S7
192.1
MC-NRLF
Chemical
Literature
And Its Use
Marion E. Sparks
URBANA, ILLINOIS
1921
CHEMICAL LITERATURE
AND ITS USE
NOTES OF A COURSE OF LECTURES, IN CHEMISTRY 92
REQUIRED OF THIRD YEAR STUDENTS IN
CHEMISTRY AND CHEMICAL ENGINEERING
UNIVERSITY OF ILLINOIS
BY
MARION E. SPARKS, B. L. S., A. M.
Library Assistant in Chemistry
SECOND EDITION
BEVISED AND ENLARGED
Urbana, Illinois
1921
Copyright, 1921
By MARION E. SPARKS
Published by the author. One dollar post paid.
PREFACE
These notes were compiled to serve as a brief guide to the increasing flood
of chemical literature. They are prepared for the use of students who have a
reading knowledge of French and German, and have had two years of college
chemistry. Similar work might be arranged for zoology, or other branches of
science where the literature is largely in serial form.
The lists are in no sense exhaustive, but include the works at hand that seem
most important, with special reference to the training of students in the use
of serials and books. Each student looks up a number of problems during the
year in the department library.
A course, Chemistry 92, Chemical literature and its use, once a week for
one year has been given to juniors in the courses in chemistry and chemical
engineering, at the University of Illinois, since 1913. Valuable advice received
from members of the departmental faculty has resulted in various revisions of
the work.
Thanks are due in particular to Dr. C. G. Derick, former assistant professor,
for his initial support and counsel; and to Mr. C. S. Palmer, for helpful sug-
gestions and aid in reading the proofs.
MARION E. SPARKS
September 2, 1919
Urbana, Illinois.
PREFACE TO THE SECOND EDITION.
The second edition, is, with a few exceptions, much like the first ; more data
on certain works have been given, errors corrected, and some new books and serials
added. The number of the lectures has been increased ; this makes possible an
amplification of the section, 'Suggestions upon looking up all literature of i
subject', as Lectures 7 and 16.
In the second edition Lecture 9 includes first, organic reference books, and
second, suggestions upon looking up patents ; for the patents in particular, I am
indebted for much help to the paper by F. E. Barrows, noted in the Bibliography,
that is placed after the last Lecture on pages 76-80. The list of papers in the
Bibliography makes evident the value that is attached to the knowledge of the
literature.
It gives me pleasure to acknowledge here the kindness of Dr. R. Adams,
Dr. G. D. Beal, and Dr. H. B. Lewis, who read the manuscript and suggested
important additions to the lists.
MARION E. SPARKS
August, 1921.
Urbana, Illinois.
506401
CONTENTS
PAGE
PREFACES
LECTURE 1
Classification and arrangement of books and serials
The catalogue -
General reference works _
Abstract of Decimal Classification _ 10
LECTURE 2
Literature on the history of chemistry _
Early chemical laboratories _
Chemical societies 15
LECTURE 3
General chemistry _ - -
Books _
Serials _ 19
LECTURE 4
Analysis: Books and serials _
Apparatus: Books and serials 25
LECTUBE 5
Inorganic and mineral chemistry _
General works 26
Books on special topics _ 27
LECTURE 6
Inorganic and mineral chemistry _
General serials _ 29
Special serials 30
LECTURE 7
Suggestions upon looking up all the literature for a topic in gen-
eral, inorganic, or analytical chemistry _ 31
Interlibrary loans _ 34
Reference serials, general and special, in order of time 34
LECTURE 8
Summary on the history of chemistry _____ 37
References _ 39
LECTURE 9
Organic chemistry _ _ 40
Books ___________ 41
Works- of reference ________ 43
LECTURE 10
Organic chemistry ___ _____44
Serials ____-_--___ 44
Patent literature _ _ _ .46
LECTURE 11
Applied chemistry _______ _47
General works ______ 47
Books on special topics _ -^ 50
LECTURE 12
Applied chemistry
General serials _ _ . _
Serials on special topics _____ 56
LECTURE 13
Theoretical and physical chemistry: Books _ 60
Chemistry of colloids: Books _ 64
LECTURE 14 ____________ 65
Theoretical and physical chemistry: Serials 65
Chemistry of colloids: Serials _____ 66
LECTURE 15 ____________ 67
Biochemistry ________ _67
Books _ _ 67
Serials ____________ 70
LECTURE 16 ___________ 72
Suggestions upon looking up all the literature for attopic in or-
ganic, applied, or physical chemistry, or biochemistry
BlHLIOORAPHY __ ________
Some papers upon the value and utilization of chemical literature
Samples problems, for Lectures 4, 7, 12 _ 80
CHEMICAL LITERATURE AND ITS USE
Notes of a course of lectures, fo* Third year students in chemistry and
chemical engineering, University of Illinois.
LECTURE 1
CHEMICAL LITERATURE: CLASSIFICATION AND ARRANGEMENT; THE
CATALOGUE; GENERAL REFERENCE WORKS '
Purpose of the course
1. To show what the literature of chemistry is, how it is arranged, and
made available, and to afford practice in its use.
2. To give some idea of the growth of the science.
Materials
Serials and books in the University libraries, chiefly those at Chemistry.
Methods of work
Problems, involving use of the literature, one for each lecture, are assigned
to be looked up in the Chemistry library. Students will keep some notes of these
for reference. Reports are given orally in class, in the first semester upon topics
in the history of chemistry and noted chemists; in the second semester, reports
are upon papers in current chemical serials.
Notebooks
These must contain, for reports by members of the class, the date, name of
speaker, topic, reference, (these items are put upon the board by the student
who speaks). Notebooks are inspected twice each semester.
CHEMICAL LITERATURE
Apparatus is necessary, but not all the glassware made in Jena tells you
the structure of an organic compound, nor even how to look it up in Richter's
Lexikon. Chemistry has been called "the intelligence department of industry'',
and the chemist of today, beginning on the basis of all previous knowledge,
builds upon that as a foundation, further research to develop this science, which
is in close contact with every phase of human welfare and endeavor.
Many of the larger industrial plants recognize the value of using all that
others have learned, and have libraries that vary in size from a few hundred to
many thousand pieces (since in many cases a ten-page pamphlet is of greater
value than a twenty-pound volume). Such collections become for the organ-
izations what Dr. T. H. Norton calls "artificial memories" and with careful
cataloging, make it possible to learn in the shortest time all that has been done
upon a given problem. Users of such libraries are experts and work done for
them teaches one much. The librarian there must know the science first, and
the simpler part of library methods at least ; he must also be able to translate,
make abstracts, bibliographies, check up lists of references, and in some cases,
he has to record, file, and care for special formulas and plant data.
In the bibliography at the close of this pamphlet will be found reference to
papers upon the value of a knowledge of the literature. The ones by Barrows,
Dannerth, Norton, Smith, and Tafel, in particular, point out the uses of the
library by the industries, with respect to manufacture as well as for research.
In the lecture notes selected lists of the literature available here will be
5
given, having direct reference to the library problems, and special uses are
mentioned for some of the important material found in works of reference and
abstract serials. Students will be shown the most necessary works and serials,
and are expected to know author, title, date, number of volumes, and class
number, for at least three important works discussed in each lecture.
ARRANGEMENT
Material without orderly arrangement might as well not exist. In the
libraries on the campus of the University of Illinois, and in perhaps three-fourths
of the other libraries in the United States, the system of arrangement is that of
"relative location", most often based upon the Dewey Decimal system of class-
ification. This scheme plans to place together on the shelves all books upon the
same topic, so far as possible. Book A may not be always upon the same inch of
shelf, but it is with other books on the same subject, usually subarranged by the
author's name; the date of publication is used sometimes, for the secondary
arrangement. New books after being properly classified, are marked, and placed
then with others of their class.
The method used in the Dewey classification is fairly simple. The whole
field of knowledge is regarded as divided into nine main classes, to which are
assigned the digits, 1 to 9. Each class then has nine divisions, and each, of these
is subdivided into nine subdivisions, leaving the zero in each group to indicate
very general works, for each class, division, etc. The first three figures counting
from the left, are considered as forming a whole number, while all annexed figures
are treated as decimals, thus making more minute subdivisions possible.
Books are classified according to the topic of the major portion of the
contents. Certain divisions, by form, are used in every class, division or subject ;
such a form division may be recognized by the clasdj number, since this always
contains at the right, a digit preceded by a cipher. The form division numbers
include: 03, dictionaries; 04, essays; 05, serials not society organs; 06, serials
that are society organs ; 07, works on study and teaching ; 08, collected works on
a topic or by an author; 09, history. These may be used for every subject;
history of chemistry, is 540.9 ; history of agriculture, 630.9.
EXTRACTS FROM DECIMAL CLASSIFICATION SHOWING LOCATION OF MOST OF THE,
MATERIAL UPON CHEMISTRY AND ALLIED SUBJECTS
General classes Divisions
General 510 Mathematics 640 Household science
1 Philosophy 530 Physics 660 Chemical technology
2 Religion 540 Chemistry 670 Manufactures
3 Sociology 550 Geology 680 Mechanic trades
4 Philology 570 Biology 690 Building and materials
5 Natural sciences 51)0 Zoology 750 Painting (artists'
6 Useful arts 610 Medicine materials)
7 Fine arts 612.01 Biochemistry 770 Photography
8 Literature 615 Pharmacy 920 Biography of
9 History 620 Engineering individuals
630 Agriculture 925.4 Biographies of groups
of chemists
6
Subdivisions of theoretical and applied chemistry
540 General 660 General applications
541 Theory, physical 661 Manufacture of chemicals
542 Laboratory methods 662 Explosives, fuel
543 Analysis 663 Beverages
544 Analysis, qualitative 664 Manufacture of foods
545 Analysis, quantitative 665 Lighting materials
546 Inorganic chemistry 666 Ceramics
547 Organic chemistry 667 Bleaching, dyeing, paints
548 Crystallography 668 Organic chemical industries
549 Mineralogy 669 Metallurgy, assaying
The books classified according to this plan are placed together upon the
shelves, and those having the same class number are here arranged alphabetically
according to the surname of the atathor. Each book then has a class number and
the author mark, the two forming the call number, by which the book is caHed
for and recorded. The author mark requires a brief explanation ; it consists of
the first letter if that is a consonant, or the first two letters, if the name of the
author begins with a vowel, followed by two or more figures ; this combination of
letters and figures is obtained from a table made up of a large number of possible
beginnings of surnames. To this may be annexed the letter of the first word of
the title, a figure indicating the edition, capital letter showing what language
the book is in, letter for translator's name, and other marks. A sample is given:
546 546 inorganic chemistry (subject)
M73t3Ef M73 Molinari (author)
t first word of Italian title
3 third edition
E translated into English
f, initial of translator.
Books are shelved from left to right, while the spaces between the upright
divisions supporting the shelves are treated as pages, with the shelves corres-
ponding to the lines.
Serials, as distinguished from books, are those publications, whether organs
of a society or not, that once begun, continue for an indefinite period. Because
the serials increase each year they are usually shelved separately from books.
Class numbers of serials end as a rule in 05 or 06; the decimal point may be
either before or after both these, or between the and the digit. Serials con-
taining abstracts solely, with no -original articles, or which merely index the
literature, or review it, are shelved, again, separately from the ones containing
principally original papers. The latter are considered as reserve books and may
be taken out ; the former are reference works and do not circulate.
ARRANGEMENT IN CHEMISTRY LIBRARY
The books and serials in the Chemistry library are arranged in five groups,
those in each group being in numerical order, as follows :
I. Palmer Memorial Library, comprising (a) books; (b) serials; a special
7
collection, shelved separately, in southeast stack.
II. General works, not serials nor tffprks of reference ; these include "reserve 7 '
books which are each marked by a special label. This group begins
with those having low numbers, in the southwest corner, on the south
side of stack A, and continues to the shelf having the label, Group III.
III. This group consists of reference books which do not circulate outside the
library room. These are marked with, a capital R on the outside, in
addition to the ordinary labef. that contains the, call number.
IV. Here are the abstract, index, and review serials, that like Group III, are
strictly for reference. ... . ..-,,,
V. This includes all the serials tha^ contain, chiefly, original papers.;. They
are arranged by call number and extend from the end of Group IV,
and the sign (shelf label) for Group V, to the north end of the library.
: " 'Unbound numbers of -all 'serials 'are placed mi the shelf after their bound
volumes. Collective indexes/ctoVerih^ 1 several Volumes, are placed together after
the unbound numbers.
A few books, much too large for 'their tegular places, are on an " oversize "
shelf along the north wall. Wooden or pasteboard dummies bearing the call
number, and location of the oversize shelf , occupy the numerical places fdr these
books.
THE CATALOGUE
The catalogue of the Chemistry library consists of three parts:
-1. An author list of books, with serials entered there under their titles,
arranged in one alphabet.
2. A dictionary catalogue of all the chemical literature on the University
campus ; entries in this are under author, title, and subject. For such
books and serials as are at Chemistry ONLY, the author or title entries
are omitted from the dictionary catalogue, because they are in the
author list.
3. A shelf list, of the five groups, cards arranged in each as the books stand
upon the shelves. Labels of these trays are marked with group and class
numbers, not letter labels.
Articles published in serials are, except for a few government and state
publications, not entered separately in the catalogue. These may be found
through the abstract and review serials, if a reference to the original place of
publication is not given where the article is mentioned.
An alphabetic list of the serials actually at the Chemistry library, giving
call number, title, stack, and side, is posted on the south side of the right hand
(south') column.
Books in general may be taken out for two weeks, on signing a slip at the
desk. Reference books do not circulate, nor do the abstract, index, and review
serials. Reserve books may be taken at nine any evening, to be returned by nine
the next day the library is open. General serials are treated as reserve books.
Author and subject cards in the dictionary catalogue trays are marked in the
margin below the call number to show location, if the work is in one or .several
seminar libraries.
8
GENERAL REFERENCE WORKS
These for chemistry may be considered as belonging to three classes; first,
those giving tabular data, chemical and physical constants ; second, dictionaries,
covering either the whole field, or large fairly comprehensive topics; third, en-
cyclopedic works, giving in addition to description and discussion, references to
the literature. All these are of course '' reference books".
Class 1. Here, belong the old Chemiker-Kalender, with the newer English
work, The Chemist's Yearbook; Van Nostrand's CheinicaloAnnual (published
at irregular intervals), and the Chemical Rubber Company's Handbook. All
these note some of the newer books, and add various' kinds of information to the
data that are their major content. Types of larger works are Landolt-Bornstein,
Physikalisch-chemische Tabellen, Recueil, published b^ the Societe franchise de
physique, and the Annual Tables, now, v. 1-6, for 1910-20, planned to supplement
Landolt-Bornstein by giving the new work of each year.
Class 2. This includes all the general dictionaries, beginning with early
editions of Ure and Watt, through Ladenburg, Wurtz, and Thorpe. This last-
in the third edition, 1921, is now the most important, but the others, particularly
Ladenburg, are useful for the history of substances. Here also we find the
dictionaries of solubilities, as Comey and Hahn, edition of 1921, Seidell, good
for organic in particular, and the more elementary Segerblom.
Class 3. The works included here are apt to be more specific in topics
treated ; the monumental Encyclopedia chimique, 1882-99, edited by Fremy, is a
5 series of monographs covering almost every possible section of chemistry, but
these are no longer new. For inorganic, there are the works, called in both cases,
Handbuch, begun by Gmelin, (now called Gmelin-Kraut's), and the other by.
Abegg as first editor ; the Gmelin-Kraut work is now in the seventh edition while
the first edition of Abegg is as yet not complete. The English work recently
begun edited by Friend gives more descriptive material and fewer references.
Hoffmann's Lexikon is doing for inorganic what Richter's Lexikon does for or-
ganic, furnishing a list of compounds with an index tp all the literature.
Beilstein 's Handbuch, in the new fourth edition is to have some fifteen volumes,
but it will be some time before it is completed. The third edition l in four vol-
umes, four supplements and a collective index for the eight, has been necessary for
the organic chemist. Of the many special dictionaries and encyclopedias, Abd*er-
halden's Biochemisches Handlexikon might be placed here^ since it gives much
recent material, newer than Edition 3 of Beilstein.
IMPORTANCE OF CHEMISTRY AND ITS LITERATURE
A very brief survey of chemical literature will convince most people that
the science, starting as it did before written history, for the chemist had to pre-
pare writing materials first, cannot be thought of as the invention or the
monopoly of any group or nation. It has been in all cases a gradual develop-
ment and 'utilization of knowledge gained by earlier workers, to the best advan-
tage, for the improvement of living conditions and the production of articles
designed for use or beauty. The ideas now current as to the theoretical basis
of the science have been varied many times, and the study of these changes, the
9
men and influences that produced them, may give some indication of the amount
that remains to be done before we know all about even the simplest particle .-I 1
substance and its real formation, not to mention its possible uses.
Since the discovery of radium, we no longer laugh at the idea of a "primitive
substance" and no one ventures to predict the final discoveries. No research
worker ever arrives at the point where there is nothing more to discover.
ABSTRACT OF DEWEY DECIMAL, CLASSIFICATION
These cl-a-ss numbers include the principal groups of books on chemistry.
016.54 Bibliography of chemistry
340.6 Medical jurisprudence
389 Weights and measures
389.05 Publications of the U. S. Bureau of Standards
510 Mathematics
530 Physics
532 Light
533 Liquids
537 Electricity
537.85 Electrometallurgy
540 Chemistry
541 Theory, physical chemistry
542 Laboratory handbooks, tables
543 Analysis, general
544 qualitative
545 quantitative
Under 543, there are
543.1, Analysis of food, .2, milk, .3, water, .4, drugs, .5,
poisons, .6, rocks, .7, gases, .8, oils and fats, .9, animal body.
546 Inorganic chemistry
547 Organic chemistry
548 Crystallography
549 Mineralogy
550 Geology
575 Evolution
580 Botany
589.9 Bacteriology
590 Zoology
610 Medicine
611 Anatomy
612 Physiology
612.01 Physiological chemistry
614 Hygiene, public
615 Materia medica, pharmacy
616 Pathology
620 Engineering
622 Mining engineering
628 Sanitary engineering
10
58L6 Plant chemistry
628.1 Water supply
628.16 Water purification
628.2 Sewerage work
628.3 Sewage
Agriculture
630.16 Agricultural chemistry
631 Soils and fertilizers
635.4 Feeding stuffs
637 Dairy
640 Domestic economy
643 Food
660 Chemical technology, manufacturing processes
661 Chemicals
662 Explosives
663 Beverages
664 Foods
665 Fuel, gas, oil
666 Ceramics, glass
667 Dyes, paint, bleaching
668 Soap, glue, glycerine
669 Metallurgy, assaying
670 Manufactured articles (chemistry incidental)
671 Metallic 674 Wooden 677 Textiles
672 Iron and steel 675 Leather 678 Rubber
673 Brass, bronze 676 Paper 679 Celluloid
690 Building
691 Materials, processes, preservatives
698 Painting
770 Photography
920 Biography (B for lives of individuals)
925.4 Biographies of groups of chemists
Any of these may have decimal subdivisions, and the original or secondary
number may have the form divisions, indicated by the cipher followed by a digit,
thus : 03, dictionaries, 05, serials, 06, society publications, 09, history.
LECTURE 2
LITERATURE ON THE HISTORY OF CHEMISTRY
There are five fairly well-marked periods in the history of chemistry; some
of these are subdivided by certain writers, and in all cases, the dates for the
periods are only approximate. The beginning of a new period does not mean that
all chemists at once adopt the new theories.
Ancient period, to 350 A. D.
During this time, so far as we now know, chemistry was largely a craft,
observations of phenomena that occurred, and application to industries.
The Greek philosophers presented the first elaborate theories.
11
Alchemical period, 350 to 1500
Basing their work on faulty translations of Egyptian manuscripts men
wasted centuries here in the search for a substance that would transmute
all metals into gold or silver. Incidentally, they made some discoveries,
improved apparatus and methods.
Ititrochemical period, 1500 to 1650 or 1670
In this time the chief aim was to discover a universal medicine, to be de-
rived perhaps from the philosopher's stone. The use of inorganic chemicals
as medicines and the preparation of drugs from plants made progress.
Phlogiston period, 1670 to 1780
The phenomenon of combustion had long presented a problem for explanation,
and in the work of Becher and Stahl we( have the first attempt to form a
theory to account for it. Gases were studied, methods for investigation
improved, leading up to the discovery of oxygen.
Modern period, 1780 to f
Oxygen was discovered by Scheele, Priestley, Lavoisier. The study of acids,
quantitative work, the chemistry of the carbon compounds, investigation of
the chemistry of living matter, physical chemistry, growth of chemistry of
colloidal substances, radio-chemistry, make this seem to be the most fruitful
period.
LITERATURE
This consists of general histories, more or less elaborate, the accounts of
special periods and divisions, studies on theory, biographies and essays, .these
latter being often biographical.
General histories
These since Lavoisier, are in order of time, Trommsdorf, German, 1806, not
here; Thomson, English, second edition, 1831, here; Hoefer, French, 1843, in
two volumes, includes history down to 1815 ; a third volume was planned but not
published ; Kopp, Geschichte, four volumes, covers all chemistry to 1840, with a
supplementary volume bringing it down to 1860. The Geschichte of E. von
Meyer, German, 1888 has been re-edited and translated several times. Stange,
Die Zeitalter, 1908, gives chronologically, "a general view of the development of
chemistry' 7 with emphasis upon individuals.
The most comprehensive work in English is that of J. C. Brown, covering
the time to 1900, now in the second edition. E. von Meyer in his Chemie, 1913,
gives much on the work since Liebig. Thorpe's two small volumes in English ar i
very condensed but include the time to 1900; it has some good pictures of the
chemists of the nineteenth century, rather more recent than those in Stange.
Bauer, originally in German, Armitage (not here), and the History by Moore
(American), are small books, each giving most space to the work of the time
since 1780.
The development of chemistry in connection with other sciences is discus- <i
in the histories of science, as Libby, Introduction to the history of science, 1905,
s.<l<_rwick and Tyler, Short history of science, 1917; similar treatment at greater
length is in H. S. Williams and E. H. Williams, History of science. 10 v. 1904-10.
12
kchemy
Chapters in the larger works are supplemented by Kopp's volume. Later
owledge from manuscripts and investigations is given by Berthelot, in his 3-
volume work containing facsimiles and translations of Arabic manuscripts; he
has edited a similar set of volumes of Greek and Latin texts (not here) ; besides
his Origines de I'alchemie, 1885, he has written a work in 4 volumes on chemistry
in the middle ages. M. M. P. Muir has two small books here on alchemy and its
theories. Svedberg, Die Materie, 1914, has a good chapter on alchemy. Five of
the nine chapters of Strunze, Die Vergangenheit der Naturforschung, 1913, are
upon chemistry, i. e. the Arabians, alchemy, and van Helmont.
Modern chemistry
This is dealt with in English in two books, by Tilden, presenting the progress
of the science since 1830 in particular. His Progress of scientific chemistry,
Ed. 2, 1913, has some brief biographies with references to periodical articles; in
Chemical discovery and invention, 1916, he describes buildings, theories and
general advancement of the science, "a book of popular character on modern
chemical discovery". Ladenburg has a small book, in German, also translated
into English, taking up the time from Lavoisier to 1886, and his summary of
work done from 1880-1900 was first published in the Sammlung, but is also here
separately.
Theories
The first modern work is Lothar Meyer's Moderne Theorien, 1864, written
"for the information of scientists who are not chemists"; there are more recent
editions and versions in French, Russian and English. M. M. P. Muir, History
of chemical theories and laws, 1907, describes "investigations which in my
judgment have given powerful impulses to the advancement of chemical science".
Freund's book, on chemical constitution, has now the title, The experimental
basis of chemistry, Ed. 2, 1921, and deals with theories affecting composition
especially.
Divisions, special phases
Pope, Modern research in organic chemistry, 1912, Ed. 2, 1921, and Stewart
in his two volumes OD advances in organic, and in physical and inorganic, res-
pectively (Editions of 1921), present accounts of work done since 1880. Lowry
Historical introduction to chemistry, 1915, traces the development of apparatus
and methods. Bolton has written a number of short papers on topics in chemical
history, besides preparing the Bibliography of Chemistry, 1492-1892, with
supplements including much up to 1902. Hjelt has an elaborate Geschichte der
organische Chemie, 1916. Smith, Chemistry in America, is a vivid picture of early
American work upon which there are also various short papers, such as that, of
Williams in School Science and Mathematics, 1, 75-82 (1901) ; 2, 139-48 (1902).
Some recent American works of a semi-popular type, designed to interest non-
chemists are: Hendrick, Everyman's chemistry, 1917; Slosson, Creative chemis-
try, 1919; Hale, American chemistry; a record of achievements, the basis for
future progress, 1921. Older works of a similar nature are by Duncan, Friend,
Finlay, Letts, Martin, and Philip.
13
Biographic*
( h.-mistry has no adequate biographical dictionary. Brief notes with refer
ences to longer articles are in Tilden's Progress of scientific chemistry, 1913;
brief notices appear in Meyer, Stange, Kopp, for the older men, while Thorpe's
History gives accounts of more recent workers. Thorpe 's Essays are largely bio-
graphical, and so is Ramsay's volume, the latter not here. Harrow, Eminent
-heinists of today, 1920, presents some material of value. There is a small book
by Roberts, two volumes of collected Memorial addresses from the Chemical
Society (London), while a few individuals are discussed in volume one of Wurtz's
Dictionnaire. The small German biographical dictionary by Schaedler, published
in 1891; has been out of print for years. The Berichte der deutschen chemischen
Gesellschaft has in volume 51 an index to the biographical accounts in its first
fifty volumes. Memorial addresses usually appear in various serials the year a
man dies. Articles, of biographical nature, are published when the Perkin, and
the Willard Gibbs medals are awarded, and on other special occasions.
There are biographies of perhaps twenty-five important chemists with some
collections of letters. The biographies of individuals, are marked with "B" for
the class, really 920, and the author mark is derived from the name of the subject
rather than that of the author, to place all accounts of one person together.
Essays
These include biography, criticism and history. Brown, Ramsay, Thorpe,
and others are available.
EARLY CHEMICAL LABORATORIES
i
Individuals permitted special students to work in their laboratories from the
earliest times, but the idea of general distribution of chemical knowledge had to
wait nearly a century after the invention of printing had made multiplication of
accounts possible. The first chair of chemistry is said to have been established in
the University of Marburg about 1600; two laboratories supported by the state
for government work were opened in 1683, at Altdorf in Bavaria, and at Stock-
holm, the latter being under the patronage of Charles XI, with Urban Hiarne as
director; one of the pupil-assistants at Stockholm was Leopold Gmelin, first of
seven generations of chemists. Both of these State laboratories began publishing
" contributions", giving results of their work, and this definitely marks the end
of the era of mystery for the science.
It is probable that at first the instructor merely did lecture experiments for
his classes to observe; such experiments are noted as part of Nicholas Lemery's
popular lectures on chemistry in Paris, 1672-80. Lomonossoff, professor of chem-
istry at the University of St. Petersburg, had a laboratory built their, opened in
1748, for instruction and research, where students are said to have done work.
Thomas C. Hope, professor at Glasgow, 1787-95, and at Edinburgh. 17!r>-ls4:!.
did experiments himself in lectures, though the first record of his students doing
practical work dates from 1823, when his assistant Anderson was given charge of
this work. Thomas Thomson used laboratory work as a means of instruction for
his students before 1811, in Edinburgh, and he continued the practice on his
removal to (!lasro w in 1818. The commonly accepted date of 1824, under Liebi<2:
14
at Giessen, as the beginning of instruction by the classes doing laboratory work
remains, however, the first introduction of it as an official university policy.
CHEMICAL SOCIETIES
These form an important part of the history of chemistry, since their activ-
promote public knowledge of the science. They mark the beginning of
nized, concerted effort to extend to all whatever any man found out, and were
werful influence in the banishment of mystery. The first societies of chemists
were devoted to the older ideas, but their places were soon taken by more scien-
tific organizations.
Bolton ? s list, in the Journal of the American Chemical Society, in 1901, gives
66, having about 30,000 members, with Germany in the lead. At present the
American society alone has more than half that number of members, while the
number of societies has increased. The first modern society for chemistry only,
was founded by James Woodhouse, the Chemical Society of Philadelphia, 1792,
and it met every week for the seventeen years it existed ; the second society for
chemistry only, also in the United States, was the Columbian Chemical Society,
founded in 1811, in Philadelphia, under the patronage of Thomas Jefferson.
The following list includes what seem to be now (1921) the principal socie
ties for the countries named, the date of founding, and their publications, with
the 3 r ear of the first volume.
Belgium
Societe chimique de Belgique, 1887
Bulletin, 1887
Canada
Canadian Institute of Chemistry, 1916
Canadian chemistry and metallurgy, 1916
France
Societe chimique de France, 1857
Bulletin, 1858
Societe de chimie industrielle,
Chimie et industrie, 1918
Germany
Deutsche chemische Gesellschaft zu Berlin, 1867
Berichte, 1867
Chemisches Zentralblatt, since 1897 (founded 1830)
Beilstein's Handbuch der organischen Chemie, since 1900; this is be-
ginning of Erganzungsband I of Edition 3.
Literatur-Register der organischen Chemie, 1910; being supplement to
Richter's Lexikon.
Verein deutscher Chemiker, 1887; absorbed Verein analytischer Chemiker,
founded 1878 ; was Deutsche Gesellschaft fur angewandte Chemie, 1887-
1896.
Zeitschrift fiir angewandte Chemie, 1887
15
Verein yui Wahrung der Interessen der chemischen. Industrie Deutschlands
E. V.
Die chemische Industrie, 1877
This is also printed as Wirtschaftlicher Teil of the Zeitschrift fiir angewandte
Chemie now.
Great Britain
Chemical Society, London, 1841
Journal, 1841
(called Memoirs and Proceedings, 1841-47; Quarterly Journal,
1848-62)
Proceedings, 1885-1914 ; ceased as a separate volume.
Annual Reports on the Progress of Chemistry, 1904
Jubilee volume, (history of Society, 1841-91)
Memorial Addresses 1893-1913, two volumes
Society of Chemical Industry, 1881
Journal, 1882
Reports of the progress of Applied Chemistry, 1916
Society of Public Analysts, 1874
The Analyst, 1877
Holland
Nederlandsche Chemische Vereeniging, 1903
Chemisch Weekblad, 1903
Recueil des travaux chimiques des Pays-Bas, 1882; taken over by the
Dutch society named above in 1920.
Vereeniging van de Nederlandsche chemische Industrie, joined the other
society, 1920, in publication of Chemisch Weekblad.
Italy
Associazione Italiana di Chimica Generate ed Applicata,
Gazzetta chimica italiana, 1871
Societa di chimica industriale di Milana, 1895
Annuario, 1896
Giornale di chimica industriale ed applicata, 1919
The Giornale is published by the two Italian societies, and is also the
official organ of the Federazione Nazionale delle Associazioni fra
Industrial! chimici.
Japan
Chemical Society of Tokyo, 1878,
Tokyo Kagakkai Kaishi, 1880
Society of Chemical Industry of Japan, 1898
Kogyo Kagaku Zasshi, 1898
Neither of these two publications is in this library.
Suteden
Kemistsamfundet i Stockholm
Svensk Kemisk Tidskrift, 1889 (was Kemiska Notiser, 1887-88)
16
,
This is also the official organ of the sections at Lund and Upsala, as well
as for the industrial society.
K. Svenska Vetenskapsakademien
Arkiv for kemi, mineralogi och geologi, 1903 ; this had previously ap-
peared as the chemical section of the publication of the Swedish
Academy of Sciences ; articles may be in either Swedish or German,
and chemistry has had the most space so far.
witzerland
Societe suisse de chimie
Helvetica chimica acta, 1918
Articles are published in French or German
United States
American Chemical Society, 1876
Journal of the American Chemical Society, 1876 ;
volume 1, 1876-78 was called Proceedings.
This absorbed, January, 1914 on, the American Chemical Journal,
1879-1913.
Chemical Abstracts, 1907
Journal of Industrial and Engineering Chemistry, 1909.
LECTURE 3
GENERAL CHEMISTRY : BOOKS AND SERIALS
The books and serials upon general chemistry may be grouped as foltewS :
I. General
1. General cyclopedias and dictionaries
2. Special cyclopedias and dictionaries
3. Dictionaries of languages
II. Tables of data, constants and formulas
1. Large
2. Small
III. Texts
1. Comprehensive
2. Brief
3. Special
IV. Serials
1. Those containing chiefly original papers
2. Reference serials, i. e. giving indexes, reviews or abstracts
1, 1. General cyclopedias and dictionaries
The best now is Thorpe, Dictionary of applied chemistry, in the third
edition, 1921, to be complete in six volumes; it contains fairly long accounts of
the processes and products with some references. The Condensed Chemical Die
tionary, 1919, while prepared for the manufacturer and dealer, is a good work of
17
reference where not much detailed information is needed. The French Encyclo-
pedic chimique, 93 volumes and a collective index, a series of monographs by
authorities, is now rather old, being finished in 1899. Watt, Ure, and Muspratt
in the various editions are valuable historically; Ladenburg, Handworterbuch der
Chemie, 1882-96, 13 volumes and index is better for history, being more elaborate.
Wurtz, Edition 2, 1874-82 is helpful at times ; so is the much older work of Liebig-
Poggendorf-Wohler ; the newer edition of the latter, revised by Fehling, is not.
here.
I, 2. Special cyclopedias and dictionaries
The organic has Beilstein, Handbuch; Richter's Lexikon, and the supple-
ments furnish a formula index to Beilstein. The Lexikon (inorganic) by Hoff-
mann is incomplete as yet ; it is on the plan of Richter, but gives more material ;
it refers to Gmelin-Kraut, Handbuch der anorganisehen Chemie, Edition 7, thus :
N: 4, 3, 175, i. e., volume 4, part 3. page 175. Abderhalden 's Biochemisches
Handlexikon contains material upon both organic and inorganic chemistry; it
is more recent than the third editions of Beilstein and Richter, and gives many
references to the literature.
I, 3. Dictionaries of languages
The chemist will in most cases have to read French or German; the best
special dictionaries are the ones compiled by A. M. Patterson, one for each
language. Lang, German-English dictionary of medical terms, gives those used
in medicine and the allied sciences, useful to the student of biochemistry. Andes,
Technologisches Lexikon, translates unusual German terms into more ordinary
words. For general German, Muret-Sanders, Encyclopedic Dictionary, abridged
edition, German-English, Ed. 2, 1908, is perhaps the best one-volume work; the
larger edition contains many unusual local and technical terms.
II, 1. Tables of data, large
Landolt-Bornstein, Physikalisch-chemische Tabellen, in Ed. 4, is perhaps the
largest. The volume, Recueil, 1913, published by the Societe francaise de physique
contains newer data. Both are supplemented by the Annual Tables, giving mater
ial newly published; vol. 1-3, covering 1910-12, appeared before the war, with
the title in French, Tables annuelles ; vol. 4 has data for 1913-16, and will appear
this summer ; vol. 5, with data for 1917-1920 is announced for early in 1922. The
only comparable book in English is the two-volume Physico-chemical tables, 1902,
by John Casteli Evans, a much briefer work, and no longer up to date.
II, 2. Tables of data, small
The oldest is the Chemiker-Kalender, published annually for over thirty
years; The Chemists' Yearbook, begun in 1917, is on the same plan in two small
volumes; Van Nostrand's Chemical Annual, one volume, is reedited at varying
intervals. The Chemical Rubber company puts out a Handbook, less in size and
price. There are several chemists ' and metallurgists ' handbooks of similar char-
acter, as Cremer's, but they are not in this library. Tables giving solubilities
are the elementary work by Segerblom, Seidell that includes organic compounds,
and the new Comey and Hahn, Ed. 2. 1921, inorganic only.
18 '
Ill, 1. Texts, comprehensive
The comprehensive texts are not many. Graham's work has been reedited
from the German version, but is too old. Ostwald's Lehrbuch der allgemeinen
Chemie, Ed. 2, is incomplete here ; his Handbuch, to be 20 volumes of an ericy
clopedic nature, was interrupted by the war. In English the best for the various
elements has been Roscoe and Sehorlemmer's Treatise on chemistry, i. e. the two
inorganic volumes covering the non-metals and the metals, in the most recent
edition; the latest edition of the organic part here in English is about forty
years old. The new English work being published under the editorship of J. N.
Friend, is called a Textbook of inorganic chemistry ; it goes into detail more than
Roscoe and Schorlemmer but is not done. Mellor's new work, Higher inorganic
and theoretical chemistry, to be six volumes should be better than Roscoe and
Schorlemmer. The Textbook of inorganic chemistry by Partington, 1920, is
nearly as good for a general chemistry, giving new material and many references.
111,2. Texts, brief
Types of the briefer works are :
Wm. McPherson and Wm. E. Henderson, A course in general chemistry,
1915;
W. A. Noyes, Textbook of chemistry, 1916 ;
Louis Kahleiiburg, Outlines of chemistry, revised, 1916 ;
H. P. Cady, General chemistry, 1916 ;
Alexander Smith, General chemistry for colleges, Ed. 2, 1917 ;
H. N. Holmes, General chemistry, 1921.
These are intended for college textbooks: Bailey's (English) Tutorial chem-
istry in two volumes, Ed. 4, 1918, seems to correspond nearly to the American
ones; there are similar small French and German works though not here. The
German volume, Chemie, by E. von Meyer, 1913, is more nearly historical. Texts
in English of a type suited to secondary schools are numerous, but not here.
Ill, 3. Texts, special
Special Works here may be, (a) for students in a particular field, or (b),
general for a division of chemistry. Under (a) are Hale's Practical chemistry
for engineering students, 1912 ; Kahlenberg and Hart, Chemistry in its relations
to daily life, for students of agriculture and home economics in secondary schools,
1916; Elementary household chemistry, an introductory textbook for students
of home economics, by J. F. Snell, 1916.
In particular fields, Meyer and Jacobson, in German, Ed. 2 is the most
complete for organic ; Richter, Chemistry of the carbon compounds, Ed. 11, gives
less theory ; Cohen 's Organic chemistry in three volumes, Ed. 2, 1919, is for the
specialist ; Ed. 3 is 1921. Mellor, 1918, and Partington, 1920, are recent good
English texts for general inorganic works in one volume, while Norris, Textbook
of inorganic chemistry, 1921, is the newest American work.
19
SERIALS
The literature of any live science is largely in the current volumes of serials.
The principal societies all publish proceedings, with original papers, usually
calling the combination, Journal. Most of these have been mentioned in Lecture
2. The general serials, both society publications and others, at Chemistry will
be considered, in order of age; these contain chiefly, original papers; where
abstracts are also given these will be noted.
IV, 1. Serials
Annales de chimie (formerly till. 1913, et de physique), was founded in 1789
by Lavoisier and his associates under the patronage of the French Academy, ''to
promote the science of chemistry, since, if one among the many sciences may be
called the essential one, chemistry is that one". It had abstracts till about 1874.
The physics section became a separate serial in 1914. There are collective indexes,
for each series of twenty to forty volumes.
Annalen der Chemie (und Pharmacie), called Liebig's Annalen, was started
in 1832 as Annalen der Pharmacie, and the name has varied at intervals. It had
abstracts till 1860, has an 8-volume supplement, has annual and collective indexes.
Journal fiir praktische Chemie was started in 1834 under this title, being
the combination of two others, the one Scherer's Allgemeines Journal having
existed under various titles from 1798 ; the Journal had abstracts till about 1870,
has one collective index, and annual ones. The Annales, Annalen, and Journal
have now principally papers upon organic topics; the Annalen began its first
volume with a paper upon lactic acid, while applied chemistry has no place now
.in the Journal.
The Journal of the Chemical Society, though the first three volumes are
termed Memoirs, may be said to date from 1841 ; f rom 1849 to 1862 the title was
Quarterly Journal. The Journal has always had abstracts of great value, with
good annual and collective indexes.
Two serials in English of less importance deserve mention since they give
abstracts for this early period, The Chemist, 1840-58, London, edited by Charles
and John Watt, and The Chemical Gazette, 1843-59, London, edited by William
Francis and Henry Croft; the Gazette was merged into the Chemical News,
founded by Crookes in 1859, to publish scientific processes and discoveries ; this
weekly paper is the first chemical newspaper, and following up its original plan,
has abstracts but presents also reprints of whole papers when the importance of
the subject is great. Beginning July, 1921, a special section of book reviews
is in the first number of each month. It has annual indexes, and a collective
index for the first hundred volumes.
The Bulletin de la Societe chimique de France (formerly, de Paris) was
started in 1858, and absorbed the two Repertoires that were edited by Wurtz and
Barreswil and commenced in the same year. It has abstracts less comprehen-
sive than those of the Journal of the Chemical Society, and both annual and
collective indexes.
The Deutsche chemische Gesellschaft publishes its Berichte, 1867 on ; it
had abstracts to 1896, when they were transferred to the Chemisches Zentralblatt.
There are annual and collective indexes, with formula indexes, after the manner
of Richter's Lexikon for the original papers for recent years.
20
The Chemiker-Zeitung, 1877-date, published three times a week, has always
had some abstracts, forming at times a separate volume. It is for the manufac-
turer particularly, but is a serial of general chemistry.
The American Chemical Society's Journal began in 1879, had some abstracts
to 1891, published a Review of American Chemical Research, 1896-1905; since
1907, when the Society began the publication of Chemical Abstracts, the Journal
has had only original papers, book reviews and proceedings of the Society. It
absorbed the American Chemical Journal in 1913.
Several others, less widely read are: Gazzetta chimica italiana, 1871 to
date; Monatshefte (Austria), 1881 on; Bulletin of the Belgian society, 1887-,
and the Recueil from Leyden, 1882-, all four giving only original papers ; so too
do these: Chemisch Weekblad, Arkiv for Kemi, Svensk kemisk Tidskrift. The
Weekblad, Monatshefte, and Arkiv were formerly the chemical sections of the
proceedings of the various Royal societies. The Revue generale de chimie, 1899-,
with its very brief abstracts in a separate volume as Repertoire, is largely indus-
trial and seems to have died since the war.
The Journal of Industrial and Engineering Chemistry, 1909-, is perhaps
too nearly applied chemistry, and this holds for the Chemical Age (New York),
which continues the old Chemical Engineer ; the Chemical Age is for the business
man who has chemical investments rather than for the scientist. The Sammlung
chemischer und chemisch-technischer Vortrage, 1896-, edited by F. B. Ahrens is
a mixture of monographs on general and technical chemical topics; a collective
index here in manuscript includes vol. 1-20.
IV, 2. Index, review, aiid abstract serials
These, called sometimes, the reference serials, are of the greatest importance,
since they make it more nearly possible to know something of what other workers
are doing, and thus prevent duplication. They fall into three groups, according
to contents and arrangement
Index serials give the reference only, i. e., name of author, title of paper in
the language of the original, name of serial, volume, pages, and date of publica-
tion. For books, which are included by some index serials, author, title, date,
and place of publication are usually given. The principal index serial for chem-
istry is the Chemistry section of the International Catalogue of Scientific Liter-
ature; this began in 1902 with the literature of 1901, and each annual volume
contains approximately one year's publications. There are both author and
subject entries, the latter being brief, while full details are found under the
author entry. The scheme of classification by subjects is given at the front of
each volume, and the period covered by the volume is stated.
Review serials present a more or less critical, connected account of the prog-
ress for the year, noting the more important papers, and have only brief refer-
ences to author and place of original publication. Berzelius' Jahresbericht,
1822-49, is the oldest we have here of this type. This was published in Swedish,
while we have the German translation ; volumes for the years 1841-46 were also
published in French as Rapport annuel sur les progres des sciences physiques et
chimiques. The Fortschritte der Chimie, 1904-, was an abstract serial, called
Physikalisch-chemisches Centralblatt, to 1909, when it took the present name and
21
form. The Annual Reports of the Progress of Chemistry, 1904-, by the English
Chemical Society, is perhaps the most useful to thd chemist now, in the field of
pure science. Comparable, in German, is the Jahrbuch der Chemie (Meyer)
1891-, that also takes up only the more important articles. The review serials in
general cover periods of one year and have annual indexes, sometimes collective
ones too.
Abstract serials are published frequently, and provide a contemporaneous
record of all the chemical work being done, so far as the editors are able to collect
it. They give author, title (usually in the language of the abstract serial), serial,
volume, pages, and date ; the abstractor may or may not sign his work ; his aim
is to give a concise but fairly complete summary of the contents of each article.
The three at present of most value for general chemistry are :
1. Chemisches Zentralblatt, 1832-, published weekly, indexes for annual vol
umes to 1888, to semi-annual volumes 1889-1918 inclusive ; in January, 1919,
it took over the technical abstracts formerly done by the Zeitschrift fur
angewandte Chemie, and now has four volumes a year. Collective indexes
have been made for 1870-81, and the period, 1896-1911.
2. The Abstract sections, two in each month but appearing only at monthly in-
tervals, of the Journal of the Chemical Society, London. Annual indexes
for the time since 1841, the date of the first volume of Memoirs (predecessor
of the Journal), are available, with collective indexes, that now include 1912.
These abstracts are sometimes the best to be had, being of fair length and
usually they appear very soon after the original papers.
3. Chemical Abstracts, 1907-, appears twice a month, has annual indexes and a
decennial (collective) index for 1907-16 inclusive. The volume for 1920
has a formula index, including organic and inorganic compounds, after the
manner of Richter's Lexikon; such indexes, for their own original papers
only, are also in these: Journal of the Chemical Society, Annales, Annalen,
Berichte, Journal fur praktische Chemie, Monatschefte, and Recueil des
travaux des Pays-Bas, for recent years, and these provided a supplement to
the volumes of the Literatur-Register for looking up organic compounds.
The abstracts in the French Bulletin, dating as they do from 1858, cover the
field somewhat less completely than those of the Journal of the Chemical Society,
but are sometimes of great assistance for papers appearing on the continent, and
in particular for those in some of the less widely known French serials. There
are annual indexes, and several collective ones, the latter including 1858-1906
at present.
The Jahresbericht (Liebig and Kopp) 1847-, started as a review serial, and
kept this form in part until 1893, when it began to give titles of articles. It has
good annual and collective indexes, with for the later years, formula indexes of
organic compounds ; however, the volumes for 1910 are the most recent we have,
so that the Literatur-Register is newer. Meyer's Jahrbuch, 1891-, gives abstracts
of the selected articles that seem to the editors of the greatest importance ; it has
annual indexes and one collective one.
The reference serials listed above are the most important for general chem-
istry, though they contain, much on special fields, as organic, physical, biochem-
22
ical and applied topics ; more and longer abstracts for these are to be found in the
special serials.
LECTURE 4
LITERATURE UPON ANALYSIS AND APPARATUS
This material is in two groups, first, the books and serials upon analysis in
general, special methods, and substances, and second, that upon -the apparatus
and equipment of laboratories used for the purpose of teaching and research ;
the fitting up of plants for large-scale production belongs to the industrial or
applied chemistry section.
A. Analysis : books and serials.
I. Books on methods
II. Books on analysis of special substances
III. Serials
A. I. Books on methods
These books include those on qualitative, quantitative, volumetric, electro-
lytic, and spectrum analysis; colorimetic may be either qualitative or quan-
titative. The older works, due to the many improvements in apparatus and
technique, are of use for reference and as history. Fresenius, often re-edited
and translated has been replaced largely by the newest version of Treadwell, but
Ed. 17, 1921, is edited by C. A. Mitchell. Prescott and Johnson in its latest
revision is useful for qualitative work. The older presentation of general theory
in Ostwald is supplementad by the theoretical volume of Stieglitz on qualitative.
Classen, Ausgewahlte Methoden, and Crookes, Select methods have been re-
vised ; newer are Scott, Standard methods, 1917, giving American practice, and
Gooch's book on methods in use at Yale. A. A. Noyes, on qualitative analysis, Ed.
8, rev. is 1920.
The German works in many volumes, edited by Margosches and Peters
respectively are rather " publisher 's series" of monographs, and the Peters series
has not been received here as yet. Villavecchia 's Treatise on applied analytic
chemistry, translated from the Italian in two volumes, 1918, has considerable
general material in the first volume. Gardiner's Chemical analysis, qualitative
and quantitative, 1914, London, is a. textbook of nearly 500 pages.
Mellor's Treatise on quantitative inorganic analysis, 1913, is -specially for
ceramists ; it is excellent, with many references to the literature. Low, Technical
methods of ore analysis, Ed. 8, revised, 1919, is good and new, perhaps the best
one in this field. The bulletin of the U. S. Geological Survey by Hillebrand,
Analysis of silicate and carbonate rocks (formerly Bulletin 305, and then 422)
is now revised and appears as Bulletin 700, 1919.
Smaller works include Julian, Morse, Talbot, Bottger, Beckurts; those of
Blasdale, and G. McP. Smith are more recent. Volumetric analysis practically
began with Mohr's Titrirbueh, 1855; even the tenth edition of Sutton on volu-
metric has long been out of print ; the small text on qualitative by Schimpf , Ed. 3,
23
1917, is said to be excellent for volumetric, with new methods. Classen, Theorie
und Praxis der Massanalyse, 1912, is here in German only.
For electrolytic analysis there are in English, Cairns, Classen, Danneel, and,
the newest one, E. F. Smith's Electroanalysis, Ed. 6, 1918; the work of Lob on
electrochemistry of organic compounds, translated by Lorenz, is dated 1906.
Spectrum analysis, discovered by Bunsen and Kirchhoff, 1850-60, is considered
in one volume in English by Baly, while Kayser with six volumes in German, is
an example of a more comprehensive book.
A. II. Books on analysis of special substances
Books upon special sections of chemistry, or special substances are numerous.
Stahler in his work upon methods for inorganic chemistry, German, to be four
volumes, not completed, gives many suggestions. For the organic industrial,
the fourth edition of Allen is helpful, with its ninth supplementary volume
giving a collective index. Lunge, with three volumes in six on technical work,
and Post, Ed. 3, two volumes (this is in German only) provide methods for both
organic and inorganic. Lassar-Cohn 's Arbeitsmethoden, Ed. 2, Hans Meyer's
Analyse, 1903, are upon organic substances only ; so is Mulliken, Identification of
pure organic compounds ; there are to be four volumes, but the fourth is not out
yet ; the new edition of Weyl on organic methods is to be four volumes, nearly a
dictionary in size, edited by J. Houben, volume 1 being published in 1921. Kosen-
thaler on organic analysis, 1914. is published as vol. 19-20 of Margosches, Die
chemisehe Analyse.
Smaller works upon organic analysis are by Kamm, (1922), Sherman, Ed. 2,
Clarke, Weston, Ed. 2, (also in French) Neave, Kingscott and Knight (this last
is quantitative organic), and the two volumes by Vaubel in German on quantita-
tive organic analysis ; this last is rather old, 1902.
Applied chemistry:
Allen, Lunge (newer), Post (in German only), are general with the two-
volume Villavecchia the more recent. Some material upon analysis is given in
the works on industrial chemistry by Molinari, and by Martin, for both organic
and inorganic. Griffin, Technical methods, 1921 is American.
Biochemical:
Abderhalden in his Arbeitsmethoden gives much ; the new 1920 edition is to
be 13 volumes; the older single volume of Hoppe-Seyler-Thierfelder is good;
Hawk, Plimmer, Hammarsten, Cole, are in English; use the newest edition of
these.
Fvod, beverages, etc. :
Leach, Ed. 4, is invaluable, and with this is the volume on methods by the
Association of Official Agricultural Chemists, 1921 ; the latter is planned to re-
place U. S. Chemistry Bureau Bulletin 107. Sherman, Organic analysis is good
IK-IC; the encyclopedia on composition of food materials is Konig, Chemie der
measchlichen Nahrungs-und Genussmittel, Ed. 4, in 4 volumes and supplement,
the methods IKMMJT in vol. 3 and 4.
24
Other materials:
Typical works for gas, Dennis, Hempel, Parr, White; oils, Lewkowitseh,
Gill, Andes ; sugar, Brown, Lippmann ; steel, Johnson ; paint, Friend, Hurst,
Gardner ; dyes, Fay, Green, Wahl ; agriculture, Wiley, Pott, Ingle, Ed. 3 ; chem-
icals, Krauch, Merck, Murray, the last an American work of 1920.
A. III. Serials on analysis
Material upon the topic is found in all general and special serials ; there are
three however upon analysis particularly ; all three have always given abstracts
as well as original papers, and all have collective indexes.
The oldest is the Zeitschrift fur analytische Chemie, founded by R. Fresenius
and called sometimes Fresenius ' Zeitschrift ; it was begun in 1862. Second in time
is the Analyst, organ of the English Society of Public Analysts, dating from 1877 ;
this has special interest for food and drug analysts. The newest is the French
Annales de chimie analytique et de chimie appliquee, 1896, which has absorbed
various other serials of like character; both originals and abstracts in this are
very short. The Annales des falsifications (now, et des fraudes) was begun in
1908, as an international bulletin to aid in preventing adulterations of food and
drugs; it has always given both original papers and abstracts; it is now pub-
lished by the Societe des experts-chimistes de France.
A similar publication is the Repertoire international des travaux publics sur
la composition, 1 'analyse et les falsifications des denrees alimentaires, 1901 , of
which the first two volumes were published in Dutch, the remainder in French ;
this has no original papers, and the abstracts are extremely brief, or even lack-
ing i. e., this is almost an index serial. The volume for 1910 is the newest here,
and this is the only * ' abstracts only ' ' serial for analysis. Usually, abstracts must
be looked up in the serials for chemistry in general, or in those for applied
chemistry, with special care to include serials upon the topic being investigated,
as Experiment Station Record, for agricultural chemistry.
B. APPARATUS AND EQUIPMENT
Here we may consider books upon the testing of reagents and the prepara-
tion and care of apparatus. For the first class the older work of Krauch, the
book by Merck which is an amplification of Krauch, and the new Standards and
tests for chemicals and reagents by Murray, 1920, will be sufficient in most cases.
Tests and reagents, Ed. 1, 1916, by A. I. Cohn lists the tests, etc., that are known
by their authors' names. Prideaux, Theory and use of indicators, 1917, is more
thorough than- the older small work by Cohn.
Physical methods in the chemical laboratory are dealt with in volume 1 of
Stabler 's Handbuch, 1913, in German; apparatus is described here too. Ost-
wald-Luther, Physiko-chemische Messungen, Ed. 3, 1910, is very useful; it may
be supplemented by a number of the bulletins and circulars of the U. S. Bureau
of Standards.
Glassblowing is a science not to be quickly learned; some books that may
help the amateur are the following:
1898, Threlfall, On laboratory arts ;
1902, Hovestadt, Jena glass and its scientific and industrial applications;
1904, Ebert, Anleitung zum Glasblasen, Ed. 3 ;
1910, Shenstone, Methods of glass blowing (ed. 3 was 1907) ;
25
1910, Holbaum, Zeitgemasse, Herstellung, Bearbeitung und Verzierung de?
feineren Hohlglases-
1911, Diakonov und Lermantov, Die Bearbeitimg des Glases auf dem Blasc-
tisch. Ed. 2 ;
1914, Frary, Laboratory manual of glass blowing;
1920, Vigreux, Le soufflage du verre dans les laboratories seientfiques et
industriels. Ed. 2.
1921, Bolas, Handbook of laboratory glass blowing.
Bulletin 107 of the U. S. Bureau of Standards reports tests of chemical glass-
ware, and considerable material may be found in the chemical serials, 1914 to date.
Two periodicals on apparatus in German are the Zeitschrift fur Instrument-
kunde, and Chemische Apparatur; the latter is here and seems to pay most
attention to equipment of large size.
Prices of chemicals and supplies may be had from the various dealers'
catalogs, and these may be checked by the weekly price quotations for chemicals
in the Drug and Chemical Markets, or the similar lists in the Oil, Paint and Drujr
Reporter. The manner and amount of material needed to fit up a small labora-
tory will differ with the purpose for which it is planned ; the dealers have lists,
copious enough, for ordinary student equipment, and are ready to furnish them ;
the specialist will know what extra pieces his work requires. Nagel, Mechanical
appliances of the chemical and metallurgical industries, Ed. 2, 1909, and his
Lay-out, design and construction of chemical and metallurgical plants, 1911,
are for the engineer rather than the chemist, besides being now old. Dyson,
Manual of chemical plant, is descriptive of progress in the devising of apparatus,
on the large scale.
LECTURE 5
INORGANIC AND MINERAL CHEMISTRY: BOOKS
This, the oldest section of chemistry, has in recent times seemed almost
overshadowed in importance by the developments in the organic section ; recent
work upon theoretical inorganic, structure and other phases, with alloys and
metallography, has brought the inorganic side into prominence. The books
here include those on the elements, inorganic proper, and those on the minerals
and metals, the manufactured products.
A. General works
1. Comprehensive
2. Brief
3. Dictionaries
B. Special works
1. Methods
2. Preparations
3. Analysis
26
C. Related topics
1. Metallurgy
2. Metallography
3. Assaying
D. Special substances
1. Precious metals
2. Iron and steel
3. Other metals and minerals
4. Alloys
A, 1. Comprehensive
These are at present five, two in German, two in English and one in French.
In German, the oldest, counting from when it was started, is the Edition 7 of
Gmelin-Kraut 's Handbuch ; this is now nearly complete, with supplements in each
part, the individual parts and volumes ranging in date from 1907 down. It has
many references, mixed in among the text. Abegg's Handbuch der anorgan-
ischeii Chemie, likewise not yet complete, has here at present six bound parts;
the chapters are dated if they differ from the volume in point of time, and the
references are massed at the close of the chapters, with reference to them by
number in the text.
The Treatise on chemistry, originally prepared by Roscoe and Schorlemmer,
and called theirs yet, has Ed. 4 and in part Ed. 5, for the two volumes on inor-
ganic chemistry ; the organic section which formed part of the original has not
been revised in the English version for over thirty years. The longer English
work is the Textbook of inorganic chemistry, 1914-, to be in 9 volumes, edited
by J. Newton Friend ; this is a set of monographs by authorities upon the dif-
ferent divisions, and gives references to newer literature than either of the
German ones. Mellor's Higher inorganic and theoretical chemistry, to be six
volumes, is in press. Moissan's five-volume work resembles the Roscoe and
Schorlemmer, though more extensive, but was published, 1904-06.
A. 2. Brief works
These are generally in one volume, and include works of widely differing
purposes. The newest English one is Partington, A textbook of inorganic chem-
istry for university students, 1921, having over 1000 pages, and copious refer-
ences to original papers. A similar American work is Norris, Textbook of inor-
ganic chemistry for colleges, 1921, having nearly 700 pages; it is in the Inter-
national Chemical Series of the McGraw-Hill Book company. Mellor's Modern
inorganic chemistry, New edition, 1918, is almost as large as the Partington.
Others only slightly less are the new editions of Newth, Alex, Smith, Holleman,
all in English. There are also the German edition of Erdmann, Ed. 2, 1900,
Blount in English, Ed. 10, and the older Ostwald, and Ramsay; recent French
and German ones we do not have as yet. Werner's volume on structure and
the fourth edition of Stewart's Recent advances in inorganic and physical chem-
istry, 1921, are on special phases of inorganic chemistry. The recent works by
Levy, Spencer, Johnston, on rare earths, with Browning on analysis for rare ele-
ments, cover only portions of the inorganic field.
27
A, 3. Dictionaries
For historical purposes, Ladenburg's Handworterbuch, 13 volumes with
collective index, is good; for modern work 011 application, Thorpe's Dictionary
of applied chemistry, Ed. 3, to be in six volumes, (v. 1, Jan., 1921) or the older
Ed. 2 in five volumes is best. For inorganic chemistry purely, Hoffmann's Lex-
ikon is the most useful, but is not completed ; planned to combine the encyclopedic
with the condensed material of a dictionary, it gives all known compounds pre-
sumably, with reference to the literature, very often to Ed. 7 of Gmelin-Kraut ;
this is done as follows: N: 5, 2, 879, that is, see Gmelin-Kraut, Ed. 7, vol. 5,
part 2, page 879. Comey and Hahn, Dictionary of solubilities, 1921 seems very
satisfactory; Segerblom's similar work is elementary in character.
B, 1. Methods
The only large recent one is Stabler 's Handbuch, to be complete in a short
time probably, in several volumes.
B, 2. Preparations
The largest and newest is the inorganic volume of Vanino, IJandbuch der
praparativen Chemie, 1913, which presents the best information available at that
date; its predecessor, the inorganic volume of Bender and Erdmann's Chemische
Praparatenkunde appeared in 1893. Smaller works, but all old, are Blanchard,
Lengfeld, an English edition of Erdmann's brief text, and the book by F. H.
Thorp, 1896, which is often used yet as a laboratory manual.
B, 3. Analysis
The only work here specifically upon quantitative inorganic analysis is
Mellor's Treatise of 1913, designed for ceramists. Much is found of course in the
general works, as Prescott and Johnson, Treadwell, while Scott in his Standard
methods, 1917, gives 500 pages to analysis for the elements before taking up
compounds. Lunge, Technical methods, presents much upon inorganic analysis.
The descriptive industrial works, as the new editions of Martin and Molinari,
contain some material upon analysis of substances.
C, 1. Metallurgy
Here the number of books is large, but not all are available. Hoffman,
General metallurgy, 1913, has not been superseded yet; Fulton's Principles is
dated 1910. Types of the older ones are Austin, Metallurgy of the common
metals, Ed. 4, 1913 ; the two-volume work of Schnabel, translated from the Ger-
man, Ed. 2, 1907; Ed. 3 of this, 1921, 2 vol., is practically new, Louis the
translator having revised and enlarged it considerably.
C, 2. Metallography
This subject takes up the relation between chemical and physical properties
and internal structure, and there are several recent works. Guertler's, begun in
1909, is not finished; Hoyt has a new (1921) three-volume work partly done;
Rosenhain, Physical metallurgy, 1915, has much of value; Robin, in French.
1916, is much like it ; Ruer, 1910, and Goerens, 1908, both small, were in German
but have been translated. Desch's book, written in English, 1910, has been some-
what revised and translated into German. Osmond's older book on microscopical
analysis of metals belongs here.
28
C, 3. Assaying
Rhead and Sexton is a type of the older books; Ed. 2, rev., is 1914; Furman,
1905 ; Lodge, Ed. 3, 1911 ; Fulton, Fire assaying, 1911 ; Lord, 1913, and, White,
1915, are on metallurgical analysis ; Low, Technical methods of ore analysis, Ed.
8 rev., 1919, is good and new. Moses and Parsons, Elements of mineralogy, crys-
tallography and blowpipe analysis, Ed. 5 rev., 1916, may be included here.
D, 1, 2, 3. Special substances
For works on the different metals see the names in the catalogue ; some recent
ones descriptive of the various minerals in general are the following :
Dammer, B. and Tietze, O. Die nutzbare Mineralien mit Ausnahme
der Erze, Kalisalze, Kohlen und des Petroleums, 2 vol. 1913 ;
Bayley, W. S. Descriptive mineralogy. 1917 ;
Phillips, A. H. Mineralogy. 1912 ;
Merrill, G. P. The non-metallic minerals. Ed. 2. 1910.
Samples of special works are Hofman, and Peters, on copper ; Sauveur ; Brad-
ley Stoughton, Howe, and Johnson, on iron and steel; Ingalls, Betts, on lead;
Richards, on aluminum ; Smith, on zinc.
D, 4. Alloys
The Waterbury book of alloys is for the manufacturer; Giua and Giua,
Chemical combination among metals, 1918, is the most recent, till Hoyt's of 1921 ;
others are Buchanan, Practical alloying, 1910, and the older works by Brannt,
Desch, Laws, Hiorns. Analysis of non-ferrous alloys is taken up by Price and
Meade (American), Ibbotson and Aitchison (English), and a new work by J. R.
Downie, published by Spon in 1920.
LECTURE 6
INORGANIC AND MINERAL CHEMISTRY : SERIALS
There is only one specific serial for inorganic chemistry, but most of the
general serials and a number of those upon applied chemistry have some articles
upon the topic ; there are several special serials for individual metals or separate
subjects.
A. Serials containing general original papers.
B. Serials containing abstracts or reviews.
C. Special serials.
A. General
Here the first is the Zeitschrift fur anorganische Chemie (und allgemeine
Chemie was added to the title in 1914) ; this was founded in 1892, to rescue the
papers on inorganic chemistry from being submerged by the flood of organic
ones, and has always had original papers only ; there is a collective index for the
first fifty volumes, with annual indexes for the several volumes of each year.
The four others perhaps next in value for this field are Journal of the Society
of Chemical Industry, 1882-, Zeitschrift fur angewandte Chemie, 1887-, Journal
of Industrial and Engineering Chemistry, 1909-, and the Chemical and Metal-
lurgical Engineering, 1902-, (fourth variation of the title). The first has always
had both original papers and many good abstracts ; the second had too, until Jan-
uary 1919, when its abstracts became a section of the Chemisches Zentralblatt ;
29
the Journal of Industrial and Engineering Chemistry had no abstracts till 1914,
when it began to give abstracts of IT. S. and State publications of interest to
chemists. The fourth, largely electrochemical, has had in recent years a few
abstracts ; all four contain patents, some book reviews and general notes on society
meetings. The Engineering and Mining Journal contains less chemistry, but
occasionally has valuable articles.
B. Reference serials
Here, use the general abstract serials, usually, with those from the first and
second of the list above. Note that inorganic compounds are entered in the for-
mula index of the index for Chemical Abstracts, v. 14, 1920. The inorganic
section, later a whole volume, of Wagner's Jahresbericht, 1855-, has some ab-
stracts; others are found in the Repertorium section of the Chemiker-Zeitung,
1877-, which is chiefly on general chemistry with emphasis on applications of
commercial value. Current prices for metals are found in the third and fourth
of the list in A, and, for chemicals, in the Drug and Chemical Markets, weekly,
N. Y.
C. Special serials
Metallurgy: Here are the French, La Metallurgie, the Italian La metal-
lurgia italiana, and the German, Metallurgie, that is now divided into two, Metall
und Erz, and Ferrum. The French Revue de metallurgie leans strongly to
metallography, and has each year one volume of abstracts.
Metallography: The old Metallographist became the Iron and Steel Maga-
zine, and was then absorbed by what is now Chemical and Metallurgical Engin-
eering. Similar material is in the Journal of the Institute of Metals (English)
and the Transactions of the American Institute of Metals (American, and now
part of the publication Mining and Metallurgy from the American Institute of
Mining and Metallurgical Engineers), and in the Journal of the American Stool
Treaters' Society (now Transactions of the American Society for Steel Treating).
The Internationale Zeitschrift fur Metallographie, 1910-16, is now Zeitschrift fur
Metallkunde.
Minerals and mining : The Bulletins of the U. S. Bureau of Mines, and the
publications of the U. S. and State geological surveys contain much material :
the Mineral Resources of the U. S., annual, is good but slow to appear as a bound
volume. The Engineering and Mining Journal has current information, with
annual summaries, and publishes the Mineral Industry, an annual descriptive
and statistical volume, usually promptly published, and unrivalled in its field.
Alloys: All the metallographic serials have articles on alloys; the Brass
World indicates its topic by the title, while the Metal Industry includes a wi*lrr
range of non-ferrous metals ; these are practical papers but have some scentific
articles.
Iron and steel : For this field there are many serials, but only a few are at
chemistry ; the works of the two Institutes of Metals noted above, and Ferrum,
with the serials upon metallography are here. Stahl und Eisen is more of an
engineering serial, and so too are Eisen-Zeitung, Journal of the Iron and Steel
Institute, with the bulletins and other publications of the American Iron and
Steel Association.
30
For the literature of the separate elements and their compounds, a good
starting point is in most cases, the bibliography or list of references in Abegg 's
or in Gmelin-Kraut 's Handbuch, supplemented by the data from Hoffman's
Lexikon, and the newer material from the general abstract serials.
LECTURE 7
SUGGESTIONS UPON LOOKING UP ALL THE LITERATURE FOR A TOPIC IN GENERAL,
ANALYTICAL, OR INORGANIC CHEMISTRY
The material upon any given topic may consist of books or chapters, even
paragraphs ; or, there may be articles in .old serials, or in the current ones ; again,
there may be patents, old or new, foreign or American.
For information in books, try first the subject heading in the card catalogue
that is most exactly what is needed ; if this, gives no result, try the heading that
seems more general; for example, if you find no entries under Coal, try FueL
Subject cards in the catalogue have the subject on the top line, usually in red ; in
the Chemistry library catalogue, the name of the seminar library containing the
book is in the left margin below the call number ; cards not so marked are for
books in the main library. If no books can be found for your topic, go to the
general or comprehensive works in that field, as Lunge, or Allen for technical
analysis, and consult the index, ordinarily placed at the back of the book, looking
under the most specific heading. Here we sometimes find single references, or
brief bibliographies, i. e. lists of articles or books upon the topic. The diction-
aries may be used, as Ladenburg for the older historical work, or Thorpe, Ed. 3,
for recent information ; both will give some reference to books or serial articles.
When the books have been exhausted, contain nothing, or only what is too
old, the reference, i. e., index, review and abstract serials form the next source,
and the last of the three are usually best, since the review serial gives very little
from any one article, though it may list a number of papers upon the topic. The
following lists give the principal reference serials here for the particular fields.
I. General chemistry
A. Before 1840
1789-, Annales de chimie
1822-, Jahresbericht (Berzelius)
1832-, Annalen der Chemie
1832-, Chemisches Zentralblatt (then Pharmazeutisches Central-
blatt)
1834-, Journal fur praktische Chemie
Of these all but the fourth have collective indexes.
B. 1840 to 1870
Add to the ones above the following :
1840-58, The Chemist
1841-, Journal of the Chemical Society
31
1842-59, Chemical Gazette; continued by Chemical News, 1859
on
1847-, Jahresbericht (Liebig and Kopp)
1858-, Bulletin de la Societe chimique de Paris (now de
France)
1867-, Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft
Note that Berzelius' Jahresbericht ceases with 1849; C'hcinist and
Chemical Gazette have only annual indexes. The abstracts in Annales
Annalen, and Journal fur praktische Chemie cease at this time or in a
year or two. For this period the Chemisches Zentralblatt has published
only annual indexes.
C. 1870 to 1906
For this the most rapid method is to take advantage of the collective
indexes whenever possible; if one reads German, which is nearly essen-
tial for advanced work in chemistry, the order might well be the follow-
ing:
a, Jahresbericht (Liebig and Kopp)
b, Journal of the Chemical Society
c, Bulletin de la Societe chimique de France
d, Chemisches Zentralblatt ; indexes, 1870-81, 1896-1906
e, Journal of the Society of Chemical Industry, 1882-1905
f, Jahresbericht (Wagner) ; indexes, 1855-94
g, Zeitschrift fur angwandte Chemie, index, 1887-1907
h, Jahrbuch (Meyer) index, 1891-1900; annual indexes after 1900
i, Chemiker-Zeitung : Repertorium, annual indexes
Of these, e, f, g, and i, will probably be of use only if the topic is
definitely applied (industrial) chemistry; for those who can not read
German, choice must be made of b, c, and e, assuming a knowledge of
French. The abstracts of Meyer's Jahrbuch, though not including all
possible articles are very good, particularly for organic chemistry.
D. 1907 to 1921
Here, for the quickest work, the order might be as follows :
a, Chemical Abstracts, decennial and annual indexes
b, Journal of the Chemical Society, index, 1903-12, and jinmuil
ones
c, Chemisches Zentralblatt, 1907-11, and semi-annual indexes
d, Bulletin de la Societe chimique de France, annual indexes
e, Jahrbuch (Meyer), annual indexes
f, Journal of the Society of Chemical Industry, annual indexes
g, Chimie et industrie, 1918 on, volume indexes
In this period, the Jahresbericht (Liebig and Kopp) here only in-
cludes 1907 to 1910 inclusive; Wagner's Jahresbericht is here through
1914, and with f, and g, will be found of use only for industrial topics,
asa rule. The Chemistry section of tli<> Int.^riKitional < 1 ;it;ilo'ne of Srion-
32
tific Literature, 1901 on, is useful to make sure that no papers have been
overlooked.
Patents are to be looked up first by means of the abstract serials
under subject ; having both topic and patent number or even the latter
alone, abstracts may be found in the Chemical Abstracts, Journal of the
Society of Chemical Industry, and the volumes of the Zeitschrift fur
angewandte Chemie, up through 1918 ; after that date all abstracts from
the Zeitschrift are published as the Technischer Teil of the Chem-
isches Zentralblatt. If the patents are for particularly technical pro-
cesses, some account may be found in Wagner's Jahresbericht, that also
has an index by patent numbers.
II. Inorganic chemistry
For this, before 1840, the same group of serials is to be used as fpr
general chemistry; the same thing is true for the period 1840 to 1870,
and for the more recent years.
However, if the topic is an inorganic compound, the first place .to
look is in the Hoffman, Lexikon der anorganischen Verbindungen, using
the numerical table of elements to find the right volume ; this will give
references, usually one being to the seventh edition of Gmelin-Kraut'^
Handbuch, where there will be found a fairly complete bibliography, i. a,,
the literature down to the date of that volume ; then, consult later a)^
stract serials for more recent work. - t
If the compound or topic is not in the Lexikon, try the indexes of
the volumes of Gmelin-Kraut or of Abegg; later when they are cpm-
pleted consult the Textbook of inorganic chemistry, edited by Friend, or
the newer six-volume Inorganic chemistry by Mellor. These will give
the most important references and newer papers can be found from the
reference serials. The collective index of the Zeitschrift fur anorgan-
ische Chemie covers only the original papers published there but may
sometimes index a particular point that has been overlooked by the ab-
stractors. The inorganic section of Wagner's Jahresbericht is good, if
the topic is of an industrial nature.
III. Analytical chemistry
Use the same method and the same serials as for general chemistry ;
as reference works, the larger, newer texts on analysis either general, or
for the special substance or method will be used.
It will be advisable to use for the periods that they cover the three
principal serials of analytical chemistry, since all have abstracts and
collective indexes; these are:
1862 to date, Zeitschrift fur analytische Chemie
1877 to date, The Analyst
1896 to date, Arinales de chimie analytique
In addition, the special serials upon the topic should be used'. : *^ 1
33
INTEBLIBRARY LOANS
If your library does not own the serial or the book needed, the system of
interlibrary loans may be used; thus, any library is able to borrow from some
other that does possess it, almost any serial or book ; the borrowing library usually
pays all expenses and takes the responsibility for the article's return; a depart-
ment may ask the graduate students to pay half or all, or none, but the library
does the borrowing. This privilege may be varied by making copies by means of
photography or by typing, in case a book or serials are too precious or in use,
e. g., unbound serials are not often lent.
This loan system is aided by the union lists of serials, that have been made
for many cities and other centers of libraries. These are available for the follow-
ing localities : Washington, D. C., New York City, Chicago, Boston, Philadelphia,
Pittsburgh, Toronto, Rochester, University of Illinois, the state of Indiana, and
some others. The Chemists' Club in New York does some reference work, locating
and furnishing copies of articles. The Information service of the National Re-
search Council, 1701 Massachusetts avenue, N. W., Washington, D. C., will too,
but for any considerable article the cost is estimated and notice of this sent first.
The Engineering Societies ' Library, New York, has a similar service.
The more popular articles may of course be found from the general serials
by the use of the Poole's Index, continued by the Cumulative Index, 1896-1903,
and the Readers' Guide, 1903 to date. A select list of scientific serials is indexed
by the Industrial Arts Index, 1913-, another by the Index to Agricultural Liter-
ature, 1916-, and a third group is dealt with by the Engineering Index, which is
the oldest of the three, dating from 1884 ; the new arrangement with entries in one
alphabet instead of a separate one for each branch of engineering, makes this
easier to use.
REFERENCE SERIALS
SOME OP THE PRINCIPAL INDEX, ABSTRACT AND REVIEW SERIALS, IN THE ORDER dtF
TIME COVERED
General chemistry
1789-1870 Annales de chimie et de physique ; a few abstracts to 1873
1822-1849 Jahresbericht iiber die Fortschritte der Chemie und Mineralogie
(Berzelius)
1830-date Chemisches Zentralblatt ; name varies; 1830-31 not here
1832-1860 Annalen der Chemie ; abstracts were never numerous and gradually
decreased
1834-1873 Journal f iir praktische Chemie ; abstracts practically ceased then
1840-1858 The Chemist ; ceased publication
1841-date Journal of the Chemical Society, London; the volumes for 1841 to
1846 had title Memoirs, but index for them is in first collective
one
^1842-1859 The Chemical Gazette; continued by the Chemical News
1858-date Bulletin de la Societe chimique de France
1859-date Chemical News ; abstracts few but often long, even to reprints
1867-1896 Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft ; after this date the
abstracts are in the Chemisches Zentralblatt
1877-date Chemiker-Zeitung : Repertorium ; sometimes bound separately
1879-1905 Journal of the American Chemical society
1891-date Jahrbuch der Chemie (Meyer) ; selected abstracts only
1899-1918 Revue generale de chimie pure et appliquee; abstracts section called
Repertoire, and bound separately part of the time; the serial
has not been received here since 1918
1901-date International Catalogue of Scientific Literature: Chemistry; this is
an index serial, no abstract of contents of papers
1904-date Chemical Society, London : Annual Reports ; this reviews the progress
made, noting important articles only
1907-date Chemical Abstracts; has one collective index
Agricultural chemistry
1858-date Jahresbericht iiber die Fortschritte auf dem Gesammtgebiete der
Agrikulturchemie (Hoffman)
1872-date Zentralblatt fiir Agrikulturchemie (Biedermann)
1889-date Experiment Station Record (U. S. Department of Agriculture)
Analytical
1862-date Zeitschrift fiir analytische Chemie
1877-date The Analyst
1896-date Annales de chimie analytique et de chimie appliquee
1908-date Annales des falsifications (now, et des fraudes)
Biochemical
1871-1918 Jahresbericht iiber die Fortschritte der Tier-Chemie . . . continued
by Berichte iiber die gesamte Physiologic, 1919 on
1899-date Journal de physiologic et de pathologic generale
1900- ? Centralblatt der experimentelle Medizin ; titles were Centralblatt fiir
Stoffwechsel- und Verdauungskrankheiten 1900-05; Zentral-
blatt fiir Physiologic und Pathologic des Stoffwechsels, 1906-
11; none received since July, 1914.
1902-date Zentralblatt fiir Biochemie und Biophysik; this was Biochemische*;
Centralblatt, 1902-09; is now Berichte (1919 on), below
1916-date Physiological Abstracts
1919-date Berichte iiber die gesamte Physiologic und experimentelle Pharma-
kologie (Neue Folge des Zentralblatts fiir Biochemie)
1921-date Physiological Reviews ; this is a review serial, American
Food
1882-date Zeitschrift fiir Untersuchung der Nahrungs- und Genussmittel : 1882-
90 had title Vierteljahresschrift der Chemie der . . .
1889-date Experiment Station Record (U. S. Dept. of Agric.)
1891-date Zeitschrift fiir Fleisch- und Milchhygiene
1891-date Hygienische Rundschau
1901-date Repertoire . . . sur la composition ... des denrees alimentaires (first
three volumes published in Dutch)
1908-date Annales des falsifications et des fraudes
35
Organic
Here because of the existence of Richter's Lexikon, and its supplement, the
Literatur-Register, with Beilstein's Handbuch, there is less need for the reference
serials; this should be noted however, that annual indexes by formula, for or-
ganic compounds discussed in their own original articles, are published by certain
serials, thus providing lists newer even than the Literatur-Register. These serials
are:
Annalen der Chemie
Annales de chimie
Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft
Journal fiir praktische Chemie
Journal of the Chemical Society (in the Transactions section)
Monatshefte
Recueil des travaux chimiques des Pays-Bas
These of course need only be used for very recent years : they have not always
had the formula indexes ; such an index is in the Jahresbericht (Liebig and Kopp)
1905-10 ; a formula index, giving both inorganic and organic compounds is a new
feature of the annual index of Chemical Abstracts, beginning with 1920.
Phamaceutical
1809-date Journal de pharmacie et de chimie (ser. 1, 1809- 14 called Bulletin) ;
set at Illinois is not complete
1830-date American Journal of Pharmacy
1841-date Pharmaceutical Journal and Transactions (now Pharmacist) ; this
has very few abstracts now
1842-1859 Chemical Gazette
1851-date American Pharmaceutical Association : Proceedings ; called Yearbook,
1912 on
1919-date Berichte iiber die gesamte Physiologic und experimentelle Phar-
makologie
Some pharmaceutical literature is abstracted in the serials on biochemistry,
particularly the Jahresbericht (Maly) 1870 to 1918.
Physical
1889-1904 Zeitschrift fur physikalische Chemie
1894-1907 Jahrbuch der Elektrochemie und angewandten physikalischen Chemio
1896-1906 Journal of Physical Chemistry
1903-1912 Journal de chimie physique
1904-date Fortschritte der Chemie, Physik und pliysikalische Chemie ; this was
an abstract serial, 1904-09 with title Physikalisch-chemisches
Centralblatt and was called "international' ; with the new name
it became a review serial
Technological
1855-date Jahresbericht iiber die Leistungen der chemischen Technologic
(Wagner)
1877-date Chemiker-Zeitung : Repertorium
36
1880-1905 Technisch-chemisches Jahrbuch
1882-date Journal of the Society of Chemical Industry
1887-1918 Zeitschrift fur angewandte Chemie; abstracts 1919 on, are techno-
logical section of Chemisches Zentralblatt ; the Zeitschrift was
preceded by Repertorium der analytischen Chemie, 1881-87
1898-date La revue des produits chimiques; organ of Le Cercle de la Chimie;
set at Illinois is incomplete
1909-date Journal of Industrial and Engineering Chemistry; the abstracts in
this began in 1914, and are for U. S. and State publications
1914-1917 Journal of Chemical Technology ; for chemists of the British empire ;
seems to have been stopped by war
1914-date L 'Industrie chimique
1916-date Reports of the Progress of Applied Chemistry, by the Society of
Chemical Industry; review serial, similar to the Annual Re-
ports of the Chemical Society
1918-date Chimie et industrie
1919-date Giornale di chimica industriale ed applicata
LECTURE 8
SUMMARY ON THE HISTORY OF CHEMISTRY, WITH REFERENCES
ANCIENT PERIOD TO ABOUT 350 A. D.
Our knowledge of the chemistry of the ancient period is drawn largely from
material objects rather than from written sources; the Egyptian manuscripts,
records from the north central part of Asia, the discoveries of archaeologists in
Chaldea, Crete, Egypt, with the records from India and China, form the principal
part of the actual historical information ; various legends or traditions add some-
thing, that may be true, or present evidence that leads us to believe the statements
by early writers. During this period, there was, certainly, an accumulation of
facts about substances, their properties and uses, while important discoveries
were made often by accident. Means of record were few, the desire to share
knowledge was not general, and the loss of valuable information was possible.
Theory was almost neglected, except for speculation on the kind and nature of
the primary substance or on the elements. The amount of practical knowledge
seems to have been much alike in all the divisions of the earth that had arrived
at a certain stage ; drugs, dyes, the more obvious metals or those most readily
obtained and worked, making of glass and pottery, tanning, textile industry,
preparation of some of the compounds we call chemical as inks, paints, acids, oils,
extracts, and some metallic salts.
ALCHEMICAL PERIOD, TO ABOUT 1500 A. D.
In the period of alchemy, chemical knowledge was deliberately restricted to
those persons whom the teacher thought suitable, generally the apprentice or
assistant who worked years before being told his master's secret methods.
37
Faulty translation of the Egyptian and some of the later Arabic manuscripts led
men to think that their predecessors had made gold and silver, whereas the direc-
tions given were for the making of alloys resembling the precious metals.
The Greek philospher Democritus 470 (?) to 362 ( ?) B. C., wrote upon chem-
istry; his statements were taken over by Arabian writers, later translated into
Hebrew, and then to Latin ; comparison of the original Greek text, the papyrus
from Egypt and the Latin of the period of alchemy shows the confusion that arose
in the attempts to repeat the Egyptian work. In this futile work, improvements
were made in apparatus and technique, but scarcely any truly scientific advance.
Some individuals made scattered discoveries, as Roger Bacon (1214-84),
* ' demonstrated that things are deemed to be supernatural merely through ignor
ance of natural philosphy" (Brown), but even Bacon had to profess to believe in
magic to save his life. His work with gunpowder is the best known but his real
service was to give an impulse to original research, instead of' accepting older
authorities blindly.
PERIOD OF MEDICAL CHEMISTRY (lATROCHEMISTRY) 1500 TO 1650 OR 1680
This was a fairly logical result of the idea of alchemy ; a substance capable
of transforming base metals into gold and silver must be powerful, and as a
medicine would probably be a universal remedy, a panacea for all ills. All that
was needed then, granted that the philosopher's stone existed or could be made,
was to find a solvent ; and it seemed probable that this solution, elixir, should be
capable of prolonging life or causing eternal youth. Theory was lost sight of
and science was not, in the struggle for this elixir. Physicians or those who
claimed to be were the chemists ; however in some cases they hit upon compounds
of actual value as medicines. Paracelsus scarcely conceded chemistry a place as
a science, but claimed that every physician should be taught it ; some attempts
were made to communicate information discovered, but van Helmont's work on
gases was practically lost for a century.
PERIOD OF PHLOGISTON 1680 TO 1780
The idea that some connection existed between air, fire, combustion and
respiration, had been suggested; Roger Bacon called air the food of fire. But
it remained for two German chemists to present the explanation of combustion
in a plausible form, i. e., that every substance that was affected by fire in the
manner of being burned possessed some quantity of an imperceptible, perhaps
imponderable constituent, (one man suggested that it had a negative weight),
elementary in character. This phlogiston, mere name as it was, persisted for more
than a century, and eminent men made out careful tables showing the quantities
of phlogiston in various compounds and substances. Not till the study of gases
had progressed till van Helmont's gas sylvestre was rediscovered, and oxygen
was isolated, identified, named and fairly thrust upon the scientific world, was
the phlogiston theory actually given up.
MODERN PERIOD 1780 TO ?
This is usually assumed to begin with the acceptance of the new element
oxygen, after the publication of Lavoisier's paper. Now it became possible to
38
do real analysis, and the improved methods made accurate work ; the next step
was synthesis, then the study of the complex substances of living matter, and the
discovery that organic compounds could be made without the aid of the vital prin-
ciple, with Wohler 's synthesis of urea. This began the study of the carbon com-
pounds; it took first place for many years and it is a question now answered
according to the speaker's personal bias, whether the present science is chiefly
physical chemistry as the elder Ostwald said in 1884, the chemistry
of colloids (the younger Ostwald proclaimed this in 1906 "the chemistry
of the twentieth century"), the chemistry of the radioactive elements, pure or-
ganic chemistry, or, what is perhaps its most important application, biochemistry,
i. e. , that of living matter.
Some prefer to divide this time, 1780 on, into the quantitative, and later the
carbon periods, while Kekule's explanation of the structure of carbon compounds
is another landmark.
Since then, the commercial side of the science has grown and extended into
almost every industry. The discovery of radium and radio-activity opened a
new chapter in theory, and lends a semblance of truth to the early conception of
a universal ' ' primitive ' ' substance. Electrochemistry, physical and colloid chem-
istry, the metallographic study of alloys, applications of chemical science in
agriculture, biology, and medicine have put chemistry in close contact with nearly
every man 's life. The development of chemistry as an important weapon in war
emphasized the variety and importance of the resourses for that purpose in a
manner beyond the wildest imaginings of the writers of fiction; this moreover
served to bring chemistry into universal notice, and emphasize its value as a
curative agent for the harm it was doing. The history of the science since 1890
or 1900 has yet to be written, for any contemporary account lacks the perspective,
given by time, that enables the historian to decide on what was of real importance.
REFERENCES ON THE HISTORY OF CHEMISTRY
The references given below, no. 1-4, present in a little over a hundred pages,
a concise history of general chemistry in English.
1. Ancient, alchemical, iatrochemical, to 1650
Ramsays, Essays, pp. 1-17 ; or Moore, History, pp. 1-24 ; or Thorpe,
v. I, pp. 1-53
2. Phlogiston, Boyle to Lavoisier, 1650-1790
Tilden, Short history, Ed. 2, pp. 1-17 ; or Moore, pp. 25-46 ; or
Ladenburg, History, pp. 1-12 ; or Thorpe, I, pp. 54-83
3. Modern, 1780-1820, Dalton to Berzelius, inclusive, in part
Brown, History, pp. 313-352, or Thorpe, I, pp. 84-120
4. Modern, 1820-1900, Liebig and later workers
Thorpe, Essays, Ed. 2, chap. 16, pp. 514-553
Supplementary chapters in English are also found in these:
1, a. Ancient
Bauer, History, pp. 1-60; Meyer, History, pp. 1-20, Ed. of 1891
Later chapters in each take up alchemy and iatrochemistry, at more length.
2,a. Phlogiston
Brown, History, pp. 224-274
Ramsay, Essays, pp. 18-30
4,a. 1820-1900, in Great Britain particularly
Thorpe, Essays, Ed. 2, chap. 17, pp. 554-582
Tilden in his Chemical discovery and invention in the twentieth century,
1916, considers most of the important developments up to the entrance of chem-
istry into the war.
4,b. Jones, New era in chemistry, pp. 1-75; this is descriptive of the nc\vT
research.
For American chemical history and biography in particular there are besides
a number of papers by various authors, usually found in the Journal of the
American Chemical Society, the following books, all by Edgar F. Smith :
Chemistry in America ; chapters from the history of the science in the United
States. 1914.
The life of Robert Hare, an American chemist, 1781-1858. 1917.
James Woodhouse, a pioneer in chemistry, 1770-1809. 1918.
Chemistry in old Philadelphia. 1919.
Priestley in America, 1794-1804. 1921.
A number of works have appeared recently, but it is too soon for the complete
history of chemistry in the war during 1914-19 to be written, and the section of
new developments in medicine will be nearly equal to that describing chemicals
as weapons.
LECTURE 9.
ORGANIC CHEMISTRY : BOOKS AND WORKS OF REFERENCE
The distinction between the chemistry of living and non-living matter was
first made by Nicholas Lemery in his Cours de Chymie, in 1675. The term
'organic chemistry' was not in use till nearly or quite 1800 ; the authors discussed
the chemistry of animal and vegetable matter. This division of chemistry is thus
more recent in some ways than the inorganic, but the literature is voluminous
and well arranged for use.
The books and reference works may be grouped as follows :
A. Books in general
1. Comprehensive descriptive
2. Briefer works
3. Laboratory manuals
B. Special works
1. Methods
2. Preparations
3. Analysis
40
C. Works of Reference
1. Cyclopedia
2. Dictionary
3. Tables of data
A. 1. Comprehensive works
The general works in English now (1921) are not very satisfactory; the
best one, written in English, is Cohen's Organic chemistry, 3 volumes, Ed. 2,
1919, Ed. 3, 1921 ; this is rather a discussion of selected topics than a complete
treatise. The organic part of Roscoe and Schorlemmer in English has not been
revised for about thirty years. So far, only the first volume of the eleventh
edition of Victor von Richter's Chemie der Kohlenstoffverbindungen, oder or-
ganische Chemie, 1909, has been translated into English ; this too is more a dis-
cussion of compounds than anything else. The most elaborate one, having
theoretical discussion as well as mere description, is the Lehrbuch der organischen
Chemie, begun under the editorship of Victor Meyer and Paul Jacobson ; the
publication of the second edition, started in 1907 is not completed. Hilditch in
his Third Year course organic chemistry, 1914, gives advanced work upon complex
-compounds. Pope, Modern researches in organic chemistry, 1912, Ed. 2, 1921,
Stewart, Recent advances, Ed. 4, 1921, and Lachmann, Spirit of organic chemis-
try, 1899, Henrich, Theorien der organischen Chemie, 1912, combine history and
theory; a translation of Henrich into English is now in press; Hjelt, Geschichte
der organischen Chemie, 1916, puts history first, but gives much theory.
A. 2. Briefer works
These are available here in English and in French. The most recent is Cham-
berlain's Textbook of organic chemistry, 1921, nearly a thousand pages, with
much detail, and special attention to industrial problems. H. T. Clarke's Intro-
duction to organic chemistry, 1914, is less extensive, but easy to read. Cohen's
Theoretical organic chemistry is an older work, printed in small type; "W. A.
Noyes' Textbook is slightly smaller than Clarke's but very condensed; a new
edition is being prepared. Notions fondamentales de chimie organique, by
Charles Moureu, 1913, now available in English, is very similar to these just
mentioned, though it is perhaps more like J. F. Norris' Principles of organic
chemistry, 1912. The one by Perkin and Kipping, new edition printed in 1917,
unlike the Holleman contains some directions for laboratory work in
addition to the theoretical and descriptive matter. Chamberlain's Or-
ganic agricultural chemistry, 1917, is for students in a special field; the books
of Haskins, Ed. 2, and McCollum, 1921, giving briefly organic chemistry for
students of medicine and biology, are smaller, while Moore's book is frankly
elementary. McCollum has no laboratory work in his text.
A. 3. Laboratory manuals
These are numerous, since most authors prefer their own idea of what a
manual should be ; Cohen, Noyes, Norris, Hollemann, Moore, each has one, usually
revised often. Others are by Jones, Sudborough and James (with photographs
of apparatus) ; and perhaps the best, the newest revision of Gattermann, in
English; Price and Twiss, Course of practical organic chemistry, Ed. 2, 1914, is
41
very little more than a laboratory manual. The revised Bernthsen is very like
the Sudborough and James. H. L. Fisher's manual, 1920, American, is said to
be good.
B. 1. Special works on methods
Here the most useful books are German ; Lassar-Cohn, Arbeitsmethoden f ill-
organisch-chemische Laboratorien, Ed. 2, 1907, has a general and special section,
the latter sometimes bound in two pieces. Hans Meyer, Analyse und Konstitu-
tionsermittelung organischer Verbindungen, 1903, has some good material, and
has been translated into English. Th. Weyl 's Die Methoden der organischen
Chemie, 2 vol. in 3, 1909, has been translated into French; the new German
edition, of 1921, is to be in four much larger volumes under the editorship of
Houben. The laboratory manuals all give some account of the more general
methods.
B. 2. Preparations
The German work by Bender and Erdmann, (1893) has been replaced by
the work of Vanino, Handbuch der praparativen Chemie, 2 vol., 1914; K. Elbe,
Die synthetische Darstellungsmethoden der Kohlenstoff-verbindungen, 2 vol. in 1,
1889-91, is much less. A smaller but more recent work is Posner, Lehrbuch der
synthetischen Methoden der organischen Chemie, 1903; smaller yet are Levy,
1902, Ullmann, 1908, Henle, 1909, and the Ed. 8 of E. Fischer's, 1908, which can
be had in English too.
In English the first volume of Meldola, Chemical synthesis of vital products,
was published in 1904 ; the newest considerable work here is Barnett, Preparation
of organic compounds, Ed. 2 appearing in 1920. Fischer's small work has been
translated. Several numbers have been published of Organic Chemical Reagents,
by R. Adams, 0. Kamm and C. S. Marvel, 1919-date, as bulletins of the Univer-
sity of Illinois, and others are in preparation. The first volume appears in
September, 1921, of Organic Synthesis, an annual publication of satisfactory
methods for the preparation of organic chemicals; the editorial board, is R.
Adams, H. T. Clarke, J. B. Conant and 0. Kamm, and the intention is to give
methods that have been tested and proved to work well.
B. 3. Works on organic analysis
These include (a), general comprehensive, (b), brief works, and (c), those
upon industrial analysis. Under (a), the most elaborate is Identification of pure
organic compounds, by Mulliken, three volumes are now published with a fourth
in preparation. Sherman, Organic analysis, in the new edition is very good ; with
Clarke 's Handbook of organic analysis, most substances may be identified ; there
are smaller works by Rakshit, new editions of Noyes and Mulliken, Neave, and
Weston. We have Kingscott and Knight, an English text on quantitative organic
analysis.
In German, Rosenthaler, Der Nachweis organischer Verbindungen, 1914, 1070
pp., published as vol. 19-20 of Margosches, Die Chemische Analyse, is the largest
and states that it gives selected reactions and processes ; H. Meyer, Analyse, noted
under B, 1, Methods, is next in size, but older, and an English version exists. G.
42
Cohn has two huge volumes, Die organische Geschmackstoffe, 1914, and Die organ-
ische Riechstoffe, in which he groups organic compounds and tests for them by
odor and flavor. Vaubel, Quantitative Bestimmung organischer Verbindungen,
2 vol. 1902, is now old. A new laboratory manual for qualitative organic analysis
is now in preparation by Dr. O. Kamm, to be published early in 1922.
The industrial works are numerous, mostly large ; Allen, Commercial organic
analysis, Ed. 4 has 9 volumes, with some new data and a collective index to the set
in the ninth volume. Lunge, Technical analysis, six large volumes in the English
version, is largely but not wholly organic. Villavecchia, 1918, 2 volumes in Eng-
lish gives very new methods. There is some material upon analysis in the indus-
trial organic volumes of Molinari, Martin, Sadtler, Herzog (in German) using
newest edition in all cases; Leach, Ed. 4 is invaluable for food analysis, while
other special organic industries have each their own special works.
C. Works used for reference
C, 1. The encyclopedia of organic chemistry at present is the Handbuch,
founded by Beilstein ; Ed. 3 is the one in use, but several volumes of the fifteen
that will make up the fourth edition are here. There has been some discussion
upon a substitute in English. Friedrich Konrad Beilstein, 1839-1906, Russian
by birth, began while a student under Wohler at Gottingen, to keep a systematic
record of the literature upon organic substances. The first edition of these notes
was published in 1881 ; the third edition, in four volumes each containing an in-
dex, and four supplementary ones, with a ninth volume having a collective index
for all, makes available in one place the literature of organic chemistry through
July 1903 ; the fourth edition will cover ail the literature to January 1, 1910.
For each substance there is given the name or names; the formula (empiri-
cal) ; then follow a brief history, occurence, formation, methods of preparation,
physical and chemical properties and reactions, salts (of acids and bases), some
other compounds and derivatives. Reference is made in the collective index for
Ed. 3 thus: II, 1457 (743), that is, information found in the original volume II
on page 1457 is supplemented by newer material in Erganzungsband (supp.) vol.
II, p. 743. The fourth edition is practically the same in arrangement as the third.
The Deutsche chemische Gesellschaft assumed editorial responsibility, with the
first volume of the supplement to Ed. 3, while the financing is done by German
firms interested in the chemical and related industries.
C. 2. Dictionary
Here again we have only one work, and that is in German, for which an
English substitute has been suggested. Max Moritz Richter (not Victor von
Richter of the organic textbook) published in 1884, a small volume to serve pri-
marily as a formula index to Beilstein 's Handbuch; the 16,000 compounds of
this first edition seem few by comparison with the 250,000 of the third edition,
which includes the literature through November, 1909. Of the supplement,
Literatur-Register, edited by Stelzner, two sections covering 1910-11, 1912-13,
using the same general plan as the original, have been received.
The preface to Richter 's Lexikon, in German, French, English, and Italian
explains the method of arrangement clearly; substances are entered under the
43
formula, the compounds being placed in groups according to, first, the number
of atoms of carbon, then by the number of other elements besides carbon, thus
C H precedes all C H 0, because in the first compound there is one element in
addition to the C, while in the second there are two. The formulas are written
with the elements in a fixed order, C first, then these H, 0, N, Cl, Br, J (I) , F, S, P,
and after these (which are sometimes termed the "chemical alphabet") are the
other elements entering into the compound in alphabetical order (according to
chemical symbol) . The arrangement then requires that we know, first the number
of carbon atoms, the number of other elements present, and the number of atoms
of each of these elements.
Note that at the top of each page the number of C atoms, and the number
of other elements is given, thus : 5 IV, 7 III, 19 VI. Brief data are given, name,
boiling or melting points, one or two references, and most important the refer-
ence to Ed. 3 of Beilstein. This is never called by name, but a heavy dash is
followed by the volume and page, a star being prefixed if the reference is to
the Erganzungsband (supplement) ; all references in Richter, Ed. 3 and Stelzner,
Literatur-Register, v. 1-2 are to Ed. 3 of Beilstein, thus : II, 429 ; *II,157.
Tables of abbreviations used are given in volume I of Richter; the three most
Used are perhaps, A., Annalen, B., Berichte, C., Chemisches Zentralblatt. If you
know only the name of a compound, look in the Beilstein collective index, and find
the formula; then it can be looked up in Richter to see if there are any more
recent data. If you know the formula only, look in Richter, get the reference to
Beilstein, and find there a quantity of material, with references to the original
papers in most cases.
C. 3. Tables of data
These are, aside from the Lexikon, the principal general tables of chemical
and physical data ; the larger ones are the Recueil from the Societe francaise de
physique, 1913 ; the fourth edition of Landolt-Bornstein, Physikalisch-chemische
Tabellen ; the Annual Tables, vol. 4 and 5 published in 1921 ; and the older tables
with English descriptive matter by Castell Evans. The smaller works like Van
Nostrand's Annual, Chemists' Yearbook, give data on the more common com-
pounds.
Solubilities are given in Seidell for organic substances ; Scudder in his Elec-
trical conductivity and ionization constants of organic compounds, 1914, gives
data with references ; R. Kempf , Tabelle der wichtigsten organischen Verbindung-
en geordnet nach Schmelzpunkten, 1913, presents data on color, boiling point,
name and reference to original paper and to Beilstein, Ed. 3, for 2500 common
compounds.
LECTURE 10
ORGANIC CHEMISTRY : SERIALS AND PATENT LITERATURE
The serials are :
A. Those containing original papers chiefly
B. Reference serials
C. Patent literature: being chiefly serials of the reference type
44
A. "Original paper" serials
These serials include practically all those published, except a few upon special
phases, inorganic and metallurgical ; and any serial on chemistry is apt to have
organic papers, since organic reagents are used even in inorganic work. The
principal ones may be noted briefly; they include now the Journals of the Amer-
ican and English societies; Annalen, Berichte, Monatshefte, Journal fur prak-
tische Chemie, in German; Annales, Bulletin, (France) Recueil, and Bulletin
(Belgium) in French; Helvetica chimica acta, Gazzetta chimica italiana. Thf*
technical serials as Chimie et Industrie, Journal of the Society of Chemical In-
dustry, Zeitschrift fur angwandte Chemie r the serials on special topics as dye-
stuffs, leather industry, manufacture of chemicals, drugs, and biochemistry, all
contain much upon organic chemistry. The American Chemical Journal, merged
in the Journal of the American Chemical Society with January 1914, was largely
organic. All these, practically, review new books, but of the general ones, only
the Journal of the Chemical Society (English) and the Bulletin de la Societe
chimique de France now have abstracts.
B. Reference serials
The most comprehensive one for organic chemistry is probably the Chem-
isches Zentralblatt ; second is the Jahresbericht (Liebig and Kopp) ; and third,
Journal of the Chemical Society ; for quick service the last is best, since it is in
English, and has collective indexes for the longest period, 1841-date ; this is well
supplemented, the last collective index being 1903-12, by the decennial index of
Chemical Abstracts for 1907-16, inclusive.
Two serials that do not attempt to include all papers, are of great value Cor
the organic chemist in particular, since they give excellent abstracts of the more
important papers, omitting the less valuable ones. The older is the Jahrbuch der
Chemie, founded by Richard Meyer (who is yet the editor-in-chief) in 1891; it
is here through vol. 28, i. e., the work of 1918; there is a collective index for the
first ten volumes. It is rather a review serial, since one man is responsible for
the literature of a field for the year, and his work is partly critical as well. The
similar one in English, is the Annual Reports of the Progress of Chemistry, 1904
to date, published by the Chemical Society, in London ; this has only the annual
indexes at present ; while this is largely pure chemistry, the topics of Agricultural
Chemistry, Foods, and Analysis are dealt with here. Meyer's Jahrbuch frankly
tries to include both, " Fortschritte der reinen und angewandten Chemie", while
for applied chemistry in English there is the separate publication, 1916 to date,
Reports of Progress of Applied Chemistry, published by the Society of Chemical
Industry. Both the English ones are of the review type, giving some critical dis-
cussion of the papers considered sufficiently important to be included.
The Annalen, Annales, Journal fur praktische Chemie, had abstracts till
1860, for the first, and to about 1873 for the other two. The Berichte had fair
abstracts, 1867-96 ; the French Bulletin has abstracts, not always very long, 1858-
date ; the abstracts of the Journal of the Society of Chemical Industry, 1882-datc,
cover organic industrial very well; Chemical Abstracts, 1907-date, includes or-
ganic, and its 1920 index has a formula index of organic compounds. The Zeit-
schrift fur angewandte Chemie has good abstracts, for industrial organic, from
45
1887-1918 ; after that they are part of the Cheraisches Zentralblatt. The organic
section of Wagner's Jahresbericht may also be used for industrial topics; theory
is best found in the Journal of the Chemical Society.
The annual formula indexes for their own original papers in Annalen,
Annales, Berichte, Journal fur praktische Chemie, Journal of the Chemical
Society, Monatshefte, and Recueil, furnish additional material for the years after
Literatur-Register, at present for 1914 on. The formula indexes of the Jahres-
bericht (Liebig and Kopp), here, are older than the Literatur Register and there-
fore need not be used often. In general, the organic chemist, for any compound,
looks first in Richter and the Literatur-Register volumes, then in the serials since
that; the fourth edition of Beilstein should also be used if the volumes yet pub-
lished contain the group ; otherwise, take the reference given in Richter 's Lexikon,
to the third edition of Beilstein.
C. PATENT LITERATURE, FOR ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
Here the most comprehensive work is the serial edited by Dr. P. Friedlander.
Fortschritte der Teerfarbenfabrikation und verwandter Industriezweige, 1877
1916 (and probably to date) ; the volumes give patents, and for Germany some
patent applications, contain subject indexes, indexes by number for English,
American and French patents, some general discussion of important groups and
indexes by name of the patentees. Cumulative indexes are in vol. 4 and the
succeeding ones, for, in each case, volume 1 through the one containing the index.
Next in order of size on patents is the book, three volumes, edited by Adolf Win-
ther, Zusamenstellung der Patente auf dem Gebiete der organischen Chemie,
1877-1905, published 1908-10; the third volume has the index to the others, and
a list of foreign, i. e., non-German patents; patents here and elsewhere under
the old German government, 1871 on, are indicated by the letters D. R. P, Deut -
sches Reichs-Patent.
In addition to these two sources, the Journal of the Society of Chemical
Industry, Wagner's Jahresbericht, and the Zeitschrift fiir angewandte Chemie,
the three chief technical serials, have indexes to patents abstracted, by number
as well as by subject and patentee ; similar number indexes are in the reference
serials for general chemistry, i.e., Chemisches Zentralblatt, Liebig and Kopp's
Jabresbericht, and the Chemical Abstracts, but these of course include much be-
sides organic patents. Patents too are abstracted in the French serials, but these
cover less time ; an index to patents both abstracted and merely noted is given in
the Chemiker-Zeitung and in Die chemische Industrie, both for 1877 to date ; the
Patentberichte of the latter has, beginning with January, 1919, been published
also separately, on one side of the paper only, for filing; both these serials are
devoted chiefly to the German chemical industries and their upbuilding, so they
include all the patents dealing with coal tar derivatives.
46
LECTURE 11
APPLIED CHEMISTRY : BOOKS
Works upon this topic are designated in the card catalogue under the heading
' ' chemical technology ' ', but are also referred to at times as upon industrial chem-
istry ; special works are entered in the catalogue under the most definite, specific
heading. The classes of books in this group are as many as the industries that
use chemistry; progress and thus change is so rapid that by the time a process
is printed in a book for public use it has often been dropped by the industry for
a newer, better one. Principles, and very general methods are, however, to be had
in books, in more permanent and usable form than from serial articles, even iC
the book is partly out of date by the time the final proof has been read. All
statements with regard to books upon applications of chemistry must be con-
sidered as qualified and limited by the specifications, "best at present", "most
recent work available ' ', or some similar phrase.
They may be classed in four groups, as follows :
A. Dictionaries and other reference works
B. General descriptive texts, usually emphasizing manufacture
C. Books upon analysis, adapted for technical work
D. Books upon special topics, industries, or processes
A. Dictionaries and other reference works
Here the newest just now is the third edition of Thorpe's Dictionary of ap-
plied chemistry, vol. 1 published early in 1921, to be six volumes, in place of the
Ed. 2, with five volumes, 1910-12. Next to this is Ullmann's Enzyklopadie der
technischen Chemie, planned to be ten volumes; vol. 8 includes only through
Papiergarne, so the ten may be too low an estimate ; the articles are of fair length,
with many references to original papers, and particularly to the newest German
books, including some published in 1918.
The Condensed Chemical Dictionary, 1919, is for the technical workers who
want much data quickly ,upon chemicals ; the Chemical Directory of the United
States, published annually, gives the names of chemicals, the manufacturers, ap-
paratus and makers, with some lists of consulting chemists and recent literature ;
the Chemical Engineering Catalog, annual, 1916-, presents information upon
equipment, chiefly that for large-scale production, in the United States. Thero
is for Great Britain, a "Directory of members of association of British chemical
manufacturers", giving also the products manufactured by each firm, listed in
English, French, Spanish, Portuguese, Russian, and Japanese, but no copy is
here. A somewhat similar work, combining some of the features of the thre^
American works is the "International Handbook of the World's chemical Indus-
try and Trade"; Edition E, part 1, was published in 1921; the book uses throe
languages, English, French, and German, and while perhaps the information was
not all obtained at first hand, it seems to give material that no other book does.
Reference works of a more specialized type are these : Andes, Technologis-
ches Lexikon, and three volumes by Bersch, Lexikon der Farbentechnik, Lexikon
der Metalltechnik, and Allgemeine Waarenkunde; these give technical German
terms, explained in more usual German words ; published in Vienna originally,
they are not dated, but the Chemisches Zentralblatt notes the publication of the
final parts of Andos in February, 1901. J. K. Konig's Warenlexikon fur den
47
Verkehr mit Drogen und Chemikalien, had Ed. 12 in 1911 ; Ed. 1 of E. Lengning's
Waren-Lexikon fiir Chemikalien und Drogen is of 1920, and gives information
upon 3460 substances, naming for many the firm (German commonly or Scan-
dinavian) that can furnish them at present; names of substances are in German,
and French or Latin, English, and Spanish, with composition, preparation, prop-
erties and uses ; this is much like the Condensed Chemical Dictionary, but has a
narrower range of subjects.
B. General descriptive texts, usually emphasizing manufacture
The newest, or most recently published general works are the 1920-21 edition
of Molinari, Treatise on general and industrial chemistry, in English with con-
siderable material added by the translator; one volume is on organic, the other
upon inorganic ; prices of production, given in the earlier editions are different
now. Martin, Industrial and manufacturing chemistry, 2 vol. in 3, 1914-17,
consists of separate chapters by men of experience ; references are given to the
important works for each chapter or topic, at the head of each chapter, while
others are added in the text. The newest edition of Rogers, Manual of industrial
chemistry (formerly Rogers and Aubert), Ed. 4, 1921, gives in chapters by
authorities, methods particularly important because -they are the ones used in
American practice. The most recent work here in French, is Chabrie, Traite do
chimie appliquee, 2 vol., 1908. Lewes and Brame, Ed. 4, 1914, Ed. 5, 1920, Ser-
vice chemistry, for the use of English army and navy training schools is really a
textbook, descriptive, but has more material upon analysis than many; all how-
ever, give some analytical suggestions.
An English work now in press is A. J. Hale, Modern chemistry, pure and
applied; this is to be six volumes, of which the first two are published; it is
described as not for research workers but to give a general insight into the every-
day applications of chemical science; references are given, but the descriptions
of technical processes are sometimes very brief, and as in the case of all such
treatises, the book has hard work keeping up to the current advances. Older in
English are Wagner, Ed. 3 here, and Groves and Thorpe, in four volumes ; these
are valuable chiefly as history. Thorpe, Outlines of industrial chemistry, Ed. 3,
1916, is much used as a, textbook; Rogers, Elements, 1916, is an abridgement of
liis Manual; Benson, is of the same type, but less; Hart's Textbook of chemical
engineering, 1921, is about the same size and according to one reviewer "des-
cribes the mechanical operations of industrial chemistry ' '.
In German, of the recent works we have Wichelhaus, Vorlesungen iiber
chemische Technologic, Ed. 3, 1912 ; H. Ost, Lehrbuch der chemischen Technol-
ogic, Ed. 10, 1919; the ninth edition was published in 1918; books given at the
heads of chapters are sometimes as recent as 1914. Herzog, Chemische Technol-
orii' der organischen Verbindungen, 1912, is chapters by various authors; it has
good illustrations of machinery. Like the Sadtler, the latter Ed. 4, 1912 also but
in English, it is limited to the organic field.
General works of a slightly different type are those upon plant and equip
ment, as the two by Nagel, Mechanical appliances of the chemical and metallur-
gical industries, 1908, and The lay-out, design and construction of chemical
and metallurgical plants, 1911 ; much in both of these is now superseded. Dyson
48
(English) in his Manual of chemical plant, 1916-, being published in small parts
attempts to include ' * description of every new piece of chemical plant introduced
in the past quarter of a century", with "exhaustive analysis of the patent litera-
ture for the same period".
Roller, on utilization of waste products, suggests fields for research, while
Baskerville in his Municipal chemistry, 1911, points out ways in which the science
can be of service to the community. A French book, L 'essor des industries chhn-
iques en France, 1917, by E. Grandmougin, tries to give an idea of the scope
and possible future of chemical industries in France, with some account of the
situation in the United States, the Scandinavian countries and Russia ; the book
seems to have been printed before April, 1917.
There are four long sets, or rather "publishers' series", monographs by men
of some eminence usually, that try to include works upon most phases of indus-
trial, i. e., all applications, of chemistry. The oldest is the German Handbuch
der chcmischen Technologic, originally edited by Bolley, and in 1909 by Engler,
published by F. Vieweg; most of this is now of historical value only. The Mon-
ographs on Industrial Chemistry, edited by Sir Edward Thorpe, published by
Longmans, Green and company, comprise now some 25 to 30 volumes, partly
published, partly in course of preparation ; seven are on the synthetic colouring
matters ; zinc, silk, coal, cement show the variety of topics ; the editor says these
"will afford examples of the application of recent knowledge to modern manufac
turing procedure ' ' ; the earliest volume appeared in 1918.
The other newer English series, is 'Industrial Chemistry, being a series of
volumes giving a comprehensive survey of the chemical industries', edited by
Samuel Rideal, and published by Bailliere, Tindall and Cox; the subject "will
be treated from the chemical rather than the engineering standpoint", the pre-
face states. Titles have been listed for some 25 volumes, and about ten are in
print now (July, 1921). The topics so far seem to be more organic than inorganic.
Several other English publishers have series being done that are similar:
Manuals of chemical technology, edited by Geoffrey Martin, Crosby, Lockwood
and son ; Chemical monographs, edited by A. C. Gumming, Gurney and Jackson,
these being as a rule of 100 small pages each; Chas. Griffin and Co. have been
publishing chemical works since 1826; Benn Bros., of the Chemical Age
(English) announce a series of "Chemical Age Textbooks of Chemistry" to give
"the results of the most recent research in every branch of chemical science",
the first, to be The chemistry of colloids by Dr. E. K. Rideal; Benn Bros, have
also in preparation a series of small Chemical Engineering handbooks the first
twelve volumes to appear the latter part of 1921; these. will probably be less
scientific than their first-named series.
The American Chemical Society, by arrangement with the Interallied Con
ference of Pure and Applied Chemistry, London and Brussels, 1919, was to under-
take the production and publication of Scientific and Technologic Monographs
on chemical subjects ; these are published from The Chemical Catalog Company
of New York City, and several have appeared, the first being Falk, Chemistry
of enzyme actions; others are being prepared.
49
In general, all these series try to consider the more important chemical
industries, giving references to other, special \vorks. The diversity of authors
makes the volumes vary somewhat in style of treatment and sometimes in actual
value.
C. Books upon analysis, adapted for technical work
There are a few huge, general works, and a multitude of special ones, the
latter covering every application of chemistry, from the dairy to the steel mill.
The largest of the first class is Allen, Commercial organic analysis, Ed. 4,
in 9 volumes, the final one having some new material and a collective index for
the whole work; Lunge, Technical chemical analysis, 3 vol. in 6 in the English
edition, has much on organic industrial ; the newest here is Villa vecchia, Treatise
on applied analytical chemistry, 2 vol., 1918, for industrial and food products.
Griffin, Technical methods of anatysis, 1921, gives standard procedures of the
A. D. Little laboratories. Post's Chemisch-technische Analyse, Ed. 3, 2 vol. is of
1908. Of the two series, one edited by Margosches, Die chemische Analyse, is n
group of monographs on various substances, and is here ; Peters, Handbuch der
chemischen Analyse, to be 14 vol., has not come yet, though publication of it in
parts began before the war.
Some special works of considerable interest are Lewkowitsch, Ed. 5, on oils,
fats and waxes; Leach, Ed. 4, on food analysis; Wiley, Ed. 2 and Pott (in Ger-
man), on agricultural analysis; the new Official and tentative methods
of analysis, 1920, of the Association of Official Agricultural Chemists, taking
the place of U. S. Bureau of Chemistry Bulletin 107 ; Standard methods for water
analysis, newest edition; Johnson, Ed. 3 on steel analysis; the above are fairly
typical of their class.
D. Books on special topics, industries, or processes
These are extremely numerous, and tend to become out of date faster than
the more general w r orks ; some fairly typical ones in various fields are noted below.
Others for almost all subjects are to be found in the series noted above under B.
Coal tar industries
This includes coal, coke, gas, the distillation products, dyestuffs, drugs ; Lews
discusses coal ; Wagner has three recent works on the first three. Hempel, Har-
rop, Dennis, take up gas analysis, while Parr includes coal at more length ;
making of gas is discussed by Hornby, Latta, Stone, Russell. For dyes there
are Fay, Cain and Thorpe, Beacall, Knecht, and, on analysis of dyestuffs, Green.
1915, and volume three of Mulliken on identification ; a recent work in German
on manufacture is by H. E. Fierz, Grundlegende Operationen der Farbenchemie.
first published in 1920, translated as The fundamental processes of dye chemistry,
by H. E. Fierz-David, 1921. Bucherer, Lehrbuch der Farbenchemie, appeared
in 1918, and is said to be good.
Explosives
There are new editions of Brunswig, and Guttman; Ed. 2 of Marshall in
two large volumes, contains more than the one volume by Colver, but the latter
50
is more conveniently arranged; there is a new one-volume work by Marshall
dealing specifically with American manufacturing processes and he has also a
brief dictionary ; Smith, on T N T, 1918, is an example of a highly specialized
book.
Food
Besides the works on analysis of foods already mentioned, by Leach, Shermar,
and others, there is the comprehensive treatise, now in Ed. 4, with supplement,
by J. Konig giving data on the source, use, composition and methods for analysis,
of practically every substance used in or for human food. H. D. Richmond,
English, and Barthel, translated from Danish, take up dairy chemistry; James
Grant, Chemistry of breadmaking, is now Ed. 3 ; R. N. Hart, Leavening agents, is
1921. Emil Pott, Handbuch der tierischen Ernahrung und der landwirtschaft-
lichen Futtermittel in three volumes, now over ten years old, is good for its field.
Oils
For mineral oils there are the new American works, Bacon and Hamor, 2
vol., descriptive, and Hamor and Padgett, one volume, 1920, on analysis; Cross,
Handbook of petroleum, 1919, gives data with analytical methods, while Ellis
and Meigs, Gasoline and other motor fuels, 1921, is perhaps less purely chemical.
Tinkler and Challenger, Chemistry of petroleum, is 1915 and English ; so is
Campbell, Petroleum refining, 1918; Redwood's huge treatise has in Ed. 3, 1913,
three volumes, and many thousands of references. The three volumes, by Engler
and Hofer in German, take up all phases of the mineral oil situation, i. e., the
geology, chemistry, and its place in commerce. Kissling, Chemische Technologie
des Erdols, 1915, is vol. IX of the third series of Bolley's Handbuch der chemis-
ehen Technologie, the series noted under B ; Holde 's book is now published iu
English from the fourth German edition as "The examination of hydrocarbon
oils and of saponifiable fats and waxes", 1915. Various U. S. and State publica-
tions from the respective Geological Surveys take up particular fields and phases ;
there are also some publications from the U. S. Bureaus of Mines and of Stand-
ards ; the latter giving tests and standards ; some specifications are in the publica-
tions of the International Society for Testing Materials.
For other oils, the work of Lewkowitsch, Ed. 5, in three volumes is excellent ;
it may be supplemented by Gildemeister and Hoffman, The volatile oils, to be
three volumes; vol. 1, 1913, vol. 2, 1916. Andes has a volume each for animal
fats and oils, vegetable fats and oils, and drying oils, the last emphasizing methods
of manufacture ; on linseed and cottonseed oils there are special works. Battle,
1916, has a Lubricating engineer's handbook, containing considerable chemistry.
Paint and varnish and materials
Some of the recent American works are Toch, Ed. 3, Sabin on manufacture.
Gardner, Papers on paint and varnish, 1920 ; Holley, Cushman, Gardner and
Cushman, on analysis and tests; the edition of 1912 in English of Bottler, German
(and American) varnish making ; English are, Friend, Chemistry of paints, 1910 ;
Smith, Manufacture of paint, Ed. 2, 1915; Hurst's Laboratory guide is of 1902,
51
and his Dictionary of chemicals and raw products, 1901. - Andes, Friend, and
Xt -win an discuss use of paint to prevent corrosion. The bulletins and circulars of
the Educational Bureau of the Paint Manufacturers' Association of the United
States give reports of tests of paints and raw materials.
Pharmaceutical
The U. S., British, and German Pharmacopoeias give standards and official
preparations, while more details and some references are in the U. S. Dispensa-
tory. The German cyclopedic work, Hager's Handbuch der pharmaceutischen
Praxis, Ed. 7, 2 vol. and supplement completed in 1913 is here in part only. The
new editions of Sollmann, Cushny, and Dixon are the best here now ; for synthesis,
May, Frankel, Kobert (the last two in German) also the 2-vol. Heinz, 1905 06
are used. For analysis, Fuller is newest; May, Nelson, and Autenrieth (poisons
and drugs) are here too.
Photography, particularly microphotography
Meldola's volume, 1889, is rather old, but is of some use ; Derr, Photography,
1909, though older is less theoretical than the work by Sheppard and Mees, Inves-
tigation on the theory of the photographic process, 1907 ; Flint, Chemistry for
photographers, 1916, is for actual work. Bagshaw, Elementary photomicro-
graphy Ed. 2, 1909, may be supplemented by Hind and Randies, Handbook of
photomicrography, 1913. and Doubleday, 1916. Photochemistry proper (action
of light in reactions) is discussed by Sheppard, 1914, in the series, Textbooks of
physical chemistry, edited by Ramsay. Schaum, Photochemie und Photographie,
1908- is vol. 9 of the German series, Handbuch der angewandten physikalischen
Chemie.
Steel and iron
Here the books consist of (a), those on metallurgy, including ores of iron,
(b), on the various kinds of steel and their properties, largely as indicated by
metallographic study, and, (c), on the analysis of iron and steel. For metallurgy,
West, Metallurgy of cast iron, 1907, Moldenke, Principles of iron founding, 1917,
take up the partly manufactured product ; Hudson and Bengough, Iron and steel,
1913, is an introductory textbook; Stoughton, Metallurgy of iron and steel, Ed.
2, 1913, has about three times as much material ; Spring, Non-technical chats on
iron and steel, 1917, is a good semi-popular small book. Use of electric furnaces
Is dealt with by Rodenhauser and Schoenawa, the English version from the second
German edition being in 1913; the Canadian government has published reports
on the use of electric furnaces. Mars, Die Spezialstahle, is 1912, while Becker,
High-speed steel is of 1910. Sauveur, Ed. 2, 1916, and H. M. Howe, 1916, discuss
metallography and heat treatment at length; Bullens, 1916, is a briefer text,
while the similar volume, Heat treatment of steel, published by "Machinery" in
1914 is compiled from many sources. On the chemical analysis of iron and steel,
Heess, Practical methods is of 1908; Fay, Microscopic examination of steel, 1917,
is good for that field ; Ed. 8 of Blair, Chemical analysis of iron is 1918, while Ed
3 of C. M. Johnson's work on Rapid methods, is of 1921 ; many of the larger steel
52
plants have special volumes of their own methods, sometimes available to the
public.
In conclusion, it must be remembered that these works on applications of
chemistry, whether general or special, are nearly as impermanent as the daily
paper ; those mentioned are fair types of the particular ones now existing, but in
any field some new discovery may be made, and a new authority arise, discredit-
ing all previous writings. Consult the newest serial literature for. recent work,
and use books to obtain history, fundamental facts, general statements of prin-
ciples with discussion. It seems probable that in a live industry or a growing
science, any book that has been published more than ten years contains much
that has been superseded in the way of methods, while the theories have no doubt
suffered some revision.
LECTURE 12
APPLIED CHEMISTRY : SERIALS
These furnish the most recent information, and are therefore of great value ;
they may be grouped as follows, according to field and class of material.
A. General applied chemistry
1. Those containing chiefly or wholly, original papers
2. Reference serials, including some having original articles
B. Special serials for particular industries, usually having both original
papers and abstracts
A, 1. General applied chemistry, original papers
Before 1877, this literature was in the serials of general chemistry ; in that
year the Chemiker-Zeitung was started to pay particular attention to industrial
applications of chemistry; it has always given abstracts for which the title has
varied occasionally, and this has sometimes formed so large a volume that it has
been bound separately. Published three times a week, it has been almost a chem-
ical daily paper; it has had no collective indexes, but has annual ones, for both
parts.
The second in age, Die chemische Industrie, founded in 1878, "to further
the interests of the German chemical industries", has paid much attention to
manufacturing processes and patents, the few abstracts being chiefly upon these.
Beginning with January, 1919, there accompanied it the Patent-Berichte, printed
on one side only, apparently to be cut up and filed. There have been annual
indexes but no collective one. Beginning with January 1921, this serial is pub-
lished in two ways, alone, with no advertisements except a list of new books, and
weekly in place of twice a month ; then it is also presented as the "wirtschaftlicher
Teil" of the Zeitschrift fur angewandte Chemie, under a joint agreement between
the Verein deutscher Chemiker, and the Verein zur Wahrung der Interessen dec
chemischen Industrie Deutschlands E. V. ; the Patent-Berichte seems to hav?
stopped.
53
Third in age (under its present name) is the Zeitschift fiir angewandte
Chemie, that succeeded the Correspondenzblatt des Vereins analytischer Cheini-
kor, 1878-81, having about half and half original and abstract papers. The name
was changed in 1882 to Repertorium der analytischen Chemie and in 1887 to th.
present one. Most of the time it appeared twice a month, but in 1914 it began to
appear several times a week ; the originally planned "three times a week" suffered
at, times during the war, but in 1920 they returned to publishing every three or
four days. There is a collective index, for 1887-1907, annual indexes for all years.
The abstracts have always been very complete, but from January 1919 on, they
form the * ' technischer Teil", Band II and IV, of the annual volumes of the,
Chemisches Zentralblatt, thus making abstracts for pure chemistry come in Band
I and III, for each year.
An index of German patents by D. R. P. number is given in the collective
index, for each volume, v. 3-20, i. e., 1890 to 1907 inclusive ; patents are abstracted,
and indexed also by subject for the whole time, 1887-1907.
The oldest serial in English upon the applications of chemistry is the Journal
of the Society of Chemical Industry, begun in 1882; it has always had original
papers and excellent abstracts. The latter are grouped now in 25 classes, approx-
imately the same as those used in the Zeitschrift fiir angewandte Chemie, ami
include both those of original papers and patents. There are annual, and two
collective indexes, the latter through 1905. The present system of three pagings
in each number seems to have been copied from the Zeitschrift fiir angewandte
Chemie, that began it in 1914. L? revue des produits chimiques, 1896 on, has
abstracts and original papers ; it appears twice a momh. The Revue generale de
chimie pure et appliquee, began in 1899, twice a month, had very brief abstract?,
that since 1901 are bound as a separate serial and shelved with the reference
serials. No numbers have come since v. 21, no. 9, in 1918.
The annual volumes of the Transactions of the American Institute of Chem-
ical Engineers, 1908-, consist of the records of the meetings, and the papers pr<>-
sented by men who are recognized authorities. The American Chemical Society
began to publish in 1909, the Journal of Industrial and Engineering Chemistry,
original papers only, with annual indexes. In 1914, a section was added giving
abstracts, or brief notices, of the State and U. S. publications of interest to
chemists; there is also a list giving new books and some serial articles of special
value for industrial chemists.
The Chemical Trade Journal and Chemical Engineer (English) now in its
69th volume is specifically a trade paper, i. e. for manufacturer and dealer, not for
the expert chemist. It has very few scientific articles, but much news of the
technical world. The nearest tq it in contents for the United States MTV these:
Oil. Paint and Drug Reporter, now in vol. 100, specializes on the articles named,
with trade news, prices, etc. ; there are special numbers each year for the various
conventions, as for cotton seed oil, and a separate petroleum section each wc"k ;
Drug and Chemical Markets, now vol. 9, has a more limited range, but is a more
convenient size and shape for use. Another from England that puts emphasis
on the methods and equipment for use in large works is Chemical Engineering
54
and the Works Chemist, now vol. eleven, but this is a thin monthly while the other
three are rather large and appear each week.
Three that seem to have been short lived are these, two English and one from
France : The Chemical World, a monthly journal of chemistry and chemical engi-
neering, 1912-14; this resembled the Chemical Age (New York), being well
illustrated ; it had news items, book reviews and a record of patents taken out in
England of chemical interest. The second, quarterly, was the Journal of Chem-
ical Technology, 1912-, to further the chemical interests of and in Great Britain,
and her dependencies ; there were selected abstracts, but v. 3, no. 3, was dated
July, 1917. The. third, Revue scientifique et technique de chimie appliquee, v.
1-3, 1912-14, published vol. 3, no. 2 in June, 1914 ; it had original papers and a
considerable number of abstracts.
French also are the two next in point of time ; L ' Industrie chimique, revue
universelle des produits chimiques et des industries annexes, 1914-, monthly, with
original papers and abstracts, the usual lists of patents, trade notes, and book
reviews. Chimie et Industrie, founded in June 1918, as the monthly organ of the
Societe de chimie industrielle, promises to be very important; each number so
far has had a number of excellent original papers, and at times as many as fifty
pages of good signed abstracts (with the decimal classification number annexed) ;
it is on good paper and well illustrated. The cover bears the note "Reconnue
d 'utilite publique par decret du 23 juin 1918 ' '.
Two in English, begun in July 1919, are The Chemical Age (London) and
Chemical Age (New York) ; the former is "devoted to industrial and engineering
chemistry", is weekly, with some abstracts, patent and market reports. The
American one, that in 1920 absorbed the Chemical Engineer (1904-20, v. 1-27),
taking over the old volume number, is monthly, has illustrations, and states thai
it is "for the business man in the chemical industry", for the manufacturer and
dealer rather than the technical chemist. It contains personals and industrial
notes, but no abstracts.
From Italy there is the Giornale di chimica industriale ed applicata, 1919-,
published as a joint enterprise by several Italian societies; it appears monthly,
and devotes about one fifth of its space to abstracts and a somewhat larger space
to news and notes cm industrial matters. The Spanish serial (not here) ,Revista de
chimica pura e applicada, ser. 2, v. 4 being of 1919, seems from the title, and
abstracts made from it, to belong in this group.
The Canadian Chemical Journal, 1919-, now called Canadian Chemistry and
Metallurgy, was much like the Journal of Industrial and Engineering Chemistry,
but it seems to become more like Chemical and Metallurgical Engineering, i. e., it
lias more on electrometallurgy in particular; the Journal of the Chemical, Metal-
lurgical and Mining Society of South Africa, 1894-, is of the same type, rather
than for general industrial chemistry. The oldest one of this class is the Electro-
chemical Industry, 1902-, now Chemical and Metallurgical Engineering; v. 3-7
were called Electrochemical and Metallurgical Industry, v. 8-20, Metallurgical
and Chemical Engineering.
The Sammlung chemischer und chemisch-technischer Vortrage, 1896-, edited
by F. B. Ahrens, is made up of monographs on chemical and technical topics.
55
A. 2. Reference serials
These include a number having original papers also, in addition to those
primarily for abstract or review work. To obtain all the literature some at least
of the serials on general chemistry must be used, for the earlier work. Before
1855. there was no special abstract serial for applied chemistry ; in that year the
Jahresbericht iiber die Leistungen der chemischen Technologic (Wagner's) was
commenced ; the original annual volume has grown to two, one for organic and
one for inorganic ; besides the annual indexes there are collective ones covering
1855-94. Biedermami edited, 1880-1905, the Technisch-chemisches Jahrbuch,
abstracts with an annual index, including however only what he considered the
most valuable articles; it ceased publication in 1905. The only other strictly
reference serial for applied chemistry is the Keport of Progress in Applied Chem-
istry, the annual review volume published 1916-, by the Society of Chemical
Industry; it is not all-inclusive, is semi-critical, and expressly omits certain
subjects dealt with by tb.e Chemical Society's similar Annual report, as Agri-
cultural chemistry, Analysis, and Food.
The index serial is the Chemistry section of the International Catalogue of
Scientific Literature, 1901-date; the Industrial Arts Index, 1913-, indexes a
selected list of scientific serials, including some on applied chemistry ; the Engi-
neering Index, 1884-, includes some topics of interest to chemists.
Of the mixed abstract-original paper serials, perhaps the most useful is the
Journal of the Society of Chemical Industry, 1882-, being in English and readily
consulted ; but its collective indexes at present only extend through 1905. Next
is the Zeitschrift fiir angewandte Chemie, 1887 on, with collective index through
1907, annual indexes to date ; but since January, 1919, the abstracts formerly here
have made up Band II and IV of the annual volumes of the Chemisches Zentral-
blatt, designated as ' ' Technischer Teil ' '.
" Use of the abstracts sections of the other serials of applied chemistry is made
slow by the fact that they have only annual indexes, and if the exact year is
unknown or all work for several years is to be looked up, it takes a long time. The
ones including most years are the Chemiker-Zeitung : Repertorium, Die chemische
Industrie, and Revue des produits chimiques, but the set of the last named is not
complete here. Abstracts in some are very short, as in Revue generale de chimie
pure et appliquee, and L' industrie chimique ; others as Chimie et industrie,
1918-, are so recent that they include little as yet. For very recent work the
annual volumes of the Chemical Abstracts are perhaps the most convenient place
to look first: follow this with the annual volumes of the Journal of the Society
of Chemical Industry, the volume indexes of the Chemisches Zentralblatt ; then
use the particular years of any other serials in that field, or generally, those of
the special serials for that subject.
B. Special serials
These for the special industries are very numerous : only a few of the more
important ones at hand in some special fields can be mentioned in this brief
account.
56
Agricultural chemistry
The Experiment Station Record, 1889 to date, from the Office of Experiment
Stations of the U. S. Department of Agriculture, has annual and two collective
indexes; the Agricultural Index, 1916-, gives references, not abstracts. In Ger-
man there are two old and important ones, Hof mann 's Jahresbericht, 1858-, and
Biedermann's Centralblatt fur Agrikulturchemie, 1872- date; both have some
collective indexes and are in the Agricultural library. The three above are
reference serials. The International Review of the Science and Practice of Agri-
culture, 1910-, has important reviews of progress and some abstracts. The scope
of the Journal of the Association of Official Agricultural Chemists, 1915-, is
obvious.
Coal and coal tar industries
The serials upon coal are not purely chemical but divide their space giving
much to mining problems, and a little to the manufacture of coke, gas, etc : two
are Coal Age, 1910-, and Coal Industry, 191 8-, the latter uniting the former Fuel,
with Coal and Coke Operator. For gas, the English serial Gas World is fairly
paralleled by the American Gas Journal, and the Gas Record, now united with Gas
Age as Gas- Age Record ; the problems of water supply were formerly included by
the Gas Journal (English) , whose old title was Journal of Gas Lighting and Water
Supply; the latter has a German counterpart in Das Gas-und Wasserfach (called
to 1921, Journal fur Gasbeleuchtung und Wasserversorgung) ; this last has some
abstracts. The Gas World has a special section in the first number for each
month on coking and by-products. The Proceedings of the American Gas In-
stitute, 1908-, contain papers of importance, and others are to be found in the
similar publications of various state or local organizations. The Gas Chemist's
Summary is an annual English volume, 1913-15, perhaps continued, a report of
progress.
Dyes
Dyes and their use are discussed in the new Color Trade Journal, (American)
1917-, original papers; the English serials are not here, but the Journal of the
Society of Dyers and Colourists (v. 25 was 1909) seems to be similar to the Color
Trade Journal. Dyestuffs (American) is a trade paper made up of articles from
other serials. In French, there is the Revue generate des matieres colorantes, de
le teinture, de 1'impression et des apprets, 1897-, with its three supplementary
serials on manufacturing; the volumes to 1913 contain mounted samples illus-
trating the colors on fabrics and yarns ; there are annual indexes. The German
Farber-Zeitung seems to contain similar material ; Friedlander, Fortschritte der
Teerfarbenfabrikation, 1877-, contains abstracts of patents ; it has volume indexes
by subject, and from vol. 4 on, each one has a collective index by number to the
volumes to that date. Patents are also abstracted and -may be looked up by num-
ber in Wagner's Jahresbericht, and Zeitschrift fiir angewandte Chemie, and
by subject or patentee in Journal of the Society of Chemical Industry; Chemical
Abstracts has a patent number index, and patents are also entered under subject
and name of patentee.
57
Electrochemistry
The Faraday Society (English) publishes Transactions (formerly Proceed
ings) ; similar material is in the Proceedings of the American Electrochemical
Society, while other papers are in the Chemical and Metallurgical Engineering.
From Germany the Elektrochemische Zeitschrift is less comprehensive than the
Zeitschrift fiir Elektrochemie, and the latter has one collective index; the Jahr-
buch der Elektrochemie is not complete to date here.
Food
The leading serial has been the Zeitschrift fiir Untersuchung der Nahrungs-
und Genussmittel, original papers, and abstracts, with German official regula-
tions and laws, one collective index, 1898-1908. The Zeitschrift fiir Fleisch-
und Milchhygiene specializes more closely, containing original papers and ab-
stracts. The Analyst deals principally with problems of purity, while the British
Food Journal takes up the legal phase of food adulteration. Pure Food (Amer-
ican) has been the organ of the brewers, bakers and yeast industries, sometimes
giving translations of German articles; the American Food Journal is semi-
popular, of interest chieflly to the wholesale dealers and manufacturers, but
with an occasional chemical or bacteriological paper. The French Annales des
falsifications et des fraudes, gives some abstracts.
Hygiene
This is not directly chemical, but the Journal of Infectious Diseases spe-
cializes on water-borne forms and water supply; Hygienische Rundschau has
abstracts and original papers on both food and water supply; the Journal of
Hygiene (English) is more truly medical, with special supplements on the
plague in India; the American Journal of Public Health has chemical articles
at times.
Leather
Here there is the Journal of the American Leather Chemists' Association,
original papers and abstracts; Collegium, published in German as an inter-
national serial, is now wholly German, while the English serial, started under
the same title 1913-14, is now Journal of the Society of Leather Trades ' Chemists.
Pharmaceutical
The two distinct types are, the serials published as trade papers for those
who deal in drugs at retail or wholesale, and the scientific serials. American
samples of the first class are Western Druggist, Bulletin of Pharmacy, Pacific
Pharmacist, Pharmaceutical Era, and for the wholesale trade in particular,
Drug and Chemical Markets. The Pharmaceutical Journal and Transactions,
(now, and Pharmacist) 1841-, was formerly in the scientific class and had many
abstracts; it has now become nearly a trade paper.
The oldest American one of the second class is the American Journal of
Pharmacy, 1830 to date, with annual and several collective indexes. The Pro-
ceedings of the American Pharmaceutical Association, 1851-, has annual in-
dexes, and a collective one for v. 1-50 ; it contains many abstracts ; the volumes,
1912 on, are called Yearbook. The Journal (first called Bulletin, 1906-11)
1912-, has original papers only. The Journal of Pharmacology and Experi-
58
mental Therapeutics, 1909-, covers a rather wider range of topics, and has no
abstracts. Some State pharmaceutical societies publish useful papers.
The Journal de pharmacie et de chimie, original papers and abstracts,
founded in 1809, is here in part, now series 7, vol. 23 ; rather more medical was
the Journal de chimie medicale, de pharmacie et de toxicologie, 1825-76, when it
was united with the Repertoire de Pharmacie, and continued under the double
title. Two of the leading German publications are Berichte der deutschen
pharmazeutischen Gesellschaft and Archiv der Pharmazie, both having original
papers only. The Archiv fiir experimentelle Pathologic und Pharmakologie in-
cludes a variety of topics but all are original papers ; for abstracts in pharnia -
ceutical chemistry the Chemisches Zentralblatt, and probably the Pharma-
zeutischo Zentralhalle, which seems to give some abstracts, may be used.
References to literature are given in the U. S. Dispensatory, while a special
substance or topic may be looked up in the Index Medicus, 1879-, and in the
catalogue of the U. S. Surgeon-General's library; these two give no abstracts
but the reference alone, and the second includes books as well as serial articles.
Photochemistry and photography
For the first, Zeitschrift fiir Photochemie und wissenschaftliche Photo-
gaphie, 1903-, has original papers only; for the second, Photominiature, 1899-,
is fairly scientific, while Photo-Era, 1898-, and The Camera, now vol. 25, are
more for the amateur photographer.
Steel and iron
The metallurgical serials here are many, but usually contain little chemistry ;
such are Stahl und Eisen, 1881-, Journal of the Iron and Steel Institute, 1869-,
and the publications of the American Iron and Steel Association ; upon metal-
lography and chemistry are the Iron and Steel Magazine, 1904-06; Journal of
American Steel Treaters' Society, 1918-20, now Transactions of the American
Society for Steel Treating; metallographic material not all on iron and steel is
found in the Revue de metallurgie, 1904- , abstracts and original papers, Journal
of the Institute of metals, 1909-, and Transactions of the American Institute of
Metals, 1907-, (v. 1-5 as of the American Brassf ounders ' Association, while
v. 11, 1917-, has title Journal of the American Institute of Metals), now part of
Mining and Metallurgy.
Water supply and sewage treatment
The best in German is said to be Wasser und Abwasser; with this may be
classed the Mittheilungen d. k. Priifunganstalt fiir Wasserversorgung und
Abwasserbeseitigung, 1902- ; Journal of Infectious Diseases, Journal of the
American Waterworks Association, and Hygienische Rundschau give some
material. The abstracts in the latter and in Chemical Abstracts will usually be
sufficient.
For some other special topics as mines and mining problems, the publica-
tions of the U. S. Bureau of Mines ,with the various co-operating institutions,
furnish much material ; the publications of the U. S. and State Geological Sur-
veys often contain chemical papers. The U. S. Bureau of Standards does val-
uable work, and this like that of the other two is most easily found by use of
59
the notes in the Journal of Industrial and Engineering Chemistry. At Illinois
State and municipal publications on water supply problems are largely available
in the Water Survey collection, while others are in the Municipal Reference
library in Lincoln Hall.
If the engineering phase of a problem is emphasized, the Engineering li-
brary with its special indexes and serials is the more satisfactory; here too is
found most of the literature upon mining, though the strictly geological works
are in the Natural History library. Every special industry of any size has its
own serials, as well as books, for example, ceramics, which has here its own
library. However, many of these serials are abstracted in the chemical abstract
serials, i. e. both those upon general and the ones dealing with applied chemistry,
so that these reference serials must often be consulted in addition to the special
ones, to collect all the literature upon a topic.
LECTURE 13
THEORETICAL AND PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY, INCLUDING COLLOIDS: BOOKS
The division between the first and second is not always made by authors,
but the books noted will be classed where their authors place them; the chem-
istry of colloidal substances may be partly both, but the books will be discussed
separately for convenience. We have then to consider:
A. Works on theoretical chemistry
1. Historical
2. General
3. Special
B. Works upon physical chemistry
1. General
2. Laboratory manuals
3. Special
4. Tables of data
C. Chemistry of colloids
1. Comprehensive works
2. Briefer, semi-popular books
3. Works on special phases
Witli respect to the practical value of the theoretical field, Mendrlccf says:
"By summoning adherents to the work of theoretical chemistry, I am con-
vinced that I call them to a most useful labor, to the habit of dealing correctly
with nature and its laws, and to the possibility of becoming truly practical men. "
Nernst describes it as the theoretical treatment of practical processes. Given
a logical, orderly arrangement of facts observed and laws deduced in the
stud}' of chemical changes, with a historical examination of the chemical ideas
and theories, we find in theoretical chemistry a presentation of the main lines
along which chemistry has advanced.
60
A, 1. Historical
Lothar Meyer's Moderne Theorien, Ed. 1, 1863, was written to explain and
justify theory in chemistry to the workers in other sciences and to "prepare the
way for physical chemistry". More recent is M. M. P. Muir's History of
chemical theories and laws, 1907 ; he discusses the history of attempts to answer
these questions:
What is a homogeneous substance?
What happens when homogeneous substances interact?
Freund in her work takes up the study of chemical composition; "I have tried
to show how the empirical knowledge has been obtained, what the initial discov-
eries were, and how they were established ; ' ' the new edition, 1921, has the title,
The experimental basis of chemistry.
A, 2. General works upon theoretical chemistry
Brief discussions of theory are given in most of the general texts, partic-
ularly the larger ones. Wilhelm Ostwald has such a section in his Lehrbuch,
Mendeleef discusses the topic ; one of the larger early works was that by H. Buff,
H. Kopp and H. Zamminer, in which Kopp wrote the theoretical chapter; later,
Ed. 2 of this was published as vol. 1 of Ed. 4 of Graham-Otto's Lehrbuch der
Chemie, 1863. One of the best texts now is the most recent edition of Nernst,
first published as chapters on theory in Dammer's Handbuch der anorganischen
Chemie, 1892. This work called by its author then ' ' a brief presentation of the
present state of physical chemistry and its most important aims" had for title
of the first separate edition, * ' Theoretische Chemie ' ' and was described as a theo-
retical treatment of chemical processes for the investigator of physical chemistry.
Wilh. Ostwald 's Prinzipien der Chemie, 1907, appeared in English, 1909, as The
fundamental principles of chemistry, an introduction to all text-books of chem-
istry ; a similar work in French, also translated into English, is Copaux, Intro-
duction a chimie generale, 1919. The new book by R. M. Caven, The foundations
of chemical theory, 1920, is somewhat similar for "the general reader who wishes
to know what chemistry really means"; it is less technical than the ones by
Ostwald and Copaux, i. e., the reader is not expected to know as much about
the science.
A. 3. Special works on theory
These may be separate works, but considerable material is given in, for
example, such works as Meyer and Jacobson's Lehrbuch der organischen Chemie,
and the first volume of Friend's Textbook of inorganic chemistry. Werner
presents in his Neuere Anschauungen, his ideas upon the structure of the inor-
ganic compounds ; Henrich, Theorien der organischen Chemie, new edition, 1912,
presents the views then held as to organic chemistry. Cohen, Organic chemistry,
3 vol. Ed. 2, 1919, gives theoretical organic in English; Ed. 3, is 1921. The two
volumes by Stewart, Recent advances in organic, and in inorganic and physical,
in the fourth editions now, 1921, give besides statements on recent progress the
current ideas.
61
B. Works upon physical chemistry
Physical chemistry is claimed with some reason by the mathematician, the
physicist and the biologist, while the engineer sees it from his own viewpoint ;
we may assume it to be chemistry, used in the other branches of science. Des
criptions of it vary. Ramsay says : ' ' When the laws or generalizations regarding
properties of matter depend not merely upon the masses or rates of motion of
the objects concerned, but also upon their composition and chemical nature, their
consideration falls under the heading 'physical chemistry' ". This includes
nearly every scientific problem in science.
Kekule in the early seventies told his classes at Bonn that chemistry had
reached its limit, the dead center, with no prospect then visible of new advance?
This was shortly after disproved brilliantly by one of his own students, van't
Hoff, who by the development of the ideas of space arrangement and structural
formulas, gave a new field to the organic chemist.
Stange, in Die Zeitalter der Chemie, 1908, says "Chemistry by the intro-
duction of physical methods, calculation, measurement, weighings, has been made,
in so far, an exact science, and the influence of physics here must not be under-
estimated ; however, that relations exist between the chemical and physical
properties of substances, was known long before the time of Lavoisier. ' '
Differentiation of physical chemistry from physics and general chemistry
began about 1830, though much work done before that forms an important part.
Hermann Kopp, the historian of chemistry, and from 1851-71 one of the editors
of the Annalen der Chemie was one of the early workers in this field, as shown
by the chapters in the book by Buff, Kopp and Zamminer, 1857, as well as by
his papers in the serials.
B., 1. General works, comprehensive
The most recent in English is the new 3-volume edition of W. C. McC. Lewis's
System of physical chemistry, and at present this is the most comprehensive work
in English also. In German the new large one is K. Jellinek, Lehrbuch der phys-
ikalische Chemie, nominally in four volumes, began in 1914 and not completed;
it is to be. the author says, a comprehensive reference text * ' for mature student?
of physical chemistry, physics and chemistry and for investigators." Nernst,
Theoretical chemistry, in the most recent English version (1916) of succeeding
German editions is perhaps the most satisfactory one-volume work for the larger
part of physical chemistry.
One man deserves special attention, J. H. van't Hoff, 1852-1911, native of
Holland where he had his college training, and later a student under Kekule at
Bonn and Wurtz in Paris ; he was professor of chemistry at Amsterdam 1878-95,
and at Berlin 1896-1911. Though he refused to be described as a physical chemist,
his lectures, Vorlesungen iiber theoretische und physikalische Chemie, Ed. 2,
1903, in three small volumes, give some very clear and valuable material ; these
have been published in English also. He was described, when given the degree
of LL. D. at the University of Chicago in 1902, as "Founder of the theory ex-
plaining the space relations of atoms, master in the field of dynamic chemistry,
investigator of renown in the domain of the modern theory of solutions."
62
The smaller works, usually in one volume, upon physical chemistry are num-
erous; perhaps the newest is Washburn's Principles of physical chemistry, Ed.
2, 1921, which is emphatic on the mathematical side of the subject ; Walker, Intro
duction to physical chemistry, Ed. 8, 1919, is larger, with more descriptive matter
and discussions ; the newest edition of Morgan 's Elements of physical chemistry
here is Ed. 5, published 1914; Lincoln's book, 1919, is more elementary. Older
ones include Bigelow, Jones, Ramsay, Reychler, and Speyer, the last three pub-
lished before 1900, and not up to date now.
The two principal series in English are ( 1 ) , Textbooks of Physical Chemis
try, edited by Ramsay ; consisting of about twenty volumes on the subject as a
whole and its divisions ; ( 2 ) , Monographs on Inorganic and Physical Chemistry,
edited by Findlay, containing about ten volumes at present, on topics from
osmotic pressure to rare earths; the series, Monographs on Physics, edited by
J. J. Thomson, about ten volumes to date, is nearly as much physical chemistry
as physics.
The German series, Handbuch der angewandten physikalischen Chemie,
begun in 1905, is edited by various men, while the volumes are all on some more
or less applied phase of the subject; it includes German editions of Findlay 's
Phase rule, and Desch's Metallography.
B, 2. Laboratory manuals
Here again, almost every teacher has written a book ; some of these are Get-
man, Laboratory exercises, 1908; Pring, same title, 1911; Gray, Manual of
practical physical chemistry, 1914 ; and perhaps the best now, Findlay, Practical
physical chemistry, Ed. 3, 1914.
B, 3. Special works
Here may be included, Mellor, Chemical statics and dynamics, Ed. 3 being
of 1921 ; also his Higher mathematics for students of chemistry and physics, Ed.
4, with Partington's similar work and his Textbook of thermodynamics with
special reference to chemistry, 1913. Translated from the German are these:
Nernst, Experimental and theoretical applications of thermodynamics to chem-
istry, 1907 ; Sackur, Textbook of thermo-chemistry and thermodynamics, 1917 ;
Planck's Lectures on theoretical physics, 1915 ; his lectures on thermodynamics are
only in German here, Ed. 3, 1911. Weinstein's three volumes on thermodynamics
were finished in 1908 ; the Lehrbuch der Thermodynamik of van der Waals began
the same year. Thomsen's Thermochemistry was published as one of the Ramspy
series, Textbooks of physical chemistry, in 1908; Findlay 's Phase rule, and
Desch's Metallography, first published there, have been translated from English
into the German series Handbuch der angewandten physikalischen Chemie.
Jellinek, Physikalische Chemie der homogenen und heterogenen Gasreaktionen,
1913, is only in German. Hober, Physikalische Chemie der Zelle und Gewebe,
Ed. 3, is 1911 ; Koranyi and Richter, 2 vol. in German, discuss the application
of physical chemistry to medicine ; Robertson, Physical chemistry of proteins has
Ed. 1 in German, 1912, but Ed. 2, 1918, is in English; McClendon, Physical
chemistry of vital phenomena, appeared in. 1917.
63
B, 4. Tables of data
Elaborate tables are found in Landolt-Bornstein, Physikalisch-chemische
Tabellen, Ed. 4; the tables, Recueil de constantes physiques, published by the
Societe francaise de physique, 1913, give newer material ; both these are supple-
mented by the Annual Tables, v. 1-5 (v. 4-5, 1921) that present new data for the
years 1910-20. The Physico-chemical Tables, 2 vol., edited by J. 0. Evans, in
1911, are more limited in scope. Comey and Hahn, Dictionary of solubilities:
inorganic. Ed. 2, 1921, seems to be well prepared ; Seidell, Ed. 2, includes organic
and inorganic compounds but does not take up many uncommon substances.
The smaller works are, Van Nostrand's Chemical Annual, Atack and Whin-
yates' The Chemists' Yearbook, Chemiker-Kalender, but these give data for
common substances, rather few in number.
C. Chemistry of colloids
The term colloids was first applied by Graham in the sixties to various non-
crytallizable, glue-like compounds; matter in this state is characterized by lack
of definite form, and fineness of division, with peculiar physical and chemical
properties. Various theories have been offered as explanatory, designating it as
due to dispersion, suspension, solution. Wolfgang Ostwald, in 1906 proclaimed
it as "the chemistry of the twentieth century".
Cassuto, 1911 says: "Investigation of colloids depends upon the solution of
this problem (first proposed by Wolfgang Ostwald) 'To determine in what
manner the chemical and physical properties of a substance depend upon the
degree of its dispersal'- -", meaning by dispersal the fineness of division and
degree of separation from each other in space of these most minute particles.
The newest book here is the volume, part translation, part original, Zsig-
mondy and Spear, the latter being the translator, and author of the second part,
dated 1917. The first English edition from the third German one of Wolfgang
Ostwald 's book is Handbook of colloid-chemistry, 1915; Taylor, Chemistry of
colloids, written as a textbook, is also of 1915. A very satisfactory brief treat-
ment in German is Der kolloide Zustand der Materie, by Leonardo Cassuto, 1913,
written in 1911 ; Zsigmondy's Colloids and the ultramicroscope, published in
German in 1905, appeared in English in 1909 ; works older than that are to be
used with caution. E. K. Rideal is preparing a book on Chemistry of colloids,
that should be of much value, as it will present the results of recent work.
C, 2. Briefer works
Very small books, originally in German, are those by Poschl, 1916, in Eng-
lish ; by Rohland, English, in 1913 ; the one, An introduction to the physics ard
chemistry of colloids, Ed. 3, 1919, by Emil Hatschek is, apparently, the best of
its size. The book made up of the lectures by Wolfgang Ostwald in the United
States in 1914 was published in 1917, and should form a good introduction to
the subject.
C, 3. Works on special phases
Perrin's studies on the Brownian movement of particles first published in
the Annales de chimie, are now available in book form in both English and Ger-
man. Bemmelen's volume of researches upon absorption and soil colloids has
' 64
an introduction by Wolfgang Ostwald. Solid solutions are discussed by Bruni,
and inorganic colloids by Lottermoser in v. 6 of Ahren's Sammlung, 1901.
Arrhenius adds to his Theory of solutions, 1913, a 12-page list of select refer-
ences on colloids. Muller in Zeitschrift fur anorganische Chemie gives in 1904,
a select bibliography of 356 titles on colloids. Burton, Colloidal solutions, 1916,
is one of the English series, Monographs on Physics.
Colloids in relation to biology and medicine are taken up by Bechhold, 1912,
(translation of second German edition is 1919), by Pauli in his work on muscles,
1912, by Freundlich in his Kapillarchemie, Ed. 2, published in 1914, and in
the two volumes by Koranyi and Richter on physical chemistry and medicine,
1907-09. Arndt, Ed. 2, 1911, gave something upon uses of colloids in the in-
dustries; Taylor, 1915, discusses it briefly, and more recent material is in the
second part of Zsigmoiidy and Spear, Chemistry of colloids, 1917. The newest
here is Bancroft's Applied colloid chemistry: general theory, Ed. 1, 1921. The
possibilities particularly as regards clays for ceramics and in soils, the prepara-
tion of semi-liquid fuels, and in connection with tanning, and dyeing, furnish
a large field for investigation that has been scarcely touched.
LECTURE 14
THEORETICAL AND PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY, INCLUDING COLLOIDS: SERIALS
Articles upon chemical theory appear in all the various serials, particularly
those on general chemistry and those on physical chemistry; however such arti-
cles are widely scattered through all the chemical serials and seem likely to
continue thus. Use for finding any such papers the general abstract, review and
index serials, looking up the specific topic, and, if necessary, collateral topics in
order to make sure that no entries are overlooked.
Serials upon physical chemistry, or rather those containing papers upon it
may be grouped thus:
A. Serials containing chiefly original papers
B. Reference serials
C. Serials upon the chemistry of colloids
A. Serials containing chiefly original papers
The statement made for theoretical chemistry holds good here to some
extent; much of the very early work was published in the Annalen der Physik,
often referred to under the names of its various editors as Poggendorff's or Wie-
demann 's Annalen ; this has many series and the approximate date is needed
generally to identify the articles. Due to Kopp 's editorship, a number of papers
are in the Annalen der Chemie, 1850-70.
The first serial for physical chemistry alone is Zeitschrift fur physikalische
Chemie, started in 1887 by Wilhelm Ostwald and J. H. van't Hoff ; quoting an
eminent physiologist they termed this division "the chemistry of the future".
Until 1906, besides book reviews this had some abstracts. Indexes are annual
65
though sometimes several volumes are covered; two collective indexes cover tho
period to 1906.
The second, Journal of physical chemistry, began at Cornell University in
1896, and had abstracts till the Chemical Abstracts commenced in 1907; the
annual volume has nine numbers, none being published in July, August, and
September.
The next in point of time, Journal de chimie physique, founded at the Uni-
versity of Geneva, Switzerland, w r as started "to provide a central place of publi-
cation", and the articles are in the French language. After vol. 4, 1905, the ab-
stracts were reduced to a subject-index for the current literature of physical
chemistry. There is a collective index for vol. 1-10.
The Russian journal of physical chemistry (this is said to be on file at the Uni-
versity of Minnesota) has contained some important papers; some of these were
reprinted in part or wholly in the Journal fur praktische Chemie.
B. Reference serials
Here we must depend chiefly upon the general abstract, index, and review
serials. There are two special ones, neither very comprehensive.
The Biophysikalisches Centralblatt was published in separate volumes, 1905-
10; after that the articles were included by the Zentralblatt fur Biochemie and
Biophysik; this changed its name in 1919, and absorbed two others, becoming
Berichte iiber die gesamte Physiologic und experiment elle Pharmakologie.
The Physikalisch-chemisches Centralblatt, 1904-09, was continued as Fort-
schritte der Chemie, Physik and physikalischen Chemie. This began publication at
Darmstadt as "an international abstract serial for physical chemistry and the de-
batable land between chemistry and physics." Series 1 was chiefly abstracts,
with annual index ; series 2 is of the review- form, and has had one collective index
for v. 1-5.
C. Serials upon the chemistry of colloids
Much of the earlier work was published in the Zeitschrift fiir physikalische
Chemie.
There is at present only one, with a supplement in which are published paper?
of considerable length. B. Ditmar edited volume 1 of the Zeitschrift fiir Chemie
und Industrie der Kolloide, 1906, at Graz ; the next year, the place of publication
was Leipzig, Wolfgang Ostwald became editor and has continued to be, except for
an interval of army service, when it was carried on by members of his family.
The name has varied a little, but was changed in 1913 to Kolloid-Zeitschrift.
There are some abstracts in the Kolloid-Zeitschrift, but no attempt is made to in
elude all the articles in print; the indexes so far have been rather inadequate,
and for some volumes here, are lacking. The supplement, begun in 1909, is called
Kolloid-chemische Beihefte, and contains original articles only; it is under the
same editorship. To obtain all references for a topic in the chemistry of colloids,
one must use the general reference serials, and it is desirable to consult two at
least, as the subject headings under which articles are placed may vary.
66
LECTURE 15
BIOCHEMISTRY : BOOKS AND SERIALS
For this special application of the science, the chemistry of living matter,
there are various designations ; the older term, physiological chemistry, was given
when it was considered as a subdivision of physiology ; now the word biochemistry
is used rather more often, and the tendency is to regard it as an application of*
chemistry. The classification of the books and serials is affected by this double
relationship, so that while most of the books are classified in 612.01, and- the older
serials in 612.05, the newer books are scattered among 547, organic, 615, phar
maceutical, 616, pathological with a few in 543, and some in the decimal sub
divisions of these ; the serials started more recently are in 540.5 in part, wita some
in special places as, Endocrinology, in 612.405.
The literature may be divided as follows :
A. Books
1. General works
2. Laboratory manuals
3. Monographs on special topics
'j. Encj^clopedic works, including methods
B. Serials
1. "Original paper' 7 serials
2. Reference serials
A, 1. General works
The most recent one here is T. B. Robertson 's Principles of bio-chemistry, for
students of medicine, agriculture and related sciences, 1920 : this is particularly
valuable for its discussion of the general chemistry of the cell, without special
medical application; there is much descriptive material, with some tests; lists of
references are given at the close of the chapters, including both books and serial
articles. Of same year is Mathews' Physiological chemistry, Ed. 3, 1920, with
even more descriptive material and longer lists of references ; Ed. 2, 1916, is here.
Differing slightly in that it contains experiments and work for the laboratory
is Plimmer, Practical organic and biochemistry, New ed. 1918 ; this is really the
third edition of his Practical and physiological chemistry; being originally de-
signed for use in the laboratory, it has less discussion of theories than the Robert-
son and Mathews, and much space is given to directions for laboratory work. A
similar volume by an American author is Hawk's Practical physiological chemis-
try ; this is revised often, Ed. 6, 1918, Ed. 7, 1921 ; the latest revision should always
be used. In the work by McLeod and Pearce, Physiology and biochemistry in
modern medicine, 1918, the attempt is "to present biochemical knowledge in
terms rather from the physiologist's standpoint as an integral part of his sub-
ject, ' ' and there is naturally more physiology than biochemistry. Even the latest
edition of Long is rather old ; Ed. 7 of Hammarsten, in English here, is 1914 ;
this is more like Mathews than Hawk. Bottazzi, 1902, is here in German ;
Lambling, French, 1911, is not very comprehensive.
67
Of the German texts the newest is the fourth edition of Abderhalden 's
Lehrbuch, (originally thirty lectures) now in two volumes, 1920; this gives many
references, and some tests. Hoppe-Seyler 's Handbuch der physiologisch-und
pathologisch-chemischen Analyse, edited by Thierfelder, Ed. 8, 1909, is more of a
reference book, than a general text, being almost a miniature encyclopedia for
biochemistry. Older works, on the order of Abderhalden ? s Lehrbuch are in Ger-
man, Bunge, second English from the fourth German edition being 1902.
Thudichum, 1872, Lehmann, Ed. 2, 1899; also Wurtz, Traite de chimie biolo-
gique, 1885 ; Ed. 7, of Halliburton, Essentials, is 1909.
A, 2. Laboratory manuals
Hawk and Plimmer of the works just mentioned are intended for use in
the laboratory; Cole, Practical physiological chemistry, Ed. 4, 1914, is about
as large ; Cramer, Directions, Ed. 3, 1917, for the medical students is about 100
very small pages; Jackson, Directions, Ed. 2, 1903, is a trifle less than Colo.
Salkowski's laboratory manual, is here in the edition of 1904 in English:
Schulz's Praktikum, Ed. 3, is of 1908; Abderhalden 's Physiologisches Praktikum
is here in the edition of 1912, but this has probably been revised.
A, 3. Monographs on special topics
Here perhaps the first in importance is the English series, Monographs on
biochemistry, published by Longmans, Green & Co. ; the plan of the series was to
provide small works, moderate in price, revised thoroughly at frequent intervals,
giving the newest information ; these w^ere to contain lists of the most recent lit-
erature, and this plan has been followed very closely, but the price has ceased to
be small. Some notable numbers are, Leathes, The fats, Harden, Alcoholic fer-
mentation, Bayliss, Nature of enzyme action, MacLean on lecithin, Osborne, Veg-
etable proteins, Plimmer on proteins, and Armstrong on carbohydrates.
There are a host of other works published as individuals, upon the sub-
divisions of biochemistry, as metabolism, dynamics, amino acids, enzymes, effect of
drugs, special problems of nutrition, the processes of normal and diseased plant
and animal matter. Some of these special works are Van Noorden on metabolism
and medicine translated from the German ; von Fiirth, Probleme der physiolog-
ischen and pathologischen Chemie, 2 vol., 1912; Graham Lusk, Science of nutri-
tion, Ed. 3, 1917; Carter, Howe, and Mason, Nutrition and clinical dietetics, Ed.
2, 1921.
Some upon a different phase are Frankei, Dynamische Biochemie, 1911,
Hober on physical chemistry of cells, Ed. 3, 1911, in German ; Arrhenius, Quanti-
tative laws in biological chemistry, 1915, McClendon, Physical chemistry of vital
phemonena, 1917, Robertson, Physical chemistry of the proteins, Ed. 2, 1918.
Plimmer on proteins is in the Monographs on biochemistry series ; others are
Mann, Chemistry of the proteids, 1906; E. Fischer, Untersuchungen iiber
Aminosauren, Polypeptide und Proteine, 1906; the works of Schryver; two by
Abderhalden, Neuere Ergebnisse auf dem Gebiete der speziellen Eiweisschemie,
1909, and Synthese der Zellbausteine in Pflanze und Tier, 1912; Underbill's
Physiology of the amino acids in 1915.
The older work of Cohnheim on enzymes may be profitably supplemented by
68
Hans Euler (-Chelpin), General chemistry of the enzymes, 1912, with Javili-
ier's thesis on proteolytie ferments, in French, 1909; there are also the fourth
edition of Oppenheimer, Die Fermente, 2 vol., 1913, the English version of Effront
on biochemical cataylsts, 1917; and the latest edition of Bayliss on enzyme
action in the Monographs of biochemistry ; Falk 's new work in the series of the
American Chemical Society is of 1921.
Spiegel, Chemical constitution and physiological action, 1915, and Pittenger,
Biochemical drug assay methods, 1914, discuss the action of organic compounds
Czapek, Chemical phenomena in life, 1911, and Tashiro, A chemical sign of life,
1917, are small but important. One of the topics not yet thoroughly understood
is taken up by Schafer, The endocrine organs, 1916, and in Falta, The ductless
glandular diseases, translated by Meyers, Ed. 2, 1916. Other examples of very
special works are Herter, Infantilism, 1908, Funk, Die Vitamine, 1914, Abder-
halden, Die Abwehrfermente des tierischen Organismus, Ed. 3, 1913 and Ver-
worn, Irritability, 1913.
Some of the more useful works on the chemistry of plants and their products-
are these : Practical plant biochemistry, M. Wheldale Onslow, 1920, a small book
having references after each chapter; her The anthocyanin pigments of plants,
1916, is a study of the origin, distribution and chemistry of these coloring matters ;
Thatcher, Chemistry of plant life, 1921, is an American publication. Two that
have been the foundation for much other work, are Czapek, Biochemie der Pflan-
zen, 2 vol., first published in 1905, and Euler, Grundlagen und Ergebnisse der
Pflanzenchemie, 3 vol. in 2, 1908, translated into German from the original Swed-
ish ; Haas and Hill, Introduction to the chemistry of plant products, Ed. 1, 1913 r
has now Ed. 2, 1917, and vol. 1 of Ed. 3 appeared early in 1921; two by
Kraemers, Scientific and applied pharmacognosy, 1915, Ed. 2, 1920, and Applied
and economic botany, Ed. 2, 1916, are not wholly chemical, but have importance
here ; with these may be used Mansfield, Histology of medicinal plants, 1916.
Perkin and Everest, Natural organic colouring matters, 1918, is an attempt
to present the present knowledge of this field in English, since Rupe's Die Chemie
der natiirlichen Farbstoffe, 2 vol., 1900-1909, is now old and available only in
German. Some chemistry of plant products is found also in the works on per-
fumes and flavoring essences, such as these: Gildemeister and Hoffmann, The
volatile oils, Ed. 2, in 3 vol., 1913-21 ( ?), Askinson, Perfumes and cosmetics, Ed.
4, 1915 ; both these are translated from the German ; Walter, Manual for the es-
sence industry, Ed. 1, 1916, is newer and seems to have been written originally in
English. Pictet on plant alkaloids has been almost superseded by Henry, Plant
alkaloids, 1913. The work of Cross with Bevan and others on cellulose belongs
rather to industrial chemistry.
Perhaps the largest of the German works is Wehmer, Die Pflanzenstoffe
botanisch-systematisch bearbeitet, 1911; in this are discussed the chemical con-
stituents of plants and their products, including however only the phanerogams.
This work, as a lexicon of the composition of plants, is the first to be consulted in
determining the probable physiological action of the plant.
A, 4. Encyclopedic works, including methods
The oldest and the smallest is the Hoppe-Seyler, Handbuch, Ed. 8, noted under
69
A, 1 ; next in point of time is Oppenheimer, Handbuch der Biochemic, 1908-10, 4
vol. in 7, with Erganzungsband, 1 vol., 1913; this is actually a set of mono-
graphs by various authors ; the form of publication makes it less easy of revision
than the English series. The Handbuch der biochemisches Arbeitsmethoden,
edited by Abderhalden, 9 vol, in 11, 1910-19, has a more limited field in accordance
with its title, but gives considerable descriptive matter ; it is a working encyclo-
pedia for all procedures in biochemistry. There is at present being published a
new edition of this under the title, Handbuch der biologischen Arbeitsmethoden,
also edited by Abderhalden, to be in 13 parts.
The newest up to 1920 and in some ways most useful is the Biochemisches
Handlexikon, 6 vol. in 7, and two supplementary volumes, 1911-15, edited by
Abderhalden ; this is modelled after Beilstein in part, but it gives material in more
detail and is more recent than the third edition of Beilstein; it has no collective
index, but the volume indexes are good ; it usually gives structural formulas for
organic compounds, and has many references to the literature of the topics con-
sidered.
B, 1. Serials containing original papers, chiefly
Before 1877, there was no special serial, and the literature is scattered
through the serials upon chemistry, medicine, and physiology. In that year
Hoppe-Seyler 's Zeitschrift fur physiologische Chemie was started; there were
some brief abstracts in the first ten volumes, but none since. The volumes ma^
be one to four a year, and there are two collective indexes, including the first 60
volumes. Hofmeister's Beitrage fiir physiologische und pathologische Chemie,
(original papers only) appeared 1902-08, eleven volumes with a collective index
for the first ten. It was then merged in the Biochemische Zeitschrift, 1906-date,
original papers only ; this has had up to eleven volumes in the calendar year, and
has three collective indexes, including the first ninety volumes. Two very recent
ones in German are the Internationale Zeitschrift fiir physikalisch-chemische Bio-
logie, edited by Traube and others, and Ferment forschung, the latter under the
direction of Abderhalden, both started in 1914 ; none of the first since the number
of April, 1917, has been received ; the second seems to be continuing, and makes
a special feature of the work done by Abderhalden and his students on his own
topic, protective ferments.
Much work upon physiological chemistry, particularly on the side dealing
with animal life has been published in the following :
Archiv fiir die gesamte Physiologic (Pfliiger)
Archiv fiir experimentelle Pathologic und Pharmakologie
Archiv fiir pathologische Anatomic und Physiologic (Virchow)
Archiv fiir Physiologic (Du Bois-Reymond)
Ergebnisse der Physiologic
Zeitschrift fiir klinische Medizin ;
also in :
Archives italiennes de biologic
Journal de physiologic et de patholojri*' u' morale
also in :
American Journal of Physiology
70
Journal of Physiology
Physiological Reviews
The oldest serial for this field in English is the Journal of Biological Chemis-
try, founded by C. A. Herter and J. J. Abel in 1905 ; it has original papers only,
publishes usually three or four volumes a year, and has a collective index for the
first twenty-five volumes. It generally contains the proceedings of the American
Society of Biological Chemists, paged separately with Roman numerals.
The Biochemical Journal, 1906-date, from the University of Liverpool, no
abstracts, has always paid much attention to plant chemistry ; it appears at irreg-
ular intervals, and has a collective index for the first ten volumes. The Biochem
ical Bulletin, 1911-16 ( ?), from Columbia University seems to have ceased with
vol. 5, in May, 1916 ; it had abstracts that were little more than a subject index to
current literature and gave news items, personals chiefly.
Two recent fairly general serials are these :
Journal of Laboratory and Clinical Medicine, 1915-, with original papers,
laboratory notes on methods, and signed editorials; and, Journal of General
Physiology, 1918- , bimonthly, original papers only; the articles are often upon
topics in physiological chemistry.
Three very specialized ones are :
The Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, 1909-, The
Journal of Urology, 1917- , and Endocrinology, 1917- ; the first and second have
original papers, and the second contains the Transactions of the American
Urological Association and its branches; the third has abstracts and book re-
views also ; both the second and third are bimonthly.
B, 2. Reference serials
The principal index serial to be considered here is the Index Medicus, 1879-
date ; it includes many papers on medical topics that are also biochemical,
giving the reference in full but no abstract . The Index catalogue of the U. S.
Surgeon-General's library is also of use for special topics, giving references to
both serials and books. The section on biochemistry in the International Cata-
logue of Scientific Literature : Chemistry, 1901-, is very complete for the years
included.
Before 1870, the abstract serials were not specific; thus one has to use the
various general abstract serials, as, Berzelius' Jahresbericht for the early period,
Chemisches Zentralblatt, Journal of the Chemical Society, Jahresbericht (Liebig
and Kopp).
The oldest special one is Jahresbericht iiber die Fortschritte der Tier-Chemie,
edited by Dr. Richard Maly, 1870-1918 ; the later volumes include bacteriology,
pharmacology and other related topics as well; there are collective indexes for
the volumes 1-30, i. e., annual ten-year indexes through 1900, only annual indexes
since then. This serial is sometimes referred to as Maly's Jahresbericht, from
its founder ; it is a very complete record for the year, including books, theses, and
papers in serials ; the articles of importance are abstracted, often at some length,
while papers considered of less value are dismissed with a few lines or even the
reference alone. Maly ? s Jahresbericht ceased publication in 1918, being merged
71
in the new one, Berichte iiber die gesamte Physiologic und experimentelle Phar-
makologie, noted below.
The second in importance of the abstract serials upon biochemistry began in
1902 as Biochemisches Centralblatt ; it kept this title till 1909, then became Zent-
ralblatt fiir Biochemie und Biophysik, and in 1919, absorbed the Maly's Jahres-
bericht and the Jahesbericht iiber die Fortschritte der Physiologic, and is no\?
Berichte iiber die gesamte Physiologic und experimentelle Pharmakologie.
The first few volumes had some original papers in the nature of reviews sum-
marizing the progress in some field of biochemistry, but soon dropped these ; the
first four volumes had also, companion volumes, Biophysikalisches Centralblatt.
and for these there is a collective index; then this set ceased. The volumes oi
the Berichte under any name have never coincided with the calendar year ; and
it seems now to have several each year. There are volume indexes, a collective
index for the first nine volumes, i. e. the Biochemisches Zentralblatt ; the special
feature is that the titles of articles are given in the language of the original, not
in that of the abstract serial.
The serial now called (or at least in 1914; none received since) Zentralblatr
der experimentelle Medizin, started in 1900 as the Centralblatt fiir Stoff-
wechsel- und Verdauungskrankheiten, has good abstracts, always with emphasis
on nutrition and metabolism ; it has annual and later semiannual indexes, but no
collective one. In French, good abstracts are found in the Journal de physiologic
et de pathologic generale, 1899-, and in the Archives italiennes de biologie
1882- ; both these are here in the Natural History library. In English, use the
Journal of the Chemical Society, the Chemical Abstracts, and other general ab-
stract serials, including the Experiment Station Record. The new one is Physi-
ological Abstracts, 1916-, a cooperative affair by the English and American
Physiological Societies, with some other organizations; the abstracts are of fair
length, and so far cover the literature very well, with indexes for each volume.
Physiological Reviews, 1921-, new and excellent so far, is to be rather a place for
the publication of reports of progress, somewhat similar to those making up the
old Ergebnisse der Physiologic, 1902-14.
LECTURE 16
SUGGESTIONS UPON LOOKING UP ALL THE LITERATURE FOR A TOPIC IN ORGANIC,
APPLIED, PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY, OR BIOCHEMISTRY
This material may be found in a large number of places so that it is difficult
to say when the search has covered all possible sources. Books and serial articles
must both be investigated, but the method varies a little for each of these di-
visions of chemistry.
In general, if the topic seems large enough or of sufficient importance try the
specific subject heading in the card catalogue; next, consult the indexes in the
more comprehensive works in that field. When this has been done, turn to the
72
reference serials, or similar works where material from many sources is collect
ed. The plan of attack will vary somewhat.
I. Organic chemistry
Here, if you know the name, in German, begin with the collective index of
Beilstein, Handbuch, Ed. 3 ; if the English name only is known, look in Richter 's
textbook, Chemistry of the carbon compounds, the most recent 'edit ion in English
and here if it is given, you will find the formula, and this will m&ke possible the
use of Richter 's Lexikon, that in turn, gives a reference to Beilstein. Thus,
finding the substance in Beilstein, you have 'there a fair summa-ry of the informa-
tion available at the date of publication* bf that volume ; latef'work, through 1913,
may be found in the Literatur-Register, by looking under the formula.
If the formula only be known, go tt> Riehter ? s Lexikon first, then look up the
reference given to the volumes, original" and supplementary, of : Beilstein 's" Hand-
buch. Articles since- 1913 will at present require the use of "annual indexes, dr
the decennial index of Chemical Abstracts; here too; it is advisable to employ the
formula indexes for their own original papers in these ; Annalen, Annales,
Berichte, Journal fur praktische Chemie, Journal of the Chemical Society
Monatshefte, and Recueil; if the name is known,, look undejr that also, in the
newest annual index, and going backward in time to the most recent collective
index, in each case. . >.,.,*
If for any reason a thorough search of the literature is to be made, the pro-
cess is much like that for general chemistry.
A. Before 1840.
1789-, Annales de chimie
1822,- Jahresbericht (Berzelius')
1832-, Annalen der Chemie
1832-, Chemisches Zentralblatt (then Pharmazeutisches Central-blatt)
1834-, Journal fur praktische Chemie 1
All these except the fourth have collective indexes.
B. 1840 to 1870.
Add to the ones above the following :
1840-58 The Chemist
1841-, Journal of the Chemical Society (1841-45 called Memoirs)
1842-59 Chemical Gazette ; continued by Chemical News, 1859 on.
1847-, Jahresbericht (Liebig and Kopp)
1858-, Bulletin de la Societe chimique de Paris (now de France)
1867-, Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft
Note that Berzelius' Jahresbericht ceases with 1849; Chemist and Chemical
Gazette have only annual indexes. The abstracts in Annalen ceased before 1870,
and those in Annales and the Journal fur praktische Chemie by 1873; for this
period no collective index for Chemisches Zentralblatt has been published.
7.3
C. 1870 to 1906.
For this period, there are several good collective indexes, and their use
facilitates the work ; the order might be :
a, Jahresbericht (Liebig and Kopp) ; slow to appear but very complete
b, Journal of the Chemical Society
c, Bulletin de la Societe chimique de France
d, Chemisches Zentralblatt ; collective indexes for 1870-81, 1896-190>
e, Jahrbuch der Chemie (Meyer) 1891-, collective index, vol. 1-10
f, Journal of the Society of Chemical Industry, indexes 1882-1905
g, Zeitschrift fiir angewandte Chemie, index of 1887-1907
h, Jahresbericht (Wagner) collective indexes 1855-94
Use f, g, and h, only for topics in applied (industrial) chemistry; annual
indexes of other serials having abstracts or reviews may be used, with the Chem-
istry section of the International Catalogue of Scientific Literature from 1901 on.
Wagner's Jahresbericht might also be used for the preceding period for topics
not in pure chemistry or theory.
D. 1907 to 1921.
Here, the order for covering the literature rapidly, might be :
a, Chemical Abstracts, decennial, then annual indexes
b, Journal of the Chemical Society, collective index and annual ones
c, Bulletin de la Societe chimique de France, annual indexes
d, Chemisches Zentralblatt, index 1907-11, and semiannual ones since
Begin usually with the most recent annual or volume index, and work back
to the newest collective one ; the Jahresbericht has, here, only 1907-10 completely,
but part at least of 1911 has been published, and this should be used before b, and
c, if it is available. Consult also the annual indexes of Jahrbuch der Chemie and
the Chemical Society's Annual Report of Progress of Chemistry. The annual
indexes of the serials in c, f, g, h, may be used if the topic is one not of pure
chemistry or theory. Check the final list by the volumes of the Chemistry section
of the International Catalogue of Scientific Literature also, to make sure no item
is overlooked.
Patents in the organic literature may be looked up in the reference serials
under the subject ; or, if the number only is known, the indexes by patent number
in : Chemical Abstracts
Chemisches Zentralblatt
Jahresbericht (Liebig and Kopp), through 1910
Zeitschrift fiir angewandte Chemie, through 1918
Jahresbericht (Wagner), here only through 1914
For any product of coal tar, consult Friedlander, Fortschritte der Teerfar-
benfabrikation, beginning with the newest volume, since these have collective in-
dexes including material in the earlier volumes ; if the substance has been known
for some time, see also Winther, Zusammenstellung der Patente auf dem Gebiotc
der organischen Chemie, 1877-1905, 3 vol. published 1908-10. From 1918 on
the volume indexes of Chimie et Industrie will be of use.
74
II. Applied chemistry
A. Before 1840
Use the same reference serials as for organic chemistry.
B. 1840 to 1870.
Add to the organic list, Jahresbericht (Wagner), 1855-on.
C. 1870 to 1906.
For this period, collective indexes are available for only part of the time in
the serials of applied chemistry ; the best plan would be this :
a, Journal of the Society of Chemical Industry, index, 1882-1905
b, Jahresbericht (Wagner) index, v. 11-40, 1865-94
e, Jahresbericht (Liebig and Kopp), index 1867-1908
d, Zeitschrift fur angewandte Chemie, index, 1887-1907
e, Chemisches Zentralblatt, index, 1896-1906
f, Jahrbuch der Chemie (Meyer), 1891 on; index, 1891-1900
Indexes for individual years for Wagner's Jahresbericht may be used for
years after 1894, to check the other serials and make certain that nothing has
been overlooked.
D. 1907 to 1921.
Here, start with the decennial index of Chemical Abstracts, 1907-1916, and
use annual indexes of it for later years ; the order would be as follows :
a, Chemical Abstracts, index, 1907-16
b, Chemisches Zentralblatt, index, 1907-11
c, Jahresbericht (Liebig and Kopp), 1905-10, inclusive, 3 indexes
d, Journal of the Society of Chemical Industry, annual indexes
e, Zeitschrift fiir angewandte Chemie, 1908-18, annual indexes
f, Jahrbuch der Chemie, annual indexes
Both d and e will probably have collective indexes for all or part of this
period ; the annual indexes of the Chemiker-Zeitung : Repertorium, 1914 on, and
the indexes of the volumes of Chimie et Industrie, for 1918 on should be used to
check up for safety, as the foreign serials were sometimes difficult for American
and English abstractors to obtain during those years. Use also the Reports of
Progress in Applied Chemistry, 1916 to date.
III. Physical chemistry
Here for all periods the serials advised in Lecture 7 for general chemistry
should be used ; it might be well to add, as a further check for completeness, the
collective index of Zeitschrift fiir physikalische Chemie, v. 1-50, 1887-1905, and
that of the Physikalisch-chemisches Centralblatt, 1904-09, and that of Journal
de chimie physique v. 1-10, 1903-12. If the topic is electrochemical use also the
index of Zeitschrift fiir Elektrochemie, v. 1-10, 1894-1904, and the individual
volumes of the Jahrbuch der Elektrochemie und angewandten physikalischen
Chemie, 1894 on, 1907 being the latest here.
IV. Biochemistry
For the years before 1840, and 1840 to 1870, use the serials advised under
those years for general chemistry, in Lecture 7.
C. 1870 to 1906.
75
At present, for rapid work and completeness, this is best :
a, Jahresbericht (Maly), collective indexes, through 1900
b, Biochemisches Centralblatt, collective index, v. 1-9, 1902-09
c, Journal of the Chemical Society, collective indexes
d, Centralblatt fur Stoffwechsel- und Verdauungskrankheiten
e, Archives italiennes de biologic, 1882 on ; collective indexes for
v. 1-46; 1881-1903 ; index for 41-60, 1894-1913 is in press
f, Journal de physiologic et de pathologic generate, annual indexes of
volumes, 1899 on
D. 1907 to 1921.
a, Chemical Abstracts, decennial index, and annual indexes since
, b, Jahresbericht (Maly), annual volumes
c, Zentralblatt fur Biochemie und Biophysik, continued by Berichte
iiber die gesamte Physiologic und experimentelle Pathologic,
volume indexes only ones now
d, Physiological Abstracts, 1916 on, volume indexes only.
The volume indexes of e and f in C may also be used, as a check particularly
in the case b^ European work.
The resources of other libraries may be made use of by means 'of the system of
interlibrary loans mentioned at the close of Lecture 7. New serials are often,
started and these are to be watched as new sources of abstracts or reviews of
progress; such a one is the new Physiological Reviews, (that seems to take the
place of the ErgeMtese der Thysiologie, 1902-14), giving summaries of progress
with bibliographies.
Knowing books exist is not enough -they must ~be used. * * * *
76
BIBLIOGRAPHY
SOME PAPERS UPON CHEMICAL LITERATURE, ITS -VALUE, i4NI> UTILIZATION
Bacon, R. F. and others
Report of the Subcommittee on Research in Industrial Laboratories, pre-
sented to the Committee of One Hundred on Scientific Research, New
York, December 26, 1916.
Printed under title, Research in industrial laboratories
Science n. s. 45, 34-39, (1917).
Pages 36-37 consider the need and suggest special training in chemical liter-
ature, particularly for men who expect to do research, i. e., creative,
work.
Baekeland, L. H.
Science and industry
Transactions of the American Electrochemical Society
17, 37-52, (1910).
Points out some of the achievements of chemical research in particular and
emphasizes the need for distribution of information rather than secrecy.
Barrows, F. E.
Investigations of the chemical literature ,
Chemical and Metallurgical Engineering,
24, 423-28, 477-79, 517-21 (1921).
Thesis, Armour Institute of Technology, published separately by author,
165 Broadway, New York. This gives general information of great
value to research workers, upon books, serial publications, material upon
patents. The list of union (arid other) lists of serials in print is a
valuable feature.
Cushman, A. S.
Chemistry and American industry
Journal of the Franklin Institute 183, 577-74 (1917).
"Chemistry is the real basis of human industry"
Dannerth, Frederic
Legal and official chemistry
Chemical and Metallurgical Engineering 24, 397-99 (1921).
The author indicates particular cases and problems where the library chemist
plays an important part.
Escher, Paul
Some observations on chemical bibliographies
Chemical Bulletin, 7, 43-45, 73-77 (1920). ;jpj ,
"The list should be considered only as a first aid or emergency outfit,, simply
indicating various directions in which a search may be made ' ',
Fricker, F.
The library of the chemical laboratories of the B. F. Goodrich company,
Akron, Ohio.
Special Libraries 6, 82-83 (1915).
Brief description of the library as it was then.
njm
77
Gallup, F. L.
Library service in the chemical department and chemical department labor-
atories of E. I. DuPont de Nemours & Company
Journal of Industrial and Engineering Chemistry,
11, 588-89 (1919) ; also, Special Libraries 10, 98-100 (1919).
Describes some of the work done by the five libraries, and methods used to
place material before those who are to use it ; librarian saves chemist 's
time.
Greenman, E. D.
The chemist and his library
Special Libraries 9, 194-95 (1918).
Brief statement of the material and methods.
Greenman, E. D.
The function of the industrial library
Journal of Industrial and Engineering Chemistry
11, 584 (1919) ; also, Special Libraries 10, 189-91 (1919).
Describes the work done in library of A. D. Little, Inc.
Greenman, E. D.
Technical literature in reconstruction.
Special Libraries 10, 12-13; notes p. 13-14; (1919).
Takes up possible provision of chemical reference works in English language
to supplant those now used.
Hibbert, Harold
The art of searching chemical literature.
Chemical and Metallurgical Engineering 20, 578-81 (1919).
The writer deals with the topic from the point of view of the technical'
chemist, giving rather specific directions, varied according to type of
problem.
Lee, G. W.
Library service in the industrial laboratory
Journal of Industrial and Engineering Chemistry, 5, 587-88 (1919).
Here the chemical literature is shown to be indispensable to the engineer,
who deals with mechanical processes, but. must have chemical results.
Little, A. D.
Industrial research in America
Journal of Industrial and Engineering Chemistry
5, 793-801 (1913).
Chemical research and the facilities therefor, with the many advantages
gained for industry by chemists, form the basis of this Presidential Ad-
dress before the American Chemical Society.
Little, A. D.
Chemistry and the special library a foreword.
Special Libraries, 10, 85-86 (1919).
Introducing the number on chemical libraries.
78
McClelland, E. H.
The public library in the service of the chemist
Journal of Industrial and Engineering Chemistry
11, 578-82 (1919) ; also, Special Libraries 10, 86-92 (1919)
Here the service to be had from the technology section of the larger public
library is described. While this is presented from the librarian's stand-
point, it has interest for the chemist also.
Marion, G. E.
The library as an adjunct to industrial laboratories
Journal of Industrial and Engineering Chemistry 2, 83-87 (1910).
This older paper presents the work done in the library of A. D. Little, Inc.,
and may be compared with Greenman's paper of 1919 on the same
collection.
Norton, T. H.
Foundations for our infant industry
Du Font Magazine, 12, no. 5, p. 8-9 (1920).
Takes up the problems faced by the American color manufacturers in devel-
oping a dyestuffs industry.
Norton, T. H.
An American dyestuffs company tackles its problems
Dupont Magazine, 12, no. 6, p. 10-11 (1920).
The library is described as a leading feature of the ' ' Intelligence Division ' '.
(Here is a technical man's view of the library; for a librarian's des-
cription of the same collection, see Gallup 's article, listed above. )
Noyes, W. A.
Chemical publications
Journal of the American Chemical Society
42, 2099-2116 (1920).
This Presidential Address before the American Chemical Society gives his-
torical information upon the early serial publications, both those of
societies and independent ones. This is followed by a description of the
publications of the Society.
Reissmann, Gertrude
The Kodak Park library
Special Libraries 10, 94-97 (1919).
Gives brief account of the chemical literature there.
Smith, J. F.
The functions of a research library in the dyestuff industry
Journal of Industrial and Engineering Chemistry
11, 584-85 (1919) ; also, Special Libraries 10, 100-101 (1919).
Such a library has to provide references and facilitate their use.
79
Tafel, L. A.
Library of the New Jersey Zinc company
Journal of Industrial and Engineering Chemistry
11, 586-87 (1919) ; also, Special Libraries 10, 97-98 (1919).
This Company has a central library with, several branches and publishes a
Library Bulletin, indexing regularly about 125 publications.
West, C. J.
A reading list on scientific and industrial research and the service of the
chemist to industry. 45 pp. 1920.
Reprint and Circular series of the National Research Council Number 9.
Six pages of these references are specifically upon chemistry, but a large
proportion of the others deal with chemistry 's importance to industries,
and to all research.
SAMPLE PROBLEMS
Lecture 4, Analysis
I. Give call number, author, title, number of volumes,, and date for these,
published since 1900:
1, work on general analysis in English
2, work on technical analysis, first published in German
3, work on technical analysis, first published in English
4, newest work here, on technical analysis
5, two works on select methods, one in German, one in English
6, one work each for analysis of food, oils, steel, water.
II. Give call number, title, date of vol. 1, and state if there are abstracts,
and collective indexes, for the serials here on analysis.
III. Give original reference, (author, title, name of serial, volume, pages
and date) for one article, and locate by call number, volume or year,
page and date, two abstracts of the original paper, for four topics :
1875-95, Richardson on whisky
1880-90, shark oil
1880-90, corn oil
1890-1902, cachou
1890-1902, composition of rice
1903-12, raspberry juice
Lecture 7, Use of reference serials
Answer any FOUR
1. Where did Boullay publish a paper on ethers, before 1820?
Is there an abstract here ?
2. Locate the original paper and two abstracts of it upon rivulin, between
1820 and 1850.
3. Locate original paper and two abstracts of it upon indium sulphide, 1850
to 1870.
4. Who wrote a paper on oxidation of petroleum, 1870-80. Give original
reference and two abstracts.
5. What articles appeared on composition of soap powder, 1903- 12.
80
