himself and
had taken a wild resolution. Moreover, it is amazing that he should
have felt a baseless confidence in Bliicher's remaining inert. Tliis hal-
lucination is, however, clearly expressed in a despatch to Marmout of
the very same date. Yet, nevertheless, the alternative is not left out
of consideration, for he ordered that marshal, in ease Bliicher should
resume the offensive, to abandon Paris and hasten to Chalons. This
fatal decision was not taken suddenly: the contingency had been men-
tioned in a letter of February eighth to Joseph, and again fi'om
Rheims emphatic injunctions to keep the Empress and the King
of Rome from falling into Austrian hands were issued to the same
con'espondent. " Do not abandon my son," the Emperor pleaded ;
" and remember that I would rather see him in the Seine than in the
hands of the enemies of France. The fate of Astyanax, prisoner to
the Greeks, has always seemed to me the unhappiest in history." The
messenger had been gone but a few hours when word was brought that
Bliicher had resumed the offensive, and a swift courier was despatched
118 LIFE OF NAPOLEON BONAPARTE [JEr. U
Chap, xtv summoning Marmoiit to Chalons. In this iiltmiate decision Napoleon
1814 showed how cosmopolitan he had gi*o"«Ti : he had forgotten, if he had
evei" understood, the extreme centralization of France ; he should have
known that, Paris lost, the head of the country was gone, and that the
dwarfed limbs could develop Httle or no national vitality.
This hitter lesson he was soon to leani. On the momentous after-
noon of the twentieth, as has been related, about sixteen thousand
French confi'onted nearly twenty-five thousand of the allies in the sharp
l>ut indecisive skii-mishes before Arcis; the loss of the former was
eighteen huudi-ed, that of the allies twenty-seven hundred. In spite of
the dimensions which these conflicts had assmned, Napoleon remained
finn in the behef that he had to do with his retreating enemy's rear-
guard; Schwarzenberg, on the other hand, was convinced that the
French had a strength far be,youd the reahty. Dm*ing the night both
armies were strongly reinforced, and in the early morning Napoleon
had twenty-seven thousand five himdred men — quite enough, he be-
lieved, to demoralize the retreating Austrians. It was ten o'clock
when he ordered thi^ attack, Ney and Sebastiani being directed to the
plateau behind the town. What was theii' surprise and dismay to find
Schwarzenberg's entire army, which numbered not less than a hundred
thousand, di-awn up in battle array on the plain to the eastward, the
infantry in three dense columns, cavalry to right and left, A\ith tkree
hundred and seventy pieces of artillery on the central fi-ont! The
spectacle would have been dazzling to any but a soldier: the bright
an-ay of gay accoutrements, the glittering bayonets, the waving banners,
and the sen-ied ranks. As it was, the audacious French skirmishers
instinctively felt the incapacity of a general who could thus assemble
an anny as if on pm-pose to display its numbers and expose it to
destruction. Without a thought they began a sort of challenging ren-
counter with horse-artillery and cavalry.
But the Emperor's hopes were dashed when he learned the tnith ;
with equal numbers he would have been exultant ; a battle with odds
of four to one he dared not i"isk. Sebastiani was kept on the heights
to mask the retreat which was instantly determined upon, and at half-
past one it began. This nise was so successful, by reason of the alarms
and crossings incident to the withdrawal of the French, that the alhes
were again terror-stricken; even tlic Czar rejected every suggestion
of attack; again force was demoralized by genius. At last, however,
mt.u] the struggles op exhaustion 119
scouts brought word that columns of French soldiers were debouching chap. xiv
beyond the Aube, and the facts were plain. Even then the paralyzed i^u
invaders feared to attack, and it was not until two thirds of Napoleon's
force was behind the stream that, after fierce fighting, the French rear
was cMven fi'oni the town. Oudinot's coi-ps was the last to cross the
river, and, standing until sappers had destroyed the bridge, it huiried
away to follow the main column toward Vitiy. The divisions of Gerard
and Macdouald joined the march, and there were then forty-five thou-
sand men in hue.
While Napoleon was tlius neutraUziug the efforts of amiies and
generals by the renown of his name, two of of his marshals were finally
discredited. Enfeebled as Bliicher appeared to be, he was no sooner
fi'eed from the awe of Napoleon's proximity than he began to move.
On the eighteenth he passed the Aisne, and Marmont, disobeying the
explicit instructions of Napoleon to keep open a line of retreat toward
Chalons, began to withdi"aw toward Fismes, where he effected a junc-
tion with Mortier. His intention was to keep Bliicher from Paris by
false manoeuvers. Rheims and Epernay at once fell into hostile hands;
there was no way left open toward Chalons except the long detour by
Chateau-Thieny and Etoges ; and Bliicher, it was found, was hui'rying
to effect a connection with Schwarzenberg. This was an assiu'ed check-
mate. Meantime Angereau had displayed a similar incapacity. On the
eighth he had begam a number of feeble, futile movements intended to
prevent the allies from forming their Army of the South. But after a
few aimless marches he retm-ned to Lyons, and stood there in idleness
until his opponents had completed their organization. On the twentieth
the place was assaulted. The French general had twenty-one thousand
five hundred men under his immediate command, six thoxisand eight
hundred Catalonian veterans were on their way fi-oni Peipignan, and at
Chambery were seven thousand more from the armies of Tuscany and
Piedmont. The assailants had thirty-two thousand, mostly raw troops.
With a stout heart in its commander, Lyons could have been held until
the reinforcements arrived, when the ai-my of the alUes would probably
have been annihilated. But there was no stout heai-t in any of the au-
thorities ; not a spade had been used to thi'ow up fortifications ; the
siege-gims ready at A\ngnon had not been brought up. Augereau, at
the very height of the battle, summoned the civil authorities to a con-
sultation, and the imwarlike biu'ghers assented without a murmur to
120 LIFE OF ^Ai'ULEON BONAPARTE [^t. 44
Chap, xtv his suggostiou of evacuiitioii. The great capital of eastern France was
1814 delivered as a pilze to those who had not earned it. Had Suchet been
substituted for Augereau some' weeks earlier, the course of history
might have been diverted. But although Naiwleon had contemplated
such a change, he shrank from disgracing an old servant, and again, as
before Leipsic, displayed a kmtUy spirit destructive to his cause.
The night after his retreat from Arcis, Napoleon sent out a recon-
uaissauce to Vitry, and finding it garrisoned by Prussians, swerved
toward St. Dizier, which, after a smart combat, he entered on the
twenty-thii'd. This placed him midway between the hues of his
enemy's commuuication both from Strasbm'g aud from Basel ; wliich
of the two, he asked himself, would Schwarzenberg return to defend ?
Thinking only how best to bait liis foe, he set his army in motion
northward; the anxious Austrian would certainly struggle to retain
the hne in greatest danger. This illusion continued, French cavahy
scoured the coimtry, some of the Chatillon diplomats were captured,
and the Emperor of Austria had a narrow escape at Bar. It seemed
strange that the country-side as far as Langi-es was deserted, but the
fact was apparently explained when the news came that the enemy
were in force at Vitry ; probably they had abandoned Troyes and had
disregarded Bricune for the pm-pose of diverting him fi'om his pui'pose.
Alas for the self-deception of a ruined man ! The enemy at Vitry
were a body of eight thousand Russian cavalry from the Silesian aniiy,
sent, under Wintzengerode, to dog Napoleon's heels and deceive him,
just as they actually did. Having left Vitry on the twenty-eighth, they
were moving toward St. Dizier when Napoleon, believing that they
formed the head of a powerful hostile column, fell upon them with
needless fuiy, and all too easily put them to liight; two thousand
were captm-ed and five hundred killed. Thanks to Mai-mont's disobe-
dience and bad judgment, Bliicher had opened communications with
Schwarzenberg, and both were marching as swiftly as possible du-ect
to Paris. Of this Napoleon remained ignorant until the twenty-eighth.
From his prisoners the Emperor first gained a hint of the appalling
ti-uth. It was impossible to believe such reports. Orders were issued
for an immediate retmn to Vitry in order to secui'e rehable infoiina-
tion. Anived before the place, Napoleon called a council of war to
decide whether an attempt to stonn it should be made. In the moment
of dehberation news began to an-ive in abundance : captured despatches
KAVKIt IIY CIIABLE8 HT&TK
HENRI-JACaUES-GUlLLAUME CLARKE
COUNT D'HUNEBOURG, DUKE OF FELTRE
(marshal of FRANCE UNDIiR FOUIS XVIll)
FROM THE PAINTINti BY UflLLAVMK-DnftlR^-JORF.ril IIRSCAMPS
^T. 44] THE STRUGGLES OF KXIIAI'STION 121
and bulletins of the enemy, confinncd by definite information from the chap. xiv
inhabitants of the surrounding country. There could no longer be any i8i4
doubt: the enemy, with an advantage of three days' march, was on his
way to Paris. The futility of his eastward movement appears to have .
struck Napoleon like a thunderbolt. Paris abandcmed in theory was
one thing; France virtually decapitated by the actual loss of its capital
was quite another. The thought was unendurable. Mounting his horse,
the imhappy man spuiTed back to St. Dizier, and closeted himself in
silent conmiuning ^\^th liis maps.
The allies had not at first divined Napoleon's purpose. Indeed,
then* movements in passing the Aube and on the day following were lit-
tle better than random efforts to fatliom it. But on the morning of the
twenty-third two important messengers were captured — one a couiier
from Berthier to Macdonald with despatches stating exactly where Na-
poleon was; the other a rider with a short note from Napoleon to his
Empress, containing a statement of its writer's plans. This famous
paper was lost, for Bliicher, after having read it, let the rider go. But
the extant Grerman translation is doubtless acciu-ate. It runs : " My
fi-iend, I have been aU day in the saddle. On the twentieth I took
Ai'cis on the Aube. The enemy attacked at eight in the evening. I
beat him, killed fom' thousand men, and captui'ed four cannon. On
the twenty-first the enemy engaged in order to protect the march of
his colmnns toward Brienne and Bar on the Aube. I have resolved to
betake myself to the Marne in order to draw off the enemy fi'om Paris
and to approach my fortifications. I shall be this evening in St. Dizier.
Adieu, my friend; kiss my boy." Savaiy declares that there was a
final phrase : " This movement makes or mars me."
The menace to then- lines of communication at fii'st produced con-
sternation in the council of the aUies. The first proposition laid before
them was that they should retvu'n on parallel lines and recover their
old bases. Had this scheme been adopted. Napoleon's strategy would
have been justified completely instead of partially as it was ; nothing
but a miracle could have prevented the evacuation of France by the
invaders. But a second, calmer thought detennined the invaders to
abandon both the old Hnes, and, opening a new one by way of Chalons
into the Netherlands, to make the necessary detom- and fall on Napo-
leon's rear. Francis, for the sake of keeping close touch ^\dth his own
domains, was to Join the Army of the South at Lyons. Although there
Vol. IV.- 17
122 LIFE OF NAPOLEON BONAPAUTE [.Ex. 44
Chap. XIV is 110 proof to suppoi't the coujectiu-e, it seems as if the Czar and the
1814 Iviug of Prussia had suggested this so that both Francis and Metter-
nich might be removed fi-om the mihtary councils of the allies in order
that the more warhke party might in then- absence take decisive mea-
sures. That night a package of letters to Napoleon from tlie imperial
dignitaries at Paris fell into the hands of the invaders. The "vvTiters,
each and all, expressed a profound despondency, Savary in particular
asserting that everything was to be feared shoidd the enemy approach
the capital. Next morning, the twenty-foiu'th, the junction between
Bliicher and Schwarzenberg was completed. Francis and Metternich
being absent, Schwarzenberg, listening to warhke advice, determined to
start immediately in piu'suit of Napoleon and seek a battle. The march
was begun, and it seemed as if Napoleon's wild scheme was to be com-
pletely justified. He had certainly displayed profound insight.
Alexander, however, had been steadily hardening his purpose to an-
nihilate Napoleon. For a week past Vitrolles, the well-known royahst
agent, had been at his headquarters ; the accounts of a steady gi-owth
in royalist strength, the efforts of Napoleon's hfelong foe, Pozzo di
Borgo, and the budget of despondent letters from the Paris officials,
combined to temper the Czar's mystical humor into a determination of
steel. Accordingly, on the same day he summoned his personal mili-
tary advisers, Barclay, Wolkonsky, Diebitsch, and Toll; then, pointing
out on a map the various positions of the troops engaged in the cam-
paign, he asked, significantly and impressively, whether it were best to
pm"sue Napoleon or march on Paris. Barclay supported the former al-
ternative ; Diebitsch advised dividing the army and doing both ; but
Toll, with powerful emphasis, declared himself for the second course.
The Czar Hstened enthusiastically to what was near his own heart, and
expressed himself strongly as favoring it ; the others jdelded with the
eagerness of courtiers, and Alexander, mounting his horse, spurred after
Frederick William and Schwarzenberg. The new plan was unfolded;
the Prussian king supported it ; Schwarzenbei'g hesitated, but jaelded.
That night orders were issued for an al)out-face, a long explanatory
despatch was sent to Bliicher, and on the twenty-fifth the combined
armies of Bohemia and Silesia were hmTying with measured tramp
toward Paris. For the first time there was general enthusiasm in their
ranks. Bliicher, who from his uiiicinitted ardor had won the name of
Marshal Forward, was transported with joy.
iET. 44] THE STRUGGLES OF EXHAUSTION 123
Tlie two armies marched on parallel lines, and met with no resist- Cuap. xrv
ance of any importance, except as the various skinnishcs eual)led the isw
irregular French soldiers to disjilay a desperate courage, not only the
untried " Marie Louises " coming out from Paris, but various bodies of
the national guard convoying provision-trains. It was the twenty-fifth
before Marmont and Mortier effected their junction, and then, although
about sixteen thousand strong, they were steadily forced back tlirough
Fere-Champenoise and xlllemant toward Charenton, which was under
the very walls of Paris. Marmont displayed neither energy nor common
sense on the retreat : liis outljang companies were cut off, and strate-
gic points which might have been held were utterly neglected. The
army with which he reached Paris on the twenty-ninth should have
formed an invaluable nucleus for the fonnation and incorporation of
the numerous volunteers and in-egular companies which were available ;
but, like its leader, it was entirely demorahzed. Ledru des Essarts,
commander of Meaux, was obliged on the twenty-seventh to abandon
his charge, a mihtary depot full of ammunition and supplies, which
was essential to the safety of Paris. The ganison consisted of six
thousand men, but among them were not more than eight hundred
veterans, hastily collected from Marmont's stragglers, and the new con-
scripts were ill-conditioned and badly commanded. Although the gen-
erals drew up their men with a bold front to defend the passage of the
Marne, the undisciplined columns were overwhelmed with teiTor at the
sight of Bliicher's anny, and, standing only long enough to blow up
the magazines, fled. They fought gallantly, however, on their retreat
throughout the twenty-eighth, but to no avail ; one position after an-
other was lost, and they too bivouacked on the evening of the twenty-
ninth before the gates of the capital. It is a weak cm-iosity, possibly,
but we must wonder what would have occiuTed had Marmont, instead
of retreating to Fismes on the eighteenth, withdi'awn to Rheims, where
he and Mortier could at least have checked Bliicher's unauthorized ad-
vance, and perhaps have held the army of Silesia for a time, when the
moral effect would probably have been to justify Schwarzenberg and
confirm his project for the pursuit of Napoleon. In that case, more-
over, the precious information of Napoleon's letter to his consoi-t would
not have fallen into his enemies' hands. Would destiny have paused
in its career?
CHAPTER XV
THE BEGINNING OF THE END
Napoleon's Problem — The Military Situation — A Council op
War and State — The Return to Paris — Prostiuting News
— The Empress-Regent and her Advisers — Traitors Within —
Talleyrand — The Defenders of the Capital — The Flight of
THE Court — The Allies before the City.
Chap. XV ri ^iiE [)tilli(l, silcut Emporor at St. Dizier was closeted witli consider-
1814 JL atious like these. He knew of the defeat which forced Mai-mout
and Mortier back on Paris ; the loss of the capital was imminent ; par-
ties were in a dangerous state ; his marshals were growing more and
more slack ; he had failed in transferring the seat of war to Lon-aine ;
the information he had so far received was ahnost certainly colored by
the medium of scheming followers through which it came. What sin-
gle mind could gi-apple vnth such affairs? It was not because the
thwarted man had lost his nerve, but because he was calm and clear-
minded, that he felt the need of frank, dispassionate advice on all these
matters. On the other hand, there stood forth in the clearest light a
single fact about which there could be no doubt, and it alone might
counterbalance all the rest: the peoples of northern and eastern France
■were at last aroused in l)ehalf of his cause. For years all Em'ope had
nmg with outcries against the outrages of Napoleon's soldiery; the
allied armies no sooner became invaders in their turn than they began
to outstrip their foe in eveiy deed of shame ; in particular, the Siivage
lifinds from Russian Asia indulged their inhuman passions to the full,
wliile the French peasantiy, rigid with hoiTor, looked on for the mo-
ment in paralysis. Now they had l)egun to rtse in mass, and from tlie
twenty-fiftli to the twenty-eiglitli their volunteer companies brought in
a thousand prisoners. The dejiots, trains, and impedimenta of eveiy
MARSHAL HTIENNE-IACQUES-JOSEPH-ALEXANDRli MACDONALl)
|)l:ki-; of tarkntum
KKOU TIIK rAINTINO flV JACQUIM-LOiriH DAVIU
^T. 44] THE BE(iINNING OF THE END 125
sort which the alhos abandoned on tm-ning westward fell into the hands Chap. xv
of a peasant soldiery, many of whom were armed with shot-ginis. The i8i4
rising for Napoleon was coniparaljle only to that which earher years had
seen in the Vendee on behaK of the Bom-bons.
Besides, all the chief cities of the district were now in the hands of
more or less regular troops; Dunette was marching from Metz with
four thousand men ; Broussier, from Strasbm-g with five thousand ;
Verdxm could fiu-nish two thousand, and several other fortresses a hke
number. Souhani was at Nogent with his division, Allix at Auxerre
with his ; the army at the Emperor's disposal could easily be reckoned
at seventy thousand. Assisted by the partizan bands which now hung
in a passion of hatred on the skirts of the invaders, and by the national
uprising now fairly under way, could not the Emperor-general hope for
another sticcessful stand ? He well knew that the fear of what had
happened was the specter of his enemy's council-board; they would, he
reckoned, be rendered over-cautious, and give him at least a fortnight
in which to manoeuver before the fall of Paris could be expected.
Counting the men about Vitry and the garrison reinforcements at only
sixty thousand, the combined armies of Suchet, Soult, and Augereau at
the same number, that of Marmont at fourteen thousand, and the men
in the various depots at sixteen thousand, he would have a total of a
hundred and fifty thousand, from which he could easily spare fifty
thousand to cut off every hne of retreat from his foe, and still have left
a hundred thousand wherewith to meet their concentrated force on a
basis of something like equality. Prom the pui'ely strategic x)oint of
view, the march of the allies to Paris was sheer madness unless they
could count on the exhaustion of the population right, left, and behind.
If the national uprising could be organized, they would be cut off from
all reinforcement and entrapped. Already their numbers had been re-
duced to a hundred and ten thousand men. Napoleon with a hunth-ed
thousand, and the nation to support him, had a fair chance of annihilat-
ing them.
It was, therefore, not a mere hallucination which led him to hope
that once again the tangled web of affau's might be severed by a sweep
of the soldier's saber. But of course in the crisis of his great decision he
could not stand alone; he must be sure of his lieutenants. Accordingly,
after a few hours of secret communing, he summoned a council, and
laid before it his considerations substantially as enimierated. Those
126 LIFE OF ^■A^ULEON BONAPARTE [^Et. 41
Chap. XV present were Berthier, Ney, Lefebvre, Caiilaincoiirt, and Maret; Oudinot
1814 and Macdonald, at Bar on the Ornain and Perthes respectively, were
too distant to arrive in time, but he beheved that he knew their opinion,
which was tliat the war should be continued either in Lorraine or from
a center of operations to be establislied at Sens, From this conclusion
Macdonald did not once waver ; Oudinot had begun to hedge : then- ab-
sence, therefore, was unimportant. Berthier was verging on despera-
tion, and so was Caulaiucourt, who, since leaving Chatillon, had been
vainly strugghng to reopen negotiations for peace on any terms ; Ney,
though physically brave, was not the stuff from wliich martyi's are
made, and Lefeb\Te, natm'ally weak, was laboring under a momentary
attack of senility. The council was imperative for j)eace at any price ;
the Emperor, having foreseen its temper, had little difficulty m taking
the mihtary steps for caiTying out its behests.
Early in the morning of March twenty-eighth the army was set in
motion toward Paris. The line of march was to be through Bar on the
Aube, Troyes, and Fontainebleau, a somewhat circuitous route, chosen
apparently for three reasons : because the region to be traversed would
still afford sustenance to the men, because the Seine would protect its
right flank, and because the dangerous point of Meaux was thus avoided.
Such a conclusion is significant of the clearest judgment and the nicest
calculation. Pages have been written about Napoleon's hallucinations
at the close of his career; neither here nor in any of the courses he
adopted is there aught to sustain the charge. At breakfast-time a
squad of jubilant peasants brought in a prisoner whom they believed
to be no less a person than the Comte d'Artois. In reaUty it was
Weissenberg, an Austrian ambassador on his way to Loudon. He
was promptly hberated on parole and despatched with letters to Francis
and Mettemich. By a curious adventiu'e, VitroUes was in the minister's
suite disguised as a serving-man, but he was not detected.
At Doulevant Napoleon received cipher despatches fi-om La Valette,
the postmaster-general in Paris, a trusted friend. These were the fii'st
communications since the twenty-second; the writer said not a moment
must be wasted, the Emperor must come quickly or all would be lost.
His decision once taken, Napoleon had grown more feverish with every
hour; this message gave wings to his impatience. With some regard
for such measures as would preclude his capture by wandering bands of
Cossacks, he began almost to fly. New couiiers were met at Doulain-
128 LIFE OF NAPOLEON BONAPARTE [Mt. U
Chap. XV coiirt with despatches which contained a full history of the past few
1814 days; in consequence the troops were spurred to fi'esh exertions, their
marches were doubled, and at nightfall of the twenty-ninth Troyes was
reached. Snatching a few brief hours of sleep, Napoleon at dawn next
morning thi*ew discretion to the winds, and started with an insufficient
escort, determined to reach Villeneuve on the Vanne before night.
The task was performed, but no sooner had he arrived than at once
he flung himself into a post-chaise, and, with Caulaincoui't at his
side, sped toward Paris; a second vehicle, with tlu'ee adjutants, fol-
lowed as best it might ; and a third, containing Goiu'gaud and Lefebvre,
brought up the rear. It will be remembered that Gourgaud was an able
artillerist; Lefebvre, it was hoped, could rouse the subm-ban populations
for the defense of Paris. At Sens Napoleon heard that the enemy was
ready to attack ; at Fontainebleau that the Empress had fled toward
the Lou'e; at Essonnes he was told that the decisive battle was raging;
and about ten miles from the capital, at the wretched posting-station
of La Cour de France, deep in the night, fell the fatal blow. Paris had
surrendered. The terrible certainty was assured by the bearer of the
tidiugs, BeUiard, a cavalry officer despatched with his troop by Mortier
to prepare quarters for his own and Mai"mout's men.
Maria Louisa had played her role of Empress-regent as well as might
be expected fi'om a woman of twenty-three with slender abilities ; only
once in his letters did the Emperor chide her, and that was for a fault
venial in Em-opean royalty : receiving a high oflicial, in this case the
arch-chancellor, m her bedchamber. On the whole, she had been digni-
fied and conciliatory ; once she rose to a considerable height, pronoim-
cing before the senate wiih. great effect a stuTing speech composed by
her husband and forwarded from his headquarters. About her were
grouped a motley council : Joseph, gentle but efficient ; Savary, under-
handed and un warlike ; Clarke, working in the war ministry like a ma-
chine; Talleyrand, secretly plotting against Napoleon, whose title of
vice-grand elector he wore with outward suavity; Cambaceres, wise
but unready; Montahvet, adroit but cautious. Yet, while there was
no one combining ability, enthusiasm, and energy, the equipment of
troops had gone on with gi'eat regulai'ity, and each day regiments
of half-diilled, half-equipped recruits had departed for the seat of war.
The national guards who ganisoned the city, some twelve thousand in
all, had forgotten their imperialism, having gi-own very sensitive to the
IN Tilt; Ml »i:i M ui' viJtnAILt.i:»
l;MiIlAVi:D IIY T. JOUSSON
MARSHAL AUGUST-FR^D^RIC-I.OUIS VIESSH DH MARMONT
DUKU Ul- KAOUSA
yu'iii Tilt: i-AisTix(i iiv ji:A!<-nArTurrK-rAUMN' hhiSkin
^T. 44] THE BEGINNING OF TlIK END 129
shafts of royalist wit; yet they held theu* peace and had performed chap, xv
the round of their duties. Eveiything had outwardly been so quiet i8i4
and regular that Napoleon actually contemplated a new levy, but the
emptiness of the arsenals compelled him to dismiss the idea. Theo-
retically a fortified military depot, Paris was really an antiquated for-
tress with arsenals of useless weapons. Spasmodic efforts had been
made to throw up redoubts before the walls, but they had failed fi-om
lack of energy in the militaiy administration.
A close examination of what lay beneath the surface of Parisian
society revealed much that was dangerous. Talleyrand's house was a
nest of intrigue. Imperial prefects Uke Pasquier and Chabrol were
calm but perfimctoiy. The Talleyrand cu'cle gi-ew larger and bolder
every day. Moreover, it had influential members — De Pradt, Louis,
Vitrolles, Royer-Collard, Lambrecbt, Gregoire, and Garat, together with
other high fiuictionaries in all departments. Bom-rienne developed
gi'eat activity as an extortioner and briber ; the gi*eat royahst irrecon-
cilables, Montmorency, Noailles, Denfort, Fitz- James, and Montesquiou,
were less and less careful to conceal then" activity. Jaucomi;, one of
Joseph's chamberlains, was a spy carrying the latest news from head-
quarters to the plotters. " If the Emperor were killed," he wrote on
March seventeenth, " we should then have the King of Rome and the
regency of his mother. . . . The Emperor dead, we could appoint a
council which woidd satisfy all opinions. Bum this letter." The pro-
gram is clear when we recall that the httle King of Rome was not
thi-ee years old. Napoleon was well aware of the increasing chaos, and
smartly reproved Savary fi'om Rheims.
But Talleyrand was undaunted. At first he appears to have desired
a violent death for Napoleon, in the hope of fm-thering his own schemes
during a long imperial regency. At all events, he ardently opposed the
departm*e of the Empress and the King of Rome fi-om Paris. Never-
theless it was he who despatched Vitrolles, the passionate royahst, to
Nesseh'ode with a letter in invisible ink which, when deciphered, tmTied
out to be an inscrutable riddle capable of two interpretations. " The
bearer of this deserves all confidence. Hear him and know me. It is
time to be plain. You are walking on crutches; use your legs and wiU
to do what you can." Lannes had long before stigmatized the unfi-ocked
bishop as a mess of filth in a silk stocking; Murat said he could take a
kick from behind without showing it in his face ; in the last meeting
Vol. rv.— 18
130
LIFE OF NAPOLEON BONAPARTE [^t. 44
Chap. XV of the council of state before the renewal of hostilities, Napoleon fixed
1814 his eyes on the sphinx-like cripple and said : " I know I am leaving in
Paris other enemies than those I am gomg to fight." His fellow-con-
sphators were scarcely less hitter in then- dislike than his avowed ene-
mies. "You don't know the monkey," said Dalberg to Vitrolles; "he
would not risk burning the tip of his paw even if aU the chestnuts
were for hunself." Yet, master of intrigue, he pm'sued the even tenor
of his com-se, scattering innuendos, distributing showers of anonjonous
pamphlets, smuggUug Enghsh newspapers into the city, in fact workiug
every wu'e of conspiracy. Sui-prised by the Minister of Pohcc ui an
equivocal meeting with De Pradt, he burst out into hollow laughter,
his companion joined in the peal, and even Savary himself found the
men'iment infectious.
Toward the close of March the populace displayed a perilous sensi-
tiveness to all these influences. The London " Times" of March fifteenth,
which was read by many in the capital, asked what pity Bliicher and
the Cossacks would show to Paris on the day of their vengeance, the
editor suggesting that possibly as he wrote the famous town was aheady
in ashes. Such suggestions created something very like a panic, and a
week later the climax was reached. When the fugitive peasants from
the smTounding country began to take refuge in the capital they found
business at a standstill, the shops closed, the streets deserted, the
householders preparing for flight. From the twenty-third to the
twenty-eighth there was no news from Napoleon; the Empress and
council heard only of Marmout's defeat. They felt that a decision must
be taken, and finally on the twenty-eighth the imperial officials held a
council. The facts were plainly stated by Clarke; he had but forty-
three thousand men, all told, wherewith to defend the capital, and in
consequence it was determined to send the Empress and her son to
Rambouillet on the very next day. This fatal decision was taken partly
through fear, but largely in deference to Napoleon's letter containing
the classical allusion to Astyanax. The very men who took it behoved
that the Parisian masses woidd have died for the young Napoli'on, and
deplored the decision they had reached. "Behold what a fall m his-
toiy!" said Talleyrand to Savary on parting. "To attach one's name
to a few adventures instead of affixing it to an age. . . . But it is not
for everybody to be engulfed in the ruins of this edifice." From that
hour the restoration of the Bom'bons was a certainty.
^T. 44] THE BEGINNING OF THE END i;31
It was a mournfiil pi'ocession of imperial ean-iagos which next chap, xv
morning filed slowly through the city, attracting slight attention from isu
a few silent onlookers, and passed on toward Ram])ouillet. The bahy
king had shrieked and clutched at the doors as he was torn away fi'om
his apartments in the Tuileries, and would not be appeased ; his mother
and attendants were in consternation at the omen, and all thoughtful
persons who considered the situation were convinced that the dissolu-
tion of the Empu'e was at hand. A deputation from the national guard
had sought in vain to dissuade the Empress from her course ; their fail-
ure and the distant booming of cannon produced wide-spread de-
pression throughout the city, which was not removed by a spirited
proclamation from Joseph declaring that his brother was on the heels
of the invaders. All the pubhc functionaries seemed inert, and every-
body knew that, even though the populace should rise, there was no
adequate means of resistance either in men or in aims or in proper
fortifications.
Clarke alone began to display energy; with Joseph's assistance,
what preparations were possible at so late an horn* were made ; six
companies were formed from the recruits at hand, the national guard
was put under arms, the students of the polytechnic school were called
out for service, communication with Marmont was secured, and by late
afternoon Montmartre, Belleville, and St. Denis were feebly fortified.
The allies had been well aware that what was to be done must be done
before the dreaded Emperor should arrive, and on that same morning
theu' vanguard had summoned the town ; but during the parley their
generals began to feel the need of greater strength, and f rusher asked an
ai-mistice of four* hours. This was granted on the usual condition that
within its duration no troops should be moved ; but the imphed promise
was perfidiously broken, and at nightfall both Alexander and Frederick
William, accompanied by their forces, were in sight of the far-famed
city. Dangers, hardships, bygone insults and hmniliations, all were
forgotten in a general tumult of joy, wrote Danilevsky, a Russian offi-
cer. Alexander alone was pensive, well knowing that, should the city
hold out two days, reinforcements fi'om the west might make its cap-
tm'e impossible until Napoleon should anive. Accordingly he took rvv-
tual command, and issued stringent orders preparatory for the assault
early next morning.
CHAPTER XVI
the fall of paeis
The Battle before Paeis — The Aemistice — The Position of Mar-
MONT — Legitimacy and the Bourbons — The Provisional Gov-
ernment— Napoleon's Fury — Suggestions of Abdication — Napo-
leon's New Policy Foreshadowed — His Troops ant) Officers —
The Treason of Marmont — The Marshals at Fontainebleau
— Napoleon's Despair.
chap^xat ~|~1R0]\I early dawn until midday on March tliii'tieth the fighting be-
1*1* _L fore Paris was almost continuous, the assailants displaying an
assm'ance of victory, the defenders showing the courage of despair.
Marmont and Mortier kept their ranks in order, and the soldiers fought
gallantly ; elsewhere the militia and the hoys emulated each otlier and
the regulars in steadfastness. But when, shoi-tly after noon, it became
evident that Paris was doomed to fall Ijefore superior force, Joseph, as
deputy emperor, issued to Marmont full powers to treat, and followed
the Empress, whom he overtook at Chartres, far beyond Rambouillet,
where she had expected to halt. She had determined, for gi"eater
safety, to cross the Lou'e. At four in the afternoon the Piiissians
captured Montmartre, and prepared to bombard fi-om that height ; at
the same moment the last ranks of the alUcd armies came up.
Mai-mont felt fm-ther resistance to be useless ; his line of retreat
was endangered, and he had special directions not to expose the city to a
sack. There was still abundant courage in the citizens, who stood beliind
the banicades within the gates clamorous for arms and ammmiition.
A messenger came galloping in with the news that Napoleon was but
half a day distant. The lookouts now and then espied some general
riding a white horse, and called, " 'T is he ! " But for all the enthu-
siasm, the expected " he " did not appear. Further carnage seemed use-
oo
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^T. 44] THE FALL OF PARIS 133
less, siuce French honor had been vindicated, and when the war-worn chap. xvi
Marmont withdi-ew into the town he was received as one who had done i«i4
what man could do. Negotiations once fau-ly begun, the aUics a])an-
donod the hard conditions with which they opened the parley, and
displayed a sense of great reUef. Then- chief representative. Count
Orloff, behaved with much consideration. Recognizing the force of the
French plea that their army was quite strong enough, if not to defend
the city another twenty-f oiu* hours, at least to contest it street by street
until, arrived at last on the left bank of the Seine, they could regain
Fontainebleau in safety, Orloif assented to what were virtually the
stipulations of Marmont and Mortier. The terms adopted made pro-
vision for an armistice, assui'ed kind treatment to the city, and permitted
the withdrawal of the troops.
Throughout the afternoon and evening Marmont's house was the
rendezvous of the negotiators and of the few pohtical personages left
in the city. There was the freest talk : " Bonaparte " was conquered ;
the Bom^bons would be restored ; what a splendid man was this Mar-
mont ! Some weeks earlier the marshal had been significantly informed
by his brother-in-law PeiTCgaux, a chamberlain of Napoleon's, that in
case of a restoration he and Macdonald would be spared, whatever hap-
pened to the other gi'eat imperial leaders. Talleyrand had ostensibly
taken flight with his colleagues, but by an interesting coincidence his
coachman had sought the wrong exit fi'om the city, and had been
turned back. That night he appeared in Marmont's presence with
direct overtures from the Bourbons. His interview was short, and he
seemed to have gained nothing; but he had an air of victory as he
withdrew. He saw that Marmont was consumed with vanity, feehng
that the destinies of France, of Napoleon, of all Europe, perhaps, were
in his hands alone. This was much. Passing through the corridors,
the sly diplomatist respectfully greeted Prince Orloff, and begged to lay
his profoimd respects at the feet of the Czar. " I shall not forget to
lay this blank check before his majesty," was the stinging retort.
Talleyrand smiled almost imperceptibly with his lips, and went his
way. But Alexander said on hearing the facts: "As yet this is but
anecdote; it may become history."
The triumphal entry of the allies into Paris began next morning,
Mar(ih thu-ty-first, 1814, at seven o'clock. It was headed by Alexander
and Frederick William, now universally regarded as the Czar's satellite
134 LIFE OF NAPOLEON BONAPARTE [^t. 44
Chap. XVI Idug. Fraucis was in Dijon ; he was represented by Schwarzenberg.
1814 The three leaders, with their respective staff officers, were solemnly re-
ceived by a deputation of the ninnicipal authorities. Their soldiers
were orderly, and there was no pillage or hcense. Crowds of royahsts
thronged the streets acclaiming the conquerors and shouting for Louis
XVin. Throughout the afternoon Talleyrand and Nesselrode were
closeted in the former's palace; and when, toward evening, they were
joined by the Czar and the King, both of whom had devoted the day to
ceremony, the diplomats had ah-eady agreed that France must have the
Boui'bons. The sovereigns had actually been deceived by the noisy
royalist manifestations into believing that France welcomed her in-
vaders, and they assented to the conclusion of the ministers. A formal
meeting was instantly arranged ; there were present, besides the mon-
archs and their ministers, Schwarzenberg, Lichtenstein, Dalberg, and
Pozzo di Borgo. Alexander assumed the presidency, but TallejTand,
with consiunmate skill, monopolized the dehberations. The Czar sug-
gested, as various bases for peace, Napoleon under all guaranties, Maria
Louisa as regent for the King of Rome, the Boiu'bons, and, it is beheved,
hinted at Bernadotte or the republic as possibilities. Of all these
courses there was but one which represented the notion of legiti-
macy with which Alexander had in the coahtion identified himself, and
by which alone he, with his shady title, could hope to assert authority
in western Eiu'ope. This was expounded and emphasized by the wily
TaUcyi'and with tremendous effect. The idea of the republic was of
com-se relegated to ol)livion ; of Bernadotte there could not well be a
serious question. If France wanted a mere soldier, she ah*eady had the
foremost in the world. Napoleon still alive, the regency would be only
another name for his continued nile; the Bourbons, and they alone,
represented a principle. There was little difficulty, therefore, in reach-
ing the decision not to treat with Napoleon Bonaparte or vnth. any
member of his family.
This was the gi-eat schemer's first stroke ; his second was equally
brilliant : the servile senate was appointed to create a provisional
government and to construct a new constitution, to be guaranteed by
the allies. That body, however obsequious, was still French ; even the
extreme radicals, as represented by Lain6 of Bordeaux, had to acknow-
ledge this. The new and sulisei'vient administration was at work
within twenty-four hours ; Talleyrand, with his two creatui'es, Dalberg
^T. 44] THE FALL OF PAKI.S 135
and Jaucourt, Montesquiou the royalist, aud Bom*nonvillo, a recalcitrant cuap. xvi
imperialist, constituting the executive commission. Two days later the ish
legislature was summoned, and seventy-nine deputies responded. After
considerable debate they pronounced Napoleon overthrown for having
violated the constitution. The municipal council and the great imperial
offices, with their magistrates, gave then- assent. The heart of the city
appeared to have been transformed : on the street, at the theater, every-
where, the wliite Bourbon cockades and ribbons bm-st forth like blos-
soms in a premature spring. But outside the focus of agitation, and in
the subm'bs, the populace murmured, and sometimes exhibited open
discontent. In proportion to the distance west and south, the country
was correspondingly imperial, obeying the imperial regency now estab-
Ushed at Blois, which was summoning recruits, issuing stining procla-
mations, and keeping up a brave show. In a way, therefore, France
for the moment had three governments, that of the allies, that of the
regency, and that of Napoleon himself.
When, in the latest hom*s of March thirtieth. Napoleon met Belhard,
and heard the disastrous report of what had happened, he gave full
vent to a frightful outburst of wrath. As he said himself in calmer
moments, such was his anger at that time, that he never seemed to have
known anger before. Forgetful of all his own shortcomings, he raged
against others with a fury bordering on insanity, and could find no
lauguage vile or blasphemous enougli wherewith to stigmatize Joseph
and Clarke. In utter self-abandonment, he demanded a carriage.
There were noise and bustle in the stable. With a choked, hoarse voice
the seeming maniac called peremptorily for haste. No vehicle ap-
peared. Probably Caulaincoiu-t had dared to cross his Emperor's
command for the sake of his Emperor's safety. Finally Napoleon
strode forth into the darkness toward Paris. Questioning and storm-
ing as he walked, he denounced his two marshals for their haste in
surrendering. His attendants reasoned in vain until, a mile beyond
La Cour de France, Mortier's vanguard was met marching away mider
the terms of the convention, and Napoleon knew that he was face
to face with doom; to advance farther would mean imprisonment or
worse. General Flahaut was therefore sent to seek Marmont's advice,
and Caulaincourt hm-ried away to secm-e an audience with the Czar.
There were still wild hopes which would not die. Perhaps the capitu-
lation was not yet signed, perhaps Caulaincourt could gain time if
136 LIFE OF NAPOLEON BONAPARTE [^r. 44
Chap. XVI nothing else, perhaps by sounding the tocsin and ilhiniinating the town
1814 the popuUice and national guard wovdd he led to rise and aid the army.
The reply from Marmont came as swiftly as only discouraging news can
come; the situation, he said, was hopeless, the pubhc depressed hy the
flight of the court, the national guard worthless ; he was coming in with
the twenty thousand troops still left to himself and Mortier. Napo-
leon, now calm and collected, issued careful orders for the two mar-
shals to take position between the Essonne and the Seine, then* left on
the former stream, their right on the latter, the whole position pro-
tected by these rivers on the flanks, and by the Yonne in the rear. It
was clear there was to be a great battle under the walls of Paris. Mac-
douald was the only general who advised it; Berthier, Drouot, Bel-
liard, Flahaut, and Groui"gaud all wished to retm'n into LoiTaine; but
the divisions were coming in swiftly, and in the short midnight hour
before returning to Fontainebleau, Napoleon's decision was taken.
On the afternoon of Apidl fii-st the Emperor rode fi-om Fontainebleau
to Marmont's headquarters. While he was in the very act of congi'atu-
lating Mannont on his gallantry, the commissioners who had signed the
capitulation arrived and opened theii* budget of news. They told of
the foi-mal entiy by the alhes, of their resolution not to treat with Na-
poleon, and declared that the white cockade of the Boiu'bons was every-
where visible. Napoleon grew pensive and somber as he listened, and
then, almost without speaking, rode sadly back to Fontainebleau. Next
morning he was cheerful again, and as he stepped into the White Horse
com*t of the palace at the hour of guard-mounting two battalions cheered
him enthusiastically. His step was elastic, his countenance lighted with
the old fire; the onlookers said, "It is the Napoleon of Potsdam and
Schonbrunn." But in the afternoon Caulaincourt returned, and the sky
seemed darkened ; the Czar had listened to the envoy's eloquence only
so far as to take into consideration once again the question of peace
with the Empire uuder a regency; as a condition antecedent, Napoleon
must abdicate.
The stricken man could not hear his faithful servant's report with
equanimity. He restrained his violent impulses, but used harsh words.
Soon it seemed as if ideas of a strange and awful form were mastering
him, the gloomy intei-view was ended, and the Emperor dismissed his
minister. For such a disease as his there was no remedy but action ;
next morning two divisions, one each of the old and young guard, ar-
IS TUK PUSSKSSIDN OF GCOR<.It: CLINTO.N
MARSHAL MICHEL NEY
DUKE OF ELCHINGEN, PRINCE OF THE MOSKWA
FBOM COPY Of THK I'AINTINO UX JRANyolS UEKAKU
iET. 44] THE FALL OF PARIS 137
rived, and they were di'awn up for review. Napoleon, in splendid garb chap. xvi
and with a Ijrilliaut suite, in which were two marshals, Ney and Mon- isw
cey, went through the ceremony. At its close he gathered the officers
present into a gi'oup, and explained the situation in his old incisive
phrase and vibrating tones, closing with the words : *' In a few days I
am going to attack Paris ; can I count on you ? " There was dead
silence. "Am I right ? " rang out, in a final exhausting effort, the
moving call of the gi'eat actor. Then at last came the hearty, ringing
response so breathlessly expected. " They were silent," said General
Petit in gentle tones, " because it seemed needless to reply." Napoleon
continued: "We will show them if the French nation be master in
their own house, that if we have long been masters in the dwelhngs of
others we will always be so in our own." As the officers scattered to
their posts and repeated the " httle corporal's " words, the old " growl-
ers," as men had come to call the veterans of the Empu'e, gave another
cheer. The bands played the two gi*eat hymns of victoiy, the " Mar-
seillaise " and the " Chant du Depart," as the ranks moved away.
Napoleon must now have certain clear conceptions. Except Mor-
tier, Drouot, and Grerard, his great officers were disaffected; but the
ambitious minor generals were still his devoted slaves. The army was
thoroughly imperiahst, partly because they represented the nation as
a whole, partly because they were mider the Emperor's spell. Of such
troops he appeared to have at hand sixty thousand, distributed as fol-
lows: Marmont, twelve thousand five hundred; Mortier, six thousand;
Macdonald, two thousand seven hundred; Oudinot, five thousand five
himdi'ed; Gerard, three thousand; Ney, two thousand thi-ee himdi'ed;
Drouot, nine thousand ; and about eleven thousand six hundred guard
and other eavahy. Besides these, there were sixteen hundred Poles, two
thousand two hundi'ed and fifty recruits, and fifteen himdred men in
the gaiTisons of Pontaiuebleau and Melun. Farther away were consid-
eralile forces in Sens, Tours, Blois, and Orleans, eight thousand in all ;
and still farther the armies of Soult, Suchet, Augereau, and Maison.
Although the allies had lost nine thousand men before Paris, they had
quickly called up reinforcements, and had about a hundi*ed and forty
thousand men in readiness to fight. This situation may not have been
entirely discoiu*aging to the devotee of a dark destiny, to which as a
hapless worshiper he had lately commenced to give the name of Provi-
dence. Be that as it may, when Macdonald anived on the morning of
Vol. IV.— 19
138 LIFE OF NAPOLEON BONAPARTE [^t. 44
Chap. XVI tlie foui'th the dispositions for battle had been carefully studied and
1814 arranged ; every corps was ordered to its station. As usual, Napoleon
appeared about noon for the ceremony of guard-mounting, and the
troops acclaimed him as usual. But a few paces distant from him
stood the marshals and higher generals in a httlc knot, then- heads
close bimched, then- tongues running, their glances averted. From
out of this group rang the thunderous voice of Ney : " Nothing but
the abdication can draw us out of this." Napoleon started, regained
his self-control, pretended not to hear the crushing menace, and with-
drew to his work-room.
Concurrent ^\ath the resolve of the marshals at Fontainebleau ran
the actual treason of one who alone was more important to Napoleon's
cause than all of them. " I am ready to leave, with my troops, the
army of the Emperor Napoleon on the following conditions, of which I
demand from you a written guaranty," are the starthng words fi'om a
letter of Marmont to the Czar, dated the previous day. On April first
agents of the provisional government had made arrangements with a dis-
credited nobleman named Maubreuil for the assassination of Napoleon ;
the next day Schwarzenberg introduced into the French lines newspa-
pers and copies of a proclamation explaining that the action of the senate
and of all France had released the soldiers from their oaths. Mai-mont
forwarded the documents he received to Berthier, and while most of the
officers flung their copies away in contemptuous scorn, some read and
pondered. On April third an emissary from Schwarzenberg appeared at
Marmont's headquarters, and what he said was spokeu to willing ears.
Still under the influence of the homage he had received in Paris, the
vain marshal saw himself repeating the role of Monk ; he beheld France
at peace, prosperity restored, social order reestablished, and himself ex-
tolled as a true patriot — all this if only he pursued the easy line of
self-interest, whereby he would not merely retain his duchy, but also
secm-e the new honors and emoluments which would be showered on
him. So he yielded on condition that his troops should withdraw hon-
orably into Normandy, and that Napoleon should be allowed to enjoy
life and liberty within cu'cumscribed limits fixed by the alhed powers
and France. Next morning, the fourth, came Schwarzenberg''s assent,
and Marmont at once sot about suborning his officers ; at four in the
afternoon arrived an embassy from Fontainebleau on its way to Paris.
The officers composing it desired to see Marmont.
^T. 44] THE PALL OP^ PARIS I39
The informal meeting held in the courtyard at Fontainebleau was chap. xvi
a historical event. Its members chatted about the course taken by ish
the senate, about Caulaincomt's mission, and discussed in particular
the suggestion of abdication. The marshals and great generals, long
since disgusted with campaignmg, wounded in their dignity by the
Emperor's rebukes, and attributing their recent failures to the wretched
quality of the troops assigned to tliem, were eager for peace, and
yearned to enjoy their hard-earned fortunes. They caught at the se-
ductive idea presented by Caulaincourt. The abdication of Napoleon
would mean the perpetuation of the Empire. The Empu'e would be
not merely peace, but peace with what war had gained ; to wit, the
imperial com't and society, the preservation and enjoyment of estates,
the continuity of processes which had done so much to regenerate
France and make her a modern nation. The prospect was iiTesistible,
and Ney only expressed the grim determination of his colleagues when
he gave the watchword so unexpectedly at the mounting of the guard.
Wlien Napoleon entered his cabinet he found there Berthier, Maret,
Caulaincourt, and Bertrand. Concealing his agitation, he began the
routiae of such famihar labors as impend on the eve of battle. Almost
instantly hurrying footsteps were heard in the corridor, the door was
burst open, and on the tkreshold stood Ney, Lefebvre, Oudinot, and
Macdonald. The leader of the company quailed an instant under the
Emperor's gaze, and then gruffly demanded if there were news from
Paris. No, was the reply — a dehberate falsehood, since the decree of
the senate had arrived the night before. "Well, then, I have some,"
roared Ney, and told the familiar facts.
At Nogeut, six weeks earher, Ney and Oudinot had endeavored to
bully Napoleon in a similar way ; then they were easily cowed. But
now Napoleon's manner was conciliatory and his speech argumentative.
Long and eloquently he set forth his situation. Enumerating all the
forces immediately and remotely at his disposal, describing minutely
the plan of attack which Macdonald had stamped with his approval,
explaining the folly of the course pursued by the aUies, contrasting the
perils of their situation with the advantages of his own, he sought to
justify his assurance of victory. The eloquence of a Napoleon, calm,
collected, clear, but pleading for the power which was dearer to him
than life, can only be imagined. But his arguments fell on deaf ears ;
not one of his au(hence gave any sign of emotion. Macdonald was the
140 LIFE OF NAPOLEON BONAPARTE ^Et. 44
Chap. XVI ouly One present not openly committed, and he too was sullen ; dining
1814 the last twenty-four hours he had received, through Marmont, a letter
from Beurnonville, the contents of which, though read to Napoleon then
and there, have not been transmitted to posterity. What happened or
what was said thereafter is far from certain, so conflicting and so biased
are the accounts of those present. Contemporaries thought that in
this crisis, when Ney declai'ed the ai'my would obey its officers and
would not march to Paris in obedience to the Emperor, there were
menacing gestures which betrayed a more or less complete pui'pose of
assassination on the part of some. If so, Napoleon was never gi*eater ;
for, commanding a calm by his dignified seK-restraint, he dismissed
the faithless officers one and all. They went, and he was left alone
with Caulaincourt to di'aw up the form of his abdication.
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CHAPTER XVII
napoleon's fikst abdication
The Meaning of Napoleon's Abdication — The Papee and its
Bearers — Progress of IVIaemont's Conspiracy — Alexander In-
fluenced BY Napoleon's Embassy — Marmont's Soldiers Be-
trayed— Marmont's Reputation and Fate — Napoleon's Scheme
FOR A Last Stroke — Revolt of the Marshals — Napoleon's
First Attempt at Suicide — Unconditional Abdication — Res-
toration OF the Bourbons — Napoleon's New Realm — Flight
or the Napoleons — Good-by to France, but not Farewell.
THERE is no doubt that Napoleon sincerely and dearly loved Ms chap.xvh
"growlers"; there is no doubt that with grim humor he constantly isu
cu'cum vented and used them for his own ends; even in his agony he
contemplated a course which, leaving them convinced of their success,
would yet render their action of no effect. After a short conference
with his minister he took a pen and wrote : "The allied powers having
declared the Emperor Napoleon to be the sole obstacle to the establish-
ment of peace in Europe, and since the Emperor cannot assm-edly, with-
out violating his oath, sun-ender any one of the departments which were
united with France when he ascended the throne, the Emperor Napo-
leon declares himself ready to abdicate and leave France, even to lay
down his life for the welfare of his country and for the preservation of
the rights of his son the king, of the Empress-regent, and of the laws
and institutions, which shall be subject to no change until the definite
conclusion of peace and while foreign armies stand upon oiu" soil."
But these words earned too plainly a meaning which was not in-
tended to be conspicuous, and the paper, as finally wi-itten and executed,
runs as follows : " The alhed powers having declared the Emperor Na-
poleon to be the sole obstacle to the reestabhshment of peace in Europe,
141
142 LIFE OF NAPOLEON BONAPARTE [2Et. U
Chap. x^Ti tlie Emperoi" Napoleon, faithful to liis oath, declares that he is ready to
1814 descend from the throne, to leave France, and even to lay down his life
for the good of the country, [which is] inseparable fi*om the rights of his
son, from those of the Empress's regency, and from the laws of the Em-
pu-e." Who should constitute the embassy to present the docimient to
the Czar? Caulaineourt, of course, would necessarily be one; Ney,
dangerous if thwarted, must be the second ; and the third f Marmont
certainly, was Napoleon's ftrst thought, and he ordered full powers to
be made out for him. But on second thought he felt that his aide-de-
camp in Egypt, his tnisted friend fi'om then onward, his confidential
adviser, " brought up in his tent," as he said, might injure the cause as
being too certainly influenced by personal considerations. Macdonald,
therefore, was named in his stead. The embassy should, however, pass
by Essonnes, and if Marmont desired to go ho might send back for his
credentials.
This was the company which, arri\nng about fom* in the afternoon
at Marmont's headquarters, presented Napoleon's message. The busy
conspirator was stimned, biit he had already won at least five of his
generals — Souham, Merhn, Digeon, Ledru des Essarts, and Megnadier,
his chief of staff ; the tide of treason was in full flow, and could not be
stemmed. Should the Czar assent to the regency, where would Mar-
mont be? Or, on the other hand, should Napoleon learn the tnith,
there was no question but that a few hours might see the emulator of
Monk a corpse. In quick decision, the traitorous marshal confessed the
steps already taken, and then at the loud cry of reprobation with which
his statement was met, he falsely asserted that he was not yet com-
mitted, and demanded to join the embassy. The others, willing to re-
move their colleague from further temptation, assented; and Souham
was left in command, with strict injunctions to inform the troops of
Napoleon's abdication, but to take no further steps. At Schwarzen-
berg's headquarters Marmont found means to betray the situation to
that general. The Austrian, by Marmont's own account, absolved his
fellow-intriguer from all engagements so far made ; l)ut somehow that
very evening about nine Talleyrand knew the whole stoiy, and hasten-
ing, pale with terror, to Alexander's presence, poured out a bitter re-
monstrance against the regency. The Czar listened, but contemptu-
ously dismissed the petitioner with the non-committal remark that no
one would repent having tnisted him.
^T. 44] NAl'OJiEON'S FIRST ABDICATION I43
It was almost miduif^lit when Alexander gave audience to the em- chap. xvn
bassy, Marmont was not of the number, having slunk away in guilty ihii
uneasiness to await the event at Ney's house. To Caulaineoui-t, as the
spokesman of tlie Empire, the Czar listened attentively and sympa-
tlietieally. lb; now felt himself to have taken a false step when, five
days earlier, he had virtually assented to the restoration of the Bour-
bons. In the interval their cause had steatUly gi'own more and more
unpopular; neither people nor soldiers, not even the national guard,
would give any declaration of adherence to the acts of the provisional
government; the imperial army, on the other hand, stood firm. His own
and Russia's honor having been redeemed, the earlier instincts of hatred
for absolutism had returned; the feeling that the Empu-e was better for
his puiposes than any dynasty welled up as ho hstened to Caulain-
court's powerful argument that France as a nation, and her undivided
army, alike desired the regency. In fact, the listener wavered so much
that, two days later, Ney and Macdonald asserted then- belief that at a
certain instant their cause had been won.
But at two in tlie morning an aide-de-camp entered and spoke a few
words in Russian. The Czar gave a startled attention, and the officer
repeated his words. " Uentlemen," said the monarch, "you base your
claim on the unshaken attachment of the army to the imperial govern-
ment. The vanguard of Napoleon's army has just deserfed. It is at
this moment within our lines." The news was tnie. The announce-
ment of Napoleon's abdication had spread consternation among Mar-
mont's men, and they were seriously demoralized. When a routine
message came from Foutainebleau requning Souham's presence there,
his guilty conscience made him tremble ; and when Cloui'gaud requested
an interview the uneasy general foresaw his own arrest and was terror-
stricken. Summoning the others who, like himself, were partly com-
mitted, ho told his fears, and the soldiers were ordered under arms.
Toward midnight the march began. Ignorant at fii"st of whither they
were going, the men wore silent ; but finding themselves before long
between two Austrian lines, they hooted tlieir of&cers. Thereupon they
were told that they were to fight beside these same Austrians in de-
fense of the Empire, and, believing the he, were reconciled.
Arriving finally at Versailles, and learning the truth, they mutinied;
but Marmont soon appeared, and partly cowed them, partly persuaded
them to bend before necessity. After learning of Souham's deed he
144 LIFE OF NAPOLEON BONAPARTE [^t. 44
Chap. XVII had liuiTied to the Czar's antechamber. In an adjoining room were
1S14 assembled the members of the provisional government. Like Mar-
mont, they had learned the result of Souham's efforts and had regained
theu' equanimity. After grasping the appalling fact that twelve thou-
sand men, the whole sixth corps, with arms and baggage, were pris-
oners within the Austrian lines, of course there had been nothing left
for Caulaincourt and the marshals but to withch-aw. With much em-
baiTassnieut the Czar promised an answer to then* request on the fol-
lomng afternoon. All knew that the knell of the Empire had struck.
To the waiting royahsts it seemed a fit moment for pleasantry as
the members of the embassy came filing out with stony gaze. The
thwarted imperiahsts sternly repulsed theu' tormentors. Marmont
breathed hard as his colleagues passed without a glimpse of recog-
nition, and murmm-ed : "I would give an arm if this had not hap-
pened." "An arm ? Sir, say your head," rejoined Macdonald, bitterly.
For some time after the first Restoration Mannont was a hero, but
soon his vanity and true character combined to bring out his conduct
into clear view, and from his title of Ragusa was coined the word
" ragusade " as a synonym for treason. During the " Huncbed Days"
his name was of course stricken from the list of marshals. Loaded
with honors in the second Restoration, he proved a second time faith-
less, and in 1830 betrayed his trust to the republicans. The people
called him Judas, and he died in exile, honored by nobody.
There can be little doubt of Napoleon's conviction that his offer to
abdicate would be rejected by Alexander. No sooner was it signed
than, with his characteristic astuteness, he set about preparing an al-
ternative course. At once he despatched a messenger requesting the
Empress to send Champagny immediately to Dijon as an ambassador
to intercede with her father. Then, on April fom-th, he summoned a
conclave of his officers to secure their assent to the battle which he
beheved inevita])le. It was the call to this meeting which had stam-
peded Souham and his colleagues in desertion. The gi*eater officers
being absent from Fontainebleau, the minor ones were unanimous and
hearty in their support of Napoleon's plans. But at the very close of
the session came the news of what had happened at Essonues. When
finally assui'ed of eveiy detail, Napoleon took measures at once to repair
as best he could the breaches in his defense, saying of Marmont quietly
and without a sign of panic : " Unhappy man, he will be more unhappy
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^T. 44] NAl'OLEUN\S FIK.ST AUDiCATiUN 145
than 1." Only a few days before he had declared to Caulaincourt : Chap.xvii
" There are no lonj^er any who play fair except my poor soldiers and ish
their officers that are neither princes nor dukes nor counts. It is an
awful thuig to say, hut it is true. Do you know what 1 ought to do?
Send all these no])le lords of yesterday to sleep in their beds of d(jwn,
to strut about in their castles. I ought to rid myself of these frondeurs,
and begin the war once more with men of youthful, unsullied coiu'age."
He was partly prepared, therefore, even for the defection of Marmont.
Next morning, on the fifth, was issued, the ablest proclamation ever
penned by huu ; at noon the veterans from Spain were reviewed, and
in the afternoon began the movements necessary to an-ay beyond the
Loire what remained of the army and rally it about the seat of imperial
government. But at nine the embassy returned fit'om Paris with its
news — the Czar had refused to accept the abdication ; the senate was
about to proclaun Louis XVIII. ; Napoleon was to reign thereafter
over the little isle of Elba. To this the midaunted Emperor calmly re-
joined that war henceforth offered nothing worse than peace, and began
at once to explain his plans.
But he was interrupted — exactly how we cannot teU ; for, though
the embassy returned as it left, in a body, the memou's of each member
strive to convey the impression that it was he alone who said and did
everything. If only the narrative attributed to Caulaincourt were of
undoubted authenticity, cumulative evidence might create certitude ; -
but it is not. The sorry tale of what probably occiu'red makes clear
that all thi'ee were now royalists more or less ardent, for in passing
they had concluded a truce with Schwarzenberg on that basis. Mac-
donald asserts that his was the short and brutal response to Napoleon's
exhibition of his plans ; to wit, that they must have an abdication
without conditions. Ney was quite as savage, declaiing that the con-
fidence of the army was gone. Napoleon at first denounced such mu-
tiny, but then, with seeming resignation, promised an answer next day.
He did not yet know that in secret convention the generals were re-
solving not to obey the orders issued for the morrow ; but as the door
closed behind the marshals the mind so far clear seemed suddenly
eclipsed, and mui-muriug, "These men have neither heart nor bowels; I
am conquered less by fortune than by the egotism and ingratitude of
my companions in arms," the great, homeless citizen of the world sank
into utter dejection.
146 LIFE OF NAPOLEON BONAPARTE [^t. 44
Chap, xxu It appears to have been a fixed purpose with Napoleon never to fall
1814 ahve mto his enemy's hands. Although they acted under legal forms,
yet some Em-opean monarchs of the eighteenth centmy were no more
trustworthy in dealing with foes than then* great prototype Julius
Caesar in his faithlessness to a certain canton of the Helvetians. They
did not display sufficient surprise when enemies were assassinated.
Since 1808 the European colossus had worn about his neck as a kind
of amulet a little bag which was said to contain a deadly poison, one of
the salts of prussic acid. During the night, when the terrors of a
shaken reason oveii3owered him, he swallowed the drug. Whether it
had lost its efficacy, or whether the agitated victim of melancholy did
not take the entu-e dose, in either case the effects were imperfect. In-
stead of oblivion came agony, and his valet, rushing to his master's
bedside at the sound of a bitter cry, claimed to catch the words: "Mar-
mont has struck me the final blow! Unhappy man, I loved him! Ber-
thier's desertion has broken my heart ! My old friends, my conu-ades
in arms ! " Ivan, the Emperor's body physician, was summoned, and
administered an antidote ; the spasm was allayed, and after a short
sleep reason resumed her seat. It is related in the memoirs of Caulain-
court, and probably with a sort of Homeric truth, that when the min-
ister was admitted in the early morning. Napoleon's " wan and sunken
eyes seemed struggling to recall the objects round about; a luii verse of
torture was revealed in the vaguely desolate look." Napoleon is re-
ported as saying : " God did not wiU it. I could not die. Why did
they not let me die ? It is not the loss of the thi'one that makes exist-
ence unendm-able ; my mihtary career suffices for the glory of a single
man. Do you know what is more difficult to bear than the reverses of
fortune ? It is the baseness, the horrible ingratitude, of men. Before
such acts of cowardice, before the shamelessness of their egotism, I
have turaed away my head in disgust and have come to regard my life
with horror. . . . Death is rest. . . . Rest at last. . . . What I have
suffered for twenty days no one can understand."
Wliat throws some shadow on this account is the fact that on the
follo^ving moniing Napoleon appeared outwardly well and perfectly
calm when he assembled his marshals and made a final appeal. It is
certain, fi'om the testimony of his secretary and his physician, that he
had been violently ill, but the sobriety of the remaining chronicle is to
be doubted. Possil)ly, too, the empty sachet had contained a prepara-
^T. 41J NAl'OLEON'S FIRST ABDICATION I4.7
tion of opium intended to relieve sharp attacks like that at Pima ; but chap. xvn
in view of the second attempt at suicide made after Waterloo, this is not isw
likely. Yet the circumstances may easily have been exaggerated; for the
evident motive of what has been called the imperial legend is to heighten
all the effects in the Napoleonic picture. Whatever was the truth as to
that gloomy night, Napoleon's appeal next morning, though eloquent,
was in vain ; the marshals were unshaken in their determination, though
less bitter and violent in their language. " You deserve repose," were
the Emperor's last words to them; "well, then, take it." Thereupon
the act of unconditional abdication was written in these words : " The
allied powers having declared the Emperor Napoleon to be the sole ob-
stacle to the reestablishment of peace in Europe, the Emperor Napoleon,
faithful to his oath, declares that for himseK and his heii's he renounces
the tlirones of France and of Italy, because there is no personal sacri-
fice which he is not ready to make for the welfare of the nation." These
last words were, after some consideration, erased, and the phi-ase "in
the interest of France " was substituted for them. Some think, and it
may well be true, that this change of form, taken in connection with
Napoleon's calmness, was another proof of his deep pui-pose. Unable
to thwart his "growlers," he may have recollected that once before he
had crossed the Mediterranean to give a feeble government full scope
for its own destruction. France might easily recall her favorite son in
her own interest. He was scarcely more than forty-four, a yoimg man
still, and this he probably recalled as he made ready to play a new role.
AiTued with the document necessary to secure his pardon, Ney hur-
ried back to the capital. The elderly, well-meaning, but obtuse Louis
XVIII. was immediately proclaimed king by the senate. Having
" learned nothing, and forgotten nothing," he accepted the throne, mak-
ing certain concessions to the new France, sufficient, as he hoped, to se-
cure at least the momentary support of the people. The haste to join the
wMte standard made by men on whom Napoleon's adventurous career
had heaped honor and wealth is unpai*alleled in history. Jourdan,
Augereau, Maison, Lagrange, Nansouty, Oudinot, Kellei*mann, Lefebvre,
Hulin, Milhaud, Latom--Maubom'g, Segur, Berthier, BeUiard — such
were the earliest names. Among the soldiers near by some bowed to
the new order, but among the gamsons there was such wide-spread
mutiny that royalist hate was kindled again and fanned to white heat
by the scoffs and jeers of the outraged men. Their behavior was the
148
LIFE OF NAPOLEON BONAPARTE [^t. 41
Chap, xvn outwai'd sigu of a temper not universal, of course, but very common
1814 among the people. At Paris botli the King and the King's brother
were cheered on then- formal entry, but many discriminating onlookers
prophesied that the Bom'bons could not remain long.
Fully aware that Napoleon was yet a power in France, and challenged
by the marshals to display a chivaMc spirit in providing for the welfare
of their former monarch, Alexander gave full play to his generous im-
pulses. His first suggestion was that his fallen foe should accept a
home and complete estabhshment in Russia ; but this would have been
to ignore the other members of the coaUtion. It was determined finally
to provide the semblance of an empire, the forms of state, and an im-
perial income, and to make the former Emperor the guest of all Em-ope.
The idea was quixotic, but Napoleon was not a prisoner ; he had done
nothing worthy of degradation, and throughout the civilized world he
was still regarded by va»st nmnbers as the savior of European society,
who had fallen into the hands of cruel oppressors. The paper which was
finally drawn up was a treaty between Napoleon, for the time and pur-
poses of the instrument a private citizen, as one party, and the four
sovereign states of Austria, Prussia, Russia, and England as the other.
It had, therefore, no sanction except the public opinion of France and
the good faith of those who executed it, the former being boimd by her
allies to a contract made by them. It was France which was to pay
Napoleon two millions of francs a year, and leave him to reign imdis-
turbed over Elba ; the allies gi-anted Parma, Placentia, and Guastalla
as a realm in peipetuity to Maria Louisa and her heirs, through the King
of Rome, as her successors. The agreement was unique, but so were
the circumstances which brought it to pass. There was but one imjjor-
tant protest, and that was made by Castlereagh in regard to the word
Napoleon and the imperial style! His protest was vain, but to this
day many among the greatest of his countiymcn persistently employ
" Bonaparte " in speaking of the greater, and " Napoleon " in designat-
ing the lesser, of the two men who have ruled Prance as emperors.
Four commissioners, one from each of the powers, proceeded to
Fontainebleau. They were careful to treat Napoleon with the con-
sideration due to an emperor. To all he was courteous, except to the
representative of Prussia, Count Truchsess-Waldburg, whose presence
he declared unnecessary, since there were to be no Prussian troops on
the southern road toward Elba. With Colonel Campbell, the British
^T. 44] NAPOLEON'S FIRST ABDICATION 149
commissioner, he was most fnendly, conversing entliusiastically with chap, xvii
the Scotch officer ahout the Scotch poet known as Ossiau. What was isw
particularly admired in his remarkable outpom-iiigs was then* war-
like tone. As the preparations for dei)arture went foi'ward, it hecame
clear that of all the imperial dignitaries only Bertrand and Drouot
would accompany the exile. The others he dismissed with character-
istic and appropriate farewells: to Caulaincourt he assigned a gift of
five himdred thousand francs from the treasm-e at Blois ; Constant,
the valet, and Roustan, the Mameluke, were dismissed at their own
desu'e, hut not empty-handed. For his hne of travel, and for a hun-
dred baggage-wagons loaded with books, fm-niture, and objects of art.
Napoleon stipulated with the utmost nicety and persistence. With
every hoiu* he showed greater and greater anxiety for his personal
safety. Indifferent to life but a few short days before, he was now
timid and over-anxious. If he had been playing a part and pondering
what in a few years, perhaps months, his life and person might again be
worth in European politics, he could not have been more painstaking as
to measures for his personal safety. The stoic could have recourse to
the l)owl, the eighteenth-century enthusiast must live and hope to the
last. Napoleon seems to have struggled for the union of both char-
acters. "They blame me that I can outhve my fall," he remarked.
"Wrongfully. ... It is much more courageous to survive unmerited bad
fortune." Only once he seemed ovei'powered, being observed, as he sat
at table, to strike his forehead and murmm- : " God, is it possible ? "
Sometimes, too, he appeared to be lost in reverie, and when addressed
started Uke one awakened from a dream. AU was ready on the twen-
tieth ; but the Empress, who by the terms of the " treaty " was to ac-
company her consort as far as the harljor of St. Tropez, did not appear.
Napoleon declared that she had been kidnapped, and refused to stir,
threatening to withdraw his abdication. KoUer, the Austrian commis-
sioner, assured him of the truth, that she had resolved of her free will
not to be present. In the cei-tainty that all was over, the Empress had
determined to take refuge with her father, and the imperial govern-
ment at Blois had dispersed, Joseph and Jerome flying to Switzerland.
The announcement staggered Napoleon, but he rephed with words
destined to have gi*eat significance : "Very well ; I shall remain faithful
to my promise ; but if I have new reasons to complain, I shall consider
myself absolved." Further, he touched on various topics as if seeking
150 LIFE OP NAPOLEON BONAPARTE [JEt. 44
Chap, xvh to talk agaiust time, remarking that Francis had impiously sought the
1814 dissolution of his daughter's marriage; that Russia and Prussia had
made Austria's position dangerous ; that the Czar and Frederick Wil-
liam had shown httle delicacy in visiting Maria Louisa at Eamhouillet;
that he himself was no usurper ; and that he had been wrong not to
make peace at Prague or Dresden. Then, suddenly changing tone and
topic, he asked with interest what would occur if Elba refused to accept
him. Koller thought he might still take refuge in England. Napoleon
rejoined that he had thought of that ; but, having always sought to do
England hann, would the Enghsh make him welcome? Koller re-
phed that, as all the projects against her welfare had come to naught,
England would feel no bitterness. Finally, about noon Napoleon de-
scended into the courtyard, where the few grenadiers of the old guard
were drawn up. The officers, commissioned and non-commissioned,
were called forward, and in a few touching words their former leader
thanked all who had remained tnie for their loyalty. With then- aid
he could have continued the war beyond the Loire, but he had pre-
feiTed to sacrifice his personal interests to those of France. " Continue
to serve France," runs the Napoleonic text of this fine addi'ess : but the
commissioners thought they heard " to serve the sovereign which the
nation has chosen." He could have ended liis life, he went on to say,
but he wished to hve and record for posterity the great deeds of his
warriors. Then he embraced Petit, the commanding officer, and,
snatching to his breast the imperial eagle, his standard in so many
glorious battles, he pressed it to his lips, and entered the waituig
can-iage. A swelling sob burst fi'om the ranks, and tears bedewed the
weather-beaten cheeks of men who had not wept for years.
CUxVPTER xvin
the emperoe of elba
Napoleon and the Popular Frenzy — Serious Dangers Incurred —
The Exile under the British Flag — The Voyage to Elba —
The Napoleonic Court at Porto Ferrajo — Mysterious Visi-
tors— Estrangement of Maria Louisa — Napoleon's "Isle of Re-
pose"— The Congress of Vienna — Its Violation of Treaty
Agreement — Discontent in France — Revival of Imperialism —
Bitterness of the Aemy — Intrigues against the Bourbons
— Napoleon's Behavior — His Fears of Assassination.
NAPOLEON'S joui'ney to Elba was a series of disenchantments. chap. xvm
As has been said, he had stipulated in his " treaty " that the Em- 1814-15
press should accompany him to St. Tropez, where he was to embark.
Her absence, he persisted in declaring, was explicable only by forced
detention; and he again talked of withdrawing his abdication at this
breach of the engagements made by the aUies. But he gi-ew more com-
posed, and the joiu'ney was sufficiently comfortable as far as Lyons.
Occasionally dui'ing that portion of it there were outbursts of good feel-
ing from those who stopped to see his train pass by. But in descending
the Rhone there was a marked change. As the ProveuQals had been
the radicals of the Revolution, so now they were the devotees of the
Restoration. The flood of disreputable calumny had broken loose : men
said the Emperor's mother was a loose woman, his father a butcher, he
himself but a bastard, his true name Nicholas. "Down with Bona-
parte! down with Nicholas!" was too often the derisive shout as he
traversed the villages. Maubreuil, the hu-ed assassin, was hmrying
fi-om Paris with a desperate band, ostensibly to recover crown jewels or
government funds which might be among Napoleon's effects. Recalling
Alexander's boast that his best servants had been found among the
161
152 LIFE OF NAPOLEON BONAPARTE [Mt. 44-45
Chap, xvm assassiiis of liis father, and recollect iug that Francis sighed to Metter-
1814^15 iiich for Napoleon's exile to a far-distant land, Elba beiug too near to
France and to Europe, it is conceivable that Talleyrand might reckon
on the moral support of the dynasties in conniving at Napoleon's assas-
sination. Had he forgotten the murder of Enghien 1 Prohably not ;
but his conscience was not over-tender. Near Valence, on April twenty-
fourth, the unperial procession met Augereau's can'iage. The arch-
republican of Napoleon's earlier career had given in his adliesion to the
new government, and had been retained in office. He alighted, the ex-
Emperor likewise : the latter exhibited all the ordinary forms of polite-
ness, the former studiously disdained them. Napoleon, with nice irony,
asked if the general were on his way to court. The thrust went home,
but in a gruff retort Augoreau, using the insulting "thou," declared
with considerable embarrassment that he cared no more for the Bour-
bons than for Napoleon; that he had had no motive for his conduct
except love of his country.
Partly by good fortune, partly by good management, the cortege
avoided the infmiated bands who, in various places, had sworn to take the
fallen Emperor's hfe. At Avignon his escape was almost mh'aculous.
Near Orgon a mob of royalists beset the carriage, and Napoleon shrank
in pallid terror behind Bertrand, cowering there until the inuuediate
danger was removed by his Russian escort. A few miles out he donned
a postilion's imifoi-m and rode post through the town. At Saiut-Canuat
he would not touch a morsel of food for fear of poison. Rumors of the
bitter feeling prevalent at Aix led him for further protection to clothe
one of liis aides in his own too familiar garb. In that town he was
\aolently ill, somewhat as he had been at Pontainebleau. The attack
yielded easily to remedies, and the Prussian commissioner asserted that
it was due to a loathsome disease. Thereafter the hounded fugitive
wore an Austrian uniform, and sat in the Austrian commissioner's car-
riage ; thus disguised, the Emperor of Ell)a seemed to feel secure.
From Luc onward the company was protected by Austrian hussars;
but in spite of these mihtary jailers, mob violence became stronger from
day to day in each successive town. Napoleon gi'cw morbid, and the
line of travel was changed from the du'ection of St. Tropez to that of
Frejus in order to avoid the ever-increasmg danger. The only alle^'^a-
tion in the long hne of ills was a visit from his hght and giddy but
affectionate sister Pauline, the Princess Borghese, who comforted liiin
IN THK UUSEUU OF VEIU1AILLE8
enobaved by hgnby wolf
MARSHAL FRANCOIS-CHRISTOI'HE KELLERMANN
DlKl. l)^ VAL.MV
FHOM TUK I-.MM'INU BY UEOROES BuUUET
Mi-.UAi,] " TIIH HMl'KROli OF P:LBA 153
and promised to share his exile. At length Frc'jus was reached, and chap. xvin
Napoleon resumed his composm'C as he saw an Eughsh frigate and a 1814-15
French brig lying in the harbor. Perhaps the beautiful view recalled
to an outcast monarch the return, in 1799, of one General Bonaparte,
who had landed on the same shore to ovei-thi-ow the Directory. If not,
it must have been due to unwonted dejection or dark despair.
Again Napoleon remarked a breach of his treaty. He was to have
sailed from St. Tropez in a corvette ; here was only a brig. Accord-
ingly, as if to mark an intentional slight, in reahty for his safety
and comfort, he asked and obtained permission to embark on the Eng-
lish frigate, the Undaunted, as the guest of her captain. The promised
corvette was at St. Tropez awaiting its passenger, but the hasty change
of plan had made it impossible to bring her around in time. Possibly
for this reason, too, the baggage of Napoleon had been much dimin-
ished in quantity ; and of this he complained also, as being a breach of
his treaty. His farewell to the Russian and Prussian commissioners
was brief and dignified ; the Austrian hussars paid full military honors
to the party; and as the Emperor, accompanied by the Enghsh and
Austrian commissioners, embarked, a salvo of twenty-foiu* guns rang
out from the Undaunted. Already he had begun to eulogize England
and her ci\THzation, and to behave as if thi-owing himself on the good
faith of an Enghsh gentleman, exactly as a defeated knight would
throw himself on the chivahic com-tesy of his conqueror. This ap-
pearance of distinguished treatment heightened his self-satisfaction.
His attendants said that, once again he was " all emperor."
It was a serious blow when, on passing aboard ship, he discovered
that the salutes had been in recognition of the commissioners, and that
the pohte but decided Captain Ussher was determined to treat his illus-
trious guest with the coui'tesy due to a private gentleman, and with
that alone. Although chafing at times during the voyage against the
restrictions of naval disciphne. Napoleon submitted gTacefully, and
wore a subdued air. This was his first contact with Enghsh customs :
sometimes they interested him ; frequently, as in the matter of after-
dinner amusements and Simday observance, they mitated him, and
then with a contemptu.ous petulance he withdi'ew to his cabin. In
conversation with Roller, the Austrian commissioner, he once referred
to his conduct in disguisuig himself on the road to Frejus as pusillani-
mous, and admitted in vulgar language that he had made an indecent
Vol. IV.— 21
254 LIFE OF NAPOLEON BONAPARTE [^t. 44-45
Chap, xxm display of himself. He was convinced that all the dreadful scenes
1814-15 through which he had passed were the work of Boiii-hon emissaries.
In general his talk was a running commentary on the past, a well-cal-
cnlated prattle in which, with apparent spontaneity and ingennonsness,
interpretations were placed on his conduct which were thoroughly
novel. This was the beginning of a series of historical commentaries
lasting, with interruptions, to the end of his life. There is throughout a
unity of pm-pose in the exphcation and embellishment of history which
will be considered later. On May foiu'th the Undaunted cast anchor in
the harbor of Porto Ferrajo.
Elba was an island tUvided against itself, there being both imperial-
ists and royalists among its inhabitants, and a considerable i)arty which
desired independence. By rei^resenting that Napoleon had brought
with him fabulous sums, the Austrian and English commissioners easily
won the Elbans to a fervor of loyalty for their new emperor. Before
nightfall of the foiu-th the court was estabhshed, and the new adminis-
tration began its labors. After mastering the resources and needs of
his pygmy realm, the Emperor began at once to deploy all his powers,
mending the highways, fortifying the strategic points, and creating
about the nucleus of fom* hunch'ed guards which were sent from Fon-
tainebleau an efficient httle army of sixteen hundred men. His ex-
penses were regulated to the minutest detail, the salt-works and U'on-
mines, which were the bidwarks of Elban prosperity, began at once to
increase their output, and taxation was regulated with scrupulous nicety.
By that supereminent vu-tue of the French bm'gher, good management,
the island was made almost independent of the remnants of the Tuile-
ries treasure, the smn of about five milhon fit-ancs, which Napoleon had
brought from France. The same powers which had swayed a world
operated wdth equal success in a sphere almost microscopic by compari-
son. To many this appeared a soiTy commentary on human grandeur,
but the gi-eat exile did not intend to sink into a contemiitible letbargy.
If the future had aught in store for liim, his capacities must have exer-
cise and their bearings be kept smooth by use. The Princess Borghese
had been sejjarated from her secoud liusband soon after the maniage,
and since 1810 she had lived an exile from Paiis, ha%ing been banished
for impeiiinent conduct to the Empress. But she cherished no maUce,
and before long, according to promise, she anwed and took up her abode
as lier brother's companion. Madame Mere, though distant hi prosper-
^Et. -14-45] THE E.MIMIKOK OF ELBA I55
ity, came likewise to soothe her son in adversity. The intercepted let- chap. x\au
ters of the former prove her to have been at least as loose in her life at 1814-15
Elba as ever before, but they do not afford a sufficient basis for the
scandals concerninf? her relations witli Napoleon which were founded
upon them and industriously circulated at the couii of Louis XVIII.
The shameful charge, thougli recently revived and ingeniously sup-
ported, appears to have no adequate foundation.
Napoleon's economies were rendered not merely expedient, but im-
perative, by the fact that none of the moneys fi-om Prance were forth-
coming which had been promised in his treaty with the powers. After
a short stay KoUer fi'ankly stated that in his opinion they never would
be paid, and departed. The island swanned with Bom-bon spies, and
the only conversation in which Napoleon could indulge himself un-
guardedly was wnth Sir Neil Campbell, the English representative, or
with the titled EngUsh gentlemen who gratified their curiosity by visit-
ing him. Diu-iug the summer heat, when the court was encamped on
the heights at Marciana for refreshment, there appeared a mysterious
lady with her child. Both were weU received and kindly treated, but
they withdi-ew themselves entirely from the public gaze. Common
inimor said it was the Empress, but this was not tnie; it was the
Countess Walewska, with one of the two sons she bore her host, whom
she still adored. They remained but a few days, and departed as mys-
teriously as they had come. Base females thronged the precincts of the
imperial residence, openly stnigghng for Napoleon's favor as they had
so far never dared to do ; success too fi-equently attended their efforts.
But the one woman who should have been at his side was absent.
It is certain that she made an honest effort to come, and apartments
were prepared for her reception in the little palace at Porto Fen-ajo.
Her father, however, thwarted her at every turn, and finally she was a
virtual prisoner at Schonbrunn. So manifest was the restraint that her
gi-andmother Caroline, Queen of the Two Sicilies, cried out in indig-na-
tion: "If I were in the place of Maria Louisa, I would tie the sheets of
my bed to the window-frame and flee." Committed to the charge of
the elegant and subtle Neipperg, a favorite chamberlain whom she had
first seen at Dresden, she was phed with such insidious wiles that at last
her slender moral fiber was entu-ely broken down, and she fell a victim
to his charms. As late as August, Napoleon received impassioned let-
ters from her ; then she grew f oi-mal and cold ; at last, under Metter-
]^56 LIFE OP NAPOLEON BONAPARTE [iET. 44-45
Chap, xvni nicb's m-geney, she ceased to write at all. Her French attcndaBt,
181Z15 Meueval, managed to convey the whole sad story to her husband ; hut
the Emperor was incredulous, and hojied against hope until December.
Then only he ceased from his incessant and urgent appeals.
The nmnber of visitors to Elba was sometimes as high as three hun-
dred in a single day. Among these were a few English, fewer French,
1)ut many Italians. As time passed the heaviness of the Austrian
yoke had begun to gall the people of Napoleon's former kingdom, and
considerable numbers from among them, remembering the mild Eugene
with longing, joined in an extensive though feeble conspiracy to restore
Napoleon to the throne of Italy. Lucien retiu^ned to Rome in order to
foster the movement, and Murat, observing with unease the general
faithlessness of the great powers in small matters, began to tremble for
the secm-ity of his own seat. With them and others Napoleon appears to
have corresponded regularly. He felt himself entirely freed fi-om the
obligations he had taken at Fontainebleau, for he was sm-e the people of
southern France had been instigated to take his life by royahst agents,
and while one term after another passed, not a cent was paid of the
promised pension; his own fortune, therefore, was steadily melting away.
For months he behaved as if really determined to make Elba his " isle
of repose," as he designated it just before landing; but under such prov-
ocations his temper changed. The corner-stone of his treaty was his
complete sovereignty ; otherwise the paper was merely a promise mth-
out any sanction, not even that of international law. This perfect sov-
ereignty had been recognized by the withdrawal of aU the commissioners
as such, Campbell insisting that he remained merely as an ambassador.
In a treaty concluded on May thirtieth between Louis XVIII. and
the powers of the coalition, the boundaries of France were fixed sub-
stantially as they had been in 1792, and the destiny of the lands brought
under her sway by the Revolution and by Napoleon was to be deter-
mined by a European congress. This body met on November first, 1814,
at Vienna. It was soon evident that the four powers of the coalition
were to outdo Napoleon's extreme endeavors in their reckless disposition
of European territories. Before the close of the month, however, Tal-
leyrand, by his axh'oit manipulations and his conjimngs with the sacro-
sanct word " legitimacy," had made himself the moAdng spirit of the
congress, and had so inflamed the temper of both Metternich and Cas-
tlercagh against the dictatorial attitude of Russia and Prussia as to in-
rUBLICATION AUTIIORIZF.D BY TJIE ARTrST.
7vrof.n.vvCKF. iioissuy, val^i-on A to., PAtiis.
JUMiTHlNH AI MALMAl^UX.
»IIUH lilt I'AI.MI.SO U\ UtALlKH-DUMAS.
/Et. 44-45] THE EMPEROR OF ELBA 157
(luce Austria and Great Britain to sign, on Jamiary third, 1815, a secret CnAP.^vni
treaty with France wherol)y the parties of the first part })Ound them- I8i4-i5
selves to resist the aggressiveness of the Northern powers, and that by
force if necessary. This restored France to the position of a great
power. By the middle of Februaiy the Northern aUies were hronght to
terms, and in retmni for theii" concessions it was agreed that Murat
was to he deposed. This spirit of compromise menaced, or rather finally
destroyed, the sovereignty of Napoleon, petty as it was. On the charge
of conspiiing %vith Murat, he could easily be removed from Elba, and
deported to some more remote spot from which he could exert no in-
fluence on Exiropean politics.
From the opi'ning sessions of the congress there had been a general
consensus of opinion as to this course. As to the place opinions vaiied.
Castlereagh favored the Azores, but others the Cape Verd islands ; St.
Helena, then well known as a place of call on the long voyage to the
Cape, had been suggested much earlier, even before Elba was chosen,
but when or by whom is not known. It is quite possible that Welhng-
ton, who succeeded Castlereagh as Enghsh plenipotentiary in Feb-
ruary, may have mentioned the name ; he had been there, and knew it
as almost the remotest spot of land in the world. The formal proposi-
tion to that effect appears to have been made by the Prussian cabinet.
The congi'ess took no definite action m the matter, but the understand-
ing was so clear and general that a proclamation to the national guard
was printed in the "Moniteur" of March eighth, 1815, stating that
measures had been taken at the Congress of Vienna to remove Napo-
leon farther away. It was easy for eveiybody, including the captive
himself, to believe that, all the other articles of the agreement at Fon-
tainebleau having been violated, that which guaranteed the sovereignty
of Elba was equally worthless.
It cannot be doubted that Napoleon was fully aware of whatever
was proposed at Vienna, and it is absolutely certain that he was thor-
ougldy informed as to the changed state of pubhc opinion in France.
Having promised a fairly liberal constitution as the price of his throne,
Louis XVIII., with colossal stupidity, undertook to ig-nore the past, and
promulgated the charter as his own gi'aeious act, done in the nine-
teenth year of his reign ! The upper chamber, or House of Peers, was
his creature, since he could create members at will. Feeble in mind
and body, he was unable to check the reactionary assumptions of his
158 LIFE OP NAPOLEON BONAPARTE [^t. 4J-i5
Chap, xvm family, who, having deserted tbeu* coiiutry, had returned to it by the
1S14-15 aid of invaders despised and feared by the nation. These and the
retiu'ning eniigi-ants were provided with ricli sinecures, and began to
talk of restoring estates to their rightful owners; in some cases the
possessors, on their death-beds, were intimidated into making such res-
titution. The extreme clerical party began even to hamper the min-
istry in its efforts to grant the freedom of worship guaranteed l:)y the
constitution. Secular business was forbidden on certain holy days, and
funeral masses were celebrated for Pichegru, Moreau, and Cadoudal,
that for the latter at the King's expense. When, finally. Christian
bmial was refused to an actress there were riots in Paris.
But the government continued its suicidal course ; even the Vendee
grew disaffected, and, the suffrage having been greatly restricted, there
were mm-miuings about oUgarchies and tyrants. At Nimes the Protes-
tants feared another St. Bai-tholomew, and said so. Even moderate
royalists grew troubled, and could not retort when they heard the new
order stigmatized by the fitting name of "paternal anarchy." Both
veterans and conscripts deserted in great numbers from the army as
they saw their of&cers discharged by the score to make places for the
young aristocracy, or their comrades retired, nominally on half-pay, in
realit}^ to eke out a subsistence as best they could. It was not long be-
fore men showed each other pocket-pieces bearing Napoleon's efl&gy,
whispering as watchwords, " Courage and hope," or " He has been and
will be," or " Frenchmen, awake ; the Emperor is waking." As early
as July, 1814, rmnors of his return were rife in country districts, and
by autumn the longing for it was outspoken and general. In Paris
there was gi'eater caution, but as Marmont was called Judas for having
betrayed his master, so Berthier was known as Peter in that he had
denied him, and it was a common joke to tie a white cockade to the
tail of a dog. Before the chamber met the various factions openly
avowed themselves as either royahsts, Bonapartists, liberals, or Jaco-
bins. The money estimates presented made it clear that a king was
more expensive than an emperor, and when the peers not only voted
to indemnify the emigi-ants for tlie lands held by their families, but
likemse passed a l)ill establishing the censorship of the press, it was
common talk that the present state of things could not last.
The number of French pi-isoners of war and of soldiers released
fi'om the besieged fortresses in central Europe was about three bun-
^T. 44-45] THE EMPEROR OF ELBA 159
di*ed tbousand, of whom a third were veterans of the Empire. To these chap. xvm
must be added the ai-my which Soult, ignorant of Napoleon's abdica- 1814-15
tion, had led to defeat at Toulouse, and the soldiers who had served
in Italy. These men, long accustomed to much consideration, found
themselves on their retuni to be persons of no consequence. They
learned that the great officers of the Empire were everywhere treated
with scant courtesy, and that the great ladies of the imperial court
were now viriuaUy driven fi'om the Tuileries by the significant ques-
tions and loud asides of the royal personages who had supplanted
them. It was told in all public resorts how Ney had resented the rude
affronts put on his wife by the Duchess of Angouleme. The well-
trained subordinate officers of these contingents were turned adi-ift by
thousands on the same terms as those of Napoleon's own ai-my, half-
pay if they showed themselves good Cathohcs, othei-wise nothing. For
the most part, again, this promise was empty; young royaUsts were
put in theii" places, the pay of the old guard was reduced, a new noble
guard was organized, promotion was refused to those who had received
commissions dining the operations of war, and the asylums estabhshed
for the orphans of those who had belonged to the Legion of Honor
were abolished. So bitter was the outciy that the King felt compelled
to dismiss his minister of war, and, not daring to substitute Marmont,
who demanded the place, appointed Soult. He too was speedily dis-
credited for harshness to Exelmans, a subordinate who was discovered
to have been in correspondence with Napoleon ; and by the middle of
February, 1815, nearly all the soldiers were at heart Bonapartists, then-
friends for the most part abetting them.
In less than two months after Louis XVIII. took his seat, TaUeyi-and
and Fouche were deep in their element of plot and intrigue. They
thought of the son of Philippe Egalite as a possible constitutional rider;
they talked of reestablishing the unperial regency; with Napoleon placed
beyond the possibility of returning, the latter coui-se woidd be safe.
During the succeeding months they continued to juggle with this
double intrigue, and around then- plots clustered minor ones in mass.
Lord Liverpool actually called WeUington to London for fear the
duke should be seized, and Marmont put the Paris garrison under
arms. On January twenty-first, 1815, the death of Louis XVI. was
commemorated by the royahsts with the wildest talk; and such was the
general fury over Exelmans's treatment that Fouche at last stepped
160 LIFE OF NAPOLEON BONAPARTE [iEx. 44-45
Chap, xviu forwai'd to give bis conspiracy some form. Carnot and Davout were
1814-15 both expected to cooijerate ; but altbougb they refused, enough officers
of intiuence were secm-ed to make a plan for an extended insurrection
entirely feasible. For this all parties were willing to unite; no one
knew or cared what was to supi)Iant the existing government — any-
thing was better than "paternal anarchy."
How accurate the information was which reached Napoleon at Elba
we cannot ascertain, for his feehngs were masked and his conduct was
non-committal. Ho had entii'ely recovered his health, and though old
in experience, he was only forty-five years of age, and still appeared
like one in the prime of life. He was apparently vigorous, being short,
thick-necked, and iuchned to corpulence. His cheeks were somewhat
heav)'^ and sensuous, his hair receded far back on the temples, his
limbs were powerful, his hands and feet were delicately formed and
noticeably small. His movements were nervous and well controlled,
his eye was clear and bright, his passions were strong, his self-control
was apparent, and the coordination of his powers was easy. To the
Elban peasant he was gracious; vnth his subordinates he was dignified;
among his many visitors he moved with good hmiior and tact; his kind-
ness to his mother and sister made both of them devoted and happy.
The only anxiety he displayed was in regard to assassination and
kiduapi^ing: the former he said he could meet Hke a soldier; of the lat-
ter he spoke with anxious foreboding. He had reason to fear both.
Every week, either in France or Italy or both, there was a plot among
fanatical royalists and priests to kill him; and though the Barbary
pmites were eager to seize him and win a great ransom, they were
excelled in their zeal both by Mariotte, Talleyrand's agent in Leghorn,
and by Bruslart, a bitter and ancient enemy, who had been appointed
governor of Corsica for the pm*pose. For these reasons, probably, the
Emperor of Elba lived as far as possible in seclusion. As time passed
he gi-ew less intimate with Campbell, but the Scotch gentleman did
not attribute the fact to discontent. Before leaving Elba, on February
sixteenth, to reside for a time in Florence and perform the duties of
Enghsh envoy in that place, he gave it as his opinion that if Na-
poleon received the pension stipulated for in the treaty he woidd
remain tranquilly where he was.
< t
k— • f^
O -
a. 5
H
CHAPTER XIX
napoleon the liberator
Napoleon Ready to Reai^pear — Reasons for his Determination —
The Return to France — The Northward March — Grenoble
Opens its Gates — The Lyons Proclamations — The Emperor
in the Tueleries — The Emperor of the French — The Addi-
tional Act — Effects of the Return in France and Elsewhere
— The Congress of Vienna Denounces Napoleon.
IT has lately been recalled that as early as July, 1814, the Emperor of Chap. xix
Elba remarked to an English visitor that Louis XVIII., being sm-- 1814-15
rounded by those who had betrayed the Empire, would in turn probably
be himseLE betrayed by them. For the ensuing foui" months, however,
the exile gave no sign of any deep pm'pose ; to those who wished to
leave him he gave a hearty good-by. In December, however, he re-
marked to one of his old soldiers, pointedly, as the man thought: "Well,
grenadier, you are bored; . . . take the weather as it comes." Shpping
a gold piece into the veteran's hand, he then tui'ned away, humming to a
simple air the words, " This wiU not last forever." Thereafter he dis-
suaded aU who sought to depart, saying : "Be patient. We '11 pass
these few winter days as best we may ; then we 'U try to spend the
spring in another fashion." This vague language may possibly have re-
feiTed to the Italian scheme, but on February tenth he received a clear
account of what had happened at Vienna, and on the evening of the
twelfth Fleury de Chaboulon, a confidential friend of Maret, arrived in
the disguise of a sailor, and revealed in the fullest and most authentic
way the state of France. When he heard of the plan to reestablish the
regency. Napoleon Imrst out hotly : "A regency ! What for "? Am I,
then, dead'?" Two days later, after long conferences, the emissary
Vol. IV.— 22
162 LIFE OP NAPOLEON BONAPARTE [^Et. 45
Chap. XIX Tvas desjiatcbed to do what he coiild at Naples, and the Emperor began
1814-15 his preparations.
This was soon known on the mainland, and three days later a per-
sonage whose identity has never been revealed arrived in tbe gnise of
a Itlarscillaise merchant, declaring that, except the rich and the emi-
gi'ants, every human being in France longed for the Emperor's return.
If he would but set up his hat on the shores of Provence, it would
draw all men toward it. When Napoleon turned pseudo-historian he
declared in one place that the breaches of the Fontainebleau treaty and
his fears of deportation had nothing to do with his return from Elba ;
in another he states the reverse. Since the legend he was then studi-
ously constnicting requu'ed the unbroken devotion of the French to
the standard-bearer of the Revolution for the sake of consistency, he
probably recalled only the feehngs awakened by Flemy's report that
opportunity was ripe, and that, too, earlier than had been expected.
But there were other motives at the time, for Peyrusse, keeper of Na-
poleon's purse dming the Elban sojoiu-n, heard his master asseverate
that it would be more dangerous to remain in Porto Ferrajo than to
return to France. In any case, so far as France and the world at large
were concerned, the contemptuous indifference of Louis and his minis-
ters to their obhgations under the treaty powerfully justified Napo-
leon's com-se. Even Alexander and Castlereagh had early made an
indignant protest to Talleji'and ; but the latter, abeady deep in con-
spu'acy, tmTied them off with a flippant rejoinder.
With gi-eat adroitness and secrecy Napoleon collected and fitted out
his little flotilla, which consisted of the Inconstant, a stout brig assigned
to him at Fontainebleau, and seven smaller craft. During the prepara-
tions the French and Enghsh war-vessels patrolling the neighboring
waters came and went, but their captains suspected nothing. Camp-
bell's departure created a false rumor among the islanders that Eng-
land was favoring some expedition on which the Emperor was about
to embark, thus allaying all suspicion. When, on the twenty-sixth,
a little army of eleven hundred men found itself afloat, with eighty
horses and a number of cannon, no one seemed to realize what had
happened; except Drouot, who pleaded against Napoleon's rashness,
all were enthusiastic. To avoid suspicion, each captain steered his
own course, and the various craft dotting the sea at irregular intervals
looked no way imUke the other boats which plied those waters. Sev-
.Kt. 45] NATOLEON THE LIBERATOR 163
eral men-of-war were sighted, but they kept their course. As one dan- Chap. xk
ger after another was averted, the great adventurer's spu-its rose until 1814-15
he was exuberant with joy, and talked of Austerlitz. It was March first
when land was finally sighted from the Incomtunt; as if by magic, the
other vessels hove in sight immediately, and by four the men were all
ashore on the strand of the Gulf of Jouan. Cambronne, a colonel of
the imperial guards, was sent to requisition horses at Cannes, with the
strict injunction that not a drop of blood be shed. As the great actor
had theatrically said on board his brig, he was " about to produce a
great novelty," and he counted upon dazzling the beholders into an en-
thusiasm they had ceased to feel for the old plays. Among others
brought to Napoleon's bivouac that night was the Prince of Monaco,
who had been found by Cambronne at St. Pierre traveUng in a four-
horse carriage, and had been taken as a prisoner into Napoleon's pres-
ence. " Where are you going? " was, according to tradition, the gi-eet-
ing of Napoleon. " I am returning to my domains," came the reply,
" Indeed! and I too," was the meny retort.
Recalhng the mortal agony he had endm*ed on the highway through
Aix but a short year before, and its causes, and having been informed
how bitter was the anti-royaUst feeling in the Dauphine, Napoleon set
his httle army in march direct toward Grenoble. At Cannes there was
general indifference ; at Grasse it was found that the division general
in command had fled, and there were a few timid shouts of " Long live
the Emperor! " Thence to Digne on the Grenoble highway was a moun-
tain track over a ridge twelve thousand feet above the sea. In twenty
hours the slender column marched thirty-five mUes. The "growlers"
joked about the " httle corporal " who trudged at their side, the Alpine
hamlets provided abundant rations, and the government officials fiu'-
nished blank passports which enabled Napoleon to send emissaries both
to Grenoble and to Marseilles, where Massena was in command. The
little garrison of Digne was Bonapartist in feeling, but it was not yet
ready to join Napoleon, and withdrew ; that at Sisteron was kept from
meddhng by a body of troops which had been despatched as a coi-jis of
observation from Marseilles, while the populace shouted heartily for the
Emperor. At Gap the officials strove to organize resistance, but they
desisted before the menaces of the people. By this time the peasantiy
were coming in by hundreds. So far Napoleon's entei-prise had received
but four recruits : two soldiers from Antibes, a tanner fi-om Grasse, and
164 LIFE OF NAPOLEON BONAPARTE [^t. 45
Chap. XIX a gendarme. Now he was so confident that he dismissed the peasantiy,
181-1-10 assm'ing them that the soldiers in front would join his standards.
On March seventh the head of the colmmi of imperial adventiu'ers
reached La Mm"o, a short day's march from Grenoble. They were re-
ceived with enthusiasm, and a bucket of the poor native wine was
brought for the refi-eshment of the men. When all had been served
Napoleon reached out for the cheap Mttle glass, and swallowed his ra-
tion Hke the rest. There was wild dehght among both his men and the
onlookers as the "army" set out for Laffray, the next hamlet, where
was a small detachment sent from Grenoble to destroy a bridge over
the Drac. With inscmtable faces they stood across the highway, lances
set and muskets charged, imder orders to fu-e on Napoleon the moment
he should appear. At length the critical moment arrived. " There he
is ! Fire ! " cried a royahst officer. The soldiers clutched then* arms,
theii" faces blanched, then* knees shook, and they — disobeyed. Napo-
leon, walking slowly, advanced withm pistol-shot. He wore the old
familiar gray surtout, the well-known cocked hat, and a tricolor cock-
ade. " Soldiers of the Fifth," he said in a strong, calm voice, " behold
me ! " Then advancing a few paces farther, he threw open his coat
and displaying the familiar unifonn, he called: "If there be one soldier
among you who wishes to Mil his Emperor, he can. I come to offer
myself to your assaults." In an instant the opposing ranks melted into
a mob of sobbing, cheering men, kissing Napoleon's shoes, struggling
to touch the skirts of his shabby garments. The smTounding throng
crowded near in sympathy. "Soldiers," cried the magician, "I come
with a handful of brave men because I count on you and the people.
The thi'one of the Bourbons is illegitimate because it was not erected
by the nation. Yoiu* fathers are threatened by a restoration of titles,
of privilege, and of feudal rights ; is it not so ? " " Yes, yes," shouted
the multitude. At that instant appeared a rider aiTayed in the unifonn
of the national guard, but wearing a huge tricolor cockade. Alighting
at Napoleon's feet, he said: "Sire, I am Jean Dumoulin the glove-maker;
I bring to your majesty a hundred thousand francs and my arm." At
that instant likewise an imperial proclamation denouncing traitors, and
promising that mider the old standards victory would return like the
storm-wind, was passing from hand to hand in the ganison of
Grenoble. Labedoyere, the colonel of the Seventh of the line, fii'st
announced his jnirpose to support his Emperor, and the royalist
^T. 45] NAPOLEON THE LIBERATOR 165
officers saw the imperialist feeling spread with dismay. They arranged Chap. xrx
to evacuate the place next moraing. At seven in the evening Napoleon 1814-15
summoned the town ; the commandant, unable to resist the pressiu-e of
both soldiers and populace, fled with a few adliercnts, and at ten the
gates were opened. The reception of the retm-ning exile was heai-ty
and impressive. It was with an army of seven thousand men that,
after a rest of thirty-six hours, he started for Lyons.
"As far as G-renoble I was an adventurer; at Grenoble I was a
prince," wrote Napoleon at St. Helena. K this were true, at Lyons he
was an Emperor in fact as well as in name, that great city receiving
him with plaudits as energetic as were the execrations with which they
dismissed Artois and Macdonald. Recalling the lessons of his youth,
some learned in Corsica, some in the Rhone valley, the returning Em-
peror carefully felt the pulse of public opinion as he journeyed. He
found the longing for peace to be universal, and even before enter-
ing Lyons he began to promise peace with honor. But this he quickly
found was not enough : it must be peace with liberty as well. The sole
task before him, therefore, he declared to be that of protecting the inter-
ests and principles of the Revolution against the returning emigi'ants.
France, restored to her glory, was to live in harmony with other Eui'o-
pean powers as long as they minded their o^vu affau's. Napoleon, the
hberator of France ! To teriify foreign invaders and intestine foes
a great united nation was to speak in trumpet notes. From Lyons,
therefore, second city of the Empii-e, was summoned a popular assem-
bly to revise the constitution. To convey the impression that Austria
was in secret accord with the Emperor's course, three delegates from
the eastern capital were summoned to assist at a significant ceremony
which was to occur almost immediately, the coronation of the Em-
press and the King of Rome. Still further, a decree was issued
which banished the returned emigrants and swept away the preten-
sions of the arrogant nobles. Talleyi'and, Marmont, Augereau, and
Dalberg were attainted, and the noble guard of the King was abohshed.
Under these influences Bonapartist feeling grew so intense and spread
so widely that the army of Soult, which had been assembled in the
southeast to oppose Mm^at, tmnaed imperiahst almost to a man. Mas-
sena, who seems to have followed the lead of Fouche, waited to see
what was coming, and remained neutral. Ney fell in with the general
movement, and joined Napoleon at AuxeiTe. " Embrace me, my dear
16(3 LIFE OF NAPOLEON BONArARTE [^Et. 45
Chap. XIX general," were the Emperor's words of greeting. "I am glad to see
1814-15 you ; and I want neither explanations nor justifications."
All resistance disappeared before Napoleon's advance as he passed
Autun and descended the Yonne valley toward Paris. Everywhere
there were dissensions among the populace, but the enthusiasm of the
soldiers and then- sympathizers triumphed. The troops despatched by
the King's government to overpower the "usurper" sooner or later
went over to the " usm-per's " standards. One morning a placard was
found on the raihng around the Vendome column : " Napoleon to Louis
XVIII. My good brother, it is useless to send me any more troops ; I
have enough." Paris was in a storm of suppressed excitement. The
measures of resistance were half-hearted ; the King made lavish con-
cessions and the chambers passed excellent laws without attracting any
attention or sympathy ; volunteers were raised, but there was no energy
in their organization. When Napoleon reached Fontainebleau on the
eighteenth, the resei'ves stationed in and near Paris on the south came
over to him in a body. On the nineteenth Louis issued a despairing
address to the army, and fled to Lille ; on the morning of the twentieth
the capital found itself without any vestige of government. The
sti'eets were thronged with people, but there was no disorder until a
band of royahsts attacked a half -pay of&cer wearing the imperial cock-
ade. At once the city guard formed and intervened to quell the chs-
tm-bance. Thereupon the imperialists endeavored to seize the Tuileries;
they, too, were checked, and a double force, royalist and imperial, was
set to defend that impoi-tant spot. Over other pubhc buildings the
imperial colors waved alone and undisturbed. Dm'ing the afternoon
the crowds dispersed and the uuperial officials quietly resumed their
places. At nine in the evening a post-chaise rolled up to the Tuileries
gate, Napoleon alighted, and the observers thought his smUe was like
that of one walking in a dream. At once he was caught in the brawny
arms of his admirers, and handed upward from step to step, fi-om land-
ing to landing : so fierce was the affection of his fiiends that his life
seemed to be in danger fi'om their embraces, and it was with relief that
he entered his cabinet and closed the door, to find himself among a few
of his old stanch and tried servants, with Caulaincourt at their head.
This reception had been in sharp contrast to the apathy displayed on
the streets, where the people were few in number, unenthusiastic, and
indifferent. " They let me come," said Napoleon to Mollien, " as they
iET. 45] NAPOLEON THE LIBERATOR 107
let the other go." Finding himself unable to endure the loneliness of chap. xix
the Tuileries, and depressed by the associations of the familiar scenes, 1814-15
he withdrew in a few days to the comparative seclusion of the lllysee,
then a suburban mansion dubljed by courtesy a palace.
Some j)ortion of Napoleon's leisuiv in Elba had been devoted, as
was mentioned in another connection, to sketching the outline of a
treatise intended to prove that his dynasty was quite as legitimate as
any other which had rided over France. His illusions of European
empire were dismissed either permanently or temporarily, and for the
moment he was the apostle of nationahty and popular sovereignty in
France. Before laying his head on his pillow in the Tuileries he dis-
played this fact to the world in the constitution of his cabinet, which
would in oiu" day be designated as a cabinet of concentration, represen-
tative of various shades of opinion. Maret, Davout, Cambaceres, Gau-
(liu, MoUien, Decres, Caulaincoui-t, Fouche, and Carnot accepted the
various portfoUos ; most sm-prising of all, Benjamin Constant, the con-
stitutional repubhcan, became president of a reconstructed council of
state. In connection with the announcement of these names, the na-
tion was informed that the constitution was to be revised, and that the
censorship of the press was abolished. In reference to the latter. Na-
poleon remarked that, since everything possible had been said about
him during the past year, he could himself be no worse off than he was,
but the editors could still find much to say about his enemies. To
Constant he fi-ankly explained what he meant by revision. The com-
mon people had welcomed his return because he was one of themselves,
and at a signal he could have the nobles mm'dered. But he wanted no
peasants' war, and, as the taste had returned for uni-estricted discus-
sion, public trials, emancipated elections, responsible ministers, and all
the paraphernaha of constitutional government, the public must be
gratified. For aU this he was ready, and with it for peace. But peace
he could win only by victory, for, although in his conduct, in the Lyons
decrees, and in casual talk, he hinted at negotiations with foreign pow-
ers, those negotiations were purely imaginary.
With a clear comprehension of the situation, the ministers went to
work. On April twenty-third was promulgated the Additional Act,
whereby the fi'anchise was extended, the state chm'ch aboHshed, hberty
of worship guaranteed, and every wretched remnant of privilege or
divine right expunged. The two chambers were retained, many im-
168 LIFE OF NAPOLEON BONAPARTE [^t. 45
Chap. XIX perial dignitaries being assigned to the House of Peers, the Bonaparte
1814-15 brothers, Lncien, Joseph, and Jerome, among the number. It was, as
Chateaubriand sarcastically said, a revised and improved edition of
Louis's constitution. The preamble, however, was new; it set forth
that Napoleon, having been long engaged in constructing a great Eui-o-
pean federal system suited to the spirit of the time and favorable to
the spirit of civilization, had now abandoned it, and would henceforth
devote himself to a single aim, the perfect security of pubhc hberty.
This specious representation, half true and half false, awakened no
enthusiasm in France ; it was accepted along with the Additional Act,
by a plebiscite, but by only a million three hundred thousand votes —
less than half the number cast for the Consulate and the Empire. This
was largely due to a curious apathy, induced by a still more curious but
firm conviction that at last France had secured peace with honor.
Reference has been made to a military conspu-acy fomented by Fouche
in the North ; before the hostile public feeling thus engendered in that
quarter Louis fled to Ghent within five days after Napoleon reached
Paris, and, though the royal princes were able to cany on civil war in
the South a little longer, it was generally felt that the nation now had
a ruler of its own choosing, and that if they attended strictly to their
own affairs they would be left in peace. For considerable time there
was little news from abroad, and so swift was the nish of internal
affau's that no heed was given to what there was.
This was suddenly changed in Apiil, when it was brought home to
the nation that the specter of war had again been raised, and that the
dynasties were finally a unit in their detennination to extirpate the
Napoleonic regime as a measure of self-defense. Eveiy man with any
means saw himself beggared, and eveiy mother felt her son sUpping
from her arms to swim once more that sea of blood in which for a gen-
eration the hope of the nation had been submerged. The depression
was general and tenible, for the prospect was appalling. England, en-
tangled ^\^.th dynastic alliances in order to preserve her prosperity and
dignity, had lost most of her serious and trusted leaders, and the few
who survived were so panic-stricken as to have httle perspicacity. The
King's illness having at last removed him from public hfe, he had been
succeeded by the most profligate and frivolous of all the line of English
kings, the Prince Regent, who was later George IV. Percival and Liv-
erpool were not merely conservative from principle ; tliey were negative
Y II. 1IAV1I>B0N
JOSEPH FOUCHK
l)i:Kh Ol OTKANTO
KKOM Till: l-AINTISn liV (XAIU'K-UaUI^: mill Kli
^T. 45] NAPOLEON TILK LIBERATOR jgg
from the love of negatives. Already they had laid the basis, in their chap. xix
nnsjnanai^enient of domestic affairs, for the social tm'l)iilence which isu-ir,
witliiu a short time was to compel the most sweeping refonns. Castle-
reagh had not even an inkling of what the treaty of Chaumont might
mean to Great Britain in the end. To destroy Napoleon he was per-
fectly content that liis own fi-ee country should support a system of
dynastic poHtics destructive of eveiy principle of liberty.
The Congress of Vienna represented, not a confederation of states,
l)ut a league of dynasties posing as nations and banded for mutual self-
preservation. To them the permanent restoration of Napoleon could
mean only one thing, the recognition of a nation's right to choose its
own rulers, and that would be the end of absolutism in Europe. To
Great Britain it would mean the destruction of her prosperity, or at
least a serious diminution of both power and prestige. The late coali-
tion, therefore, was re-cemented without difficulty, but on a basis en-
tirely new. The account of Napoleon's escape reached Vienna on
March sixth. Within the week Maria Louisa, now entirely under
Neipperg's influence, wrote declaring herself a stranger to all Napoleon's
schemes, and a few days later the French attendants of the httle King
of Rome were dismissed ; the child's last words to Meneval were a mes-
sage of affection to his father. At that time negotiations among the
powers were progressing famously, each having secured its main object ;
on March thirteenth the Congress, under Castlereagh's instigation, pub-
licly denounced Napoleon as the " enemy and distm'ber of the world's
peace," and proclaimed him an outlaw. The Whigs stigmatised the
paper in parliament as provocative of assassiuation and a disgrace to
the Enghsh character, but, of all the unportant journals, the " Morning
Chi'onicle" alone was com-ageous enough to sustain them, asserting
that it was a matter of complete indifference to England whether a
Boui'bon or a Bonaparte reigned in France. These manly protests
were unheeded, and by the twenty-fifth all Em-ope, except Naples, was
united against France alone.
Vol. IV.— 23
CHAPTER XX
THE DYNASTIES niPLACABLE
The Vienna Coalition — Its Purpose — Napoleon as a Liberal —
The Fiasco — France on the Defensrts — Napoleon's Health
— War Preparations of the Combatants — Their Respective
Forces — Qualities and Achievements of the French — The
Armies of Blucher and Wellington — The French Strategy —
Napoleon's First Misfortune.
Chap. XX f I iHE Supreme effort of tlie dynasties to outlaw Napoleon, and
1815 JL restore France to the Bourbons, was made by wliat was nomi-
nally an alliance of eight members — Austria, Great Britain, Prussia,
Russia, France, Spain, Portugal, and Sweden. The last was, however,
absorbed in her struggle with Norway, and, though Spain and Portugal
were signatories, the real strength of the coahtion arranged at Vienna
lay in a vii'tual renewal of the treaty of Chaumont: Austria, Prussia,
and Russia were each to put a himdred and eighty thousand men in
the field, and Great Britain was to continue her subsidies.
On April fom-th, the sovereigns of Em-ope were notified that the
Emph'e meant peace; they retorted by the mobilization of their forces,
and by denouncing in a joint protocol the treaty of Paris. In his
extremity Napoleon appealed to Talleyrand, but that minister knew
too well the temper of the Congress at Vienna, and refused to coop-
erate. The versatile Fouchc thereupon initiated a new plot, this time
agamst Napoleon, and sounded Metternich; but Metternich was dumb.
The other diplomats asseverated that they did not wish to interfere
with the domestic affairs of France; but they prevaricated, intending
nothing less than the complete restoration of the Bourbons.
Under the shadow of this storm-cloud Napoleon regulated his do-
mestic affairs of state witli intrepid cahnness. He had no easy task.
It was the revived hatred of the masses for priests and nobles to which
no
^T. 45] TUE DYNASTIES IMPLACABLE 171
he had appealed on his progress from Grenoble, and, observing the chap. xx
wild outbursts of the popiduce at Lyons, he had whispered, " This is isis
madness." It was with studied deliberation, therefore, that in Paris
he cast himself completely upon the moderate liberals. This alienated
the Jacobin elements throughout the countiy, and they, in tm-n, stirred
up the royahsts. When it became clear that neither Maria Louisa nor
the King of Rome was to be crowned, and that there was no help in
Austria, even the imperiahsts displayed a dangerous temper. Such
was the general uneasiness about war that the first measures of army
reorganization were taken almost stealthily. It was easy enough to
estabhsh the skeleton of foi-mation, and not very difficult to find trust-
worthy officers, commissioned and non-commissioned ; but to summon
recruits was to announce the coming war. Of the three hundred thou-
sand veterans now retiu-ned home, less than one fifth responded to the
call for volunteers; the Emperor had reckoned on fom* fifths at least.
The National Guard was so sm'ly that many felt it would be bravado
for Napoleon to review them. But he was determined to do so, and on
April sixteenth the hazardous ceremony took place. Until at least
half the companies had been reviewed not a cheer was heard; then
there were a few scattering shouts here and there in the ranks ; finally
there was some genuine enthusiasm.
By the middle of May the national deputies summoned at Lyons
began to arrive. They were to meet, after the fashion of Charles the
Great's assemblies, in the open field. Then* task was to be the making
of a new constitution. It was not reassui'ing news that they brought
from their various homes, and their accounts distm'bed pubhc opinion
in Paris sadly. Before long it was known that civil war had again
broken out in Vendee ; the consequences would have been most disas-
trous had not La Rochejaquelein, the insurgent leader, been killed on
June fourth. As it was, the ignoble slaughter of one of theu" order in-
tensified the bitterness of the nobles. Worse still, it had been found
that of the six hundred and twenty-nine deputies five himdred were
ardent constitutionalists indifferent to Napoleon, and that only fifty
were his devoted personal friends ; there were even between thu-ty and
forty who were Jacobins, and at Fouche's command. Under these cir-
cumstances the Emperor dared not hold the promised national con-
gress. What could be substituted for it ? The gi-eat di-amatic artist was
not long at a loss. He determined to summon the electoral deputies to
172 LIFE OF NAPOLEON BONAPARTE [^t. 45
Chap. XX a goi'geoiis opcii-aii' ceremony on June iii'st, and have them stamp with
1815 then* ai^proval the Additional Act. A truly impressive spectacle would
pass muster for the promised " field of May," and profoundly affect the
minds of all present. But, unfortunately, though Segur made the plan,
and though every detail was carefully studied by Napoleon, the affair
was not impressive. About eighteen thousand persons assembled on
the benches, and there was a vast crowd in the field. The cannon
roared theu- welcome, and the people cheered the imperial carriage, the
marshals, the body-guard, and the procession. But when Napoleon
and his brothers stepped forth, clad like actors in theatrical costumes
of white velvet, wearing Spanish cloaks embroidered with the imperial
device of golden bees, and with great plumed hats on their heads, there
was a hush of disappointment. The populace had expected a soldier in
a soldier's uniform ; many had felt sure " he " would wear that of the
National Guard.
There was, however, no sign of disrespect while the ministers and
the reconstituted corps of marshals filed to their places. Among the
latter were famihar faces — Ney, Moncej^ Kellermann, Serui-ter, Le-
febvi-e, Grouchy, Oudinot, Jourdan, Soult, and Massena. A committee
of the deputies then stood forth, and their chairman read an adch'ess
declaring that France desu'ed a ruler of her o^^^l selection, and promis-
ing loyalty in the coming war. Napoleon arose, and in spite of his
absurd clothes commanded attention while he set forth his reasons for
offering a ready-made constitution instead of risking interminable de-
bate. Although he declared that what was offered could, of course, be
amended, there was no applause, except from a few soldiers. When
the chambers met, a week later, Lanjuinais, one of Napoleon's hfelong
opponents, was chosen president of the House of Deputies. The speech
from the thi'one was clever and conciliatory, and in spite of evident
distrust both houses promised all the strength of France for defense —
but for defense only. The peers declared that under her new institu-
tions France could never be swept away by the temptations of victory ;
the deputies asserted that nothing could cany the nation beyond the
bounds of its own defense, not even the will of a victorious prince.
The anxieties and exertions of two months were manifest in Napo-
leon's appearance. His features, though impressive, were di'awn, and
his long jaws grew prominent. He lost flesh everywhere except around
the waist, so that his belly, hitherto inconspicuous, looked almost pen-
FIELD-MARSHAL ARTHUR WELLESLEY
DL'KK OF WHl.l.lNGTON
rnoU Tll»: KVOHAVIMl nv SAMVr.1. tXH'SIXS. or TIIK I'AINTINtI IIV 8111 TIIOMAK I.AWBKNCK
^T.4u] THE DYNASTIES IMPLACABLE I73
dulous. When standing, he folded his liands sometunes in front, some- chap. xx
times behind, but separated them frequently to take snuff: or rub his liir.
nose. Sometimes he heaved a mechanical sigh, swallowing as if to calm
inward agitation. Often he scowled, and looked out through half-
closed lids as if growing far-sighted ; the twitching of his eye and ear
on the left side grew more frequent. With thickening difficulties and
increasing annoyance, serious urinary and stomach troubles set in;
there was also a persistent hacking cough. Recourse was again had to
protracted warm baths in order to alleviate the accompanying nervous-
ness ; but as the ailments were refractory, a mystery soon attached to
the malady, and his enemies said it was a loathsome disease. In spite
of the statements both of the Prussian commissioner at Fontainebleau,
Count Truchsess-Waldbvirg, and of Sii" Hudson Lowe, it is highly im-
probable that Napoleon's health was undermined by sexual infection.
He was surrounded aU his life by malignant attendants, and among the
sweepings of their minds, which in recent years have been scattered
before the public, there would be some proof of the fact. In the utter
absence of any reliable information, some have guessed that the trouble
was the preliminary stage in the disease of which he died ; and others,
again, in view of his quick changes of mood, his depressions, exalta-
tions, sharpened sensibihties, and abrupt rudeness, have explained all
his peculiarities in disease and health by attributing them to a recon-
dite form of epilepsy. Exhausted and nervous, the sufferer might well,
as was the case, be found in tears before the portrait of his son; he
might well hft up his voice, as he was heard to do, against the destiny
which had played him false. But he was quite shrewd enough to see .
that during his absence no regency could be trusted, and he arranged to
conduct affairs by special messengers. Joseph was to preside and give
the casting-vote in the comicil of state; to Lucien was given a seat in
the same body ; but the supreme power rested in Napoleon.
When WeUington replaced Castlereagh at the Congress of Vienna,
it was qmckly apparent that he was greater in the field than at the
council-board. Both he and Bl cher desired to assume the offensive
quickly ; but inasmuch as Alexander was determined to retain his as-
cendancy in the coalition, and as each power insisted on its due share
in the struggle, it was arranged to begin hostilities on June twenty-
seventh, the earhest date at which the Russian troops could reach the
confines of Prance. There were to be three armies ; Schwarzenberg,
174 LIFE OF NAPOLEON BONAPARTE [^t. ^
Chap. XX With two liiindrod and fifty thousand men, comprising the Austrian,
1815 Russian, and Bavarian contingents, was to attack across the ujjper
Rhine; Blucher, with one hundred and fifty thousand Prussians, was
to advance across the lower Rhine ; and Welhngton in the Netherlands
was to collect an ai*my of one hundred and fifty thousand, compounded
of Dutcli, Belgians, Hanoverians, and some thu-ty-eight thousand Brit-
ish, who could he there assembled. The two latter armies were in
existence by the fii'st of June, but Wellington was dissatisfied with the
quality of his motley force ; even the English contingent was not the
best possible, for his Peninsular veterans had been sent to find their
match in Jackson's riflemen at the battle of New Orleans.
On the eve of hostilities Napoleon had one hundred and tweuty-fom-
thousand effectives, with thi-ee thousand five hunch'ed in his camp
train ; Wellington had one hundred and six thousand, but of these, four
thousand Hanoverians were left in garrison ; Blucher had about one
himdi'cd and seventeen thousand. Neither of the two allied generals
dreamed that Napoleon would choose the daring form of attack upon
which he decided, — that of a wedge di'iven into the broken hne
nearly a hundi'ed miles in length upon which his enemy lay, — for to do
so he must pass the Ardennes. But he did choose it, and selected for
the pm-pose the valleys of the Sambre and the Meuse. Allowing for
the differences in topogi*aphy, the idea was identical with that which,
nineteen years before, he had executed splendidly in Piedmont.
The opening of the campaign was sufficiently auspicious. By a su-
perb march during the night of June thirteenth, Napoleon's army had
gained a most advantageous position. The fii'st corps under d'Erlon
was at Solre on the Sambre, the second under Reille was at Leers. The
guard, the sixth corps under Lobau, the line cavalry and the third
corps under Vandamme, stood in that order on a hne northeasterly
from Beaumont, and due east of that place were four cavalry corps ;
to the south lay the guard cavalry and the reserve artillery under
Grouchy. In front was Charleroi, whence a broad turnpike led almost
direct to Binissels, thirty-four miles due north ; another turned eastward
toward Liege. Thirteen miles distant on this was Sombreffe, somewhat
farther on that, Quatre Bras, both on the highway running east and
west between Namur and Ni voiles. To have accomplished such
marches as it did the French army must have been fine ; to have se-
cured such a briUiaut strategic position its general must have been
iET. 45] THE DYNASTIES IMl'LACABLE 175
almost inspired. He commanded the operating lines of both WeUing- chap. xx
ton and Bliicher, while they were far distant from each other, sepa- isis
rated by serions obstacles, and instinct with a centrifugal tendency.
The same high qnaUties which shone in their general distinguished the
subordinate French commanderss. Though many of the famous names
are absent from the hst, — Mortier, for instance, having fallen ill on the
frontier, — yet Soult was present as chief of staff, and Ney was coming
up to take command of the left wing. Reille, d'Erlon, and Foy were
veterans of the Peninsular war ; what twenty-two years of service had
done for the "wild Hun," Vandamme, is known. Kellermann was
made famous by Marengo, Lobau was noted for daiing. Gerard had
earned distinction in Russia, and though Grouchy's merit has been the
theme of much discussion, yet he had been famous under Jourdan and
Moreau, and nothing had occuiTcd in the long interval to tarnish his
reputation.
Nearly half of Bliicher's troops were iiTCgular reserves, and many of
the regulars were recniits, but all were thoroughly di'illed and well
equipped. The passion of hatred which animated them was compara-
ble only to the " French fuiy " with which Napoleon's army would fight
for national existence. Such was the reverence for routine among the
Pinissian officers, and so bitter were the jealousies of the petty aristoc-
racy from which they sprang, that the King dared not promote on any
basis except that of seniority. In order to make Gneisenau second in
command, York, ELleist, and Tauenzien were stationed elsewhere, and
Billow was put in command of a reserve to hold Belgiimi when Bliicher
should advance to Paris. The aged but fiery marshal had not mended
his health by the self-indidgence of a year ; the thi'ee division generals,
Ziethen, Pirch, and Thielemann, were capable men of local renown.
Gneisenau and Biilow were the only first-rate men among the Prussian
commanders, but for rousing enthusiasm Bliicher's name was a word to
conjui"e with. Welhngton was felt by his officers and soldiers to be a
man of real power ; his British recruits were well drilled, and his vet-
erans were good. His associate generals were no more famous than
those of Gneisenau, but they were, for the most part, Enghsh gentle-
men with a high sense of duty and much executive abihty. One of his
corps was commanded by the Prince of Orange, a respectable soldier,
whose name, however, was more valuable than the experience he had
gained in the Peninsula as aide-de-camj) ; the other corps was under
176 LIFE OF NAPOLEON BONAPARTE [^t. 45
Chap. XX Lord Hill, an admirable subordinate and an excellent commander. The
1815 only Euglisli general whose name is a familiar one abroad was Picton,
who died on the field. As to the qualitj^ of the respective armies, it
has become the fashion of each nation to decry that of its o^ai and
overrate that of the other two. Thus they condone then* own blunders,
and yet heighten the renown of victory. Napoleon was superior in or-
ganization, in cavalry, and in artillery to either Wellington or Bliicher,
but he was inferior to both in infantry. He was in wi'etched health,
and he had a desperate cause. Taking fully into accoTuit his consum-
mate ability and personal prestige, it yet remains true that the odds
against him were high, certainly as eight to five.
Zietlien's posts before Charleroi saw the French camp-fires in the
early hours of Jmie fourteenth ; that evening they began to withdraw
toward Fleui'us, whither the remainder of the Prussian army was grad-
ually set in motion. It seems incredible that this should have been the
first move of the allies toward concentrating their widely scattered
forces, for neither Wellington nor Bliicher was completely surprised.
Both commanders had for two days been aware, in a general way, of
Napoleon's movements, but they were awaiting developments. It was
Wellington's opinion, carefully set forth in his old age, that it would
have been better strategy for the French to advance so as to turn his
right, seize his munitions, and cut off his base ; but as this would have
rolled up the entire allied force, ready to deliver battle with odds of
two to one, the statement may perhaps be accepted as an explanation,
but certainly not as a justification.
In the dawn of the fifteenth a ringing, rousing proclamation, like
those of the olden time, was read to the French soldiers, and it was in
high spu'its that the three columns began theu* march. The left, under
Reille, dislodged the Prussian outposts fi'om Thuin, and, forcing them
back through Marchiennes, seized the bridge at that place, and crossed
to the left bank of the Sambre. The movement was complete by ten
in the morning. The center under Napoleon comprised the mass of
the anny; Pajol, Vandammc, Lobau, the guard, Excelmans, Keller-
mann, and Milhaud. Soult despatched his orders by a solitary aide,
who broke his leg by a fall fi'om his horse, and failed to dehver them.
Though at equally critical moments before both Eylau and Wagi-am,
Berthier had done as Soult did, with identical results, yet the latter was
justly and severely blamed. Had Vandamme been found, the move-
I> TUK LULLKLTIUN of CUlNT KiJV
K.N<Jl[,A,Vt:U UV U. KHtKlO,
COUNT MAXIMII.IEN-SEBASTIEN 1-OY
FIIOM TIIK l-AINTINIl nV rnAM;i>IS OfcllAIUl
iET. 45] THE DYNASTIES IMi'LACABLE 177
ments of the center would have been gi^eatly accelerated, the speedy chap. xx
capture of Charleroi would have enabled the thu-d corps to reach lais
Fleiu'us in tune to intercept Ziethen, and thus the whole com*se of
events would have been changed. The marshars ill success was, there-
fore, as Napoleon called it, a " deplorable mischance," and it was high
noon before Pajol, with the van, reached Charleroi and, after a smart
engagement, drove out the Prussians. The right wing, imder Gerard,
was in motion at five in the morning, but it also was detained by a
serious disaster. Shortly after starting it was found that Bounnont,
the commander of its best division, a man who had been Chouan, im-
periahst, and royahst by tm-ns, had deserted with his chief of staff and
eight soldiers. Having been at the councU of war, he had the latest
information of Napoleon's secret plans, and his treason demoralized the
troops he so basely abandoned. It was long before confidence could
be restored ; the crossing at Charleroi had been delayed too long, and it
was nightfall when Gerard at last reached Chatelet, four miles below,
secured the bridge, and crossed with only half his men. The campaign
opened, if not in disaster, at least with only partial success.
Vol IV.— 21.
CHAPTER XXI
LiGNY AND QUATKE BkAS
Napoleon's Ordees — Ney's Failure to Seize Quatee Bras — Well-
ington Surprised — Nai>oleon's Fine Strategy — The Meeting
AT LiGNY — BlUCHER's DeFEAT — ThE HOSTILE FoRCES AT QUATRE
Bras — Wellington Withdraws — Napoleon's O^tir- confidence
— His Instructions to Grouchy — His Advance from Quatre
Bras.
Chap. XXI TJIOR foiii' houi's after bis arrival at Charleroi, Napoleon, uneasy as
1815 Jj to the whereabouts of bis detacbments, stood in idleness waiting
for news. During tbis interval tbe Prussians reacbed Fleurus unmo-
lested, aU except a small body, wbicb gathered at Gossebes, on the
Binissels road, but was easily dispersed by ReUle. It seemed as if tbe
road to Quatre Bras was open, and when, at baK-past fom*, Ney ap-
peared, be was put in command of tbe left, with verbal instructions,
as Napoleon asserted some years later, to seize that strategic point.
Within these bmits he was to act independently. If Quatre Bras were
surprised, tbe second move could be attempted, tbe surprise likewise
of Sombreffe. Since tbe highway between tbe two was the only line
by wbicb the aUied armies could quickly imite, the possibihty of attack-
ing them separately would be assured even if the successive attacks
should follow each other so closely as to be substantially one battle.
Either Ney misunderstood, or Napoleon recorded what be intended to
say, not what he actually said. Colonel Heymes, Ney's chief of staff,
declared that tbe Emperor's final words were, " Go, and drive back tbe
enemy"; tbe Emperor asserted that his orders were positive, to go and
bold Quatre Bras.
It is also a matter of dispute whether or not Napoleon bad hoped,
after seizing tbe bridges and crossing tbe Sambre, to complete bis move-
178
^T. 45] LIGNY AND QUATliE BRAS 179
ment by siu'prising hoth Quatre Bras and Sonil)roffo on that same day, chap. xxi
the fifteenth. Had lie done so Bliicher Tnif^ht possildy liavc withikawn isis
to effect a junction with Welhngton for the decisive conflict, and have
thus tliwarted Napoleon's strategy ; but it is not Ukely, for that move, as
finally executed, was the work not of Bliicher but of Gneisenau ; at this
stage of the campaign the Prussians would probably have retreated to-
ward Namur. Whatever may have been Napoleon's intention, Ney hur-
ried to Gosselies, stationed Reille to hold the place, and then, despatching
one di\isiou to pursue the Prussians, and another, with Pu-e's cavalry,
toward Quatre Bras, put himself at the head of the cavahy of the
guard to help in seizing this latter important point. But at seven his
force, to their astonishment, was confronted by a strong body of Nas-
sauers from Wellington's army, who, having passed Quatre Bras, had
seized Frasnes, a village two and a half miles in advance. These
made no stand, but Ney, instead of proceeding immediately to attack
Quatre Bras itself, left his men to hold the position at Frasnes, and
hunied away to consult his superior. For this he had excellent
reasons : his staff was not yet organized, and d'Erlon's corps was not
within call ; he was therefore too weak for the movement contemplated
by his orders. At the same moment Napoleon, who had been in the sad-
dle since thi-oe in the morning, and who had become convinced that the
retreating Prussians would not halt at Fleurus, but would rejoin their
main army, tm'ned back to Charleroi, and, on reaching his quarters an
hour later, flung himself in utter exhaustion upon his couch. In fact,
he was in exquisite tortm'e fi-om the complication of urinary, hemor-
rhoidal, and other troubles which his long day's ride had aggi*avated,
and, as he declared at St. Helena, probably with truth, he had lost his
assurance of final success. The day had been fau'ly successful, but at
what a cost of energy! No one, he least of all, could feel that there
had been any buoyancy in the movements, or favoring fate in the
combinations of his annies.
Throughout the day Bliicher had displayed a fiery zeal. Since early
in May he had had no serious consultation with Welhngton, and in a
general conversation held at that time there had been merely a vague
understanding as to a union at some point south of Sombreffe. That
town was accordingly selected by him for concentration, and in general
his orders had been well executed. Why the bridges of Marchiennes
and Chatelet were not imdermined and blown up by the Pmssians has
IQQ LIFE OF NAPOLEON BONAPARTE [^t. 45
Chap. XXI never been explained. Moreover, the language of Gneisenau's orders
1815 to Billow being vague, the latter misinterpreted it, and his much-needed
force was not brought in as expected. Wellington's conduct is a riddle.
About the middle of the afternoon he was informed, through the
Prince of Orange, as to his enemy's movements. With perfect calm,
he commanded that his troops should be ready in their cantonments ;
at five he issued orders for the divisions to march mth a view to con-
centration at Nivelles, the easternmost point that he intended to oc-
cupy ; at ten, just as he was setting out for the Duchess of Richmond's
ball, he gave definite instructions for the concentration to begin.
These were his very first steps toward concentration, although twenty-
seven years later he made the unsupported assertion that he had
ordered the Anglo-aUied army to concentrate to the left, as Bliicher
had ordered the Prussians to concentrate to the right. As a matter of
fact he was twenty-fom* hom-s behind Bliicher in ordering his first
defensive movements. This is not excused by the fact that his
movement of concentration was completed somewhat earlier than
Bliicher's. About twenty minutes after the Prince of Orange had
reached the ball-room Welhngton sent him away quietly, and then,
summoning the Duke of Richmond, who was to have command of the
reserve when completely formed, he asked for a map. The two with-
drew to an adjoining room. Welhngton closed the door, and said, mth
an oath, " Napoleon has humbugged me." He then explained that he
had ordered his army to concentrate at Quatre Bras, adding, " But we
shall not stop him there ; and if so, I must fight him here," marking
Waterloo with his thumb-nail on the map as he spoke. It was not
until the next morning that he left for the front. Though Napoleon,
on the evening of the fifteenth, had neither Quatre Bras nor Som-
breffe, he held all the debatable gi-ound ; and if, next moniing, he could
seize the two towns simultaneously, the first move in his great game
would be won. It seems as if he must risk everything to that end.
What passed between Napoleon and Ney from midnight until two in
the morning is unknown. There is no evidence that the Emperor ex-
pressed serious dissatisfaction, although he may have been exasperated.
He was not exactly in a position to give his feelings vent. Whatever was
the natiu'e of their conversation, Ney was again at his post long before
dawn, and not a soldier moved from Charleroi until nearly noon ! It
seems that Napoleon, or Ney, or both, must have been stubbornly con-
TVi'Oi.lllVIHK HOrs^ofl, VAIADO.N A CO , l'*l(ls
oi-i-|(;i-;r of Tin-, mointhd ciiassi-iks chakc.inc;.
(I.Ml'HKIAL (UAKI)'.
nww iiiK r'AiMixc. iiv oi-'iiucAi'e.T.
iET. 45] LKiNY AND Ql'ATKE BKAS 181
vinced that Wclliugton could not concentrate within twenty-four hoiu-s. chap. xxi
That Napoleon was not incapacitated by prostration is proved by his isis
acts : about five he sent a prelhuinaiy order to Ney ; veiy early, also,
he took measures to complete Gerard's crossing at Chfitelct ; and then,
having considered at length the alternatives of pushing straight on to
Brussels, or of taking the course he did, he had reached a decision as
early as seven o'clock. It seems almost certain that he delayed chiefly
to get his troops well in hand, partly to give them a much needed rest.
They had been seventeen hours afoot the previous day. Toward nine,
beheving that more of Ney's command was assembled than was yet
the case, he sent a fretful order commanding the marshal to seize
Quatre Bras, and stating that a semi-independent command, under
Grouchy, would stand at Sombreffe, while he himself would hold
Gembloux. This done, he settled into apparent lethargy. To Grouchy
he wrote that he intended to attack the enemy at Sombrelfe, and
"even at Gembloux," and then to operate immediately with Ney
" against the English." His scheme was able, for if at either saHeut
angle, Quatre Bras or Sombreffe, his presence should be necessary, he
could, at need, quickly join either Ney or Grouchy; but his senses
must have been dulled. When informed that the enemy was at Flem'us
in force, he hesitated long before resolving to move, behaving as if sure
that the soldiers there were only a single corps of Bliicher's army,
which he could sweep away at his convenience. Meanwhile Yan-
damme had advanced. The Prussians withdi'ew fi-om Fleurus, and
deployed at the foot of the hillock on which the village of Liguy
stands. When, about midday, Napoleon arrived at Flem*us, he had
to experience the unpleasant surprise of finding a strong force ready
to opi^ose him. Eighty-seven thousand men, all Bliicher's army, ex-
cept Billow's corps and a part of Ziethen's, were drawn up in battle an-ay
to oppose him, and he was not yet ready to meet them, much as he
had desired just such a contingency. He was not aware of the full
strength of his enemy, but he was not sure of annihilating even those
he believed to be in presence, for he had left ten thousand men at
Charleroi, under Lobau, as a reserve, and the troops most available
for strengthening his line were moving toward Quatre Bras.
By the independent action of their own generals a substantial force
of several thousand Dutch-Belgians, virtually the whole of Perpon-
cher's division, was concentrated at Quatre Bras early that same morn-
182 LIFE OF NAPOLEON BONAI'AIJTE [^t. 45
Chap. XXI ing. To be siu-e Wellington had siiunltaneoiisly determined on the
1815 same step, but it was taken long before his orders arrived. Indeed, he
seems to have i-eached Quatre Bras before his orderly. Scarcely halt-
ing, he rapidly surveyed the situation and, leaving the troops in com-
mand of the Prince of Orange, rode away to visit Bliicher. The two
commanders met at about one o'clock in the windmill of Bry. They
parted in the fii'm conviction that the mass of the French army was at
Ligny, and with the verbal understanding that Wellington, if not liim-
self attacked, would come to Bliicher's support. On leaving, the Eng-
lish commander sharply ciiticized the tactical disposition of his ally's
army; but Bliicher, with the fixed idea that, in any case, the Duke
was coming to his aid, determined to stand as he was. Witli similar
obstinacy. Napoleon, still certain that what he had before him,
although a great force, was only a screen for the retreat of the main
army of the allies, now despatched an order (the second) for Ney to
combine Reille, d'Erlon, and Kellermann, in order to destroy whatever
force was in opposition at Quatre Bras. This was at two. The
French attack was opened at half-past two by Gerard and Van-
damme ; the resistance was such as to leave no doubt of the real Prus-
sian strength. This being clear, Napoleon immediately wrote two
despatches of the same tenor — one he sent to Ney by an aide, and one
to d'Erlon by a sub-ofi&cer of the guard. The former (the third for
the same destination) lu'ged Ney to come for the sake of France ; the
other summoned d'Erlon from Ney's command to the Emperor's own
immediate assistance : " You will save France, and cover yourseK with
glory," were its closing words. This last order, the original of which
has but lately been revealed, came nigh to ruining the whole day's
work. Before Wellington could return to Quatre Bras, Ney's force
was engaged with the Prince of Orange, and before three o'clock a
fierce conflict was raging at that place. D'Erlon appears to have
been in a frightful quandary as to his duty, and in his dilemma he
detached his best division, that of Durutte, which did nothing to
any purpose, neither assisting Ney, who did not literally obey his
orders in consequence, nor coming to Napoleon's aid in time.
Bliicher, who was determined to fight, come what would, had held
in as long as his impatient temper permitted ; but when no reinforce-
ment from Wellington appeared, he first fumed, and then about six
gave his fatal orders to prepare for the offensive. The nature of the
iET. 4-.] LIGNY AiNI) QUATRE BliAS 183
ground was such as necessarily to weaken his center by the initial chap. xxi
movements. Napoleon marked this at once, and simmioned his guard i8i5
in order to break through. For a moment the Emperor hesitated; a
mysterious force had appeared on the left ; perhaps they were foes.
But when once assured that they were d'Erlon's men, he waited not an
instant longer; at eight the crash came, and the Prussian line was
shattered. Retreat was turned into a momentary rout so quickly that
Bliicher could not even exchange his wounded horse for another, and
in the first mad rush he was so stunned and overwhelmed that his staff
gave him up for lost. The few moments before he was found were the
most precious for the allies of the whole campaign, since Gneisenau
du'ected the flight northward on the line to Wavre, a route parallel
with that on which Welhngton, whatever his success, must now neces-
sarily withdraw. This move, which abandoned the line to Namur, is
Gneisenau's title to fame. The lines were quickly formed to caiTy it
out, and the rest of the retrograde march went on with great steadiness.
Napoleon did not wait until d'Erlon arrived and thereupon order an
immediate, annihilating pursuit, but came to the conclusion that the
Prussians were sufficiently disorganized, and would seek to reorganize
on the old line to the eastward. They were thus, he thought, com-
pletely and finally cut off from Wellington. It was not until early
next morning that he despatched Pajol, with his single cavalry corps,
to follow the foe, for he was confinned in his fatal conjecture by the
false report of five thousand Prussians having been seen on the Namur
road, and exerting themselves to hold it. The Prussians seen were
merely a horde of stragglers. The truth was not known until next day.
Almost simultaneously with the battle of Ligny was fought that of
Quatre Bras. At eleven Ney received orders outlining a general plan
for the day; about haK an horn* later came the specific command to
unite the forces of d'Erlon, Reille, and Kellermann, and carry Quatre
Bras ; at five anived in hot haste the messenger with the thu-d order.
At two o'clock there were not quite seven thousand Anglo-Belgians in
Quatre Bras, but, successive bodies arriving in swift succession, by haK-
past six o'clock there were over thu'ty thousand. At two Ney had
seventeen thousand men, and though he sought to recall d'Erlon, yet,
owing to the withdrawal of Durutte, and to d'Erlon's indecision, he had
at half -past six not more than twenty thousand. Not one of d'Erlon's
men had reached him, and Gerard's division of Reille's corps had been
184 LIFE OF NAPOLEON BONAFARTE [^t. 45
Chap. XXI kept at Ligny. Had he advanced on the position the previous evening,
1815 or liad he attacked between eleven and two on the sixteenth, the event
of the campaign might have been different from what it was. But if he
reall}^ beUeved, as Hojonos afterward asseverated was the case, namely,
that his orders were merely to push and hold the enemy, then his con-
duct thi'oughout was gallant and correct. The weight of evidence
favors the claim of Napoleon that the marshal was perverse in his re-
fusal to take Quatre Bras according to verbal orders. Whatever the
truth, the behavior of Ney's men was admirable when they did ad-
vance, but they were forced back to Frasnes before superior numbers.
Next morning WeUington was conversing with Colonel Bowles
when a staff officer drew up, his horse flecked with foam, and whispered
the news of Ligny. Without a change of countenance, the commander
said to his companion : " Old Bliicher has had a good hcking, and
gone back to Wavre, eighteen miles. As he has gone back, we must
go, too. I suppose in England they will say we have been Ucked. I
can't help it ; as they have gone back, we must go, too." Accordingly,
he issued his orders, and his army began to march at ten. On the
whole, therefore, the events of June sixteenth seemed favorable to Na-
poleon, since, fighting at two points with inferior nimibers, he had been
victorious at one, and had thereby secui'ed the other also. We, of
course, know that by Gneisenau's move this apparent success was ren-
dered nugatory. It is useless to sm'mise what would have happened
had Billow been with Bliicher, and d'Erlon and Lobau with Napoleon,
or if either of these possibihties had happened without the other ; as it
was. Napoleon's strategy gained both Quatre Bras and Sombreffe.
The Prussians had lost twenty thousand men, missing, wounded,
and dead, and it required vigorous treatment to restore Bliicher. But
all night the army marched, and in the morning Biilow, having found
his direction, was near Beauderet and Sauvinieres, within easy reach
at G-embloux. The retreat continued throughout the seventeenth.
It was a move of the greatest daring, since the hne was over a broken
country almost destitute of roads, and, the old base of supplies hav-
ing been abandoned, the men had to starve until Gneisenau could
secure another by way of Louvain. The army bore its hardships well ;
there was no straggling or demoralization, and the splendor of success
makes doubly brilliant the move which confounded Napoleon's plans.
Never dreaming at first that his foe had withcbaAvn elsewhere than
I>- TIIK UuUtlSZ'
GHBHARU l.HlUiRhXHT VON BLUCllliK
I'KINCIi OK WAHLSTADT
^Et. 45] LIGNY AND QUATRE BRAS 185
along his natural line of supply toward Liege, the Emperor considered chap. xxi
the separation of the two allies as complete, and after carefully deliber- isis
ating throughout the long interval he allowed for collecting his troops
and giving them a thorougli rest, he determined to wheel, join Ney, and
attack Wellington, wherever found. It was serious and inexplicable
slackness which he showed in not taking effective measures to deter-
mine immediately where his defeated enemy was. Being, nevertheless,
well aware of the Prussian resources and character, he made up his
mind to detail Grouchy, with thirty-three thousand men, for the pur-
pose of scoiu'ing the country toward Liege at least as far as Namur.
Then, to provide for what he considered a possible contingency, — viz.,
that which had actiially occurred, — this adjunct anny was to turn
north, and hasten to Gembloux, in order to assm'e absolutely the isola-
tion of Wellington ; in any and every case the general was to keep his
communications with Napoleon open.
It was eight iu the morning of the seventeenth when Napoleon is-
sued fi'om his quarters at Fleurus. -Flahaut was waiting for the reply to
an inquiiy which he had just brought from Ney concerning the details
of Ligny. The Emperor at once dictated a despatch, the most famous
in the controversial Hteratm'e of Waterloo, in which his own achieve-
ments were told and Ney was blamed for the disconnected action of his
subordinates the previous day ; in particular the marshal was instructed
to take position at Quatre Bras, " as you were ordered," and d'Erlon
was criticized for his faihu'e to move on St. Amand. The wording of
the hastily scribbled order to the latter he had probably forgotten ; it
was : " Portez-vous ... a la hauteur de Ligny, et fondez sur St.
Amand — ou vice versa; c'est ce que je ne sais bien." ("Betake your-
self ... to the heights of Ligny, pounce on St. Amand — or the
reverse ; I am not quite sure which.") Further, the Emperor now de-
clared that, had Ney kept d'Erlon and Reille together, not an Enghsh-
man would have escaped, and that, had d'Erlon obeyed his orders, the
Prussian army would have been destroyed. In case it were still im-
possible to seize Quatre Bras with the force at hand. Napoleon would
himself move thither. Then, entering a carriage, he drove to Ligny ;
Lobau was ordered at once to Marbais, on the road to Quatre Bras.
After haranguing the troops and prisoners. Napoleon was infomied,
about noon, that Wellington was still in position. At once a second
order was sent, commanding Ney to attack ; the Emperor, it ran, was
Vol. IV'.— 25
186 LIFE OF NAPOLEON BONAPARTE [^t. 45
Chap. XXI already iiuder way to Marbais. This was not quite true, for while he
1815 was giving detailed instructions to Grouchy before parting, that general
had seemed uneasy, and had hually pleaded that it would be impossible
further to disorganize the Prussians, since they had so long a start.
These scruples were peremptorily put dowTi, and the chief parted ami-
cably fi'om his subordinate, but with a sense of uneasiness, lest he had
left nice and difficult work in unwilhng hands. Scouts soon overtook
him, and expressed doubt as to the Prussians having gone to Namiu*-
In case they had not, Grouchy must act cautiously. Accordingly, posi-
tive instructioiis were then dictated to Bertrand, and sent to Grouchy,
whose movements were now doubly important. The latter general was
to reconnoiter toward Namur, but march direct to Gembloux ; his chief
task was to discover whether Bliicher was seeking to join Wellington
or not. For the rest, he was free to act on his own discretion.
Napoleon then entered his carriage, and drove to Quatre Bras.
Mounting his horse, he led the pursuit of the English rear. Indignant
that Ney had lost the opportimity to overwhelm at least a portion
of Wellington's force, he exclaimed to d'Erlon, " They have ruined
France ! " But he said notliing to Ney himself. So active and ener-
getic was the Emperor that he actually exposed himself to the artOlery
fire with which the English gunners sought to retard the pursuit. It
was not an easy matter for Grouchy to carry out his instructions ; at
two o'clock began a steady downpour, which lasted well into the next
morning ; the roads to Gembloux were lanes, and the rain turned them
into sticky mud. Not vmtil that night was Grouchy's command as-
sembled at Gembloux ; it was ten o'clock before the leader gained an
inkling of where the Pnissians were, and then, though uncertain as to
their exact movements, he immediately despatched a letter, received by
Napoleon at two in the morning. The marshal explained that he
would pursue as far as Wavre, so as to cut off Bliicher from Brussels,
and to separate him from WeUington. Some hours later, when finally
convinced that the Prussians were retiring on Wavi'e, Grouchy set his
columns in motion in a straight line toward that place by Sart-a-Wal-
hain, choosing, wuth very poor judgment, to advance by the right bank
of the Dyle, and thus jeopardizing the precious connections he had
been repeatedly and urgently instnicted to keep open.
CHAPTER XXII
the eve of watekloo
Wellington's Choice of Position — State of the Two Aemies —
The Ordeks of Napoleon to Grouchy — Geouchy's Interpreta-
tion OF Them — Napoleon Surprised by the Prussian Move-
ments— His Inactivity — The Battle-field — Wellington's Po-
sition— Napoleon's Battle Array — His Personal Health —
His Plan.
ON the night of June seventeenth WeUington's army reached the chap. xxn
heights at Mont St. Jean, on the northern edge of what was des- isis
tined to be the most-talked-of battle-field in modern times. His retreat,
masked by a strong body of cavalry, with some horse-artillery, and a sin-
gle infantry division, had been slow and regular, being retarded some-
what by the heavy rain. Ney had held liis position at Frasnes, well aware
that what was before him was far more than a rear-guard — in fact, ow-
ing to the arrival of strong reinforcements during the night, it was the
larger portion of the Anglo-Belgian army. But the instant the French
marshal was informed of his enemy's retrograde movements he thi'ew
forward a strong force of cavalry to cooperate with Napoleon. When
reunited, the French army numbered seventy-one thousand five hun-
dred men, and two hundred and forty guns, excluding Gerard's division
of the second corps, which had been left at Ligny to cooperate with
Grouchy. That Welhngton was far on his way to the defensive posi-
tion chosen by himself was probably in accord with Napoleon's calcu-
lations ; his only fear was lest his foe should have withdi-awu behind
the forest of Soignes, where free communication with Bliicher and the
junction of the two allied armies would be assured, as would not be
the case at Mont St. Jean.
This anxiety was set at rest by a cavahy reconnaissance, and at
187
18g LIFE OF NAPOLEON BONAPARTE [^t. 45
Chap, xxh dusk the French van hivoiaaoked at Belle Alliance, separated by a
1815 broad, shallow vale from then" foe. The rest of the army followed with
great difficulty, some by the road, some through plowed or swampy
fields, wading the swollen tributaries of the Dyle, and floundering
thi'ough the meadows on their banks. The anny of Wellington had
seized, in passing, what provisions and forage they found, and they
had camp-fires to comfort them in the steady rain. The French had
scanty or no rations, and lay throughout the night in the grain-fields,
without fire or shelter. All told, Welhngton had sixty-eight thousand
men ; ten miles on his right, at Hal, lay eighteen thousand more ; ten
miles on his loft, twelve from his headquarters at Waterloo, was Blii-
cher. Welhngton, who had informed the Pi-ussian commander that
unless support reached him he would fall back to Brussels, at two
o'clock in the morning had assm-ance of Blucher's cooperation. There
is an unsupported statement of Napoleon's that he twice sent to
Grouchy on the night of the seventeenth, by two separate officers, a
definite order to detach seven thousand men from his camp at Wavi^e
(where the Emperor affected to beheve that Grouchy was), and make
connection by St. Lambert with the right of the main aiToy. This
would entu'ely cut off Bliicher from Wellington. The motive of this
statement is transparent — with the alUes separated, they were out-
manoeuvered; with the possibility of then- union, and an under-
standing between them to that effect, he was himself outmanceuvered.
Grouchy denied having received this order; neither of the officers
intrusted with it ever revealed himself; the original of it has never
been found ; and in subsequent orders issued next day there is no men-
tion of, or reference to, any such message. Either the declaration, twice
made at St. Helena, was due to f orgetfuluess, being an account of inten-
tions not carried out, or else it was put forward to explain the result of
the campaign as due to his lieutenant's inefficiency. Grouchy must
have had an uneasy conscience, since for thirty years he suppressed
the text of the Bertrand order, which was not on the order-book be-
cause it had not been dictated to Soult ; and when, after falsely claim-
ing for the duration of an entire generation that he had acted under
verbal instructions, he did publish it, he gave, at the same time, a mu-
tilated version of his own report from Gembloux, sent on the night of
the seventeenth, changing his original language so as to show that
he had never looked upon the separation of the allies as his chief
tN iiii. uuseuM or Versailles
EMillAVEIl BY CENBY WOLF
MARSHAL EMMANUEL, MARQUIS DE GROUCHY
KROM THE KAISTISO IIV JKAN-BKIUSTIKS ROlTn,LM{l>
iET.45] THE EVE OF WATERLOO Igg
task, but that what was uppeniiost in his mind was an attack on the chap. xxn
Pnissians. isis
It was two in the morning of the eighteenth when the letter of
Groucliy, written about four liours earlier, anived at Napoleon's head-
quarters. Botli the Emperor and Soult knew by that time that the
wliole of Bliicher's army was moving to Wavre ; yet they did not give
this information, nor any minute directions, to the returning messenger.
Grouchy, therefore, was left to act on his own discretion, his superior
doubtless believing that the inferior would by that time himself be fully
infoi-med, and would hasten to thi-ow himself, hke an impenetrable
wall, between the Prussians and the Anglo-Belgian anny. By the de-
fenders of Napoleon Grouchy is severely criticized for not having
marched early in the morning of the eighteenth to Moustier, where, if
energetic, he could have can'ied over his army to the left bank of the
river by eleven o'clock, thus placing his force within the sphere of Na-
poleon's operations. Perhaps he would have been able to prevent the
imion of the opposing armies, or, if not that, to strengthen Napoleon in
his struggle. It is proved by Marbot's memoirs that this is what Napo-
leon expected. On the other hand, excellent critics present other very
important considerations : the line to Moustier was over a country so
rough and miry that after a toiTential raia the artillery would have been
seriously delayed, and Prussian scouts might weU have brought down a
strong Prussian column in time to oppose the crossing there or else-
where. Grouchy, moreover, could not know that Wellington would
offer battle in fi'out of the forest of Soignes — a resolution which, in
the opinion of Napoleon and many lesser experts, was a serious blunder.
He appears to have been positive that the two annies were aiming to
combine for the defense of Brussels ; finally, when from Walhain the
sound of the firing at Waterloo was distinctly heard, and Gerard fiercely
urged an immediate march toward the field of battle. Grouchy was
acting strictly within the hmits of the Bertrand order, and according to
what he then held to be explicit instructions, when he pressed on to
concentrate at Wa^Te, and thus, if Napoleon had already defeated Wel-
lington, to prevent any union between Wellington and the Prussian
army. It is almost certain that Grouchy would in no way have changed
the event by marching dii'ect to Mont St. Jean, for the cross-roads were
soaked, his troops were ah-eady exhausted, and the distance was ap-
proximately fovu'teen and a half miles as the crow flies; the previous
Vol. rv.— 26
190 LIFE OF NAPOLEON BONAPARTE [iET. 45
ceap. xxn day he had been able to make somewhat less than half that distance in
1815 nine hours.
Napoleon himself did not apparently expect the Pnissians to rally
as they did. He spent the hours from dawn, when the rain ceased,
in careful reconnoitering. The mud was so thick in places that he
required help to draw his feet out of his own tracks. At breakfast,
according to a contemporaiy anecdote, he expressed himself as ha%ing
never been more favored by fortune ; and when reminded that Blticlier
might effect a union with the English, he rephed that the Prussians
would need three days to form again. This opinion is in accord with his
exaggerated but reiterated estimates of the disaster produced in Bliicher's
ranks after Ligny, and taken in connection with the difficulty of mov-
ing artillery, which is not a sufficient explanation in itself, affords the
only conceivable reason for his delay in attacking on the eighteenth. It
also explains his remissness in leaving Grouchy to exercise fuU discre-
tion as to his movements. At eight the plan of battle was sketched ;
at nine the orders for the day were despatched throughout the lines ;
al)out ten the weary but self-confident Emperor threw himself down
and slept for an hour ; at eleven he mounted, and rode by the Brussels
highway to the farm of BeUe Alliance. It was probably during the
Emperor's nap that Soult forwarded to Grouchy a despatch, marked
ten in the morning, instructing that general to manoeuver toward the
main ai"my by way of Wavre. Although, according to Marbot, Na-
poleon expected Grouchy in the afternoon by way of Moustier, at one
o'clock a second despatch, of which the Emperor certainly had cog-
nizance, was forwarded to Grouchy, expressing approval of his in-
tention to move on Wavre by Sart-a-Walhain, but instructing him
" always to manoeuver in oui* direction." The postscript of this second
order enjoins haste, since it was thought Biilow was already on the
heights of St. Lambert.
The one central idea of Napoleon and Soult was clearly to leave a
wide discretion for Grouchy, provided always that he kept his com-
munications with the main anny open, and that his general du'ection
was one which would insure easy connection, in order either to cut off
or check the Prussians. But, however this may be, the hours of Na-
poleon's inactivity were precious to his enemies ; by twelve Biilow was
at St, Lambert, and at the same hour two other Prussian corps were
leaving Wavre. These movements were apparently tardy, but Gnei-
.Et.45] the eve of WATEKLOO 191
senau, feeling that Wellington had been a poor reliance at Ligny, and chap. xxn
very much doubting whether he really intended to stand at Waterloo, i-i-
was unwilhng that Bliicher should despatch his troops until it was
certain that the Prussian army would not again be left in the lurch.
Should the Anglo-Dutch retreat to Brussels, the Prussians must cither
retreat by Louvaiu, or be again defeated. Anxiety was not dispelled
imtil the roar of cannon was heard between eleven and twelve. Then
the Prussians first exerted themselves to the utmost ; it was about four
when they were within striking distance, ready to take Napoleon's
army on its flank. When Grouchy reached Wavre, at the same hour,
he foimd there but one of Bliicher's corps, the rear under Thielemann,
From Belle Alliance Napoleon returned, and took his station on the
height of Rossomme. In front was a vale something less than a mile
in width. The highway stretched before him in a straight Hne until
it skirted the large farmstead of La Haye Sainte on the opposite side ;
then, ascending by a slant to the first crest, it passed the hamlet of
Mont St. Jean, only to ascend still higher to the top of the ridge before
falhng again into a second depression. At Mont St. Jean was Well-
ington's center. The road from Nivelles to Brussels crosses the valley
about a quarter of a mile westward, and on it, midway between the
two slopes, lay another farmhouse, with its barns, that of Hougomont.
More than half a mile eastward, in the direction from which the Pms-
sians were expected, lay scattered the farm biuldings of Papelotte, La
Haye, Smohain, and Frischei-mont. The valley was covered with rich
crops. Unobstructed by ditches or hedges, it was cut longitudinally
about the middle by a cruciform ridge, with spm*s reaching toward
Belle Alhance on one side, and past Hougomont on the other; the
road passed by a cut through the longitudinal arm. Hougomont was
almost a fortress, ha^dng strong brick walls and a moat ; it stood in a
large orchard, which was sxuTounded by a thick hedge. The house at
La Haye Sainte was brick also, and formed one side of a quadrangle,
inclosed fui'ther by two brick barns and a strong wall of the same ma-
terial; though not as large or soHd as Hougomont, it was a strong
advance redoubt for Mont St. Jean.
The right and center of Wellington were thus well protected, the
left was admirably screened by the places already enumerated. His
army was deployed in three Unes, the front plainly visible to the
French, the second partly concealed by the crest of the hill, and the
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third entirely so. His headquarters were two miles north, at Water- chap. xxii
loo ; his lines of retreat, though broken by the forest of Soignes, were 1815
open either toward Wavre or toward the sea. The latter Hne was well
protected by the troops at Hal. Uneasy about the character of his
Dutch-Belgian troops, the duke had carefully disposed them among
the rehable English and Germans, in order to preclude the possibihty
of a panic.
In the foreground of Napoleon's position was the French army, also
deployed in three lines. The fi'ont, extending fi'om the mansion of
Frischermont to the Nivelles road, consisted of two infantry corps, one
on each side of Belle Alhance, and of two corps of cavalry, one on the
extreme right wing, one on the left; of this hne Ney had command.
The second was shorter, its wings being cavahy, and its center in two
divisions, of cavalry and infantry respectively. The third, or resei-ve,
was the guard. Each of the hnes had its due proportion of artillery,
stationed in all three along the road. This disposition gave the French
array, as seen from beyond, a fan-like appearance, the sticks, or col-
umns, converging towai-d the rear. The array was bi-ilhant; eveiy
man and horse was in sight ; the nmnber was superior by about four
thousand to that of the enemy ; the gi'ound was, by eleven, almost dry
enough to secure the fullest advantage from superiority in artillery;
deserters from the foe came in fi-om to time. Sm^ely the moral effect
of such a scene upon the somewhat motley tkrong across the valley
must be very powerful. Yet the road to Charleroi was the single avail-
able line of retreat, and it passed through a deep cut ; the soldiers were
tned and not really fii'st-rate, fifty per cent, of the line being recniits,
and nearly a quarter of the guard untrained men ; the tried officers had
all been promoted, and those who replaced them needed such careful
watching that deep formations had been adopted, and these must not
merely diminish the volume of fii"e, but present vulnerable targets ; the
cavahy had been hastily gathered, and was far from being as efficient
as the British veterans or the German legion.
For some moments after reaching his position Napoleon stood im-
passive. He was clad in his familiar costume of cocked hat and gray
sm'tout. Throughout his Hnes he had been received with enthusiasm,
and his presence was clearly magnetic, as of old. The direction of
affau's in this momentous crisis was his, and he dreamed of two im-
placable enemies routed, of appeasing the two who were less directly
194 LIFE OF NAPOLEON BONAPARTE [JEt. 45
Chap. XXII interested, of gloiy won, of empire regained. Reason must have told
1815 him how empty was such a \dsion ; for, since the armistice of Poisch-
witz, Austria and Russia had been quite as bitter, and more tortu-
ous, than the other powers. His expression mirrored pain, both
physical and intellectual; his over-confidence and consequent delay
were signs of degenerate power; his exertions for thi-ee days past
had been beyond any human strength, especially when the faculties
of body and mind had previously been harassed for more than two
months, as his had been.
It was the first day of the week, but there was a calm more pro-
found than that of the Sabbath ; the sky was duU, the misty air was
heavy with summer heat; but there was the expectant silence of a
great host, the deep deteimination of two grim and obstinate armies.
Wellington, with his western lines protected, would be safe when the
Prussian army should appear where he knew its van already was, and
he must manoeuver eastward to keep in touch. Napoleon must crush
the British center and left, and roll up the line to its right, in order to
separate the parts of his dual foe. To this end he had detennined
to make a feint against Hougomont ; should Welhngton throw in his
reserves at that point on his right, one strong push might create con-
fusion among the rest, and hurl the whole force westward, away fi'om
Brussels. It was a simple plan, great in its simplicity, as had been
every strategic conception of Napoleon fi-om the opening of the cam-
paign. But its execution was like that of eveiy other movement at-
tempted since the first great march of concentration — tardy, slack,
and feeble. Personal bravery was abundant among the French, but
the orderly cooperation of regiment, division, and corps in all the arms,
the courage of self-restraint, and the self-sacrifice of individuals in or-
ganized movement, with the invigorating ubiqiuty of a master mind —
these were lacking from the fii'st.
CHAPTER XXIII
WATEKLOO
HouGOMONT — La Ha ye Sainte — d'Erlon Repulsed — Ney's Cavaley
Attack — Napoleon's One Chance Lost — Plancenoit — Union of
Wellington and Bluchee — Napoleon's Convulsr^e Effort —
Charge of the Guard — The Rout — Nai'oleon's Flight.
l^TAPOLEON'S salute to WeUington was a cannonade from a hun- chap. xxiii
Jk_ 1 dred and twenty gmis. The fire was directed toward the enemy's isis
center and left, but it was ineffectual, except as the smoke partially
masked the first French movement, which was the attack on Hougo-
mont by their left, the corps of Reille. This was in three divisions,
commanded respectively by Bachelu, Foy, and the Emperor's brother
Jerome, whose director was Guillemeuot. Preceded by skirmishers,
the column of Jerome gained partial shelter in a wood to the south-
west of then- goal, but the resistance to theu' advance was vigorous;
on the skirts of the grove were Nassauers, Hanoverians, and a detach-
ment of the Enghsh guards, aU picked men, and behind, on higher
ground, was an English battery. The two other divisions pressed on
behind, and for a tune their gains were apparently substantial. But,
checked in front by artillery fire, and by a miu-derous fusillade from
loopholes cut in the walls of Hougomont, the besiegers hesitated.
Their fiery energy was not scientifically directed; but such was then-
zeal, and so great were their nimibers, that one brigade doubled on the
rear of the fortalice, drove back the Enghsh guards from before the
entrance to the courtyard on the north, and charged for the opening.
Some of the French actually forced a passage, and the success of
Napoleon's first move was in sight when five gallant Englishmen, by
sheer physical strength, shut the stout gate in the face of the assail-
ants. A fearless French grenadier scaled the wall, but he and his
19S
196 LIFE OF NAPOLEON BONAPARTE [^t. 45
Chap, xxih comrades within were killed. A second assault on the same spot
1815 failed ; so, too, a thii'd from the west, and still another from the east,
all of which were repelled by the English guards, who moved do"UTi
fi'om above, and di'ove the French into the wood, where they held
their own. These close and bloody encounters were contraiy to
Reille's orders, but in the thick of combat his various detachments
could not be restrained.
The second division of the battle was the main attack on Welling-
ton's left by d'Erlon's corps. Between twelve and one a Prussian hussar
was captm-ed with a message fi-om Bliicher to Wellington announc-
ing the Prassian advance. At once the postscript was added to the
second despatch to Grouchy, ah*eady mentioned, and Napoleon made
ready for his gi-eat effort. Unable to sit his horse, he had dismounted,
and, seated at the table on which his map was spread, had been fi-e-
quently seen to nod and doze. Ney and d'Erlon, left to then' own judg-
ment, had evolved a scheme of formation so complex that when tried,
as- it now was, it proved unworkable. The confusion was veiled by a
teiTific, continuous, and destructive artillery fire. After some delay,
and a readjustment involving preparations against the possible flank
attack of the Prussians, d'Erlon's corps advanced in four columns, un-
der Donzelot, Alhx, Marcognet, and Durutte respectively. Opposed
was Pieton's decimated coi-ps, with Bylandt's Dutch-Belgian brigade,
which had been all along a target for the strongest French battery, one
of seventy-eight guns, and was now to bear the fii"st onset of the
French troops. Bylandt's men had stood firm under the awful artillery
fii'e, but their uniforms were like those of the French, and in a melee
this fact might draw upon them the fire of their own associates, as
later in the day at Hougomont it actually did, and they gi*ew very
imeasy. Durutte, on the extreme right, seized Papelotte, but lost it
ahnost immediately. The conflict then focused about La Haye Saiute,
where the garden and orchard were seized by an overwhelming force.
The buildings had been inadequately fortified, but Major Baring, with
his gan-ison, displayed prodigies of valor, and held them.
The assailants, supported hitherto by batteries fii-ing over their
heads, now charged up the hill ; as they reached the crest, their own
guns were silenced, but their yells of defiance rent the air. The Dutch-
Belgians of the first rank barkened an instant, and, followed by the
jeers and menaces of the British grenadiers and Royal Scots, fled
H\ K, A. MtLI.I.U
SIR THOMAS IMCTON
niOM TlIK KSUbAVINd UV 1% TUBMiU OV TlIK I'OltTKAir LY M. A. BHKK
yET. 45] WATERLOO 197
incontinently until they reached a place of safety, when they reformed chap. xxni
and stood. Picton was thus left unsupported, hut at that decisive isis
moment Donzelot tried the new tactics again, and his ranks fell into
momentaiy confusion. Picton charged, the British artillery opened, and
though the English general fell, mortally wounded, his men hurled back
the French. This first success enabled Wellington to bring in his
infantry, and to throw in his cavalry against a body of French riders,
under Roussel, which, having swept the fields around La Haye Sainte,
was now coming on. His order was for Somerset and Ponsonby to
charge. The shock was temfic, the French cavalry yielded, and the
whole of d'Erlon's line rolled back in disorder. Efforts were made by
the daring Englishmen to create complete confusion, bvit they were
not entu-ely successful, for Durutte's column maintained its formation.
This ended the effort upon which Napoleon had based his hope of
success; there was still desultory fighting at Hougomont, and the
Prussians, though not visible, were forming behind the forest of Paris.
There was a long and ominous pause before the next renewal of
conflict. Wellington used it to repair his shattered left, Napoleon to
form a corps, under Lobau, intended to repel the flank attack of the
Prussians. Ney was determined to redeem his repulse by a second
front attack, and Napoleon, either by word or silence, gave consent.
While the batteries kept up their fire, the marshal gathered in the cen-
ter the largest mass of horsemen which had ever charged on a European
battle-field — twelve thousand men, light and heavy cavalry. His aim
was to supplement Reille, still engaged at Hougomont, and dash in
upon the allied right center. Donzelot's column, now reformed, was
hm-led dii'ectly against La Haye Sainte, and the mass of the cavahy
siu'ged up the Mil. The gunners of Wellington's artUlery, impro-
tected even by breastworks, stood to their pieces until the attacking
line was within forty yards ; then they delivered their final salvo, and
fled. Wavering for an instant, the French advanced with a cheer.
Before them stood the enemy in hollow squares, foui* ranks deep, the
front kneehng, the second at the charge, the two others ready to fii"e.
The horsemen dared not rush on those bristling hnes. In and out
among the serried ranks they flowed and foamed, discharging their pis-
tols and slashing with their sabers, until, discom-aged by losses and
exhausted by useless exertion, their efforts grew feeble. Dubois's
brigade, according to a doubtful tradition, dashed in ignorance over the
Vol. IV.— 27
198 LIFE OF NAPOLEON BONAPARTE [^t. 45
Chap, xxhi brow of E Certain shallow ravine, men and horses rolling in horrid con-
1815 fusion into the unsuspected pit. The hollow was undoubtedly there
at the time, although it has since been filled up, and, it is believed, was
likewise the gi'ave of the fifteen hundred men and two thousand horses
that were eventually collected fi-om round about. The British re-
serve cavalry, supported by the infantiy fire and a few hastily collected
batteries, completed the defeat of Ney's first charge. A second was
repulsed in the same way. The imdaunted marshal then waited for
reinforcements. No fewer than thirty-seven squadrons came in, Napo-
leon sending Kellermann's hea\y dragoons as a last resort. Gruyot's
division of the heavy cavahy of the guard was also there — some say
they had been summoned by Ney, others that they came of their own
accord ; the question arises because, in the next stage of the battle,
their absence fi"om the station assigned to them was a serious matter.
Another time, and still another, this mighty force moved against the
foe. Poui'ing in and out, backward and foi-ward, among the squares,
they lost cohesion and force until, in the very moment of Welling-ton's
extremity, they withdi-ew, as before, exhausted and spent.
The energy and zeal of the English commander were in strange con-
trast to Napoleon's growing apathy ; but Welhngton was now at the
end of his resources. It was six, and to his repeated messages calhng
for Bliicher's aid there had been no response. He was face to face with
defeat. Baring had held La Haye Sainte with unsurpassed gallantry;
his calls for men had been answered, but his requisitions for ammuni-
tion were strangely neglected. Ney, seeing how vain his cavalry charges
were, withdrew before the last one took place, arrayed Bachelu's di-
vision, collected a number of field-pieces, and fell furiously, with can-
nonade and bayonet charge, upon the fann-house. His success was
complete ; the gamson fled, his pursuit was hot, and, leading in person,
he broke through the opposing line at its very heart. Had he been
supported by a strong reserve, the battle would have been won. Miif-
fling, Welhngton's Prussian aide, dashed away to the Prussian lines,
and as he drew near the head of Ziethen's division shouted : " The bat-
tle is lost if the corps do not press on and at once support the English
army." Ney's adjutant, demanding infantry to complete the breach he
had made, was received by Napoleon with j^etulance. One brigade fi-om
Billow's corps had attacked at about half -past four; repulsed at first,
their onset was growing fiercer, for two other brigades had come in.
iET.45] WATERLOO I99
Soult had opposed Ney's waste of cavalry. But the latter was des- chap. xxm
perate, and with the other generals was displaying a wilfulness isis
bordering on insubordination. A portion of the guard had just been
detached for Lobau's support. To Ney's demand for infantiy the
Emperor rephed : "Where do you expect me to get them from? Am
I to make them?" Had the old Bonaparte spuit moved the chieftain
to put himself at the head of what remained of the guard infantiy,
and to make a desperate dash for Ney's suppoi-t, a temporaiy advan-
tage would almost certainly have been won; then, with a remnant
flushed by victory, he coidd have tiu'ned to Lobau's assistance before
the main Prussian army came in. Thus was lost Napoleon's one
chance to deal WeUington a decisive blow.
It was to prevent a dangerous flank movement of the enemy — the
advance, namely, of Biilow, with the cavahy coi-ps of Prince Wilham,
upon Plancenoit — that Napoleon had detached the young guard, under
Duhesme, a thu'd of his precious reserve, for the support of Lobau's
right ; Dm'utte being in the rear of his left, that portion was already as
strong as it could be made. Nevertheless the Prussians seized Plance-
noit; at once the French raUied, and drove them out; Blhcher threw
in eight fresh battalions, and these, with the six abeady engaged,
dashed for the ravine leading to the village. The passage was lined
with French, and for a time it was like the valley of Hiunom ; but the
Prussians pressed on, and the young guard reeled. Napoleon sent in
two battalions of the old guard, under Morand ; theu- firmness restored
that of their comrades, and the place was cleared, two thousand dead
remaining as the victims of that fiuious charge and countercharge. At
seven Biilow was back again in his first position, awaiting the aiiival
of Pirch's corps to restore his riddled ranks. Napoleon had now left
only twelve of the twenty-three battahons of the guard reserve, less
than six thousand men. Wellington had repau-ed the breach made by
Ney, and, though still hard pressed on his right, Ziethen had made good
the strength of his left, some of his cavahy having been detached to
repair other weak spots in the Une. At this moment Ziethen conceived
that Billow was further giving way, and hesitated in his advance. The
brief interval was noted by Dm'utte, and with a last desperate effort
he can-ied Papelotte, La Haye, and Smohain, hoping to prevent the
fatal juncture. It was half an hour before Ziethen retrieved his loss,
and thus probably saved Wellington's left. By that time Pii-ch had
200 LIFE OF NAPOLEON BONAPARTE [.4:t.45
Chap, xxoi come up, and with this reiuforcemeut Billow, beliiud the heavy fire of
1815 his powerful batteries, charged Lobaii, and advanced on the guard at
Planeenoit. Lobau, the hero of Aspern, stood like a rock until
Durutte's men and the remnants of d'Erlon's corps, flying past his
flank, induced a panic in his ranks. Thereupon the whole French
right fell into confusion : all except the guard, who stood in the
churchyard of Planeenoit until surrounded and reduced in number
to about two hundred and fifty men; then, under Pelet's command,
they formed a square, placed their eagle in the midst, drove off the
cavahy which blocked their path, and reached the main line of retreat
with scarcely enough men to keep their fonnation.
Before the combined armies of Wellington and Bliicher the French
could not stand ; but, in spite of inferior numbers and the manifest
signs of defeat, General Bonaparte might have conducted an orderly
retreat. The case was different with Napoleon the Emperor, even
though he were now a hberator; to retreat would have been merely
a postponement of the day of reckoning. Accordingly, the great ad-
venturer, facing his destiny on the height at Rossomme, determined, in
a last desperate effort, to retrieve the day, and stake all on a last cast of
the dice. For an instant he appears to have contemplated a change of
fi'ont, wheehng for that purpose by Hougomont, where his resistance
was still strong; but he finally decided to crush the Anglo-Belgian
right, if possible ; roll up both armies into a confused mass, so that, per-
chance, they might weaken rather than strengthen each other; and
then, with Grouchy's aid, strike for victory. Though indifferent to Ney's
demands, he had set in array against Biilow the very choicest troops
of his army ; surely they might stand firm while his blow elsewhere
was dehvered. But he did not reckon in this with Wellington's re-
serve power; though the dramatic stories of the Duke's mortal anx-
iety rest on shght foundation, there is no doubt that he felt a great
reUef when the Prussians entered the combat, for immediately he
turned his attention, not to rest, but to the reforming of his line.
Officers and men, EngUsh or German, knew nothing of Billow's or
Bliicher's whereabouts when Napoleon took his resolution ; but, sensi-
ble of having been strengthened, they displayed at half-past seven
that evening the same grim determination they had shown at eleven
in the morning. Though Welhngton's task of standing firm until
Bliicher's an-ival was accomphshed, and though, perhaps, his soldiers
o
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yKT.45] WATERLOO 201
heard the distcant firing of the Pnissian guns, yet nothing could be chap. xxiii
seen across the long interval, the noise attracted little attention, and isio
neither he nor they could know what was yet before them. It was,
therefore, splendid courage in general and amiy which kept them
ever ready for any exertion, however desperate.
Against this aiiiiy, in this temper, Napoleon despatched what was
left of that force which was the peculiar product of his life and genius,
the old and middle guard. Most of its members were the children of
peasants, and had been bom in ante-Revolution days. Neither intelh-
gent in appearance nor gi-aceful in bearing, they nevertheless had the
look of perfect fighting-machines. Their huge bearskin caps and long
mustaches did not diminish the fierceness of their aspect. They had
been selected for size, docility, and strength ; they had been well paid,
well fed, and well di'illed; they had, therefore, no ties but those to their
Emperor, no homes but theu' baiTacks, and no enthusiasm but their
passion for imperial France. They would have foUowed no leader un-
less he were distinguished in their system of life ; accordingly, Ney was
selected for that honor; and as they came in proud confidence up the
Charleroi road, their Emperor passed them in review. Like every other
division, they had been told that the distant roar was from Grouchy's
guns ; when informed that all was ready for the finishing-stroke, that
there was to be a general advance along the whole line, and that no
man was to be denied his share in certain victory, even the sick, it is
said, rose up, and hurried into the ranks. The ah* seemed rent with
their hoarse cheers as their columns swung in measured tread diago-
nally across the northern spur of the cruciform elevation which divided
the surface of the valley.
WeUingtou, informed of the French movement, as it is thought by a
deserter, issued hui'ried orders to the center, ordered Maitland's brigade
to where the charge must be met, and posted himself, with Napier's
battery, somewhat to its right. While yet his words of warning were
scarcely uttered, the head of the French column appeared. The Eng-
hsh batteries belched forth a welcome ; but although Ney's horse, the
fifth that day, was shot, the men he led suffered httle, and with him
on foot at their side they came steadily onward. The British guards
were lying behind the hill-crest, and the French could discern no foe
— only a few mounted officers, of whom WeUington was one. Aston-
ished and incredulous, the assailants pressed steadily on until within
202 LIFE OF NAPOLEON BONAPARTE [^t. 45
Chap, xxhi twenty yards of the English lino. "Up, guards ! make ready! " rang out
1S15 the duke's well-kno-^Ti call. The British jumped i;p and fired ; about
three hunch-ed of Ney's gaUant soldiers fell. But there was no confu-
sion ; on both sides volley succeeded volley, and this lasted luitil the
British charged. Then, and then only, the French withdrew. Simul-
taneously Donzelot had fallen upon Alten's division; but he was leading
a forlorn hope, and making no impression.
As Ney fell back, a body of French cuirassiers advanced upon the
English batteries. Theii" success was partial, and behind them a sec-
ond column of the guard was formed. Agam the assault was renewed;
but the second attempt fared worse than the first. To the right of
Maitland, Adam's brigade, with the Fifty-second regiment, had taken
stand ; wheeling now, these di'ove a deadly flank fire into the advanc-
ing French, while the others poui-ed in a devastating hail of bullets
fi'om the front. The front ranks of the French rephed with spirit, but
when the British had completed their manoeuver, Colborne gave the
order, liis men cheered in response, and the coimtercharge began.
*' Vive I'Empereur!" came the responsive cheer from the thinning ranks
of the assailants, and still they came on. But in the awful crash they
reeled, confusion followed, and almost in the twinkluig of an eye the
rout began. A division of the old guard, the two battalions under
Cambronne, retreated in fan* order to the center of the valley, where
they made then* last gallant stand against the overwhelming numbers
of Hugh Halkett's Grerman brigade. They fought untU but a hun-
dred and fifty sm*vived. From far away the despairing cry of " Sauve
qui pent!" seemed to ring on their ears. To the first summons of sur-
render the leader had replied with dogged defiance; the second was
made soon after, about three in the afternoon, and to this he yielded.
He and liis men filed to the English rear without a niurmm', but in
deep dejection. This occurrence has passed into tradition as an epic
event ; what Cambronne might well have said, " The guard dies, but
never suiTenders," was not uttered by him, but it epitomizes their
character, and in the phrase which seems to have been shouted by
the men themselves in their last desperate struggle, they and their
leader have foimd immortahty.
Tlie last charge of what remained of the guard took place almost
at the moment when Dunitte was finally routed. "Wellington then
sent in the fresh cavalr}' brigades of Vivian and Vandeleur against
^T.45] WATERLOO 203
the column of Donzelot and the remnants of the French cavalry, chap, xxiu
These swept all before them, and then the duke gave the order for a isis
general advance. The French left fell into panic, and fled toward
Belle Alliance. Before La Haye Sainte stood two squares of French
soldiers, the favored legion chosen to protect the imperial head-
quarters. In the fatal hour it splendidly vindicated the choice, and
amid the chaos stood in perfect order. Throughout the famous charge
of his devoted men Napoleon rode hither and thither, from Rossomme
to Belle Alliance. His loolis grew dark, but at the very last he
called hoarsely to the masses of disorganized troops that came whirl-
ing by, bidding them to stand fast. All in vain; and as the last square
came on he pressed inside its senied wall. It was not too soon, for
the Prussians had now joined the forward movement, and in the su-
preme disorder consequent the other square dissolved. Napoleon's
convoy withstood the shock of a charge from the Twelfth British Hght
dragoons, and again of a Pnissian charge at Rossomme, where Gneise-
nau took up the fierce pursuit. Though assaulted, and hard beset by
musketry, the square moved silently on. There were no words except
an occasional remark addressed by Napoleon to his brother Jerome, or
to one of the officers. At eleven Genappe was reached ; there, such
was the activity of the pursuers, all hope of an orderly retreat vanished,
and the square melted away. Napoleon had become an object of pity
— his eyes set, his frame collapsed, his great head rolling in a drowsy
stupor. Monthyon and Bertrand set him as best they could upon a
horse, and, one on each side, supported him as they rode. They had
an escort of forty men. At Quatre Bras they despatched a messenger
to siunmon Grouchy, bidding him to retire on Namiu*. The Prussians
were only one hour behind. At daybreak the hunted Emperor reached
Charleroi, but his attendants dared not delay; two rickety carriages
were secured, and it was not until the wretched caravan reached Phi-
hppeville that the fugitives obtained a few hours' repose.
CHAPTER XXIV
THE SUKKENDER
Natuee of Napoleon's Defeat — Its Political Consequences — Na-
poleon's Fatal Resolution — The State of Paris — Napoleon at
THE Elysee — His Departure for Rochefort — Thoughts of Re-
turn— Procrastination — Weld Scheimes of Flight — A Refuge
in England — His OntjY Resource — The White Terror and the
Allies.
chap.^xxtv f mHE battle of Waterloo is so called because Wellington's despatch
1815 X to England was dated from Ms headquarters at that place. It
was not gi'eat by reason of the numbers engaged, for on the side of the
aUies were about a himdi'ed and thirty thousand men, on the other
seventy-two thousand approximately; nor was there any special bril-
liancy in its conduct. Wellington defended a strong position weU and
carefuUy selected. But he wilfully left himself with inferior numbers ;
he did not heartily cooperate with Bliicher ; both were unready ; Gnei-
senau was suspicious ; and the battle of Ligny was a Pnissian blunder.
Napoleon committed, between dawn and dusk of Jmie eighteenth, a
series of petty mistakes, each of which can be explained, but not ex-
cused. He began too late ; he did not follow up his assaults ; he did
not retreat when beaten; he could attend to only one thing at a time;
he failed in control of his subordinates; he was neither calm nor alert.
His return from Elba had made him the idol of the majority in France,
but his conduct throughout the Hundred Days was that of a broken
man. His genius seemed bright at the opening of his last campaign,
but every day saw the day's task delayed. His gi-eat lieutenants grew
uneasy and untrustworthy, though, Uke his patient, enduring, and gal-
lant men, they displayed prodigies of personal valor. Ney and Grouchy
used their discretion, but it was the discretion of caution, most unUke
MARSHAL GUII.I.AUMH-MARIE-ANNK, COUNT DH BRUKH
ruoix Tin; i-wiiTitAu- nv iiattaille, Ai-rtat simi;. jjenoist
^T.45] THE SURRENDER 205
that of Desaix at Marengo, or of Ney himself at Eylau. Tlieir iguo- Chap. xxiv
ranee cannot be condoned; Groucby's decision at Walliain, though jus- isis
tilled in a measure by Soult's later order, was possibly the immediate
cause of final disaster. But such considerations do not excuse Napo-
leon's failure to give explicit orders, nor his nervous interference vnth
Ney's fonnation before Quatrc Bras, nor his deliberate iterations during
his captivity that he had expected Grouchy throughout the battle.
Moreover, the interest of Waterloo is connected with its immediate and
dramatic consequences rather than with its decisive character. If Na-
poleon had won on that day, the allies would have been far from anni-
hilation ; both Wellington and Bliicher had kept open then respective
lines of retreat. The national uprising of Emope would have been
more determined than ever: 1815 would have been but a repetition
of 1814. Finally, the losses, though ten-ible, were not unparaDeled.
Grouchy won at Wavre, and, hearing of the disaster at Mont St. Jean,
first contemplated falling on the Prussian rear as they swept onward
in pui'suit. But he quickly abandoned this chimerical idea, and on re-
ceipt of Napoleon's order fi-om Quatre Bras, withdrew to Namur, and
thence, by a masterly retreat, conducted his army back into Fi'ance.
Including those who fell at Wavre, the allies lost about twenty-two
thousand five huudi-ed men, of whom seven thousand were British and
a like number Prussians. The records at Paris are very imperfect, but
they indicate that the French losses were about thnty-one thousand.
The booty captured after Waterloo was unimportant ; but the pohti-
cal spoils were immense, and they belonged to the Prussians. Their
high expectation of seizing Napoleon's person was disappointed; but
the one gi-eat result — the realization, namely, of all the tyrannical plans
formed at Vienna for the humiliation of liberal France — that, they se-
CTU'ed by their instant, hot i^ursuit. It is hard to discern the facts in
the dust of controversy. Prussia, Austria, Russia, and Great Britain
have each the national conviction of having laid the Corsican specter ;
France is still busy explaining the facts of her defeat ; the most con-
spicuous monument on the battle-field is that to the Dutch-Belgians !
After a short rest at PhiHppeville, Napoleon composed the custom-
ary bulletins concerning his campaign, and despatched them to the
capital, together with a letter counseling Joseph to stand firm and keep
the legislature in hand. If Grouchy had escaped, he wrote, he could
abeady array fifty thousand men on the spot ; with the means at hand.
Vol. IV.— 2a
206 LIFE OF NAPOLEON BONAPARTE [JEt. ^
Chap, xxiv be could soon organize a hundred and fifty thousand ; the troops in
1815 regimental depots, together with the national guard, would raise the
number to three hundi"ed thousand. These representations were based
on a habit of mind, and not on genuine con^dction. He believed Grou-
chy's force to have been annihilated, and though he paused at Laoii as
if to reorganize an army, he went through the form of consulting such
officers as he could collect, and then, under their advice, pressed on to
Paris. The officers ui'ged that the army and the majority of the peo-
ple were loyal, but that the aristocracy, the royalists, and the hberal
deputies were utterly untinistworthy. " My real place is here," was the
response. " I shall go to Paris, but you di'ive me to a foolish course."
This was the voice of reason, but he obeyed the behest of inclination.
Yet he halted at the threshold, and, entering the city on the night of
June twenty-fii'st, made no public announcement of his presence. On
the contrary, he almost slunk into the silent halls of the Elysee, where
a sleepy attendant or two received the unexpected guest mthout realiz-
ing what had happened. He must have felt that the moral effect of
Waterloo had been his undouig ; unhke any other of his defeats, it had
not ruined him as general alone, nor as raler alone : his prestige as
both monarch and soldier was gone.
The news of Ligny had been received in the city with jubilations ;
at the instant of Napoleon's arrival the truth about Mont St. Jean was
passing all too swiftly on the thousand tongues of rumor from quarter
to quarter thi'oughout the town, creating consternation everywhere.
Early in the morning, Davout, fully aware of public sentiment, and
true to his instincts, advised the shi'inking Emperor to prorogue the
chambers, and throw himself on the army ; Carnot beheved the pubhc
safety required a cUctatorship, and m-ged it ; Lucien was strongly of
the same opinion. But the old Napoleon was no more; vacillating
almost as if in partial catalepsy, muimuring empty phi-ases in quick,
indistinct utterance, he refused to decide. Members of the Council
began to gain admittance, and, waxing bolder as Napoleon grew more
silent, the word "abdication" was soon on every tongue. At last a
decision was taken, and such a one ! Lucien was sent to parley with
the eliambers, and Fouche was summoned. The latter, with msidious
eloquence, argued that in the legislature alone could Napoleon find a
support to his throne. The talk was reported, as if by magic, in the
assembly halls, and Lafayette, supported by Constant, put through a
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^Kt. 45] THE SURRENDER 207
motion that any attempt to dissolve the chambers would be considered chap. xxiv
treason, Lucien pleaded in vain for a commission to treat with the in- isis
vaders in his brother's name ; the deputies appointed a committee of
pubhc safety, and adjom'ned.
Broken in sph'it, Napoleon spent the evening in moody speculation,
weighing and balancing, but never deciding. Should he appear at dawn
before the Tuileries, summon the troops already in Paris, and prorogue
the hated chambers, or should he not "? The notion remained a dream.
Early in June the coiu*t apothecary, Cadet de Gassicourt, had been or-
dered by the Emperor to prepare an infallible poison. This was done,
and dm-ing this night of terrible vacillation the dose was swallowed by
the desperate fugitive. But as before at Fontainebleau, the theory of
the philosopher was weaker than his instincts. In dreadful physi-
cal and mental agony, the would-be suicide summoned his phar-
macist, and was furnished with the necessary antidotes. But the
morning brought no courage, and when the chambers met at their ac-
customed houi', on the motion of an obscui'e member they demanded
the Emperor's abdication. The message was borne by the mihtary
commander of the Palais Bourbon, where the legislature, which had
now usurped the supreme power, was sitting, and he asserted of his
own motion, that, if comphance were refused, the chambers would de-
clare Napoleon outlawed. The Emperor at first made a show of fierce
wTath, but in the afternoon he dictated his final abdication to Lucien.
No sooner was this paper received than the wild excitement of the
deputies and peers subsided, and at once a new Du'ectory, consisting of
Carnot, Fouche, Caulaiucourt, and Quinette, took up the reins of gov-
ernment. The city acquiesced, and hour after horn' nothing iuten-upted
the deep seclusion of the Elysee, except occasional shouts from passing
groups of working-men, calling for Napoleon as dictator.
But there was a change as the stragglers fi-om Waterloo began to
anive, voMing that they still had an arm for the Emperor, and de-
nouncing those whom they believed to have betrayed him. The notion
of sustaining Napoleon by force began to spread, and when the soldiers
who were coming in, after suppressing the insurrection in Vendee,
added their voices to those of their comrades from Waterloo, the new
a;ithorities feared Napoleon's presence as a menace to their power.
Davout had been the fii'st to suggest an appeal to force, but when Na-
poleon recurred at last to the idea, the marshal opposed it. On June
208 LIFE OF NAPOLEON BONAPARTE [^t. 45
Chap. XXIV twenty-fiftb, therefore, the fallen man withdrew to Malniaison ; where,
1815 in the society of Queen Hoi-tense and a few faithful friends, during
three days he abandoned himself for long intervals to the sad memories
of the place. But he also wi'ote a farewell addi'ess to the army, and, in
constant communication with a committee of the government, com-
pleted a plan for escaping to the United States, " there to fulfil his des-
tiny " as he himself said. For this purpose two frigates were put at
the disposal of " him who had lately been Emperor." AU was ready
on the twenty-ninth. That day a passing regiment shouted, " Long
life to the Emperor," and, in a last despahing effort. Napoleon sent an
offer of his services, as a simple general, to save Paris, and defeat
the allies, who, though approaching the capital, were now separated.
Fouche retiuTied an insulting answer to the effect that the government
could no longer be responsible for the petitioner's safety. Then, at
last, Napoleon knew that all was over in that quarter. Clad in
civilians' clothing, and accompanied by Bertrand, Savaiy, and Gour-
gaud, he immediately set out for Rochefort. General Becker led
the party as commissioner for the provisional government.
It was the exile's intention to hurry onward, but at Rambouillet he
halted, and spent the evening composing two requests, one for a supply
of furnitm-e fi'om Paris, the other for the hbrary in the Petit Trianon,
together with copies of Visconti's " Greek Iconogi'aphy," and the great
work on Egypt compiled from materials gathered during his ill-stan*ed
sojourn in that country. Next morning a cornier arrived fi'om Paris
with news. " It is aU up with France," he exclaimed, and set out once
more. Crowds lined the highways ; sometimes they cheered, and they
were always respectful. Such was the enthusiasm of two cavalry regi-
ments at Niort that Becker was induced to send a despatch to the gov-
ernment, pleading that an army, rallied in Napoleon's name, might still
exert an important influence in pubhc affairs. Just as the general was
closing the document there arrived the news of the cannonade heard
before the capital on the thirtieth. Napoleon dictated a postscript :
" We hope the enemy will give you time to cover Paris and bring your
negotiations to an issue. If, in that case, an English cruiser stops the
Emperor's de]>ai-ture, you can dispose of liim as a common soldier."
By a strange coincidence, Englisli cruisers had, as a matter of fact,
appeared within a few days in the offing before Rochefort. Whatever
the relation between this cii'cumstance and his suggestion. Napoleon
IN tnr. otKCMiitN UALLKiiv nr auv
Tin; LAST DAYS OF NAPOLliON
rBOH TUK fTATUK HT VINCKNZO VKLA
^T. 45] THE SURRENDER 209
studied every possible means of delaying his journey, and actually chap. xxrv
opened a correspondence with the commanders in Bordeaux and the 1815
Vendee, ^\^th a view to overthrowing the " traitorous " government. It
was July third when he finally reached Rochefort. Again for five days
he procrastinated. But the allies were entering Paris ; Wellington was
bringing Louis XVIII. back to his throne; in forty-eight hours the
monarchs of the coalition would arrive. Bliicher had commissioned a
Pnissian detachment to seize and shoot his hated opponent, wherever
fomid. On the eighth, therefore, the outcast Emperor embarked ; but
for two days the frigates were detained by unfavorable winds. On the
tenth, English cruisers hove in sight, and on the eleventh Las Cases,
who had been appointed Napoleon's private secretaiy, was sent to in-
tei-view Captain Maitland, of the Bellerophon, conceniing his instruc-
tions from the British government. The envoy returned, and stated
that the Enghsh commander would always be ready to receive Napo-
leon, and conduct him to England, but he could not guarantee that the
ex-Emperor could settle there, or be free to betake himself to America.
This language was ahnost fatal to the notion of a final refuge in
England, which Napoleon had begun to discuss and consider during
the days spent in Rochefort, and Las Cases sought a second interview.
According to his account, Maitland then changed his tone, remarking
that in England the monarch and his ministers had no arbitrary power;
that the generosity of the English people, and their liberal views, were
superior to those entertained by sovereigns. To the speaker this was a
platitude ; to the Usteners it was a weighty remark. A prey to uncer-
tainty, Napoleon entertained various schemes. He bought two small,
half-decked fishing-boats, with a view to boarding a Danish ship that
lay outside, but the project was quickly dropped. Two young officers
of the French frigate suggested sailing all the way to New York in the
little craft. Napoleon seriously considered the possibility, but recaUing
that such vessels must get their final supplies on the coasts of Spain or
Portugal, rejected the plan, for he dared not risk faUing into the hands
of embittered foes. Word was brought that an American ship lay
near-by, in the Gironde. General Lallemand galloped in hot haste to
see whether an asylum for the outlawed party could be secured imder
her flag. He retmned with a reply that the captain would be " proud
and happy to grant it."
But in the interim Napoleon had detennined to throw himself on
Vol. IV.— 28
210 LIFE OF NAPOLEON BONAPARTE [^t. 45
Chap. XXIV the " geuerosity of England." On the thii'teenth Goiu'gaud was sent to
1815 Loudon, NN-ith a request to the Prince Regent that the Emperor should he
pennitted to hve uukno^Ti in some provincial English place, under the
name of General Dm'oc. On the fifteenth Napoleon embarked on the
BeJJeroplion, where he was received with all honors ; next day the vessel
sailed, and on the twenty-fom-th she cast anchor in Torhay. Diuing
the voyage the passenger was often somnolent, and seemed exhausted ;
but he was affable in his intercoui'se with the officers, and to Maitland,
who unwisely yielded the expected precedence. To his kindly keeper,
in a sort of beseeching confidence, the prisoner showed portraits of his
■wife and child, lamenting with tender sensibihty his enforced sepa-
ration fi'om them. The scenes in Torbay were cmious. Crowds from
far and near lined the shores, and boats of all descriptions thronged the
waters; the sight-seers dared everythmg to catch a glimpse of the
awful monster under the terrors of whose power a generation had
reached manhood. If, perchance, they succeeded, the ah* was rent with
cheers. After two days the ship was ordered round into Plymouth
Sound, but the reckless sensation-seekers gathered there in still greater
numbers.
Many have wondered at Napoleon's surrender of his person to the
EngUsh. There was no other course open which seemed feasible to a
broken-spuited man in his position. His admirers are correct in
thinking that it was more noble for him to have survived his gi'eat
ness than to have taken his own life. To have entered on a series
of romantic adventures such as were suggested — concealment on the
Danish vessel, flight in open boats, concealment in a water-cask on an
American merchantman, and the like — woidd have been merely the
addition of ignominy to his capture ; for his presence under the Ameri-
can flag would have been reported by spies, and at that day the stan-
dard of the United States would have afforded him little immunity.
It is possible that on the morrow of Waterloo Napoleon might, with
Grouchy's army, the other survivors, and the men from Vendee, have
reassembled an army in Paris, but it is doubtful. Nothing in Revolu-
tionary annals can equal in horror the royalist frenzy, known as the
White Terror, which broke out in Provence and southern France on
receipt of the news from Waterloo. The ghastly distemper spread
swiftly, and when Napoleon embarked the tricolor was floating only
at Rochefort, Nantes, and Bordeaux ; his family was proscribed, Ney
iET. 45] THE SURRENDER 211
aud Labedoyere were imprisoned and doomed to execution. To have chap. xxiv
surrendei'ed either to WeUington or Bliicher would have been seeking 1815
instant death; to have collected such desperate soldiers as could be
got together would have been an attempt at guemlla warfare. To
take refuge with the officers of England's navy was the only dignified
course with any element of safety in it, since Great Britain was the
only land in Em-ope which afforded the privileges of asylum to certain
classes of political offenders. Naturally, the negotiators cUd not pro-
claim their extremity. Considering the date of Gom-gaud's embassy,
it is clear they were in no position to demand formal tei*ms, and Mait-
land's character forbids the conclusion that he made them. It is un-
foriunate that he did not commit to wi'iting all his transactions with
Lallemand, Savaiy, and Las Cases ; perhaps he was injudiciously
polite, but it is certain that, contrary to their representations, he made
no promise, even by implication, that under England's flag Napoleon
should find a refuge, and not a prison.
Chap. XXV
1815-21
CHAPTER XXV
ST. HELENA
Embaerassment of the English Ministey — A Strange Embassy —
Napoleon's Attitude — The Transportation — The Prison — And
its Governor — Occupations of the Prisoner — Napoleon's His-
torical Writings — Failing Health and Preparations for Death
— His Last Will and Testament — The End.
THE ministry of Lord Liverpool, tlioiigli ultra-Tory, was nevertheless
embarrassed by the course of affairs. On June twentieth the pre-
mier wrote to Castlereagh that he wished Napoleon had been captured
by Louis XVIH., and executed as a rebel. This amazing suggestion
was the result of the progress made within a year by the doctrine of
legitimacy. Although Talleyrand had observed the Hundred Days
from the safe seclusion of Carlsbad, and was coldly received by his
" legitimate " sovereign when he rettmied to Paris under Welhngton's
aegis, yet there was no one equally able to restore a " legitimate " gov-
ernment, and, with the aid of Wellington, who assumed without ques-
tion the chief place in reconstructing France, he was soon in full
activity. Li strict logic, the allies reasoned that Napoleon was their
common prisoner, and, as the chief malefactor, he should meet the fate
which was to be Ney's, and later that of Murat. By long famiharity
with such notions, the Czar had finally been converted to the once
abhon-ent idea of legitimacy, and was hatching the scheme of the Holy
Alliance ; even he would have made no objection. But Enghsh opin-
ion, however instated, would not tolerate the idea of death as a penalty
for political offenses. Whatever ministers felt or said, they dared con-
sider no alternative in deahng with Napoleon, except that of imprison-
ment. Accordingly, St. Helena, the spot suggested at Vienna as being
the most remote in the habitable world, was designated; the island was
aia
OO
o
K
O
-J
w
O
2:
o
w
^T.45-46J ST. HELKNA 213
borrowed from the East India Company, and acts of Parliament were chap. xxv
passed which estabUshed a special government for it, and cut it off isis
from all outside communication, " for the better detaining in custody-
Napoleon Bonaparte." The Continental allies, therefore, on August
second, declared the sometime Emperor to bo their common prisoner.
To England they yielded the right to detenninc his place of detention,
but to each of themselves — Austria, Russia, and Pinissia — was re-
served the right of sending thither a commissioner who should de-
termine the fact of actual imprisonment.
It was in Torbay that the newspapers brought on board the BeJlero-
pJion first announced what was under consideration. On July tMrty-
first, with inconsistent ceremony, the determination was formally an-
nounced by an embassy consisting of Lord Keith, the admiral; Sir
Henry Bunbuiy, an imder-secretary of state, and Mr. Meike, secretary
to the admiral. To whom did this highest official authority address
itself ? To General Bonaparte, a private citizen ! Theu' message was
read in French, and Napoleon displayed perfect self-control. Asked if
he had anything to say, the ex-Emperor, without temper or bitterness,
appealed against the judgment both to posterity and to the British
people. He was, he said, a voluntary guest ; he wished to be received
as such under the law of nations, and to be domiciled as an Enghsh
citizen (sic). Dming the interval before naturalization he would dwell
under superintendence anywhere in England, thirty leagues fi'om any
seaport. He cordd not live in St. Helena ; he was accustomed to ride
twenty miles a day ; what could he do on that httle rock at the end
oi the world? He could have gone to his father-in-law, or to the
Czar, but while the tricolor was stiU flying he had confided in British
hospitahty. Though defeated, he was still a sovereign, and deserved
to be treated as such. With emphasis he declared that he prefeiTed
death to St. Helena.
The embassy withdrew in silence from the moving scene. Lord
Keith had previously expressed gi'atitude to Napoleon for personal
attentions to a young relative who had been captured at Waterloo.
Him, therefore, the imperial prisoner now recalled, and asked if there
were any tribunal to which appeal might be made. The answer was a
pohte negative, with the assui'ance that the British government would
mitigate the situation as far as prudence would permit. "How so?"
said Napoleon. " Sm'ely St. Helena is preferable to a smaller space in
214 LIFE OF NxVPOLEON BONAPARTE [^t. 46
Chap. XXV England," answered Keith, " or being sent to France, or perhaps to
1815 Russia." " Russia ! " exclaimed Napoleon, taken off his guard. " God
preserve me from it ! " This was the only moment of excitement ; the
witnesses of the long and trying scene have left on record the pro-
found unpression made on them by Napoleon's dignity and admirable
conduct thi'oughout. Subsequently the prisoner composed a ^v^l•itten
protest appealing to history. An enemy who for twenty years had
waged war against the EngUsh people had come voluntarOy to seek an
asylum imder English laws ; how did England respond to such mag-
nanimity? In his o^vn mind, at least, he instituted a comparison be-
tween himself and Themistocles, who took refuge with the Persians,
and was kindly treated. The parallel broke down in that the great
Greek had never forced his enemy into entangling alliances, as Napo-
leon had forced England into successive coalitions for self-presei'vation.
Moreover, his sm-render was not vohmtary: his life would not have
been worth a moment's pui'chase either in France or elsewhere on the
Continent; to have fled by sea would have been to invite capture.
"Wherever," as he himseK repeatedly said — "wherever thei*e was water
to float a ship, there was to be found a British standard." Still there
were many in England who took his view ; much sympathy was
aroused, and some futile efforts for his release were made.
For the jom-ney to St. Helena Napoleon was transferred to Admii'al
CockbmTi's ship, the Northumberland. The suite numbered thirty, and
was chosen by Napoleon himself. Its members were Bertrand, Mon-
tholou, and Las Cases, with then* famihes, together with Gourgaud and
a Polish adjutant, Prowtowski. There were sixteen servants, of whom
twelve were Napoleon's. The voyage was tedious and uneventful. The
admh-al adhered to Enghsh customs, and discarded the etiquette ob-
served toward crowned heads; but he remained on the best of terms
with his illustrious prisoner. There were occasional misunderstand-
ings, and sometimes iU-natured gossip, in which the admu'al was de-
nounced behind his back as a " shark " ; but such little gusts of temper
passed without permanent consequences. Napoleon had secm-ed the
excellent libraiy he desired, and every day read or wi'ote dming most
of the morning; the evenings he devoted to games of hazard for low
stakes, or to chess, which ho played very badly. He was careful as to
his diet, took abundant regular exercise, and, since his health was ex-
cellent, he appeared in the main cheerful and resigned.
iSET. 46] ST. HELENA 215
The island of St. Helena is the craggy summit of an ancient volcano, Chap. xxv
rising two thousand seven hundi-ed feet above the sea, and contains 1815
forty-five square miles. Its shores are precipitous, but it has an ex-
cellent harbor, that of Jamestown, which was then a port of call on
the voyage from England, by the Cape of Good Hope, to India, four
thousand miles from London, one thousand one hundred and forty
from the coast of Africa, one thousand one hundred and eighty from
the nearest point in South Ameiica. There were a few thousand in-
habitants of mixed race, and the chmate, though moist and enerv^ating,
is fairly salubrious. Under the act passed by Parliament, England
increased the territorial waters around the island to a ring three times
the usual size, and pohced them by "hovermg" vessels, which made
the approach of suspicious craft virtually impossible. This, with nu-
merous other precautionary measures of minor importance, made St.
Helena an impenetrable jail. It was October sixteenth, 1815, when
Napoleon landed on its shores.
The residence provided for the imperial captive was a substantial
farm-house in the center of the island, on a plateau two thousand feet
high. The grounds were level, and bounded by natural Umits, so that
they were easy to guard, and could be observed in all their extent by
sentries; eventually a circuit of twelve miles was luai'ked out, and
within this the prisoner might move at will ; if he wished to pass the
line, he must be attended by an Enghsh officer. Considering the con-
ceptions of state and chivahy then prevalent, the place was mean;
even now, when enlarged and repaired, the house is thought not Tin-
suitable for the entertainment of an imprisoned Zulu chieftain. Long-
wood, for this is the familiar name, might at a pinch have sufficed for
the lodging of Greneral Bonaparte; it was certainly better than a
dungeon ; but its modest comfort was far from the luxm-ious elegance
which had become a second nature to the Emperor Napoleon. Such as
it was to be, however, it was still uninhabitable in October, and its
destined occupant was, until December ninth, the guest of a hospitable
merchant, Mr. Balcombe, at his viUa known as The Briars. The senti-
nels and patrols remained six hundred paces from the door during the
day ; at night the cordon of guards was drawn close around the house ;
twice in twenty-four hom-s the orderly must assiare himself of the
prisoner's actual presence, and hiunan ingenuity could devise no pre-
caution which was not taken by land and sea to make impossible any
216
LIFE OF NAPOLEON BONAPARTE [iET. 46
Chap. XXV sGcret Communication, inward or outward. Cockbiu*n's serene good-
1816 nature rendered it out of the question for the captive to do more
than declare his pohcy of protest and exasperation, mitil April, 1816,
when the admiral departed, and was replaced by Sir Hudson Lowe.
The latter was a vulnerable foe. A creatm-e of routine, and fi'esh fi-om
a two years' residence as Enghsh commissioner in Bliicher's camp, he
had thoroughly absorbed the temper both of the Tory ministry and
of the Continental reactionaries. Neither u'ascible, severe, nor ill-
natm'ed, he was yet pimctilious, and in no sense a match for the
brilliant genius of his antagonist. With the arrival of this unfortunate
official properly begins the St. Helena period of Napoleon's life — a
period psychologically as instructive as any other, but, as regards its
futile calculations, comparable only to that of his ineffectual agitations
in Corsica.
Napoleon, the prisoner, had a double object — release and self -justi-
fication. The former he hoped to gain by working on the feehngs of
the English Liberals ; the latter by writing an autobiography which, in
order to win back the lost confidence of France, should emphasize the
democratic, progi"essive, and beneficent side of his career, and consign
to obhvion his tyrannies and inordinate personal ambitions. The
di'cary chronicle of the quarrel between a disarmed giant and a potent
pygmy is uninteresting in detail, but very illuminating in its large out-
Unes. The routine of a com't was instituted and for a time was rigidly
observed at Longwood. The powerless monarch so successfully simu-
lated the wisdom and judgment of a chastened soul that the accounts
which reached the distant world awakened a great pity among the dis-
interested. As on shipboard and at The Briars, he gave his mornings to
literature, clad in a studied, i^icturesque dishabiUe. The afternoon he
devoted to amusement and exercise; but a distaste for more physical
exertion than was actually essential to health grew steadily, until he
became sluggish and coriralent. At table he was always abstemious ; his
sleep was in-egular and disturbed. The evenings he spent with favorite
authors, Voltaire, Comeille, and Ossian ; fi'cquently, also, in reading the
Bible. The opinions he expressed were in the main those of his pseudo-
scientific days ; among other questions discussed was that of polygamy,
which he upheld as an excellent institution theoretically. Much time
was spent by the household in abusing Longwood, and so effectually, that
a wooden mansion was constructed in England, and erected near-by ; but
KM.KAvi.ii iiv K, A, Mri,Li;a
SIR HUDSON LOWE
KUOU TlIK I-OKTIUIT UY t'UCMY
^T. 40-51] ST. 11 ELF] N A 217
the prisoner nindo difficulties sibout every particular, and never occu- chap. xxv
pied it. There were continuous schemings for direct intercourse with 1815-21
friends in France, and partial success ended in the dismissal of Las
Cases. Gourgaud, too, departed, ostensibly because of a quan-el with
Montholou, really to agitate with Alexander, Francis, and Maria Louisa
for Napoleon's release. The exile confessed, in an imguarded moment,
that no man aUve could have satisfied him in the relation of governor
of St. Helena, but yet he was adroit and indefatigable in his efforts to
discredit Lowe. The " Letters from the Cape of Good Hope," published
in England anonymously, but now incorporated in the official edition
of Napoleon's works as the thirty-first volume, abuse the climate of St.
Helena, depict the injustice of the imprisonment, and heap scorn on
the governor. The book was widely read, and fm-nished the Whigs in
ParUament with many shafts of criticism. This success emboldened
the author, and further compositions by his hand were mysteriously
pubhshed in Europe.
For three years Napoleon's self-appointed task as a historian was
unremittingly pursued, and the results, while he had the assistance of
Las Cases and Gourgaud, were voluminous ; thereafter the output was
a slender rill. Most of the volumes which record his obsei-vations and
opinions bear the names of the respective amanuenses, Montholon, Las
Cases, Goui-gaud, O'Meara, and Antommarchi, the two latter his atten-
dant physicians. The period he took pains to elucidate most fully in
these writings was that between Toulon and Marengo. Over his own
name appeared monographs on Elba, the Hundred Days, and Waterloo.
His professional abihty is shown by short studies on the "Art and His-
tory of War," on " Army Organization," and on " Fortification " ; like-
wise by his full analyses of the wars waged by Caesar, Tm'enne, and
Frederick the Great. These are not unworthy of the author's repu-
tation ; his versatnity is displayed in a few commonplace notes — some
on Voltaire's " Mahomet," some on suicide, and others on the second
book of the ^neid. A widely circidated treatise, the " Manuscrit de
Ste. Helene," which warped the facts of history much in his style, and
was long attributed to him, he repudiated. It was written in the
Bom-bon interest, by an unknown hand.
For nearly four years Napoleon's health was fan*. O'Meara, the
physician appointed to attend him, was assiduous and skilful, but when
he became his patient's devoted slave he was dismissed by Lowe.
Vol. IV.- 30
218 LIFE OF NAPOLEON BONAPARTE [-3:1.46-51
Chap. XXV Tlioreupou cei'taiii disquieting symptoms, which had been noted from
1815^21 time to time, became more pronounced, and the prisoner began to brood
and mope in seclusion. In the autumn of 1819, Dr. Antommarchi, a
Corsican physician chosen by Fesch, was installed at Longwood. For
a time he had some success in ameUorating the ex-Emperor's condition,
and to theu' confidential talks we owe om* knowledge of Napoleon's
infancy. But fi'om month to month the patient's strength diminished,
and the ravages of his mysterious cUscase at length became very appar-
ent. The obstinacy of Lowe in carrjdng out the letter of his instruc-
tions, by intiniding on the sufferer to secui'e material for a daily report,
seriously aggravated Napoleon's miseries. Two priests accompanied
Antommarchi, and after then* anival mass was celebrated almost every
morning in the chapel adjoining the sick-room. " Not every man is an
atheist who would like to be," was a remark Napoleon di'opped to
Montholon. Yet, though preparing for death, he was making ready
simultaneously to speed his Parthian aiTow.
His testament displays his qualities in theu* entirety. The language
sounds simple and sincere ; there is a hidden meaning in almost every
hne. His rehgion had been, at best, that of a deist; at the last he pro-
fessed a piety which he never felt or practised. During his hfe France
had been caressed and used as a skilful artificer caresses and uses his
tools ; the last words of his will suggest a passionate devotion. To his
son he recommended the " love of right, which alone can uicite to the
performance of gi-eat deeds " ; for his faithless wife he expressed the
tenderest sentiments, and probably felt them. It was his hope that
the English people would avenge itself on the English oligarchy, and
that France would forgive the traitors who betrayed her — Marmont,
Augereau, Talleyrand, and Lafayette — as he forgave them. Louis he
pardoned in the same spirit for the " libel published in 1820 ; it is full
of falsehoods and falsified documents." The blame for Eughien's mur-
der he took to himself. The second portion of the document is a series
of munificent-soun(Ung bequests to a Mst of legatees which includes
every one who had done the testator any important service since his
earliest childhood. France under the Bom-bons confiscated the impe-
rial domain of about a lumdred and eighty millions, which Napoleon
had estimated at over two hundi-ed and twenty. When the nation
passed again under the Bonapartes it appropriated eight millions
toward the unpaid legacies. In the end his executors collected three
IN THE COLLKCriON UF W. C. CKANt
COUNT EMMANUEI.-AUGUSTIN DIEUDONNE DE LAS CASES
»Ri>il THK lITHcmKAfH BY I.orTS-HIITnl.VTK tlAKNII
^T. 4C-51J ST. HELENA 219
and a half iiiillioiis of francs wlierewitli to pay bequests amounting on cdap. xxv
their face to over nine and a half. In a cocUcil he renienihtsrs a cer- 1815-21
tain Cautillon, who had undergone trial for an alleged attempt to as-
sassinate Wellington. " Cautillon had as much right to assassinate
that oligarch as he [Wellington] to send me to the rock of St. Helena
to perish there." Such was the nature and substance of an appeal to
a generous, forgiving nation, and to posterity, by one who wrote in the
same document that he wished to die in the bosom of the Christian
chiu'ch, whose central doctrine is love, and whose ethic is forgive-
ness of enemies.
" I closed the abyss of anarchy and brought order out of chaos. I
cleansed the Revolution, ennobled the people, and made the kings
strong. I have awakened all ambitions, rewarded all merit, and en-
larged the borders of glory." These were the words of Napoleon in
1816 ; he lived in this hallucination to the end. In the autumn of 1820
he reahzed his condition, and throughout the winter he was feeble and
depressed. In Febniary, 1821, he began to fail rapidly, and the symp-
toms of his disease, cancer in the stomach, multipHed ; but, in spite of
feebleness, he faced death with coui'age. On May third two Enghsh
physicians, recently an'ived, came in for consultation ; they could only
recommend palliatives, and imder the influence of that treatment the
imperial patient kept an imcertain hold on his faculties. Two days
later a violent storm of wind and rain set in. A spreading willow, un-
der which Napoleon had spent many hours, was overtiu'ned ; the trees
planted by his hands were uprooted ; and a whirlwind devastated the
garden in which he had worked for exercise. The death of the sufferer
was coincident, and scarcely less violent. The last words uttered were
caught by listening ears as the sun rose ; they were " Tete . . . annee"
Mme. Bertrand and her children were present ; at the sight of their
fi'iend's suffermg the boy fainted and the little girls broke into loud
lamentation. At eleven in the morning the supreme agonies began ; a
little before six in the evening the heart put forth its last convulsive
effort, and ceased to beat. The moiu-nful band of watchers within
bowed then* heads. Without the door another watch was set — that of
the orderly. Dming the first outbui-st of grief among those at the bed-
side two officers entered silently, felt the cold limbs, marked the ab-
sence of life, and left mthout a word. England's prisoner had escaped.
CHAPTER XXVI
soldier, statesman, despot
Questionings — The Industrious Burgher — The Industrious Sov-
ereign— End of the IVIaryelous — Public Virtue and Prr'ate
Weakness — The Man and the Age — Latin and German — First
Struggles — Usurpation of Power — Political Theories — The
Napoleonic System — Its Foundation — Stimulus to Despotism —
The Surrender of France — The Master Soldier.
Chap.jcxvi rilHE tomb of Erasmus iu Basel is marked by a stone slab on which
Review J_ ^yq au epitaph, an effigy and then the pathetic word " Terminus. "
Should these fateful syllables be written over the mortal remains of
Napoleon Bonaparte ? No. Beyond his death there was more ; far
more than the work he wi'ought during his life. Men ever love a
seeming mystery, and while they do, a favorite theme of speculation
will be the career of the great Corsican in its historical aspect. Be-
fore our long study can be brought to a close two questions must
be considered, or rather two sides of one question must be viewed.
Why did he rise, and what did he accomphsh "? The answers will be
as various as the investigators who give them. But the man as seen
in the preceding pages certainly displays these recognizable character-
istics: he was a man of the people, he had a transcendent military
genius, he was indefatigable, and he had unsurpassed energy.
No mere man, even the most remarkable, can cUmb without sup-
ports of some kind, however unstable they may be. Napoleon Bona-
parte did not soar, he rose on the ladder of power by stages easily
traceable: first by the protection of the Robespien-es ; then by the
necessities and velleities of Ban*as and the Directory; afterward by
the encouragement of all France, which was sick of the inefficient
Directoiy; and still later by the army, which adored a leader who
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SOLDIER, STATESMAN, DESPOT 221
frankly repaid devotion in the hard cash of booty, and bravery in the Chap, xxvi
splendid rewards of that glory which was a national passion. With Review
such opportunities Bonaparte unfolded what was certainly his super-
eminent quahty — the quaUty which endeared him to the French masses
as did no other, the quaUty which above all others distinguished him
fi-om the hated tji-auts under whom they had so long suffered, the
quality which even the meanest intellect could mark as distinctively
middle-class, in opposition to its negation in the upper class — the qual-
ity, namely, of imtu'ing industry ; laborious, self -initiated, self-gmded,
seK-iinpro\dng industry. This burgher quahty Napoleon possessed as
no burgher ever did. It was no exaggeration, but the simple truth,
when he said to Roederer : "I am always working. I think much. K
I appear always ready to meet every emergency, to confront every
problem, it is because, before undertaking any enterprise, I have long
considered it, and have thus foreseen what could possibly occur. It
is no genius which suddenly and secretly reveals to me what I have
to say or do in some circumstance unforeseen by others : it is my own
meditation and reflection. I am always working — when dining, when
at the theater ; I waken at night in order to work." How profoundly
this was impressed upon those intimately associated with Napoleon can
be traced in then' memou's on many a page. It was Soult who said,
most sapiently : " What we call an inspiration is nothing but a calcula-
tion made with rapidity."
Generally there is no mystery in the power of domination : he rules
who is indispensable. The Jacobins needed a man, they found him
in the imscrupulous Bonaparte : the Directory needed a man, they
found him in the expeii; artillerist : France needed a man, she foimd
him in the conqueror of Italy. And having risen, he did not intennit
his industry for a moment. Rehearsing his coronation by means of
puppets, or studying with painful care the compheated accounts of his
fiscal officers, or absorbing himself in whatever else it might be, he was
always the man who knew more about everything than any one else.
Throughout his reign he was the fountain-head of every govern-
mental activity : the council of state sharjiened not theu" own, but his
thoughts; his secretaries were his pocket note-book; his ministers were
the executors of his personal designs; pensions and presents were
given by him to his fi'iends, and not to those who served the state as
they themselves thought best; every French community received his
222 LIFE OF NAPOLEON BONAPARTE
Chap. XXVI persoiial attentiou, and every Frencliman who came to his general re-
Review ceptious was treated with rude jocularity. In all this he was perfectly
natural. At times, however, he felt compelled to attitudinize ; per-
haps, in the theatrical poses which he assumed for self-protection or
for the sake of representing a personified, unapproachable imperial
majesty, he copied Talma, with whom he cultivated a sort of in-
timacy. Possibly, too, his violent saUies were considered dramatic by
himseK. " Otherwise," he once said, " they would have slapped me
on the shoulder every day." " It is sad," remarked Roederer, apropos
of a certain event. "Yes, like gi'eatness," was Napoleon's rejoinder.
Napoleon's preeminence lasted just as long as this effective personal
supremacy continued. When his faculties refused to perform their con-
tinuous, unceasing task, he began to decline ; when the material of his
calculations transcended all humaii power, even his own, the descent
grew swifter; and the crash came when his abihties worked either inter-
mittently or not at all. Ruin was the consequence of feebleness; the
imagination of the world had clothed him with demoniac qualities, but
it ceased so to do just in proportion as his superiority to others in plan
and execution began to diminish. " There is no empire not founded
on the marvelous, and here the marvelous is the truth." These were
the words of Talleyrand, addressed to the First Consul on June twenty-
first, 1800, just after the news of Marengo had reached Paris. The
marvel of the absolute monarchy was the divine right of kings : when
men ceased to hold the doctrine, the days of absolutism were nimi-
bered. The marvel of Napoleon was his unquestioned human suprein-
acy: when that declined his empii'e fell.
In the truest sense of that word so dear to modern times. Napoleon
was a self-made man. By his extraordinary energy he made a deficient
education do double duty ; and those of his natui'al gifts which, in a
sluggish man, would have been mediocre, he paraded so often, and in
such swift succession, that they appeared mii-aculous. This fiery en-
ergy, it cannot too often be repeated, was the man's most distinctive
characteristic ; when it failed he was undone. Was consistency, as
generally imderstood, to be expected in this personage ; is it, indeed,
found in most gi'eat men? Nowhere does the theory of evolution
writhe to sustain itself more than in psychology; nowhere does it dis-
cover a gi-eater complexity — a complexity which makes doubtfid its suf-
ficiency. Admitting that Napoleon was selfish ; that he was lustful ;
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SOLDIEli, STATESMAN, DESPOT 223
tlitat once, at least, he was criminal ; that at various times — yes, even Chap, xxvi
frequently — he was unpopular, and dared not in extremity call for a na- Review
tional uprising to sustain his cause; that ho had the most pitiful hmita-
tions in dealing with religion, politics, and finance; supposing him to
have displayed on occasion the qualities of a resurrected medieval fi*ee-
lance, or of the Borgias, or of other historical monsters ; confessing that
he was launched upon the fieiy lake of revolution by the madness of ex-
treme Jacobinism; sustaining the awful indictment in each detail — was
there no reverse to the medal, no light to the shadow, no general result
except negations ? Was the work of Alexander the Great worthless be-
cause of his debaucheries'? Was Catharine 11. of Russia a mere damned
soul because of her harlotries ? Did Talleyi-and's duplicity and mean-
ness render less valuable or permanent the work he did in thwarting the
coalition at Vienna 1 The answer of history is plain : what the great of
the earth have wrought for others or against them is to be recorded and
judged with impartiahty ; how they sinned against themselves is to be
told as an awful warning, and then to be left for the decision of the
Great Tribunal. Modern philosophy requu'cs such complicated and
yet such minute knowledge in every department of science that the
specialist has supplanted the general scholar and the system-maker;
the man who aspires to create a plan displaying the unity of either the
objective or the subjective world, or any harmony of one with the
other, is generally regarded as either an antiquated imbecile or a char-
latan. Yet in the examination of historical characters a symmetrical
consistency capable of being gi'asped by the meanest intellect is im-
periously demanded by all readers and critics. This is natural, but not
altogether reasonable : symmetry cannot be found in the commonest
human being on our globe, much less in those who rise supereminent.
The greater the man, the more impossible to connect in a mathematical
diagi'am the different phases of his conduct. The search for mediocre
consistency in the character of Napoleon is hke the Cynic philosopher's
quest for a man.
This personage strove, and with considerable success, to think and
act for an entire nation — ay, more, for western Europe. In order to
render this conceivable, he first took command of his own body — sleep-
ing at will, and never more than six hom-s ; eating when and what he
would, but always with extreme moderation ; waking from profound
slumber and rousing his mind instantaneously to the highest pitch, so
224: LIFE OF NAPOLEON BONAPARTE
Chap. XXVI that be then composed as incisively as in the midst of active ratioci-
Beview nation. He was able to train bis secretaries and servants into instru-
ments destitute of personal vohtion — even his great generals, who were
taught to act for themselves within certain limits, never transcended
the fixed boundaiy, and grew inefficient when deprived of bis im-
pulse. He never failed to reward merit or to gi'atify ambition for the
sake of securing an able heutenant, and nascent devotion be quickened
into passion by the display of suitable famibarity. A thoughtful, self-
contained, self-sufficient worker, he was sometimes a trifle uneasy in
social intercourse, perhaps always so at bottom; but he played his
various roles in pubMc with consummate skill, except that he made ner-
vous movements with his eyes, bands, and ears. His httle tricks of roll-
ing his right shoulder, tugging at his cuffs, and the hke ; his inability
to MTite, and his generally clumsy movements when irritated, were due
to deficient training in early childhood. Forbidding in his intcrcom-se
with ambitious women and other self-seekers, he was considerate with
the suffering, and found it difficult, if not impossible, to refuse the pe-
titions of the needy. Loving rough ways in those busied about his
person — as, for instance, when bis valet nibbed him down of a morning
with a coarse towel, — he was yet so sensitive that he had to have his
hats worn by others before he could set them on his own head. It is
useless to seek even homely physical consistency in a man thus con-
stituted.
It is equally useless to ask whether Napoleon could have been as
great a man in another epoch as he was in his own. In any epoch
of warfare he would have been great ; it is likely that in any epoch of
peace he would have reached eminence as a legislator and administra-
tor. The real historical question is this : How did he, being what he
was, and bis age, being what it was, interact one upon the other ; and
what was the resultant ? There was as Httle consistency in his age as
in himself; the sinuosities of each fitted strangely into those of the
other, and the result was a period of twenty years on which common
consent fixes the name of the Napoleonic age. Does his personality
throw any hght on the antecedent period — does his career influence
the succeeding years?
The age of the Revolution has such intimate connection with the
movements of French society that it is very generally called in other
countries the French Revolution. But while the movement developed
KNi«iiAV>:t> iiv M. iiMurn
CARDINAL JOSEPH FHSCH
VUuM THK |-AI!>TIMI UY JkUuUK M&Ol.lilM
SOLDIER, STATESMAN, DESPOT 225
itself more easily and took more radical forms in France than else- chap. xxvi
where, it was due to the condition of civihzation the world around. Review
France has been in a peculiar sense the teacher of Europe ; for in lan-
guage, literature, laws, and institutions she is the heir of Rome. In
spite of Roman Catholicism, or perhaps in consequence of the Roman
hierarchy, her inlieritauce has been pagan rather than Christian ; her
ethics have been Hellenic, her Uteratm-e Augustan, her laws impciial,
her temperament a combination of the Stoic and Epicurean which is
essentially Latin, her language elegant, elliptical, and precise like that
of Livy or Tacitus. The Teuton in general, the Anglo-Saxon in par-
ticular, may give his days and nights to classical studies : he is never
so imbued with then* spirit as the Gaul, " It is with his Bible in one
pocket and his Shakspere in another," said an eminent Frenchman
not long since, " that the Anglo-Saxon goes forth to reduce the world
in the interests of his commerce, his civilization, and his rehgion. The
most enlightened has neither the cold worldhness of Horace nor the
calculating zeal of Caesar, but he has the persistency of faith in himself
and his nation which, whatever may be his personal belief, is a con-
stituent element in his blood, or, better still, the controUing member
of that complex organism to which he belongs." I ventm*e to beheve,
on the other hand, that the Frenchman espouses his cause from an un-
selfish impulse begotten of pm*e reason, an ethereal ichor percolating
through society by channels of sympathy, which diminishes the his-
toric pressui'e for continuous national consistency and natural unity,
but emphasizes the great uplifting movements of society. The French
armies of the Revolution went forth to scour Em"ope for its deUver-
ance fi-om feudaUsm, absolutism, and ecclesiasticism, because the
French people had renewed then" youthful and pristine vigor in their
enthusiasm for pure principle without regard to experience or expe-
diency. Napoleon Bonaparte had aU their doctrine, with something
more: a consuming ardor unconscious of any physical hmitations to
the nervous strength of himself or others, and a readiness for any fate
which would transmute his dull, unsuccessful, commonplace existence
into excitement. When he found his opportunity to heap Pelion i;pon
Ossa, to supplement himself by the splendors of French devotion, he
did indeed come near to transcending even the Olympians and stoim-
ing the seat of Kronos.
It was a long, discoiu'aging, heartbreaking struggle by which he
Vol. rv.— 31
226 LIFE OF NAPOLEON BONAPARTE
Chap. XXVI gained bis first vautage-gromid. This was no exceptional experience;
Review for evciy adventui'er knows that it is more troublesome to make the
start than to continue the advance. It is harder to save tbe first small
capital than to conduct a prosperous business. It is more difficult, ap-
parently, in human life to overcome the inertia of immobility than
that of motion ; at least psycbological laws seem in this respect to con-
travene those of physics. It is not true that the ai-mies of the Repub-
lic were those of the Bourbons : the transition may have been gradual,
but it was radical. It is also mitiaie that the armies of Napoleon were
those of the Revolution : they differed as the zenith from the nadir,
being recruited on a new principle, animated by new motives, and led
by an entirely different class of men. A supreme command having
been attained by means cm-iously compounded of chivalric romance
and base scheming, the man of action did not hesitate a moment to
put every power in motion. Tlirowiug off all superior control, he set
himself to every task in the revolution of Italy — conquest, pohtical
and rehgious; constructive pohtics and administration; social and
financial transformation. Winning the devotion of his troops by in-
toxicating successes, as a leveler he was pennanently successful ; but
this typical burgher had no permanent success in building up a demo-
cratic-imperial society out of the royal, princely, and aristocratic ele-
ments which had so long monopoUzed the ability of the peninsula;
what he wrought outlasted his time, but the coimtry had to undergo
another revolution before its middle classes were ready for the hea^^
burden of independence and self-government. Yet the struggle for
what was accomphshed appears to have created a chmacteric in the
doer. Before the days of Italy his ambitions were petty enough : em-
ployment in the service of Russia or England, supremacy in Corsica or
military promotion in France ; but afterward they enlarged by leaps
and bounds : Itahan principalities, Austrian dukedoms, Lombard con-
federations, the primacy of France in some form. Oriental dominion —
one such concept took form in the morning, to be swept away at night
and replaced by ever more luxurious growths of fantasy. The reali-
zation of these dreams was still more amazing than their misty fonna-
tion. The Revolutionaiy doctrines of the passing age had stimulated
France to over-exertion ; her leaders were discredited, her people
exhausted. The same agitation had stupefied the Italians; but what-
ever their political disiutegi'ation may have been, the Roman chair and
SOLUIEU, STATESMAN, DESPOT 227
throne retained its moral iiilliiciice as the bond and mainspring of so- Chap. xxvi
ciety throughout the whole peninsula : and now the successor of St. Review
Peter was humbled to the dust, willing to escape with the mere sem-
blance of either secular or ecclesiastical independence. It was an ex-
ceptional moment, a vacillating, retrogressive hour in the history of
Austria, of France, and of Italy. The exceptional man, the vigorous
citizen of a new pohtical epoch, the inspired strategist of a new mih-
tary epoch, the unscrupulous doubter of a new religious epoch — this
typical personage was at hand to take advantage of the situation ; and
he did so, hastening the disintegrating processes already at work, seiz-
ing every advantage revealed by the crumbling of old systems, and
reaping the harvest of French heedlessness. The opportunity gave
the man his chance, but the chance once seized, the man enlarged
his sphere with each successive year.
This he did by means which were as remarkable as the personage
who devised them — and remarkable, too, not for their negative, but for
their constructive quahty. Broadly stated, the Revolution utterly ex-
punged aU the governmental and social guarantees of the preceding
monarchy, destroying not merely the absolute power of one man with
its sanction of divine right, but all the checks upon it to be found
either in the ancient traditions of the people or in their ancient insti-
tution of parliaments. It will be clear to the careful student of the
Revolutionary governments that while there was a gradual clarifying
of opinion antecedent to the Consulate, and a vague longing for guar-
antees of individual rights higher than the acts of any assembly, how-
ever representative it claimed to be, nevertheless great ideas, great
conceptions, great outlines, had aU remained in their inchoate state,
and that of the several succeeding constitutions each had been more
worthless than the one before. Almost any kind of a constitution will
serve an enhghtened nation which has confii'med pohtical habits, if it
chooses to support a fundamental law not hostile to them ; and none,
however ingenious, can stand before recalcitrant populations. The
Revolutionary constitutions of France, excepting perhaps that of 1791,
were alike feeble; and in the stress applied to the one democratic land
of Europe by her dynastic enemies all around, they were not worth
the paper and ink used to record them. Under each had developed a
pure despotism of one kind or another, on the plea that in war there
must be a single head, either an executive committee or an executive
228 LIFE OF NAPOLEON BONAPARTE
Chap. XXVI uiau. Tliese pei'sons or person had, on pleas of necessity or expedi-
Review BTicj, gi'adually aiTogated to the executive all the powers of govern-
ment, befooling the people more or less completely by the specious
fonnalities of various kinds through which the i^opular will was sup-
posed to find expression. No one understood this fact better than Na-
poleon Bonaparte; and since it seemed that the supreme power had to
be in the hands of some one man or chque, he was easily tempted to
grasp it for himself when it became clear that the profligate and dis-
honest Directory had run its course. He did not make the situation,
but he used it. History does not record that the French nation was
shocked or discouraged by the events of the eighteenth of Brumaire;
on the contraiy, the occiuTcnces in Paris and at St. Cloud seemed
commonplace to a storm-tossed people, and the results were welcomed
by the majority in eveiy class.
The reasons for this general satisfaction varied, of com'se ; for the
conservative and progressive royahsts, the conservative and radical
repubhcans of every stripe, had widely different expectations as to the
next act in the di'ama. But the chief actor was concerned only for
himself and the nation; partizans he neither honored nor feared,
except as he was anxious not to be identified with them. To hhn,
as a man of the people, it seemed that in the Revolution the third
estate had asserted itself; that the third estate nmst be pacified;
that the third estate must be prosperous ; that the thu'd estate, for all
these piu^oses, needed only to be confirmed in then* simple theory of
government, which was that the power could be delegated by them to
any one fit to wield it, and this once done, the delegate might mthout
harm to the state be left imdisturbed to manage the i)ubhc business,
while the people gave theii* undivided attention to then* pi'ivate affairs.
How successful the Consulate was in this respect is universally known
and admitted. With consummate cleverness the First Consul sum-
moned to his assistance all the giants of his time, whether they were
scholars with their theories and knowledge, administrators with their
tact and experience, political managers with their easy consciences and
oiled feathers, or skilful demagogues with their greedy followers and in-
satiate self-interest. These he either enticed or bullied into his sei'\ice,
according as he read their characters ; a few — a very few — hke Barere,
he found obdurate, and drove into pi'ovincial exile. At no time did he
make a finer display of his astovmding capacity for molding strong
MARIR-LARTITIA RAMOl.INO BONAPARTE
— "MADAMI, MTKI. " — MOTMI-K (II NAI'OMON' I
SOLDIER, STATESMAN, DESPOT 229
men by liis still stronger will than during the early days of the Con- chap. xxvi
sulate; and the manifest reason for his success was that he had a fine Review
instinct for character and for putting the right man in the right place.
What he thus accompUshed has been told. The foundations he
then laid rest soUd to-day; the now antiquated edifice he erected
on them, though altered and repaired, still retains its identity. The
Revolution had overthrown the old regime completely, and the ruins
of society were without form and void. From this chaos Napoleon
painfully gathered the substantial materials of a new structure, and
out of these reconstnicted the family, the state, and the church.
He revived the domestic spirit, made maniage a sohd institution, and
reestablished parental authority while destroying parental despotism.
In civil society he restored the right of property and fixed the sanctity
of contract, thus assuring respect for the individual and the ascen-
dancy of the law. The finances he reformed by an equitable system of
taxation, and by the establishment of an ingenious treasmy system
comparable to that devised by Alexander Hamilton for the United
States. In the Concordat he went as far, probably, as France could
then go in emancipating religion and the chm-ch; Protestantism has
prospered under the regulations he laid down, and by his treatment of
the Jews they have been changed fi'om despised and down-trodden social
freebooters into prosperous and patriotic citizens. Upon eveiy class of
men then living he imposed by an iron will a system of his own.
The leading survivors of Jacobinism, extreme royalists, moderate re-
publicans, proseribers and proscribed, men of the boui'geoisie — aU
bowed to his sway and accepted his rewards. It is said that they
yielded to the superior force of his pohce and his pretorians. Be it so.
The fivefold pohce system he estabUshed was a system of checks and
counter-checks within itself, within the administration, and even
within the army — a body without which, as he firmly believed, the
beginnings of social transformation could not be made. He pro-
fessed, and no doubt honestly, that he would divest himself of this po-
hce service as opportunity served, and deluded both himself and his
followers into the belief that the process was almost complete before
the close of Ms era. Through the perspective of a centuiy we can see
the faults of Napoleon's plan. The Gallic Chm-ch is still Roman,
in spite of his intention that the Roman Church should become
French ; the extreme centralization of his administrative system still
230 LIFE OF NAPOLEON BONAPARTE
Chap. XXVI tlu'ottles local free government and makes both oligarchic rule and
Beviow political revolution easier in France than in any other fi'ee land; the
educational scheme which he foiTucd, although more fully changed
than any other of his institutions, and but recently embarked, let us
hope, on a course for ultimate independence, nevertheless suffers in its
present complete dependence on state support, and in the consequent
absence of private personal enthusiasm which might make its sepa-
rate universities and schools rich in opportimities and strong in the
loyalty of their sons. But we must remember that the Consulate was
a hundi'cd years since, and that for its day it wrought so benefi-
cently that Bonaparie, Fu'st Consul, remains one of the foremost
among all lawgivers and statesmen. And that, too, precisely for the
reasons which some cite as his condemnation. He took the Revolution-
ary ideas of pohtical, civil, and rehgious emancipation : with these he
commingled both his own sound sense and the experience of advisers
fi-om every class, realizing as much of civil liberiy and good order as
appears to have been practical at the moment.
But in one respect he failed miserably, and that failure vitiated
much of the substantive gain which seemed to have been made. He
failed in curbing his own ambition. The majestic ridge of his achieve-
ment was the verge of the precipice over which he fell. In the fii'st
place, his signal success as a lawgiver was due entirely to the dazzling
splendors of his victories. Marengo was the climax to a series of such
achievements as had not so far been wi'ought on the tented field within
the bounds of French history. It is easy to assert that the French
were intoxicated because they were French : there is not the slightest
reason to suppose that any other nation under similar circumstances
would have behaved differently. The Seven Years' War turned the
heads of the English people completely, and they lost theu* American
colonies in consequence; Rome lost her pohtical liberty when she
became mistress not only of the Latin, but of the Greek and Oriental
shores of the Mediten*anean ; the distant military expeditions of Alex-
ander the Great prepared the fall of his ill-assorted empire. In each
case the careful student will admit that social exaltation was the fore-
iixnner of division and of subsequent despotism in some form. Even
in the httle states of Greece and southern Italy the t>Tants always
arose fi'om the disintegration of legal government, and by the assertion
of some form of power — mind, money, or military force.
SOLDIER, STATESMAN, DESPOT 231
It was, therefore, as a militaiy despot that the First Consul promul- ciiap. xxvi
gated beueficent codes, founded an enduring jurispinidence, created an Eoview
efficient magistracy, and estabhshed social order. In this process he
completed the work of the Revolution by exalting the third estate
to ascendancy in the nation. The whole work, therefore, was not only
recognized as his in the house of every French burgher ; ho was con-
sidered at every fireside to be the consummator of the Revolution for
which Franco had so long suffered in an agony of bloody sweat. Was
it therefore any wonder that not only he himself, but even the most
enlightened leaders of European thought, considered the safety and
renovation of European society to depend upon the extension of his
work ? It is hard for us to appreciate this, because in France Napo-
leon's institutions have remained almost as he left them, and well-
nigh stationary, while for a centuiy the processes of ruthless reform
have been continuously worldng in other European lands, and some
neighboring peoples have outstripped the French in the matter of a
national imity consistent with local freedom. The Fu'st Consul felt
that in order to become great he had been forced to become strong ;
we can understand that he could easily deceive himself into concluding
that in order to be greater he must become stronger. It was in these
days that he exclaimed, in the intimacy of familiar intercoiu-se : " I feel
the infinite in me." Thereafter democracy in any form, even the
mildest, was offensive. Such men as Roederer were sent to Naples,
Berg — anywhere out of France. The times were not far removed
from those of the beneficent despots, except that this one ruled, not
by hereditary divine right, but by military force. Bonaparte's imper-
fect training in pohtics and history made it possible for such visions as
those which now arose to haunt his brain. The beneficence he had
displayed ah-eady; for despotism he had had the finest conceivable
training, fii'st among the sluggish populations of the Itahan states
which he had reorganized, then in the myth of Egyptian conquest
which he had created and felt bound to maintain, and lastly in the
national disorders of a France shuddering at the possibility of a return
either to the hideous excesses of the Terror or to the intolerable abuses
of ecclesiasticism and absolute monarchy.
Among other di-eadful curses incident to revolution and civil war is
the stimulation of fanaticism. In his seizure of the supreme power
the purpose of the Fu'st Consul was justified to himself, and his pro-
032 LIFE OF NAPOLEON BONAPARTE
ceap. XXVI cedure was rendered tolerable to the nation at large by the scandalous
Review intrigues and eoniplots which were hatched like cockatrices' eggs in
eveiy foul cranny of the land. The conspirators stopped at nothing :
bad faith, subornation, murder of every variety, from the dagger to the
bowl. This gave the Fu'st Consul his chance to become himself the
arch-intriguer, and as such he overmatched all his opponents, ultra-
montanes, radicals, and royalists. Finally only a few unreconstnicted
reactionaries were left from each of these classes, who, though ex-
hausted and panting, still had the strength to be noisy, and occasionally
to make a feint of activity. But in the various localities and classes of
France each of the factions had numerous silent and inactive sympa-
thizers who had surrendered only as they felt unable to keep up the
uneven conflict. The flames of the volcano were quenched, and the
gulf of the crater was bridged by a crust, but the lava of sedition
boiled and seethed below. It is a well-knoTvai nostrum for civil tiis-
sension to stir up foreign conflict, and then to call upon the patriotism
of men fi'om all parties. To this the First Consul dared not openly
resort. In fact, the indications are that if his enemies in France and
his foes abroad had consented peaceably to the fulfilment of his now
manifest ambitions, he would himself have been glad enough to se-
cure without fm-ther fighting what he had gained by war, and to ex-
tend the influence of a Bouapartist France by steady encroachments
rather than by exhausting hostilities. The word of every man has
exactly the value which his character gives it, and treaties are worth
the good faith of those who make them, not a tittle more. Neither
of the pai-ties to the general peace was exhausted, neither was really
earnest. It was a belUcose age : war was then in the air, as peace
is now. The ruptm*e of the treaty made at Amiens was quite as much
the work of George III. as it was of Bonaparte the Fu'st Consul, and
the two nations over which they ruled were easily led to renew the
sti"uggle. Nothmg goes to prove that there was long premeditation
on the paii; of either; but at the time and since, were it not
for the wide- spread distrust in Bonaparte's character, popular
opinion would have put the blame of renewed war more upon
his opponent than on him. Thus far the angel and devil which
struggle for possession of every man had waged a fairly even con-
flict, and the blame and praise of what is stigmatized as Bonaparte's
conduct must be meted out to his foes in even measure. He and
IN THK MtSKDM l)V VElUiAlLLKS
MAKIH-l'AUl.INR BONAPARTE
MADAMli l.KCLERC, PRINCF.SS BORGHESt
PROU TQK PAINTINQ BY SODEBT LKPEVBK
SOLDIER, STATESMAN, DESPOT 233
his times had interacted one upon the other to a remarkably even Coap. xxvi
degree. But once launched on the career of personal aggrandize- Review
ment, every hindrance to consuming ambition was ruthlessly cast
aside. Until 1812 the responsibility for inordinate bloodshed is all
his own.
It is needless to dwell upon the period of the Empire in order to
study Napoleon's character. It shines forth effulgent, but noxious.
He remained personally what he had always been — imperious, labori-
ous, unprincipled ; but, on the other hand, kindly, generous, sensitive
to the popular movements. His thu'st for power became predominant ;
his lavish contempt for men and money displayed the abandon of a
desperate parvenu ; his passion for war burst all its bounds. Personal
ambition echpsed principle, expediency, shrewdness — in short, every
quahty which makes for self-preservation. The reason was not con-
scious despau', but unconscious desperation. Politically he had fought
and won an easy but a decisive battle. Imperiahsm was firmly seated.
The behavior of the French people was natural enough, but they lent
themselves to his pui'poses with complete suiTender. In this the
world learned a lesson which should never be forgotten : that democ-
racy is an excellent work-horse, but a poor charger ; a good hack, but
an untrustworthy racer. The interest of the plain man is in his daily
life, his family, his business, his advancement. He cannot be an ex-
pert in foreign or domestic politics, in public law, or in warfare ; ex-
pertness requires the exclusive devotion of a lifetime. Make the com-
mon person a theorist, and he is an ardent democrat, but a poor
administrator. Hence the necessity in transition epochs for a wise
constitution. It was not difficult to convince the French burgher
that, all other forms of democratic administration having had a chance
and having failed in times of war, the only one so far untried — that
of delegating power to a single superior man — should have a fan-
trial, the more as the excellent man was at hand. Even in times of
l^eace the hard-worked citizen either neglects his poHtical duties al-
together, or, performing them in a thoughtless routine, longs for some
one he can trust to do his thinking and acting; in war, as far as
we have had the opportunity to observe in ancient and modem
times, his imperialism is avowed, and he demands a dictator. We
have no reason to suppose that there is any democracy which could
outlast twenty years of a herculean struggle for national life or death.
Vol. IV.— 32
934 LIFE OF NAPOLEON BONAPARTE
Chap, xx^^ and such the Franco-Eughsh wars which introduced this centmy
Rewew secuied to the Frenchman of that time to be.
From the soldier's point of view, Napoleon had likewise such an
easy trimuph as has fallen to the lot of few commanders. His oppo-
nents were so conservative that their ideas were antiquated, his own
strategy was so new and revolutionary that it dumfoimded them. A
favorite method of detraction is illustrated by the familiar story of
Columbus's egg. What is once done, anybody can do. The strategic
reputation of Frederick the Great is in our day first attacked by the
so-called comparative method — that is, by comparing it with the
achievements and system, not of his contemporaries, but of Napoleon,
his successor ; and then the strategic reputation of Napoleon is dimin-
ished by sneering at that of Frederick, with whose antiquated method
the new one came into comparison and contact, to the complete disaster
of the fonner. This vicious cu-cle may be dismissed with contempt.
Napoleon's strategic genius was, unlike any other talent he possessed,
constnictive and original. No doubt he studied Caesar; no doubt he
studied Maillebois ; no doubt he studied the work of Tiu-enne and of
the great Frederick ; no doubt he was a pupil of the giant soldiers who
inaugurated and carried on the wars of the Revolution ; Init while
others had pursued the same studies, it remained for him to devise
and put into operation a strategy based upon past experience, but sub-
versive of accepted dogmas, new, adapted to its ends, and founded on
theories which, though modified in practice by the discoveries of an
inteiTcning century, have, when properly understood, never, not even
to-day, been shaken in principle. His triumphs as a soldier, therefore,
are his own ; and it was not until all Em*ope had learned the lessons
which he taught her generals by a series of object demonstrations
lasting twenty years, that the teacher began to diminish in success
and splendor. The persistent critics of Frederick have been asking and
reiterating questions such as these : Why did not the king begin early
in July, 1756 ? Why did he not storm the camp of Phiia f Why did
he not continue the war in October ? Why did he not renew hostih-
ties the following year until forced to it 1 And so on, and so on. By
this method they have shrunk the horizon to their own dimensions,
and have imprisoned their victim within the pale of his faults ; but a
wider view and the historic backgi'ound display his strategy in large
outline, as illuminated by the light of his age ; and thus the defeats of
x'aiVVfc.- 1
rrinrc\Trox wriionr^Ft. nv tiif. »nTisT.
TVrOGRAVLIlF. BOfSSOD, VAMDOX A CO.. PARIS.
XAPOLHOX AT ST. HHI.HXA.
KnOM TIIK. TAINIISO HV I.. KIVVTKF.
SOLDIER, .STATESMAN, DESPOT 235
Kolin aud Kunersdorf, as well as the victories of Leuthen, Rossbach, chap. xxvi
Zorndorf, and Torgau, exhibit the Pi-ussian general as the gi-eat genius Review
which he was. It was not until Napoleon had taught his rivals what
fighting ought to be that men could also pick and nag at him by ask-
ing why Waterloo did not begin four hours earlier, why more explicit
directions were not given to Grouchy, why in 1814 the desperate man
chose to cut off the line of his enemies' communications rather than
withdraw into Paris and call the nation to arms ; and so on, to infinity.
Jiidged either historically or theoretically, the strategy of Napoleon is
original, unique, and iniexcelled. It is his greatest achievement, be-
cause his most creative.
CHAPTER XX\T:I
napoleon's place in history
Exhaustion — The Change in Napoleon's Views — Intermitting Pow-
ers— Their Extinction — Common Sense and Idealism — The Man
and the World — The Philosophy of Expediency — A Mediat-
ing Work — French Institutions — Transformation of France —
Napoleon and English Policy — His Work in Germany — French
Influence in Italy and Eastern Europe — Napoleon and the
Western World.
ch. xxvn TF Napoleon's qualities as usurper, statesman, and wan-ior be as
Summary X remarkable as they appear, why was bis time so short, what were
the causes of bis decbne, and w^bat is bis place in history? The
causes of his decHue may be summed up in a single word — exhaustion.
There exists no record of human activity more complete than is that
of Napoleon Bonaparte's life. In its beginnings we can see this
worshiper of power stimulating his immature abilities in vain until,
with reckless desperation, be closed the period of training and made
his scandalous bargain with BaiTas; then, grown suddenly, inexphc-
ably rich, becoming with better clothing, food, and lodging physically
more vigorous, he seems mercilessly to drive the rowels into bis own
flanks until initiative, ingenuity, and ruthlessness are displayed with
apparently superhuman dimensions. The period of achievement is
short, but glorious in politics; the age of domination is long and
exciting. Throughout Ijoth there is the same reckless physical ex-
cess and intellectual dissipation. Then comes the turn. Every human
age has in it the germs of the next; we begin to die at birth, and
the characteristic quahties and powers of oui" period diminish as
those of the next increase. So it was with Napoleon. H(i compressed
so much, both as regards the number and importance of events,
o
m
>
H
X
o
2;
>
o
m
O
Z
NAPOLEON'S PLACE IN IILSTOUY 237
into so short a space that his times are Uke those -vn-inkled Japanese Cn. xxvii
pictures which are made by shriveling a large print into a small Summary
compass — intense and deep, but unreal. To change the metaphor,
he found the ship of state dashing onward, with her helm lashed
and no one daring to take the task of the steersman in hand. He
cut the lashings and laid hold. His unassisted efforts as a pilot
gave the vessel a new com'se ; but he had no steam or other mechani-
cal power, no deus ex machind, to aid him ; and as exhaustion followed,
he seemed to be steering when, in reality, his actions were under the
compulsion of events he was not controlling ; and this continued until
the wreck.
But the inertia of his powers resembled their rise so perfectly as to
represent continuous growth, and thus to deceive observers : in a few
years he had ordered the Revolutionary chaos of Western Europe to his
liking, and the resultant organization worked by the principles he had
infused into it. As he saw his imperfect and shallow theories of society
successively confoimded, he had no vigor left to reconstruct them and
adapt himself to new situations. His efforts at the role of liberator
throughout the Hundi-ed Days deserve careful study. He simply coidd
not yield or adapt himself, except in non-essentials. The shifts to
which he had resort would have been ridiculous had they not been
pathetic. The governmental fonns attempted by the Revolution had
been successively destroyed by the fmious energy of Jacobinism : the
Dii'ectory was but a compromise, and when it took refi;ge for safety in
the army its performances seemed to the masses siu-e to bring back the
Terror ; the Consulate was only a disguised monarchy founded on mili-
tary force; and as royalism was impossible, there seemed to vast
numbers no other alternative than the Empu-e. That there was no
other alternative was due to Napoleon's imperious character, now
developed to its utmost extent. He was selfish, hardened, and, though
active hke his symbohc bee, without capacity for further development.
His mother knew that he could not hold out ; she said it, and saved
money for a rainy day. He himself had haunting premonitions of
this truth. His passion to pei-petuate himself by founding a dynasty
was the real basis for his warlike ardor. Profoundly moved, in fact
awe-stricken, by the imperishable hatred of the older djmasties, and
yet reveling in his military genius, he waged war nithlessly and
with zest, enjoying the discomfiture of his foes, and delighting in the
238 LIFE OF NAPOLEON BONAPARTE
ch. XXVII exercise of his powers. But, after all, war was but a means. He
Summary fi'equeutly dwslt ou the advantages of hereditary succession; he
hugered with suspicious frequency over the satisfaction a dynastic
ruler must feel iu the devotion or, if not that, in the submissiveness
of his people ; he was hj-persensitive to the slightest popular disturb-
ance ; and he must have foreboded his own fall, since he was accus-
tomed to wear poison in an amulet around his neck, so that when the
great crisis should arrive he might take his own life. "Ah! why
am I not my grandson ? " he longingly ejaculated.
This single cause of Napoleon's fall can be better seen in the record
of his second captivity than in any other portion of his life. There is
no such thing as absolute exhaustion short of death. But intermittent
and flickering exertion is symptomatic of faihng powers in a jaded
horse ; it forebodes the end in a worn-out man. Cheerful and busy at
fii'st, because recruited by a long and favorable sea-voyage, he set out
in St. Helena at a racing gait to wiite history and mold the pubhc opin-
ion of Europe. Playful and energetic, he caught together the scanty
remnants of his momentary grandem*, and emulated the masters of
ceremony at the Tuileries in organizing a court and issuing edicts for
the conduct of its httle affairs. His life was to be that of a caged lion
— caged, but yet a lion. The plan would not work. In the affairs of
Longwood there were, as everjrwhere, hitches and m-egularities. To
Napoleon these soon became not the incidents, but the substance of
life. With the departnre of his secretaries the business of biographi-
cal composition became first u-ksome, then impossible, and the poor
muse of history was finally turned out of doors. To regular exercise
succeeded spasmodic over-exertion; complaint became the subject-mat-
ter for the exercise of both mind and tongue; daily association with
kindly but second-rate persons checked the flow of great ideas ; the
combinations of Austerlitz and Wagram gave place to the sm.all moves
in a game of spite with a bureaucratic British governor. Fj-om the
days of his boyhood until his alliance with Barras the exile had been a
dreamy, vague, indefinite, unsuccessful fellow; his powers were not
quickly developed. Wliilo he had France and Ein"ope to work upon,
he showed the extraordinary qualities repeatedly outlined, mind and
hand, thought and deed, working together. Already jaded, his stu-
pendous capacity became intennittent after the fatal amiistice of
Poischwitz ; but it worked, for it still had the raw material of gi*and
^T. 51] NAPOLEON'S PLACE IN IILSTOKY 239
strategy and gi*eat politics to work on. This continued until after Ch. xxvii
Waterloo. That battle, not a groat one in itself, was nevertheless ejjic, Summary
both in its effects upon the world and in its min of the brains which
had swayed the destinies of Europe for twenty years. Between the
flight to Charleroi and the escape to the Bellerophon, Napoleon shows
no pluck and no brains.
In actual capti\'ity his mind was without a sufficient task and
under no pressure from necessity. It consequently, though somewhat
invigorated at fii'st, intermitted more and more toward the close, work-
ing, when it did work, awkwardly and with friction, until the physical
collapse came, and the end was reached. The attempts to remodel his-
tory, the efforts to dehneate his own and others' motives, the specious
sunnuaries of his career and its epochs, the fragmentary expositions
of his philosophy in ethics, politics, and psychology — all the stately
volumes which bear his name, his literary remains, in fact, present a
pitiful sight when closely examined. They are but the scoriae of a
bmnt-out mind, but dust and ashes ; a splendid mass, but an extinct
volcano. It was only natural that his successors and admirers should
seek to erect a more enduring foundation for his fame by collecting
and carefully editing what he had written when at his best, when act-
ing according to his momentary, nonnal impulse, and when, therefore,
he had the least pose and the greatest sincerity. But it is a proof of
their shrewdness that they selected and pubhshed less and less after
Erfurt, and that out of the voluminous pen-product of St. Helena they
chose a hundred and fifty pages which the " Correspondence," intended
to be the most splendid monument to the Emperor's gloiy, could pre-
sent as authentic biographical material.
If, then. Napoleon was after all but a plain man, how did he be-
come a personage ? Simply because he was the typical man of his day,
less the personal mediocrity ; the typical burgher in personal character,
the typical soldier in war, the typical despot in peace, and the typical
idealist in pohtics ; capable in all these quahties of analysis ; capable,
consequently, of being understood ; capable of exhaustion and of being
overwhelmed by combinations. In other words, he was really great
because he was the shrewd common-sense personage of his age, con-
sidering the ideal social structure as a level of comfort in money, in
shelter, in food, in clothes, in rehgion, in morahty, in decency, in do-
mestic good-nature, in the commonplace good things fairly divided as
240 LIFE OF NAPOLEON BONAPARTE [JEt. 51
Ch. XXVII far as they would go roiind. This was the side of his nature which in
Summary a poriod of social cxhaustion planted him four-square as a social force,
presented him to France as the rock against which the "red fool-
fmy'' of Jacohiuism had dashed itself to pieces, and gave him for a
tune command of all hearts. Thus estabhshed, he at once fell heir to
French tradition — that is, to the continuous poUcyof the nation in for-
eign and domestic affairs; which was that France should be the Jupiter
in the Olympus of European nations by reason of her excellence both
in beauty and in strength. Here was a temptation not to be resisted,
the superlative temptation like that of the serpent and the woman, the
chance to transcend by knowledge, the opportunity to "liitch his wagon
to a star," to commingle the glory of France with his own imtil the
elements were no longer separable. Into this snare, great as he was in
his representative plainness, he fell, and in the ensuing confusion he
not only destroyed himself, but brought the proud and splendid nation
which had cherished him to the very verge of destruction. He could
not sway one emancipated people without swajdng an emancipated Eu-
rope, and this after Austerlitz he deteiinined to do. Then he lost his
head : his wisdom turned out to be nothing but adoration of mere ex-
pediency; his strength proved weakness when, with his imperial ideal-
ism, he braved in Spain the idealism of a tnie nation; his vaunted
physical endiu-ance disappeared with self-indulgence, the golden head
and brazen loins fell in a crash as the feet of clay disintegrated before
the storm of national uprisings.
This being true, we have in his career every element of epic great-
ness : a colossal man, a chaotic age, the triumj)h of principle, the re-
estabhshment of historical equilibrium by means of a giant cast away
when no longer needed. And this epic quahty, which is not in the man
alone nor in the age alone, appears when the two are combined, and
then only. Looking at him in our cold light, he has every attri-
bute of the commonplace adventurer; looking at the France of 1786
with our perspective, the people and the times appear almost mad in
their fi'antic efforts to accomplish the work of ages in the moments of
a single lifetime. Yet combine the two, and behold the man of the
third estate rising, advancing, reflecting, and then planting himself in
the foreground as the most dramatic figure of public life, and you have
a scene, a stage, and actors which cannot be surpassed in the range of
history. To the end of the Consulate the action is powei-ful, because
^wi
IM Tin: Lui via.
V\\' nv T. JUllNNiiN
hi-:nri-gratikn, count bkktrand
flioH Tilt; I'AlM'lMt HY rAUI.-llllTUl.VTi: Kl I.Mt'K'lli:
NAPOLEON'S PLACE IN HISTORY 241
it represents reality : n nation unified, a people restored to wholesome ch. xxvii
influences, peace inaugurated, constitutional government established. Summary
There is so far no tawdry decoration, no fine clothes, no posing, no
rant. But with the next scene, that of the Empire, the spectator be-
comes aware of all these annoyances, and more. The leading actor
grows self-conscious, identifies himself with the public interest for per-
sonal ends and to the detriment of the nation, displays no moral or
artistic self-restraint, and soon aiTanges every element so as to make
his studied personal ambitions appear like the resultants of ominous
forces which act from without, and against which he is donning the
armor of despotism for the public good. The play becomes a human
tragicomedy, and, verging to its close, ends hke the tragedies of the
Grreeks, with a people betrayed and the force of the age chained to
a horrid rock as the spoii; of the elements.
Was this the end, and did Napoleon have no place in history, as
many historians have lately been contending ? Far fi'om it. From his
couch of porphyiy beneath the gilded dome on the banks of the Seine,
" the " Emperor, though " dead and tm-ned to clay," still exercises a
powei-ful sway. The actual Napoleonic Empu*e had, as we have before
remarked, a striking resemblance to those of Alexander and Charle-
magne. Based, as were these, upon conquest, and continued for a
httle life by the ideahsm of a single person, it seemed like a brilliant
bubble on the stream of time. But Alexander hellenized the civiliza-
tion of his day, and prepared the world for Christianity ; Charlemagne
plowed, haiTowed, and sowed the soil of barbaric Em-ope, making it
receptive for the most superb of all secular ideals, that of nationality ;
Napoleon tore up the system of absolutism by the roots, propagated
in the most distant lands of Europe the modem conception of in-
dividual rights, overthrew the rotten stinicture of the Grerman-Ro-
man empire, and in spite of himself regenerated the long-abused
ideas of nationality and fatherland. It must be confessed that his
own shallow pohtical science, the second-hand Rousseauism he had
learned fi'om his desultory reading, had little to do with this, except
negatively. One by one he saw his faiths made ridiculous by the
violent phases of Jacobinism after it took control of the Revolutionary
movement. His heart, his conscience, his intellect, all undisciplined,
then revolted against the metaphysic which had misled him, and
"ideologist" became his most contemptuous epithet. Controlled by
Vol. IV.— 33
242 LIFE OF NAPOLEON BONAPARTE
ch. xxvn instinct and ambition, he nevertheless rexnauicd throughout his period
Summary the ono thorough ideaUst among the men of action, Goethe being
the superlative, transcendent genius of idealism among the thinkers.
Each successive day saw his scorn of physical Hmitations increase,
his impatience of language, customs, laws, of local attachment, per-
sonal tidelity, and national patriotism grow. The result was a fixed
conviction that for humanity at large all these were naught. At last
he planted himself upon the burgher philosophy of utility and ex-
pediency, putting his faith in the loyalty of his family, in homely de-
pendence upon matrimonial alhance, in the passion of hiunanity for
physical ease and earthly well-being. This was the concert by which
he sought to create a federation of beneficent kingdoms that would
win all men to the prime mover. Space and time rebelled ; the lofty
ideals of humanity and philosophy would not down ; selfishness proved
impotent as a support ; the dreamer recognized that again he had been
deceived. Haggard and exhausted, he finally tm*ned, in the role of
Napoleon Liberator, to the notion of nationality and of government
swayed by popular will in all its phases. But it was too late. Instead
of being the leader of a van, he had forgotten, in his own phrase,
to keep pace with the march of ideas, and was a straggler in the rear,
without a moral status or a devoted following.
All this is true ; but it is equally true that much of his work en-
dured both in France and in the civihzed world. In France, indeed,
the work he did has been in some details only too enduring. History
is there to teU us that the test of high civilization is not necessarily in
great dimensions. Those histories of the ancient world in which hu-
manity seems strange and distasteful, of Egypt, Phenicia, Babylon,
and Assyria, were wide in extent and long in duration: those of
Greece and Rome, whose poets, statesmen, legislators, and warriors
are our despau-, were small in proportion and comparatively short in
duration, while they were normal and healthy; the world-empires of
both were neither natural nor admirable. It will not do, therefore,
to judge Napoleon by the length of his career, or by the standards of
other times and different circumstances. The centralization of admin-
istration in the commonwealth which he rescued from the clutches of
anarchy was probably essential to the rescue ; the expediency which
he deliberately cultivated in the Concordat, in the laws of the family
and inheritance, and in the fatal Continental system, was possibly a
NAPOLEON'S PLACE IN HISTORY 243
statesman's palliative for momentary political disease. His artificial ch. xxvn
aristocracy, his system of great fiefs, his financial shifts — who dares to Summary
say that these institutions did not meet a temporary want? More-
over, it is worth considering whether a direct reaction to moderate,
sane repubhcanism from extreme and furious Jacobinism was possible
at all, and whether a reaction from Napoleon's imperial democracy was
not easier and the results more peiTaanent. In other words, is it likely
that the thu-d French repubhc could have been the direct successor of
the first ? The question is certainly debatable. No pen can dehneate
the sufferings of France under Napoleonic institutions as that of
Taine has so ably and scathingly done ; his wonderfid etching power-
fully exhibits painful truths. But who is to blame if a nation is ham-
pered by its administration, by a centralization it no longer needs, by
social regialations which it has outgrown, by political habits wliich do
not suit the age 1 Not alone the man who inaugurated them, for ends
partly selfish but also partly statesmanlike; the people who timidly
endiu'e are responsible for the doom which will certainly overtake
any nation living in a social and political stnicture antiquated and
unsuitable.
One thing at least the new France has done with magisterial style :
she has introduced into her pohtical machinery respect for pohtical
habit. The French government of to-day is distinctly an outgrowth of
conditions, and not of theories. Its constitution has none of the fatal
marks of completeness which her other republican constitutions have
borne ; on the contrary, there never was a peiiod in modern times
when to the outsider French institutions seemed as crescive as they
do to-day. And they have abundant material on which to work.
There are signs that the system of nations as aimed camps, for which
Napoleon set the example, is breaking by its own weight ; modera
armies are mostly national schools controlled by scientific inquisitive-
ness and permeated by a civic spirit ; the pacific federal system of the
great Eui'opean powers sometimes seems feeble and rickety, but it is
in existence. Alliances are now federations for peace ; the Triple Al-
hance is or was a federation for peace ; so too the Sextuple AUiance,
so energetic and persistent in its support of Tm'key, has been a federa-
tion for peace. Perhaps the day is nearer than we think when a
working system of international understandings, without appeal to
war, whatever name be given to the practice, wiU be devised. Then
244 LIFE OF NAPOLEON BONAPARTE
ch. xxvn certainly, Init long before, let us hope, France may anchor her liberties
Summary iu a bill of rights, destroy judicial inquisition, begin to slacken the
bonds of her prefeotoral system, emancipate her universities and
academies, regenerate pubUc feeling as to the increase of population
by modifying her laws of the family, and go on not only to populate
her own fertile fields, but to make the magnificent colonies which she
has acquu'ed the futm'e homes of coiintless children, a field for exert-
ing her superfluous energy — in short, when she may slough off her now
supei-fluous Napoleonic institutions.
It would be uttei'ly unjust, however, to plead a justification of Na-
poleon solely by such a monumental fact as that he was in all like-
lihood the forerunner of modern France. Even when the coimtry
adopted him, his positive, direct influence for good was gi-eat. The
Concordat, whatever its faults, partly secm'cd a fi'ee chm'ch and a free
state, separating thus what God had never joined together in holy wed-
lock; his splendid bodes — for no matter who pondered and shaped
them, they were his in execution — have guaranteed the perpetuity of
civil equality not only in France, but, as the sequel has shown, thi'ough-
out great expanses of Em-ope ; the questions of a nation's right to its
chosen ruler and government, agitated in a new form dm'ing the Hun-
dred Days, were those with which succeeding generations were con-
cerned until they were answered in the affirmative. The ditJerence
between the France of 1802 and that of 1815 is on one side painful, but
on another side it is remarkably significant. The former was tran-
sitional and chaotic ; the latter had that amazing but completed social
union, stronger than any ever known in history, which has saved the
country in succeeding storm-periods. In it there was respect for per-
sons, for contract, for property; the administration was unitary, homo-
geneous, and active ; the finances, though not regulated, were restored
to vigor ; and the processes were inaugurated by which the great cities
of France have become healthful and beautifiil, while at the same time
the internal improvements of the country have been systematized and
rendered splendid in their efficiency. Revolutionaiy concepts were so
modified and assimilated that the efforts of the dynasties, when put to
the test of public opinion, failed because they were felt to be absm*d by
the masses. It was one of Napoleon's aphoiisms that " to have the
right of using nations, you must begin by serving them well." Like a
good burgher, he made his servants comfortable and happy. His ex-
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NAPOLEON'S PLACE IN HISTORY 245
ample, moreover, was reflected abroad throughout Europe ; and to the ch. xxvii
milHous of plain and not very shrewd mliabitants of other lands, the Summary
Revolution, as Napoleon had shaped it, lost many of the hoiTors with
which Jacobinism, to the everlasting damnation of both the thing and
its name, had clothed it. It is a question whether there was in exist-
ence a strong liberal France, such as idealists depict, that could pacifi-
cally have done this wonderful work. Examining and duly weighing
the desperation of dynastic absolutism, it looks as if nothing but the
coimter-poison of Napoleon's mihtarism could have prevented its
annihilating French liberalism. Without Napoleon the conservative
liberalism of to-day would have been impossible.
Turning to the field of general history, there are certain facts, ad-
mittedly Napoleon's doing, which quite as certainly are among the most
important factors of contemporary pohtics. Of themselves these would
suffice to give him a high place in constnictive history. In the first
place, he deprived England of the monopoly in what had long been es-
sentially and pecidiarly her political ideal. What was the basis of the
long conflict between England and France to which Napoleon fell heir ?
Was the struggle of these two glorious and enlightened sister nations
a struggle for territorial ascendancy in Europe ? Not entirely. Was it
a lif e-and-death struggle for ascendancy in the Western World ? No.
The Seven Years' War had decided that question against France, and
the American war for independence had in a sense evened the score in
its decision against England ; for the prize had been awarded to a new
people. No ; the conflict did not rage over this. What, then, was the
cause? Nothing less than a passion for the ascendancy of one of
these highest forms of civilization throughout the globe, including
both Europe and America. This Anglo-Saxon, political, commercial
religious, and social conception was after the Napoleonic wars no
longer confined to Great Britain. Thence onward the gi*eat powers
of Europe have been chiefly concerned, aside from their care for self-
preservation, in partitioning Afi-ica and Asia among themselves ; and
this process is no sooner complete than they begin to murmiu' about
the Monroe doctrine and to cast longing eyes toward Central and
South America. The state system which was once European has
become coextensive with the sphere on which we live, and this notion
of world-domination so denounced when held by Napoleon has become
the motive-power of every great modern civilization.
246 LIFE OF NAPOLEON BONAPARTE
cn. xxvii If "we consider the national politics of Eui'ope beyond the houn-
Sum^ary darics of France, history again becomes a record of influences started
by Napoleon's works, either of commission or of omission. Rus-
sia's gi'andem' as a European power appears to be largely due to the
temporary extinction of Poland's hope for national resurrection. Had
Napoleon, instead of playing his doubtful game with the gi*and duchy
of Wai'saw, tmiied into an autonomous permanency the scarcely known
provisional government of Poland, which he actually inaugm'ated and
which worked for a considerable time, and had he restored to its sway
both the Prussian and Austrian shares in the shameless partition, we
might have seen quite another result to the mihtary migi-ation of 1812.
We can scarcely doubt, moreover, that Poland, restored under French
protection, would have been a buffer state between Russia, Prussia,
and Austria, rendering the cnishing coahtion an impossibility in 1813,
while in 1814 the alhes could probably never have crossed the French
fi'ontier, if indeed they had dared to go even so far in their march
across Em'ope. But his positive achievement was quite as important.
The Gennany of to-day is a great federal state guided, but not domi-
nated, by Pinissia. What are its other important members ? Bavaria,
Wiirtemberg, and Baden — aU three in their present extent and influ-
ence the creations of Napoleon ; the nice balance of powers in the Ger-
man Empire is due to his arrangement of the map. There is even a sense
in which all Germany, as we know it, sprang full armed fi-om his head.
He not merely taught the peoples of central Europe their strategy, tac-
tics, and military organization: it was he who canied the standard of
enhghtenmont (in his own interest, of com'se, but stUl he carried it)
thi'ough the length and breadth of their territories, and made its sig-
nificance clear to the meanest iuteUect of their teeming milhons.
Thereafter the longings for German unity, for German fatherland, for
the organization of German strength into one movement, could never
be checked. The swarm of petty tyi'ants who had modeled their life
and conduct on the example of Louis XIV., and who in struggling to
vie with his villainies had debauched themselves and their peoples, was
swept away by Napoleon's ruthlessness, to give place to tlie larger, more
wholesome nationality of this centuiy, which was destined in the end
to inspire the suiTounding nations with the new concept of respect, not
alone for one's own nationality, but for that of others.
What French influence effected in Italy is a topic so recondite as tp
NAPOLEON'S PLACE IN HISTORY 247
require separate discussion ; for the results were not so immediate or ch. xxvu
so di'amatic as they were in Germany. But the desti-uction of petty Summary
governments was as i-uthless as in the north ; the ideas wliich marched
in Bonaparte's ranks found at least a large minority of inteUigent
admirers among the invaded; and Italian unity, though won by a
family he feared and abused, is in no doubtful sense indebted for its ex-
istence, not merely to Napoleon's age, but to the ideas he disseminated
and to the efforts at a practical beginning which he made. As to
Austria-Hungary, the new historical epoch which makes her essentially
the empire of the lower Danube takes its rise from Napoleon's time and
influence. The relaxation of her grasp on Italy has thrown her across
the Adriatic for the territorial expansion essential to her position as a
great power. It has been her mission to rescue by moral influence some
of the faii'est lands in the Balkan peninsula from waste and anarchy.
Mere proximity is a powerful factor; the turbulence of Austrian
local patriotism has been the seed of wholesome discontent among
the Chi'istian populations of Turkey, whose first awakening was
largely due to the emissaries sent by Napoleon to fire the hearts of the
oppressed and suffering subjects of that distracted land. Servia is one
example of this ; and in a sense the national awakening of Greece
began with the hopes similarly aroused.
Another page of history which remains to be wi'itten is that which
shall record the influence of Napoleon, direct and indirect, upon the
destinies of the United States. The astoimding magic of his name in
our country is partly due to a quaUty of the American mind which
makes its possessor the passionate and indiscmninating adorer of great-
ness in every form. The Americans are more French than the French
in their admiration of power. But after all this is not the main reason
for theu' interest in Napoleon. They are, dimly at least, aware of certain
facts which have determined their history and made them an indepen-
dent nation. Their fii-st war for independence left them tributary to the
mother-coimtry both industrially and commercially. It was Napoleon
who pitUessly, though slyly and indirectly, launched them into the
second war with Great Britain, from which they emerged with some
glory and some sense of defeat, but, after aU, with the tremendous and
permanent gain of absolute commercial independence. In the second
place, their purchase of Louisiana, though understood by only a few
at the moment, revolutionized their system both inside and outside.
248 LIFE OF NAPOLEON BONAPARTE
Ch. xxvn That momentous step destroyed the Hteral interpretation of the con-
summary stitutiou, hltherto enslaviug a congeries of jarruig Httle commonwealths
in the bondage of verbahsm, because, though manifestly beneficent and
necessary, it could be justified before the law only by an appeal to the
spirit and not to the letter. Thenceforward Americans have steadily
been enlarging their constitutional law by interpretation, and the ap-
parent timidity of amendment wliich they display is simi)ly due to
the absence of necessity for revision as long as expansion by interpre-
tation continues. But certainly quite as important as this was also the
displacement, by the acquisition of that vast tenitoiy, of what may be
called the national center of gi*avity. Until then the aspirations of
Americans had been toward Europe ; the public opinion of the countiy
had until then demanded the largest possible intercoiu'se with that con-
tinent compatible with freedom from political entanglement. There-
after there was a change in then* spuit : a continent of their own was
open to theii- energies. For two generations their history has been
concerned with exploration, with mechanical invention, and with solv-
ing the great problem of how to prevent an extension of slavery cor-
responding to the extension of temtory. But nevertheless, steadily
and vigorously two correlated concepts were propagating themselves :
neglect of Europe, in order to expand and assimilate their recent ac-
quisition; industrial exclusiveness, for the sake of this gi-eat home
market which immigration, settlement, and the formation of new
commonwealths was creating, not at the fi*ont door, but in the rear of
the States stretching along the Atlantic. This resulted in a temporary
" ab.out-face " of the nation ; and it is only now, when the prize of ma-
terial gi'eatness and of tenitorial unity has been secui'ed, that the nation
turns once more toward the rising sun, in order to get from older lands
everything gennane to its own civilization, and to assimilate these
acquisitions, if possible, in realizing its own ideals of moral grandeur.
THE END.
TBOM riH.T'J'.KArH IS THK 1.01,1. IXTH IN try UJi. l'll\ltLK!> J, TOilPEB
NAPOLEON I
rk'm THK iitsT nv ciiAi;iiirr, Ari'nu tuk u^atu-uask
TUc liUit itiarlu Xltv place wlictv tXood the Ix-il uii which Napoleon died
HISTORICAL SOURCES
In making this book I have had access to the following original
sources :
I. Unpuhlislied Documents : a, The papers of the French Ministry
of Foreign Affairs during the years of Napoleon's life, including
those of the " Fonds Napoleon." />, The unpublished con'espondence
of Napoleon kept in tlu^ Frcucli Ministry of War, including the
" Volumes Roiiges " and the " Dossier de I'Empereur." This is as
voluminous at least as the pubhshed correspondence, but of personal
and technical rather than political interest. I have also consulted
the archives of the General Staff in the same building concerning
many events connected with Napoleon's career, c, The papers of
Napoleon's youth known as the Ashburnham papers, but now owned by
the Italian government, and kept in the Laurentian hbrary at Florence.
Since I used them they have been published by Masson and Biagi,
but the editors have corrected the text to an extent which is in our
day not considered scientific, d, The despatches of American diplo-
matists resident abroad dm-iug Napoleon's career, e, Certain papers
from the Record Of&ce in London relating to Napoleon's smTender and
his life in St. Helena. /, Certain papers of Henii Beyle containing
characterizations of Napoleon and contemporary anecdotes concerning
him. These were translated by Jean de Mitty fi'om a cipher manu-
script in the public hbrary at Grenoble, g, A considerable number
of Napoleon's letters kindly put at my disposal by various collectors.
II. Published Official Papers. Within the last few years original
documents concerning the Napoleonic epoch have been printed very
extensively. Nearly all the important books are based on archival
research, and the respective authors generally print a certain number
of despatches or reports in justification of then- conclusions. The
following collections are the most important : a, The CoiTespondence
of Napoleon, h, Official Papers of the Helvetic Repubhc. c, Diplo-
matic CoiTespondence between Prussia and France, 1795-97. d, Lord
Whitworth's despatches, e, Ducasse's Supplement to Napoleon's
CoiTespondence. /, The Papers of Gentz and Schwarzenberg. g,
The Papers of Mettemich. /^ Napoleon's Letters to Caidaiiicourt.
Vol. IV.— 34 249
250 HISTOKICAL .SOURCES
/, Napoleou's Letters to King Josepli. j, The Letters of King Jerome,
Queen Catharine, and King Frederick of Wiirtoniberg. A-, The Papers
of Castlereagh, Banks, Jackson, and other Enghsh statesmen of the
time. /, Diplomatic Correspondence between Russia and France, m.
The Ai-chives of Coinit Woronzoff. n, Diplomatic Correspondence of
the Sardinian ambassadors at St. Petersbm-g. o, Di])lomatic Cor-
respondence of the ministers of the republic and kingdom of Italy.
J), Lecestre's Unpulilished Letters of Napoleon. This list might be
extended almost indeiinitely by adding such collections as Ducasse's
Memoirs of King Joseph, Napoleon's Letters to Josephine, the Cor-
respondence of Eugene, etc., etc. ; but these older books are too well
known to require enumeration, and, though authentic, are only semi-
official or personal imblications.
III. Contemporary Memoirs. Those titles given in the bil)liog-
raphy are, with a few exceptions, the most valuable. The positive,
literal truth of the so-called memoirs attributed to Boumenne, Con-
stant, Caulaincourt, Barras, Fouche, and Avrillon is very slender.
They are all made by skilful patchwork, and must be read with the
utmost caution. In fact, it is doubtful whether, with the exception
of BaiTas's scandalous record, they have, strictly speaking, any right
to the names they bear. This much negative value they have : that
they show how history can be falsified in one mterest or another.
In this they resemble what was Napoleon's own literary beqiiest, the
Memorial and other dictations written down at St. Helena.
The list of books appended makes no pretense to completeness. It
contains, however, the titles of such volumes as will assure the reader
a complete view of Napoleon and his times from the best sources.
My thanks for special courtesies are due to the officers of the
Bibliotheque Nationale of France, to Messrs. Girard de Rialle and
Louis Farge of the French Foreign Office, to Commander Margueron
and M. Bnin of the French War Department, to Mr. Hubert Hall
of the Record Office in London, and to Mr. Albert Vignaud, Secre-
tary of the American Eml)assy in Paris. To Mr. Eustis and Mr.
Bayard, American ambassadors in Paris and London respectively, I
am indebted for the courtesies shown me by the French and English
officials, unknown to me either personally or by name, who opened
the doors of their archives to a stranger.
HISTORICAL SOURCES
251
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252
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INDEX
Aachen, A'."^ court »t, ii. 210, 217, 224
AaJen, the Kitncli position at, it 234
Abdullah Pasha, louttd at Esdraelon, ii. 48, 49
Ahen, River, unliUry operations on the, iii. 161
Abensberg, Lefebvre defeats the Aiistriiui3 at, iii, 161 :
oiuliiint uidfivd ti>, 1G2 : battle of, U13
Aberdeen, Lord, English envoy at Vienna, ii. 48
Abo, AleAuiidir s hint to Uernailotte at, iv. 'JO
Abouklr, iMitlc of, ii. 53-55, GG : trophies from, deposited at
tlif Invalittes, U7
Aboukir Bay, battle of, ii. 42, 43
Abrantes, Juuot at, iii. 96
Abrant^s, Duchesse d*, fiiendship with .V., L 104, 168
Absolutism, its L-rowtli in Eim-pe, i. 34 : its dechne and aboli-
tion, ^S-ci'J. tU, ^o : iv. nut. 'J22. 241
Academy, The, ordered to oceupy itself with literary criticism,
iii. 2S
Acken, military operations near, iv. 65, 60, 69
Acqui, military oi>onitions at, i. 215
Acre, Philippeaux at, i. 33 : siege of, ii. 32, 4^-51 : the key of
Palestine, 49: relief expedition from Constantinople to, 50,
51 : pnrlev ht-tweeii rhelippcaux and j.V. at, 54 : compared with
Smolensk, iii. 243
Act of Mediation, the, ii. 150
Acton, Sir J. F. E., rule of, in Naples, ii. 229
Adam, Albrecht, on tlie Fieni;h advanee into Kuasia, iii, 265
Adam, Sir F., in battle of Waterloo, iv. 202
Adda, River, military operations on the, i. 218, 233; ii. 113
Addington, Henry, succeeds Pitt in the ministry, ii. 134: ne-
gotiates for peace, 135: belief in the peace of Amiens, 137:
holds England to be arbiter of the Continent. 169 : Continental
policy, 1G9, 171 : appoints Lord Wliitworth ambassador to
Paris. 171 : his intiuence undermined by Pitt, 186 : driven from
power, 216
Addison, Joseph, on England's insular position, ii. 169
Additional Act, the, iv. ig7, 168, 172
Aderklaa, Austrian advance tlirough, iii. 170
Adige, River, military operations on, i. 226, 232, 234-239, 250-
254. 268. 273 ; ii. 60, 62. 125, 236; iii. 156; iv. 79: cession to
Austria of lands on, ii. 14 : boundary of the Cisalpine Republic,
14 : boundary of Austria in Italy, 125, 126 : Eugene to collect
troi'ps on, 232
Adrial, KL, member of the council of state, ii. 143 : reviser of
the Code, 143
Adriatic Sea, ^V. threatens to seize, i. 248 : French fleet in, ii.
12 : cession to Austria of lands on, 14 : marriage of, 16: JH.'s
control of, iii. 88 : the highway to India, 89
£etes, -V. likened to, iv. 22
jEneid, X'.* notes on the, iv. 217
Afghanistan, i>rojected rising against England in, iii. 24
Africa, proposed mihtory operations in northern, iii. 91 : the par-
tition of, iv. 245
"Agamemnon," the, at siege of Bastia, i. 154 ; iL 42
"Agathou," iiL i:(0
Agricultural laborers, condition at outbreak of the Revolu-
tion, L 53, 54, 57
Agriculture, encouragement of, ii. 141
A^ues-SSortes, the canal of, ii. 224
Ai8ne» River, militaiy movements on the, iv. 106, 119.
All, Fescli at, i. 22 : \. at, 79 ; iv. 152, 163 : arrest of Corsican
commissioners at, i. 121 : y.'s sickness at, iv. 152 : bitter feeling
against A', at, 152, 163
Ajacclo made a seat of government, i. 11 : the Bonaparte family
in. 12, 14, 15, 17 : -V. at, 42, 43, 45, 46, 63, 70, 75, 92, 114, 120: A.
prepares plans for its defense, 46 : political parties in, 62 : pa-
triotic schemes. 63 : X. assumes leadership in, 63 : the demo-
cratic club at, 6:J, 67, 70, 71, 75, 82, 108 : withdrawal of French
troops from, 65 : reorganizing the municipal government, 67,
70 : attack on -V. in, 70 : disorders iu, 70-72, 97-100. 106, 113 :
claims to be capital of Corsica, 74 : political movements in, 95-
99 ; election of officers in, 96, 97 : popular feeling against X. in,
99, 100 : embarkation of Sardinian expedition at, 113 : A', de-
mands allegiance to France from, 118: y.'s plot against the
citadel at, 119-124 : expedition from St Florent against, 120-
123: outburst against the Bonapartes in, 121: A', "s cave at, 125 :
weakness of, 153 : A'.V last visit to. ii. 57
Albania, A', offers the couutr>' to England, ii. 261
Albuera, battle of, iii. 221
Albufera, Duke of. See Suchet
Alessandria, <-'peniiig of the road to, i. 1.52 : military operations
near, 213 : in French liands, 228 : Melas rallies his army at, ii.
114, 116 : topography of the counti-y, lir., 117 : Melas retires to,
118 : N. concedes to the aUies at Chatillon, iv. 114
Alexander I., succeeds Paul I., il. 135: waives claim Ut .Malta,
l:i5 : hlwrates English ships, ViTt : his bloody title to the throne,
ii. 135, 203 ; iiL 35, 36 ; iv. 134 : abandons the neutrality policy.
ii. 168 : personal relations between xV. and. 168 ; iii. 34, 36, 37, 39,
45. 46, 54, Gl, 79, 85, 86, 93, 94, 191, 19G, 236 ; iv. 38, 40 : pacifi-
cation of, ii. 170 : ruptures diplomatic relation>« with France,
199: animus toward France, 211 : greed for Oriental empire,
2U. 222, 223, 229, 262, 271 ; iii. 33, 137, 182, 188; iv. 'yj : attitude
on the death of Enghicn, ii. 211, 223 : demands indemnity for
King of Sanlinia, 211. 223 : A".'** words of wai-nlng to, 222 : de-
m;tnd.s indemnity for Piedmont, 223 : undertakcb peace nego-
tiations, 228: his scheme of redistribution of Europe, 228:
England's negotiations with, 228 : character and personality,
228, 262 ; Iii. 9, 38. 39, '.»4, i:«. 235, 236, 2C7 ; iv. 47. 54, 99. 148 :
recalls his peace envoy, ii. 229 : brings Pnissia into the coali-
tion, 242, 243: at Berlin, 242. 243: relations with Frederick
William III., 243 ; iii. 49. 87, 151 : prefers one of Paul l.'s assas*
sins, ii. 245 : at Olinutz, 245 : N. opens negi-'tiations with, 246 :
forces the battle of Austerlit^ 246, 247 : after the tiattle, 251 :
deserts Francis I., 251, 252: interview with A'., 252: retreats
to Poland, 252 : evacuates Naples, 262 : conscienceless concern-
ing teiTitories of others, 202 : breaks off negotiations with A'.,
272 : reject:* theOiibril treaty, 272,273 : uncertain attitude, 273:
A'. A' insinuations concerning Queen Louisa and, iii. 3, 49 : com-
mences operations against Turkey, 5 : advances tow;u-d Prussia,
7, 8: Polish attitude toward, 9: A'.« doubts about his move-
. inents, 10; activity after Jena, 10: offers rewards for French
prisoners, 14 : devotion of the army to, 14, 15 : interest in Con-
stantinople, 29 : meeting with A\ at Tilsit, 34 et seq., 43-46 :
N.'s proposals to, 35: reminded of Paul l.'s death, 35: in-
vited to make a separate peace, 35 : accepts S.'s terms, 35, 30 :
promises to aid France against England, 38: deserts Prussia,
38 : proposed visit to Paris, 44 : proposes a treaty with Turkey,
44, 45: on Euiopean politics, 45: opinion of Louis XVm,,
45: claims concessions from N., 48: saves Silesia to Prussia,
48 : acquires Bielostok, 48, 49 : refuses to seize Prussian ter-
ritory, 53 : parting from A", at Tilsit, 54 : Savary's intiuence
over, 54 : hostility of Russian society to, 54, 87, 94, 265 : en-
mity to England, 59: N. proposes matrimonial unions to, 76,
139, 140, 190, 191 : coquets with English agents. 79 : effect of
the treaty ('f Tilsit on, 80: apprehensions at England's ac-
tions, 80: seeks to abolish serfdom, 80; difficulties of his po-
sition, 80 : demands repiiration for Denmark, 81 : declares war
on England, 83; repudiates the agreement of StolK>zia, 85:
keeps faith with A'., 85 : holds A', to his promises, 85 ; ambition
to actiuirc the DanubiaTi principalities, 85, 92, 93, 137, 191 : ap-
points Tolstoi to negotiate with A'., 86: declines A^'s offers,
87 ; essays to effect the liberation of Prussia, 87, 131 : continues
his demands on A'., 88, 89 : A', seeks further interviews with, 91,
93 : court intrigue around, 92 : receives presents from A\, 92 :
seeks to acquire Finland, 92. 131, 137 : breaks off negotiations
for interview with A'., 93: "stale-mated," 94 : humiliation of,
94, 236 : Joseph seeks his consent to acceptance of the Spanish
crown, li>4: uncertainty concerning A'.V plans, 129: approves
A'.'s coiu^e at Bayonne, 129 : friendship with Caulaincourt, 129,
131, 191 : proposed second meeting with A'., 129, 131, 132 : in-
fonued of the capitulation of Baylen, 130 ; influence i'U Em-
peror Francis, 130 : re- won by X.'s promises. 130 : remonstrates
with Austria, 130, 131 : determines to exact the fruits of Tilsit,
131 : inteUectual pretensions, 133: meeting with A', at Erfurt,
133 et seq. : dramatic incident at performance of " (Edipe," 134 :
apparent success of his demands at Erfurt, 137 : hot words with
A*, at Erfurt, 137 : approves of X.'s contemplated divorce. 140 :
relies on A', to gratify his ambitions, 150; at Konigsberg, 150,
151 : modifies his tone to Vienna, 151 : neutrality of, 174 : gives no
supiKu't to Francis, 182 : orders invasion of Galicia, 182 ; his ob-
servance of Franco-Russian treaties, 183. 188 : advises peace, 184 :
A", explains the treaty of SchOnbrunu to, 188 : hesitates to bo-
troth his sister to A'.. 190, 191 : fears the loss of Sloldavia and
W allachia, 191 : chagrined at the Austrian war and its results,
191 : anxiety for a French alliance, 191 : attitude concerning
N.'$ second marriage, 196, 240 ; offers Norway to Sweden, 21-%
239, 243 : discriminates against France in customs duties,
220 : action on X.'g occupation of the North Sea coa.-^!,
220: resei-ves his family ri^'hts over Oldenburg, 220: refuses
to accept Erfurt, 220 : lilieral tendencies. 235 : friendship with
Cziirtonski, 235, 237 ; iv. 20 : ambition for equality with A'.,
iii. 236 ; essays the r^le of European mediator, 236 : disgusted
with the old dynasties, 236 : outwitted by A', in the Polish
negotiations, 236 et seq.: impending rupture with A'.. 236
et seq. : rupture with X. over the Polish question, 236 et seq. :
refuses to restore the integrity of Pol:intl. 237: pi-oposes to
accept the crown of Warsaw, 237 : virtual deehuTition of war
against France. 237 : hopes of the Poles in, 238 : A', offers
the use of the " Moniteur " to, 239 : A', threatens action against.
263
2(i4
INDEX
Alrl.-uuUr I.— cnnfi'niirtl.
23!) : |irci>ari-» fur war, SRI : proves an uiitnistwcirtliy ally,
a*n: il.i. niiiiiis .Ml ik'fcmlvi' warfiiri', ^40 : ii<>.-lli..ii as to llii'
CuiitlMi iiMl S\»t. Ill, '.'ti^ JV.i : .V. warns liiiii of his iiiilitarv pn-p-
nratii.ns JH": liiiiK an clIiT ..< llii- Kn-mli ir.nm to Bcriia-
dotU', J*;! : nioko iiunlllli.'il nlllaiuo »ltli rriiRsia, 2«;l : I'Ifict
of Ills iKilii-y on l'ru».-ia. Hit : ninkis tornis wllh Tiirkiy. 244 :
IHT8..nal o.MiifilioM « nil Iho war of IKli 'J4'J : euiuisisions by,
•J411 : ultiniatiini in Knuuo. 'H'.!, 'iVi : |iropo8in coiinUrttTuis to
y., iVl: diluamU iH'ttir ImiiB for Swi-.lin. 'i'O : invitid lo
I>r\-»<li'li, Ml : liiluaiiils tlu' cvotuatlon nf Prussia. ar-O : ukase
of IKt, 11*10. JSO: his iJenuan lulvi.s. r» Maniiil. S.iri : allays
trtiuMo at St. I'fttreliun;. 2.V> : flnaniial ilinkullifs. 2.'ir) ; luili-
t-iry p.illiv, 2.'.'.! : n-pla. cs Barclay 'li' •''Hy l.y Kutusolf, 26() :
Ills lulvisiTB. 2<"v("s 2i;7: sIKnt stiaiUasintss, ifiii. 2C7 : reliKious
•pirlt, 'iCu : i-onduct Bft<r the capluro of Moscow, 2H7 : deter-
inincj to continue the wiir, 267 : frieiidshiii with Ualitzin, »~ :
ttvatiueut of tyincli prisoners, iv. 8: makes terms with l>ruB-
sla, 19: gois to Vilna. 2tl: pnijcct to iHcnme kinj; of Poland,
•JO : ee»'k8 alliances with Prussia and Austria, 20 : ahandous the
rolish idea. 2<': ambition to (kisc as liberator of Europe, 20;
relations with Stein, 21, ;I0 : in correspondence with York, 21 :
necoliates treaty wllh Spain, .Inly. 1812, 211: llettenilch seeks
to embroil him wi(h llernadotte. 2'.i : advances njiaiust F.ugt'ue,
W ; favors annexation of Saxony by Prussia, 32 : importance of
keepint: him hostile to Krance, 411: .V.'» attempt to negotiate
with, 4a : secret meeting with .Metternich, 44 : fatalism of, 47 :
Krancls seeks alliance with, 47 : jealousy of Austria, 4'.» : medi-
oirity iu military alfaira. 'A : in military council at Tmchuu-
lK>rv. S5 : battle of Leipsic. 71. 72 : anxiety for the future of nb-
B.>lutisni, 79 : distrust of his allies, 79. So : .lacobinism of, 80 :
dissatistied with Frankfort terms, SO : desires reveiiRe for Mos-
cow, tio: cheeks Bernadotte's ambitions, 90: encourages Bor-
uadolte's ainliition, 90, 92 : holds the balances in the coalition,
91 : ambition for F.uropean supremacy, 92 : predicts speedy en-
try Into I'aris, 94 : military blunder, 90 : designs to acr|uire Ga-
liciii, VO: poses as a liberal. 99: designs regarding rolaud, 99:
desiR'S to comiuer France, 99 : forbids the restoration of Vaud
t«i Bern, 99, li«i : suspends the Congress of Cliatillon, 101 : con-
sents to reopening the ("ongress, 102 : activity of, 115, IIG : pre-
pares for the entry into Paris, 116: terror-stricken at Arcis,
lis: attitude toward Austria, 122: holds a military council,
122 : Intrigues with Vitrolles, 122 : eagerness to auuihilate -V.,
122: viohites armistice before I'aris, 131; orders an a^^saull.
131 : fears .V.V arrival at I'aris, 131 : Talleyrand sends a " blank
check •■ to, i;t3 : leads the allies into Paris, i:i3, 134 : schemes
for French government, 134 ; the representative of legitimacy.
134 : presides at the council for [wace, l;(4 : deceived by the
I'arlsians reieption, 134 : approves the Bourbon restoration.
134 : laulainc<iurt seeks audience of, 13.S i:i(i : Mannoiit's offer
to. 13» : hears Talleyr.ind's remonstrance against the regency,
142; prcseutatlou of A'.'s abdication to, 142, 143: hatred for
absolutism, 14:) : hears of the defection of X.'e army, 143 : re-
vulsion of feeling in favor of the Empire, 143 : refuses to ac-
cept the abdication, 145: generous iiiipulses, 148: proposes a
home for .V. in Kussia, 14H : alleged imlclicacy of his visit to
the Empress at Ramliouillet, 150; boast as to his servants, 151,
1.52 : protests t<i Talleyrand against violations of treaty oliliga-
tioiis, 102: determines to retain ascendancy in the coalition,
173: converted to the legitimacy idea, 212: besought lorA.s
release, 217 : coiTesiwindence with : —
Galltzin, Prince, iii. 237 : Ceoige III., iii. 140 : Marmont, iv.
13S; Xapolcli, iii. 90, 91, 9:), 129, 239, 2i;f. ,
Alexander the Great, X. likened to, I. 202 : iii. 242 ; iv. 241 :
X. / ailmir.ition for. 11. 10. 31, 97, lO.), IIM : his work for civiliza-
tion, im, liM ; iv. 223, 241 : his ideal, iii. 242 : the cause of his
undoing, iv. 230
Alexandria, A'.« >ncws concerning, ii. 31, 32 : Nelson seeks the
Eg)ptian ex]>edition at, 88 : A'.'s :irrival at, 38 ; capture of, 39 :
the march to Cairo from, 40 : Adm. Brueys <irdcred to, 42 ; A'.
at. 44 : arrival of the Khodes expedition at, 53; F,ngli8h fleet
at, 55 : ,V. sails from. 50 ; England's occupation of, 17'9
Alfleri, Vittorlo, sings of Italian freedom, ii. 149 ; iv. 79
Allen Act, r.nt'laii.l s jsisition with regard to, ii. 174
AUonaar, capituhitiou of the Duke of York at, il. 63 : capitula-
Ui I, '.13
Alle, River, military operations on the, iii. 29-.'i2
AUemand, retreat of the French through, iv. 123
AllenbUTg, Uennlgscn collects his trooiis at, iii. 32
AlUx, J. A. F., at Anverre. iv. 125; battle of Waterloo, 1%
"All the 'Talents," the ministry of, Iii. 41
Almeida, si' ge and capture of, iii. 218: retaken by the English,
221
Alpou, River, military operations on the. i. 238, '2;I9
Alps, the, Miilllaiy ojicrntlnns In, I. 128, 2.5:1, 2i'.:), '207 ; ii. 105-113,
I20, lii : the keys i.f. I. 200. 215 : JYench BU|ireinacy in, 11. 00:
Suvarotr's liisasters in, 1*3; Hannibal's jiassjige of. 110: road
ai ross the SiMiplon, 149; Frances "natural boundary. " iv. HO
Alsace, Austria driven out of, i. 103: royalists In, ii. 192: Due
d'Eiighlen'sconspinicy in, 192, 195 : regulalions for Jews in, ill.
04 : proi.oscd ces-lon of, to Austria, iv. 99
Alten, K. A. von. In battle of W aUrbHi, Iv. 202
Altenburg, pence negotiations at, iii. 1H3
Altenkircnen, baiiie oi. i. 2::5
Alvlnczy, Gen. Joseph, X.'n ojierations against, I. 211; com-
manding Auslrian forces for relict of Mantua, 230-240 : defeats
Mnss^'na at Baasano and Caldlero, '2:17: operations against
V.rona, 'i)7-240: retreats from Caldlero. '2:m; openttions on
the Adigc, 2.^1-254 : the Kivoli campaiKii, 2M et scq. : defeat at
KiToll, 'M : liees to the Tyrol, 2S4
America, disquiet oj the English colonies in, i. 9 : precedent for
France's aid to English colonies in, 10; English ineiisures
against colonies in, 11 : Pjiynals .piestion concerning the dis-
covery of, 70: Mar.iuis de Hcauharnais in, 1S9 ; collapse of
FYcneh sciiemes of coloniaitii>n in, ii. 163; France looks to her
possessions In, 179 ; scheme tor a Bourliou monarchy in, iiL
loi;. Ill
American Embargo Act of 1807, iii. 82, 83, 210, 211
Americas, Emperor of the Two, in. 90
Amiens, liie treaty of, ii. 135, 149-151, 157, 167-109, 171-177, 179,
ISl. l.";!, 212, 22.5, '2.58 ; iii. 42 : iv. 2;t2
Amsterdam, asked for loan of ten millions, ii. 102 : smuggled
comnierce of, iii. 203. '2iM : Umis permitted to return to, -207 ;
removal of the capital to, 212 ; march of I'lench trooja to, 212 :
sends deputation ^l I'aris iv. 17
Amurrlo, t:en. Victor at. ill. 142
Anarchists, in France, ii. S8 : assassination schemes among, 164
Anarchy, the seed o( "a pure democracy, ' i. 244
Ancients, Council of the, ic|iresenl public sentiment, ii. 2 :
members of, jii-oscribed, 6: Sieyes president of. 23: join the
Bonaiiartist ranks, 08: give bamiuet to X. in St, Sulpice, 08:
share in Bonapartist plots, 09 : plots of the 18th Brumaire, 09
et seq. : endeavor to postpone A'.'s dictatorship, 70, 77 : pass
vote of conlldence In A'., 78 : adopts the Consulate, 83
Allcona, capture of. i. '200: imiiortance of, '202: A', at, '262: X.
proposes to seize, 277 : rise of, 277 ; fall of, ii. 93: Austrian oc-
ciipation of, 119: seized by French troops, 260: annexed to
Italv, iii. 68, '.V4
Andalusia, Dnpont advances toward, iii. 122: withdrawal of
troops from. 140 : Sonlt ordered t^i, 219
Andemach, alteration of boundary at, ii, 14
Andr6ossy, Gen. A. F., service in Egypt, 11. 36 ; accompanies
A. on liis return from Alexandria, 50 : action on tile 18th
Brumaire, 71 ; ambassador to London, 177 : despatch fnun
X. to, 181 : French ambassador at N'ienna, iii. 8 : reports Aus-
trian activitv, 24 ; inlluenie in Vienna, 25
Ang^ly, Regriault de St Jean d', ilreads a new Terror, ii. 64 :
member of the council of state, 100: prophesies the undoing
of France, iii. 247
Angerburg, Lestoc4i at. iii. 14
Anghiarl, I'lovera croiises the Adige at, i. 2.51, 254
Anglas, Bolssy d", quells riot at the National Convention, L
108
Anglo-Saxon spirit of civilization, iv. 225
Angouieme, Duchess of, ailionts .Madame Ney, iv. 169
Angouldme, Duke of, proclaims Louis X\1II. at Bordeaux, iv.
114 . ,. ...
Anne, Grand Duchess, mentioned for marriage with A., iil
139. 140 : A', seeks her liand in marriage, 191, 192
Ansbach, Bernadottes movements in, ii. 234, 242 : ceded to Ba-
y.iri-.i, 251 ; Angereau coniinanding in, '270 : French violation of
territory, iii. 50 : military movements near, iv. 76
Anselme, Gen., i- I13
Antlbes, recinits for X.'e army from, iv. 1G3
Antilles, scheme for population of tiie, ii. 151. 1.52
Antommarchl, Dr. P., assists A', on his history, iv. 217 : X.'t
physician, 217, 218
Antonelll, Cardinal, diplomatic duel with I'ortalis, ii. 221
Antralgues, Comte d', exposes I'ichcgru's treachery, ii. 3. 4 :
furnislies pen-portrait of A'., 18, 19
Antwerp, commercial key to central Europe, iv. SO : AT. "loses
bis crown for, ' 81 : refused to France by the allies, 99 : X. re-
fuses to give lip. 101, 105 : X. concedes, to the allies, 114
Aosta, an ival of Lannes at, ii. Ill
Apennines, military operations in the, i. 143, 213, 228; ii. 63
Apolda, mililaiv movements near, ii. 281, 28;t
Apollonlus of Tyana, A', comp.ares .lesus Christ witli, ii. 133
Aqua tofana, plot to poison X. with, i. 258
Arabia, X.'k attention turned toward, i. 40, 49
Aragon, Frcm b occupation of, iii. 122 ; military goveniment of,
21;i : captured by Suchet. '221 : French possession of, iv. 15
Aranjuez, the rcVolntion at, iii. 100-113: Charles IV. s court at,
1011, 107. 1119
Arc de Triomphe, erection of the. iii. 62
Arch-ChanceUor of State, creation of the office of, ii. 206
Arch-Chancellor of the Empire, creation of tlie olBcc of, 11.
2l»'.
"Archive Russe," cited, i. 129
AJrch-'Treasurer, creation of the oltbe of. ii. 200
Arcis-sur-Aube, Blucher advances on, iv. 92 ; X. moves to, 113-
115 : battle ol, 114, 118. 119 : jiroposed concentnitlon of the allies
at, 110 ; retreat of the French from, 118, 119 : A'.'s retreat from,
120: French capture of, 121
Arcole, A', at. i, 211 : the lessons of, '242; battle of, 238. 239, '246;
ii. 92
Ardennes Mountains, proposed boundaries for Germany, iu.
24;l : military openti.ms in the, iv. 174
Ardon, loss of. iv. los
Aremberg, Duke of, marries Mllo. Tascher de la Pagerie, IiL
UU
Arena, Joseph, success of, in Isola Itoasa, i. 04 : member of the
National Assembly, 73 ; banished to Italy. 94 : Inlluencc of, 138 :
cliargnl w ith conspiracy, ii. 151 ; execlltiini of. 155
Arenberg, mcinber of the Confediration of llic Ithinc, ii. 200
Argenson, Comte d', suggests the Suez I'anal, II. 31
Argenteau,Gen., defeated at Dego and Monteliolte, 1. 216
Aristocrats, giiiiloiining the, L 148: under tlie regime of the
First Consul, il. 105
Aries, the canal of, ii. 224
Armed neutrality, tlie, II. 134-130 : Russia abandong the, 108
INDEX
2G;5
Army (French), Ita relation to the throne, I. 34 : demoralization
uii'I •liscuiiU-iit in, uii«l «)e6(-rli<>i(it from. 'M, 3f>, 49. 50, ho, lol ;
iii. 11, I'J. 17:(, •.»J2, 'i'iJ. '245, J47, iv.t ; iv. J, 7, li, 'JO, 34, :jr»,
40, II, .VJ-.Vs :>'.». (H», r.4. tw, 7(;, w, i«. Umi, kh. in, I'iJ, l'J4. 137,
140, 15H : chiiiiKi-M ii> the, I. 7d->tl : c><mpiiI»ory survlce, 80, Hi,
1'^: rtoivttniailidiulf thf, H4.!>l,W,lt.'i: ivmilatluim, 171: i»olit-
iiiil st-iitiiiii-iits hi. uiul iitllueiiet of, 1K3, 'Jtrj, -jtU ; 11. 2, :i, 6'J, 70,
irtl ; iv. laT. 143: iV.'v* ri'l.itlnnii with, curu for. ainl nliitnco on,
i. 21iO, '-►23 ; U. ly, yj, 101, 128, ItJO, .jai, -J^'i. 'JfM, 2«V» ; ill. 2, 3.
44, 247 ; Iv. 17, 22, 23. 6ti, 1*3, 141, 147. 14H, 20M, 220, 221. 22<i, 229 :
iU prestli;u wcakt-iKMl t>y IHth Kructhhir. li. ir> : Ita iimlnaprinu''^
of actltin. 25: iiupurtuncc uf S.'s accurini; iU adhcsiun. O'J :
y.'H nianiffstos Ui, im, UX'i : contt-nipt fnr Uif l^omoHliit, V.VJ :
quartered in ftirciKii cuiiiitrics, III : (lisit|i])L*arancc o( di»-on-
tent in the. 20:i : creatitui of niartihuls <.f Kmnc-e, 20t'> : coniill-
atlnK thi'. 2(KS, 2(t7 : iU Uudenf, 234 : tlfnt .if TrafalKar on, 242 :
effect of AubterliU uii, *2.'>4 : Iho aimy-chtat, 2(U, 20« ; Iii. 226:
snl)^itttlnR i>n cunqiiereil l'russl:i, 2 : chaoKC la the pemonnul i>f
tile, 11 : veii;ility of (.ontractoiH, II. l:t : Improving the conitniM-
Siiry, 13: strenytheiiinK thf,2^: cfiimtrsliip of corrtspondence
front the, 27 : founding: uf niilitary facti>rii'8, 27 : mi>ruio uftt-r
Eylan, 40 : jV-'itexhihitiuna uf, to tlie I'zjir, 44 : pension system,
71 : military sehools, 74 : its lust for saclc antl booty, 121, 173 :
ovei-conflilence in, 178 : the aintini'-re of Hnsaco, 223 : disci-
pline in Spain, 223 ; '* Marslial 8t'Kkp<.t's" dcsertere, 22:1 : ex-
pense of niainlenanee, 225, 2;J2 : ita LMjUipmunt for the Russian
campaign of 1^12, 2-^3 : A'.V a<ldrosa to, before the Kusslan cam-
paiRii, 253 : sufferings in Itussia, 255 ; iv. 1 et seq.: vitalitj'. 13 :
wrath at *V.'« desertion. 14 : scheme for supporting, 24 : ijuality
of the new (181:)), 33 : juvenile soldiers in, 63, 54, 65 : corrup-
tion in the, 54 : lack of pay for, 54 : effect of lonp campaiuning
on the generals, 55 : dwindliuj; numbers of, 04 : dearth of mili-
tary supplies, H6: ankbilinn amouR the minor generals, 137:
revival of Bonapartist UiUiik amoii^r the, 159: returns to X.'s
standard, 166 : nor^'anizati'.in of, 171 : its morale at Waterloo,
194 : ,V.V farewell adiire^s to the, 208, See also CoNSCRlPTlos
Army of Catalonia, service on the Rhine, iv. 90
Army of Egypt, advances on SjTia, it. 46: abandoned by iV. in
L^r^T't. 55: A«ini. liruix sent to relieve the, 55: Its desolate
pli:,'bt, 55. 56
Army of England, the, creation of, ii. 16 : X. general of, 16, 23 :
on tiiewatcTiat Boulogne, 32, 33: tlieright wingof, 34 : strength,
185 : ordered t" march to the eastward, 232
Army of Helvetia, iJicorporated into the Army of the Rhine, ii.
92
Army of Holland, freed for active service, ii. 97
Army of Italy, e<iUipment of the, i. 116 : campai^ni in the Alps,
12K : .V. ,< service with and command of, 129, 134, 140, 151, 193-
195, 206 : question of its sustenance, 141 : strength and organ-
ization, 142 : N.'s plans for the, 144 : Corsicans in the, 149 : A'.'s
monograph on. 172 : promised liooty, 204, 205, 208 : the question
of its emidoymeiit. 206, 207 : joined to that of the Pyrenees,
207 : destitution of, 20S : strength (1796), 209 : pillage in the, 211 :
reinforced from Vendee, 2;J6 : jiopularity of, 259 : growini; arro-
gance of the, ii, 2: reinforced by the Army of the Alps, 6:
specidatious as to further employment, 21 : restrained from pil-
lage, 28 : Moreau's service with, 49 : division of, and disaster, 60 :
frauds in, 62: commanded by Massena, 92, 120: scheme for
raising money for, 102 : X.'s manifest^i t«i, 104, 105 : its Hue of
operations, 105 : service on the Rhine, iv. 90
Army Ot Silesia, contemplated movement against, iv. 67 : con-
templated Miovoment of, 69
Army of the Alps, Xapoleou's plans for the, i. 144 : combined
with Ariiiv .>f Italy, ii. 6
Army of the Danube, under command of Jourdan, ii. 49
Army of the East (Allies), iv. 52
Army of the Elbe, formation of, iv. 28
Army of the Interior, the, i. 179 : X. made second in command,
18:: : -V. re rgaiiizes, 1S5 : 1796, 208 : commanded by Augereau,
ii. 4
Army of the Main, formation of the, iv. 28
Army of the Netherlands, senice on the Khine, iv, 90
Army of the North, conquers the Atistrian Netherlands, i. 163 :
in IT'.')'., 'z^fj : operations on the Rhine, 268 : Barras's schemes in
regard to, ii. 4
Army of the North (Allies), in Brandenburg, iv. 52 : contem-
platetl movement against the, 67
Army of the Pyrenees, transferred to Jlaritirae Alps, i. 206 :
jomed t.» that of Italy. 207 : service on the Rhine, iv. 90
Army of the Reserve, < -rdereil to I taly . it 106-108 : expected to
attack Melas. 110: crosses the Alps, 110-113
Army of the Rhine, the (French), X. seeks to join, i. 129 : X.
fails of admission, i:y : commanded by Citizen Beauhamais,
190 : the question of its empU»ymeut. 206 : fails to support X.
in Italy, 2tj9 : destitution of, ii. 4 : Augereau commander of, 5:
disbande*!, 23 : Moreau commanding, 92 : X'.'s manifesto to, 104 :
contempt for the Concordat in, 151 : the San Domingo expedi-
tion selected from, 152 : X.'s methixi of quelling opposition in,
151-153 : weakened to ensure success in Italy, 188
Army of the Rhine (Archduke Charles's), i. 263
Army of the Sambre and Mouse, wins battle of Fleuros, t
163 : campaii^iiin.: in the Alp^, 2r.;i : brought to Paris, ii. 4
Army of the South (Allies), iv. 62 : pursues Murat, 70 : Auge-
reau attempts to hinJer, 119 : Francis joins, at Lyons, 121
Army of the Tyrol (AustrianX retreats to head waters of the
Euns, iii lt'.7 : Archduke John ordered to join, 167
Army of the Var, i. ii3
Army of the West, the, y. ordered to join, i. ISfi : .V. refuses
to serve in, 166, 177 : untler Iloche, 20S, 209 : reinforces the Army
of Italy, 236 : freed for active service, ii. 96, 97
Vol. IV.— 36
"Army Organization," A'.'< essay on, Iv. 2I7
Arnault, A. V., i< P'Hh .V.> speech to Barraa, U. 73 : *' Memoirs"
.d, III.'JM ; r^c.r.N interview Let Ween Mine, de Stael and A'., 22«
Amdt, E. M., nietiiburof the reform purty In iTuiutla, IL 270: hU
war-cry of " Freedom and Austria," 111. 151 : inspires to Ger-
man unity, iv. 31
Arrlghi, Oen. J. T.. wounded at Acre, H. 62
Art. A'.*" plunder of works of. i. 225,201, 276: revival of, IL 166:
X. ad v In. 8 III' (lurugeriient of, 222
"Art and History of War," A'.> easay on, II. 217
Artillery, A. > study and use of, L AH; ii. 117: ondltluu In 1796,
210 : its u.^e Hi Wagram, Hi. 177 : us.- of, at Ixipsic, Iv. 71, 74
Artisan class, at nutbreak of the Revolution, L 5:t, 54
ArtOls, Count of, leads emigrant royalists against France, 1. 178 :
retiiMii to I.ii-land, 1^2: Hclietiii-M for the restoration of, 11. 154:
complicity in the Cadondal eonnplrucy, IW : refrains from en-
tering France, 192 : doubtful courage of, 192, 19:» : huni»*cted of
plotting In I'aris, 193 : A', determines U> seize. 193 : hiii plots in
I'aris, 199 : supposed capture of, Iv. 125 : enters Paris, 148 : re-
ception in Lyons, l6r».
Asia, France's interest In, li. 11 : X.'g schemes of conquest In,
42: Russia's audiition in, 102, 126: England's vulnerabltUy fn,
iii. 90 : proposed invasion of, 91 : X,'s scheme to drive Russia
into, 252 : the partition of, iv. 245
Asia Minor, prnjiu^ed military opcnttions in, iiL 91
Aspem, til. advantau'e of position at, ii. 117: battle of, Iii. ICO-
171, 17H, 179 : monument in churchyard of, 173 : losses at, 174 :
military operations near, 175: captured by the Austrians, 176
Assembly of Notables, I. 54
Assvria, the history of, iv. 242
Astl, t'-poi-nipUy of country near. ii. 117
Astorga, Uritish troops at, iii. 145, 146 : A', at, 14C, 152 ; Ncy at, 146
Astrakhan, proposed Indian expeditions via, ii. 134
Asturias, rel.rllion in, iii. 121 : tlight of Blake into, 144
Asturias, Prince of, leads revolt against Godoy, iii. 59: con-
spiracy of his father against his succession, 60, 101 : arrest of,
60, 100: proposed French matrimonial alliance for, 60, 9'.f-10.'»,
113 : character, i>Hjpularity, and following, 99 : seeks X.'s aid,
99, 100: mentions his mother's shame, 100: commissions the
Duke del Infantado, 100: trial and release, 101 : pardoned by
his father, 101 : Charles IV. abdicates in favor of, 107. See
also Fehmnani* VII.
Astyanax, the King of Rome likened to, iv. 117, 130
Atheists, in the >atioiial Conventi* n, i. 148
Athies, caj.ture and recapture of, iv. 108, 110
Atlantic, X.'s mastery of ports on the, iii. 203
Attila, X. likened to, i. 273, 274
Aube, River, militarj' operations on the, iv. 92, 94, 104, 113, 114,
117, 119, 121
Aubry, Francois, royalist intrigaesby, i.l65 : JIT.'sviudictivenesa
towai-d, 171, '173
Auerstadt, battle of, ii. 280-283 : Prussia's humiliation at, iii.
49 : Davout created Duke of, 71. Sec DavoCT
Augereau, Gen. P. C. F., a product of Camot's system, i. 202 :
general of diWsion, Army of Itiily, 208 : defeats Austrians at
Millesimo, 215 : at Lonato, 233 : battle of Bassano, 2:i7 : at Ve-
rona, 2:17 : battle of Arcole, 23H, 239 : battle of Lonato, 241 :
driven into Porto Legnago, 2.11 : the Rivoli campaign, 251, 254 :
commanding Army of the Interior, ii, 4: takes command in
Paris, 4, 5 : events of the 18th of Fructidor, 5 : commanding
Army of the Rhine, 5 : opposes A'., 23 : blunders in southwest-
ern Germany, 25: commaudingin thePyTenees, 25, 30: Jacobin
candidate for supreme command, 64 : falls to attend banquet
at St. Sulpice, 68: offers serWces to A'., 74: pttsition ou the
Main, 124 : dangerous position after Holienlinde!i, 125 : at Con-
cordat celebration at Notre Dame, 138, 139 : victory at Castl-
gUone, 207 : created marshal, 207 : plan nf naval cxi)edition for,
213 : commanding in Germiuiy, 234 : exasperates llie people of
Ansbach, 270 : near Coburg, 278 : battle of Jtna, 2.^0. 281 : at
Golynim, iii. 12 : strength in Poland, 13 : in the Eylau cam-
paign, 17. 19-21 : wounded at Eylau, 21 : venality. 67 : created
Duke of Castiglione, 71: income, 71: service in Spain. 217 : in
campaign of 1813, iv. 34: battle of Leipsic, 73: coufronting
Buhna at Geneva, 91 : sent to Eugene's assistance, 91 : waning
loyalty of, 91, 93 : repulses Bubna from Lyons, 98 : moral ex-
haustion of, 10:i : letter from X., 103 : driven back to Lyons,
109 : strength, 110 : incapacity, 119 : evacuates Lyons. 119, 120 :
X.'n kindness toward, 120 : contrasted with Suchet, 120 :
strength, March, 1814, 125 : available forces, 137 : transfers al-
legiance to Louis XVTTI.. 147, 152 : lueeting with A', near Va-
lence, 152: alleges patriotism as cause of his desertion, 152:
attainted, 165 : A*. '« forgiveness for, 218
Augsburg, military movements near, iii. 158, 159
Augusta of Bavaria, marries Eugene de Beauharnais, iL 257
Aujezd, militarv operations at, iL 250
AuUc Council, i. 263, 266 ; ii. 105, 236
Austerlitz, battle of, ii. 245 et seq. , 275 : the lessons of, 252, 253 ;
iii. 259 : '* the sun of,' iL 253 ; iii. 260 : reception of the news iu
England, ii. 2H : meeting of the sovereigns after, iii. 36 : fruits
of the battle, 88 : TallejTand's policy after, 99 : A'.'s terms after,
128 : Alexanders pliableness after, 266 : the battle compared
with that at Leipsic, iv. 77 : interview between Francis and
X. at, 72
Austerlitz, Bridge of, in Paris, iii. 62
Austin, John, on the Napoleonic Code, il. 143
Austria, hampered by .alliances, L 9: campaign against France,
•Si : France declares war acainst. 100, 110 : relations (alliances
and nei,'otiations for muttial supiwrt) with Prussia. 102 : ii. 251,
268 ; lit. 174, 181, 243. 251 : captures Lafayette, L 105 : effect of
military successes, 115 : military operations against, in Pied-
266
INDEX
AualTiii—citUinur't.
mont. lit: i>artitinnof FolAnd, 131. 2fi2: MMW^nn's cAmpalKii
«irii'i-t. IKI MiK Mini; of lu'StiIitU'8 utniinst, ua : t'litcre (■ciuh'bi'
(< r -11 of tt])t'rutioris :i^:iinst. ](>5 : defcatc*! iit
\\ . .HIS KJ: tliivni <>ut nf Alsaii', liJ'M ri-lu-
(t, .lli:iiK-fi» ui)>t iit-r:"tiutUiiis with, and siili
aidK.^ ii. ui, 101. 2'.'^ : iL Ittt, 105. 121, li*. 'Jio. 230, 231 ; iii. W,
12*<, i.'-o. KM, IW, 17-1: iv. i^ 10(», Ift", 170: uniiisticf lictwoL-n
Frail ..hi. i 1''' : I'lfiicli svlii-iiK'8 iipiiiiBt, 175: dffrute*! by
l*rn : tit Kriii)> e, 11)7 : ruliktiiMis (ullliiiices and
1), . .il t<up]K>rt) widt KiiAsiu, IVK, 202: H. 30,
4-j, -il, 2;i;( ; tii. l:w. 2;i7, 2-ll», 25l ; Iv. 21, 4R,
47 : niuciiu;i ul military oiKTiitUum jif;aiiiHt, i. 20<i : ti|H'nitionH
III I'll dinoiil ill 17i*4. 2<Ki : plans fnrovtTtlinm of, 20'.t : forces of,
st>p:tratt-d from .Sanhnians, 211 : A', dictati-a Utiiib to, at Lt-o
bi'H. 211 : military oiwriitious in Lombardy, 213-220: diftated
at Moiitfuottc, 215: army si-paralfd fru«i HedmuiilfSf, 2ir> :
crushed at l.odi, 21i'. 220: violiitee Venetian nentrality, 2rJ,
220: treaty witli Venivr, 22»i : outgeneraled by -V. at Mantua,
227 : tlie system of ealiinet eanipuigniiig In vogwe in, 231 : in-
terest ill lK»«!lso^sion of Mantua, 232 : losses in eampaiKn btfore
Mtiiiinn, 234: temponiry nssation t>f bostilltii-a between Kraiue
luid, 210: Fnuu-o's inlenHt in tbi- hnmlliation of. 24.'» : military
enthUhiiisiu in. 2.'>0: fourlb attempt to retrieve position in Italy,
260: Spain allie*! with Frame against, 2ti0 : precarious eoiidi-
tioii ol foreign relations, 262 ; majjniflcenee of her oj)iM»sition
to France, 'JOa : eovtts Vi intiaii territory. 2G5 : reuecupitv* Triest
and Huiite. 2<J*< : England blamed for trouble between France
aiid, 2<VJ : treaty of Leoben, 2r.',i-272 ; seeks to ret-ain Modona,
270 : seeurea po'ssesslim of Venetia, 270-273 ; ii. 2G : proposes to
reoo^rnize the Fn-nch rei)Ublic, i. 271 : defeated by lloche on
the lUiiue. 271, 272: rupture of the coalition with Enghuid,
272 : X. otters Venice to, 277 : intluenoo of .V. in, 278 : desires
rvtitoratiou of tlie Slilaiiese, 270: schemes of £ui-(>peaii reor-
ganization, 270; iii. 2.''.. 38, 44,88,01,151; Gen. Clarkes mis-
sion to, i. 28^> : releases Lafayette, 283 : N. lias free hand in
uegoiiatioiis with, ii. 4 : tlnal negotiatiimii with, 0: activity of,
9: treaty of Campo Formic, 12-14: Carnot's desire for peace
witJi, 13 : Venice seeivs to continue war with. 16: Conjo'ess of
Rjistjitt, 18, Gl, 02, 100, IDl : humiliation of, 24, 170 ; iii. 4, 84,
163, 165, 193, 195-197 : attitude ot Frederick the Great towtud,
ii. 27 : acquisition of Swiss territory, 27 : to be restrained from
iDtcrft-rence in Konie, 28: declines reriproclty with France, 28:
favors secularization of ecclesiastical principalities, 28 : dis-
turbed feeling: in, 28, 20 : Bernadotte's embassy to, 28, 29, 35 :
Fiance's demands on, concerning the i'>ourbons, 20: .strained
relations betv*een France and. 29: alliance with Turkey, 40:
violates the Helvetian Republic, 49: relations (strained or
hostile) with Prussia, 50, 109, 232; iii. 24, 40; iv. 80, 01, 02:
scheme to dismemlter UavariHf ii, 01 : nnlitary operations on the
Af1i;:e, 02 : niitilar>' openttions on the Rhine. 62, 03 : joins the
si'Coiid coalition, 02, \*0, 03. 94 : defeat-s Massena at Zurich, and
Juulurt at Novi, 63 : incurs the ill will of Paul I., 03, 120, 134 :
holdings in Italy. 05: duplicity v\ith Russia, 05: Russia in-
censed at, 102 : Frances senices to I*russia against, 102: mill-
tar>" situation at beginning of 1800. 105: Moreau ordered to
move against, 107 : system of tactics pursued !)y, 108 : defeated
at Knuen, 100: successes in Italy, 110: quality of her troops,
117: battle of Marengo, 117-119: negotiates for jieace, 119,
121 : agrees to evacuate northern Itjily, UO: armistice between
France and, 119, 122: interest to abamlon England, 121: X.
proposes general armistice to, 121 : seeks concessions in Italy,
122: raises new troops, 122: N. determines to j>ro8ecnte the
war with, 122; iwisition behind the Inn, 124: signs Peace of
LuinJville, 125: her line in Italy, as fixed at Lun6ville, 125, 120:
aniiistice of Steyer, 125 : battle of Hohenlinden, 125 : signs sep-
arate peace, 125: Kiss of power, 120: the spiritual principali-
ties in, 126: Russia's jealousy of, 126: aspirations concerning
Bavaria, 126: ecclesiastical influence in, 169: shitfe in redistri-
butions of 1802, 170 : Ney's check on, 176 : proposed occupation
of Malta by, 182: A'.'# preparations for striking, 186: truckles
to France, 100: withdraws troops from .Swabia, 199; acijuiesces
in creation *>f French cmijire, 20* : represented at N.'& court
at Aa^-hen, 210: X.'h designs against, 214, 215, 222: recuperat-
ing, 222: pretext for war between France and, 220 : Francis's
title and p-iwers curtailed, 226; the sanitary cordon, 228:
popular dislike of Kussla in, 22H : Alexander's scheme for com
peniiating, 22H : apprehensions of bising Venice, 220 : falls into
A.> tnip, 229, 2^t0; army reforms, 2;J0: mobilizes troops. 2:10 ;
her ambitions, 230 : herdisanuanient demamled, 232 : A', threat-
ens to march to Vienna. 232 : abused in Paris newspajiers. 232 :
declaration of war against, 232: iteclares war against France,
Sept. 3. 18(15, X\:i : strength, 23:t, 2.'14 : her line of defense, 234 :
popular opitdoii of A', in, 2:i5 : capitulation of I'lm, 235, 230:
junrlion of troops at Marburg, '*'.if> : outKCueraled by A'., 243 :
urives the Elector of liavaria from Muidcli, 243 : battle of Alls-
terlitz, 240 et wq.: ilbfeeting between Russia ami, 246 : threat-
eneil with I<>bb of Venetia ami the Tyrol, 251 : accepts X.'s terms
for an armistter, 251 : A. <i scheme t*i cr^uh, 251, 2.V2 : suspected
briber)' of Talleyrand by, 251, 262 : pays war indemnity to
Frnnee, 252 : cessions by. 252 : acuuires .Salzburg and Hen lit' s-
gadeii, 252 : surrenders Venice to France, 252 : losses at Annter-
lllz, 253: strippi-d of leadership, 254: neiitralizUioti of her
power. 259: Francis I. declares himself hereditary empemr,
261 : prol. ctorof Kagnsa 261, 262 : deniondizatlon of the anny.
'272: rehabilitation of, iiL 4: n<-utrality between Ru^kIu and
Turkey, 5 : anxiety coneeniing Polish lands, H : otfer of .Silesia
til. 8, 24 : rehiilves on iicutridlty, H, 0 : Turko-lVrslim alllanee
against, Zi : A*. |iro)K)sei alltanee with, 24, 25 : hostile prepara-
tions, 24 : proposal for a new coalition, 25 : proposes t4> act as
Austria — eoii/iniu'd.
mediator, 26 : shrewd attitude of, 25 : throws troops on frontier
of Calicia, 25 : ondtted from the Continental iil>mpu8, 38 : A'.*a
object to hnndliate. 39: interest in I'olaiid, 40: partition of, 44,
48 : her position after Tilsit, 4* : proiRised eommereial war
agaiubt England, 48; oIFcnded dignity of, 55: treaty of Fon-
taineblean, t>ct. 10, 1807. 84: outward subserviency to France,
84: X.'k attitinle toward, 84: military reorpuiijiation of, 84,
128, 130, 153, 154 : proposed neutralization of. 01 : the situation
in, 04 : awakening of the national spirit in, 108 : encouraged to
revolt, 124, 127, 128. 138 : ellect of the Hayonne negotiations on,
127 et seq.: hereditary rivalry with France, 128: beliiyerent
tone in, 128. 138, 150, 151 : necessity for her rejircssion, 1:10 : Jv.
and Alexander remonstrate with, 130-132: A', propnses alliance
with, 132- to be held in check by Hussia, i;(2 ; compact between
RviKsia and France agiunst> 137 : Kussia urged to occupy part
of, 138 : transformation of, HO et seij.: the<ierman tuuvenicnt in,
150 : oi)portnnity to lead a revolt against A'., 151 : failure of nego-
tiations with tYance, 153 : change of plan of camimign, 154, 158 :
Napoleonic ideas in, 155 : Archduke Charles's proclamations,
155 : intoxicated with success, l.Vi : the tifth war with, 157 et seq.:
her aggressions, 105 : e.\tingui»<hnient of her hoi)es in Italy, 167 :
claims the battle of Aspern, lT:t : losses at Wagram, 178 : plague
in her army, 183 : U* reduce her army, 184 : cession of territory,
184: y.'s terms of peace, 1K4, 185: A', contemplates alliance
with, 184, 180, 191, 192 : reduced to a second-chiss iK>wer, 184,
193, 195, 196 : desire to assassinate A', in, 185: recognizes A'.'«
acquisitions in Spain, Portugal, and Italy, 185 : joins the Conti-
nental .System, 186 : A', chooses a matrimonial alliimce with the
House of, 189: necessity of placating, 105: good feeling to-
ward France, 196 : democratic tendencies in, 106 : distriltution
of the lands taken from, 204 : brought into the Napoleonic sys-
tem, 20t'> : bankruptcy of, 232 : alliance with France, 230, 237 :
interest in stirring up strife between France and Russia, 238 :
pro-Russian party in, 238, 230 : A'.'.v I'eply to Francis's retiuest
for assistance, 239 : Alexander seeks the favor of, 240: foments
hor-tile feeling between Russia and Fnince, 240, 241 : seeks ter-
ritoi ial aggrandizement at cxijcnse of Turkey, 241 : contem-
plates nentrality, 2-13 : overawed by A.'k preparations. 243 : con-
tributes trtM>i)S to tlie French lU'my, 243 : stipulates for territo-
rial enlargement, 243 : furnishes troops for Russian camjmign
of 1812, 240 : agricultm'al distre^ss in, 249 : ac<iuireB Galicia, 251 :
attitude of her trtnips toward Russia, 259 : A', suspicious of, iv.
19 : narrow escape at Essling, 10 : Alexander seeks .lUianee with,
20: value of her alliance U* l-Yance, 25, 2*» : Roman Catholic in-
lluence in^ 26 : proposed surrender of lUyria to, 27, 38, 44 : hos-
tility to A. in, 28,29 : Saxony turns toward, 28, 32 : Metternich's
diplomatic schemes for, 20 : refuses to enter coalition against
France, 29 : N. offers to subsidize, 29: A', seeks aid from, to
check Kutusotf, 29 : proposes to act as mediator, 29, 37-40, 43,
44, 40, 47 : wooed for the coalition, 31 : secret agreement with
Saxony, 32 : rejects A'.'* otfer of tsilesia, 32 : hostile neutrality
of, 35 : A'.'« attitude toward, 36 : pivc>tal in Euro])ean ])olitics,
35, 39. 40: growing strength, 36, 47-19: abandoned by Saxony,
37 : proposed surrender of Dalmatia to, 38 : luoposcd reetillca-
tion of her western frontier, 38; mitwits A'., 41, 50, 51, 59:
gathers troops In Bohemia, 42 : the allies* reliance on, 43 : fear
of A'., 43 : Nesselrode demands her adherence t^) tlie coalition,
43: a^randizement by royal marriages, 44: to be pledged
never to side with France, 44: i)rojM'Scd enlargement of, 44:
secret treaty of Reiclienbach, 44, 45, 48 : throws otf the mask of
mediator, 46 : duplicity of, 40 : regeneratii'U of, 47 : seeks to re-
gain ascendancy in Gernuiny and Italy, 40 : A.'« agents in, 49:
A', attempts to bribe, 49, 50: declares war, 49, 50: Hamburg
ami Triest offered to, 50 : takes the lead among the allies, 54 :
strength, 64 : N. seeks alliance with, 50, 02 : saved by Schwarzen-
berg from invasion, 03 : A', olfers terms to, 65 : sclieme to re-
store status of 1806, 66 : concludes alliance of Sept. 0, 1813, 66 :
seeks to regain prcdondnance in Itjdy. 72 : rise of her Prussian
rival, 77 : desires peace, 80 : demands Italian territory, 80 : at
the Congress at i-'i-ankfort, 80: tro(»p3 on the Rhine, 89, 90:
forms alliance with Murat, 90 : the Czar's designs to check, 09 ;
violates Swiss neutrality, 99 : susiiieious slowness of her move-
ments, 100: eager for an aindstice, 101. 1(f2, 105: A', endeavors
to separate Russia from, 105: tieaty of Chaumont, KHi : the
triple alliance, 106 : attitude toward A'.. 115 : N.'n dread of cap-
ture of the Emjtress by, 117 : party to the treaty of Fontainc-
bleau (April, 1H14), 148 : weight of her yoke in Italy, 156 : nego-
tiates secret treaty with England ami Fiance, 157: Invited to
take part in the cMmmation of the King of Konie, 105 : nuMnl>er
of the Vienna Coalition, 170: quota of troops, 170 : refuses help
to France, 171 : the campaign of the Hundred Days, 174 et seq.:
claimsthegloryof annihilating A'., 205: claims the right of over-
8e< ing (he imprisonment nf A'., 213 : loss of Italian ti<rritory, 247
Austria -Hungary, the rise of, iv. 247
Austrian Netherlands, the, defeat of the I'Vench in, i. 100:
the revolutionary spirit in, 110 : Dnmourlez's successes in, 116:
fYeneh conquest of, 163 : surrendered to France, ii. 14. See
alsoRKUiiiM
Autun. A. at, i. 19, 22, 25. 20 ; iv. 106 : the Binmapartes at, i.
22 : Talleyrand bishop of, ii. 22
Auxerre, military movements near, iv. 94 : Imperial forces at,
125 : Ney rejidns A. at, 165, 106
Auxonne, A', at. i. 4K, 49, 58, 59. 70, 8I-8:), 134 : disturbances In,
58, 59, 87 : A', seeks to be retained at, 85
Avignon, the Girondists at, i. 128: A', arrives before. 128 : Jacobin
siege lit. 128 : A'.'w life at. 128, 129 : annexed to Fi ance, '2m : the
l*«qir asks compensation for the loss of, ii. l;to : lost to the Pope
at the peace of Tidentino, 208 : resilience of Plus VII. at, iv.26:
Augcreiiu's neglected guns at, 110 : plots to assassinate A', at, 162
INDEX
267
Azanza, M. J. de, King Jofioph's Spanish minl»ter at Farls, 111.
■2U'>
Azaxa, Chevalier J. N. de, reprt'BoiiU Hpaln ut Amloiis, li. Ifi8:
lit tin- Tiiilcrifa, Miircli 13, IH)W, IHI
Azores, proposition to Uoport tlie Kniperor to, Iv. 107
B
Babylon, the liistory of, iv. 242
Bacciocchl. Mme., litemry roterle, if. \CA : ac(|u!rc« the duchy
o( l.ih I a, JJT. SiL- also BmSAI'AItTK, M AUIKAN SKELISA
Bacclocclii, Pasquale, nmrrit-:« FJifta huonapartu, i. lU'i
BachelU in l.ittlc ..f Wattrl*".. iv. lltfl, 198
Bacon, Francis, .V.V study nf, it. 36
Badajoz, Soiilt'iit capture of, iii. 21U : Eiifflish sicgo and stomiinj;
of, -j-ji. -in. ■-»42
Baden, viulation of her neutrality. J. lO.*! ; ii. 211, 233: nmkes
IK'acf with France (ITWX i. 2;J.% 27C> : rehitiuuH willi Riissi:i, ii.
170: BtrengtIii-'ninK of, 170: rt^siduncc of the l>iic d'F.UKld* ri in,
192: French expedition to, l'J4 : news of the Hue d'Kuk'hien's
arrest in, 195 : friendly rel.Uions with France, 243 : ac<|uircs
territory after Austerlit;:, 2.'t2 : snhservience to Fnincc, 2M,
260: created a separate kin^fdom, 257 : memlierof the Confed-
eration of the Roine, 200, 201: supplies contini^ent for S.'tt
army, ii. 261; iii. 244: allotment of Austrian Iniids to, 204:
turns from A", to the allies, iv. 79 : position in Germany. 246
Bagration, Gen. Peter, holds Mnrat at ll>dlaiirnnn, ii. 244 : in
Imttle '•( Austt-rlitz, J.^o : in caniimi;:n of Kylau, iii. 19 i called
in by liiirtla) *ie T'dly, 2r)4 : inovenicnts on the Dnieper and
Pripet, 254 : contemplated junction with Barclay, 255 : esUib-
lislu'S communication with Orissa, 255: driven east by Davout,
25i'. : junction with Barclay at Snioletisk, 25.5, 250 : plan of junc-
tion witli Barclay at Vitebsk, 250 : battle of Smolensk, 257
Ballly, Jean Sylvaln, mayor of Paris i- 57
BalCOmbe, Mr., entertains A', at St. Helena, iv. 215
Balearic Isles, A', offers them to England, ii. 201, 262
Balkan Peninsula^ Russia's ambitions in. iii. 230 : rescue of the
peopK- of, iv. ^47
Baltic Sea!, the, Enghmd's operations in and on, ii. 135 ; iii. 20,
34. :J5, 79. H4», 9;J : gateway of, 5S: Spanish military movements
on, 116; A'.'» mastery of ports on, 203: efficient blockade of,
impossible, 214
Baltimore, Jerome Bonapai-te's residence in, ii. 164
Bambei^, Austrian troops at, ii. 234: A'. '» military route through,
274 : concentration of troops in, iii. 158
Bank of England, suspends specie payments, i. 283 : scarcity of
money in, iii. 2;i2
Bank of France, organization of, ii. 89, 140, 141 : the R^caniiors
and the, 206. 267: compelled to lower ita rate, iii. 61, 62:
plethora of silver in, 232
Barbary, plots of the pirates to seize A'., iv. 160
Barb^-Marbois, F., proscribed, ii. 5: minister of finance, 137:
Slate ti\ ;isnrer, 141 : minister of the treasury, 265
Barbels, ;;uerrilla l>:inds of, i. 228
Barcelona, French troops at, iii. 105 : Duhesme besieged in, 142 :
besic^r.i liy Vices. 143
Barclay de Tolly, M. A., proposed movement against, iii. 254 :
calls in I'.aL'i ation, ■j.>4 : retreats to Drissa, 254 : junction with
Bagi-atiun at Smolensk, 255, 256 : plans to meet Bagration at
Vitebsk, 250 : battle of Smolensk. 256-258 : takes stand behind
the Uscha, 257 : retreats toward Moscow, 257 : charged with
German bias, 260: succeeded by Kutnsoff, 260: retained as
militaiy adviser, 260: restored to chief command, iv. 32, 40:
battle of Bautzen, 39-41 : with the Army of the South, 52 : battle
of Lcipsic. 71 : aihises pursuit of A'., 122
Barere, Bertrand, exiled, ii. 228.
*' Bargain of Famine," the, i. 49, 53
Barbam, Adm., naval administration of. ii. 238
Baring, Major, in battle of Waterloo, iv. litfi, 198
Bamabe, lU- lans Brumaire illegal, ii. 151
Barras, Jean-Paul-Francois-Nicolaa, relations with N. and
inUucnce ou his career, i.'l3o, 139, 173. 175, 177. 179, 193, 199 ; ii.
15, 20. 23 : iv. 220. 2:16. 2:i8 : in siege of Toulon, j. 136, 137 : op-
poses Robespierre, 148 : influence among the Tbeniiidorians,
151: leader of militarj- committee of the Convention, 162: a
Dantonist, 173 : iu social life. 173, 199: commander-in-chief of
Convention forces. 179 : claims the honors of the Thirteenth
Vendemiaire, 180, 182; resigns his command. 183: member of
the Direct^»ry, l)s6. 202 : character, 186. 199. 200 ; ii. 23, 62 : in-
timacy with Josephine Beauhamais. i. 101 : connection with A'.".f
marriage, 192 : brilteJ by Venetian ambassador, 272 : dissatisfied
with treaty of Leoben, 272 : learns of Pichegru's treachery, ii.
4 : plan to bring troops to Paris. 4 : clamors for peace, 13 : tie-
rides Camofs suj^estions, 13 : responsibility for the 18th i-Yuc-
tidor, 15 : responsibility for the 13th Vendemiaire, 15 : approves
the treaty of Carapo Formio, 16 : charged with tami>ering with
Bemadotte. 29: intrigue with A'., Talleyrand, and Siey^s for a
new constitution, 33: suggests that A', assume a dictatorship,
33 : warns AT. to leave Fnmce for Egypt, 35 : resignation ami
fall of, 09, 73, 78, 81 : N.'s charges against, before the Ancients,
77,78
Barry, Mme. du, relations with Talleyrand, ii. 22
Bar-sur-Aube, military movements near, iv. 94, 104, 116. 121,
126: naiTow escape of Francis at, 120: iV.'» march tlirough, 126
Bar-sur-Omain, Ondinot at, iv. 126
Bartenstein. Fi i-nch occupation of, iii, 17 : military movements
ncjir. 19 : treaty of, iii. 24, 25, 35
Barth^lemy, F., member of the Directory, ii. 1 : imprisonment
of, 5
Basel, treaty of, I. 164 ; ii. 131 : III. Ofl: nlt^^ration of )>onndary
at, il. 14 : republican propai^anda In. 27 : Invfujun nf Frunrc via,
iv. 91, <.»2: hear|<|uiirlerH uf the alljis at. 9h : Hchwiu);eiibcrg's
communicutfons with, threatened, 120, 121: Uimb of Knuimus
in, 220
Bassano, defeat of Wumiser at, i. 235 : Alvlnczy defeatu Ma»«^na
at, 2:t7 : battle of, 2:J7: creation of herediliiry duchy of, Ii. 255:
Mani cr.iitrd l)uk«M.f, ill. 71. Sec al^o Mahkt
Basseville, N. J. H., killed in Rome, 1. 155, 229, 2fl«)
Bastla, niiidu a seat of Ki^ivennnunt, 1. 11 : A', at, 46 : radical In-
tluriicesin, 62 : patriot Huccetu tn, 04 : tradition concerning A'.'f
connection with evenU at. 64 : sliare in annexation of CofHlca
to France, 6«i : I'ardl'B return to, IW: revolutionary movements
In, 72 : dechired the capital of Contica, 74 : dlnordeni in, '.4 : iV.
sails frimi. May 2, 1792, loO: A', riers V*, 120: under domination
of SHlieelti. 121 : Krcnrh pow) r in, 12;t : iniprfimnment of C«ir-
sIcimH in. 149 : F.nglisli capture of, I.M : Ni-lKon at, ii. 42
Bafltllle, tbe, destruction of, i. 56, 57, 91 : ctlebrntinnB of the
Bt^irnilng of, 102 : ii. 127
Batavlan Republic, the, fommtlon of, 1. 164: -an appanage of
l-'rance, 197: na\at <lefeat at <'amperdouri, it. 25: dependence
on France, 25: levy of trotJps and war miiterlal on, 25, 2») : An-
gh>Kus.''ian force forced t^i evacuate, 0:1 : h>yalty to A'., 97 : a
new constitution fr>r, 150: regains colonies, 150, 168: Engliah
eir<irt8 t*' discredit France lu, 169. See also liOLtAKD ; Nkth-
KKLANPS
"Battle of Dorking," ii. 185
Battle of Five Days, iii. 103
" Battle of tbe Nations," iv. 77
Bautzen, baitk- uf. iv, 39. 40, 53: fatal results of the French
victory at, 40. 41 : A', moves toward, 62: the Young Ouard ordered
t<^ 03 : A', nicknamed from, 64 : boy-soldiers at, 65 ; the armistice
after. 81
" Bautzen Messenger-Boy," the, iv. 64
Bavaria, treaty with France (IT.n'.X i. 279: Austria's pazeon,198;
ii. 120, 2;{n. 2;i3 : Austria's scheme to dismember, 61 : Suvaroff
driven from Italy to, 93: Mort-au ordered toilrive the Anstrians
into. 107 : thecami>aiiai in, I24et8e(i.: negotiations with France,
130: acquires Pasaau. 170: relations with Russia, 170: Alex-
ander I. 8 scheme of giving to Austria, 228 : A', threatens to
enlarge, 232, 251 : Austrian troops in, 234 : the Elector driven
from Munich by Austria, 243: friendly relations with, subser-
vience and military support to France, ii. 243, 254, 200, 201,
274; iii. 11, 151, 152, 158, 214, 245, 240; iv. 23: a^-quires Ans-
bach, ii. 251 : created a separate kingdom, 251, 252, 257 : acquires
territ^^ry after Austerlitz, 252 : member of the Confederation
of the Rhine, 260,261: joins in the war against Prussia, 274:
defeated at Innsbruck, iit. 156 ; A'.'* success in, 174 : Maria
Louisa's progress through, 197 : allotment of Austrian lands
to, 204: losses of her soldiers in Russia, 255 : Roman Catholic
influence in, iv. 26 : hesitates to furnish new levies, 28 : Auge-
reau commanding troops of, 34: national spirit in, 64: revnl-
sion of feeling against France, 64, 00. 09, 79, 91 : part in the
campaign at Leipsic, 76: position in Gemiany, 246: battle of
Hanau, 76 : the campaign of Waterloo, 174 et seq.
Bayanne, Cardinal, at Paris, Iii. 58 : his demands on behalf of
the Pope, 94
Baylen, capitulation of, Pnpont at, iii. 122, 124, 130
Bayonne, formation of new French army at, iii. 90, 100, 104 : N.
goes to. 111, 112: Ferdinand VII. at, 113: trial tif Ferdinand
at, 114 : end of negotiations at, 115 : convocation of Spanish no-
tables at, 117: ultimate faihire of X.'s work at, 118: N. at,
Nov. 3, 1808, 143 : etfect of negotiations at, 144 : the decree of
1S08, 210 : Soult shut up in, iv. 79
Bayreuth, A', at, ii. 275 : Ney at, 278 : Davout's force in, iii. 167
" Beaucaire, the Supper of," i. 129, 130
Beauderet, inilitnry movements near, iv. 184
Beauhamais, Marquis Alexandre de, marriage to Josephine
de la Pagerie, i. ls9 : service in America, 189: separated from
his wife, 1K9 : commander of the Army of the Rhine, 190 : par-
tial reconciliation with Josephine. 190 : elected to States-Gen-
eral, 190 : president of National Assembly, 190 : denunciation,
imprisonment, and execution. 190
Beauhamais, Eugene de, birth of, i.l89: early life, 191: in-
terposes to reconcile Josephine and A'., ii. 58 : viceroy at
Milan, 229: ordered to organize troops on the Adige, 232:
marries Augusta of Bavaria, 257 : expels the Knglish from Leg-
horn, iii. 57 : letter from A*, to, 57, 58 : presents ultimatum to
Pius VII. 57, 58 : formally adopted by A'., 103 : viceroy of Italy,
10:J : defeated by Archduke John, 156 : letter from A*, to, 161 :
commanding in Italy. 163, 104 : character, 164 : at Villach,
168 : at Bruck, 174 : drives Archduke John into Hungary-, 175 :
battle of Wagram, 176, 177 : guards the Marchfeld, 181 : exe-
cutes Hofer's sentence, 186 : otters anmesty to the TjToleans
186 : informs Josephine of the impemling divorce, 189 : share
in the Austrian marriage negotiations, 194 : acquires princi-
pality of Frankfort, 204 : vicert>y of Italy, 214 ; a grand duchy
created for, 244 : strength of his corps. Slarch. 1812, 246 : con-
templated moveme^ by. 254 : battle of Borodino. 201 : defeats
Kutusoff at Malojai^lavetz. 260. 270 : l)atlle of Wiazma, iv. 3 :
the hero of the retreat from Moscow, 4, 5 : at Krasnoi, 0 : junc-
tion with Ney, 6 : succeeds Murat in command, 21, 27 : reorga-
nizes the amty, 27 : withdraws to llerlin, 27 : retires Ijchind the
Elbe, 27 : establishes headquarters at Leipsic, 27 : A'.V instruc-
tions to, 28 : to guard Holland, 28 : Alexander advances against,
29: strength in the Saxon campiUKU of 1M13, 34 : junction with
AT., 35 : ordered to raise a new anny in Italy, 38, 43 : driven
over the Adige by Hiller, 79 : checkmatetl in Italy, 91 : battle
of Roverl.ello, 91 : eonclutleS armistice, 91
Beauhamais, Francois de, French minister at Madrid, con-
268
INDEX
Beauhtimais, Francois de—con<inM«i.
iiei'tion witli Kt-nlinaiid's conspiracy, lit 100, 101 : conducts
intrtjrties for tli>- IN'rtujruose throne, 102: opL-ns the eyes of
<_;(><lfy, 1(^1 : :itivi-.c.- K«.Tilin:uul to };o to llnyornu'. Ill
BeauharQalS. Hortense, I'irth of, i. 189 : early life, 191 : in-
t<TiH>!ii s t" itc-iiiRJU' JoM-plitne ami A*., tl. 5^: iniuries Louis
Itoiiai:trtf. H-4 : iii. •2iMu Sei al»-> lUoXAl'AliTt:, llniiTKSSK
Beauliarzials, Josephine, >'Kial life in rariB, i. i7;j: N.'s Iu-
fatuution f.T. an.l murrl:i;:e, 18S-li>G ; ii.'ilS: liirlli and early
life» i. 1S9-1'.>1 : rharaeleristica. IS'.*-!?^: imprUonmunt, IIH) :
returns to Martinique, IW : rfturns to >Yanee, 190: intimacy
with n;UT!ls. I'.tl. See also It^tSAI'AKTK, j4>SErmNK
BeauhiimalS family, proposed alliance between Ferdinand VII.
ami, lii. i'l'-lOl : ^hHre in the Austrian marrinpo negotiations, 194
BeauUeu, J. P., coniuumdinp Austrian army in Ixuubardy, i.
■JKi 'J19: fttta. ks I^diarpe at Voltrl, 213, 215: falls back on
Ae«|ui, 2ir> : .V.V openitiona against. 216-220: military genius,
217: defense of Milan, 217-219: oulllankeil at Piarenza, 218:
retreati* to the Miiicio, 219 : seizes rcschiern, 219. 22fi : thwarts
JV'.V plan, 219: violHt<.'S Venetian neutrality, 226: his army
scatt.rc.l. 2;il
Beaumont, inilitar>' operations near, iv. 174
Becker, Gen., acci>mpanle8 A', to Kochefort, iv. 208 : urges A'.'«
value lis a general, 208
Beet-root sugar, production encouraged, iii. 65 : jV.'« interest
in, 2;t2
Belce, Canon, vice-president of the Directory of Coi-sica, i. 73
Belgium, proposals to estnldish a republic in, i. 115 : plunder of
w.irk-s of art from, 2'2,"» : X.'ti iK)Iicy eoucerning, 265 : ceded to
FYnnre by treaty of Loobeu, 271 : Englami's elforts to release,
279 : Knnoe's interest in, 279 : England's eniiccssions as to, iL 8 :
incorporated with France, 101 : the Code Napoleon in, 143 :
public works in, 224 : visit of A', and Marin Louisa to, iii. 206 :
mediocrity of soldiers of, iv. 64: the allies refuse to give tlie
countrj' to France, 99 : A', entreated to abandon, 101 : A', re-
fuses to give up, 104, 105 : cauipait:n of Waterloo, 174 et seq. :
provisions for defense of, 175 : weakness of her troops, 193,
19*^, 197. See also Austrian Netherlanps
Belle Alliance, French van at, iv. 188 : A', at, 100, 191, 193 :
t-ii.>;;i-ipb>. I'.'l : the l-Ycncb position at, 193: fighting at> 2(W
Bellegarde, Gen. H. de, supersedes filclas, ii. 122 : on the Slincio,
122
*' Bellerophon,** the. Napoleon embarks on, i v. 209,210,239: sails
for Torbay, 210 : goes to Pl>'mouth Sound, 210 : in Torbay, 213
Bellesca, organizes rebellion in favor of D«>n John, iii. 97
Belleville, defense of, iv. 131
Belliard, Gen. A. D., carries the news of surrender of Paris to
the Finpcror, iv. 12H, 135: advises a return to Lorraine, 136:
transfers his allegiance to Louis X■\^II., 147
Bellingham, John, assiL-^sinates Mr. Perceval, iv. 16
Bellinzona, Austrian tone nt, ii. Ill : ftloncey arrives at, 113
BellOWitZ, military opt-rations near, iL 249
Belluno, LuHinnandi-ivLii beyond, i. 207: creation of hereditarj'
duchy of, ii. 2."m : Vict-.r created Duke of . iii. 71. See ViCTOU
Belt, tile, dirtlculties of Remadotle's crossing the, iii. 93
Belvedere, Gen., forces near liurgos, iii. 143
BeneventO, r:ilb>rnnd created lYince of, ii. 256 (see TALLEV-
KAMO: lie-tni.iiou of mag.azlnes at, iii. 146
Bennlgsen, Gen. L. A. T., assassin of I'anl L, ii. 245 : com-
mantling Kussian forces at Breslau, 245 : battle of Pultusk. iii.
12, 14 : gencral-in-chief of the Knssian army, 14. 15: position
at Szuczyn, 14 : turns back Ney from Konigsberg, 14 : attempts
to reach Dantzic, 15 : attempts to destroy Ney, 15 : defeated at
Mohrungen, 15 : military genius, 15, 28 : campaign of Eylau, 17
ct seq. : captures French courier at Eylau, 19 : retreats to Kon-
igsberg. 21 : hampered for men and fumis, 23 : moves a^iainnt
Sey on the Passarge, 29 : retires behind the Alle, 29 : strentzth,
Bununer of 1807, 29 : battle of Heilsberg, 29, 30 : injurious delays
by, 31: battle of Friedland, 31, 32: abandons Heilsberg, 32:
confesses ilefeat, 32 : retreats across the Nicmen, 32 : reinforce-
ments for, 32: proposes an annistice, 34, 35: commanding in
Poland, iv. 52: reaches Teplitz, CG : in battle of Leipsic, 74
Berchtesgaden, apiM)rtioned to the Grand Duke of Tuscany, ii.
170: ct(re4l to Austria, 252: embodied in the Confederation of
the lChin< , iii. 184
Bereslna, battle of, compared with that of Friedland, iv. 77
Beresina, River, the crossing of the, iv. 5, 7-13
Berg, Grand Duchy of, quoti of men, ii. 261 : French seizure
of lands near, 2T:t : vassalage to France recognized at Tilsit, iii.
47: the tJnmd Duchess iiuarrels with Queen Hortense, 1^9:
scheme to Ineorpfirati- it with France, 204 : Louis Napoleon
created Oraiid Duke, 213: the French regency of, iv. 48:
French influence in, 49
Bergamo, the revolutionary movement In, 1. 265, 269, 270
Bergen, battle (»f, ij. 63
BergdrCB. lilucher retreats to, Iv. 97
BerUer, M., aaslsts in preparation of the Code, 11. 143
Berlin, cohsternatiun in (1797-98), il. 2h : SieyiV mission to, 28:
French jmrty in, 1(»2 : the visits of Alexander I. to, 242, 243 : iH.
3: war feeling in, ||. •2l\ : A', refuses to treat ontaide of, iii. 1,
6: A*.'j(entr>'fnto, 3 : A. receives Polishdeputation in, H : French
occupation of, 17 : centralization In, iv. 13 : Eugene at, 27 : the
Priifisbin court removed U> Hreslau from, :10: patriotism In tlie
university, 31 : defense of. 32 : propo8e<i allotment of, to Jerome,
39 : threaU-ned by (Midinot, 42 : England's diplomacy in, 45 :
French denionstratloiis against, 51 : Itulow commanding at, 52 :
overestimate of ItJi strategical value, 54 ; Itliicher's road to,
blocked by LanriRt4>n, 56: failure of Oudlnot and MiU'donnId in
movt-mcntH iiuainftt, 59-63 : A'. detenuincB to march on, 62, 63 :
jMHiBllile movement toward, 69
Berlin Decree, the, iii. 6. 6, 40, 42, 43, 82, 95, 209, 244
Berlin University, iii. 83
Bern, treaty <>i Leoben to be ratified at, 1. 271 : proposed congress
at, ii. 13, i4 : capture of the city. 27 : Frencli intervention in,
27 : the plundering of, 27 : French military arrogance in, 2s :
atlenipt to restore the constitution of, iv. 99
Bemadotte, Gen. J, B. J., military successes of, i, 163 : a pro-
duet ol I'arjiofs system, 202 : conunamling Army of the Sambre
and -Meuse, 263: storms Gradisea, 267: communicates Piehe-
gru's treachery to Uarras, ii. 4 : ambassador to Austria, 2S, 29,
35 : chai-ges of venality concerning his mission, 2:t : recalled,
29 : characteristics, 29, 63 ; iii. 241 ; iv. 52, 00: marries Desirce
flarj*, ii. 29 ; iii. 215: ordered to the middle Rhine, ii. 60: de-
velops the couseriiition schemes of Carnot, 63, 64 : secretary of
war, ('•3, 64: counterplot-s on the IHth Ilnimaire, 74: plans to
bead a force at St, Houd, 74 : creat^'d marshal, 207 : ordered to
Gottingen, 232 : commanding in Gennany. %H: marches to In-
golstadt, 234 : watches the itussian army, 235 : violates lYus-
sian neutrality at Ansbach, 242: in battle of Aust^rlitz, 217,
249 : created Prince of Pontc C'orvo, 256 ; iii. 71 : at Lobenstein,
ii. 278 : defeats Uohenlohe at 8chleiz, 279 : at Naumburg, 2H0 :
absence from J<:na and Auerstadt, 2K2: relations with A'., 282;
iii. 215, 241; iv. 32: at Apobla, ii. 283: defeats Prussians at
Ualle, iii. 1; sacks Liibeck. 4 : strength in Ptdand, 13: iKJsition
at Elbing, 14: action at Molirungcn, 15: escapes t** Gil-
genburg, 15: threatens Konigsberg, 15: in campaign of Eylau,
18 : threatens Denmark. 58 : Deinnark yieUls to, 69 : in-
come, 71 : fails to join the Russian forces in Finland,
93: restrains Spanish operations on the haltic, 116: his
advance-guard of Spanish troops, 124: troops in Bremen,
Ilaml'urg, and Lubeck, 157: to concentrate in Dresden, 158:
ordered to Linz, 107, 174: relieved by Lefeb\Te at Linz, 174 : in
battle of AVagram. 170, 178 : disgraced at Wagrum, 176, 178, 183 :
lieadB troops for service in the Netherlands, 183 : kindly treat-
ment of Pomerania, 215: failure on the Marehfeld. 215: chosen
as successor to ("harks Mil., 215: installation at Stockholm,
215: assumes title of Prince (.liarles John, 215 : popularity in
Sweden, 215: republicanism of, 215 : ambition to acquire .Nor-
way, 215 : iv. 32, ito : changes from Ronuxn Catholic to Lutheran,
iiL 241 : character of his rule, 241 : eager to escape from FYench
protection, 241 : varied cliaracter of his life, 241 : virtual king
of Sweden, 241 : unwillingly grants a liberal constitution, 241 :
and)ition to acquire the I-Yench crown, 243 ; iv. 52, 60, 69,
90, 92, 113, 134: temporizes with France and Russia, iii. 244:
assists Russia against A'., 260 : Mettemicb seeks to embroil him
with Alexander, iv. 29: A', attempts to win over, 32: Pomera-
nia ottered to, 32 : joins the (-oalition, :t2, 52 : his troojis evacu-
ate Hamburg, 37 : conmianding Army of the North. 52 : in mil-
itary council at Trachenbeig, .55 : battle of Grossbeeren, 60: at
Jiiterbog, 03 : battle of l>ennewitz, 63, 64 : crosses the Elbe, 66 :
contemplated movement against, 07 : A', seeks to engage, 68,
69: proposed jumtii.n with Schwarzenberg, r.9: at Mersebniy,
70: at oppin, 7u : offers terms to Davont, 90: ordered to the
lower lUiine, 9(» : at Liege, 113 : receives ilag of truce from Jo-
seph. u:( : the allies dread betrayal by, 113
Bemadotte, Mme., i. 176
Bemburg, iniuh forces at, iv. 28
Bemeck, tU feat of Junot by the Black I,cgion at, iii. 180
Bemer Klause, the, i. 252
Berry, rnibtar> movements near, iv. 107
Berry, Charles Ferdinand, Due de, doubtful courage of, ii.
192 : n trains from entering France, 192: suspected of plotting
in lirittany, 193
Berry-au-Bac, abandoned by Marnu»nt, iv. 109 : Marniont at»
113
Berthier, Gen. Alexandre, a product of Caniot's system, i.
202 : service in the Alps, 209 : at Ix)di, 219 : in the RivoH cam-
paign, 253; caiTies treaty of Cmnpo Formio to the Directory,
ii. 10 : plunders Venetia, 20 : proclaims the Roman Rcimblic,
26 : ordered to kill hostile tril>esnien, 47 : ordered to prepare
for triumphal enti-y into Cairo, 52 : accompanies A', on his re-
tm-n from Aleximdria, 50: action on the I8th Brumaire, 71:
forms the army of reserve, 92: sent to Gcnevji, 92: method of
computing his army, 110: plans for crossing' the Alps, 110:
urges cajdure of Fort B;ird, 111 : created mai'shal, 207 : Master
of the Hounds, 207 : miizzles the press in Prussia, 270, 271 : let-
ter from A'.. Aug. 20, 1806, 273 : personal attendance on A'., 276,
277 : in battle of Eylau, iii. 20 ; iv. 176 : nt Tilsit, iii, 45, 61 : in-
come. 71, 226 : created l*rince of Neufchatel, 71, 78, 214 : op-
pointed vice-constable, 78 : at Bayonnc, 113 : chief of staff, 157,
246; iv. 34: orders to, iii. 158; deficiency of military know-
ledge, 159: fails in execution of his orders, 159, KK): chiu-ged
with treachery, 160: on N.'tt habit of work, 103: discovers at-
tempt to assasHinate A^, 185 : A\V proxy to marry Maria Louisa,
195-197: created Prince of Wagi-am, 197: letter from Ney to,
Nov. 5, 1812, iv. 3 : Informs Macdonald of the Kussiau disasters,
20: alleged hostility to Jomini.52: battle of Dresden, 58: at Nan-
gls, 103: receives flag of truce from Sehwarzenberg, 103: per-
BUiules A. to resume negotiations, im : cai)tiire of one of his
couriers, 121 : at council at St. Dizier, 126 : a<IvlBes a return to
lyorrafne, 130: Marmont sends treasonable documents to, 138:
at the abdication scene, 139: transfers his allegiance to Louts
XVIII., 147: nicknamed "Peter," 158: faults at Eylau and
Wat'ram, 176
BerthoUet, C. L, plunders Italian scientific collections, L 225:
acconipaides A. on his return from Alexandria, II. 60: member
of the senate, 100
Berton, L. S., i. 31
Bertrand, Gen. H. O., base condunt at Vlenim, 11. 2;i7 : in cam-
paign of lbl3, iv. 34: in battle of Rautzen, 39, 40: lielcaifuers
/
INDEX
2G9
Bertrand, Oen. 11. Q.—eontintud.
SchvveiUnit/, 43 : hattl)- of iHiinowitJ!, 63 : dHvon by Bliirlur t<»
BltUrftUl. (It;: battle «.f Lripsb, 71, 7*i, 74, 7fi: tJik.H WtlsMm.
fcls, 75: (Ifft-nda the Kblnt* at KiwU'I, b'.t: bfk'« A', to :iI>:uhIoii
Bt'lgium aiid the left biuik nf tht- Rhino, loi : at thu ubdb ation
scene, WJ: iicoorapanifrt A', to I'Ahii, Hi), V>2: sends positive In-
stnictioiia t4> (Irouchy, l«rt, IUh, IHV : escorts AT. from the flcM
of Waterloo. '.'(XI : aceonipaidcs A'. U> Kochcfurt, 208; accom-
panies A', to St. Helena, 'J14
Bertrand, Mme.. present at S.'m deathlied. Iv. 219
Bessarabia allei^'ed eonceHMlnn of, to Ungsiu, HI. 48
Bessl^res, Gen. J. B., Hervlce In Ej^ypt, 11. mi: created marshal,
'JOT : in liutile of Anttterlltz, 254): In Kylau campalKii. lit. 1'.), 20:
created Ouko of Istrhi, 70, 71 : hiconie, 71 : character, 7ft : X.'s
opinion of, 7.'t: invaden Spain, lon, lOt), 112: Inatructluiis to,
concerning SpaniHh policy. 110: ordered U* arrest Ferdinand,
113: bcfsieKCa Suntander, \T2: defeats the Spaniards at Medina
de Rio 3eco, 122: occupies Old Castile and AraKon, 122: or-
dered to connect with Jiinot, 123: at Miranda, 142: pursues
Hiller, 1*52 : battle of EsslinR, 170, 171 : commanding the Younff
Uuard, 240: killed at Rlppach, Iv. 36, 37: impoitance of his
loss to A'., 3.^
Bet bene ourt, Oen., crosses the Simplon, il. 113: near Domo
ti"0s8.«I:i. 113
Beugmot, repent of Benj, iv. 48: anecdote concerning, 4ft
Beunionvllie, Marquis de, A'.V envoy to l^ussla, li. lOJ : roy-
n\i^t iiitriu'ii- i.-f, iv. KC, 140
Beys, tlie i^^Tptian, 11. 40
Blberach, i»attle of, li. im)
Blberich, anecdote of A. at tlie castle of, Iv. 48
Bible, A. .* Ptndy of the, iv. 210
Blcdtre, prison of, imprisonment of n milliner in» ill. 76
BlelOStOk, unit, d to Knssla, ill. 48, 53
Bilbao, l.efcbvre near, iii. 142
Blsamberg, junction of Archduke Charles and Hillcr at, iii. 104,
107 : military operations near, 170, 177
Biscay, A'.".v contemplated movementa in, iii. 143: military gov-
ernment of, 21:1
Bismarck, Prince Otto von, policy in. 1875, li. 172
Bltterfeld, Bertrnn.l driven l»y Ulucher U\ iv. GO
Biville, landing; of the Caili'udal conspirators at, ii. 190
Black Elster, River, military movemonts on the. iv. 66
Black Forest, the, Desaix defeats the Austrians in, I. 272: mili-
tiry operation'^ in, ii. K'K, loo, 234
Black Legion, the, orpiiiiziitlon of. iii. 180: defeats Junot at
Bemeek. 1>^0: defeats the Saxons at Nossen, 180
Black Sea, proposed Indian expeditions via, ii. 134
Blake, Gen., defeated at Medina de Rio Seco, iii. 122: advances
from Duvaugo, 143: concerted French movement against, l^i:
driven l)aek t^ Valmaseda, 143: N.'s scheme to annihilate, 143 :
defeated at Espinosa, 144 : joins La Romana, in Asturias, 144 :
annihilation of his army by Suehet, 221
Blankenburg, Louia XVIII. retreats to, ii. 3
Blankenhaln, Prince Hohenlohe at. ii. 278
BlasowltZy niilitarj' «.iperations near, ii. 249
BlOiS, A'.'« private treasure at, iv. 80, 149 : imperial retrency estab-
lished at, la/i : French garrison at, 137 : dissolution of the im-
perial government at, 149
Bliicher, Marshal G. L. von, member of Prussian reform party,
ii. 209 : Prussian commander, 272 : military movements near
Eisenach, 278: battle of Auerstadt, 282, 283: reaches Liibeck,
iii. 2 : duplicity to Klein, 2 : surrender of, 2 : in campaign of
1813, iv. 32 : at Striegau, 52, 55 : violates the annistice, 52, 55 ;
commanding the army of the East, 52 : gives AT, an advantage,
54, 55; secures an independent command, 55: pursued by A".,
65: at Bunzlau, 55 ; retreats behind the Deichsel, 55: crosses
the Katzbach, 55; battle of Katzbach, 60, 61: pursues Afacdon-
ald, 01 : Macdonald fails to hold, 62 : operations in Silesia, 02 :
Attacks Macdonald at Fischbach, ftJ : Macdonald ordered to
check his advance, 65 : advances on Dresden, 65: northward
movement, 65: marches to Kemberg, 66: drives Bertrand to
Bitterfeld, 60 : contemplated movement aeainst, 07 : X. seeks
to eng^e, 68, 69: joint movements with Beniadotte and
Schwarzenberg, 69: advances to Halle, 09: battle of Leipsic,
70, 72, 74 : acquires two Swedish corps, 90 : crosses the Rhine,
91 : aims to annihilate N., 91 : crosses the Saar, 92 : invests
the Mosel fortresses, 92: advances on Arcis, 92 : effects union
with Schwarzenberg 94 : defeated at Brienne, 94 : battles of La
RothiiTe and Troyc-s 94 : predicts a speedy entrj' into Paris,
94 : leads the advance down the Marne, 94 : attempts to cut off
Macdonald, 95: strength, Feb. 9, IHU. 95: French movement
front Suzanne against, 95, 96 : battle of Montmirail, 90: retreat
across the Marne, 90 ; defeated at Vauchamps, 97 : retreats to
Berg^res, 97 : drives Marmont to Froinentieres, 97 : A', deals
him "a blow in the eye," 101 : Marmont ordered to hold, 102 :
at Mery, 104 : collects his army at Chalons, 104 : Oudinot sent
against, 104 : pursued by A'., 105 : makes diversion in favor of
main army, 105 : advances on Paris, 105 : letter fi'om Frederick
William III., Feb. 26, 1814, 105; A', in pursuit of, 105: moves
on Meaux, 106 : recruits his forces at Soiss«uis, 10('> : retreats up
the Ourcq, 100 : cheeked by Marmont and Mortier, 10(» : crosses
the M:irne, 100: cut off from Sehwarzenber^, 100, 107 : driven
north, 10*>, 107 : battle of Craonne, 107 : retreats from Craoime
to Laon, 107 : dissensions in his anny, 107-109, 112 : battle of
Laon, lOS : recalls York, 109 : regains communication with
Schwarzenberg, 109: dismayed at the capture of Rheims, 112,
113 : besieges Compiigne, 112 : resumes the tiffeiislve, 117, 119 :
Marmont's plan of oper.ations atniinst, 119: crosses the Aisne,
119: effects junction with Schwarzenberc, 119, 120, 122: cap-
tures a courier to the Empress, 121: advised of the movement on
BlUcher, Mamhal O. L. von — eontiniud.
Tarls, I'i2: * MiirHlial Forward," \S1 : crosses the Marne, 123:
fears of, tn I'arls, i:Mi: captures Montmartr- , J;i2 : demnB to
tjiku the Ihld, 173: phiii cif the eanipaik'n of Waterloo, 174:
quality of his tn»o|.H, 175 : A'.n poMltloii with rcKard to VVulling-
lon and, 17,1: relative stren^Mli In Waterh-u canipalun, 170 :
awalti4 developments. 170 : relutlons with \Vellliit;toti, 179 : pos*
slide rhango of Htratetry, 17'.' ; flcfenslvc movementH, IKO: at
FletiruM, IHI : retires fnna Menms, 1h1 : his tictit h erillclzed
by WrlllriKion, 1h2 : meetlnu' with Wcllinift.n at Kry. 1m2 : bat-
tle of IdKiiy, 1H2, 1H3: u'els "a koo<1 licking," iw, 184:
wounded at Lluny, 18-1: Qmuchy's pursuit of, ih6: appre-
he[)ded niovtrinent to Join NVelllngton, IHO : promi><e8 siipiHtrt
to Wellington, 1h8; Grouchy alms to jirevetit union ttetwven
Wellington and, 1H9: movement t** Wavre. IKy-PJI : dlHa>tter at
LIgny, 190 : poHslblo retreat via l^iuvaln, 101 : fails to come to
WclHngton'H asMlstance, 198: Wellinifton's faint-hearted coop-
eration with, 'iOl : his lines of retreat, 205: determlMation to
kill .v., 20*.!, 211 : character: ambition, iv. 55 : ardor and cour-
age, 9;*. 122, 179, 182 : dertip- for Kb>ry and revenge, ion, '209, 211 :
duplicity, ill. 2: luadstronK temper, iv. :>\, 55, oo: inlluenco
over troops, 175 : over-conlldence, 95, 90 : scIf-lnduIgencc, 175
Bober, River, military movements on the, iv, 55, 01
Bocognano, A. in hiding near, i. I'JO
Bohemia, An hdukc Ferdinan<l escapes into, 11. 235: Archduke
Kerdituind eommanding in, 245 : A'.'« line of retreat through,
253: plan of Au-^trian operations In, iii. 154 : S.'h reasons for
not pursuing Archduke Charles into, 103 ; gatherlngof Austrian
troops in, Iv. 42 : boundary of a neutral zone, 43 : l>eac<tns Hash
the declaration of war through, 49, 50: Au^tro-Rnsslan troops
in, 52 : ailvance of Russian troops toward, 55 : the allbs' com-
munication with, threatened, 57 : guarding the passes front, 63:
refnu'c of the allies in, 67 : army of, moves on Paris, 122
Bohemian Forest, nnlitary inovenicnts in the, iii. 158, 103, 167
Bois, Pierre du, proposes French seizure of Egypt, li. 31
Bologna, seizure and ransom of, i. 228, 229 : the Pope prepares
to rctovcr, 215 : armistice of, 240 : new scheme of government
for, 247 : A*, at, 251, 259: military operations at, 251, 259: sur-
rendered to France, 200: ceded to Venice at Leoben, 271: in-
corporated in the Cisalpine Republic, ii. 14
Bonaparte. See Bconapartr
Boniface, Pope, crowns Pepin, il. 208
Bonifacio, A', at. i. 114
Bonnier, M., mcn)ber of the Congress of Bastatt, il, 01: killed
at K:i.-tatt, 01
Bontemps, M., arrest of, H. 17
Bordeaux, condition in 1703, I. 133: exempt from legislation
concerning Jews, iii. 04 : opens its gates to English troops, iv.
114: proclamation of Louis XVIII,, 114: N. seeks to rouso
imperial feeling in, 209 : immunity from the White Terror,
210
Borghese, Prince, manies Pauline (Buonaparte) Leclerc, ii. 164 :
separates from Pauline, iv. 154
Borghese, Princess Pauline (Buonaparte), looseness of her
life, iv. 155, 164: acquires the duchy of Lucca, 227: dismissed
from Paris, 154 : accompanies A', to Elba, 152-155 : alleged scan-
dalous relations with A'., 155. See also Bconaparte, Paulike
BorghettO, battle of. i. 2'27
Borgo, Pozzo dl See Pozzo di Borgo
Bormida, River, road to Italy opened through the valley o^ i.
152: the country of, ii. 110, 117: Melas crosses, 117: military
operations on the, 119
Borodino, Bonaparte at, ii. 253: Itattle of, iii. 260, 201, 2f>;j, 264:
rescuing the wounded from the field of, iv. 2
Borrlssoff, the French retreat through, iv. 5-8, 10: Russian plan
of operations at, 7 : captured by Tclntchagotf, 8, 9 : battles at,
10, 11
Borstell, Gen., battle of Denncwitz, iv. 64
Bosporus, proposed expedition to the, iii. 91
Botanical Garden, lecture system of the, i. 167
Bothnia, rcjiulse of the Russians from, iii. 93
Bou, Mnie., i. 108
Boudet, Gen. Jean in battle of Essling, iii. 1G9, 170
Bouill^, Marquis F. C. A. de, i. 189
Boulay de la Meurthe, Antolne, presents temporary plan of
the < onsulate, ii. n3 : memt>er of the coimcil of state, 100: re-
viser of the Code. 143
Boulogne, the Army of England, tlotilla, and military prepara-
tions at, ii. 32, 33. 185, 180, 212, 213, 230: A^ at, 33: A'.'« cere-
monial at, July, 1804. 209: real purpose of the flotilla, 214 : dis-
tribution of Legion of Honor crosses at, 231 : the army ordered
east from, 232
Bourbon-Cond^, Louls-Antoine-Henrl de. See Esohien,
Dur i>'
Bourbon-Hapsburg alliance, Corsica joins the, i. 9
Bourbons, the, intluence of i. 9 : A'.'s attitude toward, 103 ; 11-
19, IJO, 13'>, 174, 192, 199, 228 ; iv. 101 : discredit royalty, 1. 159:
their motto, 178: Franee's demands on Austria concerninK, ii.
29 : hopes and nimorsof restorntion of, and plots therefor. 0.5, 82,
104, I'JO. 162, 203 ; iv. 87, 99, 100, 133. 134, 170 : Talleyrand's pre-
dilection for, ii. 82: England's attitude toward, 94, 95. 174,
2'28 ; iv. 99 : a blow at the, it 133 : AT. complains of England's
protection of, 174, 228 : foster the Jacobin spirit of insurrec-
tion. 191: responsibility for the execution of Ney, 191: the
Due d'Knghien, 192: intrigues airainst A'.V life, 194; iv. 1.54,
156 : S.'s attempt to fix death of Due dEnshien on, ii. 199 :
causes of the French dislike for, 202, 203 : their "divine right,"
203: their founder, 225: sehenie to establish a monarchy in
America, iii. 106, 111 : Mettcrnich's desire to restore the, iv.
99, 100 : rising in Vendue, 125 : restoration of, 130, VA\, i:i5,
270
INDEX
B^>iir)>ons, tho — con/i ntirtf .
us, l.vs : t'titliTisltiMii f.T. In I'arls, 135 : revulsion of feolinR in
Fmnrc lui'l >■> Ali'xamU'r npihist, 1-I3: rti-kle inipiTialists 8iip-
|»oit Iy>)ui!< X\'1I1.. M7 : niDintaiu bples in RUio, 155: A. on
thf ilK-irilinin. > of tluir throne, UM
The Neapolitan* imju'iiilin^ ilownfall, il. 329: banUliod,
a.Vi. ^J-Vi. 'ii'.' ; iii. ItJit : propi'sal that lliey retidn power in
SUily. ii. 'J.v.»
The Spanish, sdionie to cniancipnto Spnin fn>ni rule of. il.
30: inctip.'U'ily untl ilcKrailntion, iii. &*.>: .\.'« attitndc towitrd,
111: deixistHi, 113-ll.\ 117, 1*28; proim&ali} to restore tho
Uir.uie to. 'MM; iv. 44
Bourgeoisie, the, tit outbrcalc of the RcvoUitton, I. 63, 5S: N*
^. . ks ilu- siiiii>.>rt of, ii. 178
Bounnont, G^n., t-l«.st*rl!j ln'fiirc Chnrleroi, iv. 177
Bourneime, L. A. F. de, on the question of A'.V birth, L 18:
.'.hiuvs nuitlifumtical liotiors with iV,, 28: Bliarts A.V p<n*erty
in I'aris, 101. Ufi: ohiaJns diploniutic position nt Stuttj^iirt,
Itrj: itntsdotvs u( *V. 1»\, KKi : describes S.'s |HT8onality, lt»9:
A.'* frii-ndship for. 170: improved fortunes of, 176: X.'svon-
fliieiuea witli, ii. 34. 35 : on X.'n plans of escaping from Kpypt,
C7 : A". fxi)rfsses Ids sntisfuctton to, couciTuinp the IStli Hru-
mairc, 75 : rebukes A', at SL Cloud. 77 : chanuter, 177 : dis-
nii^^cd. 177 : on Mme, do Stael, iii. 227 : venality of, iv. 12'.*
Bourse, y." failure lo Kovern tile, ii. 26G : rise in values after
Ilu- Au^triau nmniape, iii, 202
Bowles, Cot Geo., euuversation with WelUnK'tiUi, iv. 184
Boyer. Gen. J. P., prepares a *' triumphal " return to Cairo, ii. 62
Brabant, visit of .v. and Maria Louis;* to, iii. 206 : Kreiuli oicu-
patioii i'f, 2ttT : A.'a'otler to exchange it for Uanseatic towns,
207
Braganza, House of, decline of, iii. 95 : flii^'ht to Brazil, lOO :
A', pr-'poses to restitre Portuj:al to. 242
Brandenburg, pr-'inised allotuient of, to Jerome, iv. 39: the
Amiy of ibe NiTtli in, .V2: eoiitotni>IaU'd operations in, fiS
Brandenburg, House of, tlu- imperial crown for the, ii. 273:
owes lis safety to llie (-'zar, iii. 61
Braunau, tlie Austrian camp at, ii. 234 : captured l>y Lannes,
2;if. : Kussian tfiHtpa at, 230 : French occupation of, 262
Bray, Macdomdd before, iv. 102, 10:i
Brazil, l>on .lohn embarks for, iii. 96, 97
Brelsgau, ci^ant t*.> t^rand Duke of Tuscany in, ii. 125: Due
d KimU'en prepares to retire to the, 193: part of, acquired by
Ita-U Ti, 2r>'.; : \\ urtend)ei>; acquires part of, 252
Brelt^nlee, .Vuslrian advance tlirougli, iii. 170
Bremen, closed to liritish commerce, ii. 183: laid under con-
triliution, 183: proposal t*> pive it to Prussia, 258 : Bernadotte's
fore«- in, iii. 157: scheme to incorporate with France, 204:
(H'sitiun iti the French empire, 214: French forces at, iv. 28
Brenta, River, military operations on the, i. 234, 235, 238-240,
2'»0
Brescia, seized by France, i. 226 : the French position at, 232 :
c;iplured by tjuasdanowieh, 2:i2: evacuated by the enemy. 233:
the revolntioiKiry movement in, 265. 269
Breslau, Russian troops at, ii. 245: tlie Prussian court moves
from Iterlin to, iv. 30: patriotism in the university, 31 : French
oerujiation of, 42 : pursuit nf the allies to, 42 : French evac-
nati(»n of, 43: military movements near, 52
Brest, naval preparations at, ii. 33, 46, 213 : bltnikade of, 213, 230,
2;il : iii. C, 42: junction of Nelson and Cornwallis before, ii.
23o: the fleet ordered to the EuKlish Channel from, 230 : Ville-
neuve 8 mission to relieve, 231 : the sijuadron ordered to the
M<-dilerraiiean, iii. 89: iniptisunmeut of SchiU's followers in,
IMi: ti;tval station at, iv. 17
Brest-LitovBld, militjiry operations near, iii. 268
" Briars, The," iV. a guest at, iv. 215, 210
Bribery, A. « first lesson in, i. 120
Bridge of Arts, tlie, iii. 62
Brlenne, A', at, i. is, 22-30, 83, 125 ; iv. 94 : A'.V mock l)attlc8 at,
i. 27; iv. 94: Lucicn Buonaparte at, i. 42: Lucien quits, and
Ivonis remains at, 45: Louis fails of admission to, 49: N.'n gar-
(!en at, 125 : A'.'p contemporaries at, 129 : battle of, iv. 94 :
mililary mnvetnent.s near, 120, 121
Brienne^ Mme. Lom^nie de, A^'* early friend, i. 2C, 27, 54
Brigandage, suppression of, in Corsic:i, 1. 4
BrigidO, CoL, at l.attle of Arcole, i. 238
Brindisl. embarpo on, ii. 183
Brlnkmann, on A'.'« innneucc in France, ii. 88
BriBSOt, J. P., ba.l.r of the fJinmdiHts, I. Ill
Brittany, fonnrlation nf the .lacobin <'lnb in, i. 66: Tiolcnce and
civil war in. 122 , 133, 164, 182 ; ii. 62, 94, 96 : S. conciliates, 90 :
BUM[»rted pl"t of the I>ue de Berry in, 193
Brlxen, Joubert at, i. 208: apportioned to the Grand Duke of
'i iiB' ;iny, ii. 170 : ceded to Itavaria, 252
Broglie, Due de, on the Emperor's court at FontAiDcbleau, iii.
IK'
BrouBSier, Gen., m.'ireheft to relief of I'aris, iv, 125
Bruck, friiire Khk. ne at, ill. 174
Brueys dAigalUers, Vice-Adm. Fran cols- Paul, commanding
Kr-n<li fleet in the Ailriatic, ii. 12: ordered to Corfu, 42 : or-
der.-d |., Ak■xandrll^ 42: in llie battle of tlie Nile. 42-44
BruiX^ Adm. E.. sent Ut conquer the Mediterranean, ii. 55: in-
t' rvh;w with iJan-JtH, 73: anninient in favor of the slave trade,
Brumaire, the plot of the Iftlh of, il. C9 et seq., 81 et seq., 201,
•£tr' : iv. riH
Brune, Gen. 0. M. A., iilundent Bern, fl. 27 : military Kcnins.
(41: 4niiii.ai(fti in llonund, 60, 6:t, Gt\, 207: balLle of IWrKeii, 63:
fiu|K:riur<lif4 M:iHH<'*na in Italy, 124 : advances U) Trent, 125: ere-
aU'd roaraliul, 207: venality of, 111. C7
Brunet, Gen., cimimnndinK the army of Italy, i. 128
Briinn, nHlit:iry op.ratii-na near, ii. 236, 237, 245, 247-249 ; iiL
177: A", e.staliiisht s headquarters at, ii. 245
Brunswick, Kreneli occupation of. iii. 7: onranization of the
lUark l.e^ion, IHO : the Black Legion's escajH) through, 181 : re-
st* iml to it>< former ruler, iv. 79
Brunswick, Charles F. W., Duke of, commander-iuchief of
the Prussian army, ii. 272, 276, 278: at Nauniber^', 276: decline
..f his inlbience, 278 : at Erfurt, 278 : plan nf opposition to the
l-Yench, 279: in battle of .lena, 280-282: death of, 282; iii. 7:
proclamation against the l-Yench republic, 7: appeids to A'.'*
inercv, 7
Brunswick, Frederick W., Duke of, deprived of his throne,
iii. iwt: orpuii/es the Black Li-pioii, IhO: exploits with the
Black L.^'ion, ISO, isl : escapes to Ennhuid, 181
Brunswick, House of, Sieyes susiiected of plotting with the, ii.
65
Bruslart, governor of Corsica, plots against A'., Iv. 160
BlUSsels, proposed invasion of France via, iv. 91 : York retires
U; lO'.t: military operations near, 174 ct8«|., 181,188,189, 191:
topi'K'raphy of, 191
Brutus, statue at tbu Tnileries, ii. 97
Bruy^rcS, killed at Keiilunbarh, iv, 40
Bry, nieetinu' <'i W ellinu'tini and Blucher at, Iv. 182
Bubna, Gen., emissary from Francis to A'., iii. 183, 184; Iv.
29, 65: su^rjicsts an annistice, 38: procrastinates, 45: con-
fronting: Augereau at (Jeneva, 91: in the campaign of 1814, 95:
driven fmni Lyons by Anuereau, 98
"Bucentaur," the, det-truetion of, ii. ic
"Bucentaiire," the, at Trafalgar, Ii. 240, 241
Budberg, Russian councibir, iii. 45
Budwels. Anhduke Chailes at. iii. 167
Buenos Ayres, Knplish cxi>edition against, iii. 81
"Buffer" states, ii. 260; iiL 48
Bug, River, proposed frYench occupation to the, iii. 7 ; military
operations on the, 10. 11, 93 ; iv. 2
Bulgaria. alb-K^'d c4Uicessiou of. Ui Russia, iii. 48
Bull'fightS, A', proposes to introduce them into Paris, ii. 265
Billow, Gen, F. W. von, jimction of Bcrnadotte with, iv. 32:
connnanding Army of the Ni>rth, 52: holdinn Berlin, 52:
strength, 52: belittled by N., 54: military ability, GO: battle
of Grossbeeren, 60: battle of Dennewitz. 63: coiqieratee witli
Graham in the Netherlands, 91 : capttires Soissons, 106: com-
manding reserve forces, 175: in Waterh)o canipaiu'n, 180: near
Beauderet, 184 : at St. Lambert, 190 : battle of Waterloo, 198-
21 H)
Bunbury, Sir Henry* on commission to notify N, of his sentence,
iv. 213
BunzlaU, Blucher at, iv. 55
Buonaparte, Carlo Maria dl (father of X.), early life of, i, 13,
14 : ennobled, 13: marriage 14: submission and French natu-
ralization, 15: character, 15, 22: death, 16, 32: anddtious and
advancements, 21-24, 29, 32: mission to Versailles, 22-24:
claim ajiaiust the Jesuits, 24, 32: breaks down, 29: his "in-
famy," 50: A', renounces the royalist principles of, 7G: his pa-
ternity of A', denied, iv. 151
Buonaparte, Caroline (sister of N.), birth, i. 16: at Nice, 144:
early life, 195: gift to her brother on departure for Egypt, 11.
36: maiTied to Murat, 127, 164, 165: resents A.'tt abuse of
Murat, iv. 90. See also Mlkat, Mme.
Buonaparte, Princess Charlotte, proposal to marry her to the
Prinew "f A^tuilas, iii. 102: sent tn Madame M£-re, KKJ
Buonaparte, Hortense, life in llollaud. iii. 27 : death of her
eldest son, 45: quarrels with the Graiui Duchessof Berg, 139:
share in the Austrian marria^'e nesotiations, 194 : Ltmis com-
plains of, 207 : criticized by Mme. deStael, 227. See alsoBKAU-
UAKNAIS. Uf^KTKNSK
Buonaparte, Jerome (brnther of A'.X l>irth, i. 16, 33: sent to
school in Talis 185: niarriu^-e U> Fdizabeth Patterson, ii. 164:
residence in the United States. 104: deserts his wife Elizabeth,
164: service in the West Intlies, 164: fails to secure divorce
from his American wife, 256 : nuu'ries Catherine of Wnrtem-
berg, 257; iii. 75, 76: a-ssistJi in tho sack of Poland, 4: com-
manding corps of WiirtemberRcrs and Bavarians, 11: king of
Westphidia, 49, 213, 214 : I'ins VIL refuses to annul his mar-
riage, 57 : Jissumcs the title of Nai)olcon, 67 : relatituis with A'.,
67, 68: ordered to raise levies in Westphalia, lO^: at the Er-
furt conference, l:i3 : defeated by the Black Legion, 180: de-
prived of part of Hanover, 213: supplies (piota Ui A'.'« army,
244, 245: in the Russian campaign, 254: at (Jrodno, 254: mili-
tary blunders atid incompetence, 254 : prt>posed allotment of
Brandenburt,' and Berlin to, iv. 39 : flees to tYance, 79 : UiUvh
refuge in Switzerland, 149 : assigned to the House of Peers, 168 :
battle of Wateiloo. 195, 203
Buonaparte, Joseph (k'randfathcr of A'.), ennobled, i. 13
Buonaparte, Joseph (brotlur of A'.), childish relations with N.,
i. 20: educated for the priesthood, 22, 28: goes to Autnn, 22:
character, 26; ii. 168; iii. 103, 104; iv. 128: desire for military
service, I. 28: search for a career, 28, 29, 41. 43, 46, 49, 74, 79,
171, 174-176: attends his father in his last illness, 29, 32: his
politics, 43 : studies law at Pisa, 46 : early htruggles. 49 : claims
share in framing Corsican appeal to National Assembly, 63:
ap])ointe<l mayor's secretary at Ajaccio, 67: at Marseilles. 70:
member of the t'onstitnent Assenddy at Orezza, 72. 74 : repre-
sent.s Ajaceii) In district Directtjry, 74 : disappointnieids to, 74 :
polllleal ofllccB and schemes, 79. 81 : member of c'orsican Di-
rectory, 94 : reminiscences of. conversations, ccudldences, and re-
lations with .v.. 104; il. 99; iii. 41,67,68 hh, 110.116, 148: leaves
Corslia forTonlon, 1. 123 : tmdes on his broilu is comndssion In
the National Oimrd, 124 : nmde counulssary-geiieral, 140 : mar-
INDEX
271
Buoimpnrto, Joseph — emitinued.
liiiKc- uf, iTii : (U>prlvi-<t of eiiiplnymont, WO, 171 : iiottlrs In
Ociioa, 171, 174: proposal Innd Mpiiciiliitluii for, 172: A'.x lof.
rL'Spoiideiico\vilh, n;t-177, 18M; ii. 4-1 ; hi. '.% U;t, 228 ; iv. 'J5, 1(W,
101, 107. U7, 20&: pliui8 fur (Ilploiimttc uppulntiiiunt, f. 17r>, ]7<; :
nmiriii^'t', 1711: cinuiioured of I>i slico rimy. Im^: ioii-Ivch »!ip-
Ii>rnalU' appuliitiiu-iit, 185: Krt-ticli inlnit)t<.-r iit Kuiiic, il. IM,
20: dfiniimlH lYuviTUH dfsinlsttiil from Koiuu, 20: (luiimiiils IiIm
pi I SH port 8, 20 : suiids liiforiautioii to A', in Kuypt, 04 : polilii-iil
uiid social proft'i'tiiunt, 05: iiivmlier of tliu l-'lvu llinKlrcil, 05:
plcnipotentiiiry to iirLTotiatu with *'olifn/.l, 122: Kriinci;*B rei>-
rusoiitiitivc at Liiiit-vilk', 120: hb ukilful dlplimuK'y, 104: nu-
KothUes tho tit'iity of AiniciiM. lOM: A'. conllifcH the Due d'EiiK-
lilcn's cii8L> to, I'.Hi : at MhIiiiilihuii, lUO : He<-kH cK-iiiciiL-y fur tho
Dm* d'Knghli-ii, 1%, 197 : cooIul-ss Wutwcen N. ami, 1«J7 : tho Huht
of iriipurhil aucceH»iun hi his family, 200 : civuti-<l ICIector and
inipi'iial piini-e, 200: on hi» hrothtT'tt Htrt-iiKtli with thu army,
2U : at A'.'* coroniitiun, 210: dcirlinua the crown of Iluly, 220:
in buttle of Austciiitz. 24'J : made king of Napt«.-0, 2>'i5 ; ili. 110 :
domhiion over Sicily, ii. 259 : advised to show lilniKclf Icrrihte
at Ih-st, iil. a : reports N.'s Indian schome, 0 : I'ins VII. refuses
to rocopnizo Ids Sf>verei^nty, 57 : assnm^.-s tlio title of Napoleon,
07 : resideni-e at Naples, 102 : intiTview with A', at Venice, 102-
104 : the crown of Spain otfered to, 103. 104 : n-fonu of Neapol-
itjin politics. 10:i : ambition, 104: ordered ti) Itayonne, llfi:
kiuK' of Spain, 117, 1:12, 142, 214; iv. 19, 47: assnmes govern-
ment at Madrid, iii. 121 : enlreftta A'.'« assistance in Spain, 12:J,
124: lacks male ilusoendants, 125: asserts his suvcruiKnty, 147 :
driven from Madri*!, 147: tlio Spaniards swear alleniance to,
148, 140 : accoinpaTiics N. on his second man iaj^e jonrncy, 108 :
his Spanish lerrit*>ry contracted, 2ia: signs n conditional abdi-
cation, 210: bickerings with Simlt, 210: Wellington moves to
Madrid against^ 222 : temporary government at Valencia, iv. 15 :
acting regent in Paris, 02, 'J5: gives up liope, 109: sends tlag
of truce to ilernadotte, 113 : enjoined to save the Empress and
Iier son from Austrian capture, 117: member of the Empress-
Regent's council, 128 : proclaims his l)r(^»tlier's approach to
Paris, i;il : prepares for defense of Paris, l:.U : deputy emperor,
132 : overtakes the Kiiipress at Chartres, 132 : empowers Mar-
niont to treat for surrender, 132 : Napoleon's rage at, 135 :
takes Tffuge in Switzerland, 149: assigned to tlie House of
Peers, 168: president of tiie council of state, 173: advised to
hold tlie Itgishiture in hand, 205
Buonaparte. Josephine, marital relations with iV., i. 280-282 ;
ii. 14, oH, 12K, i;i(', 103, 104, 209, 210; iii, 10, 28, 125, 120, 139, 140,
190, 194: character, licentious conduct, jealousy, etc., i. 280-
282; ii. 37. 5H; iii. 10, 28, 74, 75, 189, 100: domestic and social
life, the Imperial coui't, etc., i. 280-2S2 : ii. 102-104, 178; iii.
74-76. 113 : the divorce, its causes and ciecretal, i. 2H1, 282 ; ii. 44,
58, 103, 104, 209; iii. 00, 125, i:tO, 140, 1H9, 100, 194: letters from
iV., i. 194, 281. 2H2 ; iii, 30, 51, 89 : visits Uoine, ii. 18 : joins N. ill
Paris, Dec., 1707, 18: Royalist intrigu.s with, 24 : bids farewell
to A', at Toulon, 37 : influence over Gohier, 60: in pecuniary
straits, 83 : brings about marriage between Hortense and Lonis
Bonaparte, 164 : fear of Talleyrand, 100 : attitmle in the Due
d'I*;ngliien"s case, 106, 197: accompanies N. to Bf)ulogne, 200:
ecclesiastically married to A'., 218 : the coronation, 219-221 :
forbidden to follow her husband to i*olaiul, iii. 28 : reproaches
A'', with his amours, 28 : ti-avels tlirougli France, 02 : accom-
panies y. to Bayonne. Ill : N.'s harsh treatment at Foutaine-
bleau, 130: self-abasement of, 189: withdraws to Malmaison,
100: conduits negotiations for N.'s Austrian marriage, 194:
A. visits, afti'r the divorce, 197 : never preferred to power, 248
Buonaparte, Letizia. death of, i. lo : tradition concerning
birth of A'., 10, 20 : character, 20 ; iv, 151, 237 : letter from A'.
to, i. 32 : vicissituctes of fortune, 32, 33, 41, 40, 135, 174 ; ii. 65 ;
iv. 237 : her opinion of .V., i. 44 : settles near Toulon, 155 : disap-
proves y.'s marriage, 195: social influence, ii. 65: remark of
Mme. Pennon to, 80: distrusts A'. 's elevation, 104 : residence in
Corsica, 164: refuses to attend the coronation, 219 : Princess
Charlotte's sojourn with, iii. 103 : attacks on her good name,
iv. 151 : visits A', at Elba, 154, 155 : thrift, 237 : knowledge of
A'.'s limitations, 237
Buonaparte, Louis (brother of A'.), birth, i. 10 : prospects, 41 :
loses appoiiitmeut to artillery school. 45: remains at Brienue,
45 : A', aids and protects, 40, 40, 70, h2, 83, 85 : fails to secure ad-
mission to Brienne, 49: certiflcate tohisrepnblicanisTri, 70: con-
flrined, 83 : follows his brother's fortunes, 02. 150 : idle career,
lOH: promoted adjutant-general of artilleiy, 140: ordered to
Chalons ivs a. cadet, 140: officer of home guard at Nice, 151:
falls from favor, 151 : lieutenant of artillery, 153 : deprived of
employment, 100: ordered to ChAlons, 171, 174 : promoted, 185 :
marries Hortense BuHuharnais, ii. 104; iii. 206: his son Napo-
leon, ii. 180: created Constable of France, 200 ; iii. 78: at N.'s
coronation, ii. 219 : declines the crown of Italy for his son, 220 :
made king of Holland, 256 ; iii. 27, 78, 206: ordered to hold the
Rhine, ii. 270 : character, iii. 27 : reprimanded by A^. for econ-
omy, 27 : character of his reign, 27, 116, 207, 212, 213 : letters
from A'., 28, 110, 110, 211, 212: relations with A\, 67, 68: as-
sumes title of Louis Napoleon, 67. 78: the Spanish crown of-
fered to, 110: refuses the crown, 110, 207: loyalty to the Dutch,
116: violates tlie Continental System, 204: N.'s atlection for,
200: promoted general, 2oo : matio councilor of state, 200:
share in the Italian and Egyptian campaigns, 200: aiTogates
tlie royal dignity to himself, 200. 207: N.'s ((uarrel with, 200-
212 : N. offei-3 t*) exchange the Hanseatic towns ftu- Brabant and
Zealand, 207: contemplates resistance U* A'., 207: reduced to
the position of a French governor, 207 : prepares to defend Hol-
land, 207: summoned to Paris, 207: complains of his queen
Hortense, 207 : virtually a prisoner in France, 207 : submits to
Buonaparte, I>oniB — rontinufd.
N., 207 : permitted t^t return t^t Amnterdam, 207 : opens ncgo-
llatloim with Eiigtaml, 207, 2(M: conllnuen to opjKise A'., 211 :
flight to TejditZ. 212
Buonaparte, Louis Napoleon (nephew of N.. son of Jx>uifl;
(Touii prince of llujjund), created Oraud Duku of Berg, 111.
213
Buonaparte, Lucien (great-uncle of A^.,) condition, t. 'jur. alfec-
lion On- his family, ■.V.i: Illness of, 41, 43-iO: political opinions,
01 : dealll, 01
Buonaparte, Lucien (brother of A'.), birth, i. 16 : f^oes Ut Antnn,
22: relations uilh ^V., 28,40, 61: advancement for, 20: at
llrienne. 42: turns toward the priesthood, 42 : leuves Brienne,
45, 61 : elforU to enter at Aix, 49: memoirs of A'., r.o, ixi, 191-
iy;i; Ii. 172: imlependence of I. 70: radical leader at Ajaccio,
108: letter to CoHta, lio: in diplomatic ser^'ice, 117 : iletionnces
F'aoli, 117: at Tonlon, 123: appropriates A'.V birth certlfl«ato,
124: in conunissary department, 124, 135: "the little Robes-
pierre," 140 : marriage, 151 : deprtve<l of employment, 109 : des-
tltuti'Mi of, 171, 172: imjirisoned at Ai\, 174: liberated, 185:
foments quarrels In Italy, ii. 59: political and social prefer*
ment, 65: member and president of the Five Hundred, O.'i, 06,
72, 78-8<i: on the lOlh Rnimnire. 78 80 : makes a dnmialic scene
at St. Cloud, 79, HO : summons Bunapartist members of tlie Five
Hundred to meet, 80, 81: harangues the nmtilated chambers,
83: minister of the interior, 87 : suggests plebiscite on the
riuestion of life consulship, l.W: declineM t^> marry the (|Ueen of
Etruria, 164 : exiled, 104 : second marriage, 164 : democracy of,
164: In literary society, 104: at summit of his career, 164:
French minister to Madri<], 104: dispute between N. and
Joseph concerning marriage of, 107: the savior of N.'n for-
tunes on the iHth iirumaire, 202: the right of ImiM-'rial suc-
cession ill his family, 206: created an imperial prince, 206:
at Rome during N.'n coronation, 219: proposal that he take
the crown of Etruria, iii. 102: opposes hereditary consulate
for A'., 102: residence at Rome, 102: marries Mme. de Jau-
birthon, 102: refuses kingly honors, 102, 103: refuses to
divorce his wife, 102. 103: cliaracter, 102, 103: interview with
N. at Mantua, 102, 103: sails to the Uniti-d StaU-s, 212: cap-
tured by the English. 212: Mme. de Stael's complaint of N.
to, 228: fosters revolution in Rome, iv. 156: assigned to the
House of Peers, 168: member of the council of state, 173:
advises a dictatorship after Waterloo, 206 : endeavors to solve
the difficulties after Waterloo, 200, 207 : N. dictates his abdica-
tion ti., 207
Buonaparte, Maria-Anna (sister of A''.), i. lo
Buonaparte, Marie- Anne- Elisa (sister of A'.), birth, i. 16 : edu-
cated at Saiut-cyr, -jh, ;n, 32. 30: defective cducatitm, :iO, KV* :
A', visits at St. Cyr, l(t3: quits St. Cyraiid retnrnstoCon^ica, 107,
108: at Nice, 144: suitor for, 174: mamage to Felice Hacciocchl.
10.5; ii. 104: acquires Massa-eCarrara and Garf.ignana, 255:
created (irand Duclicss of Tuscany and I'rincess of Lucca and
Piouibino, iii. 213. See also BAfClocrm, Pkin('Kss
Buonaparte, Nabulione, i. 10, 17 : forms of the name, 18, 19
Buonaparte, Napoleon. See Nai'oi.kon
Buonaparte, Napoleon Louis Charles (nephew of A'., son of
Lmiis), y.'.s parlialily f.>r, ii. IKO ; iii. 200: proposal to create
him king of Italy, ii. 220 : death of, iii. 45, 125, 200
Buonaparte, Pauline (sister of A^.), birth of, i. lO: at Nice,
144: suitor for, 174; flirtation with Fr^ron, 195: marries (Jen.
Lederc, ii. 152: marries I*i-ince Borghese, 164: aci|uire>i Guaa-
talla, 255: adviser to Maria Louisa, iii. 197: created Duchess
of Guastalla, 213. See also Leclerc, Mme. ; Bokghese,
PUINrESS
Buonaparte family, the, i. 2, 8-l6: ennobling and coat
armor of, 13, 22: vicissitudes of fortune, 17, 30. 32, 33, 41,
43-46, 49, 60, 61, 74, 94, 05, 108, 109, 121, 129. 130, 109, 171, 172,
174, 195: N. regards himself as head of, 45. 94, 125. 185, 105:
claim against the government, 40, 61: the '• infamy" of, 50:
Salicetti's influence over, 62 : influence in Corsica, 78, 119 : N.'s
devotion to, 79, 93, 04, 143,144; outburst against, in Ajaccio,
121: driven from their estates, 121: leave Corsica for IVulon,
123: residence in Touhm, 124, 127: flight U) Marseilles, 127,
134 : driven from Tonlon, 129: social diplomacy of, 155: news
of A''.'* return from Egypt brought to, ii. 57: political prefer-
ment among members of, 05: meeting to ccmsider the heredi-
tary consulship, 157, 158 : the women of, 164, 105 : ilomestic life,
178: relations with the First Consul, 178: social triumph of,
iiu 75: urge divorce from Josephine, 00: allotment of crowns
among, 105, 109: consolidation of Italy nnder, 107: agree on
the Austrian marriage, 195: arrogance of its memlxjrs, 206,
207, 213: fraternal instincts, 244, 245: Austrian discovery of
their royal descent, iv. 82: proscribed, 210: France again un-
der, 218
Burgau, ceded to Bavaria, ii. 252
Burgos, Murat assumes command at. iii. 106 : Ferdinand VII, at,
112 ; siege and fall of, 141, 144 : French movement toward, 143 :
failure of Marmont to capture, 222
BuTffundy, A', visits, i. 82
Burke, Edmund, influence of his oratory, i. 115, 116: on
Malmcsl)ury'3 mission to Paris, 279
Burrard, Gen. H., defeats Wellesley's plans at Vimeiro, iii.
12:i : retired from active service, 144
Busaco, battle nf, iii. 218: the catitinii're of, 223
ButtafuOCO, Matteo, treachery of, i. 5, 0, 9, 10: invites Rous-
seau to Corsica, 7 : relations with Choisenl, 9: represents Cor-
sica at Versailles, 61: attitude toward Corsican patriots, 63:
poi)ular hatred of, 05, 74, 75 : succeeded by Salicetti, 73, 75 : N.'s
diatribe against, 75. 76: N.'s ''Letters'* to, 82: his marriage
condemned by N., 187
INDEX
Buzhbwden, Gen., aUnuicc of Biisslan troopa under, ii. 236:
ji'iiis Klltu^otf lit Wiscliall, '2i!i
Bylandt, Count de, ailvisis Uullaiid to defy France, iil. 207 :
ill butUt of Watf rliKi, iv. 196
Cabanis, iniluiiioc on tlie OonsiilaU', i. 127
Cabarrus, Jeanne M. L T., i. l'."0. Stt) also Kontksatk, Mwe
I't; TA1.1.IKV. M.MK.
Cadiz, Nelson lusts an eye at, 11. 42: VUlcneuve makes f<ir, 231,
238, ia: i.ullint:»\K>ii bluokadcs, 239: Nclsiin's fleet otf, 240:
tlinuUried invasiun by Enu'lanil, iii. 103, 121: selzuif of a
t"ri»cli Wiet at, 121, 122: Soult before, 219, 221: Soult aban-
dons, 222 : becomes llie capital of tlie nationalists, 222
Cadore, cruiition of luTcditiiry ducliy of, ii, 255: Cliainpagny
in a. (1 imke of, iii. 71. Sec (ihmpaony
Cadoudal, Georges, compluints of England's harlvoring of, ii.
174 : conspiriicy to siiic .\ ., Itf.i et scq. : leader of the Clionans,
181»: arrest ami execnlion, I'.tO, 193: S,'s clemency toward bis
co-conspirattii-^ 2(>.i: funeral iii;isa celebrated for, iv. 158
Caesar, Au^stus, -V. likened to, iii. ;i9
CsBsar, JuUus, y.'s stmly of and admiration for, reseuibluiices
lKt"ith .V aucl. i. ',14, 2-12, 21.2 ; ii. 97, 103, 104,148, 149; iii. 242 ;
iv. nc. 217, 234: -V. ilisclaiins the r61e of, ii. 77, 80: his work
foiiivili/jition, 103, 104; iii. 242
Caffarelli, Gen., lunur of .V.'» letter to Piua Vll., ii. 217: in
K'lttb- of .^u-ttiliiE. 2">(i
Cagllari, exptiliticn ntrninst, 1. 113
CaEors, liinlii.laie of Mnmt, ii. 127
"Cala,' and "Caius," ii. 210
"<!alra," i. H4. im
Cairo, niilitiiiy opiralions at, i. 213 ; ii. 41: Magallon consul at,
32: the march from .Alexandria to, 40: capture of, 41: failure
of the prouiisid plunder at, 41 : fortification of, 4.5 : K. at. 47,
62: retreat of the army from Acre to, 61: X.'s "triumphal"
return to. .',2: sun-emlcr of, 135
Calaiorra, the .Spanish forces near, iii. I4;t, 144
Calais, pantllcl betweiii Ma^'debnrg ami, iii. 53
Calder, Adm. Sir Robert, encounters Villeiieiive off Cajie Fin-
istcrr.-, ii. •2:i»: reinforces blockade of Brest, 230: encounter
with Villcncuvc, 2:i'J
Caldiero,o. lupiid l>y .Alvinczy, i. 237 : Alviuczy retreats from, 238
Calendar, the Republican, i. 147
Calonne, C. A. de, taxation problems of, i. 54
Calotte, tlic constitution of the, i. 48
Calvl, 1-iencli inlluence and power in, i, 02, 123: the Buona-
parti s seek :isylmu in, 121 : X. at, 122: iinpriBonnient of Cor-
si' ans in, 149: Knglish capture of, 154
Cambacirds, J. J. R., dreads a new Terror, ii. C4 : apjiointed
consul, xo: minister of justice, 87 : oi-pmizer of the Code Na-
poleon, 142, 143, 141! : scheme for reform of the tribunate, 156:
sniKestf iilebiscite on i)ue.',tiun of life consulship, 158: Chaii-
cclliir of h'rance, 20G : at -V.'» coronation, 219 : demurs to ac-
tion against the Hue d'Engbien, 194 : created Duke of Parma,
Ui. 71: salary, 78 : areb-chaneellor, 78: on A'. '« appearance after
the tre.ity of Schonbrunn, 189: member of extraoniinary coun-
cil on A'.'« second inaniage, 194 : member of tlie Empress-Re-
gent's council, iv. 128: character, 128: member of y.'s new
cabinet, 167
Cambronne, Gen., P. J. E., ai.ls in X.'s escape from Elba, iv.
ir,3: in iKittie of Waterloo, 202
Campan, Mme., aiiiicnntment in the imperial court, ii. 207
Campbell, Sir Nell, Hritisb commissioner at Fontainelileau. iv.
14H, U9: .V.V nlations with, 118, 149, 165, 10(1: aceonipailies
.V. to Elba, 1.'.3: ambassador to jV.'« court at Ellja, IX: leaves
Elb:i f,.r Florence, 100, 102
Camperdown, battle of, ii. 25
Campo Formlo, treaty of, i. 283; ii. 12-14, 16, 20, 24, 28, 95, 08,
121 ; iil. 250
Canada, lost to France, 1. 6, 9
Canals, Bonaparte's scheme of, ii. 178
Canino, Prince of. See Bi'onapartk, Lucfkn
Cannes, -V.'»- march tlirongh, on return from Elba, iv. 163
Canning, George, denounces N., il. 95: foreign secretarj* in
Portland eaiunet, iii. ,'i8: responsibility for tbe bombardment
of Copeidiagen, y.<, 79: despatches the fleet to the Baltic,
79. W): dciuamls the secret articles of Tilsit, 79, 8(1: fall of
20s: policy of action against X., 217: enforces Orders in
roam il. iv. 10
Canonical institution, tlie (luestion of, Ii. 25. 26
Canova, Antonio, m.akea statue of Empress Maria Louisa, iii.
Cantonal assemblies, ii. 159
Cape of Good Hope, taken by England from the Dutch, ii. 8, 25 :
. C'li .1 t . lb' ll:il;nl:in Itcpubllc by treaty of Amiens, 150: Eng.
lumls liflits in, liix : .V.'k ambitions concerning, 184 ; iii. 235
Cape St. Vincent, battle of, i. 283 ; II. 42
Cape Vcrd Islands, proposition to deport X. to, iv. 157
Caprera, exiiedition agMinst, i. 114
CaprinO, liattle at, i. ■2.'>3
" Captain," .Nelson's Bhii> in battle of Cape St. Vincent, II. 42
Capuchins, al tempt to oust them from f'orsican domains, i, 98
Caraccloli, Adm. F. C, execution of, il. 191
Cardinals, the College of, transplanted to Franco, iii. 198, 202
Carlnthla, -V. in, i. •JC: revolutionary sentiment In, ii. 28: part
..f, I..I..I to France, iil. 1K4
Carinthlan Mountains, pursuit of Archduke John across the,
111. 105 ^
Carlsbad, Talleyrand at, iv.
"Carmagnole, the, i, 144, 1
at, iv. 212
168
Carniola, t'Imrles gu:irds road iut<i, i. 267 : ceded to France, iii, 184
Camot, Lazare N. M., niiuLster of war, i. 133. 166: favors .v.,
134, 179, 194 : reitrganizes tbe FYencb army, 142, 198, 201, 202,
2;)2: military policy of, 14« : removal of, 100 : escape of, ir,9;
ii. 5, 17 : member of the Directoi-y, i. 180. 200-202 : character,
2(H>-2(r2: at battle of Maubeiige, 2(r2: plans the Italian cam.
paign (1795), 207 : X.'n correspondence with, May, 1790, 221,
2^22 : advises restoring the .Milanese to Austria, 2S0: relations
Willi .v., il. 6: desire for peace with .Austria, 13: Barras derides
his suggestions, 13: writes a justilleatory iiamphlet, 02 : devel-
opment of his ccmscription scheme. 63, 04 : reajipointed niin-
isier of war, 87, 101 : inDuence on the full of the Hirectory, 87 :
military genius, 101 ; detaches Lecourbe's force from Morcau's
army, 110: possilile successor to .V., I'.M): inlluence on the Con-
sulate, 127 : member of the tribunate, 150 : remonstrates against
adulation of .V„ 188: opposes the civalion of tbe Empire, 20.'^:
pensioned, iii. 227: commissioned to write on fortiflcation,
2'27: invited to join in insurreeliou, iv. 100; member of A'. '«
new cabinet, 107: advises a dictatorship for F"rance after
'Waterloo, 200 : member of the new liireetory, 207
Caroline, Queen of Naples, iii. 99: <m .Maria Louisa's impris-
onmeiit al s. IinnlininM, iv. ].',5
Carpentras, lost to ibe Pope at peace of Tolentino, ii. 208
Carrier, J. B., crimes of, i. 138: opposes Robespierre, 148
Carrlon-Nisas, A. H., "Peler tbe Creat," ii, 225
Cartagena, Villeneuve ordered to, ii. 239: rebellion in, iii. 121
CarteaUX, Gen., seizes \'alence, i. 128: besieges Avignon, 128:
takes Marseilles, 131 : eaiiturcs OlUoules, 134 : besieges Toulon,
13-1 : ignorance of military alfairs, 135 : removed from coni-
nniml, 135
Cassel, Blucber's military movements in, 11. 278: restored to its
former ruler, iv. 79
Castanos, Gen. F. X. de, causes Dupont's surrender at BayUn,
iii. 1'22: pnsition on the Ebro, 143, 144: concerted Freucli
movement against, 144 : collects his troops at Sigucnza, 144
Castegglo, battle of. ii. 116
Castellane, journal of, iv. 4
Castelnuovo, disarmament of, i. 273
Castiglione, battle of, i. 234; ii. 92: Augereau's victory at,
207 : eelebratiou of the battle of, 228: Augereau created Didio
of, ilL 71. See AnoEKEAU
Castile, F'rencli occupation of, iii. 219: weakness of French
forces in, 221 : reinforcements for Massena ordered from, 221
Castlereagh, Lord, secretary lov war in Portland cabinet, iii. 58 :
policy of action an.l bitterness .against A"., 217 ; iv. l.w, 169 : prime
minister of Engbiii.l, iii. 249: inspires action by Bernadotte,
'200: becomes foreign secretary, iv. 10, 45. 48: dissatisfied with
the Frankfort terms, 80: character. 80, 99: at beadquarters of
the allies at Basel. 98 : inlluence in European councils, ii9 : un-
der Mettcrnicb's Inlluence, 99: uneasiness at A','k message to
Francis, 105: on the European policy of 1814, 115: protests
against the use of tbe imjierial style by A'., 148: negotiates
secret treaty between England, Austria, and France, 1,56, 167 :
protests to Talleyrand agiuiist violation of treaty obligations,
102 : retires from Congress of Vienna, 173 : letter from Lord
Liverpool, June 20, 181.5, 212
Catalonia, Fiench occupation of, iii. 122: Duhcsme evacuates,
123 : military goveniment of, 213 : FYencb possession of, iv. 15
Catharine of Wurtemberg, mamcs Jerome Bonaparte, ii.
•2.57 ; iii. 7.5, 70
Cathcart, Gen. 'W. S., besieges Copenhagen, ilL 69: beads
Euglisli embassy to Russia, 207 : influences the armistice of
PoischwitE, iv, 45 : English minister at St. Petersburg, 45 : at
C(Uigre8S of Prague, 49
Catherine IL, policy of, i. 9 : iii, 44, 235 : death of, i. 262, 280 :
.Y. shatters a gift of, Ii. 14 : X.'k admiration for, 222 : share in
partiti..n of Poland, iii. 236: her life and work, iv. 223
Catherine, Grand Duchess (of Russia), mentioned for marriage
with A'., iii. 139, 140: marries the Duke of Oldenburg, 140, 213,
230
Catholic Emancipation, the question of, il. 134
CatO, statue at tbe Tuileries, ii. 97
Cattaro, Alexander l.'s scheme for aci|uiring. ii, 228: Russian
oeeup.'Uion «»f, 21 '.2 : eompensation for, iii. 49
Caulaincourt, A. A. L. de, kails expcilition to Olfenburg, ii.
191 : Master of tbe Horse, 2(17, 270 ; relations with A',, 270 ; iii.
.SO; iv. 114, 115, 128, 135. I:i0, 149, 100: conducts negotiations
with Russia, iii. 71, 86-88, 91, 93, 94, 129, 131, 188, 236, 239, 241 ;
iv. 38-10: connection with the d'Erighien nnirder, iii, 86 : A'.'s
instructions to, 92 : discusses partition of Turkey, 93 : exidaiiis
Bcrnaiiotte's dilatoriuess, 93 : reproved by A'., i29: friemisbip
with the Czar, 129, i;)l : ordered to ventilate the divorce ques-
tion, 140: conducts X.'k matrimonial negotiations in Russia,
19(1, 191 : explains the Austrian marriage to Alexander, 190 : re-
called, 241, 247: knowledge of Itussia, 247: French eoinmis-
sionerat Poischwitz, Iv, 43: at Congress of Prague, 49: letter
from Mettcrnirh, Nov.. 1813, 81, 82: Minister of Foreign Affairs,
HI, 83 : letter to .Mctternieb, Dee. 2, 1813, 83 : conducts negotia-
tionsat Chalilloii, ',i;i 102, 104, 107,114, 115: demands autborily
to treat after l,;i K.iiliiJre, 100, 101: blamed for not saving bis
country at cbalillon, 101 : letter from Maret, 114 : at council at
St, Dlzier, 120: seeks peace at any price, 120: seeks ainliencu
with Alexander. 13.5, 130 : at the abdication scene, 139, 140: on
commission to present abdication to Alexander, I4'2, 143 : iirgi s
the rcgem y, 113 : IranslerB his allegiance, 145 : .V.'» declaration
to, concerning bis gener.ils. 145 : mumulrs of, 140 : records A'.'d
fli-st attemjit at siilelde, 140 : member of X.'t new cabinet, 167 :
mombor of the new Directory, 207
INDEX
273
Cautillon, attempt to asanflsliiato Wellington, Iv. 219: N.'s lie-
Cavallos, tlrfetiils i^'enUuiuid's poHitinn, iif. irj
Cavalry, .V.'a' vtewn on, nnd use of, I. 'M); 11. 117
Cayenne, wliolesale depurtntluns to, il. 6
Celibacy, N. "n, i. 77
Ceraccm, elmr^'ed with eniiHpIriiey, U. IGl: cxeeutlon of, 155
Ceraluo, niilitary opemtions near, i. 2M
Cerbeau, Du, i. hi
Cervoni, i. i;u, i:w
Ceva, i.ntiie «.f, i. -213, i>ir., aic
Ceylon, letained Itv KiikIuikI, it. 135, 168: France guarantees Its
I'Otlll tl to llclllliul iHi
Cliaboulou, Fleury de, sent to Naples, Iv. UU, lO'i: reveala the
state.-r Kniue to A., IC.l, 1(W
Chabrau, Gen., forces in Savoy, li. UO: crosses the Little St.
ItiTtiar.l, 111
Chabrol, impciiiil prefect, iv. 129
ChaillOt, suspected plot of royalists at. ii. 193
CllA>lons, -V. leaves Paris for, iv. 89 : l-'remh concentration at, 9*2 :
.V. ii'atlie», 92 : N. plans pursuing' Bhicher to, li7 : Blnulier col-
lects his uriny at, lot: A. plans to attaelx Scliwarzenhcrf; at,
107: Marniont ordered to, 117-119: the allies open new com-
munications via, 121
Cham, Anli.hike < 'liiiiles makes a stand at, iii. 1G3, 167
Chamartin, the Kren.h troops at, iii. 145, 147
Cliambers of Commerce, estaiiiishment of, ii. i4i
Cbamb^ry, A', at, ii. 17, 19 : reinforcements for Augcreau at, iv.
110
Champagny, L. A., created Dnke of ('adore, iii. 71 : appointed
Minister i>f K\teriial Kelations, 7H, 104: pleiupotcntiary at Al-
tenbnrg, IHM, IHl: snertjudcd in tlie Foreign Otllce by Maret,
241, 252 : mission to Kriimiw at Uijon, iv. 144
Cbampaubert, i-attu- of, iv. 90-98
Championnet, Gen., overthrows the Neapolitan throne, ii. 59,
150 : disiira-'efiil eondiiet at Naples, 63
Channel tunnel, the, ii. 185
"Chant du Depart,*" tlie, iv. 137
Chaptal, J. A., member of the council of state, ii. 100
Chardon, Abb6, on N.tt hoyhuod, i. 23
Chareuton, Marinont and Mortier driven back to, Iv. 123
Charette, institutes royalist retaliation on republican prisoners,
i. u;i
Charleroi, military operations near, iv. 174, 176-178, 180, 181,
193, 201 : X. at. 178. 179, 203, 239
Charles, Archduke, defeats Jourdan, i. 235: defeated l)y Mo-
reaii, 235 : caiiipaiL;ii in the TjtoI, 203, 204 : ordered into Friuli,
203, 2t;0: niilitary genius. 263 ; iii. 167: guards Carniola, i. 207 :
battle on the Ta^diamento, 267 : on the river Mnr, 208 : cut olf
from succor, 209 : letter from A'., 209 : defeats Jourdan at Ost-
rach and Stuckach. ii. 60: effect of his successes, 01: defeats
Mass^na at Zurich, 63: defeated by Mass^ua at Zuricli, 93:
withdraws teraiiorarily from service, 105: resumes Lonmiand
after Hnheulinden, 125, 230: commanding Austrian army in
Italy, 233 : reaches Marburg, 236: position on the Adige, 230 :
connuanding Austrian tmops from Italy, 245: the thmne of
Spain otfered to. iii. 130: reorganizes the Austrian army, 153,
154 : doelares war against France, 154 : to operate in Bohemia,
154: plans to rouse the Cicnnan people, 154: procnisti nates,
154: offensive movement in the Daimbe valley, 158: A'.'s plan
for meeting, 158 : mistakes in the campaign of Eckmiihl, 158-
160: crosses the Is;ir, 159,160: a lost opportunity, 159: plan
of offense, 159: marches against Davout, 159: marches on
Ratisbon, 159, 161; force at Ludmannsdorf and Rohr, 160:
force at Mousburg, 101: retires to Ratisbon, 162: in l)attle of
Eckmiihl, 162 : retires before Davout, 162 : A'.'^ reasons for not
pursuing, after Ecknuihl, 163: crosses the Danube, 103: makes
a stand at Cham, 163, 107 : sues for peace, 103, 167: junction
with Hiller at Bisamberg, 104, 167: seizes Ratisbon, 167: at
Budweis, 107: indecision of, 167: his line on the Danube, 168:
advance toward Wagiam, 109: attempts to break iV.'.>( bridges,
170: in battles of Aspern and Essliiig, 170-172: conduct after
Aspern, 173. 174: seeks the offices of diplomacy. 174 : battle of
Wagram, 175-179 : withdraws toward Znaini. 177 : orders Arch-
dnke John to attack, 178: pursued by A', and Marmont, 181:
oaks an armistice. IHI : quarrels witli the Emperor and John,
1H2: resigns his command. 1H2: at marriage of Maria Louisa, 197
Charles Emmanuel, succeeds Victor Amadeus, i. 216: retires
toS;irditii;i, ii. 20. 5'l, 93
Charles Emmanuel IV,, invited by Russia to return to Tiu-iu,
ii. '.13
Charles Ludwig Frederic, of Baden, marries Stephanie Na-
pi'lcone, ii. 257
Charles the Great, his work for civilization, ii. 103, 104: N.'a
emulati-'ii of, 103, 104: iii. 231, 233: French longings for a mod-
ern, ii. 13M : restoring the empire of, 149 : reversion to state and
titles of the reign of, 200.207: coronation of, 208: gift ^1 the
Papacy,222; his system of ' marches." iii. 48: iV. resumes the
grant of, 94: magnillecncc of his empire, 104: Spanish terri-
tory of, 105: his donation to Haitrian I. rev(»ked by A'., 106:
his ideal, 242: N. compared with, 242; iv. 241: the second,
iii. 250: imitation of his times, iv. 171: influence on Europe, 241
Charles IV. (of Spain), attachment to Godoy, ii. 131 : king of
Spain, 1S4 : subserviency to France, and relations with N., iii.
59, i;o, 10(1, 101, 110: conspires against his son's succession, 60:
unites with X. in coercing Portugal, 95 : scheme to acipiire. Por-
tugal, 90: character, 98: announces his son's cons|)ii':icy, 100:
blames the French minister at Mailrid, 100: c(UTe-*pondence
with y., 101, 104, 105 : pardons Ferdinand, 101 : proposes to cut
off Fenlinand's succession, 101: A', reveals his policy to, 104:
Vol. IV.— 37
(^harh'H I V . —rant ill ufil.
panic-stricken at the French invRslon, 105: deposes (Jodoy,
100 : hiht days of hi- kingdom, 100 : ahdicatcH, \m : reinidlutefl
hifi alidicatlun, 108, KKi, 114: "cekn Muratn protection. lO^f:
virtual pilHoncr In thi* KHcurial, III: deposed, 113-115: sum-
moneil to Bayonne, 111: refuses KiTdinuiid's offer t'> surrender
ttniToun, IM: jiensiuned, 115: rcHtruinv (ie». Holnno's movc-
nu-nts, 116: at Complegne, 110: goes to MurHelHes, 117 : wvak-
nons of, 1 17 : goes to Italy, 117
Charles V., nuignillccnce of his empire, Hi. UH
Charles X. s.-.- ali^o autois, corNT ok
Charles XII. of Sweden, military despotism of, it. 80
Charles XIII., kin;; nf >swedi'n, ii. 270 : succeeds CfUstavus IV.,
iii. 2b'» : niaki H P-.-niadotic his 8uece»s<jr, 210 : under N.'a pro-
tection, 215 : fiil.l.-ncH nf his rule, 241
Charters, dchtnieti.in of feudal, 1. 57
Chartres, lUuht of the EmiirchH and Joseph through, iv. 132
Chartres, Due de (bonis rhilippe), scheme U) place him on the
Kicnch Ihn.nc. iv. 159
Chateaubriand, F. A., friendship with Mme. Baccloccid, ii. 164 :
lit4rary w.Mk.s 165. 100: envoy to Vnhiis, pw;: a disciple of
Kiiusscau, lot'.: envoy to Rome, 106: suppoMcd siMmsor for the
4'nncordat, Uk> : inlluence, 166: his name ondtted from the
honor list of 1810, iii. 229: on the new constitution, iv. 108
Cha,teau-Thierry, French occupalion of, iv. 96: Bliicher's re-
tr< at throut^h. and sack of, 96: Macdonald's failure at, 102:
niilitaiy movements near, 119
Chd,telet, military operatioTis near. iv. 177, 179, 181
Chatham, Earl of, compared with Carnot, i. 201 : policy toward
France, li. 131
Cha,tillon, Congress of, iv 99-10.5, 107, 108. 114, lls: raulain-
coiirt'.s carte Maiiche at, loO, 101, 104: rumored preliminaries
of jieacr at, 103: semis ultimatum U* A'., 1(14, 105: closes, 105,
100 : captuiv of some of the diphmiats of, 120
Chauuiont, Hiirienders to one Wurtcmherg horseman, iv. 87 :
tre;ity <if, 100, 107, 170: military operations near, 116
Chemnitz, the .Saxon urmy at, ii. 276: coutemplated movemeDta
at, iv. 07
Chenier, Andr^, ii, 225
Chenier, ftL J., driven from the tribnnate, ii. 156: "Cyrus," 225:
suppresses bi« writim-'s, iii. 72: rewards for his literary work,
227: (ijiposis the empire, 229; made inspector-general of the
Uni\i isity, 22'J
Cheops, Pyramid of, A', in the, ii. 45
Cherasco, capture of, i. 215. 216
Chevreuse, Mme. de, pert remark to N., and banishment, iii. 76
Chimay, Princess de, i. 190. See also Tallien, Mme.
China, A.'.v attention turned toward, i. 40
Chiusa Veneta, capture of fort at, i. 267
Choiseul, C. A. G., refuses protectorate to Corsica, i. 5: his pol-
icy toward Corsica, 8, 9: disgrace of, 22: N.'s hatred for, 26:
scheme of Egyjitian conquest, ii. 31
Chouans, the, rebellion of, i. 164, 197, 278: legislation against,
ii. (U : the Cadoudal onnspiracy, 189 et seq.
Christian VIL, imhecility of, iii. 59
Christianity, A'.v confusion of ideas concerning, i. 39
Church, the, S.'s attitude toward, and relations with, i. 39, 83,
157 ; ii. 104, 113, 132, 1S3, 138, 139, 158, 165. 169, 170, 257, 203,
264 : iii. 57. 58. 70. 72, 73, 94, 95. 121, 147, 166, 186. 187, 192, 198,
199, 201, 202, 232, 233, 240 ; iv. 15, 25 : demands for refoi-m of,
in i'<irsica, i. 62: enforced contributions by, at Ajaccio, 70:
attitude of the French governments toward, and relati(m8 with
the nation, 70, 144 ; ii. 62, 87, 139, 165, 208 et seq.: N.'tt study of
the Oallican, i. 86 : reorganization of its property, 87 : changes
in, 94 : sequestration of lands of, 94, KM): Louis XVI. 's support
of, 100: Ar.'« speculation in sequestered lands of, 172: plot-
ting in, 178 : question of allegiance of the clergy. 247 : relation
to education, ii. 145-147: inlluence in Austria and Germany,
169 : reconstruction in France, 203 : schente frtr unity of, in
(Jorniany, 2(i0: archbishops created counts, iii. 71: degrada-
tion in Spain, 98 : pillaged in Spain, 123 : repressed in the Ty-
ViA, 155 ; the bishops' court pronounces A'. 's first marriage null,
194: attitude toward N.'k second marriage. 198, 199: the t'ol-
leije c»f Cardinals transplanted from Rome to Paris, 198, 202
Cicero, statue at the TuiUiies. ii. 97
Cintra, .nin<.t surrenders at, iii. 123 124. 144
Cisalpine Republic, the, formation of, ii. 6, 14 : pillage of, 26 :
treaty witli France, March, 1798, 26: the Valtfllina incorpor-
ated with, 27: recoginzed by Prussia, 29: dis.solution of, 57:
picks a quarrel with Sardinia, 59: reestablishment of, 113, 120,
149: tribute levieil on, 120; (piestion of a president for, 149:
Enulisb clforts to di^^eredit France in, 169
Clspadane Republic, the, i. 247 : question of a constitution for,
ii. 6
Citadella, battle of, i. 237
" Citizen," use of the term in France, ii. 127
Citizenship, lilieity, equality, and frateniityin.i. 57:the primary
duty of, 1811
Ciudad RodrigO, Spanish defense of, iii. 218 : 8t(»rming of, 222,
242
Civil Code, introduced into Warsaw, iii. 50. See also Codk
Civil liberty, developed in inverse ratio to political liberty, ii. 143
" Civism," i. 99, lOO, 190
Clacy, captured by A'., iv. 108
Clanship, i. 3
Clarke, Gen., letter from N., Nov. 19, 1796. L 245, 246 : at
Montebello. 280: meeting with A*., 280: mission to Vienna,
280: French agent in treaty of Campo Formio, ii. 13: recalled
to Paris, 13, 15: forbidden to enter Vienna, 28; guardian to
King Louis's widow, 150 : drives British ships from Tuscan
274
INDEX
Clarke. Gvn.— continued,
liartKirs, 183 : rnaltd l>uko of Feltrc, ill. 71 : ordered to fortify
the Siviiiish fr>iilitr, 1»K): minUtcr of wiir, iv. V2S: niL'niburof
thi' Kmi'rt-.'v'^-lU'Kcnt i>ci>uncil, IJN !:«»: lulviucs tlit> tlijilit of the
Ein|'ri*a, Ki*> ; iTipJiris (or ilefciibf of Piiris, 131 : *V.'« ra^e
at, IX>
Clary, Eug^nle-Bemardlne-Deslree proposal t*i wed ^v. to,
i. I7r. IK7, 18«: afflaiiccd to Piiphot, ii. 2ts'29: ut:irrk-8 bvnia-
d"iti-, •_".»
Cler^, the, i>»»8ition at outbreak of the revolution, i. 5*J, r»3, M:
Attitiitlu iti Corsica, 01 : y.'n attitude towartl, and rt-httions
with, ('.7, Ki,'J«'l : ii. 7 : rcvidutioii iimoiiL; ttierlur^> of Daiiiiliiiiy,
i. M, 87 : i-oiiHtiiulioiml reforms for, 87 : uplicaval anions, iU :
attitude of tlie Dlri'cli>ry toward, ii. 2. 'U : traiifiiuuted to t'liy-
eiitu-, r> : Talleyrand a leader ainoii);, 2'2 : released from tli>- Ja-
cidiin ban, 87 : at>olitioM of eelilmcy of, 1;12: conformists and
Donconforu)it>t& to the eivil constitution, 13*2, 138, Hilt : a "con-
8ei.ratc«! constabulary," i3'.> : re8torati<tn to tlie eecleitiastieal
fob!, •J'i'i: enconnige lelH-IHon in Spiiin, iil. 121. See also
Cm K< ■» ; i'.MAOY ; Pus VH.; Romk
CleveS, l'russia'8 price for, ii. 170: cedeti to France, 2r>l
Cleves and Berg, tlie Uraud Dueliy of, ii. 261 : French garrison
ill. -J'.i
Clichy Club, the, ii. 3. 3. 5, 15
Coalition of 1813, contrifniia! forees in, iv. •K>-!>2
CobenzU Count ll, Austrian pUniiwt'Cntiary at Campo i'orniio,
ii. i;i, M: at t'oni:re&* of liastatt, 18: nepotiatea with France
afttT Marengo, V22 : on universal eomiueist, iii. 39
CoblentZ, luudquartei-fi of KrtiiLh royalists, ii. 81
Coburg, military operations near, ii. 278
Cockburn, Adxo. Sir George, conveys N. to St. Helena, iv.
Code Civil, itti eontravcntion by .lewigh legislation, iii. M
Code Napoleon, the, ii- U2-U4 ; iv. 244 : introduced into I'anna
and I'iiieeniui, ii. 227 : abolition of tlio biw of entail and pri-
m.-m-niture, iii. (I'J: A'. V excuse fctr overruling, 70: introduced
into H..ll;inil, 212: in Italy, iv. 7^
Code of Commerce, tlie, ii. U4 ; iii. ci
Code of Criminal Procedure, the, ii. i44
Colgnet, Private. -»V.'« friendly familiarity with, ii. 128
Coignet, writes of the entry into Berlin, iii. 3 : on the march to
Kiissiii, 248 : reports demoralization after Dresden, iv. 5'J
Coigny, MUe. de, mairied to Savarj', ii. 2C7
Coimbra, military movements near, iii, 218
Colbome, Sir J.,"in battle of Waterloo, iv. 202
Col dl Tenda, the nemh line at, ii. 105
College of Cardinals, inireased French representation in tlie,
iil. 'M
College of France, the, ii. 145
Colli, Gen., commanding' riedmontcse troops, 1. 213, 215 : rein-
fonenunts for, .left at^ d, 215
Collingwood, Adm. Cuthbert, his knowledge of the enemy's
mov.-mentM, li. 2:tH : bb.ekades Cadiz, 239 : at lYafalgar, 240
Cologne, Macdniiald entrusted with defense <if, iv. 89
Colombier, Caroline du, .V.> ilrst love, i. 40, 85
Colombier, Mme. du, i. 39, 85
Colonization, ralbyrainl's views on, ii. 22
Colonna, rei)ri'Hent8 Corsira in the Natit»nal Assembly, i. 02, 03 :
meiiilxT of the directory of Corsica. 73
Colonna- Ce sari, leads (.'oreican expedition against Sardinia, i.
lU
Column of Vend6me, erection of the, iii. 02
Com^dle Frant^ise, numbers accompany N. to Erfurt, iii. 135
Commerce, condition of, at outbreak of the Revolution, i.
53 : intlncnce on the social life of the worM, ii. 31 : encourage-
ment of, 141 : revived by the I'uaee of Amiens, 151 : improved
r iifion of, 105: the scope of I'.rttihh, 173
Committee of Public Safety, n mi-s hiipreme jiower. 1. 123:
aided by *'arnot, VSd : ('or»i<:inN iieiio\ineed in, 149: keeps iV.
under surveillance, 152: plans expedition against Rome, 155:
alwlished, 105. 172: the new, 174, 175. 178: appoints A', on
military commission, 176: proposes to transfer N. to Constan-
tinople, 178: considers policy of exelinling English goods from
the r.iTitinent, iii. 5 : dilllculties with Mme. de Stael, 227
Communal list, the, ii. k4
Complegne, Spanish royal exiles at, iii. 110 : meeting of the Era-
pi it with bis Austrian bride at, 197, 198, 200, 200 : Bliicher be-
-ie::.>. iv. 112
Compignano, Countess of. See BtJONAPAiiTE, Makik-Anne-
Kll'-A
Compulsory loans, ii. hh
Compulsory military service, *. 12«
Concordat, the, ii. 133. i:ih, wn, 208 et seij., 2W; iv. 229, 2-12, 244:
mrvi. r ill hoio.r of. ii. i:(h, i:{9 : iti effect in France, 139 : "the
vacrinc of religion,' 139: cr.ntenipt of the Army of the Uhinc
for, 161 : thewtipjiOHed siMinsctr for, 100 : etfort in fJennany, 109 :
ext4nr>b>n U* Venice refused by I'iu» VII., ill. 67: Venetia ad-
niilt'd t'-, 94: iinilojiig the work of, 95: rupture of, 233
Concordat of Fontaine bleau, the, iv. 2G, 27
Conde, • vnciialioii of, t. 133
Cond6, the Great, ii. 192
Cond6, Prince of, li. 197
Condorcet, J. A. N. de C.» believer in e*iuality of the sexes,
il. 115
Conegllano, creation of hereditary duchy of, tl. 255: Moncey
CI. iit"l hnke of. 71. See MoNCKV
Confederation of the Rhine, the, organization of, li. 259-202
271 : M'Hxc-riiMHel rtdnwrd a<ln))sHion to, iil. 7: levies of troops
for France In, 24, 152, 157, 158. 244, 246 ; iv. 23, 28 : recognised
at TlUlt, ill. 47 : H&zony united with, 48 : relations with France,
Confederation of the Rhine —contintied.
fd, 02. 214 ; iv. 19 : additions to, iii. 184 : called to arms by
I'russia, iv. 31 : propi'Sed abandonment of fr'reneh protectorate
over, 38: i>ro|»osed dissolution of, 44 : pivposed dynastic inde-
|)endence for sovereigns of, 49 : purpose of the lillies to free,
60: resolveil into its elements, 79: forced by allies to raise
military contingents, 89
Conflscation^ opposition to the reintroduction of, ii. 15G : priu-
eiple of |>uninhme(d l>y. iii. 225, 220
CoiU, snrreiniered to France, i. 215
ConneWltZ, niilitary operations near, iv. 70-73
Consalvl, CardlnaJ, negotiates the Concordat, ii. 13:1 : memo-
rialist of Pius \1I., 222: dismissed from the Papal service,
2.'i0
Conscription, the, i. ic.:», 2:t2; ii. 00. o:). r.4, lOO, 1%, 233, 255,
205, 274 ; iii. 11, 24, 20, 27, 03, 04, 100, 104. 15;S 222, 24.5, 248 ; iv.
16. 22, 23. 25, 43, 05, 84-87, 123, 153, 171 ; development of Car-
nofs scheme, ii. 03, CA: A'.'s inlluenee on the laws of, 100:
how enforced, 195 : Jewish evasions of the, iii. 03 : Jews made
subject to, 04
Conservatoire des Arts et Metiers, founded, i. 167
Conservatory of Music, reorganization of, i. 167
Constable, ereaiion of the oUleu of, ii. 206
Constabulary, aiioiitjon of the. i. 80
Constance, city of, eeded to haden, ii. 252
Constance, Lake, the Austrian camp on, ii, 234
Constant, A'.V \abl, iv. 149
Constant de Rebecque. Henrl-BenJamln, dreads a new Ter-
ror, il. 04 : member of the tribnnale. KMi, l.^.^i: driven from the
tril)unate, 150 : president of the conncil of state, iv. 107 ; sup-
ports the chambers. 2IH1. 207
Constantlne, Grand DiLke, in battle of AusterlitA ii. 249, 250:
lieiini-sen writes to, after I'rii-dland, iii. 32 : Icailer of the peace
party. :(2, 'M : at 'I'dsit, 45: with the Army of the South, iv. 52
Constantlne the Great, A', likened to, ii. 210
Constantinople, proimsal to send X. to, i. 177: N.'s eye on,
202: proposed mission for Talleyrand to. ii. 45: Russia to aid
in defense of, 49 : A', given leave to mareli on, 49 : licet sent to
relief of Acre from, 50, 51 : Russian ambition to acquire, 228 ;
iii. 29, 54, 87, 91 : a British fleet at, 23 : French intlnence at,
33, Hi : proposed disposition of, after Tilsit, 48 : revolution In,
127 : England threatens to boml)ard, 244
Constitutional checks, i. 55
Constitution of 1799, prohibition against First Consul's mili-
tary lead( ^>^llip, ii. 100
Consular Guard, the, at Marengo, ii. 117, 118 : strengthening
(►f, 17H
Consulate, proposed formation of a, ii. 69 : a disguised nnm-
arehy, iv. 237
Continental System, the, ii. 183, 242, 258 : iii. 8ft-«2, 125, 128,
153. 1.M5, 192, 1110, 201-215, 217, 220, 225. 231, 232, 230, 240, 246,
249, 2.'>0; iv. 15, 38, 47, 50, 242: England's policy a^nst, iii.
HI. S2
Copenhagen, battle of, ii. 135: bombardment of, ill. 69, 79-81,
214
Coppet, Mine, ik' Stael's residence at, il. 207 ; iii. 227
Corday. Charlotte, a.><sa8sination of Marat, i. 138
Cordova, French capture and abandonment of, iii. 122
Corfu, .V. proposes to seize, i. 277 : France's jealons care of, ii.
21; Adm. Brueys orderea to. 42: bloeliade of. 40: Russian
occupation of, 220, 228, 229, 202: French oecnpation of, iii, 81,
88, M9: English naval watch on, 90: proposed expedition to
Egypt from, 91
Corizier, woundid at Aere, ii. .V2
Corueille. Pierre, A'.'.s siud> of, iii. 134; iv. 210
Cornet, s-tarls the ]»nnfe(liiii4s of the iNth Brumairo. ii. 70
Cornwallis, Lord Charles, iharacter, ii. 168 : negtdiatea the
treal.v .-f Amims, IC.M
Cornwallis, Adm. William, junction i>f Nelson and, before
Bnst, ii. 2:i«
Corona, military operations at, i. 251, 254
Correggio, A. A., plumler of the works of, i. 225, 228
Corsica, extcrmil relations, i. 2-5, 11, 12 : i>hysic«l features and
jiopulation, 2-5, 19. 150: Rousseau's views on, 2, 7 : the Bnona>
parte family In, 2, 12 et seq., 119: feudalism in, 3. 7: Paoll's
share in history of, 4 et scq.. 02-08. 70, 72. 73, 117, 121-123: na-
tional heroes and patriotism in, 4, 21, 01, 02 : .Tews iu, 5 : French
schemes concerning, expeditions ngainst, and occupations of,
6-11, 41, 06, 60. 09, 89, 90, 119-12.3, 15:J, 1.55. 206, 248, 200: A.'«Iovc
for, residences in, schemes concerning, and peculiar relatione
to, 0, 7, 26, 27, 30, 42, 45-47, 49. 59, 02, 0:{, 66, 67, 74, 93-99, 107-110,
124-126, 138, 1.50. 151, 15:t. 205. 20<; ; ii. 104. 161 : MonteS(|Ult n"s
vi«w8 on, i. 7: joins the Bourbon-Hapsburg allianee, 9: ctded
by (ienoa to France. 9, JO: England's iuterLsts in, prtdeetorate
over, compiestand nlmndonment of. 10 04. Om, 110, 121-123, 152-
155,248,200: disallectlon, riots and rebellion in, U. 2I,4:J. 68-66,
78. 83, 97-100, 117, 151, 248: compared «ith .^^ardinia, 12: S.'s
history of, 39. 44. 47 51 : introduction of silkwonn culture Into,
41: the betrayal of. 50: the Kevolntiim In, 58-00: scheme of
liberation. 59et8t ().: plan for elective council in, 60: rival par-
ties ami classes, sclirmes and intriwn* s in. 01-60, 94, 95, 97, 99,
1(»9, 112. llH-126: desired refoinm for, 02 : representation in the
National Assembly, 62-00: the council of twelve nobles In, 63:
Genoa's claims to. 04, 65. 69. ecclcsiastieal and rtligiotm
troubles 70, 94, 98 : democracy In. 72 : meeting of the con^titu-
mt asseiiddv at Orezza, 72-74 : Bastia ileelared the capital. 74 :
the National (Inanl in, 74, 78, iMU92, 90, 97. 109. 114 : \. leaves
for Anxonne, 79 : N. mobbed in. 83 : customs In, 95 : N. leaves,
99. KM): exi>edltion against .Sardinia from, 111-114: enforce-
ment of the Convention's decrees in, 117 : SalicettI deserts the
INDEX
275
Corsica — continue.
cause of, U'J: A. npiwlntod Inflpcctnrjfcncml of nrtnicr>' for,
liy: new ctiiiiinittrtiniu-i-s «i*nt t>, I'll: tlif litmiiiipiirU-rt leuvi-,
123: 8UccoM« ut ri-vnlt ui.';tiriwl Ihc Cnii\L*titiuii, l2'J: Ucuiv« n-
tloii t'uinniiriaiuit for, VM : A'.V rxiiuilltion ui,'uinHt, liiH, lf»*^ l,'>:(,
icr>: i-niployint'nt <if rofuK*!"* ffni, U'J: Hiilii-ctti liluiiiud for
hmiirrectioM in, IM : wictcliiii iiituriial pliKlit, IM : cliui-gtM
iiKuinst ri'fxi'rt'H fioin. ir>0: A^.V liut vUlt to, il. C7
Corslcan Feuillauts, the, i. i>r>
Corslcan Jacobins, the. 1. '■>f>
Corao, Cape, radii's litiutlni: ;i(, i. r.H
Corte, thf town of. i. 4: iTUioval of Hratof govomment from, 11 :
('alio linunaparti' at, 13-ir>: a riiolist centt-r, iVi: Jtisupli Bun-
niipaitc ul, 'M : A', onltrtd to, lO'.i, 120 : meeting between Pa<»M
and A", at. U'i : A', a snepect at, V20
Coninna, tin- junta of. iii. ri;t : .Moore'8 retreat t4>, ami death iit,
1 lt'>, 117: nn^'land'M tardiness at, 14'.'
Cossacks, inililary achievemuntu of, ill. 14, 15, li), '21): luirasstlu'
retiiiitinj; Kicni-li army, iv. 4, C, : relii-VL- Uanduiiv, :W : in bat-
tle of Leipsic, 71 : in tlio campaign of 1H14, D5 : mlvanee to No-
niourH and Kontainetdiaii, 10;J : at tlie battle of Ijion, 108: fears
of. In I'ariH, l;(«
Costa, letter fn.ni A', (o, i. 109, 110: letter from Luclen to, 110
Council of Ancients, tiie, i. Uii
Council of Juniors, tin-, i. IGI
Council of State, the, ii. H6, lUMOl : stripped of its supremacy,
In'.t : approVL-s A'.'.v action ajfainst tlio Due d'En^diitn, 11»4 : iUs
fun< tions, iii. I'lS
" Count of EBsex," the, i. 4-1
*' Courier," the London, pubUshes Spanish nnuiffesto of A'., iii.
'Ill
CoustOU, Abb6, attetnlfl Carlo Hnomipaile's deathbed, 1. 32
Coxe's '* Travels in Switzerland," A", x study of, i. sfi
Cracow, eetled (i. the grand diieliy of Warsaw, iii. 184 : Schwarz-
etil)eri; seeks slulter in, iv. 27
Craned, Dubois de, i. l;i;i : reoi-ganization of the French armies
h\, I'.tH : organi/i-s national eonserii)tion, 232
Craonne, i-atilr of, iv. im
Crema, uillnUawal of the Austrians from Milan to, il. 113
Croatia, Austrian recruiting in, i. 23G : part of, ceded t*j France,
iii. 1S4
Cromwell, Oliver, A', disclaims the rAle <)f, ii. 77, 80: the need
uf a s<< (Hid, in Krame, SI : A', compared with, 148
Cronstadt, Alexamler fears for, iii. 8()
Cr6sne, sicyes accepts the estate of, ii. Wi
Crottendorf, military operations near, iv. 70
Crusades, the, ii. ;ti
Cuneo, :i.--si..iiitcd with .V. in Corsica, i. C2
Custine, Gen. A. P., occupies Frankfurt, i. HO: defeat of, 115
Cyprus, Sir r^idncy Sniilli puts into, ii. 56
"Cyrus," by (h.-nier, ii. 2li5
Czartoryslu, A. G., m»MU()irs of, ii. 228: Russian minister of for-
ui-iu alfair:-, 22H : 4>n the Kussian policy in 1805, 24«»: friend-
ship with Alexander I., iii, 9, 235; iv. 20: on the hereditary
disease of tlic Konianotfs, iii. 44; retirement of, 235 : scliemts
in regard to restoration of Poland, 235, 240; iv. 20: transfers
faith from Ali-\ander to A'., iii. 240
Czemicheff, Count, aiile-de-camp to Alexander I., iii. 250: N.
otfers terms to, -250
DagObert, A', in the iron chair of, ii. 209
Dalberg, Archbishop, scheme to unify the (tcrman Church, ii.
2iV.f, 2i>n: Princr-I'rimaleT 2G0: at the Erfurt eonfereuee, iii.
133: receives Ratishon in cxcliantje for Frankfort principality,
204 : his territory erected into a grand duchy f^r iMiu'cne, 244:
estimate of A'.'.'* influence, 245 : characterization of lalleyrand,
iv. V.iO: at ju-acc conucil in Paris, 134: member of the executive
c(unriu.ssion, i;i4, l:!.! : attainted. 1G5
Dalmatia, ceded to Austria at Leoben, i. 271 : alterations of
boundaries near, ii. 14 : ceded by Austria Ut Italy, 252: crea-
tion of hereditary duchy of, 255 : assigned by K. to Italy, 2i;2 :
iV'. off eis to excliange, iii. 24: Frencli dominion recognized at
Tilsit, 47: Sonlt created duke of, 70 (see SoULT); French
sticu'-ith in, 91 : proposed .suiTcnder of, to Austria, iv. 38
Dalrymple, Sir H. W., retired from active service, iii. 144
Damascus, vrarrison of El Arish ordered to, ii. 47 : reinforee-
Tiients f'T An. from, 48
Danican, Auguste, royalist leader, i. 178: the Thii-teenth Veu-
demiairr, ISI
Danilevsky, on the allies reachinf? Paris, iv. 131
Danton,G. J., becomes head of the Jacobin commune, i. 110:
member of the Nati<uml Convention, 111: dictator of France,
115: overawes the (Girondists, 138: murder of . 148
DantziC, ndtitary movementa near, iii. 13, 1.5, 17 : siepe of, 17,
2:i : surrender of, 24, 29 : freedt)m restored to, 49: independence
of, fil : LefehvTe created Duke of. 71 (see Lefebvre): Uavont
ordered to hold. 204: French military stores in, 253: Mnrafa
position at, nnfenahle, iv. 21 : measures for the relief r.f. 28;
held by the FrcTieh, 33: Rapp ccunmanding at, .34: proposed
new capital for Prussia. 39: proposed division of the domain
of. 39: proposed cession nf, t^» i'russia, 44, 40
Danube River, the, rebellion against Tmkey on, ii. 32: Kray
retreats toward. 109: proposed Indian expediti<ms \ia. 134:
military op^^ations on, 233, 23.S 23C ; iii. 5, 85, 91. 93. 127, 157,
158, KM), 1G3, H;4, 1C7-HJ9. 171, 175, 2.39: Mack essays to cross at
fliinzburg, ii. 235 : the French march from the Rhine t^, 242 :
annihilation of Mortier on, 243: N.'s line of retreat to, 271):
I'anube River, the — continued.
RuHslan stu-ecHHi-M on the luwer, iii. 2:t : A', plftns rediitrlbutlon
of liTritorlcH oil, 44 : propohcil JCuivdati acipilhltions on, 4H:
ti>poKra|dil<al frjituren. lOH : the eMMiIng at I^diMU, 16H. 1119,
171, 175: deft-at of JCuBHiauH by TurkH on, lUl : ItUHiiia uarned
not Ul eroHS, 239 : RmtHhin HiicceMHeji on, 243: wlllidrawal of
RuBMlan troops from, 244: elfect of the riHlng of. at KshIIdk.
Iv. 19
Danubian Principalities, proposed partition of, ill. 44 : AIci-
anders ambition to a. -luirc, 8fi, H7, 92, 93 : A', otfem to exchange
thi III for Sib Hiii, K<;, m7. VK). See aluo Moli>avia ; Wallachu
Dardanelles, the, Alexander I.'s scheme for Hefxliig, II. 228
Darmagnac, Gen., InvudeM Navarre, 111. 106: beizea Pamrdona,
105
Darmstadt, relations with RiiBSio, 11. 170: Btrcngthening of,
no: <|Uola ..f men, 2f.l
Daru, P. A. N., ailvi»e« wintering tn Moscow, ||(. 207
Daunou, P. C. F., dreads a new Terror, II. CA : iduaji of govern-
mt hi, Hr> : named as consul, HO : member of the tribunate, 100:
inlhicnce on the Consulate, 127: driven from the tribunate, I5fl:
attempt to admit htm to the senate, 15fl: upholds MachtavelU'H
theses concerning the Church of Rome, lit. 201
Dauphlny, the peasantry of, 1. 79-81 : A', travels in, 79 : revolu-
tionary feeling among the clergy of, 81, 87 : antl-royallHt feeling
in, iv. ii;3
David, Abb6, arrest of, if. 189
David, Jacques L., painter, li, 225
Davldowlch, Gen. P.. defeated at Roveredo, i. 234, 235: strength
in tin- Tyrol, 23fi: defeats Vaubuls, 2.16, 237, 240: retreats to
the Tyrol, 240
Davout, Gen. L. N., service in Egypt, ii. 36, 207 : service in the
Army of I^ngland, 185: created marshal, 2C>7: character, 234 ;
iii. 75: watches the Russian army. iL 235: in battle of Auster-
litz, 245, 247, 249, 250 : at Noidhalben. 278 : at Xaumburg, 280 :
in battle t)f .Jt'-mi, 2«0-283 : captures Wittenberg, Hi. 2: sacks
i'oland, 4: at fbdynim, 12: strength in Poland, 13: in the
Eyiau campaign, 17, 19-21 : in battle of Heilsberg, 29, 30 : pur-
sues Lestocfj from Friedland, 32-34 : createil Duke of Auerstadt,
71 : income, 71: N.'k opinion of, 75: recalled from Poland to
.Silesia, 129: commanding in Saxony, 154: Archduke Charles
plans to attack, 154: his command in the fifth Austrian war,
157: f(jrces in Steltin, Bayreuth, llanover, and Magdeburg, 157:
to c.inccntiate at liamberu, 1.'j8: couimandinj; on the Isar, 159:
Aielnliilx.- Charles marches against, 159: to concentrate at
In^oMadt, l.v.t-I(U : movements before Rati^bon, 101: on the
l.alier, Hil : in battle of Eckmuhl, 1('.2: forces back Archduke
Charles, 1G2: battles of Aspern and Essling, 171, 172: battle
of Wagram, 177, 178: ordered to hold Baltic positions, 2W :
revenue of, 226 : occupies Swedish Ponierania. 244 : letter from
A"., 240 : strength, Maixh, 1812,246: reproved for his reports
of Prussia, 248: slowness of action at opening of the Russian
eampai^'u, 2.^>4 : drives Bagration ejistward, 256: battle of
Borodino, 261 : on the retreat from Moscow, iv. 1, 2. 5 : battle
of Wiazma, 3: at Krasnoi, 6: division commander under
Engf?ne, 28: in campaign of lHi;j, 34: occupies Hamburg, 37,
42: Vandamme goes to liis assistance, 42: to threaten Berlin,
51 : N.'s instructions to, 54 : mediocrity of his troops, 64: be-
sieged in Hamburg, 90: invited to join in insuirection, 160:
member of A'.'s new cabinet, 107: advises N. after Waterloo,
206: suggests N.'s nse of fon-e, 207
"Day of the Paris sections, the," i. 181-188
Debry, J. A. J., A'. \ friendship with. i. 175 ; ii. 61 : member of
Congress of Rastatt, (11 : wounded at Raatatt, 61: accusations
against, 01
De Bussy, in the La Ffere regiment, iv. 107: gives A', worthless
information at Craonne, 107
D6cadi, decadence of the festival, ii. 165
Decr^s, Adm., French minister of marine, ii. 185: letter from
A'., Sept. l;i, 1805,185: wanis N. against his career of con-
<iuest, iii. 247 : member of N.'s new cabinet, iv. 167
Defermon J., ii. 137
DegO, battle of, i. 213, 215, 216 ; iv. 97
Deichsel River, Blucher retreats behind tht^ iv. 55
Delacroix, French minister of foreign affairs, i. 279: French
ai^ciit in the Netherlands, ii. 20
Demagogues, disgnst with, in France, ii. 88
De Maistre, -V. refutes bis thooi-y of social order, iii. 72, 73 : on
the suidneuess of Pius VII., 202
Democracy, a pure, i. 72, 244: Germany's opposition to, 146:
its good and bad i|ualities, iv. 233
Denfort, royalist intrigues of, iv. 129
Denmark, joins the "armed neutrality," ii. 126 ; iii. 41. 56: pro-
p<'-sed eonmii-reial war against England, 48: N. calls for alli-
ance with, .".6: imi)ortance of her sea power, 58: ordered to
declare war against Eni_'land, 58: England otfers to seize her
fleet, 68 : refuses England's ofler, 58 ; yields to Beniadotte, 59 :
losses of Norway, Schleswig, and Holstein,59: yields to Eng-
land, 59: humiliation of, 69: vassalage to France, 59, 214:
Engl.and seeks to conciliate, 80: bondjardnient of Copenhagen,
81 : Alexander I. demands reparation for, 81 : A", urges Eng-
land's restoration of her fleet, 84 : Spanish troops in, 124 : sei-
zure of American ships by, 211: hostility to England, 214:
holds Norway. 214, 215: friendly to France, 242: despatches
troops to Hamburg, iv. 37 : shifts her assistance from Russia
to France, 37 : strengthening the alliance between France and,
48
Dennewitz, battle of, iv. gs, ca
Denon, D. V., accompanies A'^. on his return from AlexandriJi,
ii. 56
Departmental list, the, il. 84
276
INDEX
De Fradt, i" oharRe of PolUli affaire, iv. 14 : Inteniew betwicn
A. and. nt Warsaw, u. r.i : niyalist liitri^nies of, l'.>'.>, IM)
Desalx, Louls-Charles-Antolne, a pnulmi of l'ariii>t e sysli-m,
i. •J1I-J: cl^'^svs ItK- Kliiny nvfir Stfaal'iirj;, 2"'J : deft-aU the Aiis-
triims ill th<- Blaik Fonsl, 272: siriicf in Kgypt, ii ;ii\, 41, M,
64. SIJ : liallli- of tliu Pyramiiis, 41 : uniereii U> leave Kg>'pt. 5li,
116 : reachi-a .siradella! 110 : battle of .Marengo, llti-llD : killed.
ll'.i IJl. 12;): (■■■[ilrasteil with Ne.v, iv. 205
Deseazano, military oiKTatioiis near, i. 252
Desgenettes, Dr., heroism at Jaifa, ii. Bl
Des mazls, .N .'« friemlship for, L :il, 33 : appointed to the regi-
nifiit of Lii Fere. »4
Dessau, raptured hy Liuiiies, iii. 2
DessoUes, Gen., II. 107
"Destiny^" v.», i. 41
Deutsch-Wagram, Archduke Charles advances to, ill. 169. See
:,!-.■ U AiiKAM
D'HUliers, Gen., service in Ecypt, II. 36
" Dialogue on Love," by .v., i. 40, K2
Diderot, Denis, i-^-itnthor with Rjiyal. i. 38
Dlebltscli, Gen. H. K. F. A., eiieouiitmi a I'riisaian force, iv. 21 :
nnlilary :i(lviser t*' Alexander. 122
Dieppe, landing; v1 the Cadoudal conspirat4)r8 near, il. 190
Diet, the, rf<Un-tii.»n of Austria's power in the, ii. 126
Dlgeon, Gen. A. £. M., seduced by Marmont, Iv. 142
Dlgne, .V.'« mari-h throngli, on return from Klba. iv. H'>3
Dijon, .V. visits, I. H2 : formation of an army of resei-ve at, ii.
'.'i : .Mirrenders to the allies, iv. UH, 9'.( ; KraueiB in, 134, 144
Dlodorus SiciUus, .v.V study of. i. 40
Diplomacy, the huiu'Uagc o1, i. 8
Dippoldiswalde, milit^irv movenients near, iv. 68
Directory, the, eslabli^hment of 1. ICl, 183. 180, l\in-201; social
lilf unilci-. 100, 11:7 : i^unppe and. 197-203: rtnanoial Wiir policy,
20.'.: li&^nmes to dictate military plans, 20ii, 215 : plun.s to be-
little .,V., 221, 227 : entmsts N, with diplomatic powers, 222 :
yields U' .V.'» plans, 222, 227: contributions sent to, 22:i. 224:
plans for campaiKU In tlerinauy, 2:i5 : attitude toward Italy,
244-249 : X.'s relBtL.ns with, 221-227, 244-249, 259, 261-203, 271.
272, 21*0; ii. 4,6. 17, 20, 22-24, 28, 29, 33-36, 40. 49, 6.'i, 66, 00-07,
73-75 ; iv. 220, 221 : retifles the treaty of Leotien, i. 272 : lettere
from .v., April 19, 1702, 272; May 27, 1797, 277: I'itfs negoti-
ations for peace with, 278, 279: refuses to treat with Kn^land,
279 : antagonism to the. ii. 2 : plotof Louis XVIII. and Piehegru
against, 3, 4: Moreaus relations witli, 3, 4: gains complete
Control on the isih of FYuetidor, 5: reliance on the army, 6:
etfects of the 18th Fructidor on, 15: attitude toward Italy and
Venice, 15, 10: approves the treaty of t'arapo Formio, 16, 20:
relations with Talleyrand, 22, 23 : members of, 23 : attitude
t^'ward endgrants, 24: attitude towani dei-gy, 24, 2K: attitude
toward royalists. 24. ]:t2: attitude toward tile German ecclesias-
tical principalities, 28 : Eastern policy. 32 : Jacobinism in, ;13, 64 :
fails to secure alliance with Turkey, 45: misunderstanding be-
tween the United Irishmen and, 46: weakness, 40, 02, 03: de-
sires the escape of the army in Egyi>t, 66: reconstruction of,
67, 02. 03: lilunders in Italy, 60. 01 : corruption in, 02, 03: Co-
hier president of, 66: A', pays official visit to, on return from
Egypt, 66: relations with Moreau, 08: last days and downfall.
70 et seq. ; iv. 228, 2.37: Carnot's influence on its fall, ii. 87:
suppresses freedom of the press, 96: incorporates Belgium
with tYaiice, 101 : attituile toward Prussia, 102, 103: relations
with Sieyes, 103 : liberty of couseienee under the, 1;12, 138 : sus-
pentls diplomatic relations with the United .States. 136 : pre-
tensions toward the United States, 136: financial inahnlnilnis-
tration, 140: recourse to forced contributions, 141 : plans for
invading England, 185 : system of licenses for English goods,
iii. 214 ; difficulties w ith Mine, de Stael, 227 : organization of
a new. iv. 207
Divine right, kings by, ii. 264 : abolition of, in France, iv. 227
Divorce, a.V share in codifying the law of, ii. 143: under the
Code. 144 : iV.'s advocacy of easy, 164
Dnieper River, military operations on the, iii. 240, 254, 266, 257,
2.'.9 : iv. 0
Dniester River, Turkish movements on the, iiL 5
Doctoroff, GeiL, in battle of Austcrlltz, ii. 250: in battle of
Kylau. iii. 19
D61e, jnililicatioiis of .V.'« literary work at. I. 82
Dolgorukl, Prince, mission from Alexander I. to A'., ii. 247
Dolgorulci, Princess, on .V.'s receptions, ii. 128
DolitZ, military operations near, iv. 72, 73
Domination, the iiowcr of, iv. 221
Domo d'Ossola, lletheneonrt near, ii 113
Don, River, projK.sed Indian expeditions via, il. 134: the Cos-
sa. ks .,1 till', iii. 14
Donauesctlingen, the Austrian lieiulquartcrs at, ii. 105 : aban-
doned by Kray, 108
Donauwbrth, military movements near, til. 168 : A', reaches,
1 .V.t
Donzelot, GeiL F. X., in battle of Waterloo, iv. 196, 197, 202, 203
Dora Baltea River, Austrian force on the, ii. 111
Dora Rldaria River, Austrian force on the. Ii. ill
Domburg, nnlltary movements near, ii. 281, 283
Dorothea, Empress-Dowager of Russia, disaiiproves A'.«
projtoH'-d marriage to Anne, iii. 19] : hatreil of A' , 191
DOUay, -V. .ir.lered to, i. 41, 42
Doulaincourt, A. al, Iv. 126, 128
Doulevant, -V. at iv. 126
Doumerc, Oen. J. P., moves from .Se^zanne ngaiuat Bliichcr,
iv. ',1.',
Dover, scheme of nuval demonstration oU, ii. 212
Drac, River, I v. 164
Draft, use of, in France, it 64
Drave, River, military movements on the, i. 268 ; iii. 108
Dresden, dcatli of Moreau before, ii. 191 : N. at, iii. 6.5, .56; iv.
14. 25, JN, ;i9, 44, 45,49, .50^ 57, 69, 03, 65 : Bernadottc to ciuieeu-
tratc in, iii. 158: Saxon troops in, 1.58: A.'s strategy al, 167:
seized by the Duke of Brunsw ick, 181 : meeting ot the allied
sovereigns atj 2.50. 251 : the climax of the Naiioleonic drama,
261 ; iv. 62: A.V incognito journey through, 14: interview be-
tween A', and Mctternich at, 26: interview between A*, ami
Frederick .\ugustus at, 28: French finces at,2S: Eugene to
hold, 28: welcomes Alexander and Frederick William III., ;r2:
tliscontent at military oecnpatioii, 32: retreat of the allies be-
hind, 37: destruction and reliuilding of the bridges at, 37:
French occupation of, 37, 39: defense of, 61,69, 03: held by
Saint-t'yr, 65: French advance to Zittan from, 55 : memiced by
the allies, 60: Iiattlo of, 60-.59, 03: demorali7.ation of the army
after, 69: X.'k mistakes alter, 00, 61 : A.'s physical ailments nt,
01 : y.'g successes :it, 63 : Schwarzenberg moves on, 63 : Oudinot
at, 65: Bliicher advances lui, 65: boy-soldiei-s at, 06; A'."* re-
treat from, 60, 07 ; A'.V sclieme to hold. 07 : Frederick's love
for, 08: French piirisou in OS. 70: ilaret's iudncnee over
A', at. 100; A', aclinowledgcs his mistake in not making peace
at. 1,50
Drissa, w-eakiuss of, iii. 265 ; Bagration establishes communica-
tion with, 266
Drouot, Gen. A., in battle of Ansterlitz, ii. 2.50: battle of
Leipsic. iv. 71, 73: advises a return to I.on-aine, 130; attach-
ment to A"., 137 : strength after the surrender of I'lU-is, 137 : ae-
com]>anics .V. to Elba, 149 ; advises against the escape from
Elba. ll'.2
Diiben, v. at, iv. 08, 69
Dubois, Gen., in liattle of Waterloo, iv. 197
Duclos's " Memoirs of the Reigns of Louis XIV. aad Louis
XV.," .\ .'.s- stuiiy of. i. 85
Duero, River, military luovemeiits on the, iii. 123, 124, 222
Dufresne, ii. 137
Dugommier, Gen. J. F., appointed coinmander-in-chief before
Toidi.n. i. 135, 136: inlluence at Toulon, 137
Dugua, Gen. C. F. J., service in Egypt, ii. 36; in battle of the
Pyramids, 41
Duiiesme, Gen. P. G., invades Spain, iii. 106 : nt Barcelona. 105 :
oecujncs Catalonia, 122 ; evacuates Catalonia, 123 ; besieged in
liarcclona. Hi: in battle of Waterloo, iv. 199
Dulaure's " History of the Nobility," A'.'s study of, i. 85
Dumanoir, Adni., at Trafalgar, ii. 241
Duniolard, J. V., interpellates the government as to A'.'s iude*
pendcncc. ii. 2
Dumoulin, Jean, comes to A'.'s aid at LalTray, iv. 164
DumouTlez, Charles F., takes part in the cumiuest of Corsica,
i. 06 ■ on the norlheastern frontier, 108 : wins battle of Jem-
mapis, 115: defection of, 117; correspimdence with Nelsiui,
ii. 193: suspccled of loyalist plots, 193, 195
Diinaburg, preparations for the siege (►f, iii. 253; Ney advances
toward. 254. 2.55
Duncan, Adm. Adam, wins the battle of Camperdown, ii. 26
Dunette, Gen., iiMnelus to relief of Paris, iv. 125
Dunkirk, besieged by liukc of Vork, i. 133
Duphot, Gen. L., alHam ed to Desirte Clary, ii. 20, 29 : killed at
Bonic, 21;
Dupont, Gen. Pierre, in battle of Friedlnml, iii. 31 : ordered to in-
vade .Spain, 101, 102: invades .Spain, 105; advances on Andalu-
sia. 122: holds the Ta);us, 122: capitulates at Baylen, 122, 124,
130
Durango, Blakc advances from, iii. 143
Duroc, Gen. G. C. BL, wounded at Acre. ii. 62 : A'.'x nidede-
eainp, 08: A'.'.s- envoy to Prussia, 103. 180; (Irand Marshal of
the I*alai'c. 207 : oilers Hanover to Prussia, 232 ; personal atten-
dance on A'., 270 : proposes terms after Tilsit, iii. .35: blamed
for t^ueen I.oiiisa's failure, 62: proposes indemnity for Maria
Louisa, 67; created Duke of FrinIi, 71 : at I'-ayonne, 113; fore-
sees France's discontent, 247: Killed al Reichenbju-h, iv. 40;
A^'s grief for, 40 ; A', contributes to monument tt>, .54 : .Y. pro-
poses lo take the name of. 21(1
Diirrensteln, desttnetion of Mortier's division at, ii. 2:t0, 243
Durutte, GeiL J. F., sent lo Lignv, iv. 182, 183 : battle of Water-
loo, I'.iO. 197, 199, 21H), 202
Dtisseldorf, .buirdan's :irmy at, i. 209 ; Jourdan crosses the
Khinc at, 2:)5
Dutch Flanders, ceded t<i France, i. 164
Duteil, A'.'s aci|uninlance with, i. 49: A', seeks aid from, 90;
granis .V. ])ermission to sail for Corsica, UlC
Duteil, Gen. J., general of artillery before Touliui, 1. 136; on
A.'.> abdily. l;i7
Dutheil, N. F., devises idan of campaign for Austria and Eng-
land. I. 200
Dutot, tal.cs .V.'» place in llu' West, i. 176
Duval's '"William the Conqueror," ii. 226
Duvemet's " History of the Sorboime," .V.'« study of, i. 85
Dwina, River, foriilleatlcuison tlie, Iii. 240; military movements
on llo-. 2.V.. 2r.O, 2.'i9 ; iv. 2, 4
Dyle, River, military movenientson the, iv. 180, 188
E
East, the, A'.'j* attention turned towanl, i. 40: X.'ti comparison
of Europe with, ii. 31 : N.'tt dreiuns of empire In, see Nai'O-
l.iCoN
East Friesland, srhcine to iiicori'orate it with Fmncc, III. 204
EastOalicia, part of, ceded to Warsaw, Iii. 18^
INDKX
:t t
East India Company, iend» tlto island of St. Uulmm to ilif k<>v
uniriH-nt, iv. 'Ji:t
East Indies, Kui^Iitnd wntchei) Krt'iich policy concernlnKi H. 171
East Prussia, N*) iiiovl'som, lit. H
Ebelsberg, I'uttl.- <tf, iii. li;i
EbrlngtOD, Lord, .V.'s i hunuterization of CornwalHs to, il. IflH :
A .s lifcliiiuliuii t<», coiictTiilniL; the Due d'EiiKlilei), 11>9
Ebro, River, military iiiovcnieuta on, iii. 105. rJ3. V*i, H2 : pro-
puM'd exL-liariKC nt territory on, lOT* : boniitlary of French an-
iiixvii t'-nit'Ty. 'J!:*
Ecclesiastical princes, .v. on the status of, ii. ih
EcclesiaslicaJ principalities, soculurizatlun of, r>n tlio Rhine,
II. I ■:.".. i.m;
Ecolcsiastlclsm, XV confuttion of ideas conconiing, 1. 39
Eckinutil, till- i-iiiii)>tili:n of, iit. ir>7 et aeq.
Education, dL-umnds for. in L'oi-stco, \. IV2 : iV.'jt intereBt in, syH-
tein un.l refornis of, loa ; ii. 144-147, 'MKi, 2G4 ; III. 28. 72-74 ; iv.
Egallt^, Philip, member of the National Convention, I. Ill
Egl6, Mine., jruardian of ilu- Heanharnais thildrcn, i. IIK)
Egypt. XV plans of coii.iiitst of, i. aO'*; ii. 11, 12, '21. ;U-36, 184 ;
Iii. 85 : scandals of Mameluke atlministration in, ii. 11, 32 :
French schemes of conquest, 11, 31-;iG; iii. 00, 'Jl : importance
of, 11. 31: rebellii)n in. 32: the expeditionary forces, 32-3ti:
schohistic I)ranch of the expedition, 36 : plunder of, 3i>-3rt, 45 :
departure of expedition from Toulon, 37: character of the jMipu-
lation, 38-il : tlie Muineiukep, 40 : terrors of tlit* campaiun, 40,
41 : the army disheartened. 41 : Nelson follows the I-Ycnch lltft
to, 4*2: y.'s rnlu iu, 44, 4.') : .V.V religious masquerading in, 44,
4.1: eatahlishment of printing presses in, 4.'>: insuiTection sup-
pressed in, 4.5 : establishment of an Institute in, 4.1 : dearth of
news ironi i-Yancc, 45, 46, ri4 : rnniore of y.'n death In, 4G;
despatches from France, Feb., 1709, 49 : A', given leave to re-
main in, 49 : importance of .V.'k conf|uering. 50 : Turkish prep-
arations for the relief of, 51 : attempted risings in, rt2 : Adm.
Bruix sent to relieve the army in, S-l : X. returns frt>ni, 65-58:
the colonial idea, .Ifi : tiie turriinR-point of success in, .16:
Kleber prepares to evacuate, 94: Desaix recalled from, 11(>:
desperate situiitiou of the French in, 122, 123 : KU'lier's adminis<
tration in, 123 : Jissassination of Kleljcr, 135 : French disasters
In, 135: restored to Turkey, 135: England to evacuate. Itis:
Turkey's suzerainty over. 168 : question of reealabli.shin^ I'Yeneh
ool.inios in. 176: A', disclaims desii^nson, 179: A'.'jj iiTitation at
England's orcupation of. 179: l>avont*s campaign in, 207: A'.'«
immoralities in. 20'.> : plan to allure Nelson to, 212: the ob-
ject of the exprditioii a^'ainst. 215, 216: Endish commerce
with,, iii. 43 : Kn^di^h expedition to seize, 81 : French expedition
against, in 1811. 234, •2:i5: the tactics of the army in, adopted
in Russia, iv. 2 : X.'s desertion of the army in, likened to his
conduct at .Smorgoni, 14 : work on, compiled by N.'s order,
20>t : history of. 242
Eichstadt, portion of, acquired by Grand Duke of Tuscany, ii.
17(1 : cedi'd to Bavaria, 252
Eisdorf, lighting at, iv. 36
Eisenach., military movements near, ii. 276, 278 : the allies out-
witted at. iv. 76
El Arish, siege and surrender of, ii. 47 : massacre of the garri-
son, 47, 48: treaty between Sir Sidney Smith and Klelwr at.
122, 123
Elba, y.'s literary laliors at, i. 103; iv. 167 : secured to France,
ii. 132: France to evacuate, 168: Countess Walewska follows
A', to, iii. 16 : the sentence of exile to, iv. 145 : the monnn-h of,
145, 148. 161 : y.'s journey to, 149-154: poj<sibility of her not
receivincr the imperial exile. 1.50: imperialist and royalist senti-
ment in, 154: X. iietnns his new administration. 154 : A'.'s life
in. 154 et seq. : Bourliou spies in. 155 : visitors to, 156 : scheme
to deport A', from, 157 : A'.'« escape from, 161-163. 204 : the
naval patrol at, 162 : -V.'s monograph on, 217
Elbe, River the, the Prussian base on, ii. 278 : key to the valley
of, iii. a : English blockade of, 6, 42 : west.rn boundao' of I'riis-
sia, 48: conuuau<led by fortress of M;u.'dehurg, 49: the king-
dom of Westphalia created on, 49, 61 : preparations to oppose
English landing on. 60 : I-Vench occupation of the coast mar,
204 : military movements on. iv. 27, 30, 37, 51, 55, .56, 63, 6.V69 :
sciieme of Hanoverian extensirtn <»n, 32: territory on, ottered
to Sweden, 32 : French recovery of the lower part, 37 : boun-
dary of a neutral zone, 43 : exhaustion of the Frendi on, 64 :
French garrisons on, 76
Elbing. niilitars movements near, iii. 14, 17
Elchingen, Ney cr. att-.i Ltuke of, iii. 71, See Nev
"Elective Affinities," iii. 134
Electoral Colleges, il. 159
Eliot, Sir Gilbert, viceroy of Corsica, i. 154
Elliott, kill, d at Arcole. i. 246
Elsfleth, escape of the Black Legion to, iii. 181
ElSter, River, the, military operations on, iv. 35, 36, 65, 70-72,
&.Vs6e, the, A', takes up residence at, iv. 167: A', returns fw\r.
Waterloo t", 206, 207
Embabeh, battle of, ii. 41
Embargo, the, ii. 183, 2.51, 258 ; iii. 5
Emigrants, plots l)y, i. lOO, 164, 197; ii. 193: confiscation of
property of, and harsh le^'islation against, i. 100, 182, 191; ii.
64, 140: the aristocrats of tlie, i. 127 : A'.'s s|>eculation iu lands
of, 172 : attitude of the Directory toward, ii. 2. 24 : A'."« secret
dealings with, 6: Talleyrand among the. 22: encourage<l to re-
turn, amnesty to, and indemnity for, 87, 158, 207, 266: A", com-
plains of En;.'land liarboring, ii. 174 : A', demands their expul-
sion from Naples, 229: return to France under Louis XVIII.,
iv. 168 : banished again from France, 165
Emigration, the, I. r>7, wo, k?, 90, 159, 160
Emperor of the Two Americas, the, tli. 96
Empire, tlir l-l. m -b um- •'( the t. no, li. ico
Empire of the West, A. threutena to rettUHi-ilatc the, ii. 175
EngOn, batllr of. ii. 109
Enghlen, Due d', arrcHt and murder of, i. 105; II. 155, 194-197,
21K), 'jd-j, 211. 267; ill. M> ; iv. 162: monarchical Hchemtft ami
plots of. II. 154, 165, 192 194 : character, 192 : married t4» Prince**
Kuhan-Rocbefort, 192: seeks service with Kn;:lund, 192: resi-
dence at Kttenlielni, 192-194 : prepurcH lo retin- to Frtdburg,
193: A', exandries paiiers of, 195: A. defends the execution of,
198. 199: A'. bhuncH Talleyrand for his murder. 199; ill. 153:
stntementA conceridiiK A'.'« connection with liU murder, 162:
A.V si-If.blame for murder of, Iv. 218
England, France's emulation of, 1. 9: hampered by parliamen-
tary opposition and American disquiet, 9: the American up-
rising against, 10, II : Paoll'H rotationa with, n^ylnm In, and aid
from, 10, 11, 68,99, II6-11H, 121-12;*. 154: wives aid to, estab-
lishes protectorate over, and takes poR«eMslon of C(,r?»ica, 10,
64, 112, 121-123, 152-155 : trauKfonnation c,f parties in, 11 : A'.'«
study of history of, 40, 49. 60, 90 : sympathy w Ith France in, 80:
French admirers of the constitution of, k1 : constitutional kov-
crnment In, 87 : closes the .Scheldt, 115 : republican Idi-as in,
115, 116: effect of execution of Louis XVI. In, 116: hostility be-
tween France and, 116, 197 : ii. 21, 23, 96. 134, 173, 176-IH2, 259;
ill. 6. .54, 89; iv. 16: S^'m hieaaof ser\ing, i. 123. 129, 192: if. 10;
iv. 226: subsidizes European powers, i, 131, i:}2; 11.96, 121. 134,
169. 225, 230, 231. 241, 259, 274 ; Iii. 217. 224 ; Iv. 31. 32, 4.5, 48-60,
72, 73, 89, 99, 106, 170: naval ef^tablishnient, expense^ and ac-
tivity, i. 132, 2t'>0; ii. 134, 185; iii. 182: cajituresoilloules. 1.134:
in the defense and occupation of Toulon, 1:16. Ml : naval opera-
tions and power on the Mediterranean (rither than speciflcally
mentioned items), 141, 153 ; ii. 10-12, 38, 167 ; iii. 89, 90: influ-
ence in Genoa, i. 143: prints counterfeit French mon« y in
Genoa, 145; fails to help the allies In Piedmont, 1.52. 153: A'.*«
attitude toward, Sept., 1794, 1.53: naval supremacy, ]5:t, 197 ; iL
10, 11, 33, 43, 134, 1H.5, 2:18, 24], 242 ; ill. 41-43. 88-90. 205. 235 ;
iv. 80: alliances with Austria, i. 164, 268 ; li. UXi, ]05, 121, 122 :
sends fleet to northern coast of France, i. 178: subsidizes French
royalists. 197 : the fleet driven from Lejihorn, 228 : seizes Porto
Ferrajo, 245: insurrection in Corsica against rule of, 248:
blametl by N. for embroiling France and .\ustria. 269: rwpturo
of the coalition with Austria, 272: military couditiod in 1796,
278: desire for peace with France, and negotiations leading
thereto, 27h, 279. 2Kt; ii. 8, 59; iii. 208; iv. 44: interest in the
Netherlands and Belgium, i. 279; prestige, magnilleence of
empire, influence, independence, etc., of, 283 ; ii, 30, 37,
.50, 135, 169, ISO, 254, 259; iii. 41, 61, 89. 147, 241, 242;
iv. 47, 77, 153: defeats Spain at Cape St. Vincent, i. 283:
price of consols, March, 1797. 283 : elfect of the treaty of
Leobcn in, ii. 8: conquest of Duti^-h colonies, 8, 25: A'.V per-
sonal hostility to. 9, 11, 94, 122, 179-182. 211 ;iii. 4-fi, 4.3. 55. .56, 72,
88-91, 235, 250, 268 ; iv. :iS, 1(»5 : speculations in Paris as to op-
erations against, ii. 21 : financial condition, 21, 134 : Talleyrand
expelled from, 22: defeats Holland at Camperdown, 25: ac-
quires the Cape of Good Hope, 25 ; protects Sardinia, 26: A'.'<
schemes of invasion of. 32. 33, 184-187. 209, 211-216. 230-232:
N.'s views on political history of, 34 : lier Indian p4>.sse!>sion8,
and French and Russian schemes to strike her through them,
35, 126, 134. 168. 176; iii. 88, 90, 91 : naval oi>erations at Acre,
ii. 48, 50: fleet at Alexandria, .55: joins the second coalition,
62, 90, 94: military operations in Holland, 62, 63; iii. 182, 208,
217, 224 : completion of the work of the Revolution in, ii. i»2 : re-
lations, net^otiations, and alliances with Kussia, 93, 135, 228,
229, 259, 262. 273 ; iii. 38, 43, 48, 59, 79-81, 83, ^5. 9;i, 240, 244,
266. 267 ; iv. 26, 45, 80: reception of Russian soldiers in. after
Aikm.iar, ii. 93: siege, capture, and occupation of Malta, and
negotiations concerning its cession and tenure, tt;(, 126, 1.35,
168, 171, 175, 176, 179, 182, 184, 225, 226, 228, 259: attitude
toward the Bourl)ons, 04 : declines to negotiate with A'., 94:
prepares to invade France, 94: denonnced by A', as author
of the war of 1799, 94: debate in P.arhament on A*.** acces-
sion as First Consul, 94, 95: hatred of revoluti<mary ex-
cesses, 95: alliance \*ith Portupd, 102: opposes spread of
revolutionary ideas, 103,104: blockades Genoa, 108: forma-
tion of the "armed neutrality ' against, 126 : accused by
Paul I. of treachery. 126 : the CjjntineuUiI System and the
embargo, A'.'*- commercial warfare against, 131, 132, 173. 183,
222, 242, 251, 258; iii. 5, 6, 40-43, 48, 54, 5.5. 57, 58. 60, 8(t, 82,
83, 88, 128, 185, 203, 205, 206, 20S, 214, 217. 224, 22.5, 231, 232, 234,
249 ; iv. 47 (see also Bkklis Deorek ; Conti.nkstal Svs-teu ;
Milan Decree): Portn^;al forced to withdraw from alliance
with, ii. 132: reply to the "armed neutrality." 134. 135: X.'s
demands for colonial cessions. 135 : concludes peace with
France, (let. 1, 1801, 135; retains f'eylon and Trinidad, 135:
treaty of Amiens, 135, 169. 171, 173. 175 et soij. ; iv. 232: treaty
of commerce with the Inited States. 1794, ii. 136: recognizes
neutnility of United States, 136 : attempts to pnt down San Do-
mingo insurrection, 152: surrender of Rochambeau to, 153:
schemes for restoration of Charles X. in, 154 : to evacuate
Egyiit, 168: Paul I.'s antipathy to, 168: efl'orts to discredit
F'lunce in Europe, 169 etseq.: disapproves A'.s reconstruction
of Europe, 170, 171 : ai>points Lord Whitworth ambassador to
Paris, 171: refuses to admit French consuls, 173: protests
against the slave-trade, 173 : commerce of. 173, 177 ; ill. 41, 43,
95, 203-205, 214, 220, 224. 235, 240; iv. 50, 80: position with re-
gard to the Alien Act. ii. 174: freedom of the press in, 174:
complaints against, of harboring emi;:rants and Bourbons, 174:
attacks of the French press on, 174, 187 : A', attempts to muzzle
the press in, 174, 228 : N.'s answer to remonstrances from, 176 :
278
INDEX
En^lanil — rtmtinufd,
• K't'ii|uill»ri o( .Ut Miiiilria, 170 : siispocU Friuice's »nr pn'jiara-
tl"iu>, IT'.i. INO: .V.'» trtalnunt ot lur rfiircstiiutivc, 179: tlif
roMil im«ii>:i' «.t March (i, mti, i«o: the militia lalknl .iiii,
Mauli 10. 1«H. 18<i: ili|il<'ni:>tit' nipturv withKnimc, IsJ: pub-
licalloti of lxir.1 Whitnortli 8 iltsiiatihi-s in. 18-J: .lixlarfs war
iKulnst Knuuf. May IH, l»l;l. ISJ: ilwlan-s einliarco on FYi'mh
shi|>.4, 1S3: loniMUMuement ot liostilitlt-s. 1H3: attacks Spanish
coninicnc, IM : panic in, lai : pliuis for ilcfcnsc. 18C. 210 : puta
Onraccioll to death, I'Jl : interest in .i»col>in insurrection. 191 :
active .liiiloniacy in, 19i: tlic l>uc ilKiichicn scelis to enter
the service of, 192: .V.» attempt to III tlie death of Due dEn-
Khlen on, 199: I'ltfs return to power, Jlo: initurc of the war
with, 210: evpulsion of her envoys from Stntttnirt and Mu-
nich, 211: naval aid from IN.rtnpil, 212: war witli Siuiln, IKi.,
1804. 212: acquires Trinidad, 212: hlockades Hreet, 213: Ad-
diUK'tou sneceeded hy Pitt. 211!: Justice of the war with, -i^C :
European alliances, 225 : had faith of, 22r>: X. Insists on no
asylum f..r the BiMirhons in, 22« : falls to secure Prussia's alli-
ance, 229; .V.« iMiliey toward, 231 : author i>f the Third Coali-
tion, 231 : Mack's Ide.us of her invading; Frame, 236 : naval
8h..rleoniln«, siS: hntlle of Trafalgar, 210-212: reception of
the news of Austerliii in, ■i.'U: lethar^■y after Tn\falKiir, 257:
di'clBri 9 war against l-russia, 2.'i«: Kox assumes iwwer 2.'iH: ..V.
ouisiders peace with, 25X, 259: l>ord Varmonths netiotiatlona,
201 : X. oilers European territory to, 2iil, 262 : end of neuotia-
tions with, 202: alliance with i>rnssia aud Russia, 2r,2 : <lp-
mands the suriender of Sicily, 262: pnijiosal to give Ennover
to, 271, 273 : state of war with Pi ussia, 274 : her vnlneiable
England — atiitimu-d.
States declares war against, 16 : assassination of Mr. Perceval
16: negotiates treaty lutwecn Russia and Spahi. July, 1812 20 '
in grand European coalition against A'., 27 : Metternich's nego-
tiations with, 29: retunis to Hit's policy, 32: ahan.lons Han.
overian schemes, 32; proiM.sal to bleed her cohmies, :)8: pi-o-
liosed isolnli<ui of, ;t8 : the allies' reliance on, 43 : guarantees a
Mar loan, 45: treaty with I'ruBSia, June 14, 1813, 45- treaty
with Russia, June 16, 1S13, 45: issues paper money, 45: to he
kept iMit of the Continental peace, 40: Jletternieh proposes
that she continue the war, 47 ; commercial akleement with
.Sweden, 60: intlueiice in Uolland, 7J, 8(1, 99: dcteiniination to
crush France, 73: at the C.ingress of Frankfort. 80: prop,.sal
thai she hand hack French colonies, 80: "maritime righlj., ' so
83 : prolongation of the war hi Spain, 87 : desire to esla'lilisli
equilil.rinm in Europe, 99: signs treaty of Cliaumonl, 100; ef-
fect of the triple alliance on, 106: troops occupv Hordiaux
114 : jiarty to the treaty of Fontainebleau (April' 1814) 148 •
distinction in, between the two NaiM>leon9, 148: X contem
plat<8 taking refuge in, 1.50: X.'s eulogy of her civilization and
chivalry, 153 : negotiates sei ret treaty « itli Austria and France
167 : regeiio in, 108 : lack of suitable leaders in, 108 : her ily'
nastic alliances, 108, 109 : elfects of X.s restoration lui, 169 ;
member ot the Vienna Coalition, 170: c aniiaiign of Waterloo
174-170 : losses at W aterloo, 205 : claims the glory of annihilat-
ing A., '206: watihes the harlior of Rochefort, 208, 209: A'.
thi-ows himself on the genirositv of, iui), 210: reasons for X '»
surrender to, 210, 211, '214 ; asvlnm for political refueeea 2li •
Hit,.]..,-.,., « .l....*l .>l*.. r ,,.; , ... .. .^ , -** .
IB: Turkey ileclarea war against, iii. 23: semis Heet to c
stantinople, 23: refuses subsidy to Russia, 2:): Afghanistan in-
cited against, 24 : Persia stirred up am '
inent of St. Helena, 215: X.'s las"t wishes for. 218: the Seven
Yeai-s' War, ■2;iO, 215 : character of the wars with France, 233,
'234: A.'x slrnggles with, 246; wars with the United States '247
war a^iaiiist (1793), 41 : " All the Talents " ministry, 41 : Dnki
of Portland's ministry, 41 : commercial rivalry with the Uniti cl
Stilt, s, 41: the "rule of 1750," 41, 42: nnderstanding with the
I nited St.ites, 42 : declares blockade from lirest to the Elbe
42; war with France (180:1). 42: decline of manufactures 42 ■
failure of commercial negotiations with Swed.n and Russia
43 ; French d' " - -
. h rench demands on, 48 : Russia to mediate between France Eppes, M annoiit at, iv 108
• ., i ffs ."'".rortugnese Heet, 57 : gains entrance toand is Equality, S.> allectatioii of le
expelled from Leghorn, 67 ; olfers to seize Denmark's fleet, 68: of the word, i^,/'"*""" "
Entail, restoration of the right of, iii. C7:' abolition of the law
of, 69
Enzersdorf, milil:iry operations near, iii, 169, 170, 175
Enzersfeld, military nioveinents near, iii. 16H
Epemay, cii].iiiicil by the allies, iv, 119
" Epochs of My Life," 1. 42
love for, il. '20 : one of the meanings
208: IV. 27, k:): contempt for the blockade, iii. 88: withdraws
troops from Sicily, 89: sends troops to Portugal, 89, 96. 97 12.)
217; siijiposed assistance to Sweden, 91: jiroposed menace to'
91: blockades the Russian fleet, 93: promised cooperation o(
the I'ajial States against, 94 : l'..rtug:il enforces the lierlin and
Milan decrees against. 95: fate of her allii-s, 96: supports the
House of Braganza. 96: outbreak of the Peniusnlar war 97;
heiiellts accruing from the troubles in Spain, 103; scheme to
capture Cadiz, 10.5, 121: negotiations with Austria 128: prcv
p.)sed humiliation of, 13'> : plans of A', and Alexander at Erfurt
Ciiieerning, 137 : .V. fcai-s an alliance between Turkey and, 137 •
c\a-s|.er;ited at the capitulation of Cintra, 144 : supposed plan
to abandon Portugal, 145; tardiness at Corunna, 149: oircrs to
subsidize Austria. 150: Austria appeals for assistance to. 174 •
escape of the Duke of limnswick to, 181 : expeilition to Flush
-;; - --- 'I'^ ordered to, 249: French
forces at, IV. 28 ; A', goes to, ,■(3 ; plan of winter (piarters at, 67 :
Saxon anil Havarian troops al, 76 : Murat deserts at, 90
Erlon, Gen. d', in the Waterloo campaign, iv. 174, 175, 179 185-
battle of tjuatre P.ras. 182-180; A'.'k expression of indignation
at .\cy to, 180: battle of Waterloo, 196, 197, 200
Erskine, Lord, on England's attitude with regard to France, ii.
95
Escolqulz, Canon, tutor to Ferdinand VII,. iii. 99: letter to
A'.. i),t. 12, 18IIS, 99, 1(10: defends Ferdinand's p.isition, 112:
notified by X. of Ferdinand's deposition, 113, 114: infamy of.
117 T J t
Escorial, (lodoy's intrigiiea at the, ill, 100 : Cliarles IV. a vir-
tual prisoner in. 111
Escudier, J. F., cmmissloner of the N:itional Convention, i. 131
mark's hostility to, 214 : divided .^^um-il^Vn; 217 •'il^p^m™ "i ^'^"^T" ' ' '"■ "• "" ' ''"™""' "'•'«=»<»■■""'>"•« ''-''-""n
r ij^ti^'^j ^:^;.J';;;^:'ff:^s;i;^'ii7'ri:tVuff?<:s'ii;!^i ^'^'S!^^^f^^°^'- ••'•■ '--^ -'"""^ «' «•■ ^-y- >•
in the Peninsula, ■i-20, '221 : depreciation of the - (."in
266: negotiates peace between Turkey and Russl.i, 260: dis-
tracted condition of politics Id, Itr. 16 : naval defeats, I« : 1 nlted
King
,. , " , 4; under
Irench iirotictlon, 2'.'9; A', calls for alllame with. III. 60:
liilltrallty of, 66: scln-me to Incorporate in Italy, .56: proposal
INDi;X
279
V^tTUTUi ~ continued,
tliut LU(jit-[i Uikv ttie crown of, 102: alxlltntion of thr <|ii(^ri
redout, I(W : iiicorp<imt4Ml into tin- kingdom of lUiIy, Kni : llio
ciowii uittTi-il to FtTiliimn.l VII., lU: ^. « .llNitOrtitlou of, I'iS
Etteilhelm, ivsi.lcnci- of lUc Hue ilKiiglii.-ri nt, II. IW-HM : n-
piilril t-niit;riuit coiiH|tirHt-y at, l<,):i: OrdeiKT'a rxpi'dltloii to,
I'Jl: :iiTtst i>f the Due il'Kiik'MK'ii at, IIM : Caulalucuurt's mU-
Ki->n t", Hi. Hii
Euleu Mountains, military movcnuiita iit-ur, iv. 4'i
Euphrates, piojMmd military oi*ci-atioD)t on the, lit. 91
Europe, ninvi-ment of ctvili/jiiioii h>, i. 1,'i: tliu ruvohitloiiary
I'po'h ami spitiul of ruvolutionaiy idras In. 1, 6'J it st-q.; II.
34>, 5'.), 1113 : ali8oluli»m. ita ileray iind alMlition, i. M ; III. 213 :
Iv. IG'J, 22r), 241 : iiroiiiicil feelings, concerted inovenientd, nnd
coalitions npilnst France, I. HO, ivn ; ii. :ir,, 4ti, 59, 62, 90, 93, 9.'),
12(1. 173. 210, 211, 22;i ; Jli. 5, tK), Hf, ; iv. i:., 19, 27, 2H, 32. 46,
157, 168-170: .V. on the sovereigns of, I. IK): the Directory and,
197-203: ncutnility of northern, 2tHJ: conditions <>f civlll/^tinn
and warfare In (17'.HiX 210: the dedlinics of, dc|)endcnt on fate
of Italv, 212, 23G: N. a cfttzcn of, 248 : schemoei of rfcon&tnic-
tlon of the map of, 262 : ii. 170, 228, 2-19 ; Hi. V^, 48. fiO, 61, 154 ;
iv. 32, 48. 52, 55, 156, 157 : schemes of paciflcatlon of, 1. 277 ; 11.
131, 137. 228; iii, 234; iv, 19. 38, 4;t, 44, 40, 47, la-i : France's
foreijjn policy in, ii. 2 : scliemes of NHpoleunic and French em-
pire over, 6, 19. 138j 175, 215, 227; iil. 87, 91; iv. 38: y. on the
freedom of, ii. 20 ; iii. C^: X.'s relations to, and intlucnce on, ii.
25, 91, 137, 175 ; iii. 139 ; iv. 148, 24«*> : upheavals in the i>oIilic«
of, ii. 27-30, 170: c<jmpared hy S. with tlie Orient, 31 : general
armament of (1798), 46: A'.Vviaions of military domination in,
60: .sitnaltun of altairsat closeof 1799, 59: jealousy in, concern-
ing the Mediterriincan, 90: A', the destroyer of, 95 : intluence
of England in, and her subsidies to the powers of, 96, 121, 134,
169, 225, 230, 2:11, 241, 259, 274 ; iii. 217, 224 ; iv. M, 32, 45, 48-
50, 72.73, 89, 99. 106, 170: situation of atfaira at begin rung of
1800, ii. 101 et seq. : efforts of the Directory to extend the
French syst<^-m in, 102, 10:i: Prussia's place in. 102; iii. 22:
militi»r>' situation in (ISOtO, ii. 105: the *' armed neutrality,"
126 : reduction of Austria :i8 u power in, 126: tl»e old dymisties
and the dynastic idea in, 126, 17;i, 202, 203 ; iii. 55, 120, 127, 154 ;
iv. 44, 82: anxiety in, as to permanency of Peace of Amiens, ii.
167 : destruction of the balance of power, 170 : N.'s warning to,
March 13, 1803, 182: JV'.*« views on Continental conquest, 185:
JV'.'it notification to, in the murder of the Due d'Enghieu, 202 :
the embargo, blockades, and other commercial wai-fare in, 214,
222,242; iii. 6, 6, 43. 48, 80-82, 88,110, 214, 234, 249 (see also BER-
LIN Dkcuke; Continental system; Milan Decree): out-
lireak of war in 1805, ii. 223: A", arrayed against, 225: the price
of tlie hegemony of, 253: Fox upholds existing sovereignties
in, 261: necessity of colonial produce to, iii. 6: Russia's am-
bition Ui be included in, 40: general warfare in, 41: English
monopoly of commerce, 41 : law of colonial trade, 41 : Alex-
ander I. on politics of, 45 : St. Petersburg holds the peace of,
65: y.'s hopes of a coalition in, against England, 55: general
Sanhedrim of, 63, 64: influence of the peace of Tilsit on, 77:
a moment of universal anarchy for, 84 : the situation in. 94 :
power of the word "legitimacy" in, 116: growth of the national
idea in, 120, 127, 154,206; iv. 241 (see also Germany ; Prussia):
the right of force in, iii. 128: the French idea of their great
cause in, 16.% 166 : views on A'.'s second marriage, 197 : publicity
of N,'8 domestic concerns throughout, 212: system of private
contlscatioiis, 226 : rejoicings over the birth of the king of Rome,
230 : the condition of, set forth in S.'s reply to the Paris Cham
ber of Commerce, 231, 232 : A'.'*- coast-system of protection, '234 :
appreheuiiions of wai' in, 239, 241 : tendency toward rupture of
the peace of, 241 : the Russian march of French tnuipaover, 250:
A'. 's scheme for two powers in, 250: responsibility of Kutusoff
for bloodshed in, iv. 13 : Austria a pivotal state in, 35, 39, 40:
A', desires to avoid the reprobation of. 43: a neutral zone for,
4;^: peace congress of, 43, 44: nervousness among the allies. 54 :
Prussia acquires the hegemony of Continental, 77 : distrust
among the allies, 79, 80: the comniercial key to central. 80:
struggle for manhood suffrage in, 82: exactions of the allies in
central, 89 : the armed forces of, Jan. 1,1814, W : jealousies among
thepowei-s,91,92 : England's desire to establish equilibrium in,
99: military outrages in. 124: mobilization of troop.s, 170: no-
tilleil that the Empire means peace, 170 : possible consequences
of A'.'« success at Waterloo, 205; the doctrine of legitimacy.
212 : France the teacher of, 225 : abolition of feudalism and ec-
clesiasticism. 225 : progi-ess of reform in, 231 : a belli* oae age
in, 232 : influence of Clnirles the Great on, 241 ; the armies of
modern, 'J43 : the alliances of, 243 : the national politics of, 246
Eutntzsch, military operations near. iv. 72
Eiag^r^s, the, i. i:i8
Executive Council, establishment of the, i. ill: military prep-
Illations by, 115
Exelmans, Gen. R. J. I., corresponds with the Emperor, iv.
l.'i'.t: in Waterloo campaign, 176
Extravagance, at outbreak of the Revolution, i. 54
Eylau, the campaign of, iii. 17 et seq.; iv. 176: the causes of A'.«
weakness at, iii. 2H: the graml army after, 40: the lessons of
259
Family relatione, under the Code, ii. 144
Fanaticism, iv. 231, 232
Fauvelet, A. V school friend, i. lot
FaypOUlt, G. C, French political agent in Genoa, ii. 7
Feltre, creation of hereditary duchy of, U. 255: Clarke createil
Duke of, iii. 71. See CLARKE
Feraud, murder of. I. 168
Ferdinand, Archduke, conmmndlnu Austrian army In (ier-
niiiii>, Ii. 2:1: t : • H> :t|>eH Into Bohi-rnht, 2:)5: iit rim. 235: com-
nnuiilnig in Itnhemla, 245: Invii'len I'olaiid ami captures War-
saw, 111. l.')4, 15(i: viuinitlludeM In Poland, HU: evaeuutcH War-
saw, 165: oil the wii) to churU'ii'ft asiiiittjtni-e, 174
Ferdinand of Parma, ii. 132
Ferdinand I., King of .\apleis il. 220; 111. 242. See abto Fkr-
r>I.SAM> IV.
Ferdinand III., llees to Vienna, Ii. 59, 60
Ferdinand IV., position In 1797,1. 21^1: evaeuaten the Pupal
stalls, 131: •onipell-d to restore plunder, 131
Ferdinand VIL (»ee alno Asti hiah, Pklnck ok), h tttn* t- A'.,
Iii. lOM. 112, 116: Heeks S.n fiivor, lOH, 117: viiUn Madrid,
1119: doiibtrul reci>gidtlon of his thront-, 110: hinted order tlwt
he go to Bayifune, 111, 112: at V'ltoria, 112: revnlAlon of
Spanish feeling agaluht, 112: goes U* itayonne, 112, 113: A'.*<
attitude towiinl. 112-IIm: orders for his arrest, 113: depo8«-d,
113-115; character, 114, 116. 117: olfers toHtirrender his cr<»wn,
114 : the crown of Ktniria ottered to, 114 : trial at Bayonne, 114 :
popularity in S]iain, 114, 121: pension and grant to, 115: in
virtual custody of Talleyniml, 115, 116 : cowed Into submliution,
115, 118: :L><ks A'.'h adoption and peiiiil-^ion to appear at court,
200: release of, Iv. 87, 88 : relapse.-) into abstdutlsm and eeclt-
shLNticism, K.S
Fere-Champenolse, the Enii>eror at, iv. 114 : military move-
ments near, 117 : retreat of the Frencli through, 123
Fermo, con>tulidated with the kingdom of lUily, Hi. 94
Feirara, the rope prepares to recover, i. 245: new scheme of
government f<tr. 247 : surrendered to France, 260: c ded Ut
Veidcu at lA:ohen, 271 : Incorporated In tlie Cisalpine Republic,
ii. 14
Ferrol, reported Junction of French and Spanish fleets at, ii. 230:
bb>cUade of. 231 : Villeneuve's retreat to, 239: supposed Eng-
lish schemes at, iii. 145, 146
Feraen, Count, essays to represent .Sweden at Congress of Ras-
t;ttt, ii, is
Fesch, Josepll, i. 15: childhood «ith AT., 20: appointed to semi-
nary at Aix, 22 : A'.'» corresiiondence with, 28, 41, 79, 80 : enters
the priesthood, 32 : returns to Corsic;i, 59 : literary colbdM^rator
with N., 67, 83: member of the constituent assembly at Orczza,
72: custodian of y.'s papers, 77 : supplanted as head of family
by A'., 94: radical leader at Ajaccio, 108: leaves Corsica for
Toulon, 123 : in connnissary depiirtnient at Toulon, 124 : store-
keeper in eommissaiy department, 135 : escapes arrest, 151 : at
Aix, 174 : conforms to the civil cimstitution, ii. 132: archbishop
of Lyons and cardinal, 165: reenters the church, 165: Grand
Almoner, 207: selects a physician for A'., iv. 218
Feudal system, in Corsica, i. 3, 7 : remnants of the. 'M : absorp-
tion of its power in the French crown, 52: alx)lition of, 57, ^,
114; ii. 144; iii. 70, 147; iv. 225: the oath of the Legion of
Honor concerning, ii. 159: A'. '« influence on, iii. 245: French
hatred of, iv. 81, 82
FeuiUants, the, i. 88 : form a ministry, Wl : fall of the niinistr>',
105
Fictlte, J. G., member of the refomi party in Prussia, ii. 270:
influence on Prussian regeneration, iii. 83
Fifth Regiment (French) A", oflers himself to the bullets of the,
iv. 164
Fifty-second Regiment (Knglish), in battle of Waterloo, iv.202
Figueras, captoreii by tbe Kieiuii. iii. 105
Fllanglerl, Gaetano, -V.*' .-^tudy of, i. 40
Finance, an occult doetrine of, iv. 25
Finisterre, Cape, Calder encounters Villeneuve off, ii. 230
Finlcensteln, A', at, iii. 22, 23, 26: Persian envoy at, 2.3
Finland, Kussian ambition to acquire, iii. 35, 80, 91. VM, 137:
Russia's claims to, recognized at Tilsit, 47: acquired by Russia,
54, 182, 191, 205, 215, 236, 240: Russian inviusion of, 1>2, 93:
Ru?.sia threatened with the loss of, 2;i9: offered to Sweden by
y , 243
Floravente, Gen., captured at Verona, i. 273
First Consiil. the office of the, ii. 85
Fischbach, military movenient-s near, iv. 63
Fismes, -V. aims to strike the iT-ussians at, iv. 106: Marmont
rallie-i his troi>ps at, lint, iio: junction of Marmunt and Mor-
tier at, 119 : Marmont retreats Ui, 123
Fitz-James, Edward, royalist intrigues of, iv. 129
Fiume, reoccupied by Austria, i. 268 : seized by A'., 268 : A', pro-
poses to Lcde. iv. 49
Five Hundred, the, i. I6I : their representation of public senti-
ment, ii. 1 : inquiry in, as to A'.'* independence, 2: its mem-
bers proscribed, 5: Jacobin majority in, G4, 66: Bonapartes
among. 65: I.ncien Bonaparte elected president, 66, 72: A', at
the meetings of, 18th ami 19th Brumaire, 72, 76-^1 : counter-
plots against A', amimg, 74 : oi>position by, 75-80: meeting of
Bonapavtist members of, 80, 81: adopts the Consulate, 83:
deposition of members, 84 : rewards among, for complacency,
S4
Flahaut, Gen. A. C. J., sent to seek Marmont's advice, iv. 135:
advises a return to Lorraine, 136 : bearer of despatch from N.
t.. Ney. 185
Flanders, iV. in, i. 41. 42 : A'.'* journey to, iii. 237. Sec Aus-
trian Netherlands; Batavian Republic; Ditch Flan-
DKRy; HoLLAsn; Nkthkklands
Fleurus, battle of, i. 163 : Jourdan*s victory at, ii. 206: niilitaiy
operations near, iv. 176-178, 181 : A', at. 181, 186
Florence, the Buonaparte family in, i. 12, 14. 22. 23, 41 : position
in the tVench empire, iii. 214 : sends deputJition to Paris iv. 17
Flushing, Holland's indemnity for, ii. 102 : English capture of,
iii. 182 : A', builds ships at, 183
*2S0
INDEX
Fomblo, bftttlf of, I. 'Jifl
Fontalnebleau, litis vn. at. U. 218: treaty of. Hi. 69: social
> u i> at, ::. : maty of (Oct. 10, 18»»TV H4 : N.'n court nt. 87, 1H<1,
•SM: .lii'loiniUii- luvolititioiia at, 94 : treaty of (Ort. 'JH. IH<t"),
for itarlili.ui of I'ortUKal. 9^. W, KM. UC. Hfi, UH: XV !mr>*h
troatiiu'iit of Jiisfpliiiiv at, i:t9: iiiiprisoiniK'nt of litis VII.
nt, IS? . iv. i:., j:*, 2G : the titTnt- (nf Oi-I. 18, 1810). iii. 'iH : tlie
I'oiKtTxIiit I'f, iv. •26, '27: iiiUitjiry iDoriiiieiitfi neiir, UH), lo;t,
IJC: .V. at, rj8. Kiti, lOf. : .V. revifws tlu' (luard at. lyo, Ki? :
tn-fl-MHinMeuttfraiicesof thcnmrshalsat, i:i7, i;i8: scrneof .V.V
nlulK'ittion, la9. HO: council of war nt» 144: treaty of (April,
1K141. us, \-A\ l.M, I.Vl. l.Vi-!:»7. It'..*: A'. liHvos, for EUm. 1.10
Fontanes, Marquis de, oration on Wngiun^ton hy. ii. 97. 98:
ntirt^ fioin prt'siiliiuy of the t»enat<>, iii. 225 : graml master of
thr iiiii\. t>it>. '.'.ir.
Fontenaye. Mme. de, i. I90. See also Tallien, Mme.
ForcUlielm, -V.V Last-, il. 27.1, 276
Forez Regiment, the. I. 8i
Forfait, P. A. I.., Secretary of the Navy. ii. 87
Fbrsteen. militarv (tperatioiiB near, iv. 05
Fort Bard, ii. ill. li;i
Fort Carre, -VV contJntinent in. 1. 150-162
Fortlftcation, A'.V essay on, Iv. 217
Fort LUCO, tires on Frencli ship at PorU) di LiJo, I. 273, 276
Fort Mulfrrave, capture of, i. 136
Fouch6. Joseph, il< scrihes atrocities at Toulon, i. 137 : o^iposes
liolteapit rn , 148 : Minister of Police, ii. 63, 206. 267 : joins tlic
HoiiHptirtist ranks, 72 : tietection of plots by, 74 : X.'g conlidence
in, W. attitmle towanl tlie conspirators of Niviiso, 154, 155:
suspt>cted of Jacohinisiu, 165: disj^raccd, ile^radeil, and ban-
ished, l.M, 177 ; iii. 139, 211 : character, ii. 177 ; iii. 149, 195, 204,
208 ; iv. 159 : institnttes Moreau's letter to X., u. 191 : urKes ac-
tion ouainst Bourbon i)h»tter8, 194 : ordered to supervise corre-
spondence from the army, iii. 27 : created Duke of Otranto, 71 :
licenses vice in Paris, 75 : wliips in the nobility to the imperial
court, 76: favors Ferdinand VII., 99, UK): share in the matter
of Josephine's ilivorcc. 139, 140 : raises national guards for ser-
vice in the Netherlands. 183: on the second marriage of N.,
195 : advocates alliance h itli Russia, 195 : member of extraor-
dinary council on X.'n second marriage, 195 : raises troops to
repel the Walchcren expedition, 195: the supcrserviceuble
Mephistopheles of the emjiire, 20H: intervenes in Holland's
negotiations wit 11 Kiigland, 20K: Eii;:]i^h Initt b conspiracy, 211 :
returns from exile in Italy, 247. 24s: nuinuiiulizes against war,
248 : waniii S. of the fate of Cliarles XII., 24H : recalled to ac-
tive service, iv. 48: double intrigues of, 1.19: neutrality of, 165:
member tif X.'e new eabinet, 167: military conspiracy of, 108:
plots against *V., 170. 171: attitude after' Waterloo, 2(W, 207:
member of the new birectorj-, 207: refuSL-s responsibility for
A". A safely, 2(W
Foug^. Mnie., .V.> relations with. ii. 209
Fouquler-TlnvUle, A. Q,, execution of, i. 162
Fourcroy, A. F., member of the council of state, ii. 100, 137 : or-
L'ani/er of tile educational system of France, 146, 147
Fourth Artillery. trejis»ui in the. i. loi
Fourth Regimeut, -V.V serviec in the, i. 85, 92
Fox, Charles James, on French military successes, i. 163: re-
iKjrls \. as favorable to peace, ii. 175: defends France in Par-
liament, 17*>: visits y. at Paris, 175: bias toward France. 180:
lays aiide French sympathies, 186 : secretary of state, 2.14 : be-
comes prime minister, 258: declares war against Prussia, 2.58:
negotiations willi y., 2.18, 259, 261, 262: supposetl peace policy
of, 259: Upholds tlie claims of existing sovereignties in Euroj)e,
261: compelled to adopt Pitt's program, 262: death, 262; iii.
41
Toy, Gen. M. S., Masst^na's envoy to Paris, iii. 220, 221 : brings
orders for reinforcements, 221 : in the Waterloo camjiaign, iv.
175: battle of Waterloo, 195
France, convention with Genoa regarding Corsica, i. 6, 8: emu-
lation of Kngland, 9 : her colonial ambitions, possessions, and
losses, 9. 279; ii. 2, 15:t, 174, 179; iii. 48, 69; iv. 244: preceilent
for her aid to American colonies, i. 10: relation of the army to
the throne, ;t4 : X. studies her history and ptilitics, 40, 49, 103 :
A.'« liitleruess against, 41, 42. 44, 47, 60, 75, 7)1 : outbreak uf the
Revolution of 1789 in, 02 et seq. : social conditions and customs,
the domcBlic relations, etc.. 52-57. 114, 158, 173 ; ii. :tO, 127. 129,
130, i:t7, 144, 2(t8; ii). 63. 65-71, 73, 125; iv. 24, 25, 27, 85. 229,
231, 244 : financial troubles, issues of paper money, fluuneial
policies and reforms, i. 54, 172, 198; ii. ;i2, 88, 89, 120, 140. 141,
148 20:i. 205. 266 ; Iii. 27. 01, 62, 65, 153, 225, 232 ; iv. 24. 25, 229 :
declaied a limited nniimrchy, i. 55 : the rise of popular trovern-
raent. 57: destruction of feudalism. .17 : iii. 70, 245 : adi)pti.)n
of the trl( olor, i. 57 : the eml of absolutism, 64 : the title ami
position of the king. 64, 86. 91 : Corsica and Navarre joined to,
05: diHorganizatioiinf thearmy, 79: changes in, 79-81 : patriot-
Ism, spirit of national unity, military enthusiasm, etc.. 79, 89
91. 1*2, 116, 158-UU*. 198 ; U. 96, UW. 145, 2(M ; iii. 13, 153. 245. 246;
Iv. 22, 2:t, 104. 175: the first stage of transfornuttion in, i. 86:
famine, 86 : the problem of government, 86-88, 91, ".'2 : geogra-
phical reconstniction, 87 : failure of reform, h7. 88: split on the
8ubJc4tor monarchy, 88: the national oath, 89: fear of war, 89.
90: viciHsitudesof royalism in ; iJ-mrbon and anti-Kourbon sen-
timent and intrigues, 89. 159, 105, 178; ii. 6. 15. 65. 82, 87, 151,
192; iv. MO. ur9, 1^4. 135, 143: desertion of troops to .Xustrla, I.
101 : anarchy. 101, i:tH : ontltrviik of insurrection, June 20, 1792,
102: theKepublle, lai : experte<l coalition ugaln*-t, 110: elturts
nt and failures r»r eonHlilutiomd government, 110, 158, 168; II.
03. 68. 69. 77. 82. 158; Iii. 'J25 ; iv. 165. 167, 171, 227 (s.e also
npeclfle conKtltutlons mentioned Infra): abolition of the nnui-
ar<'hy, 1. lU, 115, 168; Ii. 203: declaratioti of the republic, I. Ill;
France — continufd.
establishment of an executive council. 111: political parties,
Ul: the republican calendar, 111; ii. 165, 222, 262: the dic-
tatorship, i. lli'i : i>roparing for foreign wjir, 115: declares war
against England, 116: S.'n personal relationswith and intlnenco
on; the likes and dislikes uf the Freiicli pet»ple for iV., 124-
126, 196. 225, 224". ; ii. 19. 66. 67, »S, 94. HHl, 101. 120, 13(1, 138. 140,
175, 187, 210; iii. 10, 27. 55. 61, 62, 6.1, 66. 125. 131.240; iv. 17,
22, 80-83, 85, 86, 89. 124, 141, 142. 147. 148, 158, 160. 162, 218, 226,
229. 231. 242-245 : civil war. i. 127 et scq. ; ii. 94. 96 : nnissacres,
i. 138 : militaryism. 147-149, 18:1 ; ii. 50 ; iii. 125 : difflcultics of a
new ]Mditical programme, i. 159-161 : conllseation of lands, 16(t:
adujilion of ancient Roman governmental systems, 1(K>, 161:
tlic Pircclory, 161 et seii. : land and labor troubles. 162: purg-
ing of the army, 163: militarv successes, 163: territorial am-
bitions, 104: suspected intlneiices in the army, 165: the consti-
tution of 1795, 165. 17.1, 178. 179. 182-18^1. 186, 200-202; ii. 1, 63,
66 : reaction in. i. 106 : condition of the prc^s, 167 ; ii. 96. 162.
174, 187 : growth of science, literature, and the arts, J. 167 ; iii.
27, 28, 72. 227, 229 : woman in, i. 173 : British views of alTairs
in, 178 : English Meet on northern coast, 178 : military dictator-
ship, 183: parties, 183, 184: the regicides in. 186: coalitions
against^ 197 ; ii. 2r., 59, 62. 90 : cursed by absolutism, i. 198 : the
popular conception of its boundaries, 198: struggle for and
achievement of liberty and civil rights, 198, 199; ii. 84, 90. 167,
187, 202 ; iii. 68 ; iv. 77, 78, 167, 244 : the Thirteenth Vendemi-
aire, i. 199: foreign policy, 199: intestiinil troubles. 199: mili-
tary dictator of Eurojie, 202 : condition at opening of 1796. 202,
203: a new lease of national life for, 204: military strength
and recuperative power. 208-210; ii. 6, 8, 9, 105; iii. 29, 246;
iv. 23, 24, :*:(, 84. 86, 93, 109, 125, 128: vicissitudes of her naval
power, i. 208, 210; ii. 212, 214, 2;^. 231, 238, 241, 242; iii. 239 ;
iv. 105 : apex of revolutionary greatness, i. 212 : preeminence
in p:urope, 212: rcjiiicings over Lodi, 220: foreign popula-
tions well disposed tt)ward, 236: Eastern policy, 262; ii. 32:
ilissatisfaction with treaty of I.coben, i. 272 : desire for
peace, ii. 1, 92, 121, 157, 255 ; iiL 90, 1.13 ; iv. 64. 87, AH, 165 : sui-
cide among naval officers, ii. 2 : internal administration, offices
and oflice-holders, and public works, 2, 85, 9it-101, 13'.t-148. 174,
178 ; iii. 02, 74, 125, 192, 226, 227, 230; iv. 85, 244 : the i:ighlcenth
of Fructidor, ii. 5 : martial law in, 5 : punctiliousness in ex-
acting war indenmities, 8 : exasperation at England's mastery
of the seas, 10, 11 : aspirations towaid "liberty of the seas,"
11 : educational methods and reforms, 22, 144-148; iii. 28, 72-
74; iv. 230, 244: X. constructive commander-in-chief, ii. 24:
makes war only against tyraimical dyri:isties. 28: schemes of
world-conquest, 31: popular ideas concerning the Egyptian
campaign, 46 : X. summoned to take su])reme conmutntl, 55 :
elections. May, 1799, 02 : relations between church and state,
religious sentiment^ tlie clei-gy, etc.. 62, 87, 132, l:t;i, 138, 139,
144, 146, 165, 203, 257 ; iii. 57, 73, 95, 233; iv. 24-26, 158, 159, 167,
225, 229, 244 : feai-s of a revival of the Terror, ii. 63 : the draft
in, 64 ; iv. 22, 23 (see also Conscuhtion): arbitrary tariff in,
ii. 04 : thirst for gloiy and booty in, 64, 127. 160, 172. 232 ; Iii.
13, 68, 245; iv. 85, 221 : the constitution of 1799. ii. 06, 68. 69,
80, 81, 84, 85, 90, 97, 99, 100, 10(1, 155, 156, 158, 167 : '* the pear is
ripe," 67, 70: need of a Cromwell, HI : feelings of the various par-
ties, 83: adoptiiin of the Roman consular sy.stem, 83: the ple-
biscite of Dec. 1.1, 1799, 86, 90 : the new charter, 86 : compulsory
loans, 88 : disgust at demagogues, 88 : results tpf tlie upheaval of
Brumaire. 88: taxation methods and reforms. 89, 101, 141, 224; ill.
65, 2112; iv. 24: end of the provisional consulate, ii. 90: two
policies ((pen to X., 91 : contldence in the new administration,
92: English preparatitins to invade, 94 : the inveterate foe of
England, 96 : salaries of the First Consul, consuls, and other
oHiccrs, 99, 100: the legislative system, '.nt-101, 155; iii. (18 (see
also titles of its various branches): the judicial system, and
legal abuses and reforms, ii. 99-101, 142-144, 195, 204; iv. 229,
244 : isolation against England and Austria, ii. 103 : X.'n scheme
of leadership among nations. 103 : her fate identified with that
of A., 104 : inctliciency of the department of war, 108: use of
the term *' citizen,'" 127 : public festivals. 127 : use of the term
"empire," 127, MO: the centi-r of a system of republics, 1.32:
characteristics and temperaments of her people, i:t2, 162, 167,
202; iii. 199; iv. 82. 175, 225: satisfaction with the peace of
Amiens, ii. 137 : A'.'x reorganiuttion of, 137 et set).: aspirations
toward a European empire, 138 : position in Europe in 1801,
138: political centralization, 139, 187; iii. 125; iv. 118, 121, 229,
2;J0, 242, 243 : usury in. ii. 140. 141 ; iii. 63, 64 ; iv. 85 : specula-
tion in, ii. 140: the Ministry of thelnterhir, 140: crime in, 140 :
confiscation of crown and emigrants" lands. 140 : levy of forced
contributions by. 141 : revival of the puldic credit, 141 : com-
merce, agriculture, and industries in. 141, 174, 223, 224 : iii. 62,
63, 125, 192, 203, 225, 231, 2:(2 ; iv, 16, 85 : compHied with the
Roman empire, ii. 143 : tendency toward one-man government,
148: discontent of the republicans, 148: tendency toward a
paternal government, 151 : the Consulate compared with the
RoMian einiiire, 151 : plebiscite on question of hcrcditai-y con-
sulship. 158, 159: prerogatives of the government. 160 : her
cu]> of satisfaction full, 160 : X, thcpcrsonilication of. 162: au-
tocratic iHiWer of the government^ 162: restoration of )mblie
couHdence, 165 : sanctions A", k schemes of Euro])ean reitrganl-
zatioii, 170: arbitrary shipping regulations, 173: protective
policy, 173: rest-U'cs the slave-tratie, 173: sequestrations of
English property in, 173: influence of the bourgeoisie, 178 : pre-
pares naval armament-s, 179 : importation of English goods into,
forbidden, 183: disregfird for treaty stlimlatious, 183: t^cisuru
of English prisoners of war In. 183 ; declares embargo on British
ships, 183: failure of the Revoluticm to give political freedom
to, 187: elfccl of Moreau's fate on Ihu moderate rcj>ublicans,
INDEX
281
Ymuco — continued. ^ , .,
lUl: iHillie »y»ti-lil, 191, SOT; Iv. ■m: law of Iicummi In, li.
lur, ■ fii.llKiiutioii nvir the iltulli "( tin- Due ahliKliiuli, IIJJ ; thu
Juys licforo tliu >iiiiilic,'J(l-i it 8ii|. : .V.» i:..li™i>U.iii "f llii' im
iiirt- Wi -Ha : (iiK-htliMi o( ciiisular lu-redlty, aio ; rtf..nii»
in iO^i.-iiu ■■ inutloii i.t llii! uiiii.ln. JOa el iii-.i. ; lli.i"ii»lliii-
tiuimt IWM, •.'(>5, »).; : till- .1UI-.11..H ut lKrfim.ir> iMupIri', '.HI.. :
iiiiiHiinl tltlt» ill. -Hit; ; . ri-iitiiMi .it luiirslmln, •-•Oi; : .\.i> ilyii iim,
•200 ; tlif iiii|i.riul li.Tiil.lic iluvi. e, -iM, itn : .\ . » illstliiclioii l.e-
twcuii till) suit.: uu.l tla- .niiiiri-. ■Ml. VI.'..'. Ji-.l : hcIumiiu ..In
llieat unipiii-, in : liir iicn.iiUis uii.l ailliilliil» .■.>iilrii»tcHl, iU .
bloikmlia Eui-..i..Uii iu.rt», -JU : .li»liucli.iM ..t the l'..l.u b Ii..ih»
for ctiKiiiiistiLiil iiiiilttra in. JJl. ri'.' ; rt»l..riitl.m nf tlii; t.vc
Roriiinialiii.lar.jrJ: Kiiruiwaii iipprili. ii.M..ii» hk t-.li.r luummji
tioMB, Sia : d.cliin- ill noviriimiiit Ir.iuIii. '.'il ; i". 'Ji' ; Iv. >*•> ■
uiiiuii ..f tlie cr..»iis "f Italy an.l, ii. ■-•a! : p..»itioii In tliu hiiw-
ptan l.alaiicf. JJ" ; ill. 41 : military u.iiiiiiiaii.l.n., it. SM : niival
powir 8liattir.a at IrafnlKiir, -M, 242; pr.iiiiinuiicu ..1-2.14:
the ei.iirt ..( (iKiitl), ^IM. M:!. ^Wi, 2li7 : the imperial euUelilmii,
264 : venality "( utneials, 20r. : iii. 225 : Clitillelllill clMluealis
6- rielit of seiiivh anil impressment, f. : the suiiporta <-l the
empire, 2«: liliem.l to a eei.halopo.l, 2i'. : (..iiinliiiK of military
faetories, 27 : ilcelarts war auaiiirt Knjiluiul (17'.i;)>, 41 : colonial
traile, rnl« of 175«, 41. 42: .I..MS liall.ors to Klitfllsh ships, 42 :
to me.iiute botwc.ii Russia an.l Turk.y, 4H : .iesiru for uaval
allies, 56 : eilert of tlie treaty of Tilsit in, m : lier Riiropean re-
lations, 01 : lays other eountries nnder eominerelal triliute, 02 :
loumcys of the Emperor and Empress throiiiih, 02 ; the Semitic
question in, 02-04 ; iv. 229 : panic ..f 1805, iii. 05 : ai.pivemtioii
of covcrmnent bonds, 0.". : plospovity. 00 ; eleation of licre.lilaiy
legislators, 07 : the risht of entail, 07, 09 : the aristocracy, O'.i-
71 : cieation of a noble class, 7(1, 71 : salaries of minister, and
ainbassa.lors, 71 : the prefecture. 72 : restriction of c..mmerte
with the Initeil States 83: lack of .in heir to the tliri.ne. 9<i :
pr..poseil supremaey in Europe. 91 : secret compact with Spain
for partition of l'..rtn(;al, 9.-> : iieuotiates f..r riglits in Spanish
cohJnics, 1(15 ; welcome to the uraiid aniiy in. 141 : rival rc1i.>.|1s
of history in, 152 : the army and nation cxhanste.l, 173 : dis-
content ill, 18(1. 192. 247 : iv. 8.5-as; ccssi..n of Austrian terri-
tory to iii. 184: growing independence of the nubility, 192: abso-
lutist ten.lciiey. 190: enthusiasm over -V.s 5. 1 olid marriage, 198-
200- traiisplaiitati..ii of the ecelesiasti.al isl.iblisliineiits from
Konie to, 193. 202 : creation of the Papal departments .,f Itoiiie
and Trasiinenns, 201, 202 : overpowered by Eiiglaml at sea, 202,
203- monopolies in, 204: violations of the Conlinental System
in 204 ; scheme to incorporate new lands int.., 204 : seizure ot
American vessels by, 210. 211, 244: part of the North Sea coast
incorporate.i into the empire, 213,220: eiilargeineiit of the em-
pire '>14 • vassal states, 214 : a central bureaucracy in, 214 : pro-
posal to incorporate Spain inUi, 210 : the natural extensions of.
216 • principle of punishment by conHscatiou, 22(. : Russian dis
crimination a-.-ainst goods from, 220 : enthusiasm in. over Urth
of the King ot Rome, 230: the successor to the Irankisb iloiiii-
nion of Charles the Great, 231 : military expenses. 232 : revenue
from contributions, 232: the war method ot rei.leni>.liiiig the
treasury, 232, 235 : excliangc ..f prisoners witli Eiighiiid, 234.
expeditions against Sicily, Egypt, and Ireland, 234, 2.tn : Kiu-
8ia s virtual declaration of war against, 23. : etfeel of the t^oll-
tinental System on industry, 245 ; '•Byiiig colunins. 24j:. admi-
ration for the empire in, 245; general confldenee in,24«: m-
trigues leading to the Russian eaiupaign ..f 1812, 249-2o2 :
scarcity of provisions in, 250 ; Malefs conspiracy, iv. 4, 14. 15 .
revolutionary spirit in, 14, 15 : effect of the Russian failure in, 15 :
eivil ..tlieials' whipped into line, 17 : relief for soldiers families,
17 • plan of regency for, 18 : reception of stragglers from Russia
in '•>■'• the stimulus of bad news in, 22: seizure of communal
domains, 24, 25 : prop.jsed •' guard of honor," 25 : X. threatens
to aljoUsh the legislature, 25 : value ot the Austrian alliance t..,
25 "O- possibility ..f -V.« becomiiiR king of, ;)2 : proposed ter-
ritorial eonces-sions by, 38 : scheme to confine her to the west
bank of the Kliiiie, 49 : exhaustion ot. 51 : demoraliKilion of the
inarehals 69. 00; militarv reverees. 01: revulsion of feeling ot
Bavaria and Saxony reganling, 04 : England's determination to
crush, 73 : death-thr..e,s of the empire. 77 : her ;• natural boun-
daries • 80: the Frankfort proposals ;« to temtorial changes,
8(>-83 ;' hatred of dyn,astic rule, 81 : failure of poi.ular s..v-
ereignty, 81: hatre.i ..f feudalism, 81. 82: movement for the
expulsion of the invaders, 82 : publicati.jii ot the alli.^s procla-
mation in, 83; losses of the wars of 1812-1813, 84 ; the home
guard 80: radical agitation in, 80: "sedentary yoluiiteere,
86: pknics, 87: imperialist sentiment in, 87^9: ima'le'l h>-
the allies, 88 et seq.: disallecti.ui in the Natu.nal t,iinrd, 88,
89: schemes of the allies for invasion of, 89, 91, 92, 1(X); the
aUies determine to conBiie her to her royal liniits, 99 ; the
Czars determination to conquer, 99 : pr.iposal that she con-
tinue the war with England, 105 ; attempt to contlne A to
the bouu.laries of royal, 100 : marauding excesses i.f the allies,
113 ■ irregular warfare in, 1-23 : empty arsenals xa, 129: the .lis
solution of the empire, 131 : propose.l forms of government for,
134 ■ under three f..rins of goveniment, 135 : the provisional
fiovemmeiit seeks the Emperors death by assa^ination. l.)^ ;
regeneration of, !:i9: proposed perpetuation of the empm,
139- N reimunees the throne of, 147: pensions A., 148: the
virtue of the Freiicli burgher, 1.54 : fails to pay S.s pension,
165, 156, 160; formation of the new upper chamber, 157 : re-
stored to p..8ition ot a great power, 157 : Louis XVIII. s con-
stitution, 1.-.7 : change of public opinion, 157-100: comparative
expenses of the kingdom and the empire, 158: return of the
endgrants t.i, 158: restriction of the sutfrnge, 1.t8 : re'^s^ ..f
prisoners of war, 158, 169: "paternal anarchy In, 158, IbO.
Vol. IV.— 38
Fmnco — con?in»r.i. . ... , . ,_
abolition of ..rphaii asylums, 169: .V. » march through, ..n hU
return fn.ii. Elba, 103-liv. : vlBb.iis of a reunited 105 : -V » plans
for, on returning Iroin Elbm 105: i.rlurii.'.l einlgninl. banished
from, 105 ; .V. the " lll>eraU)r ' of, 105 : the a|»,ilt e of p..pilli.r
sovereignty In. 107 ; alKdition of prlvll. ge and .Uvliie riahi, 107,
227 : the new cabinet, 107 : r. eon«triietl..i. ol the II. .use ..1 1 e. rs,
107, 108 : pr..iiiulgati..li of Ih.- A.blitb.i.al Act, 107, IOh ; pb l.ls-
clto in, 108: the .p,.ler of war In, IOH. 171 ; bilurnitt ..f the
n..ble« 171: pl.-.lge.l to self-.lcfeiise only. 172: recmstitulid
corps ..1 murslials. 172 : the ' Fieni;h fury,' 176: Austrian and
Prussian Belieme. for the liiinilllatl..n of, 206 ; (.•arn..t n.li^ses a
dietat..lshlp lor, 200 : orguilizatbui of a new Dlr.-.tory, 207 ; Ue^
mands fi.r .V.» alnilcation. 2117 : ap|«.lntiiient of iomniiltei; of
public safety, 2(>7; the allies In. a>«: the While Terror, 210:
reeoiislructi..ii, 212 : coiitlscBti..n of the imperial ilomaln, 218 :
the Kovolutlon in, 224 JiO : the tea. her ..f Enrol*. ■22.-^ the
heir of ll..ine, 2i'> ; enthusiasm for principle, -225; the liui.l
lislale, 22N 231 ; overthrow of the ol.l regime, 229 : Fr..te«t.iiit-
isni ill, 229 ; the new regime, 229 : teii.leney l..»ttrd revoluti.,n,
230 • the Terror, 2:11 ; conspiracies In, 232 ; rupture of the treaty
of \iniens, 2;i2 : trial ot a BliiKleheade.l government, 233 : abali-
donuient of the people to >■^I'"7'"■■•'■^,-^^•.'^^''"'l;i'V:^ rL.i?
wars with Englan.l, 2;i3. 234 : the French tniditi..ii, 240 . jiresent
conditions of government, 243 ; hopes f..r the future, 244 : pro-
gress between 180-2 and 181.5, 244 : .V. the forerunner of nUHlern,
244 : the Seven Years' War, 245. See also names of penxun or
plaiesiDunected Willi eveiita in, passim ....
Francis L (Emperor of Austria), seheuie of temtonal aggran-
diFcMoeit;, i. 19i : opposes the a.Tny of the Klilm- •200 : (treed or
Italian territory. '202. ^270 ; ii. 'J:i : prepares (..r Hight mto llun-
giry i 270: offers .V. a principality and settled income, II. 13.
.ledi'iies t.1 send diplomatic agent to Paris, 28: A. writes per-
sonal letter to, 94, 95 : military plans f<.r 1800. 105 : elter from
A-^ to June, IHOO, 121 : his claims of empire, 210: .llsmember-
mintof his empire. •220: advised of A".'* seinir.- of t'le- erown
ot Italy •220: dedans war against Ironce. .Sept. .). 1806. 233.
alteini.ts negotiat s with A'., 2:i7 : inaugurates peace n?»!Ot'«:
ti.uis.^246: secures an armistice, •251 : interview with A. after
Austerlitz, ^251 : iii. 30 ; iv. 72: proposes to e.'nt'uue «•;"»"•
ii '51 2.52: abami..iis his Germanic crown, 201 : outwitted by
Andre.)ssv, iii. 8 : resolves on neutrality, 8. 9 : attitu.le duniig the
Evlaii eaiiipaign. 24 : A', olfcrs Silesia to. 24 : his " divine right
30: eharaetcr, 36: the Czar's intluenee with, \M: A.|leiiianda
that he disarm, i:)2 : compact between Russia and *rancc
against, 137: reproached by A', from Erfurt, 1:I8: dec des to
strike .V. during his Spanish .liffleulties, 1.50: abused by N.,
16.5, 193: treatment of Hungary, 100: seeks aid of Frederick
William. 174: fails to secure advaiiLage after Aspem, 174.
obstinacy of. 174: his position after Wagn.iy, 179 : hopes of
continuing the » ar, 181 : assumes command of the arjnj , 182 .
trusts t., dilatory n. gotiations, 182: coneedes A.» i'e"iauds,
181 • .rets no support from Alexander, 182 : proposiU that he
alulicate, 183. 1K4. 193 : peace negotiatb.ns between A. ami 183 :
au"ered at the treaty •>! Sehonbi unn, 188 : at in-amagc ot Mana
Louisa. 197 ; asks aid .against Russian aggression, ■239 : alarnied
at Russian successes on the Danube, 243 : acquires l;alieia. 2ol .
dean of the sovereigns at Dresdeu, -251 : A . seeks to h..ld Ins ad-
hesion iv. 14: lukewarmness toward A.,21: dread of A ., »i,
•>9- letter from A'., 29: A'.'s reply to his peace proposals, 38:
A' •« dread of, 42 : at Oitschiu, 43 : conference with Isesselrode^
43- political use of his daughter, 44: seeks alliance with
Alexander, 47 : letter from Mettemich, June 29, 1813, 4. : rati-
iieslhc treaty of Reicheiibach. 48 : reception of A . s attempts
t.. bribe Austria, 49: fears French invasion of Vienna, 53. let-
ter from A'.. Sel.t., 1813. 05 : declines to treat after Leipslc. 73:
anxiety for the future of absiilutism, 79 : distrust of his allies,
79 80: discovers Ithe roval ancestry of the Bu.mapartes, 82:
proposed cession of Alsace to, 99: to Maria IxmiKi on the situa-
tion 99: A. demaii.ls the Frankf.^rt prois.sals fr..ni, 1(14. 1 oo.
narrow escape from capture at Bar-sur-Aube P20: joins the
4rmy of the South at Lyons, 121 : relations with his allies, 122 .
letter from A', to, March -28, 1814, 120 : at Dijon, 134, 144 : A . seeks
the aid of. through Maria Louisa, 114: Maria L..uisa takes
refuge with 149, 1.56: seeks the dissolution ot his daughters
m.irriag.-, 150; desires A'.'s exile, 1.52 : keeps his .laughter a vir-
tual pii8..lier, 1.55; besoughlfor A'.'jt release '217
Francisco, Don anfaute of Spain), ordered to Bayonne, iii.
Franconla, treaty with France. 1796, i. ^279 : French occupation
oT ii. 202 ; iii. 1-29 : the campaign in, 18 : exploiU of the Black
Pr^kfort'on the Main, occupied by Custine, L 115: member
^^X"nf°eraU,"iTtthe Rhine, ii. 200: J-reneh demonstra-
tions near, -270: the principality transfemd from Dalberg to
Prince Eugene, Ui. 204 : fnrnislies new levies, iv. -I* ; I""-'/')' »«
the allies it, 79-83, 99, 101 : -Y. adheres to the proposals ot, 101.
Frasnes, military operations at, iv. 179, 184, 187
ntdlri^k^vi't'^gns tfJ'^ay of Fontainebleau. iii, 69: hopes to
acTm" sw. ,len, 214 : assists in the Cntinental System '214
Frederick August L, Elector ..f Saxony, accepts French terms
afai"ena iiL7l pr..p..sed .xehange ..t Polan.l for Saxony. 44:
1 ade km^I SiLxo,,y.'48 : ac„uii-es the grand duchy ot ^> ^r^"".
ii- nterview with A', at Dresden, iv. ^28: pecu lar i;elati..ns
toward A., 14, ^28, -iSI, 38 : offers his troops t.. Austria, 32 : dm-
cult p siti .11 if, .■^2: dedares himself favorable to France, 37 .
love for to capital, 68: sent prisoner to Berlin. 76: released
by S. from his engagements, 78
282
INDEX
Frederick the Great, opinion of Paoll, i. 6 : defeats Austrin.
1'.^ : his inililarj ^'tnius niiil iiriiuipUs of Wftrfuru. 210. '2^i2, '2i'2 ;
ii. iTJ. 2li ; iv. -SM. *iitr» : coiitniatc*! w jth iV.. i. '210, '2-i'2 ; ii. li'T :
atlituae towimi Aust^i:^ -21 : sUitue at Xhv Tuili lies, it" : Urri-
torinl arqiii-^itiuns, *JtVH : S.'s visit lo, and s|>oliation *)f tlic loiuti
of, ill. 3: tilf-coi-onaliuu, 3(»: vnd of hip sy>ti'ni, Si: .V. npu-
illait'S tht' iiiililary Mi-as of. 120: A'.V aiiiilyHis of the wars of,
217 : -Y.itsHi.ly of! 234
Frederick WilliaiU L. his civil ami military admiiiislrntlon, ii.
2'>: s*Ii....| >vht»iii of. 2C.1I.
Frederick WUllam IIy_roiei» of. ii. 2G8
Frederick William IIL, Sleytss iniBsion to, ii. 2S: X. ofTcib
till-' frit'mifihip >4 Krauce to, 1U2: character and ptTsonality,
11*2, 2.VS. 26H, 274; iii. 7. 3'.i, 40, 45, 4',", 50 53; iv. M: nfiisi-s
U> make allianci- with A'., ii. 120 : iKiitmlity t>f, 120, VJO, 232.
368: motive in Joining the "ai-med neutrality," 120: iV.V
tlirvatvninj; messiiieo to, 180 : friendly U* France, 222 : letter to
A'.. May. 1805, 228: swears friendship with Alexander I., 243:
joins tlie Thin! roalition. 242, 243 : signs away rrutsiaii iudu-
mndence, 25S ; threatens t<> alidieate, 271 : pruiwsis the (ir^ari-
ization of a North (icrman Cunfoiieration, 271, 272: niolulizes
the army. 273: demands tho I'Veiich evacuation of (Jcrmany.
273.274: dediuvs war, 274 : at Naumbui-n, 270: reluctjuice for
war, 278, 27'.t: military LInndors, 27i>: in Imttle of Auerstadt,
282, 2K3 : suis f«»r peace, iii. 1 : flight from .T6na, 1, 2 : refuses
to accept an armistice. 7: ticsiicration of, 7 : precarious eitu-
atiun at Kouigsberii, 15: .V. opens mgotiations with, 21: rr-
fuscH A'. ■» overtures. 22: refuses to nci;<'tiati' s«'ri»rate peace,
35: desperate situation, 36: his "divine npht,"30: S.'s alli-
tudc towftnl, 38, 40,84: anuislice nrraii^'nl with, 38: meeting
with the Emperors at Tilsit, 38-40, 43 tr. : hiimiliaiion of, 4'.i:
calls on his queen for aid, 49 : epoil:^ interview between A', and
his queen, 50: death of, 53: residence :it .Meniel, 87 : iu need of
eomforts, H7: sequestration t»( bis Wcsti)lialiun estates, 120:
friendship with Alexander, 151 : at St. retershurs, 151 : pro-
poses nlliimee with Austria, 174 : refuses aid to Francis, 174 : se-
cret arnuiment by, 174 : denounces Sehill, 180 : withdraws from
offer of alliance, 182: sounds Austria, 243: oflfers alliance to
Alexander, 243 : at Dresden. 251 : X. seeks to Ixdd his adhesion,
iv. 14 : Prussian disrejnird of, 19 : noniinally degrades York, 21 :
forced to a decision, 29 : negotiates with N., 29. 30 : removes the
court to Breslau, ;iO: grief at death of the Queen, 30: mobilizes
the army, 30, 31 : declares war, 31 : proposed allotment of terri-
torj- to, 39: mediocrity in military alfairs, 54: in milit;iry
council at Trachenberg, 55 : anxiety for the future of absidiit-
ism, 79: distrust of his allies, 79, 80: dissatisfied with the
Frankfort t^-Tms, 80: seeks the retention of Prussian aequisi
tlons, 99 : letter to Blucher, Feb. 20, 1814, 105 : at Congress of
Chatillon, 100: attitude toward Francis, 122: favors movement
tm Paris, 122 : violates armistice before Paris, 131 : his rela-
tions with Alexander, 133 : enters Paris, 133, 134 : at the peace
cotmcil ill Paris, 134 : ajiproves the Bourbon restoration. 1:h :
deceived by the Parisians* reception, l:t4 : alleged indelicacy of
his visit to the Empress at lUmbouillet, 150 : system of pro-
mntiori in tlie army. 175
Frederick Williani IV. (crown prince), a suitor for a Napoleo-
nic princess, iii. 251 : persuades York to rejoin Blucher, iv. 109
Frederick, king of Wiirtemberg, at tlie Erfurt conference, iii.
133: marries his daughter to Jerome Buonaparte, 257
Free trade, demand for, in Corsica, i. 62
Freiburg, i>ue d'Enghion prepares to retire to, ii. 193: military
moveiiuiits near, ii. 280
Fr^Jus, A', lands at, ii. 57; iv. 153: N.'s triumphant progress to
Paris from, ii. 58 : place of N.'h cmltarkation changed from St.
Tropez to, iv. 152, 153: arrival of A^ at, 153
•'French Citizen," the, change of name to "French Courier,"
iii. 72
"French Courier," the, iii. 72
French Empire, the, the Emperor the head of, ii. 255: distin-
giiislnd from Fi-ance, 201
French language, N.'k use of the, i. 44
Frfere, Gen., hneccss at Senovia, iii. 122
Pr6ron, Louis S., in siege of Toulon, i. 130, 137 : bloodthirsty
eliaraett r, 1:17: A'.'w friendship with, 139: oi>iiose8 Robespierre,
148: inlluence among the Thermidorians, 151: social life in
Paris, 173: a Dantonist, 173 : uses influence iu X.'it behalf, 175,
177 : flirtation with Pauline Buoimparte, 195 : commissioner at
Marseilles, 195
Friant, Gen., nuirchcB toward Ingolstadt, iii. 101 : in battle of
ll-.roiliiii., 201
Fribourg. Ibe plundering of, ii. 27
Frlck Valley, t^> i'e ceiird to Austria, ii. 27
Friedland. battle of, iU. 31-33: the campaign reviewed, 32-.35:
Alexander's plialdeness after, 200: battle of, compared with
that lit lJcre>*ina, iv. 77
Friedrlchshanm, treatv of, iii. un
Friedrlchstadt, lighting at, iv. 57
Friends of the Constitution, the i. 89
Frlschermont. the farm« of, iv. 191 : the French position at, 193
FriuU, retreat of Wumisers troox)s through, i. 235: Quasdano-
wicha strength in, 230: Archduke Charles in, 203: camjiaigu
in, 200 et Hcq. : cetled by Austria to Italy, ii. 252: creation of
hereditiiry dncby of, 255: Ihiroc created Duke of, iii. 71. See
l)t ki»o
Fromenti^res, military operations near, iv. 97
Fructldor, the 18th of, ii. 5: A'.'s responsibility for, 15, 21, 96:
Talhyrands views of, 23: connterstroke to, 03: amnesty for
the vietlniH of, H7 : nipturcs negotiatlonH at Lille, 95
Fructldorlans, attitude toward A'., ii. 15: the radical wing of
the, 29
Fuenterrahla, AT. seeks infomiation concerning, iii. 101
Fulton, Robert, tries to interest A', in steam, U. 214
Fuentes de Onoro, battle of, iii. 221
Fusina, the French army at, i. 274
Gaeta, creation of hereditary duchy of, it. 256
Gaffori, i- 01 : fails to arouse enthusiasm iu Ajaccio, 63
Gallcia, Kusslan troops in, ii. 233: Austria's forces on the fron-
tier •>!, iii. 25: Kusslan invtulun of, 182: A', demands cession
of, 184 : part of, ceded to Russia, 184 : teiTitory of, cetled to
griuul duchy of ^Val■8aw, 184, 2:u!. 237 : Austria stipulates for
acquisition i>f, 243: ceded to Austria, 251: I'oniatowaki com-
manding in, iv. 34 : Alexander proposes to exchange Alsace,
f<.r, 99
Galltzin, Prince, in battle of Eylau, iiL 19, 20: invades Galicia,
isj : letter from Alexander I., 237 : Alexander's friendship
with, 207: character, 207
Galilean Church, the. A". 'a- study of, i. 80 : a vtduntary, ii. 132 :
A. A' threat to liberate it from Rome. 58: regulation of its rela-
ti<»U8 w itb R^nne, 2(U, 202 : A'.'w failure to change, iv. 229
GallO, Austrian plenipotentiary at Leoben, i. 270 : Austrian pleni-
potiiitiary in tieaty of Campo Formio, ii. 13: bribed by A., 13
Gambling, aujipression of, iii. 75
Ganteauuie, Adin., member of tlie council of state, ii. lOo : com-
manding at P>rest, 213 : plan of naval operations for, 213 : fails
to run the blockade of Brest, 213
Gap, X.'s welcome at, on return from Elba, iv. ]0:(
Garat, D. J., Bonapartlst agent in Naples, ii. 61 : royalist in-
trigues of, iv. 129
Garda, Lake, military operations near, i. 226, 2;J2-234, 252-254
Gareau, rapacity of, i. 2:10
Garfagnana, >;iveu to Elisa (Buonaparte), ii. 255
Gasparin, A. E., member of Convention eonnnission for Corsica,
i. i:(l
Gassendl, A'.'*- host in Nmts, i. 83
Gassicourt, Cadet de, story of Lannes's deatlibed, iii. 173 : pre-
pares poison for A., iv. 207
Gaudin, M. M. C, apjioiuted to the treasury, ii. 87, 141 : meiuber
of X.'s new cabinet, iv. 167
Gaza, capture of, ii. 47
Gembloux, A', at, iv. 181: military movements near, 184:
Orouehy ord.Ted to, 185, 180, 188
Genappe, A.v illj^ht through, iv. 203
Gendarmerie, formation of the system of, i. 80
Geneva, -V. in, ii. 17: to be ceded to France, 27 : Bertluer sent
U>, 92: Mmc. de Stael's exile iu, iii. 27 : Atigereau confronthtg
llnluia at, iv. 91 : surren<lers to the allies, 98
Geneva, Lake of, French forces on the, ii. UO
"Genius of Christianity " (Chateaubriand s). ii. lOO
Genoa, relation of Corsica U>, i. 3, 4 : loses its h<dd on Corsica,
4-4i, 9 : convention with France regarding Corsica, 0. 8: cedes
Corsica to France, 9, 10 : the Buonaparte family in, 13 : PaoH's
fears concerning, 02 : claims to Corsica, 64, 05, 69 : A.V rela-
tions with and attitude ti>«ard. 00, 145-147. 150, 207 ; ii. 7, 10:
relations with France, i. 141, 143-145: English hillueneo in, 143:
seizure of F'rench vessel in harbor of, 14:1 : counterfeit French
money in, 145 : her neutrality violated, 145 : preparations for
war with, 145-147, 150 : A'.'s scliemo of operations against Sar-
dinia and, 140: neutrality, 147: the roiui opened to, 152: re-
opening of couunerce with Marseilles, 15;i : politicid status in
1790, 207: levy of enforced coiitriiiutions from, 208, 229; ii.
102: military operations against (1790), i,217: French proposition
to revolutionize, 227: guerrillas from, 228: coercive measures
against, 228: makes allianee with the Directt>ry, 248: disposi-
tion by treaty of Leoben, 271 : French intervention in, il. 7 :
sends an embassy to Mnntehello, 7: revolnlit)n iu, 7: disap-
pearance of (lenoa the Superb, 7: commercial greatness, 10:
plunder of, 11: transformed into the Ligurian Republic, 14:
trampled under foot by A^., 95: the French line at, 105 : Aus-
tria's jdans against^ 105: English expedition against, 105, 108:
Ma.ssena forced back into. 108: siege of, 108, 110. 113, 114: tho
key of. 113 : surrender of, 114 : A', learns of Massi^na's ilisaster
at, UO: accepts a consular constitution, 149: contributes men
to France, in war of IHif.i, 184: Massena's defense of, 207:
French acquisition of, 227, 229: position in the Frencli empire,
iii. 214
Gentlli, member of the Direct^)ry of Corsica, i. 73 : delegate to
the National Assembly, 74 : places Ionian Islands under French
protection, il. 11
Gentz, Frledrich von, manifesto against A'., iii. 156 : on the
campaign of 1813, iv, 79
George IIL, recalls Paoli to England, i. 154 : incurs the ill will
(»f Paul I., ii. 93: receives personal letter fnmi A'., 94: pas-
quinades un, 90: quarrel with Pitt over Catholic emancipation,
134: character, 173: fears f<-r absolntism, 173: on treaty of
Amiens. 177: message to I'arliament. March 8, 1803. 180: Elec-
tor of Hanover, 183: effect of his imbecility, 210: letter from
A'., Jan. 2, 1805, 225: uegntiations for the return of Hanover to,
258, 259, 271, 273 : use of tJernnm troops in the American cohm-
ies, 272: ousts the "All the Talents" ministry, iii. 41: joint
letter from A. and Alexander to (180S), 140: retirement of, iv,
168 : ruj)tnro of the treaty of Amiens, 232
George IV, (Prince Regent), attitude toward France (1795), i.
178: regency of, iv. 108: character, 108: besought for asylum
for A., 210
Georgia^ France undertakes to drive the Russlims from, iti. 24
Gera, military movements near, il. 281
INDEX
283
Gerard, GeiL E. M., created bnion, iii. 227 : buttle <i( ItortMlliin,
2til : seizia Monteruuu, !v. 10;t : moves t<>wur<i Vitry. Ill): jtt-
tiicliiiieiit to A'., 137 : streiiKth iifter tlie Huricniit!!- i»f I'arlH, 137 :
in tlie Waterloo Ciini]miKn. 175 et seq. : at (JliAti-k^t, 177 : uruiweri
tlu- Siimbii-, 177, 181 : buttle uf Llgiiy, 182, 183, 187 : at Walliahi,
18:»
Gerasdorf, niilitary operntious near, iii. 176: Arcluluke CliarUs
atlvuiH'i's t<i, Iti'.)
German Churcb, XV threat to Ulierato it from Kome, 111. fi8
Germanic Diet, I'mssla's Krowintr aHcendanuy in the, I. 262
German Empire, y.'t scheme to rival the, ii. 21G: abuliahed,
German-Roman Empire, decadence of, il. 27
Germany, bonors to I'lmit in, 1. lO: A'.V study ut, 40: onposi-
(ioii uf, to dciiiocrury, Mi> : cedeH tho left bank of the Khliie to
Krance, 104: growtli of lihL-rnl ideas in Koutlierii, ir>4 : neu-
trality of nortliern, ICA : secularization of church hui<U in, ir>4 ;
ii. 1G9 : repuldican schemes for, i. 20(1 : to be forced to yield the
Khtne frontier, 2U3: military operations in (lT'.>r>), 'iOti: Jimr-
dan's disastei'S in, 235, 270: N. enters, 208; A'.'w inllueiicu in,
278: claim to Malta, ii. 12: AuKcreiiu's blunderitiK in, 25:
plundering in, 25: French military arrojfinice in, 27: attitude
of the directory towanl the eceleaiastical principalities of, 28 :
auti-revolutionary siMitinu'ut in, 29: Jourilau ortiered to com-
mand in, GO: Archduke rbarlcs ttunmandtnK iu central, '.i.l:
the seat of liberalism in, 102: bilUtinK of l-'rench trooiw in,
103: iVanee's pecuniary ticmainls upon, 103: A'.'x plan for a
campaign in central, 107 : Moreau Uvies contributions on, 120 :
adjustment of tbe temporal arid spiritual ]n inciimlitiesof, 125,
12(5, IGO : reduction of Austria's a-sceiidancy in, 120: I'Vanee's
rights in. accnlinj; to Peace of Lnneville, rill: I "ranco- Russian
a^ireemt-rit conrcniinK 135, 13(J: the (_'ode NapoU^on in, 143:
L'Ifect of tlie (,'oncordat in, IflO: question of indemnifying dis-
placed princes, 1(19 : Kngland's a<tiv<' diplomacy in, 109 ct 8c(|.,
192: JV.V policy of re"rg;iiiiz;ition in, lt".9, 170: rearrangement
of territoricB. 170, 220, 'j.Vi : tit vtlopnunt of national spirit, re-
generation, and unification in, 170, 220; iii. 77, 120, 165. lt;5,
243, 250 : iv. 19, 21, 2H, 30. 31, 19, 51, 64, 77, 79, 91, 240 : strength
of the military party and anti-French sentiment in 1875, ii. 172 :
X.'s eye to invasion of, 186: Moreau's levies on. 188: homage
to y. by the princes <if, 210: X.'n claim to, 227 : Alexander I.'s
achenic fm- partition of, 228 : N. threatens to invade, 232 : Arch-
duke Ferdinand conunaniling in, 233 : highhanded proceedings
of tho French army in, 242: extension of the French empire
in, 256: humiliation of. '2'}G et seq. : state of religion an<l mo-
rality in, 257: scheme for unity of the Church in, 259, 200:
good-will to A', in western. 2(;o: the Oermanic empire abol-
ished, 261 : French occupation of southern, 262, 271 : Russia's
pretensions in, 272 : N.'s intention to evacuate, 273: Frederick
William demands the evacuation of, 274 : Austria asks for re-
arrangement of, iii. 25: its composite character, 49: hVeiich
nobility eutbnveil with lands in, 71: liberal movement in, 83:
Austria looks for indemnities in, 151 : hopes of the Ilapsbuvgs
to regain lost territory in, 154: Archduke Charles's address to,
155 : insuiTcctions in, 180; hatred of X. in, 185 : French ocu-
patioii of the coast, 204 : French evacuation of southern, 204:
conflseati-m in, 220 : Mmc. de .Stael's book on, 229 : withdrawal
of French troops from, 23t: influence of Prussia in, 243: pro-
posed new bouudaiies for, 243: feelings towartl iV. in, 245:
withdrawal of tbe Hap-ilmrgs from the leadership of, 250: con-
spiracies in, iv. 1 i : revolutionary feeling in, 19 : Russian
proclamation to, 31 : Sweden sends troops to, 32 : Austria aims
at rect>vering ascendancy in, 49: purpose of the allies to restttre
states in, 66: the retreat from, 70: proposed influence f'T A',
iu, 80 : Prussia's ambition for leailership in, 115 : X,'n iufluence
in the creation of ra<"lern, 240: the federation of, 24(J
'* Germany lu her Deepest Humiliation," ii. 271
Gernstadt, militai v nperatiMUs near. ii. 2m2
Gerry, Elbridge, r.dKvnu.i attempts to corrupt, ii. 23
Ghent, lli^^lit of Louis XVIII. t^), iv. 108
Giacomlnetta, A'.'« ciuldish love, i. 20
Gibraltar^ i. ■': Nelson sails for, ii. 230 : Nelson waters his ships
at, 23',' : iniportan.e of. iii. 89
Gibraltar, Straits of, Villeneuvo ordered to, ii. 239
" GUded Youth," the, i. ifil
Gllgenburg, Noy and Bernadotte escape to, iii. 15: military
movements near, 18, 19
GingTien^, P. L., Bonapartist agent in Turin, ii. 61
GirondG, Department of the, exempt from legislation couccni-
iug .fe"8, iii. 1)4
Gironde, River, A', proposes to seek :isylum on American ship
in tliCj iv. 209
Girondists, the, form a ministry, i. 100: the fall from the min-
istry, 102 : leaders of, 111: position in the National Convention,
111 : struggle between the Jacobins and, 111 : favor Ix)uisXVT..
115 : failure of their policy, 127 : defeat the Jacobins in Mar-
seilles, r2M : movement of Marseillais on Paris, 128: retreat
from Avignon, 129: their cause discussed iu the "Supper of
Beaucaire," 130, 131 : prepare Toulon for siege. 131, 132 : ileliver
the fleet at Toulon to Lord Iltiod, 132 : murders of. at Toulon,
137 : overawed by Danton and Marat, 138: effects of their pol-
icy, 147: failure of, 158, 159: their part in organizing the Di-
rettoiy, 101: influence on the new constitution, 165: royalism
among. 1H6
Girzikowltz, military operations near, ii. 249
Gltschin, Francis I. at, iv. 43
Glatz, si.ge of, iii. 23
Glogau, lubl liy the FYench, iv. 33 : relieved by Victor, 42
Glory, the Freneh passion for, ii. 160, 232; iii. 13
Gneisenau, Gen. August, institutes military reforms in I'rus-
Onfdsenau, fiun. AugilRt — ronfinti/t/.
sia, iii. KM iidlitury ability, iv. OO, 93, 1R3, 1B4 : ipuni up Ber-
nailotte at I^lpHlc, 73: alnijf to aiudbllate A'., 91: wanii UlU*
eher agahitit over-contldeiK-e, 95: in WAt«rhK> campaiKU, 175,
179. 180 : orders the PrUMsian retreat Ut Wuvre, I8:t, iHi : hin
title to fume, 18:1, IM : holdH Blui btT'H troopft, 191 : doubtii
Welllngtorih itblllty to sUind at Waterloo, 191: In battle uf
Wut4rloo, 2((;i, 2(f4
Godoy, Manuel do, prime mlniflter of Hpaln, 11. VM, 132, lft4:
relations with (^leen L«iutfta, 131, 1H4, 212; ill. m, 9k, 99. 112,
117: the "Prince of the Peiui-,' II. 1K4; III.9H: proiwwd king-
flom for, in Portugal, 57, 96 : SpanlHli revolt against, 59 : tre.-icn-
cry to a'., 59, on: lll-gotu-n wtuUh, 98. 99: r* latlons with A'.,
98,99, 104: waidng power and downfall of, 99, lol, 106, l(i7,
114: eaUAcs aiTest of Ferdinand, 100: Kerdlniuid'H chargiH
aKaiuht, UK): hecomus aware of A'.'' policy, 104 : ttklll In illplo-
macy, 104 : refuses to aAsent to Freneh seizure of Portugal,
l(i.'i : apitallud at the Froncli Invasion, 105: contt-mplateH a
Botu'lHUi UKUiarcby in America, 106: clamor for his death, 106,
107: capture of, 1U6, 107: seeks protection of Ferdlmind, 1(17:
destruction of Ids property, 107: propffsed trial of, Uf7, 112:
hinted order that he eomo t^i France, 110, 111 : ttnmmone<l to
Hayourie, 114: jiopular hatred of, 114: at Complegne, 116: In-
fumy of, 117
Goethe, Jobann W. von, meetings with A'., ill. 134 : decorated
at Krfurt, 1:17 : on N., 242, 245: the idcaliat among thlukersi
iv. 242
Gohier, M., nu-mber of the Directory, 11. 63: represent* Ja-
cobin element in the Directory, 64 : falls under Josephine's
Influence, 66: president of the Directory, 60: joins the B<ina-
partii^t ranks, 66, 07 : proposed resignation of, 69 : fleeks counsel
with Bunas, 72,73: refuaes to re.slgn, 73: impriaonment of,
74, 78
Gohlis, military operations near, iv. 72, 73
Goldbach, River, military operations on the, ii. 248-260, 263
Golden Book, the. See Vknice
Goltz, at libit, iii. 43, 49: interview with N., 51
Golyilim, luilitary operations near, iii. 12
Gorz, ceded to France, iii. 184
GosS, ca-.tle of. treaty of Leoben signed in, i. 270
Gosselies, military operations near, iv. 178, 179
Gotha, iinpiis.»nment of St. Aignan at, iv. 80
Gottingen, iJertiadottc ordered to, ii. 232: patriotism in the unl-
veisity, iv. 31
Gourgaud, Gen., accompanies N, to Paris, iv. 128: advises a
return to lx>rrainc, 130: requests inten'iew with Souham, 143:
accompanies M. to Roehefi'rt, 208: goes to London to seek
Knglisli asylum for A'., 210, 211 : acompanies N. to St. Helena,
214 : nii-s.sion to secure A", g release, 217 : assists A', on his hls-
tt.ry, 217
Government, Rousseau's views on, i. 2 : the centralization of,
ii. i:J9: the mystery of, iv. 25
Gradisca, sttu-ming of, i. 267
Graham, Gen., commaiuling English troops in the Netherlands
iv. 91
Grain, monopoly of trade in, i. 54
Grand army, the, X.'s distrust of, iii. 40 : passes from Prussia
to Spain, 141: Murat eomnianding the reninaut.s of, iv. 12:
denioraliz;itinn of, 13: crosses the Niemen. 20
Grandmalson, charges pl<»t.^ among tbe Five Hundred, ii. 79
Granville, Lord, on atfairs in France, i. 178
Grasse, A'. ■-> march through, on return from Elba, iv. 163
Graudenz, piecaiions Hituation of the garrison of, iii. 15: Ben-
nigs- ii atlempls to succor, 15: demanded by A', as a pledge, 35
Gravina, Adm., escapes from Trufalgur, ii. 241
Great Britain, the modern empire of, ii. 37. See also ENGLAND
"Great Elector," the oiflce of, ii. 85. 20G
Great Gorschen, fighting at, iv. 36
Great Raigem, military operations near. U. 247
Great St. Bernard Pass, the passage of the, ii. 110, ill
"Great Terror," the, i. 148
Greece (ancient), intlnenee on French art, iii. 72: effects of
aml'ition iu, iv, 230: the history of. 242
Greece. Nelson seeks the French fleet at, ii. 42: proposal that
France take, iii. 44 : X. plans the lil»eration of. 44 : the national
awakenini: nf, iv. 247
Gr^goire, Henri, influence on the Consulate, ii. 127 : royalist
iiilri-ues ..f. 129
Gregorian calendar, restoration of the, 11, 222
Gregory VII.. ii. 218
Grenadier Guards, in battle of Waterloo, iv. 196
Grenier, Gen., in battle of Hohenlinden, ii. 125 : division com-
mander under Eugene, iv. 28
Grenoble, Pius VII. a prisoner at, iii. 95, 187: X.'n march to,
on retmn from Elba, iv. 163: imperial proclamation at, 104:
obeys N.'s summons to surrender, 1(!5: iV.*« welcome at, 166:
A^ at, 171
GrenviUe, Lord, letter to Talleyrand from, ii. 94: on A'.'»
wickedness, 95
Grisons, the, (piarrel between the Valt«lliua and, ii. 7 : Aus-
trian violation of neutrality in, 49: Kray's communicationa
via, to be cut, 107
Grodno. Jerome ut. iii. 254
Gros, A. J., jiainter, ii. 225 : created a baron, 227
Grosbols, I csidiiue of Barras, ii. 81
Grossbeeren, battle of. iv, oo, 61, 64
Grosa-Ebersdorf, military operaiioiis near, iii. 168
Grouchy, Gen. E. iu battle of Hohenlinden. il. 125 : at Tilsit,
iii. 45 : commanding cavalry in Russian campaign of 1812, 246 :
in battle of Vaucharaps, iv. 97: recreated marshal. 172: move-
284
INDEX
iiK iiu ftii'l or-Um in ttu' WhUtIoo campftljni, 174 et seq., 181,
IK.'.. ISC, IHS-i'.Hi, VX>. 'HH. HV*, '2:if>: IcIItr to A'., Jiiiu' 17, 1815,
iNii iK': «iii'Ik-vI«hI iiiiuillin^iu-Ks of, iHti: iJi-raiii to i-ooptTtUc'
with, 187 : uiitiwy const'ifiuc of. iss: K:»rblfil atcuunt of Wa-
t«rlo-> Itv. IHM. I8*i: at Wiilhain. IK*, '315: iTltKisms of, ISO: at
Wnvn-, r.tl : .V.V n-lianri' "ti. 'iW), 'i»t5 : ordi-rid t4» rotiix' on
Nnimir, Jftt. ■JO.'.: ri'sjKnisihility (or dlsjistor at Watorl'Mi, •JO.'V:
viit.iry at \Vii\rc. "JiiT.: lojuh his iirniy hack to Fraiu c, 'UK*
Ouadaframa Mountains, .v. crosses the, iii. ur., i4G
Quadeloupe, Kri.-iu )■ i>i:iiiii to sd-fii^thiMi, ii. 'Ji:)
"Guardian Angel, The," in'ftr rniomif, tht- KinperorB nijiht at,
i\. n»:. KIM
"Guard of honor," the proiH>»i'il, iv. as
Guards ^English), in hatth- of WatoHoo, Iv. 201. 302
OuastaUa,^iv< II t«' riuilini'(lhioiia]itU'tc)ii. 2A&: graiite<l to Maria
U>tlls:t. iv. HH
Guastalla, Duchess of, raulino civatoit, iii. 213
Gudin, Gen., m Imttlu of rtiltu^^k, iii. 12 : in the Eckmiihl cam-
|i,ii:ii. It*.]
Gu^rin. Pierre N., rre.itctl Itanm, iii. 227
Guernsey, ItUKsian sotdifn* transporleii to, ii. 1*3
Guiana, Vichck'ni * scnnes from, ii. lori
Guldal, i'iiu".ii;« (1 ill M;iUt'« loiispirary, iv. 15
Guleu, Gen., i" the Itivoli eampaJKii, i. 2.M, '2tA
Guillemlnot.Gen., meiliator l>ct ween Russia and Turkey, iii. 86:
111 l.:itth- .■! \V:it.rl.K», iv. I'.iri
Guillotine, the, tlie work of, i. 148
Guldengossa, military oponitions near. iv. 71
Gunzburg, Muck essays to cross ttie liaiiuhe nt, ii. 23n
Gustavus Adolphus,' scene of 1i{k defeat of WaUenst<-in, iv. 3U
Gustavus rV., kill.; of Sweden, hat^d hy his suhjects, iii. 'M : in
l'..iijeniiiiu, ;i:. : weaknes^a of, 35 : ^ives place to Charles XIII.,
■Ji:.
Guyot, hattlc of Wat^-rloo, iv, 198
Gyulai, Austrian diplomatic af?entj ii. 24G
Gyulay, Gen., i>attle of Ltipsic, iv. vi, 74
Hadrian L, <1inrles the Great's donation to, revolced by N., iii.
itv.
Hague, The, removal of tlie capital to Amsterdam from, iii. 212
Hal. \\ elliiii:toii*8 troops at, iv. 188, 193
Halberstadt. the Black Lenionn esciipe through, iii. 181
Halkett, Hugh, in Imttle of Wjiterloo, iv. 202
Halle, lit iri;iT(itle'9 victory at, iii. 1 : (lie Itlack Legion's escape
tliroii^li. isi : patriotism in the university, iv. :U : Hliieher's
IMlwiTlce to, r/,1, TU
Hamhui^. nep»tiations hetwccn France and lYussia concerning,
ii. ln2: laid umler contrihulioii, IR't: dosed U> Brititnh e(mi-
nierce, 183 : seizure of Kiimlxihl at, 211 : proposal to pive it to
Pnissia, 258: French occupation of, iii. 7 : Spanish troops in.
124: Bernadotte's force in. ir.7 : smuKcled commerce of, ^H'M
scheme to incoriKtrate witli i-Yance, 204 : jiosition in tlie Frt-nch
empire, 214 : sends deputation to rnris, iv. 17 : risinjr nRainst
tlie Kren* ii parrison, 33 : captured by Vandimime, 37 : lianish
tr<M.ps Sent ^^ :i7 : occupied liy D.avont. 42 : tlie status quo to
be maintained in. 43 : ^. offers the city to Austria, 50: end of
N.'s defensive line, fil : Diivuiit hesie^'eil at, i>0
Hameln, uttempt to hcEie^'e, ii. 270: capitulation of, iii. 2
Hamilton, Alexander, v. s. treaj^ury system, iv. 229
Hanau, nudinot's command in, iii. 157: battle of, iv. 70; com-
pjiit d to Krasiioi, 70
Hannibal, A.V allusion to, i. 217 : hi» passage of tlie Alps, 11.
no. r_>o
Hanover, A', threatens to seize, ii. 180 : fJeorpe III., Elector of,
IKi: French necupaticns of, 183. 211. 271 ; iii. 7, 157, 204 : Pnis-
Bia neKoti.'it<-8 with France for, ii. 228, 229, 2:12 : the French garri-
son replaced by Prussians, 2;i2 : ceded t4J Prussia, 251, 258, 261 :
neu'otiations for it-s return to Georpe III., 258, 259, 271, 273:
attempt to <irive the French from, 270: troops in Pomerania,
iii. :jr» : atlott4.'d to.Icronie, 204 : Jerome deprived of part of, 213:
excepted from the scheme of I'russian apprandizcnient. iv. 31 :
England abandons scheme for extension of, 32 : Prussia prom-
ises to cede part of Saxony to, 45 : pi-oposed ceBsion of liildes-
lieirn Ut. 45: rcKtored to its former ruler, 79: campaign of the
Hiimired hav-;. 174 el seq.
Hanover, the House of, ii. 202, 203
HanseatiC towns, free cities, ii. 2fil : Joachim I.'s aspirations
cinc< rniup, 270: propfi>>al to include in Noilh Gennan Confed-
eration, 272: hesitate to reply to Pnissla, 273: neutrality of,
Iii. 41 : virtual dependence on France, nfi : snnigplcd commerce
of, 20:j: mheme to in(>or|M>rate thcni with France, 2(M : A. of-
fers to evacuate. 20H : offered l'< lyoiiiM for Itnibanl and Zealand,
207: Enplanii threatened with loss;of trade with, 208: A", rc-
fuBcH to vadv pidnts concemlnK. iv. 27: proiHtsal that France
eva- uate the, '.iH: pro)H)Hed independence of the, 44, 72
Happiness, .V. on. i. 77
Hapsburg, House of, end of Its policy of territorial expansion,
II. 125: • Ifect of the ftayouin- n<-potliitliins on, iii. 127 et seq. :
mvkn Indemnity for lost doruainH. 151 : hopes of repainfnp lost
territory. 154: demorallzatiftn in, in7 : mntrinionial nlliunce
with A'., 189, 193; Iv. 82: ilemocratlc blown at the diRnity of,
III. v.*c<; Iv. 77: withdraws from the Icademhlp of Uennany, in.
2-*.4)
Harcourt, on atfain* in France, I. 178
Hardenberg, Prince K. A. vod, nims nt eonRolidatlim of Prus-
sia, ii, 229 : dismiKiial of, 258 ; Iii. 38, 44 : Prussian minister. 11.
Hardenlwrg, Prince K. A. von — contimu'd.
2tt9; Hi. 36: at Tilsit, 44: proposes the partition of Turkey, 44:
seeks refupe in Vienna, 138 : effect of his reforniB, 243 : Metter*
nich'w nepotialions with, iv. 29: hostility to A'., 30
Harel, sban- in the execution of d'Eiiphien, ii. 198
Hassenhausen, eiipipement at> ii. 282
Hatzl'eldt, Prince, eourt-nuirtialed and sentenced to deatli, iii.
;{ : Ibc xiiteiiee commuted, 3
HaugWitZ, Count, i'russian envoy to l-Yance, ii. 246, 258: pol-
icy after Ansterhtz, 251 : concludes treaty with France, 258:
ilemand for the disgrace of, 271
Hauterive, Duhoux d', rojalist leader, 1. 178: reviews French
situation m 18iil, ii. t:t8
Havelburg, French ti\)ops at, iv. 28
Havre, France's alleged naval iireparations at, il. 182
H6bert, J. R., leader of the Exapi'res, 1. 138: terrorist, 148
Heddersdorf, defeat of the Austrian8 by Hochc at, 1. 272
HeidenheUn, the French position at, ii. 235
Hellsberg, Ney retreats from, iii. Ifi: Bennigseu reaches, 15, 19:
battle of, 29, 30 : A', concentrates his army at, 30: the Kusslans
abandon, 32: A^'« jteril at, ;i4
Heinrlchsdorf, cuL'aKement near, iii. 31
Hellopolis. battle of. ii. 123
Helvetian Republic, the, alliance with France, ii. 27: forma-
tiiui of, 27. 5'.»: neutrality violated by Austria, 49: A'. Grand
Mediator of the. 150: English efforts U> discredit France In,
ir>9: in vassalage to I-'ranoe, iii. 214
Henry, Prince of Prussia, ii. 2G9
Honry III., A. likened to. ii. 218
Henry IV., luadH the Ikiurbon d.iTiasty, i. 103: N. discerns llke-
msa tn himself, ii. 225: A', emulates in uxoriousness, ill. 198
Herat, i-roposed lYanco-Russian expedition via, ii. 126
Herbois, Collet d', member of the National Convention, i. Ill,
i:i7
Hercules, Pillars of, "the new," ill. 236
Hereditary nobility, aVioli.shed, ii. 144
Heredity, A', (m. i. 77
Herodotus, A'.'w study of, i. 40
Hesse, l-'rench march through, ii. 233 : furnishes contingent to
y.'s army, iii. 246
Hesse-Cassel, excUnled from the C'onfederation of the Rhine,
Ii. '^641 ; iii. 7 : proposal to inchule in the C(iiife<leratii>n, ii. 272 :
liesitat's to reply to Prussia, 273 : I<Yench (K-cupation of. iii. 7 :
nmtiality of, 7 : <irganized into the kiiigiioni of Westphalia, 49
Hesse-Cassel, House of, extitution of, iii. 7
Hesse-Darmstadt, member of the C<infederation of the Rhine,
ii. 260, 261 : tpiota vtf men, 261 : turns from A', to the allies, Iv.
79
Heyinfes, CoL, records A'.'« orders to Ney at Quatre Bras, iv. 178,
1K4
High Admiral, creati4)n of the offlco;of, ii. 206
Highways, A'. V sthenic of, ii. 178
Hiidesheim, apportioned to Prussia, ii. 170: proposed cession
of, to Hiiiiover, iv. 45
Hill, Lord, joins Wellington in the Peninsula, iii. 217 : occupies
l'.(iriieau\, iv. 114 : in Waterloo campaign, 176
Hiller, Gen., military operations c.n the Inn, iii. 154: move-
ments to support, 158 : movements before Katisbon, 161 : driven
hack tci Landshnt, 162: flees to Neumarkt, 162: Bessieres pur-
sues, 162 : crosses the Danube at Mautern, 164 : battle of EI>e1s-
herg, 164 : defeats W^rede at Erding, HH : cH'ects junction with
Charles at Bisamherg, 164, 167 : drives Eugi^ne over the Adige,
iv. 79
Hilliers, Baraguey d', capture of his command in Russia,
iv. 2
History, the functintis ami study of, i. 1, 2 ; iv. 223 : A'.V study
and theory of, i. 40, 70, 85, 86
" History of Corsica," i- 47. 48, 67, 69, 70
Hoche, Gen. Lazare, defeats Wurmser at Weissenhurg, i. 1C3:
commanding Army of the West, 209: military genius. 211; ii.
122: campaign in the Netherlands, i. 263: defeats Austria on
the Rhine. 271, 272 : expedition to Ireland. 278, 279 : cimsidercd
for niiiiistei iif war, ii. 4 : distrusted hy the people, 4 : death of,
5. 6
Hofer, Andreas, exploits in the Tyrol, iii. I8I : capture, trial.
:uhl di ath of. ISO: bis family einiohled, 186: his patriotism ana
fitiiic. IHtl: compared to Tell, 186
Hohenems, acquired l>y W'urtemberg, ii. 252
Hohenlinden, battle of, ii. 124 126
Hohenlohe, Prince of, commanding at Chemnitz, ii. 276: at
Hlankenhaiii, 27H : defeated liy Bernndotte at Sclileiz. 279 : in
baltb' of .It'tui, 2S0, 281, 2H3 : retreats to I'runzlau, 283: surren-
der of, iii. t!
Hohen-Thann, military movements near, ill. 160
HohenzoUem, nicnilier of the Confederation of the Rhine, 11.
2' 10
HohenzoUem, House of, ii. 2(»2, 203: A', in the palace of the,
iii. 3 : its t^-rrilories, 6 : A", contemplates its extinction, 6 : pro-
visions for French evacnntion nf its lamlK, 53: N.'a attitude to-
wanl, 86, 243 : humiliation of, 127, 128
Holltsch, interview between Francis I. and A. near, ii. 251
Hollabrunn, Bagration's stand at, ii. 244 : Koult at. 244
Holland, lionorn Ui Paoli iu. 1. 10: A'.V study of the hintory of,
'Mi: expected enmity of. 110: closes the Scheldt. 115: becomes
the Batavian Hopuhlie, 164 : eoni|uesiand oecu|)ation hy Ftiince,
197; ii. 3, 150; iif. 212: republican achemes for. i. 200: plunder
(tf works of art frruu. 225: organization of the Orange party in,
278, 279 : etforts to check democracy in, 278, 279 : EngliKh con-
(iiiests of colonies from, Ii. 8: pnqtosal t^j make her a depon-
(leney of France, 8: loss of colonics hy, 25 : compulsory enrol-
INDEX
285
Holland — eontintitd.
men! In Uu; rfpiilillcim HyAt«m, 2^: Dnine'B c»mpnli;n in, (U),
62, 03. 2(»7 : loyally to -Y., 1>7 : hi.lcnmity (..r Kluhhlnu', KM*: tin-
Code Nii|M>k^i«ii ill, Ua; 111. 212; u new loiiHtitiitinii linpoHtMl
on, il. 150: indvniiiity to Iliiuai- of Oran:;i-. KM : French unamn-
tces tt>, 184: shiirc in tho war at IHlKt, IHI : iudt-pcndeiKe ut.
227: iV.V claim to, 227 : I'liiatitii lionnd to secure the IlbrrtieH
of, 24;i: I^iiIh made kliiK, 2.V» ; ill. 7m. *.'0«'. : eiillntnunt^ fnun,
under the Krench eaKles. 11 : LoiiIsh reitrn In, 27, •2t»\ 207, 212,
213: vn&HiiIiLKe to France reeo);nir4-d ul Tiliiit, 47 : relatinna of
France uitli, <•! : sniiii^Rled connuurce of, no, 20:i, 2(M : L<>iiIh'h
loyiUty to t)ie Diitcli, IK'. : Oudiiiot ordered to c»erce, 24M : Krik'-
land a imper hlockade of. 20r.: vi»It ..f .V. to. jo*', : vi..|ftte8 the
Coiitlnoiital SyHtcni, 20*;, 207: .V. rotiueeM Louis t.i tlie ponitlun
of a Frencli Kovenmr, 207 : K*'»>nniplil(iilly ii part of Franeo, 207.
210: S.'h Mclicine for tin- annexation of, 2<r7, 20H : Knijtaiid
threatened with lose of tra<le with, 20S: S. orient to evacuate,
20H : opposition U* .V. in, 211: seizures of American Hliipn In,
211 : Fouch^'s BnKllHhKnt* h conspiracy, 211 : l^iuiit alidieateH,
212: removal of the capital to Amsterdam, 212: annexed Ut
Fi*aiice, 212: popularity of L<iui8 in, 212: prosperity untler
French nile, 212, 213: the national movement in, 213: "the al-
luvium of France," 210: KukIIhIi expedition to. 224: IncoriHH
rntod into the French empire, ^iT* : a. refuses to cede any part
of, iv. 27: riotji in, 27: F.ii(;t>ne to Ruard, *iH: proposal that
Franco evacuate, :tM: mediocrity of soldiers of, G4 : X. olfers to
restore indepemlence of, 72: EuKltsh inhucnce in, 72. HO: re-
calls the I'rince of Onmne. 71': proposed indepeiideDce i>f, 80
Holland, Lord, advocates A'.h cause In Parliament, ti. it4
HolSteln, tlireatened Fn-ncU invasion of, iii. 58 : Denmark's loss
"f, .V.'
Holy Alliance, the, iv. 50, 212
Holy Inquisition, abolished in Spain, iii. 147
Holy League, the, i. 103
Holy Roman Empire, dismemhennent of the, it. 170 : aliolition
of, 272: d' sire to substitute a Western Empire for, 2.'>'»: title
of the heir to, iii.20o
Hood, Lord, seizure at Toulon, i. 132
Hortense, Queen, at Malmaisou, Iv. 2O8. See Bkaubarnals
H"KTKN-^K I'K
Hostage Law, the, ii. f.4, 88, 89
Hougomont, ll»e farm-house of, iv. 191, 194: fighting at, lOri-
UtT, 2W)
Hoyerswerda, A", moves toward, iv. 02
Hugo, Victor, on .v., i. 230 : at school in Madrid, iii. 223
Humanity, tlie cause of, i. 158
Hy6res, rctre:it of the Corsican expedition to, i. 155
Hultn, Gen. P. A., presides at trial of Due dKnj:hien, ii. 196-198 :
tiansfeis his alles,'iiiiice to Ix)uis XVIII., iv. 147
Humboldt, William von, memher of lYussian reform party, ii.
•1*'<'M reoryanizcs the educational system of Prussia, iii. 83 : at
(.'onKress of Priiixue, iv. 49
Hundred Days, the campaign of the, iv. 174 et seq.: X.'s mono
•rraph on, 217 ; the political question of the, 244
Hungary, Francis I. prepares for flight into, i. 270: French ma-
chinations in, ii, 28: importimee of securinj^ to the allies, 240:
Archtluke John in. iii. 105, 108, 174, 175, 17H : N.'h policy of win-
ning the people of, 100: Leopold Il.'sreitrn, 100: FYaueis I.'s
treatment of, 166
Iberian Peninsula, proposed appropriation of, iii. 89
Ibrahim Bey, in the battle of the I^Tamids, ii. 41 : faila to as-
sist the lihodes evpedition, ft3
He Dieu, landini: id Count of Artois on, i. 182
nier, Gen., commanding in the TyTol, ii. 122
nier, River, Austrian forces on the, ii. 233, 234
niyria, Austrian recruiting in, i. 236: Marmont in, iii. 174: con-
9tituti"n of, 1H4: miliury govenmient of, 213: proposed sur-
render of, to .\ustria, iii. 243 ; iv. 27, 38, 44, 49, 72
Imagination, -V-"* prophetic utterance on a disordered, i. 77
Imperial Guard, at Kronach, ii. 278: discontent among the,
iii. 12: strength in Poland, 13: at Eylan, 19, 20: battle of
Heilsberj^, 29: battle of Friedljuid, 31: exclusiveness of, 71:
service in Spain, 105, 203, 217 : accompanies .V. from Spain to
Paris, 140: strength in March, 1812, 240: omission of A', to use
them at Borodmo. 203 : at Smolensk, iv. .■> : at Ki-asnoi, 0 : on
march from Smolensk to Lithuania, 5: X.'s address to, near
Orcha, 7 : demoralization of, 7 : jealousy of the proposed " guard
of honor,"' 25 : at Rippach, 3'> : in battle of Liitzen, 30 : the al-
lies" belief in A'.'« use of, 53 : at Lauban, 55 : feat of marching,
56: battle of Dresden, 50, 57: its losses, 107: iV. reviews the,
136, 137 : in Waterloo campaimi, 174-202 : battle of Ligny, 18:j :
battle of Waterloo. 10:t, 200. 2ui : personnel and morale, 201 :
" dies but never surrenders," 202
Imperial University, foundin-; of the, iii. 72
Imposts, th< reirulatuMi of, i. 22
" Inconstant." the, A'.« escape from Elba in, iv. 102, 163
India, .W'f ;itientinn turned towani, i. 40: N.'s aspirations for a
career in, 123. 129, 192; ii. lo: A*, given leave to march on,
49: importance of A'.'s conquering.', 50 : Russia's ambition in,
102,120, 108; Franco Russian plans for invasion of, 120, KM:
N.'s dreams of emjure in. 184 ; iii. 235. 207, 268; iv. 220: \:k
plans for attacking Enu'bind in, ii. 213 : proposeil French exi>«--
dition to, iii. 0 : proposed Framt>- Persian invasion of, 24 : Eng-
land's vulueruble heel. Hs, W. 91 : the hit'liway to, 89
Indus, River, the, promised Indian e\i>cditi(»n9 via, ii. 134
Industry, improved condition of, ii. 165: jV. advises encourage-
ment of, 222
Infantado, Duke del, h-aibr of Fenlinand VU.'i party, 111. 99:
• ..iiiiiiihHloii. .1 Kovrrrior of New CimtlU*. IIM)
Infantry, a . ** > urU \ h w ^ • oncrmlnK. I. 'JXf '^*
" Inlluence Ol the PasslOOB," .V.'< fetudy ut Mme. de Htaels, II.
30
IngolBtadt, Bemadott« marvhea to, IL 234 : Davout to concentroto
at. III. 159-101
Inn Quarter, c.^bd to Au>ttHa, II. 27: emlK>dle<l In the I'onfod-
erati.'ii ol lh< ICbinc, III. IM
Inn, River, the, ndlliary niovementJi on, II. 124. 233, 236; lU.
151. I.V.I, ir,4, IKI
Innocent IL, eontrtmted with Plus VII., 202
Innsbruck, mv/.vl by the lyroli;*., ||>. IM: KarrisomHl tiy Amu
trliiTi.H, 1:,*; : Ufilivre driveti TyroleauM frum, 105
Inquisition, the Holy, blamed for dlM>rderK in Spain. 111. 124
Institute of Franco, reork'uiduiticui of. l. 107 : Talltyraiid a
mendi* r of, h. 2'A 32: ele< tii A', a member, 67, 214: furt of
the edueutiMrial MyKt4'tn cf Frani-e, I4fi
Institutions, A . > Htuti) of. t. 40
International law, th<- law of robudal trade, ill. 41, 42: nen-
tnd whips and neutral g.-MJn, 41 43: the "nile^.f 17W.,*'41, 42:
right of hearcli, 42, >^l : contraband of uar, 42: Hanetity of all
llaifS on hluli m. as 4h : the law of neutrals, 20:t, 205, 214 : uw of
"i*imnlate<l papers.' '20'i, 210
International understandings, a imped-for systi^^m of, iv. 243
Invalldes, Hospital of the, tropbien from AUmkir deposited
al^ ii. 97: iiiniiiruratloii or tin- empire at. 209: distribntlon of
1^ uion of riouor crosses at, 2:il : relics of Frederick the (Jreat
sent to, iii. 3
Ionian Islands, taken under French protection, fi. 11 : wonthlp
of A', in. U : France retains, 14 : suzerainty of Turkey over.
1(>8 : occupied by Russia, 211 : compensation for. III. 49: Eng-
land's naval watehfulneas o\er, '.HI : military (government <>f, 213
Irel&nd. Iloehe's expeilition to, i.27H, 279: plann of French Inva*
slon of, ii. 33, 40, 213, 214, 2:iH : arrest ami dismissal of French
consuls in. 173: A*, foments disturbance in, 175: volunteer
forces in. iw. : Knulish tnHips sent to Portugal from, iii. 97:
French evpedition ak'uin-t (1H11), 2^t4, 235
Iron Mask, the Man In the, i. 12
Isar, River, militjiry movements on the, Ii. 124; iii. 159-162
Isenburg, uumber of the Confederation of the Rhine, Ii. 260
Iser Mountains, milit«ry movements near, iv. 55
Islam, A. pndrsses the reli^don of, ii. 45
Isola Rosea, i>airiot succens at, i. 04
Isonzo, River, military operations on the. i 267 : proposed boon-
dary for U^dy, ii. 10
Istrla, ceded to Austria at Lcoben, I. 271 : Austrian forces in, ii.
Ill : ceded by Austria to Italy, 252 : creation of hereditary
dnehy of, 255 : Bes8i(>res created Duke of, iii. TO, 71. See Bbs-
SlfeliKS
Italian Church, AT.V threat to liberate it from Rome, iil. 58
Italian Republic, A', president of the, ii. 149
Italy, attniity with Corsica, i. 2, 3, 11, 12 : the root of the Buona-
parte f;iNiily in, 12, 13: expected enmity of, 110: movements of
the French rieet against, 113: A'.'* plan of ciini]>algn in. 141,
144-140: suspension of offensive operations in, 152: "pening
the roads uito, 152, 208: tmeasincss in, at English jiroximity,
155: French schemes ai^inst Engliali iiifluenre in, l.'>5 : growth
of liberal ideas in, 104 : A', claims the honors of the campaign
in, 174 : adoption of X.'s plan of campaign aL-ainst (n'.Ti), 175,
176: Austria's gaze on, 198: A'.'» peculiar relations to, and
knowledge of, 205-207, 225: the battle-field of rival dynasties,
207: status in 1790, 207: revolutionary spirit in. 207: wealth,
207, 225, 229 : cost of the war in, 211 : A'.« successes in ( 1796),
211 : l-Yench pillage in, 211, 201, 270 ; ii. 8, 12, 21 : the destinies
of Europe dependent on fate of, i, 212: "an artichoke," 213:
the garden of, 210, 217: crushed at Lotli. 219, 220: levying con-
tributions in, 219, 220, 223-225, 228, 229 : the fate of Europe de-
pendent on campaign in, 2;i6 : A'^.'* personal views of his cam-
paign in, 242: A'.V negotiations with, 244-249: relations with
France, 244-249: tlie rampaign in, 250 et scq.: Austria's fourth
attempt to retrieve position in, 250: the key of, 252: Sjuiin's
mastery of, 200: Austrias greed for territory in, 202 : Austria's
determination to fight in, 203: spread of the revolutionary
movement in, 264. 205 : A'. '^organization of native forces in, 267:
scheme of a central republic for, 271: general disannament of,
273 : A*, has free hand in rearrangement of, ii. 4 : A',V schemes
to master, 6: lands in, ceded to Austria, 14: attitude of the
Directory toward, 15, 10 : A'.V reports on tlie people of, 15, 16 :
y. the deliverer of, 17 : the enlightenment of. 25 : JYanccs pol-
icy toward, 20 : keeping <tpen gateways into, 27 : Polish trotips
in, 28: X.'s forces in, 28: reasons for success of revolutionary
propaganda in, 30: proposed movements of the allies in, 49:
Jouberfs connnand in, 49 : French disasters in, 55, 92 : dissolu-
tion of the republics in, 57: France foments quarrels in, 50:
SclnSrers blunders in, i-O: Russian military operations in, 02,
63 : Francis I. determined to hold northen). 93 : A'.'k bad faith
with the states of, 95 : Fi-etn-b and Austrian troo|>a in, 105 : A'.>
plan of campaign in, (180<»X 10*; et seq.: the reserve army ordered
to, 107 : Lecourbc ordered to, 110: Austrian successes and forces
in, 110, 111 : open t«^ A'.s armies, 113: Austria agrees to evacu-
ate northern, 119 : Austria s^-eks concessions in, 122 : Maiv^enas
maladministration in, 124: Murat commanding In central. 124 :
Brune's and Mucdon.-dd's movements in, 125: Austria s line hi,
as fixed at Luneville, 125: alleged plans of A', to secure princi-
pality in, 120 : A'.'x problems in, 131 et seq.: influence ot l-Yance
in, 133: Franco- Russian agreement concerning, 1:1.5, l:W: the
Code Xaiwleon in, 143; Iv. 79: reorgiuiization of the Cisalpine
Republic, ii. 149: A'.Vgripon, 168: .Austria's share in, 170: Mo-
reau's soldiers drafted into, 188: the second campaign in, 188:
286
INDEX
Italy — nmiinufd,
rt»lrution ot the temporal power in, 308: necessity for reor-
piiilzatioii, .ti-2 : utiloii of the ertiwus of l-Yance and, 220 : corw-
iiAliun ft S. AS kiiiK, 226: .V.'* scheme of iiulepemleiu-e for,
227: A*. iK""res Kiissiaii interference in, 22H : Prince EuKt>ne
B^auhaniais viceroy u(, 22y : A'.V sojourn in, 229 : Austria's am-
liitiou concerning. 2^U): Eugene Keauharnais t<t or^iuiize troops
in, 2112: Austria's interest in, 2;W : Arehiiuke*'liarles command-
In^ in, 2;W; Fru&sin bound t<> secure tlu- iiulepeudeuee of, 243:
Au>trliin troi>p8 witiiilnnvn to Vienna from, 24r»: JV'. proju'ses
(o u«ld Venetiii to, i'tl : acquires Krinli and Istriii, 2.V2 : acquires
l>alnii)tia. 252, 202 : X. exact* tribute from, 2r.5 : Vcnetia iuei>r-
IMtrated into, 2.V1. 202: enlistments fn>m, undir the French
eiiKhs. iil. Jl: French dominion reeo^nized at Tilsit, 47: tern-
iMiral a)>iK>intnient of liistmps in, &7 : ecclesiastical difflcullies
in, r>l, 2;W: relations of hYanee with, 61 : proposal to lay under
commercial trilmte to France, 62: Kreneli nobility emiowetl
with lands in, 71 : A'.'« royal progress through, 88: A.'n llrni
liidd on, 88: as a highway U> India, Hit; lack of an heir to the
throne. iXC alKilition of the hostile strip between Naples and,
94 : annexation of Papal States to. 58, '.t4 : Ktruria incorponit< d
with kinnJom, iiO, lO-J : .V. visits (Nov.. 1S08), 102 : X. off. i> tlu-
crown to Lueien, Ut2, lo;t : Austria looks for indemnities in,
151 : hopes of the Ilapsburfirs to regain territory iu, 154 : dt feat
of Prince Kugine by Archduke John in, IMi : Arclulnke John
ill, ItVt. 104 : ci>nsolidation of, under the Napoleon family, ICT :
extinguishment of Austria's hojies in, 107 : tlie city of Rome in-
corixirated with, 180: Machiavelli and Daunon on the attitude
of the church of Home towanl. 201 : breaking the cliains of ec-
clesiastical oppi-ession in, 202 : eubstitntion of military desi>ot-
isni. 202: allotment of Austrian lands to, 204 : Kngland's paper
blockade of, 205 : Kugiiic nuide viceroy of, 214 : " the Hank of
France," 216: confiscation in. 226: furnishes contin-jrent to AW
army, 246 : A', ruler of, iv. 19 : Roman Catholic inlluence in, 26 :
A*, refuses to cede any part of, 27 : Eugene ordered to niise a
new army in :i8, 4:i : proposal to liberate her from Franco, 44 :
Austria seeks to regain ascendancy in, 40, 72, 8(t: X. ortcrs to
guar:int<>c the unity of, 72: sowing the seeds of unity for. 77 :
effect of the battle of Leipsic ou, 77 : confusion in, 7".t : Altleri's
work in, 79 : humiliation of, 79 : proposed independence of, 80 :
fails to support A'., 91, 93 : lost to France, 91 : A', renounces the
throne of, 147 : feels the Austrian yoke, 156 : revulsion of feel-
ing toward A", in, 156: plots against A'., 160: social reforms
in, 2-26: after-effects of the Revolution, 226: A'.Vlask in, 226:
l^-neh inllueni-es in, 246, 247 : Austria driven from, 247
Ivan, l>ody physician to the Empeior, iv. 146
Ivrea, attacked Viy Lannes, ii. Ill : capture of, li:j
Isqulerdo, Sp:uiish minister to France, iii. 91): conducts nego-
tiations between Spain and France, 10.5 : reiKtrts failure of his
mission, 105
Jackson, Andrew, at New Orleans, iv. 174
Jacobin Club, the, foundation of, i. 55: influence, 87, 88, 91:
b-tiri' fiMiii \. tn, 103, 104: ch»8ingof, UU
Jacobinism, in A. ^ early life, i. 84: X. renounces, 150: its de-
cline in France, ii. 1 : Fi'cnch hatred of, 24 : rising tide of (179it).
64: Pitt's delusion concerning A'', and, 94: decadence and ob-
literation of, 127, 151, 165, 167 : effect on A'., iv. 223
Jacobins, tlie, declare open hostility to Louis XVI., i. 100, 115:
Damon's leadrrsliip in, 110: struggle l)etween the Ciirondists
and. Ill : positinn in the National Convention, 111, 158: con-
nection of the Buonapart^-s with, 127 : supremacy of. 127, 139:
defeated by the Oiromiists in Marseilles, 128 : intensity of their
movement,' 131 : disorders r)f their rule, 147: decline of their
power, 158, ir>9, 178; ii. 1 : military successes, 1. 159: influence
among the Thermidorians, 101 : tyranny of, 162, 103: strive for
the m:i8ter>', 165 : reaction in favor of, 168 : X.'s relations with,
lOH, 182 : inlluence in the Directory, ii. 33 : activity iu May elec-
tions a799X 62: political faith, 64 : influence in the Five Hun-
dred, 60 : suppression of their section of the press. 66 ; attitude
on the 19th lirumairc, 78, 79 : end of the party, 81, 84 : financial
effects i>f their rule, 88, H9 : leyislation against, 89: attitmie to-
ward the Church, 132: assaBsination scliemes among, 154, 155:
reput4'd rising iu France, iHit : England ftisters the spirit of in-
surrection among tlie, 191 : .ilienated from A'., iv. 171 : subser-
vient to y.'s will, 229
Jaffa, bombardment nf, ii. 47 : massacre and license at, 47, 48 : the
Frenrh hospitals at, 50, 61 : st^iries of X.'g inhumanity at, 51 :
tiK- retrc:it from, .M
Jamestown, St. Helena, Iv. 216
Janina, Pasha of, rebi-iiiouB spirit of, ii. 11
Janizaries, n bellion of the, iii. 33, 127
Jason, -V. likcmd to, iv. 22
Jauberthon, Mme. de, marries Lueien Buonaparte, iii. 102
Jaucourt, , royabst intrlgnea (tf. iv. 129 : letter of, March
17 I'-II. 129: member of the executive commiHslon, 135
Jay treaty, the, ii. 136
Jemmapes, ttattie of, 1. 115
Jefferson, Thomas, bis embargo policy. 111. h2, 83
J^na, I'attb of, 11, 279-2H:i : moral effect upon Pruiwia, Iii. 1 : prac
tical n^^nlts to the Fr(-n(li,2: Prussia's humiliation at, 49 : a
royal hare-hunt on the Held of, 13H : immediate etfeets of the
battle, 147: patrlotiam In the university, Iv. 31: the strategy
of. 35
J^na, the bridge of, in Parts, Hi. 62
Jerome<kingo| \V4Htphalia),vifdate8 the Continental System, III.
2^*4: a'((uirefl Hanover and Magdeburg, 204: hesitates about
fumlnhlnK new levies, Iv. 28. 8ee also Bt'uNAPAliTK, JKItoHE
Jesuits, Carlo Ruonapart«'s claims .ngainst the, i. 15, 21, 24, 32:
.\le\aiuier seeks tlair influence in Poland, iv. 20
Jesus Christ, A . « ompares Apollonius of Tyana with, ii. i:i3
Jews, in Corsica, i. 5: Paoli's relations with the, 5 : rights and
duties under the Code, ii. 144 : the Semitic question in France,
iii. 02-64: gt-neral Sanhedrim of, 6;i, 64: A'.V legislation con-
cerning, 69: liable to militar>' service, 04 : regulations for Al-
8;ice, f>4 : present standing in France, 64 ; iv. 229
Jezzar, commanding Turkish troops in Syria, ii. 46-18: A', reports
his massacres to, 47 : reinforcements from Damascus for, 48
Joachim L, grand tiuke of Cleves and Berg, ii. 201. See also
Mt KAT
John, Archduke, succeeds Kray in command, ii. 122 : forces of,
122 : position on the Inn, 124 : battle o( Iluhenlinden, 124, 125 :
reaches Marburg, 230: to excite revolt in the Tyrol, iii. 154:
defeats Prince F,ut;eue, 156: abandons the Tyrol, 163: escapes
from Macdonald into llurigary, 105 : ordered to Liuz, 167: at
Volkermarkt, 108: in Hungary, 174: driven into Hungary by
Eugtne, 175 : preparations to oppose, 175 : advances toward
Raab, 175 : in Prcsburg, 175, 176, 178 : turns to guard Hungary,
178: ordered to attack, 178: accused of crimiual negligence.
17H: banished to Styria, 17h : proposes to continue the war,
IJSI : quarrels with Charles, 182
John, Don, regent of Portugal, iii. 95: character, 95: yields to
deinaniis of France, 95: plan to cai»ture, IKJ : Bellesca organizes
rebellion in favor of, i)7
Jominl, Henri, on the Eckmuhl campuign, iii. 163: records A'.'«
warlike spirit. 248 : A'.'^t military eontidences and conversations
with, 253, 256 : alleged hostility of Berthier to, iv. 52 : goes over
to the allies, 52: military genius, 52
Jouan, Gulf of, landing of A", on shores of, iv, 163
Joubert, Gen. B. C, in Rivoli campaign, i. 251-254 : occupies
Rivoli,2:.l : military operations iu the Tyrol, 266, 268,269; Joins
A'., 20n: uilbdniws from tlie TyTol. 269, 273: French agent in
the Nctbrrlands, ii. 26: to succeed A', in Italy, 49: defeated
and killed M Novi, 57, 63, 06: succeeds Moreau, 63: relations
witli Sieyes, )"'3 : statue at the Tuilcries, 97
Jourdan, Gen. J. B., defeats the Anstrians at Fleunia, i. 163:
suspected of intrigue, 165 : a i>roduct of Carnot's system, 202 :
saved from defeat at Maulieuge, 202: commanding f on es at
Dusseldorf, 209: military giiiius, 211: seizes Wurzburg, 236:
meets with disaster In Cermany, 2:t5: defeated near Katisbon,
235: wins battle of Altenkirchen, 2:(5: disgnu-ed, 279: member of
the Five Hundred, ii. 49 : ctumnandinL: Army of the Danube, 49 :
ordered to central CJermany, (U): defeated at Ostrach and Stock-
ach, 60: succeeded by Lenouf, 6u: carries out conscription
measures, 03 : Jacobin candidate for supreme command, 64 : de-
mands a vote of ** public danger," GO: fails to attend Itanquet at
St. Sulpiee, 08: warned to keep the peace, 74: legislation
aimed against, 89: annexes Pietlmont, 149: victory at Fleurus,
206 : pacification of I*iedmont. 206 : created marshal, 206 : mil-
itary adviser to Joseph, iii. 142 : goes over to Louis XVIII., iv.
147 : recreated marshal, 172
"Journal of Debates," the, iii. 72
"Journal of the Empire," the, iii. 72
Joux, imprisonment and death of Toussaint Louverture in castle
of. ii. 152
Judicial administration, the, ii. 99-101
Judiciary, reform of the, i. S7
July 14, .elelnation of. ii. 127
Junot, Gen. Audoche, A', wins the admiration of, i. 139 : letters
from A'., I'd ; iii. 270; iv. 1: acc<mipauies A', to Paris, i. 156;
delivers A'.'s terms to Venice, 270: escorts Josephine to Monte-
bello, 282: formulates demand on the Venetian senate, ii. 7:
service in Egypt, 36: in battle of F.sdraelon, 49: ordered to
leave Egypt, 50 : ordered with "corps of observation" to Por-
tugal, iii. 57 : his venality and greed. 07, 97: ordered to invade
Portugal, 95, 96: reaches Abrantea, 96: garrisi'us Portuguese
fortresses, 90 : prepares for invasion of Spain, 96 : reaches Lis-
bon, 97 : military administration in Portugal, 97: goestoOiwilo,
97 : aspires to tju* crown of Portugal. 97, 219 : revulsion of feel-
ing in Portugal against, 97: appointed governor of Portugal,
104: strength in Portugal, 122: Rcssit'res ordereil to connect
with, 123: precarious situation, 123: escapes to cintra, 12.S:
defeated at \'imeiro, 12:1, 124 : surrenders at Cintra, 123, 124,
144 : returns to France, 123 : forces in Spain, 143 : defeated by
" tlie Black Legion at Berneck, 180: in Leon, 217 : battle uf Boro-
dino, 201
Junot, Mme., i- 108 : opinions of X., ii. 128, 129 : ancient lineage
of, iii 97
Jura Mountains, proposed boundary for Germany, Iii. 243
JiiterbOg, Bmiadotte at, iv. 63
Kala, lighting at, iv. 30
Kaiatscha, River, military ojierations on the, iil. 260, 261
Kalish, treaty of, Feb. 2h, I813, iv. 21, 31
Kalkreuth, Gen, Prussian rommauder. ii. 272: defense of Dant-
zic, iii. 24: at 'I'lMt. 43: agreement Ui evacuate Prussia, 81
Kaluga, 'At' nsion of the Rua^iau lines toward, iii. 266: French
retnat lowurd, 20H
Eamenskl, Gen., Kusttfan general -In -chief, iii, 14 : mistake at
battle of Pnltiisk, 14: retired, 14
Kandahar, iiinjectid rising against England in, iil. 24
Kapzewltch, Gen., reinforces HIneher at Montmirail, iv. 96
Karl August, I'nke of Saxe Weimar, accept* French terms after
J.'na, iii. 7
KarlingS. the, the legitimacy uf, ii. 208
INDEX
287
Kastel, fkrtmrxl sUtiuiu-d ut, fv. A9
Katzbach, River, liluclitr rro»8.-8 the, iv. 85: battle of, flo, 61
Kebl. -Mor.iiu tros.si'8 the Uhlrir at, I. 2^5
Keitb, Adm. G. K. £.. oxpcdiiiun uKuin^t iit-m>a. 11. l()r> : Krutitudu
to .N. for favors iv. 2l:t : aniiouiicea thu ftuut«ncu u( uuprlsuu-
mint to .v., 2i;(
Kellermaun, Qen. F. C.,(ltrenUthrnllit-snt Valmy, l. iir> : cmn-
maiiiliiig (orcfa hi tho Alps, v^H, jw. pluita of th« Directory re
ganliiiK. 2^1 : hi .Siivoy, •»'.*'j: re« elvus 8ulml<ly from A'., ■-'■ij : pro-
position thiit ho urKiihl/x- ri'|tnl)lieM in Itiily, 'i'JT
KeUermann, Oeii.F. £..iM tmtticuf Miu-cuko. If. hh, iid. 175:
hattli o( Li'ipsif, iv. 71, 73: trnnBfert his allegiance to Louts
X\ III., U7 : recrtatud marshal, 172: in tho Waterloo cam-
paign, 175, 17C^ IH-J, 183. I'.tS: tiattle of Qutttio Bnia, 18a, 183
Kemberg, Ithiclur's march to, iv. f.O
Kerallo, M. de, commends y.'n ahilit), i. 2K, '29
Khiva, [iripos. .1 KnuK-o-RiiHtiian oxpeditiuii via, il. 126
Kieumayer, Gen., Austrian commundant in Fraiiconia, Hi. IHTI
Kllmalne, Gen. C. J., wut-in-s Vt-ni<'r, i. •2ca\
" King of the French," or " King of France," i. w
Kings, di\ini; rii^ht of, iv. Ji-J
Kinzig, tlif Aiistiian line at. ii. 10.')
Klnzig. River, military uperatious on the, iv. 76
Kircliener, Gen., kitkd at Riichcnbach, iv. 40
Klageufurt, rapture of, i. 2t)8: A. in, 269: invasion of the Ty-
rol from, iii. IKI
Kl^ber, Gen. J. B., niilit^iry sticccsscs of, 1. 163: a product of
Caiuufs a>8tem, 202: serviie in Ejrypt, ii. 30 et soq.: marches
on Syria, 4tt, 47 : in battle of Esdratlun, 48, 49 : at the siem- of
Acre, ."HI: in the battle of Abonkir, f.4 : apiwinted to chief com
mand of army in F.^ypt, .is : instructions for cvm-uatinK Ek'ypt.
50 : prvitcsts a;:ainat X. s conduct, 56 : deceived by A'., 56 : pre-
pares tt> evacuate Ek'ypt, U4 : military genius, 122: coneludcs
treaty of EI Arish, 122 : defeats the Turkish antiy at Heliopolis,
123 : bis admirable administration, 123 : asj»asslnatioii of, 123,
135 : succeeded by Menou, 123
Klein, Gen., in the Austerlitz campaign, ti. 245: BUichcr's du-
plicity to. iii. 2
Kleist, Gen., in battle of Bautzen, iv. 30 : Prussian commis-
sioner at I'oischwitz, 43, 4.'. : battle of Kulm, 61 : reinforces BIu-
cher at Montmirail, 96: displaced, 175
KlenaUp Gen., at surrender of Mantua, i. 2.'>7 : threatens Augc-
rean, li. 126: commanding under Archduke John, 122: battle
of W;if;r;tm, iii. 17»' : march from Tharandt to Dresden, iv. 57
Knight of Malta, the, letters from the Czar to, i. 262 : death of,
ii. 12
Knights of St. John of Malta, the, corruption ainoncr, ii. 38:
wars a;raiiist the Turks, 40 : Paul I. seeks to head, 102 : Malta
restore.! to, 167, 171
KobelnitZ, military operations near, ii. 249
Kolber^, Benniu'sen attempts to succor, iii. 15: siege abandoned,
23 : A. demands, ;is a pledge, 35
Kolin, battle of. iv. 2;J5
Koller, Gen., Austrian commissioner at Fontainebleaa, iv. 149:
suiigests an a.sylum for A', iu England, 150: accompanies AT. to
Elba, lo:i : quits Elba, 155
Kollowrath, Gen., in battle of Austerlitz, ii. 249 : ordered to seize
Linz, iii. 167
Konigsberg, Lestocq's retreat to, iii. l : Ney's false move to-
ward, 14: Frederick William shut up in, 15: Benuigsen's de-
fense of, ly : Bennigsen retreats to, 21 : Russian retreat toward,
31: Lestocq driven into, 32: reinforcements for Bennitrsen
from, 32 : A', leaves Tilsit for. 55 : the League of Virtue in, s;i :
popnlarity of Stein's measures at, ir>0: Alexander I. at, 150,
151 : ilunit enters, iv. 20 : patriotism in the miiversity, 31 : pro-
posed new capital for Prussia, 39
Komer, Theodor, incites Pmssian patriotism, iv. 31
Komeuburg, military operations near, iii. 168
Korsakoff, Gen., defeated by Masstna at Zurich, ii. 63, 93
Kosciusko. Tadeusz, lack of faith in N., iii. 8, 9
Kosen, the ;illie> outuitled at, iv. 76 *
Kossuth, Louis, charges treachery against Maria Louisa, iv. 46
KottbuB, ■ eded to .Saxony, iii. 53
KourakJne, Count, at Tilsit, ill. 43: Russian ambassador to
Knmce. 2:i8: injured by tire, 23S: leaves I'aris for St. Peters-
burg, 230 : takes X.'k messages to Alexander, 239
Krasnoi, the tYeuch retreat tluough, iv. 5-7 : A'. 'fi coolness at,
6, 7: compared to Hatiau, 76
Kray, Gen. Paul, commanding Austrian troops on the Rhine,
ii. 1115: A' 's [ilaTis to defeat, 106: abandons Donauescliiiigen,
108: outwitted by Morean, 108, 109: defeated by Moreau at
Eugcn, 109: retreats toward the Danube, 10*^: defeated at
Messkirch, lO'J: superseded by Archduke John, 122
Kremlin, the, iii. 2tV2. 2&4 : French occupation of, 262, 265 : pil-
laged. 265 : failure to destroy, 269, 270
Krems, Kntn.--"tf crosses the tianube at, ii. 236
Kronach, the Imperial Guard at, ii. 278
Krossen, proposed allotment of, to Saxony, iv. 39
Kuim, battle of, iv. 60, 61
Kunersdorf, battle of, iv. 2-35
Kiistrin, capitulation of, iii. 2 : held by the French, iv, 33: re*
lief of the French gjirrison in, 51
KutUSOff, Gen. M. L. G., moves toward Brunn, ii. 236: crosses
the Daiuilh! at Kreras, 236 : escapes from Murat, 243 : pursued
by the French, 244: at Schrattenthal, 244: outwits Murat at
Hollabrunn, 244 : joins Austrian and Russian troops at Brunn,
245: battle of Austerlitz, 249-251 : snceecds Barclay de Tolly,
iii. 260: battle of Borodino, 260, 261 : flight from Borodino. 261,
262 : clain^s the victory, 262, 264 : reinforcements for, 266 : takes
position at Tarutino, :^6 : menaces the French in Moscow, 266 :
Kntn.'K>rr, Ovn.— continued.
refi-m LaurtHton to St. ret^'nl>nrg, 266 : extcndH hiit lino toward
Kaluga, 266: feigned movenn nt iigiiliiHl. 2*>h-270; dt^featetl at
Malojaronlavetz, 269, 270: HuMtlnn failure U> nlnforeo, Iv. 2, 3:
A'. iifunH an auibrish for, 3: Imttli- of Wlnzrna. 3: IiIh nllliii
Want and Winter, A, 12 : at KrnMnol, 6 : pursuit of tho French
urniv, 7 : mlHt.ike an to .\.'m mo\emrnt«, 10 : reHponilhlllly for
further hloodithed, 13: "the philn gentleman of I'Mkoff," 13:
bail gi'ni-ral.ohip fif. 13, 20 : Iomcb in the eumpidgn, 19, 20 : en-
ters Vllna, -M: desires peace, 20: advuncu through Poland, 29:
A'. Koeks AuHtrian altl to check, 29: luiUeH procluumtlun to Uer*
man princets 31 : death, 32
Labanoff, Prince, comes to Bcnnlgsen's aid after Fricdiand, 11.
32: c Iu. tH negotiations with .V., 35 : at Tilsit, 43
Labedoy^re. Qen. C. A. H., iletirndneK to (iupi>ort A'., Iv. 164 :
iniprisotied and eontlunuetl to death, 211
Laber, River, military opcmtiont> on the, ill. 161, 162
Laborde, Alexandre de, A. 'a confidential agent In the treaty ol
Schonbrnnn, iii. I'.r;; : suggests the niarriagu of A*, and Maria
I>>uisa. 193
I«abOUCh^)re, Henry, mission from Ilidland to England, iii. 208
La Carolina, iiefeat of Itupont at, ill. 122
Lacombe-Saint- Michel, J. P., secures A'.'t apifointment to
the Arm} of the West. l. 156: member of Conmiitt«« of .'safety,
Vrt',
La Cour de France, A', at, iv. 12«. 135
La Cuesta, Gen., defeated at Medina de Rio Seco, iiL 122
La Favorlta, battle of. i. 254, 256
Lafayette, Marquis de. comnuunU the National Guard, L 57:
end. avoFs to calm the National Assembly, 102, 103 : A*, on, 103:
commanding armies in the North, 105 : pronounces against
]>opular exeessej*, 105 : flight, and capture by the Autttrians,
105: released from Austrian pris'tu, 283; 11. 98, 1.59: ]>os.>>iblo
successor to A'., 120: influence on the Con.-ulate. 127: remon-
strates against .V.'« life consulship, 159 : aujiitorts the cliam-
bers, iv. 206, 2)>7 : A*.'» forgiveness for, 218
La Ffere, the regiment of, i. :u : the regiment at Douay, 42 : or-
dered on special service, 44 : A'.'» 8ervii;e in, 48, 79, Hi : mutiny
in. 59: transformed into the First Regiment, H5
La Ferte-sous-Jouarre, militarj- movements near, iv. 96: y.'s
rapid marcli to. 102
Laffont, royalisl leader, i. 178: on the Thirteenth Vendi^ndaire,
181, 1N2: exeeuted, 182
Lafifray, dramatic welcome to the returned Emperor at, iv. 164:
A'', offers himself to the bullets of the Fifth Eeginieut at, 164
La Fl^Che, the military school at, i. 25
La Force, imprisonment of Malct in, iv, 14, 15
Lagrange, Gen., moves against CastaAos, iii. 144: transfers his
alle-iatjee to L.JUis XVltl., iv. 147
Lagrange, J. L., created bamn, iii. 227
Laiarpe, Gen., general of division, Army of Italy, i. 208 : attacked
by Beaulieu at Voltri, 213, 215 : retreats to Savona, 215: killed
at Fombio, 218 : tutor to Alexander I., iii. 94
La Haye, the farms of, iv. 191 : flghthig at, 199
La Haye Sainte, the farm-house of, iv. 191 : fighting at, 196-
I'.IH, 20:1
Lahorie, Gen. V., engaged in Malwt's conspiracy, iv. 15
Laine, J. H. J., radical member of the Senate, iv. 134
Lajolais, Gen. F., plots of, in the Cadoudal conspiracy, ii 189,
190: implicates Moreau, 189
La Junquera, s lint-Cyr at, iii. U2
Lakanal, Joseph, jnovides for mixed schotds, ii. 145
Lake Constance, K ray's communications via, to he cnt, ii. 107
Lallemand, Gen. C. F. A., proposes asylum fur A", on an Ameri-
can ship, iv. 209: negotiations with Capt, Maitland, 211
Lallemant, M., French reitubliean .igent in Venice, i. 276 : ii. 7
" L'Ambigu," published in LondoTi, ii. 174 : A', lamjiooued in, 174
Lanibrecnt, n-yalist inti-ignca of, iv. 129
La MortillaL, -V. prepares plans for its defense, i. 46
La Mure, A. x welenmeat. on return from Elba, iv. 164
Land, t. nun- at outbreak of the Revolution, i. .5, 53, 54, 57
Landes, Department of the, exempt from legislation concern-
inu' .It U-, 111, 64
Landgrafenberg, military operations at, ii. 279
Landsberg, engagement at, iii. 19
Landshut, niilitar}' movements near, iii. 160-162, 167: AT. at.
162: battle of, 163: Archduke Charles's military mistake at,
167
Langeron. Gen. Andrault, in battle of Austerlitz, ii. 2.50: cap-
tures Kheims, iv. in*.*: .<n the dissensions In Blucher's army,
109: on the terror of A.'.'* name, 112
Langres, nnlitary m..venients near. iv. 92, 100, 120
I.anjulnals, Jean D., inesident oi House of Deputies, iv. 172
Lannes, Gen. Jean, reconunendcd for promotion, i.217 : threat-
ens fJenoa, 228: service in Egyj.t, ii. 36: wounded at Acre, 52:
battle of Aboukir, 54 : accompanies A', on his return fntm
Alexandria, 56 : action on the 18th Bruniaire, 71 : conmiand-
ing at the Tuileries, 74: crosses the St. Bernard, 110.111: at-
tacks Ivrea, IU: hesitates at Fort Itard. Ill: reaches Aosta,
111: defeats <Ht at Casteggio, 116: comrnan.ling c*»rp8 at Ma-
rengo, 116-118: battle of Montebello. 128; restored to favor,
178: created marslml, 207: character. 2:i4 ; iii. 161, 172, 173:
captures Braunau, ii. 236 : pursues the Russians, 244 : in battle
of Austerlitz. 249, 250: at Coburg, 278: in battle of Jeua, 279,
280: seizes Dessau, iii. 2: pursues Hohenlohe, 2: ordered to
the Narew, 11: battle of Pultusk, 12: strength in Poland, 13:
sickueBS, 17 : battle of Heilsbcrg, 29 : battle of Fiiedland, 31,
288
INDEX
Lannes, «ii'ii. Jenii— continufil.
32: cn-aliM imko nf Muiitcbcllo, 71 : familiarity with A.. 7r.:
iiiovos tviuiibt Ouitiulos, m : uinvi-menta lufore Kiiti^lnui. Uil,
162: ill ImttK- of Kckiiiuhl, lt>2: Ht tlie crobsin^ of (he l»aiiiila'
at Li>l«au. 1(W: I»:iltk- «if K^sliii;:, 170. 172: mortallv wouiuliil,
172 ; .V.V pricf at loss of, 172. 17y : ruproiichcs iV. (or his nmbi-
tii>ii, 17J: .V. saves liim fmiu diowiiiiii:, isr>: warns A", against
IrtMclit ry. 217 : tinuaitcriziiti.-n of TjiHeyraiui. iv. 12D
lAnusse, Gen. F., ret'onumMnii'd for promotion, 1. 217
Laou, I'iittli- of. iv. Iit7-10'.i. 112: S. at, 2(K1
Laplace, P. S., Mini^toi' of tht- Interior, ii. 87 : succeeded hy Ln-
lUii Hiit-riiiiiiirtf. S7 : creatcii haron, iii. 227
Lapoype, Gen. J. F., ftnlinj; ;tjrrtinst, in Marseilles, i. 142 : ae-
i|uittt.<l )•> lh>' 0>>nvfntiuii. 142
Lorevelll^e-L^peauz, LoulB-Marie de, memiierof the Direc-
tory, i. IKt;. 2(m. 202; ii. 2:i: vhiirueter, i. 'iW. dissiitisfled witli
treaty of Leo)»eii. 272: ^.V."* rehilions with, ii. IS: resigns from
tile Hirtvtory. ivi
La Roohejaqiieleln, Gen. L. du V., killeii, iv. 171
La Rouiana, Gen. P. C, revolts in Uemmirli, iii. 124: at Val-
iiiaM-lu, h;(: 111 SunUuuler, 14:t: joined liy Blake, 144
La Rothlere, baiiie at, iv. '.t4. lOO
Lasalle, Gen. A. C, captures Stettin, ill 2: success near Valla-
dolid. 122: m Imtlle of Asptrn, 170: killeil at Wa^'ram, 177
Las Cases, E. A. D., .V.'« intiniaey with, i. 82: memoirs of A'.,
137 : reiuuMlti the story of the **tlay of the sections," 184 : S.'s
coiiverNiitioiis with, ii. 1st". : y.'s declaration to, coueernin^ tlie
Due d Kn^hien, 1911: a]ii>ointed private wuretary to i\'., iv. 209:
negotiates with t'apt. Maitliiml for .V.V passajre to Knjihui«i,
2tn', 211 : aeifunpanies .V. to .St. Helena, 214 : assists iN'. on his
history. 217 : (li^iiiii-seti, 217
Latouche-Tr^viUe, Adm. L., scheme of naval operations for, ii.
212: ileath of. 212
Latour-Maubourg, Gen. M., eommnndintr cavalry in Russian
eanipaiL'ti of isii'. iii. 24(1 : lialtle of Dresden, iv. M'., 57: battle
of I.eipsie, 71, 73: iransfere his allegiance to Louis XVIII,, 147
Lauban, .v. at. iv. r.r.
Lauderdale, Lord, Britisli envoy to France, ii. 2G1, 2C2: demands
lii> pa^^IK'rti, 273: reopens negotiations, 274
Laudon. Gen. G. £., conimauding forces in tlie Tyrol, i. 2G8: at
Wnma, 273
Lauriston. Gen. A. J., splen.Iid artillery work at Wngrani, iii.
177: rejilaces Caiihiincourt at St. Pet^i-hluirg, 241: mission to
Kutusi'tf s camp, 200: eomnianding tlivision under Eugene, iv.
28: in canipaigu of 1813, 34: occupies Leipsie, 30: battle of
Lutzeii, 30 : battle of Bautzen, 3".l: iSeleagners Sehweidnitz, 42:
eonironts Blucher at the Botier, .'(5 : detailed to liloek Bliieher'a
i\iad to Berhu, 50: battle of Leipsic, 71, 75: captured at Leip-
sie, 7."»
Lausanne, t>vatiou to N. at, ii. 17 : French forces near, lio: N.
at. -May 10. IKOO. 110
La Valette, Gen., fonnulates demands on the Genoe><e senate, ii.
7 : |K>>tmiU<ter-general at Paris, letter to A'., Marcli, 1814, iv, 120
Lawyers, status at outbreak of the Revolution, i. 53
Lazaref, Kussiau gienadier, decorated by N. at Tilsit, iii. 54
League ol Virtue, the, iii. S3; iv. 30
Lebrun, Cliarles F., appuinteil third consul, ii. so. 143: revises
tlie ('juie, 143 : evades ii^iioiisiliility conc-irrning the Due d'Ln-
gliieii, 194: Treasurer of Fianee, 200: at A'.V c<ironation, 219:
create'! Duke of I'iacenza, iii. 71 : Arch*TreaJiurcr, 78 : salary of,
7h : at Krasnoi, iv. 0
Lech, River, military operations on the, ii. 107 ; iii. 158, 159
Leclerc, Victor-Enimanuel, conducts expedition against San
Domingo, ii. ir>2. 153: marries i'aulinc Buonaparte, 152: death
of, 153
Leclerc, Mine., aefiinpanies her husband to San Doniinno, ii.
l.'>2: marries Piiuce ILirghcse, U'A
LecOUrbe, Gen. C. J., commanding in the Alps, ii. 107 : cap-
tures Meinmingcn, IW: captures Stockacli, 109: ordered to
lUdy. 110
Leers, tJen. Keille at, iv. 174
Lefebvre, Gen. F. G., eommander of the Paris garrison, ii. 71 :
joins ttie Bonapartist ranks, 71: in battle of .lena, 280. 281:
hlrciigth in rolauf], iii. 14: liesieges Dantzic, 23, 24: created
Duke of Dantzic, 71: be»ie;:i-s Sarauossa, 122: success at Tn(U-l:i.
122: near isilbao, 142: rash iiiKvriih nts liy, 143: in mo\c-iiii nt
agiduH Matlriii, 145: connitaiiilinu Bavarian troops at Mnnicb,
158: in campaign of Keknntlil, 100: defeats the Auslriaiis at
Abeiisberg, 101: at .Salzbnrg, Hi4 : ihives 'I'yrokans from Inns-
bruck, 105 : relieves Vaiitiaiiime at Linz, 174: withdrawn from
the I'yrol, IHl : comniaiidluK the Did tJuard, 240; a monunUiry
attack of senility, iv. 120 : nt council at St. I>i/,ier, 120 : accom-
panies the KmiK-ror to Paris, 12h : at the abilieation scene, 139 :
traiisfetfi hts allrgiance to Louis XVIII., 147: recreateil mar-
shal, 172
Lefebvre-Desnouettes, GoL Charles, sei-vice in Kgypt, ii. 30
Leghorn, A', plans to meet Joseph at, i. 175 : the English fleet
irii\en from, 228: levy of enforceil contributions fnun, 229:
Kngland gains entrance inUi, iii. 57. expulsion of the Kngllsli
fnun, 57: |HJsition in (he French empire, 214; i)lots against
A. In, iv. I0(t
Legion of Honor, establishment of the, Ii. 15H, 159: distribution
of erosses. 231 : Ilrst Russian member of the, Itl. 54: Fren< h
prMe In. 70: new members of, 227: abolition of the ori>baii
futylums of the, iv. 159
Legislature, the, ii. h5, 99 lOl : eonstttullon of, 155: new meth-
o.U of .beting to. l.v.»; A'. oiieiiB, Aug. 10, 1807, iii. 01: its
fuiiellonH, tlH: ilistrdrntlon of titles among headx of, 71: A', con-
tcmplttteH its alH>ll(loii, fv. 25 : <b-iiianfU constitutlouul govern-
ment, 85: prorogued, 80: overthrows A'., 136
LegnagO, French occupation of, i. 227, 232: mUltary operations
near, 250, 251
Legrand, Gen. C. J., in battle of Austerlitz, ii. 249: in battle
of Asperu, iii. 170, 171
IfBibnitZ, G. W. von, advocates Frencli conquest of Egypt,
ii. 31
LelpslC, seized by the Duke t>f Bninswiek, iii. 181: Eugene es-
tablishes headquartirs at, iv. 27: French forces at, 2K, 30: mill-
tar> nuiveuients mar, 30, 60, 05, 00, 08, 69: battle of, 70 et seti.:
topn^iaphy, 70, 71: A', in, 75: importance of the battle in his-
tory. 77 : liiumph of revolutiomuy liberalism at, 78 : A^. spares
the city fn»m Are. 7n. 79: etleets of the battle of, 79; mistaken
ideas eoncti'iiim; A'.V attituile after. 98
Le Noble's " Spirit of Gersou," A'.v study of, i. 85
Lenouf, Gen. sncceeii.s Jour^lan in command, ii. 60: retreats
behimi the Klline, IK)
Leo IIL, crowns Charles the Great, ii. 208
Leoben, the French at, i. 211: seized hy Massi^na, 269: A'.'spo.
ailum at, 209. 270 : treaty of, 209-272, 274. 276, 280. 283; ii. 8, 9,
13, 14: alleged duplicity by A', at, i. 270, 271 : Frencli march to,
ii. 28 : Ney's victory at, 2;J0
Leon, French troops in, iii. 217
Leonetti, denounceil by A'., i. 122
Leopold IL, at knowledges Uungarian rights, iii. 166
Lepelletler, the section of, i. 179
Lesuiont, military operations at, iv. 94
Lcsseps, J. R B., French consul-general at St. Petersburg, iii.
79, SO
Lestocq, Gen. retreats to Kbuigsberg, iii. 1 : joins the lYiissian
army, 10: at Neidenlmrg, 12 : at Angerburg, 14 : opposes Ney's
marcli to Konigsberg, 14; relieves the garrison of Graudenz,
15: in campiiigu of Eylau,19, 20: in battle of Heilsbei-g. 29-31 :
in Frieiibuiii campaign, 31-;H4 ; pui-sued by Davout. 33. 34
Leszcyuski, Maria, A. V imitation of her marriage to Louis XV.,
iii. 190
Letoumeur. C. L. membci- of the Directory, i. 200, 202: char-
acUr, 200: retires frnm the Diiiclory, ii. 1
"Letters from the Cape of Good Hope," iv. 217
" Letters of Buonaparte to Buttafuoco," i. 82
Leuthen, batiir of, iv. 235
Levaut, the, France oeeupies Venetian possessions in, i. 277:
Genoa's eonimeree with, li. 10: French plots for disturbances
in, 11 : Frame's jealous cai-e for possessions in, 21, 179 : England
aspires to eontrol,94: Sebastiani's mission to, 174-170: question
of establishing French colonies in, 176: Portuguese naval oper-
ations in. 212: plans for redistribution of lands on, iii. 44: the
control of. 89: ctlicient blockade of, impossible, 214
Leve son-Go Wer, Lord, English ambassador at St. Petersburg,
iii. Ml
Leyen, Von der, number of the t'on federation of the Uliine, ii.
200
Liberty, Paoli on, i. 5: the recitgnizcd colors of, 57
Liberty, fraternity, and equality, i. 57
"Liberty of the Seas," ii. 11
Lichtensteln, hr mbui oi the Confederation of the Rhine, ii. 260
Lichtensteln, Prince John of, in battle of Austerlitz, ii. 249-
251: negotiates for an armistice, 251: in battle of Aspern, iii.
173 : Austrian peace commissioner, 184-180 : at jieace council in
Paris, iv. 134
Lido, Porto dl, Venetians fire on French vessel in, i. 273
IJebertwolkwitz, military operations near, iv. 7()-72
Li^ge, Ilighlol" Latayettc to, i. 105: military operations near, 115;
ii. 89, 113, 174, 1K5
Ligny, l»attle (tf, iv. 181-185: Gerard at, 187 : Bliicher's ilisaster
at, 190 : a Prussian Idunder, 204 : the news of, in Paris, 206
Liguria, ecrhsiastical reforms and confiscations in, iii. 202
Liguriau Alps, guerrillas in the, i. 228
Llgurian Republic, the formation of, ii. 7, 14 : French control
over, 26 : Piedmont a<ided to, 20 : reorganizeii. 120 : tribute lev-
ied on, 120: English ett'orls to discredit France in, 160: incor-
porated with France, 227
Lille, peace negotiations at, ii. 8, 59,95: flight of Unm XVIII.
to. iv. 100
Lindau, ceded to Bavaria, ii. 252
Lindenau, sci/.e<i by the Duke of Brunswick, iii. 181 : military
i-purations mar, iv. 71, 72, 75
Linz, rmlitary movements near, iii. 158-100, 167, 172
Lisbon, recall vf the l"Yench envoy fnun, iii. 95: denu'cracy in,
90 : .lunot's nuirch U>, 90, 97 : fraternization of the people with
Jnnot's anny, 97 : Russian squadron sent to, 130: French scheme
to seize, 203 : Masi^i-na's march t*>. 218, 219 : Massena's precari-
ous situation before, 219. 220 : Wellington's dilllcult position at,
220: nUed with fugitives, 220
Lisle, ROUget de, composes the " Marseillaise." i. 102
Literature, levival of. ii. 105 : censorship of, iii. 72
Lithuania, Poniatowski's doubts ol, iii. 247: innjassivity of its
peo]ilc. 252: the man h from Sinolcnsk toward, iv. 5: .Maret In
charge of affairs in, 14
Littawa, River, militarv ojierations on the, ii. 247
"Little Corporal," the, i. 220; iv. 137, ica
Little Gibraltar, capture of. i. i36
Little Gorschen, il-.:bting at, iv. 30
" Little Napoleon." iii. I5
Little St. Bernard Pass, the crossing of the. 11. 110, 111
Liverpool, Lord, attacks Wellington, iii. 221 : recalls Wellington,
iv. 159 : mismanagement of F.nglish afl'airs, ](>8. 169: embarrass-
ment of, 212: views as to the disposition of A'., 212: letter to
Castleivagh. June 2il. 1815, 212
Loano, battle of, i. 208
IfObau, ci<'ssing the Danube at, ill. 168, 169, 173, 176
INDEX
289
Lobau. Gen., euunlinc ronds from BohemiA, Iv. C3: IioMh Vrv^
(It-M, (IH, 70: in tlio Waterloo cninpnit^ni, I74-17fl: at Uluirlonti,
IKI : ..nk-rfJ to Miirlmis, inr, : hattle of WalerU-o, 107, I'M, *JUO
Lobau, River, inilltiny inovenionttt on the, iil. 169, 171, 17ft
Lobenstein, HLTiunluttv at, il. 218
Lodl, t'iittlu of, i. iMs-jjo; il. yj: ^V."* nam>w cschimj at* 1. 241 :
wiilKlniwal of tin- Aiistriatis froia Milan to, M. 113
LOCTOI^O, Prtiuh 8ii« ic-'S nt, iii. I'li: Ncy at, l-i'2
Loire, River, iln' Krnprcas Ilei-s across tlie, iv. I'M: military
iiioVLMMcnts on tliu, 145
Lolson, Gen. L. H., at IMaci-iizo, il. lid
Lombardy, Frmcli truo|>s in. i. 70: iniUtary operations against,
I'JH. nj, yo7, 'MS, iVJ, 215: favors tlie I'rcnch Hevuhitlon, 165:
till! military ^ato to, *J()(i : X.'h succt-sacs in, Jll : cxpccttHl jiar-
tition of, 213: ricline»« of the coiinti-y, 2H;, 217; ii. 117: A'.'*
Inlluence in, 2-iii : revolutionary niovcnu-nt in, •205: Krancu's
Interest in, 270, 2K<): iuuoriK>rat«<l in the Cisalpine Kepublte, ii.
11 : held by Austria, O'l : a. aims to secure, 113 : the Iron crown
of, 32fi : A .'n royal pro^n-ess tluou^h, iii. 88
Lonato, battle of, 1. 2;t2-23-l, 241 : A'.\s naiTOW cacafK) at, 233, 234,
241
London, Talleyrarnl diplomatic agent in, ii. 22: Tallcyraml ex-
pelled from, 22 : publiL-ation of " L'Ambfgu " in, 174 : Irish ni'l-
ieal paper in. siilisidized by X., 174: receptiou of the Duice uf
Hriiiiswiek in, iii. IHI
Longwood. y.'s residence at, i. 20 ; iv. 215-219, 238
Longwy, i,'arrison of, eapitulatos to Prussia, i. 105 : abandoned
by the enemy, 110
Loretto, capture of, i. 260, 261 : the image of the T-ady of, 261
L'Orlent, the squadron ordered to the Mediterranean from, iii.
S'.t
Lorraine, proposal to continue the war in, Iv. 124, 126, 136
Lothair, ^V. contrasted with, iii. 202
Louis, royalist intrigues of, iv. 129
Louis, king of Ktruria, attendant in N,'8 ante-chamber, ii. 132:
deuthof. 149. 150; iii. 57
Louis, kini; of Etruria (&)n of the preceding), proposad kingdom
in Portugal for, iii. 96
Louis, prince of lYnssia, iL 269: killed at Saalfeld, 279
" Louis Capet," i. 115
Louis Philippe. See Chartre3, Dtrc db
Louis XIV., disgraces Vauban, i. 202: schemes of world-con-
ipk'st. ii. 31 : "abolishes" the Pyrenees, iii. 59: X, not the suc-
cessor of, 231 : influence of his villainies, iv. 246
Louis XV., refuses protectorate to Cui-sica, i. 5: death of, 22:
A'.V- imitation of his nian-iage to Maria Leszcynski, iii. 196 : N.
not the successor of, 231
Louis XVL, accession of, i. 22 : chai-acter, 52, 53, 56, 57 : contest
with the Parliament of Paris, 54, 55 : alienation of, from the
people, 54-56: attempted reforms by, 54-57 ; abandoned by the
nobles, 57 : curtailment of his hunting-grounds, 57 : takes up
residence in Paris, 57: title under the new constitution, 64:
honors Paoli, 68: betrayal of, 86: accepts the Constitution, 87:
flight and recapture, 88: clamor for his trial, 90: refuses to
sanction secularization of estates of the church and notiility,
100: negotiates with foreign powers, 100, 115, 160: celebrates
the fall of the Bastille, 102 : takes refuge in the National As-
sembly, 102 : the National Assembly dismisses liis body-guard,
102: Marseilles demands dethronement of, 102: imprisoned in
the Temple, 102: X.'s views concerning, 104: condemnation
and execution, 115: causes of his downf:ill, 160: the r^cides
of, 186 : celebrations of his death, il. 127 ; iv. 159
Louis XVIL, i. 159
Louis XVIII., reco<mized by the powers, i. 178: relationship to
Victor Amadeus. 216: retires to Blankenbarg, ii. 3: purchases
Pichegru s adhesion. 3 : N.'s negotiations with. 6, 154 : banished,
134 : hopes for restoration of, 154 : residence in Warsaw, 154,
189, 192 : the Cadoudal conspiracy, 189 : promises constitutional
government, 189 : manifesto of, 192 : Alexander I.'s opinion of,
iii. 45: at Mittau, 45: otfere<l a kingdom in the United States,
208 : proclaimed king at Bordeaux, iv. 114 : acclaimed in
Paris, 134 : proclaimed king by the Senate, 145, 147 : imperial
generals transfer their allegiance to, 147: character, 147. 157,
158 : his feeble tenure, 148 : scandals circulated at the court of,
155 : treaty with the powers, May 30, 1814, 156 : power to cre-
ate peei-s, 157: blunders of, 157-159: appoints Soult minis-
ter of war, 159 : AT. prophesies the betrayal of, 161 : indifference
to treaty obligations, 162 : senils troops against N., 16G: makes
concessions, 1(^: flees to Lille, 166: flees to Ghent. 168: X.'s
forgiveness for, 218
Louisa, Queen (of Pnissia), brings about the treaty of Potsdam,
ii. 242, 243: character and influence, 269. 278: X.'s abuse of,
iii. 3 ; at Memel. 36, 87: at Tilsit, 40: scandal concerning the
Tzar. 49 : interviews with A', concerning Magdeburg. 4i>-53 :
the incident of the rose, 52 : sarcastic speech to Talleyrand, 52 :
compared with Queen Mary of England, 53 : death of, 53, 251 ;
iv. 30 : in need of comforts, iii. 87
Louisa, Queen (of Spain), relations with Godoy, ii. 131, 184, 212 :
iii. 60, 9>*, 10(», 112, 117 : friendship for A'., iL 212 : admits Eng-
land to Leghorn, iii. 57 : supposed poisoning of her daughter-
in-law, 99 : examines Ferdinand's papers, 100 : her son reveals
her shame, 100: suspected of intrigue in Spain, loi : panic-
stricken at the French invasion, 105: advocates the scheme
of monarchy in America, 106 : repents her abdication, lOS, ItKt ;
N.'s attitude toward, 110 : virtual prisoner in the Escorial, 111 :
snmmoneil to Bayonne. 114
Louisiana, ecUd to France, ii. 132, 174: collapse of French rule
in, 153: expedition to. 174: Spain's exasperation over loss of,
184 : N.'s dream of empire in, 184 : sold by Fi-ance to the United
States, 1&4, 212 ; iv. 247, 248
VOL. IV.— 39
Louvain, Gnei«enau opeuH fresh communications via, iv. 184;
poMtiblu n-ti'-at of tlio I'rnHAlana vlii. I'Jl
Louverture, Toussalnt, 'b-feuHe of Sun Ihjndngo, i|. 162: or-
giiiilzrH a con.iuhir govennnent, 152: caiiturc and death of,
152
Louvre, the. X.'i second marriage in, il. 198-200
Love, A. on. I. 40
Low Countries. s«e Aistkian NKTHKULA.Hns; Bata\7an
ItKI't HUr. liKUJIlM; lilTCH KLA.«tUItlW; llOLLA.HJ) ; NKTIIKK-
LASbN
Lowe, Sir Hudson, allegations al>out N.'" phytiical allmentji, iv.
i;3: character, 216: his custody of X., 216-218: X.'m difipnlet
with, 238
Lubeck, proptjsal ttt give It to Pru&Bla, ii. 258: surrender of, III.
2: sack of, 4: Iternadottus force in, 157: extciwlon of the
French cuipire to, 213
Luc, A', lit, iv. 152
Lucca, given U» I'an1inc(Baonaparte)Borghc8e, il. 227, 229: given
to Elisa. 2'i.' : « rmtloii of hereditary duchy of, 255
Lucca and Plomblno, Prince of. Stc BAfvio<vni, v. p.
Lucca and Piombino. Princess of. See Blo.nai'Aktk, Makie-
Annk-Kli>a
Luckau, defeat of Omlinot at, Iv. 56
Ludmannsdorf, Archduke Charles's force at, ill. 160
Lun^vllle, ncKotiations between Cohenzl and Joseph Bonaparte
at, ii. 122. 125: the Peace of, 125, 126, 131, 132, 168, 171, 193,
229, 2:hi), 2."'9
Lusha, River, ndlitary movements on the, Hi. 269
Lusignan, Gen., militiirj operations on the Piave, L 266, 267
Liitzeu, 'atUu of, iv. 3.v-;iH, r»:i. 65
Liitzow, Baron L. A. W., raises the *' black troop," Iv. 31
Luxembourg, the, Barras's social life in, I. 17:( : Gohier and
filoiilins witlnlraw to, ii. 73: Moreau cunimandlng guard at, 74:
the Fii-st Consul installed at, 84: residence of the Bonapartes
at. 127
Lyceums, the, U. 14C, 147 ; ill. 73, 74
Lyons. A'.V memoir t«> the Academy at, i. 40 : the "Two-cent Re-
volt '• in, 41 : A', at, 41, 108, lU ; ii. 5H ; iv. 151, 1G5, 171 : honors
to Paoli in, i. 08 : massacres and anarchy in, 111, 123, 128, 138 :
Girondist success at, 12k : siege of, 13:1 : fall of, l:(5 : recapture
of, 148: reorganization of the Cisalpine Republic at, ii. 149:
Fesch becomes archbishop of, 165 : repulse of Bubna from be-
fore, iv. 98 : Augereau driven back to, 109 : assaulted by the
allies, 119: evacuated by Augereau, 119, 120: Francis L at,
121 : constitutional assembly summoned Ui, 165: reception of
Art'-ia and Macdonald at, 165 : national assembly at. 171
Lyons Academs^ the, X.'s essay before, i. 76-78 : X.'s competi-
tion iur prize of, 95
Uacdonald, Gen. E J. J. A-, commanding Army of the North, !.
iiOli : ;i i-To,tuct of ('.irni't's system, 202: orderetl to command
in Nui)U.4, ii. TiO: succicds Chamiiionnet, 63 : defeatetl on the
Trebbia, 63: action on the ISth Brumaire, 71: commanding
guard at Versailles, 74: commanding in the Orisons, 124:
crosses the Spliigeii, 12C: created Duke of Taranto, iii. 71:
commanding in Italy, If'A : pursues Archduke John into Hun-
gary, 165 : at Villach, 168 : battle of Wagram, 177 : strt-ngth,
March, 1812, 216: in Russian campaign, 256: reaches Tilsit,
iv. 20 : campaign of 1813, 34 : battle of Lntzen, :J6 : battle of
Bautzen, 39 : beleaguers Schweidnitz, 42 : confrcmts Blucher at
the Bober, 55, 61 : detailed to block Bliicher's ro.id into Sjixony,
56: fails in his movement against Berlin, 59-6:i : battle of Katz-
bach, 60, 61: reinforcements for. 6;t: attacked by Blucher at
Fischbaeh, 63 : ordered to check Bluchers advance, 65 : battle
of Leipsic, 71-73. 75 : at crossing of the Elster, 75 : defends the
Rhine at Cologne, 89; Blucher attempts to cut oiT, 95 : fails to
check Bliicher's retreat, 96: ordered toward Montmirail, 96 :
ordered to join Victor at Monterean, 97 : Ins failure at Chateau-
Thierry, 102: before Bray, 102, 103: moral esliaustion of. 103:
opposed toSchwarzenberg, 105, 112 : driven beyond Troyes, 105 :
demoralized at Pro\'iiis, 109: moves toward Vitry, 119: at
Perthes, 126 : Bourbon intrigues with, 133 : advises endeavor
to recover Paris. 136 : strength after the surrender of Paris,
137 : at Fontaincblcau, l:i7, i:^8 : approves plan of attack on
Paris, 139 : at the altdication scene, 139, 140 : on commission to
present abdication to the Czar, 142, 143 : rebuke to Mannont,
144 : transfers his allegiance, 145 : reception in Lyons, 165
Macedonia, X.'s eye on, i. 262
Macerata, annexed to Italy, iii. 5^ 94
Machiavelli, Ixis " History of Florence," x.'s study of, i. 85 :
on friendships, ii. 163 : theses concerning the CTmrch of Rome,
iii. 201
Mack, Gen. K, leads Neaptditan army against Rome, ii. 49:
mobilizes the Austrian anuy, 230: quartermaster-general with
Archduke Ferdinand in Germany, 233: X.'s opinion of, 233:
essays to cross the Danube at Gunzburg, 235 : mislctl concern-
ing A\'* movements, 235 : interview with N., 235, 236 : result of
his capitulation, 236
"Madame M^re," i. 16. See also Buonaparte. Letizia
Madeleine Islands, A', writes of their strategic importance,
i. 46
Madison, James, policy of non-intervention, iii. 83 : declares
war against England, 244
Madrid, etfect of Marengo at, ii . 131 : Lucien Buonaparte minister
at, 164 : the laud-owning class in, 98 : culmination of intrigues
at, iii. 100 : the queen regent of Etruria sent to, 102 : Irritation
agaiust l-Vance in, lu4 : Murat advances on, 106: rioting in, 107,
118: entry of Ferdinand VII. into, 109 : Murat enters. 109-111:
290
INDEX
^ladrid — eoutinufd.
pro|Hi8ea visit of X. to. 110, 112 : K. dieapproves the seiztire of,
110: Charlca IV. a virtual prisoner at, lU: placed iimUr lui-
luiiiistrtitJon of a jiinia, IV2: aiinouiicement of the Biiurbons'
deiK>sttiMn ill. 114: revolt ajr-iinst Murat's tynuiny in, 114, US:
Joseph asfliinieslhek'overnnunt at, 117, 121: MiiratcouimiuuUii>:
at, IXi : the Kreneh jKJssesfiion of, in danger, V2'2 ■ the French
eviienate, 12;*, 124: Sir John Moore's snpi>osed movement on,
144, 145 : the Kn-nch army hefore tlie piles of, 145 : eapitnlation
of, 145: S. makes tttlkers prisoners of war, 145 : French tr^wps
leave, 146: chilly reccptiini of j,V. in, 147 : h"rench evacuation
of, 14H : Wellinjrton moves against, 222 : Victor Hugo at school
in, ■-'■^;i : (Jiorjjc Sand in, 2*23
Ma^allon, Charles, French consul at Cairo, ii. 32 : advocates
St 1/ arc of ^,^;ypt, ;12
Magdalena, i'"iiil>;irdment of, i. 114 : capture of, 140
Magdalena Islands, cxpe«iition agjunst the, i. 114
Magdeburg, Hohcnlolic's retreat to, ii. 283: siojie of, ill. 2:
Friiierick William's hard struggle to retain, 49: t^neen Louisa's
etforts to Kivi', 49-53: pa^sses to Jerome with Westpliulia, 49,
2(>4 : paraUcl between Calais and, 53: lYeuch occupation of,
i:.7. 2(H, 249, 253 ; iv. 28, 51, 07
MaglnajO, I'aoli's landing at, 1. 68
Magnano, battle of, ii. t*.o
Mamnud IL, proclaimed sultan, iii. 127 : makes treaty with
Kus-i;i, 214
*' Mahomet " (VoUaire'sX S.'s notes on, iv. 217
Malllebois, y.'s study of, iv. 2;i4
Main, River, Augcreau's force on the, ii. 124
Main, Army of the. See Ahmv of the M.\in
Mainau, 'nicl to linden, ii.262
Mainteuon, Mme. de, patron of the St. Cyr Academy, i. 103
Mainz, evacuation of, L 133 : ceded to France, ii. 14, 18, 25 : Mar-
niont ordered to, 232 : iV. leaves Paris for, 274 : occupied by
Mortier, 270 ; iii. 7 : sends deputation to Paris, iv. 17 : A', at,
33, 47, m, 79 : meeting of iV. and Maria Louisa at, 48 : French
retreat to, 7G : discjise in, 70 : S'.'s humanity at, 79 : defense of
the Uhine at, S9 : Prussian forces at, 92 : A. concedes to the
allies at Chiitillon, 114
Mainz, Bishop of, .V.'^■ sarcasm to agent of, ii. 18
Mainz, the Elector of, ii. 259, 2tH). See also Dalbkrg, Akch-
HI-^Hol'
Maison, Gen., available forces of, iv. 137 : transfers his allegi-
an.f t'. Louis XVni.. 147
Maistre, Joseph de, on social order, iii. 72
Maitland, Sir P., in battle of Waterloo, iv. 201, 202
Maitland, Capt. F. L. takes N. on Iioai-d the "Bellerophon,"
i\. JO'.t: r. latiotis with X, 20'.»-211
" Malbrook s'en va t'en guerre," iv. 75
Malct, C. F. de, couspirncy to overtlirow the empire, iv. 4, 14,
l."» : hi:? career and execution, 14, 15
Malmalfion, -V. at, ii. 133, 103, 195 ; iii. 152 ; iv. 208 : social vices
at, iii. 75 : Josephine withdraws to, 190 : A', visits Joseplune at,
19" '
Malmesbury, Earl of, mission to Paris (1796), i. 278, 279 : views
conceruiug Fntnce, 279 : resumes peace uegotiatious at Lille,
ii. H
Malojaroslavetz, battle of. iii. 269, 270; iv. 3
Malta, X- plans seizure of, i, 262 ; ii. 11, 12, 21 : rival claimants
of, 12 : French intrigues in, 38 : the citadel of the Mediterra-
nean, 38: N,'s expedition against, 38: capture of, 38: the
KiU;f hts of St. John, 38, 40 : blockade of, 40 : besieged by England,
93 : Paul I. seeks control of, 93, 102, 126 : French capture of,
102 : captured by Enpland, 126: proposed cession of, to Russia,
120: England withilraws from, 135, 168: Russia waives claim
to, 135 : restored to the Knights of St. John, 107 : proposed ces-
sion by En;;land, 171 : i-Yauce pushes England for declaration
concerning, 175, 176: En^'land's occupation of, 179, 182, 184,
225, 226, 228: England refuses to admit the Neapolitan garri-
son, 182: N. suggests Austrian or Russian occupation, 182:
England insists on ten yeais' occupancy of, 182 : A.V ambition
concerning, 184 : proposal that England keej), 259 : importance
of, iii. H9
Mamelukes, scandals concerning, ii. 11, 40 : usurpation of Egypt
by. 32 : foundation of the military organization of, 39, 40 : at-
tack the French at Shebreket, 40: in the battle of the Pyra-
mids, 41 : enlisted in French army, 45 : the last of the, 53
Manche, Letoumeaux de la, njember of the Directory, i. IHG
Manhood suffrage, i. iKt
Manin, last done ol Venice, death of, ii. 10
Mann, Admiral, drivi-n from the Mediterranean, i. 260
Mannheim, .V.*« line of retreat via, ii, 270 : proposed conference
at, iv. Kj, '.I'.t
"Man of destiny," the, i. 195
"Man on horseback," the, i. 180, 183
ManslUa, Smilt ordered tr., iii. J46
Mantua, capture of, i. '.ill ; military operations around, 218, 2J9,
2Ji;, '227, 231 : siege of, 227 et Beq., 2:J6 : gamson, 231 : impor-
tiiucc, 232 : the sIckc raised, 232 : reblockadcd by the French,
234 : WurniBer relieves, 234, 235: Austria's clforti* to relieve, 236
el set)., ySO-'iSH : A'.'« critical position before, 237 : Wnrmser's
Inetfectual sally from, 240: Ifidsilctlanco to France, 247 : Wurni-
Kcr'B defense and Burrender of, 254-258 ; dispoaltlon Ity treaty of
Li^-ohen, 271 : capture of, 280: incor])orated in the ClBaliilne Re-
public, ii. 14 ; lost to France, 03 : InttTview between A', and Lu-
din »t^ iii. 1(»2, 103 : trial and execution of Ilofer at, 180
Manufactures, condition of, at outbreak of the Revolution, 1. 53 :
enrourau'i-nirnt of. ii. 141; Iii. 27. '2'M
" Manuscrlt de llle d*Elbe," the, i. 103
"ManuBcrlt de Ste. H6l6ne," repudiated by A^., iv. 217
Marat, J. P., head of the committee of surveillance, i. 110 : crimes
and JL^sjissination of. 138
Marbais, ndlitar.\ movements near, iv. 185, 1S(»
Marbeuf, Marquis de, tradition ciuuerning his paternity of .V.,
i. 14 : inlluenccs S.'n education, 21, 22, 20: unu-riage of, 32:
deiilb. 41, 01
Marbeuf, Mgr. Y. A. de, bishop of Autun, social influence of, I.
:tri : iii>i.Tiir<. of. 47 ; literary patron of A., 47
Marbot, Gen., denies the story of Lannes's deathbed, iii. 173:
relates anectlot^: of the cantiniire of Uusaco, 223 : memoirs of,
iv. IMt. r.'O: on Orouchy's blunders. 1H9, 190
Marburg, junction of Austrian troops at, ii, 236
Marceau, Gen. F. S.. in Itattle of Fleurus, i. 163 : statue at the
'riiileries, ii. '.17
March, River, ndlitary operathms on the, iii. 178
Marchfeld, the, lighting in, iii. 109 : military operations on, 173,
174: Prince Eugene left to guard, 181 : Bernadotte's failure on,
215
Marchlennes, military operations near, iv. 170, 179
Marciaua, A. at, iv. 155
Marcoguet, Gen., in battle of Waterloo, iv. 196
Marengo, A.'s over-conlldenee at, ii. 110 : topography of country
near, 117 : battle of, 110-120; iii. 152, 228: A'.\ triumidiant re-
turn frou), ii. 120 : S'.'s desire for peace after, 122 : cllcct of the
battle at Madrid, 131 : Moreau's troops employed at, 188: cele-
bration on the field of, I'-iS: statements concerning A'.V move-
ments after, l.'i'J : .V. V narrow escape at, iv. 19 : a noijility dat-
ing from. H'2: its place in French history, 230
Maret, H. B., secretary to A., ii. l:w; iii. 23: recovery of,
2s : inttnenee of, 28: increased activity of, 28: created Duke
of Bassauii, 71 : report fr<»ni Laborde to, 193, 194 : member ut
extraonlinary council *m X.'s second marriat:e, 195: succeeds
l^hanipagny in the Foreign Ottlce. 212 : warlike zeal of, 248 :
letter from A'., Sept. 10. 18J2, 204 : letter from A., Nov. 29, 1812.
iv. 12: in charge of affairs in Lithuania, 14: meeting with
Metteriuch. 44 : on the Austrian marriage, 44 : letter from A.,
All;:. 23. isi;t, rtS : Minister of Foreign Artairs, 81, 83 : succeeded
by f'aulaiiicourt, 81, 83 : transferred to the Department of State,
83: French dislike of, S3: influence over A. at Dresden, 100:
on the Congress of CliAtillon, 100. 101 : i-ecords anecdote of
Caulaincourt after La Rotliiere, 100, 101 : pei-suades A', to re-
sume negotiations, 104 : wrings concessions from A'., 114: let-
ter to Caulaincourt, Marcli 17, 1814, 114: at council at St.
Dizier, 126: at the abdication scene, 139; member of N.'s new
caldnet, 107
Maria, Queen of Portugal, mental alienation of, iii. 95 : em-
barks for llrazil, 97
Maria Amelia, princess of Saxony, mentioned for marriage
with A., iii. 139
Maria Amelia; i|ueen of Saxony, reproaches Metternieh for
deserting .\'., iv. 81
Maria Antonietta Theresa, wife of Ferdinand YIl., death of,
iii. 99
Maria Carolina, queen of Naples, alleged intrigues of, ii. 229:
approni biiig dtiwnfall, 229 : breaks her comi>act with A'., 255
Maria Louisa, of Austria, at Compiegne. iii. 110: jtroposed
marriage with A., 139, 193, 194 : preparations for her mai-riage,
194-197 : marriage in Vienna, 195-197 : progress from Vienna
to Paris, 197, 198: meeting with A. at Compiegne. 197, 198:
civil marriage, 198: induction into her inipeiial court, 198-200:
personality and character, 199, 2(M(, 248, 249, 251 ; iv. 18: visit
to Holland, iii. 206 : statue by Canova, 229 : birth of the King
of Rome, 230 : abandoimient of A'., 230 ; iv. 149, 155. 150, 169 :
A.'s affection for, iii. 230. 245, 248, 249; iv. 18, 218: accompa-
nies N. to Dresden, iii. 250, 251; retm'us from Dresden to
Paris, 251 : at Prague. 251 : married to Neipperg, 251: lack of af-
fection for, in France, iv. 15 : plan of regency for, is. 48, 134, 141,
142 : visits Pius VII., 20 : Mettcrnich on lier nuirrlage, 44 : po-
litical ends subserved through, 44: her marriage "a idcce of
stupidity," 40 : chained with treachery, 46 : meets A', at Mainz,
4H : dramatic appearances before tlie people, 87, 88 : entrusted
to the care of the National Cuard. 88: Francis I. to, on the
situation, 99 : prepares for e.vtrcmities, l(h* : Joseph enjoined
to preserve her from Austrian capture, 117 : letter from A'.,
March 23, 1814, 121, 123: character as Empress-regent, 128:
her council, 128: rebuked by A'., 128: fliwht from Paris, 128-
132: establishes a regency at Blois, 135: flight of, 130: A.
seeks lier intervention with her father, 144 : declines to accom-
pany A. to EU»a, 149: A*.'.s' anxiety for, 149-151; takes refuge
with her father. 149, 155 : at Rainbtmillet. 150 : A. breaks off
relations with, 155: succumbs to Neipperjr's wiles, 155: pro-
posed coronation of,105 : relations with Neii)pcrg,10'.( : disclaims
connection with her husband, 169: failure of the attemi)t to
iroun. 171 ; besought for A'.'j* release, 217 : N.'s sentiments
toward, •.>18
Marie Louise, queen of Etruria, Lmden refuses to marry, ii.
104 : abdicates and irocs to Madrid, iii. 102 : interview with A.,
lOj : supports Charles IV.. 108 : ordered to Hayonne, 116
Maria Theresa, ebaraetcr. iii. :j6
Marie Antoinette, tradition concerning, i. 22
" Marie Louises," iu the defense of Paris, iv. 123
Manotte, I alUj rand's a*.;ent in Leghorn, iv. 160: plots t^> seize
A'., Ii'.o
Maritime Alps, war in the. 1. no, 200, 208
Markgrafneustedl, military operations near, iii. 176-177
Markkleeberg, H^ditiug near, iv. 71
Markoff, Count, Knsnian ambussador at Paris, iL 168, 211 : at
tb.- Tuilerics, .Manb 13, 1ho;j, 180. 181
Marlborough, Duke of, ndlitary genius, i. 210: A. compared
with, '.21(»
INDKX
291
Marmont, Gon. A. F. L., A', visits, I. 82 : records iV.'jmercy, 137 :
uiliiilraticiri (or A'., la'.i, H4 : uocMinimniiii A', to I'lirls, May 2, IT'.m,
150: at Milan, 223: rt'coriUuttcrunci-Hof A', ut Mlliiii,22:i :ht*rvlcL'
hi Kgyitt, ii. 'M : A. tvlla him of iiiteiittuii t^> return fruiii KK>'|)t,
5.'» : roport.s (icclar»tloii of Sir Siilnuy •Sinltli, r..'i : nt-t:om]>HiilcH
^. on his rftiirn fruni Alcxuiutriji, an : coinnDiiHliiiK ut thu mlU-
tory srhuol, 74|: pn.4sc8 Fort Huril, 11 1» li:): in Itnttlr of Ma-
rengo, IIH : orilert'il from the Texel Ut Mull)z,2:t2 : at .NmihiirR,
2:11 : chaiBctur, 2a4 ; Iv. 114 : lettei- from N. to, Nov. ir., IKIir,, II.
21-1 : created Duke of KaKtisft, III. 71 : called to Vienna fi-oin 11-
l>Tia, 174 ; pursues Arcluluke CliarleH. 17H, IHl : repulsed at
Znaiin, 181 : replaces Ma.saena, 221 : withdraws for concentra-
tion, 222 : moves aL:ainst Hurpow, 222 : advances on WtdliliKton,
222 : liattle of Salamanca, 222, 2t'.ll ; iv. 15 : eampaiun of 181:), M :
the Sjixttii cani|iaii;n, y5 : lialtlc u( llaut7.en, ."('.i, 4(l : treachery,
53, 54 : recollections of .V., 54 : confronts Blucher at the Hoher,
55: critici/i'S A'.'« plans, 55 : battle of Dresden, 56, 57 ; Hcnt to
support of Vandammo at Kulm, 01 ; A', confesses failuro to, 05 :
characterization of the maix'h t^> Lcipslr, 60 : battle of Leipsic,
70, 72-74: on A'.V conduct after Lripsic, 7:i : assigned U» de-
fense of the Rhine, 81): at Monlierendi r, '.14 : falls into panic, tin;
moves from Suzanne apaiiist lilnrlii-i-, '.15, '.Hi: aiuilhilates Olsu-
sietf's corps, '.»0 : dcnioralizntinn of, '.h; : pursues liluchei', 90:
driven by Blucher t*> Kronicntii res, '.r, ; junction of A', and, near
Etoges, 'J7 : battle of Chanipaubert, I'M : ordered to hold IJlucher,
102: at StJzannc, KM: loses Soissons, 100: junction with A'.,
106: cheeks Blucher at the Ourci|, 106 : 4iattle of Laon, loS:
routed by York, 108 : at F.ppcs, 108 : dLsaster at Athles, 108, 110 :
abandons Borry-atl-Bac, loit : rallies his troops at Fisines, 100,
110: captures Rhelms, 110: reproached by A'., 110: at Berry-
au-Bac, li:i : defends the Paris line auainst Bliicher, 113 : letter
from .v., March 20, 1814, 117 : ordered toChftlons, 117-11'.) : Joins
Mortier at Fisines, 11'.) : plan of ^tpcrations against Bliicher, ll'J :
disobedience anil inc;ipacity of, lO'J, ll'J, 120, 12:) ; rctreata to
Fismes, 123 : junction with Mortier, 12:) : 8)ippo.scd advantages
of a retreat to RheitnB, PJ-I : driven back to Cliarcnton, 123:
driven back on I'ai-is, 124, 128, 130, 131 : strength, 125 : empow-
ered to treat for snn-ender, 132 : defense of Paris, 132, 133 : van-
ity, 133, 138 : concludes terms of surrender, l:J3 ; approached by
Bourbon intriguers, i:t3 : homage of Paris to, 133, 138: de-
uounced by -V., 135: receives the Emjteror's congratulations,
136 : reveals the worst to the Emperor, 136 ; ordered to take po-
sition under the walls of Paris, 136 : strength after the surrender
of Pari.s 136, 137 : the treason of, 138 : terms of his secession, 138 :
letter to Alexaniler, April 3, 1814, 138 : rcpeat.s the rAle of Monk,
138, 142 : sends treasonable documents to Bcrthicr, 1.38 : seduce-s
live of his generals, 142 : reveals his plot to Schwarzenberg, 142 :
at Essonnes, 142 : attempts to explain away his .action, 142 : de-
mands to join the embiissy to the Czar, 112 : " brought up in
N.'s tent," 142 : aids in delivering up Souham's troops, 143, 144 ;
fails to face Alexander, 143 : deni4>ridization among his troops,
143 : seeks audience with the Czar, 143, 144 : his subseciuent
career of treason, and death, 144 : despised by the imperial gen-
erals, 144: coining of the word " ragusa<le,*" 144: Macdonald's
rebuke to, 144 : nicknanuHl Jud.a-s, 144, 158 : stricken from the
list ol marshals, 144 : X. on his desertion, 144, 145 : A'.'s charge
against. 146 : puts the Paris garrison under arms, 159: applies
for post of minister of war, 159: attaiuted, 165: X.'s forgive-
ness for, 218
Mame, River, military operations on the, iv. 92, 94, 96, 106, 121,
l-.>3
Marriage, under the Code, ii. 143, 144
Marseillais, the, in the riots of August 10, 1792, i. 104, 105
" MarseUiaase," the, suni; in Paris, i. 102 : permitted by impe-
rial order, iv. 87 : played at Fontainebleau, 137
Marseilles, A'- at, i. 42, 61, 7'.i, IOh, 134, 156, 184, 195 : sends de-
putation to Paris, 102: demands aboliti'Ui of monarchy, 102:
equipment of Sardinian expedition from. 113: anarchy and
massacres in, 123, 127.128, 131, 138: the Buonapartes in, 12",
156, 185 : defeat of the Jacobins in, 128 : movement of ilaraeil-
lais on Paris, 128 : captured by Cartcanx, 131 : refugees from, at
Toulon, 132 : the " Bastille "of, 141 : .V.'n views of the fortiflca-
tions, 141, 142: feeling .against S. in, 141, 142: circidatiim of
counterfeit money in, 145 : news of the Terror in. 149 : reopen-
ing of commerce with Genoa, 153 : forced military loans in, 208 :
Massona commanding at, iv. 163 : A', scuds emissaries to, 103
" Marsh," the, p'l^ition in the National Convention, i. Ill
"Marshal Forward," iv. 122. See also Blicuer
Marshall, John, l':dleyrand attempts to corrupt, ii. 23
Martial law. rcfonns of, i. 80
Martinique, birtliidace of Josephine Beauharnais, i. 189 : French
sqnaiiron at, ii. 213 : French plans to strengthen, 213
Maxy, Queen ("f I'-nglaiul). likeneil to IJneen Louisa, Hi. 53
" Masked Prophet," the, i. 44, 48
Massa-e-Carrara, inrorporated in the Cisalpine Republic, ii.
14 : given to Elisa (lluonaparte), 255
Mass^na, Gen. Andr6, general in Army of Italy, i. 142, 208 : seizes
Vfutiniiglia, 143 : plan of campaign in the Apennines, 143 : on
the courage of his troops, 143. 144 : defeats Austrians at ilille-
sinio, 215 : at Lodi, 219 : defeated at Bassano, 237 : battle of Ci-
tadclla, 2;!7 : dcicatcd by Alvlnczy at Caldiero. 237 : military
operations on the Piave, 237, 267 : attacked at St. Michel, 251 :
in the Kivoli campaign, 2.53, 254, 256 ; ii. 207 : operations in the
Italian Alps, i. 2i'.7 : captures Chiusa Veneta, 207 : seizes St.
Michael and Leoben. 269 : operations on the river Mur, 269: or-
dered to Switzerland, ii. 00 : military genius, GO : iii. 4, 217 : de-
feated at Zurich, ii. 63 : defeats Korsakoff at Zurich, 63, 93,
2CI7 : lltt.il for role of (i.neral Monk, 65 : victories in Italy, 66 :
suiireme conmiamler of the Army of Itjdy, 92, 10.5, 120. 232:
puts Suvaroff to flight, 93 : defeats Archduke Charles at Zurich,
Mnsn/na, Oen. Andri"' — emilinufd.
93 : makes a forc.d levy in Swllzerlnnd, 101, IW : bringh -"^x Iti-
eriuiiil into French hauils, 108 : defense and iurri-nilerol <ienoii,
1»«. lln, 11:), 114, 2<r7 : plans tor the relbf of. 110, 113 : nuoer-
seded by Brum', 124 : republicanism of, 1'J4 : en ateil ninrslinl,
'207 : leaves Italy for AUHtrhl, 245: ordrn-d to Napb-s. 2.',5 : uvo-
rice. .f, ill. 4 : venality of, 07 : created Duke of Klvcdl, 71 : yearly
Income aiul einjnnous fortun'',71, l~'.i, Tlfi : to concentrate at
Mm, ir,8: to conceidrat4i on the I-eeh, I.5'J : niovemenli! on the
Isar, 159, ini, 162: in campaign of EckniUhl, 16(1: ordi-nd from
Augsburg to Ingolstadt, 160, 161 : at Mousburg, 161 : In the Knna
valley, 167: crosses the Danube. 168: in battle of A>|iern, 170,
171 : character. 173: battle id Wagram, 1711, 177: nmimandlng
In Spain, 217 : dlsjisters in the I'eldnsula, 217, 218 : Insiilxirdlnn-
tlon In his army, 218 : battle of Bosuro, 218 : in Colmbra, 218 :
nuircli toward Llsbuii. 21m: enters Portugal, 218 : t^ailt's Jea-
lousy of, 219 : Soult fails to relieve, 21»: withdraws tiiwanl Mail-
tarcm, 219: awaitx relnlorcenientii, 219, TiO: failure In Spain,
220: precarhms situation before Linlmli, 220, '221: Jolniil by
Soult, '221 : defeated at Fuentcs ile ilnoro, '221 : relnforcenicnU
ordeii d from Castile t^i, 221 : ilisgraccd by A'., '221 : luceeeded
by Marmont, '221 : holds Ids position, 221 : insulHirdiiiation
among his ofllccra, 2'il : punishes desertion, 2'23: commanding
at ilarsellles, iv. 103 : neutrality of, ICS : recreated iiiorahal,
172
Masserla, Joseph, assoclntcil with y. In Corsica, i. 02 : siicceM
of bis .'ielliili<'n.64
Massias, Baron N,, French minister at Karlsruhe, Ii. 196
Matra, M E., a rival r,r Paoll, 1. 5
Haubeuge, battle oi, i. -im
Uaubreuil, Comte de, arranges for the .a-ssoaslnatlon of the Em-
Iieror. iv. K)8, 151
Mautem, Miller irosses the Danube at, iii. 164
Maximilian, Archduke, evacuates Vienna, III. 164
Maximilian Joseph, king of Bavaria, gives his daughter to F.u-
griie dc I'.cauharnais, ii. 257: at the Erfnrt conference, iii. 133:
his reforms in tlie TjTol, 165 : threatens to Join the cpidltlon,
iv. 61 : Joins the allies, 00 : grant ol autonomy to, 06 : defection
of, 91
Meaux, prison masaacres in, i. Ill : Bliicher moves on, Iv. 100 :
.V. ,v jilfiii of movement via, 113 : evacuation of. 123
Mecklenburg, territory rest^ircil to the reigning house, iii. 43
Mecklenburg-Schwertn, propositi to include in North Ocnaan
ConfcdtTiition. ii, 272
Mecklenburg-Schwerin, Duke of, refuses to fnmish levies. It.
2M
Mecklenburg-Strelitz, proposal to Include in North German
Confederation, ii. 272
Mecklenburgs, the, assert their independence, iv. 79
Medical School, lecture system of the, i. 167
Medina de Rio Seco, French success at, Iii. r22
Mediterranean, the, English naval operations in, ami poweron,
i. 1'23, i:)2, 1.53; ii. 10, 11, :i5, :)8, .57: iii. 89: naval operatii>na
in the, i. 260, '262 : departure of the English fleet from, 262 : AT.
a child of, ii. 10 : France's ambition for conquest of, 11 : the
citadel of the, 12, 38 : X.'x si hemes on, 12, 103 ; iii. 89, 90 : elab-
oration of plans for operations in, il. 21 : importance, 31 : -V.
calls for ships in, 46 : Adm. Bruix sent to conquer, 65 : Euro-
pean jealousy regarding control of, 90 : English cessions in, 13S,
167, 168: 'i'lUeifenve's orders for operation in, 239: attempt
to unite FYcncIl tleets in, 89: A'.'» nniatery of, 203: English
trade with, 214 : Roman dominion of, 2.30
Meerveldt, Gen., Austrian plenipotentiary at Leoben, i. '270:
Austrian plenipotentiary in treaty of Campo Fomiio, ii. 13:
defeated at Leoben, 236 : battle of Leipsic, iv. 71, 72 : at Auster-
litz, 72 : sent to ask an armistice, 72: caidured at Leipsic, 72
Megnadier, Gen., seduced by Marmont, iv. 142
Mebemet All, accession to power, ii. 53
Meike, "u coumiission to notify A', of his sentence, iv. 213
Meissen, French forces at, iv. 28
Melas, Gen., commanding -Austrian army in Italy, Ii. 105:
drives Suchet across the Var. 1U8 : forces Mass^na back into
Genoa, 108 : inilitarj- tactics, 108 : cuts -'n communication with
JIassiSna, 110 : position on the Var, 110 : hurries to Turin, 110,
111, 114 : X:s plans for the defeat of, 110, 113 : reinforcements
for. 111: rallies his army at Alessandria, 114, 116: capture of
one of his couriei's, 116: military characteristics, 117 : crosses
the Bormida, 117 : In liattle of Marengo, 117-119 : retires to Ales-
sandria, 118: superseded by Bellcgai-de, 122
Melnlk, Austro-Russian troops near, iv. 52
M^lun, the garrison at, iv. i:)7
Helzi, Comte F., nominated for president of the Cisalpine Ee-
piiblic, ii. 149 : letter from X. to, March 6. 18<H, 191
Memel, Queen Louisa at, iii. ;)6 : pioposal that Russia seize, 83 :
l'..lstoi visits Frederick William and Louisa at. 87
Memmlngen, iMi>tured by Leeourbe, ii. 109 : seized by .Soult, 235
M^neval, Claude F. de, statement of A', to, concendng the
Due d r.iighieip, ii. '200: reveals Maria Louisa's defection to «.,
iv, l.>6 : dismissed from the service of the King of Rome. 169
Menou, Gen. J. F. de, commanding the Ainiy of the Interior, I.
179 : ordered to disarm the insurgents, 179 : pusillanimity of,
180, 184 : service in Egypt, ii. 36 : professes Islamism, 44 : suc-
ceeds KKber, 123: surrenders in Egypt, 123: disasters in
Egypt, 135
Mentone, .v. in, i. 141 , „
Hercier, L. S., .V.'« study of his " Philosophic Visions, 11. 30
Merlin, iP. A., member of the Directory. 11. ,5, 2:1, 35 : interferes to
prevent .V.8 resignation as commander of Eg>T>tianexjieditioli,
35 : resigns from the Directory, 62 : seduced by Marmont, iv.
292
INDEX
HerMbOTK, Bornadfitto nt, Iv. 70
Miiy, liluai.r »i, iv. 101 : niptiuvd by Oiullnot, 104
Hesslarcli, i';>iilf "'. 'i- ii'-'
Mett«nberg, inpiBi iiunt on tlio, II. 100
Mettonilch, Prlnco von, chunntcr, il. 8. ; Iv. 45-»i : on A.«
,l..~i>;as .r l><P4-.\ il. JKl: "11 llu- treat.v of Tilsit. Hi. CO: allu-
sions to .V. K Itiiun' I'f iio» IT, 84 : kltcr to Stadlon, Jiil.v jr..
1807, S4 : y.'r convfreations and conlldciitos wiili, 8S, 2iy, 'j:il,
asa ; Iv. a«, 45: at St. Cloud levee, Aug. 16, 1808, 132 : deceived
liy the elinuc of Tallivnind and KouclnS 149, IM: i;oe8 to
Vienna. l.W: pUiii|iol,ntiar)' at Altenlmrg, 183: eugcests a
union between X. and Maria Lotilsa. Ili3. 194 : 8Uceeed» .-ilailion
as foreign minister, l'.i4 : re|iorts France's flnanclal comlitioii,
as-J: stirs lip strife between hYance and Kiissia, '238: reports
the Kii8-ian army on tlio Uaiuibe, 2311 : character of his nego-
tiations with France, 241 ; on the Russian war of 1812, 24'.>: In-
terview with X. at Dresden, Iv. 2.'i: holds back Schwarzenborg,
29: negotiations with F.nglaiid, 29: prepares to desert .V., •_".!:
seeks to einbi-oil Russia and Swidcu, 29: negotiations witli
llardcnberg, 29: negotiations with A'., 29: fureseesthe aims of
Uie new eoHllllou, 32 : triumph in the Saxon atfair, 32 : X.
fears the Intrigues of, 39 : arranges a basis of mediation with
Kesselro.le, 43: meeting with Maret, 44: on the FiancoAns-
trian nuirriage, 44 : secret meeting with Aleiander, 44 : <loublc-
dealing of, 4.'., 40 : interview with .V., 4.''>-i7 : demands suspen-
sion ot the Franct.- Austrian treaty of 1811, iCr. charged by X.
with venality, 40 : poses iis armed mediator, 47 : interview w ith
A"., June 27, 1813. 4.'i-i7 : letter to Francis, .tune 29, 181:), 47 :
advocates a I'ontinental peace, 47 : encourages rivalries ot
pettv potentates, 49 : at Congress of Prague, 49 : his policy ex-
posed, 49: diplomacy during the Frankfort parley, 80-83 : re-
proached for deserting .V., 81 : letter to Caulaincourt, Nov. 9,
1813,81, 82: letter from Caulaincourt, Dec. 2, 181;), 83 : suggests
compromise plan of invasion of France, 91, 92 : his memoirs,
98, 99 : position in European iliplomacy, 98-100: inHucnec over
Castlcroagh, 99; desires to restore tlie Bourbons, 99, 1(K) ; his
policy concerning lYance, IIB; strives to check PrU8si:in ambi-
tion, 115: on the European policy of 1814, 116: relations with
tlie allies, 122: letter from .V., March 28, 1814, 120: besought
to cnconip;i.ss X.'s exile, 152 : urges Jlaria Louisa to break re-
lations with her husband, IftS, l.W: negotiates secret treaty be-
tween Austria, EuKlaml, and I'Vauce, 166, 157: FouchS at-
tempts intrigue with, 170
Mettemlch, Countess, share in the Austrian marriage negotia-
tions ill- 1'-14
Metz, imprisomncnt of tlie Prince of Hesse-Cassel in, ill. 7 :
sen. Is nun to relief of Paris, iv. 125
Meuse, River, a French river, iii. 207 : militarj' movemeuts on
tb., IV. 171
Mexico, scheme of a Bourbon monarchy in, iii. 106, 111
Middle Guard, in batHe of Waterloo, iv. 201
Milan, under foreign voko. I. 207: X.'s entry into and subse-
quent visits to, 211. 220, 224, 24G ; il. 114, 120 ; iii. 88, 102, 104 :
defense ot, by Beaulieil, i. 21:)-220 ; flight of the Archduke from,
218 ; coercion applied to, 219,220; provisional government for,
224 ; plundered of works of art. 225 : levy of enforced contri-
butions from, 229; X.'s inllueuce in, 204: X.'s residence nt
Montebello, 277,278, 280. 282,283: Gen. Clarke at, 280: cele-
bration of July 14 in (1797), il. 2 : troops moved to Picardy
troui, 10 ; Morean ordered to cut Krays communication with,
107 : planof march to, abandoned, 110 ; festival at, li;) : Frenc^h
entry into (.lune 2. 1800), 113 : X.'s c.ire for the cathedral, 113;
Austrian evacuation of. 113 : Count of St. Julien sent to, 121 ;
coronation ot X. at, 220. 227 ; Prince Engine Beauharnais vice-
roy at, 229 : sends deputation to Paris, iv. 17
HUan decree, the, iii. 82, 88, 9.',, iu
Milanese, the, provisional government for, i. 224: scheme to
orgiuiize republic in, 227 : disposition by treaty of Leoben, 271;
question uf rcsti'ring to Austria, 280
MUhaud, Gen. J. B., tiansters his allegiance to Louis XVIII.,
iv. 117 : in Waterloo campaign, 176
Military courts, reeonstltuticui of, L 80
Military discipline, reforms in, i. 80-^)2
Military schools in France, i. 25 ; ill. 74 : X.'s critioisniB of,
i. :i1
Military strategy, -V. « skill in, li. 107 ; the art of, 119
Mlllell, .V-'» MiniURr-housc anil grotto, 1. 75, 125
Mllleslmo, military operations at, 1. 213, 216, 210 : battle of, iv.
97
MinclO, River, the, militar)' operations on. i. 219, 226. 232, 234 ;
li. CJi, 122: boundary of Austrian holdings in Italy, ii. 119
Minsk, .V.'n schcnie to seb.e, ilL 253 : the Frcncli retreat through,
iv. r,, 10
MioUis, OetL S. A. F., occupies the city of Rome, 111. 180
Miot de MolitO, I ■ 224: conversations with A'., II. 100: on the
diMi'instnitliin against England, 216: "Memoirs "of, quoted. III.
111:1
Hirabeau, H. O. R., activity at the meeting of the Estates Gen-
eral, i. 50: on positii ( the N'avarrese, 06 : pica for Corsica
in tlie .National Assembly, 06: shale in the conr|uest of (Cor-
sica, 05: Inspires amnesty to Pnoli, 65, 68: leads the National
Assembly against Buttafuoco, 76: military reforms of, 80:
sucicids Neckcr, 88: death, 88: opinion ot Talleyrand, 11. 22:
slaluc al the Tuilcries. 97 : Ills pcditics to be Iglwrod, iii. 28
Miranda, BcshI, rc» ai, il. 142
Mississippi, River, the, the Culled ."^tatos acquires control of,
li. IKI
Mlttau, I/.ui» .Will, at. III. 45
Mlawa, militar>- operations near. III. 18
Hbckem, military vpcratlons near, Iv. 70, 73
Hodena, intrigue in the court of, i. 207 : held to ransom, 228,
22'.>: the armistice with, broken, 247; Austria's protectorate
over, '202: Anslria seeks ^l retain, 270: disposition by treaty of
Leoben, 270, 271 : incorporated into the Cisalpine Republic, ii.
14 : -V.';' Iiatl faith with, 96
Modena, Duke of, atiempta to bribe A'., i. 223, 275, 270 : destruc-
tion of his g.jvernment, 228: driven from his throne, 247
Modlln, French military stores in, iii. 263: held by the tYench,
iv. .i;i
MohilefT, French garrison in, iii. 259
Mohningen, skirmish at, iii. 15
Mold,! via, Russian ambition to posses!!, il. 228; ill. 80, 85, 92, 9;i.
137, 191, 2:i0: dismissal of the Turkisli viceroy of, 6: alleged
concession of, ti» Russia, 48: Russian evacuation of, 54: A', of-
fers to olfsct Silesia against Wallachia and, 80, 87, 90: Russia
threatened w ith the loss of, 239
MoliJre, J. B., scene from "lartilfe," iv. 17
Molltor, Gen. G. J. J., in battle of Aspern, iii. 170
Mbllendorf, Gen. R. J. H., Prussian cimimander. 11. 272
Mollien, N. F., director of public debt, ii. 141: keeper of the
arni) -chest, 'jr.t, -I'M : minister of the treasury, 206, 200 : advises
against w ar, iii. i^i : protests against issue of paper money, iv.
24 : remark of X. to, 106, 167 : member of X.'s new cabinet,
167
Monaco, Prince of, brought as prisoner to A^, iv. 163
Moncey, Gen., crosses the si. Ootthard, 11. 110, 113: created
marshal, 207: created Duke of Conegliano, iii. 71: invades
Spain, 105 : defeated at Valencia, 1'21 : advances on Valencia,
122: at Madrid, 122 :;at Tafalla, 142: moves against Castailos,
144: besieges Saragossa, 145: at review of the Guard at Fon-
tainelileau, iv. i:!7 : recreated marshal, 172
Mondego, River, Wellington retreats down the, iii. 218
MOUdOVi, battle of, i, 216, 210
Money-lenders, X.'s hatreil for, ii. 83
Monfalcone, ci-.U.I to France, iii. 184
Monge, Gaspard, A'.'k mathematical teacher, i. 107 : miidster of
tin' navy, 107 : founds the Polytechinc School, 107 : plunders
Italian scientific collections, 225 : carries treaty <if Campo For-
mio to the Directory, ii. 10: warlike declaration against Eng-
land. 21 ; elaborates plan for operations in the Jlediterranean,
21 : accompanies -V. on his return from Alexandria, 5t; ; mem-
ber of the senate, 100: A'.'sfricndship with, 214: created bar. ni.
iii. 227
" Moniteur," the, records " Buona Parte's" action at Toulon, I.
!;)«: records A'.'k daily life, ii. 20: on the events ot the 18th
Brnmuire, 72 : excites warlike feeling in France (1800), 90 : at-
tacks England, 174. 187 : publishes Sebastian! s report, 176 :
on the imperial court at Aachen, 217 ; threatens Austria, 2;)2 :
on the belli of Austerlitz, 252 : insults Prussia, 2-58; announces
tlie position of the Napideonic princes, iii. 67. 08 : announces
the fall of the House of Br.aganza, 96 ; iiistifles FYench invasion
ot Spain, 105; puldishes " authorized reports of the Spanish
failure, 153 ; on Austrian aggressions, 106 : luinounees the an-
nexation of Holland, 212 ; X. offers Alexander the use of, 239 :
proclamation to the National Guard, March 8, 1816, iv. 167
Monk. Gen. George, A', is offered the rOle of. il. C; .Massena
tltti d for the lOle, 05 : X. compared with, 148 : Marmont emu-
lates the role, iv. 138, 142
Monnler, Gen. J. C, in battle of Jlarengo, ii. 118
Monroe, James, President of I'nitcd States, understanding
with I'.iiL-lan.l, iii. 42
Monroe Doctrine, the, iv. 245
Montalivet, Comte J. P. B., member of the Empress-Regent's
conlieil, iv. 12K
Mont Blanc, Department of, i. 133
Montbrun, Gen. L. P., eomnianding cavalry in Russian cain-
l,aign of, 1812, iii. 246
Mont Cenis pass, the crossed by A'., il. 18 : crossed by Tur-
rcaii, llu, 113: Austrntn watcli on, 111: the road over, 223;
iii. 02
Monte Albaredo, the lYonch pass over, li. Ill
Monte BaldO, military operations near, i. 232, 237, 251-2S4
Montebello, the Austrian retreat toward, 1. 239: A'.'s residence
at, 277, 278, 280, 282, 283 ; .losepliine at, 281, 282 : Genoese eni-
liass> U\ ii. 7 ; engagements near, 116: battle of, 128: Lanues
cr.-aUd liiikc of, iii. 71. .See Laknes
Monte Legino, Riunpon's stand at, i. 216, 241
Montenotte, battle of, i. 215; iv. 97
Montereau, militarj' movements near, iv. 97, 100: Victor or-
dered to seize, 102 : besieged by the Crown ll-inec .if Wiirteni-
biTg. 102 : battle of. 103: captured by the French, 103
Monte RotondO, Carlo Buonaparte at, I. 16
Montesquieu, C. de S., views on Corsica, i. 7 : A'.'« views on
his political ^peculations, ii. 33, ;)4: A"« study of, 36 : on human
ambition, iii. 07: A'.'» a.lmlration for, 136: "Oranileur and
Fall ..f the Romans," iv. IIHI
Montesquieu, A. A. A., royalist intrigues of, iv. 129 : member
.,r III.' cxcintiM- .■oiMioission, 1;)6
Montesquiou, Mme. de, g.'verness to tlie King of Rome, Iv. 88
Montgolas, M. J. G., Ilavariau minister of state, iii. 139
Mont GenSvre, buil.lbig a mad over, il. 221
Montholon, Charles, the " Manuscrit ile I'tle d'Elbc " attribuleil
tt., i. 103; X.'s .leclarntion to, concerning the Due d'F.nghicn,
ii. 199: accomimnies X. to St. Helena, 214 ; residence on thu
Island, 217 : assists X. on his history, 217 : remark of X. to,
218
Monthyon, Gen., escorts A', from the field of Wntcrlo.i. Iv. 203
Montierender, military nnivcments at, Iv. 94
Uontmartre, defense of, iv. 131 : captured by the Prussians,
132
INDEX
29:{
Montmlrail, i-aitu- nf. iv. or,, 97
Montmorency, ntyuliMt intrlinh-H r»f, Iv. 120
Montpelller, <lriitli of I'urlti ituniiujiiirto at, I. '.12
Mont St. Jean, Wcllinjjt'ms lolnut to, Iv. 1K4, 1H7 : poMll»IIItv
of (iioinhv ifiictiiiiK. imc topoKraphy nf, lUI : Wt'llinKtou h
ifiitiTiit, l',U : llKhtliin at, '20r>
Moore, Sir John, cumnmiMUiiK EriKUth trnoiw ill the IN-nlrmiilii,
iij. Ill : lit Saliimaiica, M4 : at AHtoivu, MTi, 140: Froiieli Rcnnli
for, nr. : pn-pari's to att^uk Soiilt, 14*»: croMttos the F.hIji, MC. :
(K-»ti'(>yH inii^a/liioH at HL-ni'Vi-nto, 140: roaeheM roruniia. 14''> :
Ills rt^truut, lU-uth, uud uxaiiipio, UU, 147: defeat o( Sonll,
Moosburg, An-hihike Charles's forcu at, \i\. 101: Mnaiu'im at,
u;i
Morand, Gen. L. C. A., in the Krkiiulhl canipnlKii, lil. 161: hnt-
l\v i.f i;..i o.liiiu, •2C,\ : in hnttic of WaUTlon, iv. 109
Moravia, KutuBoir s iidvAiice into, II. 'i;(r.
Moreau, Gen. J. V., « pruduct of Carnot'B system, 1. 202: com.
maiidiiiK forced at Strashurg, 201t: at Munich, 2;J4. 2;ir>: dofealH
Archduke I'harlea, '2,irt : erosses the Khiiie at l\ehl, TAr* : opera-
tions on the Rhine, 208: military jrenius, 211 ; 11. lOG, 107, UU :
iv. 02 : fails to reinforce A'., i, 270-27;i : crosses tlie Rhine near
atrashiirj:. 272: decUnea to aid the Direct^>r8, 11. 'A, 4 : Herves In
the Anuy of ItJily, 49: suspected of coniplieity witli IMeltiifm,
4i», 107, 190: last stand in Piedmont, fi? : sueeeedft Si^lierer In
coniniand, liO: military operations in the Apenidnes, 63: sue-
cecdod hy Jouhert, G3 : tempti-d with a ilictntorsliip, 04 : tainted
with r4»yalism, 04 : jiduH the Ilonapartiat ranks, 07 : a hanquet
at St. .Sulpice, 08: relations with the Directoi-y, OH: command-
ing Knar4l at the Luxembourg. 74 : blamed for imiirisonlnR
Muulins and Gohier, 74 : appointed t*) command tlie Army of
the Rhine, 92, 105: pci-sonal ambition, 92. 100, 107 ; Iv. 52: a mil-
itary rival of .v.. ii. 92, 100, 107. 126 : A'.V sehenie toBtrengthi-n,
100 : letter from M., Mareh 10, 1800. 107 : ordered to take the (jf-
fensive, 107 : participation in the revolution of lirumaire, 107 :
luck of supplies for, 108 : crosses the Rhine, April 2/>. isoo, 108,
109: outwits Kray, lOH, 109: passes the Black Forest. 108, ItW:
defeats Kray at Alesskirch and Kngen, 109: troops detached
from, 110: levies contributi()ns on South Cermany, 120: effect
of his victories, 120 : occupies Munich, 120: fortresses ceded t<>,
122 : representative of Revtdutituiary traditions in warfare, 12:t :
position near Munich, 124: battle of Ilohenlinden, 124. 12r):
eclipses N. in military glory, 125 : advances toward \'ienna,
125: republican sentiment in his army, 151 : fall of, 155, 188-
191, ly:i : implicated in the Cadoudal conspiracy, 188 et secj.:
arrest and imprisonment of, iw. popular denunciation of, 190:
banishment of, 191 : takes up arms against N., 191 : mortally
wounded at Dresden, 191; iv. 69: effeet of his disgrace, ii.
203: movements at Munich, iii. 158; summoned from America
for European service, iv. 37,52: goes over to the allies, 52:
with Schwarzenberg's army, 52 : character, 52 : enters the Rus-
sian service, 52: ambition to ac(iuire the French crown, 52:
treachery of, 53. 54 : plans tlie battle of Dresden, 60 : refuses to
fight against his country, 60: death, 110: funeral mass cele-
brated fur, 158
Moreau, Mme., ambition of, ii. 190, 191
Morlaix, ViUeneuve at, ii. 211
"Morning Journal," on England's indifference to French af-
fairs, iv. 1(;9
Morsbacll. naliUiry movements near, iii. IGO
Mortler, Gen. E. A., a product of Carnot's system, i. 202 : occu-
pi( s Hanover, ii. 183 : created marshal. 207 : destruction of his
division, 230: annihilated at Diirrcnstein, 2-13: in the Auster-
litz campaign, 245: occupies Mainz, 270; iii. 7: seizes tho
Prince of Hesse-Casael, 7: threatens Stralsund, 23: battle of
Heilsberg, 29 : battle of Friedland, 31 : created Duke of Treviso,
-^: yearly income, 71 : reinforcements for, 129: occupies Fran-
coftia, 129 : forces in Spain, 143 : ordered to Idow up the Krem-
lin, 369, 270: in the retreat from M<)Seow, iv. l: commanding
the Gil^ard, campaign of 1813, 34 : battle of Dresden, 60, 57 : holds
Pirna, IW, 03: battle of Leipsic, 71: at Troyes. 94: battle of
Montminiil, 90 : at Soissabs, 104 : junction with A^.. 106 : checks
Bliicher at the Oureq, 100 T battle of Laon, 108 : defends the Paris
line against liliieher, 113: .at Rhcims, 113: at SoisBons, 113:
junction with Marmont at Fismes, 119: driven back t<» Charen-
ton, 123: junction with Marmont. 123: driven back on Paris,
124, 128 : defense of Paris, 132, 133 : concludes terms of surren-
der, 133 : denounced hy N., l;i5 : ordered to take position vmder
tlie walls of Paris, 136 : strength after surrender of Paris, 130,
137 : attachment to N., 137 : absent from the Waterloo cam-
paign, 175
Moscow, A', threatens to march to. iii. 232 : military enthusiasm
in, 255 : Russian retreat from Smolensk toward. 257 : A'.'s line
from the Niemen to, 259: defense of, 260-202: agreennnt of
the opposing generals as to its capture, 201, 205 : tlie Kremlin.
202, 204 : capture and burning, 202-205 : N. expects Alexaii.irr
to save, 203: N.'s political and military blunders at, 2r.n, -jiu :
topot,Maphy, buildings, monuments, etc., 204 : fouutJiin of Rus-
sian iiispinitinn, 204: Russian abandonment of, 265 : disputed
honor of the contlagi-ation, 205 : pillage of, 205. 200 : the French
ai-my in, 205-207 : X.'s dissipation in, 207 : A'.'a intention to be
crowned in, 267: French retreat from, 267-270; iv. 1 et scii.:
throwing away the spoils of. 2 : destruction of, 19 : Alexander's
desin- to avenge the Freneli seizure of, 80
Mosel, River, military operations on the, iv. 92
MoskWa, River, military movements on the, lil. 201, 264
Moullns, J. F. A., member of the Directory, ii. 63: represents
Jarubin clement in the Directory, 64 : prop<'«t!d resignation of,
69: refuses to resign, 73 : imprisonment of, 74, 78 : A'."* charges
against, before the Aucienta, 77, 78
"Mountain," the, iK>Hltion (n tho National Convenilon, I. Ill :
HUHptelH an Kiigllih party In roinlca, 116: action dl»< uRhed hi
the " HupiH-r of McHui alrr," IM) : A'.'m alllllatlon with, 142, 143 :
fall of. 147 : fa<:tlonH In, MH : htatuii In the provlncen, 159 : an*
nihihitlon iif, 108, 109
Moufltler, <pnHllon of Oroui-hy'i moving to, Iv. Ifl'J, IWi
MozhalHk, mlliUry oiwratlonii at, III. '2f>^i, '27U: deiHjt of the
I'rijirb artiiy at, Iv. 1
Mutning, Gen.. In Imttio of Waterloo, Iv. 198
MulrOU, l*ine.l at Areole, I. 246
Mulde, River, eontemi'lated niovenM-nti on the. Iv. 07
Miiller, W., number of PniMjiiiin nform parly, II. 269
MultedO, niemlK-rof Directory of CorMlcii, i. "3: denounce* .V.,
ir.o: btt.T from A'., 153
Munchberg, Soult at, 11. 278
Munich, .Nf<>ii-an at, 1. XH, 2:15; Ii. 120 124 ; lit. IM: militAry
opurationH mar, 11. 124, 125: .M<>h'e ne la Tnurhi-'ii nm'hlnii*
tfuns In, 189 : expulHion of the KiikIImIi envoy at, 211: the
F.te<-tor of llnvarla rt-iH-cuples, 243 : A'.'n plan to remdi, III. 15H
Miinster, iioHitton in Ihe French empire. 111. 1*14
Mur, River, niillUiry operfitioUH on the, I. 20m, 2i*.9
Murad Bey, atUiekH the Freneh at .She)<rek(-(, II. 40: battle of
Oh- l'\ranifds, 41: worrieH .Y. with myst^Tlomi intrigue*, 52:
fails to as^iut the Rhodes exptdition, 53 : ileath, 5^}
Murat, Gen. Joachim, at Morghett«>, i. 227: threat«nii Oenoa,
228 : in Rivoli eainpaign, 254 : service in Kgypt, II. SO: ordered
to kill hoHtile tribesmen, 47 : battlr of Abonklr, 54 : areonipa-
nii'.'t A*, on return from Alexandria, 50 : action on the I8th
Hrumalre, 71: commanding guard at Mt. C]ou«l, 74: projHfBcs
to clear the Orangery, 80 : pursut-s the AustrlaUH from .Mdan,
113: battle of Marengo, iiH: commanding in central Italy,
124: wat<hes Naples, 124: Ids plebeian blrlh, 127: marries
Caroline Buonaparte, 127, l(i4, 105: guardian to King Louifi'H
widow, 150: military commandant at Pari.s 197: share In trial
of d Knghlen, 198: ereated marshal, 207 : at A'.'« coronation,
219: captures Worneeks division at Nordlingcn, 235: entem
Vieima, 230 : reproached by A'., 236 : crosseH the Talhtr bridge,
2;{0, 2;i7 : bxse conduct at Vieinia, 237 : vanity of, 243 : permiU
Kutusoff's escape. 243: "destroys the fruit.-* of a rnnii>aign,"
244 : pursues the Russian force, 244 : eheek« d tiy llagration at
IIollal>runn, 244: outwitted by Kutusotf at llollabrunn, 244:
battle of Austerlitz, 249, 250: Cniml Duke of CU-ves and Ikrg.
261 : takes title of Joachim I., 261 : his ambitions, 270: PruB-
sian campaign of 180*', 274, 278, 280 : personal attendance on
N., 276 : at Saalburg, 278 : in battle of Jc^na, 280 : character,
iii. 2, 109, 111: invests Magdeburg, 2: pursues Hoheulohe, 2:
at Oolymin, 12 : strength in Poland, 13 : in campaign of F.ylau,
19-21: pursues Bennigscn, 21 : battle of Ileilstn-rg, 29: pursues
Lestocq from Friedland, 32: at Tilsit, 45: interview with
Queen L^misa, 62: assumes title of Naiwdeon, 67 : advances on
Madrid, 106 : at Burgos, 100 : assumes conunantl in Spain, 106 :
his dilemma, 109: his pndectlon sought by Charles IV., 109:
letter to N., March 25. 1808, 109, 110: enters Madrid, 109-111 :
ambition to secure the Spanish throne, 109, 114, 115, 117: letters
from y., March, 1808, 110, 111: designated Protect^ir of Spain,
110: relations with A'., Ill : attitude of .Spanish people toward,
111: his policy in Spain, HI: refuses t«i recognize Ferdinand,
112: trouble with his prisoner (Jodoy, 114: appointed dic-
tator of Spain, 114: Madrid revolts against, 114, 115: A', of-
ers him the crown of Naples or i>f Portugal, 115: executes
patriots in Madrid, 115: becomes king of Naples, 117, 213,
242; y.'s control over, 118: butchery in the Mailrid riots,
118 : strength at Madrid, 122 : commander-in-chief at Madrid,
122 : executes decree depriving the Pope of secular power, 186,
187: member of extraordinary council on A'."« second mar-
riage, 194 : violates the Continental System, 204 : cavalry com-
mand in the Russian campaign of 1812, 246 : strength, March
12, 1812, 240 : urges action at Vitebsk. 250 : battle of Smolensk,
257, 258 : remonstrates against tlghting at Smolensk, 258: en-
ters Moscow, 262 : reports the temper of the Russian peasantry,
200: sudden attack on, 267, 209 : desperate flu'hting on the re-
treat from Moscow, iv. 4 : ordered ^l form behind the Niemen,
12 : commanding the remnants ut the grand army, 12 : deserts
the army and returns to Naples, 12, 21, 27.87: crosses the
Niemen, 20: enters Konigsberg, 20: held t.j his allegiance, 18 :
battle of Dresden, 57 : sent to support Vauilanime at Kidm.
61 : fails to check Schwarzcnberg or hold BUicher, 02 : ordered
^) hold Schwarzenberg, 66, 67 : battle of Waehau, 70, 7 1 : battle
of Leipsie, 70, 71. 73 : forms alliance w ith Austria, 9o : marches
on Rome, 90: censured hy A\, 90: deserts A'., 90, 93: char-
aeterizatlon of Talleyrand, 129: uneasy for his throne, 156:
dejicsed. 157 : Soult opposed to. 165 : condemned to death, 212
Murat, Mme., marital relations, ii. 165
Murati, success of, at r.;istia, 1. 04
Museum of Arts and Crafts, founded, i. 167
Mustapha IV., seeks the friendship of France, iii. 85: overw
tluows SeUm III., 85 : weak reign of, 127 : murders Selim III.,
127
N, Napolecm's monogram, iii. 37
Namur, nnlitary operations near, iv. 174. 179, 183, 185, 186, 203
NangiB, Victor and Oudinot driven bark to, iv. l»7 : Wlttgonatein
driven from, 103: A', at, 103: Berthierat, 103: l-Yench retreat
stopped at. 112 ,
Nansouty, Gen., in the F.ckmiihl campaign, iii. 161 : coraniand-
iiig cavaliv in ivussian cnntpaign of IHl'i, 240: moves from A*-
zanne ugaiiist lilucher. iv. 9.1, W,: ordered toward Muntmirail.
96 : transfers his allegiance to Louis Will., 147
294
INDEX
Nantes, imtnimity fn>ni tho \Vhit« Terror, iv. 010
Napier, Gen., in i'titllr of WdUrloo. iv. 201
Naples, H-'UiIk.ii tntluence in, i. It: hiimiliutioii of, 113,228: aids
in lifunst- t'f Toulon, 1^2: inuler foreign yoke, 207: French
propttsitinn to ri-voliitionize, 227: becomes refnictory, 247:
makes peace wiili France, 24*^: X.'s leniency to, 200: y.'s in-
fluence in, 27H : iilumler of, li. U : arrogunce of, 12 : <ii|ili'nijitie
offset of Spain against, 12 : claims Malta, 12 : neiiirulization of,
21 : dread of l-Yench spoliation in, 27 : makes war on ilonu-, 40,
■49, 5i): spread of revolution.iry ideas to, r»ll : joins the second
coalition, 50, 02 : Mue^lonaM uideied to, GO : Bonapartist agency
in, 61 : capture of, !iy Chami'ioniiet, 00, 03 : (uibridled license
at, 63: watched by Munit, 124: llussia intercedes for, 131 :
English ships forbidden to enter, 131: forced contributions
fnmi, 131: i-Yance withdraws from, 135, 108, 1S3: not alhm-ed
to garrison Maltji, 182: seized by Saint-Oyr, 183: fate of her
admiral, Caraceioli, I'.U : Russia demands France's evacuation
of, 211, 222 : independence of, 229: a focus of anti-I'nnch con-
spiracies, 229: y. demands expulsion of emigrants from, 220:
J\'. threut<,'ns to seize, 2^*2 : Villcneuve ordered to, 230: Prussia
bounil to secure the liberties of, 243 : banishment of the Bour-
bons from, 252, 255, 259 ; iii. 106 : llussian occupation of, it. 255,
271 : Joseph Bonaparte made king of, 255; iii. 3, 110 : Massthia
ordered to, ii. 255: rupture of the queen's engagement with A'.,
255 : iV. exacts tribute from, 255 : opened to Knglish sbii)s, 255 :
Russia evacuates, 202 : vassala>:e to France recognize*! at Tilsit,
iii. 47 : troulile concerning tlie Papal States, 57 : aludition of the
hostile strip between Italy ami, 94 : financial and political re-
form in, 103: Murat becomes king of, 115, 117, 213, 242: Eng-
land's loss of trade with, 208: seizure of American ships by, 211 :
Murat returns to, iv. 12, 21 : fails to support iV., 91, 93 : insecm*-
ity of Murafs throne, 156: refrains from joining the European
co:ilition agtiinst A'., 109
Naples, King ot See Buonaparte, Josepu
•* Napoiadron," iii. 223
Napoleon Buonaparte. (Xote.~ Items concerning Napoleon's
relations with persons orplaces will be found under the respec-
tive names of snob subjects. For a conspectus of events in his
career, see the Tables of Contents in each volume. For aphor-
isms l)y or concerning Napoleon, see Phrasks. For details
of his character see paragraph helovf,— Analysis of char-
a^'ter.) Birth and infancy, i. 14-24 : brothers and sisters, 15, 10 :
foniis of his name, 18, 19 : nicknames, 19 ; his personal recollec-
tions of childhood, 20, 23: development of military genius at
the snow forts, 27 : challenges a schoolmate, 20 : letter to his
father, 29, 30: conceptions of the State, 40: aptitude for the
navy, 29 : two enemies of, 33 : views on and first lessons in
revolution, 40, 67-74, 90, U2 : hatred of t'rance, 47, 00: im-
provement in financial condition, 70 : a Corsican revolutionist,
72: first appearance as an orator, 73: political schemes, 70:
certitleates as to liis republicanism, 70, 79: prepared for con-
Hrmation, 83: his dctra<tors, 84: hisdesire concerning bis biog-
raphies, 84: course of life from 1791 to 1795, 84etseq. : i»ayment
of debts, 85 : growing: notoriety, iK): a starting-point of bis ca-
reer, 92: addresses the Minister of War on the NationaUJnard,
92 : debts of, 92 : a Corsican .Jacobin, 93-105 : strained relntJuns
with the Ministry of War, 93, 170, 177 : purchases seiiuestruted
church lands, 94: election methods, 97; his "civisni," 99, 100 :
with the mob at the Tuileries, 103 : on riots, 103 : relations with
the Marseilles deputation, 104: on the conllict of Aniiust 10,
1792,104: seeks commission in naval artillery, 107: aims at
Coi-aican leadership, 119: failure in politics, 126: general of
brigade. 137, 139-142, 171 : his own record of his life, 139, 140:
influential friends, 139, 142-144: a Jacobin general, 139-145:
denies his nobility, 140: refuses to obey the Convention's sum-
mons, 142: a Montagnard, 142. 143: the "plan-maker" of the
Robespierrcs, 144 : tlie germ of bis military system, 140: vicis-
situdes in wai' and diplomacy, 140-153 : suspension au(i arrest,
150-153: appeal to the "representatives of the p.ojib" (1794),
151, 1.V2: release, 152, 153 : the emi of apprenti' cs^lilp. ir.4 IGi :
degraded from artillery to infantry, 165 : .hicoiiin i)roi livitit s.
169, 170: renounces Jacobinism, I70 : the (JenLial of tlie Con-
vention. 171-180: plans marriage and settled life. 170 : jealousy
directed against, 180: his police sei-vices, 180: courtship and
marriage, 180-19G: atypical Corsi.-an, 187: views on love and
marriage, 187: adopts new spelliitg of his name, 194, 195: a
j)rodnct of Carnot's system. 2iKi : the (Kilipus r)f France, 204 : on
a great stage, 204-212: demands reinfoneinent.-i, 209: insists
on unity of command, 209: keynote of mi lit an p-dicy, 209,210:
secret of his military success. 212 : " thr Little »'i)rporal," 220;
iv. 103: an in-nborilhiMti' conrpieror and diplomatist, i. 221-
230: entrust <d with diplomatic powers, 222: threats against,
222: iirostituHon of his subordinates, 223, 230: scheme of art
plunder, 225 : views concerning art« and sciences. 225, 220 :
plans Hueceeding the capture of Milan, 220-230: refuses bribes,
2.'Mt: a prophecy fulfllled, 2;i6 : narrow escapes, 241 : extinction
of the Corsican in, 248: memoirs, 257 : military jealousy di-
rected against. 263; indeptndent attitude of, iL 2: attitude
toward royalty, 3: '* a personage in Europe," 6: plans for Imild-
ing up sea jtowcr, 12 : bribery of and by, 13 : constructive com-
mander-lnchief of French forces, 24: represses pillage, 28:
BUpplanter of the Revolution, 31 : his " complete code of poli-
tics," 33, 34 : theories of government, 33, 34 : doubtful iKiints in
connection with the Egyptian campaign, 33-35: on English
political histor>', 31: "tho pear is not yet ripe," 35 : assumes
ther6leof a prophet, 45: el Kubir, the' Exalted, 45: receives
Secret information from his brothers, 54 : sunmioiied to take
supreme c<^nimaiid, 55 : death at St. Helena, 57 ; iv. 219 : gives
t^jaflt: "the harmony of all the French," il. Oft: schenie to
make htm consul, 69 : secret meeting of his friends, 15th of
Napoleon Buonaparte — confini/«rf.
Brumaire, 09: critical nuuneut in Talleyrand's house, 70: tem-
porary dictat^ir, 72: speech t-o Barras's messenger, 19th Bru-
maire, 73: dangerous conlldence of, 74 : " traitor and outlaw,"
77, 79, 82 : the arbiter of French destiny. 82 : reports of his
weiiltli, 83: First Consul. KJ, 84, 86: royalist predilections for,
88: his choice of two policies, 91 : the epoch of, 92 : importance
in universal history, -.iJ : apparent loss. of militai'y ambition,
92: choice of ailniinistrators. 92, 99-101 : English views t)f, 94,
95 : salary as First Ctiiisul, KMt: the jicrsonality of the council
of state his, KK): aims at centralization of government, 101:
benetlcent ettects of his regime on the worM, 101: controls
foreign relations, nil : foreign policy, 103, 104: makes enemies
as First Consul, 104: the fate of France identitled with his,
104: contrasts administrative with military glory, 107 : on the
art of war, IOh: expansion of his schemes, 113: his favorite
tactics, 117 : distinction between the statesman and the gen-
eral, 119, 120 : violation of the constitution in as,suming com-
niaml, 120: undisputed nnistery of France, J20 : sportive tricks
with old dynasties ot Europe, 126: period of his greatest re-
nown, 129, 13(1 : married life. 129, 130, 103, 104 : malicious libels
on, 130 : as kiugniaker, 132 : urged by Russia to declare himself
king, 134 : codification of the laws, 143 ; regenerates feudal soci-
ety, 144 : study of h»w, 140 : his interest in education, 140 : the
new era, 148: method of deporting opposition. 151-153: appa-
rent summit of bis power, 154: pUits and attempts to assassi-
nate, 164, 155. 258; iv. 140, 151, 152, 156: policy towai'd his ene-
mies, ii. 165 : popularity, 157-HM) : proposal t** make him king,
160: the tool of fate and architect of his own fortunes, 101 : his
first marriage, 101 : a soldier of fortune, 101 : at maturity, 161
et seq. : a man of all ages, 162 : the per8onificati(}n of France,
162 : etfect of conspiracies on, 162, 103 : safeguards for, 103 : on
friendships, 163: on the forces by which kings rule, 103: ef-
fect of his married life on the Code, 104: war a necessity to,
172: French admiration for, 177 : expansion of the revolution-
ary system, 178: relations with the diplomatic corps, 178, 179:
consular levee of March 13, 1803, 179: reception of diplomatic
corps, April 4, 1803, 182: remonstrances against adulation of,
188: mortification of, 199: on the piimacle of revolutionary
power, 201 : brief review of his career, 201-203: creates a vir-
tual tyranny, 202: "consul, stadholder, or emperor?" 205:
his imperial title, 206 : his civil list, 200 : heraldic device of the
empii-e, 200, 207 ; secures the imperial succession to his family,
207: inauguration of the empire, 209: coronation, 209, 217 et
seq. ; iv. 221 : his naval plans of 1805, ii. 213, 214 : reception of
the news of Trafalgar, 214: as a man of science, 214: his
strength with the army. 214 : forms of his strategy, 210 : fear
of poison, 219: encourages arts and sciences, 222, 224, 225:
first speedi from the imperial throne, 222: gemis of the na-
tional uprising against, 223: the sjiell of bis name, 224: depre-
cates war, 225: backed by the nation, 225: "moderation" of,
227: auger at naval failures, 231 : rapidity and perfection of
his movements, 23^i : his nnlitary comnn\n'ders, 2:^4 : sinks the
emjieror in the general, 234, 275; iii. 90; iv. 35: the head of
the French empiie, ii. 255 : demands recognition as Emperor
of Home, 250: violation of dynastic ties, 201: ideas about ter-
ritorial sanctity, 201, 202: "Napoleon the Great," 203: the
imperial catechism, 264: traveling arrangements, 276, 277:
distrust of his suite, 277 : simplicity of his military dress, iii.
3 : likened to an octopus, 9 : piditical methods and policies, 10,
03, 92, 152, 240 : a new seat of wai' for, 11 : determined to "con-
quer the sea by land," 11 : new experience in campaigning, 12 :
his first child, 16 : the center of his administration, 26 : the
supports of bis empire, 20 : centralization of govcrimient in,
26, 27: nameless charges agaitist, 28: his excuses for his li-
cense, 28 : his monogram (N) 37 : commercial p<dicy, 41, 108:
attitude toward the Russt)-Prussian alliance, 47 : preference
for action before words, 50: lecognizes the power of decora-
tions, 67: drafts on his associates, 07: the surname of Napo-
leon. 07 : on the amliitions of the iYench people, 08 : on pater-
nal government, 08: personal decrees, 70: recognizes popular
fickleness, 70: creates a titled class, 70, 71: art under, 72:
system of imperial patronage, 74: discourages gambling, 75:
relations with his friends and generals, 75: imjuisons a mil-
liner, 75 : pert remarks addressed to, 70 : supposed cause of
the turn of his fortunes, 78: ignorance concerning American
affairs, 82: realizes the limitations of his power, 86, 89: his
" master," 89 : ill luck at sea, IKI : piditical system of, 92 : the
height of liis power, 92: crushes a watch in passion, 103: his
detenninatiou t*» crush opposition, 103: intercepts suspected
correspondence, 103, 120: his "cabinet noir," 103: turn of
his fortunes, 108, 118: justifies pillage, 124: crushing blows,
124. 120 et seq.: the embodiment of jHiwer, 125: divorce im-
pending, 125: system of t<'rritorial expansion, 128: his extinc-
tions of ruling dynasties, 128: dipIomati<- exhibit of bis political
scheme at St. Cloud, 131, 132: dramatic incident at jierfor*
mance of " (Edipe," 134 : appreciation of the drama, 134, 135 :
familiarity with ancient history, 135, 130 : thickening of the
divorce plot, 139: the character of his civilization, 139: orders
list of mairiagealde princesses to be prepared, 139: a gang of
self-seeking traitors to, 149, 150: well informed on the European
8itu:ition, 151, 152 : system of spies, 1S2 : skilful historians on,
152: slnfts responsibility for wars onto the enemy, 153: his
plan of cami)algns, 157: ptdicy of wooing pettplo and alaising
their rulers, 105, 100 : Bonaparte distinguished from Napoleon,
179 ; iv. 7H, 1 18: ultimate terms of peace, Iii. 184 : sick of war,
184 : dread of assassination, 185 : excommuniciited, 180 : change
In his manner, 189: his "harem," 1K9 : declining jiopularity,
192 : basin of his i»i'Wer, 192 : alleges the reasons for his divoi-ce,
194 : decides on tlie Austrian marriage, 195 : second miUTiage,
INDEX
295
Napoleon Buonanarto — confi'uwrd.
lOK, 1U9 : lmiiiuiie» the cnrdinulH, lO'J : renounces titio of Rnmnn
Emperor, 200; euiisoUdiitlnn of tiis powi-i, 'JOl : niltt vacant
biHlioprics, 'J02 : extent of liitt eiiipiri.*, '203, 2i:) : L-lmii^e uf naval
pulicy, 203 : tliu national upridinKM it^ainHt, 204> : caitHL-s leiulln^
to his overthrow, 20<> : iniatakfu policy of provldiiiK thronea for
relutivus, 213 : IiIh pi'n|uiHitu8 in EiikHhIi HUKar uiiil eotfce, 214 :
Hpitnisli uchoon>oys nickname for, 223: dealH with statu projw
erty (or pt'i-stinal Iieiicllt, 225: policy of pcrMjruil attachincnU,
225, 221! : hill "extraordinary iloniain,"220, 232 : chooses hctwuou
liveB of clilhl and mother, 2:10: Int]ierlal rcsldcners, 221>,
230: endows matfrnity lio^pitiil, 230: asjdrationsfor si^a power,
231, 232: Hood tido of MUictsa, 232 : method of rcploninhinjr an
empty treasury, 232, 235: llio man and tlic cmlnnlicd poljti
Cftl force of Europe distiUKUislicd, 233-235: " Emperor of the
Continent," 234 : an incident thitt changed the conise of his-
tory, 238, 239 : niw naval schemes, 23'.i : lieliof In the devotion
of France, 210: policy of territorial a«ffrandizement, 2-10: Ins
ideal, 242: begiinunK of his decline, 242: coimidered the anti-
christ, 245: secret funds, 240: studies Rnnuui history, 247:
warned ayainst war by ministers and friends, 247, 248 : warned
of the fato of Charles XII., 248: moral reforms, 248, 241): the
climax of his dranm, 251 : physical characteristics at openinR of
the llusaian campaign of IS12, 252 : alllicted with dysuria, 252 ;
address to hfs army before the Russian rami'aii.'n, 253 : plans of
action, 254, 255 : lonyinfj for a t-'i'cut Itattle, 255 : desperate mili-
tary straits of, 25H, 25ii: deplores the barbarity of war, 2tK) :
contracts a hiathsome tliseaae, 207 : weakness and indecision on
the retreat from Moscow, 270 : shares tlio hatilships of the
army, iv. 1, 4, 7 : commands a division of the army, 5 ; bullethi
of Dee. 3. 1812. 12 : false report of his death, 14 : wrath of the
anny against. 14: *' robbed the cradle and the jn"ave," 22 : rev-
olutionary trainiuK, 24 : bis "lil)rary," 24 : <ni credit, 24 : faces
a European coalition, 2('>, 27: refuses to cede European hold-
ings, 27 : conciliatory attitude, 27 : fallacies of bis military
schemes of 1813, 28: aims of the new coalition aRaiust, 32: be-
lief in cavalry, 34 : attitude toward Austria, 35 : liis blunder of
1813, 41: the beginning of the final disaster, 41: a tyro in dy-
nastic politics, 44 : allet;e<l turnin;^-i)oiiit in his career, 45 : sus-
pects treachery, 45 : isolation of, 45, 4'.t : characterizes hia Aus-
trian marriasc as stupidity, 46 : his first fatal blunder, 47 : tries
to bribe Austria, 50: former friends turn apainst, 52: advan-
tage over the allies, 53 : the hazard of the die, 53 : eharactcrl-
zatlou of the allies, 54 : value of his i)re8ence in the Held, 57 :
climax of dia:iater, 01 : appeals U^ sentiment rather than his-
tory, Gl : the wuiuler-year of bis tbeciri-tical genius, 02: trans-
formed fr<nn ntratei^'i^t into pi'litirjan, 02: the diplomat out-
sti'ips the strategist. i".5 : lieliuition nl" a threat man, 05 : outwitted
by the allies, 08, O'.f : the savior of society, 81 : found out by the
masses, 82: newness of his nobility, 82: bis aim the indepen-
dence of tlie nations, 83 : spends his private treasure on tho
lU'iny, 86 : his last olticial act, 88 : no longer Emperor, 89 : leaves
Paris for Chabms, 8'.): value of his prestige, 93: bis supreme
milit:u-y effort, 93 : a famous mai'cb by, '.)7 : the allies' determi-
nation to exterminate the Napoleonic idea, 98, 99 : his military
correspondence, 1814, 98: yields to his marshals, lifO : estraiige-
nieut and desertion of his marshals, 1()3, i;i'J, 14.5-147: sugges-
tion that he abdicate, 104 . realizes tlie war is for his extermina-
tion, 108: "the spasmodic atrnke or the dying gladiator," 111:
rouses tlie peasantry to guerrilla warfare, 112, 113: desperate
scheme of, 116 : '* this movement makes or mars me," 121 : cap-
ture of a bundle of letters from Paris for, 122 : clianccs for a
last stand, 125 : contemplates a new levy, 129 : the allies refuse
to treat with, 134 : proposal that he g(nern France uudor guar-
antees. 134: overthrown by the legislature, 135: regains his
equilibrium, 130: rage at learning of the surrender, 135, 130:
the allies refuse to negotiate with, 130: his lU'st abdication,
136, 139-142. 144: influence over the troops, 137 : desertion of
the army, 143: the knell of of the empire, 144: proclamation
of April 5, 1814, 145: a homeless citizen of the world, 145:
determination never to be taken alive, 140 : final form of
his declaration of abdication, 147 : use of the imperial style,
148: the savior of European society, 148: treatnicut accorded
to, by the allies, 148-164 : parting gifts to old acqiuiintanees,
149 : treasure at Blois, 149 : denies the charge of usurpation,
160: alleged to be a bastard, 151; alleged theft of crown
jewels, 151 : his true name said to be Nicholas, 151 : calunmies
heaped on, 151, 152, 155: plots for the exile of, 152: adopts
disguise, 152, 153: farewell to the allies' commissioners, 153:
effect of English customs on, 153: begins the administration
of his island realm, 154: treasure at the Tuileries, 154: his
historical commentai-ies, 154: forced to practise economy, 155:
diniiuutiiu) of his private f<»rtune, 150: scheme to deport him still
further, 157: keeps inforaied as to conjse of Ein-oiiean events,
157, 160: scouts the idea of a regency, li'l : prepares for his es-
cape, 101, 102: alle^'ed fears of deportation, 102: his escape
justified, 162: dismisses the peasantry from his column, 164:
troops Hock to, 100: forms his Tiew cabinet, 107: acquiesces in
populardemand for constitutional government, 167 : the apostle
of popular sovereignty, 107 : views on abolition of cenaoi-ship
of press, 107 : devotion to the cause of public liberty, 168 : reso-
lution of the European dynasties Ut extirpate his regime, 108 :
** tire enemy and disturber of the world's peace," 109 : pro-
claimed an outlaw, 109, 170 : turns toward the moderate liber-
als, 171: call for volunteers, 171: his reconstituted corps of
marshals, 172: proclamation to the army, June 15, 1815. 170:
apparent successes of ,fune 10, 1815, 184 : effects of his inactiv-
ity, 190 : his last tlream of glory, 193, 194 : loss of the last chance,
199: the empenu- contrasted with the general, 200: demand
for his abdication, 200 : calls for him as dictator, 207 : idea of
Napoleon Buonaparto — ermtinwtl.
regaining (he government by force, 207, 208: ab4llcut4^'M for tho
Hecoucl time. 207 : aibipts civilian'H clothbig, 20h: thu govern-
ment rufuHeH rt'HpuriHildllty for IiIh Kafi-ty,2<M : roriiuntieitehi-mv«
for his chcape, 210 : dcHlre for ht^i execution. 212 : letiurded at
the eomnuin nrisoneriff tlieallleH. 212, 213: lienerul Ilonupurt^?,
a prlv.ite citizen, 213: aniMjaU agalnnt bis Hcntencu, 213, 214:
nnhobls polygamy, 216 : his auloliiography, 216, 217 : elfortu for
his release, 210, 217: lut a prisoner, 210-2P.>: uttemptii inter*
course witli friends in I'mtice, 2)7 ; farewell nx Hnagu to hJN hoii,
218: his tcBtament, 218: bequestM and their Mettlemenlit, 21H,
219 : butt sickness aiul death, 319 : a poHitihIe t-pltaph, 220: hln
rise Ui power, 220 utseq.: nueHlioningH as to hm life ami work,
220 ct Hefj.: his love uf artillery, 221 : luck of education, 222 : oil
greatness, 222 : influence on hi^t^try. 224 etseq.: early HtniggleH,
225 et Me»i.: methods of aeiiulrlng supreme |>ower, 22X. 2:H, 232 :
lasting ciniracUr of his wi»rk, 229; legal rufonns, 229: pollco
system of, 229: centralization of bis adminintrativosyst^'m, 229,
2:w, 242: social nforms, 229, '2;JI, 242 ; educational Bywtem, 2:M):
the secret of his downfall, 230: position among lawglverM and
statesmen, 230: rule by milltaiy force, 2:)1 : deficient edneatbui
in politics and history, 231: attitude toward denio'-rai-y, 2.31 :
InHueuce on modern times, 2:11, 241: popular dlstrm^t of hIa
character, 232: meet« Intrigue with Intrigue, 2^12 : reHpoMblbll-
ity for bloiidshed, 233: causea of his downfall, 230-23H, 240: bis
place in history, 236-241, 245 : essays the rAle of liberator, 237,
240,242: hi captivity, 2;J9 : his "CorresiMjudence," 239: rooU
out absolutism. 241 : Ills artificial aristocracy, 243
Anah/xin 1./ character. Ability to mold men, li. 2, 3, fi, 22-24,
;t7, 07, 09-^71, 84, 87, 88, 93, 94, 99-101, UH, 105, 107, 120, 128 160^
2:11, 2:i2; iv. 78, 228, 229: as an a<lventurer, iv. 240: ambition,
i. 28, 33, 36. 59, 03, 76, 78, 94, 113, 118, P20, 122, 124, 153, 150, 18«,
187, 205, 207, 220. 220. 248; li. 9, 19-21, .32, .50. 103, 1(H, 201 ; lit.
2, 22, 24, 41, 08, 88, 89, 91, 128, 189, 233, 2;(.5, 250 ; iv. .'iO, 220, 28^^-
233, 211, 242: amusements*, Iv. 214, 210: anxiety for his safety
ami comfort, iv. 149: asceticism, i. 58: autocracy, li. 177: bra-
vado, iii. 22 : use of bribery, acceptance and rejection of bribes,
i. 120; ii. 23: as a burKher, ii. 178; iv. 221: calnmess under
stress, ii. 214 ; iv. 170 : use of cant, iv. 83 : capacity for work,
energ\', industry, and attenti<m to detail, i. 125, i:i'^, 144, 155,
156, 224 ; ii. 6, 19, 101. 128, 13H, 143, 277, 278 ; ill. 22, 26, 27, 29,
46, 62, 04, 7.5, 133, 141-14:i, 102, [163, 167, 200. 247, 253, 255, 2.';C ;
iv. 10-18, 22, 23, 33, 67, 89, 221-223, 233, 230, 237 : casuistry, I.
81 : caustic, sarcastic, or vigorous tongue or pen, i. 33. 63. 122 ;
ii. 37, 40, 73, 77, 78, 104, 105, 172, 252 ; iii. 34, 52, 55, 07, 105, 166,
211, 248, 252, 260: caution, i. 126, 150; il. 82, 83, 201, 248; (lack
of), ii. 202 ; iii. 11 : change in temperament, iii. 179: character
at lirienne, i. 29: cheerfulness and good humor, ii. 128, 178;
iii. 22, 45: clemency, iii. 3: coflVe-di inking habit, iv. 68: con-
tempt for ideals, ii. 130: iii. '.;7, 2h. 72, 116, 240: contempt for
men and money, iv. 233: CMsmo)M»litanism, iv. 118: eourage. I.
157, 158,2:i8, 241, 248; ii. 248; iii. 20, 22, 146, 185; iv. 95, 186:
charge of cowardice against, ii. 248 : a criminal, iv. 223 : cruelty,
ii. 47, 48, 271 ; iii. 3 : decay of physical and intellectual powers ;
neglect of details ; vacillation, etc.. iii. 28, 75, 140, 162. 10:(, 184-
186, 189, 252, 20:1, 267, 270; jv. 65, 73, 117, 194, 199, 205-207, 222,
230-240, 242, desire for peace, ii. 94, 273; iii. 183, 184; iv. 19.
38, 43, 45, 50, 88, 167: desperation, iii. 74: despondency and
pessimism, i. 41, 42, 40, 60, 51, 129; iv. 3, 145, 140: dcsi>otism,
iii. 7, 00-08, 70, 72, i)7, 240; iv. 231 : the man of destiiiy ami of
the hour ; the representative man of his epoch ; a fatalist and
oi)iK)rtuni3t, i. 1, 41, 81, 97, 100, 131, 140, 102-170, 195 ; ii. 00-75,
91, 101, 102. 246 ; iii. 52, 247 ; iv. 137, 173, 208, 227, 233, 239 : de-
termination to rule or ruin, iv. 32 : his "divine chai-acter," it
263: domestic virtues — filial, parental, and connubial affec-
tion, i. 29, 32, 42, 79. 82. 85. 94, 1.56, 157, 170, 174. 185, IHO, 280-
282 ; iii. 140, 173. 189, 190, 194, 206, 212, 230, 233, 245, 248, 249 ;
iv, 18, 27, 44, 14*>-151, 173: love of dramatic ell'eet; abilitv as
an actor, i. 125,205; ii. 20. 155; iii. 90; iv. 163. 171, 172. 222:
dread of assassination and kidnapping, ii. 08,69; iii. 185; iv.
9, 152, 100: dreams of universal and European empire, i. 19<>;
ii. 172, 173, 175, 211, 215, 255 ; iii. 41, 01, 89. 249; iv. 38, 48, 49,
81, 167 : dreams of Orientid c<uniue8t and empire, i. 40, 00, 175,
177, 192, 202 ; iL 10-12, 31, ;J2, 34-37, 41, 42, 45, 50, 184; iii. 4-6,
23. 24, 33, 36, 44, 55. 85. 80, 88-91, 93, 102, 124, 127, 129. 130, 132,
235, 252, 207, 208 ; iv. 220 : dress, i. 230 ; ii. 20 ; iii. 3, 37. 54. 75,
197 : duplicity, shiftiness, and versatility, i. 125, 138, 150, 157,
177, 179, 185, 243, 244, 277 : dynastic amljltiona and l-pugings for
an heir, ii. 149, 157-100, 163, 164, 197, 202, 20*;, '2W, 210. 21h ; iii.
(i7, 84, 90, 115, 125, 189, 191. 192. 194. 190, 199. 200. 2;t0. 234 ; iv.
18, 44, 50, 107, 237, 238 : early education and later studies, i. 19-
34 3(^42, 48, 51. 00, 79-81, 80, 103, 107. 125, 157 : early military
irregularities and inaptitude, i. 48, 49, 61. 90, 93-101, 125: or-
ganizes educational system, ii. 264 ; iii. 28, 73 : egoism, vanity,
and self-assert ivenesa, ii. 66. 56, 77, 80, 81, 221 ; iii. 2, 3, 28, 01,
75. 148, 157, 189. 231,232,240: elasticity of spirits, iv. 136: ele-
ments of his failure, iv. 33, 34 : endurance of privation, iii. 13,
22, 146, 162; iv. 7: etiuestrlanism. sporting instincts, etc., lit
45, 197: exaggeration and ^lisregard of truth, t 137, 184: as a
flnaucier, it 88, 89, 140, 141, 205, 206; iii. 27, 05. 225-229, 240;
iv. 24,25, 221, 223, 229. 243, 244: foresight and lusiyht. ii. 29,
30 201 • iii. 2. 241 ; iv. .50 : generosity, hospitality, and charity,
i. 74. 257 : it 19. 67 ; ill. 133. 130. 225, 227, 229. 230, 251 ; Iv. 224,
233: his .all-embracing genius, il. 131,234: habit of reducing
thougiita to writing, iv. 67 : hallucinations ami self-delusions, iit
'134 '*5'*- iv. 117, 120. 12t>, 219, 229: hatred and vindictiveness,
t uT;'!!. 19: as a historian, iv. 162, 217, 238, 239: humanity,
iv. 78, 79 : his human supremacy, iv. 222 : an Iconoclast, it 18 :
imperious character, iv. 237: inconsistency, iit 129, 179, 184,
204; iv, 222-224: inelegance of luauuer, lack of breeding and
196
INDEX
.N«IH)l«in Buonaparte- MFUinwd. ,,,. ,
•li'licuv. il rJH-Um. KVi J<Ut, ITS, 266: 111. 38,66, l»n. la.'. "I-
mi. Intiu ru.c- ..f . ritUisnl. 111. 73 : Invincibility, 11. r,4 v.
1110 H'.i 167 •-W. JH.'.'li's'J", '.Wii: iimirnniilinUy (nssnnunl), 111.
II : 'inniii'iUUcnii'.' InvisliiuM, iiiiil l;>vi- of ''isplay, *'.'• **• J^;,'.';'!';
22i ' ■" "" - '"
on
tiir;
cducatii
4t*.
l.">7,
135, .... -- , . .
M7. 231-234, 236, 242, 243, Ki2, iM, i>6
113, 119, 12(1, 23;)-235, 237, 245, 2.'. "
18, ^
62,
15'.l, no. 163, .„.. — ^^ .,^ . --. — ,- ., „•, il .,,., .
334 "3.') 2;I7 'iSii 240 : denies nmral rt'sponsihllily, ii. Joi .
nervi" Iv. 7: nervousness, iv. 34; over-credulousiicsa iv. 65:
patriotism, I. 89. IKi, 9.% %, 118, 119, 245: Ii. 104: persistence. I
125, 126; Ii, 42, 44,49: personal appearance, 1. 23, 29, OJ, n
19' '' "" '"''
vig,
i57; II. 21.106, 107. 110,
2,275-278: 111. 1,2, 10, 13,
181,
25, l-2«; Ii, 42, 44,49: personal appearance,!. ", f;, ",'• "•
■1 •>,) ■)(;•)• III 30, 75; Iv. 194, 210: physical condition and
igor '1 "129; iii. 22, 23, 39, 162, 252; iv. 100. 172, 173, 222-224 :
lihvsi'eal peculiarities, conditions, ailments, etc., i. 41, 44, 09;
Iv. 69, 61, 08, 69, 1737170, 179, 181, 194 190, 20:t-206, 210, 216-
219: plain-spokennesa, Iv. 46 : his political acumen ii. 90 ;
poverty, i. 20, 33, 34, 40, 68. 85, 91, 101, 102, 156, 166, 169, 172:
powers' of analysis and calculation, I, 28, 29 : secret of his pre-
cuiiiiencc, iv. 222, 240 : ready wit. Hi. 76 : reclilessiiess, 1. 139 :
as a reformer, Iii. 147 : reliance on public opinion, iv. 105 : nt-
titu.
125.
158,
67. (
1*>9 ... _..- , . -
iv. '229V rcroluiion, wLiii 162 : restiesstiess, i. 90, 134, 136, 109:
review of liis character, iv. 233: sanguine teniperaiueiit ul.
24 : sell-assertion, selfconfldeiice, self-inttiest, and selUsh-
ness, i. 30, 31, 33, 44, 69, 166, 18.-i, 205, 221-223. 242 ; Ul 10,
34. 67, 88, 161, 178, 231, 2:)2. 23,1. 249 ; iv. 21, 1.t3, 222, 23. :
a self-made man, Iv. 222 : self-restraint, i. 230, 243 : sense of in-
"■"" ii. 44; ill. 16, 2^ 87,
National Convention, the- oonKniiAf.
tli.n of memliers, 101, 100, 107, 178 : rebellion and riots atrainst,
10'> lOS. 179 et hci- ; proclaims amucsly, 104 : r,kyalist iiitrii;iies
In 'l6.',:iKipular hatred of, 107: prepares tor coullict. 108, 179:
adopts .V. X plan for Italian campaiisn, 176: distrusts .V.,
179: triumph on the Thirteenth Vendi'miaire, 182-186: its
plans thwiirted by violence, 1S3 : A'.'s peculiar relations to,
206 2IK;: flnancial lualadminislration, ii. 140: plans tor Invad
rug Kiu;land, 185 : scheme of revolnlioimry exteusii'U, iii. 249
National Guard, the, i>lvaniJiitloii and reoiganiaitiou i^f, i. 57,
,Ml M, ;iJ. 102, l«.', 1*6: callilik' in I'Hlcers of, 96, 90 : N. adjll-
tiintiimjor in, 90; feeliu;; agiiiust the Conventli'li among, 108,
178- ilefeuse of the I'uileries, 179: oppose the Conveutloii
forces 180-182 : the Thirteenth Vcndeniiaire, 180-182 : X. i\\>-
pointed eomniander of, ii. 70, 71 : dnifts tor the imperial army
from, Iv. 22, 23 : In defense of Paris, 123, 128: ileeay of Imper-
ialism unioiig, 128 : fails to persuade the Empress to stay, 131 :
.V hopes to raise, i:tC: refuses to obey the provisional govern-
ment, li:i: pr.iiUimati.in to, Mandi 8, 1816, 167: reviewed by
.V,, 171 : surly spirit among, 171
National Guard of Corsica, -V.'s schemes to form, I. 66 : A.
;ij,l".iiit<',l adjutant-major in,9t',
National Library, lecture system of the, i. 167
National List, the, II. s4
Naudln, letter of y. to, ,lnly 27, 1791, i. 90
Naumburg, I'lussian headquarters at, ii. 274, 276: Davout and
Heroiidutte at, 280: Bluchcr pursues Slacdon;dd to, Iv. 61
Navarre, iinestiou of the sovereignty of, i. 04, 05 : incorporated
with Fiance, 66 : French invasion of. Hi. 10.; ; the chateau of,
granted to Ferdinand VII., 116 : X.'s contemplated movement*
in, 14;i : military government of, 213
Navy, .V. ■> aptitude for the, i. 29 : suicide among otBcers of the
French, ii. 2 : prepamtloiis at Toulon, 27
Nazareth, skirmish at, Ii. 48, 49
Necker Jacques, schemes of, i. 22 : N.'s study of, 40 : minister
of lluaiue, 50 : proldemsof taxation, 60, 64 : llight from France,
61 : Imnishmcnt, 50 : fall, 88 : lime, de Statd's inheritance from,
iii. 228
Louisa, Iii. 251 ;
26:1, 266, 21,
13-.I. 173, 2;)0; iv
224 : as soldier, statesinau, and despot, iv.
' ' ' ' : statecraft ami
220 et SCO.: speculative mania, 172, 175. 176, 185; statecraft and
diplomajy. i. 167, 221, 271 : ii. 13, 14, 25. 84-87, 90, 91, 90 97 99
ct sell.. 166-100, 107, 109-172, 174, 178, 201-207, 210-212, 21;., 222,
220 227, ■iW-206, 277, 278 : ill. 3;), 54. 77, 101, 147, 236, 237, 239,
240 244 249, 260 ; iv. ;«, 38, 49 : his strong will, li, 144, 228, 229 :
views coucerning suicide, and his attempts thereat, i. 41, 42 : ii
Nelson, Adm. Horatio, captures Bastia, i. 154 ; il. 42 : expected
cooperation with Austria at Savona, I. 216 : sails from Cadiz in
chase of the Egyptian expedition, 11. 38 : returns to Sicily, 42 :
seeks the French lleet iu Greece, 42 : follows to Egypt, 42 :
loses an eye at Cadiz, 42 : battle of Cape St, Vincent, 42 : battle
of the Nile, 42, 43, 50 : battle of Copenhagen, ii. 135 : sanctions
the execution of Caraccioll, 191 : corresiHimlencc with Dii-
mouriez, 193 : aided by Portugal, 212 : plan to allure hlin to
Egypt 21": Villcueuve avoids. 213: enticed to the West Indies,
2:10: joins Coriiwallis before Brest, 230: sails for Portsmouth,
230: pursues Villeneuve to UibraltJir. 2.30: chases Vlllciienve
to the West Indies and back, 2;t8 : .arrives olf Cadiz, 239 : hU
ambition, 239 : battle of Trafalgai-, 240-242 : his death, 241
Nemours, Cossacks advance to, iv. 103
Nesselrode. Count, appearance iu Kus-shin diplomacy, Iv. 39:
refuses to treat with France, 39, 40 : conference with tVancia,
43: demands Austria's adherence to the coalition, 43; agrees
to basis of Austrian mediation, 43 : letter from Talleyrand to,
129 ; approves the restoration ol the Bourbons, 134 ; negotiates
with Talleyrand, 134
i
Napoleon n., king of Kome, .V.« affection lor, iii. 245 : iv. 18 ; , „, a ni±
iJalei's conspiracy, 4 : insigniUcance of, 16 : possibility ol a re- Neuburg^..^';;™°];^,«^v"„vf*
geiicy f',r 4>^
Napoleone, Stephanie, marries Prince Cliarles of Baden, il. 257 :
.V.'s liai^nM w till, 257
Napoleon's Mount, ii- 247, 249
Narbonne, Comte de. mission from Dresden to Russia, ill. 2.)i
Narew River, milllary movements on the, ill. 11, 18, 23
Nassatl, m. mlicr .if til,' CoMfcderntl.rn of the Rhine, II. '260, 261
Nassau'. Prince of, anccbite of, iv. 48
BKUiinM: Ditch Flaxpers; Holland
i.euburg. Mamiont at, ii. 234
Neufchateau. member of the Directory, ii. 6, 23: mission to
foiigress of Rastatt, 35 . . „.,
Neufchatel, ceded to France, ii. 251 : Berthior created Prince
of, iii. 71. .'<ee Bkuthikr
Neuinarkt, .lourdiin's defeat near, i. 2:15: Mossi'na's niove-
nieiils at, 209 : llight of lliller to, ill, 102 ; .V. at, Iv. 42
Neu-Reppln, military movements near, il. 28;l
Neutrality, the principle of the agreement of 1780, II. 136
wI^ronTl'AVBpmhVv the (■orsicannirairsin.l. 62-66: persuades Neuwled, lloche crosses the Rhine at, i. 272
t" b^^rfuna..(^:r^n;,orcou!S New Castile, Duke del lufautado commissioned governor of,
to creat.- Corslcan National Guard, 78: debates on the military "i- H* , ^ - i „ i m co q,
TOwer 80 • dillMilties of Its work. 80-W8. 91. 92 : self-eiracement New England, commercial greed. 111. 82 83
??V-".-ec c, a ti. al 1. gl-lation by w : the King tjikes refuge in, Newfoundland, proposed French expe.litioii to, II, 213
• dlsmi-jrie King's body-guard, lirj ; aludlshes the king- New Galicla. :.in,. x. ,1 to the grand duchy of Warsaw, 111. 184
102
shin wi: LafavetLcMdeavorslocalm, lOi.Wi: dUpei-ses, IU New Orleans, baltlc of, 1^^174
aionkl ConvenUon. the. -lection of a, i. no: meeting of. New York. ,.n. ,...-;, that A', sa 1 to iv. 20!
National Convention, the, . ,
.Sept. 21 1792, 111: the King Bunimoued bef,,re, 116; culorc.s
its ■Ic.rees in (■orsl,l^ 117 : I'aoll summoned Ui appear bef.,re,
117 121: appeal to, by .V., In I'a.dls behalf, 118; denoi es
Paiiu, 119 : sends new commissioners to Corsica, 121 : promises
Indemnity to Corsican sulterem. I'M, 124: supremacy of, 1-J4 :
Corsica's Bucceshfiil revolt against, 1'29: popular support of,
131 : ellect of the • Treasiui of Tcudou " imi, i:)3 : receives news
of capture of Toulon, i;)7: vengeance mi Toulon, i:i7, 1'.18 :
overthrow of the Girondists, l;)8 : ,V. and Gen. Lapoype ium-
moned before, 142: terrorists In, 148: turns lui ILibespierre,
1«: downfall, 149, 168: Jacobins In, 16»: question of reeloc-
Ney Marshal Michel, a product of Carnofs system, I. im : in
batth- of ll.iheiilindcn ii. 125: oc.npies Switzerland, 160, 176;
service in the Aniiv of England, 186 : execution of. 191 : joins
.V at Watirloo, p.ii : created marshal, '207 : plan for his luva-
siou of Ireland, 214 : character, 2:t4 ; ill- 76 ; Iv. 126 : liobis the
bridge at GUlizburg, 11. 2,15 : victory at I.cohen, ■2;t6 : dears the
en. -my fr..iu the Tyr.d, 245: at Itayrenth, '278: in battle of
.Umi, 280, ^81 : Invests Miig.leburg, ill. 2 ; at Neldeiiburg. 12 :
HtreiiKlli In Poland, 13: threatens Konigslierg. 14, 15: repri-
manded by .v., 14 ; retreats fn.m llellsberg, 15 : iinrsue,! by
Beunlgsen, 15: escapes to llllgeiiburg, 16: in Eylau campaign
INDEX
297
Noy, Mitrtthal Mlchol — roH/mi/crf.
IK. 2M: bultlo ill IliilfbrrK', '2'J: mnvemeiiU on the I'aMsarKi*,
'iU : bultte uf Kricillaint, :)1 : crt-iittMl Ihikir (if KMiIiikiii. 71 :
yt'iirly iiicuou-, 71, "JJO: y.'g upliiitiii of, IM qtmrri-l witli 'I'ol
stol, 87: at LohTdAo, U'J : inovtn ii^^iln^t CastuitoH, 144: liuk
uf vigor of iiinvciiaiit, 144 : iii<'Vfiiifiit ii;.'iiliibt Mmlritl, M'> :
Htaliuiied ut A»ti'rk:u, 140: in L«-oii, •211: tttruiigMi, Miirrli, 1h|-.*,
'24tj : udvuiii e» on liunuliiii-^, 'IM : buttle of Sniolcii-<k. 'i'i7 :
rvckU'iis pursuit aiU-r SmuU-ntik, '2Cu : buttif of [Uirnibno,
*JC1 : *' thf hrjiviat of the bmve,' Iv. 'J: hero of the retreiit
from .Moscow, ■>, 4, r> : letter t** Bertbler, Nov. fi, |8I'J, :i :
junction with Kii^eiie, tj : "A iiutraiiul of the Kriipirc h&a
never surrinderud ," (i : peiiloiiB retreat fmm Sniobnsk, (J:
his lUi'Mt brllliunl deed of arniHitt: croitsefl the I'nleper, fi : at
tlie croi4.sinK uf the Bereitiiiii, 7, H, to: loarhrH Vllna, 1'2 : in
eanipaiKM uf 1M1:{, ;U : buttle ot Lutzen,;tt>: battle of hanlzeri,
40 : beleaguers ScliweJitnit/., 4'J : eonfroiita Hbielier at tb<-
Bober, &5 : Itattle ut Drestlen, 57 : superseitts tiudinut, 6'J : bat-
tle of Denncwitz, IW, (U : driven Into TorKUU, *A : letter to A',,
Sept. 7, 1H13, 04 : battle of LeipHie. T>i, 74 : on the allies' march
on Paris, 7 'J : moves from Sti-zanne a^raiust Blueher, D^: cuni-
maiiding the VonnK Guard, 103: buttle of Oraonne, 107 : hsittle
of Laun, 108: moves up the Aube, 117: battle of Arcih snr-
Aube, 118: courage. 120: at council at St. Dlzier, 120: sfrtngth
after the surrender of I'aris, 137: at review of the Guard at
Funtuliietdeau, 137 : treasonable utterance at Kontaincbleau,
138: demands the Kmperur's abdicati'>n, i;(H, i;VJ: voices the
disulfectiun uf the army, 140: uri commission to present abdi-
cation to the Czar, 142, 143: trniisfei-s his atleudance, 14n: re-
turns to I'aris, 147: resents royalist alfronts to bis wife, ir><.i:
rejoins Napoleon at Auxerre. 105, 100: recreated marihal, 172 :
in the Waterloo campaign, 175 : diMpute concerning his orders,
178: ordered to Quatre Bras, 178, 170.181, 184, 185: moves to
Oosselies, 179: interview with A\, IHO. 181: battle of Qnilr.-
Bras, 181-180 : at Kriisnes. 184, 187 : A', determines to join, is.". :
A'.'s despatch t»), June 17. 1815, 185: X.'g indignation at. 1m; :
moves to cooperate with A'., 187 : battle of Walerhw, vxi, lur,-
202, 204: insubordinate spirit, l',t;i : ci'nnnanding the (Juatd,
201 : atljuatre Bras, 205 : contrasted with Desaix, 205: at Kyluu,
205 : impi'isoned and condemned to death. 210-212
ice, A', at, i. 124, 142, 144, 147, 150, 184, 204: inadequate works
at, 128: the Buonapartes at, 144: news of the Terror in, 149:
France's ambition to gain, 164, 198 : lost to Sanlinia, 213 : pro-
puwd that France shouM keep, iv. 80
Nlemen, River, the, miliUxry nn»vements on, iii. 32, 254, 258, 259,
204; iv. 12, '20: meeting of the sovereigns on, iii. 37 et .seq.:
l*russian territory on, 53 : Freucli advance frum the Vistula tu,
255 : Fiench advance to tlie Dwina from, 255
Nile, River, the, the campaign on, ii. 40 et seq. : ilamdiikts
diowiifd in, 41 : battle of, 42-44, 56, 238
Mines, alarm among the I*rotestants of, iv. 158
Nlort enthusiasm for the fallen Emperor at, iv. 208
Nivelles, military operations near, iv. 174,180: topography of.
191, 193
Nivdse, ilu- i'lot of, ii. 154, 155
Noailles, Comte de, royalist intrigues of, iv. 129
Nobility of France, the, loss of its feudal power, i. 52 : privi-
leges, and as^umiitionsof privilegesof, 54, .57 : yieldiug of privi-
k-L't's by, 57 : tliu'lit of, 57, 80 (see also Emigrants)
Noble Giiaxd, institmion of a, iv. 159: abolition of the, 105
Nogara, military operation near, i. 251
Nogent, Victor ordered Ut, iv. 95 : N, at, 95, 104 : abandoned by
\ i'.tor. 97 : Souhain s forces at, 125 : abilication proposed to t!ie
Enipcror at, 139
Non-Intercourse Act of March 1, 1809, iii. 210
Non-intervention Act, the, iii. 83
Nordhalben, I'avout at, ii. 278
Nordhausen, military movements near, ii. 283
Ndrdlingen, the French position at, ii. 234 : capture of Werneck's
ili\isani at, 235
Normandy, unrest in, i. 133: Marraont's troops to withdraw
into, iv. 138
North, pioposed League of the, ii. 271
North Cape, a boundary of the Continental System, iii. 214
North German Confederation, proposed organization of, ii.
271-273. 27:'. S,u also CmNKKDEKATION OF TUE RHINP:
North Sea, pniposid Frtuch t*xi»edition to. ii. 213: part of the
i-oust iiKorpor;iUi| into the Fiench Empire, iii. 213, 220, 225
*' Northumberland," the, conveys A", to St. Helena, iv. 214
Norway, lost to Denmark, iii. 59: subordination to Denmark, 214:
in va-^satage to France, 214 : ottered by Alexander to Sweden,
215, 239, 243, 246: Bernadottes ambition to acquire, 215; iv.
32,90: in possession of Denmark, iii. 216 : Russian troops for the
conquest of. -ifio : strii'_'ule with Sweden, iv. 170
Nossen, dvfv.n oi tlu- Saxons by the Black Legion at, iii. 180
Notables of France, ii. 84 : abolition of the list of, 159
Notre Dame Cathedral, serviee in honor of the Concordat at,
ii. 138. i;ut : \:.s romnation in, 21ft-221
Novl, battle .-f, ii. 57, 0;i, 60: mililaiy operations near, ii. 117
Nuits, A. visit-s i. 82. 83 : society in. 82, 83
Nyon, Carnot s concealment at, ii. 17
** Oberon," iii. 136
Ocana, battle of, iii. 219, 221
Ochs, Peter, republi'jan propagandist in Switzerland, ii. 27
Oder, River, the, proposed surrender to A', of forts on, iii. 138:
threatened expulsion of the Frem h from, iv. 44 : military move-
ments on, 52 : Frendli garrisons on, 76
Vol. rv.— 40
"CEdlpe," perfonned at Erfurt, llf. 134
Offenburg, i*|>ui«'d milgrant rouHpiratoni in, IL 193: Caulain-
roiirt'H lApudltion to, l'.t4
Officialdom, p'pnlir hulnd id, f. 54
Offlngen, tb> Fnncb ponition at, 11. 235
OkIIo, River, the, BL-anlitu retreats behind, I. 219: Austlis's
boundary in Venella, 271 : Sihi-rer driven behind, II, 60
O'Hara, Gon., <-aptured before Toub-n, 1. 130
Old Castile, French m-cupatlon of, iii. 122
Oldenburg, propo.sal to include in North German Confederation,
ii. 272 : ncli'-iiie to ineor|M)rate with France, 111.204: Alexan-
der 1. re-.erv.?i bis family rluhts over. 220: AlexandiT oil. m to
e\< hangf, for Krfurt, 220: IncurjHtrated In the French empire,
2:10,249: pnq>osid that France eva<:uat^-, Iv. :t8 : restored to lt«
former ruler, 79
Oldenburg, Duke of, manies Grand Duchens Catherine, III. MO.
213: .l.tlirori.,|,2i:(, 2;i4: i»ropos.rl allot tn«nt of territory to. iv. 39
Old Guard, the, battle of Leipsie, ii. 70, 73: moven against Bld-
cher from Stiyiune, 95: A', reviews them at Fontalnebleau, 136,
i:t7 : A', takes leave of, 150: reduction of the pav of. 159: In
liattle of Waterloo, 199, 201. See aUo iMI'KltlAL HVARV
OlllOUles, capture and reeaplure of. I, I;i4
Olmiitz, military operations near, II. 245, 247
OlSUSieff, Gen., annihilated by Mannoiitut Cbampaubert, iv. 96
O'Meara, Edward, publishtr of an Elban M.S., i. HW: A*.'* de-
claration to, eonecrning the Due d Engbien, ii. l*.fJ: A'.> con-
versations with, iii. 6: physician to A'., 217 : asblst« A", on his
history, 217: dismissed by Ij<»we, 217
Oneglia, Mui-setm's a<lvatice throuub, [. 143: French troope in
tin- vallty of, M4 : A'./» serviee at, 144, 151
Oporto, seizure of the French governor of, ill. 97 : bishop of,
appli* H to EriKlund for help, 97 : occupied by Soult, 219
Oppln, liern:id<»tte at, iv. 7«
Orange, House of, iridemnity to, for b.-;s of p*iwer, ii. 108
Orange, the Prince of, n-ealled to Holland, iv. 79: in Waterloo
■ amp'iiK'n, 17.'.. IHO: at the Duchess uf Richmoml's ball, 180:
battle of t^iiatre Bras. 182
Orcha, military movements near, iv. 6. 7
Ordener, Gen., leads expedition to Ettenlieim, and arrests the
Due d"Kn-hien, ii. 194
Ore Mountains, i-ontemplated operations in the, iv. 56: retreat
of the allies toward, 58
Orezza, A**, at, i. 69, 93 : meeting of the constituent assembly at,
72-74
Orgon, attempt to assassinate N. at, iv. 152
Oriani, Comte B., A'.'x statement to. i. 226
"Orient," the, sunk in Aboukir Bay, ii. 43
Oriental question, the, ii. 108
Orleans, pri-on nias-.a>res in, i. HI : French garrison at, iv. 137
Orloff, Count, 'on<hnt.s negotiations for surrender of Paris, iv. 133
Onnea, Ma-.-rnas advance througli, i. 143
Orscha, Fit- IK h garrison in, iii. 259
Ortenau, ceded to Baden, ii. 252
Osnabriick, position in the French empire, iiL 214
Osslan, A'.'^ aninaiiitanee with and study of, ii. 36; iv. 149. 216
Osterinann-Tolstoi, Gen., in battle of Eylau, iiL 19, 20: char-
acter, 86: eo[iduets negotiations with A'., 86, 87, 90, 91: recep-
tion at Paris, 87 : cpiarrel with Ney, 87: A'.'* opinion of, 91 : at
St. Cloud levee. Aug. 15, 1808, 132
Osterode, -V.'.v headquarters at. iii. 22, 26
OstrolenKa, Kussian retreat to, iii. 12: Russians driven out of, ^
Ostrach, liattle of, ii. 60
Othman, the royal line of, iii. 127
OtrantO, embargo on. ii, 183: creation of hereditary duchy of,
255 : Fouch<:- creatcii Duke t>f, iii. 71. See Fouch6
Ott, Gen., licsieges Genoa, ii. 108. 110, 113, 114: defeated by
Lannes at Castepgio, 116: readies Alessandiia, 116: in battle
of -Marengo, 118, 119
Otto, Comte L. G., andiassador to England, ii. 175 : letter from
A'., Oct. 2;t, I.S02, llii, 185: recalled from ix)ndon, 177
Otto the Great, A', likened to, ii. 218
Ottoman Empire, proposed partiticui of, ii. 32. See also Egypt :
TUKKKV
Oubril, his treaty rejected by .\lexander I., ii. 272, 273 : Russian
envoy to Paris, 259. 202. 271, 272
Oudinot, Gen. C. N., in battle of Austerlitz. ii. 249: created
Duke of Reggio, iii. 71 : X.'s opinion of, 75 : character, 75 : com-
manding in Hanau. 157 : ordered t*i Augsburg, 158; ordered to
Abenslierg, 162 : battle of Wagram. 176, 177 : ortlered to coerce
Holland, 204 : stren-zth, March, 1812, 240 : at the cri>ssing oi the
Beresina, iv. 8-10 : in cami>aigii of 1813, 34 : threatens Berlin,
42, 51 : A'.'v* instructions to, ,54: defeated at Luckau, 56: fails in
his movement against Berlin, 59-*>l : battle of Grossbeeren, CO :
retreats to Wittenberg, 60: superseded by Xey, 62: battle of
Dennewitz, t'3, 64 : at Dresden, 65: battle of tcipsic, 71, 73:
ehecks pui"suits at Lindenau, 75 : opjioscs Schwarzenberg, 95 :
driven back t() Nangis, 97 : before I'rovins, 10;t : captures Xl<5ry,
104: ordered to hold BlUcher, 104: checked by Sebw.irzenberg,
105: driven beyond Troyes, 105: retreats from .\rcis, 119: at
Bar-sur-Ornain. 126 : streuL'th after the snrreniier of Paris, 137 :
at the abdication scene, l;w : transfers bis allegiance to Louis
XVIII., 147 : recreated marshal, 172
Ourcq, River, military operations on the, iv. 106
Ouvrard, G. J., sent by Foucht^ on mission to England, iiL 208,
209
Pachra, River, French crossing of the, iii. 269
Pacific Ocean, influence of the United States on the, ii, 184
298
INDEX
Paderbom, «p|><>rtU>iie>l to Pnuaia. II. 170
Fadu&, military upcratlous iitriu-, I. SSI: cro»Uoii oj hereditary
Paserle, Marfe-Josephe-Rose Tascher de la. Sco Bkau-
ll\KNAI-<. .Ii'^Kl'MINK ,. ,
Paxerie Mile. Tascher de la, s<.ii;;lit in miurliwi' !•> I'cnliiiaua
VI 1. ill. m, urn: murriis tin- Uulii- ut ArcmlwrR, li. IIM
Pagerie Taacher de la, futlur ot .i..sfi>hiiu' Ui;iuliiiriiai8, L
ivi: a.'i.tli o(. I'.Hi
Falne Thomas, I'li tlimndal comlitloii of Eniilninl . ii. 21
PalolGen., 8»iii» Mmiteiviiu. Iv. 1(13: in the W nttrloo caiu-
|.ii^'ii, 171. : 1 n-M-iim lit ul Clmrlinii. 177 : bllttio i)( Lltpiy, 183
Palace of the Govenunent, the, ii. '.'7
Palafox, Gen. JosA de, niilit;irj ability, ill. 121 : iit Samcossa,
1<:I. 144
Palais Royal, lKail<|iiiirt«r» .of tho tribiuiate, II. 100: a retugo
r.ir tlir clUropiltitlilt', 1(10
Palestine, the kiy of, 11. « : inipurtaiicc of JV.'« (Miiqucring, 49,
22(i : spring i-leetioiis of
Palm, J. P., iHWksfllcr of Nuremberg, execution of, li. 271
Falma. -V. u.lviuices to, i. 274
Pamplona, -V. seeku intoniiation ooiiccrnliig. 111. 101 : selzoil by
L):iriii:i^iiac, HVi
Pan, Mallet du, eritiiiitB Mine, do Stacl. 111. 227
Panatherl, wiTiiary .if Uin-itory of Corsica, 1. 73
Pantheon Club, closiimvif tlie, i. isc
PaoU, Pascal lii» shar.. in the history of f'c.rnioa. 1. 4 et Be(i. :
Illation.* with the .lews anil with the Vatican..'!: eompared
Willi WiisbiiiKtoii. I".: his cliaracter and reiioim, ('., 7: ulTers
HByliiin to KouBseau, 7 : hoodwinked by C'hoiseul, 8. 'J; defeat
and escape, 10 : appeals to the Powers, 10 : aBpinitioas for Cor-
siea. 12, 13, ('.2: .V.'» address to, 19: his conciliation sought by
France, 21 : .V. a supporter ami admirer of, 27, 47, 4«, 77, 118,
12.". : the ■• UisUiry of ^^.rsica " dedicated to, 47. 4.S : X.'s (Mjrre-
spondeiice with, 4'.»-.'il : his return to Corsica, (;2-«S, 70, 72: ac-
tivity of his agents, c<\ : directs Corsiciui .iKitatioii, r.4 : amnesty
granted to, I15, (17: i|iiil» England, 68: honored by Louis XVI.
and the National Assembly, 68: misrepresented in I'aris, 118:
impnbirity in Corsica, 69, 117 : meeting witli .V. at Rostiiio, 72,
73: virtual dictator of Corsica, 73: agitation in his behalf in
CoFBlca, 94, 9'.t: interferes in riota in Ajaccio, 98: ditHcnlties of
his situation, 99 : displeasure at .V., 99, KKi : .V. seeks reconcill-
.ition with, 109: despair of. 109: commander-in-chief in Cor
Bica, lO*.*: lieutenant-general iu the Krench army, 110; opposes
Sardiuiau Invasion Bcheinc, 111, 112, 114, 117: A'.V insubordi-
nation to, 112: suspected of Intrigue with England, 112, 118:
position on declaration of war against Kiiglund. nil, 117:
denounced by Lueien Buonaparte, 117: summoned to appeal-
before the National Convention, 117, 121 : A', antagonizes, 118
120, 122, 12.% 14:1 : denounced Ity the National Convention, 119 :
Bummoiis .V. to Corte, 120: ulfers to leave Corsica, 121: seeks
English protection for Corsica, 121-123: views of condition of
France, 122: declared an oullav»., 1'J3 : fails to fortify Ajaccio,
l,i;i : seeks aid from England, l.'>4 : recalled to England, 154
Paollsts, the, i. (12
Papacy, the Fr. nch feeling against the, 1. 229 : the Directory
desires its overthrow, 2.19, 201 : .V.'n alliance with, 2(11 : A', pro-
I»i8».8 negotiations with the. ii. 7 : relations of .V. and France
with, 1:12, i:i3, 139. See also iiUKCii ; Pius VII.; Komk
Papal States, the, French iiidii..siiion to revoluthinlze, i. 227 ;
h'rciich seizures and raiiMun in. 228, 229 : A', iirotects clergy in.
261; under French inllueiicc, 271: scheme to compier, il.l2; hold
by Aintria, 9.1, lo.i ; evacuated by Ferdinaml 1\'., 131: A', de-
mands expulsion of Russians, English, and SardiiiiHiisfroni,216:
A.V iiitinence over, reeognizeil at Tilsit, iii. 47: A', demands
banishment of hostile agents from, and closing of ports to Eiig-
laml, .17 : French invasion of. 94 ; deniands for the iuviolaliility
of, 94 : annexed to France. 201
Papelotte, th.' farm* of, iv. 191 : llgliting at, 1911, 199
Paradomanla, iii. 44
"Parallel between Csesar, Cromwell, and Bonaparte," ii.
I4H, 14.1
Parbasdorf, military operations near, iii. 17fi, 177
Paris, the military bcIkoI at, i. 2.1. 30, 31 : X.'k gojourn in (1787
44, 4.1: the Parliament banished from, 5.1: base
population lbn-k t^», 5(1: encounter in the riiice Vendome, 56:
burning of the barriers, 56: deBtmctiou of the Bastille, 56, .17 :
LoulB XVI, takes up residence in, .17 : faniine, 86 ; return of the
court to, 86 : municipal reform, 88 : .V. returns to(May 28, 1792),
101 ; A*. « impoverished condition in, 1(11, 1(V2 : great outburst of
aeditlon, 102: .Marseilles sends a deputation to, 102: the bar-
ricailes on August 1(1. 1792, 104, 1(15 : .V. and Elisa in. 107 : .V.«
residences in (Holland Patriots' Hotel) 107, (Fosses Montinartrc)
166, (Mlcboillere .Street) 176, (('luintereine .Street) il. 18, (Vic-
tory Street ), .18 : massacrefl of royalist prisoners. 1. 1(18 : overturn
of municipal govenimeiit, llo: comnilttee of survcilhince, nil,
111: prlB-ui raiWHai-res in (.Sept. 2-41, 1792), 111 : representation in
the National (convention, HI : conib-niiiation and execution of
I>>u1b .\Vl., 115: establishment of th(. revolutionary tribunal,
123: A', at (179:)), 134: stenes of the Terror, 149: .V.'n sojourn
In (179.1), l.K!, 16(1 et seq., 173, 176: inllueiici. In p<ilitlcal move-
ments, 1.18: bread riots, 162: .laiobin Jilota, 162: eritleal eon-
dlllon of atfnlrs, 1(13, 165, 166: social life (1795, 1796), 166-169,
173. 174, 191: hatred of the NaUonal Convention In. 167; mill.
tary prcparallon», 168, 178, 179: royalist plot« against. 178:
critic al condition of alfair», 178-1k(1 : rebellion against tho Con.
vcntioii, 179 et si^i. ; the Thirteenth Venib'nilalrc, 18(l-lm :
reNtoratlon of order, 182; .V. cows the low elements In, 185:
rojoiclngv in, over I'ledmonti-Be snccosses, 221 : glorillcatiiui of
JV. In (1796), 222 : rcccidacle for idundered works of lu-t, 225 ;
Paris — continued,
"the capital of European liberties,'
1797, 11. 1 ; critical condition of alIaiI1^, 2 : royalist Intrigues, tlio
Cli. by taction, 2. ;), 6 : necessity for a powerful general in, 3, 4 ;
Ilarras schemes to bring troops to, 4 ; the 18th of Fructiilor, 5;
.V. » remittances to, 8; feeling in, over the treaty of Cainlw
Formio, 15; return of A', to (1797), 17-'.'0; the ".street of Vic-
tory," 18: plot and countcriilot in, 24 : distnist of A', in (1798),
33 ; popular ideas in, concerning the Egyptian campaign, 46 :
X.'n triumphant progress from t-Yc-jiis to, 58: hatred of the
Terror, 64, 6.1 ; .V.'n roccplion in (from Egyjit), (i.1-(.9 ; bamiuel to
A', ill .St. .Sulplee, 68, 69 ; X. appointed commander of the troops,
69etsei|.; the 18tli Brumaire, 70 et scii.; iv.2'28; Fouche closes
the barriers, li. 74 : apportionment of the guards in, 74 : A', re-
ojiens the baiTiers, 74 : tlie 19tli Bruiuaire, 76 et seq- : w ceding
out old republican piditiciiuis from, 84 : warlike feeling in (1800),
ac: welcomes A', from Marengo, 120: .V.'s relatnuis with iwlite
society ill, 130 : service in honor of the Coiiconlat, I;i9 ; schemes
of the Due d'Knahicn'B supiHirtcrs in, 154, 155 : explosion
of infernal inacliine in Kue St. Nicaise, 1.15; Wine, de Stael
exiled from. 165 : restoration of street names, 105 ; improved
social conditions, 165 ; the press of, atfcickB England, 174 ; center
of the government, 178: feeling in, concerning A'.'» court at
Aachen, 217 ; coronation of A'., 217,219-221 : piosimLs of coining
war in, 2(KI : llckleness of society in, 200 : abuse of Austria and
Russia by press of, 2;i2 : A', returns to (.Ian. 27, 1806). 2(12 : alfec-
tion for .V. In, '263; A', proposes to introduce bull fights, 266:
A', leaves for Mainz, 274; relics of I'rcdcrick the (ireat seut to,
iii. 3 : oflicial reports from Eylau in. 21 : the situation in (1807),
•26 et Bell.: the head and body of F'lance, 26 : sensitiveness of
the Bouree, 2(1 : Mine, de Stael retiini.s to, and again expelled
from, 27; the situation in, after Friedland, 36; proposal that
Alexander visit, 44 : (|ue»tion of the ciu'dinal at, 68 : return of
A', from Tilsit to. 61 : public works. 62 ; iv. 17 : Jewish Sanhed-
rim in, iii. 63 : social vices in, 75 ; Tolstoi's reception at, 87 : the
soul of France, 118, 125 ; iv. 118, 121 : the divorce scandal in, ill.
140; N. returns iiom Spain to (Jan. 6, 1809), 116: A', returiis
from Vienna to, 186, 189; X.'k second marriage, 198-2(X); the
Colh'ge of Cardinals transplanted from Rome to, 198, 202 : re-
joicings in, over birth of the king of Rome, 230, 231 : a rival to
Koine as capital of the Western empire, '231 : reineinbrance of
the Terror, -245: 'monarchical sciitiineut in, 245: importance
of A'.» presence in, iv. 12: the Midel conspiracy in, 14. 15:
treachery in, 41 : the allies' advance on, 79, 80, 94, 95, 97, 102,
116, 117, "l'20-l'2.5, 131, 133, 134, 208 : gloom and panic in, 87, 109,
12'2, 126, i;i0, 131, 136, 171 : A'.'» public appearances in, 87, 88:
the national guard, 88: defense of, 93. KKt, 104, 113, 121, 123,
128-132 ; .losejdi actuig regent in, 95 ; Dliicher's advance townni,
1(15; sends reinforcenients to A'., loii, 113: A'.'ii resolution to
abandon, 117; .V.'» march toward, 126, 128, 165, 166; surrender
of, 1-28, i;i3 : the Empress's lllghl from, 128-132, 136 : intrigue
in. 129 : royalist inlliienccs iu. 130 : in coimnunication with
Marmont, 131 ; summoned to surrender, 131 ; armistice before,
131: looking lor A', in, 132; lighting before, 132: not to be
sacked, 132, 133: entrance of the allies, l:t3. 1;14, 136, 137. 209:
council of the allies and French diplomats, 134: royalist en.
thiisiasm in, 134-l:til; assents to the overthrow of A'., 135: the
white cockade in, 135, 1.18 : plaiiB for the recovery of, 136, 137 ;
recepti.in of l,iniis XVIII. in, 148: riots in, at burial of an
actress, 158; secret longings for A'.'n return in, 168; the gar.
risoii iiiit under arms, 169 : disappearance of the government.
Kill: raising the imperialist staiidani in, 166: placju-d on the
VendOnie colnmii, 166 : exciteiiieiit ill, 1116 : arrival of A', in,
160, 107: treaty of, 170: the news of Waterloo and l.igny in,
206, 206: A', returns from \\ atirloo to, 206; formation of a
new Directory, 207: appointment of a committee of public
safety, -207 : A'. oHcrs to defend, 208 : jiossibility of reas.seinbliiig
an arniv in, 210
Paris, Forest of, formalicin of the Prussians behind, iv. 197
Paris, Miirquia de, le;els ibc Parisian mob, i. 86
Paris sections, ile da.\ of the, i. ihi -188
Parker, Sir Hyde, at battle of Ciqienhagen, il. 136
Parliament of Paris, reconstitntion of the, i. 64: contest with
bonis .W'l., ,14, 55: baiiisheil from the capital, 65
leincnlB of Parma, intrigue in the court of, i. JO? ; plundered of works of
art, 225 : A'.'* leniency to, 260 : A'.'« inlluence in, 278 ; A'.'k vio.
lalioii of neutrality of, ii. 95: seeuied to J'rance, 132: adopts
the French Code, 227: creation of hereditary duchy id, 255:
Caiiibac(?res created Duke of, iii. 71 (see C.VMIi.vCKUfis); eeile-
slastieal reforms and conftscations in, 202: position in the
French empire, 214 : granted t^i Maria lx)iiisa, iv. 148
Parma, Duke of, sulinission of, i. 2I8: plan to give the I'lqial
Slates to. ii. 12 : X.'s promises to, 212
Parthe, River, militarv niovi'inents on the, iv. 70
Parthenope£in Republic, the, pi oclaimed, li. 69 : abaudimment
of, 1:11, 1:12 : (ate of its admiral. Caraceiidi, 191
Parthlans, It an campaigns against the, iii. 247
Pasquler, Baron de, attitude towanl A'., ii. 65 : prefect of po.
li. , , iv. 1.1 : episode of the Millet conspiracy, 16 : imperial pre-
tcct. r.'9
Passarge, River, military operations on the. 111. 22. 21, '26. '29
Passanano, X.'g licadquarters at. li. 13. 15, 16
Passau, apiiortioncd to Bavaria, 11. 170, 262 : X.'» line of rcticat
to. 2.i;t
Passeyr, the estates of, conferred upon Ibifer's family, ill. 186
Patterson, Elizabeth, inarrled to Jerome Buonaparte, II. 164
PavU I., silceec.ls Catberine II.. 1, '262: institutes the second
coalilion, il. 59: incensed atdeorge III.. 93: demands Thugnt's
dismissal, 93: incensed at Auslrlii, 9:i, 1(12 ; withdraws from the
coalition, 93, 94 : nceks control of .Malta, 93, 102, 1'26; friend-
INDEX
299
Paul l.^eontintted.
shin with A*, ami France, 04, 102, lafi, 1(W : plnn for invaalim of
Imliii mill ]iiirtittuii of AbIh, Ur*: reielveM tlu- Hwnnl »t Vak'tUt
fnmi .v., Iifj: almif t* destroy Auatria'B |H>wt.T, rjr>: aicusfs
RnKluixt iukI All^t^ia <>( tivjicliery, I'Jil : coiicliidea altliuico
with .v., \m: aa^iwsltiiiU;*!. las, -Jll. 'J^r.; HI. a.\ a*i: eirtet of
hts iK'iith oit h'niiicr. it l:ifi : antipathy to (Inat HrlUtii, 1G8 :
8ii|i|»>rt4 thi Hollar of Savoy, U'j. Ht>e aUo Russia
"Paul and Virginia," ill. 227
Paunadorf, mtliiary operations nt-ar. iv. 73
Pavia, thi- Rack <if, i. 220 ; ill. .i: military operations near, U
114
Pawnbrokera^e in France, HI. iv*
Peaaant propi^otors, ut utitiirfiik of the Revolution, 1. S3, 54
Peccadeuc, Plcot de, .v. " t luiny. 1. 33
Pelet, Gen., iharvreH H«ithier with tnachery, Hi. ICO: on tho
Imttle of AHpi-rn, 170: denies the story of Lanne^'N dcathl>cil,
173: in battle of \Vaterl-K>, iv. 2(K)
Pelham, Thomas, employs Mihoe de la Touche, li. IHU
Peltier, J. G., pnblishe?* " LAmhtKn." 11. 173, 174: prosecuted fur
liiMlirm .v., 174
Penal Code, the. Mi. 22r>. Jic
Peninsula, Peninsular War. Sec Pobtuoal ; Spaim
Pensions, iif-rnts in Fremli, I. SO
Pension system, iii. 7i
Pepin the Short, rorotiation of, ii. aOH
Peraldl, associated with N. in Oontlcn, 1. 02 : Beekn election in
National Uiuiid of C()rsica, 1*7 : liecomee an enemy 4if iV,, ii7,
ICJ: or»lere<l to prepare lleet at Toulun, 110: seeks to arrest
A'.. 120
Perceval, Spencer, :ia3JV'Uiinution of, iv. ic : misiuauaeement of
r.ML'lMi atlairs, ICH. HU)
Peretti, lii.n naitie reprobated in Corsica, i. 6i»: vote of censure
on, 74 : seeks election in National (luaru of Corsica, '.tfi
Pennon, Mme.. A'.'s friendship with, i. 31, 32, 104, 1G8-170:
fiii^nilsliip with Salicetti, 1(>8-170: correaiM>ndence with A..
It'.O, 170: deeliuea iV. « matrimonial otfer, 1H7; notable saying
of, ii. m
Ferpignan, reinforcement,^ for AiiRcreau from, iv. Hit
Perponcher, Gen. G. H,, in battl.- ..f gnutre Bras, iv. I8I
Perregaux. Comte de, rujaiisi iiiiiii;ucsMf, iv. kw
Persia, propnsi'-l Inilian cxiK<iiti"ns viji, ii. 134: Sebastiani's
mission to, 174-17i>: tieaty with France, iii. '23, 24 : X. arrangCH
treaty between Turkey and, 2;t, 24 : incited to invaile India, 24 :
proposed rupture with En^dau<l, 24 : N. studies the history' "f.
VM* : .V.V iiit* rcmrse with, 23'J : Themietocles's refuge in, iv. 214
Perthes, MaciinnaM at, iv. 126
Peru, 8' heme of a ltoiirl>on monarchy in, iii. 10<», 111
Feschiera, seized by Beaulieu, 1. '210, 22fi: French occupation
of, 227. 232 : the revolutionary movement in, 266 : disamiametit
of, 273
" Peter the Great," by raiTion-N'isas, ii. 22ri
Peterswald, military mnvemetit-i near, iv. r»7. 61
Petit, Gen., at review uf the Guard at FontaJneblean, iv. i:t7 :
.V.V far.well to. 150
Petit Trianon, .V. secures the lil>rary from, iv. 20s, 214
Peyrusse, corruption of, jv. 54 : keeper of A'.'« purse at Elba, 162
Pfafifenhofen, military movements near, iii. IGO
Ph^lippeaux, A. de, A'.'s enemy, i. 33: superintends the de-
fense ..I Acre. ii. 4S, 50: parley with .V. at Acre, 54
Phenicia, the history of, iv. 242
Philip, Don, of Spain, ii. 132
Philip le Bel, schemes of worltl -conquest, ii. 31
Philippe " fealit^," despicable actions of, i. 8C: scheme for
his son, -200
Philippeville, A', at, iv. 20;*. 205
"Philosophical and Political History of the Two Indies,"
.V.V stuiiy ''i'. ii. M
"Philosophic Visions" (Mercierx -V. *■ study of, ii. 36
Phrases :
Atjien :
"Italia virtuosa, maguanima, lil>era, et una," ii. 149
AjU'Wimoux or utianxiijned: (See also Poptdar, infra)
(A lady] "fond of men when they are polite," iii. 139
" A mystery in the soul of state," iv. 25
'■ Ueuiocraey an excellent work-horse, but a poor charger; a
good hack, but an untrustworthy racer," iv. 2;t;j
" Everything has been restored except the two million French-
men who dietl ftir liberty," ii. 139
"PYeedom of the seas and the invasion of England," ii. 2:U
IBonaparte) " his consular majesty," ii. 187
A Paris actor :
" Jai fait de.s rois, madame, et n'al pas voulu I'etre," ii. 132
" Legislative eunuchs," ii. 100
[lx>uis XVIIL] "learned nothing and forgot "nothing," iv. 147
(The army chest] "a French l*r"Viilence, which made the
laurel a fertile tree, the fruits of which had nourished the
brave whom its branches covered," iii. 226
A nidt :
" Freedom and Austria," iii. 151
fieri hier :
*' By general's reckoning, not that of the office," ii. 110
C'lmhronTW. :
"The guard dies but never surrenders," iv. 202
Charles IV.:
A king "who had nothing further to live for than his Txfuise
and his Emmanuel," 111. 129
Coiffn^t :
"Providence and courage never abandon the good siddier,"
iii. 248
rhnwen— cojitinuett.
CoiujreHM 0/ Virnrut :
|.Su|K>leon] *- the enemy and dl8turl*er of the world's iH'acc,"
iv. 169
Ciartorygki :
*'Parmlomanla, ' ill. 44
Dalbfrtj :
" The monkey (Talleyrand) would not risk burning the tip of
his paw i-veu if all the cheslnutH were for himself, ' Iv. 130
Priiiefnt botfforuJn :
(The FIntt (.'onNulH re.Hidi;nce| " U not exactly ft court, but it
1h no longer a camp," li. 128
G^'iitz :
"The war for the enmnclj'Utlon of stat^-H bldN fair to become
one for the emauelpatiun ol the people," Iv. 79
Ot»the :
" A great man can be recognized only by hlB i>eeni," Iv. 1:U
Kut \moff :
"The plain gentleman of Pskoff," Iv. 13
Marhiarelli :
" Friends must be treated as If one day they might be ene<
mies," li. 1<'>3
Marmont :
" The lube of a funnel," Iv. C9
Napoleon :
" About Ut produce a great novelty," iv. 163
"A great man — one who can command the situations he
creates," iv. 65
" A kind of vennin which I have in my clothes," if. 156
" A lion's advice," iii. 267
"A man like me troubles himself little about a million men."
iv. 46
" A thing must needs bo done before the announcement ol
your plan," iii. 56
"Bullets nave been Hying aboat our legs these twenty years,"
iv. 6
"Credit is but a dispen-'ati<tn from paying cash," iv. 24
" Emperi'r of the Continent," iii. 234
" Enemy's lands make enemy's gooils," lil. 5
(England a) "nation of traders," ii. 186
" Everything to-morrow," iv. 40
" Fortune is a woman ; the more she iloes for me, the more I
shall exact from her," i. 223
" Forty centuries look down upon you from . . . the P)Ta*
mids," ii. 41
"Gathered to strike; separated to live," ii. 236. See also p.
244
"Generals who save troops for the next day are always
beaten," iii. 263
"God hath given it (the crown of Italy] to me ; let him be-
ware wlio touches it," ii. 226
"Great battles are won witli artillery," iv. 34
"I am cornjuered less by fortune than by the egotism antl in-
gratitude of my companions in amis." iv. 145
"I am determined to be the last [the bottomless chasm] shall
swallow up," iv. lOH
"I am driven onward to a goal which I know not," iii. 247
"I am the god of the day, " ii. 80
"I cannot be everywhere," ii. 242, (C/. "Tlie enemy's
8trent;th," infra)
"Ideologist." iv. 241
"I feel the infinite in me," iv. 231
"If there Iw one soldier among you who wishes to kill his
Emperor, he can. I come to olfer myself to your as-
saults ' iv. 164
" I have destroyed the enemy merely by marches." ii. 235
"I have never found the limit of my capacity for work," iii.
163
" I have often slept two in a bed, but never three," iii. 38
"I leave my army to come and share the national perils,*'
ii. 66
" I may find in Spain the Pillars of Hercules, but not the lim-
its of my power," iii. 124
"In our day no one hjus conceived anything great ; it falls to
me to give the example," i. 223
" In war, the moral element and public r>pinion are half the
battle," iv. 28
" In war you see your own troubles ; those of the enemy you
cannot see. You must show confidence," iii. 161
"I pray God to have yon in his holy keeping," ii. 264
"I sli.iU conduct this war [.Saxon campaign] as General Bona-
parte," iv. 35
" It is . . . courageous to survive unmerited bad for-
tune," iv. 149
" It rains hard, hut that does not stop the march of the grand
army," iv. i\tu (Cf. "While others," etc., infra)
" I walk with the goilde>:s of fortune, accompanied by the god
of war," ii. 77
"Liberty and equality . . . put beyond caprice of chance
and uncertainty of the future," il. 159
" il asters of the Channel for six hours, we are masters of the
world," ii. 212
" My generals are a parcel of jwst inspectors." iii. 124
" Metaphysicians ... lit only to be dniwnwl," ii. 156
" My enemies make api>ointments at my tomb,' iii. 189
*' My master ha.s no bowels, and that ma:>ter is the nature of
things," iii. 89
(Napoleon determined to] "conquer the sea by land," iii. 11
[Napoleon] "shows himself terrible at the first moment,"
iiL3
300
INDEX
Fhnsea — eontinufd.
[NatK^leoii] " tho minister of the power of God, iimi liis inmge
on earth. " if. 264
(Nnpoleim'sl " library. " iv. 24
iNev) " tlif Itravt'st of the brave," Iv. 2
" Perfidious nml tyrannical Great Britain," iii. 117
[Singitit; the tiiite uf Tilsit] "i.ecording to the written Bcore,"
Tii. 65
"Spurred and lH>oted ruler," ii. 96
"T^te . . . anuoe." iv. 2iy
•'Tho art of war is to uain time when your strength is infe-
rior," ii. 108
[The Cnncordiit] "tlie vaceine of reliRion," ii. 139
"Tlie Ebnt is nothing l>ut a lino.' iii. 124
"Tlie enemy's strength seems great [to the division counuiui-
ders] wherever I am not," iv. fiS. (C/. "I cannot," etc.,
supra)
"The finances are falling into disorder, and . . . need
war," ill. 235
"The game of chess is becoming confused." iv. )".'»
"The genius of France and Providence will be on our side,"
iv. 105
"The growlers," iv. 137, 141, 147
"The new Pillars of Uercules, ' iii. 235
•'The pe;ir is not yet ripe," ii. 36. (For the ripening of the
pear, see ii. G7, 148)
"The Revolution is planted on the principles from which it
proceeded. It is ended," ii. 90
"The Spanish nicer," iii. 203
"The Bun of Aiislerlitz," ii. 253
"The system of hither and thither, ' iv. 63, 64, 69
"Theworse the troops tlic greater the need of jirtillery," iv. 34
"This is the moment when eharactersof a superior sort assert
themselves," ii. 44
"Ttiis movement makes or mars me," iv. 121
"Three years more, and I am lord of the Universe," iii. 235
"To have the right nf using nations, yon must begin l)y serv-
ing tlieni Will,' iv. 244
"To honor and serve the Emperor is to honor and serve God,"
ii. 2C4
" To strike a salutary terror into others," ii. 199
•' Victor of Ansterlitz," ii. 253
" V'ous 6tes un homme," iii. 134
" War is like government, a matter of tact," i. 222
(War with Russia] " n scene in an opera," iii. 241
"We 'II pass these few winter days i\B best we may; then
we 11 try to spend the spring in another fashion, ' iv. 161
" We must pull on the boots and tlie resi»lution of 93,' iv. 103
"Wherever . . . water t<» lloiit a ship, there ... a British
standard," iv. 214
" Which has l>een the happiest age of humanity?" iii. 136
"While others were taking counsel the French army was
manhing," ii. 2H;i. (C/. "It rains hard, " supra)
" Why am I not my grandson "? ' iv. 238
"You manage men witli toys," ii. 159
Nfiiton :
" England expects every man t« do hia duty," ii. 240
"In cast' signals cannot be seen or clearly understood, no
captain can do wrong if he places liis ship alongside that
of an enemy," ii. 240
"Westminster Abbey or Victory," ii. 43
AV|/ ;
" A marshal of the Empire has never suiTcndered," iv. G
Mmr. Pennon :
" The pike is eating the other two fish," ii. 86
Pitt (concernini:):
The " Austerlitz look," ii. 254
Pius VII. :
[Bonaparte the Pope's) "son in Christ Jesus," ii. 217
Popular:
'' Armed men spring up at the stamp of liis fool," iv, 22
" Ban," and "arri6re ban " (feudal terms), iv. 89
"Bautzen Messenger-Boy," the, iv. 64
[Hlucher] " Mjirshal Forward" iv. 122
'* Emperor of tin- Gauls," ii. 204
" Enen.y's ships make enemy's goods," iii. 5
" lyjnality," ii. 142
"Fighting with the legs instead of with thehayonetj',"!!. 279
"France the mont beautiful land next to the kingdom of
heaven," iii. 13
" French fury,** iv. 175. (Cf. " Furia fraucesca," ii. 252)
"Frenchmen, awake; the F.mjMTor in waking," iv. 158
" He has been and will be," iv. lOH
" His sacred Majesty," ii, 263
" Liberty of the seas,'" ii. 151, 16H
" Marie LxiuiscB," the, iv. 87
'■ Mother Moscow," "tlie holy city," Hi. 264
"Napojadron," ill. 223
" Xapftleon, by the grace of God Emperor," ii. 264
[Napoleon] "perhaps an angel, perhaps u devil,— certainly
not a man," (v. 43
" Napolefin the Great," II. 263
" Neutral flag, neutral goods," II. 168
" Neutral ships make neutral goods ; free shlpB, free goods,"
ii. 136
" Paternal anarrhy," Iv. 158, 160
" HagiiHade," iv. 144
" Robbing the cradle and the grave," Iv, M
" Hanve ijul pent," Iv, 202
" The Emperor's last rlctory," Iv. 86
Phrases — continufd.
"The fountain of honor," ii. 169
"The libtrHt«»r of Poland," iii. 8
"Thi- little CHrpond." i. 220; iv. 137, 163
" The man of God, the anointed of the Lord," ii. 263
"The JiaiMileoii of Potsdam and Sehonbrunn, iv. 136
"The return of the hero," ii. 66
Rt'ffjutud dr St.-Jean d'A mjely :
"The unhappy man [Napoleon] will undo hiniself, undo us
all, undo everything, iii. 247
IttHHitution^ Motto o/ the :
France, "one and Indivisible," ii. 221
St. Andr,^:
"The fate of tlie world depends on a kiek or two," iv. 48
Savigny :
[Tlie Code Kapol(:on] "a political malady," ii. 143
" Une jwire pour la solf," ii. 86
Soult :
"An inspiration is nothing but a calculation made with ra-
pidity," iv. 221
TalUi/rand :
"Italy the Hank of France ; Spain its natural continuation;
and Holland its alluvium, Iii. 216
" Napoleon's civilization that of Roman history," iii. 139
" Pleasure will not move at the drum-tap," tii. 76
"Society will pardon much to a man of the world, but cheat-
ing at cards never," iii. 118
" There is no empire not founded on the marvelous, and here
tho marvelous is the truth," iv. 222
I'atuiaimn^ :
"That devil of a man," iii. 75
ViflrTVUve:
" Any (■a])tain not under Are is not at his post, and a signal to
recall bin) would be a disgrace," ii. 240
WiUinffton :
" I nnist fight him here [Waterlf.o]," iv. IKO
"Old Bliicher has had a good licking," iv. 184
" Up, Guards ! make ready I" iv. 202
Zachan'aa, Pope:
" He is king who has the power," ii. 208
Fiacenza, militaiy operations near, i. 217, 218; ii. 114: Loison
at, 116: adopts the French Code, 227: creation of hereditary
dueby of, 2r>5 : Liltrun created Ihikc of, iii. 71. See Lebrl'n
Piacenza, Duke of, submission of, i. 218
Piave River, military oi.eratinns on the, i. 236, 2.37, 266, 267
Picardy, moviiomt of troujis to, ii. 16
Plchegru, Gen. Charles, S.'n early acquaintance with, i. 129:
lalb'l t'> <'iiiiiin:uiil Paris troops, 162: compurs the Austrian
Nttliei lands, 16;i. li'.-l : suspected of intrigue, 105: royalist
srhemes of, 178; ii. 105, liKi: a product of Carnols system, i.
202: conquest of Holland, ii. 3: plans a coup d'etat, 3: expo*
sure of his treachery in 1795, 3, 4: jiroscribed, 5: imjtlicated
with Moreau, 49, 107, 190: escapes from Guiana, 105: heads
royalist rising in Prnvence, 105: fall and desitb, 189, 190: leads
royalist plot, 190: Savary suspected of complicity in death of,
2(17 : funeral nnuss celebrateit for, iv. 158
Plcton, Sir T., in Waterloo campaign, iv. 176 : battle of Water*
loc, I'lC: killed, 197
Piedmont, military operations in. i. 128, 152, 209, 213 ct seq.:
troujis i>f. filter Savoy. i:i;i : French movement against, 145:
iV. advises against advaneing into, 146: Austnt-Sardinian op-
erations in (1794), 206: revolutionary spirit in, 207 : conquest
of, 213^220, 228: army separated from Austrians. 216: suc-
cesses in, 221 : French proposition U> oiyanize republic in, 221,
227 : loses island of St. Peter, ii. 8 : incorporated with the
Ligurian Republic, 26 : Moreau's last stanit in, 57 : held by
Suvaroff, 93 : held by Austria. 95, 105 : tribute levied on, 120 :
incorporated with France. 149, 171, 175, 179: .Tourdan's pacifi-
cation of, 206: AUxatiibi 1. ilenmudsindemnlty for, 223 : ecclesi-
aaticjil leforma and nmflsejitions in, iii. 202 : parallel between
th<' \\ ateiloo campaign and that in, iv. 174
Piedmontese, in Fn neli service, ii. 9.
Piktupbnen. Frederick William and Harde;d>erg at, iii. 38 :
Kreibriek \Villl:iiii's stiiy at, 51
" Pillars of Hercules, the new," iii. 235
Pillau, Napoleon deiuanils, as a pledge, iii. 35: French military
stores in, 253
Pinckney, C. C, Talleyrand attemptJi to corrupt, ii. 23
Plombino, given to F.Iisii (Buonaparte) Baeeiocchl, ii. 227, 229.
See als.. lACCK AND I'lo.MDINO
Pirch, Gen., in Waterloo cami)aign. iv. 175, 199
Pir6, Gen., ordered t«) Quatrc Bras. iv. 179
Pima, Vandamme at, iv. 56-58 : Mortier at, 59, 63 : sickness of
A', at, 59, 147 : N. abandons, 62 : A', moves on, 6:1
Pisa, ("arlo Buonajmrte at, i. 14
Pitt, WllUam, Jr., prime minister of England. I. 115. 116 : takes
artlvi- tmasurcH against France, 131, 132: dillli-ullies of his ad-
ministration, 27K, 279: anxiety for peace after Leoben.ii.8:
declines to negotiate with A'., 94 : delusion concerning S. and
France, 94: denouuecs A', as the destroyer of Europe, 95: ad-
vocatoH restoration of the Bombotis 95: policy toward France,
134. 210, 211. 231, 262: Iv. 32: British eonfldence in. ii. 134:
falls from power on the Catlndic Emancipation question, 134 :
calls f4ir defense of the kingdom. 186: raises volunteers, 186:
returuH to power, 210: his policy of European coalitions, 210,
211 : boromes prime minister, 216 : on France's designs against
England, 216 : success of his etrorts,228: reception of the news
of Austorlitz, 254: death. 254: Fox compelled to adopt his
program, 262 : England returns to his ptdicy. Iv. 32
INDEX
301
PlUB VX, signs treaty of Toleiitino. I. '211 : raiiBoms Bolo^in, 228,
2'2'i): prepares to recover lost t<^rril<"ry, 'JIS; (imirrol with
Friiiue, 247 : N.'/t jirolilem concerning', 24^: liostltitiuH by, U.*.! :
cami>iUK» n|j;nfiist, 2r)1^2t)l : liis aniiy illsperscd, 2tio : expn-saes
KratituJe to .v., 21U: .V.V cnqiiest of, U. tl : ill Inaltli, 7 : prr
seriitiun of, 2*1 : \vitlnlrftW8 to Siena, 20 : atrippi'il of lii> p<»sH»rt-
Hioiifl, 20 : tloath, hiiriul, and memorial BcrvleeH, 2r>, h7, 1:I3, 1:)0
Plus VII., election of, ii. VS.i : reHiinu.s temporal power, ISA : re*
movrs tlie ban from Talleyrand, i;ui: relutions with N., 13I»,
217 et seq. ; iii. 57, 5H, v»4, l>r» ; Iv. 2t» : the matter of A'.'« corona-
tion, ii. 20H et sei|., 217-221: refuses to receive Mme. Talley-
raiul. 20y : his demands for the Cliurrh. 2(Hi : at Kontalnebleau,
2lH: liis humiliation and return to Koine, 221, 222: refuses a
divorce to Jerome Buonajtarte. 256; iii. 7: noutrnllty in the Ans-
terlltz campaitoi. ii. 256 : desires unity of the German Chun h,
260: refuses to recognize Joseph's sovereignty, iii. 57 : A'.'w ul-
timatum to, 57, 58: refuses to join tlio Krcnch federation
against Entfland, U4: his demands on N,,\H: concessions to
A'.V demands, 94: iirisoncr at Qrenoble, <J5, 187: disbamlmenl
of the Noble Ouarvl, '.tfl: a/aiju'ant prince in the t^niriiia!. 'J5:
issues bull, June 10, 1809, 95: Wearing eifect of y.'s ttnarrel
with, 95: indemnity for, 166: deposed from the temporal
power, 166, 18*'», 1H7, 11*2: retains his ecclesiastical position.
186: exeommnnieates A', and his adherents. 18«; : impriscuied
at Savona, 187, 233: removed from I^mle t4i Fontaiiiebleau,
187: refuses t^) renounce the setMilar p<iwor, 187: in Morence,
187 : does not recognize A*. V divorce, 199 : provision of residence
and revenue for, 2»1 : the second c|uurrel of investitures. 201 :
relations with the Oallican Church. 201. 202 : intlexibility of, 201,
202: De Midstreon the snpinenessof, 202: c-ontrasted with Inno-
cent XL, 202: partial submission of, 233: refuses to institute
X.'m nomtm>es ;is bishops, 233: prisoner at Fontainehleau, iv.
15, 25, 26: luwtility i»f the French ecrlesiastics to, 26 : the ("on-
cordat of Fontainehleau, 26 : interviews with A', at Fontaine-
hleau, 26: restoration of Roman domains to, 26 : residence at
Avignon, 26 : retracts his assent, 26 : release of, 87, 88 : humili-
ation nf, 227
Plzzlghettone, French occupation of, i. 227
Placentia, ecclesiastical reforms and confiscations in, iii. 202:
granteii tn Maria Louisa, iv. 148
PlagWitz, tiu'hting near, iv. 72
"Plain," the, position in the National Convention, i. Ill
Plancenoit, tl;-'htinR at. iv. ii>9, 200
Plancy, military ninvements near, iv. 116
Plato, A. > study uf, i. 49
Platoff, Count M. I., liarasses the Frencli retreat from Mos-
cow, iv. 2, G
Plauen, tlshting near, iv. 57 : Austrians driven into, 57
Plebiscites, --f Dec 15, 1799, ii. 86, 90: of May, 1802, 158, 159: of
ls(i4, '207
Plelsse, River, military operations on the, iv. 35, 70, 71
Plombieres, Ji-sephine's coterie at, ii. 58
Plutarch, ^.'s study of, L 40; ii. 31
Plymouth Sound, the **BelIeri'phon" in, iv. 210 •
Po, River, tlie country of the, i, 216; ii. 116, 117 : militaiy oper-
ations on the, i. 217, 218, 233, 272 ; ii. 113, 114, 116, 119
Point-du-Jour, Sc-rurier's guard at the, ii. 74
PoiSChWltz, armistice of. iv. -43-45, 47, 50, 98, 194, 238
Poland, i-aitition of, i. 131, 259, 262; ii. 227, 268; iii. 8, 25, 44:
Austria s g;ize on, i. 198: French schemes for the reconstruc-
tion 01, ii. 28-30: Alexander L's designs concerning, 228; iii.
40, 235, 240; iv. 20, 99 : Alexander retreats to, ii. 252 : extension
of the French empire in, 256: sack of, iii. 4 : N.'s opportunity
to save, 8, 9: pro-XapoIeon enthusiasm in, 8, 9, 16, 251 : ilissen-
gious in, 9: A\'s policy concerning, 10, 14, 22, 40, 48, 166, 188,
239, 252; iv. 72 : French occupation of, iii. U, 13 : enlistments
from, under the French eagles, 11,157,246: A^. organizes govern-
ment for, 14 : A", "the lilterator of," 16: horrors of the winter
campaign in, 22 : a new field of warfare for A'., 22 : new levies
ordered in, 23: morale of the French army in, 40: proposed
transfer to the King of Saxony, 44: proi>osed new Icingdom of,
48: Prussian provinces ceded to Warsaw. 53: possible restora-
tion of, 55. 87, 188, 237-239, 244 '. iv. 246 : war indemnity ex-
acted from, iii. 65 : French nobility endowed witli lands in, 71 :
strengthening the French forces in, 93 : dangers of withdraw-
ing Russian tro()ps from, 93: Davoiit recalled from, 129; reli-
ance on A'., 152, 240: invaded by Archduke Ferdinand, l.'iO:
concentration of troops at Warsaw. 15S : Archduke Ferdinand's
vicissitudes in, 164: enlargement of. 191: second partition of,
235 : schemes of Alexander and Czartoryski in regard to, 235,
240 : rupture between Alexander and A^ over, 236 et seq. :
Alexan«ier refuses to restore the integrity of. 237 : the patriots
of, in Warsaw, 238: movement of Russian troops toward, 241:
factor in the Russian war of 1812, 249 : X.'s mistake in not re-
storing, 251 : Abbi5 de Pradt 3 mission from Dresden to, 251 :
the Diet of Warsaw liegs for the reconstruction of, 251. 252:
possible schemes of French annexation of. 252: CzaI■^^ryski's
ambitions in, iv. 20: Kutnsoff's advance through, 29: l^russia
seeks to recover part of, 29-:J2: Benidgsen in, 52 : N. offers to
renounce, 72; the extinction of, 246
Poles, seek .illiancc with France, i. 259: in French service, 270;
ii. '.»: militarj' service in Italy, 28: A^.'/*p*ilicy of winning, iii. 166:
loyalty to A'., 240 ; iv, 76 : A'.'s waning prestige among, iii. 256
Polish Church, N.'s threat to liberate it from Rome, iii. 58
Politics, the art of, L 36: X.'s passion for, and study of, 48, 60,
f.'.t. Ki;, lis
Polygamy, forbiiMen hv the French Sanhedrim, iii. 63: A', up-
hnl^is, iv. 216
Polytechnic School, founding of the, i. 167 ; ii. 145, 146 : calling
out the students of, iv. 131
Pomerania, Pnissla recommended to seize, 11. 273 : Gustavutt TV.
commanding In, 111. 35: I'rnnsia retains her htronghold** Iti, :i8 :
A'. proridseH to re.>4tore to Swt den, 2(i5 : ik-rmidoiii- n kindly
treatment of, 215: Davout occujtles Hwediiih, 244: olTered [••
llernadotte. iv. :i2
Pomeranla, Duke of, seeks representation at Congress of Ras*
latl. ii. IH
Pompei, nit niber of the directory nf Corsica, I. 73
Poniatowskl, Prince J. A.,relle« i>n A'.'* uood will. Hi. 9: Arch-
duke Krrdinaiid'B [tursuit of, 164: reoccupleH VVarsaw, 165:
strength of his eorps, Manh, 1H12, 246: donbin Ulhuarna's
rising, 247: buttle of Iturodino, 261: battle of Wiaznm, iv, 3:
claims to the I'olish throne, 20: fails Ut keep llUKHia out of
Warsaw, 21: commanding in (jalicia, 31: at Kischhach, 63:
battle of Ia'1\>h'u; 71, 7:*, 75: drowned lit the Elsler, 75
Ponsonby, Sir W., in battle of Watcrlwj, iv. 197
Pont d' Austerlitz, iii. 62
Pontdes Arts, iii. 62
Pont d' J^na, iii. '2
Pontebba Pass, battles in, I. 268
Ponte Corvo, li> rnadotte created Prince of, II. 256: Iii. 71. See
also liKUN.MH.TTK
Pont^COUlant, Doulcet de, uses influence on X.'s liehalf, i
175: retired from the central committee, 177: X.'s relations
with. ii. 2
Ponte-Nuovo, battle of, i. 10 : X. visits the battle-ground at^ 73
Pont Royal, the nnU-e at the, i. 18I
Popular government, the ris.- of, i. 67
Popular representation without eyes, ears, or power. It
K-l
Porcil, niihlar> operations near, i- 239
Portalis, J, E. M,, couneilor of state, ii. 137 ; on committee to
<iraft th. Cnde. 142: ndnister of public worship, 221
Portland, Duke of, prime minister of England, iii. 41, 68
Port Mahon, i. 9
Porto FerrajO, seized by England, I. 245: amval of the exile
at, iv. I..4 : X.'ti residence at, 155 : danger of X.'s remaining In,
162
Porto Legnago, Augereau driven Into, i. 251
Port Royal, education of Josephine de la Pagerie at, i. 189
Portsmouth, Nelson sails for, ii. 230
Portugal, growth of liberal ideas in, i. 164 : war with Spain, Ii
12 : joins the second coalition, 62 : France offers peace to, 102 :
alliances with England, 102, 212: X.'s problems in, 131 et seq. :
forced contribution levied on, 1:12 ; iii. 95 : abandons English
alliance, ii. 132: compelled to close her harbors to English
ships, 132; iii. 57 : France guarantees integrity of, ii. 135 : neu-
trality of, 184, 212; iii. ,n6, 57. 95: Spanish invasion of, ii. 212:
proposed commercial war against England, iii. 48 : X. calls for
alliance with, 56: seizure of her fleet by England. 57: Jum-t's
army on the liorders of, 57: proposed acquisition by Spain, 57,
96: "movement of English troops into, 89, 96, 97 : the situati4tn
in, 94 : French invasion of, 95 et seii., 118 ; obeys the Berlin and
Milan decrees, 95 : closing of the harbors, 95 : rupture of diplo-
matic relations between France and, 95 : proposed partition of,
95: dymistic troubles in, 05: demoeracy in, 95, 96: commerce
with England, 95: Spain cooperates with France .igainst. 96:
seizure of fortresses by France, 96 : flight of Don .John fnmi, 96,
97 : escape of the fleet from tlie Tiigus, 96, 97 : revulsion of
feeling against Jnnot in, '.t7 : fraternization of tlie people with
Jnnofs army, 97 : appointment of a council of regency, 97:
Junot s military administration in, 97 : applies to England for
help, 97 : insurrections against French rule, 97 : X. offers the
crown to Lucien. 102: intrigues for the throne of, 102 : Junot
appointed governor of, 1(U : to be given to a Bonaparte prince,
105 : France i»rnposcs an exchange for, 105: the crown offered
to Murat, 115: destruction of her c<innnerce, 118: Junot's oc-
cupation of, 122: French evacuation of, 123: Lord Wellesley
enters, 123: intensity of the rebellion in, 144: sympathy with
Spain, !44 : supposed English scheme to abandon, 145: Welles-
ley expels the French from, 182 : England's loss of trade with,
208: reinforcements for the Englisli army in, 217: English
failures in, 217: held by Wellington, 217: Mass^na invades.
218: Junot aspires to the crown of, 219: Soult aspires to the
crown of, 219, 226: Sonlt's invasion of (1809), 219 : Wellington
retreats to, 221, 222: A", proposes to restore, to the Honse of
Braganza, 242 : member of the Vienna Coalitiitn, iv. 170 : X.'s
dread of capture in, 209
Posen, A", in, iii. 8, 251 : expected scene of operations, 10 :
French oc(;upation of, 17: incorporated int^i the grand duchy
of Warsaw, 48 : Eugene assumes connnand at, iv. 21 : Miu*at
almndniis the army at, 27
Potemkin, Prince. A', seeks service with, i. 129
Potsdam, treaty nf, ii. 243, 251 : A', at, iii. 3
Pougy, military 'i|)t'ratio)is near, iv, 116
Pozzo di Borgo, Count C. A., the Corsican victory of, i. 10 : as-
sociat.d with A', in I'orsica, 62: member of the Directory of
Corsica, 73: delegate to the National Assembly, 74: A. 's life-
long foe, 97 ; iii. 239; iv. 122: attorney-general of t'orsica, i.
109: suspected of intrigue with England, 112: denounced by
X.t 122: ordered to trial. 248: Russian envoy at Vienna, iii. 8,
138,239: on the humiliation of Prussia, 53 : influence at St.
Petersburg, 129: at peace council in Paris, iv. i;t4
Pradt, Abb6 de, mission from Dre^tden to i'oland, iii. 251
Prague, Maria l^.uisa at, iii. 251 : A*, acknowledges his mistake
i[i not making peace at. iv. 1.50
Pragiie, Congress of. iv. 4.'>-47, 49, 50, 72, 80, 99
Pralrial, tlie jbirtietb of, ii. as
Pratzen, tlgluin- on th*- heights of, ii. 247-250
Preameneu, Bigot de, on committee to draft the Code, ii. 142
ao2
INDEX
Prefecta, tho cvslem of, n. 86
PreKel, River, iniUtnn' inovt-mente on Uie, iH. 31
Prenilau, ll"htiilMhi'« retrvat to. iL 283: Hnhenloho driven
fr.-ni. lii. J
Preeburg, trtaty of, il. 2,v*. 262: iii. 48. 88, ISl, 155: niiliUry
(.innitioiis mar. 174, ITG, 178: Anhduko John at. 175, 17fi, 178
Press, tie, f noK'm of , dtvreeii, i. r>7: demand for freedom of, in
tv.rsii a. I'c* : cnditittn in Fnuice, 1C7 : nu-mt'ers of, prosiTiWed,
ii. :. : aU'Iitiun of lilKTty of, 5, % : N. and thi- liberty of, 16:
innulinK of, 24, 1G2, 174: fiuppression oi Jai-oliin papers, CO:
A*.> ns*' of, IW: iii. 27 : servility U> .V., ii. 140-151 : censorship
of. l.Vt, 151. 187. 224. 225, 23:i. 25<>, 271 ; iii. 27, 72, 125. 227, 22i» ;
iv. l.'vH: hi nitMleni l-Yame. ii. 1C2: .V.V reason for repression
of, lfi2 : lilurty of. in En(;lnnd, 174 : A'. att*'nipts to nuizzle
thi- KuKlisIi, 228: supervision of thf, iv. 87 : almlition of uen-
S'-rsliip pioinisi*), 107
Press-gang t mployinent of, in tYame. ii. 212
Pretender, the. sVe I>uis XVIII.
Preusslsch-Eylau, s.e Eylau
Pr^val. Gen., refuses service on d'Enghlen conrt ninrtinl. ii. 1%
Primary Assembly, the, i. 183
Primogeniture, A'. o», i. 77 : alwlislied, ii. 144 ; lii. 09: its ad-
viihia^'.s iiihl dei-ay, Ci».
Priniolano, eapture of Wurniser's ndvnnce-KHiu'd at, I. 235
" Prince of the Peace," the. See (ioimv
Pripet, River, li:i};rnii.'ns stand on the, iii. 254
Privilege, theovirtliroM t.f, i. 9\
Privy council, erealion of a. ii. 159
Probsthelda, military luovements near, iv. 73, 74
Property rights,. V.V share in codifying the law concerning, ii. 143
Prossnitz, Jnnctiun of Russian and Austrian troops at, it. 245
Protestants, demand of eivil rl^ihts for the, i. 55
Provence, a lempestuous thne in, 1. 127: royalist risinK in, ii.
105 : royalist ist-ntiment hi, iv. 151 : S.'n reeeptjon in, 151, 156 :
longing in, for the Emperor's return, 102: the White Terror in,
210
Provera, Gen., in Rivoli campaign, i. 250-254 : called to reor-
t::nii/e (lie Koman army, ii. 2fi
Provlus, military movements near, iv, 95, 10:i. 109, 113
Prowtowski, Gen., aecompanies A', to St. Helena, iv. 214
Prud'hon, Pierre, p lintrr, ii. 226
Prussia, relations, allianees, etc., with Austria, I. 102, 197; ii.
69, 102, 109, 251, 208; iii. 24, 174, IHI, '251 ; iv. 80. 91, 92: cap-
tures LoiiKwy, i. 105: expei'tcii enmity of, 110: effect of mili-
tary successes of, 115 : partition of Poland, 131, 202 : abandons
the iToalition, ir>4, 197: defeats Austria, 197: uplifting of, and
j,Towth of the national spirit in, 197, 211, 202 ; ii. 27, 102, 209-
271 ; iii. 35. 39, 5;t, 77. 83, 86, lOS, 124, 120, 128, 150, 105, 174,
242, 24:i, 24K ; iv. 19, 21. 26-28, :tO, 31, 47, 49. 64, 175, 240 : makes
peace with France (1795), i. 200, (1796) 210: neutralitv of, 235;
ii. 29, 02, 102, 10:i, 199. 208 ; iii. 40 : treaty with France (1790). i.
279: attitude toward hVanee (1797-98X ii. 27-^29: favors secu-
larization of ecclesiastical prmcipalities, 28: supposed rais-
talcen policy of. 29: reeoi^iizes the Cisalpine Ri'pnhlic, 29: the
center of gravity of Europe, 102: nopoliat^-s with France for
Hamburg, 102: refuses t*) join the second coalition, 102:
France's :issistanee to, ajrainat Austria, 102: A', negotiates
with, 103: supremacy in the (ierman Diet, 120: joins the
*'armed neutrality." 120: territories acquired by (1802), 170:
strenu'theniuR of, 170: Ney'e check on, 175: N. dictates her
attitude, ls(KJ. 180: acquiesces in the creation of the em-
pire, 204: protests against Rumlwld's seizure, 211 : negotiates
for llannver, 228, 229 : relations with Russia, neKotiations and
treaties between the two countries, and attitudes of their
rulers, 228. 202, 271 ; iii. 10, 21, 22, 24, 25. :iG, :J8. 47, 87. 131, 138,
174, 240, 243, 250. 251 ; iv. 19-21. 29 ;n, 50. 99: Hardeubergs
aim at consolidati>>n, ii. 229: refuses alliance with England,
229 : to receive Hanover for :is8istuiice ttt France, 232 : garrisons
Hanover, 2:12: stremrth compared with France. 232: violation
of her neutrality. 234: resents Bernadotte's violation of Ans-
Itach, 242: renounces her neutrality, 243: decline of her inHu-
ence, 243: nc;.'ntiat<-8 for peace, 240: U> close her ports to
England, 251 : A', demands offensive and defensive alliance with,
251: Biibscrvience to France, '254 : j)ropo8al to give Hanilniri.',
Ureineii, and Liiheck to, 258 : alliance with France, 258: Enji-
land deelares war against, 258: ac<|uires Hanover, 258, 201:
humiliation of, 258, 202; iii. 7, 25, 30. 39, 40, 49, 53, 55, 126-128:
neutralization of her power, ii. 259: joins EriKland and Russia,
202: t*;rrit4»rial atrenindizemeut, 208: the rei^rns of the tYed
cricks, 268 : her army, 268, 272-274. 270, 278 28;j ; iii. 2. 179 ; iv.
:iO, 31. 45, 175: educathm in, ii. 209: condition in 1800. 20'J:
feuilalism in, 2C.',i, 270: influence of (jneeii Ixuiisa in. 209: the
refnnn party in, 209-271: exasperation at N. in. 270, 271. 273:
A', demands the diHannament of, 272: 111 effects of arist4ieratie
uride In, 272, 273: advised by A. to seize Ponierania, 273:
A'.'*t neeeHHity for quick action with, 273, 274: the war party,
273. 27h: hesitaltoii about mobilization, 274 : ileclarcs war, 274 :
sUite of war with England, 274 : weakness of, 275 : plan of the
campaign, 275, 27h: alliance with Saxony, 279: moral ctfcct
of .lemi upon. 28:i; iii. 1: advance of the French through,
1-3 : ttital ilefoat of, 2. 4 : plunderol of works of art. 3, 4 : A'.'*-
treatment of, 3, 7 : sack and rapine tn, 4 : unconscinnalile dc
mands on, 6: iM-ace negotiations, 0. 7: nlmuilnned by Saxony,
7 : ctdlntnientH from, under the French eaulcs. II : retreat from
I'ultUHk. 12: X.'h prolfercd terms to, after Kyliiu, 21, 22 : pro-
posed rehabilitation of, 22: IV.'s re«erve forces in central, 24 :
tn-aty with KiiHsin at Harteiistcin, 24, 25: pro|>oKal for a new
coalition, 25: wenknens of, 25, 34 : nuutbers In the field, huim-
Dier of lHr»7, 2!i: sevcrit)- of .V.'j? terms for, :(0 : A. grants con-
ccMtontt nt Tilstt, :(8: armistice with, 38: retains strongholds
Prussia — eontinufd.
in Silesia and Tonierania, 38: A''.'.*; attempts to secure alliance
with, 40: interest in Poland. 40: French libeml idea of France's
attinity with, 40: represent«tives at Tilsit, 43; acquisitions of
territory, 44 : proposed transfer of Saxony to. 44 : resptmsibility
for her belligerency, 44 : new boundaries, 48 : reorgaiilzati»»n
at Tilsit, 48 : reUiins Silesia, 48, 49 : the kingdom of Westphalia
carveti out of, 49: treaty of Tilsit, 53 (see also Tilsit): feel-
inn t4>ward Frederick William in, 53 : mutilation of, 53 : war in-
demnity exacted from, 53, 05: l-Yench occupatit)u of, 54. 80, 81,
84, 87, 93, 120, 129, 234 : effect of the peace of Tilsit on, 77 : fails
to raise war indemnity, 81 : doses ami fortifies her harbors, K3 :
abolition of old land tenures in. Ki: responsibility for the war
with France, 83 : the patriotic writers of. 8,3 : reorgnnlzntiou of
the educational system. M: alwdition of the privy eonncil, 83 :
municipal autonomy, 83 : freeing the serfs in, 83: the "yunker"
class, 8;t : mililary reforms in, 83, S4. 120 : the League of Virtue,
8;t, 120: subserviency to France, 84 : hostility to tYance, 80:
ideads bankruptey, 86 : A', proposes further hnmilinfion of. so.
87 : A', offers to evacuate, 87, 9<i, 130 : encour;iv:ed to revolt, 124,
126. 138: civil reforms in, 120: death of militjiiyism in, 120:
N.'s attitude toward, 138: endeavors to secure mitigation of
AT.V deman*ls, 138: proposes to reduce her army, 138: French
evacuation of, 138, 141 : effect of battle of .It'naon, 147 : mililiu-y
- centralization of, 147 : wiu"likc temper in, 151 : the pursuit after
Waterloo, 16;J: secret armament in, 174: oifer of Warsaw to,
174: French occupation of the coast, 204: Mme. de St«el in,
22'.t: pecuniary tiemands upon, 234: treaty with France, Feb.
24, 1812. 243, 250: A'.s attitude toward, 243: inlluence in Ger-
many, 243: threatened dismemberment of, 243: renders mili-
tary aid to France, 243 : furnishes contingent to X.'g army, 240 :
A. belittles, 248: coalition with Austria and Russia, 251: re-
ligious aspect of the European situation in. iv. lit: A', bints at
ten itori:il ^■e^sio^s to, 27 : in grand coalition against A'.. 27, 28 :
foreel to a 'leeision, 29 : A', dcniaiuls more troops from 29: ad-
vised by .Mettiinich to join Uusaia. 29: alms to recover Prussinn
Foland, 29-32: entry of Russian troops into, 29, 31: popular
detestation of A', in, 30: death at the Queen, 30: mobilization
of the army. 30, 31 : conilitiiui at opening of 1813. :i(Mt2 : de-
clares war, 31 : scheme for t*iTit<irial a^graiidizi-nient of, 31 :
seeks subsidy from England, 31 : designs on SaxoTiy, 32 : A. de-
termines to dismember, 32 : subsidized by i:n^:laml, 32, 4.% 106.
170: strenuous emleavoi-a of, 34: proptiseil restoration of, 38:
proposed new capital for, 39: S.'s new aihemes for, 39: pro-
posed enlargement of, 44 : proposed rectification of the western
Ixmndary, 44 : secret treaty ol lielciieiilmch, 44, 45, 48 : guaran-
tees a wiu* loan, 45: treaty with llngland, .Tune 14, 1813, 45.
streni;th of, 54 : N.'n personal spite a;;ainst 54,02: A. « attempts
to separate* Ruasia from, 62: heroism in. 04: losses at Denne-
w itz, 64 : X, offers terms to, 65 ; scheme to restore her status of
1805, 60: conclmles alliance of Sept. 9, 1813,00: begiuniuK of
her military aggrandizement, 77 : acquires the hegemony of Con-
tinental Euroiie, 77 : engtrness tt^r war in, 80: at the Congress
of Frankfort, 80: proposes to Invade France via Li^Ke. 89, 91 :
troojia on the Rhine, 90: N.'it implacable foe, 91 : seeks the re-
tention of her acquisitionB. 99: desire for constitutional gov-
ernment in, 100: eager for an armistice, 101, 102. 105: treaty
of Chaumont, lOO : the triple alliance, 10*'.: Metteniieh strives
to check ain)>ition of, 115 ; pju-ty to the treaty of Fontainebleau
(April, 1814), 148: attitude at Congress of Vienna, 150, 1.''.7 :
quota of troops, 170: member of tlie Vienna coalition, 170:
campaign of Waterloo. 174 et seq.: reaps harvesi of politicid
spoils at Waterloo, 205: claims the glory of annihilating A'..
205 : I<i8se8 at Waterloo, 205 : claims the right of overseeing the
imprisonment of N., 213: influence in Germany. 240
Pruth, River, Ilnssia actpiires a boundary on the, iii. 244
Przasnysz, military oiiiTutions near, ill. 18
Public works, .\. .v scheme of. ii. 178
PultUSk, battle of, iii. 10-15
Puntowitz. military operatnms near, ii. 249
Puster Valley, milit'U'y operations in the, i. 268
Pyramids, battle ot the, Ii. 41
Pyrenees, the, Frcmh troops in ii. 2r., :iO, .32; iii. 10.1, loo:
bonis XIV. *■ abolishes," 59: a boundary of the Continental
system, 214 : plans for the defense of. iv. 48 : Soult driven over,
79 : France's "natural boumiary," 80
Quasdanowlch, Gen., A'. V operations against, i. 211 : captures
bresrbi, 2;f2 : battle of Lonat^i, 23;i, 2:h : stren^•th in Frinli, 230
Quatre Bras, military oijcrations near. iv. 174, 178-18(t: battle
.►f, IHl-lKO : y.'s lllglit through, 203 : Ney at. 205
Quedlinburg, apiM.rtloned to Prussiji, ii. 170
Queiss, River, military O|ieratious on the, iv. 01
Quenza, CoL, elected lieutenant-eobtncl in National Guard of
Corsica, i. 97: commanding CDrsiean vohinteers, 99 : condu(*t
at Ajaccio condemned, 101 : his command under IHunouriez, 108
Ouiberon, EhkIIsIi expetiition to, i, 104
Qulnette, N. M,, number of the new Directory, Iv. 207
Quirinal, the, Fins VII. a faiti^aiit prince in, iii. 95 : forcilde en-
try into, 1H7
Raab, Archduke .lobn advanees toward, iil. 175
Radetsky, Count J. J. W., military genius, iv. 54 : favors inva-
sion of France, 91 : courage, 93 : advises concentration of the
allies nt Arcis, 116
INDKX
303
RadzlWlU, PrlnceBB, inemlur of PniBflian reform party, !1. 2C9
Ra^sa, iiHulion i'i hiTeditiiry iliifliy of, II. 'J.'.'. : A'. olfiTH tin-
U-nitnrv to I';ll^lllll(l, 'i<'>l,'i02: Miinixtiili-ruaU-d Ixikci'f, IN. 71.
Her M-vicMoNT
"Raguaade," Hk* »onl iv. 144
Rabmaniyeh, .Mniiiuliiku rutreitt towunl, II. 47
Ralgern, military opuratiouB nt-ur, ii. 24H, 249
RaiiibOUlUet, th'u imperial t mirt iit, HI. J'i'J : tll^lit of tliu Km
pii-s.i u>. iv. i:t»-l:i*i, ir>M: .V. at, 'Jtw
Ramboulllet decree, the, MnnlrA ihio. Hi. 210
RtunoUnl. usM.cjat' d with ,V. in ConilrH, I. tV2
RamoUuo, Letlzla (mollitr of A'.), inaiTiuK<'t i. Il: I'humi U-r.
U-IC. .Srr ](l8<* Hi I'N AI'AltTK, LKTI/.IA
Rampon, Gen., \mMa Ar^cntuau in rhfrk, I. 'Jir>, '*lt> : his statxl nt
Motitf U'k'ino, '2U\ 241
Raplnat, fnuKts of, ii. iv2
Rapp, Count Jean., mi A'.Vti.sirc for peaci', H. 172 : in hattlu of
Aii.stiilitz, 2.Mt: Bcizca a wuuM-ho asBiwsIn i)f A'., Hi. 1M.^: n--
roiinta tho horrors of thy HiiH^^iaiii'ampalKM, 25H: hept A', to du-
si>t at Siiuilt'iibk, '2M: comiiiamliiiKat I>aiit/,ir, iv. ^4
Raatatt. tonnn-ss of, ii. 13. 14. 17, 18, 2.".. 28, :ir., 47, 60, f.l, UVJ :
lit iidaliKiitioii of, 14 : the miirtlers ut.ni, I'.il
Ratlsbon, .luuniun's ilcft-at mar, i. 2Mr. : Hulectud as A'.'w Iiead-
qiiarti i>^ iii, l.'i7, l,'»8 : military movt-muntH near, l&H, 159, 162,
It.;i, n;7: hatllu of, 1«;»: aui/eii by Arehduky Cliarlus, 1G7 : A',
wounded at, 186: niveii to Dalber^, 204 : Snxoii troops offered
to Austria at, iv. 32
Raynal, Abb6 G. T. F., iV. a disciple of, i. 3ti, 38-l(), 42, CO, 61,
"u, 77 ; ii. ;tl. 'Jl : lii-* works and opinions, i. 38^0: tlu- "His-
tory i)f Cor^ira' ad-^iressed to, 47, 07,70: founds prize for es-
say on Atoei'ivii. "d
Raynouard, F. J. M., "The Temphirs. " ii. 225
R6al, P. F., iirjies uclioii iMfainst Bourbon plotters, ii. 194: po-
lice a^nt, I'.i5: share in the trial oi d'Kughicn, 195-198
Reason, the party of, i. 148
R^camier, Mme., social life in Paris, i, 173; Ii. 2C'i, 267: insti-
uatis Mur.an's letter to A^., 191 : A\> differences with, 266, 267 :
relations »itli Mme. de St4iul, 26t;, 2*J7 : exiled, 267
Recaniier, M., bankruptcy of, ii. 266
Recco, Abb^. X.'s early tut<pr, i. 20
** Redoubtable," the, at Tiafalgar, ii. 241
Red Sea, its iniportancc.iii. 31
" Reflections on the State of Nature," i. 82
Relonn, tbr Krnn h imliility and, i. Hit
Regensburg, st.at of the tierman Diet, ii. 261. See also RATIS-
Hu\
Reggio, new scheme of ^nivernnient for, 1. 247: riisposition by
treat\ of Leobeii, 271 : creation of hereditary duchy of, ii. 255 :
Ou<liii.it . nated Duke of, iii. 71. See OuiUNOT
Regnaud, M. L. E., ii. 137
Regnier, C. A., moves the appointment of N. as commander of
tin I'aris garrison, ii. 70. 71: in Leon, Ui. 217: strength, March,
isij, i*4t;
Reich, Baronne de, imprisonment of, ii. 194
Reichenbach, French generals killed at, iv. 40 : secret treaty of,
44. 4.'>, 4.^, 4'.i, 99
Reille, Gen., service in Spain, iii. 217: at Leei-s, iv, 174: in the
W atcrliM) cainpaijoi, 174, 175: seizes Marchieunes, 176 : crosses
th>- Sanibie, 170: at Thuin, 176: disjierses the Prussians atiios-
^elies, 178, 179: battle of Quatre liras, 182, 183, 185: battle of
Waterloo, 195-197
Religion, X.'s attitude t<>ward, i. Ki; ii. 132, 133. 138, 139. 144,
I4f>, i.%H. ic,3, 165; iii. 135, 136: influence on the social life of
th.- worl.l. ii. 31
Religious opinion, freeclom of, decreed, i. 57
R6musat, Mme. de, N.'x relations with, i. 39 ; ii. 6. 37, 81, 128, 129,
163. 274 ; iii. 22. 28, t'i6: confidences witli Josephine, ii. 196: re-
ports X.'tt answers to Josepiiine's charges, iii. 28: conversations
with Talleyrand, 66
R6n6. exploit at Uike Garda, i. 254
Reunes. interview between X. and Villeneuve at, ii. 241
Republican calendar, erases to exist, ii. 262
Restoration, the, revulsion of feeling against X. at the, ii. 130
Reudnitz, military oprmtions near, iv. 70
Revolution, the, it.s germ, i. 38: X.'s views concerning, 40:
first mutterings anil opening of, 49, 51 et seq.: excesses of, 56-
58: federati(»n for, 79: European antagonism to, 80: in the
Khone Valley, 84-92: becomes a national movement, 142: fav-
ored in Lombardy and Tuscany, 155 : propagating the ideas of,
164 ; ii. 25 : failure to give political freedom to l-Yance, 187 : ef-
fect on the French people, 204 : its humanitarian mission, 223:
the art of , iii. 72: treatment in Freneh literature. 72: comple-
tion of its program to close the Continent to English eommerre,
214: the work of, iv. 48: A', the standard-bearer of, 50, 162, 231:
its piincijiles aud effect, 224-227 : shorn of its horrors, 245
Rewbell. J. F., member of the Directory, i. 186, 200, 202 ; ii. 23 :
character, i. 200: dissatisfied with treaty of Leoben, 272 : A'.'sre-
lathms with, ii. 15 : advocal-s A'.V resignation, 35 : suspected of
l>eenlation, 62 : fails of I'ecleetion to the Direct<iry. 62
Rey, Gen., in the battle of llivoii, i. 254
Reynier, Gen., service in Egypt, ii. 36: battle of the Pyramids,
41 : fails to keep Russia out of Wai-saw, iv. 21 : division com-
mander uii'ler Eugene, 28: in campaign of 1813, 34: beleaguers
Schweidnitz. 42 : battle of Dennewitz. 63 : battle of Leipsic, 70,
73. 75: captured at Leipsic, 75: exchani;ed, 94
Rhelms, prison massacres in, i. Ill: occupied by X., iv. 106:
captured by St. Priest. t09 : A'.V low physical and moral condi-
tion at. 110: captured by the French. 110. 112, 113: A", at, 117,
129 : captured by the allies. 119 : possible advantages of a sup-
posititious retreat by Mannont to, 123
Rhine, River, the, th*- Ikoundary riueiitlon and HtnigglcH for, i.
164, 198, 203. 277. 279; H. 14, 2.\ 27. 2X, 35. 12-'., 169, 22H ; iv. 44,
49, 73, Ml: royullMt ploU on, 1. 178: mlllUiry opLTatlmiH on, 2'i6,
209. XVt. 2fW, 271, 272 ; il. :i2, 60. 105, 108, 109, 194, %Ui, 2:M, 261 ;
Iv. 70, 70, 89 93. KH, 174 : plnu'lerlng on, Ii. 2.'i ; Hi. 6;( : Ireneh
Biipreimicyon, II. (Ml: iV.'«scheme of petty Hlat^'Son, 170: French
march to the DanulH- from. 242: I>>iiIh onlercil l^i hold, 270 : a
French river, Ui. 2(r7 : A'.'* cxctir-ion on, Iv. 48
Rhodes, rurklnh naval preparatlonB at, II. 51: exiiedltlon to
Egypt from. 51. .'.3, 64
Rhone, River, the, French acctuUltloiis un, i. 200 : N.'t reception
on. iv. 151
Rhone Valley, the, the Revolution in. I,K4-C>2: iV.MHdluenccln,
llif : rjvil \v;ir in. 127 : to he ceiled to France, ii. 27
Richelieu, Cardinal, M-hitne of Int^^'rvention in (iermany, iL
1311; poli. y 111 (bme of the Thirty Years' War, 169
Rlchepanse, Gen., succeiui on the Mettvidmrg, il. IW: In battle
of llohenliiKb n, 125
Richmond, Duchess of, ball on the eve of Waterloo, Iv. 180
Richmond, Duke of, interview between WellingUui and, at the
bull. iv. I HO
Rlcord, C'lmmiKsionerof the National Convention, I. 131 : in siege
of Toulon, 136, 1;J7: in charge of movenientJi against Genoa,
146, 147
Ricord, Mme., -V > attentions to, i. 152
Riga, A. tlireulens to march to, Iii. 232: preparations for the siege
of, j.^.it : I'l ussfan troops at. 2.16 : military operations near, 268
Rights of man. the, i. 198
Rippach, hkirmish at, iv. :i.5 : death of P.e8HU.Tes at, 35
Riviera, Austrian garrison for the. ii, 110, 111
RlVOll, the starting-point of A'.'k public career, 1. 84: battle of,
%i'i, 236, 237, 251-256; ii. 92, 207 : X.'s chtimatc of, i. 2.v;, 259 :
elfect of the campaign on European history, 250: ikiassena
i-reate.l Duke of. Hi. 71. See Massena
Road-work, l-Yench popular hatre<i of, I. .54
Roberjot, member of Congress of Rastutt, ii. 61: killed at Raatatt,
61
Roberjot, Mme., aecuses Debry of murder. H. 61
Robespierre, AugUStin, commissioner of the National Conven-
tlcui, i. 131 : in sicu'c of Toulo?i, i:f6, 137 : A'.'j? friendship with,
139,142,143,146, 150,172: leadership (tf, 142 : describes the French
campaign in Lombardy, 144: execution, 149: influence on X.'s
life. iv. -SM)
Robespierre, Charlotte, A'. "s attentions to, i. 152
Robespierre, Mme., pension for, ii. 187
Robespierre, Maximllien, member of the National Conven-
tion, i. Ill : dictator of France, 11.5: fall and execution, 14»J-
149, 158: religious decrees, 148: A'. V characterization of, 149:
hatred of the Church, 200: dread of Carnot, 202: influence on
A'.'s life, iv. 220
" Robespierre, the Little,'* i. 140
Rochambeau, Gen., succeeds Lcclcrc in San Domingo, n. 1.52:
snrrendeis to an English fleet, 153
Rochefort, naval expedition from, ii. 212, 213 : the fleet ordered
to the English t'hannel from, 230: Villeneuve's mission to re-
lieve, 2;il : the squadron ordered to the Mediterranean, iii. 89:
X. journeys to Rochefort, iv. 208, 209: English cruisei-s at, 208,
20'.!: immunity from t!ie Wliite Terror, 210
Roederer, ii- 35, 137: dreads a new Terror. 64: joins the Rona-
partist ranks, 66: an opiiortuinst. 67 : on the necessity of re-
newing the constitution, 72: the IHth lirnmairo, 73: member
of tiie council of state. 100: on lAmicroy's educational mea-
sures, 146 ; advocates the Legion of Ihuior, 158 : suggests
hereditary consulship, 158: dismissed, 177: character, 177: re-
forms Neapolitan flnance, iii. 103: interviews and crmversa-
tions with A'., 152; iv. 221. 222 : sent out of France, 231
Roger-Ducos, niember of the Directory, ii. 63 : scheme to make
him consul, 69: proposed resignation of, 69 : resigns from the
Directory, 72. 78, 80 : consul of France, 83
Rohan, Cardinal, retirement at Ettciiheim, ii. 192
Rohan-Rochefort, Princess Charlotte of, married to Due
d'ljcjbien, ii. 192: the Due dEni;hicn*s last message to, 198
Rohr, Archduke Charles's force at, iii. 160
Roland, J. M, fonns a ministry,i. 100: leader of the Girondista,
HI
Romagna, surrendered to France, i. 260: ceded to N'enice at
Leobeii. 271: incorporated in the Cisalpine Republic, ii. 14:
Austrian forces in, 111
Roman Catholic Church, A. V views concerning tlie. i. 39: in-
tliience in Corsica, 70, 71: opposition U> the tYench republic,
164: the Pope shorn of his temporal power, Hi. 186, 187: in-
fluence on France, iv. 225
Roman Catholics, disturbances among, in Corsica, i. 97, 98
Roman Church, A'. '« failure t«» Gallicize, iv. 229
Roman Empire, the, ii. 210 : compared with Napoleonic Frai»ce,
il. 143, 151
Roman Republic, the, organization and proclamation of ii. 26,
r>'.> : Neapolitan inviusion of. 59 : abandonment of, i:J2
Romanoff, House of, X. proimses matrimonial alliances with,
iii. 76
Rome, maritime expedition against, i. 152, 155 : diffieiHties of an
attack on, 155: murder of French minister (Rasseville) in. 155,
229, 260 : X.'s hostility toward the ccntml i>ower at. 1.57 : tem-
poral power of the Pope, 207 : plunder of. 225 ; ii. 26 : plan t<
capture, i. 229: A'.'* plans conceniing, 247. 249. 261: tpiarrel
between France and, 247, 259: influence of, 248: proposition
to hand her over to Spain, 259: campaign against Pius VI..
259-261 : dispersal of the Papal army, 260 : Victor's militarj-
watch 'in, 266 : A'. ;f influence in, 278 : X.'g operations against,
ii. 6: Joseph Ruonaparte minister at, 18: Berthier proclaims
304
INDEX
X Rom.i.1 lM>.il>lic ill, 20 : aMt IVivera to reomaniiw licr
nriiiv 21-.: liKnil risiiiR in, 20: Auslriii I" Iw rcstraiiiu.l fr..ni
inttrf.ri iicf in. 2» : Nt«i>olitaii iuva.si..u of, 16, 4'J, 511 : rccuB-
— conttnitea, , „
1(1 i 131 2B2 ■ iii. 10. 240, 211 : relations and nlliameB with
rill i. r.lH, 2I>2 ; ii. :tO. 12, 49, TO, ltl2, 131, I'.m. 22X-231, 2;t3,
as EiniKr..r of, 2.W : porta ut. cliwc.i to eiiuinies o( hram-f,
2.V. ■ hVi'iicli oceupalion ot, iii. in. M : ixoniiinnnuation for llif
invaiitreof, ii.'. : dislmniliiiint of tin- Nolili- (iiniril, ur. : I'ms \ II. 8
i.llc <tat»' ill, 115: si-viTin« of tin- spirilual and tiiiiporal iiowti^
1«C IHii, 187 • tin- lilv iinorporalc-d nitli Ital.v. IHC : octiiplid li.v
0.i7i Miollis, 18C.: til.' Oillwe of faniinals and eci U'siasticid
courts transportt'd U> Kraiicc, Ill.S AH: tlie ,lepartninit of.
cr«at«d, 201, 2ti2. 211: aciularizatioii of tin' convents, 2(2 : dis-
persal of foi-eijin prelates, '2112 : Paris a rival to, as capltnl of tlie
Western empire, 2ai : sends deputation to Pans, iv. 17 : resto-
ration uf tlie P.'pes domains, 20 ; Murat nmielies on, HI : Lneieii
fostei-s iev..lntion in, IX: France the heir of, 2-25: inllneneo
tlironghoHt Italy, -i-.'C, -22-
Rome (ancient), i;..vernnu-iital systems of, adopted in l-raiicc,
i ICO ic.l; ii.Ki: inllneneeon French art, ill. 72: tlieterriUirial
cvpansion of. 12s : lo!,s of lur iMditieal lilierty, iv. '230 : the his-
Rom'e tbe klnsof, .scliwarzenliorKs toast to, iii. '200: the title.
-2111 ;'birtiror2:)(i, 2111: l.iilliainy of his future, -230: address
of tlie Paris t^liainlier of Coninierce on the liirtli of, 231 : Ins
portrait at Borodino. -260: elitrnsted to care of the Nalnuial
Guard iv. UK: Jooepli enjoined to preserve hiiii from Austrian
capture, 117 : lilieiu-d to Astyanax. 117, 130 : chances of his
succession, 121': Uiwht from Paris, 1211-131: an ill omen for,
131 : proposed reRency for, 134: X. declares for his succession,
HI 112- territ<irv Rranted to, H«: proposed ciuoiiation of,
105': dismissal of his French attendants, Wll : sends message to
his father. lOH : failure of the attempt to crown, 171 : N.'s lare-
«cll in. s-a..;c to, -218 ...
Roncesvalles, Fieiich military inovements at, m. 10.>
KonCO, inili(ary operations at, i. •2:18, 231)
Rosily, Adm., ordered ti> supersede Villeneuve, u. 239
Rosltten, military operations near, iii. 19
Rossbach, Irattle of, iv. 235
Rosslau, inilitarv operations near, iv. 0.^, GO
Rossomme, -V. at, iv. 191, 200, 2(w : riKlitiiig at, 203
Rostlno, meetini; of .V. and Paoli at, 72,73
Rousseau, Jean Jacques, views on Corsica, i. 2, 7 : offered asy-
lum hv I'aoli, 7: X.s study of, and admiratloM for, A), .!l.-tO,
(ill H-2,'l50; ii. Ill, 103 ; iv. 211 : A'.V style compared with that
of 70: on man in a state of nature, 82 : inlluenceof. in 1' ranee,
l.w, l.i9: theory of natural Ixnindaries, 198: Chateauhriand a
disciple of, ii. 100
Roussel, Gen., in Imttle of Waterloo, iv. 197
Roustan, reply to Konssean, i. 39
Roverbello, liattle of, iv. 91 .
Roveredo. I'attU- of, i. 234, 235 : abandoned liy V auliois, 230
Rovlgo, cicalion of hereditary duchy of, ii. 2.W ; Savary created
Duke "i iii. 70. See S.\v.\nY
Royal Corslcan Regiment, refuses to flglit against its native
isliiTui, i. 10.
Royal family, imprisoned in the Temple, 1. 102
Royallsm, hatred of the French for, ii. 127
tr.im 1 laiicr, 141 , . ,■
Rovalists, instil nte tin- " White Tenor," i. 164, 165 : plots and m-
tri-m s of 105 178, 199 ; ii. 2, :), 5, 21, 155, 189-191 ; iv. 109 : Enn-
lisli Milisidies for, i. 197: Imnislied from .Sardinia, 210: the
Clichy faction, ii. 2, ;(, 5 : relati.uis and negotiations between X .
and, ii. 2 :), 24, 83, 88, 1-27. 118, 154, 105 ; iv. 229 : extended in-
fluence in 1798. ii. 3 : events of the I8tli of Frnctidiu-. 4, 5, 15 :
Austria seeks their triumph in Paris, 12: proscription of, 5, l,i:
attilude of the Diiectorv toward, -24: claims conccninit; the
minders at Rustatt, 01 : Morean's tendency towaril, 01 : 8ii:h
for a second Kiclielieu, 81 : views of the results of the 18tli
Bruniaire, 82 : eiiconraicd to return to France, 87 : dissensions
annuu: 154, 155: publish " f.Amlusii," 174:.the Cadondal con-
siiiracy, 189 et seq.: in Alsace, 192 : arcnmcrd in their favor, 2-2.3 :
prowing strenirth of. iv. 1-22: display tin ir cnthusiaMn in Palis,
i:il: their hour of triumph, 144: opposili.m to, by the army,
117: supported in Pnivencc, 151: plots au-ainst N.« life, 152,
1.5ii: eoinmeniorate the death of I^ouis .\VI,, l,-,»: defend the
Tuderies, loil : slirri-d up by .lacohin enmity to .V., 171.
Royal power, .v. "ii i. im
Royal Scots Fuslleers, in battle of Waterloo, iv. 190
" Royal Sovereign," the, at I'rafalKar, ii. 24o
Royer-Collard, P. P., Itoyallst intrimics of. iv. 129
Ruchel Gen., bis military command, ii. 276: at Kisenach, 278 :
..rd.n.l l.icohciTitrate at Weimar, '280: in battle of J.'-lia, 2S0,
its evils abolished
Rue de Pail, the, iii. 02
Rue Rlvoli, the, iii. 02
RuUy, Gen., eonimands expedition to Corsica, i. 69 : killed at 8t.
Florciit, 09
Rumbold, seizi-d by Fiemh aitciils at llambnrK 11. 211
Rumella. proposed ilisp..Bition of, after Tilsit, 111. 18
Rumlanzoff Count, KnsBiaii minister, 111. 81, 91: disrusBes par-
tiiiMN of lurk.y, IM: at the Kifurt eoiibrence i:i;i: foresees
.lanU'-r to the Kranco-Kiissian alliance, 18K: adviser to Alexan-
d.-r I., -206 : leails the |>eace party of Russia, '206
RuBSbach, River, military operations on tli.;. Iil. 170, 116-17 1
Russia, aKkTandlzciuerit of, I. 9: X« aml.ill..ii 1" serve, l.".i,
19-' h 10; Iv. 220: share In the partition of, and relations with.
Russia — conlinited,
Poland.
Austria, -._.--. . . . ,„. ,.,„
240 ; iii. 132, 138, -237--210, 219, 261, -259 ; iv. 21, 16, li, 10,5, 100:
death ..f Catherine II., i. 202 : foreign policy (1797X 202 : -> . in-
tercepts dcspatclies fi-om the Cziu- to MaltJ^ -262: weakness of
revolutioiiai-y sentiment in, ii. 30: alliances and relations with,
schemes of conquest of, and wiut* with Turkey, 15, 49, 271 ; iii.
•23, 44, 45. 48, 54, 81, 85-91, 127, 137, 182, 191, 235, 236, 214, '200:
Iilaiis military operations in Italy, ii. 49 : the second coalition,
59, 1.2, 90. !t;l: military operations in Switzerland and Italy, 02,
63: niiliuiry operalions in llolland, 6-2, 63, 93: defeated at
Kiirich by Masseiia, 63 : successes on the 'I'rebbiu, 63 : defeats
.loubert lit Novi, 63 : witbdrans from the stcolid coalition, 93:
interest in, and activity concerniuK Malta, 93, 10-2, 126, 135,
182: alliances and general friendly relations with France, 102,
131, 131-130. 108, 170, 222, 261, 269 : iii. 3,'), '.Vj, 39-11. 13, 56, 01,
86. 9-2, 1-29, 137, 138, 188, 196, '260: organizes the " onned neu-
trality " ii, 120, 134, 135 : schemes of Oriental extension and
conquest, 120, 131, 108, 211, 22-2, 223, 259 : iil. 11, 18, 64, 87. 130,
182- iv. 80, 99: intercedes lor Naples, ii, 131: A.'« relations
with and uttitn.Ies toward, 131. 180, '228, 232: iii. 1-6, 40, 84, 92,
'U4 '2:1-' -'33 -Mh-'jil ; iv. 27: relations with, subsidies from,
umi «!U-s « it'll England, ii. 134, 13.5, 108, 229, 259. 202, 273; iii,
l;t, 48, iil, 80, HI, 83, 83, 93, 20;), '201. 220. 240. -244, 207 ; iv, 31, 46,
80, 100, 170 : assassination of I'aul I. and accession of Alexander
I ii. i;i6: abandons the 'armed neutrality," 108: hostile and
general nnfriendlv relations with France, ISO, 199, 211, 22'2, 223,
•>'>3 228, 232; iii, '220, '28'2, 23.6-241, 2.50; iv, 27, 38-^0: mourns
ll'ie death of the Hue d Enghieu, ii. 199: stains on reigning
houses of, 203 : protests asainst seizure of Enghicn, 211 : occu-
pies Ionian Islands, 211, '226, 229, 262: demands indenimty for
the kiuK of Sardiiii:u 211, 223, '271 : attitude in 1805, 226: rela-
tions (friendly and hostile) with l-rnssia, '2'28, '242. 243, '271 ; ni.
10 21, '22. '21, 25. 47, 174, 240, '243, 261 ; iv. 19, 21, 30, 31, 60: her
troops in Gali.ia, ii. 233: Beinadottc and Davmit watch her
army, 235 : military position on the Inn, '236: defeat of Mortier
at Unrrenstein, -230 : militaiy position on the Enns, 230 : out-
generaled by JV.,243: the battle of Austerlitz, '246 et seq.:
Czartoryski's view of her policy in ls05, 246 : occuiues Naples,
256 : excluded from councils of Wcstei n Europe, 259 : occupies
Bocche di Cattaro, 202 : strengthens Corfu. 262 : pretensions m
Germany, 272 ; military operations on the Panube, iii. 6 : mili-
tary operations against, 10: concentrates troops at Pultusk,
10- driven from \\ arsaw, 10: (luuacter of the population, 11:
a new seat of war for A'., 11 : battle of Pultusk, 12: retreat to
Ostrolelika, 12: iV,'» new ex]jerienee in eanipaigning in, 12 : de-
fects in the army, 11 : devotion of the ainiy to the Czar, 11,16:
the Cossacks 11, 16: defeat at Jlohrungen, 15: condition of
troops at Eylau. 19: financial dilticulties, 23,31,232: Turko-
Persian alliance against, 23 : successes on the lower Danube,
23 : w eakness of, 26 : requests Francis's adherence to conven-
tion of Bartenstein, 25: proposal for a new coalition, 2B:
bravery of her soldiers, 28: dissensions in the court, 29: forces
engaged at Friedland, 32 : military sacrifices, 34 : peace party
in, :)l: lighting the battles of others, 31: destitution in the
army, 34: schemes of territorial aggn.miizement. 35: A. de-
maiiils pledges from, 35: pic.p...se.l Bi.ltic boundary line. :)6:
ambition to be regarded as a Kunipcan power, 40: A. a foil to
her ambition, 10: representatives at 'lilsit, 43; schemes for the
partition or acquisition of the Ilainibian principalities. 44. 48,
SO, 81, 86, 236, 239 : to nii'diate between England and France,
48': aciiuires Bielostok, is, 49, 63 : refuses to seize Memel, 63 :
dislike of .Savary in, 54 : court and social manners and customs,
61: discontent with the Czar, 51, 87, 94 : intrigues to acquire,
and the invasion and acquisition of Finland, 61, 80, 9I-9:t, 182,
191 '205 21,5,230,240: attempts to bring Si.ain into the coali-
tion, 59: cllect of the treaty of Tilsit, CO: diplomatic intrigiies
in 79; her good otlleis sought with Iienniaik, 80: frontier
miunced bv France. SO: Alexander seeks to abolish serfdom in,
.ho: commerce of, 80: eltects of the peace of Tilsit on, 80, 86:
.V. intervenes between Turkey and, 81: terms of the agreement
at Sloliozia, 85 : Tolstoi defends, 87 : diplomatic crisis in, 87, 88 :
sends a fresh mission to A'.. 88: proposed inviLsion of Sweden,
91: court intrigue in, 92: Caulaincourt conducts negotiations
with, 93: blockade of the fleet by England, 93: outwitted by
A'., 102 : the .Spanish question discussed w ith, 1'21 : A'.'s proposed
naval cooperation with, 130: the anti-French party in, 1;mi. 161 :
urged to occupy Warsaw, and parts of Prussia and Austria,
138: .V. makes technical call tor the aid of, 153: invailes Oa-
licla, 182 : acquires part of IJalicia, 181 : menaced by the treaty
of Schonbrunn 188: news of the Austrian marriage in, 196 :
Ircalv with Sweden, Sept. 17, 1809, 206: evades the Continentjil
Svstc'in, 214 : Mnic.de Stall in, 2'29: rivalry of France, 236:
chects of the Continental Sisteni on, ■2;iC : an incblcnt that
changed the course of history, 238, '239 : advances an army to
tlic Danube, -2;)9 : prepares for war, 2:19: opens negotiations
with England and Sweden, -240: war with France im-vitable,
-241: acquires a boundaiT on the Pnilh, '244: treaty with
Sweden, April 12, 181'>, -214 : withilra\\8 troops fnmi the Danube,
•211 : thorougbness of A'.'ii preparations for w ar with. '216, ^217 :
Caulaineonrt's knowledge of, -247 : agllcullural distress In, 219:
I entration of troops in, '249: intrigues leading to the war
of 181'i, -249-252 : ukase of Dec, 1810, 250 : tin- neutral trade of,
•260 : Narbonne's mission from Dresden to, '261 : A .» scheme to
expel her from Europe, -2,52 : A'.'s military knowledge of, 253,
2.58: menacing outlook for. -253: A'.'s plan of campaign in, •25.1,
2.56: iliBposltion of her army. 251 : A', strikes the flrst blow at,
•261: military enthusiasm in. 266: military weakness. •266^
sulferings of both armies in, 255; iv. 1 et seq. : "the Ney of,
INDEX
305
UiiBHia — eontitm^d,
ill. '257: battlu uf Smolensk, 2r>7: dcapotic charActcr of her
govrriimt'iit, '257: lack of ctiitralizatiuii in, ^.l", 'i'iH; iv. I'M
iunvurs i>( tliu aiiiipHipi hi, iii. 'i5K: tin- k'SHtniHof Ryliiii uiul
Aiisti rltlz, 25V): S.'h ii^nuruncu of tliu KtruiiKtli of ft-ulini; Iti,
2fi'J: spfculutloii oil tliu C'zur'ii inilitjiry pullL-y, 25'J: A'. fiillM to
piwa counU-Tfoit mniiey lii, 'iritf: hiUtlo of Borodino, '2(>0, 'ifA,
203: the Kremlin, 24)2, 2(>l: cluliim the honor of hiiniliik' Mos-
cow, 205: temper of the peaanntry, 200 : the ohUICuKHliin p:irty
for pence, 200, 207 : Alexuiuler'H adviBent, 200, 207 : foiunlliiK of
the Kuasiun Klhle Soeiety, 207: EnK'Uitti military inlnsinn to
reornftnlzo the army, 207 : euuscs of the I'reiieh disanterM lii,
268: A'.V retreat from Mo»covv, 20H-270 : partlzan warfare In,
Iv. 2: Hdoptlnj;; the taitks of E«ypt in, 2: the terror of A'. 'if
uamu in, 3, 6, 7 : her alHes, Want and Winter, :(, 12: maKsacru
of French atraffglerii in, 4, 0: X.'s contempt for, 5: treatment
of French prisoners hi, 8: hopes in, itf capturing X., 8: A'.'«
excuse for defeat in, 12: eomparetl with Spain, 13: poor gen-
eralsliip in, 13: diminishing; strength of, VJ: invades tlie grand
duchy of Warsaw, 21: treaty with Spain, July, 1812, 20 : Met-
ternich seeks ^l emhroil Sweden and, 2'J; possession of War-
saw, 32: apathy of, M: Nesselrotle's appearance in, 39: secret
treaty of Keicht nbaeh, 4-i, 45, 48: issues paper money, 45 :
treaty with England, 45 : to maintain a standing army, 45 :
guarantees a war loan, 45: inaugunites the coalition of 1813,
60: strength, 54: X. attempts to separate Prussia from, 62:
concludes alliance of Sept. H, 1813, 66 : the campaign of 1813,
78: at the Cimgress of Frankfort, 80: anxiety for peace, 80:
troops on the Khine, 90: X. endeavors to separate Austria
from, 105: the triple alliance, 100: treaty of Chaumont, 106:
suspicious of Schwarzenberg's attitude, 115, 116: bari)arity of
her troops, 124 : party to the treaty of Fontainebleau (April,
1814), 148 : Alexander proposes a home for A', in, 148 : attitude
at Cnngr *S3 of Vienna, 150. 157 : quota of troops, 170 : member
of the \ienna Coalition, 170: the campaign of the Hundred
Days, 174 et seii. : claims the glory of annihilating A'. 205 :
claims the right of overseeing the imprisonment ofiV,, 213:
X.'s horror of being sent to, 214: expansion of, 240. See also
Alexanper I. ; Paul I. ; ST. I^etersbikg
Rustan, X.'s body-servant, 277; iii. 62; iv. 40, 149: Queen
Louisa's allusion to, at Tilsit, iii. 52
Rustchuk, Paslia of, appointed grand vizir, iii. 127 : attempts
to restore Selim III., 127
S
Saalbur^, military operations at, li. 278
Saale, River, military operations on the, ii. 279-282 ; iv. 64, 67,
00
Saar, River, military operations on the, iv, 92
Sachsen, Gen., leads Neapolitan army against Rome, ii. 49
Sacken, Gen., in Imttle of Eylau, iii. 19: checks Schwarzen-
ipersr, iv. 9: reinforces BUicher at Montrairail, 90: held by
Mortiir. 104 : battle of Craonne, 107
St. Aignan, French envoy to Saxon duchies, iv. 80 : imprisoned
at (_;otlia, HO: conducts ne'rotiations with A^., 80, 82, 83
St. Amand, d Erlou ordered to move on, iv. 185
St. Andr^, mayi-T of ilainz, anecdote concerning X. and. iv. 48
St. Bartholomew's Day, fears of a repetition of the massacre
of, iv. 158
"St. Bartholomew of privilege," the, i. 57
St. Bernard range, Austrian watch on the, ii. 111. See also
Gklat St. Bkknaui'; Littlk St. Bernard
Saint-Cannat, -<V. at, iv. 152
St. Cloud, iiroposed councils at, ii. 69, 70, 72, 74 et seq. : Berna-
dotte plans to head a force at, 74: Murat commanding guard
at, 74 : the 18th and 19th Brumaire at, 76 et seq. ; iv. 228 : X.
declines a gift of, ii. 157 : promuliration of the decree creating
the empire from, 205 : return of ^V. from Tilsit to, iii. 61 : social
vices at, 75 : important levee at. Aug. 15, 1808, 131, 132 : A', and
Maria Louisa at, 198 : the imperial court at, 229 : ^V. returns
to, iv. 79, 84
Saint-CjO", Elisa Buonaparte educated at,.i. 28, 103, 107: the
Academy at. I0:i, 107
Salnt-Cyr, Carra, in battle of Aspem, iii. 170, 171
Saint-Cyr, Gen,, military successes of, i. 163: at battle of
Hibcrach. ii. 100: engagement on the Mettenberg, 109: fails
to Clinic up :it Mcsskireh, 109: reinforces Moreau at Engen,
KV.i : enters Napk •^. 183 : ordered to occupy Naples, 232 : Ville-
ncuvc ordered to rouperate with, 239: at La Jiuujuera, iii. 142
Salnt-Cyr, Gouvion, strenf,'th of his corps, ilarch, 1812, iii.
246 : losses of his Bavarian corps in Russia, 255 : Wittgenstein re-
sumes offensive against, iv. 2: junction with Victor, 2. 3: checks
Wittgenstein, 3 : holds Dresden, 55, 50. 68, 70 : battle of Dres-
den. 50, 57 : sent to support Vaudamme at Knlm, 01 : guarding
roads from Bohemia, 63
St. Denis, tumults at, i. 44 : restoration of the cathedral at, iii.
02 : defense of, iv. 131
St. Dizier, military movements near, iv. 92, 94, 120: X. at, 120,
121, 124: military council at, 125, 126
St. Florent, A', prepares jdansfor it^ tiefense, i. 40: French fleet
at, 09: disorders at, 09, 113: expedition against Ajaccio from,
120-riJ : French power in, 123 : English capture of, 154
St. George, Provera at, i. 254
St. Gotthard Pass, Suvarotf 's disasters in, ii. 93 : French pas*
sage of, 110, 113, 114 : Austrian watch on, 111
St. Helena, X.'« will made at, i. 70 : X.'s reminiscent statements
made at, 82, 137, 173, 184; ii. 32, 51, 54, 50, 81, 90, 133, 180, 199:
iii. 70, 9o. 103. 212; iv. 61, 95, 102, 165, 179, 188: A'.'s death at,
ii. 57 ; iv. 219 : X.'s ambition coucemiug, ii. 184 : early proposi-
Vol. IV.— 41.
St. Helona — eonfinwd.
tion to deport X. to, Iv. 157 : choiion m the place of eille, 212-
215: A'.'d oliJeetic»n» to the rock, 213: speeial form of goveni-
nunt for, 213, 215: the vr.yiKe to, 214, 2:iH : landing or A. at,
215: U>pograpliy, eiimate, etc., 215,217 ; A'.» life on, 215-219:
violent Httirui In, 219: tlie i-xlles court at, 23H
Salnt-Hllaire. Gen., in battle of AuDlcrlitz, il. 249, 250: In
i:\lau <anipalgn, iii. 19, 20
St. Ildefonao, the treaties of, li. 131, 132, 1H4
St. Jean d'Acre. See AniK
"St. Jerome,*' correggioB, i. 228
St. Julien, Count, blundering negotiations by, 11. 121, 122: Im-
priMOMiiient of, 122
St Lambert, (ironchy ordered to iv. 188: Bulow at, 190
St. Leu, proposal that I/mis withdraw to. III. 212
St Mark, aetloim at, 1. 25I, 253
St Maalmln, Lueien BuoDa])arte In, I. 140
St Michael, sci/.ure of, by Massi-na, 1. 269
St Michel, battle of, i. 251
St Napoleon, I. vj
St. Peter, island of. caiiture, II. 8
St. Peter's, Rome, X. claima coronation In, II. 256
St Petersburg, the French envoy dismissed f i oni, il. 223 : return
of the Cziir from Tilsit to, ill. 54 : the peace of Europe in, 55 :
the French ambassador at, 71; diplomatic intrigues at, 79:
Alexander fears for, 80 : diplomatic crisis in, 87, 88 : court In-
tilfnie in, 92 : terror of the British lleet in, 93 : situation at, 94 :
BOcLil and diplomatic life in, 129 : Caulalncourt's nd-nsion to, 129,
131 : Frederick William III. at, 151 : newsof the Austrian mar-
riage at, 190 : A', tlireatens to march to, 232 : LanrisUm sent to
replace Caulatncourt at, 241 : defense of, 254 : deniorallzatiou
at, 255: military enthnshujm in, 255: founding of the Russian
Bible Society in, 207 : England's diplomacy In, iv. 45. Sec alKO
Alkxandkr 1.; Patl I.; Russia
St. Pierre, arrest of the Prince of Monaco at, iv. 103
Saint-Pierre,Bemardinde,rewards to, for literary work, iii. 227
St. Priest, Gen., captures Kheim?, iv. 109 : killed at Kheims, 110
St Quentin, the canal of, ii. 224
St Rocb, ilie m- 1, e at the church of, 1. 180, 181
Saint-Ruff, Abb^ de, X.'s social relations with, !. 35. 42: death
of, H5
St. Stephen, attack on, i. 114
St. Sulpice, banquet to A', in church of, ii. 68, 69
St. Tropez, A'.'s embarkati<tu from, iv. 149, 151,153: place of AT.**
enili;irk;ition changed to Krijjus, 152, lo3
Saladin, founds the militar>* organization of M.imeluke3,il. 39, 40
Salamanca, sir .lohn Moore at, iii. 144: battle of, 222; iv. 15:
defe;it uf Marniont at, iii. 200
Salicetti, Christopher, represents Corsica in the National As-
sembly, i. 62-66 : succeeds Buttafuoco, 73 : influence in Corsica,
109, 117, 121: plans invasion of .Sardinia, 110, 111: adheres to
France, 119: arrives in Corsica, 119: relations with X. and in-
fluence on his career, 119, 122-124, 131, 134, 135, 149-1.52: de-
fends the Corsican commission, 122 : arrives in Paris. 123 : heads
a commissii'n to Corsica, 131 : in siege of Toulon, 136, 137 : in-
fluence iu France, 138 : plans expedition to Corsica, 138 : ambi-
tion, 140: uifluence among the Thermidorians, 151 : blamed for
insun-ectiou in Corsica, 151 : seeks his own safety, 151 : friend-
ship with Mme. Permon, 168: concealed by Mme. Fermon, 169,
170: A\'s address to, 170: levies forced contributions in Genoa,
203 : plana of the Directory concerning, 221 : rapacity, 230 : du-
plicity, ii. 74 : gives (ienoa a consular constitution, 149
Saljn, member of the Confederation of the Rhine, ii. 200
Salo, the revolutionary movement in, i. 209 : eugagement at, 270,
272
Salzburg, apportioned to the Grand Duke of Tuscany, ii. 170;
ceded to Austria, 252: Lefebvre at, iii. 164: embodied in the
Confederation of the Rhine, 184
Sambre, River, military movements on the, iv. 174, 170-178, 181
Sampiero, i. 4 : resemblance to X., 12 : X.'s sketch of, 47
Sand, George, in Madrid dui-ing the war, iii. 223
San Domingo, influence of Louverture in, ii. 152: declares
its independence, 152: unsuccessful attempt to conquer, 152:
failure of X.'s ambition concerning, 184 : plan for French re-
cover}- of. 213
Sandoz-Rollin, Prussian minister in Paris, ii. 21
San Giuliano, military operations at, ii. 117, 118
San Miniato, the Buonaparte family in, i. 14
Sansculottes, the, i. 147, 105
Sansculottides, the, i. 147
San Sebastian. c;iptured by the French, iii. 105
Santa Lucia, French plans Vj strengthen, ii. 213
Santander, besieged by Bessieres, iii. 122
Santarem, Masseua withdraws toward, iii.[219 : " Marshal Stock-
pot's " deserters at, 223
Santerre, A. J., leader of the mob of Aug. 10, 1792, i. 105 : fav-
ored by A'., 105: X.'s threat against, ii. 73
" Santissima Trinidad," the, at Trafalgar, ii. 241
Santon, Mount (Austeiiitz). ii, 249, 250
Saorgio, A', at takinsj; of, i. 151
Saragossa, siege of, "iii. 121-124, 143-145
Sarduiia, weakness of, I. 9 : compared with Corsica, 12 : hostili-
ties l)etwetn France and, 110-114, 116. 122. 128, 143, 140, 155:
goes to defense of Toulon, 132: operations in Piedmont, in
1794, 200: revolutionai-y spirit in, 207 : signs armistice, 211, 21.5,
216: Victor Amadeus, king of. 213: conclusion of peace with
France (1790). 221, 222, 240: A', opens negotiations with, ii. 7:
provoked by France into Italian quarrels, 59: X.'s bad faith
with, 95 : Russia demands indemnity for the king of, 211, 271 :
Prussia bound to secure indemnity for king of, 243
306
INDEX
Sardinia, Island of, fharles Kmmamul king of, I. 216 : Cliarlee
F.mmaimrl rttii(.> lo, '-V'. \K\: Nolsou Beeki* slu-ltor at, 38
Sart-Jk-Wsdiiain. linmchy 8 iiiovi'imiiU via, iv, 1B6, IW
Sanana, tin- ltin>n:\i»ftrU' fiunil) in. I Vi
SatBChan Lake, Kui.si:iii tiisjuvt< rs :it, ii. 250
Saumarez, Sir James, l'KHka.lf3 tbu Russian fleet, iil. 93
Sauvlnl^res, miliuirj- muvonu nts mar, iv. 184
Savary Gen., aide -de-camp U» A'., ii. 195: share hi Due dEngli-
i.ii s triiil iiiid ixeculion. 195. 1".>7, 198: mission to Alcxundi-r 1.
lit Auslvrlilx, 240, 217 : reitorts Intorvicw of AUxandir 1. witli
A\, 251 : unsavory career, 207 : marries Mile, de t'oi^iny. 207 : in
EylttU campaign, iii. 18: on JV'.V meiiUl and personal vigor, 22:
expiU the Russians fn)ni the Narew and Ostri^linka, 23: In
baltlc of Ucllsberg. 3t>: report of the mcuting at TIl8lt,3H : ac-
companies tlie Czar t** St. rctersburg, 64: iYench anibaiisador
to Russia, HO, 85 : inlluence over the Czar. 54 : disliked in Rus-
sia, 64 : crtattMl Duke of Kovigo, 70 : mission to Madrid. Ill,
112: recognizes Fertlinand as king, 112: reproached by Ferdi-
nand, 112: encourages Ferdinand t«> rely on A'., 112, 113: ac-
compaiues Ferdinand toward liay.'nne, 112. 113 : notifies Ferdi-
nand of his deposition. 113. 114 : hatred of, in Paris, 211 : min-
ister of police, 211 : iv. 15: episode of the Malet conspiracy,
15 : provides for time of danger, 87 : records A\'« correspon-
dence, 121 : alarm for the safety of l»aris, 122 : member of the
Empress- Regents council, 128: character, 128: rei»roved by
A'.. 129 : Tallevrand. to, on the flijiht of the Empress, 130 : sur-
prises Talleyra'nd ami De Pradt together. 130: accompanies N.
to Kochef.Tt, 2(V'*: negotiations with Capt. Maitland, 211
Save, River, territory on, ceiled to France, iii. 184
Savigny, F. K. von, charaeterization of the C'ode^ ii. 143
Savona, military operations at. i. 160, 213, 215; ii. 105: impris-
oiiiiieiit of I'ius VII. at, iii. 1H7, 233
Savoy, military operations against, in Piedmont, 1. 128 : captured
by France, 133: France's ambition to conquer, 164: l<Yance'B
claims to, 198: lost to Sardinia, 213: Kellermann in, 222: Cha-
bran's forces in, il. 110: proiHJsal that France should keep,
iv. 80
Savoy, House of, the, French schemes against, i. 110 : impor-
t;uu-e of France gaining over, 200: its system of government,
207: vicissitudes, 213: Francis I. "s hostility to, ii. 93 : loses the
support of Paul I., U9 : lineage, 202, 203: A'. "s enmity to, iv. 247
Saxe-Gotba, :iccei>tti French terms after Jiina, iii. 7 : spread of
liheral ideas in, 7
Saxe-Welmar, accepts French terms after Jdna, iii. 7 : spread
(•( liberal ideas in, 7
Saxony, ^vithdraws from the Coalition, i. 235: neutrality of,
IT'.'O, 235 : seizure of tlie KiigUsli minister to, ii. 211 : excluded
from the t'onfederation of the Rhine, 2*K): proposal to include
her in North German Confederati*>n. 272: rep<trted French
advance on, 273: proposed iiulependence for, 273: military
movementa in. 270: alliance with Prussia, 279 : takes part in
the Jena campaign, iii. 7: spread of liberal ideas in, 7: aban-
dons Prussia and a<lopts neutrality, 7: proposed exchange of
territories, 44 : united with the Rhine Confederation, 48: ac-
quires Kottbus, 53: independence, 01 : the Archduke Charles
proiMiises to march into, 154: furnishes troops to France, 157 :
troops in I>re.sden, 158, 240 : defeated at Nossen by the Black
Legion, 180 : in vassalage to France, 214 ; supports A'., 244 : the
levies in, iv. 23 : peculiar relations toward A\, 28, 29 : turns to
Austria, 28, 29: threatened war in, 29: secret agreement with
Austria, 32: Prussian designs on, 32: the campaign of 1813 in,
33 et seq., 51 : strategy of tlie campaign in, 35 : abandons Aus-
tria, 37 : declares in favor of France, 37: jiroposed allotment
of territory to, 39: Prussia promises to cede part of, to Han-
over, 45: invaded by Austro-ilussian troops, 56 : national spirit
in, 04 : revulsion of feeling against France. 64, 00: refuge of
the allies iu, 67 : defection of troops at Lelpsic, 74: character
of tlie campaigns in, 78
Say, J. B., nieml»ur of the tribunate, ii. 100
Scandinavia, eltort to bring her into the Coalition, iii. 25
8cha£rhau&en, A', plans operations at, ii. 100
Schamhorst, Qen., plan of the Pmssian campaign, ii. 278, 270:
in battle of Eylau, iii. 20: institutes military reforms in Prus-
sia, K), 120: mission to Vienna, 243: hostility to A^., iv. 3t»:
limits to his means, 34': killed at Liitzen, 37
Scheldt, River, the, reopening of, i. 115: closing the navigation
of, J79: a French river, iii. 207 : scheme of Hanoverian exten-
sion on, iv. 32
Sch^rer, Gen., commanding the Army of Italy, i. 208 : ordered
to upper Italy, ii. (iO: driven lichind the Mincio and Oglio, 00:
defeated at Magnano, GO: succeeded by Moreau, 60: incom-
petency, 60, 02
SchUl, F. von, N.'s abuse of, iil. 165: final stand and death at
StniUiind, 165, 180: attempts to rouse the Uernian spirit, 105:
helpH insurrection in Westphalia, 174 : denounced by Frederick
Williani, IKO
Schimmelpenninck, R. J., nrand Pensionary of the Batavlan
Keputilic, ii. 15n : represents the Batavlan Uepnbllrat Amiens,
16H ; ititritfiies to make Ivoulu Buonaparte king of Holland, 256
SchlapanitZ, military ojieratlons near. ii. 248, 249
Schlefermacher, F. E. D.. member of the reform party in Pnia-
^i.■^, ii. I'TO: iiitliience on I'nissian regeneration, lu. 83
BchlelZ, eiignt;ejiient at, 11. 279
Schleswlg, Deiimiirk's loHHof, Ui. 59
SchlOdltten, military operations near, 111, 19
Schonbrunn, A', entabllshes headquarters In nahico at (1805),
ii, 2:i7. 244 ; (iw«t) iii. 105 : interview between A', and Uaugwitz
at, 11.258; treaties of, 271 : ill. 180, 1K8, 193 : A'.'«procIainationB
from, IGO : A', leaves for the Lobau, 175 : lYince Liechtenstein
at, 184: accident to J^T. near, 186: attempt to assaulnato A. at,
Sclibnbrnun — continufd,
185: A', returns to Paris from, 189: virtnal imprisonment of
Maria Louisa at, iv. 155
Schrattenthal, Kutusoif at, ii. 24-4
Schwarzenberg, Prince, reUance on Peccadeuc, i. 33 : Austrian
ministtr to Krauce, iii. 194: su>;gests the miu-riage of A', and
Maria Louisa, I'.U : toasts the K^ing of Kome, 20tt: commands
Austrian contiir^ent in Russian campaign of 1812, 246: in
VoUiynia. 25(. ; Imldf* back Tormassoif, 259: opposed by Tor-
masscWt and Tcliitchagotf, 266; retreats behind tlie Bug, iv, 2 :
expected to ct»ver the crossing of the Beresina, 5 : driven back,
7: checked by Sacken, 9: lukewarmness, 19: retreats across
the Vistula, 21 : evacuates Warsaw, 21 : seeks shelter iu Cra-
cow, 27: held l)ack by Metternich, 29: commanding the Army
of the South, 52: hampered by presence of the allied sove-
reigns, 52: military incapacitv, cowardice, and reputation, iv.
64, 96, KM). 115, 117-119 : A^. moves against, 56 : battle of Dres-
den, 57 : Vaudammc s pursuit of, 61 : Slurat fails to check,
C2 : protects Austria from invasion, 03 : moves on Dresden, 03 :
soutnern movement by, 05: gets to southward of Leipsic,
60 : Murnt ordered to hold, 6(i, 67 : contemplated attack on, 07 :
projmsed junction of Bliicher and Bernadotte with, 69: battle
of Wachan, 70, 71 : battle of Leipsic, 70-73 : suggests comjiro-
mise plan of Invasion of France, 91, 92 : at Linigres, 92 : crosses
the Rhine at Basel, 92 : movement toward Auxerre, 94 : junc-
tion with Bliicher, 94 : strength, Feb. 9, 1814, 95 : A'.'# contem-
plated movement against, 95-97 : steady advance of, 97 : crosses
Switzerland, 93: danger of his advancing to Fontainebleau,
103: sends ling of truce to Berthier, 103: retreats to Troyes,
103 : quails before N.'ti advance, 103: strength at Troyes, UK :
withdraws behind the Aube, 104 : justilles his course, 104 : at
Bar-sur-Aube, 104 : A', prepares to attack, 104 : Macdomdd and
Oudinot in pursuit of, 105: checks Oudinot, 105,: at Congress
of ChAtillon, 100 : Bliicher cut off from, loO, 107 : A', plans to
attack him at Clu'ilons, 107 : regains communication with
Bliicher, 109 : moves against Macdonald, 112 : dismayed at the
capture of Khcims, 112, 113: supposed retreat to the A'osges,
113: engnvreiiu-nts at Arcis and Torcy, 114: sickness, 115,116:
on the Lunipean policy of 1814, 115: retreats to Troyes, 116:
A', misled by his actions, 116 : apprehent^ions of X.'s strength,
118 : strength, 118: battle of Arcis-sur-Aubc, 118, 119: Blucher
seeks a junction with, 119: his communications threatened,
120, 121 : jnncti<in w ith Blucher, 120, 122 : favors movement on
Paris, 122 : detci mines to seek a battle, 122 : proposes to pursue
A'., 123 : at peace council in Paris, 134 : enters Paris with the
allies, 134 : sedut es Marmont, 138 : sows treason in the French
army, 138 : Marmont reveals his plot to, 142 : plan for the cam-
paign of the Hundred iJays, 173, 174
SchweidnitZ, the allied forces near, iv. 42 : X.'it strategy at, 42
Science, A. ailviscs encouragement of, ii. 222
Scrivia, River, the, Ott driven back to, ii. 116 : the country of.
no, 117
Sebastiani, Geu. F. H. B., mission to Persia and the Levant, ii.
174-170 : obtains thorough knowledge of the East, iii. 4 : strat-
egy and diplomacy at Constantinople, 23 : end of lils iutluence
in Turkey, 33 : defeats a Spanish division, 183 : moves up the
Aube, iv. 117: battle of Arcis-sur- Aube, 118
Secret police, license vice, iii. 75
Segovia, l''reiich success at, iii. 122
Segur, Count, minister to Russia, ii. 207 : appointed master of
ceremonies at the Tuileries, 207, 209: foresees France's discon-
tent, iii. 247 : transfers his allegiance to Louis XVIII., iv. 147 :
plans the ratification of the Additiomd Act, 172
Seine, River, the, tlie quays of, iii. (>2 : military movements on
the, iv. 97, IW, 102, 104, li3, 117, 126, 133, 130
Selim III., dismisses \iceroys of iloldavia and Wallachia, Iii. 5 :
moves against Russia. 5: declares war against England, 23 :
overthrow of, 33, 44, 85, 127 : held prisoner in the Seraglio, 127 :
murdered by Mustapha IV. 127
Semaphore, use of, in warfare, iii. 159
Seuiliiio, <lisiMi>itii>n of the spoils of Moscow at, iv. 2
Semonville, Hu^et de, envoy to Constantinople, i. 117 : dreads
a new Terror, ii. 04
S^nanconr, S. P. de, " obermann," ii. 225
Senarmont, Gen., in buttle of Friedland, iii. 32
Senate, the, in 1799. ii. 85, 99-101: ortlers deportation of sus-
pects, 155 : subservience to A'., 166. 157 : new niethoils ()f elect-
ing to, I.SO: eidargement of its powers, 159: the tool of the
First Consul, 204 : steps toward creating the cmi>ire, 204, 205:
changes in, under the constitution of 1804, 206: announces the
result of the plebiscite, 21 8: substitutii'U of a hereditary house
for the elective, iii. 07 : ita members emioblcd, 71 : conHrms the
divorce, 190: decrees the annexation of the Papal States, 201 :
decadence of constitutional forms in, 225: speech of Maria
Loiiisa before the, iv. 128 : ordered to draft a new constitution,
134: absidves the army from allegiance to A'., 138: proclaims
Louis XVIII., 145, 147
Sens, military movements near, iv. 95, 100: proi>osal to continuo
tile war from a center at, 120: N. at, 128 : the French garrisim
at. 137
" Sentimental Journey to Nuits," N.'a, i. 82
September 22, celebration of, ii. 127
Serfdom, at outbreak of the Revolution, i. 53: abolished In AVar-
!-aw, iii. 5r>
Serpalten, military operations near, ill. 19
S^rurier, Qen., general of division. Army of Italy, 1.208: at siege
of Mantua, 254, 250, 257: storms Oradisca. 207 : delivers Venice
to Austria, Ii. 10: action on the 18th Brumaire, 71 : command-
ing at the Point-du-.Iour, 74 : excites the soldiery at St, Cloud,
79: recreated marshal, iv. 172
INDEX
307
Serves, N. vIbUm, i. 7'j
Servia, the ri»c of, iv. ^47
Seiirre. diHunltrH m, I. II)
Soventn Refplment of tbe Line, suppurts iV. on bin rutuni from
lahii. iv. U\4
Seven Years' War, the, I. «. 9; Iv. 2;to, 245
Sextuple Alliance, the, Iv. 243
Seychelles, ilot't>it'^tii>n i>f HUHiteotH td the, 11. IfiS
Sdzanno, iV. iit, iv. \):> : MurimMit at, km : iV.« plun of movoinunt
via, 113
Shebreket, Miuiulukc nttuck on the Krcuch nt, il. 40 : notion
at , 1 1
Shipping, ImijissiiiK rfKiilnticns by PYhih-c, il, 173
Shuvalofr, Count, Kii«>i;in comnii.^sioncrnt I'oiHchwltz, iv. 43. 4.".
Sicily, I I'l.lin;!!!.! IV. king of, i. 'JiW; iii. 242: .Nflsun 8et'k« the
i'iKyptiiiii uxpeditiori iil, it. 3m : N'cIbiiu returns to, 42: JoHupli
niatlc kinK of, 2:)r>, 2M> : iiropiisiil thut the Bourtioim retain power
in, 2M1 : A', otfcru KiiKluini tt-nitnry oa HuhHtltute for, 2r.l, 2»;2:
EnKliuid (leniati-lstlieHiirrcndtrof, 2tl2: wltlnirawal of KiicliHli
t!"Oopj* from, iii. H'H: i)roi>ose»l Krcnrh neizure of, 81», IK): Enn-
lisli troopH sent to I'nrtUk':il from. 97 : r^nglaml tlireatenctl with
Inss of trade witli, 2(»s : Eiiglisli expedition to, 217, 224 : i-'rench
t'xi)editlon asainst, 234
Siena, I'ins VI. withdraws to. li. 26 : posltlou In the French em-
pire, iii. i;i4.
Sierra Morefla, defeat of Dupont in. iii. 122
Siey6s, Abb6, pamplilct on tlie Third Estate, i. m, 200 : rhamc-
ttr, 2tMi. ii. 03: declines service In the Directory, i. 200, 201:
relations with A'., 2iH); it. 23, 33^64, (IH, OH: 'president of the
Ancients, 23: venality, 23; nnssion tu Berlin. 2H: cheek-
mates lYussia, 29: charBcd with tampering' with Bernadottc,
2y: theories of government, constitution-lmilding, etc., 33, 06,
68, 6i>, 80, Kl. 84, 8.% i)i), 205: memlier of tli<- Directory, 57, 63:
relations with Jouliert, 03 ; sehemes for a dir tutorship, 64, 05:
siiBpeetedof plottliivr with the House of Brunswick, 05! hrought
into the Bonnpartist ranks, 06, 67: surrenders hia leadersliiji,
OH: j>ropuseil resignation of, 09; sclieme to make him consul,
69: ditllculty of holding hiin in the traces, 09, 70: resl^nis from
the Directory, 72, 78: at St. Cload. 19th Brumaire, 76: con-
sul of France, 83: proeeedinp* for election of First Consul, 86:
accepts theestate of Crrtsne^ ho : chief of tlie Senate, 86 : keeper
of the Directory's sei-ret funds, 80: negotiations and intri^;uesln
Prussia, 103 : relations with the Directory, 103 : monarchical
selnines fi>r France, 103
Siguenza, Castaftos collects his trcmpa at, iii. 144
Silesia, wrested from Austria by Prussia, i. 197 : Austria seeks
compensation for, 197, 198: Austria's ambiti(m conccrniuK,
ii. '2\io: utfer of part of, to Austria, iii. 8: military operations
in, 23 ; iv. 02 : JV. offers it to Austria, iii. 24 : ^.'s reserve forces
in, 24: Prussia retains her strongholds in, 38: position In
Europe, 48 : remains Prussian, 48, 49 : A', offers to offset the
Danuhian principalities against, 8^ H7, 90: French occupation,
93: Alexander demands relin(iuishmeiit of designs on, 93: Da-
voutordeied to, 129: Austri;i stipulates for acfiuisition of, 243:
Ui be conuccteii with Old Prussia, iv. 31 : Austria rejects X.'g
offer of, 32 : tlie Army of the East in, 52: contemplated opera-
tions in, r>5 : military operations in, 02: strength of her forces
under Blucher, 95 : army of, moves on Paris, 122
Silk culture, introduced into Corsica, i. 41
Simplon, creation of the ilepartment of the. iil. 213
Slmplon Pass, to pa-^s under l-'reneh cmitrol, ii. 27 : the crossing
of tlie, lln, 113 : military miid throu-h, 149. 223 ; iii. 02
Sisteron. -V- ■•; welcome at. on return from Elba, iv. 103
Slave-trade, revival of the, ii. I'.l, 152, 158, 173: Eugland pro-
tects amiiiist, 173
Slobozla, armistice concluded at, iii. 85: treaty of, 127
Smith, Adam, A''.'* study of, i. 40
Smith, Sir Sidney, captures French transports, ii. 48: at the
sieire of Acre, 48, 50: occupies Jaffa, 51 : watcliing A', at Alex-
mulria, 55: allows A. to slii> through bis fingers, CO : puts into
Cyprus, 50: concludes treaty at El Arish,"l22: cTiinKimling
British fleet at Lisbon, iii. 90 : urges I>o>i John to embark for
Brazil, '."6
Smohain. the farms of, iv. 191 : fighting at, 199
Smolensk, .V.".s- plan to seize, iii. 253: military movements
near, 253, 255-257, 2r.6. 209, 270 ; iv. 4-0 : entliusisism among the
Russians at, iii. 250 : strate;.'ical position, 250, 257: battle of,
250-258: A'. V military blundt-r at, 257-260: the siuine at, 257,
260: e<)nipared with Acre, '258: French garrison in, 259; iv. 2:
concentration of Fremb imops at, iii. 204: guerrilla warfare
around, 200: arrival of the French army at, in its retreat, iv.
4 : abandonment of woiuuled at, 5 : the march to Lithuania
from, 5 : reorganization of the army at, 5 : massacre of French
stragglers in, 5 : shameful scenes in, 5 : destruction of the forti-
llcatifuiH of, rt : Noy's perilous retreat from, 0
Smorgoni, .V.> desertion of his army at, iv. 12, 14
Social contract, A'.'x views cnnccming the, i. :19, 159
Social customs, privileges, etc., i. 52, 53 : X.'s study of, 77,
8-.:. HO
Sbdermannland, Duke of, attempts the siege of Hamein, ii.
270
Soignes, fears of Wellington's withdrawal behind, iv. 187 : Wel-
lington's position in front of, 1H9, 193
Soissons, Maria Louisa's prou'ress through, iii. 197. 198 : Mortier
at» \\. 104, 113 : Blucher recruits his forces at, 100 : surrenders
to the allies, 100, 111 : French retreat ^^ lOH : X. at, 109: the
Krcnch arin\ b :i\'es, 110
SokolnitZ, llubtiui; at. ii. 2(8-2.50
Solano, Gen., makes ineffectual movement against the I-Yench,
iii. 110
Solotbum, the plundering of, 11. 27
Solre, lien, d r.rloM ul, iv. 174
SombrelTe, mllllao mov nicnta near, Iv. 174, 178-181
SomerBet, Oen. F. J. H., hi imttle of Waterb^i, Iv, 191
Sommepuls. ndtltary movemontN m-ur, Iv. 117
Sommesous, military niovtmentu ircar, Iv. 117
SomOBlerra, croHttlng the paHS of, 111. 145
Sophia Dorothea, wife of Jerome, III. 245
Sortlack, Forest of, ndtltary movements in the, Hi. 31
SOUbam, Gen., in battle of l^lpnle. Iv. 73: at .Nogi-nt, 12A: left
In commund at KsMoimeH, 142: M.>dueed by Manuont. 142: sura-
ilulivoni liiH I
the AutttrlaiiH, 143, 144
nioned to Foiitalncbleall, 143:
army prlnoners to
Soult, MaXBhaJ, cnnmumdlng force nt Tnrentum, II. 131 : lervlce
in the Army of Kugbind. 185: created iiiarxhat, 2ii7 : charHcler.
234; iii. ".^19: M'izr.t Memmlngi-n, II. 2:i5 : rea- Inn IIollu)>ninn,
244: battle of AuHtcrlltz, 24h 2.141: at Munchberg, 27h : buttle of
Jena, 'im*f 2H1 : IuvchU .Magdeburg, lit. 2 : battle of PuttuHk. 12 :
ntrengtb in Poland, 13: campaign of Fylau, 19, 20: at (tiiterode,
22: liattle of ilcilsberg, 29: puritucH LeMlocq from Fri>-dtnnr),
:vj: created Duke of Dalmatla, 70: yearly Inc4»me, 71, 226:
movement against Blake, 143. 144 : lack of vigor of movement,
144: ordered to Mantilla, 146: entrusted with the pursuit of
Moore, 140; battle of Com una, 140: crosses the KsIa, 140: de-
feated by Wellesley In Portugal, 1x2: causes Wellesley to with-
draw, 1h;1 : service in Spain, 217 : ordered to Amlalusla, 219:
ordered Uj Join .>lasst'ua in Portugal, 219 : jeabmHy of Ma-nnena,
219 1 before Cadiz, 219: fails to relieve ?hlxiss(jna. 219 : captures
Badajoz, 219: defeated In attack on Sir J'-hn Moore, 219: In-
vasion of Portugal fl809), 219: iKcnpies Opor**'* 219: expelled
from Portugal, 219 : battle of Talavera. 219 : made commander-
in-chief. 219 : battle of Oeai^a, 219, 221 : bickerings with Joseph,
219 : aims to win the crown of Portugal, 219, 220 : failure m
Spain, 220: retreats toward the south coast, 221 : ntums to
Cadiz, 221: defeated at Albuera, 221 : marches to relief of Ba-
dajoz, 221 : joins Mass^na, 221 : nuirches to Joseph's aid. 222 :
abandons Cadi?^ 222: despatched on I*yrenean campaign, Iv. 48:
shut up in Hayonne, 79 : thrown back on Toulouse, 109 : strength,
March, 1814, 125: available forces of, 187 : defeat at Toulouse,
159 1 ai>pointed minister of war, 159 : revival <if imperial senti-
ment in his army, 105: opposed t^t Murat, 165: recreated mar-
shal, 172: chief of staff In the Waterloo campaign, 175, 18h:
Itlunder before Charlerol, 170, 177 : cognizant of Blucher*s move-
ment to Wavro,189: ordei-s to Grouchy, 190, 205: battle of
Waterlo(), 199: on inspiration, 221
Sound, the, threats to close it to English commerce^ iii. 58
South America, Spanish concessions to France in, n. 132: Eng-
land s commerce with, iii. 43 : England threatens to make
Spanish colonies independent, 59
Spain, affinity with Corsica, i. 3: Bourbon influence in, 9; iii.
98: expected, enmity of, i. 1X0: goes to defense of Toulon, 132:
blockades Mediterranean ports, 141 : A'. 'a relations with, ami
attitude toward. 140; ii. 12, 131 et seq., 184, 212. 202; iii. 47,
60, 100, 101, 103. 104, 109. 110, 116. 118, 123, 132, 13H, 147. 148,
214. 210 et seq., 224, 234, 242 ; iv. 27, 38, 47, 72, 88 : gi-owth of
liberal ideas in, i. 104: withdraws from the Coalition (1795),
197 : relations and alliances with France, 200, 200; ii. 131, 132,
184, 212, 224, 230, 238 ; iii. 65, 95. 90. 104. 105, 147 : X. proposes
to hand Rome over to, i. 259; drives Admiral Mann from the
Mediterranean, 260 : destruction of fleet off Cape St, Vincent,
283 1 diplomatic offset of Naples against, ii. 12 : war with Portu-
gal, 12: preparations ff)r action in, 25: schemes of revohi-
tionary propaganda for, 30: naval inaction, 46 : low intrigues
in, 131: effect of Marengo in, 131: Godoy prime minister,
131, 132: proposed incoi-poration of Portugal with. 135: re-
covers colonies under the peace of Amiens, 168: exchanges
Louisiana for Etruria, 174: England attacks her commerce,
184: exasperated over sale of Ltmisiana, 184: treaties with
France, 184, 212: loses Trinidad and Louisiana, 212: war
with England, Dec, 1804, 212: her maritime forces controlled
by France, 212: humiliates Portugal, 212: naval power shat-
tered at Trafalgar, 241 : A', offers part of her territoiy t<;» Eng-
land, 202 : called on for troops by France, iii. 24 : proposal that
she acquire Portugal, 57: attempt to bring her into the Coali-
tion, 59: incapacity of the Bourbons in. 59: A', encourages
dissensiims in, 59 : decay and humiliation, 59, 98, 100. 106, 117 :
revolt against Codoy, 59: embargo on English commerce, 60:
the fleet ordered to Toulon. 00: necessity for the " regnlation"
of her affaii-s, 89 : the situation In, 94 : secret compact with
France for partition of Portugal, 96, 96 : new title for the kin^,
96; plans for invasion of, 90: scheme to acquire Portugal, 96:
depletion of the army, 98: d<i>opulation, 98: corruption, 98:
social life, 98 : degradation of the Church in, 98 : primogeniture
and laud tenure, 98: factituis of the crown prince and of the
prime minister, 99, 100; X. tempted by her colonies, 100, 105 :
arrest of the crown prince. 100 : fortifying the French frontier,
100: announcement of the crown princes conspiracy. 100: the
"secret hand" in, 101: expected regenerati«m by France. 101:
Dupont ordered to invade. 101, 102 : benetlts accruing to Eng-
land from trouldes in. 103 : iV. on the intestinal troubles in. 103:
the crown given to Joseph, 103, 104, 117, 132, 214. 242: French
invasion and occupation of, 104-106, 110. 118: deposition of
Godoy from office, 100 : Murat assumes command in, 106 : iMipu-
lar outbreaks, 106, 107, 110: abdication of Charles IV., 107:
patriotic and national spirit in, 108-llij, 118-122, 217,220, 222,
224; iv. 47. 240: enthusiasm for Ferdinand VII. iil. 109; poli-
tical intrigues in, 100-111 : Murat Protector of, 110: attitude
of the people toward Murat, 111 : deiwsitinn of the lU^urbons,
113, 114 : Murat appointed dietat4>r, 114 : A', assumes the royal
an^l hereditary rights of the throne of, 115, 116 : Louis refuses
308
INDEX
Spain — eontinufd.
the crown of, 110: militan- movements in western Spain and
on llie Baltic, 116 : character i>f the people, 116-118, 120, 121,
147 220 ■ convocation of notal>lc8 at Bajonne, 117 : adoption
of a new constitution. 117, 119 : destruction of her commerce,
118 : lack of centralization in, 118, 119 ; iv. 13 ; guerrilla warfare,
119-121, 147, 222 : intluencc of tile clerg)' in tlie rebellion, 121 :
rreni h disasters in, 121, 222, 223 : French movement against
southern, 122: fate of French soldiers in, 122: FYencli pillai:e
In, 123; national uprisini: apalnst France, 123, 149: dini-
culties of the J'rcnch campaign in, 123: offer of the throne
to Archduke Charles, 1:I0: .V. returns to, 141: caliher ot
the Krcncli army in. 142: X:s strength in, Nov. 3, 18IW, 142,
143 : regular and irrcpnlar forces, 143 : -V. assumes com-
mand in, 143 : lack of military genius in, 143, 144 : Sir
John Moore enUrs, 144 : sympathy between I'ortugal and, 144 :
abolition of the Imiulsition and of the feudal system, 147 : JN'.
institutes reforms in. 147: formation of a liberal constitution
for, 148: y. threatens to assinue the crown, 148: question of
annihilntiuK its nationality, 148: statements as to JV".'< leavini;.
162 : reinforcements for. 167 : Wellesley prepMCs for invasion
of, 182 : need of prompt action in, 184 : the war in, 192 : the
cn>wn offered to Louis and rejected, 207 : England's loss of trade
with, 208: Fouche's olfer to restore the Bourbons to, 208 : seiz-
ures of American 8hii)s in, 211 : annexation of part of, to France,
213 : open warfare in, 216 : seizure of northern provinces of,
216 : "the natural continuation of France," 216: policy of total
annexation. 216: French rapine in, 216: policy of military
administration for, 216: quality and strength of the French
armies in, 217 : Massena in command in, 217: Wellin;;ton s
provisions for French victories in, 218 : blunders by the iiiscir-
rectionary leaders, 221 : Wellington enters. 221 : French occu-
pation, close of 1812, 222 : .^oult abandons the south of, 222 : dis-
cipline of the French army in, 223 : England's expeditions to,
224: conllscation in, 226: troops withdrawn from Cermany for
service in, 234 : X.'s offer of peace in, refused by England, 242 :
England to he driven from, 249 : compared with Russia, iv. 13 :
French disasters in, 15 : exhaustion of, 19 : recall of command-
ers from, 22: treaty with Russia, July, 1812, 26 : in grand coa-
lition against X., 27: X. offers peace to England in, 27: Wel-
lington's reverses in, 27 : proposal to restore Bourbon rule, 44 :
X. abandons. 47 : Wellington's successes in, 49: French defeats
in, 60 : X. offers to restore the indipendence of, 72 : rises in
support ot Wellington, 79: proposed independence of, 80: pro-
longation of the war in, 87 ; restoration of the king to, 87, 88:
relapses into absolutism and ecclesiastieisin, 88 ; adoption of a
new constitution, 88: memberof the Vienna Coalition, 170: AV«
dreaii of capture in, '209
Spandau, eai.itulation of, iii. 2 ; proposed siege of, iv. 51
Spartel. Cape. Nelson's fleet off, ii. 240
Specialist, the work of the. iv. 223
Speculation, mania fi>r, in France, i. 172 ; ii. 140
Spirding, La!ke, military movements near, iii. 15
Splilgen Pass, proposed movement of the reserve army via, ii.
IKl: er.issed by Maedonald, 12,5
Spree, River, military niovemeuts on the, iv. 37, 39, 60
SUldion, Count, Anstrinn dipbmiatic agent, ii. 246 : Austrian
minister of State, iii. 24, 84, 160, 164 : letter from Metternich,
July 26, 1807, 84: urges jirnnipt action, 154: resigns, 194, 196:
mission to the allies' camp, iv. 38
Stael, Mme. de, relations with, enmity toward, and criticisms
of X., ii. 15, 81, 91, 1'29, 130, 165; iii. 70, 227-229: procures re-
vocation of 'ralleyrand's exile, ii. 22: A'.'ssludy of her writings.
.16 : " Inliucnce of the Passions," 36 : on liberty in France, 81 :
her salon, 130 : her character, 165 ; iii. 227-229 : banishments of,
ii. 266: iii. '27, 227-229 : relations with Mme. R^caniier, ii. 266,
267 : returns to Paris, iii. 27 : orrlercd back to Oeneva, 27 : at
Coppet, 227 : difficulties with the Directory, 227 : criticizes
Josephine Keunharnais, 227 ; difficnlties « itb the Committee of
Public Safety. 227 : poverty. 228 : her book on Germany, 229
Stage, censorKliip of the, ii. '224
Standing armies, i. 34
Staps, ;itt- iiipts to .assassinate A'., iii. 185
Starheraberg, Count, Austrian ambassador to London, iii. 84:
1. aves I.ond'iM, 84
Starsiedel, fighting at, iv. 36
State, x.'s eorieeiitions of the, i. 40
State system, the, iv. 245
States of the Cliurch, lius VIT. strives to augment the, ii. 222
Steffens, Prof., summons fiermau students into the ranks, iv.
31
Stein, Baron H. F. C, Prussian statesman, ii. 269 ; iii. 8:) : frees
the serfs. 8:1: introduces military refonns in Prussia. 126: re-
signs his ministry, 1'26 : X, demands his dismissal, 126, 138:
seeks refuge in Vienna, 138 : exile from Prussia, 150 : effect of
his reforms, 243 : adviser to Alexander I., 266 : reorganizes
Pnissian provinces, Iv. 21 : formulates the treaty of Kalish, 21 :
. relations with Alexander, 21, 30: hostility to AT., 30, 91, 99:
Joins Fredi-rick William at lireslan, 30 : (m the unification of
dermniiy, :>0: characti'r, :«): leading part In Prussia's awaken-
ing, :n : prepjires to govern the conquered territorlcB, 76
Sterling, Adm., naval operations of, ii. 231
Stettin, capitulation of. III. 2 : Davout's force In, 167 : proposed
Frinili movement cm, Iv. 28: held by the French, 33 : relief of
the French in, 51
Stewart, Sir Charles, English minister at Berlin, Iv. 46 : Influ-
ences file armistice of Poischwitz, 46
Steyer, anidstlce signed at, Ii. I'i5
Stockacb, bnllle of, ii. OO: captured by Lcconrbe, 109
Stockbolm, installation of liernadottc at. III. 215
"Stockpot, Marshal," iii. 223
StbttentZ, tli-'bting at, iv. 74
Strabo, .\- •••' stn.ly of, i. 40
Stradella, l>csai\ eomnianding corps at, ii. 116: fortified camp
at. 116: military operations near, 119
StralBimd, tlneatened by Mortier, iii. 23 : Schill's final stand at,
li'.5, 180 : cai)ture ot, 180
Strasburg, Moreno's army at. i. 209 : Moieau and DesaLx cross
the Ithiric near, 272 : retirement of Cardinal Rohan from, ii.
192: imprisonment of Due d'Enghieu at, 194 : FYeiich expedi-
tions to, 191 ; iii. 158 : Caulainconrfs mission to, 86 : Maria
Ixiuisa's progress through. 197 : Schwarzcnberg's communica-
tions with, threatened, iv. 1'20, 121 : sends troops to relief of
I'aiis. 125
Strebersdorf, inilitar\- operations near, iii. 168, 169
Street of Peace, the, iii. 62
Street of Riviai,the, iii. 62
Strehla, llubting near, iv. 67
Striefen, ti^^hting near, iv. 57
Striegau, Bhnhcr at, iv. 52, 65
Stuart, British envoy to Vienna, ii. 192
" Study In Politics, A," projected by A'., i. 172
Stiuljenka, the passage ctf the Beresina at, iv. 9-11
Stura, River, the, Massf/na's advance through valley of, i. 143:
Aiistiian force on, ii. Ill
Stuttgart, Bourrienne in diplomacy at, i. 102: machinations of
Melu'e de la Touche in. ii. 189 : expulsion of the English envoy
at, 211
Styria, junction of Austrian trot,ps in, ii. 236 : Prince Eug6ne in,
iii. 171 : Archduke John banished to, 178
Suchet, Marshal Louis-Gabriel, retreats before Melas, ii. 108 :
expected to attack .Melas. 110: iiiilitai'y operations on the Var,
114: pursues llie Hll^sialls, '^44 : battle ot Austerlitz, 250: ser-
vice in .Spain, iii. '-il7 : anniliilates Blake's Spanish army, 221 :
captures Aragon and A'alencia, '221 : captures Tarragona, iv.
16 : contrasteil with Augereuu, 120 : strength, March, 1814, 125 :
available forces of, 137
Sucy, A'.'.s' letters to, i. 96 : prophesies as to X.'s future, ii. 18, 19
Suez, Isthmus of, importance of, ii. 31
Suez Canal, suggested by D'Argeiison, ii. 31
Suicide, A'.'a views concerning, and his attempts to commit, i. 41,
42 ; ii. 51 ; iv. 140, 147, '207. 217, 238
Sunday, resumi^tion of its observance, ii. 165
"Supper of Beaucalre," the, i. l'27-Wi, I'O
Survilllers, Comte de. Sec iti onaparte, Joseph
Suvaroff, Gen. A. V., defeats .Maedonald on the Trebhia, ii. 63:
liolds Pietimont, 93 : driven by Massi^-na to Bavaria, 93: disas-
ters in the Alps, 93
S'wabla, treaty with France (1796), i. 279 : demonstrations of emi-
grants in, ii. 196 : withdrawal of Austrian troops from, 199 :
French occupation of , 262
S'Weden, excluded from Congress of Rastatt, ii. 18: joins the
"armed luMitrality," 126: X.'s hatred for the (royal house of,
270 : .loacbim X.'s asjurations to the crown of, 270 : Prussia re-
commended to go to war with, 273: member of the Coalition,
iii. 23 : held hack by ilortier, '23 : internal dissensions. .34 : ncu-
ti-ality of, 41 : failure of commercial negotiations with England,
43: proposed commercial war against England, 48 : virtual de-
pendence on France, 56 : English regulations concerning Amer-
ican trade with, 81, 82 : supposed assistance from England to,
91 : X. hints at rectification of her boundaries, 91 : proposed
Russian invasion of, 91 : makes obstinate resistance in Finland,
93 : failure of the demonstration against, 124 : Alexander's un-
certain positi(m in regard to, 129 : A^. promises Ui restore Pom-
erania U^, 205 ; promises to exclude British commerce, '205 :
treaty with Russia, Sept. 17, 1809, '205 : cedes Finland to Russia,
20.5,215: Frederick VI. hopes to acciuire, 214: X.'s ambitions
concerning, 214. 215: accession of Charles XIIl., 216: selection
of llernadotte as heir to the throne, 215: abdication of Gustavus
IV.. 215 : Mme, de Stael in, 229 : Alexander offers Norway to,
'2:19,243, 'HiViZ Russia opens negotiations with, 240: demands
and acquires a liberal constitution, 241 : eagerness to escape
from French protection, 241, '242: A', offers F'inland to, 243:
bids for her alliance by F'rance and Russia, 243, 244 : Davout
occupies romerania, 24*4 : treaty with Russia, April 12, 1812,
244: Alexander demands better terms for, 2.50: in grand coali-
titm against X. (1813), iv.27 : :\Ietternieh seeks to embroil Russia
and, 29 : subsidized l^iy Englaml, ;i2 : ambition to secure Norway,
32 : A^. attempts to win over, 32 : evacuates Hamburg. 37 : com-
mercial agreement with England, .50 : inanguratts the coalition
of 1813, .50 : Bernadotte seeks to annex Norway to, W : struggle
with Norway, 170: member of the Vienna Coalition. 170
Swiss Guard, at the Tnileries, i. 179
Switzerland, republican schemes and revolutionary movements
in, i. 200 ; ii. 17, 27 : X.'s schemes and influence in, i. 278 : ii. 7,
8, 95. 160: F'ren<'h plundering of, 27 : organization of the Hel-
vetian Republic, 69: Massena ordered to command in, 00:
Russian military operations in, 62, 03: Berthier commanding
in, 92: MasBi'-na's successes in, 92 : Masst'-na makes a forced
levy in, 101, 102 : falls into I'rench hands, 108, 1611, 179: Kray's
retreat via, cut off, 109: jealousy of Piedmont. 149: factions in,
150: adoptiim ot the name, 160: neutrality of. 150: the Act of
Mediation, 150: furnishes contingents to X.'s armies. 160: iii.
11. 2;i, 245, 246: occnpied by Ney, ii. 175 : lends aid to France
In 1803, 184 : independence of, 227 : X.'s claim to. 227 : Prussia
hound to secure tile liberties of. 243 : Mme. de Stael banished
to, 266 : relations of Frauc:e with, iii. 47, 61 : Valais separated
from, 213: violation of bcr neutrality by the allies, Iv. 91, 92,
98, 99 : fails to support the Emperor, ill, 93 : reported rising in,
116 : Jerome and Joseph take refuge In, 149
INDEX
309
Syria, Nelson seeks the Eftyptixi oipeilltlon ofl the coast of, il.
»n; .V.> sclienu'S of coiKpit'^t in, 42: TurkUli inuvuiuents in,
4t">, -l" ; tile Frnich iKlvalit-e into, 4)1, 47
Szuczyn, Kiuuian retreat to, iii. K.
Tabor, Mount, imttio mar, il. 49
Tabor Bridge, Muiat crosses tlie, II. 236, 237
Tacitus, X. K r.ferencea t", II. 151
Tactics and strategy, tbe lessons of Ansterlitz, 11. K2, 2S3
Tafalla, McTuey nt, Tii iij
TagUamento, River, military operations on the, I. aci!, 2('.7
TagUS, River, the, Briti»li tUet In, Hi. llC.: French attempt to
eiiptiire tile licet In, 'M'>, ii7 : Diipont holds, Vi'i: the lines of
TniTes N'eilros, 21K : militjiry operations on, 219
Talne, H. A., on the NuiKilconie n^Kime, iv. 243
Talavera, Imttle <>f, iii. ih-j, 217, 2111
Talleyrand, Prince, ministor of foreign affiiirs, ii. 11, 12, 2.1, 87,
101, Jitc. : relations with ami views on .v., Ii. 12, IB, 20, 22, 23. 60,
C7 ; iii. 07, 7(;-7H, 10.-., lis, lal, 13.'), wo, 139, 220; Iv. 170, 21R:
attempts to force A'.'n hand, ii. 10: relations with Mine, du
Barry, 22: expelled from HliKland, 22: .Mirabeaii's opinion of,
22 : relations with the Directory, 22, 23 : career, 22, 23 : system
of national cdueatioii, 22, 145, 140 ; eliaryed with tampering
with Bcrnadotte, 29: member of the Institute, 32: advocates
seizure of Egypt, ;i2 : intrigue with X., Harms, and .Sieyes for
anew constitution. 33: asrrilies the Egyptian expediti(ui to X.,
35 : proposed niis.siiui to (\>n8tantinople, 4") : dreads a new Ter-
ror, 04 : critical moment in hia house, before the 18th Brumalre,
70: inlliience on Biirras, 7:i : lioiirlion sympathies of, 82: X.
proposes a constitution to, 84: olfera peace to Portugal, 102 :
miuiarchical views of, 104: discusses possDiility of A'.'* death,
120: negotiations with Count .St. Julien, 121, 122 : negotiation.s
with t'obenzl. 122 : denianUs bribes from Amoricau envoy.*, 130 ;
the Pi>pe"8 ban removed from, 139 : carves up German princi-
palities, 170 : demands to know England's intentions concern-
ing Malta, 175: Lord -Whitworth's utterances to, 177 : his ex-
planation of the scene of March i:t, l.tns, 182: urges action
against Bourbon plotters, 194 : notifles Baden of the seizure of
Due d'Enghien, 194: charged with suppressing despatches, 195:
Josephine's dread of, 190 : blamed by X. for the murder of the
Due d'Engliieii, 199; ill. 153 : murder of the Due d'Eilghien sits
lightly on, ii. 200: Granil Chamberlain, 207: attitude of Pius
'Vll. toward, 209 ; excommunication taken olf from, 209 : replies
to Russia's demands, 211 ; diplomatic replies to Pius VII., 222 :
at Vienna. 246 : created Prince of Beneveuto, 250 ; iii. 77, 214 :
negotiations with Lord Yarmouth, ii. 259 : bribed by German
princes, 2G0 : on the proposed North German Confederation,
273 : at Tilsit, iii. 43, 40: warns -V. against Queen Louisa's fas-
cinations, 51: author of treaty of Tilsit, 51: Queen Louisa's
sarcasm to, 52 : showy character of his diplomacy, 55 ; respon-
sibility for the treaty of Tilsit, 60: advocates support of the
Emperor, 66 : conversations with Mme. de Rimusat, 66 : on tlie
discords in the imperial court, 76 : resigns from the ministry, 76,
78: salary, 77 : bis influence on the wane. 77, 78: Vice-Grand
Elector, 78 : iv. 128 : policy after Austerlitz, iii. 99 : favors Ferdi-
nand VII.. 99, 100 : resumes active diplomacy, 105 : negotiations
■with Izquierilo, 105 : at Bayonne, 114 : estimate of Ferdinand
VII., 114 : constituted custodian of Ferdinand V^I., 115. 116,
131 : stinging rebuke addressed to .,V. by, 118 : prepares to re-
turn to public life, 131 : acts in the interests of Austria, 133, 138 :
at the Erfurt conference, 133, 138-140: ordered to ventilate the
divorce question, 140: his treachery read by -V., 152: blamed
by N. for the Spanish failure, 152 : member of extraordinary
council on X.^s second marri.^ge, 195 : on the natural extensions
of France, 216 ; meeting of X. and Mme. de Stael at house of,
227, 228 : pecuniary losses, 229 : on the aims of the coalition of
1813, iv. 32 : spreads alarming reports. 87 : on the Spanish sit-
uation, 87, 88: royalist intrigues of, 87, 129, 130, 133, 134: mem-
ber of the Enipress-Resent's council, 128 : Murat's and Lannes's
characterizations of, 129 : desires a violent death for the Em-
peror, 129 : opposes the departure of the Empress from Paris,
129 : X.'s knowledge of his duplicity, 129, 130 : on the Empress's
flight from Paris, 130: Dalberg's characterization of, 130 : sim-
ulated fli^iht from Paris, 133 : ijiterview with Prince Orloff, 133:
sends a '■ blank check " to Alexamler, 133 : at peace council in
Paris, 134 : gives adherence to Louis X'VIII., 134 : negotiates
with Nesselrode, 134: member of the executive commission.
134, 135 : learns of Mamionfs defection, 142 : remonstrates with
Alexander against the regency, 142: suspected complicity in
plots to assassinate A'., 152 : negotiates secret treaty between
France, England and Austria. 156, 157 : influence at the Con-
gress of Vienna, 156. 157 : double intrigues of, 159, 160, 162 : ig-
n'u-es Russian and English protests, 162: attainted, 165: X.
appeals to, 170: at Carlsbad, 212: returns to Paris, 212 : recep-
tion by Louis XVni., 212 : resumes active functions, 212 : on
the secret of empire, 222 : his value in European politics, 223 :
correspondence with — French ambassador at London, ii. 182:
Grenvillc, Lord, 94: Napoleon, 23. 33, 232; iii. 22, 93: Nessel-
rode. Count, iv. 129 : charat^'er : ambition, iii. 78 ; iv. 129 : bril-
liancy, ii. 21 ; iii. 65: capacity for intrigue, ii. 33, 87 ; iv. 87, 129,
130, 133, 134, 159, 160, 162 : diplomatic and piditical ability, ii.
22, 87, 222 : iii. 55, 77, 105: duplicity, ii. 22, 23, 87 ; iv. 129, 130 :
gaming passion, il. 22 : greed. 87 : learning, 22 : licentiousness,
22, 87: self-interest, iii. 149.152, 195; iv. 18: treachery, iii. 149,
152 ; iv. 128 : unscnipulousness, ii. 21, 23, 136 ; iv. 129, 1.52 : ven-
ality, ii. 23, 87, 170, 251, 282, 260 ; iJL 67, 77, 99, 100 ; iv. 223 :
versatility, ii. 22
Vol. rv.— 41*
Talleyrantl, Mme., Plus vn. refuses to receive, il. 209
TalUen, J. L., opposes Itobesplerre, L 148: social life In Paris,
173 : inlluence for iV., 177 : favors a]>tMiintnient of X. as Conven-
tion genend, 179: murriage, 190
Talllen, Mme., " the goddess of Themildor. " I. 173 : A'."« social
Intercourse Willi, 174 : niatrliiionlal experiences, I'JO
Talma, F. J., 1. l.i:) : iiccomj.anies A', to Erfurt, ill. 135: A'.'s In-
timacy with, Iv. 2'J2
Tanaro, .v. at taking of, 1. 151
Tanaro, River, tho country of the, ii. 117
Taranto, • mliargo on, II. 18.') : creation of hereditary duchy of,
2'..'. : Ma. ,loiiald created Duke of. III. 71. See MacIXjnaLD
Tarentum, Snuifg force at, II. 131
Tarragona, captured by Suchel, Iv. 15
Tarutino, KutuHoil tak^s position at, iii. 266
Tarvla, capture of, I, 268
Tatars, cbarncteristlcB of the. Hi. 16
Tatary, .v. Htudies the history of, I. 49
Tauenzlen, Gen., battle of Dennewitz, Iv. 63 : during the Water-
loo canip.-iiu'n. n5
TauToggen, Convention of, iv. 21, 29
Taxation, Necker's iMoblems of, I. 60 : exemption of privileged
classes from, 60, 62. 54 : conditions of, at outbreak of the Kcvti-
lution, 53-55: the stamp-tax, 64: the land-tax, 64: outbreak
against, at Auxonne, 6S : demand for equality of, in Corsica,
62 : reform of the system of, ii. 89, 141
Tchitchagoff, Adm., Joins Tormassolf, III. 206 : pursuit of the
French army by, iv. 2, 7, 20: hopes of capturing A'., 8: descrip-
tion of A'., 8 : captures Bon-issoir, 8, 9 : driven out of Borrissoft,
9 ; at the crossing of the Beresina, 10 : blamed by Kutusolf and
Wittgenstein, 1,3, 14 : bad generalship of, 13, 20
Tehemlcheff, Gen., commanding Army of the North, Iv. 62
TelnltZ, Ilkditins at, ii. 24H, 249
"Templars, The," by Itaynouard, ii. 226
Temple, the, the royal family imprisoned in the, I. 102
Tenda Pass, captured by the French, i. 143, 1.52 : N.'a entertain-
ment for Mine. TuiTcau at, 162
Teplitz, Ix>iii8's flight to iii. 212 : Bennigsen reaches, iv. 66
Terror, the, i. 148, 149,'.158, 162, 190, 202 ; iv. 2:)1 : fears of a re-
vival of. ii. 63
Terrorists, the, growing, influence of, iL 64: assassination
sclienies alnoui-', 154
Testamentary rights, under the Code, ii. 144
Tettenbom, Gen., relieves Hamburg, iv. ;i3
Texel, the, Slarmont ordered to Mainz from, U. 232
Thaim, battle of, iii. 103
Tharandt, Klenau's march to Dresden from, iv. .57
Themistocles, his refuge with the Persians, iv. 214 : N. draws
parallel between his case aud that of, 214
Thermidorians, the, i. 149 : prominent members of, 151 : adopt
Roman systems, 160, 161 : establish the Directory, 161 : anger
the people of Paris, 163
Thielemann, Gen., in Waterloo campaign, iv. 175 : at Wavre,
191
Third Coalition, the, ii. 227 et seq. : Prussia induced to join,
24-2, 243 : rout of the allies at Austerlitz, 251 : destruction of its
strent:tli and morale, 251
Third Estate, the, at outbreak of the Revolution, i. 63 : consti-
tution of, 5ii : assumes to represent the nation, 56: forces a
junction with the two upper Eslat«s, 66 : Sieyds's pamphlet on
the, 56 : X.'s care for, iv. 228, 231
Third Republic, the constitution of the, i. 158
Thirty Years' Wax, Richelieu's policy at close of the, ii. 169
Thom6, alleges attemi>t to stab A^, ii. 79
Thonberg, X'. at, iv. 73
Thorn, siege of, iii. 10 : French occnpation of, 17 : military
movements near, 18 : A', in, 251 : French military stores in, 253
Thought, inlluence on the social life of the world, ii. 31
Thouvenot. Gen., service in Spain, iii. 217
Three Emperors, Fight of the, ii. 2.52
Thugut, Count, greed for teiTitorial aggrandizement, L 198:
determines on Italian conquest, 202, 263: opens negotiations
at Leoben, 269: warns Gen. Clarke to keep away from Vienna,
280; li.28: not deceived by treaty of CampoFormio, 14: Paul I.
demands his dismissal, 93 : repudiates St. Julien 's negotiations
122 : overthrow of, 122
Thuin, military operations at, iv. 176
Thum^ry, Marquis of, suspected of plotting against A'., iL 193
Thuringia, military movements in, ii. 278
Tiber, River, military operations on the, i. 260
Tlcino, River, military operations on the, i. 217; ii. 113
Tiemey, G., on England's attitude toward France, ii. 95
Tilly, Count, X.'s letter to, Aug. 7, 1794, i. 150
Tilsit, Bennigsen crosses the Niemen at. iii. 32 : meeting of the
Emperors at, 34-55, 76 : treaty of, 34, 3.% 47, 51, 53-i)6. 58, 60, 77,
79, 80, 84-.S8, 93-95, 104, 129-131, 138. 189, 191, 196, 203, 225 232
236, 238, 239, 249 : neutralization of, 38 : reasons leading to the
peace of, 40 et seq.: Queen Louisa at, 40, 49-63 : French repre-
sentatives at, 43 : fraternizing of Russia and France at, 43-46 !
decoration of the Russian grenadier at, 54 : A'.'s position at, 139 :
Macdonald reaches, iv. 20
"Times," the (London), on the allies' captore of Paris, iv. 130
Tissot, Dr., X.'s letter to, i. 44
Tobacco, estatilishment of state monopoly in, iii. 232
Toledo, IMipoiits (orcis near, iii. 122
Tolentlno, treaty of, i. 211, 260 ; ii. 208
Toll, Gen., meets Alexander I. after Austerlitz, 11. 251 : proposes
concentration of the allied forces, iv. 116: advises movement
on Paris, 122
Tolosa, French forces at, iii. 142
310
INDEX
Tolstoi. Gen. See Ostebmass-Tolstoi
Torbay. tlu- " BeUeriiiOum " at, iv. 210, 213
Torcy i-ntU' at, iv. lU : military operations at, 116
Torgau, S:oeoii ir^xips witluirawn (roin. iv. 3": French occupa-
il>.u uf. :■! : N\v Jrivt'ii into, 64: batlK- of, 235
Tonuassoff, Gen., cuufronte^l by .Schwarztnberg, tlL 259 : Joined
hv UliiUliii~-on, 2tit>
Torres Vedraa, tlu- lines uf, ill, 216, 219
Tortoua. smriiuUTe*! lo Fnuue, i. 215: N. at, 281: sell em o to
riluvi ^l;l^^cIla viii, 11.110: the key of Genoa, 113: topography
of the iM uiuiy, 110, 117: the Consular Guard at, 117
Torlugas, the, 'l« nth of Lerlerc in, ii. i:.3
Touche, M^hee do la, contrives Moreau's ruin, ii. 189 : English
plots with, -.>11
Toulon, the rtcovery of, for the Convention, 1. 84 : military and
naval preimrations at, 110, 131. 132, 155: 11. 27, 32, 38, 212:
return of the Saritlnian expfdition to. i. 117 : anarchy in, 123,
128 : tht.' Bu")niiparle8 in, 127 : the Buonapartes driven ironij 129 :
siene of, 131-137, 173 : Marseilles refugees at, 132 : Lord Hood's
seirure at, 132 : the *' treason " of, 132, 133: X. at. 134. 142, 151,
153. 173, 184: AV» plans for capture of, 136: aV. seeks mercy for
rei>el3 at, 137: the Xattomil Convention's venpeance on, 137,
138 ; massacres in, 138 : British occupation of, 141 : recapture of,
14H : news of the Terror in, 149 : English fleet driven from, 154 :
the Corsican exiKilition leaves. 155 : X. at siege of. 173 : forced
military loans in, 2(t8 : departure of Egyptian expedition from,
11. 35-37 : Nelson seeks the EiJtyptian expedition at, 38 : y. sails
from Alexandria for, 50 : failure of Villeneuve's expedition
fn.ni. 213 : A. orders the Spanish fleet to, iii. GO
Toulouse, Soult thrown hack on, iv. lO'.i: defeat of Soul t at, 159
ToumoD, the Chamberlain de, mission to Spain, iii. loi
Tours, the French j;urrison at, iv. 137
Trachenberp, milit^iry council at, iv. 55
Trade, conditron at outbreak of the Revolution, i. 53
Trafalgar, y.'s reception of the ne\*s of, ii. 214 : battle of, 240-
242 ; ill. 42 : effect in France, ii. 255 : X.'g reply to, iii. 6 : the
lesson of, 202. 203
Trannes, military movements near, iv. 94, llfi
Transpadane Republic, the, i. 224, 246, 247, 265 : question of a
constitutiou for the, ii. 0
Trasimenus, creation of the department of, iii. 201, 202
Traun, River, military movements on tiie, iii. 164
TreaUes, the value of, iv. 232. For specific treaties see the
niiuKs of parties signatory (countries or rulers) and of the
places at wliich sijjned
Trebbia, River, Frencli disasters on the, ii. 57, G3
Treilhard, M., member of the Directory, ii. 62
Trent, military operations near, i. 234, 235, 250, 254: abandoned
by Vaiilw'ia, 23r> : Brune advances to, ii. 125 : apportioned to the
Orinii I>iik( of Tuscany. 170: ceded to Bavaria, 252
Treuenbrietzen, I'mssian pursuit of Oudiuot to, iv. GO
Treviao, creation of hereditary duchy of, ii. 255: Mortier created
Duke of, ill. 70 (see MoRTiEit): the Buonaparte family princes
of, iv. 82
Trianon, A', retires to, after the divorce, iii. 197: the imperial
court at, 2;m
Trianon Decree, the, iii. 214
Tribunate, the, ii. 85, 99-101: constitution of, 155: opposition
to y. in, 155, 156 : secret sessions of, 159 : new method of elect-
jnt; to, 159 : form of addressing the First Consul in, 187 : Car-
not remonstrates in, ay'ftinst adulation of A'., 188 : independence
of, 204 : initiates the imperial movement, 205 : condition under
the imperial constitution of 1804.206: destruction of, iii. 67, 68:
Compared with the English Parliament, 68: its functions, 68
Tricolor, Louis XVI. adopts the, i. 57 : S.'s scheme to unfurl, in
Corsica, 06: insult to, in Naples, 113
Triest, A', threatens to seize, i. 248: seized by A''., 268: reoccu-
pied by Austria, 268: rise of, 277: importations of English
goods at, iii. 128 : ceded to France, 184 : England's loss of trade
with, 2IIS: basis of possible Oriental operations, 252: French
occupation of. iv. 49: X. offers the city to Austria, 50
Trinidad, retained by England, ii. 135, 168 : ceded to England,
212
Triple Alliance, the, iv. C6, lOG, 243
Triumphal Arcn, Paris, erection of the, iii. f>2
Troncbet, on committee to draft the Code, ii. 142
Troyes, recall of the rarliament to Taris from. i. 55 : battle of,
iv. 94 : mihtary movements near, 94, 100, 103-105, 113, 115-117,
120, 126. l'.»K
Truchsesa-Waldburg, Count, I'russian commissioner at Fon-
tainehlcau. iv. liH: A\'« attitude toward, 148 : allegations con-
cendng A"".* jdiysical ailments, 152, 173
Tudela. French success at. Hi. 122: scheme of operations at,
124: Spanish forces near, 143, 144
TullerleS, the, tlie mob at, i. lO:* : the carnage at, 104 : Robes-
pierre orders the destruction of, 119: storndug of, Aug. 10,
17'.»2. 163 : defense of, 179-1K2: .V. at, on the IHth Brumairc ii .71,
72 : Lannes's guard at, 74 : decoration of. 97 : rechristeneu " the
palace of the govemiiKnt," 97 : X. takes possession of, 98 : resi-
dence of tile Buonapartes' at, 128: social functions at. 162, 16:4,
178. 20it. 203 : consular levee of March 13. 1803, 179 : y.'s inter-
view with Ix»rd Whltwortli at, Feb. 17, 1803, 179. 180: scene
between Whltwortli and A'.. March 13, 18n:(, IKO: the Iraiierial
court at, 207, 20'.»: refurnishlnn the, iii. 27: social vices at, 75 :
X. at, 88 : the divorce scandiil in, 140 : the divorce decree pro-
nounced In, 190: Imperial family life at, 2'*5; Iv. IH : deposit-
ory of th<' Emperor's funds, 8, 25, 86, 154 : the otflcers of the
Natiimnl Ouard summoned to, 88 : fli-.:ht of the Empress from,
131: (hanges hi the court at, 159: A', reenters, 166: strugglo
between royalists and imperialists at, 166 : loneliness of, 167
Turas, military operations near, li.24C^ 249
Turenne. Marsbal, military genius, i. 210: X, compared with,
2lo; ,V. ,s analysis of the wars of, iv. 217, 234
Turin, military operations around, i. 213, 215: A'.V influence
in, 278: Cen. Clarke's misiiion to. 2S0: A'. In. ii. 17: revo-
lutionar}' moveme?its in. 26 : Bonapartist agency hi, 61 : Chiirles
Emmanuel IV. invited to return to, 93: ilelas hastens to, 110,
111, 114: topography of country near, 117: sends deputation
U> I'aris, iv. 17
Turkey, A', studies the history of, i. 49: seeks to orj:anize its
armies, 175: Franco seeks alliance with, 175: X.'s plans for
service in, 175, 177, 178: Austria's gaze on, 198: X. s eye on,
262: France's irdluence on, 262: disalfection in, ii. 11 : schemes
for the dismemberment of, 11. 12, 21, 28-30, 246, 261 ; iii. 35,
44. 45, 48, 81, 8iV91, 93, 129. 131, 137, 1S8, 237, 238, 240: France's
JustiUcatiou <if Eu'yptian schemes to, li.32 : X. seeks alliance with,
32: refuses alliance with France, 4*t : negotiations and alliances
with Russia, 45, 49; iii. 44, 45, 48, 81, 85, 244, 266: alliance with
liussio and Austria, 49: military activity, 1799, 62: Jtdns the
second coalition, 62. 90, 93: checked bv l-'ranco-Russian treaty
of peace (1800X 102: defeat of, at lieiiopolis, 123: Egypt re-
stored to, 135 : treaty between France and (IHulX 136 : integrity
of her boundaries: 168: suzerainty over Ionia and Egypt, 168:
X. on her policy, 222: source of discord lietween France and
Russia, 271 : Dubril undertakes to guarantee her integrity, 272 :
X resolves to assert supremacy over, iii. 4, 0 : military opera-
tions on the Dniester, 6: X.'s scheme of protectorate over, G:
hostilities with Russia, 10, 127, 1H2, 191, 236: declares war
against England, 23: A', arranges a treaty between Persia and,
23,24: Austria espouses the cause of, 25: overthrow of Selim
ni., 33, 44, 85, 127: revolt of the Janizaries, 33: alliance with
France, 33: end of Sel-astiani's intluence in, 33: Russian acqui-
sitions in, 54: French influence in, HI: A", intervenes between
Russia and, 81 : terms of theagreeinent at Slobozia, 85: Russia's
ambition to acquire territory of, 87 : usurpation of Mustapha
rv, 127 : threatened amirchy in, 127 : reform in, 127 : threatened
loss of French prestige in, 127 : accession of Mahmnd II., 127 :
Alexander's uncertain position in regard to, 129 : A', fears lier
alliance with Kussia or England, 137; England's trade under
the flag of, 214: Russian designs against, 235: Austria seeks
territorial a^^iandizement at expense of,. 240: pivotal in Euro-
jiean pulitn s, ^'42 : A', endeavors Ui form alliance with, 244 : in
grand coalition against A'. (1813). iv. 27 : European support of,
243: y.'s influence on inoiiern, 247
Turreau, Gen., at ilont Cenis Pass. ii. 110: crosses Mont Ceois,
113
Turreau, Mme., X.'s ghastly entertainment for, i. 152
Tuscany, the Buonajiarte family in, i. 12, 13 : favors the Frencli
Revolution, 155: peace between France and, 155: withdr.-iws
from the coalition (1795), 197 : military operations against, 217,
260: French proposition to revolutionize, 227: treaty with
France, Jan. 11, 1797, 251 : plunder of. Ii. 11 : involved in Ita-
lian quarrels, 59: France acquires temporary possession of. 60:
X/m bad faith with, 95: Austrian occupation of, 105, lit, 119 :
reinforcements f(»r SKI:is from, 111: creation of kingdom of,
132 : British ships driven from harbors of, 183 : th« situation in,
iii. 94; ecclesiastical refoiins and contiscations in, 202: Elisa
created Grand Duchess of, 213. See BuoNAPAIiTK, Makie-
An.nk-Elisa
Tuscany, the Grand Duke of, i. 207 ; flees to Vienna, il. 69,
60 : 1..RCS his tenitorv, 125: territories acquired by, 170
TutSChkofl", Gen., in liattle of Eylan, iii. 19
Twelfth Light Dragoons, at the battle of Waterloo, iv. 203
Two-Cent Revolt, the, i. 41
Two Sicilies, the, i. 260
Tyrol, the, tlie road to Vienna through, i. 206: military opera-
tions in, 226, 227, 234-236, 240, 254, 266, 268, 269; ii. 236, 246;
iii. 155, 164, 165, IKl : X.'s unsuccessful attempt to concil-
iate its people, i. 235: loyalty to Austria, 250: the insurrec-
tion in, 269 : Kray's retreat to, cut otf, il. 109 : Iller commarding
in the, 122: Soult cuts otf the Austrian retreat to, 2:15: Ney
sweeps the Austrians from, 245: A', threatens to seize, 251:
ceded by Austria to Bavaria, 252: insurrection ripe in, iii. 151 :
Archduke John to excite revolt in, 154: repression of priestly
tyranny in, 155 : revolution against bondjige in, 156 : character-
istics of its people. 155: Maximilian's reforms in, 155 : guerrilla
warfare in, 155, 181 : rising against Bavarian rule, 156: aban-
doned by Archduke John, 163: its people altused by A'., 165:
French evacuation of. 174 : risinj; in, 181 : French invasion of,
186: eflects of the armistice of Znaim. 186: reduced to sub-
nUssiou. 186: amnesty offered by Prince Eugene, 186: opened
to the allies, iv. 91
0CClanl, x.'s escape to, i. 120
Udine, congress at, ii. 13
Ulm, Austrian retreat to, Ii. 109: Austrian troops In sight of,
233 : tlie Frencli at, 233, 234 : the capitulation at, 235, 236 : con-
centration of troops in, iii. 158
"Undaunted," the, A", sails for Elba on. iv. 153, 154
United Irtshinen, misunderstanding between the Directory and
lli<-, ii. n;
United States, the, constitutional government in, i. 87 : the
Fr< rich idea of the system of government in, 160: Talleyrand's
resideiH-c in, ij. 22 : Talleyrand's views on, 22 : mission concern-
ing protection of commerce, 23: treaty of commerce with
England, 1794, 136: arrogance of the DirecU»ry t<iward, 13<>: im-
broKllo with France, 136: suspension of diplomatic relations
wltli France, 136: commercial convention with France, 136: nem
INDEX
311
linitcil SlaU'H. Iho — continufd.
trality dci-Iarution, 17li:i, I'M : Joromo Biionnpnrtf'B rcitidLMit-o
111, liU: LVriiU IfuiliiiK tu tliti war ot IH12, 1hi ; iti. 'JIO: pur-
cliiisL-s Loulriiium, li. IH4, 'Jl'J ; iv. '247, 'i4H : S.'k rcliilloiiH with,
nihl inlluciicuon.il. 184; ill. H'i, 311 ; iv. '247. 'J4H: <'imiotiir<>in-
imrlHoi) of Fruncowlth, ii. 206: Moroau's hiuiUhmt-iit to, I'Jl :
coiiiiucrcial rivalry with Kiik'tutKl, lil. 41 : British chiltu of rl^ht
of Huarch, 42 : olfcct of lUltiMh 'orders tii roiiih-it ' upon, 4'2:
ocuau cuiiimcrci', 4*2 : aiithnrlzcs rcprisalu, 42 : Kroiich uttuckB
on cummorce uf, seizures u( vesaels, vte., 4:i, 2(W, 210, 22*1, 244 :
riHiii); naval power, 43: liberty uf tcHt4tniuiitur> tliH[)Ofllttoii In,
6U : KnKlish provisions concerning the (nrrylnK trade of, 81,
82 : permitted t'> tnido direct with Sweden, 81. K2 : A', nttenipta to
force tlieai into the French system, *»2 uleellneof trade with Kiig-
land, 82 : Jelfcrstm's adnilnUtratlon, 82, 8:1 : nKricultural policy
of the Dentocrutji, 82,83: the eniliari^o, 82, 83, 210, 211 : the war
of 1812, 83, 244 I policy of the Kederalista, KJ : tlie Non-interven-
tion Act, 83 : InifiHpensability of cotton in Knn)pe, 204 : " neu-
tralized " commerce of, 20r. : proposal that rx>niHX\'III. acquire
a kingdom in, 208 : aliened welzure of French vetwiia by, 210:
the Non-Int+Tcourse Act of March 1, 180*.), 210: prohibition of
commercial intercourse with Ivnglund and France, 210: Hoizure
of ships by Kngland, 211 : Lncien attempts ty escape t«j, 212 :
chilling under restrictioiia of commerce, 242: crippled com-
nierco of, 244 : declares war ai^ainst Knghitid, iv. 10 : naval auc-
cesaes of, Iti : Moreau summoned from. 37, 62 : N. plans cscapo
to, 208. 209: Hamilton'8 treasury system, 229: the independ-
ence of, 230 : the war for indepentlence, 245 : wars witli England,
247: popular interest in j,V. in, 247, 248: expansion of constitu-
tional law. 248: growth of, 248: A*.'* inlluencu iu. 248: the
s!;iverv (|Ueslion in, 248. See also AuERICA.
University of Berlin, iii. 83
University of Fiance, ii. 147 ; iii. 73
Ural Mountains, proposed Indian expeditions via, ii. 134
Urbino, uniiexed to Italy, iii. r>8. 94
Uscha, River, military operations on the, iii. 257
Ussher, Capt., conveys A', to Elba in the "Undaunted," Iv. 153,
i:.4
Usury, the curse and its cure in France, ii. 140 ; ill. 63, 64
Utlzy, military movements near, iii. 261
Valais, declared an independent commonwealth, il. 149: Clia-
teaubriaud FYench representative in, IGfi : scheme to incorpor-
ate it with France, iii. 204 : separated from Switzerland, 213 ;
indeiieiideiice of, 213: annexed to the French empire, 213
ValeggiO, y.'s narrow escape at. i. 241
Valen^ay, the Spanish captives at, iii. 115, 116, 131, 200
Valence, A', joins his regiment at, i. 34 : X.'ft life at, and visits
to, i. 34-42, C8, 74, 79, 82, 85. 89-91, 108. 134 : the garrison at, and
people of, 81 : obseiiuies of Mirabeau at, 88: Friends of the
Constitution in, 89: reception of A^ and Elisa at, 108: occu-
pietl by Carteaux, 128 : death of Pius VI. at, ii. 26, 27 : burial
of Tins VI. at, 139 : meeting of A', and Augereau near, iv. 152
Valencia, massacre of the French at, iii. 121 : Moncey advances
oil. v:i2 : French defeat before, 124 : captured by Suchet, 221 :
tcnii.orary French government at, iv. 15
Valenciennes, evacuation of, i. 133
Valenza, military operations near, i. 217
Valetta, French plot to seize, ii. 12 : the sword of, given to Paul
I., 102
Valjouan, Victor drives the Austrians from, iv. 102
Valladolid, captured by the Fi-ench, iii. 105 : French success
near, 122: French communications at, 123: A', at, Jan. 6, 1809,146
Valmaseda, Blake driven back to, iii. 143
Valmy, defeat of the allies at, i. 115
ValtetUna, the, quarrel between the Grisons and, ii. 7 : incor-
porated in the Ciaalpine Kepublic, 27
Vandamme, Gen., in battle of Austerlitz, ii. 249, 250: dread of
A., iii. 7.'> : in battle of Eckumhl. 162: at Linz, 167, 174: re-
lieved by Lefeltvre, 174: strengtli of his corjis, March, 1812,
24G : commanding division in Eugene's army, iv. 23 : junction
of Danish troops with, 37 : captiires Hamburg. 37: goes to Da-
vout's assistance, 42: in battle of Dresden. 56-58: at Pirna,
56-58 : pursues the allies, 58 : battle of Kulm, 01 : captured at
Kulni, 61 : character, 61 : in the Waterloo campaign, 174-176 :
advances toward Fleuma, 181 : battle of Ligny, 182
Vandeleur, Gen., in battle of Waterloo, iv. 202
Vanne, River, iv. i28
Var. River, military operations on the, ii. 105, 108, 110, 111, 114
Vatican, relations of Paoli witti the, i. 5
Vauban, disgrace of, i. 202: eulogized by Camot, 202
VaubOiS, Gen., service in the Alps, i. 209: defeated by Davido-
wiili, 2:ii"., 237, 240: service in Egypt, ii. 30
Vauchamps, battle of, iv. 97
Vaud, revolutionary outbreak in, ii. 17, 27: French intervention
in, 27 : Alexander forbids the restoration of, iv. 1)9, 100
Vaux, submission of Carlo Buonaparte to, i. 15
Venalssin, the, annexed to France, i. 260
Vendue, la, civil war, massacres, and royalist plots in, i. 122,
127, 1:13. 138. 148. 164, 182, 197. 278 ; ii. 62, 94, 96, 155 ; Iv. 125,
171, 207 : reinforcements for the Army of Italy from, i. 236 : N.
conciliates, ii. 96 : revulsion of feeling against the Bourbons in,
iv. 1S8 : A^. seeks to rouse imperial feeling in, 209
Vend6miaire. the Thirteenth of, i. 180-182 ; ii. 15
Vendetta, the. i. 3. 4
Venddme, Column of, erection of the, iii. C2 : placard on the,
iv. 166
Venetla. neutrality violated by Bcanllfti, I. 219: lealoiuy be-
tween Venice and other towrmof, 264 : coveted by AiiMtrla, 26A :
the revo|iitlr>nary niovrnu-nt in. 269: the mainland ceded to
AuHtrIa, 27(>-273 : the oligarchy of, 27.'*: Fren< h military ojh ra-
tiouM In, 11. 8 : Fninie'H »• (pilnitlonii In, 14 : Incorporated In the
Cisalpine Kepnblli-, 14 : phmderof, 26 : Hiirrender to Amttrla, 26:
A'. threat'iiH to neize, 2.'«1 : lncor|Kjrat>d with Italy, 266,262:
admitted lo the Tuncordat, 111. 94. Hee aino VKMCK
Venetian Alps, road to Vienna through th<-. i. 2fi6
Venetian Republic, political titutuH in 179*;, l. 207
Venice, v. HludieH the history of, 1. 49: AuxtriaH ambltlonB In,
198, 262; il. 22'.i, 2;i:i : mllftary operutlonn aKalnut (179fli, 1. 217:
Beaulieu violates neutrality of, 226. 227 : treaty with Auiitria,
226: ducadeneu and ilownfall of. 226, 280: at A'.# mercy, 228:
resents vbdatiitUH of territory, 247 : A'.** violation of neutrality
of, 264 : the hundliatlon of. 264, 266 : the (iolden r^>ok of, 264,
265, 269: pillage In, 2<;4,276; II. U : Kllmalnes military watch
on, I. 266 : revolution In, 268, 276, 277 : ctmcUulen negollntionii
with A'., 269, 270 : ac(iulre8 liidogna, Ferrara, and the Jtomagna,
271 : .V. forbidden to interfere w ith, 272 : Io»a of Ind.penrlence,
272-276 : Ilres on French ship, 273 : A. " an Attila to,'' 273. 274 :
A', declares war agaliittt, 274 : the oligarchy of. 275 : atteroptii
to bribe A'., 27.1 : treaty between France and (1797), 276 : the new
republic of, 276 : loses independence, 276, 277 : Kren<h oucupa-
tion of, 276,277 : letter from N. Ui the provisional aovernment,
277 : A'.'* characterization of the Venetians, 277 : A', olfers the
republic to Austria, 277 : A^. reproached for tlie overthrow of,
ii. 3 : Lallematit's propagan<la in, 7: Jiiiiot's demands on the
senate, 7 : liismemberment of, ll : the Dire<t^»ry'8 ambition for
the comiuest of, 11 : reded it) Austria, 14 : the last doge of, 16 :
destruction of the *" Bucentaur " at, 16: destniiition of mt%'al
stores at, 16: seeks U) contitme war with Austria, 16 : dragged
into war by A".. 95 : election of Pius VII. at. i:(3 : A', threatens
to seize, 2;t2 : suiTendered to France, 252 : Pius VII. refuses to
extend the Concordat to, lil. 57 : ceded to France, 88: appro-
priations for the harbor, 88 : y. at, Nov., 1808, 102: interview
between Joseph and X. at, 102-104 : basis of pf>ssible Oriental
operations, 252. See also Vknetl4; Venetian Eepcbuc
Ventimlglla, seized by Mas3<'na, 143
Vercelli, Melas proposes to attack A', via, ii. 114
Verdier, success at Logrofio, iii. 122 : occupies Aragon, 122
Verdun, ;ibandoned by the enemy, i. 110 : imperial troops at, It.
125
Verhuel, r)utch commissioner to Paris, ii. 256
Verona, A', at, i. 246: French occupation of, 227: military op-
emti'iis mar, 2:i2, 237-240, 251 et seq. : insurrection in, 269,
273 : disariiiaiiuni of. 273
Veronese Vespers, the, i. 269, 273
Versailles, meetings of the Estates at. i. 49, 56 : luxury in. 86 :
the Parisian mob at, 86 : prison massacres in, 111: Macdonald's
guartl at, ii. 74 : A'', retires to. after his divorce, iii. 197 : Souham
delivers bis army prisoners at. iv. 143, 144
Vicenza, military operations before, i. 236 : creation of heredi-
tary duchy of, ii. 255
Victor, Gen. C. P., attacks Provera at La Favorita, i. 254:
watches Rome, 266: reinforces Lannes at Casteggio, ii. 116:
commanding corps at Marengo, 116-119 : service in the Anny of
England, 185 : battle of Ueilsberg. iii, 29 : battle of Friedland,
31, 32 : created Duke of BcUutio, 71 : yearly income, 71 : charac-
ter, 75 : N.'s opinion of. 75 : at Amurrio, 142 : defeateil by
Wellesley at Talavera, 182 : strength of his corps, ilarch, 1812,
246 : ordered to advance east from the Niemen, 264 : in retreat
from Moscow, iv. 2 et seq. : effects junction with Saint-Cyr, 2,
3 : checks Wittgenstein, 3 : abandons Vitebsk, 4 : driven back,
7 : at the crossing of the lieresina, 8-11 : ordered to hold back
Wittgenstein, 9: defeated by Wittgenstein at BorrissofT, 10:
divisitui commander under Eugene, 28 : in campaign of 1813,
34 : relieves Glogau, 42 : battle of Dresden, 56, 57 : guarding
roads from Bohemia, 63 : battle of Leijisic, 71, 73, 74 : assigned
to defense of the Rhine, 89: ordered to Nogent, 95: junction
with Macdonald at Montercau, 97: abandons Notrent, 97:
driven back to Nangis, 97 : drives the Austrians from Valjouan,
102 : fails to capture Montereau, 102, 103 : moral exhaustion of,
102, 103: degraded, but restored to favor, 103: conmianding
portion of the Yoimg Guard, 103 : battle of Craonne, 107
Victor Amadeus, king of Sardinia, i. 144, 213 : guards Lom-
bardy, 206 : checkmated by AT., 216: death of, 216: relationship
to Louis XVIII., 216
" Victory," the, at Trafalgar, ii. 240, 241
Vienna, plans for French advance on, i. 235: Austria opposes
A'.'ft- advance to, 263 : combined movements on, 266 et seq. : the
peace party In, 270: rejoicing in, at treaty of Leoben, 271:
Gen. Clarke's mission to, 280: rejoicings in, over treaty of
Campo Formio, ii. 14 : Gen. Cljirke forbidden t** enter, 28 : dread
of rcvolutionarj' sentiment in, 28 : attack on the French era-
l)as8y (1798X 29: flight of Ferdinand III. to. 59, 60: A'.'s plans
to subdue, 106: A', sends peace commissioner to, 120: court
intrigues at. 122 : Moreau advances toward, 125 : Stuart British
envoy to, 192 : A^ threatens, 232, W3 : Frencli treachery at. 237 :
the lYench enter, 2:16, 237. 244 : Talleyrand at, 246 : Pozzo di
Borgo's mission at, iii. 8 : Andri^ossy's udssion at, 8: French
influence in, 25: decree of. May 17, 1809, 94: belligerent tone
at, 128, 138, 150, 151 : efTect of X.s and Alexander's remon-
strances at. 130. 131 : Metternich goes to, 150 : defensive mea-
sures for, V^B : X.'s march on, after Eckmubl, 164: capitulation
of, 164 : A'.'s characterization of its inhabitant*, 165 : Charles's
plan to free, 167 : proposed French retreat toward, 172 : A'.'«
army around, 174 : consternativui at rumored Franco-Russian
marriage, 193: French soldiers nursed in, 195: marriage of
Maria Louisa at, 195-197 : pro-Russian party in, 238. 239 :
312
INDEX
Visconti 'Oretk Icoiioirniphy," iv. 208 , ,.. „ , .
Vistula, River, the, .V.Vi cc.nqnests west of, ill. 2 : plan ol i
mii;i.oM,5: l.ridgiiiK of, l(i 11: lYencli positions on 13 .
"'"'Z:^7,o'^"A .V. in, iv. «: EncUnd-. diplomacy In, «:
l-nincis ft-ar. « Frencli inva-sloil of, 53: Congrvss of, 156, 15,,
It'.'i 170 : iH» ■- of .V.'< esiajx; in, IC'J
Vienna Coalition, the. iv. 170, '^23
vl£a<i;'!v;'"nK-"''^i"r-H':iy at, L 268: Eag^ne and Ma.donald
Vlllanova. military operations at, 1. 238
Vmefranche, eipidilion against Coralca from, 1. Ill
VlileSeuve' Adm.'."" tl^o '""tl" ->' «"« '*'""'• "• ** • commanding
M Toi"on *2^i ropose.1 naval expedition for, 213 : escapes
?ro.n To ol , and rllturns. 213: ordered to tlie West Indies.
iis" chanvcter, 213. -230. 239-211 : returns to Eurojvean wate.-^,
•L'M- his combined nect at Kerrol and Corumin, 230 : at Mao,
^1 ■ dUhcarlened, 230 : dissatisfled « ith his Oeet, 230 238, 239 :
?^'om'ter « tl Cttlder, 230. 239: ordered to relieve Rochefort
and Brest, 231: retreats to Cadii, 231, 238, 239 : tails to appear
m the Channel, 233 ; chased liy Nelson to the West I>«i';.s and
l.ick •>3«- retreat to Ferrol, 2;i9 : orders for Slcditerninean
cruis'e,'239 : remonstrates against his orders, 239 : A . PrcPYo?
io supersede, ■239 ; tries to evade disgrace. 239 : battle of Iralal-
ear 240. 211: interview with .V., 211 ; his smcidc, 211
VlUetard. French republican agent In Venice, i. 276
Vlliia V 1.1 iii. 2.i2-2.'-.4 : llarclay de Tolly's army confronting,
^4-'ibe Krcncli retreat tbroUKli, iv. 10, 12: A.s incognito
journey through, U: Kiitus,.lt entei-s, 20: Alexander goes
to, 20
Vlmelro, defeat of Junot at, iii. 123, 124 v.„ „. i<
Vlncennes, the trial and execution of the Due d Enghien at, U.
Vincent,' Gen.', Austrian representative at Erfurt, iii. 138, 150
f cam*
pali;non,a: i.rmgii.K oi, .v> w. .....wi positions on 13 : at-
tempt to drive the IVench across, 29 : proposed boundary lino
on 35 • militJiry operations on, 93 ; iv. 28, 30 : Alexander prom-
ises assistance to Prussia on. iii. 213 : the Kreii.li aiiny reaches.
250 • French advance t/> the Niemen from. 256 : Murat s posi-
tion on, untenable, iv. 21 : Schwarzenberg retreats acroi,.s,
■>! • threat<^^lie.l expulsion of the l-rench from, 44 : French garri-
sons on, 70 : .V. eutert.-iiiis hopes of returning to. Sill, 98, 100
Vitebsk, its strategi.al position, iii. 256: N. at, 256 : military
movements near. 256; iv. «: F"rench garrison in, 269: the
French abandon, iv. 4 „ .. . ^tt, * ,,.,
Vltoria liupont ordered to, iii. 102: Ferdinand VII. at, 112.
French forces at, 142 : battle of, iv. 47
VitroUes, royalist intrigues of, iv. 122, 129, 130 : captured with
Weisseiilwrg at St. Dizier. 126 ., „
Vltry militarv movements near. iv. 92, 117, 119, 120 : Prussian
occu'piilion of, 120: lYeiich troops at, 125
Vlve3 Gen., liesieges Barcelona, iii. 143
Vlvlai, Gen., in battle of WaUrloo, iv. 202 .
Volga, River, the, proposed Indian expeditions via, it. I.i4 •
Voihynli Austrian triops in, iii. 262, 250: Bagration's position
Vbliennarkt, Archdiilce John at, ui. 108
Volney Constantln F. C, espouses the Corsican cause, i. 64,
65 : X.'s friendship with, 95 ; ii. 67, 214 : member of the senate,
100
Voltaire on the character of Paoli, L 6: A'.'k study of. 40; ii.
163 ■ iv 216, 217 : his " Essay on Manners," t 85 : on the Hohen-
lollern territories, iii. 6 : performance of his "(Edipe" at Erfurt,
134
Voltri. ntilitary operations at, 1. 215 , , , „
Vorarlberg, Kray's retreat via, cut ofl, ii. 109 : ceded to Bavaria,
Vosees Mountains, the, proposed boundary for Germany, iii.
"4°: the allies tum the line of, iv. 91, 92: supposed retreat of
Scbwaizcnberg t.., 113: reported rising in, 115: A. urges
guerrilla risings in, 116 . .
VOBS, Countess, attendant on Queen Louisa, ul. 61
Wachau, battle of, iv. 70-72 „
Wagram Cliarless advance toward, lli. 169: battle of. 174-179;
IvT 176 : French demoralization after, iii. 178 : doubtful hon.>r8
of 178. 179 : X.'t position after. 179 : position of Francis alter.
179 : Berthicr created Prince of. 197. See liERTllIKK
Walcheren, the EugUsh expedition to, iii. 183, 195, 207, 208, 217,
WalewBka, Countess, iV.'» amours with, UL 16 : visits N. at
Kllia l.V,
Walhaln, 0(:rard at, iv. 189: Grouchy at, 189, 205
Wallachla, .lismiasal of the Turkish viceroy of, HI. 8 : alleged
concession of, to Russia, 48 : Russian evaouatlon of, 64 : Rus-
sian amidtion to possess, 80. 92. 93. 137, 2:i0: Russian occupa-
tion of, 81. 85 : Alexander demands imssession of, 85 : X. oilers
to offset Moldavia and, against Silesia, 86, 87, 90: proposed
evacuation of Prussia for that of, 87 : Alexander's lear of losing,
191 : Rns>ia tlireatened with the loss of, 239 , , . ,
Wallensteln, scene of his overtlirow by Oustavus Adolphus. Iv.
War, .V.'« aphorisms, theories and plans of, I. 209, 210; Ii. 172;
III. 1.17 : barbarity In, Ii. 48 : thirst lor. In France, 64 : the art
of, 119
Warens. Mme. de, memoirs of, 1. 39 . „ , , .,
WM-fare, progress in methods of. 1. 242: m Napoleonic times,
Warsaw' (city). L..uis XVllI. living in. ii. 154 : Polish national
inovemelit in. 111. 8 : the Russians driven from, 10 : French oc-
cupation of, 13-16 : friv,.lity in. 16 ; A . « au.ours lu, 10 ; A. of-
fers to evacuate, 130 : j.ropositlon that Ru.ssia occupy. 138 .
Ardiduke Ferdinand to nnuch against, 154 : capture. l;y Arch,
duke Ferdinand, I.IO : Polish troops at, 168 : reoccupied by Po-
niatowski, 165: ollered to Prussia, 174; attitude of the loles
In 238 : Jesuit ii.lluciKe in, 210: propositiiui to make it capital
of'n Saxon province, 249 : A', in, 261 : the Diet begs the resto-
ration of Poland, 2,11, 252 : Schwarzenherg evacuates, iv. 21 :
Russian occupation of, 21 : proposed new capital for Irussia,
Warsaw. Grand Duchy of, creation of. iii. 48, 64, 61 : acciuircs
Prus.-.ian territi'rv. 53: new constitutnm tor, 66: A. seeks to
add Silesia to, 80, 87, 90 : .\lBxan.lcr'.s jealousy of, Si ; A . pro-
mises to evacuate, 90 : tortillcation of, 93, 129 ; aciuires .New
Galicia 184: territorial acquisitions, 188, 236: pro-Russian
party in, 237 : Aiexamkr proposes to accept the crown of, 237:
military operations in. 244 : open to inv.ision, 250 = '^ . llicog-
nit.. journey through, iv. 14 : interview between A. and De ITa.lt
at 14, 19 : Russian invasion of. 21 : A', refuses to give up, 27
reft tr..m Saxony. 28: in Russian iwsses.'^ion, 32: threatened
dismemberment of, 38, 39, 49 : proj.osed extinction of, 43 : A. «
Waahlneton George, comparison of Pa<di with, i. 6: death of,
M^rfdndmthm of France for, 97 : statue at the Tuileries, 97 :
festival in honor of, 97, 98: compared with A., 98 : declares the
neutrality of the Vnited States (1793). 136 p„,„i„„
Waterloo, the advantage of position at, u. 11. : the P/"88ian
puisnit after, iii. 163 : S.S attempt at suicide after, ly 147 : A »
reminiscences of. 178: Wellington indicates the battle ground,
180 • the controversial lit<>rature ..f, 18a : the batlle-tlel.l, 187 et
seq.: character of the French tr....psat, 193: W c jui.- on shead-
onarters at, 193 : the i.lans of battle, 194 : the batUc 195 ct seq.:
am.lication ..f the name to the battle, 204 : review of tlie battle,
•HU ct se.i : political si.oils, 205 : moral elle.t ..n the Linper.jr,
206: the u.w3in Paris, 206: A'.V in..nograph on,217 : A. « de-
lav at. -lao : epic character of, 239 : effect on the world 239
Waterloo Campaign, parallel between campaign lu 1 ledinont
WavTe?inili*tary operations at, iv. 183, 184, 186, 189-191, 193,205
Wealth, -V. on, i. 77
Weapons of war in 1796, i. 210
Wphlau MiiUtiiry m..veinenla near. 111. 31 „ , .. .
Weimar', .lisscnsiou lu the Prussian camp at, u 280 : flghtnig at,
■vsr mtitii.Ks ..f A. with Goethe an.l Wielan.l at, in. 134-136
WelniEir, Grand Duchess of, enterUiins .V., iil. 135
Welrother, Col., at Ausierlitz, ii. 246
TVplci.?pnbprg Gen. captured near St. Dizier, iv. I2b
wliSeSburl, battle of*; i. 163: the French position at, ii. 234
'Wpici'^pnfels titieii l>v Bertratid, iv. 75 ...
WeiBiISsee,'na,T,.w escape ..1 Frederick William III. at, UL 2
Wellenburg. a. .niir.-.l bv Wurtcmbeig, ii. 252 . „ .. ,
Welleslev sir Arthur,tali.s .-. .mmand .)f operations m P..rtugal,
UL 9?: e^nllfs pfut.l^;i, 123 : .Icleats Junot at Viiue ro, 123; re-
called to England an.l vin.iicated, 144 : c-xpels the French from
Portugal, 182 : prepares for iu\ asi.m of Spain, 182 : battle oi
Tal-ivcra 1H'>- with.iraws before Soult, 183: created Duke of
\V,-ilii«ton, 203. SeeWKLLINOTo.N, DIKE OF .
WeUeslev Lord, succeeds Canning as prime minister, iii. 208 .
SLvntary tor F..reign Alfairs, 217 : reinforces the army m Por-
tugal 217 : succeeded by Castlereagb, iv. 16 „ , ,
Wellington. Duke of (see also Welleslky, Sir Abtuur). ef-
fe7?7ni™res spirit on. U7: holds Portugal, 217 : reinforced
by L..rd Hill, 217 : battle of Talavera. 217, 219: battle ..f Busa-
CO 218 : letreatdown the Mon.leg.., 218 : cnatructs the hues of
To'n'es Vedras, 218, 219 ; battle of Ocafla, 219, 221 : .iiltlcult iKjsi^
tion at Lisbon, 220 : character, 220. 221 ; s""'"!™,^ f?"'.." .n^i'.f
aid ""1 • advances into Spain. 221 : battles of Albuera and »u-
eiit'es de Ouor.., 221 : retreats to Portugal, 221 : recaptuics
A mddi, 221 : attacked by Lord Liverpool, 221 : on >lass.:-lla s
itand 5)1 ■ battle of Salamanca, 222 : storming of Badajoz,
S, 242: captures Ciudad Rodri^-o, 222, 242 ; advances on
ttie Duero 222: perb.d of inactivity, 222: returns to Por-
t gal 222 i resuines the offensive, 222: between two fires,
222: .lemoralizatioii of his army, 222: °>?«' "R'''.''.^' *'»;
drill, 222 : liefcats Marmont at Salamanca iv. 15 : » "I'd™"'
to the Portuguese fr.uitier. 15: hampered by l^'>e « ' I'"l'' !
cal situation. 16, 10: reverses in the Peninsula. 'J' • bat'lo of
Vitoria 47 : threatens France, 47 : successes In Spam, 47, 4 J .
Spabi rises W s ipiiort, 79 : on the war In Spaiij^ 87 : signs con-
dittus with .v., 87 : succecls Castlereagb at Congress of %.-
elliia, 167, 173: nro|>oses t.) .lcp..rt A. to '^]; "j']\ "'^},?1 -J.f .
called by Lord iiverpool, 169: desires to "''V,'^' "■,';' •
military genius. 173 : plan .if campaign ..f the nundled Itavs,
Tl" dissatlsfa.:tion with his tro..i.», 174: X s p,.slliol vitli
regav.l to Bluclier and, 175; inllucnce over tro..p8, 'f ••«'«•
tKe strength in Waterl...> campaign, 176 : '"™;'8,-'""'°l P"',' ,'"•
170- reminiscences of Waterloo, 170, 180: relat ..ns with lilu-
Cher 179 -interview between the Duke of Richnu.n. ami, at
the I'lall, IKO : imlicat,'« the battle-ground at ^V»' "'"'•,''', „;.;i".'8'
centration of his lr....ps, 180, 181 : i'",'''^^^;» »'7';T,,',r, Bral'
182 ■ meeting with Bluclier at Bry, 182 : battle .,f tJnatre.Bras,
ia-)-186- couver8atl..ii with Col. Howies, 184 : retreat t.. M. nt
St:Jeau,lR4 187 : .V. .Ictermincs t-. alt..ck 185: "I'l'":';-;''''^*
junctim. of Blncherand. 180. 187: ''Vi'^'l^'"', "',,'", !','' 188-
et seq. 191. 193, 204; proposes to fall back to Brussels, 188.
INDEX
313
Wullingtoii, Inike of — rontinunl.
Btrt-im'th nt WiUfiloo, Ihh: Itllicher promlBes support, 1R«:
Oroiicliy alum to pruvent iiiifiii) hftwreii hliichcr niiit, iN'.t; his
ri'Soliitlnn to Kivti Imttle hi front of SoiKiiu>>, IHll : hlH renliT
at Mont At. Jean, 191: (inL-lHuimu's doubt uf hirt fttniiihn'^' :it
Waterloo, lui : htck of i.'oi)tl<l<'tH-i' hi tlx- Dutch-IU^lKiiin (loopft,
193 : hendipiarttTB iit Waterloo. VXi : lltii'ii of retn-at. 1D3, 'J06 :
the pliiii of Wat4^Tloo, 194 : Imttk' of Wutorloo, 195 i-t H<-t|.: rt--
pentetl calls fi>r lUiicher, 19H: stones of his anvU-ty, tffHi; IiIh
coiuluct of the Waterloo cauipalRn, 204 : faint-liearte<l t-oopn-.
atlou wit)) Illiioher, '204: restores LouIh XV^III., 'J09: ilaiiKfrof
N.'s suiTciuler tu, 211 : Mliare In the rueonHtnictiou of France,
21» : :ilU'^;c(l attempt to iissiisainute, 219
Wel3, Ktis-sian trnojis at, ii. 23«)
Wereja, cupturc i»f the French Rnrrlson of, !!l. 2fifl
Werneck, Gen., r:iptnre of hl8 division nt Ndrdlingen, il. 235
Werther, A'. mmiMn d to, f. 42
Weael, ce-Ud t-- I r.mce, ii. 2fil : F"'reneli Karrison at^Sni, 270,273,
27G: dfinaiid f<<i its restoration to lYussia, 274
Weser, River, French occupation of tlie const near, Hi. 204 : ter-
ritory on, itltered to Sweden, iv. 32
Western Empire, aceoinpliBhinent of N.'s dream of, ill. 01 : an
eiul ti. tiK- ihvanis of, iv. 48
West Indies, the, sehenic for populatint;, il. 152 : En^Ilah hlock-
ttde of the French fleet in.ltU : .It^roiuo Buonaparte in, 104 :Eng-
laud watcher French policy concerning, 171: Franco looks to
her power in, 179: y.8 anihithms in, 184: t'rcnch squadrons
ordered to, 213 : Nelson enticed to, 230: N.'s nnildtioiis in, iii.
23:.
Westphalia, militar>' movements in, ii. 276: organization of the
kingdom of, iii. 49, r»3: Jerome king of, 01, 2i;j, 214: war in-
demnity exacted from, 05 : levy of troops in, 105, 244-24C ; se-
questration of Frederick William's estates in, 12G : insurrection
In, 174 : Sehill's failure in, 180 ; sdienic to iucorporatt? port witii
France, 204: Fn'uch occupation of, 234: French inlluencc in,
iv. 49 : tliglit of .ter<>nie tit France, 79
West Prussia, I-e.st.'cq"s retreat throu^di. iii. l
Whitbread, Samuel, on the French Revolution, il. 94, 95
"White Terror," the, i. 105; iv. 210
Whitworth, Lord, eh:u-aoter, i. 171 : amhassiidor to Paris. 171,
177 : evailcs declaration of EnKland's Maltese policy, 175 : sum-
moned to thcTnileries, Feb. 17, IKOil, 179, 180: at consular levee
of March 13, 1S()3. 179, 180 : his attitude, 1H2 : on N.'s reception
of April 4, 183: reports on Frances naval preparations, 182:
publication of his despatches in England, 182 : A'. '^declarations
to, on subject of invading England, 185: a diplomatic method
of, i\'. -to
Wiazma, battle of, iv. 3
Wieland, C. M., interview with A'', at Wiemar, iii. 135 : decorated
at Kriurt, l:i7 : rstimate of y.'.< intluencc, 245
WUberforce, William, deprecates war with France, ii. 182
Willach (farinthia), ceded to France, iii. 184
WiUenherg, militaiy movements near, iii. 17, 18
William, Prince ("f I'russiaX mission to Pju-is, iii. 138: iii battle
of Waterloo, iv. r.".)
"William the Conqueror," by Duval, ii. 225
Willot. Gen., i>roii(..^es to destroy the Directory, ii. 5 : suspected
of plottin-: against A'., 193
Wilson, Sir Robert, endeavors to reorganize the Russian army,
iii. 21 M
Wintzengerode, captures Soissons, iv. lOO : defeated near St,
IHzier, 120
Wischau, junction of .\ustrian and Russian troops at, ii. 245
Wittau, military operations near, iii. 175
Wittenberg, captured by Davout, iii. 2: French forces at, iv. 28:
I-'rL-neh oeciipati-'U uf, 51 : military movements near, 60
Wittgenstein, Gen., in the Russian campaign, iii. 259: menaces
(br Fr.iirli I. ft, -iiW^ : resumes ottensive against Saint-Cyr, iv, 2;
checked by \ietor and Saint-t'jT, 3: pursuit of the French
army, 7, 20 : Victor ordered to ludd back, 9 : at the p:issagc of
the Beresina, 10 : defeats Victor at liomssoff, 10 : bad general-
ship of, 13, 20, 21 : losses in the Russian campaign, 20 : fails to
cut off Macdouald'a retreat, 21 : commanding the allied army,
34 : the battle of Liitzen, 30 : loses his command, 40 : command-
ing Army of the East, 52 : battle of Leipsic, 71 : driven from
Namns, 103
Wkra, River, bridging of the, iii. lo, 11
WoUconaky, Prince P. M., hi military council with Alexander
I.. Iv. 122
Women, .V.'x attitude t/>ward, and IdeaA concemlni;, i. 77, 81,
i:.2, lh7, 1112, 27H; H. 129. 103; lil. 248: e.hicntlon of, tl. 146:
demands of (brman social ciiHtoiu on, iii. IW
Wrede, Gen., in canipaign of Ecknnihl, iii. 104i: movenientH be-
fore llatisbon. 102: tlefcated hy Ilillfr at Erding. IG4 : hattiv
of Wagram, 177 : reaches Vilna, Iv. 12 : conmianding Itavarlan
troopa, 70
Wright, Capt., lands the Cadoudal consplratont in France, il.
1H9, I'.H) : Savary siihjK'cted of complicity In death of, 207
Wurmser, Gen., iV.VnpcratlonsaKalnBt, l. 21I: sent to reinforce
lleaulieii, 217: military geiiluH, 231 : mardies to relief of Man-
tua, 231 et seq. : operatlonn on Lake (iurda, 2;*;*, 2:t4 : o]K'ratlons
on the Brenta, 2;{4, 2;(5 : attA-mpts to tmeeor Mantua, 2.'M, 235 :
advance-guard captured at I'rlmolano, 2;t5: defeated nt I'.aH-
sano, 235 : demoralization of his araiy, 2.'l5 : makew inelfo tual
sally from Mantua, 240: besieged in Mantua, his defense and
surrender, 2r»o.2rtH; A'.* generosity to, 257, 2.'>H
Wurtemberg, makes peace with France (1790), L 2;J5, 279 : grant«
totlieilrand Dnkeof, ii. 170: relations with Russia, 170 : French
march through, 2:13 : friendly relations with and subservience
to France, 243, 200; iii. 214: created an independent kingdom,
ii. 2.''»2, 257 : acipiires territory after Ansterlitz, 252 : mcndnT of
the Confederation of the Rhine, 20O, 201 : supplies contim:cnt8
to X.'m armies, ii. 201 ; iii. 11, 244, 240; iv. 28 : Maria I.^.uisa'8
progress through, iii. 197 : allotment of Austrian lands to, 2<i4 :
turns from A', to the allies, iv. 79 : position in Germany, 240
Wiirtemberg, Princess Catherine of, marriea Jcnunc .Napo-
leon^ iii. 75, 70
occnpa-
28
Wiirzburg, seized by Jourdan, 1. 235 : reported French
tion of, ii. 273: jV.a base, 275, 270: French forces at, iv
" Yamacks," the, iii. 127
Yarmouth, Lord, negotiates for peace, ii. 259, 261
Yelin, antln.r of "Gcniiany in her Deepest Humiliation," ii. 271
Yermoloff, Gen., pursuit of the French army by, iv. 20
Yonne, River, military operati(»ns on the, iv. i:iO, 100
York, Duke of, besieges Dunkirk, i. 133 : defeated by Bruno at
Bergen, ii. 03, 207 : eapitulutea at Alkniaar, 03
York, Gen., in conespondeneo with Alexander I., iv. 21; con-
cludes convention of Tauroggcn, 21, 20, 29 : nominally degraded,
21 : desertion of the French cause, 27: his action approved tiy
the Estates of Eastern I^russia, 30 : battle of Bautzen. 39 : battle
of Leipsic, 72: reinforces Blucher at Montmimil, 90: held Ity
Mortier, 104: routs Marmont at Athies, 108: quits Blucher's
army, but returns. 108, 109
"Youi^ Guard," the, iii. 172 : battle of Liitzen, iv. 30: battle
of Dresden, 56, 57: ordered to Bautzen, 03: at Dresilen, 05:
under command of Ney, 103: Victor commanding portion of,
103: "melts liko snow,'* 107: N. reviews, 136, 137: battle of
Waterloo, 199
Zahorowski, A^. seeks service with, i. 129
Zach, Gen., in battle of Marengo, ii. 118
Zacharias, Pope, on kingly power, ii. 208
Zamosc, Iiebi liy the French, iv. 33
Zampaglini, ('orsican patriot brigand, i. 78
Zante, France's jealous care of, ii. 21
Zealand, Freiub occupation of, iii. 207: N.'s offer to exchange
it for Hanseatic towns, 207
Zembin, the Emperor's retreat through, iv. 10
Ziethen, Gen. J. J., in Waterloo campaign, iv. 175: atCharlerot,
170: at Flcurus, 170, 177: battle of Waterloo. 198, 199
Zittau, I'rench advance from Dresden to, iv. 55: Bliicher's road
to, blocked l)y Lainiston, 56
Znaim, military operations near, ii. 236: KutusofT's retreat to^
244: Charles withdraws toward, iii. 177: lighting at, 178:
French repulse at, 181 : the armistice of, ISO, 193
Zomdorf, battle of, iv. 235
Zurich, the plundering of, ii, 27 : battles of, GS. 93 : Army of the
Reserve ordered to, 108, 110: Massi^na's victory at, 207
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