Full text of "Literature"

Edited by

^HMnH'

Published by

<?hf (Times.

VOL. I.

OCTOBER 23, 1S9T, TO JANUARY 1, 1898.

"iff'

LONDON :
PRINTED AND PUBLISHED BY GEORGE EDWARD WRIGHT.
AT THE TIMES OFFICE, PRINTING HOUSE SQUARE.

18U8.

INDEX TO vol.. I

PAOt
AMERICAN LKTTBRS-

.',«. ss, I'ja. lil. isl, '-'14, 246 a7R, Sll, 343

AMONO MY BOOKS

A<l>li«>u's 'Iriivpli -<1

Advnituri'ii of C'birubiiuk 14<

Aimricnii Hixtoripi 27i

OrUiii lvriK-t» «f Modern Critioim, Oa 20U

('oiloi|uy III! I'ri1ii'i»in, A 17

Iliitury »« it in VVrittrii 48

Li'of fi'iiiii an Inn Album, A SS6

Periihal)!.. Hookn 178

I'oi'tii' JuilnniinU upooPoeU 805

ThouKhtii on Stylo 11-

I'tjlinesii in Kirtion 80

AT THE BOOKSTALL

.15, 119, 180, 310

AUTHORS OF BOOKS REVIEWKD-

Ailnm, Junirn 270

Atlilrrliy, Jnnia* 21U

Adv. Mi« 239

A.ft in

Aitksn, (Jeorge A 233

AlUnion-Wimi, K. G 202

All.n, Au.lrey Mayhew 30>.t

Allrn. (imut 226

AlUn, Thomna Taylor 294

AnibroKiiis, Johanna 326

Andi-raon, Kobvrt 141

Anonymous 47

AOKon. Sir William 207

Amioiir, Marfarrt 341

Arnintronu, Anniv E 24.">

ArniHtronK, Arthnr CoUa 268

AshMii-iid-Hartlrtt, Sir Ellis 23

Askwitb. ti. H 170

Afpinwall, Alicia 276, 309

AtteridKC Helen 309

Kain. K. Ni.sbft 210

Bilker, Kev. A 206

Balfour. A. J 296

Balfour. M. C 85

Baring -Could, 3 6S, 117

Barlow. Jane 84

Barr, Mattbiaa 268

Barrio, J. M 841

Barry, Binbop 205

Bartram, Cieorge 63

Bedford, H. I^iuiaa 810

Bell. Mri. Arthur 240

Bennett, John 275

Bennett. \V. II 204

Berkeley, George 295

B<rn. Maximilian 245

Bickirdykc 149

Bierbaum. Otto Juliui 179

BigK«. C. H. W 175

Biomiion. Bjomitjerne 178

Blaik. L.M.P 147

Blackmorc. K. U 273

Blasblicid, E. H 334

Blomlleld. Reginald 101

Bloun.lelle, Burton 274

Blun.lell, Mrs. Francis 62

Bonner, (i. A 64

Bonufeblt. W. B 204

Bonny. Kev. Prof 399

Bootbby. Guy 23

Bounlillon. Francis William 15

Bourget. Paul 292

Boutniy. E 172

Boville, Mai 170

Bradley, Henry 201

Brual, Sliebel 197

Broniby, Charles Hamilton 141

Brtekstail. H. L 178

Browne, Maggie 310

Bruce, A. B 173

Bryce, Kt. Hon. JamM 261

Bryden, H. Anderson 13'J

Burnett, Sir Henry 342

Burgoyne, F. J 200

Bnrke, H, F 342

Bumev. Charlea 303

Bury. U G 271

Buahby, Dudley ChulM 268

Butler, Samuel 19S

Canipljell, Uobert 24 m

Carter, Kev. T '.'."....' 77

Curtwrijiht. Julia 23»

Catherwood, Mary Hartwell 275

Care, Rev. R. H 244

fAOl ;
ArTiiouii or SooKN Rcriiwiv— (eonlinnMl)

Chanibem 342

Cbanil«T», Kobert W -'IJ

Charltou, R. J

<huroh. Hey. AUrad '■

Clare, Aoatin 147

rAOB
Rook a R«TltW«i («o1l— ><)
Dyioo 7

Clark, J. W.

('lintim, ilanry Ijaum .

Clouiib, B. A.

Ill

1:1.'.

Clouiton, K. Warrco )•''*

Coleridge, M. B ll-f

Cookson, George 26M

Conler, Annie SG8

Comford, Re». J 105

Corni.h. C. J 2»6

Craekantbonie, Hubert 167

Crauipton, deorgo , 908

Craven. Udv Helen 23

Crawford. .%(arioD 17«

Creswick, I'anl 84

Crockett. S. R 8J

Crowest, Frederick J 142

Croxier, Jubn Beattie 44

Dakyna, H. O 271

DAnvem, N 240 I

Diirnieate' "' . Janm 298 1

Davis, K: rig 109

Diiwaon, ^\ i iirbut 107 1

Dawson, W. J 21'-'

DebtrtI 341

Delia Uocca, Gen. Knrieo 7U 1

Do Mitty. Jean 266

De Nolhac. I'ierie 2^6 '

De Vere, Aubrey I ^

Dirkion. Arthur i

Diebl. Mrs. M 11..

DitchlleJd. P. H 118

Dobaon, Austin 19<»

Dml „ 342

Dowden. Edward 7

Du Maurier, 49, 276

Dyke. Rev. Principal J. Oswald 77

Earle, John 202

Ebeni, (ieorg 211

Ellis. Edward 8 24 4

Ellis. F. 8 2.13

Elphinstone. Sir Howard WarburtoD Ill

Emmet. Ix<wis E 303

Eve, (}. W 240

Everett-Green, Mist 275

Eyton, Canon 23'.'

Fairbairn. A. M 204

Faly, Patrick, C 146

Farrow, G. E 310

Fenn, G. Manville 276

Ferguson, Sir Samuel 140

Feriiald, J. (' Sr'

Field. Eugene , SOU

Findlay. J. J 42

Fitch. Sir Joshua 42

Fitzgerald. S. J. A 106

Flammarion. Camille 106

Fletcher, J. S 310

Fleming. David Hav 164

Forbes- Holiertson, Fraacea 147

Ford, (ieorge 180

Foni, Paul l^icester 149

Fothergill. J. Milner 110

France, Anatole 76

Francis, Beata 309

Francis, M. E 68

Frnser, Rev. James 108

Gaelvn. Henry „ ^ 3.13

Ganiiner, Samuel RawsoD 38

Garland, Hamlin 197

Gariitt. Con.slance 178

Oemnur. C. U 268

Gethen. H. F 810

Gibeme, Agnea 809

Gibson. Charles Dana 277

Gi.ssing. (ieorge 24,^

Golsebiiiana. Lion 309

Goninie, G. Laurence 341

Gosse, Edmund 16.5

Gould. Nat 245

Graham. J. M 22

Grand. Sarah 145

(;runt. Prof. A. J 142

Greenhow. Surgeon-Major H. H 115

Gieenedge. A. H. J 203

Greenwool. Harry 143

Griffith, F. U _ 330

Griffith. George 244

Guyon, Madame 294

ii King
A.W
M

118

116

M
IM

<!•
S«

Ha»«i>. 11. 1; ^.......n S7(

Hitwthome, Nathaniel ..^.^^..m 141

lUy. Alfred 175

Hayens. Herbert lit

Haiell „ „... M9

Heam. I.afcadia 41

Healb. Admiral Sir UopoU 174

Heatl. T I SO6

Hea' Ul

He. harle* Wiliiaa > 1«7

K M

!. - US

mO „ M

Henley. William Emeat M, SM

Hentv. G. A „ 117

Herr

Hid

Hir

Hill

Hil

Hon

Hoi

Hoe

II..

H,.

11, .:

211

244,841

■«ae»Me«e»e— ■— Wv

•••••eaaeaee •■• 99

S4S

^ SI

S7»

lat

Home. Andrew „ .m». S1#

Hooper. T ^ ..... 117

Ho|. • \ _ $U

H. , •. A S»7

Hun S3

Hume. .M.ilin A. 8 18S

Hunt. \ iolet tit, Xli

Hunter. W. A 7»

Hutchinson. Kev. H. N St7

.kU'ck

^rd B.

Hatrhiuion. Tbomaa ,

Irwin, S. T „....

Jackson. A. M

James. Henry

Jebb. Prof. ft. C. ...
Jenkiiu. Edward

SSS
SM

lis

M
S70

J•l>^opp. AugUStOl SSS

Jokai, .Maurus S14

Keith. l.<slie „ 53

Kenyon, Frederic O. .„„.... ^ M, 9(0

Kipling. Kudyard 81

Knigbt. William 140

KuoxLittle. W. J 1S«

La-Id. George TumboU 75

La Farge. John „. SOS

Lamb, Horace SOS

Landor. Walter Savag* ...._ .'.... SSS

Lang, Andrew „ SOB

Lawson. Henry 147

Layard. Nina Fraacea. ^.^.^ SM

Lean. Lieut. -Col. F. ,„ SOI

Leelerc, Max SSO

Lee. Albert „... S75

Lee". .1 Can»roo ....„ „ SM

Le( . !:ichaid „ ISO

I-ei -rt S44

Lev. . - _ S74

Liddon, H. P. .„ •<

Lie. Junaa 17S

Little „_. S7S

Un-k. Kev, Walter „ SSO

Locke. William J _ SS

Ixx-kyer. Sir Norman „ IS

Loyd. Udy Mary SOO

Lurs

Lyf.

M (

M'(

M N

Ma.

Ha.1

Magnun. l.,a.iy

Magnus. Laurie

Uaban. Capt. A. T.
Ualan, Rev. A. N. .

VerraU S04, SIS

Hon. B 14

a 14«

SSO

„ » SOS

. - ro

rd „ S18

O SS

_ SS4

Forater 70

1). U SO

_ 47

SOO

INDEX TO you I.

PAOK
AMERICAN LETTKRS-

r.ll, ss, ITi, IJl, IHl. '-'14, 246, 278, Sll, 34a

AMONG MY BOOKS-

Ail.lnou'* Tciwi-U 241

AdvotituiiH of Cluriibin* 144

AiiiTiraii lli«t<)rie» 2"'.'

CrrUiii Pcfectit of MoUain Critieim, On 'ZO'J

Oc>iloi|uy on CriliciHiii, A 17

Fli>tory *• it ia Written 48

Iii'itf front an Inn Allmm, A 336

I'liriilmtilf Hooks 176

I'oi'tH' .Uiil|{ini'nt« upon PoeU SOft

ThoiiKbtH on Stylo ll'J

rglinemi in Fiction 80

AT THE BOOKSTALL -

r>5, 119, 180, 310

AUTHORS OP BOOKS REVIE\VED -

Ailnm, .IiinK* -70

Aildi'rliy, Jnrna* 210

Ally, Mm 289

A.fc in

Aitk;-n, Crorge A 2S.1

AlUnton-Winu, K. G 202

AlUn, Auilrey M«ybew 30«

All*n, Ciraut 226

AlUn. Thomai T»ylor 294

Anil>roKiiis, .loliamift 326

Andcrtou, KolxTt 141

AnoiiyiiiiniK 47

Anxon, Sir William 207

Armour, Margaret 341

AriiiKtroug, Aiiiiio E 24:°>

Aniistronn, Artliur CoUs 26H

A»hmpnd-Hartl<-tt, tSir Ellis 23

Ankwith, Ci. K 170

Afpinwall. Alicia 276, 309

Atteridge, Helm 309

Bain, R. Nisbct ?10

Baker, Kcv. A 206

Balfour, A. J 298

Balfour, M. C 85

Baring-tiouUl, 8 63, 117

Barlow, Jam" 84

Barr, Matthia* „ 268

Barrie, J. M 341

Barry, Bishop 20S

Bartriin, (!eorgs 58

l»4dford, H. I^)ui»B 310

Bell, Mrt. Arthur 240

Bennett, .lohn 275

Bennett, W H 204

Berkelry, George 295

Bini, Maximilian 245

BickcTdyke 149

Birrliaum, Otto Julius 179

Bigga, C. H. W 175

Biiirnson, lijiirrutjeme 178

Black, L.M r 147

Blackniore, K. 1) 273

BlashlieUl, K. H 334

BlomlieM, Kiginald , 101

Bloundelle. Burton 274

Blunilt'll, Mrs. Kranuia ,

Bonner, U. A

Bonnfel.lt, W. B,
Bonny, Uev, Prof.
Bootbby, Ouy

204

299

MTV^WUUJ, VIHJ ^O

Bourdillon, Francis William 15

Bourget, t'aul 292

Boutmy, K 172

Boville, Mai 170

Bradley, Henry 201

Brial, Michel 197

Broniby, Cbarira Hamilton 141

BroekKtad. H. L 178

Browne, Maggie 310

Bnice, \. B 173

Bryce, Ut. Hon. James 261

Brydrn, H. Andernon 13U

B'lr.l.tt, Sir Henry 342

Burgoyne, F. J 200

Burki'. H. F 342

Bumey. Charles ".'" so3

Burr, K, d |. 271

Bushby, Dudley Charies 268

Butler, Samuel 198

Campbell, Kobert '"24 m

Carter, Kev. T 77

Cart\vrii;ht. .lulia 239

Catherwood, Mary Hartwell 275

Cafe, Kev. U. H 244

\ r Books RVTilwib— (cootinue.l

' .».. -r.. Kobirt \v.!!!!i.'.."...V. ...

Charllnu, R J ili

Church, Iter Altnd - >*''

Ctnre, Aoatm !

Clark. J W »„ ».

Clinton, Henry laorta 1

Clougli, B. A 32^1 I

(■loimtnn, K Warreo 137 1

Col., '! i: IIS I

Co. 1 « S68

Cor.1 t«8

Comforil, Her. J 105

C.imi.b, C. J .„ 296

Crar!- V Vrt 167

Oral 808

Cr;.> 28

Cra»l.,r.l, .NUriuo 178

Cre.wick, I'aul 84

Crockett, S. R 82

Crowest, Kreilerick J 142

Crorier, Jolm Beattie 44

n.ikvn«. H. (; 171

1) Anv,r«. N MO

Darmeateler, Madame jame* 198

Davis, Kiclianl Hartling 109

Dawson, William Harbut 107

Dawson, W. J 212

Debrtstt 341

Delia Rocca, (ieo. Borioo 70

Dc Mitty, Jean 268

De Nolhac, I'iarra ^ S.lfi

De Vero, Aubrey 133

Dickson, Arthur Ill

Dichl, Mrs. M 14.'»

Ditchliel.l, 1'. H „ ir.S

Dobson, Austin I9'l

Dod 342

Dowden. Edward 7

Du Maurier. O 49, 176

Dyke, Rev Principia J. Oswkid 77

Earic, John J02

Ebers, (ieorg 211

Ellis, Edward 8 241

Ellis, F. 8 2.13

Elphinstone, Sir Howard WarbnrtoD Ill

Emmet, Ix-wis E .10.1

Eve, (J. W 240

Eren'tt-Cireen, Uiss 275

Evton, Canon 239

Fairbairn. A. M 204

Faly, Patrick, C 14«

Farrow, (J. E 310

Fcnn, (!. MaoTille 275

Ferguson, Sir 8amu«l 140

Fernald, J. C 34-.'

Field, Engeno 309

Fiiidlay. J. J 42

Fitch, Sir Joshua 42

Fitzucnild, S. J. A 105

Flammarion. Camille 106

Fletcher, J. S 310

Fleming, David Hay 164

Forbes- ItoU'rtson, FnUKM 147

Ford, (ieorge IhO

Foni, Paul l.,eic«ster 14'.>

Fothergill, J. Milner 110

France, Anatole 75

Francis, Beata 309

Frami.«, M. E 52

Fniser, Uer. Jamas 108

(iaehn. Henry _ 3.13

(lapfiner, Samuel KawsoD 3X

(iarlaiKl, Hamlio , Ill7

(iarrett, Coiutaooe 178

Oemmer. C. U 168

Gethen, H. F 310

(iil>eme, Agnes 309

Gibson, Charles Dans 277

(iissing, (Jenrge 243

Oolsebmana, LcoD 30^

Conmie. (i. Laureaoe 341

(!os.se, E.lmund 165

Gould, Nat 245

(iraham, J. M 22

Grand, ."^arah 145

(;rant. Prof. A. J 142

Gr«eiibow, Surgeon-Major H. II 115

Greenclge, A H. J 203

Greenwool. Harry 143

Griflith, F. LI _ 330

(irimth, (ieorge 244

Ouyon, Madame 294

rkou
Ki Kktibwbu— (eoMtauad)

'jraosi 7

116

115

»«
IM
«•

14
SM
17*
141
176
US
S4S

imiikl 8ir Uopold 174

I SN

111
l$t

'■ '-"f •■

Hall, Mrs. A. W. .

Hamilton. M.

• . Cliriatopber

.u-k. Dr. A.l..l(<il ..

. r:>den,B«'atrice „

Hart, Brig (ira. K. O

Hart, Mrs. Kniest

Haoeis. H. R

Hawthorne, Natbaoirl

Hay. Alfred

Hayrns, llrrbcrt ,

lUsell „.. ^„

If — .. I nfeadio -.

barles WiUiaa „.„

;! K , _

Hendry, Hamiah ,. lU

Henham, Km**t G „ „«.«.... B4

•• " n Emwt „. M, SM

IIT

II 111

lliel.tio, : »..».,..,. sot

Hick^.n. y ^ 144, Ml

Hill.' ..-T:k „,.... „„. SM

Hil „ „„». ,„.„ SS

Ho»: S _ SM

Hol.b.^. J.jLu Uliret „^... fl4S

H.H.y. Mrs. Caakel >.. S4S

Hollis, Margery „.„ SS

Holmes, F. M „ STS

Holmes, Richard B ™ IS*

Honie. Andrew „ „„. SIS

Hooi«-r, T „ „....„ „ lit

Hopkins, A. A «...» „.,.^... SM

Hopkms, Albort A SS7

Home, Fergus ...„,...„ SS

Hume, Martin A. 8 ISS

Hunt, Violet „... lU, 274

Hunter, \V. A „ 7»

Hutchinson, Rev H. N «.»._.„... SS7

Hutehin«on, TtiOmas ^.^^.^ ISS

Irwin, 8. T »....„»„.„ SSS

Jackson, A. M „._....„.,„...^„....„. IIS

James, Henry „.., IS

Jabb. Prof. ft. C STS

Jenkins, Edwaid „„,.m SS

Jassopp, Augustas ,„ „.,..„.„ SSS

Jokai, .Mauru.s SiS

Keith. 1/islie _ ,. SS

Kenyon, Frederic Q. .„ „...M, SSO

Kipling. Huilyard 81

Knight. William 14S

Kuox-Little, W. J „^ ISS

L».ld. George TumboU „.„ 7S

Lai • 'r, SSS

SSS

147

Laii : .- Savsig*

Lang, Au-lrew

Lawson, Henry „ „„,

I>ayard. Nina FriTas

Lean, Lieut. -Col. F SSI

Leclerc, Max SSS

Lee. Albert _„. S7S

I.,ers, J Cameron ....^ „ SSS

Le ( i all ienne, Kiduud „ „ IfS

Iveighton. Robert S44

I^ver, Charles S74

I.iddon, H. F SS

Lie. Jonas „ ITS

Little „ „. STS

Lock, Rer. Waltar „ ^ SSO

Lorka. William J ,..„„.... 8S

Ix>ckyer, Sir Norroas .- IS

lx.v.1, Udy Mary MO

Lucas. i:.l«..rd Verrmll M4, llS

Lvf Hon. B ... 14

M'c a IM

M C. imH. SSO

M'Donnell, AC lOS

M'GilTert, Arthur C. 170

.M'Nidtv, E.lwaid „ US

Macllvaine, H. O IS

Mackail. J. W SM

.MacSwinnev. Robert Fonlar „ TS

Ma<l'l-n. Kt Hon. D. U SS

Ma,.! 47

Ma^ „ 78

Mab. v. T SOe

Ualaa, Uev. A. N. SM

354

INDEX.

rAOB

Acruok.-i or Books Bctibwbd— (•oaUaued)

Utn-b. K. A 342

ManDdia, O. B MS

MaiadMi. «. O Ill

Umr,h RifhMvl S3, 117

■out RlTllwiD— {continued)

111

r.. »

.W. 8

F. T

Xaxirvll-8cott. Hon.

Hrin, Arthur V

" lith > -■ .

Mrs.

M»]mU.

MilWili. i'aul

Minehia, J. U. Cotton .-

HolMWMth. Mr«

MoUoy. J. FitxerUd

MoBtrttor. F. V

Moara, PloraoM

Moor*. TboittM ,

ltor'->nRrown, H. .«.„..

M.' ■■■•

M. . iiu

MorriMO, Aritaur

Moakittrick. K. K „.

Ilaaro, John

>.... 333

114

807

„ SS9

6»

tee

je»

827

S43, 310

14 r

SIO

... 26.^
... i;-.>

38, 72

... 2!

... so.'

... 244

Mtnu. Stfinund ** 134

MurraT, l>r. J
liumll. WiU
Nm^Ijt, Hrnry .
Nspirr, (irorgr Q
Nsriaaon,
Kavberrj,

New*— '•

A. H.

H. W.
VaoBf B. ..
'>»ocU H.

,1c

^U, LMly .

- L.

201
110
333
329

277
245
SXi
111
324

71
341
173
14H
142

22 j
HI
200

NirboU. :

Nir^i: 1 .

No:.

Moms, n
Oigm, W. .
Ofrie. Jotm J
uriphaot, Mra

Ottlrj. K. L 100

Orertoa. John Hemy ....>.« 331

Facet. 8tepiMO Hi

FklKraT*, Prancii T 28G

Fury. Jadf 248

F>tar«aa. Arthor „ 62 <

P.ton. AlUa H«»k 233 I

Patrick. D»»id 342 I

81 1
304
77
148
2»»
276
24.';
102
206

! „ 149'

on. Sir B. .„ 237

orlny, Cli»» 82

cl T 141 I

t K»r 118]

K.r.D Maoindes 43

r. K ; 341

^ 829

I 244

ck. Btft. 34, HI

„ 24

' infiloa « 1 m

„ - 18

116
32H
309
22t*
142

Sin

21) U
207
341

Payne, Ja

Faake, A. 8

PCMry. K«T. R. B

Pni.{. r»l M.rr L ,

F«i„ -r

Ptn:, :i

PtnaT, iiirfjartl

FwkuM. JuuM Brack..
Prrrv. Jobn

■.V M.

D. .».
rio« X. .

'Pin

"»od —„.... 143

i.-rt „

ll.u-.i, .ii

■"L."o."6V...r.T.7.*.'."

A. Mary P

Pmlrnck 8

Bodd, RrancU

O. J

I of R1»r|<tMt«rir. Lt..Ool.

Bo»" ' m Miefaaal .„..

Km- -rk „,.

Kymn f*

SaWticr, Aiig M ta...,

2J«
33.'.
171
340
207
T.>H
10«

:v.M

1 0.1

116
23
IS

211
337

29S

.lam ^ 330

A Ill

Inors -. ~ ,..,. 322

Kilbum 175

S87

W 171

' o SOS

13
104
84
333
309
396
363
3*6
77
309
203
SOS

1",

AOTl

hi.. V I.

Bauibit'
Sasntoi
8aB«lay,

Baaiia, Juliii
BaiinJrr*. O

BcV- '

B.T i. A

Berfeant, l/ewii

Bctoim, Oabriel

Bhan<l, Alcxaniler

Bhar)i, Kvrlyn

.Ki,..r!>r, Mr*. Clement

IMilli

Mora

:- H

:- 1 Ip

."■v 1 lUiaro

^•Kow, lUomaa

Sommrr. H. Oiikar 118

..,,„„ M well 15

237

uh 48

. Ucv 287

Dr. (iordon 244

.;..., riora A 212

8teeTcn», U. W 302

St«phcoM)n C 171

StevenaoD. Hobprt LouU 18, 309, 341

Strinnpr. Frnnrin A 303

8tuart, Kuth McKner; 212

Suildanis, V 171

Burrry, Mnrgaret 244

Swift, iteiijnmin 51

8yri>tt, Nett» 311, 300

T«l)b. .John B 15

Tadenia, lAureuce Alma 268

Tanrer, J. C „ 2S9

Tanna 243

Taunton. ReT. Ethalred L 73

Taylor, Mins Lucy 275

Telle. C. P 369

Temple, A. 876

Tennrann, Loril 3, 84

Th«clieray. Rpy. V. 8 205

Ticknor. Caroline 375

Timiot. M 17.S

Townnhenil. Dorothea. 70

Tupper, .lohii Lueaa 23.')

Turner, B. B 199 |

TurKenev, Ivan 178 ;

Twain. Mark „ 330

Tyl.T, MoMW Coit 194 '

l^yler, Sarah 148

I rquliart, John W 175

36
24:<
109
310
301

ur.

Vallanre, Aymer

Venie, .luleii

ViUrt. Col. II. H

Von dcr Lippc Konow, Ingeborf

Von Verily ilu Vemoif, Oen

Voynioh, K. L _

WnMatein. I.ouii 231

Walker. I'rof. Hii({b 142 1

WarborouRh. Miirtin Leach 309 ;

Warburton. Henry 303 '

Wnnl, Wilfred 297

WaUon, Alfre.1 E. T 33r.

Wataoii, E. H. Ucon 117

Wataon, I.ily 117

WaUon, William 2r>8

Watt-Dunton, Ilieodore 162

Wedmore, F 328

WeirMiteliell, 8

Wei«a Schmttenthal, Prof. Karl

WelU, H. (J

Wentoott. Dr. B. P

We«toriT, Miaa

Wheatley, H. B

Wheeler, ^<tepl>en

Whi<h«<r, Prod

Whintler, Charlea W

Whitaker »42

Wjll*rforee. A. H „ 5

Wilkin«, .Marv E 19

•■*"■ PAOK

CONTRIBUTORS OF SIGNED

ARTICLES AND LETTERS, d(0. -

" A •• „ 209

Arnold, A. O ,...„, i:;o

Bibliopfailo* 345

Birrell, .\uxuttine „ 17

Black, C 281

Boyle, Kreilk 34,',

Bro.iiliy, C. H 280

Burlei|{h, Tbom-u „ -A]:,

Carryl, (Juy Welmore 272

(Jtibb, Ceranl V I8.t

Cixik. riieixlore A 151

(Vewe, Karl of „ 336

Dawiuin, William Harbutt 183

DoltHon, Atiatln I44

Eilitor of tlie Qaaritrly Rtritm 2l.'>

Pottey. A 8.%

Kuniier Bookaeller, A 184

tSaniett, R S04

CibKon, William Wilfred 208

(■oaKe, Edmund 241

(Iralmiii, Jnmea H 85

Hus.s.ir, An 120, 24K

JaniFH. Henry 306

KipliuKi Kudyard 16, 170

LanK. Anilrew 48, 314

LawleKi, Kinily m. 176

Lely, <i. M t Sift

Librarian, A 281

MHclarrn, Inn „ 80

Maele...!, Fiona 240

Maliaify, I'rofeaaor 112

Martin, K. S 314

Murray, Frauk 216

Nutt, Alfred 184

Palmer, .1. Luttrell 216

Powell, (1. H 183

Reich. Kmil 213

BolHTta. W. Rhya 184

Bargeant, I.ewia 150

Shiuid, Alrx. Innea 345

Sillard, P. A 248

Smith, Cid.lwin 272

Stephen, I.eHlie 176

Btillinan, W.J 183

ToTnl>ep. Paget 216, 344

Tyler. Thomaa 150

W*at«nii, William 144, 305

Writer i>f .\rticle on Misa Mitfiinl in

" nictionniy of Nnti<mal Biography ". 151

CORRESPONDENCB-

American CoUegei 183

Bingraphy 314

Bookaaie .\vera(fe« 345

Boukteller'a Cnevance, A 315

Bookaellinit V<>e>t^<<>n> I^M 1^> 816, 248

Ethica of I'liblishirig .'M5

areece in the XI.X. Centurj- 150

Historical .Accuraoy in Fiction 85

Late Lonl 'I'ennyion, The 120

Mary Fytton 150

Method* of .Mr. Moaher, The 151

Mountain, Stream, and Covert 345

Mra. Browning und Mias Mitford 150

New Tammany, The 314

Novel, The „ 8ft

Peri«hable Booka 281

PayeboloKical .Chestnut, A 314

Qun^atio de Amia et Terra 816, 280, 344

Quarlrrlu i>n Poela, !!>• 215

Rudyard Kipling 120, 183, 848

Stuart PortralU 281

Swiaa Relief Stationa 188

'ITioughta on Style 184

POREION LBTTBR8-

Prance 86. IBS, 182, 279, 313

(lermany 121. 879

Italy.... 847

Ruaiia 87. 158

21
326

50
270
.141
139
293
340
118

HEADED ARTICLES

All>h..lia.- Daiidet

Ira. (\ R

< Freda

Will

Win
w.;

Wi.

W.. (i. A

W. H

Wor.lol.i. W. B.i,il

BIBLIOORAPHIBS-

Nigerta

North-Weat Frontier, The
Preaent Auatrian ('riaia, Tb«

■orge C 140

" "" „ 340

20.'.

I4:<
142
238
262

62
287

Trafalgar, The Battle of 29

.'»06

Aalil.uniham Sale, 'llie 277

Booka ot 18:i7 337

Comitry Claaaiea 342

Daodet eluz lui 307

Eiphlieth Annirenary of Theodor

H.' lK^..'."'.",V."V.".'.'.V.'.'.". ..... 246

Lil n, The 59

Moiiuni.ut^ of Karly Printeni 188

Sir Philip Franeia'a l^etlera 118

'ITlc " Waspa " «t Caniliridgo 184

LEADINO ARTICLES-

Age of s , 1-ho IM

Author » 1

Biogiai-l ji.ir Writer* 280

BookavUing gueetiou, The 7»

INDEX.

355

Lradino Abtici.kh— (oontinueil)

{'liri«tm»« HiiokH

DiiniiiiHtioii iif tlir Novel, The

l-*n«i

rAUl;

2MU
6!V

trr

Kiik1>«>> Aiiiilimiy, An IJj

HiiTiilay 'I'n-'k fur PaiwriU, A

Llt<T»ry Ycur, 'l'h<' ■••v'

Uuiirterlii on J'ofln, Tb« ..

Tra^if Suct**'Hi«, A

as:
sai 1

121t

LETTERS FROM A PORTFOLIO-

Ramuntl Hurke

ThoniM ("»rlyl«

Aleiaii'lrf DuinM l*»

Tlininii-^ H"."l I''"

|.<iiil Ji')Tr<-y

VV. C. MaritBily

U8T OP NEW BOOK«-

30-32, «.H-C4, ur., l)fi, 127, 128, IfiH-lBO, 191,
1U2, 223,224. 2r..-.. -'.'iB, 2«7, 288, S52

149
140

Hit

Aktimtic (lirr BonKjt— (continurj)
f<b«nliMH't C«l«ii<Ur

BtiiAio

V»nily K«lr

Wt-nwl CalnHUr

Work uf (;iurlM KaeM, Th*

BIOGRAPHY-

Alfn-il. I,"r.l T»nn]r»OB <-

An-.:. I ,,1 i.'„..i,.- ,

A- r»n

Ai. ■■!• Onjroo ...

It. '

Ki.

Hn - llrrt Dl»r3r

H<«>-l'oia <.f thf UfarotlM -IJ-I

Jpwiah PnrtntiU 47

J,,' • M

.1. ,on 5S«i

J. M r„!hY Wordfwofth 140

YOPMO ( uu a H — rf)

a7i5

3. i*

4-J

294

I u

I'r
I't.

. Ill
sio

SI*

so*

310

11*
•.'71

NOTES-

28-2!>, R9-0-.' -.-u-.X, 123-126, 163-in8, :
187-100, 217-222, 248-2r.5, 281-286, !
345-3r.2

OBITUARIES

Alcork, Sir Kiitherford 120

Ilrown, Kev. T. K »0

Byrnr, Very Uev. J »l|

CaMfrwood, l*ri>fei«or 186

CHvalriwelle. (tisvanni Ratitt* 121

Cirnvreiir, Madame Auguate 68

nana, Charles A ft8

l)au.let, Ali.lioiwe 306, 307, 312, 316

l)ri»ler. Prof. Henry 279

George, Henry 89

Legge, Profemior 216

LUmlaff. Dean of 2S

Palgrave. Prancin Turner 68

Pasriial lie (JayaiigoH 2r>

Kegnaiilt, .lnri|uen Arnable 68

Kenouf , Sir Peter le Page 26

Konaiter, William 68

Shoppe, C. J 187

Stoiighton. Dr 89

" Taxma " 68

Teck, IhiduM of 89

Von Kiehl. W. H 186

Von Wegele, Dr. FraDZ Xaver 68

Walfor.l, E 187

POEMS-

Blin.l Ri.lcra, The 208

Dirge of the Munatrr Forest 176

EluKJoo 144

Haven Mother 272

Maiglxleann Mliara, The 240

KeceMaiininl 176

Theseu.i anil Minoi 304

White HwseH 16

UNIVERSITY LETTERS-

Caniliriilgc 213

Oxford 66, 246

REVIEWS.
ART

Art of Painting in the Querns Ueign 276 ]

Chipiiendale I'orioil ni Kn^lish Furniture 137

Chriitt and His Mother in Italiau Art 2S9

CoDDoiRseur, I'hc 106 I

Decorative HeraUW 240

(ilasgow School of Painting, The 333!

Historioal PortraitH 139

Hiatory of Kei.aissancu Architecture in

England, A 101

J. F. Millet and Kuatio Art 383

Life and Work of W. Q. Orchardnon 27«

Ornamental Design for Woven Fabrics ... 171

Portrait Miniatures 140

U-tl.i. u: I),. ' Kn^aetli 264

I^'tters of Kl rett Browninf ... 98

I/Heritage d. 266

Life and Letters of Mr. 1 I'ortcr 76

Life and Tiine« of C'anlh . .u 297

Life of I iverie I'uiey 66

Life of >n 298

Life of 1. ., ,n 170

Marie Antoinette Dauphin* 236

Mary Queen ..f Scots 164

Memoir of Ai; '" t^h, A 325

Memoir of W 299

PriTato Pap. T Iberforce ... 6

Queen Victoria ISO

KecoUections of Aubrey ile Ver* M^

Russian BiokTaphical Dietiooary 9

Bir Walter Kalegh 138

Rolomon (Vsar Malan 234

tt liays

, a •• CfciM's

p..

T. ■■■■■'.^

T d -

Tr. -I „

Tr. \

T" -e

(-. ' to Fairvlaad

Ti.

Wr' ■■-HT ci: rii:..|>|>;. i n.-

BOOKS OP REPERBNCB
B. Year- Book aa4

UafdM

Thomas and Matthew Arnold
William lilackwond and his .Son* ,
William Murris

42
10
36

11
«■!
!•
1)

lis

fit

ary

.111

343
343
34t
342

341

nophon

EDUCATION '

Ar. on with l.atm Verses

■be

I;.

^■ltlo^lm'

FICTION

Ml ..

I he..

Another'a Burden .

A- - ■■'"'- "
A-

1'.,..

p.. .bclg

V rs, The

11..,..

Beth Book, The

Bladvs iif the StewpOMJ

. Arcs

>ir°s Breadth

Tboums (iain.sliorough
Vnsari's Lives of the Painters
Work of t'harles Keene, The ..

:'40
334
276

ARTISTIC GIFT BOOKS-

.\lnianac of Twelve Sports 277

An AlphalH-t 277

Art .lournal 277

Art of 1S«17 277

Art of Painting in the Queen's Reitrn 276

Blackberries. The 277

Olaasical Sculpture Gallery 277

Coon Calendar 277

Legend of Canielot, .\ 276

Lite and Work of W. Q. Orchardson 276

London a.s seen by Charles Dana Gibson 277

People of Dickens 277

Pictures of Clas.sic Greek Landscape 277

Kcmington Calendar 277

BOOKS FOR THE YOUNO-

Ace o' Hearts

Adventures in Tovland 118

Adventures of a Siberian Cab 300

All the Way to Fairyland 809

Black Arrow. Tbe 341

Black Disk, The 27B

Book of Verses for Children 204

Bnshy 341

Butterfly Ballads 809

By Sartal Snnds 244

Children's Study 276

Chronicles ot Christopher Bate* 841

Clash of .\rms »74

Clovis Dnrdintor 243

Concerning Tiddr 244

Days of Jeanne D'Atc 276 ,

Echo-Msiil and other Stories 309 Amr Vivian's Rinff

Eerie Book, Tbe 341 •— "^--•- "-J—

Eiiled from School 310

First Book of •• Krab," The 245

Flamp. The 212

Flight for Freedom, A 244

For the Flag 243

Frank and Saxon 276

Fur -lunge Ilrrren 245

(Jardeu of Delu-ht. The 309

Gentleman of Knuland, A 24 i

(Sentlenianly (liaiit. The 31

Gladys in (irnuunarland 3f

Gold' Ship, The 27

Golden Galleon, The 24

Half-aDoien Uovs 31u

Half-a-l)o/.n (iirls 310

Hans Anilersen's Stories 118

Icelandic Fairv Tales 118

Ideals for Girls 376

In the Days of Good Qaeen BMi 244

In the Days of the Pioneers 244

Joana 244

Just Forty Winks 118

Job Heldre.1 341

Joy of my Youth. Tbe 341 |

King Ola'f's Kinsman 118

King's Stor>- Book, The 341

Ud of Mettle, A 246 |

Lever's Novels 274 i

Lullaby-lan.l 309]

Making of Matthias, Tbe 310

Master of Ballantrae 341 |

M '^.rk 2751

>' vo made the Empire 244 |

,M - una 276

Mis... Mouse and her Boyi..... 243

Moilern Puck. A 309

Mona St. CUiro 246 ;

Naval Cadet, The 244 ,

Netherdyke 212

Nursery Rhyme Book 309

CLASSICAL

Her I ••■• 142

PI 271

p,. ilea 260

Reivil.h. '.t na'.> „ 270

Sophocles 570

Works of .Xrnophon 'J71

Aims and Practice of

2S7

< of a Foster PWaat ... 239

-chools 171

?IS

..-...._„.„. 118
81

,..„ IM

.._ 117

„.... 149

211

— . 340

UT
146
117

„ x:t

....„ 308

:rageoas HI

na and Mother's Hands 178

1 i.ui.ie iMvai of '96 U

Corleone 178

Creel of Irish Stories, A 84

Crime and the Criminal, The 28

Dariel 27S

David Dimsdala, M.P SU

DerelicU „ M

Dorrington Deed Box. Tlie M

Kl Carmen .. 3M

Fall of th<- Sparrow .. 86

1 Son .

... A

itrr's Sake

ll.r.rr HeMdilh..

.1 A.

St
943

147

lis

Train Robbeir 14t

:. 11

and Ends .„ MS

■. 20

.nrnt Way 211

-..We . 212

Man, The 60

Jas> II 1^. wards 119

Jeroair !•

King with Two Paece, Tbe 11*

Lady Rosalind ^

356

INDEX.

fii-TlO)!— {coatianad)

lAmniT*. Tbr

LorliiBrar
LoriU of
Mm

M*> i !>•

Mwn-,^ I'T

H&rrh oil I>>iHtoi>. A
MAnrlla • M»fii>ir<'

■artian. Tlw

oltteTltiKl

riM

ISO

LAW

Annual Praetim, 1898. Tb»

Olabralrd Tri«U

Kitcjrlo|xr<lia of tbr I^wi of EnKlaod

UoodFTc'it MiMli-rn Law of KckI property

(irMn«o(Hl on ( 'unvryaoriiif

H«titrr"« Koni»n l^ftw

" : tilution

Uotmt..

Kioto

HalM of k Mu

CMd Storic*

Obf of U>» Brokaa Brifaal* .

fteol Utnrt

PnfU of Cloptoo

fsc:^

r't Danmuo, Tka.....

Butt Vrrdict. A

Kip's KodaaptioB. Tko ....>..
8i. Itm

BlMiU llacLcoJ.
8ta» Paitloa*. Tbr .
amft of Marioy ....

fiknrr, Tb«

8o* of Um C'lar

I lUid, A ....
•U of OSet. A ..

M.P.

Bmtmo umI PUt Storiw

TcBpto of FoUt. Tba

Tkno Coaaoly HJudcni mini their Alfsin. .

nmo nugnem, Tho

'i l<ttir« Windom

Too ••■(••■...•

-rr-inj

Torrt—

T»: • !r, A

T»ili»L; IU,1, Th.- ..
Two <'«pt«io>. The ..

:e. llie

r« at Coraniw..

OEOORAPHY AND TRAVEL

An., r.' » »ii ; :•.■■ Americana

An Ann' - l^t'.fi- from Japan

Aaiati 1 .fi..-.

( h r.r».- t ' \' r'^' - ' ICl

I^al. n I'..

> fieUa .
' > rii Afrioo

» eii .-•

, I

■'■. Afriaa

xnd froMnt .
aii.i Woat Coaat .

H I STORY -

l*«teiopip«nt of Um) Engliab Coiutitutiaa
Ba«luli Black M<>ak« ul Kt. Beacdiet. Tba
fraaaa ander Lnuts XV

. tiivmtlth and Pro-
l*r»/>r»l« . ...

Bi*lM7 of tba '
LHarary Hialor^ ula-

tion „ „,„^

Lord* of Lara, Tba».«....>,„ „.,.

lUkiac of AUtotaford

Mafic Aatoiaatta Daaptiiaa

Now Lrtter* of Napolooa i

Qoaaa Vi«tona „ _

Sir Wa)l«r RaJogb

Saallcr Hiatoriaa of OroMo Md

B oaial 8«itaarland

Story of oor Kaclub Towaa

4'i
179

.'>4 I
2r.'
146
178

33
147,

82
I'lQ

r.3

53
148
53;

116
18 i
243

149 1

as I

147 i
117 i
340 i

lie'

179 I

22;

179 1
213

S4
14S
148
212:

51 I
178
211
340

33
116
274
117
179

22:

19
147
148
117

2'i:(

■-'I'M

261 '
l.'<4
3»0
1.(9
300
237
15
205
I

172
73

102

230
71

104 '

142
75

139 ,

88 {
>«3

i;i4
i.i

229

23<

290

1S0>

138

203

107

108

271

M :>>«. i^uarriva, ami Miiiaralt. IjiW of...

.M. rt.; .Kii, l'lr<li{e«, I{y]M)tbci'*tioDK

.Motor «.'ar». Ij»« of

N'otei on lVni<iiii; Title!

I'ritiniit. - if I'leaiiing

Ke '••>

K' ^ 'tiona

Art, The

i i.< ading Caaaa in tba Crim-
lliai l.itw

Torta. The Ijiw of

White .^ 'Hiilor's Leading Casea in Equity
LITERATURE-

.\gi? of Tennyiion

Authori-s.s of the Odvanev

BililiograpbT of the \V>irLs of Wm. Morri*

Critirisin^, IteHiclionii, Maxinu, of Uoetba

I)iar^ of .MastiT William Silence

Kasai de Si'nmntiqiie

Hanmet 8hakc«|>eare

Hawtbonie'« Huuiie of the Seven Gablt-a...

Hi*' ' 'riich Literature

Hi T.ard the Kox

J..- run

La^t 6lUiiio*

Lett<'r«, kc, of Walter lavage Landor ...

LiteraryHintorTof the American Kevolotion

Literary I'ampbleta

i,ordn of l.-im

Mai ' I iHier, Le

M. .|'hy

Nei.' „!■ «ur 'llieorie and Teehnik

dcr Kpik un<i Draniatik

Oxford English Dictiooary

Principles of Criticism, Tiio

Question ot the Water and of the l.«nd, A

SbakcniM^arc , I'uritan and Hecugant

Short Hiitory of French Literature

Short Hittory of Modtru English Litera-
ture

8t«n'lhal (lEuvres Posthumes) Napoleon I.

The Spe<'tator

Voyageuscs, Les

Water of this Wondroos Isles, Ttia

Wordsworth, .\ Primer of

MATHEMATICS

Applied MhthenialicM

Elenirntary Course ot InflnitesimaJ

(^al4-uliis, .\n

W..rki i.f An-himedes, The

MEDICINB-

J4>bii Hunt4*r

Medical Hints for Hot Climates

Origin of Disea-u-, The

l'ra<-titii>ni'r's Handbook of Treatment ...

MISCELLANEOUS -

Itaddesley Clinton

Cambridge I>iwril>«d and Illustrated

Celebrate)! Trials

Chronicles of the Bank of England

Free Library, 'I'lie

Home and flaunts of Sir Walter Scott ...

How to Make a Drew

Library Construction

Lumen

yagic

Marriage Custouis in Many Landa

Oocaaional AdilreNS, Tlie

Obi Harrow Days

Printers of Bsalv in the XV. aad XVI.

Centuri<-«

Koinanre of the Irish SUge, The

SicutColumbae

Htorii-s of Famous Bonga

MUSIC

Eiiir of Sounds, The

Musical Memories

Verdi, Man snd Musician

NAVAL AND MILITARY

llattle Fields of Thcssaly, 'ITie
Coldstream Uuards in the Crimaa, Tbe ...

(7uba in War Time

Int. • • .erirs in Sea Power, Ihm...

I.a i'M;aia4*

Ul -i.e Black Sea

Not4M uu Naval Progress .....m~>..,

PAOI

. 303

. 135

143

111

143

79
307
207
111

79
207

64
SOS
111
HI

24
111

303

142

198

237

204

S'.t

197

233

141

233

236

167

293

191

336

202

46
201
262
141

'C7
237

165
266
233
292
72
78

20G

20C
206

54
111
110
110

142
214
135
199
200
229
142
200
106
297
297
203
327

167

338

105

143
143
142

2:1
109
109
300

5.
174
178

Naval and Militakv— (nmtinued)

Rirbanl BainI Smith

Reflections on the Art of War

Roral NavT I ist

I'l:' -■ '■■■:■ . t ".■■■

W ,k

^\ '■ '.'uartors in 1870

PHILOSOPHICAL -

Kvolutioii of the Ides of (imi

History of Intellectual Development

Outlines of a I'hilosouhy of Itelieiou

pii ' !!!!!!!!!![!;;!

V' ,: , , ,iey, The

POETRY-

Adniirnla AU

Balbi.ls of the Fle<'t

Book of Verse* fur Children

Collect^J I'oenis of Austin DobaoD

Coming of Lore, The

Earth Breath, The

English Lyrics

Fairv Changeling and other I'oems

Pidelis and other Poems

Flower of the Mind, 'Iliu

Gediehte

(jolden Tn-asury of Songs and Lyries

I History of Heynard tba Fox

Ho|)«! of the World

I Lays of the Bed Branch

I Lyrics of John B. Tabb

Minuscula

Nineteenth (Jentury Poetry

Poems by George Cookson

Poems by Matthias Barr

I'ovms of L. I'upper

I'oems of l.ove and Pride of England

Poems of Wonlsworth

Poetry of Kobert Bums

Realms of Unknown Kings

Royal Shepherdess, kc, 'Vhe ^,,,

Rubaiyat of Ulnar Khayyam

Seleited I'oems by (ieorge Meredith

Songs in Many Moods

Tale of BiKTsccio. A

Wiiiiclennc .\lbatrosa, The

SCIENTIFIC

Darwin snd alter Darwin

Electric Light

Electric Power in Workshops

First Principles of Electricity and Mag-
netism

Lumen

New I'sycbology, 'Ibe

Principles of Alternate Current Working...

Psyrhi>logy of the Emotions

Keceiit an'l Coining Kclipsea

Studies in Psychical Research

SPORT

Boxing

Mountain, Stream, and Covert

Nature anil Sport in South .Africa

Nights with an Old tiunner

Queen's Hounds and Stag Hunting Recol-
lections

Racing and Chasing

Sporting and .Athletic Records

THEOLOGICAL-

.AdtlrcNses and !*i'nnons „

Anglican Communion, Tba

AS|>e<-ts of Life

Bamptun Lectures, 1897

Beginnings of the English Churcb and
Kingdom

Book of Ciimmoii Prsver, The

Church in England, 'ilio

Chureb nf Englaml In-fore the Reformation

Egypt Kxploraiion Fuml, IWC-IKUT

Elements of the .Science of Religion

Everlasting (iospel. The

Rver.ley BiMe, The

ExiMisiiors of tbe(;re<-k Taatameot, The...

Faith of Centuries, Tlie

Guide to Biblit«l Study, A

History of Christianity in tbe Apostolie
ABC

History of Dogma

John Donne

Life of Our Saviour

(lullinci of a Philosophy of Religion

Pniiier of 111,- Bil.le, A

Provi.i.ntial Order of the World

S, Frani-is of Assisi

BemioiiB Preai-bed in Eton College Chapel

.' ation, A

Two Lectures uu the " Sayings of Jesus '

100
33

301
33

302

301

326
44

76
231
■296

334
324

204
196
163

16
268
296
268
266
836
266
233
2»8
140

15
205
268
268
235
328
233

68
268
268
169

69
2C8
268
268

103

175
175

175
106
171
175
171
13
S2S

202
'.'32
139
296

335
335
265

208
205
270
100

76
106
831

76
S.IO
296
237
234
173
260
204

370
108
839

178
IS
204
173
136
205
141
234
108
330

Edited by

Published by

iThc iTimfS.

No. 1.— Vol. I.

SATUUDAY, OCTOBKH L'3, 18y7.

SI
Itiuii«ii:r.i

CONTENTS.

PAoa

Leading Article— Author and Critic 1

Poem " Wliiti' IIoi-si's," by }{u<lyiiril Kipling 10

" Among my Books," '>>• Anu'ust inc Hiiifll 17

Reviews -

Tennyson's Life H

Tln> WillH-rfoife Piipers 6

Hisitoi'y of French Literature 7

liusMiiin liio^niphy

W. Blttckwo<xl and his Sons 10

Pliilosopliy of Ilt^li^ion 12

Recent anil ('online Eclipses 13

Latin Verses 14

Siain on the Meinam 15

Minor Poets 1">

Fiction—

St. Ives , y.^*j........ 18

Wliat Maisie Knew ,.,... .7 IB

Jeitinio 10

In Keiiar's Tents 20

HuKh Wynne 21

Maricttji'n llarrl.iKO. .\ Week of PaKxion, Stnplctoirs Luck. Tlio
Son of tlie I'rjir. The DorriiiKton Deed Hox. The t'riiiio iiml
the Criiiiitml, Slioilii MoLcod, Tlio Twilight Kccf, Notes of n

Jl lisle Lover 22 & 23

Military -Under Iho Hod Crescent— Bat tlcflclds of Thotwalj —

Art of Wiir 23

Legral -ItiiUnK Canon- Law of Torts— Rogers on ElcotionK 2t

Obituary - Dean of LlandafT — Pascual do GayAngos—

Sir Peter Le Page Kt'noiif 25 & 28

Notes -Il, 27, 21. & 20

Bibliography -TrnfalKftr 20

List of New Books 30, 31. & 32

AUTHOR AND CRITIC.

It must be almost imjx)ssible even for the most
imaginative of literary men to realize a world in which
authors had the whole field to themselves, and there was
no such thing as an organized system of criticism, to say
nothing of a recognized guild of critics. Yet such a
world there once wa.s, and, indeed, the day of its existence
was not so very far removed from our own. The critic,
not officially so styled, we have, of course, had with us for
a couple of centuries ; but he was himself usually a great
man of letters, — a Dryhex, for instance, or a JoiixsoN —
and though a " mighty hunter before the Lord," when he
took to pursuing other authors, he condescended only to
the larger sfjecies of game. Save for one brief but
agitated interval in the middle of the eighteenth century,
when the lairs of Grub-street were suddenly beaten up by

1 „ _ 11 armed lift . , r

occu]>antji, down to the very smallest among them, chased
in all ' -, the jK'ople of t' ;„ j,pac«

and c .'lit, pinciieil it , rty, but

unvexf'd by critical detraction. The great Unappreciated
of the present iK'riod mu.st 1 ' " " , one might imagine,
Ujwn that eni — or they - m so if the supponed

eternal enmity between author and critic were a fact,
instead of, largely, an > ' " " ,

Age of letters. For tii'

they complain that there are so many, " to come between
them and their public " ; and that ; ' "
reach that an obscure author of t; i

had only to find an influential patron in order to be at
once relieved of all apprelien.sion of ' ' ' ' f

doors. If such a patron were not

had, it is true, to be run ; but even then the literaij
aspirant who could find no noble; ' ' '' '' i

could still adilress the reader in

he was the " gentle reader," the " candid reader " — gentle
because his heart was ri ' ' '. ' '■ " »

his judgment wa-s still 1.

honesty of the professional critic. And so the (iolden
Age ran its course and ija^ised away.

Saturn succuiuIkiI to .lupitcr we may supjjose in
1802. The commencement of the Silver Age is marked
by the establishment of the Kdiuhnrgh Hfvitnc. < »' *

then for the first time ceased to be a protection. ' ^

began to organize itself, and a little band of renewers
arose who, not content with discussing the merit* of such
writers as had already gained the ear of the public,
affected, as they still affect, to sit in judgment on the
claims of those who were as yet only n.--- ■-'•• • *n win it.
They showed, in fact, from the very ouJ ir nji^m-

tions that they had no idea of confining their n'

to well-known authors like Mr. SoCTii'^ "' " ' ■.. '

is roughly but not, perhajw, unri. 1 in

No. 1 of the Edinbttrgh, or like the famous divine and
scholar whose pulpit eloquence is the subject of a still
quoteil " appreciation " beginning. " Whoever has had the
good fortune to see I>it. I*.\ " ; for a luckless and

now long-forgotten Mr. Pka ..;aor of" Bread ; or the

Poor — a Poem," is called up for correction, and two other
unhappy Doctors of Dinnity, of less note than Parr, are
chastised for their presumption in publishing their
sermons. These last three are evidently only aspirants to
acceptance ; so here we have the critic " conii-
them and their public to warn off their pi>

LITERATURE.

[October 23, 1897.

and. ' ' '" " " - J " r- rnives, th»ir not im-
po(i- . we 8e* clfarly, lina

b«^n. Like its mythical prototyjie, though worse than
the Ool ! * "' ' tter than the Bra-ss, for the critic

only wt : 1 once a quarter, or a little later

oaoe a month, whereas when the Brazen Age — for authors
— waa ushered in by the a|>|>earance in 1817 of the
LiUmiy GawdU, the critic began to go alx)ut his sinister
basiness every week. As to the Iron Age, its commence-

• '- ast an affair of yesterday. It began when the
ijM'rs, instead of bestowing merely a casual and
intermittent notice u|)on literature, took to ojK'ning their
columns lilierally to the reviewer at short intervals and
regularly-recurring dates. FVom the combined effect of
their sejiarate action it has resulted that when one of these

Mimals is not reviewing another is ; so that the

now to be seen at work somewhere or other every
morning of our lives, and no author can be sure of not
awakening any day to find that intrusive shadow falling
" b«>twt"on him and his public." The daily critic !
Do but consider what it means. The gentleness of the
gentle reader turned into severity, the candour of the
candid sophisticated, at least, once in every twenty-four
hour*. This should be the worst and darkest of all our

lit, — , for the injured author. It should be verily

an. i t he age of the dejiarture of Astraea — the age

when Justice, despairing at last of preserving that scanty
remnant of impartiality which the critic has left in the
mind of tlie pul)lic, has finally taken leave of the earth.

Or that, at any rate, is what ought to be the author's
gloomy \new of the situation ; and that is what it would
be if there were any truth left in the legend of his
hostility to the *' irresjwnsible, indolent reviewer." As
a matter of fact, his actual attitude towards this immense
development of the critical industry has been suqirisingly
different. S) far from his having been driven in disgust
from the field by the vastly-increased number and
activity of his " natural enemies," he has redoubled, or
rather quadrupled and quintuj)led, his own energies of
production. One would think that he welcomed criticism
instead of repelling it ; that it stimulated instead of
di- ^ his literary ambitions ; and that his dread of

injii-: I- ..rt*l been completely conquered by his desire for
notice. It luw apjuirently l)een borne in upon even tlie
Great ' iated that obscure merit, after all, fares

better u,.,. ;.. many critics than with too few or none,
and may congratulate itself that its lot has been cast in a
time when, instead of sinking helplessly in the icy waters
of neglect, it is much more often found floating, p<-r-
hap« even too buoyantly, on a " boom." But there
is, perhapn, another reason why the ever-increasing
crowd of authors, esjiecially among the ranks of the
unknown, liave l)egun to look upon criticism with
other and more friendly eyes. They are getting dis-
mayed by their own numbers, and, what is more, they
have begun to {lerceive that this feeling of dismay is
becoming general. They are uneasily conscious that,
even if the reader still retained all the gentleness and
candour which they were wont to ascribe to him, he would

be unable to exercise those qualities through sheer mental
confusion ; and they no longer, therefore, attach a sui)er-
stitious value to the privilege of connng unintriKluced into
the presence of a public which is merely bewildered by
their multitude. On the contrary, they have begun to
feel the need of an interniediar}- between themselves and
the reading world. l/ooking round ui>on their crowded
and ever-swelling ranks, and " conscious, as they are " —
in the words of the famous judicial epigram — " of each
other's imperfections," they welcome and, indeed, crave
for the services of the discriminating dust-sifter who will
be quick to discern the fla-sh of merit amid the rubbish-
heap of incomjjetence.

The situation is not without its embarrassment for
the critic ; but in one resj)ect, at any rate, it simplifies
his course of action. He is not calKni ujwn to excuse
himself for increasing the scojie of activities which seem
to be so much in demand. No ajwlogy, for instance, can
1)6 needed for adding another to the list of journals which
devote themselves, exclusively or princiiwlly, to the art
and industry of literary criticism. Vastly as that industry
has develo{)od of late years, its progress has been not
equalled merely, but outstrii)i)ed, within the same period
by the growth of literary production. Where the analytic
impulse abounded, the creative ntsus ap})arently doth
much more abound. There is apparently no reason to
ho})e, or fear, that the former will overtake the latter, or
that there can ever be a time in store for us when critics
will be found increasing and multiplying with as much
rapidity — even relative rajjidity — as authors. Nor, even
in that case, would it be i>os.sible by any conceivable ex-
pansion in the literary department of the jieriodical Press
to overtake and keep abreast of the stream of production.
Already, however, the thought may have occurred to the
reader of these lines that, even if this were jwssible, it
would scarcely be desirable. To render an account, how-
ever short, of every book published nowadays is a task
only to be attempted on the quite untenable assumption
that every such book deserves to be so treated. In offer-
ing to the public a new weekly journal dealing exclusively
with the subject indicated by its title, we are animati^ by
no chimericjxl hope of accomplishing the inijmssible.
Literature, on the contrary, owes its existence in some
measure to the conviction that, in the effort to satisfy
every one of the innumerable applicants, deserving and
undeserving, for its notice, contemjiorary criticism is
running a real danger of neglecting its discriminative
functions, and of forgetting that the special recognition
which it owes to writers of genuine literary merit is neces-
sarily depreciated in value by association with a too
liberal comjjlaisance of attention to all writers whatsoever.
While endeavouring, therefore, in these columns, to pro-
vide the public with an adequate account and appraise-
ment of whatever works may deserve any critical notice at
all, we shall at the same time make it our constant aim
to assign that iwsition of importance to the higher class
of literary productions which nowadays, amid the multi-
plicity of claimants to the attention of . rid-iKm, they too
often fail to obtain.

October 23, 1897.]

LITERATURE.

IRcvicws.

Alft^d Lord Tennyson : A Moninir. By his Son.
Oi+Oiiti. 5101-551 PI*. r^)iul<>n, isir7. Maomlllan. 80;- n.
(KIltST NOTICE.)
A biography of a great ixM^t from the hand of one who
stoml to him in tlie three-fold relation of nou, Sfcretary,
and constant literary confidant munt needs !>«> full <»f
interest for the world ; and I^ord Tennysou'i* '

Kharc in this memoir of his illuMtrious father
naturally enough in matter of the highest value. But the
additions, copious in amount and various in kind, with
which he has been able to enrich it indefinitely increaiie
its worth. It may be doubte<l, indetnl, wiiether any work
of this description bus ever before so munificently enlargt^il
the stock of public knowledge concerning the inner and
spiritual life of a profoundly thoughtful philosopher-i>oet,
the opinions and judgments of a life-long student of Eng-
lish poetry, and the artistic development and methotls of
the most excpiisite of poetic artists. The book contains
letters of the highest interest from and to the late
Laureate, an abunihmce of his own literary memoranda,
a faithful record of his conversations, ranging over
a wide field of subjects, a collection of critical pronounce-
ments, always weighty and illuminating, on the literature
of the past, and, most precious of all, a singularly large
array of hitherto unpulilished jiieces from the hand of the
poet liimself. It is only by the biographer's resolute self-
efi'acemeut that room has been found even within the
thousand i)ages of these two substantial volumes for the
mass of illustrative matter with which they present us.
" According to my father's wisli," writes Ix)rd Tennyson,
in the iiuxlest and judicious preface with which he intro-
duces the work, " tluoughout the memoir my hand will be
as seldom seen as may be " ; and he goes on to i)li>ad this
excuse, unneeded, it apjiears to us, for its " occasionally
fragmentary chanvcter." It will surprise none who can recall
certjiin famous and trenchant utterances of the poet that he
" disliked the notion of a long formal biograi)liy." " He
wished, however," adds his son, " that if I deemed it better
the incidents of his life shoukl be given as shortly as might
be without comment, but tliat my notes shoidd lie final
and full enough to j)reclude the chance of further and
unauthentic biographies." His wish has assuredly been
fulfilled in this work. It is not always that what may be
called the •' official biograjjliy " of an eminent person is, or
indeed deserves to li(>, the final one; but her' 'rn to

finality is quite indisputable. What the \>: ^ ^ r has
given us about the poet's " birth, home, school, college,
friendshijjs, travels, and the leading events of his life"
supplies an ample account if not, to use his own words,
of all that " people naturally wish to know," yet certainly
of all that ]»eoj lie have any sort of right to leani. Those
who wish to know more will belong essentially to that
class of persons u|)on whom the Laureate half humorously,
half seriously imprecated the '* curse of Shaksix-are."

To readers of this order — an order unfortunately which
various causes have for a good many years \n\st contributed
to increiuse — the new biograpiiy will be a wholesome dis-
appointment. One cannot honestly say that the story of
Tennyson's life, domestic and literary, fidl though it is of
human interest, would as here told supply much " copy "
for a " mainly-alwut-people " column. The biographer
has adhereil so resolutely to his own sound principles that,
writing as he does on a ma7i who had alre.idy been the
subject during his lifetime of "sketches," "studies,"

inonocrnphii,** »nd " •piwtHriationn " without number, h«
hii ' ' i-klitionn * *' "'

whicli (Mil)

cnrrieil t<> ^

enten-*! u|>on bin tank, JSuch adilitioni) to j- .w-

Iwlge as he hoji made are to Ix* found, be

exjtected. in tl»e earlier chapters. We catch for

tl M»e, for i' ' ' ' •

u r '>'d and • >

land<-«l projH'rty away from liin elder t"

and who deserves iniMiorf.iIit V ifmilv for

infelicity of the ji;

in handing to the MMitnim .mih-u im- n<iii'iiiiiiiiiii i"i i»

po«'?n which the Iwl htul coin|»im«l " by desire " on bin

gi I fere in

til ••d bv I

for it, the lant." Had tlie ui. i man cc

self with the less s|)ecitic p. . >.i tliat tt.v .

never liecome a jK)et, he might even now be
d' ' it in the Klysian Fiil '

v; iii'Xi. But the hard :

behind him the largest fortum* -
exercise of the i)oetic art must be b<
venerable shade to explain away. A

sketched from the Tennysons of ai. ....... . ., .. .,

that of the jwet's rigidly Calvinistic aunt who wept
over the in" ..... . •iio*'t

of her fri> 1 lo^t

of her neigh tM>urs," liad lieen jacki-d out lor eternal ^alva-
tion — a reflection (juite in the manner of Browning's
" Johannes Agricola ;" and who one day remarked
encouragingly to her nephew, " .Vlfr. ' '"' ' ' - ' ' '•
at you I think of the wonls of H'
from me ye or
too, we hear, a
Tennyson's brothers and

that extraordinary family of i

longevity and ;jenius — which has j»r'' di»-

tinct marl ' ' - the Li " ' *

this day n I by fiv.

of ninety and iIm
year. The jioetic i , ,

almost as early in Altml's two elder br<' in him-

self, and, indeed, was in all of them, it w ....... .-, , in, an in-
heritance from their father. In an interesting fragment
of ant ites : —

Ai of mv rocollcctjon, when I wma aboat

eight ye.ir» old, 1 c<>. of a tlato with rhnmaonikn

blank verse in prais.' : my brother I'liorles, who w««

a year older than I was, Thomson then being the only po«t I
knew. Before I could read I was in the habit, on a stomiy day,
of sfireading my arms to the wind and crying out " I hwir a
voice that's sp«aking in the wind," and the words " far, far,
•way " had always a strange charm fur me. About ten or
eleven Pope's " Homer's Iliad " became a favonrite of mine,
and I wrote Itiuulrods and hundreds uf lines in the retnilar
PojH»inn metre — nay, even cmlil ini

eldoi- brothers, for my father was u ...

metro very skilfully.

.\gain he writes : —

At about twelve and onward I wrote an epic of aix thooand
linos d la Sir Walter Scott— full of battles, dealing too with sea
and mountain scenery — witii Se«>tt'8 rccularity of octoayllablea
and his o<v : ..rietios. T" he performance was »ery

likely won: . T n«v«r ! : more truly inspired. I

wrote as much ' time, and us*d to go

shouting them .k i.trk. Somewhat later (at

fourteen) I wrote a drama in biank TW«e, which I t»rm

1—2

LITERATURE.

[October 23, 1897.

ikill, and othar Uunga. It mmi to m* I wrot« them all in
perfoet in«tn.

Sjircimenfi of Itis father'^ earliest- poetic effort* are
'.son at th«' end r fn>m

„ ,iot« are tjikt-n, m la is a

scene i , doubtle«« to the blank verse drama

- ' — ; t.>. , «i the matter there is not much more to be
ti what always has to be said of a clever boy's first
udVriug to the dramatic muse.

Ha : by St. JamM,
MiiM was no rtilfnir mind in infancy.

We all know the kind of thing. But the form
and technique of the piece will rcjiay a mucli closer exami-
nation. For not only is the metro " perfect" in the
tense of obser\inj» strict accuracy of scansion, but it is
singnUrly free from the monotonous prosody which
onMllv marks the hlnnk verse of the schoolboy. It
is t • ••n him the

exi 'y/' b"t to

" brt«k your lii mnally tor the sake of variety."

Tliere is mu«... ;.....<. however, in these juvenile
attem|>t.s than a mere occasional breaking of the line ;
th> .rns of an almost mature conception of the

ini of a richly varic*! cii'sura. .Another of these

piews, •• The Conch of Death," is also ri'iiiarkable. though
on a different ground ; for, though crude and formless
enough, it does undoubtedly comjiel some revision of the
verdict con- ' nnd, on the whole, not unju.stly pro-
nounotl u] son's first published i»oetic utterances.

But more of lli»> l.t-reafter.

On the school and college career of Tennyson
there is little more to l)e known tiian ha-s been
gather*-' .iti-.r from already published corresjwndence or
fttim il references to it in the Tennysonian

poems, ill- iiicndships with Sj)edding (of the " Life of
mcon "), with .Monckton Milncs. Brookfield, Charles
Buller, and. of course, Arthur Hallam, have long been
matter of literary hi.story, and to have presened the
tradition of their talk and symiwsia and .aspirations gene-
rally is perhaps the only one among the acta of " the
Apostles " by which that academical Ixxly is at all likely
to have preserved its own memory to future generations.
Fitzgerald, however, although h*- did not lay the founda-
tions of his lif^-long intimacy with Tenny.<on until the
latt'-r l,i,M completed the University course, has left an
in* account of this Cambridge coterie which is

given in ti,' 'r from his unpublished MS. notes : —

The Otr. ^il, with Colfridgo, Julius Hare, Ac, to

•xpoand, came to reform all our r«ition». I romombor that Livy
and Jeremy Taylor were the groati^t poets next to Sliakospearo.
I am not eare if you were not startled at hearing tliat Eutropius
waa the graateet lyric poet except Pindar. You hadn't known
be waa a poet at all. I remember A. T. quoting Hallam (the
great ).••■»•■.■>•-. u pronouncing ShakcKpoaro "the greatest
nan.'' auch (fic<ereniptory fur a philosopher.

*' Well, I1.1K1 A. T., " the man one would perhaps wish to show
aaa aample of mankind to tbooc in another planet. He used somo-
timaa to quote Milton aa the KublimuRt of |)oote, and bis two
■imilaa, one about the " (jtmjv.wder ore '' and the other
about " the fleet," as thi >f all similes. Ho thought

that " liycidaa " waa a ' I '• of poetic taato." I don't

know how it is, but Dtyden always aeema greater than he abows
-inaelf to be.

Among new particulars of Tennyson's University days

^ _ _ _. I f : : I I ..11.1 t i 1 •

V'' ijiparciitly in

a : .i-r of whidi

J" ii«. hii«l so much more

vi' -r of 18.30 he started off

for the i*y i the company of Arthur Hallam, with

money for the insurgents under the command of Torrijos,
and the two young men disaj^iearing from the ken of their
friends for several weeks held a .secret meeting with the
heads of the conspiracy on the SjMinish frontier. The
well-known cloak and sombrero of the jsjet's later days
would have lent themselves admirably to the purjxise of
such an exjiedition. 1.^'ss hot-headed, however, than
Sterling's cousin, the unfortunate lioyd, they refrained
from any (u-tive participation in the revolt, and instead of
getting himself shot by a file of Spanish soldiers on the
esplanade at Malaga, Tennyson happily returned iioine
with no more compromising document in his jwicket tlian
the unfinished MS. of " (Knone," the beautiful oj)ening
lines of which had been inspinnl by the scenery of the
valley of Cnuterets.

There is much in the earlier clia))ter8 of the memoir
and in the picture of the young jKiet's domestic life over
which one would gladly linger if simce jHTinitted. Hut it is
with the story of his literary and artistic career that in
these columns we are more closely concerned, and to this,
therefore, we cannot much longer delay to pass.
Before doing so, however, a word or two must be
said on those portions of this memoir in which
the twin threads of the biograjihy and of the literary
history are of necessity intertwined. Surveyed in this
asjiect it revenls to us a figure which the countrymen
of Tennyson, though they have no doubt formed a correct
conception of it, have never yet realized in all the nobility
of its true pro)K)rtioiis. (ienerally speaking, of course, they
were aware that his early career was lieset with pecuniary
difiieulties. His circumstances stand recorded in fact in
his reluctant acceptance of that Civil List jjension for
which Carlyle, according to the well-known anecdote, only
succeeded in enlisting the late Lord Houghton's interest
by reminding liim tli.it on the Day of .hidgment it would
not do to lay the blame of the refusal on iiis constituents,
but that it was Kichard Milnes himself who would be
damned. But few ])eople prolmbly, either then or since,
were in a position to estimate the full mejisure of the
Ytoct'fi needs or the duration and .steadiness of the struggle
which he had waged with i)Overty. Tiie death of his father
in 1831 left the widow with straitened means. The eldest
brother was absent from Kngland ; Charles had his clerical
duties to attend to ; and ui^m Alfred devolved the care of
his mother and unmarried sisters. It was under his
RUi)erintendence that the household was transferred
from Somersby Rectory to Higii Beech on the liorders
of Epi)ing Forest, and finally settled after various migra-
tions at Boxley, near Maidstone. Misfortune, assisted
in some measure by imprudence on their own |)art, if
not by dishonesty on that of others, followed their foot-
steps. A certain Dr. Allen jirevailefl u))on Alfred to invest
not only the money for which he ha<l sold a little estate in
Lincolnshire, but also a legacy of i'oOO, in an enterprise
which seems to have been as uniiractical from the com-
mercial point of view as it was artistically unsound. The
calamity, indeed, becomes doubly jiainful to contemplate
when we consider its cause. Tenny.son, if we are not mis-
taken, had yet to make the acfpiaintnnce of Mr. Uuskin,
otherwise it would have given tiie keenest of jmngs to that
eminent doctor in jesthetics to finrl that a )>ersonnl friend
and a po<4, promising even then to attain a place among
the Immortals, hiul wrecked his fortune on a scheme for
car^ing oak jwinels and oak furniture Iry machinery,
" The entire j)roject," writes the present Ix)rd T«'nnyson,
" collapsed ; my father's worldly grKKls were all gone, and
a |)ortion of the projH'rty of his brothers and sisters. Then
followed a season of real hardship and many trials for my

October 23, 1897.]

LITERATURE.

fatlier and mother, nince marrinfjc xtcmiil (nrtlur oH" •
4>Vfr." It wiiM, inilff«l, not till IK.'jO tlmi
jiliici', aftfr nil i'ii;,'ii^'<>in('nt proUiiij^'i-d, ii,i
of tilt' iiifiiiiH to iimrry, ovtTHoino twelve or (ourtwn y»<ani.
The iMvtience with which Tennyson underwent thin \iTn-
traeted delay, and the steady eoun»f;e and jHTHeverance
with wliioh lie liil)<>ured the while to perfect himself in hin
«rt, must im])ress every reader of the siiii|>le iiml mntfer-
<)f-fai't narrative in wiiieh his son has ri
this loiif^ itrohation. His father's lell.
references to " the eternal want of i)ence,'' but they are in
«jvery instance references of a merely casual and uncom-
plaining sort. No murmur of dissatisfaction escai)e8 hira
«t the i>r()loiii,'tHl failure of exceptional and :i. ' i

j)0etical genius to earn even a nxHlest coiniw ;
possessor ; nor does he ever seem to have shown a
moment's wavering of the purpose to which he had dedicated
his life. In short, the career of Tennyson, from his twenty-
first to his forty-first year, when the tide of worldly succpbs
turned at last in his favour, ])resents an example of single-
minded devotion to a lofty ideal which it would not be easy
to matdi in tlie history of literature.

To jmss now from tlie region of biograjdiy to that of
criticism, we find ourselves at once confronted with the
inquiry as to how far the memoir, and still more the
])oetical " documents "now for the first time given to the
world, may be regarded as throwing additional light on the
development of Tennyson's genius and the advance of his
art to that uniipie perfection which by the consent of even
the coldest of his admirers it achieved. A partial answer
to this inquiry may at once be given by saying that the
hitherto unpublished "juvenilia " do to some extent abate
the jK'rplexities of at least one problem long familiar to
the Tennysonian student — that, namely, of the tndy
ama/ing suju'riority of the jioems of 18.30 to those
in the "Two brothers" volume of 1827. The con-
trast exhibited by these two productions, divided from
each other only by this brief interval, has been
always, and with reason, regarded as one of the most mys-
terious of litei-ary phenomena. That contrast, it will be
remembered, was one of matter as well as of form ; and it
is not necessary to assign the various '* numlx^rs " of the
earlier volmne to their res|)ective authors in order to esti-
mate the value of its testimony to Alfred Tennyson's
jwwers, inasmuch as there is nothing to choose between
them. Their inferiority is the inferiority, not of the
merely crude, but of tlie hopelessly commonplace. Some
critics, striving to shut their ears to that whisjH'r of con-
science which tells them that if they had lieen then " in
practice" they could not iiossibly have detected the touch of
the future master in this 'prentice hand, have endeavoured
to persuade themselves that it is nevertheless there, and
have sought to exhibit it. But it has been a futile effort.
There is absolutely nothing, either in the smo<ith conven-
tionality of their thought or in tiieirfeebly imitative style,
to explain the stupefying jiaradox that they were the
forerunners by only thrive years of such a masterpiece of
sombre imagination as "Mariana," and by only five years of
so rich and splendid apiece of romantic imagery as " The
Palace of Art," and above all so matchless a combination
of colour and music as " The l^itos I"j»ters." It must lie
admitted, however, that in the light of the.se newly-pub-
lished pieces the mystery has in one of its two asi^ects
become less mysterious. The greater of the Two Brothers is
shown to have done himself injustice by his choice of the
|x>ems which he selected for i>ublication. If in his eighteenth
year he had nothing in his jiortfolio less crudely executed
than his contributions to the volume of 1827, he had written

i-a«t <>in' ixnTii

■*m rnmnumpUK^ in pnint

tlie work ol the yun ' iior, at any

have iM'en i)ronounc. ..1 of pronii--- '

conception "The < 'onch of Death " no

tl.. •

in ilti wurkniansiiip anu

expression to jxisitive i „: . .

lurid imagination and a certain vigour of \ ;

tion which could not but have struclc '' ..i anj cum-

petent critic of the work of a jioet in

t of
rof
rip.

Private Papers of WUIlam Wllberforce. (lil.i. .1
and K<lii<-(1. wiili ii Pr.-fm-c, by A. M. Wllberforce. Uiih
Porti-aiU. 8vo., 2i5pp. London, 18U7. FiBher Unwln. 12.-

The ii' -of the T

among tl • s of K

administnition of the younger I'itt

nizetl. Wilberforce had entered tin 1!

almost at the same time as Pitt ; he sat in it during the
whole of Pitt's Parliamentary life ; he was i ' ' '
without exception his most intimate and aft'
friend, and, although he was on '
sui)])orter, he wa-s by no means a bliip
inherited a considerable fortune, and sitting tor the most
imi>ortant county in England, his ]x>sition in Parliament
was one of great inde))endence, and he soon l)ecame the
leader of the <li' ' ' ' '. in the If '

Conunons, ami "ff to '

and ])hilanthropic l|ue^ti(>n.•> than t<> :
jwrty warfare. He has himself m< :
occasion of the second sjie*^!! which Pitt made in Parlia-
ment he voted against him. and ' i-'»— ■•' f---) him on
more than one considerable ;ie the

momentous one of the great V
Pitt never shared the e\..
Wilberforce deemed of all things the most tr..

im]>ortant ; the languor which Pitt showe<l ii

|)eriod of his administration towards that great qu<*«tion of
the alxilition of the slave trade to which Wi!' ' -
devoted the best energies of his life ; and the shan
that arose In't ween them at i
of Ixird Melville — though th^

weaken the friendship, at least enabled Wiibf-rforce to
judge his friend without excessive admiration. It must be
added, too, that he was himself a man not only of trans-
jwrent truthfulness and honesty, but also of no little
intellectiuil ji<iwer. He do*-*; not. it is tnie. in this rp«|>ect-
rank in th"
share of tin

consciousness and exaggerations of tWling, that so fre-
quently characterized t he early memliersof the Evangelical
jiarty ; but his eloquence, set off by a voice of sinsrular
i)eauty. was In ' ' ' ' " ' ' ^■f^g

accustomed to : md

Burke ; his social l. men wiin iiad \>

sympathy with his < J , . i his letters and _,

plainly show that he was no mean judge of character.

The private papers which are now published form an
excellent supplement to his well-known biocraphy. and.
although they do not contain any
imiKjrtance, they throw many highly i .
on the events and actors of his time. The most valuable

LITERATURE.

[October 23, 189:

luv aome hitherto nnpnbliahfd letters of Pitt iind a very
full sketch of his character, which was written by
Wilberforce in 1821. These itapers fully confirm all that
has b»t>n said of the close intimacy l^etwit-ii the two
htati->iiifii. Ill line of the ear" us of their I'nrlia-

inriitnry lif.-, Pitt, "who was ri !y fond of sloepinij

in tli>' I oiiiitry. ami wmilil ofn-n f;o out of town for t tint
puq*»>f ii< hitf iL- clfVi-n or twelve o'clock at night," slept
at the houm> of Wilberforce at Wimbledon for two or three
monthx together.

Seldom (writ*t Wilbcrforc*) bu anjr man had a bettor
oppoctOBltjr o( knowing another than I have possessed of
being thorougUjr aoquaintod with Mr. Pitt. For weeks and
months together 1 iiavo 8|>ent hours with him cvory morning while
be was transacting his common businosa with his secretaries.
Hnadreds of times probably I haro called him out of bed, and
bare, in abort, eeen him in every situation and in his most un-
reeerred moments. As be knew I should not ask anything of
bim, aad as he repoeed so much confidence in me as to be per-
suaded that I should nerer use any information I might obtain
from hitn - nfair purpose, be talked freely before me of

msa and . : actual, meditated, or questionable appoint-

mnita, plans, projects, anil speculations.

The letters of Pitt are in no degree inconsistent with
this statement, and they illustrate clearly the simple and
;•'" ' ' ' ••aled from the world by

- so cold and unbending.
_' is tluit which was written when

\ .- .. . unced his great religiou.s change, and

when there seemed much danger that the friend.ship
y - ~ the two young men might cease. When that

l> had first l)e«?n fornuMl. the life of Wiliierforce,
all worl<r rds very blanieless,

of a y«H. -'iilar, wealthy, wcll-

r.iMS'' till, and intelligent man of fashion, moving in the
Ik»i wjciety and looking fonnard to a brilliant ]M)litical
caiver. He w-as a member of five clubs, his house at
V" ' ' Ion was a great centre of attraction, and his

mces included some of the most di.stingui.shed
un-n iiud some of the most charming women of his time.
15iit in 1785 he pas,ied under the influence of a great

- enthiuiasm, which was henceforth to give the
tau'N'- <<'lour to his life. He declared that his former
life hatl not been that of a Christian. He wanied Pitt

' led to remain in Parliament, he
y man, and he sjKike of his desire
to retire tnim the world in a strain which foreshadowed
not only an alienation from his old friends, but also the
tennination of an active and u-seful career. The wise and
beautiful let? ' ' p •( uTote on this occaision is well
WOTtliy of a I 1, but a few sentences will give

its puqiort.

I will n'H diagniso to you that few things could go nearer
my heart than to find myself difToring from you essentially on
any great principle. I trust and believe it is a circumstance
wbieh can hardly occur, but if it ever should .... bolie\-e
me it is impowiblo that it should shake the sentiments of
affection aixl frien<lsliip which I bear towards you. . . ,
Tb«f are sentiments engraved in my heart, and will never be
•ffaoad or w«?ak'>r)'-'l. . . Yiti will not susptx.-t me of

tbiakiii^' motives which guide

yoo. An . _ .:ik your uii'lorstanding

or judgment easily misled. But forgive me if 1 cannot help
..•rt.i..-..iti . n,y i„ai that you are nerertbolcis deluding yourself
1 which have but too much tendency to counteract
i ••n;ect and to render your rutaea and your talents

- 'tb to yourself and mankind. . . . You confess that

"is not a gloomy one, and that it is not
Dut why, then, this pro[<aration of soli-

tude, which can hardly avoid tincturing the mind either with
melancholy or superstition ? . . . Surely the principles a»
well as the practice of Christianity are simple, and load not to
meditation only, but to action. ... I will ask you, both a»
a mark of your friendship and of the candour which belongs to
your mind, to ojien yourself fully and without reserve to one
who, believe me, does not know how to separate your happinusa
from his own. . . . The only way in which you can satisfy
mo is by conversation. ... If you will <ipen to mo fairly tlio
whole state of your mind on these subjects, though I Hhall venture
to state to you fairly the points whore I fear wo may .litTor, and
to desire you to re-examine your own ideas where I think you aro
mistaken. I will not ini]x>rtiine yon with fruitless discussion on
any opinion which you have deliberately formed. . . . No
principles are the worse for being discussed, and liolicve me that
st all events the full knotvledgeof the nature and extent of your
opinions and intentions will bo to me a lasting satisfaction.

In answer to this letter Pitt and Wilberforce had a
long interview. As might have been expected, neither
convinced the other, but though their goveniing motives-
from this time ran in ditierent channels their friendship
continued as genuine as before, though it jn'rhaiis lost
something of its former intimacy. Poth Wilberforce and
his surroundings had changed. Hannali More and Mrs.
Fry soon took the jilace which had been once held by Mrs,
Siddons, Mrs. Crewe, or the brilliant Duchess of Gordon.
Keligious jiracticesand doctrines dominated over all politi-
cal interests, and the house at Wimbledon lost much of
its attraction to liis old friend.

The public (juestions touched in these letters are not
nutnerous or very important. One letter relates to the
candidature of Wilberforce for Yorkshire in 1784, and
shows the great ])ains and the keen interest with wliich
Pitt sujuxirted it. In anotlicr letter Pitt promised, if
necessary. to iKistjione his motion on Parliamentary Keform
for a week or ten da3's in order tlijit Wilberforce, who was
then on the Continent, might be present when it was intro-
duce<l. In a third he defends his very dubious jiolicy of
apjwinting his brother to the head of the Admiralty, on
the ground that this njipjintment ought to be in the
hands of a landsm.in, and that giving it to a near relation
had " the solid advantage of establishing a complete con-
cert with so essential a department and removing all aj)-
jiearance of a sejxirate interest."

His desire toseejieace with France established in 1802
and his belief that the chnriK-ter of Konajifirte would make
it imjiossible for that jieace to be jiermanent are very
clearly expressed. The slave trade, as might be ex]K'cted,
often apjiears in the corre.sjiondence, and in the early ^'ears
of the abolition movement the eaniestness of Pitt left
nothing to he desired. He a])]iears to have jnud some
attention — though a remarkable |>assage in the sketch
shows that it was not very great — to the recommendations
of Wilberforce on questions of C"hurcli jtatronage ; but there
is no sign that he resjionded to WillK'rforce's ardent
entreaty tliat among the new taxes reijuired for the war
should be " a tax on all public diversions of every kind,
including card-jilaying.''

The very interesting sketch of Pitt which follows is pre-
ce<led by a few biographical details which are well known,
and, among others, by an account of his first and only
visit to tlie I t in the autumn of 178."}. Wilber-

force and Kli' future lirother-in-lnw, were his com-

j)anions,nnd their journey «-xtended to Paris, Fontainebleau,
and Kheims. The most imisirtant ]>art, however, of this
sketch is the matured judgment which, 16 years after the
death of Pitt, Willierforce fonned of his former friend and
his careful analysis of his characteristics. The most re-

October 23, 1897.]

MTKRATURE.

mnrkable nppeAH'd to him thi> .-iniiulnr fiiiriicHs niul
caliniiesH of liis jud^iin'nt.

Thoy who havo had occiiaion to diaciisM politioal queitiuna
with him in private will aclcnowlodgo that there nomr was
a fairer ronsiinor, noror any one more |iromptly ry .■ and

ailowin;; it« fidl Wfif-ht to every conHi4leratiiin a mot

which was iii'K(><I againHt the opinion he ha<l omlituccU. You

alwayn Maw wh<iro you cliirorud fron» him an I wliy

I nevor mot witii Jiny man who comhincd in ai\ v(\'\ thii

oxtrnordiniiry |)re('iai(>n of undei-ntundiiig witli tli ntui-

tivo approhiin.iion of every sha'lo of opinion or of fooling, which
might lie in<licato(l by those with whom he was cnnveriant. . .
. . Xo man ever listened more attentively to what wa* itatod
a^^ainst his own opinions. . . His regard for truth was

greater than 1 ever saw in any man who was not strongly under
the influence of a powerful princij>lu of religion ; he ap|>earod to
adhere to it out of respect to himself, from a certain moral
purity which appeared to be a part of his nature.

In his official intt>rcoiirse witli iirofc.'i.sioiial exj)ert.s or
subordinates it was remarked how ready he was to surrender
his own jin^eonceived opinions if siiiierior ex|K'rt know-
ledfie convinced him that lie was wron<j. As Wilherforce
Acutely observes, many men woul<l thus cliange tlieir line
of conduct on imiKirtant occasions, but few would do ho
without som« fretful ness or irritation on those smiill
ooca-fions " which are not of sufficient moment to call a
man's dignity into action."

This W!us a ([uality of intellect whicti was closely con-
nected with his moral character. Wilherforce beiirs
emphatic testimony to his unruffled jjood humour both
in jrreat matters and in small, and to the strongly sjTn-
pathetic nature that endeared him to tho.se who came in
close contact with him. The haughtiness which was so
conspicuous in his public life was, he believed, largely
due to shyness. " No man appeared to feel more for
others when in distress ; no man was ever more kind and
indulgent to his inferiors and dejtendants of every class,
and never were there any of those little acts of super-
■ciliousness or indifference to the feelings and comforts of
others by which secret pride is sometimes betniyed."
There was not a tinge of jealousy in his nature, and, like
Fox, he was always prompt and generous in recognizing
rising talent.

Wilherforce did not, however, believe that Pitt had
much insight into individual character or much power of
foreseeing events. }lis extremely sanguine tem])emment,
while it freed him from depression in the darkest hours
of jiublic affairs, often led him to underrate difficulties and
to give too easy credit to information which accorded with
his wishes. In the eyes of Wilherforce his cajiital defect
was the absence of any strong religious conviction. This
want and his habitual association "with men of worldly
ways of thinking and acting " dejjrived his (lovernment of
moml force, induced him to govern by influence rather
•than by principle, and preventtxl him from " giving their
just weight to religious and moral jirinciples and character
in the exercise of his unlimited jiatronage both in Church
and State."

In comparing his elo<]uence with that of Fox he
makes one somewhat whimsical criticism : —

The necessity under which Mr. Pitt often lay of opening and
speaking upon subjects of a low and vulgarising fjuality, such as
the excise on tobacco, wine, <fi:c., topics almost incapable
with propriety of an association with wit nnd grace, especially
in one who was *o utterly devoid of all disposition to seek occa-
sions for shining, tended to produce a real mediocrity of senti-
ment and a lack of ornament, as well as to increase the impres-
sion that such was the nature of his oratory.

Th*" |>oHi<

im« r*l**inp to

ist

Wl;

' in

' ~ii- II II. WM

i« a loni; and

ll(Ml« \ \^ 11 fl Vt I

I-ly

1*.
i to

is one from Lord I'
accepting a place u. .
Ixinl Chief Justice of
d.-
)•!.

the iiii;
jMirte ^u

and there are some int
1814, desi-ribing the gii-ai jt.i
8tat4'smen and French public opinion n
Engli^'
A
chiefly address4>d to his son Samuel, i
imbued with religioui* sentiment of the I-
and it is curious to observe that an '*
work strenuously " 1 to Wi!'

sin of tin' win who .: - li»'i'am"-

ini!

\*-'

written in 1831), on the ettects of I niversity education
which is lx)th interesting in itself and a good illustration
of the jiractical wisdom of its writer.

It is curious to obM>rvo the effects of the Oxford •jrstefk
in priKluring on the inimls of young men a strong prop.-'Tinfty to
what may be termed Tory principles. From tv. the

general tenour of our family and social circle, r ^ , ;ia»e
been supposed that my children, though adverse to party, would
be inclined to adopt Liberal or, so for as would be consistent with
party. Whig principle*, but all my three Oxonians an strong
friends to High Church and King doctrines. The eiToct* I
myself have witnessed would certainly induce mo, hod I toilocide
on the University to which any young proUyt of mine should go,
were he by natural tcm]>er or any other c«fi(t«* t'v* prr.no to
excess on the Tory side, I should dor: 'f^.

Trinity ; were the op{>osite the case, i ; lol,

Oxford.

History of French Literature. l$y Bdwar 'en,

D.Litt., LI..1). (Dili).), D.C.I.. (()x..ii.». r.I. I>. I I).

(Princeton), I'l-ofcs-sor of KnKlisb 1 ity

of Dublin. (Shiu-t Histories of thi- i ill.
Edited by Edmund OoiiNe.) 8vu., 4M pp. i>

William H inn. 6/-

There is no dei>artment of lettf-rs to which th*" proverb
" Many men many minds " .i to

literary history, and, therefo! , , ..: v at

least, there can hardly be too many literary histories,
though no doubt from of - • - • •< ^ • -te true.
It will lie strange if any a liody

of ' "' -er

•f' 'ge

and ability, does not set it in new lights. iJut, generally
sjienking, there are two main ways of attacking the
problem. The historian may determine to make his own
reading and judgment tt • •" ' '■" the

collections, views, and oj -.ar,

ail ' i>r he :

pi' : ly or mii;

supjilying the connecting stuti himself. The ad\

of the former method and its disadvantages are «.,...-.. ^

enough, the chief of the disadvantages Ijeinc that it is a

.sort of counsel of jxrfection ; he wh- ' ver

hojie to carry it out even to his o\m i .on.

The other method — which it would be 4uiie uut&ir to call

LITERATURE.

[October 23, 1S97.

oompilatioD, and which mny perhnp^ h#^ be called intelli-

gc>iit devolutioa or enr ators — admit!! of

much iiiiwv coniDtfte ciu: -., /. "ii*v, on its own

ptan, 1 .TfecU

PioiiNx,, I «..»<li>n, lut he explains in hia Preface nnd
•hovs in liin hook, has chos<>n a variety of this seeond
c»ur»»'. ' lie has done wisely. He could not,

inabiM. t very small or close jirint, have

f^ven . like an exhaustive account of liis suhject

on thi- ;.. ; , ..m ; on the second he has been able to
present an npetx^t, arranpj'd and written with the skill of
an an'" ' I literary craftsman, jiemiittinjj the exclu-
•ion ot did nut olnios«» to ijive. and the pn'sent-

ment a' of jiortions of the

snbjeci ilK)rtant and interest-

ing, and ei: v tlie ai'oeptetl and authorita-

tiv»- ••■•"- ...... 1 ...ill the Chnnsoit. de Roland to

l.*" 1 which he ha.s chosen as at least nominally

hi- ' ' " i.i of his fuhject

sii: 1 not too gaudily

coloun-*!. nnd cxliiliituii; the ri-lntions of its different juirts
in a way which will not draw down u]Km him the wrath of
any prominent sfK-cialist. In his general arrangement he
has followed the usual, and, indeed (except at tlie cost of
wilful eccentricity), inevitable plan of five " books " —
d>' with t' val i)erio(l, the ."^ix-

t«-' .. and ]•; . Centuries, and the

last division ot all, which he iias in his case niiule to coin-
cide with that from the Kevolution to the incoming of
Na])oIeon the Third. In the ^hnlieval period he has
avowedly followed the system, and has, we should
sapfxwe, confineti himself pretty closely to selecting the
matter of tlie large new Encycloj)ffKlia of French
Literary History of diffen-nt contributors wiiich M. Petit
de JuUeville is editing ; in the later divisions he has
been more eclectic in his disciplesliip, and has, we
should imairine. drawn more on his own reading. As we
pr" " • -its to wiiich we have referred

al" lit. Even the Chanson, dt

Rolnnd and its hundn-d comjwnion ejncs, even the great
Artli"r;..ii romances lumiM*d together with the Ramans
d. -.according to the recent French practice, as

" I 'Urtoise ■* can lx» afTordwi but .some h.alf dozen

pn. ; •'ven tlip Romance of the Hose do<'S not

te; to much ex J Kit iat ion. But the

in' _ , IS well as the channing work, of

Fromsart tinds him syni]>athetic enough, and in the

sixteen'' •■'•iry we have excellent sketches of Kabelais

and M .Still, we should imagine that tlie

hi' t aro»s(Hl till he

c" I which not only

a]>)H-:ii!i to les, hut lias b<'en thoroughly

treat'Hl and ;.. ).-.e collalwrators of his who, iw

he pleaMintly says in the preface, "are on his shelves."
There can In- no doubt that the l)est parts of the book
(tlionch we Khonld have mentinne<1 the (icrount of the
■« '■ iry jjortmits

"f ' : i'',s<]uieu and

Voltaire ai. ; of Madame de StA^l, «ith Iht in-

•ejmnib'- ! T.il Chateaubriand ; of I^amartine

»nd Vi . and, alwve all. Huiro. It is on

"'• • ,.j|,,,i outlay

of ; it is these

wl !en witii the most jdeasure

t" li. liij r<-aflers ; and it is by

thene and by the < for them which his

plan presents that ti.Mi ji.mi, tifx-d as a whole.

Other parts oftbe book II, me reservations.

It will in these inevitably seem to the most indulgent
critic who knows tlie subject rather insufficiently itojf'tt,
as the French say themselves — insufticiently provided,
that is to say, with {lositive information. This is, we
say, inevitable. The sunMth swwping generalizations
which the French metlKxl loves, and whidi Professor
Dowden has most successfully adopte<l, accord ill with a
profusion of titles and names aiul dates, of criticisms of
individual works, and indications of individual biography
and bibliography, except in the ca.sc of the greatest
masters. To illustrate what we mean let us take the
notice of .Saint-Evremond. No one would ex|H»ct much
aliout .Saint-Evremouil in such a history ; the twenty lines
actually accorde<l to him are lil)eral. and the cliaracteriza-
tion they contain is, in the main, just. But let us (juote
the passage : —

Tho gruat name of criticism in the second half of tho
seventeenth century is Uoili-au. Kiit one of whom Boileau spoke
harshly, a soldier, a man of tho world, the. friend of Ninon de
L'Enclos, a sceptical epicurean, an amateur in letters, Saint-
Evremond (1013-1703), among his various writings ai<le<l the
cause of criticism by the intuition which lie hod of what was
excellent, by a fineness of judgment as far remove<l from mere
licence as from the pedantry of rules. Fallen into disfavour with
the King, Saint-Evremond was received into tho literary society
of London. His criticiHiu is that of a fastidious taste, of balance
and moderation guide<l by tradition yet open to new views if
they approved themselves to his culture and good sense. Had his
studies been more serious, had his fooliiigs Inion more gonoroua
and anient, had his moral sense been less shallow, ho might have
made important contributions to literature. As it was, to be a
man of the world was his trade, to be a writer was only an ad-
mirable foible.

That is excellently written, and for the most part
truly said. It *' jilaces," for those who know him, their
Saint-Evremond neatly and with hardly any unfairness if
with some omission. But will not the hungry sheep look
up and say " But what ^m•e • his various writings ' ? "
" MTkU did he write besides the drama which is elsewhere
catalogued ? " .And it is surely the duty of a literary
historian to feed, though not to cram, them with some
reply.

Again, though wo fully recognize the truth of Mr.
Dowden's prefatory remark, " many matters in dispute
have here to Iw briefly stated in one way ; there is no
room for discussion,'' we cannot help thinking that espe-
cially in the Medieval jK-ricsl he has been rather js)sitive
in accepting cert^iin theories and stating them categori-
cally. He must be aware, for instance, that when he
writes " Breton harjiers wandering through France and
England nimle Celtic themes known through their lais ;
the fame of King Arthur was spread abroad by these
singers and by the history of Geoftrey of .Monmouth," he
is not merely taking one side of a matter in dispute, not
merely basing a sweeping statement on the slenderest
evidence, but actually converting a hyjiothesis into a fact.
A " jierhajw," or a " jirobably," or an " it seems likely
that " could not have taken so very much room.

Tliese, however, are the almost inseparable drawbacks
of the metho<l wbii-h is nothing if not confident, summary,
and clear, and as Professor Dowden has plainly set forth
what his metlitxl is and loyally abides by it, there is
nothing more to 1k^ said.

We nee<l only a<ld, or reiK-at, in conclusion, that this
is a very i)leasant book to read, displaying its author's
usual care, and for the most jwirt avoiding the " precious-
ness " of which he has som<-tinies been accused. Its orna-
ment — whether Professor IJowden borrows, as in the case-

October 2;i, 1897.]

UTIIKATIRF.

of Niftard's deRcription of Madame dc S«'-vign«»'»t own jin*-
ciousiu'SH an " oiu' HU|>crHii<)UH rililMm iti n Minii'l" «ii<l
flejjiiiit ti)ilct" ; or |iiii'U|iliriiK(>H witlioiit (|i:
ujH)!! a wt'll-kiiowii Hi-iiti'iic»' of M. Stini
remark that " Madame dc Stiiel's novfU are ol<l now,
which meuiiH tliat tlu'v once were youiij; " ; or wltU flowem
of hiH own, as wliere he definoH Hiij^o's vanity, " if it in
vanity to take a maf;nifie<l hmken-shadow for oneself antl
admire its HUjierh gesture on thi* mist " — is seldom iliit-
agreeable. ^Ve, at worst, douht whether " M. ile Climal
— old angel fallen " is not a little grotesijne, and whether
in " He knew how to wing his verse's with a volent (volant ?)
refrain," " flying " would not have done In-tter than
" volant." But these are small matters ; and of matters
smaller still we have only one thing against Professor
Dowden or his jirinter, which is the luloption of the
horrible Angli>-French contraction " Mdlle." instead of
" Mile." Fortunately we are sj):uiil •• Milmi',." tin. ugh it
would have been only consistent.

Botii "I irii'-ie nre Well known i
tiini, and their artii-li-ti niTit i

•'( the

A Russian Biogrraphicai Dictionary. Russki Bio-
grafltcheslci Slovar. Tom I. .Vai-on IniixTnlor Alex-
jiiultr II. SD-Jpp. St. IVterslMii-K. l^W. Skorolchodof.

Those who have occupied themselves much with the
history, politics, or literature of Kussia must often have
felt the want of a good biogniphical dictionary of distin-
guished Russians. The want was felt and publicly e.x-
prcssed by the late KmiK'ror .'Mexander III. at a meeting
of the ImiK'iial Russian Historical Society, and his
Majesty suggested that something of the kind might be
undertaken by the society in question. The TiniH>rial
suggestion has bonii' fruit. First, n so-called nhornik was
])repared and published in two volumes, but it was soon
felt that such a brief summary, though useful enough in
its wa}', was cpiite inade<|uate for the object in view. It
was decided, therefore, that a greater effort should be
made in the same direction, and the president of the
society, M. Poloftsef, undertook the direction of the work.
It promises to be of gigantic dimensions. The first
volume, which is the only one hitherto j)iiblished, is a
quarto of 892 jmges in double columns, and it includes
merely, as the title-jtage shows, the names from Aaron to
Alexander II. Of course the length of the articles varies
considerably according to the imjKirtance of the |»ersonage
whose life is described. In the great, liighly centraliztxi,
autocratic Monarchy, the Autocrats entirely overshadow,
and almost eclipse, ordinary humanity, and this jx»culiarity
is reflected in the work before us. t)ut of the 892 pages
no less than 7.51 are devoted to two Emj)erors — Alex-
ander I. and Alexander II. — and only 141 to uncrowned
mortals.

Fortnnatel}',the lives of these two Sovereigns are very
well writttMi, the authors having in botli cases examined
and utilized not merely the best printed works relating to
their subject, but also a considerable amoimt of hitherto
unpublished material. It requires, however, a very inti-
mate acquaintance with the previous literature to deter-
mine what is inedlt. Ivcause the individual statements of
fact are in no case authenticated by a reference to the jwr-
ticular authority on which the statement is basinl. No
doubt the initiated, by reading over the list of authorities,
can generally be pretty certain as to the source, but it
■would have been much more satisfactory if the authorities
had been cited for at least the more imix)rtant statements.
As it is, strong calls are sometimes made on our faith in the
scrupulous accuracy and sound judgmen of the authors.

more, nnd l>e lesN fn-cjuently oi)lig«-«l to tnuit to that

of othent, however able and con»cieii'' ■■•- •' •' '-ni

maybe. At the xame time he i« fi -d

in an ' ' ' wluit he :u

written of tli" Pr« it,

indeed, the I't' itl an

ofHcial of the .Ml i , v 'iiity it

wan to see that no {wlitical secretii wei > d, and no

di]>lomatic indiscretiom* rnnimitte<l. \<<' m- ution tht*M>
things simply aa farts, and not with any intention of o<jm-
jilaininL' ■• j,.|,

the |»ri. in

archives ot com|»iiratively nn A

to a control of this kind, and I. _ .: .... -If

many delicious ]>lums which he would gl < -with

th<> general jiuhlic. In a country like liuK-ia, wm-n' the
Kmiwror is theoretir«llv n'>«|xinsible for nil tlie iiinK of
commission or or iv

stand convicted. :i . mI

])rinciples of Statecraft that the pulilic venenaion for the
Autocratic jtower and the .August jM-rsonage in which it i*
for the moment incor|K)rate<l should Im- most carefully
preservt-d. the ]■ ' ' ' ""ssible

indiscretions of orians

must Ik* exceptionally - into

consideration, and n'lnenv ^ ' _ 'letwo

Sovereigns described belong to the pres«'nt century, we
are suq»rised not at the amount of restraint im^iosed, but
rather at the amount of lilx-rty accorded. We are
~-eil also by the • " .e

far tus {Kissible, t in

ceremonial 1 which is so f: u.^ed in -M-ini-

official articli .^.; ling not only i ir, but all the

members of the Imi)erial family. Though the customarr

stereoty])ed phra-ses occasion " *' - ■'at

obtrusive, and they are not ig

after what is known in the Kti !i-

tical " well-iutentiolietlness " ( u-

liarity which so often disfigures semi-olhcial Ku.ssian
literature.

The article on Alexander I. is written by M. Schilder.
Of him it will be suflficient to - ■' " he has alrea<ly
made for himself a well-tm-rited 'n as a careful

investigator, well U( • with the ] -kI

events he descrilK's, ;r le ha.s not all' __ _;-

ment to \h' seriously waqn^d by iiatriotism or preju-
dice. Of M. Tatishtchef, the author of the long article
of 507 jMiges on Ale.xander II., we ought, jierhaps,
to sjx'ak a little more in det.iil, for he wa- ■■•d

to much greater temptations. A considTabU- .)f

his life had Inn-n sjient in the Kussiaii >•,

and he h.id playwl a jiart — allvit a > m

some of the events with which he has had to deal. Among
those who played the most imjwrtant diplomatic rulrs he
had his friends and he had his enemie.s. and he could
hanlly have forgotten the " ' ' ' ',y

some of the latter. li»~ .e

has, with regard to the Kasteni i^uestion. certain very
strong convictions which he would like to see adopted by
the public and by the Government, but which were not in
favour during the reign of .\lexander II. He had. there-
fore,strong temptations to let his judgment as an historian
be bia.«ed and distorted by personal feelings; hw -t

do him the justice to say that he has re.-i- ii

LITERATURE.

[October 23, 1897.

temptationn to a WOT xt««nt. T of liis

namitiv« is nuvly ii i by jx^ln ns, and

he nevrr adopts a polemical attitude. Here and there
the reader who is well noqnainted with his diplomatic
activity or his sulnk-^iuent writinjjs may iH-rhaps detect
th<- t it i« nowhere obtrusive, and

it the facts have lieen coloured

or t to suit forejjone conclusions. What we

an- i to complain of is that he sometimes whets

our curiosity without satisfyinf; it. Take, for example, the
fiunons ' ''■ '** * /'■ to St. Petersburg in

1866, V uinji to intervene in

the peaiv i ::\ and Aiistrisj. and

when M. !'• _ .Mantcuffel mission,

informe<l his Government that his efforts were fruitless
Ijp,..,, . ti ,. Pnissians had found support " elsewhere." It
is V u that Bismarck on that occasion undertook

ce: •(« of Hussian diplomatic

»u; ;ve never Ihm'u divulged,

an' V it is im to determine how far tlie

■cii- ixjuently .. 1 against him by Russia

are well founded. In dealing with this incident 51.
Tat' ' * ' r 1 > evidently liefore him the diplomatic docu-
m- ■'> it. for he eives a very detailed account

of< inteniews with Alexander II.

aii'i ;. and he does not conceal the

bet that tl; - at first brought out into strong

relief the la;. .; _...ism of the two Governments. Even

the words of the Emjieror are quoted v<n-hatim. Then, to
our '■ ' . occurs in the narrative, and

wi uce more in the most cordial

relaliutis. . . in the intcrA-al, the foundations of

that unil ■: - Aliich was to j)rove so useful to Prussia

in her France had been laid, but the opera-

tion ' .-ri jiiai-e behind the scenes and we are told
no: ut it. Nor is this bj- any means the only case
in 'Ms raised and then suddenly

dr' lion. It would be unreason-

ab: - we have already admitted, to complain of

re.--; .oence of this kind. A biograj)hical dic-
tionary is ex|)ected merely to summarize information
air' ' ' '■ ' d. It )•• : ' 'v because M. Tatishtchef
wr: •••nnnni' a mere suinmarizer that

W' d in reading his long and

in- lly necessary to say that the

great majority of the articles awaken no such feeling.
They are rri'- '•■ ■!• tionarN' articles of the ordinary tyjie,
and they w i .'ill ordinary requirements.

^^ ' ing all success, and

we hoj ^ Diay ap]K-ar within a

reaaon but we must confess that on this jioint we

are not »,,,..,,. apprehensions, for among Russian literary
men it must be difficult to find the metluxiical persever-
an' uccessful termination a work

WUllam B1r''W"'"M and His Sons : Tlicir Mnpa/.ine
«ml Fri.tifi*. the I'lihliKhiiiK IIoiuw. lly Mrs.

Ollpbaat. •_' V .,., 5224514 pp. I»ti<l<.ii. issrr."

Blackwood. 42/-

No ln'tter historian of the house of Blackwood (the
publishing house) couM have In-en foimd than .Mrs.
Oliphant. .''he |«>nwsi«-d the lively tradition of a firm
alw - •• ' • -.,.^ From the beginning,

th- : lie ]>i-(i])|i- <-oncenied ana

kind of immortal literary nymph, " Maga," whose contri-

butors were her true knights. From the beginning the
founiier of the firm and his successors were the friends of
their eminent hands ; these early friendsliijis were stormy
and interrupted but unbroken. A kind of loyalty to i\w
house was felt, such as Knox entertained for the He)>-
bums ; the sentiinvnt was Scottish, almost romantic, and
Iierhai»s unexampled among the clients of Kiiglish jiub-
lishers. Mrs. Olipiiant, a truly veteran ally and con-
tributor, had the Blackwoodian sentiment in tiie highest
degree. Pictures(jue rather than accurate as an historian,,
in this ca.se she had documents before her and her
publisher to keep her in the right way. Her book is full
of interesting literary anecdote, and it is not her fault that
the early years have often been written of before. Her
fault is an excess of her qualities. The firm and the
Magazine are magnified in her eyes, but that is jmrt of
the humour of her book. She is also too copious about
things unessential.

Of Blackwoodian genealogy we have none. The original
Blackwood seems to have been descende<l- from a burgess
ruined by the Darien affair, but no links of jM-digree are
given, and, nearly alone among Scots, Mr. Blackwood
claimed not to lx» " the King's cousin." He was Iwm in
177G, and a])prenticed at 14 to a firm of booksellers.
We are told, more Oliphantico, what the boy " would do"
in the way of diversion, but, of counse, we know not what he
did. He then became Glasgow agent to Mundell, the pub-
lisher of Campbell's "Pleasures of Hoi)e." Part of his busi-
ness was to hunt out old Iwoks for customers such as " The
Dis]mtation " of Nicol Burne (1.581), who is so cheerfully
frank alwut John Knox. For years later, publishers were
also sellers of old books ; we know " Longman's Cata-
logue." With a 5Ir. Cuthill, in Ivondon, " famous for his
catalogues," Blackwood worked three years. In 1804 he
established himself on the South Bridge, in Edinburgh,
being then a handsome, well-tlressed young gentleman, to
judge by his miniature. Fifteen years later his asjiect and
manner did not i)leji.so Lockhart, nor his friend Christie,
both fastidious young Oxonians. Ijockhart's familiar
name for him is unpublished, and maj' so remain ; it is
eminently disresjieetful. In 1805 Blackwood married a
young lady " with a king's name," Miss Steuart (of
Carfin), whom he had long admired. The Scottish litera-
ture of the early century was blossoming, and .Mr. Black-
wood went into it, being " rash, but not so rash " as
Constable. He alone, of these northern adventiu-ers, made
and kept a fortune by bookselling. Scott was buying old
books from him as early as 1812 ; he wrote, with onler, on
that luckless day when he " flitted " from Ashestiel.
When the Ballantynes and their bills frightened Mr.
Murray, Mr. Blackwood became, for a time, not a ])leasant
time, his Edinburgh agent. He himself published
M'Crie's " Knox," which Mr. Stevenson found so arid. In

Blackwood's view. In 181G-17,
with Scott's " Black Dwarf "

came mto
adventure

1814 Hogg
Blackwrnnl's
occurred.

Mrs. 01i])hant devotes much space to this affair. She
thinks that liockhart, perhaps designedly, told the tale of
BlackwrKxl's natural discontent with " The Black Dwarf"
and offer of a hint for a new conclusion so as to leave " a
disagre«'able impression " of Blackwood. " Except the
sons of the Ivlinljurgh j)ublislier there was nolxxly to be
wounded." This is, indeed, to be sensitive ! There is not
a wounding word in Lixtkhart.'s anecdote (which is quoted
textiially) or, if any one hml a right to be hurt, it was
tin I mts of Sir Walter. The sons of Blackwood

tin furnished I^R-kliart with documents on the

subject for his second edition. Mrs. Oliphant calls Ix)ck-

October 23, 1897.]

LITEHATURE.

hart's vereion " exactly the kind of Hkilfiil coni|)ound of

tnitli nn<I iTiiiif^iimtioii whifh hiw ruined the cliaractcr of
nmny u man." Vet .Mr«. Olipluint addH nothing;, and diit-
proves nothing, and nohcnlyV " iharat-ter " in harmed.
Scott was amiL'<in(,'ly toiuhy ; '"' '
tactlcM.s. McM, ( >li|)liHnt otVcrs a

wrote tlie words suMsUtiited hy lmlljiiiiyiin tor tin- tirst
furious note, " (iod damn liis soul !" IVrlinps he did ; no-
body knows. And she says tliat Scott has Ix'cn more inti-
mate with lilackwmwi than Lf)ckhart tliought. At tiiis
date (181G) I^oekliart liad no ac(|uaintan('c with Scott, and
hit<'ran uni»ulilishcd h-tter of Scott's to I,
hookscUcr, sliows very hostile, tliou;,'li d. .
feeling.

In business ()uestions relating to the itm,-,, »nn n an-
given in detail, Blackwooti had much to complain of on the
jxart of tiie Hiillantynes and, ]M'rliaps, of Sir Walter. But
the "Black Hussar "and "Black Dwarf "anecdote remains
exactly as Lockiiart gave it, and could only " wound " a
jierson sutiering from emotional liypera'sthesia. That
Scott was irritated by the showing of his work to Gifford
^which he had refuseil to allow), as well as liy Blackwood's
2)roiM)sed new end to his novel, is already clear from I^x-k-
liart's narrative, and is no discovery of Mrs. Oliphant's.
Blackwctod's letter to Ballantyne is given by I^ockhart him-
self (Vol. v., p. lo8), and on the afiiiir of Scott's wrath
Mrs. Oliphant adds nothing whatever.

The early history of BlackivootVa Magazine (1817) is
familiar. Owing to some combination of causes it had a
far from creditalile youth. Mrs. Oliphant may, or may
not, have worked out the series of savage libels, now
obscure enough, for which Wilson, Ixxkhart, and .Maginn
were resj^nsible. These go far beyond " rather cruel
fun," and often are not funny at all. Wilson's ferocious
article on Coleridge is, however, sufficiently rei)rovwl by
the lenient .Mrs. 01ii)hant, and l^ukhart's " Cockney
School" is justly styled " uni)ardonable." As to the
(Jhaldee MS., excej)t in a few disgraceful verses, it was
innocent. Charles Kirkpatrick ShaqK" had been grossly
rude to Mr. Blackwood, and deserves what he got
(Vol. I., p. 54).

Of Lockhart little is told that is new. His notes to
Blackwood do not reveal the " inmost soul of him,"
which is, and will remain, undiscovered. He asks for a
sight of a nox amhrosuiwi by Hogg, " that I may j)Ut in a
few cuts at himself," but he sliows a singular protecting
<!are of Wilstm's feelings. His butt, tlie Odontist. remon-
strates in vain ; it is clear that he did not like the fame
which was thrust uiwn him — the " Jocks," as he sim'IIs it.
There are two letters, obviously written after the .Scott-
Christie duel. Ix>ckhart was disinclineti to write for the
magazine. Scott absolutely disapproved of his doing so.
Christie pressed him to abstain, and perhajis ]51ackwood
should have left him alone. LtM?khart kn<'w, no doubt,
that he could not trust himself t<> abandon satire, and it
is much to be regretted that he did contribute a review of
Patmore, John Scott's second in the duel. The relations
with Lockhart were weakened, but remained friendly, and
were continued to the successors with all Ixxkhart's un-
varying kindness to young jx^ople. Blackwoo<h out of a
laudable but mistaken tenderness for Scott, rejectinl an
amusing skit of Ixickhart's on Scott's imitators. We think
that it appeared, as a review, in The Quarterly; and .Scott
must have been amused, for none of the banter touched
him.

Wilson appears as a very sensitive author, and Sirs.
Oliphant has not sjuired the tale of his terror lest Words-
worth should iind out one of his caprices. After being

Wordaworth'g guMt, afU-r • rrnc^al of a brokrn trit-nA^
■hip, WilHon imitantly attAcked him violently in Hlaek-

woo</, and the fact wa« lik' '• • ' ' ' \^ i -i

wan re<luce<I t«» a kind of h

IlU 1..
th ; n«''
wliy. •* W • HMVH JyK'khart, " t! • i , ■:■>■* of

one of the .... uum (;>»I .'..r I ;• ,: , ijilo,"

" The prof«i*sor rea! .n* n» if

he was tnad " is aU' * \vmi

mutters lip. All I '-M,

■i not A eiuire'.tcr
I i» even more
tiftl with " copy,"

" Life of Clinstoi)hcr North." 1

easily understcHxl, but ♦'■•• !■''

puzzling. Wilson was e.\

and Mrs. Olip! ,- r

oncf ennie to h'

ill of her IU>\el.

dir , < this lady, " ir

matters, and gift«Hl with a tendemewt for the ancient

erratic habits of scribblin 'ind. Wil.-^ - ^■•U'T,

like most of the hero<*8. v and en :is ;

they all sh- rel,

excuse, aii<i i at
work.

The Shepherd apjjcars in his usual <•!■•••■■■ •••••. over in

pursuit of a fugitive note for £50. Mrn. ; rather
underrates tin-
genius, " the ii

maud of a sheptierd,"' n*-

tranged. From James i . I't-

able things, but from Maga (which gave tl 'rd

to the world) James had often much to riiuuii-. i>.iiiiin-
tyne, as jirinter, went b«'Vond his province in criticizing
an attack on Hogg ; he '

Maginn api>ear8 in eljr

unscmjmlous (he was sorry for having attacke<t Keata),

lying, laughing, gossipir- ' •-■•'■. - • *;• ■ii,. i ..,((en

utterly, and every way rea
on his own refusal to -
humorous. He thus ri
to Ih* concerned in the
gusted by "that friend >

every tender and sacred feel i he

told Maginn. It is curious i;i:i 'to

take money for his articles. Mn 'k-

liii' . - - .|,p

Q. do
it, when Maginn would send in i :is liis own!
Nobody reviewed the Bid lads. Si. „, . .. .. i not toach
jxjetry, and no comjietent hand could l>e found.

('•' •■ ' -n,

after w tor

some inscrutai)ie rea,son lii»-il«Hi iiim in 'd,

Coleridge consulteti Crabb Kobinson alxjut n tor

libel. Ixx-khart, however, won over S. T. C i in

"Peter's I." " ' -■ •-. more maladroit! is-

chievously. .i letter of his. » -a-

tions were . te.

He replied : _'a-

zine, and ofi'ered •• t : !ie,

and character." Col>....^ > iis,

wandering way, but where is his " Lvrical Tah . s,"

with three.. " " ' " " vie
he ap])lies t

The p. iiicevs • -'

too jiainful . ^ >ii. He >■ , ._ lu

LITERATURE.

[October 2:\ 1897.

artirlr, and nerd* a pound or two; he reveals old nqnalors,
infinit<*lr liettiT left to oblivion ; he wastes tiim* and
eneivy in elaUimte, u>' " ~tU's ; lie insnitx Hlatk-

wood^ ftt'iin^is about •• i " with iutolt'rablc want

of tact. The letter in Vol. 1., ji. 43.5. ought to have Invn
omitted, for verv •■onsi.l.u.nis reasons. ^Irs. Oliphant
contract* with de <; wtivs the literary commer-

cialism oft ' i-es *♦ per thou." Of old they

reckoned h\ all tlie unessmtinl diffen'noe.

We kn>'A •; ' n-ey, and liis jiart of tiie

bookgn'" 1:.". , . lie. (inlt's also is melan-

choly, he had but one 8er^■iceable string ; of that, the
world wearied, and he lalioured on sadly through a variety
of fiiilures. .Samuel Warren apj^ears with an ebullient
TBI ' t his prime successes were great, and most
91'; to till- mncrn'^itie.

Kroni ; i])hant turns, in a sympathetic

manner, t" is domestic life, which was

pro«|>erous, his quiver being full of sons ready to s])eak
mith the Wliigs in the jjate. It is amusing to find 3'oung
Alexander Blackwood, in liondon. congmtulating his sire
oi) " " T of Ixx'khart's oontrihutions

an' -■• in the magazine's "clmracter

for n- :y " (It<2oj. He does not assert a causal

connej.; ;.vi'en these facts. The lad was put through

the routine of the trade from its lowest degrees, " with
a blue bag on h' ' ' l<'r,'*an ordeal unneeded, but never
repined at by r. A young man who cheerfully

carries " heavy l.^iti.'. " through " long visty walks " is the
right and ran- sort of young man. The vast family letters,
though highly creditable to every one concerned, are not
of great general inten'st.

The elder Blai-kwood died in the autumn of 1834.
Lockhart t cdote of his deatlibeil. "He

asked me 1 _ ir." The brief manly page on

Blackwood's chanw-ter (11., 134) was from l/ockhart's ]>en.
No other estimate is needed of a man whose chief foible
was " a sincerity that might be considered rough," and
wl ' ' ' '1 was concfssion to the excesses of

til \Ir.Hlafk\vo<Ki, however, was wholly

of wen' constitutionally " vile," and

th:i- .- ::jured Ixnng in the ancient brawls.

"Oh, professor, you will stand by the boys!" said the
anxious widow to Wilson, who did stand by them with all
of his ec<-entric vigour. John, who finally became his
fe' lid not like the " blue bag " and the

lot. .

Tlie young Blackwoods reject«>d an early work of
Tl - ' -— 's, and other pieces 0840), which they must
h;i -ason to regret. Bmnw<-ll Bronte's verses were

H' m ; he was a mere lioy, and his

lei tiad.at lea.'it, " thetem|MTameiit of

genius." •• i appear to you to be writing with conceited
asaurance " (he thought he could supply the Shepherd's
place), "tirf /am not . . . You have lost an aide
*: " ' " md God grant you niay get one in

!'• " — Bgpfl fifteen. Branwell sent in a

pr. " . S<-fne 1." He also offered

o«t"-j ~ . T, al>out "a wounded

charger vast and white, all wildly ma<l with pain and fear."
jf,, .....;.,.. ^.f^J^ t:iken of the unlucky and undeniably pre-
Cf He was not more alisiinl than Sterling with

It- 1 thirty or forty numlM-rs, on (i(K'the !

< t only a fierce, but a crazy folk. Their

v.- re sten"oty|»ed, and are constantly illustrated

he. . i'he extreme sensitiveness" of (Jeorge Flliot

leavM iUi mark; she e%-en meddh-d with the profound
myttery of advertisements. These a publisher may be

left to understand and manage, while the wise author keeps
his " puzzhnl dissatisfaction " to himself.

The affairs of the Kpigonoi are not of exciting
interest, and there are certainly far too many long
letters which might have b<*en reduced to a few
jiaragrajths. This error has liecome common to all
biograpliers : the letters interest them, are their own
discovery, as it were, and also fill space. But this book,,
like almost everytiiiug of the kind in recent years, would
l)e better if it were terser. Wiint could not be In-ttered is
Mrs. Olijilmnt's short jH^rsonid note, which concludes the
stH-ond volume. Her courage — " absolute foolish courage
in life and Providence " — the melancholy which fate
forced on her, her humour, her tenderness are all here,
and the last lines of her task are worthy of her genius in
its freshest hour. Hers was an example of all manly and
womanly virtues.

The interest of the Memoirs will doubtless revive with
the reign, in the third volume, of Mr. John Blackwood,,
whose literary and social sense was powerful and jKJjjular.
But this volimie will not be from the hand of Mrs.
Oliphant. Her earthly task is done. This ))ortion of it
was well wortli doing, for Blackwood and iiis circle, though
Time has overtaken much <d' their work, lighted and kept
alive a vivid interest in literature, especially among the
young. Many men of letters might repeat the cimfessions
and acknowledgments of a great debt, which are rather
prematurely ofl'eretl by jKior Branwell Bronte.

Outlines of a Philosophy of Religion, based on P.sydio-
\og\ an<l Ui.story. liy AugUSte Sabatier. Authorized
Traiislalion by the Rev. T. A. ^Se(■<l. Cruwii Svn., xv.-t-:tl.S |tp.
London, 1S07. Hodder and Stoughton. 7/6-

This is, on the whole, a striking book. It does not
profess to be a systematic treatise. In form it consists of
a series of short sections dealing with jMirticular jwints in
the hi.story and philosophy of religion ; but though these
seem at first sight to be wanting in strict connexion, a
certain sequence is obsened in the treatment of the
subject. The Iwok is divided into three jiarts, the
first dealing with religion and its origin, the second with
Christianity and its essence, the thii-d with dogma and its
nature.

The first part contains much that is suggestive and
admirable. Tliroughout his treatment of the jisycho-
logical conditions in which religion finds its origin,
M. .Sabatier writes with the lucidity, candour, and fresh-
ness of a man who has clearly thought out his own jwsi-
tion and who has become conscious of the limitations
under which thought addresses its«'lf to religious jiroblems.
In his endeavour to account for tiie constancy and \)er-
petuity of the ri-ligious sense, the writer betrays his-
de])endence on Pascal. Thus he tells us that religion
bfgins with the unsatisfietl sense of contradiction between
the diild of self-consciousne.ss and the exjK'rience of the
external world, a contradiction leading to th<' recognition
of a third term, in which the two op|M>sites are reconcile<l.
This tenn is "the sense of tiieir common dejxMideiice on
God" (p. 24). So far M. Sabatier's conce]iti(m of religion
apj)ears to Ije that of Schleiermaeher, but he is careful to
correct this impression by ]K)inting out that, in so far as
religion imjilies "a conscious and wille<l relation" between
the soul anil the jmwer on which it fimls itself dejiendent,
a n'lation expressing it.xelf instinctively in the form of
prayer, religion becomes " a movement of liberty " and a
venture of faith. It becomes a free act as well as a feeling
of dejtendence.

October 23, 1897.]

LITERATURE.

It iM nei'dlesM to illiiHtmte in detail M. Habfttier'ii point
of view. Tlu' (i])plicnti<iu of ii juircly iM<ycliolo|{ictil or
Oartcxiiin method to tlie ultiiiintt- jiroliieniH of religion
aitiH'urti to liiiH to be the mont hojMiful line of treuttm-nt ill
view of tiie rcHultx of criticiKin and hi.Htorieul n
There are, of course, danf,'erM involved in the t<>"
adherence to this method. There is diiii;;er of the content
of reliijion lieing uudtdy narrowed ; there is the tendency
to subjectivity and arbitrariness in deciding probli-ms of
authenticity. Thus .M. Sabatier tells us that there is only
one criterion 1)V which an authentic revelation may In?
recovjnized. " Kvery divine revelation," he says, " every
religious experience fit to nourish and sustain your soul
must be able to repeat and continue itself as an actual
revelation and an individual e.xi)erience in your own con-
sciousness " (p. G2). That this kind of individualism
leads to occasional arbitrariness in dealing with the records
of revelation was sutticiently manifest in Dr. .Martineau's
Sent of Aittliority. It is not surprising indeed that M.
Sabatier appears to overrate the function and value of
historical criticism in relation to the Christian facts,
and that he lays undue stress ujs^m the right of indi-
vidual judgment (j). 179).

The second and third parts of the book are less satis-
factory, in sjiite of many suggestive and acute remarks.
Christianity is the perfect religion, "the absolute and
final religion of mankind," because it claims to rejjrotluce
in men the consciousness of filial relation to (iod which
was nianifested in Jesus Christ. The third part consists
of an attempt to formulate a theory of religious knowledge ;
but M. Sabatier does little more than jHiint out certain
jKJsitive cliaracteristics of religious knowledge as contrasted
with the " knowledge of Nature." It is, he tells us, sul>-
jective in the sense that it finds its dota within the soul
of man — viz., in the immediate consciousness of relation-
ship to GckI. It is teleological. " Kvery teleological
affirmation respecting the universe is a religious afKrma-
tion " (p. 318), for it passes beyond the domain of mere
scientific investigation. It affirms the sovereignty of
spirit over matter, in which affirmation is implietl an
initial act of faith. Further religious knowledge is
necessarily symbolical owing to the inade<juacy of
language as a vehiclt> of thought.

A certain one-sidedness is apparent in the last two parts
of the book. The writer's view of Protestantism strikes us
as too highly idealized, and his criticism of Catholicism as
somewhat trite and Imrren. The optimistic tone of the
bot)k reaches a climax in the seeming jwradox that " Not
only has Christianity never lieen better unilerstcxx) than in
our own day, but nmer were civilization or the soul of
humanity tnkeu in their entirety more fundamenUdly
Christian" (p. 180). Lastly, it should he notwl that as
a study of Christianity the Iwok does not adei^uately
recognize the fact which gave to the teaching of Jesus its
unique significance and |)ower — viz.. His incomimrable
mond authority. M. Sabatier regards Christ as the
jierfcct iMittern of religion — that is. of filial dejK>ndence,
sufuuission, and trust. " What was there that was so new
and i>otent in the least of his discourses ? The treasure of
His filial consciousness" (p. 161). Had the writer
entered more deeply into the essential characteristics of
Christ as a teacher of mankind, he would probably have
done more justice to those aspects of Catholicism which
he ignores or misjudges.

With these limitations, the book may lie recom-
mended as likely to aid perplexed minds, though it will
not guide them to a just estimate of historic Christianity.
The tiranslation is on the whole excellent, though it is here

and there disfigured by imlecinD*— «.^., " riitoalttie*,"
•• phenomenium, " hienurhiawl,'* " psrallelly."

Ecoent and Coming BcUpMeH. liy Sir Nomum

Lookyer, K < II. lit s. •'i... xn. • urn |.|>. Ixtnlon. 1*7.

Marmlllan aod Go. 6 • n.

It haa nlway-^ in

event of KtTind in , JT

nhnwi UN ttiatone of t)ii> ohioi iluticii of tti' >«r

WM to |)r««lift the cx-curreii' n i.f nu. h a i i . ^uod

that soientirK- exiMxiition* in « to otturre

it, bat that the nation* mi(il.t .". "... • ' ind

penance, to at'ort the wrath to obrio' art

of the pmU. K'i) ' • "f

mora revulled, aivi '•!(

the laiul unawar' of

eliange.ntiil tln'H-" to*

frfim H. y*

boen tio«

as a tril>ut« to the interoat which 1't< alfain

of tbii inconsiiloralile |ilanet. The s.l , . •••mm

among the leM civilised races. A. recent trarollor d' w,

in the mitlat uf the horrors of the sicgs of Plor-" of

the moon took place, and the Turks " were act iv*

with an ancient sii|>er»titioii when they tired <>ii cvitv avnu.ibia
gtin, Iwlieving that in doing so they would scar« away the
monstrons animal which was eiii!' 'ver

(juocn of ni(;ht." Sir Norman I. in

1871, hia obaervntioiia " woulil Imvo !■• od

imjiosaiblo by tlio amoke of f- : roa fo fr .ajr

Rahu.tho Dragon which i« m; : i :> . > v -wallow-

ing the sun. if there ha<l not i • • n a ■•ti' i.^ :..:i-.- .. -irv and

police present to extinguish them ; and in Kgypt in ! ut

the protection of the soldiers, a crowd of Kgyptiaiis ^ .ire

invaded the camp." As fur as one can make out from history,
the shepherds of the vast Chaldaean plains were the fimt to free
theniAoIvos from this fear of an eclipae, and to calculate ite
approach without emotion. Perhaps the " ' I'ir

superiority lies in the fact thit not oi [«>•

morphic of theologians coulil « U>aS, lUv gods

would take the trouble of ,, 'tin in •'Hrr to

predict the death of a valuable ram or 'ad

lambing season. Yet any one who ha- . •• —

it is a rare experience amongat mo<lern I •<, and

none has been visible in Dritain since 1715— i.i; wonder

that this most striking of celestial phenomena should have
excited awe and even worship in its ! ' ' ' -- at all stages of
the earth's progress. Even the mmlcr; ler. »h<> has done

much to pluck the heart out of the iii.\ ' ■• . i--" iho

glamour of the spectacle. " There, in ::■ ^ed

utterly clo^idloss sky," writes .Sir Norman I><h ', ;«e

of 1871, " shono out the oclipswl sun I a wort ds

and men. There, rigid in the heavens, was what struck orery-
Ixxly as a decoration, one that emperors might fight for : m
thousand times more brillinnt even than the Ktar of India, where
we then were ! a picture of surpassing loveliness, and giving one
the idea of serenity among all the activity that was going on
below : shining with a sheen as of silver essence."

The business of the astronomer, however, does not allow him
much time for contemplation of the weird beauty ' ' : se.

His mind runs chiefly on the fact that the ad-. of

our knowlo<1ge of tl; »\ by auak^gy uf

that of the other .-: measure on the

use he can make ot the two or three minutes during
which, twice or thrice in a decade, the moon veils the in-
tolerable splendour of the solar disc and reveala its atmo-
sphere and apiwndages to the myriad eyes of science at gaze. Into
those few minutes has to bo crowded a quantity of work whoee
very descri]>tion with its tale of highly specialized instniiaente
would appal the untechnical reader, to whom it hardly

LITERATURE.

[October 23, 1897.

Uwt to mneh eMi poMibly b« doo* daring tho brief duntion of
th* totiJ pbaM of the •elipae. Bran the trkinott obiierver knows
that good reoulU e»n only be obUuned by the mod u&rufully
ocdM«d plan and •yitvmatic drill which leaves no openinf( to
florry, and no time for confuaion. It is t«i this (<nd, with the
•oUr ccliiiee of next January in rivw, that Sir Norman Lockyer,
tiian viioai w« hare no hig' er authority on the subji>ct, has pub-
Miahod tha axoellent volume now Ixtfore us. In it he civea a full
aaeoont, baa*' -'tt,

«t tha alab". . .ns

whieb vara naile by the expeiiitiuti sunt to Numsy t<> study the
ae lip aa of August 9, 1800, as well as many brief liut instruotire
remark* upon the discoveriea made in oitrlior eclipses. He notes,
indeed, " how often it has happeuMl that the chief scientific re-
ault seeured at any eclipse was hanlly tlreamt of by the orga-
niaers of the expedition." liut none the 1e«s it is essential to
have the plan of campaign laboriously thought out beforehand in
arafy detail, and Sir Norman Lockyer's descrii.tion of his adniir-
abla arrangements at Kio in ISiMi ought to bo studied by every
astronomer, amati-ur or profesaional, who pro|>ose8 to be in the
track of the moon's shadow next January. Such students ahould
eapacially nota tha hint that " tinio-saviog devices are of
tba higbeat importance in eclipse work, and too much attention
cannot be given to tliom." It would be idle hero to attempt to
aiunmariae Sir Norman Lockyer's account of the chief ixiints in
aolar pbysica on which, by increasing the dispersive power of his
apactroaeopcs and prismatic camoras. he hopes to (;et fresh light
in January. His own wotds must be rood, as 'hey will Ix; read
wit: V all who take an interest in one of the

m<' ').•» of astronomy. The only fault one can

':e style lacks the polish and even at
ii one is accustomed in the author's
u:: :^-, but that may bo excused in what is not so much a
iri ..'.i^i- OS a collection of practical notes.

Before taking leave of this book, one may call attention to
the very interesting account of the remarkable a|>titude which
tba officers and crew of H.M.S. Volage showe<l for astro-
nomical work at the ecli{>te of 1806. Many astronomers Imve
prariously felt that in such expeditions as that to the Varangor
Fiord "a warship at tine's hack mokes everytliing easy," but it
does not seem to have ocoiirre<l to any one before Sir Norman
Lockyer that its crew ; :i large staff nf observers.

An (■• lii =« is .in .. ■'.isi : i-h useful work can bo done

hy . When Sir Norman asked for volunteers,

be ^ - _......, 'ise as if it liad lieen a tpiestion of cutting

oat a hostile cruiser or boarding a slave-ship. More than 70
Tolnnteers of all ranks were enlisted. (Groups were formed to
akatch the corona, to note the stars visible during totality, to
raeord the colour -changes in the landscape, and to do much similar
work that, whilst iiovful to itcience, was l>eyond the scope of the
astronomer* engaged in more intrirate duties. The training which
went on busily (or some days b«-foro the eclipse proved both
aailora an'l officer* to be apt pupils, and nt least one of the most
delicata instrumenU waa intrusted to their solo care. When the
aelipae had come and gone l)cliind a bank of cloud, Sir Konnan
Lockyer replie«I to the captain's condolences by asaaring him
that a moat im]iurtant di^oovor}- ha»l actually b<!en ma<lo. " He
had damon«tate<l that with the minimum of help, and that chiefly
in tha matter of instruments, •uch a 8kille<l and enthusiastic
ship's cnmjw 1 be formwl in a week into one of the

moat tremen<; astronomical research that the world

haa *Tar aean; so titat ti the elementa had b<>en kind all previoua
raoorda of work at one station would have been beaten."
Whan we raoMmbar what highly-complicated piece* of
machinary our aodarn war»hi|i* are this U-stimony to the ease
with which the crew of the Volago t<Jok U> the manipulation of

dalicata and unfamiliar inst - ' -Ips to show that, in spite

of tha peasiroisU, we hare f. t sort of men in oiu- Navy.

Aa tha abipa hare become idoil cumplicate<l, the men have
grown more ingenioua. And one i* encouraged still to aay
of tha British aailor, aa was said in Armada days, that he baa
not hi* equal anywbara for skill and general haudinoaa.

Are we to go on with Latin 'V^erses ? By the Rev.

Hon. B. Lyttelton, .M.A., llea<l Miuster of HaiU-ybury CoUi'Ke.
t'n>\vn Svu., IWJ pp. London, l.SS)7. Long^mans. 3/6

This little l)ook is a eontio ad e/rrum,anap|)eal by a schoolmaster
to his brethren of the craft to reconsider W-foro "it bo too late
the educational value of an exercise that ia fast disappearing from
the curriculum of our secondary schixils. Latin verse com|>osi-
tion is (ot Oxford at any rate) no longer a niuf i/ud non for col-
lege scholai-ships cr the highest classical honours. The increasing
pressure of subjects for which r<H>m has t<> be found at public
schools involves the gradual crowding; out of tlmse which are m
least demand or are supposed to be merely ornamental. Such
subjects Iwcomo the luxury of a few. The verdict of tlie teach-
ing professiim and of the general public condemns them as a
necessity for the many ; and once condemne<l, to restore them is
ditlicult if not impost'iblo. Mr. I..yttelton, as becomes an Etonian
brought up ujKin a surfeit of Latin elegiacs, inider a system
which used to be irreverently described as giving the tnarimum
of trouble to masters with the niinimt(m of result to boys, makes
a gallant attempt to st«'m the tide. He claims for Latin verse-
writing even in its most elementary stages the credit of an in-
tellectiuil discipline, civin^; sureness of vocabulary, perception of
rhythm, and the genuine siiti.sfaction of overcoming a difficulty,
of visible achievement after effort. The schcKjjboy who after
many searchings of heart and of his " (Jradub " has jirodncod a
line or lines that will scan and have no grammatical fault looks
upon the result, we gather, much as Touchstouo speaks of
Audrey — " a poor virgin, Sir, an ill-favoured thing, but mine
own " ; and this fense of proprietorship and successful effort,
by enlisting the boy's interest in Latin verses, is 8up|>o8ed
to enhance the intellectual profit of the exercise.

With much that Mr. Lyttelton says of Latin vcrse-mnking as
an aid to the imagination and to the correct use of language we
agree ; and it is true that, as he puts it, " a boy who has to trans-
late an English poem mustread it, ' ' and make some effort to under-
stand it. To many of us the most abiding and fruitful result of our
Latin verse coini)osition is the familiarity with miicli good English
poetry. Hut granted that one of the best tests <if proficiency in
a language, dead or living, is a facile an<l idiomatic employment
of it in composition, is not such pnificioncy as well attained, and
more accessibly to the average learner, bv the employment ot
prose '^ Mr. liyttelton says not; and repudiates Latin jirose a*
an educational instrument in comparison with Latin elegiacs —
to which, by the way, he seems to confino Latin versification,
almost ignoring the ranch higher branch (as wo should call it) of
hexameter ver.ie. But Mr. Lyttelton's view of the whole question
is, we cannot help thinking, somewhat narrowed by his educa-
tional environment — by old Eton suiwrstitions of constant Latin
elegiacs as the best educational instrument, and bv the Cam-
bridge tendency to ignore, as comi)ared with O.\for<i scholars,
the great value of Lotin prose composition — an exercise (to quote
the words of a great teacher thereof) " so absolutely intolerant
of imperfect knowledge, such a stem touchstone of obscure
thought or superficial work." Mr. Lyttelton. wo fear, will not
roll up the stone of Sisyphus, or sweep back the sea. Things
have gone too far for that. Hut if he helps to preserve for good
scholars a graceful accomplisiiiiicnt, and (wo would add) one of
the purest of intellectual i)leusures for tliose who ore able to
enjoy it, bis book will have done service, though not exactly in
the way he hoped.

As a practical appendix, Mr. Lyttelton prints nineteen Latin
elegiac versions of a smoothly iUmiiig but rather vague poem of
O. \V. Holmes, full of loose mi'taphors. the grappling with which
has Iwen the chM difficulty of translation — Latin, as is well
known, being much les.s tolerant of metaphor than English. Mr.
Lyttelton pleads— ahd some of those translators agree with him
— for a more liberal use of metaphor in I,atin. Hut of these
versions the most suoceBsful, in our opinion, are those in which
its use ha« been restrict)-d. Take, for example, the metaphor
*' Time's grey urn " in the ojieniiig lines :

Y«, lifHT de|iart<nl rhiTJalipil <l«y«,

CouM Mctii.iry'n hnml rmtorc
Your tnoniinp lljhl . vmir •'%'«>ninK rays,

Kr "■ : tice more.

Such renderings : uma, aetnt iritliii ut urrui,

rftuii iirlntif vitin, ... , , ,,,1 this ^ "grey"?), r/rariji

i/ifi'i, and the like, are unnatural and unmeaning, u translation
of i'lniil'tm ;«i iiunhru I'rofessor .lobb, whoso fine taste for
•cholnrship k .-liko in Latin ns in (ircek, thus renders

it, simply but \y, in what strikes u* as the best of these

versions : —

Tempom prif*<Titn<- p^nit-i" delectji iuventae,

O ■! " \ri' iiiilii.

f?i ill' viHre *fpu]to

QUU'l 1 lnr>lllljrtt llfl1>At.

October 23, 181)7.]

LITERATURE.

Wlint the avorftfje 15-yt.ar-<)l(l «ohool-l>oy woiilil make ■)( »ii. !.
a i>««»unii »o sliuilUnr t<. tliink. Mr. Lyttolton can hurdly int«.i..l
it iiH n aiioriiiieii of whiit >li<>iil(l bo put before him aa ao edaua-
tiuiml inatnnnuiit.

Siom on the Meinam, from tho Otilf to Avuthln.
toKi'llicr Willi 'Ihrcc ItiniiJinii-M illiiNlnttivi'
/mil Custoiiis. Uy Maxwell Sommervllle, I
toloKy, lliiivui-Mily of I'i'iiii.sylvaiiiii. Willi .,\ nm.'
Loiulou, 1««7. Sampson Low, Mi

A book ontitlod " Uruut llritaiii on thu Thames
Nore to I'ntnuy-briilgi)," coiiipiltxt liv an amiablu ami <
gentleman from China, unaccinaintoil with thu Knfjliiih :
or with \Vostl^rn thonglit, wimld hunlly bo expoctol t"
very rtilinblo nccmint d the Hritish ImU-s, «r of tli i,f

thuir inlmbituiitH, uvun though it iiliouUi bu ohm ii*-

tnito<l with photofjrapliB fioni noif^hl" r . s, and

ombellishod with ii littlu piiljin Kuf^lith • ,lly. In

the saiuu way Mr. Mn-xwell 8oinmorvillo'» ,^ ,. ^ i.im nnist

not l)o oxpoctod to l>o nthciwiso than a oi>lli'rti..n of v.ry riU;,'li
impressionR. Mr. Soinmorvillo diil u ciTtuin iiiiuibor df llm
Biglitti of nans;kok, iind went fifty inilus up rivor in a paKsoii^jt.r
Btoanior to tho " jungle " of the old uapitid, Ayiithiii, wliuro ho
spent at least a day. In tho short time ho was able to dovoto to
tho sul)joet<)f luH book ho certainly unod his considerublu pnwora
of observation with od'oet, and the scenes of nativo groupiii);*, aa
they present themselves in tho every-day life of tho city and the
rivor, are ;;iven not without some liveliness and evident apprn-
cialion. As a Kuide-book to the ba/.aars and H'aU xt iiangkok,
Mr. Somniorvillo's work may rank with Carl lk)ck'8 and Frank
Vincent's. More than this wo cannot say. Tho book is hastily
written, the information is inaccurate, tho grammar is often
faulty, and tho style is poor. The nativo words and names are
apelt wiih no rej^ard to systum, and there i.i nothing in the
volumo which may not bo found fur better considered in tho
works of I'ldlegoix, Crawfurd, Howring, and many othein. Tho
illustrations are from j)hot<i);raphs, most of which are familiar to
Bangkok residents, and many of which are so charming that they
go a long way towards redeeming the book A large proportion,
however, are not Siamese at all, but arc Malay, Shan, ami
Burmese, and many are given fancy titles by the author which
rob tliem of muoli of their value.

With regard to the " original romancea " at tho end of the
book, intonilc^l, as tho author informs us, to illustrate " phases
in Siamese life and customs, combined with the history of
tho river Meinam and of the people of tho northern pro-
vinces " which they " aro intended to portray,"' we can only
remark that they fail completely in their object. The idea
would bo an ambitious one even for a careful and experieniHid
studont of the Kast and of Indo-China ; carried out a.s it h.as
been it amounts almost to u prartical joke. Tho hero, the
viceroy of a largo province, travels across country alone, with
three servants, on mules, maintaining u pace of twonty-tlirce
miles a day for many hundred miles ; tho envoys of tlio King
aro made to travel tliirty-six miles a day at least when thoy go
abroad ; Muang I'imai, a juiiglo village in the Kor.: .is

illustrated by photographs of Bangkok. It is not to

say more to show that the stories are valueless as imi' tr iiions
of the life of tho country ; nor, unfortunately, are they Tory
interesting.

The character of tho book is well illustrated by tho map
whicli forms the frontispiece. A largo proportion "'f tin. imnies
are wrongly spelt. A roil line, designated *' tli. - of

Laos," separates the northern Lao States of (. i md

Nan, both of which aro in reality inhabited by tho same race
of Lao, and also cuts the Korat plateau into two parts, althoui;h
the Lao extend south of it for noarly three degre«»s of latitade.
Inter alia, tho I'ichai river is calletl the Nam t'at ; the import-
ant towns of richai and Nan are omitted altogether ; ami two
high roads are marked as extending across tho country in a
N.N.W. diroction to tho Salwin from tho neighlxmrhood of
Paknam Po. Those are apparently designed to illostrnte the
very " original romance " at the end of " the book ; thoy have
no existence in fact. Below is the inscription — " The most
recent and eompreheusivo J!ap of the Interior of Siam." Wo
wonder if this joke will go down in .\merica ? No one in this
country aui]uainted with the many surveys which have l>een
made in the Meinam valley or with tho maps of Pavio and
McCarthy, or the publications based on these which have from
time, to time been published by the Riiyal Geographical Society,
can be askotl to treat it seriously.

Tho author a))|>ears to have approached his task with a leTity
and lack of industry and study which, in literature at all event*,
seem somewhat out of place.

som

The Barth '
0)x&in., Ul pp. I

Lyrlcii. Hv

llo-lon ; C

MINOR POBTS.

ulhtrr

aimI

PiM>ui». Hy
John Lane.

A. B.

aon.

.. ..a L<ane.

4 en.

Mlnusoula. Lyrica of Naturs, Art, and how. Uy

BVanola WUllam BourdUlon. 0-4iin.. 112 pp. I.<.ndon.

IMn. Lawrence and Bullen. Ltd. 6 •

Our

sri iinw.

hmj^ p">e'ii Ih.it " t' "
for them. Purlinpi i
public is not for ti.v kh^;
acciue uur ndnor poota ot
are of the .!■... "...-> ,o mm-
" Volumo " .. . them

aro tho lyn ' I"

snatcht'S, hke the '■
is still." But h'
birdlike in the !
brief though it
apprehonnion of thu t<ii;s •.:
" Th'< ^j^rth Ilr..iab.'
chn'
of 1
attr
■h'

it w.- - . •...

of study. But hia style i

Hanil"'\>iot ""\ 1" ' " '

eX] r

ma;

posed to deviate into i <

of the little poem •' Ti.

The hett\'

Ki>ndle w.

A now ei!

What is r

!■

rilo

'•r

1 .

u n<.t

at tiia

■*n

<>.

•>u

*•/
.lul

rMpondinjT Mitin-ty tn thn
nta
rial

n
y

BTor flies

-■ ' SODlu l!p.l-

ave rcacbetl

v.. .. ,...„.

Mr. .i ...

vidiiality. His litt
a «<•(■■•"' i..1iii .11

til.;, ,.«

stun , <>r

piquant it may be, or of a | ha

" *|natrain," which is 8<j ooiu! >c,

or encomiastic, becomes in Mr. Tubb haiidii au <.-}ktf«ui«ly
gnu'ufnl poem. " Tho Mid-Day Moon " ia a cbarming
example : —

Behold, whatever wind prerail.

S' • .1-

'I ^

i ii I 1 1' 'ii'. I , I '111 :i
Again, in this quatrain oi
conceit ; —

we haT* a prat^

It iH
• 6vo " i
mctiical ii i m lua--

Not all of tlioAu t|Ualtiiiii!i,
tho l)ook, srp s" ni'atlv lurni'<l

Mr. i
proviou.s

addition ot j-ouio in
alli>vre<l his sieve to
have almost every deiii i mr.i.
third esi>«cially —

Now IV**''> ^1." '>"ni*<'r ,<.nT- f..t-.T^* fl..^n

And
is a monuni,
that Mr
classed :i-

A clearer bhelley*i< who tl
could not 1«. tHldlv ii
" Joy's Way " — ia tho frosl •
that is new in the book. I
songa are extreme' ana " ul :n :■

reputation as a « both with n.

song.

I'iich I't vihiuh adoma a pa^ of

a** tbeM».

an it he

.1 t
ra

all
ai

iiiiiin'a
vera of

LITERATURE.

[October 23, 1897.

dillhitc Doi:i5C5.

Where run your eolta at patture t

\fTtfre hide your vnaret to breed t
'Mid bergs a^inst the Ice-cap

Or wove Sargossa weed ;
By lightleiis reef and channel,

Or craftjr coastwise bars.
But most the deep-sea meadows

All purjJe to the stars.

W%o holds the rein upon you T

The latest gale let free.
Mliai meal i« in your mangers ?

The glut of all the sea.
Twixt tide and tide's returning

Great store of newly dead, —
The bones of those that faced us.

And the hearts of those that fled.

Alar, off-shore and single,

Some stallion, rearing swift,
Neighs hungry for new fodder.

And calls us to the drift.
Then down the cloven ridges —

Ten million hooves unshod —
Break forth the wild white horses

To seek their meat from God I

Girth-deep in hisaing water

Our furious vanguard strains —
Through mist of mighty tramplings

Roll up the fore-lilown manes —
A hundred leagues to leeward,

Ere yet the deep hath stirred.
The groaning rollers carry

The coming of the herd !

Whote hand may grip your noslrila —

Your fordock who may hold t
E'en they that use the broads with us

Tlie riders bred and hold.
That s])y ufion our matings

That rope as where we run —
They know the wild white horses

?*rom father unto «on.

We breathe about their cradles.

We race their babes ashore,
We snuff against their thresholds.

We nuzzle at their door —
By day with stamping coursers,

By night in whinnying droves.
Creep up the wild wliite horses.

To call them from tlieir loves.

And come they for your calling f

No wit of man may save.
They hear the wild white horses

Above their ftitlicrs' grave ;
And, kin of those we crippled

And sons of those we slew.
Spur down the wild white riders

To lash the herds anew,

H7(/t< service have ye paid tfiem,

Oh jealous sti^eds and strong ?
iSave we that throw their weaklings.

Is none dare work them wrong.
While thick around the homestead

Our grey-backed s(|uadron8 graze —
A guard behind their plunder.

And a veil before their ways.

Witli march and countermarchings —
With press of wheeling hosts —

Stray mob or bands eml)attled—
We ring the chosen coasts :

And, careless of our clamour
That bids the stranger fly,

At peace within our pickets
The wild white riders lie.

Trust ye the curdled hollows —

Trust ye the gathering wind —
Trust ye the moaning groundHwell—

Our herds are close Ix-hind !
To mill j'our foemnn's armies —

To bray his camps abroad —
Trust ye the wild white horses

The Horses of the Ixjrd !

|0>»rrt(kL U*r bf R<adf»d KI»Unt.

RUDYARD KIPLING.

October 23, 1897.]

LITERATURE.

Hinono iii^ Boohs.

A COLIiOQUY OX CRITICISM.

Tliore iM,a)x)»it this we are pretty well certnin, nothinf;
more unenriifoi-tahlc and rlisqiiifting to the onlinnrv good
fellow — and unless ymi adopt a Ntundanl of excellence no
hi;;h as must damn the whole British Empire most of the
sons of Aflam are j^o(mI fellows — than to find himtielf at
loggerheads with his neighlwur al>uut anything.

The ])eople who love to differ are the minority — they
may he found, no doulit, if not in every hamlet, certainly
in every townshiji, hut for all that they are the minority
and only distantly resemble the kiiuUy hosts who love host
those songs which have a chorus in which all can join.

As a proof of this I would instance the unhappiness of
finding yourself positively disliking and despising some
book written, it may be, by an a((|uaintance, which is
enjoying great jwpularity. To take it up only to find
its " jMithos " repulsive, its " humour " disheartening, its
" merriment " offensive, and then laying it down with a
groan to read, or, worse still, to lie told by some honest
fellow, of its strange power, its dramatic grip, its enormous
sale. All this is sheer agony. The ordinary sorrows of
life, however crushing, are shared with humanity. Tombs
and monuments remind you of other men's bereavements ;
— the list of bankru])ts gives you a feeling of kinship with
half the town ; but this inability to enjoy what apparently
all the world is enjoying is intolerable.

It is no use saying de jiistlhun, &e. In the first
place it is not true. Burke long ago jxjinted out in his
Treatise on the Sublime and Beautiful that mankind are
more generally agreed about Virgil than they are aliout
Aristotle. These things cut very deep into life. Were
jou to be condenmed to spend three months at sea in a
small cabin with a stranger with what easy comjxisure
would you hear him, the first night, declare himself a
Hobbist, but how would j'our heart sink within you were
he to aver that he never could see anything funny in
" Pickwick " ! It is a very serious thing to ditfer nidically
on a ([uestion of taste.

And so it comes about that the life of a Critic in these
times is well nigh intolerable, and, indeed, it is not with-
out emotion — genuine emotion — that to-day I see launched
a new critical adventure. It makes a brave apjM-arance
as it pushes otf, friends wave their handkerchiefs, the
captain is on the upper-deck, the crew (well-tanned
veterans some of them) wave their new quills — it is
indeed a gallant sight ! Yes — but look ahead to the sea
where the ship must go, to the far off ocean, whose vast
tides jMint dumbly passionate with dreams of all the Ixwks,
as yet unwritten, whicli Literature must review, and of the
authors, jiassionate but not dumb, whom we shall, if we
do our duty, most grievously offend. Duty .' the word
instantly arrests one, just as did the word '* delicacy" the
great Journalist in Frii^ndship^s Oarland, " Delicacy,"
he murmured. •' surely I have heard the word, in the old
days before I learnt to call llepworth Dixon's style lithe

and »in»<wy and Ix-fore i«vit I wrote for thin curnMl [wppr."
So at the wonl " Duty," I xtand at attrntion. What are
the dutini of a Critic ?

No dooner i« the ijueMtion njik)-d tlian t«Mn|>«'nnnent

utefM in and makes everj-thing difficult. ' ' ' •■ tn-

I>erament leadu him to magnify hiit ol! to

minimize it. Pom|M>iiity In tlie UiM-tting nn of the one.
cynicism of the other. Of the two Mr. Cynic i* the mor»
agreeable while Mr. I'omiio«ity do*^ the leaitt harm. It
is to avoid " glatutes " and to wee thingit with the

nak. .. . ...

Can it l)e Haid that to ri>view new book* tM they
appear is a ]iublic duty? The fiu-t that it i

privately proven nothing. Until 1870, in 1....,

duty of educating the young wiui diiicharged by the Hritinh
and Foreign School .Sx-iety and the National S<K-iety,
whilst for many a long day the duties of nurxing the |ioor
and visiting prison* were left to individual charity. The
maintenance of the Fine Arts is, after a lieggarly fajihirm,
recognized by the State, and there are those who «erioU»ly
advocate a National Theatre. Ouglit Criticism to be esta-
blished and eiidowe<l ? Sluiuld t ' ; with a
Litenu-y sup]ilemeut ? t)n the w.. . . . it.

But if Criticism is a matter of private enterjirise it
should be unil t. The famouji

motto of the L , !. . .uis too much. A

Judge is not self-elected, neither does he chooae hia
calendar and condemn whom he wills. T'
secutes, the jury convicts, the Judge -•
Brougham, if it wan liord Brougham, owed no duty to the
public to ridicule John Keats in the K<l'
Ijidy K;istlake had no better right to -
Bronte in the Quarterly Review than has any evil-tongued
woman to revile her neighliour in the mjii"

The duties of a Critic are those of a iiftsman

who takes money in exchange for an article of his inana-
factun-. He must do his Itest to learn h' iid,

having learnt it, to go about it diligently u 'ly,

and in a spirit of humanity. He must avoid the error of
imagining his opinion to be a j;'
entitled, if his criticism Ih' printi ^ „
it as if it were of no moment whatever.

Critics an> sometimes accusefl of for i- \ni\>-

licity, the almost awful publicity, of tlu , ^ rrt<>,

and of scattering abroad in the lightnef^ of their hearts all
kinds of winged wonls ancl ]>oi.'»on«Hl arrows. 1'- y?

You have only to compare the trenchant am; .. ..;iist
valuable criticism you hear at a dinner table with
the tame, ema-sculated uttenmces of the Press to realize
how iMiralyzing is publicity and how imftosnible it
is to say in print what you may utter with per-
fect propriety in pri\-nte. NoNxly ' ' ' "v assert
that harshness or brutality is a chai j.rcsent-
day criticism. Whether it be wise or foolish, important
or insi '. it is at least good-natured. B<H)ks are
lilx-ralr ;tere<l with praise, and the rarest gifts of
the gods are affected to be bestowed upon writers of the
most humble endowments. F' ' ' - eaaily
kindled. Nobodv, as I have alrt.; » differ

LITERATURE.

[October 23, 1897.

with hi« neijjhbour, lewt of all to make his diflVn^nces
T ' ' •• " ' tie and let the world go by " is ft maxim
. one very generally obsen'ed by wise men.
Bat how is the jjoor critic to olwerve it ? A iwpular
nov. ' -ular volume of theology, and a jjopular ]K>et

an- i for review. He reads, and as he rejuls his

gorge rises. They are, so, at leaat, the unhapjjy writer con-
ceives, . -' fiction, religion, jKx^try ought not
to be ; V. H' niiturol is forctnl, what should be
devout is vulgar, what should he felicitous is ill-expresswl ;
grace, dignity, delicacy, charm — of no one of these (juali-
ties is there so much as a trace. Of course, the reviewer
may be mistaken. But, if he is, his whole outlook ujwn
this world is mistaken ; all that is alwut him is mistaken ;
his library is all wrong; every estimate he has formed,
every lesson he has learnt is all wrong — everj'thing is
.... ;.-.i ,,, ix)oks lieanvthing but the ixwr trash
im they are. But is he to say so?
The novelist is • friend of his wife's sister, the
divine and the ]«•<■> m.- club acfjuaintances of his own.
He cannot say what he really thinks of tlieir i)roduction8
— their " work," as they love to call their lucubrations.
Unable to say what he thinks, he proceeds to say as little
as he can aU)ut the books before him, and to fill up his
apace with general reflections, which are deprived of all
\-aIue liecause the writer does not apjjly them fearlessly to
the matter in hand. Tlie result is deplorable.

AUGUSTINE BIRRBLL.

up: '
hi>

FICTION.

St. Ives: H<MiiK till- Advent iin-N of II Fi-ench Prisoner in
EnKlnixl. Hy Robert Louis Stevenson. ChapU'rs xxxi.-
xxsvi. by Mr. Quiller Couch. 7i>:5.1in. .1I2 iip. I»ndon,
VSBfi. Heinemann. 6-

Thi» poiithumnas romance of Mr. Stevenson will liardly take
rank with hii ittronfjest work : but it has all tliat charm of the
intensely characteristic, which, in the case of any writer of
dseply-marked and attractive individuality, renders the reader
almost onconsciuus of defects. With the author of " St. Ives,"
ind«c<I. ttiL-y are so essentially the defects inseparable from
" f ' that it is hanlly i>ogsibl» even to wish them away.

Tl.. thf^r^ " .Adventures of a French Prisoner in

En,.' "De's admiration for the unflag,:ing

spirit . te Anne de .St. Yvos rclaten them, one

IS cnntinusl 'K-<1 of the singularly loose thread of

plot on wbicii .... LToat'ir has strung them together. .\nd

the picturaaquo rigour with which the French prisoner himself is
d«lill«at«d only serves tw render more conspicuous the sketchy,
not to say shadowy, dmftsmaniihip which is all that Stevenson
haacarwl Ut bestow on Flora Gilchrist, one of many heroines so
trsatad by him, or rather, one miirht nay, the subject of a
tr«stroont « ' Catriona can be

•aid to hat There are indeed

timas whan ut aiul > '>i this very vaguely

aduiii^rat'il u.iti Iv 1 ri'il, sharftlv oiitline<l,

••>' 111 almost feel ax if we

w«: .......... .. :... . .1. .eas and thexliodoof his

wifa. Until tba Vic' m actually embracing Flora

throa^b tb« op«n cott .« lo that very prettv Jove scene

ia tb* rain, «• can h.i <'v« that nha will not elude her

lovw's claap, aa th« ghosiiy urensa aluded bar husband's, jtar
Imibiu fCiUts, totnerique limittima tomno.

To thass oontraata, bowaror, between haroas of " thraa

dimensions " and homines who represent merely a plane super-
licies, all good Stovensonians are by this time well aocuHtomed,
having, indeed, been moHtly disciplined into submii<siou to them,
if the truth nuiybe whixperetl »<i/r<i rftrimdii, by no loss o master
than Sir Walter himself. Inured, too, they are to the loose-
jointud narrative, and to that slow evolution of plot which ia
only emphasized by the briskness in the succession of incidents.
All these things, as bas l>een said, have the charm of the charac-
teristic. Thoy are " Stevenson all over." In this last novel of
his they are more than usually in eviilencu, though as easy to
forgive as over. For instance, there is really very littlo reason,
on the face of matters, why the whole story should not ci)me to
a premature close with the escape of St. Ivcs from Edinburgh
Castle. There is, at any rate, no reason, excei)t a Stoven-
Bonian one, for his prolonged ond harebrained tramp
over a large portion of Great Britain with a hostile kins-
man ot his heels and a price on his he*d. Every well-wisher
whom he meets with, from the girl whom he loves down to the
family 8oIicit<ir, deplores his obstinacy and rashness, and plies
him with argument* for an immediate flight to France which a
candid reader recognizes a.s unansworablo while he rejoices that
they were disregarded. For the consequence of this disregard is
that we accompany the escaped prisoner through a succession
of the most stirring adventures, as ingeniously invented and as
brilliantly narrated as anything we have had from their lamented
inventor and narrator since he carried us breathless, with David
lialfour and Alan Breck Stewart, throufih the stirring pages of
" Kidnapped."

Apart, moreover, from the excellence of the story-telling,
the fortune of the romance would be made by the masterly
portraiture of its hero, who ranks high in our opinion among
Stevenson's nio.st 8ucces.-.ful studies of character. Never, perhaps,
have the fascination and the foibles of the typical Frenchman
boon studied with such humorous insight, or hit off with such
easy felicity of touch. To compare it with the " Brigadier
Gerard " of Mr. Conan Doyle would of itself bo no light praise,
as all who are familiar with that brilliant little piece ot portrait
painting will admit. But the later of the two heroes has in
more than one resjioct the advantage of the earlier. There is
the same foathor-lioaded courage, the same invincible cheerful-
ness, the same gallantry, gaiety, vanity, nairete, in tbft
one as in the other, but Stevenson's horo is tbo
finer by certain superiorities which he wouhl naturally
and of right possess and also by certain ipialities
which were the gift to him of his literary creator,
and which have no doubt intentionally been le.''t out of
Mr. Doyle's creation. The Vicomte is a polished gentle-
man, which can hardly be said of the worthy Brigadier, and
he indulges in a delightful cmdiuir of. self-criticism, of which
that other efpially high-spirited but still slightly woodon-headed
soldier of the Empire would huve been wholly iiicapalile.
Mr. Stevenson's hero in fact is, through and through, an
adventurer after Dumas' own heart, as dashing as D'Artagnan,
as chivalrous as Athos, as amorous as .^ramis, as
genial and jovial, if, of course, not quite so muscular, as
Porthos; and we follow bim through the whole series of his
enterprises by floml ond field, and even by air, for ho finally
gives his enemies the slip in a balloon, with unflagging interest.
The dialogue is of Stevenson's Ix'st, for in a certain sentcntious-
ness of humour indeed it often recalls some of the ijuaintcst
cidlo.piies in the " Now Arabian Nights," and pjiticularly in
that most fantastically droll among the stories in that v<dumo,
" TheKajah's iJiomond." Excellent too is tho picture of Old
E<linburgh, and of the works and ways of tho French prisoners on
itsCostle rock; whileforeraostainong i>assagesof tlielattor kind ia
the description of the fatalduol with scissors Wtween the hero
and the ruflianly but staunchly loyal Goguelat. "You have
given me the key of the fields, comrade. Snn* raneune," said
the follow when he had got his mortal wound. And Victor Hugo
himself, at his best in " Les Miserables," would not have dis-
daina<l to sign this passage, in which tho dying man, who haa
firmly refused to give up the name of bis slayer, bids him final

October 23, 1897.]

LITERATURE.

farewell, with the nsHurance that be will carry the tuerot with

him tu thu gruvo : —

Hunl l>y ill a little boil lay Oogimlat. Tli« nunburn hail ii-«t
yotfiiilud from liia iucv, and the iitaiii|> o( doath waii alrua4ly
thuro. Tliuio was somothiiig wilii and iiiitiiunniali in his siiiilo
that timk mo l>ytho throat ; only duutli niul Im-o havu over so«'n
it. And wbun liu ipoko it i>nly ito<!iiu<<l to itliame his conrsv t^lk.

H«) hold oiit hin uriiw at it t" oinlirm'O nut. I drew iii<ar with
iiiorodible Nhriiikiiigii, and HiirrundurtMl inyii«lf to hi* anna with
ovurwhelmiiig diHguot. hut he only drow my ear down to his
lips -

•• Trust mo," he whispered, " I'll take it to hell with me
«nd toll thu duvil."

A wonl of cninmuiidation inu.st bo added on the work of Mr.
<juiller Couch, to whom was intrustvd what Mr. 8t«.'vuniioD's
literary exi'cutor rijjlitly calls " thu ddicato tu»k " of supplying
thoao concluding chaptors of tlin romance which thu author, who
had toniporarily laid aside " St. Ives " to tako up " Weir of
Hermiston," did not live to write. To du.scribe the style
adopted by thu continuator as an imitation of Stuvoiison's would
bo iioitliur correct nor, in our judgiiiunt, complimuntary ; since,
the real authoraliip of these chapters Ijuiiig known, it would be
the reverse of pleasing to thu judicious reader to have his atten-
tion continually solicited by ony duliU'rate and obtrusive
mimicry of thu original. All that was really wanted was moroly
to spara him distniotion from the exactly oiipf)site caumi, or, in
othur word.s, to maintain such a general conformity with
the Stoveiisonian spirit and niannur as to prevent the reader
from being conscious of any abrujit break in the style of
the narrative. This condition Mr. t,>uilU>r Couch's continua-
tion quite satisfactorily fultils. In cases of this kind there will
always bo those who think that " the unfinished window in
Aladdin's tower unfinished should remain " ; but assuredly nono
«vun of those objectors can in this instance complain that there
is anything in the urchJtooturo or tracery of thu ooiiipluted
window to oflend the artistic eye.

What Maisie Knew.

Ijondoii, LSiW.

By Henry James. Hvo.. :«>» pj).
Heinemann. 6;-

Mr. James's other works must boar the burden of " What
Maiaio Knew," for this is hardly a book to enhance his great
reputation. There are, of course, almost as many ways of writ-
ing a novel ns of " constructing tribal lays," nnd for tlint reason
we sliiiuld hesitate to ONpres.s a sweeping opinion on the merits
and <lomerits of the Iwok. Besides, it is well understood in
these days that a modem novel may dispense w^ith a great part
of the machinery, and many of the virtues, that nred to be
thought necessary. Plot, incident, humour itself, is superfluous
if only the author be sufticiently expert in portroit-painting and
analysis. Mr. James himself is a proof of this. " What Maisie
Know " is not amusing, not exciting, not lii;m<rous: it bns little
or no plot : it neither cheers nor inebriates ; and j-ot it is worth
reading. The reader, we know, will not expect ordinary novels
from Mr. James, or find fault with him booauso his qualities are
not those of other writers. His work has never been in the
least degree commonplace ; he has had his sjiecial public, and
has been content to appeal only to educate<1 people.
But, as even a highly eduoate<l palate sometimes longs
for plain fare, so the most fastidious lover of fiction may
prefer something just a shade wholesomer than this particular
book. The plain truth is that wo do not like the atmosphere of
the Divorce Court, and pant for the breath of fresh air which
comes, in a vogue and inferential manner, in the very last page.
From cover to cover one is bewildered by the complicate*! and
promiscuous immorality of the characters, and by the unpleasant
situations which the author elaborates and analyzes. The threail
of the stor}- is tolerably simple. l)ealo and Ida Farange,
Maisio's father and mother, are divorced, both being oquolly
guilty, and the child spends alternate half-years with each of
them. It need not bo said that they hate each other
heartily. In each of the hostile camps a governess is found

for MabU, • young govariMM by bar fatlMr, an akUrljr onm

by her motbar. liar fatb«r then warriaa th* ycani; s<>veni«aa,
while hor mothor niamos Hir C'lauiU. All th« mun ax* band-
■omo, and, except the uld»rly gorurnaas, notta u( tli« womao ara
virtuous. TliBm marnagas, Uwrokm, turn out aa badly aa tb«
original Farange allianca. Maiaio 's uwn (laranta f» (rum bail io
won«, ami a tiai«' ' ia,

betW4M*n Ura, >■ . ■>'(

attcond wife
{•art-nta, is til

Thora is no blinking tlio fact that this ia about as unpromia-
ing a story aa could well be invontad. Indaod, with the wboU
field of human como<ly bafore bim, one faila to *•• wby Mr.
James shouhl insist on taking i.^ '^ ti this alough of
immorality. It is true that be way thrvuKb it

with extreme delirary, but it is a coac of corrupt
all the same, and it may l« d>>iibt«xl wbHh^r • -
greatest artist is justi' ui

design and otitliTiK. I tho

picture, it m

not the objc i; , - - , , -.- . - nt

child Maisie herself and her governess Mra. Wix. It is ' ' i ' > >
that Mr. Jamed has expende<l most of his akill. Maio.t-, »!•••
was in a position to know a good many ttrange things, raniaina
charming and childlike in ' ' '
Hor natural cuardians hav,

a glimin .il sense ul i 'hs.

Wix to .do an>l her s ide,

except thai he is tarred willi i brusli ••

the others, ia quite an a^'reeablo j • Mrs. Wix,

however, is the Iwst-drawn character in the book, and ia
thoroughly human and lift like. Wu have said that tho book
is not humorous, and humorous in any large sause of the

word it certainly ia not. But there are fr '• ' • • ■• r<ins

touches in it which go far to light up the ur: a of

the narrative, and these have the distinct ' ' '>od

writing. The early description of Mrs. t.d,

with her poor appearance and poor • : e"-.-

ing— a lady, reo enough to Mr. •,:-•-

laughe<l at and then endowed with cuuraga buii »(

character, so that flu- triumpha at last by ral

superiority. Ida too, Mr. Farango's firat wife and,

BO to speak, Mai ._ ....i mother, " was a person who, when
she was out — and she was always out— produced ovcrywhero
a sense of having been seen often, tlio sense, imleecl, of a kind
of abuse of Tisibility, so that it aoiild have l>ecn, in th«
usual places, rather vulgar to wonder at her." On : " I'Ut

only on reflection, one knows thut kind of ladv, au ./ea

tho aubtle truth of the ' »t;

the only thing is tlin: ha

has found thu secret of mai> ire

sotting. I*erh:ip;t wo may . .eaa

and of expri- tax tho

reader's intei , . -,. i "t b«

quoted, but it would bo uncrocious to do so. '! ird

reading and, we should imagine, not c*sy writing. ••■,<, ii..n ia
more or less true of the whole book. It is a aoriotts study, and
the reader who does not mean to study it had batter leara it
alone.

Jerome : .\ Poor Man. By Mary B. 'Wilklns. Cr. 8vo..
500 pp. Ixndoii and New York, IM»7. Harpers, ft'-

This novol will do mueh tr> increase in this c^riTifnr the

who has, chi .;h

•< ear of a di .ng

circle of readers, i. .s deacribe a novel aa a

" pretty " one, and th hungers for the stronger

meat of tho " new fiction " is too apt to make a mental note of
such a book aa one to be avoided. Miss Wilkina's novels are
" pretty," but they represent tho glorification of prettineaa.

LITERATURE.

[October 23, 1897.

Har okBTM MltuiU of no f^>u rMlitm ; her pietnrM are idyllic,
eonpomdad of pore deli<»t« tints and graceful harmonio* of
•olow. Thejr apeak of lore and uf aorrow ; but tlie love haa
Bolhil^ to do with illicit paaaion or tl)e problem of aox, and the
d i T tH i makM its :. : >! human pity without brand-

iag ita mark up<': iron. The world deacribod

ia • aaaall on«, but it u lookud u|M>n with a very kindly eye, and
ita mot* gloomy phaaea are uatxl only aa a contraat to thi«o
wiueh M* happy and agrakablo. \Vi< arc, imltHxl, inclined to
•ak whathar this New Kngland rillage of Cpham can n^ally i-xist
•ajwbere bat in the world of romance ? These hunioly maidens
wbo are ready to giro up all for love, theao toiling villagers who
hare nerer heard of Silrerism or of " Coins Financial School,"
thaaa mstio gentry with their aooostral homes, high breeding,
and gaatla ways— do they really hail from the States, do they
rote, do they raa4i their Xetr Yurk Utmld ? We can only reply
that Miaa Wilkina lives, we believe, not far from lioston, that
aba daaeribea the life around her, and that Uostouians are de-
ligfatad with her novels. At any rato. the setting nf her story is
a highly picturesque one, and for Englihh readers it gains some-
thing from the fact that life in an American village is in certain
reapaeta mure like our own than life in an American city.

"Jerome " belongs to the class of novel which may be de-
aeribed as biographical. It starts with the hero at the age of
thirtaan, and leaves him happily married and settled. Tliis
kind of story labours under some disadvantages. It docs not
lend itaelf V) a dramatic arrangement of events, and it almost
always anggests the same motif, a struggle upwards, like that of
David Grieve, in social i>osition or in character, or in hutli.
Circumstances, however, force Jerome to take his place rather
prematurely among those whom children of his age speak of as
" ;• ^ " ; and a okilful handling of the dnimatis per-

$o.. . .ertain unity to the plot. Jerome Edwards, his sister

Klmira, and their mother, are left in crinding poverty liy the
head of the family, «nd make a hard fight of it for a living. But
the main interest of the story does not arise until we reach the
ooortship of Elmira by the son of the rich doctor, who annexed
field to fielil by taking a<lrantage of the ailments of the poor,
and of Lncina, the daughter of the Squire, by Jerome. The
situation could hardly exist onywhere but in rustic America. The
etirinna democratic cistoms which make such courtships possible,
and the arist'wrstio or, perlmp", " tiniocratic " prejudices
wl I fortunate combiniitinn for

til- r . Iilemishes in Miss Wilkins's

m a nag ement ot the plot. Jerome wlio, like his fellow-villagers,
toils at unprofitable manual labour, manages to save dollars
with a rapidity which must have ap]M>are<1 to them positively
atartling, and the disappearance of Abel £dwanls, the father,
who was working on a farm twenty miloa off whilst his friends
anil ' .* ; Ming a funeral service for him. is hardly

CO! his resurrection at the end, though the

inctUciits of it i»r«.' well conceiveil, seem ot all necessary. But
tba eranta of the tale are well <levelopcd ; and just as the
autboreas doea not drag us through the minutiie of cliild-life in
the opening chapt<.-rs, so she does not mar her denouement at the
end, and knows t" a minute when to draw down the curtain.
Wa must in paoaing give a word of criticism on the writer's
•tyla- Perhapa we ought not to complain of an ocouiional
Yaokaaiam, aa " Dnring Jaroma'a absence, Eben Merritt's wife
oama aeruM lota to the Edwards house." But we trust that
Mias W ■• 1 not let 1. y of thought lead her into

obacuri- ts " All ; . .t in straight parallels of

•word !■ lal yieUiun of nature to the sinipiest low

olfTn*- .oul." There is, indeed, high authority

•"f but we cannot oiiooiirage any writer of

■«■- ' ' ^' ' '-idity is the Jirst law of a literary style.

Tha real rirtna of this book lies in its sketches of individual
*JTas, in its lore of the pictures<pie, and still more in its sensi-
tira touch uprwj mind ami nature. Jerome himself is a fine
Btody, eren if he inelinea a little to the ideal. Bovm) readers
will perhaps doqbt tha possibility, apart from religion, of any

adequate motive for the renunciation of a fortune of 25,000
dollars by a " poor man " who is only debiiiTed from marriage
by his jioverty. It was due in a great degree simply to pride —
the rigid Puritan inde|>ondence of the New Knglander — a <iuolity
of which, in its effect on others, the reverse side is suddenly
brought to his eyes at the end of the book. Miss Wilkins's men
ore, wo think, more successful liure than her women, aiul tlinu
the men in her other stories. Lmina and Kiniiru somewhat lack
individuality, hut nothing could be l)etter than, for instance,
the kindly squire Eben Merritt and his three bachelor friends,
or than the humorous persimist Oxias Lamb. But a pleasant
picture, too, is that of Miss Camilla, the Squire's elder sister -
the opposite of those hard-working, middle-aged women whom
Miss Wilkins is fond of jKirtraying— seote<l in her garden of
roses and box in a shawl scented with sandalwoiKl. There i»
hardly a scene or character throughout which has not its touch of
picturcsqiieness, and the same eye for effect shows itself in
countless telling cameos from nature, such as these : —

" The robins were singing all about. Every now and then
one flow out of the sweet spring distance, lit, and silently
erected his red breast among some plough ridges lower down.
It was like a veritable transition from sound to si^dit."

" Uod cows in the meadows stannl at him as he passed, with
their mysterious abstraction from all reflection, then grazed
again, moving in one direction from the snn. The bliielicrry
()at<'hes spread a pale gr< en glimmer of blo.saoms, like a liheen of
satin in a high light : yoimg ferns curled l)Cside tha road like a
baby'sfingers-^raspingatlife: the trees, which were late in leafing,
also reached out towards the sun little iosycltts]iing fingers whereby
to hold fast to the motherhood of the spring. The air was full
of that odour so delicate that it is scarcely an odour at all, much
loss a fragrance, which certain so-called scentless plants give out,
and then only to wide recognition when they bloom in multitudes
— it was only the simplest evitlence of life itself."

But Miss Wilkins is a uaturali»te dca r.spn'f.1, and seldom
looks at nature as a descriptive artist only. It is for her closely
interwoven with human feeling. The groat merit of her work i»
her keen insight into temiH.>ranient and her quick grasp of its
more subtle changes when touched, however lightly, from without,
and especially when under the spell of wild nature. Jerome going
to bravo the tyrannical doctor enters his avenue of pino trees with
nervous trembling.

" However, halfway up the avonue he came into one of
those warmer currents which sometimes linger so my.steriously
among trees, seeming like a pool of air, submerging one as visibly
as water. This warm-air bath was moreover sweetened with the
utmost l)rc?ath of the pinewoo<l8. Jerome, plunging into it, felt
all at once a certain soufo of courage and relief as if he bad a
bidding and a welcome from old friemls. There are times when
a quick conviction, from something like a sjieciul favour or caress
of the great motherhoo<l of nature, which makes us oil as child
to child, comes over one. ' His pine trees ain'l any difFerent
from other folk's pine trees,' flashoil through Jerome's mind."

We might quote many other passages of real beauty showing
the same keen obser\'ation and delicate handling of niontal moods
under the softer influoiices of nature. It is this viviil apprecia-
tion of the finer spiritual aspect of things, never approaching any
crude effect or jarring note, which gives to almost every page of
this book a pecullni- rliarm.

In Kedar's Tents. By H. Seton Merriman. 8vo.,
axjpp. I>>n>lnn, isir?. Smith, Elder. 6/-

Mr. Merriman shows a tendency, becoming common among
a certain class of novelists, to imiM>rt into fiction the urtiflces of
the stage. He relies much on " situation," and conceives his
plot in a series of vivid scenes on which the curtain falls just at
the point when tho conflict of chance or fate with human desires
has implicated tho i/r(im<Ww ;«T.wii<r in an inipflw, which, as tho
reailer well knows, will be duly solve<l in the final cha]>terB.
Picturestpie pro|ierties and stage setting, a crisp and pointed
dialogue, a cessation of movement when some incident per-
tinent to the plot has closed, and a material object round
which tho interest is focussed — in this case a mysturioua

October 28, 1897.]

LITKKATUKE.

letter, patising from hand to hand, and affecting in differwit

woy« the f.>rtiiiio» of all coneei i. • aro tho stock-

in-tra<lu of the playwright. 1 ho h- .Iv <.f miiincr*, or

tho still riioro prolix aiialyHis uf teni[«jr iiii.l i„ ,t; to the

oppoHito school of novulistit.nnchoul which Im . injon lo««

high ill popiiliir favour. This novel rcinimlH imof the inuthiMU of
tho " I'riBonor of /mulu/'or of " t'nder tho Hw\ llobo. " Onco
more wo havii an advuiitiirous hero, laiiilod anion,; ■i'vnos un-
familiar to him, phingod unox|)oi twUy into a world of plot snd
oountiirplot nmmij} strangors in whono fortunos ho is called to
take a luudiiif; part, and bocomin),' perforno a puhlio |N^niona|;e
with a »hnie in the iimkiidc of history. " In Kodar's Tunts " is,
roughly sjieaking, in Four .Vets -1. Uonynghnm'M rooms in tli«
Templo ; '2. Tho Wnlltxl Garden at llonda ; X Tlie Caiin del
Aynntaniionto at Tolodo ; 1. Tho Wallod (lardon at lionda
again. Tho action, it will bo soon, takes placo almost entirely
in Spain, and tho author ha.s oloarly studiod to somo profit l)oth
tho Spanish country uiiil puoplo. Ono UooH'roy Hornor, of whom
wo should like to hoar Homuthing more, but who passoa out of
sight at tho end of Chapter 2, has unintentionally killed a man
in a Chartist riot. Conyngham, with an Irishman's (jiiick
generosity, iindurtakes to divert suspioiun from Homer, who
has a wife and oliild, by a sudden flight to Spain. Hem ho pro-
poses to fight agaiiiHt tho Carlists, but his good-natured promise
to deliver a letter, purportin;,' to bo a love-letter and in reality a
rovolution.\ry documoiit of momentous import, involves him in a
web of dillioultios and dangers, which becomes the more intricate
when Sir John IMoydoll, tho father of tho youth murdero<l by
Horner, makes a sensational appearance upon tlio scene. It is,
we 8upi>oae, by an oversight— though a curious one— that
Ploydell, a solicitor and colliery owner, develops, after his
orrival in Spain, tricks of manner, due, so we are given to umler-
stand, to his long training at tho Common Law Bar.

Without alfectiiig any eccentricity of typo, Mr. Merriman
hero shakos himsulf free from tho rather conventional figures
to which ho introduced us in some of his earlier book*.
All tho chief characters are thoroughly well conceived and
on tho whole consistently depicted. Conyngham the jrnne
pt-emier, Concha the Spanish iViest, Concepvion Vara the
contrahanili.ita, iiarraldo the Carlist are all excellent, and
we doubt whether anything in recent fiction equals the
vivid and interesting portraiture of Cenoral Vinconto, or
the masterly scone in which £stdlla his daughter, in obedience
to her fatlior, and in tho prosonce of her lover, impersonates the
Queen Uogont and faces the fury of a Spani.sh mob. Thi.s inci-
dent, like many others in tho book, rovoals a keen dramatic in-
stinct, but tlioie is sometimes a failure to recognize tho essential
difference in the conditions of the spectacular drama and of the
written chronicle. Tho author lets himself forget tho time-
honoured maxim " Sognius irritant," &e. A spectator is more
wrought up, more keenly attentive than a reoder. Much more
can be loft to hi.s imagination, which is for the moment actively
stimulated, and ho has no time to analyze results or weigh pro-
babilities. More than once wo have the light switcho«l off from
a situation at a critical niomont, loavini; tho actors grouped in a
highly effective manner, but arousing in the mind of tho rea<Ier
a perfectly reasonable curiosity as to their next move and a feel-
ing that truth is Iwing sacrificed to effect. A faithful narrator
cannot isolate events like this, or avail himself of methods which
are justifiable and even necessary in another sphere of art. The
close of tho chapters in which Conyngham reveals his identity to
Sir John Ploydell, and in which tieneral Vinconto dies, illustrate
what we moan. What did Kstella say to Ci>nyngham over her
father's death-bod ? Mr. Morriman is also still a little too fond
of tho sententious apothegm, sometimes of a cynical character. Ho
introduces it, as it were, to call attention to the knowledge of
human nature displayed in his narrative : —

" The little fountain plashed in the cotutyard below ; a
frog in tho basin among the water lilies croaked sociably, while
tho priest and tho beautiful woman in the room al>ove mode
history. For it is not only in kings' iialaces nor yet in Parlia-
ments that the story of the world is shaped."

*' Julia ■t'Kwl Innliin^ from nn» |a th*

"in M noUiIng ta
!.M(Umm HMa or

woiiiiiM h' ' mil' ri r\
Too iTitich ol t

But tkara i* not

iinaii bwDgB commanding botb

HufiTh Wjmne, Pre« Quaker, MiinHitii" Krr-vft T.im.

I on Ihi- .StjilT of hi« Kx

H y S. Weir MltcheU, M.D., L . .
and liiii'Vjii'd. C'r. Hvu., 48.*> pp. Illiistratitl. I>m

PlBii %kn.

The {wriod of the rvrolntionary war haa of lat« attained
groat prominence in .Vmerica, and rolume a/tvr vo|um« of
memf>ira and letters has bevn adde<l to the store of hiat'tio
material. In " Hugh Wynne," whi' ! ful

and acctu^ta picturo of the old «.! .oe

use has : i fiction

gives n!

to-
bio .,ig-

ton a start. The fact that Hu^'h Wynne «tylcd " Krwi
Quaker " rofjuires some explanation. .For««veral year* bvforv
the War of Secesaion mai^y members of thu Society of Krieada

thought that paasire reaist.-!- '" -• - n duly. On

the other hand, many mori' mre, even to

bloo<lshed, was justifiable, im- i:itt.T view i.-d lo th' <• ;■ :"<ion
of many able and uonscieiitioiis men fmm thu Soci- - i.yot

whom naturally drifted into tho re ' •••

of tho war th so disown'-d Frieixls : ibo

diatinct sect of V <..

Perhaps the I.: ^ i i ugh Wynne waa of WoUh and French

blood cauaod him to be apparently more Free than Quaker. Be
that as it may, the (act that he was a bom soldier i.i msile very
apparent ; and of tho final struggle which ragc<i round Ptiita-
delphia the details are so vividly given that a i;-* ' ' ' nW
would appreciate two or throe good maps. One i is

inserted, and a small/ 1 th

a pen, but there is not at

the present day. ^ ,o,

some Irt miles uw;i lal

issue of th'.> great war bet a v«a

fought out, tliough tho actu te

further south.

Many of the greatest fi,;>.,, .. ..; .American bii>^.-.< - >. p,--

through these pages — notably Washington, who is carefully and
somexrliat critically drawn : and wo seem to see, dearly
silhouetttHl against the picturesque backtrroiind chosen by Dr. Weir
Mitchell, tho impetuous V' '"lrt<. Sir William

Howe, tho darling of the •• ■•." snd Hnmil-

ton. The writor <loue full ju*iicu to tha ati ^ al

element which played »<i great a part in «i iry

Pennsylvania. IndetKl, Hu^h Wynne looks on at us

Mischianga ball, giveti by tho •• loyal dames " in h >ir

William Howe, in tho old country seat of that grave Friend,

Joseph Wharton, the " Quaker Duke." There, peep i,r...,^t,

a window, Wynne saw the brilliant scene, thi • »,

curtsies, and bows of the Bristol ofiicers and the I hia

belles being rcflecto<l in the great mirrors which c^: the

walls of tho dead Quaker's ^i'

To tho two women " oat a put in " Hugh

Wynne " tho b<x>k owes, greatest charm. The

winsome French mnthnr is ;<; d in the grim worlil

where she fo<: We seem to see her as she leans on the

half-<loor of tl. :i house at the end of Walnnt-atreet wait-

ing for her little boy to come from hia first day at school.

" This sweet and most tcmter-hearted lady wore, as you
may like to know, a gray gown and a blue chiuts apron fasteneil

LITERATURE.

[October 23, 189;

' Um •hoaliler* with «rhit« h«ka<U. C>n her head warn k very
bro«d>farimmwl «' >t, low in the crown, and tiiMl by

•ilk ooitU nnder ! hail a creat i)uantity of brown

hair, among which was ouc wuli« atraml o( pray. Tliis nhe hnil
from her youth, I hare be«n tol«l. Tliis robuUioii* hair (->irle<l,
Mid ah* t*"** •eriona bine rv -' birge and wiilu oiien, •<> that

tha oiaar whit* waa aaen al

look a* of p—*'" -■■:•—-• —

wall roandr

whataror »L- _ ^^

Fraooh way, mad indeed aba i
apvech thai) waa common amon,
gOudnaaa aeema to me to have bw
naadod naithar thought uor etfort.

he liliiv. aiul won- ii constant

I •■' nho was still pliant anil

of fresh prottinoM in

''t. Soiiio 6ai(l it wati a

: « tiRO of her hands in

of British race. Her

instinctivo, and to have

Her faults, as i think of

them, wat« moatly aneh m ariae from escasa of loving or of noble
mood."

Small wonder that she foare<l no one, neither hor grave
hsahutd nor the crimmeat of inquisitive committoes of Friends.
Wyonw's own lady-love, who, though she had not one perfect
feature, had, notwithstanding, a countenance " so variously
•loquent that no man saw it unmoved," ii, if less original, a
charming portrait of a lady.

The story of the hero's varying fortunes, till, the war being
anded after several years < :' ' ' , Hugh and Darthe became

man and wile, and live<l s i worthily in the threat stone

hwn St Ml i lii.it Uio interest at no time flop's.

Dr. Weir W. ^ our thanks for an ailmirablu piece of

work. Apart ir^ e as an historical novel, the book

raraala certain u i ^ : ...sin American life of which the
modem generation are acaroely conscious.

Marietta's Harria^. By W. E. Norris. Svd., vi.+a%pp.
I»ndon. 1^4)7. Heinemann. 6,-

The excellence of some of Mr. Norris's early stories, the fair
view they i>resented of human nature, adorned with much skill
of characteriration and a somewhat cynical wit, encouraged
ni . : ^ to welcome him a^ a coming Thackeray. L'nforlu-
n :ia not ahown himsvlf able to maintain the position

« find the reader of his later works can only

ai.i 11 in the wn-e in nhirh Dumas _^/.i called

Seriba itHkakaptan dt* omhrff ^Ir. Nnrris, if he is to be

oompared, as the fasliion is, t- • ly, can only be called a

nackoray of mArionettc-a. His pupjots dance gaily enough, the
dr » a» o s are lively and appropriate, ami the showman's running
commentary on their actions is clover enough ; but the breuth
of life and the touch of spontaneity are wanting. At the i>aine
time, it must be added that Mr. Norris always writes like an
e<? oiitlcman, and his clever and well-bred work is

m thn average level of th»> modem novel. It is only

wiuiii < m witli til and immortals that his

tnforii'i i that he uij-s tempt the reader to

that comparison is a testimnny to hiH ri'al ability. The story now
Iwfora lu i* a good example of his later manner. It deals with the
married life of a beautiful girl, half English, half Italian, who
weds the heir to an Kngliah peerage. " She is ambitious in an
nimlese sort of way," her lover's father warned him, " she is
greedy of admirr* - -! she has not l)eon broken to harnes.-!,
like tile average linhwman of your own class." Further,

■a the i .Is U!, " her nature was so queer and so ill-

r»(rnl»' le was quite incapable uf distinguishing l>ctwe«n

ri ,'." Withal, she was nut by any means a bad

w npel tn the type whiih is apt to find a husltand

*^ and to pose as the fcmmt infomj/riu

I'T : men. Mr. Norris handles Marietta

with hi* ttsnal akill, and has made a very entertaining book of

the e«

"If J
of you

yon the iiri.i

Strahan arr .

aiiaprint haa c-r«pt into |

verted into " below," wu

-ri are a<lmirably skot<.-lie<l. notably

■>od, 8t. Quintin, the mon who,

'im what he thought

■"Uffering by telling

•■ h..\ilinisli IJotty. Itoland

■lly s<i convincing. A curious

lori! '• i-Hkiw " has Iwen con-

■vliat ludicrous effect.

A Week of Passion ; or, the Dileninm of Mr. GfM>rge
Barton the Younger. By Bdward Jenkins. Svo., :fi\) pp.
London. Xtif!. Bliss. Sands. 6/-

It will be a comfort to most jioople to know that " A Week
of Passion " belies its name. To give so good a sUiry such a
title is unwise, for it suggests a class of novel to which Mr.
KdwanI Jenkins has never been, and is not likely to be, a
contributor. The l>ook is, in fact, a capital detective romance.
There is a dark mystery in it, and if the reader ski]>s the
chapters explaining what the mystery is all about, ho will find
the unravelling of it very entertaining. No one save a highly-
placed wrangler or a chief cashier could Ik) expected to grapple
with the pages of figures and financial details in which the
affairs of Lord Selby are sot forth ; but as a comprehension of
these is quite a work of su]ierorogation, no one need complain
of the author's having exercised in this harmless way his mathe-
matical ingenuity. It would, perhaps, bo the more correct to
say that there are several my.iteries, the most soiiHational of
which is the blowing-up of a highly respectable person in broad
daylight at Itogcnt-circus. When wo add that the detectives
who figure in the story leave nothing to bo desired in their eoal,
professional keenness of scent, and cuiinrng, and are as far
removed as possible from the dilettante semi-amatour kind of
person who has been so much with us, the soekor after excite-
ment need hear no more. Once started upon it, he will need no
spur. The fine melodramatic plot will keep his attention firmly
fixed, and when ho has reached the close and shoil a i|uiet tear
of satisfaction over the union of the middlo-closs hero with the
noble heroine, he will find time to reflect upon the neat
character-drawing, and the fact that the story is well written in
addition to being well told.

Stapleton's Luck. By Margery Hollis. Two volmneB.
8vo., 57;) p]). I.oiuli>ii, lart. Bentley. 12,-

Miss Hollis gives us a bad five minutes towards the end of
bar second volume, when, for the space of a chapter or two, it
looks as if " Stuplelon's Luck " waij going to turn out ill all
through. Posiil'U' '^'m 'niy have liesitateil herself. Do not the
fortunes of our • ulion ^0Inctillles hang tioinbling in the

balance, just as <i "f niore Kiilistniitial beings? Can wo not

picture an author saiidled with a ruspnn-'ibility akin to that of
the Home Secretary when the question of a reprieve or commu-
tation has to be faced? Shall the hero recover consciousness
after the injuries tliat the villain has inflicted, or shall hu pass
awaj' and give the author a chance of a han-owinp death-bed
scene? Shall the heroine abandon hope of hor darling's reap-
pearance, and in d. inurry the other man ? What
wonder if novelists 1" urely ago<l when tliev have to
decide siicli matters 111 mc nml death every day of their lives!
F'ortunately, in this case the duath-lwil is spaied us. anil the
story enils cheerfully amid the ring of bells, with all reasonable
prospect of a prosperous future. That this Hlmuld strike a
reader as fortunate is good enough evidence tliat his sympathies
have been aroused. Miss Hollis has a hajipy knack nf telling a
story, and Ralph Stapleton's fortunes can l>e iollowed with
pleasure. Tho pictures of provincial lifo among the petite
bourgeoisie are clover and amusing, and both incidents and
clmractors are luitural and interesting.

The Son of the Czar. By J. M. Graham, (r. 8vo.,
•11>S pp. I>(iiidoii and Now York, 1808. Harper & Bros. 6/-

Aloxis, tho son of Peter the Groat, is tho personage who bears
the title role of this l)Ook. It is perhaps worth noticing as a
serious essay in historical romance of tho kind afTectud by Lord
Lytton, in which the plot is drawn from the actual events
enacte<i on tho stage of history, and tho characters are the lead-
ing actors thomaolvoa. As a incaiis of iinprpssing facts upon tho
raind •■ '■ ' ' ' ' i certain value, oven if

their tho scientiliu h.storian.

But Mr.' ■r.iiiiiiu IB ;iu :i i.\ iL i ii .^i-i. i : ond his story, u gloomy

ono at the best, has little of the |>icturenque or tiie humorous
to giv6 it relief. Tho knowledge which might bo gHined from
this book of tho latt«r years nf Peter's roign wimlil be better
than no knouleilge at all : but some passages, as thn iliisitrijition

October 23, 18D7.]

LlTEltATUUE.

of Eudoxia, the Trnvr's finit wife, in n-'
publiu uuknowliKt^iiiunt of Catliorino lut Uvi
oain|iiii){ii oil tliii I 'ruth, uru, to aay tl
liiHtoiy, whilii ttie (li|;iiilio(I uixl courtly '
boarH iiH littlu rusumblaiiuu to the rMkl l'«it«r an i i j^.un

and of

iluriiii;

th«
th«

.r,l«

u Katjrr.

thu
Poo

The Dorringrton Deed Box. liy Arthur Morrison.
IlluNlnitcd. Kv..., iv.+:«>M pp. lA.mlon, 1«»7.

Ward, Lock, and Co. 6-
The Crime and the Criminal. My Richard Marab.

lUuwtraU'd liy ll.inild rilTunl. Hv..., vi. (-:{|(lpp. I/.iuloii. lHjr7.

Ward, Lock, and Co. 8

What Mr. St«vuii8on callud " thu ilutixtivi) tlint IhiTu in in
all of us " purlmpti iiccoiiiits for thu ptiruiiiiiul voguu >>( thu talon
of crimo which thu olovumoss of ouo or two writvrH haa lati'Iv
again poriuitted to find a pittcarioua footing on thu !iIo|M"
literature. In the form of what thoy call in .Aniuriou " t
dimu novel," indued, thu dotuctivo story is alwayx with uh. Tliu
Beorut of its popularity ia udundmitud in the wull-known
anocdoto which roprusentB the tyjucal Btruut urchin as
to invest in a piipur with " a nilliistrution and a .
murder " in it. J<ut it ia only ut occasional inturvnU llmt
detective story n.scoiids from thu hookKtall of the cutter to
oirculnting liU-iirv, nnd evun thu ehelvus of the hook-lovor.
in .\nierica, (Jaboriau and Uoisgohuy in I''rancu, Charles Kuado
and Wilkiu Collins in i'liigliiiid havu all shown whiit can ' i ■■•■<■
with flioso records of " coniplicatod but iiituiisuly int

crime." Thu inventor of Sherlock II oliiies may curtail..

to find a plaou liosi<le thoiii, although the ingenuity of his con-
ception has buuii somewhat olwcurud liy a crowd of inoro or le*s
succuNaful imitators. Mr. Morrison, however, ha.s hit upm a
comparatively new dovicu in the volume now before us. Hitnerto
the detective of fiction, Dupiii, Loco(|, or Holmes, has ha<l for
liis aim " to defend society, to deracinate occult and powerful
evil," as I'aul Somerset describes it. Hut Mr. Morripon's hero
is a privatu iiKpiiry agent, somewhat akin to Wilkiu Collins's
Bashford, who uses his detective ability, with entiro f '
from scruples, in thu interest of his own pocket. His
object was '■ to got hold of as much of other people's |'ii>.iii-
business as possible, and to know exactly in what ciipboanl to
find every man's skeU'ton." He is certainly an amuiting
Bcouiulrel, and his adventures may ea.iily boguilu an hour .«r two.
Mr. Marsh has also invuntod a novel form of hero for his book,
which contains a Murder Club based on the Suicide Club of the
" Now.\rabian Nights." The story ia more extravaganza, but It is
ingeniously constructed and cleverly written. The hero is even
syinpatliutiu, in spite of his singular lack of any moral sense.
Mr. Marsh kuups up tho thrill throughout his book, which is
likely to be read with avidity by all who bi-gin it.

There need be no fear tliat any story by Mr. Guy
Boothby will be lacking in incident. '• SiiEii,.\ McLkod '
(Skelfington) is not so full of lurid sensation us the Dr. Nikola
books, but it is a cajiital tale, packed with exciting scenes
and situations strung together by a iiractisod hand and seldom
failing of their elfuct. Mr. Uoothhy gives us a picture of Queens-
land in tlio early days of thu colony, and what with horse-stealing
and lioniicide, Uush-tiivs and floods, steoplecl.asing and tisticutfs,
with a little love-making thrown in by wav of yoast, the lover of
adventure pets full value for his money. — fevery ospect of modem
life is rellect«d sooner or later in fiction, and tho revival of
interest in the getting of gold has naturally credited a certain
demand for tales of the diggings and tho lields. Afr. H. V.
Macllwaino in " Thk Twii.iomt Rkek *ni> other Storie.s
(Fisher Unwin) supplies it as well as most writ<'r8 in thi.i kind.
He tells in a racy style of incidents in the rush for fortune,
and in tho life of camps and half-baked communities, and most
people, being unable to judjre of its accuracy, will be content to
accept his picture as siifliciently true to nature The prospect is
not so alluring as to increase greatly the number of passengers
for Klondike, but the stories are read.ible and come at an
opportune moment. — Lady Helen Craven's '• Notks ok a Misir-
LovKR " (Ik'utlev) arc notes in the form of short tales, mostly
about the opera and operatic singers. In their way they are
well done, and Lady Helen Craven is. like the supj>osed narrator,
an enthusiast who knows her milieu For the unniiisicol there is,
perhaps, a little too niu:;h music, but as a set-otT to this (which
to many people will of course be tho main charm of thu bot»k)
there is a good allowance of story, and here and there a welcome
touch of humour — a quality that enthusiasts too often manage
entirely to disptmso with.

MILITARY.

Ry Charles 8. Ryan, m n..

John 8>n(1— , M .\. <ix<>n.

Murray. O/-

Under the R' " '"
U.M. l-^lin., ill I'
aixolin., tlTi pp. l...U!l.u, !'<',.

The Battleflelda of Thenaly. Uy Sir Bllla AahmMUl-
Bartlett, .M.l'. (i|x511n.. MOpp. Luudun. UiUT.

Murray. O,-

Reflections on the Art of War. By Briirr.-Oeneral
R. C. Hart. V.C.. C.B. 71 xWm., :*ll pp. Limaun, ixn.

Clo'wres.

No phaM of tho Husso-Turki*h War arouaetl so genoml an

,1. t.. (

iiad a rmiltni dultko tu »
tho long Jiege have Immti
side. In " 'ihu I '
W. V Hnrbort.a

in :> "'

treii

ip to the timu mIi

■■- •' "-

»)rk

Cr.

iiiu >

yoi.

see

of t

horrors ui ll>u lu-

resources weru s

of thu Turkish W'

and thu cheerful <

Ky. '

stu

was 111.1. i.i_. iiir-. >.Min- ,w..i.i»

organi/.mg pouer and directed the v

^l,i. I. 1 L-.. fl, .,..., ,,1 S. i... .l,.l„,l «, :.

oft

SOI:

Afi
man
the Ivrt I
form. 'I
trtxips (!
ftagea. !

I.I.

ot I'luviia M
_•«! in the n .

iMaooa
od ; It

' ti.'>ri«»
a-
tia

l.Ot

■Ir.
rn

it*

.uudors

Tho

cal

'«•

'•,

Mr.

lid

>T.

re-
, re
«d

W 1 1 > 1 •-' I 1 .111

apondent of

whom he li.:
joke which h-
was to find u gruve in
book is thoroughly i
charactvr uml
In "The 1

T till' I

Id thr.

\^ 1 i 1 1 1 O I 1 < 1

to tell, and

fl -t ■.»-,

hii.

ill oye-w'i

■e It

tion teople t"
the if'^'< 'T ni'ic^imi of :
adv to have 1 •

ina: ..ief. " 1

delay ' ' ou the frontier

after dinner ... in tli.

were ov.

Marshal

to press I'M lo i'Miri:a\ ^ iil

Larissa, •' I venturetl to urge
with his left wing upon Va!--"

.i \l.sit :
voral of 1.

;ho

tho
aid

llartlett

-in.' a

•tlo

ra-

la-

bis

.le

iir

>ho

• the

:od him

• 'HIT-. \ I f r i ; I'

* n of

Edhem Tasha to ,

,rd

,..« -Mid Volo. The .•

...... did

LITERATURE.

[October 23, 1897.

not diMgne wit' - . " ; but be had a schemo nf his own,

And " li«*dl«M t 1 M>h»m» WAR piitirvly futile." When

«t length the ] -'" Ottoman nrmy, with a

reneaUng rifb* a: taken fri>ni tho enoniy,

fell into tlM bana* •>! tnv «.jr(>«K nnry, .tnu>nt be

mx fm m tetd oaa only be deerribe<1 as a ^onerous.

The eaptvre was, howprer, a Rreat antuUii^t' t» the
Ore«k canae, ainoe Sir Kllis was enahUnl to ex)<rvs. >..... th to the Kinc, and hi* •' jilan
in almoat all i i with his Majt■^ty'f< ajiproviil,

aitit in »..in* p>'. il approval." At ConBtantinojilo

t- waa r»ct 1 a (list'nction which, as ho |M>ints

«•! '. -. alwavs . I Amba!isaclors : I ut nlthouch the

SultMi " eeemea w aa was c<>rtainly natural, the

" plan " waa lees fu in-oiveil than at Athens. Whilu

'■The Battlefields of liiuM-aly '' cannot Ut said to udtl to the
•um of our political or military knowU-d^-e, transparent simjilicity
and unconscioiu humour combine to render it distinctly
attractive. I'nforlunatoly nothing is nuite so simple a.t the
Eastvrn question an'! " <luct of military operations appear

to Sir Kills Ashmeai<

Thes«c->nd and (•ii:..i_..'i . <liti»n of Kricadier-General Hart's
excellent '• KeHections «n the Art of War "is a welcome
addition to military literature. In breadth of handling,
•oaad oonunon-sense, and wi<le research, the book supplies
• needed antidote to some modern tendencies. There is a
•ebool which appears to recard the lessons uf the Franco-
Oermnn War as all-sufficing, and seeks to base military teaching
HI' -idemic analysis of selectetl epiiuKles. Colonel Hart,

oi r hand, re<-ogiiizes fully that the tirst object should

b' :.-ate principles, that circumstonces never exactly

r< ; elves, and that tlieancient masters of the art of war have

not !"'<M cii'ihrone<l by the adojition (f , • riHcs. If Najioleon

could learn from Ciesiir, Scipio, and . so can we, and it

mi •'■* ' '-iriy argued that the lon.mioTi-i under which the
li: y is accustometl to make war approximate more

ct •■«•' ■• ''■• ■■!■( world than to the exigencies upon

w Ueen brought t<> bear. It is, therefore,

a . . the author endeavours to construct by

f t references to the exiicrienco of all ages. It

rt Mso of Bcalo ifi infr'«Iuce(l in military operations,

tl • replaces tact ~is, and that moral qualities

a.-' eiiorni'iiis in , to which they are entitled.

Coloui;! Hart eren includeit an interesting chapter on " The
Fortune of War,"' in which he shows that accident may ruin the
U-" ' md ilctermino the issue of a cam-

p-i itioii might perhaps have been

•Ji :.>■. i fiu L'"ncr:il," wrote L<inl Wolsoley,

'■ " mind's eyt- . ~' • • f. re him the whole scene

tl ...^..n rt. who cannot, as it

W' dissolving views,

all . , .,j^.; . , ,iy, an attack on an

*'i . lacks a 1 which no amoant of

at V." It 1 : t no general, however

this •• natural quality " except in the most
could possibly liavo picture<l in a series of
t lie ■• phases " of the attack of the positions at
or (Jravelotte ? What study will enable the
'■e the tumultuous movements of masses of

br
ill
di-
Wnt

iti
ni'
n>

u. •

who may Im-

Sho
I.
Ik

los of country — movements liable to be

' '1 at any moment by the enemy's action or by

t*! commanders ? Only in a formal advance,

" ;tll front in open ground against an enemy

U[>on to remain pnsitive, can succe.tsivo

•• f'fm a mental picture. As an intro-

r and a summary of iirinciples which

-tive conduct of military oiMjrations

nothing eouid be better than these " Reflectiotu."

LAW BOOKS.

(1) RullQf Cases ; urr>ui)fi-<l. annotated, and edited by
Robert Campbell. M .\.. I{»rnsi4-r.at-I^w, and Advixnte of
*•"■ ^ • '■>' other iiieinlM-rH of the H«r ; with
•^""■"' _; Hmiw ne. Vols. I. to Xll. ( Alwuidon-
nient Iml.-ninity). I'nre Zim. net prr vol. Addenda, Table of
<■«».•«, and Index to Vol- I i- X. Priw- 2flM. net. I»ndon,
Btfxttut and H<>ns, Ltd.

(2) The Law of Torts, iiy Sir Frederick Pollock,
Bart. 6tb FUlilion. I>>nd<m, Ht«?%-en« iiml .Sons, ]^t«l. IhJiT.
Price Ss.

(») Rogrers on Bleotlons. Vol. I. Ile>ostrntion, Parlia-
montnry, .Municipal, and I>k«I Uoveiniiifnt, includiiiK the
I*mrtice in H.gistiation .\p|..al.-i, with Appendices. &o. 10th
Kditlon. Hy Maurice Powell, llairisteiwit-ljiw, one of the
HevisiiiK Hanistei-s on the Soulh-l<ji«tem t'inuit. London,
.Stevens and .Sons, Ltd., IWi. I'ri<-e 21s.

Mr.Oanii bell's RvLiHo Cares (1) is one of the most ambitioua
and oui;ht to Iw. when it is complete, one of the most generally
useful legal works which the present century has produced The
leading case methinl of exhibiting the theory and practice of
the law has always been a nopiilar one with the legal |irofossion
ami with legal authors both in this country and in America. But
with the exceptions of Comyiis' iJiijnit, the last edition of
which was published in 1ST2, and," to some slight extent,
Saunders' tifporU, of which the latest edition ajipeared in
1846, no Olio has attempted to cover the vast lield of
English law quite on the linos on which Mr. ('am]ibcll is
working. Mo.^t of his forerunners have conlincd their attention
to special deimrtments of law. This is the characteristic, for
exainplo, of such well-known standard treatises us Smith, White
and Tudor, and Finch. Again, the general practice has been to
take one leading case after another, without regard to the
alphabetical arrangement of their subject matter. Jn respect of
each of these points, Mr. CumplK.-ir8 work is justitie(l by an
important difference. He applies the leading case method to the
wholedomain, not only of Knglish, but also— with the compe-
tent aid of Mr. Irving Browne— of .American law ; and he
imparts cohesion to the entire |>ublication by treating the heads
of law, c<miing within its purview, in strictly alphabetical onler.
The advantages of this hitter part of the plan are not inconsider-
able. It is logical : it jirevents any subject that deserves dis-
cussion from being oi'erlooked : and it makes information as to
all the great hoa<l8 of law rea<lily accessible without troubling
tha reader to ransack his memory for the names of the " ruling
cases " relating to them - a point on which not a little diver-
gence of opinion might exist — or to consult an index, always an
irksome task, oven when it is such an excel lent one as Mr.
Mansoii has prepared for the first ten volumes of the scries.

And if the conception of Jlulin;/ Ca»e.i is good, the same must
be said for most of the matter contained in it. No better work
of the kind will be found anywhere in Knglish legal literature
than the not«'S on •'Administration," " Agency," " Carrier,"
" Contingent Uemainders," dealt with under " Estate,"
(by Mr. A. E. Randall), "Dihtress," " D<vmicil," " Kase-
ments." " Evidence," " Highway " (hy Mr. Austin F. Jenkin),
aii<l " Husband and Wife." Al first sight, the bound which
the work takes in v<d. XII. from " Executor " to '•Indemnity "
strikes one as rather precipitate. But a reference to Mr.
3Iaiison's Index, which not only deals with the grouiul covered
by vols. I.-X., but indicates the headings in subsequent volumes
where matter not yot disposed of will bo treated, has satistied
us that, so far, no subject of importance has been jiasaed
over. Mr. Irving Browne's notes on the American case
law are in general excellent. Those appende<l to Thr Qufm
r. Tol'on (vol. VIII., pp. 41-(>U) are particularly valuable
as a statement of the American law as to »7i<-ii.i rra. There
is, however, discernible here and there in liulinij Caxrn, an
element of hasty and inaccurate workinanshii) which ought
to be eliminated. The most generous allowance must bo
made for the difliculty of editing such a work as this, and no
critic would lay stress on incidental shortcomings, eiTors, nr
omissions. But it is rather startling to tind such a familiar case
as .Viiiuoni r. Dowjlut figariiig as JHniujinif r. huvijUis, both in
the text (vol. I., p. 2t>5) and in the index (p. 158), and tho case
of The Tahinutcte I'ermaneut linililiii'j Hocietii r. Kiiiijld cite<l
(vol. III., p. 427) without a word of allusion to tho pro-
visions in tho Buihiing Societies Act, 181(4, which get
rid uf it, so far as incorporated building s<K'i«tii*8 are con-
cerned. Moreover, it is ditlicult to justify tho failure of tho
author of the notes on contractual cajiacity (see vol. V'l., p. 74)
to allude to the question whether, in view of Lord Eshcr'a
judgment in Ttkt Imjirrial Loan t'onipany r. iStmie (| 1892]
I Q.U. 609. anil duly noted in vol. VI. at p. 74) the distinction
drawn by Mullim r. C'urnruUj- — which is solecte<( as the '• ruling
case " — l>otween executory and exocute<l contia*;ts, when the

"■■■■'"*■' ''act is in issue can any longer Ix' maintainu<l.

there for the staUtment (vol. VIII.,p. 41) that
..._ -. ,- .sc<l by the .Iiid ■..« rin Macnaughton's case),

" establish that the respo; .,{ «,] insane! person must

depend utxm his y>ower to li u between right anil wrong."

\ note of this kind is worse than useless. In tho tirst place,
the few critical words in the tost of responsibility i)re8cril)ed
by the Judges in the case in question are terms of art. They

October 23, 1897.]

UTI'IJATURE.

oannot be paraphrasoil, ami they ought tint to b* oit«Nl without

referunois to tlio oontrovurnioii m to their ^

rity, iinil iico|)u, in which tho Into Mr.

took HO proiniuunt ii purt. in thi.> hi<coii, inu .hk

riun which mulcox tliu criminal ri<i<poii>iilii|ity of thu iniuiiio

(loiwml upon " tho power to (liHtin^uiiili rij^ht anil » >■

won luid down by Sir .>ami>N MaimliKld on tht< i
ItollinKhani, in 1812, for tlio murder of Mr. I'orooval,
in roulity sot asido by tho " viowB " which aro alluKod in
the noto to havo oNtabliiiluHl it, and which suhiititutml for it thn
Bouudor modern tc«t- viz., did thu pri«onor know thn •
and ijuality " of thu particular net with wliich ho wax '
\Ve call attention to thcMo matturs in no Hpirit of caj)ti.ai;i
oriticisui, but fruiii a sincoro desire that thu utility of a nioHt
valuable work nhould not bo niarrwl by liloinishcii which . ' ' '
avuidu<l. It only romaina to lio adilcd that tho priii'
bindinK of liutinij Cimp.'i aro as oxcullunt as its plan nu'i ii^
general oxocution.

Of Sir Frctlorick Pollock's treatise on The l,\\v or
ToitT.s (2), which has run tlirough four inlitions in ten years,
and is now entering on a fifth, it is Bu|icrflu>nis to say auv tliine
by way of );eiiertil criticism, save that it is not only ini-
bly tho best work that has been written oii the subject,
a contribution of i>ermanont value to the history, tho philonophy,
and tho practice of Kn^lish law. In tho present edition all
the current leadinj; doci.sions relative to torts havo been
noti>.'Bd down to and including those reported in August ; and
Chapter First— dealing with the nature of tort in general— has
been recast in a simiiler form. This is a clianj^e which will be
welcomed not by those students alone who a|)pr('a('h the book
for tlie lirst time. In tho earlier editions .'-ii- Frederick Pollock
elaborated his dotinitiou— or rather " normal idea "—of a tort
by a 1 rocoss of nej-ativo exhaustion. Tho motho<l was strict ly
soientitic, and its application, one need Fcarcely say. was illus-
trated and fortified by a skilfid use of the wealth of historic
loarnlnK which Sir Frederick Polb ck has at his command. Hut
the train of reasoning could not 1)0 perfectly followed without a
dogreo of concentration of thought which taxml the ordinary
professional reader's energies .ind tinio somewhat severely. In
the new editi'vn the lending conceptions are stated more directly
and simply ; and the reader lias the advantage of commencing
his stiiily of the chapter with a general view of tho field covered
by tho law of torts before him.

Ill spim of the somewhat unconnected manner in which new
edition.s of its several voliimi'S apjiear, and, it may Ik- added, of
a certain want of system in the arrangement of the whole work,
K<MTr.KS onFJi.kitions (;!) is deservedly recognized as the standani
authority on all ipiestions of election law. How emphatic its
approval by the legal profession has lieon is demonstrate<l by
the fajt that Vols. 2 and :'., which aro edited by Sir. S. H. Day,
and which are a complete treatise on the law of elections and of
election petitions, have respectively leached a 17th edition :
while tho 10th edition of tho lirst volume, for which Mr. Maurice
Powell IS responsible, and which is concerned solely with tho
registration of voters now lies In-fore us. Since the publication of I
the last editiiin of this volume, tho Local ({overiiment Act. 181(4,
lias imssed creating a new class of parochial voters, who now
elect guardians and the members of the jmrish council, and, in
tho Metropolis, the vestrymen and auditors, and. except in
boroughs, the menitH'rs of the <listrict council. The present
volume includes the law as to tho registration of these electors. '
Several other changes of importance have Iwen made. The deci-
sions of tlie old election committees, which are useless as pre- !
cedents and have been largely superseded by judgments of the *
superior Courts, have been omitted. On theother hand spnce has
been found for Irish andScotch decisions, to which the Engl i.i he 'I'Urt 8
in administering tho registration law now attjich very con.siderable
weight. Some new forms have been added— it would be an im-
provement, by the w.iv, to subsequent editions if tie headings
in the appendix of forms were set out serintim in the table of i
contents. And last, but not least, the dates of all cases referre«l
to are given either in the text or in the foot-notes. The new-
edition of this volume is a piece of thoroughly "ood workman-
ship.

tlM.

nmmut. am

timltmOf

*■ .tloo to»

.1 ,>l

but two

wliat nt;

'r«, was Ii

public

and his lii.it pl.ue iik

I.yttultoii) present hin

strictest

study oi

mailn no |h i riaif m >

logians, too, mav often

ahoiiWI I.-. v.. t.A.,,, „

tro,

ioc

. far more in
He was an :

All!

" li

of 2th) boy.',, or even
should tie a school of
animate<l Van '
shi|> of Ha::
same conlidetn ^
master had a tb '
his rule school !..» .
tinguishetl in letters

I tu us OJI

in,
. cIa

of
Chr

or in

diato pupils. Hut it w.is not

historj- or re I;

found their S' i

work on the itetimon ( ' *v tan

critical scholar. Pnt n .wn the

— marked always '■■

severe -which he p'

to show that he b"

life. PerhnfM it

evenness of ti :

alwoliitely iiii

and in one »<■

rather than d'

at thu l>ase

res|>ected among the N'

of LlandatI', and yet tin

on the ground that he k

in doubt as to his ki '

protested warmly agalll.^t Ih.

the hcadmastership of i^iigby

" P^ssays and r " But he

Churehroan <•' of his

As »i»h • " i of

wore br.i -ners

mn-r- •■■ ^

divii

nient. , :

was civen to the worUI on the cl:i'

death » as-announced. Neither I.

lism could tind a congenial h'

himself not as a student < r

of the ttosnol. It was as a Ciiri.stiau

lalxMired (or so ninny years in tra-i

ministry. It was no less as a Christian

took the Mastership of tho Temi)le. A'

talents of a brillian* ■'■ ' - *' - practical

ail exact and of cl

literature were ' j ut t"

influence on his i was pr

direct. Hut in 1: v lii' h i

Lin.

of a

l-ttl

d by Umc

. . ^.-n-

leam-

h.it aaa

i.d

■.a

it
rit

h»
d-

■■r

in
' rs

> s
-h

IS
Hi

I.*

ill

:it

f l.-ft

. Ha

I't Tcmplu from

his sliaiH in tbo

..I

Qbituav^.

THE L.\TE DE.VN OF LLAXD.IFF.

The death of Dean \'aughan removes not so much a great
figure from tho world of literature as a living example of the
practical value, whether to the individual character or to
society at large, of the liberal and balanced judguient which is

yet prolo'indl> wiiioli »

remarkable p. . . but a

value to theological htcratnre.

PASCUAL DE GAYAKGOS.

Tlie death, on the 4th inst., of Don Pasoual de Ctaviingos y
Arce is a vesy serious loss to Anglo-Spanish literature and
bibliography ; and the net result Ol his life-long labour, as

LITERATURE,

[October 23, 1897.

in hi* pabliahad rolnmM, is auch m to Moure him a rerjr

hifh pl«M in th« Ut«r»ture of hi* eountry. II. ' mat

8«rill« on Jnn* 21. 1800, tha
Mcbot, a Spanish offioer. ^"
Tnxye* to complet* hi* ed
wards at Pari*, whar* I.
8ilT««tr« (le Saojr. Whc
*n<l il itiii:.' Iiis ((av lioro :
«i

M:.

*on of Don.Joat<

UIW 111'.

retojn^-l iv
\\

>.
H V

nr .-. :

A :

t. : M :

l,s; . . M .r
of ' ': ;.■:.• > I- .11

M.. :

ill

111'

li; . - ;■. : ,•■

Ik. ...t ;..■-. :r..i

an.! • .>■.■:..
Adoipti Ik-:
fiimancas r
rerjr gr«at i.~..
•ana* Qayingos
to 1896, juicioN
and form a
alao catali',
whieh four votumu*

.18 y

. i.t to

.>]r and after-

il K'cturoK of

d for a time,

I'll, of Koiincl

. on his return to

' .kHury, and in 1833

•> liiu Kiiiei^'U oUioti, a post which ho

, wtien political events and the t'arlist

to return to England. He resi.U-d hero

inir t4> ma4;aKinea. roviewg (inclMilin^ the

' '' 'of literary society.

.. and fornuKl the

•■ ^- lisli liite-

iho Koval

.: s ■' H'is-

in two volumog,
|K)int<.>d Professor
the University of
in 1881 ho became

:•: .\ .r. .it.-il at
nlii .1 luui. 1S72 ;
lion, but held the post »idy for a short
. having elooti-d him Senator, which
l»irector8hip. The great work
r.iti, the work least known to the
.0 c'.uluiuation of the " Calendar uf Letters,
te PajK'rs." relating to the negotiations be-
'urve<l in the arohivesat iJimaiicas
li. work was commenced by Gustav
• .1. iv death at tile wretched village of
It, would have indefinitely |>OBtponed a
•(li..,Y l,.ii for Don (iayilnfjos. To this
. lumes, w hich date from 1873
II 7,*J00page» imjierial octavo,
oi affairs from l.'>2.~> t^i 1542 Ue
MSS. ill the itritish Museum, of
cotupnitini; about 3.000 pages of matter,
appeared fr-^m 1S«7 t<> 1W)3. To Owen Jones's work on " The
Alhambra < ' '^'4, he contributed an historical notice of

the Kings - ^ ; f"r the Hakliiyt Society he translated,

in 1888, " Tlio filth L<>tter of Cortes to the Emjieror
Gbarlaa V." ; and he e<lited John Foster's " Chronicle of
JaBMS I., King of A.ragon," 18.%). The foregoing form the
£nid>*h portion of his life-work. To Spanish literature he was

a • • -:i..,.„.. vii'ludinp, in adilition to the translation

<,• ued, •' Memorial del Moro liaris,"

J- ■" F.^i..ii..l" in 11> volumes; to

A pafiolos" ho contributed

tl,- . , ,,, Biblioiilos E8i>afioles,"

of Madnd, he contribnt«<i eight mora.

SIR PETER LE PAGE RKN'OUF.

Sir Pet«r Le Psjge Renouf, who until 1801 was Keeper of the
Kcrptian and Assyrian Antiquities in the Britisli Museum, was
ofa (ttiamaajr family. During his Oxford career, in 1H42, he
joined the Roman Church, and his first work, written at the age
of 19, was a book on " The Doctrine of the Catholic Church in
Knjiland on tha Eucharist." " He began, however," to quote Tlie
Time* ot October 18, " to pay si>ecial attention to Eastern
laniriags* ; was in 1856 appointed by Dr. Newman to a profes-
•Ofwiip in tha Catholic Lniversity of Ireland ; and about the
time ha became one of the editors of the Home
'■ '' ' ' . ' 'ize his ctudies,

.'ted much time
■• of Ancient

]

1 by ills i

'l'<7«).
• to
.1 mi

1 ■» rl ,!,#, t* f ..f

1
>"

t:.
asK»

Mow

•< on ' The
u nmoiint ol
■.fa <lop
nd \ ifnt

*I blll'.'lll. 01

'. <.no of her
ars later, on

i
ii«ilgIOIl of

a<lminiBtra-

Aneici.

live work »
gT«at mtiM<

in «•

•n !■•

artment in a

• for serious

1 faoiimilo.

11 of Aiii
iate<l with

in • . 1 • .

TlCn- tt. •<

the moHt

)>*«lillflll nil..

iiifc«..i"-' '

:.wii,' was

obtained (or tb« Mn^

IRotcs.

In the First Number of Literatun it is fitting that we should
gratefully recognize the cordial greeting accorded to our project
by the majority of our contemporaries. If wo make special
mention of any it is only to note with peculiar satisfaction that
the Daily News and the .S/<ir have reoognir.ed so fully that
" Letters know no politics."

« • « «

This First Number contains 32 (lagos do7oto<l to literary
matter, and, in order to meet as far as possible publishers who
desired tu advertise in the first number, we have oxtendud the
advertisement space to an equal number of pages. We regret
that we have been coinjiellod to refuse moro. Future numbers
will contain a larger proportion of literary matter in compari-
son to advertisements.

The amount of literary matter will depend on the number and
importance of books worthy of review. It will naturally be larger
during the winter months than the rest of the year.

• « »

It is hardly necessary for us to say that Literary matter and
Advertisements will in every way bo kept wholly unconnected.
While welcoming advertisements, wo assume that they are sent
us OS business transactions and not as favours with a view to
influencing reviews. To put it tersely, a book advertised in
five pages of Literature will receive precisely as much or as
little consideration as if it were not advertised at all.
« « « «

Authors and publishers are desirous of prompt reviews. They
are presumably equally desirous of careful reviews. The two are
inconsistent, unless the critic can rocoive the liook some days
before publication.

But it is urged by Publishers that it is not an infrequent
experience for them to find on secondhand bookstalls almost on
the day of public.ition, or before it, books which they have
submitted for review.

The delivery of review copies is an increasing tax upon
author and publisher amounting sometimes to 10 per cent. Our
entire sympathies are with any attempt to prevent this alleged
abuse, and we ask that books sent us may be legibly marked on
the title page with the date of publication and the pripo.
« « « *

Books sent us for review will be acknowledge<1 in the list of
books at the end of the journal. If they receive no further notice
they will, as far as possible, be held at the disposal of the
Publishers who may send for thom. We cannot, of course, be
responsible for possible miscarriage of a volume, but if a book is
not roturno<l it may be assumed that it is held over for review ;
the person calling should iireseiit an authority to rocoive such
books as may be given him.

• » «

The woll-known publishers Messrs. Brockhaus of Leipzig
have undertakon the agency of Literature, in Germany,
Austria, and Switzerland ; and Messrs. Harjier and Brothers
of New York will publish an American edition which, so far as
the literary matter is concernod, will correspond exactly with
the English edition.

• • « •

All books and magazines may be subjects for review in
/yi<<?rafurc. We do not treat of the Drama, Art, Science, or
Music, except so far as books dealing with thom may be
published.

• » •

We invito corrospondenoo on any literary subject, or on any
subject treato<l of in a book iliscussod from a literary point of
view, but we do not desire to mnko the publication of a book an
excuse for the discussion of a subject not intimately connected
with it.

October 23, 189 7. J

LITERATURE.

W(i iiiKltTdtand that H«r Mi»ji»ty hu now givon har final
appiovftl of tlio work on which Mr. Richard tlolmxii hui boail
t'ugagetl, ontitlotl " Qmiun Vioturin." Tim .In|iniitiKe jiniMir
oditiiiii of Uie work will bo publiiihoil by Mo-mrn. Ontipil »l tho
l>ogiiiiiinK of Novemlior, »iul tho fine-papor •dition will bo imuly
about throo wevks lat«r.

• « • •

The Duko of Athnll hiui rocoiitly oomph't<3<l a work
ontitlotl " Clironiolus of tho AthoU iiiiil Tiillibnnlinu Fiimilio!*,"
ill four vohimos ({iiartu, printed, wo uiiilorxtaiid, for private
circulation only.

• •

A facsimile of tho Trafnlnar numbor of Thr Timm which
apponroil on Novonihor 7 in lH<)r> has btxin issuud from Thr Tiinr.t
Ollico for tho Navy Loiiruo. Tho fiioilitios thon cxistinj; for tho
despatch of nnws across land and soa oidy allowed tho Ailmiralty
to roroive aftor an intorval of 1(5 days tho news of a victory
which criishod, not indi'od tho power of Napoleon, for Trafalpar
wa.s (piickly followed by Austorlitz, but tho oMonsivo i)ower of
his Empire against England.

« « « •

Tt was not, however, tho victory of tho British fleet that
fiUod tho minil of Admiral Oollinewood when ho ponno<l tho
despatch given in full ni TIf 2'iiiK-.< of Novomber 7, or, indood. the
mind of the llritish nation, so much as, to use tho words of tho
do^piiton, " tho loss of a hero whoso name will be immortal and
his memory ever dear to his country."

Tho rest of tho papuT is tilled with reports from Europe, qiving
details of the movemonta of armies and tho policy of (iovurn-
monts in the face of tho groat oomuKm danger from Franco.
Foreign politics, in fact, were at the moment so urgent that
they occupy tho first leading article, leaving tho victory of
Nelson and his death to l>o dealt with in tho second. It is worth
noting th:it there is nothing in tho p;ipor to show that the
English public took, at any rato at that particular moment, tho
slightest interest in literature.

It is not an inauspicious coincidence that our 6rst numbor
appears on tho annivorsarj- of the birth of Francis Lord
Jert'roy, tho chief i>ionoer of indopemlont criticism of contem-
porary literature, and, as Mr. Leslio Stephen has called him,
one of the best mlitors that over managed a Review.

JofTrey was not indeed the founder of the Review with
which his name is connected, and which has called into being
such a vast numbor of similar periixlioiils. He dedicated his
collected essays to Sydney Smith as the " the original projector
of tho Kdinhuri/h /iVi'ifiii. " Nor was he editor from the first
beginning of tiie Review. It was originully nuinaged " in com-
mittee," and if anybody could be ciiUod the Mditor it was. again,
Sydney Smith, who insisted on tho conspirators repairing
singly and secretly to tho oHice, which was " a dingy room off
Wiilison's printing oftico in t'raig's-close." Hut it was found
necessary to appoint Jed'rey solo responsible editor in a very
short time. Its success was immediate and striking. Published in
1802, its circulation in 1808 was about "J.OOO, and in 18U ha»l
reached 13,0lX) — a very considerable numlwr for a periodical
published in the nortliern capital 89 years ago and devoted to
serious criticism.

The completion of the third volume of tho Historical English
Dictionary roioived a fitting recognition at the dinner civen at
Oxfonl by the V'iee-Clianoellor, on tho llth iiist. Dr. Murray's
account of the inception of thii Dictionary from tho year 1857,
when Dr. Trench first pointed out the necessity of such an
undertaking, down to the year 1882, when Dr. ^lurray himself
began the work with the help of the Universitj- of Oxford, the
Clarendon Pre.-ss, tho Philological Society, a multitude of co-
adjutors in ditl'orent parts of tho country, and a store of gonio
two million quotatiiuis pigeon-hole«l for use, iias already been
recorded more or less fully in the daily papers. We join in the
congratulations which tho public owes to Dr. Murray and Mr.
Henry Hradley for the sound judgment and indefatigable
industry they have <lisplayed, and in tho sntisfac'ion which all
scholars must feel at tho wisdom of the I'niversity which has
devoted its funds to so valuable a form of research.

In '

Boiui, II

an •'

,\ I ill the

.1. 1 ,..• 1,;,

ti.

ni . '

or thor* is a want oi atiout

draporv ; and, if tho thii .^ "b" line -

n ;l oltoct pocultiii

a '!at nnd dull. <

ti 'ntain muih ■>

i " IUp« of '

St7.U in li lie. it, lli.1.1'" iMiiLi '11 ■.[ t.i.n. I'w I) J

lioonard Smitheni.

V ibr MmM. O.Bali aivl
titar R«Mcb, wa hava

.„.. ..I,., ...It ,.f ( I, A

AiKOTiL' oxniiiiiles of llie a<1.>rniiiii:t nf t'

leas Re

pubti.li

tions to " Uud A|'

Mr. Haroittb Hundry

doSno»l as " Childmn ot all ^ ■••<.■■ It is

childron "f tho m^is of from throe to t<-i

d •

It miiiiiior

,-.. .

book will appjal to " children of a larger growth."

« • •

It w i,ti.!.,liK' not -'eTieiiLlIv tri'-wri that tbo rt>\ived infer, -it

in his

of til - t.

Director ot ti v, to take »tvp» towanls an univarcal

catalogue of hi i.ortrails in tho country. \ cimjOeto

catalogue of thofo inloresting v-

valuame publication, and Mr f'n i

inventory which liax i

the view of oncou' *

;i' ' country lo r »

1 of such a c.i *

I ,..,.1 .... .1,.. . ..

I.. ...
Sons.

In the c«talog\ie of a onlleotion of miacellaneona booln

i.tly by >t " .. . - . .. ,^^ tj,^

entry : 'rago.

iM.M. ,., !•• " '•■ Th»

first bid was

Is., but it ; o -lit

nior>', for Jli [ton's

t^lwanl King " cont lin 1

the book (ona of t

year a copy sold at "^ t

more.

• • •

There is at the present time a groat demand for old sonc-

l..,..l-« Tle.f ■• Tl... ITive •■ 1.11'. lis', O.I Ml l",,iir .Mi.in v.,i,K ..,

' 1 -it

I • .1

1 ictive of much un: it the < .f

t ,> of the poriixl -r nf-e. " '! s

I Dolighl," 1744, is a small t' n

I the rare ooen«ion« on which r n

topers th'i »

I in sock. > s

1 of il ;i» •• i:;.- i.r

I •• T; en " and " 1'.

I nali.tii -"'feet. In ion.

alt old si love of sport or

help to li.. - ..,((...1,1

• • •

The Society for Pni ^
an Historical Church A
and Western Chri8tonii..m unti
the Anglican Communion until tl
MClure, M.A.

II, .UmI t::.it of

By Mr. Edmund

LITERATURE.

[October 23, 1897.

•r»>-> •^rivl by Mr. Lvti«1«ii» nt ihe ,>W (question " Shkll we
-,, iM—tt ' r* of Calvirloy hi«

5, , oa Alex: which i» instinct

^. . «>( Uio Lovvr k'lUU i'otm. It Wgan, if we

rv: . in this vein : —

Irr, vir rliiru«, »ixit io orbe,
. nu puKnaril, robot* forti*.
onl of the conqueror's career in a spirit of
<n. thus : —

:•■ . •lericto* morte trsmendm,
not, carte mors borride re* e«t.

• • • *

;- ;. ;., •1,.. «tyle of " Tentavi muinlum" (" I've tried
,!• Ixiv who, no doubt untirelv to his own

^:. 1 " ^\'■o knew tho nierrj- world waa round,"

■IucuimIuu mundiuu cognovimus eue rotunduin.

tl.

As an apt commentary on the work on his father's

life wh- '■ ' •' '" '— " •"■<( comi>lete«l comes n little

^rork < vson, published by Messrs.

li fi..' isly with thf great biography

« II." '• The Ago of Tennyson '

is i^h Literature, edited by Pro-

feMor Hales, ami it has bei-n iirecode 1 by similar v<ilumeii on
Milton. Dryden, Pope, and Wonlsworth, or rather on the perio<l8
in which each one of tho.'^j poets was tho chief literary figure.
Mr. H. Frank Heath has undertaken the »;;e of Alfred, Professor
Halea himself that of Chaucer and SlmkesiHjare, and Mr. Thomas
Seocombo that of .Johnson.

' '" ijihy which we notice elsewhere,

f. his father showed as to the spell-

11 I. HI. Ill -j. .iking of the early poems ho calls

t. did the author of them on the titlo-pago of

ti.. ..i..^^ .. "i'lished in 1R42, containing '• Morte d'Arthur,

Dora, and i." Hy 18r>!t the form Idyll was adopted ;

but it is ci.r t in the line in the " Princess" : —

I bflanl hrr turn the \»g« : ahr found a small Sweet Idyl,

the ■■••ril li.i-i .iln-.ivs rimaiiicd as it was first written.

Mr. 1. i,,|.l.- .Scotfs • Ii<H.k Sales of the Year 18:»7 " will be
n.iily 111 >•■<• tid^r. It will contuin indexes of names and sub-
jecf. peni- 'Mi-tion, notes, and, as a now feature, a notice

of three . American book sales. The publishers are

Messrs. George Ivll and Sons.

• • * «

" Hollandia," a Dutch weekly for all Hollanders abroad,
will be I ir ' .t 110, St. Martin's-lane, London, W.C., on

Satunlay, 6. It will be conducted by Mr. J. T.

<>rein, and jii^>!i ./<>,ianua Volz will be tlie asaistant editor.

T List Diarv and Naval Handbook, anew pub-

licati' : to form a S'aval Annual, in conjunction with

I>«an'a Koyal Navy Ijist, reeonling the progress of the British
Navv. It will contain a Summary of the Year's Naval Progress,
by I*rofe«sor J. K. Laugbton, the Navy Kstimates for 18i)7-U8, a
<'alen<larof Naval Kvents, the Naval Honours and Obituary fur tho
Year, a Full Account of tho Celestial Phenomena for 1898, with
notes, tables, articles, &c.

Messrs. Macmillan announce for publication ''The Scientific

Paiiers of T. H. Huxley," in four volumes. These will con-

► ' * ' t!io most port'' ' from tho journals »f scientific

jnafAxiuwi, ar jiiblications. They will bo

troll.' > I'fofeMor Mieluivi koxi^-i.

Mr. Bernard P. Grunfell, who, in conjunction with Mr.

*">••' >^ II..... -K 1 .!.„ .. < ■' our Lonl," has

I. tho mo<lorn
r " yiiccliUB, for the

lion Fund for
1 ' (four chapters

entury. Mr. Froudo
I by these authors,
" '■"» - o Logia,'' apiwara lu the current numlier of

Md.lurtt .

Messrs. Macmillan bare issued a little pampblot describing
the new premises they are taking in St. Martin 's-stroot. The
site is an interesting one. Onoe there stiod there an old
Kalleriml inn, tho Nag's Head. Stryj* (17-t>) describes St.
Martin 's-street as " fronting upon I.ieico8ter-fiel(ls and fulling
into HedL'c-lano, a handsome ooen place, with very good build-
ings for the generality, and well inhabited.'' It was in a house
on tho east side of St. Martm's-stroot that Sir Isaac Newton
lived lietweon tho years 1710 and 1726, and in the same houso
Dr. liurney resided at a later periixl, and his daughter, Fanny
Bumoy, wrote " Kvelinu " there.

Mr. H. J. Morgan has long been well known in Canada as an
exjH'rienced and capable cluonicler of lives and of events, and
probably no man in tho Dominion has done more than ho has
in the deiiartnient of biography and bibliogropliy. His
" Celebrated Canadians " appeared nmro than a ipiarlor of a
century ago. He is now issuing a '' Canadian Men and Women
of the Time," which should prove a serviceable book of reference
both in England and Canada.

« « • «

Among other architectural works Messrs. Hatsford announce
a book on Stained and Painted lilass.by Mr. Lewis Day, entitled
" Windows."

• •

Mr. H. M. Stanley, in his few words of preface to a new and
cheaper edition of In Dakkkst Africa (Sampson Low, 58.),
says his principal object in consenting to this reissue of his
fascinating narrative has been toextt)n(Tknowle<lge of Kquatorial
Africa and to enable a wider circle of readers to take an intel-
ligent interest in '" the developments that are being constantly
matle there by tho Congo State, Groat Britain, and (iermany,
tho three Powers that aro now in ixissession of the legions
traversed by our expedition." Mr. Stanley does not think the
work in its new form can be '' remunerative to either author or
publishers," but really there does not seem to bo any need for
B-.:ch a gloomy and self-denying forecast. On the contrary, tho
venture ought to pay well, tor there must be a large class of
readers stilt unacijuainted with " In Darkest Africa," as well as
many who road tho book at tho time of its publication, but will
be very glad of the opportunity offered them to possess it. It
is unnecessary now to sing the praises of this striking record of
awondciful achievement. All wo need do is to mention that it
bas been subjected to thorough revision and ]iarti.ll re-arrango-
ment, with the result that tho interest of the story of Kiiiin
Pasha's relief is now sustaineil even better than when it first
appeare<l seven years ago.

« « « «

Signer Negri, whoso new l)ook of essays is included in our
listof publications, is one of the most brilliant of Italian essayists.
He has, in addition to his literary reputation, considerable
political influence, having for many years been mayor of Milan
and a Deputy. Ho is now a member of tho Senate. His essaj'S
have recently been placed on tho Index in spite of their author's
tendency towards clericalism.

« « * «

Hermann Ruhr, tho Austrian critic who has espoused the
cause of Maeterlinck, and preached it with much iiersuasiveness
to the German-siioaking world, has recently |>ubli.ilie<l a volume
of critical studies of mo<lei-n writ«'rs under the title of " Renais-
sance." He represents the progressive nuKlerns, ospocially those
of Vienna, since ho api oals in the first jilaco to the literary
public of that cajiital through his weekly journal. Die Xeit, and
endeavours to kindle its enthusiasm for his liberal ideas. Some
of the most int I .Miys in the Iwiok are those which deal

with E. T. A. I , Sailier Masocli, (ieorg von ()mpte<la,

l.«ura 3Iarholiii, .ioiiiiiina Ambrosiiis, and Kikarda Huch.

« • «

Readers of Oormon fiction will lie intcrost<«l in a series of
stories by Austrian writers eiititlo<l " Er/.alilungon aus Oestor-
reich " (Leipr.ig ; H. Mover). Tho finst place among them
roust be given to Adolf I'icliler with " Allerlei Geschiditeii
aus Tirol," ond " Jochrauten," which contain very faithful and
living descriptions of the Tyroleso.

• « * •

The literature of peace has lieen much Bcofrc<1 at in Germanv,
but it is already considerable in that country, and is constantly
growing. Tho last accession to it is a volume entitled " Pax
Vobiscum," by H. Newesely and A. Ronk (Munich and Loip/.ig :
August Schupp). The little book includes a number uf {jucms,

October 23, 1897.]

MTKHATURE.

lei;t>nda, viaionM. and to forth, kll pointing ths Mm* roormi—

that war and ciiiullin); hIiduM bo aloilinlu-d. Hnnn of Ht-rr
Itoiil<'M iiotiinH huvti nireailv bcon traiislutixl into ^'^l>noh and
Engliah by aymiiathiKoiH wit^ liis viuwa.

« « • •

Thti extraordinary rovivnl of intoreat in Nnjioleon liiinaparto
is l>y no nieanM oxhau.ite<l. Fn?clt?rio ManHon lini< bruiiiiht out
(lUirol.l'ariB) a voliimu ontltltKl " Mariu WawluHka," in wliicli arv
published a numbur of lutterH written by Na|Milcon I. to thu
PoliHh Countens wlio bfcann- the ninthrr of C'l'iint Wawb'ski.
Tliti voluiiio iH illuRtrati'd l)y Harold and Nittii. ami iiiajiiHirvntly
tho first of a sorius to \tv i-ntitltHl " Loa Maitrus««» du Nap<doon.
« « « «

It ia pr>d)al>lo that " TiOv Hoia do la Kuo," the novel at
which (lyp ia n^w working, in another nnti-Sumitiu aoriea of
skntchua, for thu C'ointooao do Martul, ourioualy ciinu;;!!, ia one
of tho moat uxteciniMl authors of tho gruat oublialiinK houao,
Caluiann Lovy, but tho tirin, tlio jMirlnors of wliich liavo alwaya
i)Oon Jowish, do not caru to publish violi'iit uiiti-Suniitic litora-
ture. Accordingly wlionovor tho vorsatilo uuiliorrHS of " F'tit
Bob" wishes to nave a tilt at the Jewish linan'-iers who play
such a part in niodorn French life, she teni|Hirarily tranafvrH her
business to M. Faaquello, who is now the head of the Maiaon
Charpentier.

« « « «

It is not generally known that the brilliantly clever. If
occasionally coarse, illustrations accompanying aomo of fiyp'a
satires on I'aris life, and sij;ned " P'tit Hob," aro really her own
work. Thoro is little doubt that, had she cared to dovoto hcrsulf
to art instead of to literature, she might have made a great name
among Continental caricaturists. Kvon now she spends many
hours of each day in her sttidiu, hor literary work all being done
between the hours of II p.m. and :{ a.m.

«•»■»»

The Rente <le Pnri.i announces among its forthcoming publica-
tions the following novels in serial form :— "Qiiinzo Ans de
Mariago," by Alphonse Daudet ; " La Sevo," by I'aul Uourget ;
'' I/Ilo d'Amour," by .\natolo Franco ; and translations from
Gabriel D'Annunzio and George Gissing.

* « •

A capital translation of Edmond About's amn.sing tolo Lr
Jioi ilc.H Miiiitd'incs has been made by .Mr. Richaril Davey, and
"Tho Kinq of the Mountains" (Heinemann) is sure to l)o road by
many to whom tho original is unknown. The fact that (iroeco
has l)oen so much to the front lately, and that wo have all littcome
familiar with the names at any rate of the <listricts and places
whore brigands once tlourisheil, makes the issue of the book at
this moment singularly opportune. Mr. Andrew Lang con-
tributes an introduction, in which ho compares brigandage in
Groeco with tho outlawry and organized roliln-ry which at a not
very remote period of history made tho Highlands of Scotland
<langerous travelling-ground.

» « « «

It should bo specially interesting to snch English readers as
follow most attentively tho literary movement in Franco to
hear that tho famous little series of M. Gustavo lielfroy's
volumes of art criticism " La Vie Artisticpio," which M.
Dontu used to publish, has been taken over by M. H.
Floury, tlie bookseller and publishor recently e.stabliahed in the
lloulcvard des Oapucines, and that henceforth it ia .M. Floury'a
name which is to appear on the title-page of tlieso volumea. The
fifth series, indeed, which has just come out, l»oar* tho name of
H. Floury, and is still published at 6f. in tho samo form and on
tho samo jxipier de hire as were the four earlier volumes. It
contains a lithograph by Fantin-Latour, and the most notable
of AL (ioU'roy's articles of the past year.

« « « «

The famous " Essay on Comedy," by Mr. George Meredith,
has just been translated into French by Mr. Honry D. Davray,
and printed in tho September and October num)>ers of the
Mercure de France. Re-read in tho language most congenial
to the comic spirit, the essay seems even liner than in the
original. The French tongue invariably gives a larger signifi-
cance to all hut the happiest phrases of tlio few artists in style
who speak in other languages. \n illustration of this can !)«
found in tho French translations of Ryroii, where some of the
most careless jingles, transposed into the statelier rhythm of
ood French prose, become reminiscent of the music of the Old
.'estament. A good instance of this is to he found in the thirtl
canto of " Childo Harold " in Daniel Lesueur's translation.
Tho atmospliere is tli.it of Oberniaun or Ossian, even at times of
Job.

BIBUOORAPHT.

THE HATTLE OF TKAFAUSAR.

' bven iliaciiiuu

.(:.!;-ar, and f. ..

u tiiaa
In ths

>AI.IHIH». Ol TIIK ll^ilH or

. M.D. IiW7. ZiiU Ed., 1006.

\'li'*-Al>MIIIAL Ia>KD Vlaiot-NT

("larko and John
?hrr. 1813

of 1
mm
giv.

t«ttlu flOlll

round thu mil

A
Nr.

A li"|u oil l'\
DKaFATi'lli

Nelson I'. i.

out! arra

LirK >
M'Arthiir. 2 rola. ItMf. 2nd hd

Lire or HoBATiu, Loan Nn -I'x
(a |M>pular lMH>k, but tho i -nm

uDtrui>tworthy aourcuit). An . .ed

in IHiH), and tho Life was uicluUcU in Uw li!ia|>iu Lloaalcs in
the sanio viiar.

«'. '•■ •' ' .in'a Imlikn«« nr 8ka PowKk npr<n th*

Fri Koipiro. >' vol*. 1803. Lira or Nklsov.

2 V

I': I K. Laughton'a " Sroav of Tuatauiau." 18B0.

Nki ,...,jli'<h Men of Action), 1806, and Thb Nsutosi

Mkmoui «i., 1MN>.

Mr. Altrtxl Morriaon'a Hamilton axd Nklsos pAraaa,
18i»-18l)4.

DiiTioNARr or Natiokal BiofiHArBT. Kelson, Collingvood,
Hardy.

Tub ANRUALRKaisTKR. 1«0R. Chap XVTIT. (p 2i:»).

CoMnAT nr Tkatauiak. V y i ado to

the MiniHt<.'r if Marino anil cms, in

command of La }<■''' a.

CoMBATK DR Ti: .1 a vin-

<lication of the .'^|i.oi;:)ii .-«il\\ .i_ m.^i III*' ' oijuiii'UA aaaor-
tiona ' of M. Thiers.) Publishotl at Madrid, 18uU.

Other works aro : —

HisToiuK iiKs Combats k'Ahoi kih, i>b TnArAi.ii\K, de Liksa,
DC Cap Fimsti^rb rr di PLt'siciRs At'TKCs bataillbs xavalbji
DBPi'is 17U6 4usqv'bk 1813. Par un Oapitain* de Vaisaoau.
1820.

HoHiTio VistoisT ^ Hy Verita. 1801. Written in

connexion with tho Nu. .lion of 18UI.

LiPB or Nklson. liv M. H. Itarker, tlie '• Old S*ilor." (A
large collection of anecdotes about Nelson.)

Memoiu or THB LicB or AuMiKAL Sib Eowabd CoDKixoTus.
By Lady Uourchier. 2 vola. IWCt.

Pi ULii- AND Pkivatk Lu K or N- •■ * '' ■- ■' iiolf, bis
Comrades, and hia Friends. IK '1.

<;i.i.,v- NIaKITIUKS DE Li ti ... Vol.2.

C > nr.Ni-B or Vk'b-Admikal LoBoCoiuxowooD. By

G. L. Newnham Collingwnod. 1828.

J. Harrison'a I..irK or Neusos. 1A06. (Written under the
dictation of Lady Hamilton.)

Naval History op Gbkat Britain from the Declaration of
War by Franco in 1793 to the Accession uf George IV. Bjr
William Jaiiios. U vols.

Naval UioaBAPUv or Grkat Bbitaix. By James Ralfe.
4 vols. 1828.

NeL-SOS AND the NaV '■ '■' '" vND. By W. C.

Ruasell. (Heroes of tl;

Bataillbs Navalbs i... ... i ... ... . ... ; .. Troude. 4 toIj.

18t!T-«8.

Alison's Histort or Eurofb daring the French Revolution,
1789-1815.

Vioe-Admiral \V. S. Lovoll's Pbrboxal Narratitr or
Events pkom ITW To 1' '

British Battles by i Ska. Bt James Grant. 3 rols.

1882.

Battles op thr RRmsM Navt. By Joseph Allen. 2 rols. 18B8.

Hi.xToRY OK Til II Navt to the Pbbsk.nt Time. By

Professor C. D. > ds.

Naval BiooRAriiic Ai i'oTioN* " " "' " '■" 18(0.

Britain's Naval Power. A^ vrth ol

the British Navy from tho EaL^.-i. .,. , ^,ir. By

Hamilton Willianis. 1804.

Eni-NBVRou Review. Vols. 136, 140, IW.

QcARTERLT Bevisw. Vol. 3.

LITERATURE.

"October 23, 1897.

LIST OP NEW BOOKS.

ir- ••*««•# «uk itwiulgenrt for pomtible itmrrumcUn niul omiMtiotts in ihi« /iV. So many Booka long pu bllnhctl Tint* been aent
i« that tee hatt bcrn obliged to make a neccamirily imperfect iicU-ctiun.

ART.

Lmm Chsta *'<Kuvv. Ilr Hrmrg
J^mf%. IttrU. UK.

Rimiwurd. U.

RAMorUMl^ook. BiBbraidMvd
wUk KtoTw Dimwtns* by Aahray
BiMililiy. D«nr Mna 61 pp.

Slonvfl fop ) I

D«oo r »tlon. i -

lUxi*: i l.'ili. ^va.. ix.-.«i> pp.

Th* r
XV

lll.«r.:

I on
■Mine

A History of

Re:

lOS pp. Lot

."«.

Ctm.;;.'""!..'

BIOORAPHY.

L:' ' '

RalOCh. S'

" -

i:ii t'f- l^
SeoU. «?•-

I'mrln. 4-
■'■ firon/'

-••ri«B>.i

l-o-J

ii and

I^OIfi.

lii.6d.

T^pnap. Th«

Turner. H.A

M.W.

• C(.T»

'! -

ij _ , 11 ; ;

1^ >■.

Pnisally. -A M«inp>

F.R8..

Hoiccttun

fniw M» coTT— po n d i c*.

Tha Conn>

the 1C..!11
A>-> Ml.-:
It. r.y.l^r

2^1. p. U

ApazzI antlchi e moderal des-

ri-I'M " lllii..t r-i.il Hy I'utro

sixr

Hieoii: ~.

f— III tViniK'jr.
• xtin.. Ml pp. 1

l■.<.i.^S.
I. 18».

John Huntep : Man uf s<'it>nr«

8ei1c-

l«r. I- :-.h. I I 11" i:i. ;i~, i-l.

AutobloKPaphy of Madame

Orivr-" 1 ' ••■-> II '•'■

Ulyasas 8. Orant nnd the rcrind

oFx.in.Mii.i i'-,..:>. >.,,.!, ;.i,.i i;...

maxv

O kmi'

nilll.>|

'. New Vurk nml Ixfiuluii.
Putnnm'H Sodk. jh.

Tho House)
ettes. 1!

I'l.rlmlli.
minolcr, \&r,.

^'iiki^liJtlAii. loo.

BOOKS FOR THE YOU NO.

Franco. Ilv Mnr^i C. limrttrU.
iTlic tliiUlrcn'ii Study.) 8vo., ac! pp.
I>ondon, 1W7.

FUhcrUnwin. as. 6d.

1 '"s Kinsman. Rv

irhi.^ll',: With kIx
- by W. H. MiirKOtMon.
^tu., 2Ji> up. I^oodon, 1898.

Blackie. 4a.

from Of .

'Til. (Tl

. Mi iip. I

F i.««hcr LnvMii.

.tAi.

Paris at Bay

Jilockiu. <ta.

CLASSICAL^

The Italic DIalocts l-Mllnl. with

;»( "-.Ml.. \T % I

bridifc, 1807.

Sophocles '

I'li.j- F-'

linn, b) /■

:|'6lln.. 3Bt

Vn.

Works of Archtmedos.

EDUCATIONAU |

Studies In Board Schools. Hy ,

<'liiirl,H MitrUy. 7%..'i'.lii..3inpp. 1

I.t>mli>n. IMSi;. .Smith. Klilrr. fiM. I

r\. ■.■'.■ ,.■■... ■,. A: ..; .

The UlL.tl Iv.li.

Crown Svo., 477 ;

Smallep History of Oreeoe.

Ilv Sir tt'iltittm Smith. \ m-w
J-xlitiun, IboruuKblv nivlHt-il by
(i. K. Mnvimllii. '7* v .lin., a« I'l.'-
Liinilon, 1.S!I7. Murray.

n Story of tho
t'oninniue. By
With ElKht
.^Innloy L. Wotxl,

^v. 1. .:..>; 1. 11. i.uudun, IXK

UlacUe. 88.

Sl--'^^ r-r' r-.T-.- Tales. Jij

'». TrniiH-

iiicT. With

!■> .\ ! I i.iir .1. GaHkill.

London. 1W»7.

GoorKO Alien.

S'> ut Eng-llsh Bowrman. KcIiik
\ <if < hi\alr^' in thi' l>ii\>4 0f

ill I ' . I.'. 1 1 • .. I . i

Red Apple and Silver Bells.

A l'..-.k ..( \ • < -. I, IV CImMi,.!, ,.r

l>. t>l.

-.xvi.','

•SVi III..
3s. Ikl.

Sn Ml story of Rome. Hy

n Smith. Ni'W and

riM~<il Kdition by

A. 11. J. OrouiiidKu. 7ixMn.,:Mil p|i.

London. 18SI7. Murray. 3h. Ud.

Story of the lonio Revolt and
Persian War. ,\-< Iniil by

llcriHi.iH;-. -<clc.-tir,n~ fn'iii Ibi'

.-ill! ,<. lioul.
tratiuns. :
don. 1XSI7.

Jxillii-. if-'pp. I.""-
-Murray. It. il<l.

Herodotus :

Ka\vliiisiii).

II. Itv
^ intra.

The Text of (1111.111
I'l-atislatiuii, with I 111'

r -. I.. ,.'... I n. I I /;ra /i/,

M Ibo
.' V oIm.

. i -'.IM.. .(-._ ,.|i. ,,..;..,. .11. I -'.!..

.Murray.

Republic of Plato. I'lliii <!. ^^ iih
cntiiuil .S'ot(v and an I' >

on the text, by J(i:
Kcllow ami Tiit.ir .n .1

• '(ilk'Kt'. ' V>; jjiii.,

:ajpp. c-.i '7.

I .1 'ittw. 4«. 6d_

Vlttorino da Peltpe. and other

HiiiuitniHt Kdnrainrw. K.'wayrt and

VerwiunM. ir ' " ' *" " f<> the

Hintoo' of I

H'itliinn I

1 ' :t r.niu ill lull Ml > irturia

' 7]xi>iln., 'i30 pp. tniii

liiivir-lly I'lvsK. fl».

Chapters on the Alms and

Praelleo of Tonnhlnu-. IMild
bv !•■
the I

turc : L - -

North UaliK. 7j'^iiii., --1 '
Cambridge, IHirr.

I'nivernlty Prr;--. i -.

Rome tho Middle of the
World, liv I7,r. rvirffnrr. Hl»-
toriral I.' Ncwnhani

(i.lIiKe, ' "J>51in.,

ax) pp. l.'<,

Arnold. .'Ih. (iil.

Arnold of Rufcby : Ilix » IhuiI

!■'.. - '-■ i.-. ...

durtlon bv
TJ..'.lin., X

1->" 1 ,.■..■! M ^ 111-. ..-.

11' i.iontary Course of Inflnl-

:t iiiiil Ciilculuw. H. //..'■'.

I a,

i l>il> i'n

Theot»v of Oroups

Orclnr. •■ '■ '■

In Finite

FICTION.

Broken Arcs. Hy Christnphrr
Ilarr. l"r. Hvo.. :ili pp. I.ondon
llani^r. fl«.
r\n nnr\

and New York, IS1I7.

'nin Mansi

Iter's Hands.

ftjitrnsint. 'I'm

... \iir«4'fcittn. 7.'ii ~~. ,-,-.

Liiiiduu. 1.H1I7. Heiuumaiin. Jm.

Dellle Jock. Bv C. M. Camp-

bill 7] ■.•.iln.,MJpp. I...lidnn.l-.1i7.

A. I). Iliiii - I.-.

Diamante Nero. Hy

Hiirrili. Ifiiiio., :M8 pp.

ISt7.
Father and Son. By

t'litrrmn. (The Tlmen

Serli-t.l <"r. Svo.. :tt)

Novel

Jip. l.,ondoii
larper. tin.

Oadfly, The. Hy K. L. foj/nirA.

;)7:! lip. I.iindon. IXC.

W'illiaiii lleineinanii. l><.
Ooor^e Malcolm. Hy Hu'irut
Sitntni, I.4irKu crown 8vo., IHS iip.
London, 18U7.

Bliiw, SandM, and Co. S«.

Laurrence Claverlngr. Bv

II'. Miisun, Svo., .Wiiip. 1
IWC. A. II. Inn.

Lords of the 'World. .\ Siory of

tlie l-"ali i.f *'arlliiiKe and Corinth.

Hy tlH' yf< I-. Allrril J. Chnrih.

With 12 IIIuHtmtloiiH by I: .l|.li

Pctteoek. 8vo., 384 pp. I. in.

l.sar. Bhiokie. !»..

1,'Annee de Clarlsse. By J'nul

AiUim. I'ari.-., 18(17.

ollendorfT. 3',<.f.
Malme o' the Corner. Uy Mm.

/•'. Illiniil.ll. Cr. ^vo.. doth. :titt

lip. Ijontlou and New S'ork. \Wi.
Harper. 11k.
March on London, ii. i.l- .. m..iv

of Wat TvlerV

(I. . I. Unit u. \\

tlon.s bv W. H. .\

Xi'l pp. I.ondon, l^i'7. HUckic. .m.

Menotah : a Tale of tho Kiel

' ' " * ' ' il. Itfnhtim.

i.ivv. C'rowi*

Misanthrope'^

tin y. Crown ^\
LSI 17.

NIobe.

i'y7.

Applloc] M

Some Observations of the

Foster Parent. H\ Jnhn ■•

('hiirlrx Tnrrrr xx+ I

2Kipp. Wottllll: I

-tiio. en. '

^kciUii^UAi. (is.

By Jonan Lie. Translalod
Norwoirian by II. I...
Crown 8vo., 290 pp.

\\ 111:. nil Iletiienmnii. Cloth.
:fc.. ikl.
People of Clopton. By arorgc
liiirtrum. tS\'o.. i'ii» pp.

l-'iiher I'nwln. 6k.
Perpetua. .\ Storv ..f Nlin. ^ In

A.lT. I'l:!. By «. III!

.M.A. Crowu 8vo., 31ir

Prisoners of Conscience. By

.Imiliii K Ittirr. ^\-.i.. 'Jlo pp.

Klhhir I • <•■.
Rash Verdict. By /

•J vols. 8vo., 2117 pj*. 1.

J 1. :

Soldiers of Fortune. By/.'. . '

ilnnlitnj i><jriH. With six inn-

tnitloHH by Charlen liana <.fib^^>n.

8vo., as» pp. Uiiidon, ix:i7.

llcineinaiin.
Temple of Folly, cbaptei.. f m

tliell.sik of .Mr. Fairfax the I n,i,

elK4:4in. f>lit4.'<l by l*uiU VrmunJ..

■/71 pp. London, 181(7.

KlHhor Unwln. Ok.
Temptation. Bv (Imham Irrlnn.

I.V.... L'l.l pp. W ani. Uiek. ;k «<l.

Tho Mnntlan. By (I. Dii
imp. Itimti., elolh, ^ilt
1.. I»ndon anil New

HartM-'r. (V.

Tormentor. By Hrniomin Siri/t.
8vo., ',»« pp. I.oiidiin. I81»7.

T. Kl-her lnw1n. Bit.

Torrents of BoPlnK. By /rem

Tiirjfrnrr. Traii-l.f ..I fr.iiii the
Kiinxlnn by C..: • . n. it.

7a4]Iii., (Wjpp. I

.: II. >.

October 23, 1897.]

LITERATURK

VAlth Moope at Copunns. Ilr

a. t II' niu. Willi I.; iiliiKimil.iiin
li) Will I'liifii. iSiii.. :i-i I'p- l."i>-
iliin. Ill.u'kli'. I'M.

Sketohea tvom Old Vlpjrlnla-
lly A. U. Jlrmllru. « • .Mil.. i'*4 pp.
Luiidun nnti Now York. Iiiii;.
MiU'iiiiUiin. (1*1.

The Water of the AVondPoua
Islea. Iiv Willitiin .Uofi'i..!. s\,i.,
nj .'.ji".. •'^1 pp. I.niiiliiii. !'<'":.

Lnli^liijtii.1. 7h. tht.

Kathop Dunbar ; nr. ViiiKi'iiiifo

l» .MliK', Hy Klizii K r,<ll<ird.

Hvo., 7t».MIii.. :r.1i pp. Uiiiilim.

IW7. H. W. l-iiririilKiMtml Co. 2h.

Tang'led Thraada. lly Karnr

NtiKiii. Kvo., 7i>5ln., XiO pp.

I^iiiitliiii. IXIT.

S. W. I'nrlriilKoniiil Co. Jh.
Anothep'a Burden. Hy Jamm

I'liun. Ti^.'iliii. IT'.lpp. L<'ii<li>n.

I«I7. Iiiiwiiry. :ix.M.

Talea of the Rook, lly Mmy

AntUi-Htin. Willi fimi- ttliiHtnit iiiiiH

by H. .S. I,o Kiiim. 7} ^ .'illii.. IKKi pii..

I.K>ii(I(>n, 18U7. Downey. 3«.t!il.

One of the Bpoken Bplgrade.

Bv (Vi'iv I'hilliiip.i lii,ll,y. ;j •
SJill.. -.Tit pp. I.<illilntl. 1MI7.

.•^lllilll. Kl.liT. li*.

The L/ordahlp, the Paaaen,

and We. Hy F. T. Jmu-. s.- .'ijlu.,
:il'J pp. l.iiliiliin.lS',17. Iniu',.'. tiM.

Mona St. Clntre. Hy .Innir K.
Atin.'^trotii/. With HriLi III. tl 111 ii .tni-
UoilH liy (>. IK'Ulitln !■ U.I.

7]x5iln., 311 pp. I..

\'. . ikl.

In Spite of Pate. Hy Silim K.
JlurX'inu, ll]iiKtT)iIt.(l by Kloruiu'o
Uf.ii..4(in. 8 .N.'Vitii., 4ii8 lip. LdiKlnii,
l.'«>7. W anif. ;!h. «iI.

Icelandic Fairy Tales. I'mnx.
liltcil anil «.<liUKl by .Urn. A. II'
Jlall. With (iritciiitil IlIUNtnitionH
by K. A. .Miicoii. 8..'<iiri.. 317 pp.
l^iiuliin. 1HK7. Wiirni'. 'M. fid.

Buahy : or, the .\dvonlun.s of n
(iirl. fly CyiUhia M. Wintori-r.
Ilhiiitmted by .1. .\. Walker. 7Jx
illii. 31!* pp. lAiniloii. IS!«;.

Chapman ami Hall. (K

Camera Luclda : or. SimnKO
1 'aH..^:ik'i^ ill I'liimiion l.ifc. Hy
itirthtt Thomas. "*•« > .'►lin., 131 pp.
UiikIiiii, 1,S!I7. .SanipMin Low.

In Years of Transition. Hv
Samiirl (Innlon. St % .'iliii., MU pp.
Londiiii. IS1I7. HIiKH, !Sand». (in.

David Dlmadale, .M.I>. A .storv
of I'liNtaiid Kutiiri'. liy Miiitrirc
H. Utrrev. "l-^.'iiin.. :m1 pp.
I.«ndoii. ISI7. Hodway. 3«. 6d.

The Naval Cadet: a story of
.\ilvi'iiliiri' on I. anil and .'^(■a. Hy
(iiinloii Stdhlr.i, M.I)., with «i"x
IlhiHtrntions by William lUlni'v,
lt.1. 7rv,5in., a« p|i. London. IW.
Hlaikic. ;k 8d.

Odd Storlea. Hy Fra nre.'< yorl>r.s
li'nlitrtmn. 7i xijin., 31S p|i. Wi-st-
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A Dau«'hter of Erin. Hy i'iolct
(I. Finny. With four IlliiKirntioiiH
by (}. Deiiiuin Hammond. 7JxAin.,
'iit pp. London, ISC.

HIackio. 2h. M.

Vrith Frederick the Great ;
a. story of the SoviMl Voars' War.
Hy (,'..( JItntu. Willi V2 Ill\i«tn\-
lioiiH by Wal I'atfi'I. 7Sx,^jln..
3!H pp. London, lsa7.

HInrkic. fis.

The Adventupes of St. Kevin,
and iitlirr IimhIi 'I'alos. Hv H. />.
Hn,irr.i. ,s ..•,Jin.. ■.in; pp. London,
"*'■'"■ Swan bonnuiiMchoin.

El Capmen : .-V Komanrc of the
Itivi'r I'lnti'. Hy llrorae l'rami)ton.
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Hlrd. 8x51in., 'iKI pp. London. Ifai7.

_, J _ Hisby LonK.

Claude Duval of Ninety-Five.
A Homanccof thu Hoad, Hy ^Vruin
JIuiiic. .Svjjin.. ixi pp. l,<)iidon,
IW. riiK-by Lon«.

'When a Maiden Mapptes. Hy
Aiulrrw Drir. Sv.'ilin., ani pp.
London. Wr7. Hitcby Loiik.

The Slngep of Maply. Hv J.

Hooprr. IllmilmliHi by W. Cnbitt

Coote. SxSin., 259 pp. London, 1S»7.

Molliuen. tin.

The Pall of the Spappow. Hy
M. i: h'illl'iiur. S.iin.. Sti pp.
London. l.-i!i7. .Mcthiicn. tin.

The Faithful City. Hy Hcrbtrt
Mot-nih. Sxjin., 3o4 pp. I.«ndon,
IS''. Alcthucii. (J8.

The Lady'a Walk.

oliphttnt. K ilii.. Id lip
Itli. M..|)

The Makln* of a Prtc.

F.nlun .SA„.;,. H . ,,ll„.. Ill,
I-' U.ll.

Th<' Hedenu>llan : »

■|. Ill r I. v,.,.nt„n

I'r " - ..In.. .;

1WI7.
L,ady Roaalind : or . I
H^ Fmnui .ViirmhtUi. »'|.ailii.,

M.ImI IV,.

My Kn

'Jo! pp. London, IIVT.

API

.S7..

Ifa'a 'Way. Hy S-

7r-.'iiiii.,-j()opp. I

The Tree of Lit... '/u

,Sl/rrtl. K-.^iin., 3^7 i'li. l,,,:idi)li.

IW. Ijinr. «-.

The Two Cnptalns. Hv II'

'■/.■ .1.

1",

1'"! , .. :. .. sv.

AVIthln Sound of OreatTom :

SloriiHi.f .M.«l..ninxf.iril. 7J <Alln..
'Mf.i pp. London. Ihir.

Oxfortl : Hlai-kwcll. Ixindon :
Slnipkln, .Mandiall .V.
Tho BuUdera. U\ ' ',rr.

7ix.'>lin.,3;).> pp. L.i

'in.
The ChloPs Wife. m

.1. n .tiiriiuiii. : .in.

London, 1V17. (111,.. I ,11.

Cecilia. Till- M..r.\ ..r 11 l.ni .Hid
Homr < 'in-tniHlainr... H.\ Sfitnlry
V. .Mokincer. b . .'liiti.. llLjiii. Lon-
don. l.S!r7. Lain.. .V

Death. The Knlf ht. and the
L.ady : a (IhoHt .siorv. ll\ II. ilr
I'err StarfHXjU Sx.'iln., U'A pn,
London, 1X117. Ijinc. 3». ud.

Derelicts. Hy William J. lMck€-
Sxiiin., 4U pp. London. 11W7.

Luno, 6h.

Max. Hy Julian Crnnakru. K > .^Jln..
,^Mi;i pp. London. 1MI7. {.jinv. Gk.

A Child In the Temple. Hy
h\-nnk Mnthru: 7J • .lin., 177 pp.
lyonilon. I.'<ti7. ln\w. Sn. (id.

Bladys of the Stevirponey. Hy
S. flitrinijiloulil. Illii-tLiiid by
K. H. Town^i-nd and H. MunnH.
8x,'.in., 3iyiip. London. 1SU7.

.Mrt linen. fW.

The Pomp of the Ljivllattea.
Hy tiilhrrt I'arktr. H ^ .lin., 'iSi lip.
London. I(«r7. .Mnhmm. 3ii. M.

An Attic In Bohemia : a I >inry
withont date-. Hy K II. I.acon
WatHon. "J x.'din,. ITfi pp. Ixindon.
1S97. Klkln Malhi.WH. .-w. lid.

Jason Edwards: an .\Mnik-i.
Man. Hy Hamlin liarland.
7J X jjin., '.'1,1 pp. .Vi'w York, l.'OT.
.\ppl(.ton. $1.*J,V

A Spoil of Offloe. Hy llnmlin
GarUmd. Now and Ki.vii.4.<l Kdi-
tlon. 7|x51in.,37.Spp. New York,
1897. Appleton. »l.i"i.

A Member of the Third
House : a Story of rolitiral
Warfare. Hy llamtin (iarlantl.
7Jxilin., '£19 pp. New York.

Appleton. fl.'iS.

VAayaldeCouptshlps. 'By Ham-
lin (warfamt. 7}x,'>lin.. 'J77 ti|i. New
Y'ork. isy7. .\ppleton. »l.a.

The Freedom of Henry Mere-
dyth. Hv .W. Hamilton. 7i ^ Ml"..

■>7 pp. London. l.'^C

lleiru.inann. Hh.

La Rlforma Monetarla In

Russia: inorK.v-.iii.i f.uta per in-

cttH.'oilel mill; uni. Hy

Etfot If l.oriii ; lajn^niH.

8vo., -.'lli pp. 1

Eniiano Loei^chtir aiul Co, 6 lin).

OEOORAPHY.

^Vealth and Prosrress of New
South Wales, iBOS-e. Hy T.A.

Coyhian. (ioverninont Statistirian.
In 2 vols. Vol. 1. Ninth |.*..*ue.
8{ x5iin.. 491 pp. Sydney, ISC.

(iu.liek.

History of China, \\v\ng the

Hi..itonoal Chapters fnim " The

Miildle Kinicdom. Hv tlie Into

S. U'llln ir,lliiims. I'nifi-^^sor of

the I'liiii ' ' ■•■n«-

ture in ' 'n-

eludinK - ■''»*

ercnM u.. • .v.,. . .- v ■. .11"

'metor to Ottentnl
la UnlTMnlty. K.

,. -. 1.1 , p. I....I.1. ., i<r

'i:iisrlcaand the

r rtrtll • Krwoeh ' « i

■TO., as |>p. I

Hln'

I. ■■I.J.. Zfi

-touKtitoa. k.

Journal o. a Tour In ths
United Btatas. Canada, aad

Mt>« lof> II '1 .....-./ I ,,,lfi
II ■'.

I r.

ItVi

Uti

lis.

• ■'

•d.

Pm.

•*;itu.., uui 1

-^ '- . . •

Ne<A

1:
iU

■in

nil..

8vo.. in,

Oreovo lii

Cfr.
K:

Map ,11,..
MO pp. I

■A.

Iio

'Ji .. tull.,

ite, ad.

Chinese Charaoterlstlos. Hjr

Arthur //, .Stiii/A •*J vi.nrH il nili»-

«l'.: ' • ' • '■ -Mn

CI, .<1

wr ;.p.

J:.!! IK.. •> .o-

■«.
The Gist of Japan i».

th. i
lb.
of

Jnimii, \^ ltd i:
317 pp. liUlli.

Nature and Sport In Boutta
A.rlea. Hv //. A. llr^iUn.

71 -i^in.. 314 |.i. I ;- .

tl. . .-.<

Gleanings In ; .la.

.Sii|,h, , ,.' II

Ka;

to:

lui;

8vu., 2ub pp. Hiu'pcr. da.

HISTORY.

Border Battles and Battle

Plelcln. II. .;., ;.■../... , «,t|,

Hi.
H.

I'r. , , ......

J. anil J. H. liutlirrfttnt.

Europe In the )0th Century,
l**""^* llurupnui

Hi .lokHmon.

t K«7.

i; .\ .i.i4f,.ii. 7*. (kl.

History of Enslaad. Hy

Chart, ■. (hn.in. .' v., I-. I'.irt 1.,

fn. ^ l>,

U> r.

»\.

\i\. .-

Loat Emplrea of the Modern
World: t^-wyH 111 liiii.r ..
Hiolory. Hy H'mUr Fmr. :, ;. .
Crown »%o,, 3S2pp. Lomli.t. i".
lUnl.ri.

Storla dl Vlttorlo Amedeo II.

Hy Corw^fi. Svo., G24 pp. Turin.

i.><ii7. i:r.

A Handbook of European

History, C-v !-CI.l'hr..ii..;.v-;.'.i:h
Ai: • .'/.

St. ,.i

Cli .^3

pp. 1- I'.:.. 1V7.

MncmiUan. fc.6d.
The Klnx's Storv Book. WiiiK
H.- ..f

Kl - ;.i

111
li>
to \
an

fY), .,y

t. oiii.u«ble« Ii...
The Camp of RafUss. Hv

f*'.- "•.■•'..•■.- '-'.'...l. Willi

lilt i;...r,.-,.

La .l.il.l,

■p.

Chatto and WIimIiml m. Ike nL

LAW.

Greenwroofl'n Mnntial of tha
Fi-.i ..«.

W u

Law of Motor Car-
and other Carr:.

^, Itaitnfr. of t.'n J^

»vo., :.,i \,\: I... I,. I.

Modant Law of Real
party. Ht 'i.. < >

rrr. 4ih f..|i.
W. Klplii..-:...

Arthur In. k- . _

LuiMlun, \M1.

8wse( and MaxwcIL

.rd

■Ml

-P(k

tu.

r. ... : 7. , . ,,,

■'-.

Aiaxwatt. Ba

Bnoyoloptsdla of tha Laws of

Bngland. l ti.!. ' •!:.. iri-nrral

v..

OkJl . :*<> ? .iU pp. l>.niloti, PV7.
Sweat aad MaxweU. «l|nrTQl

LITERARY.

Tha Llt^mry Hlitory of tha

Atii. '■ -.,3.

171.

Style. H^ ri..

I»pp- I :»

A V h,

« .<

M, . . - .,;...

Ui pt>* Lulxluu. i<M.

Methuen. SkW.

T-> "■ . ind

Ixx

V, ^^i»7>M«i^ai^

.i^UL

CrItl. • • r. -, -

'• ' , L.nuTi

I«.«d.

Dante's A Question of tha
Water and of the Land.

1 r„. ...... . i . -. .... ,,n

ll.' rm

1' .-... -.^

Letters and other Unpub-
lished Wicinu-.. nf Walter
Savasr .,,1 hjr

Strphrn rtraitn.

.Mo., ivl , , . . ,.

Hcnilry.
Shakapearv, Puritan and

• 11.
' ' ;'p. L-iinbur^band

Lo:

Ollphant. »i.6d.

Talks on the Study of Litera-
ture. Hy .III.) II, •■r -•_ 'j,,^
■-♦*. pp. H.^t<.n aii.l N r'

li. .K.

MedltarlonI t^onda.

Cnliiial |.-.v*^\^ . Sf^pri,

STcjuipp. .\:

Linco iicK^pu. ftUre,

LITERATURE.

[October 23, 1897.

Journals of DopoUiy WOMl^
wopth. K.liu<tl hi irmimm

Pt>. I...!..|..h, l-W.

The >< I nd

Ihr

New
- V.

Null. tin.
Th« DUpv of Miwt«p William

SUenrr-
alM'.

< nd Haui
Scott,

Bha k — paa i '«'» Hepolnes. By

.innn Jiimrmtn. With 'S* )Mtrtniit>

of fi>mim> plAvrn- in cbaractar.
Stx&^iii. 341 i>|>. iMxtdaa^MK.

(ieotseBeU. Si.
nnyson. ByHti

,.1 ^ r

The

.U«papy Apt. Ilr

XlX.-Cen

^•°«= ANDOUIDi^ t^^^n.3.

I nuldaa to ihr (ircnl

Urt'rtt \\'tv*tfni. Aiitl
JsuuLU fimtfini ItaUwBTn.

CMwdk 3d. each.

MILITARY.
Cuba In Wnr Time. Bv RirhnrH

., , , ,., : . , ,,j.

.iH.ed.

» iimi r-t . I,, r.. . ; • '• .ill.. * I. - 1 1 ,; (ip.

Wertmliwtcr. \ms.

rmutahlo. ,'«.

The ' , •■■ I .

th.

Slli-i-. I,....; !-<;. i..>M^' i^

MISCELLANEOUS.
La Museada la Convapsatlon.

\*'\r Ktti/rr .Utjttntlrr. Tnil*!*:!!!*^
i->litlon. nnx' pt Kiucmonl^c dc
ti'>niliri':i\ artirlaa.axMtlii.. aejpp.
I'aii.. IfT.

Bonillon.
Fraa LIbimpy : Il« tlMnnr ami

. 1'.

•I

, ami

llmn<«

Stories or

Sons*. Ily

^v^l..|■Jl>IPll.
Sitniiio.

The Chippendale Period In

Enfrllsn Fupnitune. Ii\ K.

»■„ -If

tloi ..

JMl.-

AriioM ; aihI l>«>lM'iiUaiii ami
Ftwbmljr. £1 K

Old

rto

■raovec
L, SH pn.

fi«n4«.( 4ra.. «■ p|>. Luuiuu. uuf.

K.>..\. Il|ii-lr.ili-.l.ll lllli., xxili.^

tm pp. i>jmioii. iiw:.

.\ni(ilil. £3,Ts.

S',M-.. ,-' ..boy. Hv K

> \V.I..\VrlN

iStiiry nf the

Wtwl S,.iii~.i ;, ..'>iiii.. 34!t pp.

.\>«- York. ISC. Appleton. »l..Vi.

Oxfopd E' T' ' niotlonapy :

H lU'W li<'TtIir\' ot»

Hi.-l.irii.. l':<lit<Hl t).v

/>r. Jdtti' ^ .r. //. Miirrau
Sorlos II.. I'nrt III. KirlilKninkisK
(Volnilic IV. I. Hv llrliryjlniillri/.
1.1( • UMiii.. pp. l!tt to .'.li Oxfonl,
ISiC, ("lan-iidon l*rf.K-^. I-.*, (kl.

The Mlpacles of Madame
Saint Katheplneof Flerbols.

Tr.in-lalni fn.Mi llic Kililii'ii nf ilii-

\i.'„ ,1 r n.,, •,>,.. T.iiirs IS-Vi. l>y

iin.. l.W pii^.

' and Knt^land

CbicnKo : Wbv and Willininx ;
London :D. Null. 7h. Od.

Sooini -■.■.■■ • '.<,..] nf

I»r. nd

LeK

By Hr//,,,,, JI.,rl,Htt li.iw^im.

■fxijln., an iip. I»ndon. I«i7.

Cnapinan lind Hall. fls.

Ho«^ to Make a Dress. Kv

J. A. E. Womt. (TixlH.»ik-i of
Tr<linolo(cy.l :j • lllii.. mi pp. I.oii-
dnn. l..<;iT. JUlliiicn. Is. (kl.

Endand thpouerh Chinese
Spectacles: l.<tivi'M from the

Net, l«.nk nf \\^i^ ( hiink'. Tj • .'.iill.

Ixindnn. 1»"J7. Tlic Coltoii I'ri-rts IK
The Dwelling House. Ily

(Iforfjr Virinit Pnnrr. I*h.VHlchlll
to I nivi ' % Kc Hospital.

With 3; -. TJxoln.,

I'd pp. 1.

i.niigiimnn, 3H. 6d.

MUSIC.

The EptoorSounds:nn RlenK'nl-

»r\ IliliTlin-tjilloli of Wat'lHT's

M'l.. I-- • '••• - ■'■ /■ '■■ <<■■„.

iro' ' I?.

I>oi. .>■

Musical Memories. Hy .4. .If.

JH-hl I.Wirr .MalinuM). Kvo..31ilpp.

London, 18!i;. licntley.

NATURAL HISTORY.

Animals' Ways and Claims.

Hv /-'rtl, r,-,r, i,i.,f.,,i. Willi isl

l-oudnll. l.-*!*;.

a. lU'll nnd SonH. 3h.
In Ru-^— »•""•!- <~'-'-1 -^ u«

of 1 /.

\Vl

1/a,... ,., ,-..,.

>*krtMnKlon. Ph.. (Id.

Famlllan V/Ild Floweps.
:'k.<1 bv >'.

i-s.. y.ft.A..

. Klvc voIh.
71 '-jilii., Itjo pp. uu h.

(.'owcllii. 31. 6d.

PHILOSOPHY.
HIstoi'v of Intellectual De-

Vel' II lIlL- lilMW of

-M' Hon. Hy John

H'" Vol. I. Itoniy

8vu., I.; , JJa pp. Ixindon. IHPT.

ixiiiKinniM. llo.

N<— T^-v^'^^V- V ^ If

of Ihp

iilfin-.

Ix>i
Hon

of the Future.

tudy. TmiiMbit(^l

fn>in lilt! Ktxinrh of Mnrir Jrtin
(/uHfftiH. 8vo., xl.-^.M.1 pp. I/ondoii.
1.H1I7. llflniMimnii. I7-*.

Philosophy of Knowledge. .\m

Iiiiiulrv into tin- v..tMr. .I.iMui-.unl
Viilldliy of I! M.

Karulty. Hy ;/

/.^o/if. Vrofoj*»*n! in

Yalr I'nlviTKlty. .Miclmiii >>n.. liU
Pit. {..oiidoii, lstt7. IxinKinuiu*. IM.

Psyoholosy of the F' — ■•'-•ns.

Hy Th. Ttihot. I'm
ColU'Kv of Kmnce *' y

St'ion<*« S*?titw. Ki. M» n.tw-
IcH'k KIUm). Sro., 4A.'> pp. Unidon.
I(«r7. WBli<TS<-oti. (V..

II DInamlsmo F n-

pslchtco. It.v Ilr. I. i.

hurtli. h\ii.. r.^" pp. ^

Science of Ethics, n'> hn-w><l on

tilt-' .'<('icin'<' of Kn-i^^' ' !:>■

Johann (fotilirh Fich A
hy A. H. Kroiair. I

Hon. Dr. \V. T. Ham-, r) • ...in..
aw pp. London. !Si»7.

Kt'tfun IMiiI. ft*.

Notes on The Martrlns. ll<inK
.■.iu^'^'^•^I inns of Tlmunlil an.l Kn-
iiiiiry. Klvi' Kxmiys. Ily I'hffunt
llarruion, Hxi^in., 252 |i|i. Ixndon.
ISW. Hud way. .V.

U^ordswopth . Poems

piii 11

of 1

Woi -..nn. ...... ■„..„../«

JTutrhtnunn. .M.A. "i vol..*. Svo.
Uindon. 1.S!I7. I). Xutt. 7«. (kl.

Selected Poems of 'Waltep
Von dep Vo^elwelde. I li..

.Mum. -,-.:. •: Iln",,,- irln l:,i.i,.|,
VtT ...I

Hix I

MOII J I'.

I.Kindnll.l.-ll7. .-.^luilli. Kldcr. lll.>.ikl.

Oolden Treasury of .><onir» nnd

Lyri •'■ ' .-..

lati
ver-

Loint..M. I-;., . M.l' : ni.

Selected Poems. 1!

</iV/i. ,s .')iiM.. L'l.'i pp. \' r.

IWC.

< 01,^1. il.k

A Tale fpom Boccaccio, and

othep Poems.

.trmstnjnii. 7i .•
inlnslir. |K'.i7.

Rampolll : (it

i:.»ii. itiiiik't!

old.ihii.lly from
with •■ .\ Yfar.

.Viln..

rfhttr f 'nh
.s»iip. \Vi-«l-

»Iip. « I
-Inlll«..

an old
.•w anil
i:aliilii,'
i>f an Old

Soul." Hv tiroru'- Manlniialtl.
)i .'ijln.. :»i:) pp. l..iiidon. I«r7.

l.tinKinans. |[m.

Lays of the Red Brnnch. By

Sir Siimiii I lu I
With an lull
Kcivn.<rin, T>i.
6J> I 1»'.I7.

I litT Unwin. Dub-

James Clapence Mangran. His
Selected Poems, w iih » Nimiy
by 11. ■• !■ .. . . / .■" - Imot/rn

uv ' \m.

I I : Liun-

POLITICAL.

n Tpattai' u-1 1885

• lO Sta< .t« del

Congo. I allium

gronuipii. 1:. ijn. 1-1.;.

Kr«t«-lll TrovoH. 3 Hit.

SCIENCE.

Flpst Principles of Electricity
and Mafnetlsm. H) ''. //. ir.
Himi". l-JlUir of " Thu Klfctrirjil
Knipnvvr." IIlu..<lratud with alwul

POETRY.

Burns. The Pofi i-v of Robept

Bupns. Kilii. Hrnl-u

and T. /■'. / Willi

KtihiiiKs by \\ |. - \ .

I'ortniild in I I

fa..»iiiillcofM.-~

K<lltion. Dfiiu ^ii.

18g6-INI7.

T. C. nnd E. C. Jnck. I0«. fid.

the Vol. : nnnlhcr EdlUonut

7s. ikl. the. Vol.

HamnetShnkspoare, .ircontlnK

to Ihr Vir~i tiuMlrrn-

izcdl. K. I'ark

I'liton, \ •. ]. to X.

.Svo. l-^Iinli'ir;;!!. I.^;'7. 1 vililonstoll.

IVI DiairraiiiK. &o.. 7ix&lin., IBB pp.
Iiondon. 18117. HIkK".

Dapwin and After Darwin. 1

111. I'o^l llarwinian Vii'stiniiH; I

Isolation and l*liVHio|..Ki' .kl S. li-t'- \

lion. Hy Iho liilo r „

JionuitwH, 7i>..'Vlin..l^
1«I7. 1,.

Lumen. Hy Cntnilh- yiitmmtirion,
.Vutliorizrit 1'ransljttioti fi^ini llio
Knii. I. I.\ \ .\. M. nnd it M. :
will .f the last rhaptvr

»ir ly for the RnKllih

I-^lii . 'A'l |i|i. Loiuloti,

iw;. Ili'ini'tiiann. ^ 8d.

Electric Powep In Work-
shops. Hy KriuHt Killiurn Hcott,
.\.I.K.K. llliistraliHl. 7ix5iln.,
1:17^ X. pp. London. II\U7.

HiKjpi. a».

THEOLOGY.

Babylonian Influence on the
BIblo nnd Popular Belief

'r.'lii.ni.ui.rrianial " " I lad rs and
.Satan." a ( 'oin|Hinitivo Study of
(iciicsis I. i. Hy .1. Smythr
I'almrr, ll.K.. Vlrnr of Holy
Tiinlty, Hurinonhill. W'anMtund
(Studies on Hibliial Sulijeits, II.
8vo., UU pp. I^onilon, 1KSI7.

I>. Nmt. 3s. fid.

Bearlnnrngrs of the Engrllsh
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^loon , .M..\.. Itii torof St. .Mirlinol
I'atoniostfr Itoyal. I'rown 8vo.,
au pp. London, 18<(7.

Skrflln^on. S«.

Church of Enifland before
the Reformation. Hv tin- llrr.
I'liK,,,! Uii,/iii . .M..\.. Kl-. tor of St.
I'auls cliurcb. Halifax, Nova
Hootia. Crown 8vo., ;tUO pp. Lon-
don. I!i»7.

HihIiIit ami .stouifhton. 7s. fiil.

Convres Unlversel des Re-
ligions. Hy lAhhr I'iilor t/iiir-
boniull. 2.i0 pp. I'aris.

.\rniaiid (*olhi. 5f.

Elements of the Science of

Religion. Part I. Mnrplio-

l..Ki. -.1. I'., iiii-- III. loll. .1.1 I.. . I nri.«

llt'I) .l(

Kiln /..,

I'r.... r...lo-

Mopl. 11 III tin- liinuisity

of I Ml Volllllll'S. Vol. I.

Huiiij . _' lip. {.oiidoii. 18117.

HIiK■k^vo<Ml. 7s. (kl.

English Black Monks of St.
Benedict: a r tbulr

History froni ' of .St.

.\uKiistliK. to tl.' 1 i.iy. My

the yfir. fAlKir,.! I., launton.
2 voIh. Svo. Lonilon. IX!?7.

J. t'. Niinnio.

History of Dogma. Vol. III.
Hj hr. Ailiilfih //or/uffA'.Ordlimry

l'rofi.s.sor of (111... I. II. -I.... ... Uio

I'liivcrsity of ! Ill

from tho tliinl 1 '.v

Janii's .Millar. 1 .; H..al

TraiiHlntion I.ilirarv. Vol. Villi.

Kcniy Hvo.. xm }i\i. I^ondon. 18»7.

Wiliianis and .VorKUto.

St. Francis of Asslsl : HIh

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1.11. i Cnthr-

dni. U:J.

K,i' ..f
W.i

I>l.|n 17.

I:1j1-1l1. 111... Ikl,

Aspects of the Old Testa-

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MacoKhons Ttio Kirnt Hook, with

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TOPOGRAPHY.

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Hy .(. y.;. Ilamrll. With "1 llln-lni-
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lHi/7. ( - ....

Stor>y of our English Towns,

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troilucliou by AuKiistiis .Jossojip.
Ll.U. Hva, 261 pp. Ixindon, INMi.
O, UcHlwnv. (K

it^itciatiuc

Edited by Tl. ^. 7m\\.

Published by 7hf fflmcS.

Ho. 2.— Vol. I.

\ 1 1 !;i'.\>

CONTENTS.

ruatt

Leading Article A TruRif Succoas as

"Among my Books," l>y Andrew iMng H
Reviews

TiMinyson's Lif»> (Si'cond Notice) :i

Williiiin Morris ■*'•

Gardiiu-r"!* Coiiinionwi'iiltli '.K

The Diary of Ma.stfr Williiim Silence 30

OloanlnKH in Buddha Fields 41

T\\p Arnolds 42

Till- liords of Lara....". '. 4J1

History of InU'Iloctual Dt-velopniont 41

SpiclhaKon's Kpio and Drama 40

Amorifa and the Aniericnn.s — Jewish Portraita 47

notion—

The Martian 40

The Invisible Man i><)

The Tormentor— Another's Burden 51

Kntlier nnd Son— Mftlmo o' the Corner— The People of Clopton— .\

Riwh Vonlict-Pcrpotun— Menotoh 52, 63, & 51

Liear»l-Lnw of Motor Cars i I>i

Medloal- Mnntom of Mediclno : John Hunter M

Naval - Ui Xlnrino KmnvalMO f"

At the Book Stall 55

■Unlveraity Letters— Oxford 60

Foreign Letters -United States 60

Obituary PalKHive— Von Wegfcle— Rcgnault— Dana—

I'ouvrciir — Uossiter 58

The Library Association 50

Notes 60, 60,61, & 02

Bibliography— The North- West Frontier 02

List of Books C3&(M

A TRAGIC SUCCESS.

One book — or, a.s some put it, one novel — is 8Uj>-
posed to be potentially contained, like the field marshal's
baton at the Iwttom of the French recruit'.s knap-^ack, in
everybody's intellectual wallet. It is true that everybody
does not succeed in producing it and exhibiting it to the
-world ; but then neither did every one of Najwleon's con-
.ocripts win his way to command and pick up a jjeerage of
the Empire on a German or Italian battlefield. All that
the saying means is that, with the favouring circumstances
of leisure, industry, some knack of literary expression, and
the dash of egotism necessary perhaps to their eflfective
exercise, we could, every man and woman of us, find in our
mentid and emotional experiences — in the action, thought,
nnd passion of our lives — material enough for at least one
book which our fellow men and women would read with
interest. Whether we call it generically a book or sj)eci-
fically a novel is a matter of no moment ; in any case it
will be an autobiography. WTiatever name we may choose

to give to the hero or heroine, he or she vill be the aathor

or :i ' ' ■' ' .• •■ ^jjjI

thi . ter haa

written on a subject which he knows better, or, st all

events, lias studii»d longer than any other in t' M —

and that, too, a suhjeot to whieh witliout m of

imagination or sympathy, with no other eqaipmentt in
short, but f! '' '*y of memory and the ( ' aan

instincts of and self-pity, he <• ••t

jxistice.

No WDiiutT ti. iiiu-n

astonish a worlil of li :n with

a wholly decejrtive appearance of power. They do not

realize the pure! • - ' ' -''■■■ ' • •-• ' ' '"Tig,

nor 8usj)ect the .;ht

into moods and motives, ."^tili less does it occur to them
that what they take for literary art in the tellir - ■■"•ly
that natural elorjuence which under the i;. of

strong personal emotion many a writer once in his life
attains to, hut never aflerwartls n - •. For these mis-
takes on the part of the too impr- reader there is
every excuse ; but their result, as i ! hy many a
literary reputation which has ri.*>n lik. ... • »o come

doMTO like its stick, is almost invariably <. No

sooner does the deluded writer endeavour t ob-

jective for objective portraiture than he li...... ,...., _..ev-

ously he has deceive<l himself as to the extent of his
powers. It is one thing, he learns, to feel ) -lal

experience acutely, and another to see life.. ;iad

see it whole. The glass in which he has formed a pretty
accurate and vivid reflection of him.«elf turns out to be not
precisely the kind of mirror whi''> ••»<} '"e •• 1...M nT> to
Nature " with much advantage.

No one who can <!■ i the aciident*

and essentials of a literar in any danger of

confounding the late Mr. Dv Macrier with the irreat
company of th<>- -m,

produce it and 1 . . . liiis

only because he left not one successful novel behind him,

but at least two, to say of a t ' in

point of time, which obt ; rtain m- >ted

popularity, long unjustly denied to it, on the strength of

a " !it hit. For there linv

ni- _ > mjike their one boo- _

two or three times over, and have not lost their public

until even :' " ' ' - •• ;|^j'j

liking for t ;i to

the fact that they are repeating themselves. .\nd it raw>t

be regretfully admitted that, for

adverted to. Mr. Dt: Malrikr's i

we review this week, is itself in some measure an

example of this economical process. But, as every com-

LITERATURE.

[October 30, 1897.

might ha\

petent critic is awarp, there was a preat deal more in tlie

„v ' ■- '■- ■■•■ " -ilty,

^•■- - - - . . ; ^'^ '»

qoality, vliich ncn'es veil enough for the equipment of the

V ., together a few chapters of auto-

1. _- , . - the result a novel. Tnie it may l>e

that it was upon the autobiographical element in his
thrve Um' ,- - ,- -jmbHc fixed:

in the ca- . thistruthis

too obvious to need insistinfi; upon. To the great mass of

t '" '■■United^ a generation,

a; , . . ^ up in , • nnd artless

isntorance of Henrj- Murger — the bright and spirited pic-

t- ' ' in the artists' quarter

v . . J .ve revelation of mid-

nineteenth century manners. Nor need we doubt that, when
t' of " Trilby "^ Imd brought forth

1<; ud incomparably finer novel from

the shadow of unmerited neglect, it was again from the
ni;' " rs of "Peter Iblietson," from the

fx , 1 the author's childish days in the

Parisian suburb, that they drew such pleasure as the book

V " !U. Still, their ncwh--acquire<l

t: '■, whatever it was therein that

specially hit their fancy, served to swell the extraordinary
ti' ' " later work, to stimulate the over-

V _ ! uix)n the author, and eventually, as
one cannot but fear, to cut short a career wliich otherwise

• of much ifroatcr work.
In a _ ii!i on his fri<'iid and fellow-

novelist, Mr. Henby James has speculated with subtlety
a: " ' ' ' ■' -lence on the effect of the

'• i _ ^ Mu. Dc Mairikus mind. No

donbt it was a disturbing one, but, in tracing its
results, is " and ultimate, the ingenious analyst
surely r< ■> much. The general '•disorienta-

tion," certain to be experienced - by a man of good
»•■' ' ■' • 1 habit who suddenly finds him-

H- _ .uilar worship wliich lie knows to

be extravagant when it is not purely unintelligent,
«'" ' .-,.... . ^^ tragic success.

l'> > a simpler, more

familiar, and less dramatic explanation. It is the old, sad
p* ' ' :n life to a man. and of

lii- ,1 to mak(^ the most of

it. Tlie temptation to overtax his productive energies was
in Mr. D( " ' : for. not

only was i ; • without

precedent in point of mere magnitude in the annals of
modem li: ' ' ' y « niau enibark-

jnc in ni ; t Ij new fonn of

• endeavour is, fo far as we are aware, absolutely

int goo<l

"tis of a
of ey ..id for years rendered nervously

was almost

ly while the

many a young writer with three parts

: r • him find* irresistible, luu a terribly

{■

failure

III.

ill

«un |i!

of a lii'-UiJi

coercive power over one whose course is nearly run. Ho
di 'e, or he cannot bring himself to act upon the

1" . 1, that not only is litemry hay thus hurriedly
made too apt to decline in quality, but that the sun may
set sooner on the ha^nnaker through his excessive laboiu-s.
Mh. Du ]SIaikikr had uudoubtinily more of the matter of
literature in him than his books ever brought out ; but
time was required to produce it, and time was not forth-
coming. He had nothing new to say, and he must liavo
been conscious of it ; but the public invited him — bribed
him, in fact, with glittering offers — to say the old
things over again. The result was " The Martian,"
another great commercial success, but, from the artistic
point of view, a comiiarative failure. And now that, with
its completion, we know that the hand which should have
rested for two or three years after " Trilby " will \»Tito no
more, we have to record another loss to literature from
one of those exaggerated and destructive jwpular crazes
from which it has suffered so much.

1Rcvnc\V6.

Alfred Lord Tennyson : A Memoir. By Hla Son.
2 vols, niiilimi; S\,i.. .")10+5ol pp. London, 1S07.

Macmlllan. 36/- n.
(SECOND NOTICE.)
It was hardly to be expected that a boyish venture
like the publication of the "Poems by Two Brothers "
should be preceded by any very careful process of selec-
tion ; and it need not therefore surprise us to find that
among the contents of at any rate the younger Tennyson's,
portfolio there was much more of the "stuff of jwetry "
than ever came out in the jiublished volume. This, it
appears to us, is placed bc^vond dispute by the sj)ecimens
of the period 1809-1827, which are given at the end of the
first chapter of the memoir. Still they are metrically even
rougher, and in general artistic quality not less immature^
than the least satisfactory of the " Two Brothers " series.
Hence they leave untouched the ])roblpm of Tennyson's
astonishingly rapid progress to perfection in his art. The
poet himself wrote : — " I supjwse I was nearer thirty than
twenty before I was an>-thing of an artist," But admir-
ably as the ]-)oet in most instances criticized himself, it is
imjwssible to accept this ]iiece of self-criticism quite
literally. " Poems t'liiefly Lyrical " apjieared in 1832, or,
in other words, when its author was nearer twenty than
tJiirty, Ix-ing, in fact, just twenty-three, nnd to 8j)eak of
a volume which contains " The I>otus Katers," to say
nothing of " <Knone," " The Dream of Fair Women," and
the " Palace of Art," ns the work of one who was " not yet
anything of ,".n artist" is surely an abuse of language.
In what precise sense Tennyson may have employed
the word it is hanl to guess ; but he certainly could
not have used it in its ordinary acceptation. Not
only are the i>oems we have mentioned remarkable for
their artistic finish, but one of theiii, though it may have
been < was nev<'r Hft<'rwar(ls surpassed even by

the art If. This curious |K)st-<lating of his attiiin-

ment of t<'chnical mastery is, however, the only critical
laiise — if,indeed,it l»o not a mere chronological slij) — which
these volumes reveal. Or, at any rale, we may say that, if
the iwems of 1827 were not so happily selected as they

October 30, 183 7. J

LITERATUKli

might have been, wo can never from tliat time forward aa may b« rfmcmU-ntl from

find cause for nnythinj^ but adminition of Tcim • i . > > i i i i

uncrnnj; judgitifiit and of tin- stoirnl fortitiirin uiti,

he suhiiiiltod innny a sli 1

was disiipiirovcd forsoiui-

taste, to thoruthlcHs surgery of the iiruning knife. Among

the newly publislied friignientfl there is for instance a

whole series of stan/ns, some eight or nine in numlxT,

omitted from the '• Palace of Art." The; ' '

omission were evidently diverse, some i.

out, apparently, lu'cause of an alteration in tin-

and others, it would seem, merely for the sai

greater brevity and compression to the poem. There are

not many among mortal men, to say nothing of Immortals,

who, being «i]>able of writing such j)oetry as this, would

have had th<' heart to excise it. Vet one sees that fi<

the point of view of the author, and in the Interests of ;

jKiem as a whole, he was undoubtedly right. Or take,

again, the " Balloon Stanzas" cut i>iit. of the " Diimih of

Fair Women," which ran thus :-

Ag whon a man that sails in a balloon,

Down lookinf;, sees tlio solid, shining ground

Stream from beneath him in tho broad blue noon,
Tilth, hamlet, mead, and mound ;

And takos his flags and waves thorn to tho mob
That sliouts bolow, all faces turned to where

Glows, ruby-iiko, tho far-iip crimson globe,
Filled with a fmer air ;

So, liftwl high, tho poet at his will

Lets tho grout world flit from him, seeing all,

Higher thro' secret splendours, mounting still
Self poised, nor fears to fall,

Hearing apart the echoes of his'fumo.

While I spoke thus the seedsman Memory
Sow'd my deep-furrowetl thought with many a name

Whoso glory will not die.

There have been lesser and less severely self-critical poets
in abundance who would have been sensible of a certain
commonness about the image emlwdied in the first two
stanzas, and would have rejecte<l them on this ground had
they stood alone. But how few would have Ix^en willing
to do so when the act involved the sacrifice of two
stanzas so striking in their power and dignity as the third
and fourth !

It is always interesting to note bow far a poet is con-
sciously influenced by his models ; or, if he does not him-
.self perceive, or will not admit, that any such influence
ha.s been at work, there is almost as much interest in
the inquiry as to how far the history of his poetic pre-
ferences during the ]x>riod of development of his genius
renders it probable that he worked unwittingly to him-
self under the spell of those particular forerunners whom
he most reverenced. The testimony of Tennyson's tastes
is highly instructive, in this connexion. We know from
a well-known anecdote that Byron was the itlol of his
" green, luiknowing youth," and we know also that the
idolatry did not sui'vive the devotee's twentieth year. If,
therefore, the *' Poems by Two Brothers " could, without
overstress ujwn marks of beretlity, be affiliated to any
Ijoetic style or spirit, it would be to the Byronic. On the
other hand, the tlescent of Tennyson from Keats has been
again and again |x>inted out and. indeed, in '*The Palace of
Art," for a capital instance, is too patent for a moment's den iiU ;
so that it is peculiarly gratifying to the inquirer to note the
frankness of enthusiasm with which the author of that
masterpiece of splendidly sensuous imagery reconls his ad-
miration for the poet of the " Eve of Saint Agnes." Keats,

«o much more anioirr to tho cult of i
thatof »'■ • '•"•■ '"■ •■> other jKXJt,

two

Ix'cn, if h<'
his blank
admirablo

not
itume (\

n>» of 1

.' II
•in to
r,.i

t. of all of ua (though
!>....„ .iddin-/ •■•■'• ■••■' •■•fh
precision of aim, that '• • ig

ftho innermost soul of pucUy lu ail tiuil he

had lived,
vers*' was

His apjiarent lack of i :<,

and not altogether to be a«- . of

affinity betwivn their respective forms of ik.

For nothing is more remarkabh- or - .i iin»

fine catholicitv of Tennysdu's ci i than

hi- to the of

vai "'try. ( i If

towards Word.swortli that he was no h le

aged i)oet'8 jHJWer in Ids inspired »>"" ii«

of the melancholy bathos to which d«

and ' ■dabsenc '• • " :„.

" >■ and Fi m»

iier, "an to uiio I'ould invent !>^

■.n line imaginable." They u, ^ ^'tl

the prize, though they disputed an to the winner oi it, to
the lint —

Mr. Wilkinson, a clergynan.

But W' " has run his jjarodiiils ciui>c with

an actu..

Spade with which Wilkinson b«a tiUod tho grouml,
where the form scarcely i
richer in ideas. But to
Wordsworth t>f the .Sn
fhe " Intimations of 1
eridence that Tennyson
the devout Words\\ •'
imined at the bl.i
nowhere find a bt'ttir
than in the younger ]k>i
of two of the elders iinea : — " Vou
Wordsworth ere he will wem worth}' of
Equally sure and discriminating were his
ments on the poetry of Bums, and th~ " —
between his jndsrment anil tlmt of \'
sul-
crii
exquisite poems of Bums,"' he once exclaimed—

rendered an)])l<'
• . even mor«
of the ui.

■le

i<»

•n

tut

jiL<tice ; and

' ! tlian

I. will
ry

must \ow

ViiiT luve."

:.rt
in
ve

lig!

■tup,., u.,.i.,^ ...;, ^- ;.

Aubrey do Voro, wlio • lul

n.imod P.KrMi t.» hini iV

vohemen ii>

had brni. I

refer to ins son ly

i^ight ' ; those {■ to
forget."

To the poetry of Coleridgp.perha]« tho only iK.t.or tho
only one since Alilton, who ranks with him as . of

meltxly,Tennyson was dsvotod. his especial f"- ig

" The Ancient Mariner," " Chri.stabel," ^-

mentarv strain of unearthly dream-music " ivul>ia i\.a;iQ."

2-2

LITERATURE.

[October 30, 1897.

1 .

OfColeridpe's hitherto inPT]>lirflh1erritici8in on the Poems
of 1830, that thoir nut • verses

without vtry v.. !I mil. ^ ." nil ex-

itUiuition wan 1 many years after by Tennyson

parii;iii,>, lilt can only j«rtially, account for it.
t he liad heard it occurre<l to Tennyson as

'iiisle<l by the young

into reading cirtnin

! to lie so scanned.

,,. ,. li ..:...-on, "he might

well have wislieii that 1 had more sense of metre. But so
1. ' > get a poem or jx>ems every day,

j;, d glance at a lunik, and, seeing some-

t' :iot scan or i: ibiy

di ^-- book witlioi; M>n."

It in, however, evident from Coleridge's jirevious remarks
^>_. .1 .1. 1.,. 1...,] not read through all the jwems, he had
t than a casual glance at the contents of

tie vuliiiiic. l>ii the whole.thereforc.tlie sweejiing dii^missal
of a poit who was a born iii*»tribt, displaying from the
very first that acute > to rlijthm and nu-lody

which in its fullest de\i . , : I was destined to rank him

bedde the " mighty-mouthed inventor of hannonies " of
\r. " Ode, remains one of those few but amazing

j,. . the criticism of j)oets by ix)et.s which

literaluri-

Of t: _ Dus admiration with which Tennyson
r . ided Hrowning, and which Browning no less generously
rccii'i-ocated, there is no need to speak, as it was, of course,
matter of common knowledge during the lifetime of both
poets.

His relations with his literary contemporaries gene-
rally are here revealed, in so far as they were not known
alrcadv, in l>ages which abound with interest but which
have aln-wiy lxM>n freely quoted from in other columns
i' Perhaps the most curious testimony to his

n for one of the most " difficult " of these con-

1 !• found in the letter evoked by the

I' : m Carlyle. Well might the author of

fiat dithyrambic utterance volunteer the half-ashamed

n- ' which he makes for his inability to keep silence

( 1 words: —

If yon knew what my relation hii« lieen to the thing called
Rnglish " poetry " for many year* back you would think tuch
fact almoiit mrpriaing. Truly, it is long since in any English
book, pcet'y or proM, I \uLve felt the pulse of a real man's
heart aa 1 do in this same. A right valiant, true fighting,
vietorioua heart ; strong aa a lion, yet gentle, loving, and full
of nusu:. What I call a genuine singer's heart ! There are
tooM aa of the nightingale ; low murmurs of wood-doves at
mrnwir noon ; eTerywhere a noble sound aa of the free winds
iMd laafy woods. The sunniest glow of life dwells in that soul
chaqoerad only with dark streaks from night and Hades ;
everywhere one feels as if all were filled with yellow glowing
sunlight. Some glorious gohlen vapour, from which form after
form bodies itself ; naturally golden forms. In one word, there
aeemi to ba a nota of the eternal melodies in this man for which
lai all otliar man be tlunkful and joyful :

Who would imagine that this eloquent rha]>sody
raine from one who, with exception made in favour of
Kcajieare, and, ]ierhap8, Bums, had almost as grave
<:<.iilpt* of the value of poets and poetry as he had
of romance in general and of Fcott's achievements
f'-rcin in ' " Cnrlyle was dih-

] ''1 f>tr''t p gloomy a view of

• mai (uture in the event of his

I. „ ^ ; 'iae provision for the temporal future

of «> admired a poet. Of Tennyson's intercourse with

Rogers we get a very pleasant picture, and one which
should lieneficently correct the forbidding outlines in
which that once famous figure luis been too often pre-
sented to the world. And tragi-coinic as it is — nay,
|)erhaps more tragic than comic when one looks at
the empty niche where the old man in imagination
saw his statue — one could ill spare either the follow-
ing nnecdote or the trenchant comment u[>on it of its
contributor, the late Mr. IxK'ker I^iiuiipson : —

" He liked mc," Tennyson »aid, *' and thought that per-
haps I mi^ht bo the coming ])oet, and might holp to hand his
name down to future ages. One day wo wore walking arm-in-arm
and I spoke of what is called Immortality, and remarked how few
writers could ho sure of it. Upon this Rogers 8<]uei'7.t>d my arm
and said ' 1 am sore of it.' Tennyson was fond of Kogors and
told me this with no iinamiublo intention, but, on the contrary,
in all kindliness and good fnith."

" Most iKwts," adds Mr. lyocker Ivimpson with pun-
gently satirical effect, " have felt at times as Kogers felt on
this occasion but with this difference, that they had not
an Immortal's arm to squeeze."

We must now, however, take leave of these interest-
ing volumes, in which there is only one thing that we
miss : a fuller study of that mystical side of Tennyson's
nature and his ])0wer — a jjower exceptionally marked, no
doubt, in Lis case, though common to all minds which are
at once jKJwerfully imaginative and profoundly meditative
(not itself, however, a very conuiion condiination) — of
attaining to that sort of trance-like condition which Pro-
fessor Tyndall in his extremely interesting contribution
to the memoir describes as " an apiKirent isolation of th(^
spirit from the body." Mr. Myers prefaces his letter of
reminiscences by recalling the biographer's request to hin»
to approach his subject " not from the side of Plotinu*
but from the side of Virgil"; in conformity with which
instruction Mr. Myers supplies three or four most fa.scinat-
ing pages of critical disquisition on Tennyson's relation to
the immortal poet whom he has immortally celebrated.
Thus from the side of Virgil he has been admirably-
studied ; but we should have liked a study of him from
the aide of Plotinus too. Perhaps .some day we may get it.

William Morris : His Art, his Writings, and his Public
Life. A record by Aymer Vallance. UxTjin. 4-l5pp.
London, 1807. BeU. 25/-

As little more than a year has jMissed since William
Slorris's death, it would be 8urj)rising if a comjjlete bio-
graphical account of him were already in print. Mr.
Aymer Vallance, the author of this large and sumptuous
work, is careful to point out in his preface the limited
nature of his undertaking. The book " makes no claim to
be a biograj)hy or a record of Mr. Morris's private and
family affairs," and Mr. Vallance, not being asked or
authorized to write a biography, submits that, with a few
trifling excejjtions, he has not introduced into the book
any jHrsonal details that are not by this time i)ublie pro-
perty. For our own i)art, so far fn m finding fault with
Mr. Vallance for abstaining from unauthorized biography,
we commend bis good taste, and are content to take the
work for what it is — namely, as an enlargement of his
" Art of William Morris," which was published eariier in
the] -IT. From I'iglit chapters the book has grown to

15; I or has availed himself of certain suggestions,

corrections, and further facilities ; and, while expanding
and completing his record of Morris's work in all direc-
tions, has in particular added a chapter on Morris's con-

October 30, 1897.]

LITEIUTURE.

nexion with the Hocialint movement. '1
as fur BH Morris'H ]irivutf life is coiu'criif*!, in u woithy
iiKinoriHl of ft j^rt'iit Bitint, and of liiri labourti, nUnyt
honest and sincere, for the ])ul))ie N-iieht. The CliiHW i«k
Press has jirinted the hook, and the uiMxh-uts and tlic
hirj^er rf)inKhictions of tajwstry, wall-)m]HT, tili-s, and tlu-
like would Imve commanded the u]>{)roval of .MurriM him-
self.

Mr. Vallance's hest chapten* are those in wliieh he
descrihes Morris's achievements as an artist and a crafts-
man, " a maker," as he called himself, " of would-be
])n'tty things." The chapters on Morris's writin-.' ' -

valuable. It is (juite possible that tiie " luiithlv I
and some of tiie other jxiems may lon;^ on'
fame us an artist, which nniy conceivably ci'
nu)ment in some revolution of public taste. The jKK'ms,
doubtless, will live ; but there is no need at i)rescnt for a
vindication of their merits, and one is rather dis|)osed to
resent Mr. Vallance's lonf; explanations and exjM)sitions.
It is a matter on wliicii almost every reader will
})refer to form his own opinion. A critic usually fails
alike inconunandingand in prohiintiiif; one's adminition of
poetry. It is an amazing thing, however, that Morris
should have fotmd time, in his crowded and many-sided
life, to write either so wt-ll or so nuich. And to his jKH'try
he ailded the work of writing many articles and addresses,
and the most active support of the So<'icty for the Protec-
tion of Ancient Huildings, and the Arts and Crafts Kxhibi-
tion Society, to say nothing of all that he wrote and did on
Ix'half of the Socialist movement. If we say no more of
his poetrvjit is not because we think it the least important
jMirt of his woik, i)ut because Mr. \'allance's remarks
upon it have less value than the rest of his book. It
is more to tiie purjxise to notice that Mr. ^'allance
makes a point of ]iutting Morris's Socialism in a proper
light. Wl'.en ^lorris died, his biographers in the Press
dill their best to keep his jtolitical opinions in the back-
ground. They slurred theju over, ajwlogized for them,
sjioke of tiiem as the aberration of genius, and had<' t!ie
jiublic veineinbcr nitlier his poems or his wall-paj)er.
Morris himself took a very different view, and, when the
plan of Mr. \'allance's book was proposed to him, particu-
larly desired that due prominence should be given to his
jwlitical and social jirinciples, which were, in his mind,
closely associated with his art itself. He regarded him-
self as an artist, a craftsman, a " common fellow," whose
duty it was to lead other " common fellows," if he could
do so. Mr. Vallance reconunends those who cannot trust
themselves not to take offence to skip this chapter, and
then bravely faces the task of describing Morris's energetic
and unassuming work with various Socialist societies and
leagues that seem to have been in a state of chronic schism
and dissension, ^^'e will not i)ursue the story in detail, or
show how these unlucky theories Iwl to Tnifalgar-s<|uare
and the police-court. But in justice to Morris, and in
order to nntke his position clear, it must be stated d<>fi-
nitely that his Socialism arose from his views of the
functions of art. and of the true rights and duties of the
workman, and that it originated in no vulgar envy of the
ricli, and, least of all, from any seltisti motive. It was
simply one of the defects of his qualities. He may six-ak
for himself : —

What I mean by Socialism is a coniHtion of society in which
thoro shouhl bo neither rich nor poor, iioither niastoriior master's
man, noithor iiUo nor overworked, neither brain-sick brain-
workers ni>r hoart-sick hand-workers : in a word, in wliioh all
men would be living in equality of condition, and would manage
their affairs unwastcfully, and with the full conscicusness that

d tl.

virion cBino

iL "M ill I

ion of .1

harm t

the moaniu^ >•( tl.u *

.Ml thiM is \i ,
from geneniUH innliuctK. '1
vulgarity of the rich, the j!'
in daily life, in iihort. a
imluri

II .. .
book is not an nnaiysis ot

of work done. For all hi.

jiractical a man n» ever liied ; a vi
artist, and ' " jualled in art: '
no ••nrlv • of HftiKlic

a» is also his wundertul Keii-house at H<-xley 11'

furnishing ami decoration of wl !• ■' m- him an

for the exercise of his taste nn<! :v. A lii'

came the . ' '' ' '' ' mm ii.;/

tin- revolt nrt of

ni d mull can (-hl<

r> v : the fashions of i i

work, the bead-mats, the glass-shades, the wax fl«>w«rs. tin*

gilt stucco, and the rest ; nor would r.

willingly go back to them : but as loi

accord with the titness of til'

so decorated, it needed not

artist, to point out a more excellent way. it wa*

after a meeting of Morris and his friencli', that ! . ...

premises were taken at No. 8, Red Lion-sijuare. Tl.e

original memliers of the firm of .Morri.<, V ' "

Faidkner, and Co. were : — William Morris ; Fori

Hrown ; Dante (iabriel Hossetti ; K<iuard l',uni<-.I..i,. - ;

Arthur Hughes ; Philip Webb, archit«'ct ; Peter Paid

Marshall, surveyor and engineer ; and Charles .losejih

Faulkner, an Oxford don. As Kossetti said, the firm had

no idea of commercial success, bat it succeeded in their

own des|iite. Of course, there were difiicullies

trade jealousy to lie comhnte*] and nrti-tie v

to l)e secured ; but the vei;'

and one of the Exhibition ji.

mendation of the work exhibited. They d< r as-

" in th<- '♦' ' of the Middle Ages," and as " s,i>,-,..v..,iy to

thear> t from the exactness of the imitation." The

aecoinit ol the ' " " : - . •

work is a." full :

stained glass windows ironi designs by Sir K. 1

the reproductions of which are among the U;

things in the book. But the firm aimed at success in
many kinds of art. For instance, when tiles were wanted
at the Ked-house, no hand-jiainted tiles were made in thi.*
country. Mom's, therefore, ])rrH '
Holland, and liegan a series of p

at last he obtained the desire<l results. The famous wali-
pajiers, the designs for which have been, with few excep-
tions, drawn by Monis himself, are well depcribed and
illustrated. The jMipers, however, were never actnally
manufactured in the works of Morris's own tirni. but in
those of Mess;
difficulties. A:

was that of tajiestry making, which demands less technical
skill than artistic excellence. This was in 1878. He set
up a hand-loom in his bed-room at Kelmscott-house, Ham-
mersmith, and. following the directions of an oM Kremli
book, jiractised weaving every day until he Imd 1 econie
jiroficient. The new industry was attempted at Merton
first in 1881, in which year the firm set up their
works in that place. Sir E. Bume-Joncs was almost

LITERATURE.

[October 30, 1897.

invnrinWv
11

ST.;
to
m:
dt>5«ipns fur

{jiMi' in f :

thr (\c>]znCT.

I'"rt>ia
iqnaro. 1

nnd it is to him that Exeter

-hull owe tlii'ir most iini>ort-
'4ln.<8, tiles, nor taja'stry
Whenever it seemed
art, lie lennied it ; nothing
' the production of stiitahli'
1. and his attention was
;iifj, oarpet-makinj:^, print-
The periodical exhibitions of the Arts
' the general imjirovement of the
lo the wide influence of ids work,
fimi removed to (Jneen-
A nwms in Oxfiml-street,
mild in 1S81 they transferred their works to Merton, in
Surrey. Mr. Vallance quotes the following account of
them from a Frenchman, M. Gabriel ^lourey : —

«}iopii of Morton Abb«y stand in an imineiiso
iel 08 and charming Bccnory. Workshops ilid 1

■ly T It it Ml ii^ly wonl thut conjuros up visions of grimy
•moko, croaLing macliincry, and bodily toil. No, there is
sothtiig of all that. It is a sort of large farmhou'o built on one
tut>T, surroumlod by foliago and greenery, close by the bank of
s MDaall stream, the Wandle, which winds in and out with happy,
joyous 1 .Such is the workshop of Morton Abl>ey.

Hoihin^- ietiiro.1 there except by hand. No inacbine-

{inirer is :.v '•t'^am or electric, bat iroploinents of the

•imj'»«t '-o' 'h»» most primitive in kind, the old tools,

til' or live centuries ago. The predomi-

nair. isnn is allowed almost perfect liberty

of t»t«at an't imagination in the development of his work. This
i* ^ji..><-ii!llv the case in the tapestry and glass-work studios,
wh '-it exquisite nmrvols of art are turned out. The

wci "S ]iart in the work, becomes artist, and imparts his

•w: ;ly to the thing created, of which a rough plan has

i»9t Le ]) by the master. The hand press is used . . .

or t)'* V. rrotoiino irork is done directly with the band.

Th ^si stiffness peculiar to the work

)>( I r, it eTieonragos the workman to

take a more j>en<onal intorvst in his labour.
Tlii.-i striking description does not appear to l>e over-
drawn. .Morris's view of work was that it was " right nnd
ne< " ' II sliould have plea.«ant work that

wn r conditions involving no over-

taligiie. lie si it the product ion of works of art

was i)os8ible in i... nor — iierhaps that they could be

produced in no other manner ; but he failed to nee that no
SfKi tlist FVfttem could render his counsel of jx-rfection
3i>|.!i -ihle to iinskilletl lahour. However, nothing wjis
Hii 'eristic of the man himself than these works

at " ;

Mr. \ a!lanef> writes j)leasantly of Kelmscott-nmnor,
Morrio's c^juntry home on the upjier Thames from 1871 to
the diy of his death. Kossctti discovered the jilace, and

]>aint<'d there; Morris himself

'''.■"•. He was Iiuried in Kelmscott

• e its name to K<'linscott-

, in January, 1891, Jlorris

f*t irnous printing-presa. He held that " the

ojil_) . .;. 1 .-.it which sur|»asse« a complete medieval

book is n roniiilcte mwlifval building'." and, the latter

wot' Mo attempt the

fbn '• tlioriiughness.

N<i I I. no details were negleot«'d, nothing

wak i. .> ..... ... u. .; could contribute to tlie excellence of

the work. It waR not the work of his life, but only of a
tnryear ' ' tnily artistic than those

from M' I. Tiiere really scj-med

to I <r art iu uhich lie could not, if he chose,

History of the Oommonwealth and Protectorate,
1649-1660. Hy Samuel Rawson Gardiner. Vol. II.—
l(i,'>l-l(i.M. lixtUii., iVKipp. lyiiuloii, IM)T. Longraana. 21/-

Mr. Gardiner's latest contribution to the history of
England in the seventi'enth century has a special interest
of its own. It deals with tlie history of the Common-
wealth from 1G51 to 1G54, and, what is more, it subjects
Cromwcirs policy to a searching analysis, the results of
which must be as gratifying to the historical student as
they will be surprising to the Protector's admirers.

Between the stem religious enthusiasm of the
Puritans and tlie new Commercialism Cromwell stood forth
as a mediator. No one couM accuse him of want of zeal
for religion or for swial reform ; but on the other hand
he realized, like Chatham, that maritime power was a
necessary condition of commerce. " It is mainly," writes
Mr. Gardiner, "this combination of interests which has
raised Cromwell to the jiosition of the national hero
of the nineteenth century." Still he .was no Heaven-
bom Minister of Foreign Aflfairs. He entirely mis-
understood the signiticance of the Treaties of West-
phalia, and persisted in believing in the continutxl
existence of a European cons[)iracy against Protestantism.
The jK^riod of religious wars was closed, but Cromwell's
mind still worked on the lines of the Elizabethan period.
This ignorance of the drift of Continental feeling proved a
very serious stumbling-block in his jwth during the
greater imrt of his later career, and explains much of the
ajiparent vacillation noticealile in his foreign jxilicy.

The years 1U52, IGS.^. and 1G54 constitute a very
important period in the history of the Commonwealth.
Presbyterianism had, indeed, jiroved a failure in England,
but the disorganization of the English Church remained,
and the statesmen of the time were imable to attempt the
task of establishing religious liberty. As early as 1G51
Cromwell had become impatient of the existing system
of governments, and showed a distinct leaning towards
constitutional Alonareliy. In the same year Hobbes's
" Leviathan " ajipeared, and political thought ranged itself
definitely in ant-igonism to the mi.sgovemment of the
liOng Parliament. The dissolution of" this famous
As.scmbly in 105.1 was followed a few months later by the
meeting of the Nominated -Parliament, which soon di.i-
tinguished itself by the violence of its actions. This
Parliament occupies, to quote .Mr.Gardinei'. "a noteworthy
place in the historical'jlevelopment of England. Its mere
exi.ftence, irrespective of the good or, evil it may have
essayed to do. exhibits the high-water mark of Puritanism
in Chnrch nnd .^tate." The tide indo-d had been rifing
ever since the meeting ofvt!ie Long Parliament. By the
" Insti-ument of (iovernment " Cromwell was installed as
Protector, and Puritanism pwrned secure as long as he
was at the head of affairs. The framers of this new Con-
.'^titution aimed not only at setting »1> a bulwark against
the desiwti-ni of a single House, • but also at i)reser\ing
the pre<iominaiKe of Piiiitanism. Vet Sieves him.-elf when
nttemjiting to subject Honap,Trte to the control of various
Ixxlies hy his elaliorate C-onstitution of 1799 was not
more manifestly building on saud than were these
earnest Puritans.

In 16.5.T the tide in respect to Puritanism and to con-
stitutionali.sm had l>egim to turn. The system ofproji-
jn'ng up Puritanism by exjielliiig all who <li«-ngreed with it,
and by setting aside the prineijile of «'lectio'i to Parlia-
nii'nt by the constituencies, could not lie continued inde-
finitely. It wax not likely that men of th • world wouM
allow Puritanism to dictate to them its law<. It was certain
tliat Cromwell would not let his Puritan z\il blimrjiimto

October 30, 1897.]

LITKRATURE.

other conHiderntiona, politicAl or miimlnno. Thn var
1654 found (VotiiwoU ofciipiwl in tli'
of emU'iivourin^; to get up n conHtu
in tlio i>lat;o of the one \w and othcrn tiail ii«>iitn)y«tl.
The statesmen of the t'oniinonwealth, however, liiul
not only to deal with eonMtitutionnI inuttem ; they had
to provide for war ns well as for jK'tici'. " 'I
eoniplcte tlie jircdoniinance of Kn<{liiiul in
Isles, and, as if this were a lifjlit task, they had
involved the nation in a niarititne stniuj^li' with i
naval power in the world." The work of snhjnfjating Ire-
land, Seotland, and the colonies diirinf» th(-se years went
on simultaneously with a Dutch war, and with ne;;otia-
tions for an alliance with either France or S|>iiin. Of the
volume hcfore us, the most important is)rlion is that which
traces the forei<,'n jKilicy of ('romwcll. In his lectures
delivered last year at Oxford, and publishe<l under the
title of " C^ouiwell's Place in History," Mr. (Jardiner
indicated Clie nature of tlie conclusions now laid iH-foreus.

In the story of the first Dutch war. .Mr. (iardiner has
differed in many imjwrtant resjM'cts from the accoiuits of
])revious writers. We think, however, that his deductions
will he pretty generally aecej)ted. for they enilxtdy the
results of very careful investigations. The struggle
between the two Protestant maritime rivals will always be
read with interest. In spite of the magnificent seaman-
ship of Tromj), the Dutch could not contend successfully
against the overwhelming geographical advantages enjoyed
by Kngland. It was extremely difficult for the Dutch
admirals to fight with any hope of success when hamiK-red
by a convoy. And yet the Dutch dejKjnded for their very
subsistence upon commerce ; and so it remained the first
duty of their admirals to defend their conmierce. After
Tromp's death and Monk's victory of the Texel on July
SI, 1G53, CromweU's desire for i)eace was strengthened, and
one of his confidants — prolMil)ly Cornelius Vennuyden —
carried to Holland what Mr. Gardiner deseril)e8 as " the
most astonishing jtrojiosal ever made by an Englishman
to the Minister of a foreign State."

This proposal included an offensive and defensive
alliance between England and Holland, which was to In-
joined by Denmark, Sweden, and such of the (n>rman
States as were Protestants, and even by P'rnnce if she
conceded to her people liberty of conscience. The arrange-
ment lietween Najioleon and Alexander I. at Tilsit
])ales before the second jwrtion of the jn-oposal, accord-
ing to which the Globe was to be pnictically dividcif
between England and the United I'rovinces. A war
against both Sl>ain and Portugal wa.s undoubtedly
contemplated, and missionaries were to be sent to all
jieojiles willing to receive them. Ii>teresting as the plan
is, tlie mixture of jn^rsonal and religions aims, acceptable
as they would have bt-en to Elizabethan statesmen and
atlventurers, renders it un])al:itable to later generatiims.
To the Dutch, suffering from their defeats by England and
enjoying the benefits of peace with Spain, it seemed
]>;>culiaily ill-timed to enter into an unprovoked quarrel
with all those Catholic States which supiMirti»d the Incpii-
sition. Nor, indeed, was Cromwell himself more decided
upon a clearly defined policy.

In July, lGo3, he certainly entertained the idea of a
war with Spain, but, in the autumn of the same year,
anxiety on behalf of the French Protestants led him to
hoiie and intrigue for S|ianif.ii aid against Mazarin in
(ruienne. Mr.Gariliner's explanutioii of these extraordinary
fluctuations is ns follows : — •• It was not levity that was at
the root of this revulsion of feeling inCromwell's mind but
sheer inability to formulate a consistent foreign jiolicy

vAtild find mom far mn ei

to Ix' the entire ol iiiid up
( )ctol M-r, 1 6.53, to J uly , 1 0.' ' •
France and Sfiain. An

stand nioof from the wiir racing
Sixiinnnd to rest njioti an n'"- —
States. Mnzarin's diplomacy

Eii.

thai, :

shipa continued to<

purposes of trade, I pto m,

closes, Crumwrll's fiireiL'n ]>•

mri'

the

S|iain. What had held liim back wn

French I'rotestants, but as s ■•" - '

that all danger to them wiui i:

self to war with Sjiain as being an aiuick uii t

the Iiiipiisition.

Cromwell h:-
religion. I^ater -
favour because they see in
the jirolonged effort by whicii i.
the Seas wa-i built ujt." In the
pre-
of 1
the Puritan spirit nnii

has now given the first ,

If the Kestoration i« to be rej^rded
change of the form- ' * ' •

mode of thought air
said that the spirit of tl>-
a hnlgment within the 1
with these words that >lr. Ga

and, while they are a suinma;

the preceding jages, they give an iuii

may exjiect in a continu * ' '

historical students will

addition to our '

one more to the

marvellous industry and unerring historical insight.

'li
I

••r
'V

le I'uiH- and

•!i
..f
.1

The Diary of Master William SI'"""" • ^ ^

Sliakexjx'an' ami of Kliuk)N-t)mn S|M>rt. 1

Madden, Vire-('hnnr,l! ' •' \ •■■'■•- ... .

3sn p|>. liondon, 1SD7. Longmans. Idy

This is a pleasant and valuable lx>ok. Sli
versatility has tempted men of many sorts n- ••
to argue that he w.-us an expert in some i
n?ss. An Amer! ' i

evidence that b^ •■>

circulation of the blood. Ia>;
Shakesix-are's legal aajuiremeir .
lawyer now draws attention to his skill in run
famous head of a famous college is derisively s..ii
wondered "why gentlemen could not hunt in (!;•
vacation," but Mr. Justice Ma'
who love to sleep between ti
done this where alone it can be done, that is witii tiie

LITERATURE.

[October 30, 1897,

Devon and Somearsei staf^hounds. He has obsened that
theni''" ' ' "'i tiiat jKU'k do not much diffor from

thow 1 noe, and that the " NobK* Arte

of ^ ' in 1575, is still cited a.s an

au: ; .ii>w it. Sliakosj)ean* was con-

stanUy in his mind, and he thinks tliat where the authen-
ticity of a play or |vissa^ is in question sport fre()uently
prondes a key. Where a genuine knowledfje of horses or
of woodenvfl is .••liown, then he holds that the ])oint is
more than half provetl, and that a term wrongly ustxl is
fatal.

AtMolut* OMiainty in Sh»kaspoarian criticism is attainable
only in r»gard to matters of renery and hnrsoinaiishi)). Shake-
•paar* would as soon write of roiuing a fox as of starting a

This book is described by the real author as the

Diarr of William Silence, who records his exjiorionces,
kr.d vth" tivally collects certain not«B. tho loss of which loiuloavour
til a chapter entitled " Tha Horse in Shakespoaro."

Kv' ' of the horse who is a student of Shakespeare

mnst hare been struck by the number and apjiropriatencss of his
references to horses and to horsemanship : and I found that some
puaagee which once seemed obscure became clear, and that
others gained a new significance, in the light of such knowlwlgo
of the old-world phraseology of the manage as may be acquired
from tho copious souroes of information set forth in a note
entitled " The Book of Sport."

The chase of the nnl deer is first taken in hand, the
honnds being " of necessity Master Kobert Shallow's," and
the scene is transferred from Exmoor to Gloucestershire
and the Cotswolds. The hunt occupies four chapters,
plentifully garnished with a])i)0site passages from Shakes-
])eare. Six chapters are devoted to the sayings and doings
of country sjwrtsmen when not ac-tually engaged in pur-
soing anj-thing. The kennels are visited, and we learn
that " the old Exmoor staghounds, the last survivors of
the Southern hound," were sold to a German baron in
1*-: " • they have been succeeded by what areprac-

ti' \-liounds. They have lost much of the fine

m i in the " Midsummer Night's Dream " by

Ti j.-!^' jjack were

Matched in mouth like bells
Each nnder each.

On the other hand, they are not so " slow in pursuit,"
and we an' told tliat —

The philosophic stag-hunter, dismounting after a twenty-
mile gallop acroas Exmoor from Yard's Down, may reflect that
ThMeos' hounds, tuneable as wa« their cry, could no more have
«?eoantad for tho four-year-old gallo(H!r set up at Watorsmoet
than a pa<'k of beagles ootdd kill a fox in Loicestc-rsliire, and
that neitlior to honnds nor to men lias the grace of absolute per-
fection be«:n vonclisafod.

In describing country bum{tkins the author does not
forsret to put them sometimes alongside of peoi)ie who
hi! .and cities. The distinction is well inarke<l

it; I'-rs of Slender and Kenton. Mr. Ju.stice

M of <ipinion that SliakesjK'are did not at first in-

ti;. - jw for a caricature of Sir Thomas Lucy, but that

he did " at some time of his life intend this identifica-
tion." In Henry IV., and in the early rpmrto of the
Merry Wiiv» of Wintiiior, Shallow is still the Cilouces-
t' a somewhat ])r()l)h'matical

V' ' e<lition of the latt^T jday

that he i" merged in the [>om])OUK knight, who knew the
ways of t 'ourts, and who had Ix-en the host of Queen Kliza-
heth. Tlie deer-stealing story is discredited altogether,
though it was early accepted at Stratford, " where Shake-
Dpeare's taxtca and habits made it seem likely to the

townsfolk that he might have got into trouble by loving
sjwrt not wi.sely, but too well." Exact \mmf is im])Ossible,
but .Mr. Sidney I>ee has lately examined the evidence,
and is not indineil to flout llie received triulition.

There are chapters on hawks and hawking, which has
its votaries in England still, but which can never again
become general. Enclosures make the pursuit ditticult,
neither herons nor falcons are easily to be had, and sliort-
wingtnl hawks cannot coin])ete with breecliloatlers. Fal-
conry had a whole language of its own, uj)on wliidi the
author de.scants copiously, " I am," says Ifandet, " but
mad north-north-west ; when the wind is .southerly I know
a hawk from a handsaw," Upon this Mr, Justice Madden
remarks : —

The heron was also called lieronsliaw (horonsewe in Chau-
cer's •' S(]uier'8 Tale," and herounsow in John Rassull's " lloke
of Nurture," circ. 14o0), easily corrupted into handsaw. Shake-
speare does not hesitate to put into tho mouths of his characters
vulgar corruptions of ordinary language current in the stable
or in the field. Thus Lord Sands talks of springhalt (stringlialt),
and iiiondoUo of fashions (farcy) and fives (vivcs). In the
edition of Hamlet by Mr. C'larko and Mr. Aldia Wright we
find tho suggestion that tho north-westerly wind would carry
the hawk and the handsaw between tho falconer and tlio sun,
with the consequence that they would 1 e indistinctly seen,
while it would bo easy to tell tho dilTerence between them when
the wind was southerly. I believe this to bo the origin of the
saying. It was probably a common <.no in Shakespeare's time,
which naturally fell out of use with tho i)ractice of falconry.
In aid of this suggosti >n 1 may add that, in on article on " Fal-
conry in the British Isles " in tho Quartrrly /Jcricir (1876), an
account of a flight at tho heron is quoted from an old French
writer, who describes tho neronshaw as mounting directly
towards the sun, pour .<« courrier de la clartK The soothsayer in
Cymbeline (iv. 2, 350) notes as a portoiit that Jove's bird,
the Roman eagle, "vanished in tho sunbeams." This annoy-
ance must have occurred constantly on a bright morning with a
strong north-north-westerly wind. The angler who, under
similar conditions, in order to have the wind in his favour,
fishes with the glare of the sun in his eyes, can synipatliizo
with Hamlet when he describes himself as " mod, north-north-
west." When tho wind is southerly he can tell a r'.ss fiom a
ripple.

liOvers of the horse will find much to interest them in
this volume, both as to breeding, training, and using the
noble animal. Shakespeare may or may not have held
horses at the play-house d(K)r, but he certainly understood
them, and the language of the stable and the riding school
was familiar to him. He alludes more than once to racing,
but without showing any afTection for it, " It occupies
the uniijue position of a sjwrt recognized by Hacoii and
ignored by Shakespeare ; so let it pass." For fi^ihing,
at least of the more legitimate kind, he seems to have had
but little ta.ste, and Walton, who IovchI poets, does not
mention his name. The author adduces evidence to prove,
and it is plea.sant to believe, that Shakesp<'are did not
care for bear-baiting or such like barbarous amusements.

The Diary is followed by a critical appendix, which
raises many interesting rjuestions, but only one of these
need be noticed here, " Whenever," says the author, " a
knowleiige of the incidents or the terminology of Eliza-
bethan n\x)Tt suggested a dejtartnre from the text of the
" Glol)e ShakesjM»are," which I have generally adoptetl, I
have noted the variance. The consecjuence has uniformly
been to restore the reading of the Folio of 1G23."
We are, therefore, called u|K)n to lj<'lieve that that is the true
original, and that the Quartos ought to be rejected when-
ever tlu-y clifTer from it. Mr. .Justice Madden agrees that
the Cambridge edition is the best, but lie joins issue,-

October 30, 189

7.J

UTKKATURE.

ncvt'rthclcsii, witli tho editor, who lnul " Koriicu lifro n-iul.
or lu'iirtl (I MU>;j;fntion thiit tlie t«?xt of the First I'olii'
oiijjlit to be tiikcn a« a buHis for a critical edition «>t
Sliaki*s))enre," but who found that, "in f " litv

of caHfs whore a jin-vious Quarto <■xi^I . mid

not tlic Folio is our l)<'!*t authority." luich
jiiussafjt" must no (loiil)t Ik- considi-nti hi']>arat»"lv, :<
not likely Mint universal a;,'reenient will ever 1.K' attain(*(|,
but the author's ph-a for the editors of the First Folio
will not hv readily afeejited. He tells us that if HeniinK«'
and Condell exii^'fj<'nited the iinjwirtance of their own
work they must lie regarded as eonsjiinitors, and that \i*-ii
Jonson and Leonard I)it,';;es nuist have been of tin
))lot. It is true that Jonson and l)if;gP8 and Huj{li
Jlolland inelixed verses to the First Folio, hut they
arc in praise of the poet and not of his executors.
Jonson says a great deal about Martin Droeshout's
success, but nothini^ about the s)K-eial text which
his portrait illustrates. It would be as reasonable to
claim Milton's authority for the Second Folio merely
on account of the famous lives therein printed. In any
case the lG2o Folio was the first ottempt at a collectMl
edition, and that was quite enough to cause rejoicing
among men of letters. It was not a complete edition of
Shakespeare's works, but it made the first long step
towards one, which suflHces to account for its fame and for
the enonnous jtrice which a copy commands in the market.
As an almost exhaustive treatise on Shakesperian sjiort,
this book may be safely recommended to all who love the
jKH't and to all who love the country and its amusements.
There lu^e some suggestive wood-cuts.

Gleanings in Buddha Fields. Studies of Uaiul <nul
Siml in ihv Km- Kast. n> Lafcadio Heam. 71x.")in.. 21*1 pj).
London and Now York, 18U7. HaiT)er. &/•

This is a volume which should have been printed on
riee pajicr and clad in one of those dainty bindings which
the Japanese delight in, for it is not so much a Iwok about
Japan as the very emanation of Jaimn. It is little to say
that .Mr. Heam has " the feeling of Japan." and he
maligns himself when he asserts that that feeling cannot
Ik> communicated to Western minds. Though even his
metaphysical speculations are full of poetry and suggesti(m,
we may not always be able to follow him into the esoteric
world of Buddhist thought through which he sfmrs on the
fearless wings of enthusiastic conviction. But in the less
shadowy world of Jap;niese life, with its jierennial vouth
and hoary antiquity, its exuberant joyousness anil subtle
pathos, its robust vitality and delicate sense of beauty, we
cannot wish for a more appreciative and stimulating guide.
Wherever his fancy leads us through the highways and
byways of Ja])an, whether to Osjika, the great capital of
her mmlern industry, or to Kyoto, her city of ancient
t(Mnples ; whether into the counting-house of one of her
nu'rchant princes, or into the humble toyshop where he
tells us the Jajwinese secret of making pleasure the com-
monest instead of the costliest of exjK'riences ; whether
ijito the rustic spirit-chamber of a Shinto shrine, or into
the Imperial (larden of the Cavern of the tJenii, he in-
variably lifts for us a corner of the veil through which our
Western eyes are apt to jteer vainly at " a world of tra-
ditions, beliefs, siipiisiiticins, feelings, ideas." <.> f.-reign
to our own.

What can be more delightful than the opening
chapter, in which the smiple story of village life in any
one of the thousand hamlets of Jajuui is told, as it were,

through the mouth of the tut^-lar

:ill ttii- lillllibli' i<<^- 'rlut u.M'~, 'iliit 1..

Ill til'' 111!!, ^ii.in:'- 1 nv -mrii- i|iii,>< iii.'i ' ;;iui'iwiii
■rove f"

wiinid «hiir>«r all I

wiinid «luir>«r all

^ . ymn, I in.i i<.\i-.l J v

He m good ; ho nt triio ; tiut
of our lovo i» dnrk. Aid n«
tu that wu ^
barn "f my
ow

to m« :

l«i!.tV.

Iii..t Illllll .U.'l II

Mdthvrs would briiif* their childron to mj thrMbold, uxl tMrh

wn bolore the gn>at liriKht
II. ' ' Thm 1 thould b«ir tbu

i-mbcr that I, tb*

more dramatic

,,.-1 •' ,.;.;. ;.-

tiian

an
'ft.

tli''- • . :

ghost and god, hud been a {ath«r.

No cli
pothetic ti

" The Seven Seals " contain
the tale of Hamaguchi, " ,i ..
description of one of those tri
which now and ' '

for scores and '..

One autumn evening, more than n lui
ago, Hamaguchi, who was t!ic headman of
was watching from the balcony of his house the pn'jiara-
tions for a merry making in the village liolow, in u ' ' '
wa.«, alas I too old ami intirm to join. An enr-
came, not !i to frighten iu

that land of _ . but with "a ^. ow,

sjKingy motion . . . and Hamaguchi became aware
of something unusual in the offing. He rose to
his feet and lookeil at the sea. It had darkened
quite suddenly, and it wa.** acting sf: " T

to be moving against the wind. T'
away from the land." And not

what that monstrous ebb h':^ . 4 to

the beach, and even b«»yond the beach, to watch it. But

Hamaguchi knew its meaning. He calls to l- i«on

for a torch, and, hurrying into the tield where uer

crop lies piled up i ' ... j^^

kindles the Mm-<lrii i/e,

and the big Ih*II is set booming in the neighbouring
temple, and the jieople hasten liack in r>«i.,.'i,.. t,> f.w
double api>eal. They think he is mad.

" Kiia '. " shoiitmt the old man at the top of hia voicei putitt-
ing to the open. '• Say » ow if T 1«» mnd ! "

w at the
dirndl w-

Throuph tlip fwi
edpo iif tho dusky h<ir
ill. ' '

tl..
of
loi
Cou ..;..,..

JV Kl' !'• '^\,.rr,l\. r-V l.ii..

I. Uiwering like a clitT, and

'* rjiiiKirni .'" shrieked tho jiooplo ; and then all nhrieks and

ted by

all «..,.i,.Ia ni,.l .,11 i..,,vor to h.'
n^. ; thiin HI

»ln _ :l « I'l'llt

hilU, and with a io
Then for an instant 1

rushinp up the slojo like a liuud -, and ih
back in panic from tI:o mere menace of it.
again, tliey saw a white horror of sea r.
their homes. It drew back marine, anil
of tho Innd as it went. Tw
and ebl>e<l, but each time
to its «?•■■•■•• ' •■ 1 and stay.
On :u for a t

stared .-.;.. .,'.y at tho »......;. ,, .„.,<....

of harled rock and naked riren cliff, tho

-■i\ swell

iii-li tb.-

ed
of

tela

.Vll

, — ..„ , ,..;.Ot.s

bewilderment of

LITERATURE.

[October 30, 1897.

ai .
r<
D ..
tl

He, th>
the noorost
kuDiIrpd liv.

-><!• WT»ok and nhinj^lo shot over tho otni cy Bitu

•i't'ii>!e. Tho villain wa« not : tho great r j>art

ovon the ti'trvoa* had coasotl to oxiat ;

« that had boon almiit ttio lv\y (hore

•.'j>lilo cxcopt two -^

iftor-tvrror of th''

.■.ah, uuUl Lhu
tly,^

1 almost as poor as
i>ia h6 had saved four

.,.., ;„ .1,,

a
iu

hi:

■lnv" tlioro
and
A ay.

10 di<l not forgot their
t make him rich : nor

11 had it been {H>ssibl(>.
fd as an expression of

Is hull ; for they believed that

■lo. So they dei'laro<l him a god,

i Daimycois, thinking they

id truly no greater honor

iwn lo mortal man. And when they

;ilt a tomplo to the spirit of him, and

, . .VI . l„..iring his name in Chinese

him there, with prayer and

., ... ... it I cannot say : — I know

In-o in hi.s old tliatched houio upon

• ami his children's children, just as

as before, while his soul was being

in" bflow. A hundreil years and more he

'<■, they tell me, still stands, and

ghost of the good old fanner to

. trouble.

for one more quotation, and our
di nil extravagant evihaiTOS d/; richesses.

Br . . , ■•> liis ovm work the words in wliich he

describes the old-fa-'^hioned method of Japanese teaching,
the example we have chosen may serve to illustrate " a
metluHl which invests every form and every incident
«i tion."

f a little girl dissolves my reverie. She
i» ' ( brother how to make the Chinese

ct I Mnn with a big M. Then she trios

U> ' " on the baby memory by help of

a I \y learned at school. She breaks

• ^ . [111(1 manages to balance tho pieces

Mf- tho same angle as that made by tho

t» .. .i.i.ter. " Now see," sho says : " each

it.- of the other. Ono by itself cannot

•ta:.. . ji is like mn'ili'i.l 'W itli,>ut help ono

Wnon !iis world : bin '[> and giving

n«lp ' ' If nobody iy, all people

W' nd die." This explanation is not philologi-

es! a^ a mere item of moral information, it con-

t». all earthly religion, and the best part of all

*ai' A world-priestess she in, this dear little

maul, -.wUi ht.t dove's voice ftnd her innocent sospel of one
k>tt*r' ^ " ^

If ' " " ' - Ix'tween nations depend largely

on th- one another, we can only hojie

th • wiio is Lecturer on English Literature at

th' r Tokio, is as successful in imjKirting to

Ihi ajents a knowledge of the national life

«"'J' " ' 1 "r '• ' !• as he is in fnniili.irizing

Wei-ti-ru PM ; ,, w. of the subtler aspcct.s of
Jspanetie lif<-.

.ew Arnold, jukI their influence on
K»'> . Sir Joshua Fitch, fomuily H.M.

f napcK t4jr of lYaining Collofto*. 7jx5iin., 'IH jip. Uindon,
WW. Heinemann. 6 -

Arnold of Rugby. Uut 8<hool Life nn<l CnntributionH
lo f^ ' ' • I by J. J. Pindlay, F'rimipal of tho

O' Tniining College. "jxSjin.. xx. + 010 pp.

CVi University Press. 16;-

• lo of the Great l-^linator Series has a
vider »coi»e and one of more immediate practical interest

than any of the six previous nuinlx'rs of the series; for the
two names which apjiear on its title l«ige represent
the great educational movement of the Victorian era.
T' !•< .\ni()ld is unquestionably the greatest edii-
.1 figure of the reign, or, indetnl, of the cen-
tury. We see in him not only the great head master
inaugurating a new era in the teaching and the
discipline of Knglish ])ubiic schools, but a reformer
to who.'se enthusia.sm is largely due all the educational
advantages now offerwl so generously to the le.ss fortunate
classes of the community. lie bore a large jiart in the
beginnings of the l/>n(lon I'niversity ; to the principles he
insisted ujwn mtist be traced in great measure the move-
ment which resulted in the P^ducation Act of 1870 ; and
it is in strict acconlance with the gospel of humanity
which he was one of the first to preach that a new spirit of
brotherliood between classes has found definite expression,
and that sonietliing lias at last been done to spread among
the poor the blessings of knowledge and refinement.
Thomas Arnold was above all things an influence. Many
men have been lietter instructors than he was. Dean
Stanley, when asked if he taught the sixth form a great
deal in the course of his lessons, said, holding uj) a little
notebook he had in his hand at the moment, •' 1 could put
everything that Arnold ever taught me in tlie way of in-
struction into this little book." lie had little appreciation
of art or even of poetry. But, if he did not instil into his
pupils a great body of learning, he did inspire them with
much of his own enthusiasm for knowledge ; he made
them feel its dignity and its power, above all they learnt
its moral aspects, and its immediate be.vring on the higher
issues of life. We are glad to see that Sir Joshua Fitch
records a serious protest against the popular belief that
" Tom Brown's School Days " is to be taken as a picture of
Rugby under Arnold. As ^Matthew Arnold jwinted out to
him, it gives only one side, and tliat not the best side, of
Rugby school life or of Arnold's character. We trust
that Dean Stanley's Biography will live when Tom
Ifughes' romance is forgotten, and that " Tom Brown "
will not be quoted in future years

As illustrating tho low standard of civilization, the false
ideal of manlinoss, and thu deep-seated Indiirerencu to learning
for its own sake which cliaracterizod tho upper clodses of our
youth in tho early half of the nineteenth century.

Sir Joshua Fitch does not disguise his own rather
advanced views on higher education ; but, while they
enable him to criticize with insight some parts of Arnold's
educational meth<xl,they do not interfere with a singularly
complete and impartial estimate of it. If we may suggest
a criticism on work so atlmirably done by so high an
educational authority it is that, with so representative and
central a figure as Arnold for its subject, a somewhat
wider view might have been taken of his antecedents and
the general results of his work. Some mention, for
instance, might have been made of tlie original exjx'ri-
ment in school discipline made by Rowland Hill and his
brothers at their school near Birmingham — an experiment
wliich arouse<l an immense amount of interest both here
and abroad, and was jirobably not witliout its influence
upon the new rfiffime at Rugliy. It eonsistetl mainly in
jiutting the a<lministnition of law and justice
matters almost entirely into the hands of the
was an audacious scheme, but it went too far.
Hill's pupils said, "The thought le.s.sness, the spring, the
elation of <-hildhood were taken from us — we were jirema-
ture men." A very similar criticism was made with
regard to the Iwys turned out from Rugby. This kind of
moral precocity hardly sunived the days of Arnold. 1 low

in school
boys. It
As one of

October 30, 1897.

LITERATURE.

fnr, as ii mftttor of fact, his work difl livf aft<T him, how far
\u' lu-tnaWy reformed public sch<K)l life, i.s a (jueMtioii we
wotild ^'ladly have tteen Sir JoHhiia Fitch diitciiM n Iittl«
more fully. The Kugby Head Master wn.M not alone M a
reformer. Others, esjHfially H«!Wi'll of Hadlev and i^t.
("oluinba's, liavo greatly contributed to a hi
tion of a liberal education, and sociiil change-
toward.s a <jreater civilization in scIkk)! life ami a
better relation between nuwterH and boys, Tliero in
much, too, in the school life of to-day whicli ixiintx
to forgetfulness of the great lesiion taught by Arnold.
Some think that the love of knowledge is not the nlo^t
conspicuous featun* of our public s<hoo!s, and there
is certainly still much of unintelligent, uninspiring
gnunmar-grinding (piite out of harmony with tlio
Arnolilian spirit. Hut he unquestionably impressed not
only on the .schools, but on the nation, a new ideal of
education, and stimulated in every educational institution
in the country (to use the words of the Itishop of Here-
ford) '• tlie growth of public sjiirit, moral thought fulness,
and what we sum up as Christian character." This
is well brought out in Mr. Findlay's book, a book intendwl
for a more special class of read<>rs — to which the Bishop
of Hereford also contributes. There is not much original
matter in it besides the Bishop's brief but very interesting
intnxluction. It is a kind of •' Arnold Memorial," con-
tjiining extracts from Stanley's " Life," Sermons and Kssays
by Dr. Arnold on educational topics, and a notice of
the chief books bearing on Arnold and educational reform.
It is carefully done, and students ofeducation will certainly
find it a book worth jxissessing. Sir .loshu'v Kiteh's
chapters on Matthew ArnoUl gain great •
the fact that his life on its jtractical side.
can be gathered from Mr. tfeorge Kussell's collection of
his letters, has not been written, and that Sir .Joshua
Fitch is the one man now living who is most
capable of dealing with it. It may well be asked
why Matthew Arnold, who is knowni to the vast m.ijority
of readers only as a iKi(>t and a critic, who was never a
teacher by profession, who formulated no new educational
theory, who did not even believe very much in the kind
of school to which his father's energies were devoted, and
who performed with distaste, and from some points of
view not wholly with success, the educational task which
was the business of his life, shoukl be ranked as a great
Educator. But it is imjwssible not to recognize, after
reading Sir Joshua Fitch's exliaustive and judicial "ai)pre-
ciation," that he had considerable claim to the title. An
extren^ely interesting testimony to the indirect value of
his work as an Ins]x'ctor of Schools is here quotttl from
his assistant, ^Ir. Healing, who tells us how he insi>ired
the teachers, and how he stinuilatwl by his own enthusia.sm
for culture the whole life of the schools which he visited.
" His usefulness as an Insi)ector," says Mr. Healing, '* it
appears to me, lay very much in his success in bringing
some tincture of letters into the curriculum of the Ele-
mentary School.'' And he succeeded to some extent in
ins])iring, in the same way, the great Philistine imblic
outside the schools. He accepted the dictum of a foreign
reporter, who said, " L'Angleterre proprement dite est le
jMiys tl'Europe ou rinstruction ei>t le moins reimndue."
He preacluxl a crusade in favour of a more reasonable and
more liberal policyand of centralization onContinental lines
as against the rule of vestries and sectarian committees.
His knowledge of educational methods, both here and
abroad, was immense, and his authority is constantly
quoted in all educational controversies. The Keport of
the Koyal Commission on Secondary Instiniction, issued

tv,

ei .1!- . .

e^ , their width of view, '

tleu rnilliour, ar«" 'f.

He will po down i of

-"■ Fitch's book 'Ai: • to

ide of jK<-fiTi*v on

\t .or on I oo

till ....... .jittble im; . l"'

thought of Iiis own and f
work — we will not
that term an much

tl;

^\,- I _

and enlightened educational aygtem.

The Lords of Lara. La Leyenda de loa slet« la-
fttntes de Lara. P<>r D. Ram6n Meatodes PidaL 4 to.
xvi. U.S |.|>. MiMlriil, 1>4/T. DucazcaL

Tho logend which forms tho •abject of Rafior Mcn^ndcs

Piclkl's brilliant ttody it ono of tl;' * ' ' ■- ..i.li

atnry. Takun front an olil li«t m; tha

" < 'of Alfonno t

b\ >. P"n .liinn

abroviadn," smi

tion of ttio " r..:

Oonilo ' nzAlox " anil tho i"

of tho : .... ...:!i century. Tho ._ -•*•

seitod upon it and trrateil it to tuch omlurin^ < the

Cancionoroa of TinionotU, <-•■'' ! ft, and their i i»e

gomo thirty nomanfcj on t Its laUing ' ••

attcsUMl by tho fact that, . . .^

Hurtailo do Velarde, and '

boanU in tho golden age oi ; ■■;"

u»o<l in O'T rontiirv by tho Pip tV' • '

ill •

contra »a aangro " is utiil (;ivcn in

and wus seen at tho Teatro do la r'r :

in tho twenties. Tho vopue of t be

inferred from the 40 plates ongr. ., v ;iS*«

roaster, or the " Historia septem infantium do l..i.'.i," pab-
lisho'l at Antwerp in lAl'J.

Tho story is a strikin'.; ilhistration of tho ancient Caaidiaa
spirit. At tho w. " ' ' " ' .

thcru aro t>r<>soiit
Dofia S cr <«i liii>

last In . and. tn

Lambra'.t brother, A 1 /.. and <

youngest of tho Seven ' • Lara, ci.'

According to tho Castilian code, an affront r bride-

groom is accounted unpardonable, and Huy ... "•Tjotl

on by his wife, strikes his nephew. A shallow trti red

by the murder of one of T. ' ' - ' ' al

his mistress, has gn^islv 'lila

huntinif; near ItarKidillo.
under Lambra'it mantle, sr
their dripping Rwonl.s. In
arrives and vows to take sii

world —

Qnc Tinruln« t por n^crr
V
Dissimulating his wrn: _ =ori '- fJnr.ra!o duties

on nn embassy to his ally Al: i. with •

letter written in Arabic, purport. ..^ . .. : raloen.

The true contents are to this effect — Almanz'^r is aalced tn
behea<i the bearer and to send troops to KeKros when* Boy
Velazqucs undertakes to deliver his nephews i;,t<i the hand* of
Ualve, tho Emir's lieutenant- Alm.inzor, h'jwcvcr, sparaa his

LITERATURK.

[October 30, 1897.

'« Ur«. kiid a Moorish mAidsn— in Mtme rarsions Alman-
'T— growa anamoiirAd of Um eaptivo. Dstpito thn evil
oaieuA ilaaoonoad ) ~ '. thoir montnr, tho Svvcn LortU

inaiat oa foUovii uox, wh» lomU tlirni into an

•nbns^ada at Aim ' liiov ami their two liiindioi] voomoii

ftre alaia after mi: r.\\\'T\. Tliuir »«V( n HoiuIm nrt> st.'iit

to Ct^rJora to b* pin . a ahiwt and shown to Gonzalo

t.iT.'i - V ! .. f,.!'^ ;■ :on of tuorii. In pity at his

<:onulo O unties, who dopsrta,

.> II :i.-i<<-' liuii it i.ng to be ptesentod as a token

'. hi* son— «s yet nnb<irn. Impotent for action, the

' ' '. (jjy^ Bwiiitinp the day

19 half-Moorish son,

:> troop, and rctlrissoK

:»7. in Ringlo combat,

i iinlira alire. As a titinl touch, Mudarrs is

mes the idol of Doua Sanoha.

So. giTon in rough outline, does the cclobratad story reach
ns. Sr. tfen^ndos Pidal has undertaken to traca its historic
basis, and we nt:ty say at onco that he has acquitted himself with
rtn: tion. Buy Velilzquoz has hitherto ci>mm<'nly

bri ill a Leonps^ cf>i;nt of that name, in the scr\'ice

of licrmudo the Ciouty, tow.. id of the tenth century ;

but St. Alontfndez Pidal < ' aos, by a most convincing

argtimcnt, that this identification has no nSore solid reason to
support it than luis that which confuses Lambra with c>nc of the in-
numerable Flatnulas whose names recur in ancient Calician deeds
and eharter*. But it is by no m^ans imjmssiblo thut the tradi-
tion embodies fragments of distorttnl f.-ict. The sending of the
•iron heads to Cordova may bo cited as an instance, and the
GsWe of tradition— a Moor of that name figures in the " Poema
'<o identical with the historic Galib of Garci
The alliance between Alni<in7Jkr and Uuy
\'claxquez. typical of the quarrels between a great baron ond
hi* «t!/<r:iin- i~ :i variant of the relations existing between the
Kr. 1 and the Cid Campeador ; nhilo the episode

of txMK.ii . <.■...-!. v>z' amours, resulting in the birth of Miidarra,
is another version of the story of Oliver and Galeant in the
" Viaggio di Carlo Magno in Ispagna." In both cases we find
the same machinery— the half-ring whereby the father recognizes
the son whom he has never saen. Sr. Mcni^ndez Pidal dis-
cuseea the development of tl.e legend with great acutencss and
learning. Me successfully cmibats Mibl y Fontannls' belief
that no version of the Lara legend can be found between the
venerable eanUtr incorporated in Alfonso's " General Chronicle"
and tlw romanf't of the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries. The
lUmonstration is indeed triumphant, for :^r. Mcn-5ndez Pidal
produces the connecting link in tho form of a much more ela-
borate version which was discovorod by him in a fourteenth
rentury chronicle, and which contains an admirable laini-nt by
tho f.Ttb<»r o%-<T his son's rt-niains. Thi.s raisrs an imi><>rtant point
— nsm ' ivation of tl:e | ootic cmlxillishments found in

the lat' n. It is difficult to resist the conclusion that

"h^ro < raninr dating from the end of the tliir-

tl, ''

tl..

eiu. .. .

g of the fourteenth century. The second

titly, seized upon his prcdecosor's theme and

invention details and ornaments more in

[Hirary standards— as. for example, the

'V Mudorra against the Kmir of Scgtirs, who

\IVrst<-ni n-fulirs Sth his ol-scuro origin. And there is much

Jajjanr- Tmu^ndez Pidal's conjccturo, based on a

fho fisnvwn-ij)! " Estaria do los G(m1os,"

r even a fourth, rnn/(xr on the

•''- Id rnnfnr that we jHissess is

ltWiM>.Urf ul •i»*Ji.Ui« 4 del Old," the single shro.l of jetsam re-

•**" V of a mass of ancient song. CompoBe<l

•'7- 'iie " Chanson de Rrdand " and fifty

»<• ' '">■ -enlied," tho " Pocmadel Cid" isan

^■' t"»»Tr8Jnin,p„tire \^\y <,f vn„i,hed litoraturo.

■*^"'" — - *- f it, that this perfonnanro was

This volnme of the Orel's against the notion and the

wider txopc and one of more ifnioles testify to the existence

of submcr|;e<l masterpieces. From tho early romances, none of
which dutvH earlier than tho fifteenth century, no certain de-
ductions can bo drawn. The most thut oan bo safely said is that
they are the ililnit of older sonpi, freciiiently rotouchud and com-
pletely changed from thoir primitive foiin ; they owe tlieir lives
to the happy accident that their .^ouipurative brevity insured
their renieinbranco down to o time wl:cn ] rintinj; came to save
them from oblivion. And, even so, the overwhelming majority
of the songs in the Romanceros and Cancioncros is the work not
of popular "makers" but of courtly versifiers. Tho almost
complete extk-.ction of older trnditioiml rong is one of tho most
perplexing problems in tho history of 8pani>h litoraturo. Poiibt-
I'lss tho fact that the shorter rvDinnrcs and— later — tl.e thcntro
made use of tho more popular vir^ions of hiftoric iiml Icgerdary
incidents may paitially account for the disappearance of tho
earlier style ; and there is iv.iich fiTCO in t-'r. Mtni'ndei'. J'idal's
contention that the uixritical adoption of national l<'(.'eiKl» and
traditior.s by tho chronicles dealt a fatal blow to tho old fanlare*
and prevented tho prcMluction of later examples in thn camo
kind. But, be that as it may, there is grave reason to doubt if
Castilian was, in truth, as rich in eaily verse as it is conimrn to
suppose. The mere fact that the cl.ronicles were more to the
popular taste is of itself ovidenco that no man it genius hud
arisen to do for Spain wh:it the j(ti'ikiir.i had di.no for Fmnce.
The cajitttTi'H (If ffcit!a were a purely exotic growth, and it is
scarcely (doubtful that tho jw/Uir who sang tho exjdi its of the
Cid was, in many resitocts, a free imitator of tho model sot ond
fixed in thj " Chan.son de lloland." In other words Spain, liKo
the rest of Kuroj)e, till tho coming of Boccacio nnd Dante,
takes her themes and I'.or troatmeiit nf them from Fror.oh
examplars.

In the second part of his valuable appendix, Sr. Mcn<?ndoz
Pidal endeavours to reconijtrtiot the second last cantar upon the
octosyllabic verso-systom of tho rumavceji, and it is sini)>le justice
to say that ho has d-no his part with romaikablo success and
skill. Whether the ancient eatitairs followed any uniform system
of versification is a very doubtful matter ; in tho state of tho
text of tho '• Poema del Cid " as it survives no ingenuity can fit
the lines to one common measure. Morcuvcr, if, as the writer
somewhat im])rudcntly allows, the ancient chroniclers delibo-
rately wrote at times in assonant prrse, it is obvious that tho
hindrances in tho way of textual reconstruction ore considerable.
But, when all allowance is made, tiiero can \m no two opinions
concerning the importance of p'r. Meiiendez Pidal's treatipo. His
excellent method, his ingenuity, and his immense learning are
exemplary ; and his thoroughness is shown by the fact that ho
has been rnibled to add seven now roniojic^jt to the exhaiistivo
collectinn made by Agustfn Uuriin. One slip has occurred in u
quotation from Lope de Vega's " El baatordo Mudarra, " which

is given as

Ay (lulces prfn<la» parn mnl hBlladas.
Manifestly tho true reading should l.o " ]>ar mi mat halladat,"
the lino l)eiiig the opening of the tenth sonnet of (iarcilaso do la
Vega, who plainly had in mind tho lament of Dido.
Dulri'ii exuvii (luiii fats di-uniiuc siiicbaiit.
Sr. Meni'ndez Pidal's woik is, beyond all question, tho most
important that Spain has priKluccd in tho province of pure
criticism and snliohnrihip since tho publication of Mild y Koii-
tanal's copital volume, •' La poesfs heroico-popular castitUana."
Written with cleamesH, vigour, and rnre ])reci8ion, it abounds
with ingenious reasoning and |.ri.gnant suggestion, with abundant
new facts, with diM)overio8 which m.iy involve an entire recon-
sideration of the early chaptiTs of Kimnish literary hi»t( ry. It
is not too much to say that 8r. Meiu'n<lcz Pidal's study of the
Lara legend is worthy to rank beside M. Gaston Paris's " His-
toire po^tiijuo do Charlemagne."

Historj- of Intellectual Development, on the Linos of

M<xl<Tii KvoUitioii. By John Seattle Orozler, "Civilisui-

tion nnd Pr»>grfi«," &c. Vol. I. «vo., cloth, l.''i+r>:« jip.

London. 1HII7. Longmans. 14-

The " Intellectual Development " with which Mr. Crozier

I has set himself to deal is that of European civilisation. Hindoo

October 30, 1897. J

LITERATURE.

thought (moiitioiiiHl <>n thu titlo-iinK<<) in <liicuii«o<l oiiljr with •
view to ilotormiiiin^ whother it haii had or in iikoly to huvo my
})rofoun(l iTitliioiu'O on Kiir<>i>«ari tlioiight, thi-roiichmion huiriK that
it is aiul will remain (|iiito a aei'aratu ^rnwth. Judaiatn ii ilis-
ciimckI an preparatory to Christianity. 1'lius th« book haa a
unity not fully iiidicutoil in the titio ; fur certainly nothing
organic couM lio iiiailc of a iiiatory r>f intullcotual ilrvelopmunt
among mun in goueral without rofuruncn t<> aomo c < ' ' '>o-

mont. In explaining tho ^'enorsl nature of tho achi ho

has iH'giiQ til work out, Mr. (.'ror.ior roinnrka thnt tho muiii (|ui'ii-
tion which concoms u.s is " whothiT thoro is at hnml n I'lfficioiit
bmly of factK honrinj; on tho hi«ti>ry of int. ' .|>-

inent to justify thu attempt to ro<hicu thorn t >< uv*,

or to sctrvo as proof of the hulk atiit siilliciency of thvao
laws when found." Ho concludes, rightly as wo think, tliat
thero is. Tho niatorinl for historical work such as that attoniptMi
by Hegel, Comte, Uuckk>, and Mr. Hurhvrt Sponcor is
t>ecoming ever moro ahundant, and provisional gonuralizit-
tions of a minor kind uru constantly being addiMl. Xor
is Mr. Cro7.iur's own attempt altogether unsiiocessful. Ho
has. for example, boi^n able to maku use of now results in
roforoni'O to tho development of Hindoo philosuphy ond
of Jewish monotheism. His chapters on these subjects coidd not
havo been written early in the century. And, so far as miithod is
concerned, ho is not wrong in supposing that sound cenorali-
zations.'whon attained, should enable us to return upon history
and deduce its main outlines. At the sumo time he lays too
much stress upon this kind of " prediction." It is always open
to a critic to point out that you can easily predict when you
already know tho facts. From a knowledge of tho starting ])oint
of CiVcok philosophy, Mr. Crozier says, its termination can \w
fore.seon, nnd he goes on to write a sketch of tho history as if it
were a perfectly culciduble evolution in whicli tho element of
individuality could be ignored. This is tho Hegelian eiTor, for
"which Hi'geliana themselves have apologized by showing that
Be'ol wa.s all along bringing in empirical facts as given, while
ap[iarontly exp<nuiding them as if they were formally de<Iuciblu.
And when facts are not introduced in this empirical manner, the
attempt to pretlict thoir details is apt to go wrong. Mr. Crozier,
for example, puts Anaximones before Anaximander ond tho
Eleatics before Heraclitus, because the movement of thought
that ho presupposes requires that this should bo the onler. An<l
is it certain that the atomic sy-stem in Hindoo philnsoj-hy.
which he reganla as ono of its pro-determined phases, was not
iMirrowed from the Greek Atomists ? It di>es not seem to have
■occurred ti> Mr. Crozier to guard against all objections bysaying
with the Hecolinns thnt ho is only describing '' the movement of
categories in the ordiT of thought-<lctor!ninations,"and that this
cannot always bo realized in the order of time, because there ia
in nature some impotence or " negativity " which prevents its
res{)onding to tho self-ovolution of spirit. His scheme requires
that the predicted order should bo chronological.

Comparison with Hegel naturally sugijests itself because Mr.
Crozior's central idea is much like Hegel's. Ho sees in history
evidence of a power working for tho production of higher moral
nnd social relations among men, and to this end making use of
tho unconscious agency of individuals, who are instruments in
ft process of which they are themselves unconscious. Thus, while
men and racos think they are working out their own ends, they
are really working out tho ends of the genius of the world —
"ends more vast and sublime than those they know." As
history goes on, however, men become more conscious of the real
end of the process ; so that in modern times improvements are
made " directly " where formerly they would have Wen made
indirectly. Witli Comte also Mr. Crozier suggests comparison
when he speaks of three kinds of causes — p>ers»nal wills, abstract
essences, and physical antecedents ; these being, in his view,
the kinds recognized by religion, philosophy, and science respec-
tively. The doctrine hero, of course, is not precisely that of
Comte, for, not to speak of other differences, Mr. Crozier regards
as real the causes that are recognized by religion as well as those
that are racognizedby scienco,cxcluding only the "metaphysical

ComU, malui u.y

a ataga at tninaition lotwaen throlugy and |xMiti>« roitnca.
Ancient phil<"< '>''>^ >' i, ,!,K ui* alm<>*t »! . i^ - •'-'tuititin
fromonervli ..-h therK -niMiU,

lik» that <f • VIII'" 1 1. <:ii .1 'i«, in a iM' cxrtiati,

there was not enough cotua! • allMW |! to filial

a n ' ' ' •• in its : '.tliekm

an\ V' in a nui: .m hud

btM 111

th.. ir

hand, tends to I . tn

times has nt 'if .v

only needs : Thi« r nn

Mr. Cmzier ., , ■. that > ■■' ...>»»

reol internal etkiinen are <|nit" coni]>otible with ' "cicnc*

taken as an account of uverythin.- ' -'-n fri'm v, .LM.nt. lie

would probably not object to ihi' ii of this reconcilia-

tion as itj<e!f a kind of phi! i<;'ii4< of wiut Meina his

hostile attitude towards " ' *."

It will I e seen that, whili' 'a-

tions to pro<kc'.'i.''ort which he <' tia*

a distinctive point of view of his own. And detail

is skilfully brought under this (loint of riow. ' '-ht,

no doubt, b« made in n-any place* to parti-u ut

tho course of development is well ' - e~

timds. indeed, there ia a tendency : of

one side of the case by ' -i ti c i.-ncr luvfvui,

of course, much in an< .' that Chrintian afolop i>1«

were able to seize upon, ai:d tu tieat as ) i for a new

rovealed teliji'-ii Yot it is. fprh.";>«, r'' to s'"t, aa

Mr. Crozier in

ChristianitT " t ia

undoubtedly tnio, as he also rays, that < came fiom

outside the Grn-co-Uonan development, •. ita victory

meant the dominance of a new principle. Here again, ho««T«r.

he ia too absolute when he aii««'rti that " the aoul an' "tial

spirit of Paganism may be expressed by the moral n- ; of

mnster and alavu, as that of Christianity is by parent and
children." This ia to oppoie half tho facts of the ono to tbo
ideal of the other. We think «• «t-

n-.ont of " Paganism " in the A , .i;t

from any philosophic interpret ation, / •■ iKo

father of gods and men '' in verj- n:< rro to

details, the assertion that the ir.«

" took their rise in tho worship >iro

than doubtful. Influential ns ideas of the divinity of tho ttara
were in clataical antiquity, they oocm '•■ l'<" i— •■ .1 Chaldean
importation. There is a ]>as5age in .' era tho anu

and moon are said to bo the gods of tli<' i.uuuiiaks iu diotinctioii
from tho anthrvpomorphic gods of Orooce.

In an appendix Mr. Cr th«

Platonic accounts of the . :i«

Unds extremely cr\ido cviiipareil with ; , la-

touisni, which was, pirhap.*, tho b' ii>a

attainable before there was genuine physical s.'ience, failc<l
because it o'>uld only drair out an analytic scheme of tbo world,
and could not set it in motion by a ryttem t4 personal willa.
This Christianity, with ita tdoption of tho Mosaic C« amogony,
was able to do. There was also a distinct theoretical advance
from Platonism to Chrittianity, in that CI : ' 'thu

few primordial causes of Platonism to the .xl

by tho term " will," t' st

key to unlock the uni.f in

its manner a religion, or at l»a»i at

religions oniin.irily deal with. > ' S>

and quite philosophical in spirit, though in its earliest pages we
note a curious tendency to '• drop into " b'.ank verse— not
print« the Tinin-aa.
This is a paper that illustrates the danger of being rhetori-
cal.

LITERATURE.

[October 30, 181)7.

None Beltrafi:e aur Thaorlo imd Technlk derBplk
nnd Dramatlk. Von Priedrich Spiclhagen. 7rx.">iin.,
xir.-faSD pp. lieipsif;. IMis. L. Staaokmann. 6 marks.

Thera U»bra««y opti , to Spu.l-

hag«n'a Mcond Mrioa of ' y anil Art

o( Spoa and Dranw " uliuit cuptivittvii tliu rvuilur from the
bagimung, Bml aliiilos till the tut U-af is tunu-<l. We foul, as
«• Uy Um book down, that tho wriUr would mako a duliglitful
ooB>p*luon •'Vir ttii< nata and wine, or their native equivalent of
mgwn aad ' ow. A sanity pl»y» upon his poges which

ia as frv« livu, u.,,iK-w prejudice as it is from vapid enthusiasm.
Spiethagen stands upon tho vantago-grounil of the Psalmist's
afB, with his liu<rary reputation behind him. On his journey
tbroo^h life. a« his own novels bear witness, ho hiis been more
a» .\n to the negations of character. He gives

ai, , what iliey mean, hut keeps, at the same

tinw, an aommts wnM uf the proportions between intontiun
■ad achisvement. In this way his present volume is an interest-
Irg contribution to the study of contemporary literature.

Its contents ere of varying value, and only tho first chapter
rises to the height of a genuine essay. Much water has flowed
nnder tho bridges of tho llhino since the first series of these
papers was written. After 1870, he writes in tho present Intro-
duction, " the younger men readily settled down into the con-
ditions which were so completely changed, into which, indeed,
tbe yt t f;oneration had first to In; bom in order to grow

up ut)' There were few traces of the whilom ideology

to be discovered among them. The world was an oyster, which
it was good to open. Success was trump, . . . and, rightly
regarded, it is futile to deny a world when you are anxious to
coif^ucr it. Tbe chief thing is to forgo the weapons for tho
conquest." 80 the pessimists and ideologists disappeared for a
while, and the realists and impressionists succeeded. In the
lilorarj- sphere, which is Spiolhagcn's own, he recognizes epos
and the drama as the two main vehicles of their mes!<.-igc. Each
••lapt^-d !tw!f to the new demands, and in tho second chapter of
:' ks a lance with Schiller on the proper

«i y. In a latter to Goethe, dated just a

citr. . . ' ' • r "JO, 1797, the brother poet liad written that

*• '.-.Lry k;!i - •'•. '. ii.ance is absolutely non-poetical. It lies en-
tirely in the domain of [reason, submitting to all its conditions,
aiid participating in all its limits." Spiclliagen disputes this
opinion. He holds tho view of the majority, that the romance
and the novel of to-day are tho legitimate heirs of Homeric verso.
A new epos, in the stricter sense, we are not likely to see : —

" It cannot be otherwise. Every condition is wanting under
wbirh th<- rv; -,-jv . proper wotiI'I come to birth. Mythos anil
f- ': it derived its life, have Xmen

"mposes with its bards. Tlio
t t y ; lis division into countless sets,

i tion. fortune, reputation : tho refine-

' " ' '■ <.f labour ;

Hi of thl;

;,■■ »ij,i " jcir :^ i rSCO niul

it tho hem of tho shore— all

, t,, flu. T n1iTw.(.Ti....i« of the

• Lje of

■■«.•■ .. niM'If

ins people, and as -
the worbl to Vr ('.
oi**-rvanr:i. at. ai <-u8t<Mii, and waa couipletuly {j«r-

spicaous in its ,'„its " (p. G3).

Bat if tiieae oonditions ean never again bo repeated, Spiel-

bac'cn'ii biiiorical aenae it satisfio<I that the novelist occupies the

tbo more fully and freely, indeeil, Ix'caiue his

...»>. ..•u.i.un off tho fetters of metro and rhyme. The critic

not rvgard such emancipation as lessening nn author's

' "' • U (if all times and peoples 1

f my hand.4," by writes ; but

'.Tj.wii.zi );iSj>::itin^ picturu of the new field in which the

n vi'lift h«» t'> W'>rV.

' I., " Epic Poetry

«ni<b': By a rapid scries of

oontnata (tpieUiagen characterizes the wonders of the fresh

material which is ready to the epioist's hand. Tho genial
optimist seems to imply that we are inclined to underrate tho
poetic opportunities of our own generation. Tho chorus of
Bophocles, ho says, in which man is extolknl os tho most mar-
vellous of croato<l things, might ovnn havo taken nn a mora
ecstatic note had the news uf tho victory of Marathon been trans-
mitted by telegraph-wire or had Salamis boon fought with
mo<lern ships of war. Germany, ho admits, has never yet stood
" under the sign of maritime ^intercourse " ; but Zeus' tele-
scopic eye, and the telegraphic sandals of Hermes, and the tele-
phonic communications between Olympus and Earth, have almost
been realized by tho science of mankind. " 1 remember t<> this
day," writes Spielhogen, by woy of (lorsonal illustration, " the
powerful iinprossion which tho deatli of Mr. Carkor, the villain
in ' Dombeyand tson,' made upon me : how he watched the glowing
eyes of the locomotive, drawing nearer and nearer through tho
night, and stood stock-still on tlio rails, liko a bird fascinated
by the gaze of a snake, until the engine crushed him. That was,
if I remember aright, towards the end of tho forties. liut oven
now, when no child is any longer afraid of tho railwaj', how can
one avoid a tremor at the description of the train rushing
rudderless into tho night, with which La lUU Ilumaine con-
cludes? What a multitude of difToront scones — meotings and
partings, denouements, surprises, and ca])turos — happy or sad,
friendly or sorrowful — have not stoam-horso and steamship,
t«logr.ii)h and telephone, mado not only possible, but obliga-
tory?" The writer then glances at "tho perspective of the
bicycle," and tho part it may play in tho Odyssey of the future.
He has a word, too, to say on tho modern tendency to read
short novels only. Thirty years ago, ho tells us, Auerbach and
he debated whether four volumes or three represented the ideal
length. The author of " Auf der Hiiho " contcndotl for the
shorter limit ; Spiolhagon was of opinion that tho book would be
spoiled if less than tho four volumes was aimed at. To-day ho
recognizes that tho pocket edition at ono mark has become the
roigning favourite.

Tho reader will turn with ready curiosity to tho accounts
which Spiolhaj:un givos of tho sources of his inspiration for hia
" Problematical Natures " and tho hero of " Sturmflut." Of
more general interest is the piper on Fontano's novel, " Bffl
Briest," wliich the critic discusses from the point of view of the
problems of elective affinity. "Epic Poetry and Goethe," tho
title of the second cha]>tor, is mado the opportunity of a sum-
mary review of a wide field of literature : —

" I must and will say, in despite of tlie favour which wo in
Germany extend to foreign prtduction.s, that tho Gormaa
romance and tho German novel arc not only not inferior to tho
compositions of epic art abroad, but are far superior. We havo
no Zola, it is true. And I willingly aiknciwledgo that ho and
tho rest of tho French, Russian, and Scandinavian niatadores.
of romance are almost always very industrious, very well-
instnictod, nuL^tly quite entertaining, and sometimes oven
brilliant writers. IJutstill lam unable to admit them to a high rank
in epical composition. Tho ' documents huniains ' which tlioy
8cmi>e together out of every nook and comer are not artisti<^
pictures, and hardly claim to l)o so. Their reward will Ikj that
they and their (Jennan worshippers and imitators will fro down
to oblivion when once the fashion has changed and tho interest
in the material has abated. Our Gustav Freytag and Gottfried
KoWr, Paul Hiyso and Theodor Storm do not only lie nearer t<v
my heart ; but! admire them at tho same time as the far greater
artists who dutifully bow to the W.i tiipremn fvrnur" (p. 8&).

It is characteristic of Hpiclhagen's sanity that ho apologizoa
in a foot-note for tho sweeping statement in the text. It is
unfair, he writes, to tar with ono brush a master liko Maupas-
sant and a dilrltanU like the author of " Trilby."

Tho second division of tho book, which is considerably
shorter, consists of tho contributions to tho art and theory of
drama. Tho dramatic profession in all its branches, whether of
acting or of writing, plays far more conspicuons part in
Germany than in England. Tho overagi^ ooi'ioty man in IJerlin
betrays in his small-talk a very i)oor opinion of tho English
stage. At home, on the other hand, he seldom visits a theatre
of any standing without having previously rca<l the piece whii^h ho
is going to see. He discusses it afterwards by tho help of

October 30, 18U7.]

LITERATURE.

Ai'ibtotlu and I.tiNsiM)^, niid rufroHhus his muinory, bvfora jMuutng
judgmunt, by rcmling thu liook iguin. It i« thin douliU viow of
dramatic work, aH litoraturo and upvctivclii, which makcii tho

theatre bo prominciit a oiviliKiiig (actor in Gc - -'Innal Ufa.

No surprinu tlion will Ihi fult when a critic oi 'n'a omi-

nunco dovutes IW pages to u niinuto app! wiral

and ruBpoctivu moiitH of Hartlubcn, Hul ttin,

And Sudurinann. AVu (^atlier from his rot :
ho looks on thoCiormnn drama as still in n i:
holds fast to many <>f tho principlos of thu c
to tho famous " unities " thi'msclvus, then at i
conviction that, '' turn and twist it as you will, a tlruina is anil
romuius tho production of an action by moans of ropruauntatiun.
. . . This action must bo, in tho strictest sense, oompleto.
That is to say, it must start from a definite beginning; and work
tip to a definite end, In onlor to do this, it muit havo an
agent, a dofinito man beforo our eyes, who is involvod iu tho
turmoil of the world and trios to fight his way out of its compli-
cations, or — as in a tragedy — who is overcome in tho strug>,'lo.
Such a man, as tho doer of tho action and tho puarant'.'o of it«
singlenosH, wo cull tho hero of tho drama." A play without a
hero, adds tho writer, a "Hamlet" without tho l"riuco of Denmark,
is" no drama, but only a series of dramatic scones, so many
variations — rising in intensity if you will, but at bottom
nothing but variations — of ono and the same tliumo " (p. 250).

Starting from this principle, Spielhagen docs not take tho
young lions of literary Germany quite so seriously as Ho finds
them. Some ho proves out of their own mouths to bo roaring as
gently as any sucking-dove. Others ho is inclined to regard as
tho victims of their followers and cliques. How true, for
instance, is tho final judgment between tho claims of Sudor-
inann and Hanptmann : —

" The adherents of a rigid realism recognize in Hauptmann
« master-mind, while for Sudermann they have not a good word
to say. The adherents of tho older school shudder at Haupt-
mann's name, but would gladly count Sudurmann on their
aide, if ho only did not now and tlion go so far on tho realistic road
which they abhor. Tho fact is.botharuthroughand through nuxlem
men and poets. From twoditforent points on the circuniforLnco
they are making for tlie same centre. Perhaps Sudormann has
more ' world ' and versatility, Hauptmann more inwardness
and depth. l!ut such subtleties may be left to the enthusiasts
at either end. Tho wise friend of poosy will rejoice that we
possess two such men '' (p. 3oi)).

ISuch a passage as tho foregoing casts a suggestive light on
tho German's trained faculty of criticism. No ouo can have
listened to the literature-classes in a Prussian gymnasium
without admiring the thoroughness of tho teaching, and the
manner in which every comment is based upon precedent and
rule. Hut Spiolhagon's impatience at tho hair-splitting of con-
temporary critics points tho inevitable moral. Authors are
Klividi'd into categories and classes, as mutually inoomjiatiblo as
German political parties, ond literature ceases to l>e taken as a
whole or read for onjnymont alone. It may bo tho more sciontilic
way, but it has its attendant dangers for the writers as well aa
for their public.

Spielhagen's present " Contributions " aim at obviating
this risk. They are pleasantly written and well illustrated from
native and foreign sources. It may bo that some of them are
too near to tho sulijecta which they treat to successfully antici-
pate tho verdict of ixistority. In Germany, at any rate, they
ore likely to arouse considerable discussion, which is, after all,
not tho least mission of such books ; but any ono interested in
niodorn Gorman literature who enjoys tho combination of kindly
good-humotir with shrewd common-sense may safely bo com-
mended to Spielhagen's pages.

America and the Americans. Prom a Kivnch Ptiint
of View. Post 8vo., IIKJ pp. London, 1S!)7.

William Heinemann, 3,6

It is always interesting to know whether oflTection is
rcciprcwated, and tho well-known lovo of tho American for
Paris makes us naturally curious to rood a Frenchman's
impressions of the United States. H. Paid Bourget's book,

•• Outre Mur," haa bo«n nmi and mijojtmI bjr a host of
Englisbmou, and now an annnvi»<,i>a Kr..., ,.1,0,^,1 im^ written
a b«M)k on the aamo an 1 perliapa, (ram

qait* tita same point of vun. >■■■• rMsioua, i«i<i %n

Ainarican lady to Uui writer of " .s 1 tba ▲aariauw,"

" iMDi ! ' ' on filtered through u i ..rk

ftltor k viera printMi ; oiid. y< ,^^

lU t

•iva
I of
t ia

acute •'

admirab.:., .. url:iv 1.. _,„

which aervo 1 xh

it contains, in*- iiui.ii"t »iit" ^ u^ ^ i-*,!-; < i .x'l'.t-i nui.'i ami ft
lovor of Democracy — in fact, a« a Hopublican of Itopnblicaaa ;

' . from leeing . '
1 kavii failan!

iueut ,>t mUwIi

mi-t:tnb|r tlmrt-

c£

ti-

tutos, and what derogates frmii, true I..1I in

thu States of the Union. " Thu theory < : hty

of every man," ho writes, " is a good tJ. 'it
said in its favour, done away with a c
lower to tho up(wr clasaea ; but, in prati

good manners ond olx-'iK i o-

raent of New York, < io

tho hands of uni t and it.. >."

Dut wo have not qii'>to : ,jar

author's very in; cs and

manners. Wo mu , .:' thu

witty aphorisms whioli k.

" The best society of I.... .,.,^u or

so ; the best society heru is ...
Society, to bo jivrmani : ' ' ' up of idl«
profeasionals, not of only indi-

vidi; • T

we: ot
malu) cuJeu, »u Uuit ti
dtusa salad, henco t:o I
an ill-ri

bonk, c

u-h are
. ., ~~:.. ..— ^ -ad in tlio I . ~.

J fAlSIl

obtaii-t^l tho

r'H, by I

.1 second
' D Lady
of tho .
Jehuda Halcvi, Hcinricb Heine, Manassch
Moses ^lendelssohn are among those wboae li\

...ir,

cbitf

r race.

I, and

..oracter*

ore sketched both lightly and brightly. A leas known, yet even
more interesting, personality is dealt with under the title of
" Tho Story of a False Prophet," which gives an account ci the
mrt or of a remarkable Eastt: ' ^ '' irthcentuiy,

Sal >i, who claimed to bo t i?d McMiah,

and .. . .. [ '.-■•i ihu Luvoat Jews. Uo

ultia ..t iy i! .0 his c»r«>r amusingly

enough as door po eutliuaiasm

with which his ol.i -^'Stimony to

tho fund of mysticism '0 generally

credited with exclusive . — - - --- - : teresta. The

recent Science Congress at Basle proved that this mystical strain
in the Jewish nature is by no means wanting among them crcn
at the present day. This rradable little volume might alao be
cited as an instance of the same t ' ' 'y Magnus 'a

enthusiasm for her cree<l and race «'; r throughoat

its pages. Like all Mr. Nutt's pabli .: is well got op,

but in the copy torwiin.leil to us thu . oe referred to in

tho preface faila to appear.

LITERATURE.

[October 30, 1897.

Hmono ni\i Boohs.

—

HISTORY AS IT IS WRITTEN.

1« it cynical to he amused by the innocent absurdities
of !i» ? Nothing, to my mind, can be more

an. ^. .u the way of literature, than to read, side by

side, the works of two historical writers w ho deal with the
aar- !!t, with the same authori-

tir. .... . ... t. I have lately read, in

pare indolence, the chapters on Mary Stuart and Eliza-
beth Tudor, by Mr. V '.'ul Mr. Patrick Frnser Tytler.

Mr. T\tler was no .>i i. He thought that ALiry had

a goilty knowledge of her husband's murder, but as to
hem much Mary knew he was uncertain. The Regent
Momy he rcgard^-d as a great, and, on the whole, as a
good man, with a dash of the PccksniflF. ilr. Froude had
no d<" • Mary was deep in her lord's murder;

Murraj :red as the liayanl of early Protestantism.

As to Elizabeth, Mr. Froude had few illusions. His
opinion about her guilty knowletlge of Amy Robsart's
murder is rather like .Mr. Tytlcr's opinion about Clary's
guilty knowledge of Damley's murder, though not so
frankly expressed.

There does not seem to be a very wide difference
between the ideas of these two historians, but, when we
compare their works, we are entertained and edified by
what they each leave out by their unconscious supprea-
aionea vrri. I would not accuse either gentleman of being
CO- iilike ; nevertheless each omits

e.x.. J iiich the other lays stress. This,

of ooorse, is futile. The facts are accessible, many of them
are already printed, moreover one author is sure to tell
what the other may be trusted to leave untold. Yet they
cannot be trusted to be quite candid. Thus, to give a few
examples, there was the return of the forfeited Earl of
lA^nuox to .Scotland, in 13G4. Mr. Froude admits that
Elizabeth had " supported his petitions " for restoration to
his lands. In fact ?!lizalM'th had warmly urged it. But,
aa loon as Mary h.-.d granted Elizabeth's desire, that lady
changed her mind. )Ir. Tytler has several images on this
•abject : ites the replies of Mary's ministers as to

EUzalx istence on I>ennox's jiardon, as to Eliza-

beth's care to have evidence of her fickle beha\'iour de-
istroyed. Mr. Froude omits all that ; he merely sa^-s that
a variety of j)retext8 were invented for delay or refusal.

Melville was now sent by Mary to England, and both
oiii I • ,.p^ from Elizalx'th to C<-cil, in

wii ^ - tnits that she is entirely un-

able to find a reply to her Scottish sister. " Invenias

igitur ali'ji: I^lis Randall dare

IMMsim." i i ;' 'I historian has to

tnuulat« an easy piece of Latin. Let us see how they
doit, tf T" • ■■• • ' ". 'il ; Iwth historians

give.pr. ) j>t that, if -Mr. Tytler

quotes correctly, then Mr. Froude loyally amends her
^lajesty't spelling and grammar. So I offer Mr. FVoude's
text.

In ejasmodi labyrintho posita sum de response raeo

reddendo ad Reginam Scotiae [Tytler, for " labyrinto,"
"laberintho,"for"ad Reginam," " R. (Reginae) Scotiae"],
at nescio quomotlo illi satisfaciani, <]uum neiiue toto isto
tempore illi ullum resjwnsum dederim, nee tpiid mihi
dicendum nunc sciam. Invenias igitur aliquid Iwni quod
in mandatis scriptis Randall dare po8.sini [possem, in
Tytler], et in hac causa tuani oiuuionem mihi indica."

Even as to Cecil's endorsement of this scrap our authors
differ. Mr. Froude has •• endorswl in Cecil's hand ' The
Queen's Majesty's wTiting, lx»ing sick, September 23.' "

^Ir. Tytler has '' Thus back<>d by Cecil, 23rd Sept.,
1564. At St. James's The Queen writing to me being
sick." Who was sick ? The Queen, in Mr. Froude'i*.
opinion ; Cecil, in Mr. Toiler's view. " Elizabeth was
harassed into illness " (Froude) ; " Cecil was then confined
to his chamber by sickness " (Tytler). Which author
could not copy an endorsement w ithout omissions, or addi-
tions, and blunders ?

Now let us compare the translations of this short and
simple epistle : —

TvTLEtt's Tbanslatiox. Fbovdb's Tbanslation.

" I am involved in such a "I am in such a labyrinth

labyrinth, regarding the reply about tlio Queen of Scots (no-
to the letter of thu Queen of reference to hor letter), Uiat
Scots, that I know not how I what to say to her or how to
can satisfy her, having delayed satisfy hor 1 know not. I have
all this time sending her an loft her letter to mo all this
answer, and now really being time unanswere<1, nor can I
at a loss what I must say. tell what to answer now.
Find mc out some good exciiw, Invent lomcthiny kind for ttif^
which I may plead in the which I can enter in Randolph's
despatches, t.) bo given to commission, and give me your
Randolph, and let mo know opinion about the matter
your opinion in tliis matter." itself."

Now, does invenias aliquid honi mean " Invent
something kind," or " Find out some good excuse " ? It
cannot well mean both, and the difference is iuqwrtant.

A little later both historians describe the situation
when Elizjibeth made Lord Robert Dudley an EarK
Mr. Froude (whose ignorance of human nature one
admiringly envies) holds that Elizabeth was honest ia
wishing to give Leicester up to Mary. Mr. Tytler is
strongly of the opjwsite opinion. Well, the authority of
both historians here is Sir James Melville, Mary's envoy.
Mr. Tytler, naturally, one m ly say inevitably, cites the
famous j)assage, " The Queen could not refrain from
putting her hand in his" (I^icester's) " neck to kittle-
him, smilingly, the French .\ndias.>iador and I standing
by." ^Ir. Froude does not cite this jiassage. Yet one
woman does not usually cede to another an admirer whom
slie cannot refrain from tickling in jmblic. Mr. Froude
doubts .MelvilU''s general veracity, but quotes liim just
where he is not quoted by Mr. Tytler.

One might go on (|Uoting these parallels, but I
confine m^-self to one case, which seems very egrepous.
After the Rebellion in the North (1569), when mass was
celebrated once more in the desecrated Cathedral of
Durham, Northumberland fled across the Border, and
was sold to Murray by Hector Armstrong, of Harlaw.
This was the one crime which Borderers could not pardon.
Murray, then, according to Mr. Tytler, }>ro]>osed to
exchange the betrayed Northuml»erland for Mary, his

October 30, 1897.]

LITKKATl KE.

4ft

sister, n cnptivo in England. What he meant to do with
Mary, " Tis bettor only ^jixcxfiing." At all events, lio
proinisod that hIui " Hhould live lier natural life." lliiti
proi^isul to sell Northutnlx-rland to his death, in exchange
for Mary, Mr. Tytlcr cites fn)m " l'<)|)y of the Instni-
mont," endorsed with names of certain Scotch nobles,
allies of Murray's, in Cecil's hand. Knox, at the same
date, sent a letter bidding t'ecil " utriki'. at the root " —
Mary. Mr. Tytler also cites Murray's instructions to his
envoy, and his demand for Mary's person, from a note
" wholly in fecil's hand," and ad<ls that I^'sley, Bishop of
Ross, detected a proi)osition " eipiivalent to higning
Mary's death warrant." Then Murray was shot by Both-
wellliaugli, and the arrangement fell through.

Well, Mr. Froude (juotes much from Murniy's instruc-
tions, as Mr. Tytler does, but about the pro|x>scd sur-
rend«T of Northumberland in exchange for Mary Mr.
Froude does not say one single word (chapter 33, 1370),
nor a word alwut the Bisho]) of Koss's remonstrance, any
more tlian Mr. Tytler dwells on the said Bishop's allegcfl
confessions that ^lary jwisoned her first husband, and so
forth. When we come to these episcoiwil revelations, it
is Air. Tytler's turn to leave things out. To be sure, the
learned Bishop confessed rather too much, like Topsy.
Why should Mary, when Queen of France, make herself a
premature Dowager by iwisoning her husband, the King?

It woiUd be worth while to make a tabular statement
of all Mary's iniquities, from the days when she was her
uncle's mistress till she poisoned her first husband, blew
up her second, and tried to poison her little boy with an
apple. A greyhound shared the apple with lier pups,
and they all expired incontinently. Greyhounds are
notoriously fond of apples, ami apt to share an apple with
their whelps, while apples are easy things to poison. On
the other hand, a mere glance through Mr. Tytler's jiages
supi)li(>s a long list of Murray's treacheries ; " He betrays
Mary's intentions," " Treachery of the Ix)rd James," •• Con-
spinicy of Murray and Argyll," " Art and part in Biccio's
murder,"and so forth, till he plunders his sister's diamonds,
and tries to get hold of her by betraying Northumber-
land.

Thus is history written, till one despairs, if not of
history, at least of historians. There is a pleasing edition
of Burnet, with the notes of Swift and other contem-
poraries. An edition of Mr. Froude, cum notis vnnonim,
with the errors corrected and the omissions supplied,
would also be a valuable work, and much more humorous
than I'/ie Comic History of England.

ANDREW LANG.

FICTION.

The Martian. By O. Du Maiirier.

London, 1807.

("r. Svo. 401 pp.
Harpers. 6/-

Tlie dsatli of the late Mr. Du 5Iauncr at tho full height —
Olio can hardly say, alas ! in tho full enjoyment — of one of the
most nstonisliiiig literary triumph.s over achiove<l was in itself a
Buftioiontly (lathotic example of tho irony of fate. To roa<l " The
Martian " tho novel just completed by him before the close of his

Uf* is to fe*l ths *' pity of it " even mot* >n svrr. For,

stnii({e M it may sovia to t«lk of tho iii.i'..ni..-. (irontse and

uneortaiti position of a writer obo <l)*tl in his (Unl y«ar, it

MIS that : '•t |KMMMtng Mtjrtbinx liks

markml v u( mlixl and siaguUr gift

liux over 1 1 ■<■•• ; nor Las any

■. ever «!• • ' ' l''n;;«r lif» to

enable him to ihow what 'K*

limit of hi.i |>owers. On i ad

already reaoho<l maturity— inde«<l, '■■ 'Sl. sod

incomparably hi* bu»t, book to ! nod it.

Thackeray was obviously his master (pim th' ;^ ; and

* tiatcly, with tho one least i^ ■•■ k of

iir ritiit imitabilt — his too r in-

to t!,o '• had certainly en . ..i tho

ohsrtn. II, of lii« nittlook of hia

all '">,

it u I »

di:' od

hiiii , '>lr.

Dn Maurier's ex(|uisite feeling for the b«autiful in art
and nature— a missing or, at any rate, an undeveloped,
faculty in Thackeray's nature ; in a certain genuine, if limited,

vem of poetry in his tcni[ eramotit ; ..- ' • ' M. {^erbape, in

that occasional note of profound ro' is so myste-

riounly attractive, even to tho I: ' <'n,

OS in this ca*o, it is qait« o)<. I a

human spirit, aii<l not a mer- p*

of art. This, it mny lio •..«

little room for ii. isu ; ami, indeed, u

technical aide, as : . .ii Ldmittcd, ti.ete «

Du Maurier had already approved himself a writer of singular
force and fascination within tie limits of bis rani^; but there w«a
abundant room for curiosity aa to what those limits wore. Un»
oould not help wondering whether the srv* - - list's remark-
able faculty of satiric observation and )>- . his delight-
ful turn for nai: .* tendemesa
were to display t ', and among
more varied !■

It is di.-» . I<-are« thai

question un. Alike m '■> —

nay, it is a ruplica of o«i,

though by far his least |iopular, work. If it was necessary for
him t« repeat himself— and no doubt the -•■• '•■' •"''' "' •■ ' this
novel has followed in the wake of the gre.i' no

alternative — it i.*, at ony rate, ir *' - • - he

preferreil to draw from tho liotter, ' •■d,

of bis two models. " The Martimi il"is n^t a: .; *

second " Trilby " ; it is another " Fetor Ibbetson,' ler

Ibbotson," as the reader wh<> d( os not wait for a mw author
to become the rage before rendin-r him will remember, was
a distinctly powerful and fa- novel. lt.'» " ground-

idea," indeed— the idea of an - a nightly dream-life,

continuous in itself and wholly distinct from his waking exist-
ence—was, like ovcrything else under the stip "■'• 'ow ; but
there was novelty in the notion of such a life ) ''• <i tUtix,

and in Mr. Du Maurier's treatment of the li; .is of hia

hero and heroine there was, what is much niort> -.r..]- :tant than
novelty, extraordinary poetic charm. Bartv .1^-. li , tir lien>
of this later romance, has, like Peter It. < : u. i..-^ spiitiial
Egcria : but his relations with her are far leaa human,
and humanly intelligible, than those of the life-long prisoner
with the pl.iymate of bis childhood, the beautiful Duchesa of
Towers, and the charaeters themselves appeal much less power-
fully to a reader's sympathies. This is true oven of the wonder-
ful Barty himself, who is that most ticklish of subjects for tite
novelist to handle, an Admirable Crichton ; while Martia herself,
the discmlKKlicd spirit-visitant from the planet Mars, who pre-
sides over the hero's fortunea and orcanizes, or, indeed, r«tber
wins for him his brilliant i.' •<, is not only " some-

thing of a sluulowy beiug " 1. ,kich " Old Mr. Eilward

Cave " described to Johnson, but is wanting even in that unity

LITERATURE.

[October 30, 1897.

•nd connatMMij <<° - oator n{ ahndows ii not

loas hnt TiK>r(> im; , .Uiii in Uwm than in

hi- '^-ab mhI biooil. Wo do not make her acquaint-

ati' -n the Tulane, when abo takoa up hor abode in

the brain of Itnrty at an vxtraniely critical moniont in hia life,— at
a moment in fact, when, in terror of an imi'vending losa of eyo-
aigbt, he waa on the {Hunt of ending that lifu with hia own hand.
Inataad, howerer, of taking the poiaon which ho had prepared
for hlmrtlf. ho falla into a deep sloop, from which he
wakM the naxt morning to find on the tnblu bufore him
a paper wri t tMt under Martis's infl«pnp<> in n shorthand of his
o» I n dnrin' Muanoss, and con-

iai: vrolcome r ;ist was mistaken

in : 'sia, and that the feara which had so nearly diiv-Mi

Bai^;.. ;^ .>...^ide might bo diamiasod. Fr<>m this time forward,
r^nlarly or intermittently, Martia directs his intellectual
opantiona daring sloop. It was she who furnished him under
tksM eooditiona with the matoriala of " Sardonyx " and those
ath> t.il worka which hare made liim as famous on the

C<':. .in England, having, indeed, l>oon translated into

«fvtf European language. Martia's supernatural or super-
nnndane wisiiom ajiiyyors, however, to be wholly of the abstract
I speculatiTe, and not ot the practical kind : and her power
' imr pntUgi is similarly confined, for though she can compel
him to write as she dictates, she is unable to make him act as she
advises. Thus, though she urgently insists on his marrying the
tall, blonde, and lH<autiful Julia Royce, with a view to re-incar-
natiltg heraelf in their otTspring— which secras tu show that they
look ahnad in Mar.<>— ho flatly refuses, and ends by marrying the
•Imoat equally beautiful but somewhat shorter brunette Leah
Oibaon. \\'hat is still more remarkable, Martia afterwards
•dmita that she was wrong in her choice and ISarty right : an
adnuMton which, however valuable as an exami)lo to the women
of h«r adopted planet, does not tend to render her a more
diatinet and impressive figure. Ultimately she re-incarnates
herself in Barty'f youngest daughter, who dies, unfortunately,
At an early ago.

The extreme difficulty of the task which Mr. Du Ma\u-ier
attempted in and( - ' ' to imparteren the credibility of dream-
land to this atr'.' personages ia obvious ; nnr can wo
bonaetly : mounted it. Still. " The Martian "
ia not w . ill t tie more leisure for the work of solcc-
tionand oonstruction would have enabled tho author to possess
himaelf with a fresher and more human theme, to escai>e from
that atmosphere of the occult which had a little too insistent an
attraction for him, and to work himself free from those per-
petual apaoalationa on tho " future of the race," which are
OMwlly most depressing when they are meant to be most inspir-
ing, and with which duller and more didactic writers than
Mr. Dn Haorier have alrcatly bored us almost to extinction, it
oamint. en the other hand, bo said that the lack of novelty in
his laa in any way affected tho freshness of his treat-
aei. . tooched with any symptoms of languor the bright
Ttvaeitj of his stylo. Even tho story of liarty Josselin's school
daya, andaly prolonged and unfortunately reminiscent of tho
aiimirably^depicted boyhood of Mr. Du Maurier's earlier hero
though it be, can be road without a moment's weariness ; and
tbon^ Barty himself— Barty tho light-hearted, the frivolous, the
ninealoualjr handaone, the practical joker, comic singer, and
] young Ouardaman, from whoae hauntecl brain a whole
I of epoch-making novels begins suddenly to stream forth—
ia bat an imperfect sticjMs, the ehar!»rt«>rs t^y whom he is sur-
ronoded.froni the ewer* rolino(frey,down
Uin>mbthe worthy Phi no is the supposed
biographer of the hero, V> the low-come<ly bourgeois Mr. Uibson,
rawal the lamented author in unimpaired mastery of his satiric
and ■ympetbetir touch. And the personal note, so clearly
audible in both the two earlier novels, ia never unheard for more
than a few pages together in thia laat. Here, as there, it jars
oeoaciaaally upon the ear of taate : ii: ' onccs to himself,
bjr aUDe or almoet equally clear indr .n most charming
of CMuanir* never quite knew " what to Umvu in the ink bottle ";

and here, too, as there, the solf-<]isc1osure reveals weaknesses, to
some of whiuh indeed ho was humorously alive, but not to all. No
one, however, would wish those revelations away. A Du Maurier
without his frankly avowed " lo\e for beautiful giantesses " and
hia extravagant idolatry of phyaical beauty in general ; without
his comical remorse at not having resisted, like JSIr. (iilbert's
hero, the temptation to belong to more nations than one, and his
queer little gilios in consequence at the nationality which he
obviously prefers ; without his manner, so like that of Thackeray,
towards aristocracy — now contemptuous, now admiring, but never
quite " correct " — a Du Maurier, wo say, without these little
foibles, which really added to the human interest of a brilliantly-
endowed personality, would not have been the Du Maurier whom
uU who knew him loved, and who by his writings alone has won
his way to many thousands of other hearts.

The Invisible Man. «y H.
245 pp. London, ISffi.

Q. Wella. CV. Svo..
C. Arthur Pearson.

Tho notion of an invisible man is too full- of possibilities to
have escaped either tho philosopher or tho wTiter of rouianco. It
is OS old as the Greek mythus, and as mo<1emastho ISab liallads.
The fortunate possessor of tho miraculous gift is generally «up-
posed to clothe himself with invisibility as with a garment which
he can take on or off at will, and becomes a kind of spirit, able
to satisfy his desires for good or evil independently of almost
all the restrictions which hamper ordinary mon. Some inodiflca-
tions of this concejition were introduced by (iuy do Mau]iassant
and by an English writer, Mr. Fitr.james O'Brien, But Mr.
Wells's peculiar gift is to reduce tho impossiblo into terms of tho
probable. His hero, Griffin, employs no ring of Oyges or " receipt
of fem-soed." Ho is simply a medical stucient, of University
College, engaged in a series of chemical oxporimonts on light, but
with a magnificent vision of all that an invisible man might
achieve. A. string of statements about optical density — " a net-
work of riddles ''—about the tissue of the human frame, and the
result of " lowering its refractive index," with a reference to
the Rontgon Hays and other still more mysterious vibrations,
throws a scientific glamour over the exj)erimonts, and one is
really almost persuaded that one's own ignoranoo of the true
meaning of scientific furmulaj alouo prevents a full apprehension
of tho process by which Griffin is able to send forth into tho
neighbourhood of Great Portland Street an invisible cat and at
last to fade away himself out of human sight. A doubt might
suggest itself to tho carious whether by further manipulation of
tho refractive index GrifHn ought not to liave beon able at
once to bring himself back again without having to retire to a
remote village in Sussex with bottles and dynamos to find out
how to do so, ami ho certainly dismisses without duo considera-
tion the plan of making himself visible again by painting his
face in its natural colours instead of veiling tho poverty of his
appearance by means of bandages and a false nose. For ho soon
discovers that tho change he has undergone is subject to certain
fatal limitations. Griffin himself has dit>appcarbd,but his clothes
remain, ond no scientific process can conceal tho snow which falls
on his shoulders, the mud which clings to his feet, or tho money
in his hand whicli ho takes out of other people's cash Ik)X0S. He
cannot even rest his eyes, for his eyelids are transparent, and tho
least involuntary noise betrays him.

" ' An invisible man,' he saj-a, ' is a man of power.' He
stopped for a moment to sneczo violently."

Like Horace's philosopher he ia " rex deniciue rogum,
rrwcipuo sanus, nisi cum pituita molostacst." Truly on original
situation, and well adapted for tho ilisjilay of Mr. Wells's
|>eculiar talent for "planking down" tho miraculous among
circumstances the most ordinary and familiar, divesting it
of ei'ery shretl of romance and pursuing it through every
detail with merciless logic. He is in far more deadly
earnest tliau Jules Verne, who is ijuito nwaro that you are taking
his gonial " yarns " with a grain of ^alt. The dtscription of
what would actually come to paas if an invisible man were known

October 30, 189 7. J

LITERATURE.

to 1)0 nt largo in a, Siibhox villogo ' ^

Thore iB no (ppixrrtiiiiity K'vxn f^r tt»r.

who comoH itcroHH thm ourio !>lionomuii(>n wixilil iimtoubtmlly harv

■aid and dono juHt what Mr. Wulla inakon thorn iiny and do- Iho

parsnn, tho doctor, and tho landlady ; or the tramp who come*

across tho invisible wanderer on a bare Husaex down, ami can

only give up the enigma when he has stones thrown at him.

" It's a fair do," said Mr. Thomas >rnrvol, sittn
hit) wounded too in hand, anit fixing hiscyu on tho i
" I don't iindorstiind. Stones Hinging thninsolros. M"ni's tiilli-
ing. Put yourself down. Itot away. I'm done."

Kvon tho prosaic acceptiinco of tho situation by JafTors tho
constable who has to arrest a moving suit of clothes, " 'Ed or
no 'od," soenis perfectly natural.

" No doubt," he says, "you oro :i l>it. ilifn.Milt t,. i,i tli!.<

light, but 1 got a warrant an(f it.-) :>
aint no inviHibility, its burglary. '1
into and money took."

Kqually good as a study in grotesque is tho picture of tho
invisible man taking off his clothes and <>f the antics playoil by
the furniture when ho gets violent with his landlady.

" Tho strangers hat hoi>pe<l off tho bod post, described a whirl-
ing flight in tho air through the bettor part of a circle, and then
dashed straight at Mrn. Hall's face. Then as swiftly c-aino the
sponge from tho washstand, and then tho chair, flinging tho
stranger's coat and trousers carelessly aside and lauiihin^ drily
in a voice singularly like tho stranger's, turned itself up with its
four logs at Mrs. Hall, seemed to take aim at hor for a moment
ond charged at hor. ' '

This is nothing less than an epitome of all tliat philosophers
have told us about nature ijorsonifieation, and an intelligent force
behind visible phenomena. But philosophising is tho hvst thing for
which Mr. Wells has a mind. He revels in tho various humours
suggested by his conception, and wo are carried on with abund-
ance of graphic detail and lively farce tbroagh the first part of
the history in which tho diaphanous UriOin is still undiscovered
to tho revelation of his mysterious secret, bis declaration of hos-
tility against tlio huumn race in general, and his tragic end. The
pity is that wo cannot keep tho grotesque and got rid of the
gruesome. Mr. Wells has little patience with tho onlinary
human feelings. If his uncompromising fidelity to truth leads
him to shock them, he <loes so without a qualm. All the clo-
montary emotions which supply the material of poets and
novelists ho is apt to reganl with cynical indiirerence. His
fiction would lose nothing in its humorous quality by a little
sympathy for tho weaknesses and passions of his fellowmen, and
it would certainly bo more convincing. The one fault in this
book which mars its extraordinary verisimilitude is tho undi-
luted scoundrelism of Grillin. Ho approaches so near to tho
fiend that, with the addition of tho domoniacvl quality of invisi-
bility, ho almost suggests an evil gonius from tlie Arabian nights.
Such an impression is certainly not contemplated by the author,
but it saves tho reader from being too much hnrrowo<l by
Griiiin's very unplens.ant adventures and his violent death. Most
of the book, however, is pure comeily of tho rollicking order, and
it would certainly be diflicult to find in tho literature of comedy
so remarkable a study in the eccentric and bizarre.

iuc n«iii(«

The Tormentor. By Benjamin Swift. Cloth, cr. Rvo.,
pp. 2S8. Loudon, 1S07. Fisher Unwin. 6 -

Tho hero, or rather tho central tigtire, of this book, tho
" tormentor " from whom it takes its name, is a very notable
villain called Jacob Bristol, and in regard to him Mr. Swift's
early afmlogia must be quoted, for it seems to indicate the
province which tho author has marked out for himself in
literature : —

That my task is pleasant I shall not say, but that it is iini>ortant
I shall say with emphasis, tor the l.io:^tRi'hy of a man like Pri'tn! i» s<
really, though |H-rhaps not so ilir.' i-^g a< th.> I

saint. It lets you see by contrast " A the saint

the world scejiis to be Bnallv intori.-io., i much iu at. .

in its own conduct. And the streoins of evil and of good-thoM two

.«• of taouMlfvb I

aad of MiaU.

H*ra may 1k'

Otli-

pi.

thai

romanoea. Mr. Swift

triok of itylu, a moru

not4Ml our author's
. whom ha I .
Mr. iio-'f'/

itntial difforWK* froB

^ •troBg mm-

v«r fnnkljr

inw, only »

deeper than tliat. Tliore is, howorer, anolh<-r maat«r whom Mr.
Rwift would do well to study. Nothing i« in its way finnr in
litoraturo than lialtac's treatment of tho abnormal, and from
it t' "f " The Tormentor " might draw valusbia lewons

n{ and lucidity. It socma worth while to give this

el thot M .>w«r of

. tlio coir "ughbe

!»• yet tu ac(|Uiru the art <4 > .la uiMwiitial and

of |>rea«nting it with clean:!':. 1 of tho average

cultivated reader.

It ia not a little curioiu to find that the Tormentor himanlf
is perhaps tho least succossfal character in tho book. In thv

tangled web of mingled motiro, intrij-'! ' -rime which, like »

groat spider, he spins round him, thr ly find a certain

intoreat : but tho spider himaulf is unc'iivmring
web of which we have spoken, easy U> follow a*
coeds yf
minor i'

Tlie tangled
the st»>ry firo»

are

I; ..

an' the

01 _ lot

in tho book. He is lovablo r tor tho

l>ottlo, open-handed to such a d- , lally in

money difhcultics, which are • with some hnmoor,

and, in short, anj-thing bnt tl.t- <• ,■.. .»! aristocrat of fiction.
Lord Sother goes out in a terrible storm on the bloak and dcao-
late hills to help tho shopher ' * ■' snow-bound

flocks. Ho comes home with a -n his back,

which ho orders to he entertained : kitchwi, and

then takes to hi^ t>ed with a quinsy, >

Th> • charoctcrs aro faii

three \"'. •, Jessie Ring, F.i

Whipjwr, whom some writers would !
insipid m<Klel, aro distinctly drawn, ,

tion and real feeling. Not less goo.1 in their way
criminal Mis* Tilking, Mrs. Ring's •■I' - - ^^■
and tho busybody Mrs. Crippon. Of •
is an attractivu picture of a raw, ha
into sfimcthing like heroism by hoi:
we have a subtle study of remorse acting u^j 'n .v mimt
senile.

It should lie said, by the w.-
aspects of life, tho book is s

author, however, it must bo adin the Ter^ • in

which the meat is strongest . :i with o .ide

restraint. On tho other hand, there arc just one or two place*
where the author, as it seems to us quite nocl''«'''>- '^iil-fs hia
characters overstep in thoir speech tlie boir ''D.

Tho too' '•'-=! of the Peerage often prove a suoMiiiii;:.-vMock
to youi . and Mr. Swift lias not escapoti ono pitfall. He

gives Lind soilior an unmarriol sistor, wh'> is altcnmtely
reforro<l to as " Ln-ly Emriia " nncl " l.ndy S.^tln'r." Of c-'ursc.
no peer's unmr.r: ^efixes ;

and. the rank of t u as that

of Baron, his unmarried sister would be entitlc<i to neither.

1. Tho

Maud

•ne

ra-
the

hel,

«rr*
;>od
^ter

Another's Burden. By James Payn.
London, 1H07.

TjxSjin.. 17Bp|».
Downey. 3,«

Mr. James Payn is a veteran in •
of novelists ; indeed, we h.vl almost •
"OldGuanl." Fashions change and scltuols o; fiitiun lijc

LITERATURE.

[October 30, 1897.

and flourish tor a iima, and tlien paM awajr ; but though mon
wtmj como ami men may go, the antht^r ol " Lost Sir Mawing-
bard " go«« on delighting the worhi with his stories, and aftvr
Mading his l«t«st novel, '• Another's Burdon," we could wish
tiiat, like the brook, ho might go on (or ever. In thit book he
talis Uio »t>ry o( s Isjwe from virtue and of its crnsoquenees.
Tn» penalty is o^ " " i'l upun the fni'lty : the bunion

ia borne and the ^. ly an innocent man.

ni* honour roottsi in >!i«bonour ctood,
AdJ (sith nnfsitbfat krpt bim faUcty Into.

The anthor has p1*i»d the familiar lines from Tonayson's
«>21aine"t: ' '' they aro true of

his hero, L*k >'t son»e from that

in which they are appiiod by the jioot tu isir Idxncelot.

RicbanI, L<nl Ijirkspur, or, to give him his schoollniy nick-
name, D«re-<bvil Dick, i» the only son of the Earl of Philomel, I
a di.ssolnto on.l wortlilojs nobleman who bronks his wife's heart |
and negli-cts his chiM. .^t a tender ago the latter is left in the ]
carv> of Mrs. Ciivo, tlie wife of the village rector, who loves him i
almost as she loves her own son Harry. Lurkspnr is nearly four
year* older than Harrj-, but, in spite of the disparity in their
jrears, the boys are the closest friends. They are oxtroinoly
unlike in character, for Dick is clever, idle, pood-naturo<l, full
of mischief— indeed, from the point of view of the autlioritios of
his school, he is a very bad boy. Harry, on the contrary, is
gentle, and modest, and shy.

Hi* fair eompUxioa and blue eyes were almost eiTeminste in their
ezprsMioa, snd mtm Lin hair wa. vim) bi.i countenanc<>
imiubled one of tboiu* angel face« which are rnnreil on the spouta of tbo
ooUsge l>aildiii§a. Ilia acbuolfellows recognited the likeoess and called
him •• tba Gargoyle."

He, also, is an only child. His mother dotes on hira, and as
he grows up not only tbinkii that nothing is tjo good for him,
but that be is too goo<l for this world. It is given to few people
(o be wholly angolic, however, and Harry Cave, in spite of
snpeamices, is not one of tliem. He has left school and isat
bonie preparing for Oxford when ho becomes conscious of the
charms of Lucy Gordon, a young woman whom his motlior has
engaged to do some sawin;; at the Rectory. Lucy is a romorkably
pretty girl, and one summer evening Lord Larkspur, by the
merest chance, discovers her in Harry's society. Larkspur is any-
thing but a " goody-goo<1y " young man. In fact, his wild courses
at Oxford have only just been condoned at the Rectory ; but ho
is a msn of the world, and ho feels it to bu his duty to take his
yi. i-rely to task. The latter earnestly assures him

til.. .'>nB are without foundation, and the subject is

dropped. Soon afterwards, however, Lucy is ohli^^ed to leave
the Bactory in disgrace. Harry's share in her fault is not yet
diaeoTored, but the lad's sin has found him out ; his conpcience
gires him no peace. Ho is tortured beyond endurance by the
knowledge of the certain disgrace and humiliation which will
follow to his father and mother from his misconduct. He con-
feeeea to Richard when they ir.eot on the morning of a shooting
' 1y afterwards shoots himself. It is at this point
iir takes up his friend's burden. Hitherto no
'ipon Harry. His suicide is believed to be
•lit ; he is buried in the odour of sanctity,
iig t > the stainless memory of their son as
; ilion in their hour of grief, and rather than
their boy's goodness shattered, Larkspiu*

Ives to take the responsibility for his dead friend's sin u]xin
himself. It was a chivalrous and Quix-jtic thing to do, and Dare-
devil Dick little knew how heavy the burden would prove. It
was destined to cost him many a bitter pan;;, and to estrange
him from the woman be loved and who loved him in return.
Tb«« is no preaching or moralizing in tbo book, which is
clMr«ctcri7J>d by the fane and mature juilgment, and the
tlKirDagh knowliilge of human nature, which we are accustomed
to expect in everything that cmes from thu author's pen. It
contains many bright flashta of wit, and the cimravtors are
•kilfully drawn. The story it emphatically a g<xxl one ; non«
th* leM so, mc reorer, because it ends happily.

pMty,
that 1

theras

ITsthM-and
the one gri-i'
•ee their faith

Father and Son. Ky Arthur Paterson, Cr. 8vo..
330 pp. l.(<indon and New York, ISH7. Harpers. 6-

Mr. Arthur I'utorson hero makes an oxcurHJon into ground of
adiflferent character from that on uhioh ho has achiovod moist suc-
cess. Ho does not move among scones of stirring adventure, in
which ho has prove<l his capacity as a writer of vivid narrative ;
and the field of operations is not across the sea, but in London
and Lancashire, and is peopled, not with Rod Indians or fighting
Americans, but with the unromantic figures of a liritich murchaiit,
his friends, his family, and hiu manager. The only tasto of the
author's lighting quality is in tho first chapter, which introduces
the two leading ciiaractors of tlie story in tho great annual foot-
ball match of Hrookport v. Kuinborough. Of this match thoro
is a spirited account. It takes (ilacu in the halcyon days twenty
years ago, when, so Mr. Paterson would havo us believe, tho
field is crowded with onthusiastio spectators of tho woiking
classes who regard with innocent astonishment the otfor made
by an audacious stranger tu bet a sovereign on tho result.
Cunlilfo, tho IJreckport captain, who wins tho match for his side,
is tho " son " : tho interested visitor who is so free with his
sovereigns is tho " father." Tho latter factis not actually dis-
closed until we roach page 284 : but by tho end of tho second
chapter the reailer has not failed to identify the spoculativo
stmngor with Cunliffo's father, who had served a sciitenco of
penal servitude for destroying his grandfather's will, and had
long been supposed to bo doad. Mr. Paterson has many od-
mirable qualities as a story toller ; but in less capable hands
the interest of his story would suffer from the engaging sim-
plicity with which ho helps the reader t<i the right conclusion.
He lays all his :ards on tho table ; he keeps no surprises up bis
sleeve. There is a goed deal to bo said for this plan, provided
it does not leave tho narrative at any point dull or barren.
Skilfully managed, it renders a story well suited for serial issue,
and rea<lors of tho Weekly Edition of Thr. Timi-.i, in whicli this
novel first appeared, wliilo they would unquestionably find
enough to interest them in their periodical instalment, would
not remain for wooks on tho tenter-hooks of expectation until
the mystery enveloping some character or event were satisfac-
torily explained. Indeed, what we like about Mr. Paterson is
the busines'flikc straightforwardness of his method. He does
not encumber himself with many characters. CunlifTo and his
father ; the merchant of whoso business tho elder CunlifTo is tho
manager, under tho name of .Alexander Wilson ; his oldest
daughter, for whoso hand "father ond son " are rivals ; her
brother and two sisters ; these almost exhaust tho ilrnmnii»
ptrsorur. There are no interludes of general reflection or verbose
description ; tho characters, though distinctly individual, aro
not very subtle, and they do not indulge in any delicate refine-
ments of love-making. Tho writer sticks to his last. He has a
good plot, carefully thought out ; he keeps his narrative always
moving, and his style is sensible, lucid, and facile. As a matter
of construction, tho coincidence which loads to tho discovery of
Wilson's identity is perhaps rather crude. Uiit tho scene itself
is well described : and tho events which follow on the discovery
are capitally hanillc<l. There aro a goo<l many strong situations
in those closing chapters in which a rather intricate entangle-
ment of lovoand business, affecting tho character of Cuiiliffe tho
father, and his relations towards bis son, is unravelled with con-
siderable skill.

Maime o' the Comer. Hy M. B. Francis (Mrs. Francis
niundell). Cr. 8vo., cloth. London and New York, IS!»7.

Harpers. 6-

This story may be regarded as a little study in Poor Law ad-
ministration. Ita hero and its heroine were " children of tho
Htate," and the career of the latter offers a capital text for dis-
cussion on the a<lvaiitagos and disadvantages of " bouidiiig
out." Poor little Maime o' the Corner, known to tho guardians
as Mary Clarke, was happy enough till her foster-father dio<l,
but in real life she would, before the union had done with her,

October 30, 1897.]

LITLUATLKF

not havo beon loft, wo truat, to the tin(»tter«(l iU«p«mI of
)ior foKtor-mot)iur, who liaiulii ht>r ovor to Mr* Newton, •
Imrit mill well-to-do furiiiur's wifu with n I for

nnion cliiiilron. Nor, when iho gett iionr nt > )ii<r

hiisbaiiil in Livoqiool.clo wo hoar a nyllftl'li' of any a
workhougo for tho relief of II rfspwtihlo young coii|'
lint wo do not wish to critirizo tho hook in the ipirit of a
Oovcrnmont TnApoctor. Thero are unfortanatuly many cues of
gonuiiio hanUhip which slip through tho fiiiguriof tho niott tigi-
lunt pliiluntliro])ic aocictica, and thu ctory of Mainio and hor
lover Joo lioattie, n farm litd from an induRtrial school, is not
only oonvincing hut full of a (jonuiiio patlioa. Tho oonitriiction
is rathor loof-o, and the aiitlmrt'i.H allows hor mumoriox
of north pountry folk and maniiom to detain tho reoilar
with incidents, often graphic and humoroni, which have
not much to do with tho story. It ih, in fart, a viry
simple talo -Maime rojoctcd by tho faithless Will Newton
and taken over by Joo to a life of grinding jiovorty in town.
When tilings got too bad to last tho unfortunate couple do
not, wo aro glad to say, affeot tho now style and eko out tho
agony to the bittor ond by starving or throwing themsidvos into
tho rivor ; nor does Mnimc, like an old-fnshioned heroine, come
into tho fortuiio which certain hints as to her origin seemed to
onticipate. They simply iiinko their way hack through tho
snow to thoir old home, where friends are ready to take pity on
them, and join tho cl.is.i of a:;ricuUuial labourer in a district
whore no sign appears of agricultural depression. Tho storj' of
tho two waifs is vividly told, and Mrs. ]!Iundcll shows hor usual
power of enlinting both tho imagination and the syoiiiathy of
tho reader on its sadder hiilu. Mr. Prdsnap said that poi-erty
was not a subject to bo introduced among our wives and young
{wrsons. Wu are quite sure that ai here treatoil they can study
it not only without harm, but «ith intorcat and oven with
1 rofit.

The People of Clopton. Hy Qeorge Bartram. 8vo.^
pp. iv.+ijii. Loiuloii. T. Fisher Unwln. 6 -

" I think everything that smacks of the primitive and
natural," says Mr. Itartram, " is gooil and beautiful, and the
older it is tho better. Every man who |>ni)ses8ca it shouhl
cheri.Mh this yearning after the pastoral, and if ho is of rural
breeding should keep alive the menu ries of his youth." Con-
sequently nur author has sot him.«olf to record his own memories
of country life in the Midlands a generation ago. Wo do not,
inileod, tuppofo that his nurrativo is just wliat it purjorts to be,
tho truthful record of " a country boy's love and lawlessness
and escape from consequencca ;" though, for that matter,
whether it is exactly accurate or whether tho author is really as
well as nominally the tJeorgie who made lovo to Jenny Hajiel-
dino and went poaching with tho accomplished Fowsoy and
Exotor Dick is neither here nor there. What concerns tho reader
is that the old country life of a Midland village thirty years ago ia
hero rovivitiod with remarkable skill and verisimilitude. Wo
<lo not remember so etriking a description, for instance,
al a rural merrymaking as " Clopton Fea.st " since Charles
Kingsloy and Thomas Hughes described the same thing
from such different points of view in " Yoast " and
" Tom iSrown's Schooldays." A certain uncompromising
realism marks Jfr. Bartram's episodic narrative, and occasion-
ally lead.^ him into language which jars tho reader's sense of
titnoss without materially aildini; to the power of his talo. Such
descriptions as that of .lenny'a " soft Idack eyes, touched ir>r
tho moment with a bc«'itching strabismus," cannot bo called
(lappy. But in spito of some slips in taste Mr. Bartram lias
written a very remarkable book ; his poaching scenea es] ocially
are narrateii with a zest and vigour wnich one's memory c.innot
easily {mrallel from our literature. His knowlodce of rustic
character, shown in such ]Mirtraits as I'ncle Nrali, Hichartl
Noedham, huey I'robert, Tom Waakolin, and, above all, Fowsi y
and Dick, the poachers, is not unworthy of Mr. Hardy himself,
the living mastor in this kind. If this is a first book it bears
witness to a skill in characterization and a narrative art which
promise to bring Mr. Bartram's name into considerable promi-
nence within the next few years.

387+ a<l pp.
qn

virdlet. Bjf

l.i>ii>|i>n, iHUi,

KnWi.

'ate«t nns-

ntrlavcr

i WO vole. TlvSia.

iiiuat Ui aniii
aa a man "I <
nov.
ad

KB
>tl
t,

r-
tit
I-
t«j
it
■T

lie
It
!•

iio

ir-

ru'd haK

tial talk

]»-

iKirt of To III r e..
interest . .. goivl nod a i
her fears ai to the i on^'
in vain he rominda h
hoirras o' ' '
said t'l i

:-f

. 1,

it 14

lob tho

pass fr-.n. i. •
her and her '■'

....^.at

■a JO

greedy. " V

I do,'*'«ho ti :

ri-rliiiti to ma:

ii^ion, wo feel, is ii
is (lue to a for;

i-i ^ A. ' A A. A.\ r

.r. !l aa

•'a
lor

f-a

wliicli conrtitiito tlio man
Thi« yoiiU'T matron, with .
fon ' ''• S|eech, is diawi

ByS

IsbiBi

rv.
of

c|ui :mour. But. indeed

to ino, n> : ' ' '

which they i

bred writing in. a u.uAvn u^iwaui

2l.^

lt«7.

..d

rv in
. well.

Perpetua. A story of NlniMi in a.d
Gould, M.A. 7^ >5iii., 810 pp. Lnndon.

Stories i!"
with the doi

Baring-
.«r & Ck>.

•y

.-va

their numl>ci im.i j. luium ji
multitude of readers.' •• I'erjiot
who are sensible of tl'" •'''■'
of the picturesque an
played to advantage in :
ritea in honour ot the tut-

' a

city of Mmca. Thrr-' nri-

.t*

not altogether unv

•••

of Komo under N'

I'a

book is far more r.
novelist. By loc

h
rd

century i
the olil
subi —

'■r

iiaiid.

^ .1 •

ami

are .. .

roathat

* thia

class, Mr. 1

■re

originality. 1 ... aa,
the bibulous slave. Tarnius. and the roat - aro very human,
though primitive, Christiana. They are .iftor the school of
Ciblion, rather than piipila of Dea- The patrician
Itoman convert i^ 1 v po mr^na a ..,.*«w1 Vn,ilina

Lcntulus Varro, t'

•ore the

pleadings and rea-
ls the 1:11 .'
that coi
making tot- i>.Mi"|> l.;ik iin<

dl. It

ua
ot

■-'a

style ia rather tou like n:

• i.o

modern reader will rightly t;- ; ...

. „, .....re

LITERATURE.

[October 30, 1807.

^ anqnactioiwbl* fortre and rermcitv in iU

OMia fcatlVM. Mr. Itarine-ttoiild U • trifle laviKh of
anhmologj and bidory. lUit ho has, on the wholo.
•nplojM^ his mktcriAl w:° tiicss and elTcct, not

iMtftl^ M •mb*llishaieut« or | : foftorius, but as integral

OOMtltasoto of tb* story. Asi :8 mtistic Iiitndliuf;,

w« mmy cits the deaoription ' 11 l>> tlu> Cliriitians

Iwfors oelebrsting tlie i: ntu : tho acsount

ol th* Tmrioo* clnba or gtiild-' );>tioiis of KomniisiR, and

t: 'of tiuir I unctions 8upi)lie<l by tho

. ^r« : and, lastly, tho dfsonption

.1 . ;i r P'Ouir, into which tho unlwppy

!:;.:!.i- -,» ono of tho Hiost Spirited

Menotah. liv Ernest Q. Henham. With Illustrations
by llai Ludlow, ^vo.. pp. xii. ^ :)7(l. Ixndon.

Skeflington & Sons. 6;-

Ithss just been ni
of unilertaking the
Hitherto that great ti
appearanco in literature.

tluit Sir \Vilfrid Jjaurior is thinking
• '( tho Hudson's Bay Company.
tnizatii)n hus not mado much
H. M. Hallantyno intrmluced
OS for boys, and Mr. Gilbert
! • io tho lives of its servants,

I . ...^ .. .Mr. Henham undortakos to

other side <if the medal : hi.-i tale of the Riel
. as a principal reason for that hopeless revolt of
• ^ and Indians, " the unscrupulous treatment of

t un bv tho white inva<lor8, " and aocuses th o

Hudson's of having " |)aved tho way for this

miwrable . • is of morality.'' Mr. Henham's ston'

is readable inou^ii. tiiuuch as an indictment of the H.B.Cf.
it raruK't be said to bo convincing. His Indian heroine
" H«art that knows not sorrow " — is an engaging
Ough she becomes somewhat melodramatic in the con-
<in-i. II. i^amont is a pup|H,t who never seems to move by him-
self. But the minor characters are much more lifelike, and Mr.
Henham <lcacribes tho ccencry and customs of the far North-
West with a pictorial power that eeems to bo based on intimate
knowledge.

BIEDIOAL.

LEGAL.

The Law of Motor Cars, Hackncv, and other Car-
riaern«- Hv O. A. Bonner, Uai-rister^at-Law. 8vo., 252pp.
London. IW7. .SU'Vous. 7s. Od.

Mr. Bonner describes his work on Tue Law of Motor
Caes as an " epitome of tho law, statutes, and regulations"
applicable Ui vehicles of this character. In bo far ns the
chapters on tho (general law of negligence, nuisance, bailments,
carriers, m ' ' ' omotivcs on highways are ci>ncime<l,

thia mod) is not inappropriate. Tho author's

treatment • careful and accurate, and will be

foiii.d u»< :" the lending principles and rules

of l.-iu '. . ..r anything more the practitioner or

rttub ultthe "bof)ks at largo,' and probably,

in si.i , li. II (!;. Ii;!it locomotive bus evolved a

rasc-Uw of it' i might with advantage

^« iri:?% ■!. !' If an injustice in includ-

h (JoalB with tho Locomotives on

■h B drfi;:Tiation as " epitome."

'■<1 annotation of the

o are in any way

.tion. Topetherwith

'■ns made mider it

ment R'artl, to

■0. It is to bo

I.,.!. II..., i,i..i ,'., ; .II..1I1 lo tho now verj-

gMMral practice rs of giving the date

of rrei7 caso . • j,d cx{ie<.-tation which

praraila amot> Ixoks that this prac-

tic<- will be I tr.irv . n. An iininr.-

neferenoe to th«! «latc of .;

•■-n msMp« z »tnfbTit t'
autb'
logica

tMM- ^ liiiii with

a rea^ ; case is to

be foaad in a scries ol rcj.xjrts wUicli his library contains.

Masters of Medicine, bxlitoil by Ernest Hurt. I>.t'.L.
John Hunter, Man uf .Science and (>urguun. By Stephen
Paget. W'HU an Intrcnluctiou by Sir James Paget. Ciiiwu
8vo., 27li pii. One Illustrution. London, ISO".

T. Fisher Unwln. 8,6

Charles Kingsley norer gave hotter advice than when bo
said " Head biography, it is tho best kind of historj'." The
lives of great statesmen are tolerably well known. But oven in
the learned professions only a few wull-inforraod men know more
than tho names of those to whom their jirofession owes tho
greatest debt. In many coses the details of their lives aro lost,
yet whon they have been ]ireserved they form pleasant and
wholesome reading even for tho groat body of the general public
who are not specially interested in tho work which made them
great. Tho most eminent names in medicine aro sooner lost in
oblivion than tho roasters in literature, art, or even commerce.
Mr. Kishor I'nwin is therefoie to ho congratulated upon his
present venture, and with so auspicious a beginning we wish it
all succens.

The story of John Hnnter's life has often been told, for in
every alternate year tho Royal College of Surgeons of Kngland
celebrates his birthday by an oration from tho most eloquent or
learned surgeon in London. Horn early on St. Valentino's l)ay
in 172S, the youngest child of a largo family living near Glas-
gow, without any advantage of rank or fortune, John Hunter
became tho most famous surgeon in tho world. Yet he was not
a good operator, his manners were Warish without the eccentricity
A-hich somotinios commands respect, and ho was so liad a teacher
that it is said ho began each course of lectures with a dose of
laudanum to give him confidence in speaking to his class. But
in spit4) of all these drawbacks he attained the very highest
rank in his profo-'^sion for, as Sir James Paget wisely says,
" his mind was net on science, whilst bis business was practical
surgery." He was tho first to experiment in surgery, not upon
patients nor in detail, but to obtain an insight into tho prin<
ciplos of disoase. Correct thinking founded U{Hin accurate obser-
Tatioiis, innumerablo in numl^'r, led Hunter to a piisition far in
advance of his )>redece8Sors, of his conteniponiries, and of many
of his 8ucccs.surs. His work created Pathology, tho soienco upon
which all remedial measures, whether in man or animals, of
necessity depends. All surgeons had examined dead boilies, but
none before him and only a few even of bis own pupils were
able to generalize upon tho facts they had obserTed. Morbid
anatomy would have progressed without Hunter, but had ho
never been born the work of Haillie, of I'ujret, of Wilks, and of
Listi-r would luive been much less fruitful than the leaven of bis
genius enabled them to make it.

It is, therefore, peculiarly lltting that Mr. Paget should have
Iwen intrusted with tho preparation of a Life of Hunter, and tho
introduction by Sir James Paget ndils to the value of a really
valuable work. The book teems with g<!od stories, yet Mr. Paget
has performed his task with zeal temi>ered with judgment. He
has sifted the .■■candalous life by Jesse Foot, but ho has avoided
the uniluo praisi- which market! some of tho older Hnnterian
Orations. He lias availed himself, too, of many new sources of
information, e.s]>ccinlly of the manuscript notes in the possession
of MijB Hunter-llnillio, herself almost the last survivor of one
of the most remarkable families in England, a family cminont
alike in law, in medicine, and in surgery. Some interesting
facts about Mrs. Hunter have thus been obtaiiieil. She was
known to have K-en witty and beautiful. The friend of Madame
D'Arblay and Mrs. Montagu, slio wrote poetry, and her little
lyric, "My mother bids me l)iii(l my hair," lives for ever in the
setting given to it by Havdn. But Mr. Paget has difcovored
that sIio wrote the words for Hn^-dn's " Creation," os the mugh
draft of them in her handwriting still exists. But Huntior
did not always approve of his wife's pursuits, for

*' On returning homo late one evening ho unexiicctedly
found his drawing room filled with musical professors, con-
noisseurs, and other iillers, whom Mrs. Hunter had assembled.
He was greatly imtntod, and walking straight into tho room
used the '1 guests pretty much in the following

: -' 1 ki: • of this kick-up, ond 1 ought to have

Ueeii informed ut it 1 ; but, as 1 am now roturne<l homo

to study, I hojjo the impony will retire.' "

They lived pretty happily together in spite of tl'.o diycrsit.v

' of their tastes, but of tlioir font children only two arrived at

' matttrtty, and they died without issue.

Oct. .!...,• :;o, 1897.J

LITERATT'RE.

NAVAL.

or;iniD^ iiiiiiiv

tli<

1.4 |X>int(Ml

Tlie liitoflt niimhor of Im Mitritxf /'.i,
mattiTii of intorant. MM. lo('<>(iiiiiaiiiIaiir
tho iiidiiHtrioiiii puliliriiit.'* wlio havo .1
tlio in:iiitl« of tho latu Aili-iiral AuIki, <
on tlio threat Froiich navnl iiimiuMivnm," i-
of Admiral do C'uvervillo, coii!
Moditorranonii, aro aoluuU'd 1

lattor, " cniisors i ' ' 1 to iniiiiit:iiri l..uca
armoured, fiisl, | a ^luat radius of actio

proKorvo contact ,.. .>((/••, in any weuthur.

'• tho dufoncu of tho Fioiich littoral " ought
Hiinicing in the Moditorranonii no an not t" ••
Kiliiadrona whoso vif^oroiis oironsivo action <-
dofonco. " Tho absurdity of tho operation \
koepiiif; contact puro and siinplu during tho ni^iit
out hy tho critics. Admiral do Ciivorvillo's condition raiinot ho
fullillod. If tho so-called Ciiitact vohm'U oro to be Kpooially
nrotectoil with a viow to thoir tightiiii^ a night action, thfir
functions resolve thonisolves into those claimod for '
craft, and tlio general quostion of tho future of \<
si|uadron» i.s thus raised. Tlio writor.-i hold that " the M. .1. • 1
Admiral Aubo have not yot ponutratud tho braiii.s •>( tho chiffi ot
tho Kronrh \,ivy," and that, "/'(nV i-.idvm < "itiHoiir

Admiralty wliifh by building distroyors li .. fullest

lioniago to. tho principles laid down by thel' :> " ''ios.

This i.s correct in a certain sunsc. It has bucii ruoo ; in

some waters of liniito<l extent tho groat llotilla of 1 : , ata

which Admiral Aubo demanded constitutes a danger, and the
Admiralty wi.scly dctnrminod to build a distinctly su()erinr class.
In tho dostroyors. Admiral Oolomb sees the iloom of tho battle-
ships ; but althoU(.'h this ponoral proposition that chango^ nre-
probablo is evidently indisputable, there aro strong ron~
believing that vossols not dirt'oring greotly from our
battloships will continue to be indispensable to tho iiiui-ii
Empire. Tho conditions of France are not tho samo as our own,
and it may bo that, an tho critics state, .Vdmiral (' '-■ ''
oonclusions " apply better nml more logically to the

than to tho Britisli Navy." A full itii.-t' .t;.,.! of the ., ;.

is promised. As regards Admiral do ' .s secoml proiio.-ii-

tion.MM. Z. amlH. Moiiti'chaiita.sk« i . , .ioil. "Thi-s famous

Moditorrarioan squadron which has cost so many millions, and of
which wo wore so proud, is apparently not able to aorvo for the
dofonco of our coasts ! (.)f what use then ia it y " There is here
a considorablo confusion of ideas. What is meant by the '■ do-
fonco of our coasts" ? Does it mean tho protection of outgoing
and incoming commerce, of coasting trade, or simply of liririH.iir.i
and buililings on tho seaboard ( If tho last, then a fow I.h-.iI
<Iofonco3 on .shore, backed by tho groat military ro.soun-es
of Franco, amply suflico for all needs. Such oporations aslinat
liritain carried out against Clierbourg and ottempted against
H.icliefort aro now ab.iolutcly impossible. A coast line can,
liowever, only bo rondorod sucure in tho broad s.miso by a mobile
navy able to hold its own on tho sea, and tho views of Admiral
do Oiiverville appear incontostable.

Tho Naval Hiidgot is critically oxamine<l bv A. Oael in an
open letter to tho President of the Uudget Commission. Frwich
naval expenditure -258, "JOO.OOO francs in 18S)", will rise to about
234,*X),000 francs in 1898, and if it is dosi^
(Iff'nixr mnritiin'' si'rifu.ie, must be brought up to
(£12,000,0110 sterling), exclusive ot tho cost .1 a

troops. Tho writer ci>nsiders that tho ilistribution c ti-

dituro under its several heails should follow estabii^in'u inies,
40 por cent, being allotted to now construction and 10 jior cent,
to the service ot tho Hoot reserve. Tho latter important item at
present only obtains a little more than 2(i per cent., and tho
writer attributes tho great number of breakdowns to this cause.
As ho most justly points out, the machinery of -ships constantly
at sea is much more likely to bo trustworthy tlinn that which lies
idle or is only omploye<l at long intervals. Tho '■ .Admirals of tho
old school " aro ot a difTorent opinion, and hold that tho numlwr
of breakdowns is simply proportional to that of tho s ti in

commission. Tho life of the stnicturo of a steel ship I '■*)

years, Frauoc. after replacing all her wooden or other>visr oi'soieto
shipj and ohtaining at tho end of 1902 an active fleet of 24
armour-clad'i, will tind her reserve ships rapi<Ily accumulating,
and must either increase tho number ot vessel.'* in commi.ssion or
discover some means of keeping the reserve ships in a state of
greater ollicioiioy than at pre.tent. As roganis moii. the present
active total is .11,00;), .showinir an increase of only 22 to 2S [n-r
cent, in eight years, during which Groat Britain has otTocted an
augmentation "of 'Si to 40 jMjr cent. A. Gaol, therefore, considers

Our !

"Ut f

at I
in;

.1 '.! OIU !

•vould do

'tlwminhit; tn tlw

•A

:iilMr of nan

'1 ft'K.r.liua 4

•ur

'»«
V ;
.11

' w

n
It

point oi vi''w.

Ht tbc Booh StalL

iha:
in

Sii. Ilia
roforonco

f print
:i at

Tl... 1 .r

element
|>oiiit <'f
was'
call ;

quality oi
lays down,

b< twoen tho

me I

of a,

must g'i Imci^ t^> tho

ft'ldod richness was bo

1 MS of a >
r to a irre

.ill i ' ' '
To I

the
it w
no i
the '
custom .
and this
of tl
ot 1

prill :

.,.»-,i.i;.i,,v.i

r>llu of d.

to tho t"
sliall stand lu a
the bottom, a nart'

■fio

1 with

.^t th«

' ill

.c-

•!:0
h*
n-
\a
t«i

i,v
il
1.

of
■t

n tiimt

liithcd

•uly ou account

•• fioni \
gem in re_

Iv
il

I. IS a
■:■ is in

LITEUATURE.

[October 30, 189 7.

IviK'. cnltt'd tl;

i"».

type in Qennany, to

<l the pix'iiis tlioin-

foiiiit. (vuito B|iart

itu *» literature, a Ihk k

tl aa a £nu anti(|i:o coin,

iiivt' luiich ill lominon, i>n u<c<'tint

II u( itii littering and thu j urtoct

f the lut book i»sued by Mr. Morria, " The

far to <!

>l «» mil*

IS ■■:.<.:: ■-. . . . ^ _ - _ ,

a type ih^ca not defeat ita own
that, even in r</i(urij lie luj-t
larger type than that known
lie uaed if weight is given to
be rtmd. Even where it ia not

n of wirk-

the matter

, and this

' 1.0 I age to look diity

.... iifier u hliort »i ell of

:» itself fur conhideration

, -i-a, the UFe of bo largo

ends, for there is no doubt

on full paged paper, no

aa great primer should ever

the fact that the book may

so much a <|ue*tion of tasto

aa of normal ••yeiiuOit. nirn of yrint may err as easily in one

• " ' !i with this question of
i r (lueEtionwhcther the use

• ;..:■, not ultimately tend

of stereo plates lack

.|iii--< iMiii II •ii~i.ii^iii&hes prints from a

metal tyfe. lietidex which the Ktcreo letter

'■ the qualities of tl.c lincuBid in dry-imint

y to lun over and heccme woolly on the

It is allowed to lecome at all general

.•■..• I refent generation will ctftr fewer attractions

of the future than the books of thelGth and ITtli

us.

'(> did the art of decorating bookUndings emanate ;

impcrtation broncbt into Europe at the end of

ry tlifre is no doupt, but in what country did it

ll.> ' opinion has always been that it was

tiin iftMiii:

good deal

Cvtlti.
I

fri m

U18. Many instsncos can be adduced in
the decoration of bindings by mtans of

1. ry heavily with o| Rqiio colours, so character-

^ e. of the Orolicr bindings, can be matched by

i < of a verj" much earlier date. Curiously cn< ugn

,l..iM binilings the Perfians keep vcrj' closely to
t jiast, and in matters of dcKign and execution

' . ceiy any forward movement during the la£t

4 x> years, ijome recent difcoveries of bindings executed in
K^ypt under the later Mameluke rulers would appear to indicate
that the carljr Italian binders owed much, if not all. of their in-
spirntifn to Fgypt. This is a matter which it will take some
' ' ''o. It is by no means improbable that amongst

le as the Mamelukes there were Eome woikmcn
'•I ii r.'-iaii • i:^in,an<l if this ia found to le so, it will be another
f»ct<T in tupport of the theory so loag held that the art of
decorating bookbindings was first brought to Europe from
I'crsia.

'Clnivcvsit\: Xcttcvs.

OXFORD.

IftW » Long Vacation, which to all intents and purpoFcs
benn bat Maj, after sending a loval deputation to Windsor
■ad a rspTMMltatiTa to King Otcar'a Jubilee at Stockholm,
l»xford commence* her nca<Iemic year with the pleasing novelty
of • n*w Begistrar and two recently-elected Heads of Houses.
Tb* praatige of Mr. Gr<jeo's name caused him to bo returned un-
ofkpoMd. fV.th Prf'f»-or Fi-lhnm ntrl I'l ofessor Lock were the
fBToorit4«, ] oiiular. President and

Warden hj. ,■ within our boundaries,

and a the Hirlii of the learned in their

rwspe- • this I.'ni»eniiiy.

IVnii. iiei; ..... of Trinity College,

all muat regret \Vo<.<U. The late

Praaident'almou..- . iajly npeful in

tbe control of thoM.- I niversity is

•o often charged wit .-i.. we loco—

what we can ill affor , i| ,,f niir

UiCh] n'.vi'Ii't. . I'<.i Itl,,..,,.li .1

I nerer ow

'1 .■.II novel 1 - f

Thyraia and the bcbolar Uipey, but there ia nothing academic

about it. It is carious to see how differently two artists may
utilize the camo background. To Mattl.ew Arnold the "warm
green-muffled Cumm r liills " suggested a wealth of classic anil
academic reminiscence. There is no harsh rculiKiii in his pastor.^il
life — the half Virgilian shepherds of the Hur.^t, the boatman's
daughter of the " shy Thames" — yet to Mrs. Woods those saitn*
scenes and the rustics of lierkshiru jirovidod material for the
Bonibrc anil cssentiii" ii story of a Village Tragedy.

Novelists have y lost touch of tho life of Oxford

itfeli. Poihaps exi-i. i. .• unio is lacking in incident ; |ierhap8
it is the sterilizing intlueiice of a t.>o critical spirit. At any
rate, the day isoturwlicn the nndergiadiiatu could lie a hero, as
ho is, for instance, in " Tom Urown at Oxfortl." His achieve-
ments in thu echotds and on the river utod to bo invested
with a glamour and romanco born of enthusiasms wliich
wo have now outlived ; and no one in the present day mttcl>
cares to road stories alniut schoolboy pranlcs and athletic
triumphs ; while if fiction catrios the hero into other tiolds,
he is in danger, while appealing to wider human sympathies,
of doing things incon.sistent with his residence at a University ;
it Wing, of course, tho object of academic otiicials, like the goo<l
gendarme in " L'Hommu !i I'Oroillo Cassi^o," to see that
nothing unusual hapiieiia in tho lo<-ality. On the other hand,
too much vivacity in dertciibinj' the life of Dons oiid tho " Park»
System " is apt to be held lilellous. Tho thing hr.s been tried,
but not with complete success — Oxford society is ntill t<io smalt
to be satirized with safety. It is uiwlerstood that at Cambridgo
the works of " Alan St. .\ubyn " are not productive of unmixed
pleasure. Perhaps it is, on tho whole, inefitablo that, when tho
narrator of those days essays to lift the veil from Oxford social
life, the result shoufd bo rather unsatisfying, as it undoubtodly
is in tho latest volume of local stories — publixhod this term
and entitled " Within Sound of Great Tom." Hero arc na
heroic undergradtiato figtires, as in " Tom Hrown," nor any im-
possibly desiccated Professors of Ktnision as in " Pelinda."
When the undorgraduato appears ho is tho colourless individual
of the present day, and tliu Fellow is perhaps even milder am)
more inelTectual than ho is in reality ; while when tho authoress
ventures on a scene of collegiate life she does so obviously with-
out personal knowledge, which is but natural.

-Mr. T. (i. Jackson, who has created a good deal of modern
Oxford, now appears as tho chronicler of its antiquities. Hia
" Church of St. Mary tli') Virgin,'" a hpaiitifiil and profu.sely
illustrated book, has recently been published by the Clarendon
Press. The annals of our I niversity Church are not only inte-
resting architecturally: for a long time the history of St. Mary's
was really thu historj' of tho University : the story of tho many
great am\ iitemorablo scones enacted within its precincts has a
charm for every one. Altogether such a book appeals to all who
know Oxford, even to that napless generation of undorgradiiatcs
who never saw tho church at all, at least undrii] o<l by tcalfold-
ing. Towards the end, Mr. .lacksoii deals at length with tho
recent restoration of tho pinnacles, luckily not in a too tMilemica)
spirit, though ho has a little fling at sentimental i>er8oiis who
do not understand architecture. Fortf.nately tho fins of con-
troversy which raged round that vexed qtiostioii are now extinct,
and tho scarchings of heart which agitato<l Convocation for a.
year or more have passed into thu limlio of the forgotten.

Tho progress of Dr. Murray's Dictionary has been lately
celebratofl in true academic fa.vhion that is, by a dinner, which
is said to have been most succyHsfnl. There is reason to hope
that unless the English language should multiply words abnor-
mally, the work may be finished in I'JIO. For an Oxford
magnum o^iun, this seems almost indecently precipitate.

iforcion Xcttcvs.

UNITED STATES.

The October number of tho Atlnutie Muuihlij complotos
the fortieth year of the perio<lical, which, more than any other,
has endeavoured to be repntsentativo of American literature.
The Atlnntir may sometimes have leon irreverently called
doll, insipid, or anything else iinwolcome to (.ditors ; but
nobody has questioned from tho beginning that it has tried to bo
at once meritorious and native. The summary of its fortyyeara,
with which this last number conoliidos, is, in its own way, im-
pressive. Whatever else it has done, the Allanlic has roanage<l

October 30, 1897.]

LITERATURE.

fi7

to count nmojiR its •

iliiritij^ tlmt [Mirioil, 1,

liM iiioluili'd mro'i of their limtinR worlc. In ita rirnt ntirotior,

for cxiwnplo. Dr. Kolmos bogan tlio " Autocrat of th« Drvakfaat

TaMii," KuuirRon piibliihcil hit oiway on Illuiion*. Lowi-lt aiul

Wliittior had poomH, ami no had LoiiKfollow, and thent wu

aomothiiig by Motloy. In view of thii it i» a Httlo atattlinc to

lind that, iiftor tho di^'iiit;od old faxhion, none of I'

wu» siKnod. Forty years ngo an anonymity nn

that of the Quartrrlii Htrirw waa on eliimontaiy

of tho literaryniiinnerit of New Krif^land, at ihot tinio t!

tentro of tho I'niteil States. Hut that anonymity coTerwl nam«a

well known then ond I titer since.

No sinj^lo fact could moro clearly mark tho present condition of
American litoraturo than tho contrast between this state of thing*
and tho recent announcomenta of American publishers for the
coming season. In quant ity|thc8o oro said to l)o unprei-edi-ntod ;
certainly tlioy outnumber, by twohuii<1rod or fo, tho ann'^iineo-
inents of a year apo. And, almost without exception, t'
tho authors who thus appeal to the American public, i
impression which one j^ets from this rather bowildorin); lutxat »i
prophetic information is perhaps mistaken. Tho very bulk of
tho iinnouncemonts inevitably means that a givxl jMirt of what is
nnnotniccd must prove ephemeral ; but among tho names spread
lieforo us tliero are certainly a few which hove long boen
rospectobly familiar. Not to speak of some stray letters which
passed between Kmeraon nnd John Sterling, or of an unpublished
diary of Hawthonio, whoso literary remains seem almost
inoxhaustiblo : not to sjwak either of novels by Mr. Miirion
Crawford and Mr. Henry Jamos, who may fairly lie held by this
lime rather European writers thon Amurican, there is a clleoted
edition of tho works of Mr. Aldrich, and a now volume of ; ooms
by Mr. Stedman ; and there aro novels by Mr. Howell-, and
Mr. Frank Stockton, and Mrs. Burnett ; ond there is a new
historical work by Sir. J<ihn Fiske. Ali the same, as one turns
over tho annoiuicomonts, what strikes ono most is the com-
parative unfamiliarity of tho names so freely announced. That
tho literary activity of America haa never been grcot«r is an
undoubte<l fact. Equally undoubted seems tho fact that just ot
this moment .\merica is not so rich as it nsed to be in esta-
blished reputations. Fantastically enough, one begin-; t'> fee! as
it tho Nineteenth Century were insensibly Ix^come a thin? < i tho
jMist, while tho Twentieth is still a thing of tho future.

Ot course, this impression is not only fantastic, but p<>rhaps
a littlo unfair. When ono begins to consider tho announcomenta
in detail, ono finds a good many titles which cannot bo over-
looked. In the motter of .scholarly contribution to the study of
English literature, a study rather moro orthodox in America
than in England, where it has a far more deeply rooteil clos-'ical
tradition to contend with, at least two works of first-rato import-
ance aro promised: a new volume of Mr. H. H. Funiexs's
" Variorum Shakespeare," comprising oil that his experienoetl
ttcutcness and indu.stry can collect concerning T\- if. '-i-'i
Tale ; and tho tenth and final volume of the late Professor
Child's " English and Scottish Popul.ir IJallads," a work which
is believed literally to include every known English or Scotch
iuillad which can bo traced to o [xipular, as distinguished fr'>m a
litorarj-, source, and to set forth every fact about them wl.icli tho
■unceasing and enthusiastic labour of a scholar's lifetime C'>uld
discover. Tho completion of this final volume has been occom-
plisho<l by l'rofess<ir Kittredgo, of Harvard College, Professor
Child's most trusted and intimate colleague. Then there is a
second volume of Professor M. C. Tyler's " Literary Hi.'it ry of
tho .American Revolution," tho most thorough and ut-.'. i.ised
statement which has bjen made of what may bj called the
mental condition of this country diu-ing the years which changed
it from a loyal dependency of tho Pritish Crown to a region
where for aliovo a century tho British Crown has been tmdition-
nlly, though most infelicitously, held to be an hereditary er.emy.
Thon, too, Mr. Tnoodoro Uoosevelt promises n volume on
American Ideals, which ono may perhaps expect to uphold
this tradition ; tho President of Harvard College, a man of

of MMf* and ad*

■..." uwlBiahop

more pMO«fnl twnpar, will

ilrsMM on " Amarioan Coo^^^^Bt'

Potter, of Now Vork, a «

eiititi. -I ■' The Scholar ami ••-■'ma

of irs from Moa* oimI a man of :Ary

a* ' ' . baa jiiat i»oi-uijk of aaaayaalMJui <. ertain

A< Mr. Harriaon, formariy fraaiiWtit of tba

: •■.••,:-■••- T- vol

. to

on
ina
.ira

.ly

thorough compiler of lust'
Amvriean history in itn
oallod " Thu Westerly

mora booka which roiKi.: . . ^ , . .

thore ia no lack of rigoroiu an<I

anif ' rican men who might r. on k-iu

in y \\ve» to have no spare time f

b<H>k.'i. Ill" ' ts, though, are

tlusu mon !■ I ronuivwl fron, -• .

ail'''

on.

the must intoreating.

It ia in tho region of pure lottera, aftar all, that one ranat
■eek, if anywhere, for justification of one's iniprvaaion that on

the whole tho writora of tho proaont moment arc r ' •.■>•«»

well known as American men of lottera u«e<l to be i ry-

body'a memory. A good deal of the work promnuxi, ^- t.<'-m
appearing day by day, certainly haa merit : and mora ■;< . . . rv
probably has. Ab ' . turut}

bo clover. Dr. W- roughly

aound histori t <iiu) of tho

foremo.^t of ^ re generally

recogni)ce<l as no amateur in lit. <ar mnat ac-

complished living men of lott-r . ; Mr H \V.

Mabie have bucomo ini|>ortant cnou;;h for . rm

e<UtioD. Mr. Fus's " Kentuckiana '' has ...i....... nl

by tho roadera of Uarjier't Munlhtf. Mr. Owi t.i

a new volume of atoriea, and hia atorioa aro n1 . . - ji.l

works of art. And whoever haa read novels i l-.'.rt

Craddock, or Ellon d' ■' .r

Paul r,<<ii'<>!iter Ford ;

Mi who;e"r . ' uhI " IhhIi, ui i.iih. . » iio'v

coi. , in those < ks of nonseiiae, a-t .-. -, !..~lv

laughing who came art. .^ t . ni a year or two • s

to reprint thom or pici'"* i t.'ein. There ia no re;i: ;,.jrc

of reapcctablo oasays ami fiction and the like. Only, aa one
ponders over the announcomenta thereof one aomebow cannot
quite forget that tho American literature which they eheerfally
and ploaaantly continue is tho same A— - - '• -- — -' i -h
forty years ago this month could anoi) i?

in a new monthly i work b\ Lou^jiu'Uow,

Emerson, Holmes, Wli i. Stow*. ;l.

It is in poetry th.i- ,t nu^t. Beyond

donbt, the poetry of Ne.i i r^n ratM ahor*

its merit, till even in Now England i' of

human nature has ended by rather n; At

leaat one may confidently say now that our poeta were pure,
wholes.ime, sincerely enthusiastic men of l.'H..r« who foumt in
their rerses a genuine and a welcome ' > of what life

meant to them. In mere technical fini!-ii Lm n.>ik of a dozen
men and womon whom one could name is ]>r>bably better than
moat of that which within the pa-' are has become locally

classic. But aa one aoans tho .entH of this cloaing

year for namos an shad prcj^. -etical tradi-

tions, one is at n n. The ' y of Massa-

chusetts, to" ife, was '. " .rd

man of tho i. Harvard ■•; iiis

degree in 'oo— ami that ot today. " We had poets. " he said,
"andyou haven't." Which means in all likelihood, that the poeta
of tho Nineteenth Century are falling asleep and tbe poeta oif tba
Twentieth not yet awakened.

LITEUATIUE.

[October ao, 1897.

©bituav\i.

FKAXCIS TURXKR PAUilt.\VK.
Fmt nMn haro clone so much for the intelligent study of
■ngliah poetry m Mr. FVmnois Turner Pnlgniro, whoso death nt
the ag* of 73 wm announced at tlie bogiiining of the week, lie
wa* himaalf poet of no mean ordi«r, and published books of
orifpnal poems from time to time for a long period ranging from
18Mtol881. But his name is boat knnvm in connexion with
" The U olden Treaaury " : and only a fortnight before his
daath the public bad welcomed a loniT-oxpectoiI Second Series,
ooatAuung aalections from thr ^ > [>oets. Selt'ctiuns from

theKngliah poota hara become o. co tho appearance in 18C1

of" ThaOoldan Treasury. " It wan not, indeed, a new departure.
Tba praMatmant in a han ly volume of gems from tho vast
storohooaa of English poetry was an idea which hod suggested
itaalf to others— notably to Mr. C. Dana, whoso death we
record abewhera. But few, if any, E<litor8 of jioetioal
aeloetiona bare shown the taste and judgment of Mr.
Fftlgrara. His " Golden Treasury " luis been universally
aooeptod aa the most trostworthy guide to tho best productions
of tbo Sngliah lyrista. It has probably done more to cultivate
an appreciation for poetry among young and old than the
work of teachers or critica far moro famous than Mr.
Palgrare. The assistance he rendenxl to the study of English
poetry waa not confined to tho "Golden Treasury. " Ho published
a •• Children's Treasury " (1864), " Tho Treasury of Sacred
8ong " (1888), a selection from Wordsworth, Shakspearo's
Lyrics, a selection from Herrick, Tho works of Keats,
" Lyrical Poems \ty Lord Tennyson," and he contributed a
paper of Personal Kecollections to Lord Tennyson's Life of liis
Father. IV ' V'.wod themselves in " Essays

on Art " I r[iross which ho su]>plie<l to

** Ucms of t.u'^ti-n 111 1.1 ill.-' V I'untry "' (18C9) — his versatile
literary faculty "in " Five Days' Entertainment at Wontworth
Grange." His work received a fitting recognition in his
appointment by the University of Oxford, where he had been a
Scuolar of lialliol :iii(l r,.Ii.i« of Exeter, to the Chair of Poetry
on the deatli of 1 ;> in 1880. He had previously held

for fire years f' l of V'ico-Princii)al of tho Training

College for :it Kneller Hall. Ho had also actod

as private .■^ id Granville, and from 18i».5 to 18rtl ho

waaasBi 'a : > .ry t<> the Committee of the Privy Council
onEdu'.^'.; 11 wnsasonof Sir Francis Palgrave, the his-

torian and :i<I a brother of Mr. William Gilford

Palgravo, t iur, and also of Sir licginald Palgrave,

Clerk to UiH iionce oi commons.

'. . \-' . . -

H •

Oct;'

•• j;- "fir. : •
" I>ant« a:.
btirc." II,

a; ■? ~ ' ' •■-■
M- • '
1
t

II vox Weoelb, who died on October IG, at

:!i year, was a distinguished historian and

ii Mas known not only in loomed circles in

•' ' Ii ral public also, owing to his co-editor-

!:"i-hus von Lilicncron of tho " Allgcmeino

■' — tho monumental work produce<l by the

on of the Munich Academy. He began his

.1 Jena in 1848, and in 18o7 was appointed

■rv in th. '•' 'ty of Wlirzburg. Ho earned

titfo of '• • :in of Gorman history " by

'* "' since tho advent of tho

works may bo mentioned

■' Kail August von Woimir,''

I : ,v ■• II • ry of the I nivorsity of Wilrz-

:i .. ' ' i:i t'> tho school of (jcninus

at ,-it Heidelberg. He was a

• Mil of his lectures attracted

.; nx.in l.esiiles tlio regular students of

r von Wcgele, who was a " (iohoim-

.'. '.tor of tho philosophical faculty of

M. .Ixr-Qrr* AwArir Rrcy.\t-tT. who died on the 14th inat.,
V - re Najiolnor. I. liecamo

1 I mnny of tho groatcst

1" : . ntury, and ho wns

i>} :iv with England. In

franc i rcj ula.li"U as a scliolar, a traveller, and

a historian of contemporary events, and his varied experiences
rendered him an almost unicpie link w ilh tho past. " He had out-
lived," as has been saidof hiincliiewlure, " two empires, two mon-
archies, and two rojuiblios.," .\monj; his works may be mentioned
" Histoin' du Conseil <rKtat," accounts of journeys to the
East, to Kiissia, and to Norway nnd Denmark, translations of
Byron, studies on English and French prisons, and " Kovuo
anecdotitjue des Champs Elysi'es ot do lours environs dopuia
1730 jusiiu' ik nos ujors. ' '

Mr. Charle.s A. D.ina, whose doath has been announced from
Now York, was both an author ond a politician, but the practical
business of his life throughout wiis juurnaliKni, in which ho
achieved grout distinction as editor of tho New York Tribune
during the ton years jireceding tho Civil War. Ho bKaino o<litor
of tho SuH in IKC". So outspoken were his attacks on tho mal-
adniinistrationof tho executive during(jeneral Grant's Presidency
that anunsucccBsful attempt was made by the Government to remove
him from New York on a charge of libel. He is well known both
here and in America for his " Household Hook of English
Poetry "' published in 1857. He had a large share in the " Now
American Encyclops-dia," and with Gencrol .lames H. Wilson
he wrote a life of General Grant. Ho also published a volume
of stories translated from the German, entitle<l " Tho Black
Ant."

Tho death of " Tasma " (Madame Augvsib CovvuEUR)on the
23rd inst. removes a most interestiiis figure from the ranks of
coiiteinporary novelists. Miss Jessie Charlotte Huybers, to
give her hiT iimideti name, was of Dutch ancestry on her father's
side, and Anglo-French on her mother's ; yot her fame as a writer
of fiction rests on her admirable presentation of .Yustralnsian
life. She was boru in Highgate, but she accompanied hor parent*
to Tasmania when she was <inly two years of iigo.

In spite of tho fact that her most distinctive gift was not to
reveal itself till comparatively late in life- for Mine. Couvrour
was well over 30 before " Uncle Piper, of Piper's Hill," estab-
lished her place among contemporary writers of fiction, she
possessed even as a child an oxtroordiuarily vivid imagination.
Her early Tasmanian homo lacked no beauty fovo that of archi-
tecture, but this her fancy supplied, and both she and horfavourito
sister would wander for hours in a wonderful dream-city of hor own
creation, peopled with a whole society of fantastic beings. She woe
only 16 wticn tho vJi(.'.fia/i(i>i Jouriml jmhiislied somes lines from
her pen, which dealt with tho eoniowhat gloomy subject of a
mother's feelings towards on idiot child. Shortly after she
entered colonial journalism, ond some of hor critical articles
attracted a good <leal of attention. " Taenia's '' first story, a
short, brilliant sketch entitled " Barren Lovo," appeared just 19
years ago, but a visit to Europocut short her literary work. At that
time, and indeed to the end of her life, sho was much interested
in the welfare of her early homo, and on the Continent it is by
her work as a lecturer tm Tasmania that she is known, for she
spoke in tlie principal towns of Fmucc, Belgium, and Holland,
receiving tho violet rilmnd and tho silver palm-leaves of the
Oflicier <le r Academic. Long before there was any question of
tho ytmng Australian lady's niarrini^e to one of his nxst dis-
tinguished subjects, tho King of tho Belgians accorded hor a
special audience in ortler to discuss with her a scheme of Belgian
emigration to Tasmania.

" Tasma " married M. Auguste Couvrcur in 1884. Four
years later " Undo Piper, of Piper's Hill " w.is ]inblished in
London, but sho was a careful and conscientious worki.T, and
refused to f<dlow up immediately her great success os so many
would have been tempted to do. Accordingly, in tlio last nine
years " Tasma " has appaared but too rarely in tlie world of
fiction. " In Her Earliest Youth,'' " The I'enanco of Portia
James," and " A Knight of the AVhite Feather," also
a volume of somo short stories ropublisliod under tho
titln of " h Sydney Sovereign," mako up tho susn of hor
«■ i ' ' ' of hor distinguishod husband, so

]■ I of the Cobden Club, and (,'orro-

sp' ii'ii lu <M ( (!• /!//■< Ill 1>, uKBels, Madumo Couvrour gave up
more and more of her time to journilism, for she siiccooded her
husband as Tlie Tiiiics Corresiiondent. She lia<l a singularly
modest and imaisuming personality, and hv.v biography is iniss-
iji^r fri.in b ilh •' ^len of tho Time " ond Vhicti.iii.

Mr. William I . of Cainbcrwell, who died last wook,

was a man 'if son , ability, but will bu liost roinemlieretl

iis lieing the founiler <.f tho first free library in South London.
Tho librory grew <nt if tho Smith London Working Men's
College, and was cftablithed in 1878 in K<'nniiigton-laiio.

October ov, ioy/.j

LITKRATtlil

THE LIBRARY ASSOCIATION.

"" Tlio liibniry Asaociution, foundoil in '
muotiii); luHt wiu^k in thu r<H>inH n{ tli'
now proHidont, Mr. Ht-nry Kiclianl 'I'oii.i.i, u
iwUlross, said that tho ohjin-t of tlm iiMsoriiiti'-n

pt'rxi'iiH ititcri'stid in '

tlm lul^t l">,'^.silll^^ ;l(lli,

f<>riimtii<ni>l' nuwonus
sincd tliH innu);inatii>
iniiniriition Ix-twi'di
Iiilinirv A»MO<;iati<)Ti In

of till) IIMSO

•rk fur tl.

II of ex IS

Ilia iimitKural

»' t" ttnitc nil

i...^.... .1, .., ,,

.'an with a roll of 140 : it u

til. if ., .Ir,,!. .

ci'ntlll ii'.i.

Th..

■t'h

f).">0. Till) coiincil'M luport toUl tl
tioii wiiuhl prolmtily booh 1)o gr
sptmkor mentioned a nuinbor '
tho moilorn private hook collortor wan an importun'
fonnutioii uf thu public lil>rary. In tho IHtli i-int'
Alcboruo, whoMo books were incorpiirated in Lord Spumuri
library, and Sir John Funn wtiro ainonj' tho firtit who
attaclu'd value to tho dramatic and poetic litoratiiro of Did
England. About tho sanio poriixl Mr. Crofts. Colonol
StanK'v, and " Don " llowlo wi'i.
SpaniNli litoraturo, whilo William 1;

of colliH-tine Italian books, which h.iu in'im .i i..\ .ui.; j u iwi
of English litorary men for more than two
library of tho late Lord .Axhburnham boro witiM
lovo of intorosting books combined with a !
ornamental beauty. The lirst of the great i U-.

was that of the library of Henry I'erkins, formed betw.
and 18J0, and dispor.sod in 1S7:I. Two copies of the
Bible, one on [mpor, the other on vellum, wore sold for i.'L',o'>0
and £;t,400 rosnectively. Amon>;Bt tho valuable MSS. in the
Duke of Hamilton's linrary wore the celebrated " I>ante draw-
ings " by Botticelli, now unfortunately lost to England. The
late Earl of Crawford had created a representative library of all
branches of literature, art, and si-ienco, both ancient and
modern. In sunimari^ii'ng the main qualilications of a librarian,
ho referred to Mr. I'radshaw as an exami>lo of professional
ardour and technical excolliinci).

Dr. Garnott, tho next speaker, in alluding to the recent
I'aniz/.i centenary, said that it was gratifying to find that our
adopted countryman, to whom tho hritioh Museum owed so
much, WDs still held in high honour in his native land.

The subject of a paper read by Mr. Sidney Webb' was " .\
Now S|)ocialist Lil>rary for Political Soiiui'." He I'Mdlctcil
that, as thu natural sciences had been the main work of the l!)th,
political and social seienoo would \w the chief object of tlio en-
deavours of th-2.)th century, and ho culled npoji o.vh distiiil to
colloct.all literary material ai"ecting tho social life of tlu- peot le.
.Vniong other.papors rca I Mr. .J. Y. W. 31.. '■ ' '. ho hon.
secretary of tho .Vssociation. discussed the of tho

" Durability of .Modern Uooli I'ajiers," ond ca. iition to

tho disiiuioting fact that many",modorn books, some "t them of
great iniportauca, wero printed ' upon pafier which wr.s ecrtain
to crumble to dust in a comparatively short jnii 'd. <'f
almost all books tho worst in this respect were tho !''1;> -' • "ks,
to which tho historian of the future must look forjl; 1.

The ])rocoe:lings on Thur-'day wero of a moiv i o-

fossion.il natiiro, dealing with the manngcmont asul .
mont of libraries. On> interosting aniiouiu'eminuwa
Mr. Cot:.:ioavo, of the West Ham Public Libraries. •.
that ho was en.;a.'ed in a single-handed attempt to .
contents subject-index on a small scale. Ho hn;^ '
example set in Amnriea, and also by the llcrinr m

England, would lead to the prixluction of a truly n.il Icx

umW the auspices of the Lini-aiy Association.

Sir Edmund \'eniey ^nve at the concludiniT session a
valuable ami amusing addre-is on "Vilbt:;" l^ilraries .tu 1 the
Duties of tho N'illage Librarian." He instnncod t"-. vn if
Middle Clayilon, wlioro the .-Vet had loon luloptcd
most successful in its working. All that was wan'
was an ndilitioiito tlie sources from whirh vilbige Hi ; <1

he endowed. The village librarian must exercise a "f

tact. She " nuist make horsolf ac<)i:aintod by .' .iie

literary wants nml t:istes of each homo ; she w a

b lok on Cromwell and the Civil War must n"t n. i ■, i , ii!ed

to a hoisohold absorbed in gnidening, or a history of the e.irly

Christi:in m.irtyrs to an obi lady devoted to ].etc;its. Vi.ih one

who enters the library must l-ive pointed out t' hiin ;h

tains the very liook ho wants ; the farinir ni >i i"n'

agriculture : the boy a miiiual on carving :

hints on dressmaking and cooking ; and the i

attention might bo drawn to scandalous revelations oi ti.o Court

h one

•on-

; on

'.•"8

of (jnoen I

i»atii*ii>->> ail

« hail Ut fruetitm

W«1 -I'.t

•m

-•or

•'8

'it

'■•f
• If and

' fir

■V.

IRotcs.

We renew our thanks to all our «ont«mporari«a who («•
think without exception) hare kindly gre«tod our fint niunber.

In reply to inouiriea, all

Itit,.!,.! f.ir revifW will 1 *• i)]ni i1

our

delay m iC.-* m,-ii»»-i_\ .

.. : ; K li>«

tho dolivory of tbeir

t ■<»<slo<l
. 'ld.kblu

Canon Kawnsloy has addiossid to us thu following
sonnet : —

Onoi» LrrK I T VoTAoa.

Child of this !

Flsr
t>ne

Anil

ir.

■ar ;

Mot

of explaining our

firft

sl
lournai kept y

Durham, .iml t

of ].,onl I '
address i

any lettcrii ot I^ird Diuium or othur iui»iiu-tiuu c«>u<;<iruing his
career.

•* • •

Does anr one rcml Southoy now f This que^ti'm. sometia
asked, nsuafly calls forth a negative response. • fame

IS little more than an echo with us, and probabl\ ' hancv

of being known to future ages will come from tho fait that D*

LITERATURE.

[October 30, 1897.

QuiiMwy haa enahrined hi-
varioiu other writiiura. C
libnrjr in f "-" " '
thoir wmy

o«rncopvui ..i.i.i>.,
and well worth a plac« i i
the booka hare oomeaomc .v...
vaa ft cood ooiteapondeot, e\
it the liaal perurrauli <>f one ii

.if the Ijikcs," and
lirfakitifr up of an old
■- have ri'oently found
rtaut »f tlu'iii is his

., .... i.,.^ .■ . (tilion,

r with

: ^outhoy

.•t. Hero

n the first

flay of the pf*.--' y : — " Kstlin i« coming to I^omlon. I

•apped there <- y -they pro<1ucc<l <.'art»i'i);ht's ' Armiito

and EIrira ' for me to rvad aloud afttT gome half-liour's suporla-
tire praiae upon its merit. I read a littlu at a haud-gallup-for
an eaaier pace would havo put me to sloop— ami whon I had
done you nwrpr witiic»>e I such a ileiuX flatnvss as ensued.
r»iii\»r.. ' iii.l 1 gave Kuch a < : .u.s half-scruple

. I [:.:-. next day thi>y laid :. r poem's failure

up-)n my b»a roaiiiug — I raunlorod it— ims »"uui have been like
killing dead mall beer."

• « • ■«

An oniinent living authority on art is said never to dress

!iout an illuminated manuscript open on his

: are many students of medieval art who, if

their enthusiasm liocs not carry them so far as this, take a keen

int«re!it in the subject, and welcome any means of incroasinu

their knowle<lge of it. Most books illustrating the history of

illiimination pive si)«cimeas of the best work in the Uritish

■•" great collections which may not always Ikj

itivo of the decorations generally met with.

• •. of Birkenhead, who possesses a fine col-

.llumin»te<l MSS., proposes to do something

this defect in a work announced by Messrs.

s, of LiverjKK)!, of which "iOO copies will bo

•v.Miiber. The pictures which illustrate the

I "Hooks of Hours" in Mr. Quaile'a own

; ! .en specially chosen as being typical of the

various ktylen of illumination and decoration usually met with

by the onhnary collector of MSS.

r, at any rate, their secretaries— and journalists
fretp i it loss easy than they could wish to obtain at a

mome:a » n..iice information aliout the political history of recent
years. The same difliciilty is often felt by other persons less
Tersad i<i the handling of books of reference. They do not like
to appear ignorant of " matters of common knowlcugo " such as
the datea and '''r.'ii.ii..tnuces of the rise and fall of successive
Ministries siii. not to know which Government was re-

sponsible for t y councils, and which for free e<lucation,

or what have been the changes in our relati.ms with foreign
Powers during the lafct 25 years. But they hanlly know where to
go to obtain with the minimum of trouble at least a decent cloak
of facts to veil their ignorance. Something is required which no
one at present has exactly supplied.

« « « «

Mr. Justin McCarthy's, in many respects, admirable volume
now brings " *>'r oun Times " up to date, and there are other
bandy books c ",such as Messrs. Adand and ICinsome's,

firing dironol ^ la of events, iiut they do not entirely

Mee t the case. Whjit is wante<l is a compendium of information
on apocial subjects— E<lucation,I<abour, Agriculture, the Church,
Ac. — and on >!|>e<'ial countries all over the world, jireceded by a
rhronicle of i".|iti.nl events, an<l furnished with an exhaustive
index. Tlio !■ • t, of course, might require to be thrown

into a se[iarat ' A very large number of persons wonld,

we are an t "t such a work, and the only difficulty that

mggesU iinexion with it is the necessity of re-editing

it erery t.<u or tnreo years.

•

The iry zest with which the English public have

read Ix>. .'s " Korty-one Years in India '' is *hown by

the fact that it uiis first pnblishc<1 at the beginning of January
in the prmmt yt>»r, and the 21 »t of September saw its 2:ird
~ ' <■<" rate of 'lee editions a month,

'• fnittd ition and the Indian

f ouioii. I . . <lition, in i;r,iiii(,- lyje for the use <.f the

blind, is aJao I.

• « • «

A new edition of Mr. Walter Thombtiry'* well-known Life of
J. M. W. Tiim«r liai !• ^r». Chatto and

WiiMliis. The book waf -02, and its very

•zhaottivo troatmetit of lunitr, not '^nly l'j an aitist, but as a

man, roused a good deal of controversy among the more devoted
admirers of the artist. It has loon eonsideiably enlarged and
recast since then, and it now contains eight coloured illustrations
after Turner's originals — rather a bold, and not wholly successful,
embellishment to the volume.

* « «

Mr. Ce<lnc Chivers, in starting last your his " New IVo-k
List " made far the best attempt to produce a really
UFoful bibliography of current literature that we have yet seen,
containing a monthly list, with tho fullest possible details of
each ]iulilication, and occasional explanatoi-y notes, arrangoil
alphabetically acconiing to authors' names, each entry being
numbered. An ainhalxtical subject and title index in tho
middle of tho booK referring tho student to these numbers
enabled him to find at a moment's notice not only tho particu-
lars of any book published during the month, but also whether
during that period a book has been published by a particular
author or on a particular subject.

• « •

This numbcringof tho books, as Mr. Chivers says," enables us
to compile and issue cumulative indexes at any do^ircd periods "
and *' acts as a code for ordering books at any time." At tho
end of the year these monthly parts are bound up together into
annual volumes, with a new index, under the title " New
Catalogue of Hritish Literature." We are sorry to see that in tho
October List which Mr. Chivers has sent us he obandons the con-
tinuous alphabetical list according tonuthor8,uiiddivide8thobook8
according to subjects, tho list of which is somewhat arbitrarily
chosen, and docs not, for instance, include " biography " as a
separate heading. This very nnich impairs tho usefulness of tho
book as a means of rapid reference, and tho more so as we aro
not told on which page the ditTerent lieadings will bo found, and.
although wo are promised a " cumulative author and subject
and title index," it is not bound up with the Octolxu- New

liook List.

• « «

Early next year is to bo published by tho Cambridge
University Press a Facsimile Kdilion of the Greek and Latin
manuscript of the Four Gospels and Acts of the Apostles, ]ire-
served in tho Cambridge I'niversity Library, an<l goneially
known as Codex Bezae or Codex I). M. Paul Dujardin, of
Paris, will photograph the pages of tho manuscript and engrave
them on copfier by the process known as " heliogravure."
» « «

The Fragment of Aquila, which Mr. F. C. Kurkitt recently
unearthed in the Cambridge I'niversity Library, will bo pub-
lifhed by tho Cambridge University Press. Mr. Ituikitt himself
will edit it, and Dr. Taylor, Master of St. John's College, will
probably write an excursus or ai)pendix.

» • «

The

Antiouary's Library " of Messrs. Elliot Stock, which
began with Mr. M. G. Watkins's useful " Gleanings from the
History of the Ancients," follows it uj) with " Sculptured
Signs of Old London," by Mr. Philip Norman, a book which was
published some years ago at a high price. Mr. H. li. Whoatloy
writes a preface to the nook. A number oi other volumes aro
! announced, the first two being "Tho History of Fairs," by
' Cornelius Walford, and "Tho Histt)ry of Folk-lore Relics of
Early Village Life," by G. L. Gomme.

It is a satisfaction to know that M. Paul Bourgot, whore
" V'oyageuscs " appeared only three or four weeks ago from tho

tresses of M. Aliihonse Lemerro, will oiler us a new novel " La
•amo Bkuo " in Novemlior, to lie published also by M. Lomorre.
.4nd it is a satisfaction, not merely because wo are to havo
another story from M. Bourget— this is tho third volume he will
have brought out this year : we had " llecomraencements " in
Moi'ch, and it is still selling like a new bfxik but Iwcause this is
the best possible assurance that the quarrel between him and
>I. Ijemerre is being arranged, if it bo not indeed entirely

scttlcl.

• « • •

M. Lemerre is also publishing a new novel by M. Kemy
St. Maurice entitled " Temple d'Amour " and three short storiis
" TroisNouvolles," by M. Marcel Provost whoso " Les iJemi-
Vierges," if the most jvipular, is not tho most distinguished
work he has done. At the beginning of tho year M. Lemerre's
name will figure on the title pages ot st< ries by M. I'atd Hervieu
(" Amitie ' to Im) published in March), by iJaniel L.
("Comediennes " for Febniary), by M. JI(innotain("L'Iin|
also for February, although we should have it at an earlier (i;:tv

October 30, 1897.]

LilEKATLKE.

if tho (iiithor worn not bu»y nt hi« po»t in Iiulu-China), by M.
Rono Maizurciy (" Mom rAinour "), and by M v,„ir.:
Thouriot, tlin now AcailfiniiMan wliom M. I<<iur|;i<t in •
wolooino lit tiio I'aliiiH MuKuriii (" Duuil do Vouvo,"
tratud volumo alio for Fubmary).

That oxcoodingly iiiefiil b<H>k by M. Jonoph Tuxt«, " Joan-
.laqueH KosRoaii vt Ivh OriRinoB don C'o*iiio|><ilitiauia Lit-
tcraire," piibliahod by Muhm-h. }{aobuttu a tMMik which
8hotild immodiately bu trannbitvd into 1' ' '
»tli«r illiiiitrntiong of thu inluToiit tin
fViitax mid f;oiiiu.s of tbo Kroiicb lnnniiaf;o. > . .i.^ ■. .-i^,,^
'lhoii)^ht>i," ill Uio laxt cuiitury, iiiadu fur tbiH ruanoii uu in-
orodi)>lo impi'osHioii ill FraiU'O. VoiiH)' was i-umi .u. .1 I.. Il.in. i
and.'Ksohyliisaiid riiidiir. Kwii in Italy tho "
enjuyod hardly loss ooltbiity. Tito Kroncli
tends to olirniiinto the provincialism in tho work of an Kngliih
or Oormnn writer. And this is partly iHioar.so, as Itunan con-
fosRos in the profaoo ;)f his *' L'Avonirdo la Soionco " (Calmnnn
JjOvy), French cannot readily express certain ideas which a siibtlu ,
writer is tomptod to make it express. Tho Frcnth | n'est

/Its Fiani-itU i.M the |H'tnlunt testimony to tho Frei n for

cloarnoss to which Ronan had -at fiist against hisuiii to sub-
rait.

» • » •

Uon^ Le Olero, tho young poot whoso suicide made such a
painful impression in Paris during tho early part of this month,
was not without talent. I nlmppily. ho had 1 e<'onio reduced t>
absolute destitution while wuitiiij; for the huccoh which never
eauic. and it was misery wlueh |irompte<l him to take his lifu.
Tho following are some of his verses : —

UEQlfclE A NOEL.
Point ne veiix p.\iitins ni |ioupves,
Ni fanfrolucheA, ni l>ijoux ;
Bon .It'sud, RunU' ti's joiijoux
l*i'Ur li'ii itmefl tnoecup^cN !

Mtts lUiis men saliot do Noel
l,o jruiip cspoir iiui nous fait libre,
Mt t4 l« tli'iiir profoiiil dc rivrt*
Et U Hour qui tlvurit uu riel !
M''t* 1#» di'-'Uin profond din nKK,

I . .

Mcls rcsprit factioe ct railleur
(Jui fitit uubiier la KtitilTniiicr,
Met»-y surtout line espCTanCB
Ell quelque cliosc do mcilltur '.

Mrts ror.;ucil dn la fantai^ie,
T.e cnunipo — rnre pirfui« —
De poursuivr« une >H<nne tii*
La route quo I'un a choisie !

Mi'ts lo Buocis ilaiiii Ira rllorts.
Lo travail, sanA souci ni doutp.
Kt, coninic etoile siir tax rout«,
L'orgucil simple qui fait lea furta !

* « « •

The visit of tho King of Siiim to tho Guimct Museum has
called attention to tho founder of this Museum of Relijjions.
M. Emilo Guiniet was horn at Lyons in 183C. Ho has been a
great traveller, and has visited Africa, America, Cliina, Jaiian,
India, Ac. Having a considerable fortune, ho brought back
with him most vnluablo artistic collections and objects of all
kinds with which to found a Museum of Koligions. This most
inttTOsting museum ho made over to tho city of Paris, but he
still continues to watch over it himself with tho greatest care.
M. tiiiimot is also a musician and a writer of much talent.
Ho has noted down his impressions ,of various countries in
tho following Iwoks :— " Croquis Kgyptiens," " Aiiuarelles
Afrioainos," " Promenades Japonaises," " ICsquisses tjciindi-
naves," &c.

The city of Lyons seems ever ready to stretch out a helping
hand to literary aspirants, and wo now hear that a committee
has been formect there on very original lines. The meml>ors of this
eommittoo consider that the writers of to-day t.iko up too many
ditroiont branches. Voiing writers, for instance, are frequently
conipolle<l to take up what pays, whilst tho divino spark of their
particular genius has to go on smouldering within them for
years, or, lierhaiw, for ever ; and tho world is undoubteiUy tho
loser thereby in the end. This Lyons committee proposes that
other committees should l>o formed in France, ea<-h one of which
shall patronize some specially -determined class of literature, and

Uiwivrtake to rtiiiuiivrata tho i

take to rt'iiiiiiivrato tho y<

.f it... 1 , ,1 >. ,.,■.•:., I Ti .

«Miuuiitl««) la ui>, Kue ThuiiiiiaMkiu, L>uua.
• < •

St.

t-.
wl.
in'

tth'>»u
are so V.

M- '■

• •li»U." BOW I _
M.t at! (yi'intriw

•«y.

ii.f-

• li.., :, ,.
I^'jt Guuux " aiiU " Mano

:ii:u1i' liv (he Ttur d'Aumola

• ry.

aiHl l,4lM tnauuacricU, aiuouula tn
lo.
• « •

;.. . f> ,..^.._.„i ..I., ..^,.. -.

w
It

1..

til' ■< oi Henr\- II

til' -nvrr. It" Ix'

fai

IM'

li<

Tl:

•mi ine I'.i
bookseller,
upon tho I-
acquire<l it ^
»n«i o"" ■! I

irly
i(o.

. in
lUi

on
:.'U

III
II l>-

I a

i..'i-l I.ATO

his librsry ;

dli

I ill

.1. .An
\ti, on r

Tl.
the It
Pksquaie \
It is a crit:
and of V
polin.
merit »..
difference w
public life ;i '
private life. M.
that he allowed
was not only ex.
same nuinlwr, b<.
{Militica and thu l-'ranc ' Kussiau
attention both in Italy and in utl
lodgments a ' t-

welcome it

indication tii.ii in i.n^iaiKi Lhu j<>.iiii»iiiiiiii>'-:i'>iitiv^ lu'i.^-iuuitw
is not dissociated from culture and literary studies."

• '• • •

The first number of a new Italian review was published on
tho 1.*>th inst. It is entitled /" " ' i e Lttteraria, and

has its oflices at 3, Via Marco >' u.

* •• * •

Tho third volume of Mr. Temple Scott's edition of tho
" Prose Works of Jonathan Swift " is in the press, and will be

ready early next year. It \i to irr!"<l<» nil th<- writings «>f tho

Dean which dealt wit' ' •• to

follow will i-ontain S-,^ urs.

The Irish ti a !•.•

extremely '-'

editions of . ' mru

them with •• ! caro

of George I- ^ .V.C.

Mr. Pavid Nutt will
Caxton's translation of " 1:

an aomrato reprint of
vu.>v<'ii a iiuM^-Mtiiviii ,.1 i. x." It will be prefixed

by an exhaustix'e introduction tr^ lu the pen of Mr. Joseph
Jacobs, who will trace tho intricate literary history of this
remarkable story.

LITERATURE.

[October 30, 1897.

In the Pn>fi«« to th© " Poems of the Ix)ve and Prido of
Bngluid," which Measr*. Wani and Look an' al><<ut to iiistie,
edited by Mr. Frwli-rick Wodmoro nr' ' '-' .1-.. .l.i.r. Mr.
WadoMire comments on the comi<ara-. ir as

»nthi>Iv>L'Io» aro o>iiii m. .1 of •' niiv IIIIJ in

I oxplaiiMinn, that,

iration of tho oppo-
»it' > '>m all ruconlod tiini' ; . ■■; nate lovo of

K' • in h«>r jiorfurmancos, is ,.ii . 1. r of i\t most

t - ikinfj further ot tho iiiontal atti-

t "in cortain corners of Knglanii,

• s ago, Mr. Wedmoro contrasts

It is so much inuro clinractor-

iatici. '- that a hook of English

patri<': rhangoti circumstnnceH, a

■eedfui ■•C1I.1U...I.I. 1.1.1. Ml .1'. r.^'i . .< e in reminding younii; and
old " what an inheritance is ours, and what au obligation ! '
• • « «

The poems nf Ttidar Aled, the last of the monkish bards of
Wales, w) -a 1(VJ7, hare been prepared for tho |>ress hv

Mr. J. H. 1 him-oln's Inn, and Mr. (Jwenoi;vryn Evans.

Mr. Daries, i:. of a recent visit to the roni.irth

Library, will bi .is to.xt on tho Peniarth MS. I'lC,

which was written u'jout tliL' time of the author's death.

The Literary Section of the Guild of Graduates of tho Welsh
^-..; — .:... i.,.o announced their intention of issuing a series of
r. ing mainly of rare Welsh books published in

T -. .rt times. A completo edition of tho works of

Mo:jri I.Siry.l I I'V.'O-IGJI)), by the Wanlen of tho Guild (Mr.
T. K. Kill', M.l' ;, is in an advanced stage of preparation.

A volume of Welsh lialUds, by Mr. Ernest Uhys, will be
nady by the middle or end of November. Tho publisher will bo
Mr. Sptirrell, of Carmarthen.

• •« * «

Mr. Cyril Davenport has nearly completed the series of
ilj.i. »...,»,..,,, which he has been for some time preparing to illus-
t.-^ ".antor Lectures, on the origin and art of bookbinding,

w t . il,Ii\.r in January next. Tho lectures will \>o

<i 'US Oriental, Medieval, and Modem,

an . .1 section thoroughly roiirusentativo Mr.

DftVDOport liaa been at cor.siderablo pains to procure the very
fineai examples in existence. Great ditliculty lias been oxpo-
rienoed in ro;^rd to tho Oriental bindings of the 15th and lOth
centuries, most of which aro covere<l with a thick glaze or
vmmi8h,p"- loh a hanl and brilliant surface as to render

it impossil ograph tho designs. It has, thoref<ire, boon

: ail to copy tl. ' s in block .ind white, and

I them, subso<i :i|)leting the photographs

IB the '^i.-<\ in the origiu;ii». .-<oiiio idea of tho time and

labour in this process m.iy bo gained from tho fact that

«re«t>l. ;. .,uarto binding has to bo exactly copied in every

detail on a lantern slide only 3^ inches long and 2 inches wide.

Mr. Gweno^rrrm
<l*to seven !
type facsit!
of Harel lAla is m.
•11 the negatirea for
M8. (eirc4k V. -' '
thU MS..
Mr. Henrj-
•atotype J.
Talieain, w
pected.

K%-ans, of Oxford, will issue at an early

'lumcs of old Welsh texts. An auto-

f W.l-h MS. (rirra 1200) of tho Laws

•lio press at Oxford, and

ilo of the oldest Latin

isQ been taken. The text of

u translated into English by

:i t« priiit4.-d iinmediatoly. An

-!• vellum jiaper of the Book of

v>...i. by Mr. Evans, may shortly be ex-

Probably towbrda the end of next year Messrs. Boll and
SoM will issoe the ••'■■' Id's " lUi-

Arcbiteot' hoon pub-

.^ I nor, and will
re anil Art." Mr.
.. ..,1.. ,. !.;„!, ^.„

t.wth

liahwl. It will
hmr the title
Prior, l»--.;i.!nri

of Kn^:

tbatoi Northerr

to indppendont

gwniiu

oonsia'

from the actual i

Tom,

and

lonnl

Msnt. Tlis illuttratioiis to tho work will

.rawing! by Mr. Gerald Horsley, exocutod

xamples.

BIBLIOGRAPHY.

THE NORTH-WEST FUONTIER OF INDIA.

The following list of books does not include works bearing on
tho advance of Russia in Asia, or on " The Kustern Question, "
in so far as it includes thu relations of Knirlaiul und Rus.sia
on tho Indian border. It inoludus only works bearing on the
relation of tho llritinh Empire in India to neighbouring tribes,
and works descriptive and historical about tho country and jwoplo
of tho North-Woat Frontier : —

General : —

OrR IxDiAN Pkotectorate, an Introduction to tho Study of
tho Kolatiuns between the Uritish Government and its Indian
Feudatories. By C. L. Tupper, I.C.S. 18lt3.

Hansard's PAnLUMKXTABV Dkbates. May and Aug., 1893,
Aug., 1894.

I'noBLKMR OF Gkp..itrk IJkitain. By Sir C. W. Dilko. 1890.

India. By Sir John Strachoy, G.C8.I. New and Revised
Edition. 1«1>4.

In-dia's SriESTiFic Fboniieb. By Col. H. B. Hanna, 1895.
(Indian Problems Series.)

India ani> iikk NKioiinouKS, and Ocb ScisNTirio Fbontieb.
By Sir W. P. Andrew, 1878-1880.

Asiatic Nkiohuoi'r.s. By S. 8. Thorbum, Bongal C.8. 1894.

Eni:ii.sh Colonization- akd E.vipire. By A. Caldeoott.
(University Extension Manuals.) 1891.

Tho Frontier Wars. — A few out of tho enormous number of
volumes published on these wars, especially the later ones, may
be mentioned : —

Fobty-xine Years is Ixdia. By Lord Roberts. 1897.

The Relief of Chitbal. By Captains G. J. and F. E. Young-
husband. 1896.

The Ciiitkal Campaion. A Narrative of Events in Chitral,
Swat, and Bajour. By H. C. Thomson. 18!)5.

Thbbb Campaiuxs in Afohakistan. Lt. C. G. Robertson.
1881.

The Afchax Wabs, 1839-12 and 1878^0. Archibald Forbes.
1892.

HisTOBY OF the War IN Apohakistas, 1838-1842. By Sir J.
W. Kayo. 3 vols. 1878.

The Afoiian Campaioks of 1878-30. By S. H. Shadbolt. 2
vols. 1883.
Descriptive and Historical.

The ThinEs and Castes of the Nobth-West Provinces and
OiDH. By W. Crooko. 4 vols. Calcutta. 1896.

The Nortii-We.st Pbovinces of India, their History, Ethno-
logy, and Administration. By W. Crooke. 1897.

The Indian Empire. By Sir W. W. Hunter. 189.3.

The Impkuial Gazrteer of India. My Sir W. W. Hunter.
2nd Ed. 1887. [See Vols. I., VI., X., XL]

The Heart of a Continent. A Narrative of Travels in
Manchuria across the Gobi Desert through the Himalayas, tho
Pamirs, and Chitral. 1884-94. By Capt. F. E. Younghusband.
1894i.

The Kafir.s of the Hmnoo Kush. By Sir G. R. Robertson.
1896.

Tribes of the Hindoo Koosh. By Major J. B. Biddulph.
1880.

Abbidomknt of the History of India. By J. Clark Marsh-
man. New Edition, issued after the author's death. 1893.
.\fghaniHtan : —

History of Afohanistan to 1878. By Colonel 0. B.
Malloscm. 1882.

A Short History of India, and of tho Frontier States of
Afghanistan, Nijial, and Buraia. By J. Talboys Wheeler. 1880.

Across the Bobdeb, or Pathan and Biluch. By E. E. Oliver.
1890.

The Chitral Relief Expedition. 1895. Photographic Views
taken during the advance of thu Relief Force under General
Gatacre. By Sergoai^Major Dovolin. 1896.
See also : —

The Statesman's Year Book.
The QfARTr.iiLY Review. Vol 176.

The Ahiatii; Qi-abteblt Review. Apr., 1894 : Jan., July,
and Oct., 181»r>.

The United Sekvici Maoazixk. July, 189B.

October ov, 16'J7.j

LITERATURE.

LIST OF NEW BOOKS.

ARCH/EOLOOY.

The Ruins nnd Kxoavntlons
or Ancient Rome. Iiv /■'.

/^tnrnnti, H .'liln.. xiil. -. (hJI |tp.
liOiuluii and Nu\%' Vnrk. ISUT,

Miu-iiiillan. IfW,

Efrypt Exploration Fund :
Ai-ohieoloKlcnl Ro|>ort,l800-

97. Willi M.i,.,. Ity K I..
llriO'UhH, .M..\. Ill • .Hill,. 70 li|i
Lnniluii unci lliiKton, Idt!.

KPKnn I'liul. di. 6<I.

The RollquRry and Illus-
tnatod ApchasoIOKlst. Il\ .'.

Jlom'llu Allrii. K.S.A. loj • Tilii..
SM |ip. Luntlun nnil Itorby. IM!.

Ik'iiirutw. 1:^4. net,

ART.

T1>e Magazine of Apt. Itltio-
tmU-il. .Miiy toOololMT. lilx»lln..
viii. t :IIH pp. Loiiiluii, I'uriN, ntid
Mcllwiiriu'. I.W.

(iwtoll. 10«. fid.

Lire and Work or W. Q.
Opchapdson. R.A. ily Jmiirit s.
I.ittlf. lOirisiiiiJi-^ niinilicr nf till*
.\rt .\iiimal.) i:il liiiiii., 31 pp.
IaiiiiIuii, 1K!I7. Vinuc. in, tld

BIOQRAPHY.

Philip II. of Spain. Dy Mnrtin

A.KIhim,-. .i.,'.!!!!., x..^ai7pp.
Loiidoti mill Ni-'\v York. lK!t".

.Miirinlll.'in. 'l-. M.

The True Qoorge Washing-
ton. Hy I'aul Ford. SJxSJln..
31!t pp. Lunduii. mn.

Upplncott. 7c. Od.

The Lire of Bishop Maples. I)r

//m SisI, r. » .ijlii.. vili. i va PI).
Ltiiuloii, ISUr. l.nM^inaiis. 7h. (Jd.

Life of K. B. Pusey, D.D. Vol.
IV. by //. J\ lAililoii.Stxain.. x\l.+
461 pp. London, 1S<.>7.

LongrmnnH. IS.*^

Vepdl : Man aad Musician. By

h'riil'-rii-k Croin.il. ill Nliiii., xlv.+
SW pp. Liiiulnn. ISirr.

Jiilin .Miliio. 7i<. Od.

Mapy Quocn of Scots : from licr
liirlTi 1 hiiiil.

Ily />.' .Vii!

pp. I.' -.fid.

Life of Roddy Owen, llr //iVi
.SiWrr. .V.I I Uorill. and (7. /l. Ai<k-

iritll. SJx.iiiii., vii. -; -.^a pp. T.OI1-
doii, I8a7. Jliimiy.

Ollvep Cpomwell. TJr Rnlirrt F.
Ifortiin, D.n. 7i>'>li".. 34.i pp.
I.uiiiluii. 1S'.>7. J. t'larkc. 'M. lid.

Martha Washlng'ton. llr Annr

J/ollin'_isw:trth It'horton. (u'oiiu'n
of (.'oitinial nnd Krvoliitlonnry
Tinuw ill Amoric'ii.l WiUi rnrtrrtll.
'Ixain., xiv.+3UBpp, Ix>iidon. ItiW.
JIurrny. 5h.

AVIIIlam the Silent. Ky

l't-,u>, fir Htnvlsnn. 7| x.'t^^iii..
\ ii. Jiil) pp. Ijtindon nnd Now
York, 1S;)7. .Mai-niilliui. Cs

TheThreeCrulkshanks. Illns-

Initnl by Isiuic (u'oixr and Itobort
('niik.<ibunk.('oiiipilod by KMarrh-
vtnnt. S| \Hin., xvii M"2S pp. I.on-
dun. ISSI7. Spi'ni'or. 8s. M.

The Letters of Elizabeth
Brownlntr. IMit.iI. witb llio-
jjraphiiMl iiii Frcttcrick

Krni/oti. \\ '.^. ii vol-*.

7; .*»lin., \. : pp. l.<>n-

don. I."i!l7. Smiih. l.lilir. l.'w. not.

My LonsLlfe. Hy Mtiri/Cowttcn
Ctarkr, {\n Autobioicrapliic
SkcliW. Sw. Kd. 7x.Mn., a»p|i.
London, IStT. Unwln. 3s. fid.

CLASSICAL.

Tho Works of Xenophon.

Vol. HI. Pail II. Uy tlAI.I>ukvn«.
>I..\. 7rv:.lin.. fxxvii.- »|j pp.
London nnd N'l'W York. 1WI7.

Mai'iiillbui, IOh. Od.
Eplctotus. '.' vols. ,SJ>.71in.,
;iJe< r Uit) pp. London, IMC

IlHUipbrcy^.

EDUCATIONAL.

Italian Sell
Self TauK
Tausht.

7t^<{lM. L

. Od.

each.

Tl-

Cup Boys.

■/KH,

8<.'>iln., INI 1

lioVl.M

'U'lM- 1 -. .

FICTION.

BPV..I'
/.
1-

lit
1 pp.

(Vl.

Chlppupee. Ilv

81a«11ii., 17 pp.

I.oinlt'it, 1^ *.

jiv.

Clear

Waters. liT

.'/(/r. 7J " Mn., «.

f'^'f'If^'Xi'W!

AC-

r- T"--'l r-

The Wltoh ^^
Tytkr. 71 X ilia..
1!«7. Clintto nil

Concern 1'i

Hv /•

pp. 1.

S«K5Pe*iPV to I
By ir. Vrtt Hill.:
pp. I.,oiHlun. 1S!I7.

Tho Chronic!*"!!

fher n '
^i.lirl

The Flamp, and i
for Children.

51 slUin.. Ii>i pp. 1
(trant i\

Nethepdyke. Hy /.

.s..>Un.. vi. ^yifipp.
New York, IS97.

.M.

The Lk'

llelmi
pp. 1..

Loiitttui
Arnold.

of Jov*.

f. s :>jin..

The King with T

M. J-:. <Q,ri,tpi: .-. . ,

Uiiidon nnd Now York, Ivul.

Arnold.

Jol- •'

Hy
pp.

fiN.

Leohlnvap. liy

»)<l|ln., 4«7 |>p. I'

The VIcap of Lar .

!-'■ ir' „. 7
I

IloibU'.-

A Dauchtep of Strife. Ily

Jitnr IT. fiHiUnlrr. > .■.)ln., SU
pp. Ixiiidon. I.SU7. Miduii'ii. IV>.

Clovls Dapden?' '

I'l-m. 71 <.'i'ln. .'
Ihli7.

Katheplne Cromep. l<y Htlm

f'rtirrn. 8 - .'"Jin., S3I )ip. Ixndoii,
IWr. Inia-^. *(•«.

Miss Mouse and Hop Boys. Ry

.Wm. Molmtrnrth. 7i • .Mn.. I!«t pp.
lAindon and New York. 1SU7.

Mni-inlllikn. 1h. fill.

pp.

Our PayliiK

( ■. Tcrrvt. .'
IM»7.

The Mllllonalpe of Papkeps-

vllle. Ilv .w.ir-A-./Mrn.../ 111. isiii..
liU pp. Uiii' ' " ' •■•'17.

^ u.

rnk
Ion,
.fid.

I'les rtovdant.
/, S.v.'.Jln., Ml

fri.

M.P.
. »<

. tt. (j*..

of Chrlsto-

I'.I.

Imi.

nnd

tin.

Dauarhtcra of Th •

JliiX^rrlykf. .•*,■>;:

don. IS!t7. ."^imiiki l.tr>.;..ul. li..

At the Cross Roads. Hr K

.l/o/;.'ir.vHr.

don. Ii$t7. < <

Cupid's G ' '

Fmrtrr, 8>-Ji'i:i.. :!•_■ :^;'. I.<'""l.'ii,

1M»I7. t n-<ill. liK,

B!ir*>r'"'T ^^""■•v.o.'..-. It. t:^ori]

I pp.

! ■^ U«.

Throutli L ndows.

Ut »I". ./. 1> i.. viii.

zii ]':•■ I.""'

lIo<ldc:-.i:;ii Su.iiI;ton. i-.

Do..

. ( 1 '.r. ■/

pp. Londt

Suwanc

II,.,,;

m. W.i
K

./.v.,

I>i.'il

Th.

1
I

Th.

a....

Rob

Th.
;

pp.

Roy.

House

bles. II

Li.i

I'l

The
Oa

Quo Vadls.

Till.- •■! -

Va!

Th.

/
I

Th.
/

J;...r . -

XII pp. London nn.i

Mei-'
I
1

iam In

»/ni.

Timothy's Quest.

M'ipi'i". CJxijin.. iM ii>. Lon-
don. IHC. Uny and Hlnl. U.

Stoi'

Quaint Nant .

H. HIi--
Bo*tou

'- lis*. By
9-.JUn..

n. II.W

Ths Ht^tr Man,

ItilU'
Th« «..

:.. • d'une Amc

. nln. 7 • «tln.. i:*

Ij^^r. t*alnMnn 1.4\>. 1-.. ....-'

The Wpestler of Phlllppl. I>v

Tub. i\,. ^5.. tk!.

Fop the Flag. Krom fh^ rtrtirh
at JiiKm Vcnw. I'
TJ-SlIu.. vil.iSl-'
IST

Caiv

r.
llr

The Coil

Skid.

1 Hio-.

ot, ioM.

Arrowaanltli. U

i.l -V«:« Y..rk. l'<r.

MaomUlan. <>.

oon, 1"^'.

Horrka and Paton. Sk M.
V^avsrlev Novels. 2 rolx Ily

'l«p|c w e«.

The Bride of Lammepinoor.

Rambles In P

llinrnfr, •.

I'-C. ...

The Flf- . ,1^

iCSTT

.^i.tl.-. an.i ..:n>iu |.a. iiiioitnUkia*.

»]x71n.. xU.-inpp. Loodaa, Mr.

I _T>«i». m'.t/Lntt.

PljBt.. . : . Uy Jfr».

\ T i« pp.

I L iU. Dct.

OEOLOOY.

' The Foundrrs of Oeology. Hy
Sir A. iita;. Si pp..

London rk. uw.

NlacmUfaui. *«.

HISTORY.
' Ugollno e Michelo Verlno:

Modi Ili.vn»r . t ..nui-

btitlo alla^t..: .^iriioln

^'irvna''. Mv ^..--ori.

S>o,. -.V

, f*.

HIstorv v

or<
/•

»!

Thr

.s*

!■«.. ' .

TheCentuHr-
.*■■' n*>l*.i-
f.T Tin
Id'fiiin. ..

Od.

LITERATURE.

[October 30, 189-

Le AaslounulonlConsldarat*
■otto I'Aapotto Ourtdloo-
MBtaMtaatadioTccwtcoPmttca

n Oot nell'

A. f. i«

"Th* Prim

l<\ If />•

U'lM. >,. -•

HmradansCoH

llv It. JUcinu/rr

aKSHa., Ixxvl.

T :-"-■

Prin

1. ny

VIU.+

AUrn. IlKSd.
i>.k<a «CT RondllUF.

•o pp.

tubar,

.1 n.-t.

LavengTv.

.N.wucf. '^6d.

:-ary Studies. By Joieph
: liin., xxlv. + 19S pp.
: -iV Xutt.

N'limVirr I.

Sppctatop.

Ttxiln., xxiz.-fMJ pp. Ixindon,
Utr. Itrnt. 24k. the aeL

(rJoM only in wtx of s vols. I
MontalKne and Shakspere.
JJv John M. Iti'Krtson. Ua jlin.,
ids pp. Luiidon. I.H97.

Inivcrsity ProDS. 611.

•L'----— '^--^phlet•. WyEmtitt

ijin.. 278+273 pp.

I, . , t Mil and Co. .S«. cnrh.
T.-ia Ethics of Bpownlncr**

Poems. J*v Mr". I*< rr/j J^.ukt.
Jx«Jin., IMi.p. Uuirton. l.S<(7.

Gnint I:i<'lmnK 21. 6d.

MATHEMATICS.
Theopetloal Mechanics. An

Irttn*!'!'-*<'r>- Tn-'i'i-- *'M the PHn-

,<.

Krll'i" .i .KtlinH

< ollcfCC I II., xlv.

-t ITS i»p. 1

I uy. lai.

MEDICINB.

II Concetto W della

AutodlfesaO ontpo

leMalattlo: )' Uvi

Medical Hints fop Hot
Climates, lit rhnrlm Uraton,
M.l). :i iln..xll. • 1:A pp. l.<.n-
Ana and C'«lrutU, 1(V7. Thacker.

MILITARY.

Amo

MM de

II f

Knd.

•■•

Kr..1.>l

Thpl

. •

iHnshl-

'7.

.1.

1lllt«ry

:. » 4iir

Ufa. Ily

M^'ft'

... i ....

MISCELLANEOUS.
The Enirllsh Sta^e. Hy

•.i:.-! ,'..! f.'..|I|

r .

Tie Enfiisr

PpMStlcal Building Construc-
tion

(tmci

ofSeiaaot-.
(txaili.. xi!

Oesta TypoBT«ph'o* ; <"■■ "
.M<..lUy f..r lYliitorH umll) llioix. Hy
«*<ij«. Jiicobi. 7^4Jln.. 1X1 pp.
London. 1W7.

Klkin MntUicnii. Sit. (hi.

Chronicles of the Bank of
England. Hy H. II. Turnrr.
8 » 5|ln.. xll i aw pp. l-»nd»n and
New York. Sonnonnchcin. ih. Od.

*,' (1e VIvre. Par
>«(. 71 X Din.. 310

\rniand Colin. Kr.XSO.

firt
Pl>.

Am*

'OS to

If.

Voyageu s e s . I'ar Pntil liournrt.
iXuiv (Mitiuii. 7xi)in., JX) pp.
l>iiriis 18U'.

Alphonsc Lomerro. Kr.3.S0.

Majftc

litl.-

U. Kvrtitf.. M..-t*iia..
400 UlUHtratiuns. I»ii

Bplttsh Museum. C'atnloKue of
I*rinl<><l H<MikK. (Shakcxpcarc.)
\ U >. lOiin.. 2ai PI). Londun. IXSI7.
\ C'iowcs.

The Love Affairs of Some
Famous Men. Ity tlio Ki-r. K
J. Iliirdy. 7i ^.'>ii•^■. xx. + »41 pp.
lx)iidoii, isi7.

Ki^hcr I'nwin. fit*.

Blakey and Armstponf Ouns.

Bv //. C. UUikry. W Titln., ai pp.
London. 1W7. John Pliilliiw. 2H.<id.

La Famlg-lla e In '~ -i :
Studiii Kill liivm >. 1
Colo. 8vo.. 1!M pp. N

l.uiKi I^ior;-". J..'"" lire.

Oil Infortunl sul Lavoro e la
LofiTffe. liii t'tn-lo I-\i-rftrts. 4to.,
n« pp. ItoliK'. 1MI7.

The Ooldflelds of Klondyke.

Hy John If. Lfomiril. SA^Jin.,
216pp. London. isy7.

KiilitT Inwin. .V. M.

Marriage Customs In Many
Lands. liy /.'i r. //i/'.7n"jj.s<);i. !i .
ijin., xii.+:W8 pp. I^rfrndon. 1H!I7.

Hofli'y. 1(K Cd.

The Fla««of the^Vorld ; llioir
HiKlory. Hlazonry. nnd ,\««o«*ia-
tinnn. ' Hy F. Efh'rard ffiilmr. 7} <
.•VJin.. 2(1 plato?*. Ii2 pi>. London and
.Now York. Warnc. Gs.

An Introduction to Folk-lore.

Ky Marian Cox. 71> 5iin., 344 pp.
London, 1887. Null. 3m. ed.

The Rivers of Oreat Britain.

i:{ ' loin., vlii, .ITii pp. l/ondon,
l"ari% and Mi;ll>oiirnc. 1*7.

Burdett's Hospitals and
Charities, ily /I. UunMt. 7ix
.'liin.. UIG pji. Ixmilon and Now
York. Tlic.'<(ionllHc I'rww. ta.

MUSIC.

4ir2pp. Ixmdon and I'liiladelpliia
IW. DcnU 2S«. not."

Oaetano Donizetti : Numrrn

f niro nid Prinio < '( nli-niirio d^'lla

HIM Nawila, niK-lter " ■•'■ '■•wi-

niil«. 4l<i.. 4)t pp. I' c.

InxtituU) llalianod

PHILOSOPHY.

Philosophic Lectures and Re-
mains of Richard Lewis
Nettleshlp. Hy .1 '. //r</ .//.;/.
:< vain. Itl'^in.. Ivi.^lMpp. Ixin-
don and Now York. imr.

Miu-niillan. 17".

A Dlf. ' ' .. \r.

Il>

i';i 1 1.

The Works ofOeorse Berke-
ley. Vol I. Hv /Jr/irtf ^iimnftfn.

wV' •- — -■ ' • • • ■■•.

Til. i\

7J-.

The Subconscious Self, and itH
iiid Health.
1 I). 8x51ln.,

lir.iul lailianU. .In. Ikl.

Hallucinations nndllluslons:

A Sii!. I'.n'iip-

tion. 1 -Jin.,

xlv.

W ulti r .■<. ott. On.

Sleep, Ita PhysloloiTT. PntholoitT,
llytoono, and r ' ' v. liy
.\faHc (/<■ Mil .''in..

vlll.<3llpp. III. .iidon,

I.SSI7. Will:. r.~. i.ii. >. («i.

Essays of Schopenhauer.

Tran«latod hy .V™. Kuilalf Dirckn.
7>4Jin., xxxiv. fJ'.'l pp. Scolt
Libran". Ixiiidon. l.'«(7.

ScotU iH. Od.

POETRY.

PoentS. Hy Mnltliiax nnrr.
7J>.6Jin., 21)3 pp. I.,ondon, 1897.

llarr. fi«.

Poems. Ht Ororpf Cookunn.
7i .'liin.. viu.4 10l pp. London.
1S!I7. InncM. 4s. (id.

A Book of Verses for
Children. Hy Kilirant f. l.iirtts.
71>:5Jln., xii.-t3IS pp. London,
18U7. Urant KichanlH. tJH.

Collected Poems. Hy A 11.1! in
J>oh.toii. 73 X 'liin.. .Vi7 pp. I><indon,
lS!t7. ivf^an I*aul. tin.

May Carols ; or, AnclUa
Domini, and other Poems.

Hy Anhrcu de t'rrr. 7^.510..
xxxviii. + 421pp. I..ondon and Niw
York. 1SU7. Jlacniillan. 7«.ti<l.

The Poems and Sonnets of
Henry Constable. Hy ' linrlis
Jiickctl". m...iiiu.. lul pp. Luiidun.
18S7. 210 copies.

]IaU-on and ItiokcttK. £1 Ik.

PIdells and Other Poems. Hy

('. M. (>t titrnrr. 7 .■ liin., xii. 1 1*7 pp.
Londun. Ih1i7.

ConKtablp. Ss.fid. npt.

Realms of Unknown Kings.

Hy lAiurenff Toilrma. 7x4iTn.,
x£+78pp. London. IKK7.

Hii'hardx. 2rt.

The Coming: of Lovo. Hy Thro-
ttorr Wtitts-Uuiiton. 7Jx.'ii.in..
xi. -i^ Jfi.** pp. London and New
York. ISOv. John l>ane.

The Lady of the Lake. Hy .SiV
If. Sroll. SxSJln., xxx+2:i5 pp.
Ivondon. I.W.

Scnicc and Paton. 2h. fid.

Lays of Love and Liberty.

Hy Jnmr.t .Markrrcth. 8 vilili.,
\nll.4 in pp. London. 18II7.

f'tock. :)(i. M. ml.

Candlewlcks. A Yfarof ThoiiiflTtH
and Kamiw. liy Carolinr Tilbury.
8i x6}in., 'J6 pp. London, 1897.

8t<K:k. .5s.

Voices In the Twillffht. Hy

/,. (irinimrr Jlynii. 8- .'>lln., 88 pp.
London, 1«)7. WallK. 2s. W.

The Royal Shepherdess. Hy

Dudley JiunhUy. 7|x6iin., 41 pp.
London, 18U7.

niKby, I»nfr. 2h. ffcl.

Songs In Many Moods. Hy

.Minn I.fiytiril. 7J''.'iin.. 120 pp.
London ^ind .New ^ ork. \>ifi.

].rfinKinans. fm.

Wordswrorth at RydaJ, and

other I'lieins. Hy Tiniilry J'ralt.
71x4iin., 70 pp. Loudon and
Slanchcittor, IffltT.

Hey wood. in. M. nut.

Sun and MIsU Hy K. SI. (I.

Ilrllii. 7 A liin., 70 pp. l.ondon.
18U7. I nwin. a*. 8d.

POLITICAL

Die Deperchon des Nuntlus.

Hy 7 '(111/ Knikoff. 91>llln., xii. t
aw pp. HailiHt. ■'(., 1887.

Max Nlonieyor. fin.

TTilnf

J.J 11
PP-

ofOups. Hy Urn-

~\ • .'lin.. \\\ . < :tl.'»
IWC. .s.iUiniTH.

SCIENCE.

Lezlonl sulla Teorla delle
Superflcle. Hy />r. (in-fiDrin

/.'■'•'■i. bvo.. Il'jpp. Verona-Padovrt,
: c. Urueker. 10 lire.

Hanuale del Chlmloo e dell'
Industrials. Hy I>r. J.uii/l
(IiiUhi. 8V.1.. 412 pp. Milan. I81I7.
Iloepli and Co. .V.'id lire.
La Fabhplcazlone dell' Aoldo
Soirorlco. Itv Dr. K IVm/.r.
.''vo.. i:(l p|.. Milan. 1K!I7.

Iloepli ami Co. 4 lire.

Leshe Meta.lllcho ed Amal-

arome. By J. nhrr.ii. With is

miMpmiiu. 8ro., 4:il pp. Mihin,l8U7.

HcH'plI and Co. 4 lire.

The Story of Oerm Life (Hac-

I. ri;ii. Hv //. If. c.iiiii. 01x4in.,
212 pp. L'oniion. l.^HT.

.Newnc«. In.

SPORT.

Boxing. CI' I

Hy I!, a. .1

x.^ SSI pp. ,1

1.S!I7. Inu.s. ..s.

Nights With an Old Gunner,

and oliuT ^^tudieH of Wild Life.

Hy C. J. Corni^/i. 8x5Jin., x. + .W

pp. Ixindon, 1.SU7. Sooloy. flu.

Reminiscences ot a Hunts-
man. Hy Jloii. /•'. (Iriiiilliy
j;,rkflrii. !l-(iin.. x\. I :H4 pp.
London and .New York. 18U7.

Arnold. Us.

THEOLOOY.

In a Plain Path. Hy Her. FoxrII.

71 X. 'lin.. 2I«; pji. London and New
V.irk, 18SI7. Mueniillan. 3s. IM.

Africa Waiting. Hy DouglaK
'ihurnlon. 7ixiin., xii. + 148 pp.
Ixindon, 1807.

.Student Volunteer Mitmtonary
I'nion. 2s, (Vi.

Personal Friendships of
Jesus. Hy ./. It. MilUr.U.lt.'y.
4iin..\i(i. i 21.7 pp. i.onilon. lSil7.
H.Mlderanil ."-^toUKliton. lis. (id.

Howr to Become Like Christ.
Hy ,l/.i mi« Dodn. (li • 4iin., i:M pii.
London, l.x<,)7. J. I'larke. Is. lid.

Faith and Self Surrender. Hy
Dr. .Martinrnu. (iixliin., 122 pp.
London, 1897. J.Clarke. Is. Ii.1.

How to Read the Bible, Hy
Waller Adrnry. (iixljin., tL +
l.'d pp. Ixindon, I8!(7.

J. Clarke. Ik. fid.

Christian Aspects of Life. Hy
Jlruok,- lf.,s/i'(,«. 71 ■..'iliii., ix. + l28
pp. Ltindon an.i New S'ork, Itii'.
Ma.-inillan. 7s. till.

Childhood and Youth ofOup
Lord. Hy The Jter. J. Uroutih,
M.A. 7|x311n., aiil pji. l.<indon,
I.s!l7. .Murray. .V.

Our ChupchPB. and AVhy we
Belong to Them. By C'unon
Knox y,i/(/c and othen*. 7|x6iin.,
381 pp. London. I8H7.

Serviec and Paton. 8a.

The Victor's Crowns. Hy Alex
Minlfirtn. 7i ..oin., 310 pp. Lon-
don. 1!<!)7.

'rile ("liristiun Conitnonwcalth
l'ulili'-liint< Co. -Vs.

Side Lights from Patmos. Hy
lira. Mnthr.tnn. 7i .'.jin., viii.+
;i.'i0 lip. I/ondon. 1MI7. Il.slder. (ia.

Wonienof the01dTesit.nm»nt.
Hy Itei: Jlnbert F. J I I.

7Jx5Jin.. xii. I 2!); jin. 1

hierviee and I'.i; :<i.

The Celtic Church In Ireland.

\{\- Jainrn Ihri'ti. fi./K. l'r.»f.-ssor

11^ f' ' ' ''

Ah*-'
ill"

The Dynamics of Religion.

Hy ,1/. If. Il'i.s.«i«». ax.'>jin.

XIV. t lUOpii. I.oriilon, IW.

I'niversily I'rcss. 7s. (Id. not.
The Herods. Hy J)ran Famir.

7i'.'iiin., xix.4 2:DI rip. lyondou.

I8U7. Hurviee and Paton. 3h. (ki.
A Kempls. 8] X 7in., 'inn pp. Ixm

don, ItilT. lIumphruyM.

TOPOGRAPHY.

History of the County of In-
verness (Mainland). Willi
map. County Hi 1.

Hy J. i'ainei'

xvlli. t37« pii. I'l

London, I8II7.

Hlaekwood. 7s, Od. net.

The Oldest Register Book In
the Parish of HawkBho>d,
in Lancashire 1508-17O.V. ( v
//. ,S. < iiirj>rr. \\ '<l' ••'■ •'■
ChanlerH an.i '
Ulx(ijiri.,clv.^ I
Ucrhy, l«B,'. He:

Edited by 5R. U. ffralU

Citcicituic

E J ' J ^X -T 1»J.

No. 3.— Vol. I.

SATUKDA^

CONTENTS.

Ijeadine: Article— TJjo Dominntinn of tho Nov<>l
"'Among my Books," by Ian Maclaron ..
Hevlews

Tin- I'oi'try of BurriM

Oporgc Mcrc<lith'H Pwms

Autobioffi-aphy of a Veteran

ivoie

it:>

HI)

Oostiip from a Miiiiinient Ro'om 71

Th<> Water of the Wondrous Isles Ti

Kiifflisli Henetlietines Ti

Histoire Contenijwraine : Le Mannequin d'Osier T.'i

Philosopliy of Knowledge 7.'i

Tjife of Kndyniion Porter "fl

KiiRlisli (^Innvh History 70

•Cliiiicse Characteristics and the Gist of Japan 77

Shakespeai-e, Piiritnn and Recusant 77

Romance of the Irish Stage 78

A Primer of Wordsworth 78

Le^nl Mac Swlnnoy on Mincs-Hunter'n Roman Lnw 70
Fiction -

<'aj>tains tlourageous ... SI

Ijochinvar S2

One of the Broken Brigade 82

T)i>r«'Hcta— By a Ilaii's Breadth— Claude Duval of

Ninety-flvo— Liuly Uosuliiid 83

Liav of Ijunlx'th— Broken Aivs -The Temple of Folly—
(ii'orgo Malcolm— A Creel of Irish Stories —The Fall

of the Spiurow SI & 85

Correspondence- The Novel— Historical Accuracy 85

Foreign Letters— France— Uu88ia—Unite<l SUtes 86, 87, & 88
Obituary The Oiiche.ss of Te<k— Henry George -Very

Uev. James Byrne Dr. Stoiik'hton— Ilev. T. E. Bn)wn 80

ITotes 90. 01. 02. OB. & 91

Bibliography— Nigciia 04

List of Books and Reprints 06 & 06

THE DOMINATION OF THE NOVEL.

On another pnfje of this Review we puhlish a letter
from a eorrps|M-)iult>iit who, in a strain of iH'rha|xs somewhat
<oo ironical liitterneiis, p;ive8 exprestiion to a feeling wliich
■wo susjiect to be nowadays more often entertained than
jivowed. Not, indeed, that he is absolutely the first to
iiuike public avowal of it. A well-known critic and man
of letters delivered his soul on the subject, it may be
nMuembered, a year or so h'^o ; but his urbane complaint of
*' The Tyniiniy of the Novel,"' though it must have com-
manded, we should think, a good deal of assent in literary
quarters, failed to the best of our knowledge to provoke
any serious discussion. This indifference oa the part of

Published by Zkt timti.

sfxmfrv.

tlie victiniH of f
enough. No doii

I Id, of <■ ':•'

majority •• • ir

chains and bU>(tn the benevolent dMjiot under whoae ruin
our correHp'! - to groan. Ho far from brin;;

irritat«-4i or v the c««ele*« flow and fvrx-

increasing volume of contemporary fiction, they thank
their stara that they were Inirn in this age ofnoveU.
They are as grateful for that good fortune as they
are for liaving been bom in the ag(> of rteam and
the telegraph and the ]. * -^ «! of locomo-

tion and ease of commn ily more prizol

by them than ^heir inexlutustible supply of tho«t>
ingenious motlem appliances which nave them from
alwolute Ixiredom during their after-ilinner hour>< and at
the same time protect the integrity of their night's rest by
keeping them awake till bed-time.

The truth — and it is exi>1anatory of our corre-
spondent's state of mind — is that that comparatively small
class of person.-* who take books »<»riously as works of art,
who regani them a*! a jviinter regards a jwrtniit or a
musician a sonata, can seldom comprehend the attitude*
of those others, the overuhelming mass of mankind in all
ages, to whom a lx)ok is. like a bicycle or a mowing
machine, merely a cunning device of 'H for

getting rapidly and without fatigue throug:. . .i...ii work
(in this case the business of living), which without such
assistance would have to be much more slowly and
tiresomely i)erformed. To rt'sent this mn'*"^' '''-tic
view of books and their functions is, < ng

the situation and circm ,. »•!„, j,,,|,i n^

a little absurd. The i)r<>l ....... setters is always

too apt to forget that his own higher and more serious
intere.st in books is not wholly due to an in- ty

of taste, but that, to some extent, at anj. ......i>s

from the fact that the study of books is the business of his
life. It is, therefore, a« unre- :ik

scorn of the merchant or i.. in-
sensibility to literature as it woald be for them to d(*s]iise
his indifference to the state of th>- - or the
price of stocks. He should remen, ^ is and
always will be to this numerous class of his fellow-
creatnres what golf, or cycling, if he is a golfer
or a cyclist, is to him ; and, regnnh'd from this ])oint of
view, the inordinately augmente<l " output " of novels (to
use a word li rue

a largely mi- . ^ ,'>r-

tentous symptom of national decline than the annual
multiplication of golf links or the " boom "^ in pneumatic
tires.

That there should be certain persons who " talk as if
literature meant novels "' and nothing el.se is in the
interests of accuracy, of course, to be deplored. But

«6

LITERATURE.

[November G, 1897.

whether it much matters or not dejiends upon who they
are that talk in that way. If it i« only the novel-reader
we have heen considering; — the man who n-ads novels ns
he go«i to an opera bouffe because he needs relief from the
cam of bnxineits, and Reeks it, small blame to him, nt a
tMiilimMm expenilitur»' of mental effort^ — it surely matters
not at all. If he uses the word literature as synonjTnous
with novel it can only be because he has cauf^ht the trick
from S4imebixly else ; there is no pretension about his nse
of it, if he is a true specimen of his class ; for, to do the
honest fellow justice, he would jirobablyat once admit that,
■0 fiu- from meaning seriously to affirm that novels are
the whole of literature, he wonld not care, so long as they
•ma«e him, if they were not literature at all. The only
daas of iK'rsons whose misuse of language in this wise can
be aaid to have the smallest importance are tiie literary
daas thems(>lves, and this, in the first ])lace, because it is
only polite to credit them with meaning something when
they thus exjjn'KS themselves ; and, s^condl}', liecause it
i» probably they who set the fashion in ]io]>nlar sjieech.
Among this class, more esjjecially among its jounger
reprewntatives, there are certainly some whose habit
it is to talk and write in a manner which does un-
doubtedly ai)j>ear to convey the assumption against which
oar correspondent has protested. In theory they may
recognize other literature than that strictly limited amount
which finds its way into fiction, but in practice you find
that when they talk and write of literatures it is fiction,
and fiction only, of which their heads are full. Their
addiction, indeed, to a certain hackneyed formula contain-
inj; an element of too easily exaggerated trtith affords
evidence enough of their inmost mind on the matter. The
novel, they solemnly reiterate on every suitable and un-
suitable occasion, is as essentially and characteristically the
one great literary " form " of the nineteenth century : a
projtosition which they sometimes am])lify by declaring
thatthehighestliterary genius of the Victorian era — thatis
toiiay,the genius which is richest in spiritual, intellectual,
and artistic power — " as naturally seeks expression in the
novel as in the age of Elizabeth it sought expression in
the drama." If this meant no more than that we have
amongKt ns a certainly small but distinguished body of
men who, having much that is valuable to say, and. in
Mmie but not in all cases, the capacity of saying it with
that combination of truth, force, and charm which con-
Ktitutes lit»Tature. and in its highest examples great litera-
ture, do in fact «ei*k exjjression in the novel and not in tho
drama, there would be no ground for objecting to the j)ro-
poaition if therewert- also n<me for welcoming it as a brilliant
diacwery. Hut, unfortunately, from recognizing the
dintinction of some of those writers by whom this form of
ezprewion has lieen so employed, it is but too easy a step
to the aiutumption that there is something esj)ecially
"litiTary" in the form itself. Shakespeare, we are sometimes
•amrcd in moments of enthusiasm, would have chosen the
novel a« his vciiich- of utterance if it had existed ; it was
onlj because his public could be reachcnl from the stage
alone that, »! ness as he was, he devoted

himadf to i:. .«-. ih> dunKi if in a j.roud

reflection for the young novelist that he is following in
what would have been the footstej»s of Shakespeare if only
the jMith hatl l>een in existence ; but ajiart from its highly
conjectural character it is not a reflection which it is good
for the young novelist to indulge too freely. And it is,
we suggest, a natural coiisc(juence of its too free indul-
gence that writers of fiction of every degree of imjiortance,
and of no imiwrtance at all, have of late contracted n
habit of absurdly magnifying their office. They ought
reall}' to understjind that tlieir adojition of the " fonn,"
in which all the " highest literary genius of the jwriod
seeks its natural, &c.," does not of itself afford any presump-
tion that what they write is literature, any more than the-
once general employment of I jitin as the common language
of educated EuroiK' proved that the Western world was
peopled with letter-writers, essayists, and orators of
Ciceronian elegance. They should lie further reminded that
neither is this presumption of literary merit to he fonndet?
ujKjn the fact that their books are more widely read and
more frecjuently written alx)ut than any other works out-
side the department of fiction. For, in most cases,
the real reason of tlii-ir Iwing more widely read — namely,
that such b<x)k8 af^oni the readiest and simplest (though
not i>erhaps the surest) refuge from boredom — is a reason
of an entirely non-literary character; while, if it is still
true that they are more frequently written about than any
other class of works, it is also true that this excessive
frequency of criticism and comment is sensibly diminish-
ing, and that there are welcome signs of a tendency, in
the literar}' world, at any rate, to form a saner and less
extravagant view of the importance of the novel. Nobody
would wish to see fiction thrust luick again into the jKjsi-
tion it occupied at the date of .Jane Austen's ajjology for
it ; but from Cinderella to elder sister is too big a jump.

IRcvicws,

Life of Edward Bouverie Pusey. Hy H. P. Liddon,
D.D. Vol. iv. Svo., xvi. + 4<i".i|ip. l^Jiiilon, 1S1>7.

Long-mans. 18

The present volume, which is marked by great skill in
the arrangement of material, and conscientious care in the
niurration of events, cnmiiU'tcs the laborious task which the
late Dr. T^iddon imdrrtook in 1882. He seems to havc
contempjatcd a biograi>iiy which would in any case have
reiiched tiie dimensions of the work as it now stands, the
four volumes corresiKmding roughly to four divisions in
Dr. Pu.sey's life — the " Pre|«ration, the Movement, the
Struggle, the Victory." In fact, however, the ])resent
volume describes a ]>eriod in Pusey 's career scarcely less
troubled and stc)rniy thiin the years covered by the third
volume, and few readers can follow without emotion tlie
ripening, under the pressure of most difficult circum-
stances, of a character which seems never to fail in patient,
dignity, in meek endurance, and in whole-hearted devotion
to the cause of riglit<'ousness and truth.

The present volume enables us to form a just and dis-
jiassionate estimate of incidents in Dr. Pusey 's career wliicli
it has b«'eii till- (:i-lii()ii in sctne i:niii(ers to coiiileirin souN

NoTcmber 0, 1897.]

LITERATURE.

phraae — e.g., liiH conduct in the matter of Mr. .lowi-tf's
a]i[M)iiitinciit to tin- I'rofcHHor.ihii) of (irrck nt '• It

now iippcarH that I'uscy ri'cojjnizcd miicli m irly

than soiiio witli wliom ht< acted tlu> nwvtimiry limitM of
JtiHtitiahIc o|)])0.sition iu hucIi a caoe. Jle had the courage
of his (•onvictionH at a time wiien " even Kfble twpin to
waver in liis sa]i|Mjrt " ; and he j>er>iisti'<l in his efTorta
to HOfure a scttlt-mfnt. by the I'nivcrsity itxelf, of a
]>ainful controvcisy which, liad his fiinids piincd their
object, would havi- rctniirfd the intervention of I'arlianient.
Tlie whole incident ilhistrateK his sense of what was justly
due to an honourable <)p]H)nent, and his anxious care for
the interests of learniuf; and reliijion.

The editors have done well to jx)int out, in ref«'nM!
to more than one ]>jissaf;e in I'usey's career, the neces,-i
of fairly considering the altere<i conditions of I'niversity
life, which make it hard, after an inter%al of thirty or forty
years, to apjireciate the motives or approve the action of
the Tnictarian leaders. The vital difference, as it seems
to us, between I'usey antl the liberalizini^ theolo^iims of
whom Dean Stanley was so ardent a chiitniiion lies in the
fact that Pnsey liatl a consistent and iletinite faith to
<lefend, while they were jiractically without a jxjsitive
creed. Indeed what sjx'cially strikes us in the ])resent
volume is the light it throws on the main work of I'usey's
life. " My name," he tells the Church ("onLjress in 186.5,
** has been a by-word for things with which I am little
<'onccrned.'' '• I am in this strange jxisition," he wrote to
Bisho]) Tait in ISliO, "that my name is made a by-wonl
for that with whicii I never had any symixithy, that which
the writers of the Tracts, with whom in early days I was
associated, always depn'cated — any innovations in the way
of conducting the service, anything of Hitualism, or
«>sj)ecially any revival of disused vestments." It is clear
that the main interest of I'usey's life was the defence of
fundamental Christian truth. In the attiuk ujwn the
Athanasian Creed he saw " a grave injury to the mainte-
nance of the dogmatic princijjle in the Church of Eng-
land " ; it seemed to him an endorsement of '' the central
heresy of the day " — " It is of no imiwrtance what
we believe." I'usey might apjtear to some not fully
to ap])reciate the difficulties which are often urged against
the retention of the Creed in the public senices of the
Church ; but none of his sermons excels in large-hearted
wisdom and charity that which he preache<l in defence of
it before the I'niversity in Advent, 1872 — " The responsi-
bility of intellect in matters of faith." A jH^nisal of this
powerful sermon can hardly fail to dispd much ignorant
prejudice against I'usey and those who share his con-
victions. His eager desire to aid jxTplexed faith also
mmle Pusey a diligent student of scientific literature.
*' While others talked of sympathizing with scientific
progress, he reail the scientific books whenever he found
that the faith of bt^lievers was imi>erilletl by theni."
Almost the last sermon he vnroto was one, the de-
livery of which by Dr. Liddon will never be forgotten
by those who heani it. on '• Unscience, not science, con-
trary to faith." The Iwldness, insight, and strength of
thought displayed in this sermon pnxluced a remarkable
impression. It is scarcely suqirising that •' seveml well-
known men of science, some of whom could by no means
be reckoned on the side of Christianity, thanked I'us«'y
heartily for it." It was even welcomed as " an Eirenicon,
ns the preliminaries of peace between genuine science and
genuin(» theology."'

There is very much in this volume which is of sjiecial
interest in view of the present condition of thought in
the English Church. In his various " Eirenica " I'usey

inudi- an eanie>t, (•!
bring nlwut an ir
and liome. Ifi
that" The.i

entirely di»i •-. j- .- , .-

explanation of certain |M)intM v

it »«• ha

..• reunion uj-m

V liave Liid rluwn a

it ; tUej,

»'." In

■:.!

Hpite of the ultimate fru.>tnttion
did not lose heart. " l{«'fore th^ ' .-.,■'

hn writes to Newman, " I wonden-<l whether I mi(rht
not live to see the union of the Cluirch)-* ; you will
have seen and mounii^I how that luu alreadv refiellMl
ids." " I have done," ! T 1,

i now have don" with ."

I'he lapse of a ii has not made an il

ditlerence in the .....; of Home, to judge at ; ...

the nxrent public action of the Po|>e. But the <
rightly draw att<'ntion to the " grandeur" of the jurinn"
prewnted l)y I'usey's untiring laU)urs in the cauite of
j»eace.

Anotlier point on which attention i« nure to be fixed
is the contrast lx'twe«'n Dr. I'usey and some of his
professed followers in the matter of Old Te«tament
criticism. It is a fair question whether the " I^-ctunii on
Daniel " would have been written if the tone of German
<'riticism thirty years ago hml N'»'n otlti-r thnn it wnst.
I'usey's eye \ not " ujion i if
a school of • M, but ujxjn ^ ,t
out of which that school first sprang." B<*hind the im-
mediate theses of the dor- • :-:'•'■•' ' ' r tliat

day he detected the -; of

rationalistic i ' " - ..^

" with an < ;-

cism than that witii v In

fact, the jieriod of nv liul

scarcely yet arrived. The difference, we t. u

I'usey and his modem discij' • *' ir

having heen e«iucate<i in a ■!.

They have h ' A

methods, anii
to a great ext«'nt, ciiangeti its basis, it • '(

now in the form of an historical science , l.s

no longer merely on a priori a8sum])tion«,such aa a denial
of the |»08sibility of ri ' ''' or of miracle. It is quite
jwssible that, iindi-r • et-inditions, Pus<'V nould

have Wi' :;.

or at an_\ , _ ,'

attitude towards it.

We have not space to touch on many points of j«.-
sonal inten'st with which this volume abounds. Th«<
' ' 't\\ of I'usey's cli :'>t hn

om th'» dftaih-*! • eon-

tlul.t in wiiicii he was in "

glimi>ses of his inner Ir . '•*

nature shines out. One of his last acts was to destroy

"all old letters in which 'any one said anv" <"

fault of any one.' " Two charming letters t"

writi

and

ofa life which from tlio first iiad l)een consecrated to

great ends.

The biography as a whole recalls some well-known
remarks of the late Dr. Mozley on Pnsey's p- ' ::. In
all his recorded utterances we catch the li- -ofa

voice which " imi>arts to its

what of th.it serenity, awe, ai. i

itself issues ; and which creates amid the confusions and

»-2

LITERATURE.

[November 6, 1897.

bustle of the mind'ii foininoii|ilace inU'llectual liie a
temfionirj ivlm, during wliicli ideas, Iio]m's, aiid longings
wliiih u«'re never entertainitl In^fon' find an iiitJiince into
111 ind, to produce llieir living and permanent fruits

The Poetry of Robert Bums. E<lit.Hl Jiy W. B. Henley

•nd F. F. Henilerson. \\ ith KttliinKs by Williani Ilul.-,

FAA. 4 VoIb. 9x52in.. 4»U+^47:>+:.1S+:MS pp. F:4liiil.in-Kli. IMr?.

T. C. and B. O.Jack. 10,6 th.- V..I.,

with Front it!pi€>ce only, 76

With the publii-ation of the two eonchiding vohiines
of the Centenary Burns, its joint editors have completed
their arduous ta.«k. The extent of their labours may be
l>e«t estimated by briefly summarizing the statement of
their ninjs, which j)r«*faces the fourtli volume. In the tirst
J.! . souglit to create a " cla.*sic text " of the jKtet —

ai. iking wiiich involved an e.xhaustive collation of

all the available versions, and the overhauling of such a
ma.«s of M.S'^., including many not hitherto utilized, that,
in the opinion of the Editors, these volumes " may fairly
claim to be reganled as a complete lexicon of the text of
Bums's verse.*' In the second place, they have thought it
right to " give the history so far as known, and the local
fietting of his every several piece, together with an expla-
nation of the chief allusions, many among them of the
most fleeting kind."' Thirdly, they had to provide the
Southron reader with a full and sufticient glossary, and,
lastly, they had " to define and determine the relations of
Burns to the j^ast." All this elalxjrate programme they
Iiave so conscientiously fulfilled that if there were any
Fuch thing in reality as what is called a " definitive "
edition — or. at all events, if there were any ))ossibiiity of
<!• " t like Burns, who, true to his

li. . ^ts editions as fast and copiously

as controversial j)amphlets (which, indeed, they sometimes
are) this product of ^Ir. Henley's and Mr. Henderson's
editorial labours might well achieve that ])osition. For to
tljat c-areful recension of the te.xt whicli the i)reface
jiromisetl us they have added a cojjious liody of
notes, for the most ]>art admirably illustrative, from lioth
the literary and the historical \mi\t of view, of the poet's
work and life. Ap|)ended, moreover, to the fourth volume
is an e«say from the hand of one of the editors on " The
Life, (jenius, and Achievement of the Poet," which, if
Bums were any one but Burns — and, ])erhai)s, we ought to
add, if .Mr. Henley were not Mr. Henley — would give the
eiliti'in a still stronger claim to l)e pronounced definitive.
But Bums and .Mr. Henley being who and what they are it
will 8ur]»ri«e no one who knows either of them to hear that
it is precisely this " terminal essay " which is certain to
deprive the Iniok of that character. For the terminal essay,
«leeply marked as it is with the milit^mt individuiility of
it- nM"' author, has alxiut as much " definitiveness " as a
< to mortal combat, and looks as likely to jiut an

• im. V iitroversy as the trailing of a coat at an Irish fair.

Inde<-d, if any less than half of the .'Scottish admirers of
I'liriis refrain from bringing out sejiarate editions of the
j«Mt lor the siMH-ial jiurjwse of refuting Mr. Henley's
th<-<'rie», it will argue either extniordinary wlf-restraint on
their own |«rt. or a singukr lack of j«itriotism on tliat of
Hcottish publishers.

We must admit, however, that even if they did resort
io thin eUlxjnite form of n-prisals and t-atisfii-d themselves
t Mr. Henley's theories out of the field,

1 ' iitenary Kdition in other resjiects

extremely hard to beat in any one of thoec qualities of

perfect tyinigraphy, lightness in the hand, and sober
beauty of exterior, wliich are so much more jirized by many
readers than the strictest critical and biogniphical ortho-
doxy inside. The only ))oint of material arrangement of
which tiie ultm-jiatriotic Scot might j)ossihly complain is
one wiiich will lend to these volumes an additional attrac-
tion for the ignorant Southron. We refer to the new
method of inteqiretation which the editors have sub-
stituted for that of the old-fiushioned glo.ssary at the end of a
l)ook. No doubt it is not wholly free from otl'ence both to the
eye and the mind. Those Knglish eijuivalents tliat sopienti-
fully besjirinkle the Inirder of the text are not flowers exactly"
cakuUited to adorn that '• mejidow of margin " through.,
which Sir Benjamin Backbite tiiought that verses should
meander; nor is it altogether )>Ieasimt to be pulled up in.
the middle of a Bunisian lyric by a reminder that " braes"
means " hill sides," and that " sark " is Scotch for '* shirt."
But it is mere hyjKH-risy to jiretend that the ordinary
English reader can disjiense with all translation from the
vemacular,and when the alternative to defacing the margin
would have been to send him continually from the middle,.
say,of the first volume to the end of the fourth, it is im-
jwssible to contest the wisdom of the editorial choice.

It is the e.ssay on the " Life, Genius, and Achieve-
ment " of the ]Kjet which will \)C tiie apple of discord flung
into the midst of the critical banquet, indeed, it is, so to
speak, a threefold fruit of strife ; for while the "life" has
been fought over for years, Mr. Henley's tlieory of the-
"achievement"" will be, in fact lias been, found highly pro-
vocative by the more fanatical sect of Burns's worsliipj>ers,
and though he wannly jjraiscs tlie " genius " of their
Divinity, he is likely to have inflamed their wrath still
further by praising him in what they will consider to be-
the wrong way. Upon the "life," that rather squalid
battle-ground of sentimentalist and cynic, Mr. Henley
cannot be said to have lingereil long — at least not long by
the foot-rule ; f(jr what he has to say alx)ut it in the way
of actual narrative fills less than a fifth of the essay. The
trouble is that by reason of the needless crudity, not to-
say coarseness, with which he puts the "cynical" case —
so mucli the stronger of the two that it needs no violent
enforcement — he manages to leave the iini)ression that
much more imiKirta'nce has been given to the matter than
it really jiossesses. This is the less easily to be j)ardoned
because he himself representsthe jwintatissue — ifanytiiing
can be said to be atissue — as oneof the sim]ilest kind. Tliose
who labour it have not even the excuse which might be
pleaded on behalf of that tiresome crew of casuists who
have so i)ersistently bored tiie world witii the " Harriet
question " in the domestic life of Siielley. For tiie
domestic life of Bums is all " questions." There is an
" Elizabeth Baton question " in it, and a " Jean Armour
question,"' and a " Higliland Mary question," and a
" Clarinda (jue.stion," not to reckon otiiers of aa
innominate ciiaracter ; and wiien a man's life is all
questions of tliis sort we are surely justified in saying that
it is a case of cttdit qwtslio as to the ciiaracter of tiie man
iiimself. Instead of being " dark with excess of liglit,"
it becomes so liglit with exci-ss of darkness — or, to jiut it
more mildly, let us say siiadiiiess — as to need no biogra-
])hical iilumination wiiatever. Mr. Henley, in one of ids.
happiest moments, describes Bums an an " inspired
faun" ; but if he means, as he doulitless does, to set u»
thinking of the famous antitpie in tiie A'atican, the com-
jMirison, tliougli admii'a1>iy picturcMjue, is not (juite exiict.
Nothing, it is tme, could more aptiy suggest tiiat simple
and cart^iess grace and that air of cliildlike feilowsiiiji witlj
Nature's wilder children, which aj peals to iw with a

November C, 1897.]

LITKKATrilE.

r>9

scarcely more touching bt'anty in t)ie marble of Praxiti'lw
tlian ill tlu' sorifj.M of Miirnn. Hut tho Ktntuc w' ' '
cisi'ly sviiili<>iiz('8 tlu* jKx-t dm-H not mo jhm :■
the iiiiin. It mif^ht Imvt' <x'ciirr<'<l to Mr. llciilfy that the
fniin iind a comnulf wlio livfd iw closo to nature afl
liinisolf, and wad, for all wA know, at) goo<l a fellow ; yet
who, by otluT and more conKpictiouH markx than that of a
slifjhtlv-iHiinted car, imK-laiinc*! liis kinshi]i with tin- tfiiat-
foot j;<h1. And if Mr. llcidi'V could have hnin
to define Hurns as an " insjiired satyr" hi- woiil.
Rtill strai^hter to the mark, aiicl might have cut the
controversy even shorter than he has.

But it is the dissertation on the "genius" and
" aehievenient " whieh will roust> the hornets' nest on the
other side cif the Twrcd. Or, rather, it is .Mr. Ilt-nleyV
definition of the achievement, with the inferences inevit-
ably ileducible from it as to the genius, which will do the
mi.schief. Indee<l, it is to he gatlien-d froni the preface to
the fourth volume that i.ulihie bu/zings were aroused in
the nest by the introductory remarks prefi.xed to Vol. I.
There were Scotsmen who bitterly n-senfed the remark of
the editors, that Hurns was " what is called a local jMK't";
and we suspect that they will b<' hut incompletely molli-
fitH.1 by being reminde<l, as they are in this later preface,
that " no finer eulogy could be }>as.sed on Hurns, no nobler
tribute jiaid to his gift, than is contained in the demonstra-
tion that, though ' the satirist and singer of a jtarish,' he
ai>peals to a world-wide public,' since he must of necessity
conunand such an audience by virtue of intrinsic splendour
and moral magnificence, and in desi)ite of Im-al an<l
peculiar accidents." Nevertheless, it is jjerfectly true, and
very much to the jwint : a.s also is the jiroposition that
no jKiet was " ever more directly the pnxluet of imme-
diate and remote forbears " than Hurns. To si>eak of him
as the founiler of a new jxu'tic school in the sensc> in which
the word may be justly api)licd to Wurdsworth and (.'ole-
ridg(^ and the other Naturalist and Romantic rel)els
against the rule of an effete Cliussicalism is absurd. These
men were essentially the destroyers of a tradition, while
Hums WHS simply the inheritor of one. That he carried it
to triumphs far beyond the power of the gi-eatest of his
predecessors to achieve is the highest proof of his genius
as a singer, and so sure a title to fame that one would
think it suju'rfluous to press, as so many of his country-
men do, his unfoundetl claim to the honoui-s of a pioneer.
The idea that he in any way influenced Wonlsworth
l)ecause Wordsworth admired him is as jijejxisterous as it
would be to call Hurns himself a disciple of that objtn-t of
his own sincere admiration, Cowper. And the value of
Wordsworth's admiration for Hurns is amusingly revealed in
the anecdote which Mr. Aubrey de Vere contributed to the
Life of Tennyson, and which clearly shows that what
Wordsworth admired in Hurns's jKK'try was its element of
resemblance to the weaker parts of his own. No ; it is
not by the .\nglici/e«l verse wliich the Knglish jxiet lovi>d
but by the vernacular lyrics which he despised that the
Scotch iK)et will live. What Burns took up and put to his
lips was no new fashioned reed : it wius one which had been
])a.s.sed on to him through a long line of Scottish singers ;
it was as old and rude almost as the ])'\\x' of I'an. But he
was the first to j)lay ujwn it so that the whole world
listened, and is listening still. Ife played ui»on it as the
wood-god himself plays in Mre. Browning's jjoem : —

Sweet, swoot, sweet, O Pan !

Pieriiiip swoot on the river
Blinding sweet, O great g<;d I'an !
The sun <.n tlio hills forgot to ilio
Anil the lilies revived anil the dragon-fly

Came back to dream on the river.

inelytluit iH glory enoocb for any man.

'. nothing Iwa tluiu lluii.

Selected Poems. TSy George MeredUh. 8yS|ln., SUpp.
\V(.-atutin>ti'r, 1K>7 Coziatabte. t-

T'
to revi :
that .Mr. .Meredith will live by iccom-

]ilished but sometimes wayward ^... ;luU tlio

immortal jwirt of .Shelley's Uiiuert to us i* hln pro«e. So
skilful is the selection wi- ' ' ' ' ♦' ' '

]«X'f whom we t<M> often

has it to make a- leniwry

;i and reinemher only t 'T. A

1>relatory note informs us that '"the ►election here made
UM been under the snjKrvision of the author"; and
even if this means only that Mr. Meretlith has ratified the
choice of sonje one '"
his having, in so doi:
to the weaker bn-threnwhicli lys

obtained! at his hands. Fori.' 'Uii

jiieces of reasoning in rhyme with which the pix ue-

times exercised the labouring brain of thereuii \ia»
sfniggled through them. not. indeed, without profit to his
mind, but w irt.

There is n^ im

its cryptic comiMinion of the same volii; .rt,

from any of those jxx?ms the study of u.... i. -nly

in intelh>ctual as.sent, en1ivene<l ]ierha|M by admiration for
the subtlety or profundity of the *' ' '. but by nothing
else. In their stead w<« have \i lus, or jiortiond

of j>oems, which, if -and ihey rarely do —

yield up their full at a first jK-ni-.iI, yet

reward a closer study with lla.shes of spiritual ;ik1

glimjMies of material beauty such as few poiL- -■
any other |>eri(Hl bos bad power to reveal.

It i !onote,a- -• '•• ;,,.. ttr

of the) .. h Mr. M 1 K*t

wisely, in our opinion, >at

nearly two-thirds of the 1 ion

have been culled from the two volumes r> y pub-

lishinl by him in 1888 and 1883, and mx i.nx entitled
" A Kcailing of Karth " and " Poems anil Lyrics of the
Joy of Earth." From •' V " ' ' r '

Life," the volume of 1887, 1
have been extracted — the " Song of •• llie

Young Princess," and that splendid l. -.i uajie

Mr. Meredith's highest achievement in this oni ry,

*' The Nuptials of Attila." We could wish tiuu ne liad
addwithe imj«ssionetl " France " from the same volume;
but these are enough to show the sti- ■• of bis

inspiration when dealing with the •• ^'f men

and women u}Km earth, while, as we have said, it is
evidently as the }Mx-t of Earth herself tliat be would lain
be judged.

.\nd beyond doubt he ' ' ' ' '' ' in-

porary crifici>im hns never " " of

Mr. M I do M> u

far mnv , here. I.

it must sufKce to .say that his spiritual attitude tou-ards
Nature is one which appears to us to have neither pre-
cedent in the ]x)etry of any j^ast generation nor countei^
part in that of our own. It ^ ' r of the

jxhH's own attitude — a subj on the

objective side, on the side of the arti«t as distinguished

LITERATURE.

[November 6, 189/

from the seer and the thinker, there is no new way of

!>■ \t'r\»ill be. Tln-r

\>: - tlie iH'aiity of til-

world ilip inosi vividly before the imagination of the reader
and impresse.-; it,* niystery the most deeply uiwn his soul.
And to the exact extent to which the ix)et mi.<ses this way,
h\ 'mages which apjienl only to the mind instead

<>t ijvon the inner eye," and thoughts which

hj y, to the understanding, but linve

I lit — to that extent his jKietry only

1 >. new " at the expense of cea.sing to be poetry at

ail. JiiiU Mr. Meredith sometimes goes astray in this
fo^hion even his warmest admirers will admit ; but that at
his best he tak«-s a jwth of victorious directness to the eye
niid heart of his reader not even his coldest critics will
deny. We can forgive niany things " too curious!}' con-
sidered " when we turn to such a ]*anorama of the cloud-
piled heavens a.s ♦* The South-Wester," or to such a revela-
tion of tln' ' '*v and (for the unworthy) the menace
of the fon- IS " The WckkIs of Westcrmain." And

w .' ve for tliis single picture from the

ii. i. N'alley,'" that one |>oem which not

even the most obstinate of Sir. Meredith's detractors has
• - nt least in our e.Ti)erience, been able to resist : —

rtloas fhr' ;« us the shadow in the meadows
i'°lying ' . on a blue and breezy noon.

Ko, abe i- . ud drinking op her wonder;

Earth to iior is yonng aa the slip of the new moon.
Drala she an unkindncss, 'tis but her rapid measure,

Even as in a dance ; and her imile can lieal no less,
Like the swinging May-cloud that pelts theflowors with hail-
stones
Off a sunny border she was made to bruise and bless.

When Mr. Meredith deals with Nature in her out-
ward aspect, at his best. he speaks the eternal and universal
In- Xo novelty of treatment is, Imjipily,

t'' in lit these highest moments. It is his

'• Ijrading oi tarth," to use his own expression, his report
of her inner meaning — his spiritual attitude, in a woi-d,
towards tiie Great Mother — which is new in ix>etry. His
I*- ' ' ajMirt even from that of Tennyson,

w- - it is divided, in more senses than

on*-, by H \ . To an extreme Wordsworthian,

indtfd, it , ably apjiear blankly materialistic;

and certainly there are no "obstinate questionings of sense
and o-T* ' •' •::8" to be found in Mr, Meredith.
Ncvcit ink acceptance of Nature, alike in her

< : ' 'las a virile faith behind it, and a

i- not to be always l)mcing itself to

J>enr, i any moments of ui)lifting with a solx-r

K'"''"' It is the stoicism of the philosopher

uA: .!■ <i 'iid illumined by the poet's joy.

Autobloerrafla <li txn Veteran©. Ricordi storici e
aaeddoUct del Oenerale £nrico della Rocca, 1807-1859.
8«oonda edi/.ione. Hvo., 5fJiJ pp. U«>|c^ini. 1H(>7.

Nicola ZanichelU. 4 lire.

TMiile it mipht be an exaggeration to assert that a

IKTUsal of I work is indis|)ensable to a clear

••''■•''• ' rlier pha-ses of the Italian

/•' Iwsaid that no lirxik ]>nl>lislied

f' . the

I" , ^ 1- in

t' iuabiean (tddition to

•iii. ;... ..... , of the period. Born

at Turin on Jane 20, 1807— a few* days after the battle of

Friedland. and on the eve of the first Franco-RussiaB
alliance — Knrico della Hocca began his career at the age
of nine as a jwge of Hie (Vmrt of t'liurles Alltert of
Carignano, heir-presumptive to the crown of Piedmont.
Cavour, a few years later, made his delmt in a similar
capacity. From his earliest youth Della Kocca was thus
in a jwsition to hear and observe all that took ))lace in the
neiglibourh(Kxl of the I'iwlmontese throne, and the pages
of the jiresent volume, written, or rather dictat<><l, by him
at the age of 80 years, lH»ar witness both to the keenness
of his jxjwers of observation and to the freshness of his
memory. Like most works of its kind it alwimds in
details, and is more adapted for steady iktusuI than for
review ; but it contains many jtassages of higli dramatic
value and of no little historical interest. .Such, for in-
stance, is the descri])tion of the young C'harles AIIkmI at
the moment when N'ictor Kmmanuel 1, summoned him to
Turin — tall, exceedingly handsome, affable, gay ; a con-
trast in every resjiect to what he became in after years
when suspicion, slander, disillusionment, and exile had
changed his jovial humour into melancholy, his buoyancy
into desiwndent faUilism, and his natural jjiety into exag-
gerated asceticism. In regard to the diameter of t'harles
Albert, at least, General della Kocca's memoirs can hardly
fail to spread a juster view. They show conclusively that
throughout life he was stemiily faithful to his ideal — the
lilieration of the peninsula — and that his alxlication in
favour of his son Victor P^innianuel II., after the disastrous
battle of Novara. was but the crowniujr sacrifice of a life
full of disapiwintment and bitterness.

As intimate friend and brother-in-arms of Victor
Emmanuel II., Delia Kocca was constantly at his
Sovereign's side and always in his confidence. He
rej^eatetUy served liim as si>ecial envoy, accomjianied him
to Paris and London in 1855 after the Crimean War, and
later on returned to Paris to draft with NajKileon III. the
basis of the Franco-Italian alliance. In Najtoleon he
believed he had found a true friend of Italy, and his
comment on tlie French Kmperoi's military (jualities as
evinced during the camjxiign of 1859 is l)oth abundant
and aj)preciative. The triumphal entry of tiie allieti
iwvereigns into Milan on June 8th, 1859. formed a re-
markable contrast to Charles Albert's flight from the same
city 11 years l)efore, and Della Hocca, wlio was present on
both occa.sions, does not neglect to note the ditVerence. On
the one occasion weseeCliarles Albert, jMile, thin, and down-
cast, holding hiii sabre under his arm, smlly ejaculating,
" Ah, Delia Kocca, quelle joum^e, quelle joumee ! "
on the otlier, we hear the plaudits of the multitude and
the Te Deuin in the Cathedral attended by Najx)-
leon and A'ictor Kmmanuel. Hut jierhaps the most
strikingly dramatic jMige in the l)<M)k is that in which
the author describes the scene between N'ictor Emmanuel
and Napoleon after Solferino, when the French Emperor
intimated to his ally the urgent necessity of coming
to tenns with the Austrians. The two JVIonarchs htul
gone out to examine the )K»sitions of the troops in view of
cro.>*sing the Mincio. Victor Emmanuel made n sign to
Della Koc(» to accomiwiny them, but after furnisliing various
ex])lanations of the merits and demerits of the ground the
latter imderstood that Na|K>leon wished to be left alone
with Victor Emmanuel, and retired to a distance. But
lx*fore Della Kocia was out of earshot Napoleon suddenly
drew up his horse. Victor luniiianiicl did likewise, while
Najwleon took from his jKH-ket a li'tt<'r and began to reiul
in a loud voice. The letter was from the Empress
Eugenie, and evidently one of many on the same sub-
ject. It spoke of certain designs on the part of the

November 6, 1897.]

LITKUATUKK.

(ierman (jonf«*<lenition ; of thu pre«euu« of PruMian
troops near O)blenco and (.'olopno ; of th« inrulo<|iia('y of
the fori:e« left in Kranc«i to rcMirtt a I'niHhiiiii iiiMiftion ; of
tlie imiHrious ntHvsHity of N<Mulin){ back a jMirt i>f i'
French Army i-niployc^l in Italy. Tht? niiiiHivt- hirti
j)oint<'<l out the terrible ooiiscciiicnoeH of a dufeat on the
Rhine, and urjjed Napoleon to protib hy tho vielorien
obtained to secure an «ulvantaj;eouH p«'ace ho an to be free
to return to Frrtuco and allay the diBcontcnt crenttHl by
the I'rusHiiiu lulvance. Victor F.nuiiaiuii'l li.sti'iied in
silence, then gave way to dt'jcction, uiider^tuniling that
all was over. Hoth Munarchs .slowly ami .silently de-
scended the hill, dreaming no longer of crotiiiing the
Mincio.

Scarcely less intej^sting are the descriptions of the
terrible wrath of favour, jwirt of which was wreaked on
Delhi Kwca's heiul ; of the cold reception of the allieil
Sovereigns on tiieir return to Turin ; and of the close of
tho camiiaign. In one of the ap|K'ndice8 are given the two
proclamations issued after the peace of Villufranca. In the
original «lraft of tho proclamation signinl by Victor
Emmanuel, Nai)ohH)n had written, " The preliminaries of
peace have assured to the jx'oples of Ix)nil)ardy that inde-
j)endenco which was the chief object of our common de-
sires "; but Victor Emmanuel struck out tho sentence and
with his own hand wrote, " Have assured indej)endence to
the Lombanl iH>oples." The dift'erence is an index of the
feelings with wiiich Frenchmen and lUdians have evex
since regarded the treaty.

If one tiling more than another strikes the reader of
these memoirs it is the extreme directne.>»s and simplicity
of the language, the absence of any striving after literary
effect, anil the air of good faith and veracity which
l)er\adea the book. If to (leneral della Kocca age and
experience brought no other boon, they at h^ast enabled
him to attain that serenity which is above and beyond all
IMirti.sanship. To the student of Italian i>olitics the
(juality is jRH.-uliarly refreshing.

The second and final volume of the memoirs will Ix*
publiuhed within a year.

Oossip fVom a Muniment Room. HeiiiK Pa-s.-uiRes in the
Lives of Aime iiikI .Mary l<\tt<in, l."i7l-llH.S. TniiisciilH-d and
Kaiteil hy Lady Newdlgate-Newdegate. sjxTiin., l.'>i> pp.
London,' isn. Nutt. 7,6

We have to thank T>ady Newdigate-Newdegate for a
volume which is in itself of great interest as a jnctnre of
social life in the Elizidiethan age, but which is of particu-
lar interest as contributing to exjiose one of the most
extraordinary mare's ne.'»ts in Shakespearian literature.
The papers ])ul>lislietl by l.A<ly Newdiiiate from the
archives at Arbury consist practically of the memoirs
of two sisters, Anne and Mary Fytton, daughters of Sir
Edwanl Fytton, of (iawsworth, in Cheshin-, one of whom
became the wife of Sir John Newdegate, of Arbury, the
otiier a Maid of Honour to tjueen Elizabeth and the wife
successively of William Polwheele, of I'erton. and of John
lx)ugher. The career of the first differed in no resjxx-t
from that of an ordinary English lady in the same sphere
of life who fulfils fa'ithfully her maternal and social
duties, and carries an unblemishetl character to the grave.
But, when we say that the second had to retire in disgrace
from the CViurt of Eliwibeth because it w.is discoven>d that
she was with child by the Fjirl of I'embroke, and that she
liecame subsequently the reputed mother of two other
illegitimate children, it will be seen with conceni that

tlie records priutMi by I.«dy Newdif(8t« have tlteir

... : . .. .. .. :. ...;., . .i ^r pLi»-

', and

•I-

for the ingenuity i>\ lar. In ir.

Thoma-t Tyler, in an ii of Slu^. j. — - i

.Sonnets, attemptt-il to jirove tliat .Mary Fytton was no
'..in the '* dark la<ly " of thoMc .-oi ' -i-

y, the miHtn>t«ri of Shakenpeare. s

liieoiy hiiA succeedtxl in making in •>•»

appearance of the present volume, nu'- ;■< j it

throws new light on the que.stion, offers a litlmg opjior-

tunity of ■■- 'Tiing the evidence ' N'- Tyler'u

th«H)ry 1 I'd.

In IGi) *.r

Thomas Tl. 'a

Sonnets, ne\. .1." Tot

fixe-l il>e r. ' . ., :— " To r

oft Mr. W. H., l

thai i'.i' nii^eii oy our ••" ' - 'h

the wel adventurer in 1 .'

There t .d ends Ay

known .1 ii is noi d

conjecture. No one knows when the ^K>nnet^■
written; no one knows who Mr. W. H. was; i.u ■.. .
knows what sense is to bd attributed to the word
" iH'getter," whether it J ' ' 'kj

jierson who got or procun r

it means the |>crson who iunpired liit-ui. in oii.er wurds,
the youth who is the hero of them, tlie '• master-
mistress " of the poet's passion. Nor is any light thrown
on these questions by the S)nnet8 themsehes. All
tliat is certain is that they record, or profess to record,
a pa>isionate att • " ' no

youth and to si.; 1^

in a su{'>erior social position to tite .it

pers<inal beauty, the worn.in Ivein- , »

married woman, not dist ;ty, but having

a very tlark complexion ium jh * '■'' in

masie. It is clear also that she wn d

had playe*! him fal.se w' i<l

have us Ix'lieve with I'm .th

was William Herbert, third tjirl of 1 . and, in

acconlance with an hypothesis nf k;< ., i. u,,t.iiii

wa-s Mary Fytton.

Now, in the first place, tiieie ii,

Shnkesivcare was even ac<piaint<Hl with 1 ••,

or ' 'lo on int ;<•

in t II of the i is

brother, the Earl of Montgonv

men as " prosecuting them (.^..-i.-. , ....;..._.y .^id

their author living with so much favour," being the sole
indication of any connexion at all b«?tween Shakespeare
and Pembroke, .\gain, there is every r»n'r.n to b<>l?f*Te
that most of the .Sonnet* had b«^n v. r ho
Pembroke-Fj-tton scandal occurred. 1 in
1600, but ^leres, writing in 1598, sj)eak8 of their circula-
tion, or of the circulation of some of f' ■• :ig

Shakesp(>are's private friends at aii.i pr ro

that date, while th- ~ .^y

.Jagganl in the foil '.e

that the .Smncts referred to by .Mejes are the SonnetJ
on which Jlr. Tyler relies for the ...n- \:<in between
Shakespeare and Pembroke. Thorjie'- 11 seems to

us in it.self almost conclusive against i.r -. " Theory.

In 1601 William Herbert became l-jul of ! % In

1609 he was Knight of the Garter and in pos&ci«ioQ of

LITERATURE.

[November 6, 1897.

other honours and distinctions, all of wliich Thoq>o is
cai ' ' ' ' ihedwlicntions of th«" M'vj-ral other

». -to him. Is it likt'lv thut in this

CUM' Uv «<'i ' i it. -. .i liim as " Mr. W. H." Kven

on the sii; , . liiat it wa.« "a blind" it is in-

credible. It must be addtni that, whoever the youth of the
Sonnetp may have been, he was conspicuously handsome,
his l>eauty lieing of a somewhat ctTfininate cast. A glance
at th»> iMirtraits of Herlx'rt will show that he could never
have hud at any time the smallest claim to such distinc-
tion.

But if the foundations of the theory identifying ttn*
youth of the .Sonnetti with the Earl of Pembroke are thus
unstable, the theory identifying Mary Fytton with the
dark ladv is absolutely baseless. We will even go so far as
to Bay tluit, afisuming the identification of Pembroke with
Shakesjieare's friend to Ite proved, tlie dithcultics in the
way of identifying Mary Fytton with the lady would l>e
almost as insu|>erable as they now are. The first condition
that the heroine of the Sonnets must fulfil is that she should
|i- tte, and a brunette of a ver}' j)ronounced type,

w . - niven black," with hairs like "black wires" ; in

short, " a black beauty." Of Mary Fytton there liapi>en
to be extant, as we learn from lAdy Newdigate's
book, two i>ortraits, one of them taken about the
very time of her intrigue with Pembroke. " It is that of
a higli-bnxl-looking Imly iiHk grey eyes and a fnvr com-
jjfxicni ;" the other, taken when she was ayoimg girl, is,
it may be added, a corroboration of the features of the
first. This alone would be fatal to Mr. Tyler's theory. The
next condition must be that she wa.s a married woman, for
otherwise it would be difficult to explain the words in
Sonnet CLII., " in act thy be<l-vow broke." But Mary
Fvtton wasnot married till about 1G07, beingcertainly,sofar
&1 is known, unmarried in or In-fore 1604, for in that year her
father made a bequest to her in her maiden name. With
the first of these difficulties Mr. Tyler does not attempt to
g^pple ; ]>os8ibly the jwrtraits were unknown to him. The
8p<-ond he tries to get over by assuming, on the strength
f evidence he has of the very free life led by the

^ Honour, and of a document in tiie Record Office

ny that marriages could be easily and lightly con-
.:..• i.-l. that Mary Fytton may have been married without
her friends lx>ing aware of the circumstance.

It might have Ix'en exjx'cted that Mr. Tyler would at
lei-i* !in\<> l>een able to show that Shakesi)eare had some
n :ioe with a woman who is a.ssumed to have played

?■ t.-int a part in his life. But evidence of their

.1 nee he has none. All he adduces in presumption

' ' * 'lat " l/ove's linbour Ixist " was acted before the

' , ly at (Christmas, 1597, when .Mary Fytton wa-;

I ]■■ i;t ; i!:'i. -c-condiy, that William Kempe,

I 1 111 .'^ii.il 'I'lMp'^ company, dedicat('<l to her his

•♦ Nine Daies Wonder." Now, granting, as Mr. Tyler has

f, r;,,1 f to have granted to him, the generally skittish

of the Maids of Honour, and more es[)ecially of

" :i. it yet seems a far cry from witnessing the

II of a play to an intrigue with the ])rol>ably

T. We submit also to Mr. Tyler that if the

-^ .ike«f«eare"s comjany dedicated to her, it by

no means follows that the ix)et of that comjjany made love

to her.

Wp have not space to examine Mr. Tyler's collateral
i"' ., ; V." ,_,ive bim full credit for

. but he must forgive
>\ nothing to the soiu-

1 .... li--' '. ... .;^ ,y.w.>lcm in our literature.

The enigma of thete .Sonnets is as impenetrable as ever,

and we are very much inclined to think that it will remain
so ; that it will continue to be. as it now is, im]v)ssible to
decide whether or how far they are autobiographical,
whether or how far they are merely dnunntic studies.

Of the facility, however, with wliidi Mr. Tyler's theory
gains convert.s there has re<'ently l')een an amusing illus-
tration. In the hundnxl and thirty-fifth Sonnet occur
these lines : —

WHioovor hath hor widh thou hast thy Will,
Ami will t« )>oot and will in ovoriOim :
More than enough am I that vex thoo still
To thy SHcot will making addition thus.

\A!t no unkind, no fair l)e8eochorg kill
Think all but one, and me in that <ino Will.
Now. it apjH'ars from Lady Newdigate's volume that
among Mary Fytton's admirers was old Sir William
Knollys, who, though his wife was alive, was anxious to
secure as wife in reversion this frail Maid of Honour and
was jmying ardent court to her. Wiiat, it has l>een argued
by a convert to Mr. Tyler's theory, could be jAainer than
this passage ? — " Thou luust tiiy Will (Sliakesi)eare), thy
Will (Herliert), and thy MV/i! (Knollys)." The iMis.sage
is sufficiently ambiguous, but it is very doubtful whether
more than one " Will " is included in the ])oem ; there is
certainly no evidence of a third Will ; the " all " in the
last line most probably refers to " lK>seechers," not to the
« Wills."

The Water of the Wondrous Islea. Hy William
Horris. 8ix5!iin., rxxipp. Lmulon. 1KI>7. Ijong:iuana. 7.6

During the year now i)ast there have been many
endeavours to a.^certain for the world the place of William
Morris in English literature ; and now, as though he were
to be numlxred among his own critics, comes a volume
from his jien which is itself almost an ejiitome of his
qualities. It is in the familuir form of the romances which
read like prose continuations of his " Eiirthly Paradise,"
and the well-known A])ology of that work expresses the
object with which " The Water of the Wondrous Isles "
would seem to have Ix'en written. It is a story of those
days mxjn which his imagination loved to dwell
When all the year was summer everj'whero
And every man and woman bleat and fair,

and the scene passes in that borderland Ijetween faery and
romance where skies are lovelier, streams purer, and tiie
valleys deejier and more soft than those we know, where
Nature is not as we see her, but as we dream of her. The
o])ening words, like the magic horn in " Oberon," spirit us
at once into a land of mystery : —

Whilom, as tolh the tale, was a walled cheaping-town hight
Utterhay, which was buildod in a bight of the land a little off
the great highway which went from over the moinitoins to the
sea. The said town was hard on the borders of a wood, which
men held to Ikj mighty great, or maybe measurolcss ; though
few indeed had entered it, and they that hod brought back talus
wild and confused thereof. Therein was neither highway nor
byway, nor wood-reeve n<ir waywordon ; never came chajimaii
thence into Utterhay ; no man of Utterhay woa no poor or so
bold that ho durst raise the hunt therein ; no outlaw durst floe
thereto ; no man of God Imd such trust in the saints that ho
durst build him a coll in that wo<mI.

Into this wood, called Evilshaw, the child Birdidone is
stolen by a witch, and on the far side of it, liy the edge of
the great water, she grows to womanhood in Ijondage,
seeing no one to love or to sjieak to except the Wood-wife, •

November 6, 1897.]

LITERATURE.

or spirit of thw wood, by wIioko aid iihe leanu the fi|)ell
for the witrhV Imut, anil ho at IhmI i'i«:a|K-M alone over the
great water to a fur inland. Here nhe. in Haved from death
hy three maidens who are held there enslavtMl hy another
witch, while their ])li^'hte(l lovers lire sn-kiii;; them ui»on
the muinland ; and Hirdiiloiie, escii|iin>( fri)rn the iNhind, '
finds tlie three knij^hts at Inst, and hy her aid the maiileim
are rescued. Thenceforward tlie story is of the friendship
of these seven ; but IJirdalone's great Ix'auty brin>;« sorrow
upon them for a while. For the Wood-wife has told her —

My frioiul, when tliou hast u miiror, nomo of all thin ahalt
thou HOC, but not hII ; and when thou hast a lovor sumo deal wilt
thou hoar, but not all. Kut now tliy iihe-frioiul may toll it thee
all, if sho liavo oyos to toe it, as hnve I ; whoroas no man could
say so much of thee before the mere love should ovortakv him,
unci turn his sieoch into the folly of love and the madness of
clesiro.

And so it comes that Hinlaione loves and is IovihI hv
the Black .S(juire, the lover of Aim, her dear frien<l ; and
in great sorrow she steals away from them to seek lier
livelihood ajwrt. She jMisses, like I'na, unsentluHl through
all adventures, though young and old .-dike cannot but
declare their love for her ; and the joy of being so love<l,
and the pain of not so loving in return, fills her with pity
for herself and the world, lus she

Ponders upon this unaiike<l gift of love
And all the changing wonder of her life.

After five years she is constrained by love to seek her
friends again, but, finding they have dis[)ersed and left
their castle in despair of living without her, she retraces
her way back to the house of her captivity in Kvilshaw,
whereat last her guardian spirit, the Wood-wife, contrives
to bring the company of friends together again ; and so
Birdalone is ha]>py at Utterhay in the love of the Block
Squire and of Atra.

.Such is the outline of this most charming romance ;
but to disentangle the main story from the overgrowth of
episode aiid description with which it is surrounded is, per-
haps, a mistaken task ; for story and episode are here en-
twined like threads of one web. As a whole it is more like a
tajH\stry than a picture, both in this respect, and al.-<o in
the abundance and, one may almost say, the insuhordin.a-
tion of detjiil. For just as in taj)estry there is little
heightening of a central effect by varying strength of
light or by gradual leading of the eye to a centnil figure,
so here there is no dramatic culmination of the story, no
attempt to adjust tiie projiortionate value of incidents.
Mr. >Iorris has written througiiout with a studietl unifor-
mity of emi)ha.sis, so that the effect ujxni the ri'ader is in
kinil the same whether he reads ten or a hundred jwiges of
a liook in which each chapter is a miniature of the whole ;
while the removal of an entire episode here or there would
only diminish tlie sum of the reader's deligiit without
discomjwsing the balance of the work. Hut the effect is
none the less one of real and delightful beauty ; and
although des]>ite all the comliats and escajies one's blood
does not run faster, and though it is never impossible for
the story's sake to lay the book aside, it does exercise a
strong sjjcll by it.s unfailing witchery and its consistent
and dignified lieauty of phrase and thought. There may
be, as has Ix-en suggeste<l, an allegory lurking in this
charming story ; and Hinlalone's journey from tlie Isle of
Increase Unsought to the City of the Five Crafts may
t)q')ify some sort of social progress. But if one .searches
for the key, it should be only for the pleasure of discard-
ing it when found. It is not for the allegory that we read
" Comus." The true key-notes of this romance are the vivid

•ense of beauty, and the calm melaocholv. of which the
following |>H.•*^>age u an euiuiaite iiutaoce :

In like wise t! 'he next tiay, ami < an i- ,>■. < .< i.ti'ie

to a thorp in 1 fa. !» of tiie downl.unl. aii'l th.-m ih'^

gu<' i folk, wh:> wfjiMh " .tt th"

hfti ' at tirst they acorx '.tir« tu

:,<■[ until (iurard anat ever
found it hani t<> keep their eyea off Rirlalonc, and that the met*
after they had hconl the full swcetneaa of her voice ; wheieaa aha
sang to tht-m cortain song* which abe had learned in the Caatle
of the Quest, though it nia<lo her heart aoro ; bnt she doeineil
ahe must needs pay that kindly folk for their ^^nentful and blithe
ways. And thereafter thov sang to the pipe ami the liarp their
own downlaiid t^np* ; and thi« she fotiiKl straiifo : ' -aii

bar eyes were dry wliuti iiho wan singing the fongn < : tlie

knightbo«>d, tlio wildiicai of the shepherd-muuM: drew ihu ioar*
from her, would the, would »hc not. llbmcliko and dc.tr seemwl
the green willowy dale to her, and in the night eve she slept,
and she lay quiet amidit of the poa«efal p<-oplc, she cuuld not
choose but weep a(;ain, for pity for the bitt< r-swcet if her own
love, and for pity of the wide world withal, aitd all the ways of
its many folk that lay so new before her.

It is this )••• 'irn

awhile from it _ 't ;

and if an allegory is to be rvad into his fancies wu ])refer
to find it in this jiassage at the close of the story : —

But of all those followa it was Atra that had lorg.^st de*l-
ings with the Wood-wife ; for whiloa would r.he leave I'ttorhay
and hor friends and fare lunosome up int" Kvilnhtw. nml finil
Habundia and abide with her in all kindii' nth

or more. And ever a little before these '•■•,- uhl

she fall moo<ly and few-spoken, but the came Lack ever from the
wood calm and kind and well-liking.

It is with some such feelinfr of calm and rest that one
returns to the world from ' ' her

company of friends from th' ••ii<i

Isles, through the labours of the truest anil tii<- l)ays of
Absence up to "the ahii'i"" in rttiTl.nv n 1 . i- ainl
contentment."

The English Black Monks of St t<-h

of their llistiuy fi-om the Coining of the

Present Day. By Rov. Ethelred L. T.i i VoN.

8vo. London, 1807. John ( :o. 21/-

The work of the historian ia not always aa«y ^ the

diflicultios which beset hia path, that of '■•'■ hi<

special subject to a broa<Ier view of the world ' : the

least. To fail in keeping this due pmpvTtion la, lu reality, to
defeat the very piirpoee of his labour : and yet one, who, so to
spoak, has been even for a time regarding the scenes and aetorn
of his story with a magnifying glass, frecitiently forgets their
true dimensions and importance. At first sight the two large
and handsome volumes, in which Mr. Taont^m tell* the story of
" Tlie English lilaok Monka of 8t. Benedict," may seem to bo a
case in point. Some, not particularly well »< '" wlio

these monks are and what thny have done. 1 to

think that the author has ^' n of

beginners, and has drawn '. :.im-

self has seen it undiT the t its

real proportion in regani t' ' our-

selves think this is the case, and we believe that those who will
take the trouble to read those volumer, as wc have done, will
readily acknowle<)ge the justice of the author's treatment of bis
subject. Mr. Taunton has a story to tell that is wortli tho
telling, and, a|>art from a little slipebod English, soma slight
and perhaps panlonable pedantry and the moat extraordinary
auti(>atliy he displays to following tbe ordinary are ot oi^Mtal

LITERATURE.

[November 6, 189'

l«tt«ra. which it apt to irritate tho rmder, he manifests an an-
Joubtni ca|>acit5 (or writing readable hiMtoiy. IndtxHl, in
MTWral instance* we are struck with tlie akill with which ho

a aomowhat oomplicatod story and

' ra.

has maatared the dataila

t!' 'J be haa aet it

y speaking. Mi
thifUwn huiidiud yean), ai

ealU it, " A SkeUh " of i. . : i

England (roni their coining with i^t. Augustine in C'J7 to tho
pcascnt dajr. In the c^^urso of those long centuries it would
iiidsad be stran;{o liad thu Order not witnessed many changes and
riciaKitadcK : l>ut not the least wonderful point in their history- is
the extraordinary vitality which lias been displayed by the Kni:liah
monka in ti. ";ii>», diaaator, and even of .

OTMihrow. *. :)>er the words of tho lati

Kewins- works in the rustoralion of

clTilia.^: ! i^tccs than one of the volumes

before us ibeir iiiiicst juatilication. "Ho" (St. lienedict), ho
aajrs, " found Uic world, physical and (social, in ruins, and his
miaaion was to restore it in the way— not of science, but of
natiuv ; not as if setting about to do it ; not professing to do it
by any sot time, or by any series of strokes ; but so quietly,
p^t -' gradually that often till the work was done it was
n ;> be doing. It was a restoration, rather than a visi-

t--! I, or conversion . . . and then, when they

h . f'f many years gained their peaceful viotories,

pi ' camo and with fire and sword luidid

t' : toil in an hour. . . . Down in tho

dust lay the latiour and civilization of centuries —churches, col-
leges, cloisters, libraries — and nothing was loft to them but to
begin all ovir again, but this they did without grudging, so
'iilly, and tranquilly, as if it were by some law of
•itoration camo ; and they wore like tho flowers
• nt tn-cs wliich they roared, and which, when
. • T.ik. Vi 1^ iiiico or remember evil, but give
.. . s, and blossoms, perhaps in greater pro-
1 ;.ility, for the very reason that tho old
In these words we have an epitome of
•li liiaok monks ; and certainly one of the
.; points in connexion with that history which
i- '"^ "ut is tho fact that, though Tudor disosta-
«ment swept tho Ilenedictinesfromtbcir old
.'111 «as never utterly rooted out of the soil. Tlie
present Engiisb congregation of " Black Monks "is, as our author
shows, by a singular providenca— or shall we call it cliance ?—
linkad in strirt rnntinuity with the old national congregation
*''■ 'tofonnation days. At tho beginning of the

"«• • is true, tho English branch of tho Order was

rfluced to :i vivor, named Sigebert Buckley, a professed

mombar of • astery of Westminster, who was then

naturally an old man in failing health. From him the corporate
rights nt! '■■ ■■■•'■'•rahip of that ancient fingliah monastic body
"■a* ha: a sacred inheritance to tho present English

Black WouK!.. i>roadly speaking, this event forms the division
between tho two volumes : in the first Mr. Taunton rapidly, but
nererthelea* pleasantly, paaacs in review the main facta in tho
history of the Unglish Order up to tho close of tho sixteenth
century ; in the sacond be deals mainly with the revived con-
prerstt'tn srd llir rarioua re-ostablished monasteries abroad and
'•e, aa tho Benedictines were cloioly Con-
or a thousand years before the destruction
Henry VIII., only tho briefest outline of
' !• in the space available : and our author
tho attention of his rcadt-rs to tho
111 Uio monks rather than to th«-ir history.
' note that in dealing with this matter onr
rstand* what ho is talking about, and Inn
";• hy th.ems who desire information on
ur personal viuws abfjut monks
<ii and alms, we must all admit,
upon tlia tMatinony o( indobiuble fscU, that we, as a nition,
mucb to tJbem. Wo cannot shut our eyes to the (act, for

n.'t

a:ri

ill t 1
i<.r; f i

fl:M ;. .r. v
«-<-r.' : . i ■!■,
till! t'.'r.\ • ; ;

many in* :<■ ;.
Mr. Tauiil..: '
bliabment ai!
homes, the dIu

in f
ni >
of the

their b

wisely, we
work and m
Here wo cai
aatlior*Tid
pageaars w '
tlw cubjert
and nnns, or

thin

the Benedictines, in all coaaeience, hare written their names
large enough U]>on the pages of our national history. We tiiul
them everywhere, whether it bo as missionaries, ns elmnqiions
of tho lil>ortic8 of Church and of [leople, as upostlos of a ver-
nocuhir literature, as our historians and our teachers, or as the
builders of many of the mo.st sjilendid of our national monuments.
How did they a< ill this except in virtue of thu training

they received in I ura? We arc glad, therefore, to find in

Mr. Taunton's ]>upers a jK>pular account of the inner life of tho
monk, in order tliat tho world at large may understand better tho
spirit which prompted, and which carried to a successful issue,
many works for tho commonwealth of England of which we to-
day have the evidence.

The concluding chapter of the first volume contains an
interesting and instructive account of the state of Kiiglish
Catliolics during tho reign of KliKabcth. Here Mr. Taunton
sliows that ho does not write in the spirit of n partisan. He by
no means is inclined to hide and cover out of sight unpleasant
points in that history, but distributes his criticisms boldly. The
result is a picture not all thickly covered with " rose colour."
Tho issue of tho bull Kegiians inExcelsUia plainly condemned as a
mistake, and is mi^de responsible for much of the dilticultios and
sufferings which English Catholics had subsequently to endure.
The policy and tactics of Father Parsons, the famous Jesuit, both
in this chapter and in many places in tho second volume, are
chronicled and stigmatize<l us wo are glad to think one of the
most distinguishcHl of modem English Jesuits, tho late Father
John Moni.s, thought they ought to be ; and the intrigues and
internal diflorences which existed among the Catholics them-
selves are fairly and iu a straightforward manner set forth in
these pages.

To those who are interested in such matters the r^nituj of
the old consuetudinary of St. Augustine's Abbey, Canterbury
(contained in the Cotton MS., Faustina, c, xii.), which is
printed in the Appendix, will form a welcome addition to the
first volume. Wo cannot resist quoting the account given of
the oflice of almoner. MtHlern writers have callwl attention to
tho absence of any froijuent mention of alms in the accounts of
the various monastic oliediontiaries and have asked |)eople to
believe that tho alms-giving of the monasteries was a popular
mj-th. Hatl Mr. Kirk, for example, or Dean Kitchin before
generalizing consulted the words of this consuetudinar>-, they
would have understoo<l that monastic alms were distributed in
kind rather th.in in money. This is the rhnme given by Mr.
Taunton (p. 201) :— " The Almonor. — The almoner had to visit
the almonry two or three times a day. and seo to the distribu-
tion of food to tho i)oor which was made daily on belialf of the
monasterj'. He also visited the sick poor of the neighl>ourlio(>d
and took thorn certain 'consolations,' and saw that they were
properly provide<l with what was necessary. Anything they
asked for was to be got if possible. Tho olmoner did not per-
sonally visit sick women, but sent bis servants in his place."

We have left ourselves very little space in which to speak of
the seccmd volume of Mr. Taunton's work. It consists mainly of
the story of the renewed English Benedictines and the esta-
blishment of the existing miin.'kstorios. It must not be under-
stood, however, that the interest is confined or narrowe<l to
what many may regard as mere private concerns. There is
much of general importanro in those pa|>cr8, oven to tho clearing
up of some points of English history which have seemed to us
before somewhat obscure. Chapter XIV., for example, which is
namiMl " Dom Leander and his Mission," puts very clearly the
relations which existe<l liotwot^ii Archbishop Laud and Father
Ijoaiider. Tho story of the negotiations bclwoon tho then Anglicaii
party in tho Estalili»he<l Church and the Catholic authorities for
a renewal of relations with Homo : of tho hopes and aspirations
of some, of tho opposition and active hostility of others to any
scheme for the ronnion of the Churches ; of tho overwhelming
difTicnlties and fin.il fiiiliire of the scheme, is all well told in tho
sixty pages which form this chapter.

The work {n fumislio<l with a full index and, apart from the
rather numcrotu t^Tiographical errors, is ezoellently printed an<l

November (J, 1897.]

LITICKATUUE.

got up. Our impreiuton v th«t Uiom who will read tbo voluniw
will find Mr. Tniintoii'H story mure onUtrtaining than thoy might
purhnps cxpuct fr.ini tlui tillu nf his book.

irnny U ihm oonaoUtion of tho jiwt. U. l-'&i.oi ham '.bvi

>u»ljr

Hiatolre OontemiMraine : Le Mannequin d'Osler. I'ar
Anatole Prance, <l«) rAawlL'iJiio ' Dix .s<|>ii.iin'

Kilitioii. rnri.M, IHi/7. c • Levy. 8f. 60o.

Tho now book of M. Anstolo Franco is hotn(( lolil and r*.
viewed as a novel. Itn niithi>r nnnniiiirns it an " '
history." In roality it is iioithor tnulitii'njilly th"
faithfully tho other. In itw niolhn<l of cn:
in its ii\togrity nsfinishoil roaultit is a mm \
as well as a di'licutn oxercino in irony, and an ailiiiirabli'
mentof modi'in Kronch litornry art. It is this, and i
things, and nioro, b«it above all it is a nharactoristio red.
its author's l)ric-,\-brao mind and a further juctilicatiou .., ma
playful disillusioni/od tomiM^r.

Nothing appears simpler than the method of itfl construc-
tion. For some weeks, which linally grow into months, two
columns of matter signctl by M. Anutolo Franco in tho Hi-ho <tr
Paris rocallod every Monday morning to tho memory "f
Parisians tho typical tribulations, tho wretched !;■
worries, of tho estimable M. IJorgerot, and his »iia.imodic olh
to seek refuge in his cliissiciil studies from the c<>mmoni>hico
annoyances of his oxistonce ;— a gentleman who, by more
force of u constant unassuming presence, had booome mildly
sympathetio, but at whom— and this betrays the author's
art — any one of thoso Parisians, if he had crossed their i>ath
in tho boulevards, wearing tho acadomio blue riband, woidd
have shrugged an amused and Pharisaic shoulder, intending
to designate him thus as probably oidy a poor profossnr
of the provinces. His little circle of friends, all th^se
provincials whom wo recognized as so delicioiisly typical
when wo road nl>out them tirst in L'Ormr <lu Mtiil, tho Jew
Prefect Worms-Clavolin, Abbo Uuitrie, M. do Terremondre, and
the rest; tho coquettiah, ignorant Mnie. Pergeret.who instiillcd
the odious wicker manne^iuin on which she trieii her toilettes in
her poor husband's study and with its creakings cut, as by an un-
timely civsura, tlio rhythm of tho Virgilian lines upon which he
was engaged : the big youth M. Roux, whom poor M. Ucrgoret
discovers with his wife inidor circumstances which it would
lie iua*k<q\iato to describe as compromising ; all these very
usual and, in themselves, uninteresting people M. Anatole
Franco brought back once a week in the columns of a Paris
daily paper to our friendly recollection. Olimpsos of what thoy
thought about, snatches of what thoy talked about — problems of
philosophy and of philology, tjuestions of local politics, modern
matters of pressing social interest, depopulation, disarmament,
tho French Revolution, tho planet Mars, and the probabilities of
life-fermentation therein. Church and State, capital punish-
ment, Ac. — M. Anatolo Franco revealed ami reported for us,
the while tolling us what his interlocutors did in tho thin air of
tlie provincial town, until they Iwcamo one of the best-'
little comic companies introduce*! to tho appreciation lU
of taste by any literary im/«c.«i;-io in Paris. In vivacity and
distinction they wore inimitable, far sujicrior in these resfioetsto
earlier creations of their author. But tho salient thing is this,
that what M. Anatolo Franco has been doing once a week for years
ho might continue to do, with even more felicity than M.Claretio
is wont to display in arranging the programme of tl>o month
at tho Comodie Frau^aise. In a word, in this easy, somewhat
lazy way he has invented a now novel-form. He has applie«l
tho principle adopted by Theocritus from tho mothmis of
the plustio arts, the priaciplo, that is, of the idyll, of i'
littU pii-ture, to tho problem of book-making iu tho n<i%
form, and tho result is something cnkirely original as to
method. Lot us hasten to say, however, that this invention is
not what gives to tho Iwjok its essential distinction. That dis-
tinction is duo partly to tho author's incomparably delicikto irony
— a quality wilfully imitated from Renan, whose principle, that

book roador, a bookworm. WUat, ^^

can do, not nieroly f<'r tasto but : i

roault* in artistio dotaolimont, ia shown by tho .la

i>.-, ; „ i.i'itnnU. Ho i« a scholar and a urit. •• - »t

' ia above all an ironist, who, m m

^Towi nior. ' :lhy<'i hi m.iBi. r, iLft

:x<io " hi.' ■."."

Philosophy of KnoxvlCKlire : An Inqniry Into lh» Votiim.

............ y.

Hvo., ciolh, 10-rl>14 pp. Ltiiidiiii, \iifi. LougUUUltt. 18/-

of I

sation of fc'
in his !

inr against'' 'ofcwora

tbay « ' /.ad «i-

aUfi agatmt

■•"% ffnmtt ot;t

knowledge " is e: m, the case is '

among disputed ty.L ath a bearln

de.itiny, and the tone of the official :
easily dotecUHl. It is undoubtedly \:
book, though ho quite obviously writ'
passage of this kind on the ''
lelisra " :-'• The old-fashi.
case was this : body and mii
Br<> »<>rnr«t«»d by ' tho whole

.1-

:i0

■y

:!.0

the present »loctrine ot ;

nny one look at the not' ,. ,.

to subjects liko determinism, scepticism. «m will

at once be perccivwl. The «■■•— ;. «- . :>, ^

text-book of Neo-St-holaatii- il

philosophy of New Englaiui i.ol omv i. < t tlie

Catholic Kcminories but is hiittorically n Liko tho

"C ii.«e Philosophy " of ' '

the r." of tho present 1 1

rcuctiuu towards scholasticism produced t-^ tiu> M^pUciMit > i

liumc.

Oui '■- " natural realism " ami "

are not ; i to us again in so many w

Ladd. He rather seeks to reconcile them witli what .ng

to find hero in the opposed doctrines of idealism u... la

For all that, they form the core of his doctrino. I'pon this are
8uperp<>se<l ideas derived from Lotto and fr '° 'ish Hagoli-

anism. Tho factors of feeling and will in t lun of belief

': 111 ourselves K' . lud

to a kind '': 'Is

u lu tlio '>ality in ita ui l>o

::s •' the al' I.'' Many soil: •■ mado

in tho course of tho exjKtgition, aa, for oxampie, that " tito
problem of knowledge cannot bo properly atat<'d. much l'--<u
satisfactorily discussed, without onceaaing reference to tho
conclusions of a scientific psychology ; " or that " in the stihiy
of tho epistomulogical problem, as in tho &tudy of all philo-
sophical problems, psyr' ' * ' -" ' I a pro-
predoutic." This is t: w. To

•d

liiu Very n

eclectic n

of <■' > ' u hich the author think 'le

anoti c. thdu in bringing them by a j.'. .. . „'it

under a single point of view. Indeed, if this . were effectircly

LITERATURE.

[November 6, 1897.

dune, Um book could nu longer be deaeribed m ecleotio in mnv
dopmcUtnry aenae.

The aathor** central poeltion ii th«t " feroeption helievee,
end mnet bolivre, in iUelf at an indubitable experience of the
trane-aubjectire." Thi» term, '• trana-subjfwtive," ie derived
from the Uerman writer Volkelt, to whom Iho author give* a
reference in firat intrcducing it. He, indeed, drawa attention
to recent Gern«an writora en KrkmntniMiUhforif as having to
•one extent prece<)ed him in the taak ho has undertaken ; but
of courae the true " pioneers " in the subject are Ij<H-ke ;nd
Kant, as he often rooogniiea in spite of the curious remark
quoted above from the prefaee. It may be xaid of <ioiman bo<A8
on " Kpiatemology " generally, aa IVofessor Ladd says inci-
ilentally of another claas of critics, that thor display
•' untiring {atienco ami tircaome irolixity," and, indeed, books
on the " theoiy of knowledge, " eren when they are not German,
tend tu bo too long. What is realljr to be dosirod from a writer
on the subject is pit>ci»ion and condensation. These iiualities
we certainly do n it find in Professtir I.i»dd'8 work. We get
e wd leaa reatatement) of the position that " the Boi:rcos of u
philosophy of knowledge and of a trustworthy iiiotai>hysic» also
exist, inexhaustible, in the incontestable fact that knowledge is
tr»ti8-«ubjective, sr.d. in its very nature, impHcnt(>s existence
beyaotl the procas of knowledj^e ; that cognition itself
gaaranteos the extra-mtntal being of that which, by the very
nature i>f this process, the eognitire subject is com()ellod to
rroognizo aa not identical with its own present state." Profeiwor
Lddd has not the peculiar |K>wer8 that enable a writer to make
reklly telliii- a from this or any other point of view. The

book is we'' : and well-informed, but will hardly got

aeiiotu atteutiuu as an original ooutribntion to thought.

Life and Letters of Mr. Endjrmion Porter, Sometime
Oenll«-ni;in <if tie- I{<-<li'liiuiilM'r to Kinx Chailes the Kii-st. By
Dorothea Townshend. 8iz Portrait«. svo. 2Ui) |i|>. lyomlon,
ld»7. Fisher Unwln. 12,-

Tht^ i* a delightful little memoir of one of the lessor
w the early Stuart pcriml. Endymion Porter, " that

gi . II of all ingenious men, especially of poets " (aa
Anthony Wood calls bim), was bom in the year Imfoce the
Armad* ; he was the grandson of a S|>anish lady of high rank ;
and he received much of his early e<lucation in Sp<tin. This
chance connection by birth and training with the great enemy of
Kliaabath'a Merrie England marked him out under James aa a
fit peraon to be chargc<l with mis-sions to 8|iain, when that
country wns rather courted than fearo<l. Family influence had
pi n a foot in the service of tho Royal favourite, the

D' kingliam ; and hero his tact and dignified bearing

tec r I ' !• I him to the Princo of Wales, to whose household
he »;:.•! II transferred. It is ni<t surj rising, therefore, that he
WM one of the three chosen to accompany the Prince on his
romantic journey into 8pain to seek the hand of tho Infanta.
Miss Townshend givot a virid skctt^'h of that remarkable episode
in ' ' y, which occupied eight months in all, though tho

o^i niey tam Paris to< k only thirteen days. In the

CK >'» reign Purtcr was often emjiloyed as an

•,' :> secret niii-sions ; and, as such, he was

*!' t suspicion by th<) popular Jiarty, who re-

gar .f .TpHuit in disguifo. On tho outbreak of

Iho Civil War t. jireiuly excluded from amnesty : all

hi« priv-.t.. i«r-.s .. .„ .A;ircd, and have since remained at the
Ktato r •<

Till- I iLi- 1 misfortune, aa he might justly have considere<1 it,
h.^a alone made poasible tho inaight which this book gives into
t'l' - life of a courtier of Uio time. The series of interest-

in ' hi* Axmowbat too high-spirite<l wife Olivia disclose

a I'l manly, yet sensitive and affoctioMate,

irl.. ' nde in the home circle, but feels unkind-

noM most keenly. The Parliament must have been aorely dis-
appointed to fini only tbeee lover-like epistles iiuteod of the

espected evidence of treaaon ; yet to that «ditrge the lapao of
his wife to Konianism ha<l prob.ibly given some colour. Wo
tiiiok Miss Townshend is right in raying that Porter liiniHcIf could
never boclainicdasa convert ; but she seems totlii'ou'iioe<1lehS'.loubt
on the sincerity of his attachment to the Church of his fathers.
Prj'nne's lilntl in his " ll<>mo'8 Masterpiooo " may safely be
disregarded ; and the fact that thoro is no whisper of Porter's
conversion in tho dreary years of his oxile seems proof positive
against it. Tho letters of James Howell from the Fleet to
Porter atParis (which, strango to soy, are not mentione<l in this
memoir) at least show that the writer never BU8pecte<l his friend
of changing his religion. Porter was a connoisseur in art, and
wns employed in buying pictures for tho King ; while in
literature his chief merit lay in acting as Miecenas in a modest
waytoneodier bardsthan hiini-elf. Homck, in tho '* Uosjeridcs,"
luts five poems addressed to Endymion, one of which, on a
Country Life, is worthy of comparison with the famous E|xide
of Horace.

There are very few slijis, either by authoress or printer, in
this brightly written volume. If wo point out one or two, it is
with tho frank admission that Miss Townshend has in general
made a caicfu) and intelligent ufo of rather scanty materials.
The father-in-law of Porter's eldest 8( n is said in the po<ligreo
to have been the Eorl of Ihistol, in tho text to huvo been tho
Earl of Norwich — tho latter being correct, though not precisely
so, for Lord Goring was not raiseil tu an Earldom till some years
after tho marriage. In the Appendix is printed a letter from a
Richard " Groville," grandson of Endymion, whoso mother is
Bup|x>8od by Miss Townshend to have been born to " the
Porters " in the early days oi their union, and to have married
into tho family of their ol«l friends, tho Grovilles of Gloucester-
shire. Yot, in a note to [>. 2:58, this daughter is more correctly
called " Mrs. Grenvillo ''-a different name ; and if Endymion
married Olivia as stated, about ICIO, he must then have been a
widower with at least one child. For in tho State PoiKjrs (1630)
there is a letter of March 16 from Sir liarnard Grenville, of
Tresmcre, in Cornwall to "his father-in-law Endymion Porter,"
in which he expresses "hia strong filial regard to him and to the
writer's honourable mother, with alfoction to his protty
brothers, Ac." Another letter, six months earlier, from the
same person, who held the Lieutenancy of his county, alludes to
Porter as " his father." This is fairly strong proof of an earlier
marriage ; pwrhaps there are existing rocords of the Gronvillu
family which would give further details.

Beginning's of the English Church and Kingdom,
Expliiined to the People. IJy Thomas Moore, M.A., Rector
of St. Michael Put<»rnoster Royal, lyonddii. Cr. Hvo., ai2 pp.
I»ndun, 18U7, Skefflngton. 6-

The Church of England before the Reformation.
By the Rev. Dyson Hague, M.A., Rector of St. Paul's
Church, Ilalifiix, Nova Scotia. Cr. Svo., .'BKI ])p. l><ind>>n,
1807. Hodder ic Stoughton. 7 6

Two moro hooka on a topic which has occupied so large a
place in recent literature, and which is at tho present moment
being treate<l in an exhaustive and popular style by Dean
•StubliH, would Mtom to rejuire some apohgy ; and it is cer-
tainly doubtful whothor tho frankly controversial character of
both of them will holp to justify their publication to tho minds
of those who think that a candid and impartial inquiry is far
more noeded at the present moment than any special pleading
or militant advocacy. Mr. Mr>ore, however, has some excuse
for reverting to tho useful task he undertook in his " English-
man's brief on behalf of his National Church." It was, of
course, a partisan publication ; but tho jiolitician or the
student, to whatever religious donomination he may Iwlong,
who really desires that the eleotorate should understand tho
questions it is calle<l upon to doiuilo, could not fail to welcome
a popular exposure of certain fallacies current about the history

November G, 1897.]

LITERATURE.

•of the Church. Tho bolief that tho BUhopa «r* pftid out of tb«

taxu8, ami tliat tlio Statti ftt Noinu imloiinito p«rind Mlact«
time to havu it cluarty ex]ilmliHl ; and it in bott«r that thi*
ah<iul<l be done by an Anf^lican pnrtiian than not at
all. Tho Auguatinu ctilobrntion of thin year airortU a con-
venient i>])|M>rtanity for riH-iirring to tho aubjuct. Mr. Moore,
who dodiuatu* IiIh book to thu niomorio* of v
and Kthull>i>rt, doc.^ not dinplay much profound
but ho stati'.t his cnso c-loiirly and modurattOy, and ailopta
the UHoful plan of discusaing atiparatvly thu main factH
und most rnu'ial points in the hintory rnthor than giring
.thorn in a continuous narrative. Hu ia |wrftu'tly right in giving
references to " works of acknoivledged authority " in his table
of contuntH, but we should havo proferrod to auo his own
various publications leas frc pioiitly meiitionud among theae
authoritative sources of informntion. Mr. Dyaon Iluguo has in
viHW a very difforont type of adver.aary from tliu Nonci>nfornii-it
politician or tho lin<lical working man. The whole body of
modern Church historians form tho vanguanl of tho army
against whom ho levels his artillery. They aro all of thrm, ho
thinks, carried away by a passion for tho " hiatoricol con-
■tinuity " theory. His own position is that, oven from tho
-earliest Kritiah period, tho Church in England was taint«<l with
iinacriptural errors ; that the do:;trinal reformation Iwgun by
Wyclitt'o was not completed untd long after tho rejection of
Papal supremacy by Henry VIII., and that this iloctrinal and
spiritual regeneration it ia which compels us to spt-ak of the
creation of a now Church in tho IGth century. If tho contro-
versy can l>o considered to liavo any practical value, there is
Anidoubtodly room for this lucid and acute statement ef tho
Kvangulical position, revealing clearly both itd strength and its
'Weakness, iiut how largely this venerable disputv is <mo of
words may bo gathered from tho following admissions in Mr.
ilttguo's tirst chapter: —

That the Church of Eng1an<l ia one, and ancient. That the
•Church of England of to-ilav is tho same body corporate as tho
Church in England, if not tlie (.'hurch of England, many cen-
turies ago. 'lliat the vicissitudes of several stormy centuries
have not altered in any great degree hor constitution, it changed
her ancient nomo. 'f'hat the Church of England was in a real
aenso an independent Churcti centuries before Rome's tigmont
of univerital bishopric was heard of. All this must lie heartily
admitted. These are facts, and facts cannot be withstood.

it is interesting to note that Mr. Hague, who is un(|uoationably
an able and sincere divine, is a Canadian Churchman, who has,
4ie tolls us, " as a Cana«iian the pride of a citizen of the Empire,
and aa a Churchman the loyalty of a member of the Church of
England."

Chinese Oharacteristics. Hy Arthur H. Smith,
twenty-two yeai-s a .Missionary of the .Vnierican Iloanl in
<'hina. Popidar Edition, revised, with Ilhi.strations. .Svojin..
':M2pp. Kdiiilnu'gh and I.<>ndon, 18U7. Ollphant. 6-

The Gist of Japan : The Islands, the People, and Mi.s.sion.<).
.By the Rev. R. B. Peery, A.M., Ph.D., of tho Lutheran .Mis-
sion, Saga, Japan. AVitli Illustrations. Sx.'iiin., HI" pp.
Edinburgh and Ixuulon, 1807. Ollphant. 6 -

Both these books aro by miaaionaries who have lived and
moved among tho |>cople of whom they write. .Mthough only
prepan<<l originally, as Mr. Smith tells us in his introduction,
for tho S'orth China /Mi/;/ iVrir,< of Shan;»hai, with no reference
to any wider circulation, the aeries of miisterly easaya embodied
in " Chinese Characteristics "' has deservedly achieTe<l for itaeU
a position among tho stamlard works india|>enaable to every
atudent of the Far East. They posaeas the unimpeachable accn-
racy of photography, but they are something more tlian photo-
graphs ; they are living picturea, into which the artist haa
"thrown the vigour of his own shrewd ami active mind. There
Are two Clicks upon one or other of which those who ahoald be in
tBany ways beat fitto<l to reveal to us tho true inwardness of

OhinM* lif* aro u; - . t. The W— tar n mind to dtlwr Atttm

into aggrtMlvo intoUootual antagonism by Um p«rp*taal invsr-

• ii.ii of all our own idaaa anil iiutincta aiMl OMthoda which

life prea«nt«,or— aiHl, eurioiuly eoongh, thia ■••(at to Iw

•nciunt an<'
elaar both oi
■aaa. and th. :

-^imba t*) lh« ttr-.
ontanratiam.

draw hi« onn c
which rouat lio
•tt«impt to argue i

■^rU

' - -illation of ita

• haa sta^ r a i l

He aimj'iy i.-jxirta what bo

< ' t <■• which can haw aaaap*)!

• yaM«'
•■ailvr to
1 lu tbs qi w il i iiiw
, > art, h« doaa net

He dooa not oven " aaaum* that Urn
Chinese need Lhristianity, but if it appears that th'T.. n
defects in their character, it ia a fair qneation how -
may l>e remo<lie<l." The pr*a«iit o<lition ia a rupubix.iii'n in a
popidar and revised form.

" Tho Gist of Japan" in written for a natrowar circU of
reatlors. Mr. Poory gives a alight but lytnpathAttA akat^h of the
history and I'oople of Japan. 'I' "Inctory

to thi- nil I nrp>-<o of \:\^ Ix-l: . growth

an ' >' ; ' in Japan, sihI to

set > • I . -t Ml tti, 4^ of evangelization.

Hu himself la a member of the Lutheran Mission, to which be
naturally believes that " special work " haa been altott«^d hy
Providence. There ia much in what he aays to which all who
believe in the civilizing and elevating influence of Christianity
will yield a ready assent. But hia point of view la apt to be
nar: torian, an ' by riral

de: :is more c: |ireciate

thu tlevutud assistance that i'rutuatiint laiMioiuriuii rot^^oive from
their wives, and thu valuable influence of tho Chriitian horn*
which they set up in foreign lands aa an example of what
Christian family life should be ; but in view of tho testimony
which Mr. Peery is compelled to render to the oucoesa of the
Koman Catliolic Missions, and eao- "-i^H^- "f their ministrationa to
the helpless and inHrm. hia ci>i n of celibory a{>poars

somewhat sweeping. Could man k.i iiii-^ionariea, lor instanoe,
devote thomsolves to the earo of lepora aa do the prieeta
of the Cathtdic leper hospital, which Japaiieee aulTerw*,
we are told, much prefer to tho Ooverninont hospital for leper* T
Mr. Peery lays it down that thu v • -.oat be

aggressive, and that his [><>sitlon ah '-no of

offence and not of defence. But hi" be

ehiotly doctrinal. At any rate, we the

equipment uf tho miaaionary's honae with \\ eetem tumilnre,
hooka, mnaic, papers, &c., and the provision of tho misaiooarjr
him.stdf with tho attractions of a liberal aalary, anmmer
vacations in the hills, ami regular furloughs, would hare
0ccupie«l quite so prominent a place in a handbook for mia-
sionariea wri' . by Francis Xavier. Vet thi* Apoetle of

Japen waa a > of an undeniably aggreaeive type ; bat,

perhaps, he lookwl upon missionary aork as a rocation and not
as a profession.

Shakspeare Puritan and Recusant. T.

Carter. With a Prefatory Note by tli- Hev. P .Id

Dykes. D.D. 7jx5^in.,'2L<8 pp. London, 1>«7. OUpbant. &«

The subject of this volume is not, of course, William
Shakespeare, but hia father John, who owo» to the r"fl»>»-t«vl fame
of hia aon a share of attention f n-

ture quite as large oa that t>. > ho

have won reputations by their own ter

undertakee to np««>t two more •>!■ ' >n«

about John Shakeapi>are. At th' the centurr a Mr.

Charles Butler undert<x>k to sh...< i..u>. .m< ^^ eat dramatist wa»
r«are<l in a Roman Catholic home, ami though this theory
cannot be said to have received any general acceptance, it haa
become very popular among some Shakeapearian echolara. A much
more generally received belief about the elder Shakeapeare, and
one foiuwled upon what, on the face of it, appear* to be grod

LITERATURE.

[November 6, 1897.

•viUotu-v, >• Uwt aboat Um yaar 1677 h» Ml into financial diffi-
anlti— The aignanonts hers addt !i8t thu Utur l>vliof

■n ecrtainlyingeniooa and mora coil ^ hnn tliosoeiiii>loye<l

ftoMteblish the proposition that ho was, what Mr. Carter calls
bim by a slight antici]iation in th« devvlo]nicnt of ecclesiastical
tanninolo^y, a ivalous '• Turitan." It haa undoubtedly been
too baaitiy aMuoMd that tho faot of a keen business man,
fond of litigktion, being rtrliureduf atas, owning to" no oifects,"
ag allegad to be in fear of process for debt, jirores him to be
a«taiallydaatituteof ineans. Put. biiefly. the theory here advanced
ia that the explanation of Juli - are's parting with thu

8nitt«rfield^ and Wilnic-Ue i is to be found in thu

following pMMgw from the Lansduwau 31SS. " The Uecu8ant8
«eiiTey all their lands and go<vls to friends of thoir's l>cforo thoir
conrictions and are relieved by those that have the same lands,"
and that Whit|rift'a persecution of the I'uritans coincides in time
with John Shakespeare's pecuniary troubles. There are certainly
stnng reasons for thinking that either through himself or his
, and either directly or indirectly, John Shakespeare was in
sion of substantial resources during most of the perioil in
wbiefa the documentary records present him to us as a poor man.
But the anggestion that he was an "advanced Protestant,''
tboagh, as Dr. U»wald Dykes says, it would be " no less natural
thanweleomo " to a certain class of readers, involves a good deal
more hypothesis. His prosecution of Perrot and his inclusion
in Sir 'I'homas Lucy's Recusancy return do not go very far to
prove it ; and still less does his share in the Protestant renova-
tion of the Guild Chapel, in which he was commercially inte-
nsteiL Mr. Carter produces some reasons against John Shako-
•peare's Romanism, but none to show that he was an earnestly
religious " Puritin.'' Shakespeare, of course, shows great fami-
liarity with the Bible— a fact which may have contributed to the
■occws of his plays— and this the Puritan theory is intended to
explain. Bat allowance must be made for other influences — for
what he would team at school, for the saci-ed plays from which
bo would glean knowledge of Biblo characters, and for tho
aridity with which a youth of so intelligent a mind would
devour the Genevan bible, if he got hold of it. And, after all,
tbe discussion has not much bearing on the plays, for contro-
vwsialista on both sides admit that the dramatist throws the
amalleet possible light on the religious features of the time, and
reveals no personal predilection for either Puritan or Papist.

The Romance of the Irish Sta^e, with Pictures of the
Irish CapiUil in the ISth Century. By J. Fitzgerald MoUoy.
Two VoluMie^. with Portraits. Cniwii Svo., ."iiil pj). I^>nd(>n,
ia97. Downey. 21,-

Mr. .Molloy's volumes are fairly entortaininp if taken in
amall <l(>«e<i, thoiicrh tho title is not ult-igether justified. What
bo doe," in idea — a goo<l idea on the whole, though

his bai> ns in sketching in details — of the superficial

life of Lhibiin throughout the last century. He pays special
attention to tho stage, it is true, and industriously chronicles
much small beer of openings and closings and first appearances
and benefit nights with some small history of all the note<l por-
fonners who trod its boards; but tho romantic element is a little
tOMok. The story of Sheridan ' '» with the young bloo<l8

who made tbemsolvcs so or !o in his theatre and

of tboir final discomfiture is an g<>u<l as anything in tho book.
This was, of course, tho father of Hichard Hrinsloy, and
though ho was less of an eccentric (and less of a genius too)
than either his own father or bis famous son ho is an interesting
figure. What with his ill. luck and his stubborn temper the
follow was constantly at loggerheads with somebody, and no
•oooer had he roate«l the hlocds than he succeodetl by ill-
adviaed actions in incensing the theatre-going public to such an
that they wrecke<l his playhouse. However, ho soon
his peace with them, and - ]

oooogb until ho found lecturing i : .

ooenpotion. There are plenty of good hi<>ries in Uie volumes
both about him and about many of his fellow-players. This ot

Macklin illostrates happily the friendly relations which pre-
vailed between actor and audience in the old days :—

His acting was distinguished by three pauses, each longer
than the other, according to tliu dignified irnproHKion he souglit
to convoy, the last being styled his grand pause. One night
when ho hotl arrived at this ])oint of his performance, thi-
prompter imagined ho had forgotten his words, iind accordingly
whiMt>ere<l them. As no notice was taken of this, he again
and in a louder tone suggested tho words, when Macklin rushed
across tho stage and kniK;ke<I him down ; then returning, he told
the audience " thu fellow interrupted mo in my gruiid pause,"
and contioue<l his part.

Another is a now ond amusing variant upon a well-known
theme : —

One evening when Mossop was playing Lear to a brilliant
house, lighted by wax, as was the custom when Shakesjiearo was
produced, Usher represented the Duke of K^-nt. All went well
until tho scene where the stricken monarch is supjiorted by this
faithful subject, when the latter took tho opportunity of whisper-
ing to his Majesty, " If you don't give me your honour, sir,
that you'll jmy me my ari-e'ars this night before I go homo, I'll
lot yon drop about tho boards." Alarmed at tliis, tho king
muttered, " Don't talk to me now." " I will," persisted Usher,
" I will let you <lrop," on which King Lear .proniiseil to pay tho
duke, and kept his word.

Two charming autogravures after the portraits by Reynolds and
Romney of Mrs. Aliington and Mrs. Jordan considerably enhancl^
the value of tho book.

A Primer of Wordsworth with a Critical Essay. By
Laurie Magnus, B.A.Oxon., formerly Dc^my of Mag-

dalen. "jfxSiin., 227 pp. lyondon, 1S(>7

Methuen. 2 6

It is much to the credit of Mr. Magnus that, though a young
writer, he is perfectly simple and unaffected alike in thought
and style. There is in this book no tendency to represent
Wordsworth as a poetic Allah and Magnus as his jirophet.
Neither is there in expression any straining after long-druwn-out
harmonies. Tho style is, on the contrary, somewhat bare. But^
rich as Mr. Magnus is in " saving common sense," he has not
altogether avoided youthful faults of another kind. With a littlo-
more experience he will learn to remove such marks of tho Uni-
versity Extension chisel as the phrase, " I would refer you to" 8<v
and so. He will probably avoid such a word as " unclear,"
applied to the characterization of a poem, and he will certainly shui»
such a slang term as " scamped," which occurs on page 61*.
Neither will his emotion Ix) one of pride when ho looks back
upon a sentence like this : —

" And Wordsworth, torn between his strength of principle
on the side of Beaupuy and his strength of sorrow for tho
Girondist victims, the women among whom were permitted
that lost and only privilege of frewlom, held, too, by nativo
loyalty to England, saw her join the coalition against Franco-
with feelings of deepest onguish."

But these are trifles ; and, in spito of some more serion*
faults, this unpretending little l)o<ik will bo more helpful to the
student of Wordsworth than many a more ambitious critical
performance. To write a good primer of anything is far from
being an easy task ; bnt Mr. Magnus has all the chief require-
ments—full knowledge, patient industry, and sound method.
It will not l>o ca.sy to find elsewhere, within equal compass, so
much solid information alviut Wonlsworth. A great deal of it
is meant, as tho title of tho book suggests, for the tyro in
Wordsworthian lore : but thero is also much that the ripo
student of the poet will welcome— many HUggostivo criticisms,
many helpful collo<'ations, somo interesting comi)ariHonH. It is
divido<l into six chapters. Tho firHt deals briefly, but not
inadoquatoly, with the life of Wordsworth. Tho next four take
up in succession the longer {joems, tho shorter (loems, the tourH
and sonnets, and the prose works. Chapter VI., jrerhaps tho
least satisfactory of all, is devoted to a critical essay. There is
also, in an - ' a short but useful bibliography.

Wo ha\< rizcd tho stylo as somewhat bare, and havo

instance<l a few of its faults. But against occasional poverty
of language there must be put such racy expressions as a " Blue-

NoVw>mher 6, 18D7.]

LITEHATLEE.

book on tlie ontiiaiico ■urvoy of PaniAuua," applied to %
poiMago from Wordnworth'b profaco to tho " Exoumion. " Wo miuit
also count for virtiiu tho Imhl jiulginont tliat " tho rou(;h eilcca of
' Putor ISt'll ' aro iniich Iokh otTeiiMivo in art than tho ovor-retino-
nient of ' Enooli Anion' or thu 'May Qiieon, ' " ThU niay or :
not be critically Houni), but tho man who write* mi t« <in«
thinks for hinisolf, and who han tl: : »!!

othorH ino»t likuly to niako a nl\u ire.

And lioro wo come upon thu most vita Mr.

Mn;;nus'8 criticism. It in thnughtfulu' h. i the

Iihilci.sophors with profit, and ho treats Wordsworth throughout
ua a i>oot who is aUo a thinker. I'orhaiHi ho dn«ii ho even to
«xces8, and trusts too much tn this criticism of tho intolloct aa
.against tho criticism of fcolini;. Thus, his remarks on the
gi-oat " Odo on Intimations of Immortality " have nuich that is
sounil, and havo at least some support fmrn tho jud^mont of
critics so proat as Matthew Arnold ond Walter i'ator. Hut may
we not imogino Wonlsworth in Klysium turning all this with the
-quiet remark that " ho know it, and it did not matter ?" Tho
ohild i.i not the clorious creature Wordsworth dupicto<], but
then " out of thu mouths of balms and sucklings " are we
taught wisdom, not by reason of the wisdom that is in them,
but of that which wo road into then\. Moreover, it is true,
though strangu. that in ]>ootry a man may, tumttimts, " for
ia trioksy word " almost " dofy tho matter." One groat tost of
the pootic gift is to know whun and whore and how.

Again, Mr. Magnus's conviction tliot tho ponius of Words-
worth was given to " tho search for liberty, and its experiment
in democracy," seems to lead him into eiTor. (juidod by it he
tinds in 17i>0, when '' ho changed from the pioneer of revolution
to tho prophet of freedom," tho groat division of Wordsworth's
life. IJut what about the year 1808, when his " golden decade "
ended ? Surely tho turning point, for bettor or for worse, in a
poet's poetry is the true tuniing-point in his life. Tho same
spirit loads Mr. Magims to nuike Tennyson as well as Words-
worth a poot " of tho democratic ideal " — not, apparently,
without an uneasy sonso of di>ubt, for ho refers to Tennyson
jis disguising this spirit " by an innate aristocracy of heart."
This is nearer the truth. Tennyson is not really a democratic
poet, and .scores of Doras and Enoch Ardons would not make
liim one. And in Wonlsworth, too, there is "'an innate aris-
tocracy of heart, " though it shows itself in a difi'erent way.
iMatthow Arnold wrote of him long ago that —

" Wordsworth's eyes avert their ken

" From half of Iniman fatd :"
and this abstraction from so large a share of men's interests is
haixlly consistent with such devotion to tho " democratic ideal "
.as Mr. Magnus ascribes ti) Wordsworth,
these wo differ from Mr. Magnus ; but wo
little book as a valuable contribution
Jitorature.

In such points as
gladly welcome his
to Wortlsworthian

LEGAL.

The Law of Mines, Quarries, and Minerals. I)y
Bobert Forster Mac Swinney, M.A., Hnrrisicr-iit-I-rtw.
iJiid txlitiun. liy tho Author, nssistctl by L. S. Bristowe, .M.A.,
iJarrister-at-Liiw. London, 1S97.

Sweet and Maxwell, Ltd. £2

The first eilition of this work uppoanxl in 1S.H4. Since that
tlato, its subject matter has been ulloi'li'd by quite a unique
mass of statutes and by very numerous docisions. The Trustee
Acts, 1S0:5 and IS'.U, havo replaced tho provisioiv outirma-

tion of Sali'S Act ompoworing trustees and n\ to sell

mines si'porately from tho rest of tho land. Tiio ( ' ' \ot,

18W, ha.-) ropliicod similar provisions in tho old Enf: nt

•Vets. Tho Settled Land .Vet, 1890, has oxtonded tlu' j...„,,»of
limited owners as to tho reservation of rents. A special low
with reference to brine-pumping has Imhju introduce<l by the
Brino I'umping (Compensation for Subsideiiee) .\ot, IX'M. Tho
jurisdiction of the Vico-Worden of tho Stannaries, after woll-
ineant effort on the part of the Legislature in 1887 to maintain
it, has been transferred by the Stannaries Court (Abolition) Act,

{H'l i<le ruM of

of II tn utmrn

lta((ul*-

.which,
l^tttii

m>>
ba

1 tti<

>>«• pot

Hav,

•y

•• io«

i^ " in-

Ih th«

reaalt

lOixl in

ley

'ho
•a
is

. . etna

to I

for

Tlio lull,
bo not«<l. T:
written, and .
to all tho ret

to do

i.-r-.ir-l.

mil

lo«I^'- - 1 > - - •■

Bristowe.

Hunter's Roman Law. A S

KxiMiNition of UoMi.'in I^iwinthoo
Hunter, M. A., LL.D., Hnnist4T.flt-I.
tiito.t of (iiiius and Institutrai of J
KnKli.-4h by J- Ashton Cm
Kcvi.si.Hl iiiid enlarged, lioi

.bwri. I and Maxv.
In spite of the larse n:" .« . " of f>oi>u:
Hunter's "Iv
publication o:
the " pr:i'-t:i .
striking « i: •
merits • • •
the leg.!
the reci
and in c>
that has
attempt to r<'
the student t

will require to have : ailii;irai

such portions of tho tr liow how

auUiority of t! -'
the subject t\-

and no W i w.n i m.-i.-ii i ■:

gent ap; 'f Mr. I

iierusal ••••'Mrtioi. ,

iut, ni't these qur.

Latr " 1 , tlian aii\

of to take the place now i
— of Coke on Littleton in V
law. It only remains to bo
for the benefit of tlioso who
plan and contents of the Wo
much of Justinian as is
modern law, that the te
by 5Ir. .Vshton Cross-
text of Gains, and that m
concise sketch of thu ezt<

away with a diaiiuctiou

\.'t r»-

^•«

'U,

t-d

ikI
«•-

1 HisforSral
HyW. A.

' -li-

.iiiion.

' 32-

Mr.

■nt

,,f

lal

oiukbia
'■> : ha

the ciiapter on po isesg ion haa b<
indexes to the work are logical :

■>e by a preliminary

rr..>n t))u came pan.

s '• Bonaa

are awara

..f

:iu

«o

' ueii ;ran.siated

-eosary, hy tba

!>y a clear and

\n lav br Mr.

..... iho mistake of

ochuical phrases faj doubtfol

. nearaiioe of Us* first edition,

"n and enlarged ; tka

I 1 i»tive.

LITERATURE,

[November 6, 1897.

Hnioncj msi 3Soo\\Q,

UGLINESS IN FICTION.

Novel rewlera liRve eM.'aped from the sex novel with a
■mse of relief and were hepinninp to hoi)e that fiction wa.s
rptumin^; to the ilecencies of life when the slum novel
appears and fills us with despair. For the majority of ushard-
wn' n (and women), toilinj; considerahlj' more than

fi^ > a day in various professions and businesses,

fiction is an appreciable relief and reinforcement. An
hoar with a well-written novel when the work of the day
is done — say at 10 i).m., if we be fortunate — consoles one
for a long sjx'll of care and drudgery. As a class, we are
not unn>asonabIe nor exacting ; we do not complain that
no " Henry Esmond" nor " Heart of Midlothian " is to be
heard of anywhere, but are unaffectedly grateful for
a tale which is interesting and well-written. If the
author lx» able to move us to tears or laughter after an
hone«t manly fashion or to set us a-thinking on the pro-
blems of society, or to brace us to do our duty better, or
to waken us up by a good adventure story, then our hearts
grow warm to the man and we rouse ourselves from arm-
chairs to acknowledge our debt and afterwards bum the
letter as becomes self-res{)ecting Englishmen who are
more ashamed of emotion than of anj'thing else under the
can. Nor are we really squeamish and j»rudish, some of
us having liad occasion to know almost as much of life as a
woman novelist, but let us confess that we would prefer to
keep (fairly) good comjwiny in our hours of rest. We are
perfectly aware that jieojde swear and do other things
which are worse, but without being Pliarisees we distinctly
object to books wliich swear on every Jiage and do the other
things on the Jiage between being our comj«nions for the
hoar when the lamp is lit and the streets are quiet. It may
be our narrowness and we are prepared to hear that we
are Philistines and destitute of the very beginnings of
culture if we are rather sick of a certain monotonous
adjective and the other things. We condonp<l oaths in
Thackeray because it was the custom of very agreeable
people to sw»>ar then, but it is only the custom of very
disagreeable j)eople now, and while some of us in various
walks of life have to endun' such people at times we do
not lianker after their unnecessary and voluntary com-
]«ny.

This deplorable disability to appreciate a highly-
flavoured IxKjk does not blind one to its fretjuent force
and jiartial veracity. It deals, let it be granted, with
elemental facts of savage life at home and at first hand.
The autlior has heard with his own ears and not
another's, and lias seen with his omiti eyes, and whatsoever
be lias iu>ard and seen he has written, or if there Ik? some
thingit kejit hark they are only such as could not be legally
pot into jirint One muj>t also, as a rule, acknowledge
with admiration the dramatic s«'nse of the author who
recogniz'-s a situation at a glance, and his artistic
•kill who presents it with a firm touch. It is the sub-
«Uoce not the workmanship which offends and reftels.

Very likely the subject is a chapter in the life either of a
coster girl or a street arul>, wliich is sometimes disgusting,
sometimes immoral, and always unpleasant. Perhaps there
is a minute description of a bunk holiday excursion, wliere
lovers drink incrtnlible (juiintities of Immt, and eat like
ravenous beasts. There will almost cert^iinly be a fight
between twowomen.with full details, and if there be a death-
scene the mother will discuss with a ncighlwur whether
the coffin should be " helm " or " hoak " while her
daughter lies a-dying. and relate with gusto how the coffin
lid was at last fastened down on her huslwrnd's liody, whose'
droj)8y had made him an inconvenient weight, by the
simi)le expedient of the widow's weight Ix-ing added to-
that of two undertakers. One breathes throughout an at-
mosphere of filth, s(}ualor, profanity, and indecency, and is
seized with moral nausea. Tliere are such things as drains,
and sometimes they may have to l)e opened, but one would
not for choice have one oi)ened in his library.

When one asks why this kind of book should l)e written,,
and, let us suppose, by an autlior of |)Ower — did not Kud-
yard Kipling turn aside to write Badalia Hermlsfoot and'
thereby incur a considerable paternal resiwnsibility ? — it
will doubtless l)e replied, because it is true and it is-
desirable that fteople should know the truth. If costers or
any other i)eople are living; after a bestial fashion, then
this ought to be known to all whom it may concern.
Which means that such liooks are really semi-philan-
thropic and are novels with a puqx)se, falling into the
class of " Nicholas Nickleby " and " Never too Late to
Mend." This leaves the question of their art untouchedr
but it vindicates their intention, and so at the worst the
slum novel is only a mistake. It is, however, a very-
distinct mistake. For one thing the i)eoj)le who are
to be addressed would be far more likely to be imjiressedwere-
the life of this under-world stated in tenns of fact and not
tricked out as fiction. Besides, it is inii)ossible that this
can be the whole life of the East-end — this Inferno of vice
and violence. Is there no ])urity. no lov'alty, no kindliness
among these people ? It is incredible that they should all
be ruffians and loose women ; and, therefore, it is certain
that one side of life is ignore<l ; and, if this be so, the de-
scription is disproiwrtionate and unreliable. The writM
has seen only such things as he proposed to see ; they
could not, of course, be the things he wished to see ;
and, instead of being realistic, his book is an inverted
idealism in which — manipulating facts according to
his mind — the author presents what is morally ugly as
another idealist would present what is morally beautiful.
Possibly the author may repudiate any jmqwse and may
content himself with pleading the compulsion of his art.
This Hfe exists, as a matter of fact, and it has a))iK'aled
to his literary sense ; it is a subject and he has rein-esented
what he has seen. As a jMvinter takes a black sullen
jKXjl so a novelist has chosen this sink of human life —
this is his mitier, and nothing remains to Ixs said. It is
his form of jul and has to be judged by the rules of art.
If so, a question at once occurs to the simple reader, and
he would be greatly obliged by an answer. Is the rej)re-
sentation of moral ugliness really artistic ? As one under-

November G, 1897.]

LITERATURE.

stanfls it the chief end of, Hay, Hculpttire in to creat** in
marble llmt idea of iihyHJcal beatity which Iiph in the hack-
ground of the mind; and while HufTering may \m inclwled in
thelH-aiitiful.BH for inHtance inthe Dyin^tJhuliator, or much
of MichelangeloV work, no i*culi>t»>rof tlie tirxt order ha* net
himself to emlxxly in marble hidoouii deformity. Paintem
have not nhrunk from crucilixionH, but they have not chown
leprosy, although the !<ilv»r sheen had lent itM'if well to
tn-atnient, nor a surgical ojH>ration, although the blood
— well ont^ need not press that jxiint. Why is a humj*-
bnck or a h'lH'r inadmissible? IJecause they are the
violation of the law of things ; they are imixrfection and
disease. Why should the artist in life forsaki" the quest
of the jx'rfect and the lH'autiful,wrought out often through
jwverty and agony, and s[)end his skill on what ifl loath-
some and disgusting ? Is he not also iKUind to theM'r%ice
of the ideal, and is it not his function to Hing out U-fon"
U8 that model of high character and living which we all
have iina^ned, after which we all strive, but which we
cannot express ; or is it that the canon of U'auty which
gxiides the sculptor and the jMiinter ha« no authority over
the novelist, and he alone of artists has the liberty of

dt'forniit V ?

IAN MAC" LAKEN.

FICTION.

Oaptalns Courageous. By Rudyard Kipling. TJx.'iin.,
S43 pp. London, 1H07. MacmlUan. 6 -

Tho oxtomal apix<aranoo of " C'siptains Ctiunigcous," with it*
bright bluo binding, tfdt odgea, iind inspiring wundcuts, suggust«
the iilL'a that Mr. Kipling hiia written a Im\v8' book. And so ho
has ; only, like '• llobinson Cruso*;," " Troasiiro Island," and
one or two otlivr tirst-rato books of adventure, it will give almost
as mucli pleasure to grown-iip people as to boys. Whether
ladies will approve the educational process that Mr. Kipling
sooms to roconunend may be doubt<.Hl ; but it is certain that
Disko Troop's school, in which young Horvey Choyne was the
only pupil, atTords an admirable training for the sons of
millionnaires. The story is ipiito simple, and is agreeably
frofi from shipwrecks, cannibals, and other horrors that
one expects and exjicrienccs, in a literary way, with the
ap^o-oach of Christmas. Harvey Cheyno, tho only son of an
American multimillionnairo, is a weo«ly boy of 16, who is
desuribcd in the smoking room of an American liner as " the
biggest nuisance aboartl. " In tho agony of his first cigar ho
goes on dock, removes himself as far oa possible from human
observation, falls overboard, and is picked up by nno of tho cnittll
boats, or dories, of a schooner of the co<l-fi8hing fleet. Tho boy
is no fool, and, conscious of his father's unlimited wealth, olTers
Disko Troop, the skipi>cr of the schooner, any amount of money
to take him back to New York. Ho brugs of his father's great-
ness, of hia ability to buy tho entire schooner every month and
not feel it, and of his own '200 dollars a month i>ocket-money. Hut
Disko Troop, a hard, just, seafaring man, who is seldom " mis-
took in his jedgmeiits, " is persuade<l that the boy is mail or has
lost his wits in falling overboard, and is not more<I by his
representations. It is a thousand miles to New York, and,
besides, it is only May, and the schooner will not return till the
end of tho fishing, in September. To this Harvey objects : —

" ' I can't stav here doin' nothing just because you want to
fish, I f(»n'(, I tert you.'

" ' Right an' jest; jest an' right. No one asks yon to do
nothin'. "There's a heap as you can do ; for Ott<i, he went over-
board at Le Havre. I mistrust be lost his grip in a gale we

.ligri,

iiBver con..
"Tidantia'

<Uoy it. Toa'v*

i>oan>««l. I mi*-

>'u kin do. Ain't

rnu crowd whMi w* fct
.'>d. mitmaring vag««
' almoat — Dot quit»—

•I can make it livcl^v for y" "
ashore,' said Harvi-y, with a
thrvata about 'piracy,' at whi .
amilad.

•• ' Exoep' talk. I'd forgot that. You ain't asked to talk
more'n you're a mind to aboard tho We're Ilctti. Ke*p
your eyes "pt-n, nti' help THn t'l d<> ei h«'» bid, an' m-. hiike,
an' I'll ^' it.but rilgiv* - tvn and a ha'af

a month ^d o' tho trip. A littU wurk

will caw! up your kin toll ui all abaout your dad

an' your nia an' y wanU."

That ilelinM thu situAtiou. Harvey i- f<iara to

make himself useful, acciiaos Disko o( t<< '1 find*

himnvtf in tho wuppers with a bleeding noae, where ba la com-
forted by Dan, a b<>y "f hia own ago, the son of Disko. Natu-
rally, thu boys strike up a warm fiiendaliip, Harvey apologixaa
to Disko, and soon settles down, with test, to Uie life of a fiahar-
man. As for his shipmates, Manuel, Long Jack, Tom I'latt,
I'ennsylvania, I'nclu Saltors, and the cook, they are all of them
delightfully ditrurentiate<l, not with the ordinary comic cbarac-
toristica of the sea novel, but with nioet u: ' ' ' ' xsi-

ties. When at tho end of tho lishing n.. r.<,

now chock-full of salt oxl, returns to hir
Maine, tlio luir to thirty millions laiHl5 ir:
boot* a " fii

earned thirty - ' ' „ ■.

mother, who hurry eastwani from California in their own jiriTmt*
railroad car, and make it clear to the excellent but disbelieving
Disko Troop that Harvey had in no way exaggerated their mag-
nificence. It no«Hl not be said that Harvey's father, a shrewd, sall-
made man, is more than satisfied witli the im|>roTeD<ent of his
son, and finds the most agreeable means t'f T .ko.

Such is Uie boro outline of the story, .^h

for either l>oys or men, and as wholesome as st;a .ar itstiU. It is
told, ss is only natural with Mr. Kipling, in the most graphie
manner, aiul with tlie raciest dialect. And the interest of the
book does not duiicnd by any moans entirely on the stirv, but
almost e(|ually on tho vivid descriptions of tho co<' at

and its industry. Mr. Kipling has sung of the ' ^ ,., fog

bank " in one o( his finest poems, and elsewhere of that and
other perils of tlie sea. Here we have them as part •>( the every
day life of the fisherman of the " Grand Ilanks," and can under-
stand what it is to grojio from one fishing station to SDOther, with
tells ringing an<l horn.i sounding— oonch-ahells, sometimee, like
old Triton's— partly to warn tlie liners passing through the fishing
fleet, and partly to keep the " doriM " in totwh with their
schooners. The boy Harvey asked not be

" great " to run down a fishing boat i he waa

on board the steamer. Afterwards, his point of view wsa
changed.

" Aoooo— whoooo- whupp, went tlie sirvn, wingle— tingle—
tink, went the bell. Graoa ouch went the ron.li. wliiK' xea and
sky were all mille<l up in milky fog. Then II he

was nearing a moving IkkIv, and f. n; rt hi- uw

at the wot edge of a elifl^-lilio bow. clir«c(ly

over tho schooner. A isunty little i irled in

front of it, and as it lifted it showed a . Roman

numerals- XV., XVI.. XVII., XVIII .-on a

salmou-coloure<t, gleaming side. It t ' 'itnward

with a heart-stilling' Ss»o»io ' ; ;«ared :

a line of brass-rimmed port hole rasri'-i j .i«i ; a jet of
steam puflfed in Harvey s helplessly uplifte<1 hsnds ; a
spout of hot water roared along the rail of the IVt're
Itert, and the little schooner staggered and shook in a
rush of screw-torn wnt<'r, &> a liner'* St. Ill \.i!nsh..<I in a fog.
Harvey cot rea<ly to f.-. e heard

a crack like a trunk li ^mall in

his ear, a far swav telephone voice drawling, ' Heave to f
You've sunk us ! '

That was the fate of a neighbouring schooner, seat to the
bottom while " there were folks asleep in dry, upholstered
cabins who would never learn that they had massacred s boat
before breakfast." Good as this is, it is no more than a fairly

LITERATURE.

[November 6, 1897.

npraMnUtiw quotation from the book. Mr. Kipling hM not
DMde the mistake of orowtling all tl>o imagiiiablo iiicidonts of
tfa« Korth Atlantic into a three months' trip, but he has pro-
vided, within tlie bounds uf reason and probability, sufficient
«uit«ment. Wo cannot (|uoto indofinituly, but eon safely com-
mand ti>« book both to men and boys. Thoy will lulniire it for
tUfforvnt reasons, but that will ^ 'v. It should bo a<ldod

that Mr. Taber's drawings dist: us to understand our

young friend Harrey'a adrentxirtM*.

Lochia var.
London, 1W7.

Bv S. R. Crockett.

8ix.">jin.. 447 pp.
Methuen. 6-

The «fxperimont of building up a <ji((i»i-liistorical romnneo on
CIm tiiero* of Sir \Vslt<>r Scott's pioturosijue Iwllad is rather
audacious : r more than one reason. It is prutty well

known, to b< . that Scott borrowed the motive of his

ballad from an ciu-lier one, " Katherino Johnstone," in which
Lord Liyjhinrar was the bridegroom fnvoure<l by the girl's
parents and was a " lord of fair England " ; while tlio bold lover
who carried off the bride was Lord Lauderdale " frae the
Lowlantl border." Scott's daring inversion of the hero and
protagonist of the old legend was justified even more by the
grace and spirit of his verses than by the circumstance thW
eharacters atnl incidents alike are. as far as is known, entirely
fictitious, and are, therefore, material which may, in a manner,
be lawfully appropriated by any writer who is strong enough to
monid it effectively into a new shape. But Mr. Crockett is not
qoiie a Sir Walter — a fact which becomes painfully apparent
when we find that ho has here done what Sir Walter Scott would
have been too prudent to attempt. He has brought down the
pariod of the ballad story a couple of centuries or so, in order to
weave its incidents into a tale uf tha Kovolutionary troubles of
1988-88. He has transformed the heroine into a fair Covenanter,
Kate M'Ghie, the daughter of a Galloway laird ; and young
Loehinvar becomes in his hands a neighbouring laird or lord —
Mr. Crockett, oddly enough, appears to think that in this
particular case the one is much the same as the other — who
albeit of Jacobite proclivities is obliged to go into exile in
Holland, and takes service in one of the Prince of Orange's
Scotch regiments. At the old city of Amersfoort ho renews an
acquaintance with Mistress Kate, with whom he has had some
flirtation in their native Galloway. This time ho falls
instantaneously and madly in love with the girl, who in reality
ratoma his paasion, but who treats him with much outward
coldneas abd scorn. The circumstance that Kate is also loved
hf the Earl of Barra, one of the Lord.s of the Isles, Vand-s
to a whole scries of adventures, in the coiu-so of which
Loehinvar does some Homeric feats of swordsmanship,
«nooantcrs sundry misfortunes through his own folly and the
plots of his rival — who is, however, by no means a dexterous
intrignar — and is throughout a very melodramatic personage
indead. After rescuing his lady-love from the clutches of Loni
Barra, who has carrie<l her off to his stronghold in an isle of the
Habridas, he permits her in the tamest fashion to fall again
nmktr the influenoo of that unscrupulous nobleman, exercised
throogh h«r father and mother, who approve of Lord Barra's
aait. But I^ochinvar and Kate have sworn to be true to one
anoth>fr till death, and when the young lo<ly, in a fashion that i.s
left unexplained, consents to marry the Earl, she sends her lover
a token that be is wanted, and he api>oars un the wo<lding morn-
ing, and catriaa off the bride in the way that .Scott descriltcs in a
aiagla thrilling stanza— dilated by Mr. Crockett into some dozen
ftgm uf vary proay prose.

The appropriation of a subject already glorifie<I by the genius
of a great wriU»r could only liavo Ix-en juatifie<l by adequate
traatuont. Crockett could scarcely have given us at

his best ; ai: book he is very far from being at his best.

It baara thronglioat traoea of merely mechanical production, as
thongh the writer had eontractad to fiu^ish so many atlventures,
and BO many page* of Lowland Hcottish dialogue, at a specified
rate par docan. Aia parsonagea maet or swagger in Seventeenth

Century contunion, and occasionally, though very seldom, stray
into Seventeenth Century motles of speech ; but except in so far
as tliey are wholly unreal -mere nuirionettes of which Mr.
Crockett pulls the strings us his rather jaded fancy dictates—
they all belong to the tyiM>8 which were nvado familiar in his
earlier stories. At the outset of his career he acquired a trick
of soiiii-humorous, semi-)>athotio analysis, and exposition of
moods and emotions which was very olfective at first ; but it
was oidy a trick, after all, and with frequent repetitions it grew
tedious. Mr. Crockett, however, m'oiiis (juito unable to get rid
of it : he uses it in this story, in season and out of season.
The fiction-reading public is long-sulfering, and often amazingly
faitliful to a writer who has once oc(iuire<l its favour ; but
Mr. Crockett has severely tested its patience in the production
of " Loehinvar," and ho will not bo well advised to rejwat the
experiment.

One of the Broken Brigrade. Hy Cllve Phillipps-
Wolley. 7Jx5jin., 27«pp. Ix)ndon, 18U7.

Smith, BIder. 6-

Adventuros are to the a<lvcnturouB, and when a high-spirited
youth leaves England for the colonies with a fair supply of cash,
the assurance of regidar remittances from home, and no very
definite object in view save that of " making his pile," he is
pretty sure to have many curious and interesting experiences.
Noel Johns, to whom the reader is introduced in " One of the
Broken Brigade,"i8 just such a young fellow as we have described.
The book is the story of his life in British Columbia and on the
rolling prairies of the North-West Territory. It is well written
and contains manycxciting incidents, but these are strung together
with so little regard for probability that they fail to carry convic-
tion with them, and leave the reader almost unniovetl. It would
require considerably more ingenuity than the author displays in
this story to render credible the chance meeiingsof his characters
in the vast and lonely regions of the Far West. Mr. I'hillips-
Wolley is at his best in the descriptive }>ss8age8 of his book.
There are skilful touches in the opening chapter, in which Noel
Johns takes leave of hia friends in the old country on the eve of
his departure to seek his fortune iu tho Now World. The scene
is a village on the Berkshire side of the Thames, and the persons
are Squire Verulam, his little daughter. Pussy, and Trevor
Johns, Noel's cousin.

" ' But why couldn't you farm here, just as well as there,
Noel ? ' asked tho old man."

" ' Because a younger son's place is not on tho family acres, '
replied Noel."

" ' And why not ?' asked tho Squire."

" ' Why not ? Whv,' replied Noel, ' because ynu say so ;
yes, you ond thousands like you. I might stay and work at the
Bar, if I ha<l patience enough. I might go into tho Army if I
had money enough. I might stay and live ujMin my people if
I was moan enough, and 1 might go into business ; or farm for
profit, if I was not a Johns of Kingdon. You would think it
rather plucky of me to " run a store " in tho North-Wost, but
how would you like it if I sold groceries in tho villago ?'
. . . . ' Now, Pussy, give us just one more song before
you go to bed. You don't mind her singing " Auld Lang Syne,"
Sir, do you ?' "

" ' Of course not, of course not, boy,' cried the Squire :
' good heavens, is it so late already '(' And rising, the four
jomod hands, and sang together that old song which is a sacra-
ment to some of us, pre<lging thoiuselves for all years to come to
tho friend who stood on the lirink, waiting to step out from tho
light and warmth of homo into the battle of life in ttic Far West.
" For a moment all stood, hands joine<l, listening as the last
notes floated down the dark river ; then the old man wTung the
young one's hands in Ijoth ]iis, and, turning, said somewhat
hoarsely to his daughter —
" ' Now, Pussy, bed ! It's time for chicks to be at roost.' .

The sketches of British Columbia are sufficiently faithful.
They i>rovo that the author possesses cimsiuorablo powers of
obser^-ation. Mr. Snape and Colonel Gilchrist are two good
examples of the financial shark of America, and they are outlined
with a skilful hand, while in Mils Gilchrist, the colonel's beautiful

November C>, 1897.]

LITERATURE.

(latightar, »n amiisinK ■peoiinen of a certain type of AnMrican

girl in clovfirly ilmu-rilxxl. Tim piotunm <>t lidi among Iho nii'n
of tho North-WuHt I'lilico uro c<|iially (;<><><l, but tho " holding;
up " of thii atagu coach l>y Truvor JkIiiih, tho orrcat of that
(IoB]H)rato roiul ngont l>y his couiiin Ni>cl, anil tho nilventures
which guhm«|iiontly liofoll tlio two mon aro inciilonta of «o forco<l
and improliahlu a kind thnt thoy oxcito incredulity. Tho book
wouhl \w much bettor than it ia if tho author'* imagination were
e<iual to his tulont for desoriptivo writing.

Derelicts. My WUllam J. Locke, Author of •■ .Vt tho
Onto of Snnmriii." 8x5Jin., 414 pp. London and New York,

imn. Lane. 6,-

Mr, Liooke apptiars to liavo a prixliloction for placing bis
personages in exceptional, and what, from tho nit-roly
mundane jmint of view, nii^'ht \hi pronounced hazardous, situa-
tions, and then working out their dustiny for them. It Im iii:ii
metluxl, and, of unursu, u strictly Ixgitiniatu one, of coi
a story ; but it ia o|>en to tho objection that it ex,
author to tho tomiitation of playing too obTionxlv the | m
of an over-ruling I'rovidonco. In this story Sir. L. m ki-
makes lii.s " doroliots " mutually helpful in getting off tlie
reefs where thoy havo 8tniudo<l, and enables them to pass
aofoly through a perilous voyage and reach a harbour of
socurity and quiet happiness at last. That is a climax
with which no reader of tho lM)ok will be disaatiatiod ;
but it is hard not to doubt wliethcr matters wouUI, or
co\dd, havo arranged thuniselves so agreeably in real life. If
this doubt bo hold at orm's length, however, " Dereliota "
may claim recognition as a pleasant, pathetic, and gracefully-
written story. Stephen Chisely, the hero, is a young man
who, starting in life with every advantage of education,
social position, and opportunity to prosper, has contrived in a
very short time to come to ruin and to perpetrate embezzlements
that entail on him a sentence of two years' imprisonment.
Emerging from gaol, discarded by his family and former friends,
ho is engaged in a hopeless endeavo\ir to find work, and is sink-
ing into uttor despair, when he chances to moot a certain Mndamo
Yvonne Latoiir, a little music mistress of French origin but
apparently of F'nglish birth, who has knowni and liked him \n his
day of prosperity. That meeting is the saving of him. She refuses
to recognize any reason why tho old friendship should not be
resumed : she makes Chisely hope again in spite of himself ; she
piits l\im ni tlie way of earning his own living, and her inter-
vention enables him, though after many haixlships and disapjxiint-
ments, to begin a now career. Then it i.s Yvonne who in her turn,
by a series of undeserved misfortunes, is brought to the verge of
despair, ond Chisely who becomes the instrument of her rescue.
Thoy aro threatened with a sejiaration that would have been
disastrous to both, and all because Yvonne, in her exceeding
guilelossness, has not realized that she loves Chisely, while he
on his part feels unworthy, in tho light of his past, to osk for
her lovo. Hut tho inevitable oxjilanotion, of coniso, comes at
last, and all ends well.

By a Hair's Breadth. By Headon Hill. 1 vol.
sni. iSvo., :i07 pp. lx)ndun, 181(7. Cassells. 6,-

This is an extremely ingenious book and not ill written.
It purports to give a full, true, and particular account of all the
attempts on tho life of tho Tsar and Tsarina during thoir
visits to tho other crowned heads of Europe. It will lie
remoniborod that about tho time of tho visit to Balmoral
last year certain Fenian purveyors of explosives were arrested
both here and in Franco, and a wild theory was started at tho
time that their conspiracy was directed, not against tho jwaco of
England, but against tho lifo of the Tsjir. This universally-
scouted hypothesis tlio author seeks to rehabilitate by intro-
ducing us to an lrish-.A.merioan, Colonel Dolaval, who, to oblige
his Russian frionds, puts a portmant<\iu of ih-namito up a cliim-
ne\- at tho back of tho Tsar's apartments at Hrcslaii. Fortu-
nately, tho fxanrfr of an English attnehi hears the ticking of tho
detonator clock, and it is accordingly removed in tho nick of
time. l)f course wo have the usual ilramaiix /Kr.wmr — the be-
witching rovolutionary princess ; tho aged conspirator. who.«e
fierce eyes betray him ; the captain, a perfectly idiotic oftiocr in
tho Imperial service : the Russian police spy. moving in the most
fashionable societv of St. Petersburg ; and a rank and file of
moi(c/i(i )■</.< and Nihilists. Those characters are well enough,
particularly Volborth, tho Russian Sherlock Holmes, the exqui-

tito, profmind bmtality of whn<w> nat
W" nay as much f' r '

uii: i>a««inn (or ai.

M« pains, 111
He ii lie
' is i|iiit<- 'h

I of. II.'

. ,.,^ , : • n u 111 .rn

SO as to :lraw on t

•low to do. On I

under hi* coat, t>ut with an

dynamite this is a procautinn

an ostrich. When we snv

mentionod. we have tho «!■

83
t«d.

>1S(1

of
ni'
diiiea.t

', liiii
ull ki

1 1

Ilia

l,o
the

of 1)

lady
ban<

will
iff fwl

lO,

I
It

thus),

an' •'

r<i

. ■\. iiitck
hat tho

Claude Duval of Nlnety-flve : A noninnre of the Road.
By FergfUB Hume. Sxo^in., 236 pp. London. 1hh7.

Dlgby, Long:. 3.6

. If all Air. Fergus Hume's "mysteries " had been as onaily
trated astliat wlm h f' rms the tlninc nf '• ciai!i!<. Duv.il "f N i
five " ho would v
an author of cum
tion. There are not :
fail to find out his ac

half dozen chapters ; liii> i .pplius (»

one cnn only wonder at th .i of the u

an' onal, engaged in trying to hunt (!• w ii \i.

" t the road." But it by no means n^

foil, ws mat tho interest and nt* *■ •'

diiiiinished on this account. If thn'

would bo read a second t' '■■■•

performance. Whatever 1.

Mr. Hume undoubtedly ;.. „

tivo faculty, and his method of ^•
tangle ho has himself create<l is in t
ingenious, and atforda opportunities for the int
an abundance of stirring incidents. The centi
tlie story, the n i by a woman of the n'lle of

highwayman, is . al with Mr. Hume : it jp s'

ol(l as that (|Uaint nioiingraph of sevcnt.
" The English Rogue." But if not :.
novel, and is worko<l into n '

dexterity. This wos the

ovorc<iT - •

Ijoon .

most o: .... ...^ ,

the |)cr rury I.aip

cerns li. : :. about li .

in any of his pri'ceding books. 'I'ho story ia e;
incident rather than of character or n)annor;<,
a large ptiblic who prefer to take tlieir fiction in this siuipo
is no need to protest on that score.

jjcne-

uety-

:er.

:t ia

eof
ru is

there

Ladv Rosalind, or Family Feuds. Hy Emma
MarshalL K^x.'>);iii., 307 pp. Uuulon, IiM/7.

James Nisbet. 6;-

The " family feuds " out of which Mrs. >far»hall baa
contrived to work up this story are of a somewhat compli-
cated nature. Lady Rosalind Penfold is tl ' '
supposed to bo tho only child, of a late Earl
tl' ''I : of the story, has just d' '

11! ;• himself, since he has left

ei 1. and literally no jt'"

d:- IB what was secured to t

set, Lady Rosnlo ■! "

principle, but as yet w

suffers intensely from thet

to redeem the family name by . her fatlier's i

But tho full measure of tho in has yet to be :

Not only dooa a man who liad professed to lo\e her

desert her in her hour of need, but it turns out that her father's

diflicultiea hare been largely due to the blackmail to which

he has had to submit in order to preserve the secret of an early

■a\ ia
'.at

her marriage

LITERATURE.

[November 6, 1897.

prirmt« mArriage, two deaoeadMiU of nhich, in the tliini genera-
tion— two bel|ileu little girli — are thrust ii|M>n lastly Koeuliutl's
<«re. In her pride ahe will aci-ept as little as |toiMil>le of tlio
aaaiatance of her cousin, who ia Riipixisett t<> have aucoeeiUMl to
the title and t<> what in left of the entatta ; aiidia* this ooiisin is
a tine, Ftrai::(itfi rward, inanlv yiiiinj» fellow, the readur will l>o
>\ : oat against the cruelty of fatu when yet another

< iliivloood and it turns out that the son of aiie'er-

4lo-uull uuclu Kit Uie young eftrl is the rishtfid heir of the family
honour*. How all thaaa {wrpIkxitiM and rivalries are ultuiiatoly
n ' ' ' OH made plain, und how, amid her

t . ' find consolation and happiness, ia

H W(>nt<-d narrative skill and simple

rp . - I : -fouml or subtle in tho tale, but it

i- • ,, i.iid two at lu4kat of the characters —

I Jul Hussie Sclworthy — are freshly con-

tt ... ..^...._..^ wrought out.

Liza of Lambeth. Ry W. S. Maugham. 7 l>in.,
212 pp. l>>ndi«n. IstT. Fisher Unwin.

Only one circumstance indnces us to notice this most un-
pleaaant book, and that is its authnr's evident ability to do
Mtter. He does not as yet w-rite with much skill, because he
doe* not thnroufrhly understand the poor people whom he do-
auribea, and. what is worse, does not seem to sympathize with
them. He has sharp eyes, but they do not alwiiys jH-'netrnte the
supcrticial dirt of toil and [loverty, and ho so greatly exaggerates
the vices of the poor that we cannot accept his characters as
typical work-iieople. But one thing ho has done Iteyond all
doabt. Roughly and inartistically, with violent cofour and
the blackest of black shailows, he has succeeded in drawing a
figure that sticks with painful reality in the memory. Liza is a
tmetorj ^irl of 18, who lived in a Xjamlxith slum. .She went
wrong — it was not far to go — antl died in the expected manner
at the end of the book. That is literally all, but Liza's jmr-
trait ia so complete and so strong that even now her ghost
refuses U> be laia : and that we take to be a considerable achieve-
ment for a writer of fiction. Wo may say with Catullus :—
Odi et amo. Quare id faciam fortasse requiris.
Neecio : se<1 fieri sentio et excrucior.

And now that we have freely praised the one merit of the
t>ook, we must claim an equal freedom of censure, and must
s»y plainly that the work is not merely disfigured, but is ren-
der<d absolutely unendurable by its sustained grossnuss, both of
lanjuaL'o ami il.t:ul. How unnecessary this is, and how dis-
y m does not seem to know. He must loam

' ■•. Slang we can tolerate, for reviewers are

lioni I., sufienne and get used to it, but in the midst of it all
there are a numlnr of needless and unpardonable things which
we cannot by any means stomach. It is no excuse lor Mr.
Maugham that some of his rivals in this particular line of
business have done much the sam9 thing and, if he does not take
care, will out-do him. Somehow, all writers of this sort remind
ti ' *' competition in the Diinciad, " who best can plunge
t 'k anil thin " — only the Diinciad is an elegant and

•«..■..,, (..etf of wit compared to these modem performances.

Brolcen Arcs : A West Counti-v Clironicle. By
Clirl«topher Hare. Cr. 8vo., 317 j.p. ' Ixndon .ind New
York. 1*7. Harpers. 8-

This if a readable love story, following along the beaten
track of many anotluT similar tale of rustic life. The tyran-
nical *-' his son to clear off Ms mortgages by
o'*'"'' iidmirablo young ]>erson at the vicarage
^ *'" * j"!'^ " ' ^'i'"'- " p'»n ; her father, the Vicar, im-
maraMl in theological coiii|K>sition ; and the young villager
w^,. <..n, „. ,) ,. <....:,,.-. „,,„ ,j, ^^^^ Crimea -they have all done
'■ and doubtless will again. Wo have
" - -.'in if tlie chrori"' - f -'ifir doings isas
"■ '■« t<if> often chai this type of I

'' well suiti-d for the i ;.:iient of an idle

hour, as " i r.»." Tlie title, by the bye, issuggested by

* »«>« "* "' "On the earth the broken arcs, in the heaven '

ftpsfffect round, ' a motto which applies rather to the "young
Squire's " romance than to that of his comrade in arms, which
fornu the main pivot of the story. The account of the trouble
whisb coroes t« Harry Tinharn's wife, who promiscwl to conceal

•"•'^•""'"^ ■^band wa» fighting in the Crimea, is

Uw beat p« though it is a pity that the author,

wbm h* has sent tnc hualiand away to the wars, should so far
totfi hiw M to girt him on two ocoaaions a wrong surname.

The Temple of

viii. -- 271 pp. ixindoii.

Polly.
l^«7.

Itv

Paul Creswiclc. Sm).,
Fisher Unwin. 6-

fleorge Bubb l>odington, who began life as plain George
Biibb and ended it by insinuating himself into the Peerage as
Lord MeU-omlie, was a piotiiresiitio chariirtor enough to iiioline
one to ex]>oct much from a novel which adopts him as a leading
character. Ifrowning filly enough comi'aios him to the bowor-
bifil, as descnlxjil by Darwin : —

•• liirds Inini to strut prepare a platform-stage
With sfiarkling stones and speckled shells, all sorts
fU slimy rubbish, odds and ends and orts,
Whereon to pose and pasture and engage
The priceless female simper."
With his odd wig, which Hogarth has immortalized, his pea-
cock's feathers and ItijiU lazuli columns, his betlside carpet " n
splendid pati'hwork of his old-embroidered {>ockct-tlu)>N and
culfs," he makes a striking figure among the courtiers of the
Georgian era, even if we take a grain of salt with Thomson's
fulsome dedication of " Summer " to him as one

" In whom the human graces all unite."
Mr. Creswick lias not made as much as he might of this rcn'ark-
able personage, in whom, with Browning, ho seems to " see but
one fool more, as well as knave." The Temple from which the
title of the story is taken is, of course, Medmeiiham Abbey, that
very Eighteenth-Ceiitiiry Abbev of Thelema where Jack Wilkes
and the Hell Fire Club tried to revive the ceremonies cf the
Bona Dea. Satanism is rather in fashion among novelists nowa-
days, but Mr. Creswick handles the Black Mass with a much
lighter and more gingerly touch thon M. Huysmans nnil his
followers. The best thing in his book is the character of Marget,
a delightfully boyish girl whoso antics are very amusing. The
story itself trips on rather a shadowy foot, but it is cleverly
written and quit" "- -■■idable as the averoge historical novel of
to-day.

George Malcolm. By Gabriel Setoun. Svo., HiH pp.
London, l>i)l. Bliss, Sands, o/-

Like a recent work of the Kailyard School, IkJr. Setoun's
story is the history of a boy brought ii{i in a Scottish village to
which ho was nut native. The uccoiiiit of the inhabitants and
manners of Cuttril and Invoicolm, the two places in which the
action goes forwanl, is evidently based on careful observation,
and shows that Mr. Setoun has a distinct, if somewhat conven-
tional, sense of humour. His religious village grocer, " Pharisee
and Publican," on whom the author seems to have lavished
many pains, is scarcely convincing, for ho reminds one more
of the typical jokes against the Scottish inclination to
make the l>est of both worlds than of anything likely to l>e found
in a real village. Nor does it seem a very brilliant jest to
say that John Murdoch, " being a man who understood
that tho earth is the Lord's and the fulness thereof, aided and
abetted Providence in the matter of ])otatoe8 and cabbages."
Much better is the jortrait of Mrs. Sibbuld, a Scottish Mrs.
Malaproj), whoso nice derangement of cpita]>hs is really amusing.
She was troubled by " a ]>etulous and aiiduciant girl," who was
in fact " a Thomas-boy," and one of her griefs was that her
husband had played tho fiddle, " a light and frivulic instrument
that you hide in a common green bag." Marv- Moultrie Itamage
Ross, the " Thomas-boy " aforesaid, is prettily drawn, and the
incidental villagers, though dull, ap)>ear to have verisimilitude.
Unfortunately, Mr. Setoun, who lias already shown himself to bo
po8sesse<l of a pretty, if slight, talent for describing .Scottish
manners, has felt it necessary to introduce a thrilling plot, and
has given his boy-hero a most unnatural and melodramatic part
to play in clearing his convict father's rojmtation. The whole of
tho Andrew Uemmell business is what Mr. Wellor uso<l to call
'• rayther too thin." It is a pity that Mr. Setoun has thus 8i>oilt
a book which is distinctly above tlte average in i>arts.

A Creel of Irish Stories. By Jane Barlow. 8y.5Jin.,
'i2t) pp. l»iid<)n, lUfJ. Methuen tc Oo. 6/-

Miss Jane Barlow is alroiuly favourably known by her volume
of " Irish Iilvlls." Her new book of Irish stories will jirobably bo
received with similar favour. She has a firm grasp of Irish.
peasant character, with its kindliness and thrittlessness, its
strange siiiierstitions, and its affectionate devotion ; and all her
stories are written with knowleilge and, what is better, with
8^ra[iathy. They can none of them, wo imagine, l>e callml ex-
citing. Tliey have little incident and, in the dramatic Honse,
little action. But they arc written in a pleasant, easy style, and

November C, 1897.]

LITKHATl'RE.

contain iHiHunp's I if <leKcrintiun which Mre always U'

i>oriu(ionally ')i'niilifiil. The olmractoni nrn ilrnwii with ({ruat
)i(lelity uiiii iiini^'lit, thnii^li thoy uro for tliu ni<>nt |i«rt hot rumnrk-
nblo in tlieiriHvlvi'ii. Tlio ntorieH urn nil di^^lit ami at tiiiir '
luck niuttcr. lint in » voliiinu of tlii.i kiml ■■nv (Ih;.h not
incidnnt or mlvi^ntiire no much UHfor pliiim'K ri>' ' i: • - ,„,

liumoroufi or |>atlii>tio lUilinoiition of ita i •'■,

Lovora of Msli pt>asaitt tolun will rtiui M;^. U^

IileiiHiiru.

The Fall of the Sparrow.
Yi'2 y\>. Ivoiidon, lSl/7.

lly M. C. Balfour. «<51n.,
Methuen.

Mi»» M. C. Itiilfonr takes a ({root doiil cf pnina, ond
■undoubtedly lior liook shows a certain p )wiir of conceiving
and working out tliu kind of story which hingus on tliu
changiti); rolntionsliipg und afToctioim of ordinary poopio
ill ordinary life. It i.i built up round two men anj two
women Walter and Nathaniol, Philippa and OtTtrudo. Ger-
trudu is ongngod to Nntlmniul and loves Walter. IMiilippa
lovoH Nuthanu'l and inurriea a certain Dr. Dulo, wIioho
4io<iuaintunco wo luo not porniittod to make. Philippa, Gertrude,
Aun rt'altor, who is a popular but shallow niiitiion preacher, b< conio
substantial and (^vcii interesting personalities in the latter half of
the book ; Nathaniel, though we spend much time m exploring
!iis mental operations, romains shadowy to the last. Miss Hal-
four reminds us of tho.se actors of whom the dramatic critic says
" They work very hard." If she would Ixi content to tell us
what nnpiwned in fewer wonis she would wiitj a much more
silccos-tful book. The long pagei of description of interiors,
mental or domestic, do very little to help on the story, and
require, if they are to bo written at all, more knowledgoi.f men,
women, and thinj^s than is possessed by the aiithorof this novel.
If she had taken more trouble over incident and dialogue, of
which there is very little in the book, her labour would have been
apeut to very much bettor purpose.

The Rev. Alfred Church, whose tales of the Ancient time
Iiavo long been so deservedly popular, writes in LoKns of thk
"WoRLO (Blaukio) of the fall of Carthago and of Corinth, those
stout enemies of mighty Home who )>erislied in the same year
juid were visite<l by the same fate. The canvas is vast, but the
artist is skilful ; he groujis— or, as ho modestly says, he
attempts to group picture.sijue incidents round the person of
a young Oroek wlio struggles in vain to resist the destiny of the
connuering race. As wo lead we feel with C'leanor the power and
the fascination of the '• Lords of the World," who, great as thoy
were, could not escatio the doom of their enemies. For " the
day when Rome rid herself of her rivals seemed to some of her
more thoughtful sons t*) be the first of her corruption and
<!ccline. "

CoiTCsponbcncc.

" THE NOVEL."

TO THE EDITOK.
Sir,— May I be allowed to give expression to the feeling of
i'Utenso relief with which I have looked through the first two
numbers of Litcratnr'-. From its title, I had fo aretl that it would
ooudoscend to notice nothing but fiction ; for it is my
oxperience, gathered from the conversation of many dinnertables
and most clubs, that most of those who discuss what they are
pleased to coll "literoturo" are apparently under the impression
thot literature isonlyanother word for the last batch of nownovols,
and that the expression ''literary people" moans exclusively the
men and women by whom this and former batches of novels have
boen protlucod. That there are such things as history,
biography, poetry, philosophy, travel, criticism, the essay,
and that these also, at least, may be literature, is a belief
which I suppose I picked up somewhere in my yjuth,
which I cling to in my old age, but which I should certainly never
have deduced from most of the talk that I hoar to-<lay, nor. I will
add, from much of the writing that I read. I am glad, however,
to perceive that you, Sir, are also apparently an .idhcrent to the
same old-fashioned opinion. While giving, perhaps, too much

•poee to notices of fif<t!<m, ynti n-it nnly roo<>((tiiz4> tb* «xist«ae«

of history, )> . . soienoe, and tnn

minor v.r-e, i _ reviews of sobm of

with the moat dist: place aiul the moat

, : i^i'u in your ooliiraiM. 1^ ich pleAso otioopt th*

grateful thanks of Your obedieot aenrant,

A FOOEY.

HISTORICAL ACCURACY IN FICTION.

TO THE EDITOR.

[HJ for your permission to comment on certain
poll i •! by yr)ur notice of my story, " The Hon of

th'i (.liar ■' / Vour reviewer reganls as questionable history the
description of Peter's wife Kudoxie in her retirement at the
Convent of Soiuilal. My authority ia a summary by M. Eugitno
Melchior de Vogue of the Russian historian Ustrieloff's account
of the trial of Alexis. Thero became engrafted on this trial ~-

" Li ••nqui'to do .'fonrxlal \ ' do

rinterro. la princesso .Marie AlexoTema, un re

partit j)oii. • -...^..Lil. . Ci'tait la que I'imptfratr ' r xie

avait pris le voile, apri>s le divorce de li^>U8, soua le U' r.i <l ^ i tir

Hi^leno. On le croyait ^bi >"oin«. ... J^ i, -< are

frappa ik la porte dii n. ans so fairo coin:, • • <t ^ int

droit Ji lacellulede s<ii;: ii Au lieu de \:\ ; I'il

s'attenduit ik trouver, il surprit la line femrno I'l e.

Autour d'elle, des ooffros tftaiont ouvorts, on ■>■*

et de rijhes costumes. . . . I/os religieiuM!.-^ a

parler . . . ; un oflicier de recrutemcnt, un if,

^toit depuis longtompsen liaison Ave<: I'ex-tsarino , uu le Vkiyait
passer le soir, so rendant h, la cellule d'Eudoxio. Une occur
profes-so, qui vivait elle-meme avec I'avou^ da convent, ^rirait
et portait tes messages de I'ex-tsarine ii rofhcicr,"

With regard to the rise of Catherine I offer another quota-
tion, in which the historian Solovioff is fidlownd : —

" Kn 17Ii, durant la dosastrcuso ' <-

rine donna la mosure do I'unergie de - us

bijoux (loar solder les troupes, releva Iciir : re

a sortir de rutto t'preuve ; dans IVlan de il

c^le'bia publii|Uoment son mariogo avec la capuvc ne jiarien-
bourg, la n: reconnoitre imiM-ratrice, etc."

With reference to the person and character of Peter, I may,
without defending my own portraiture, jMjint to the marvellous
divergence of views respecting him, from his own times until
now. Even as to his stature, I have read close upon a hundrml
studies, essays, and biographies, in whi' ' ranges

from five feet ton to seven feet in height. 'J iracter,

Steele, writing in the KRtth S/tfrlntor, aa an admirer, in 1711,
compares " this God-like Prince " with Louis XIV. of FVunco,
and much to the disadvantage of the 7ronch King. Daniel
Defoe, though referring to the Tsar in a less friendly tone, gives
him credit for his gracious manner, &c. The opinion of foreign
contemporaries has nat, in Peter's case, been the verdict of
history. Hut the unsavoury anec<lotos current altout him after
his death are traceable, I think, mainly to Germany, where they
wore much improve«l upon by Frctlerick H. of Prussia and the
Margravine of Iteyreuth. In conclusion, I may say, in res[)ect
of other and undoubte<l departures from history, that my humble
book must only defend itself behind the shelter of its title-pogo,
where it is descrilx>d, though with a qualification, as a
" romance."

Your obedient servant.

JAUES M. GRAHAM.

•»* We admit that there is much obscurity as to the treat-
ment of Etidoxie ; but she was deprive<l of resources by the
Tsar, and against the quotation given bv Mr. Graham from
Ostriolotf may be place<l the letter from " Sister Helen " to her
brother, reoorde<l by the same historian, describing her condi-
tion. Thero is, of course, authority for the view taken of the
rise of Catherine. bathereagain <>*-■ ' •''■— > •> : " >- nsnlted
with advantage, as also the work trans-
lated into Knglish. As to Peter ! >,,,. ...,,,, ....;,.,., .ug Mr.

Graham's diliiience as a student and the courtesy of his proteat,
we cannot alter our opinion that even the greatest admirers of
the Tsar have never dared to draw so ideal a picture as is
presented in this novel.

LITERATURE.

[November 6, 1897.

Jotcion letters.

FRANCE.

M. Geffroy i« interesting for itTeral minor ream n* quite
ap«rt from the sp»ci«l one waich makes hiin one of the most
happilj-endowed writer* on all that in-rtains to art in the
Pan* of to^ar, and he is intereating fur special reasons

lie of those who, like M. Arsi-ne

r date than that loarne<l critic,

of the English landscape

litists, not to speak of the

- lent of French painting

i':i»»«i le Detroit," aud M.

, lie articles whicli he con-

/>s, have since contiinied

with the results of the

Hut M. tiustare Gt-ffroy has the

(liat he was one of the very first

ice to his countrymen. From the

on another minor claim njwn our

roy has lieun indo{Hindent and

. n the ManetH, the Monots, and the

.11 Uio I'lil days M. Zola and M. Huysniaiis

|vt'rod lances. With them and with the Gon-

Ituso him to bo one of their Academy ; he is

heirs — he defended the cause of sincerity

Tinst the academic spirit crystallize<l

'y sorry protlucts prinluced by French

,■ .L.i- ...,,.■.....•...- . i .^. I. nine the Prix do Kome. The five volumes

of his '• 1a Vie Artistitpio ' are com]>act with the strong tissue

, f r ,.. 5Mitli.,i "k iM.l. niioal WTiting in this struggle of two ilecades,

hantly last year with the introtluction into

.ilery of the much-maligned Caillebotte colk'c-

aiwhile M. Geffroy had found time to apply his prin-

nrt to an admirable little biography of Blanqui,

■a6 " (Charpcntier), a study which would

ine and which revealed in its author one of

of the time. The book is untranslatable and

in the original.

->i, imysmans, who is kno%m to English readers chiefly as

the author of " En Route," h.is gone to Holland to visit his

family, after having completed his new book " La Catbedrale."

The volume cannot appear until the beginning of next year,

)„,» otr-.-.i,- n... ,,.,. of \if speedy puI)Iication has aroused

-. This is a fact which is worth rccortl-

:. . - _, cars ago a new book by Uuysmans would

nto not more than two editions at the most. To-doy.

'' and " En Route " are in their eighteenth and

:d editions rcspoctivelv, and collectors pay from 16 to

■or the firrt editions, which it is now almoet impos-

Bihla to iiiid of the earlier works — " ilaithe," " A Van TEau,"

" Im Drngeoir aux Knices," " Croiiuis Parisiens," " La

1' re," " Les Steurs Vatards," and even "A Kebours."

'. "t all of M. Huysmans's first books were printed in

lirasfels.

The anthor's full name is Joris-Karl Hnysmans, a fact

whirh roav help to explain a number of un-Frcnch characteristics

Ki his style. \et his fame has become so coiii)ilctely Fiench that

■■: Kriissels ho is as little known as 10 years ago he was in Eng-

1. It was t4> a great exti-nt the Goncourts whose spprecia-

•"r-t .iffra. t. <I iti. iiti..,, to the work of a man who, as nn

. has discreetly avoided the self-

any of his French contemporaries

l<iil It was the kindred artistic impulse of the

t that firrt cave him publicity.

il- Jii '■ whom at Taine's death his matitlo fell,

i« rontirn: ' i« " Literarj' History of the English

' ' ntH dealing with the early Tudor

!• very long. They will appear in
" their final publication in a
KlerH are to have the K)>ecial

" ' •- ' • '■.' rharm

•d and

.uiieful itsadii . •• fimt fniit« of this

. OS it may l>e r the studies wore

.1:0 wa^, vtdtn pat$ai-l wliith appearc<l in recent

■inopolu, are to receive additions ; the articles are

to be remodelled, civen book shape, and published very soon at
Armand Colin's. In all probability Mr. Unwiii will give an
English e<litioii of them. Lot mo mention, furthermore, while
speaking of M. Juswornnd, that ho has just I'ten reading tho
proof.s, as the editor of the brilliant and famous little cerios of
monographs on French writers known aa Lc (iranih Einvaint
t'lanraU, i>f M. LajToumet'.s Itncinr. I know, moreover, that this
new study by the authiT of Mani-aur is a very fine piece of
appreciation, clear and clever in criticism.

A Sunday afternoon, that of the 24th October— the date and
the place and the naine.s of the friends who contributed to the
distinction of this/id should bo mentioned with that precision
of realism ujwn which tlie great artist in question so rigorously
insisted — wos chosen for the inauguration of the monument
erected in the Tare Moiueau, in Paris, to the memory of Guy de
Maupassant. M. Henry Housnayo, the Academician, nnd M. Henri
Roiijon, the director of line arts, and M. Einilo Zola were there,
each with u sjiecial right and each with characteristic ability,
honouring the work of the author of Furt romnif hi Mort. Hut
of these tlireo SI. Zola wa.s best fitted to state the nature of this
work. He saw MaupoHsant intimately at the beginning of tho
latter's career. Ho watched his talent, which had 1 eeii at Fchool
to Flaubert, l)ecome impular, while remaining distinguished and
refined. Flaubert (lead, indeed, it was at first about M. Zola
that tho little company of writers, whoso preliminary renderiups
of life when they appeared together in the famous .*»'oiifM dc
Meudau announced the victory of the author oi MaiUimc Horarxj,
rallied for tho campaign which was to bring honour to the namo
of Hnysmans, as well as to that of the chief, but iiro-eminently
to tliat of Guy de Maupassant. Maupassant was tno finer artist
of tho throe, as M. Huysmans was tho most siiecial genius and
M. Zola the mo.st consistent and most logical defender of tho
principle inscribed on tho banner of these enemies of the romantic
tale. It has luudly heou noted, moreover, how Tmrtioularly sonio
of tho happiest artistic characteristics of tho form assumed by
Maupassant's talent were determined by tho fact of his being
driven to express himself within the conditions imposed by tho
sitace at his disposal in the I'aris newspapers. This constraint
helped him to invent tho modern French form of tho short-storv,
the short-story witli a hyphen. It was his princii)le to deal only
with life, but, occupiixl throughout tho daj' in a Government
office, ho had not the time to attempt so long a iran.scrii)t of life
as it was within tho j)ower of his master Flaubert, whoso time
was his own, to attempt and, in fact, to carry to coiiii>lotion.
The first two columns of the Paris newspaper oftcred him a frame
of just tho dimensions suitable to tno few images on which
Maupassant found it possible at tho start to transcribe his incon-
clusive imjiressions. He recortled what came under his vision
with a fearlessness and an accuracy, and an exact felicity in tho
choice of the word, which made bis masterly littlo sketches as
delightful in their pitiless precision as are any one of those
sketches by Grandville. which hang on the walls of tho museum
at Nancj' ; and tho public to which ho appealed was abundantly
composed of readers with a faculty of clear sight almost as special
as that of Maupassant himself. Henco his intelligibility, and
hence his rapid and immense success. Ho gained speedily a
voguo which lie kept to the end. Tho need for a statue in his
honour was bonn<l, therefore, to bo quickly felt in the Paris
which so constantly counted on him. That statue has now been
place<l at one of tho most exquisitolv Parisian [loints of tho
capital. It is tho work of tho sculptor Itaoul Verlet, and consists
of a bust of tho writer, high placed on a i>edestal, at the foot of
which sits a young woman in an attitude of reverie after tho
perusal of a story of Maujias.sant which sho holds in her hand.
It is only the voguo of the artist— tho later voguo among, perhaps,
just those readers who wcro tho least indifferent to the great
qualities that justified that vogue — which is hero represented.
Tho statue is not quite the one that literary artists would have
c<mceived. Its accont is too Parisian, and tho tone, after all, of
Maupassant's work was more general than that. It is not
unlikely, however, that it is jtist such a memorial of his achieve-
ment OS would have charmed the imagination of Maujiassant
himself.

A cass interesting to men of letters is to come before tho
Paris Courts. Tho author of Frrdrnnndr, a drama played for the
first time at the I'lrmidir Franfai.v last May, was fo hurt by the
.1... f„l irony of which he was tho object, and tho advico

nistored to him in M. Jules Lemaitre's criticism of bin
ill tlio tUrne df» Dchj- ^^u7ldc.^, that ho has decided to seek
from tho Law Courts, and has sued M. Ferdinand
I ' , the editor of tho Review, It should be stated, how-

over, that M. Alfnxl Dubout, the author, had written to M.
Brnn(<liere a long reply to M. Jules Ijomaitre, of which ho
reaiiested the insertion, but which M. Brundliiire refused to
puulisli. It remains to Lo seen whether tho I'oria magistrates

November G, 1897.]

LITERATURE.

AiiUnl,

Mrill oonsidor theniHolvos mithorizod to dociilo ai to tho
the privilogoH of oviticiiiin, and arrogate t<
80 iiiuonKi»l4mt witli till) iiatiirf <if tliut jiiil
(lid not liOHitato t<> court
apprc-ciatioiiH of lay uiul |>i

M. DulKdit'a concoptii'ii ol lliu luii ol tiiu Cuiu in woulil .-euin
to l)0 vory like tho notion held tindur tho '• olii riifimr " by
bolittvers in l' I" il iirivilojics of litornry •■■
that of tho > I'ln of thu Imlix, wImlIi I.

onu of till) fi 1 iMioks Rioit diHuiioit throt: ri.ii.u

/i/iVM, tho " History of Frani^o," written bv i

of tho Horbonno, and by M. Oobidour, a )i

Ministry of Education. Ah a niattor of aoniu <

intcruat, it in worth whili) (|Uotinf; fn 111 this |io|'i

manual tho sort of |iasKa);o wliiuh boa, no doubt, xt'ouiod to tho

Uoniaii Connors to warrant thia rigour. With rofuionco to tho

crusades tho joint authors euy : —

" Those wars, which cost tho lives of many thouaanda of
men, woro not just, for they had us tlioir main object to force
)>eu|ilua to cliani;u their religion. Ultimately, moreover, they
altogether failed, and had as a result to render more violent tliat
hatred of the Mussulman again.st the Christian which still to-<lay

is so deplorable. Tho Cojics, furthermore, after hnv- Iioil

crusadoa against tho Mussulman, finally ordoiod th' the

Christiuiii<. Thus it was that tho Albigeois, a j>opi.i... the

south of Franco which did not understand tho Cliri.stian religion
ill tho same way aa Uiu Catholics, and who had a ]>erfoct right
not to do so, wore exterminated at tho beginning of the 13th
century by tho will of Innocent III., oi a con.soiiuenco of an
nboininablo war in which tho crusadera conducted theniaelvcs as
.savages or wild beasta."

After this citation it is not dillicidt to imagine the tone of tho
ostimato of that great act and groat blunder of tho reign of Louia
XIV., tho Revocation of tho Kdict of Nantes. But tliis auflieos
to indicate the spirit of laic instruction in Franco and tho con-
stantly alert attitude of the Homan cenaora.

liniitfi of I ftnallT finds a homo as dirf-rtn'im of a rr-fuso for poor ctitMr«n

RUSSIA.

The present year has not been productive in liuaaia of any
very remarkable work, cither in liction or in any other depart-
ment of literature ; and, although there is no paucity of talent
amongst modern Kiissian authors, man}- of their writings fail to
appeal to tho iesthotic souse, and leave the reader unsatistied on
account of tho absence of tho ideal and the excessive roaliain
to Im) mot with in their work. Tho reason of this is not far to
seek. Economical dovelo]inicnt, or, in other words, the pursuit
of money-making, is what almost exclusively occujiics all classes
of society in Russia as elsewhere in tho present day: agriculture,
trade, indiKstrj-, stock exchange business, tho promoting of
various companies, iVc, aro its objects and interests; and, as
literature niu.st necessarily rellect the conditions of the life of
tho country, it no longer portrays ideal heroes and heroines and
romantic situations, but tho everyday working life of the men and
women, cliielly from the merchant and peasant classes, to be met
with in tho various fields of labour, and therefore assumes a realistic
cliaractur. It is to bo regretted that the usual amount of dirt
and disgusting detail apparently regarded as a necessary part of
such writings is not absent from them ; yet there is also a great
deal of purity to bo met with in the work of modern Russian
authors, even in tales of illicit love, and it is not exclusively
sonsual, as is tho case with too many oxamiilcs of contemporary
French literature, which api<eal to the lower senses even in
descriptions of nature. Indeed, tho possion of love is frequently
entirely absent from Russian works of liction, and wo very often
find so-called novels which are in reality rather chronicles of
peasant life or of life under various social conditions, and
contain no lovo story whatever.

Such a one is Nemirovitch-Dantchenko's great novel
" Wolf's Greed," which first appeared in tho mag:-/.ino Noroyc
Storo, and was published as a whole in 1807. Tho action takes
place between the years 1885 and 181*3, and therefore includes
the terrible year of tho famine. Tho scene is laid iu a lonely
part of Southern Russia, and the novel is the history of
iv usurer, who, having risen from the peasant class himself, has
by dint of extortion ond robbery accumulated vast wealth, and
has gradually drawn into his toils and ruined nearly all the
inhabitants of tho little town, l)eginning with a retired general,
whom ho gets named as director of tho bank, which he contrives
to defraud under cover of tho signature obtained bv false pre-
tences from the simple-hearted old man. Another of his victims
is tho widow of a landowner, an energetic young woman who has
come to live among tho jvasants with the idea of helping them
and improving her own estate liesides, and who, having ruined
herself during tho famine striving to feed tho starving (teoplo,

of i!
in I

of him.
viou.ily
lovi
the

:i this chi

f is ,1 ni

.1 hlL

ui U»u isiuvr

Wolf's Greed

t>«
l«

i;t

I..-

will ro-

!•.■:

intii.

IIv fn

stern, gluoiay picture i
Conditions of life,
rem ' ' '

is t :

novci. '
one of t!
sorv.' fi

talci.: _ ^ ........

and in comparison with utln

abort. They aro mostly j

cliaractor, the clevornesa of which con,

and never fails to awaken interest .

even provoking passionate di.ipiitea and \\i

Such wbs the caao with one of tho most fam<

tales, " Ward No. 0, " i ' ' "

lunatic wanl of a hospit

neglect, and cruelty thai i"uia

some 2«X) versta from a niilway. i

rc&liatic, esp<'^' ■"•• •''■■ ■!■ -^'i' ''■

very ward of t

Tolstoy's " L) .. .1. 1 ...

power of tho author are undenial

found impression on the mind. 1

how the waiter in a great hotel in Moacow, having fallen

and been unable to save anything, is coniioHed to

turn with his wife and chihl t"> Tiia nat 'e.

his remembrmnccs of childhood he has

his birthplace as something bright and

when he enters tho izba ho is oven fnc

close, so unclean d ' ' ' '

only in the izba ; •

all sides. Of rest uii.i i

bility. .Ymongst his <■

gue.**t .■inoilii-r TiKioili :

but

and

his wife and child ::

aspirations after fl.i

been found in prayer. tSlie iHiheves that, iikb

somehow she will be frovidcd for. To c<*t i

anxiety, and she goes oway from tho

the windoWB of tho wealthier (H^asants

Bttke. Such is the story. Hut, if

not Ho there ; it lies in the ten i

ranco and help' - •■■ '• - •

folded before ;

affronts tho us.; . i

the light less darkness in which the village is wi

such things have been ilescribed many tin\i

fail to arouse interest in Russia on account of the i;'

tho life depicted to that of the cultured classes tl

them. They have their 1180 also in directing attent.

tiona and conditions of life that might otherwise imsa .. I,

and doubtless on this account they form • favourite theuio u itli

the more aerious Russian writers of the pre-wnt day

In referring to tali s of {>oasant lif.
regret the silence of Count Tolstoy.
*' Master and Man " we have bad no witk .i
pen. .\11 his leisure time is said to have been
txiok on Art, shortly to be t-i i.-i.-i i.* -■ i
add as little to his lit<irarj- r- o

Moscow jMipers, however, onu. .-..,.. ..._: _ .. ;.,.. ;i-

iiig a novel of peasant life, and we can only trtut they are cor-
rectly infornuHl.

After Tchekhov's somewhat depressing writings it is re-
freshing to turn to one of Potapenko's last tales, " Fate." Like

nis

liWl.

>'��

Ml.

'. '•

!>0
t,

i.i vho
passe*
: V uniX

■>•

ill

rc-

e. In

ok to

; now

rk, so

i- not

.1 . on

"i-

Fo get

viif;,

to 1

not to

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m his

ov his

LITERATURE.

[November 6, 189^

hu oeUbnted '* RuaaUn Priest," kno«m to Eiigliih roaden
thrtMigh Xht Ute Mr. OauMon't trwulution it i« a story of the
clarical life which ha« furnithod Potaf>onko with all his )M>it
•ubjcota. An ambitious mutlier forms the j roject of marrj-ing
her son, who is about to bo ordaincKl <l<«i«onn anil must therefore
fint be marriwi. to the daughter of " v jwasant and miller,
inaUad of to one of the undowered "( tbi- neighbouring
clargy, m is generally the custom in sun ims^b. Hvt huil»and,
an eMj-coing elderly priest, allows her to do as she likes,
although It is »--■■-• ' ■— v -' - r,d the mother thinks she
will have but Ir. i Vnssia, a dreamy, in-
dolent youth, ui.u ..-.-.le will of his own. How

the dreamer awak"!". lie nullur's buxom daughter A-ery

different from the nl - . „ «■, bmwn-eyoil niaideu of Ids fancy,
Mtd unknown to his mother persuades her to refuse him, is
ihaniiin;;K tn!,1 Thanks to ttio help of a friendly widowed
I ;s anite<( in three days' time, with

u . to those unaoquuintod with tlic

WKv* of UuAUitn > . 'les, to the orphaned daughter

of a docossod cleric, of Father Martiri's, who exactly

realixes the ideal m^iikii <>l the young man's dreams. The
miller's daughter is happily married to a prosj>erous young
pcniint, and all ends well. It is a slight ston,-, but full of
charm and freshness ; the country life, the simple people, the
genial figure of Father Martiri, the young people's friend, who is
■0 stout that he has to have a kibitka mada on purpose to hold
him, are all delightfully described, and it would be hanl to find
a talo that would leave a more pleasing impression on the mind.

A strange plav has just been acted in St. Petersburg; it is
entitled"TheEvi[rit,orDitoh,"and is byayoung author named
FolomJcff. When it came under my notice some months ago, I
was struck by the apparent impossibility of such a piece ever
being rtipresente<l on the stage ; of plot there is hardly any, of
•oanery still less, for the whole action takes pluce in one room,
and amongst the few charactcrsthat comprise the'/rn»ia<i'ji7Jfr.ioncc
there is absolutely no hero. It isasorditi story of a poor girl who,
having vainly trie<l. after the death of her paralyzed father, to
support her brother and herself by her work, is at last driven to
lea«i a life of shame in order to keep the boy at school. After a
time, tauntvd by his schoolfellows as to the way his sister gets
her living, he suspects the truth, and when he calls upon her to
deny it, and she only turns away weeping, saying it is for
his sake, ho strikes her a blow in the face, and an opportunity
being given him of rejoining his elder brother exiled to a remote
towii for a political offence, he catches at the chatice and leaves
his sister without a look. She is utterly crushed, and with the
words, " Then I am left alone ; it is terrible, terrible," the play
ends. The young girl's sacrifice of herself .somewhat reminds us
of Doetuieff sky's "Sonia," but Dostoieffsky's genius is unfortu-
nately lacking, and the work does not possess sufficient literary
merit • 'its tediousness and duliiess.

^ ' nt in character is the work of the brilliant

feuillei"in»te ISaron On-Dit, one of the Princes Hariatinsky.
who writes under that name and whose speciality is the cynical
,1,.';,.. . . ; ,. .,r i.; .1, ijfg j^d smart society in St. Petersburg.
! mostly in the form of dialogue, are a

► :. ;. the empty, vicious, pleasure-socking society

! The last of them, entitled " Lolo and l<ala." which

a, _ ut a few weeks ago, shows how society will receive and

nuike much of a woman, oven though she is known to have a
lover, as long as she remains under the nominal protection of
her husband, even though that husi and makes a shameful use of
ber beauty to indulge his oxtiavagancc ; yet as soon as she
olHains a divorce from him and marries the man of her choice,
the world turns the cold shoulder on her and treats her as a
diclattie.

Recent numbers of the magazines and newspapers have Wen

f'" '■■■' <:...:.- — 1 - - onal reminiscences of Katkotf,

t I 7(1 I' iritoinosti And the liiitxi.i

I.--. ;,... lice his death, and the occa-

•ion waa decnx :o a reprint <>f all the articles

ba erer wrote. , a remarkable pemonality no

one will dmiy, nor is there any iloubt as to the enormous in-
floacoe be ezerte<l in Russia, yet the adulation, almost amount-
ing to worship, now lavished on him appears ezcessi<re and over-
don*. e«p«'M«!ly as many persons regard the classicism he was
r' ental in introducing into Russian schools as a

' • • foaturo in the current magazines is the

d> T' An article recently api>eared in the

J' ' ■7v rn,i;:ii.i:iiing that Pushkin was not nearly such

a , r. it ; •<t as is cen»rnlly BiipiK)se<l, and, in fact, that poets
•!•< li iut tho PoliahMickieiricz and others were infinitely siijierior
tu him. Now another article, this time by Soluviotf, a well-
known critic, baa been published in the same magazine asserting

that Pushkin's early and tragic death waa by no means a matter
of regret, for ho was no longer cajiablo of further enrich-
ing Russian literature. Of course, other writers are found
taking up the defence of the great Russiun poet ; but in
Russia, as abroad, the taste for romantic pinery is on the decline,
and as Hyruii is now but little read in Kngland, so I^ishkin's
works, with tlie exception of his " Kvghenii Unegnin," find but
few readers in Russia.

THE UNITED STATES.

As one thinks of one's impre.ssion that .\meri:a to-day lacks
such men of letters and most of all such )><>ets as wo used to have,
a quatrain of Father Tabb's comes to mind :- -
" Their noonday never knows
What names immortal are :
'Tis night alone that shows
How star surjiasscth star."
This litt!e verso, entitle<l " Fame," is from the volume of Lyrics
which he published la.tt sjiring. .Just how much recognition that
book has had, or the volume of poems which preceded it, ono
hardly knows ; but as one grows familiar with them one feela
more and more sure that no poems written in this country have
been better able to stand the test of familiarity. They are not,
so far as one could tee, typically American : they might have
been made wherever the poet who made them chanced to have
been born or to live : but they could never have Ictnmode

by any but a true poet, nor yet by any other poet than the
gentle priest, a professor in Maryland College, who has made
them what they are.

Two little volumes of reprints which have appeared within a
week or two rather confirm the suggestion of Father Tabb's
quatrain. Professor Bliss I'erry, of Princeton, who is en-
uiusiastically editing a series of " Little Masterpieces," ha»

i'ust brought out his tirst volume, containing seven of the best-
;nown tales of Poe ; ond the Harpers, under the apt title " Ars
Recto Vivendi, ' ' have collected some of the pleasant essays on how
one ought to live, which Mr. (ieorge William Curtis coiitribute<l
to the well-known Easy Chair of llat]>i-i'.i MiKjnzinr. Roth of
these books are attractive in aspect—the kind that one likes to
slip into one's pocket when in doubt as to what one wants
there ; and the contents of both, it is needless to aay, deserve
the care which has been given them. All the same, sa
one turns the pages, one has reassuring thoughts. Poe's name is
one of the chief in our American past ; and though Poe's star
surpasses that of Curtis there is little tlanger yet awhile
that Curtis will be forgotten. The two, different as they
are, fairly typify our older time, for which now and
again one is apt to sigh ; one is glatl to have both re-
membered and revived, yet one can hardly feel, as one reads
either tales or essays, that such work as this is unapproachable.
A book promised us before wint«>r may fairly bo hoped to contain
things as well worth preserving as the best in those. Mark
Twain is to give us a new vohiiiie of travels. Ho is a puzzling
figure, largely because the oddity of his humour combines witf»
the obvious crudity of his early work to make one think him
merely clownish ; but whoever has read " Huckleberry Finn," to
take a single example, must feel that a man who can write like
Mark Twain at his best is one to reckon with in any serious esti-
mate of national literature. Whotever el.se, he has a power rare
in mcKlcm times — to use a big word for want of a little one,
he can write in the Odysseian stylo. Assuming this character or
that, he can take you through episode after episode, whether of a
trip to Palestine or of a drift on a raft down tlie Mississipj)!, and
somehow can combine these disjointeil things into a coherent
panorama of a human epoch which, like any < ther, is boun<l to
t>ass. In a century or two, one inclines to think, people may
begin to discover that these queer things, which their groat
grandfathers thought more nonsense for a spare hour, nave
in them, for all their crude whimsicality, something of the
quality which makes the Odyssey or Don (Quixote so ilastingly
human. Mark Twain is not a Cer>*autes, of course, and lai
less a Homer ; yet at times ho can make one think of both.
And the beauty of it is that you cannot imagine him suspecting
the fact for a moment. All of which, significance and un-
consciousness alike, one likes to believe characteristically
American.

Characteristically American in a very different way is tlio
biography privately printe<l in Hoston a few weeks ago and now
nnoiitrusively put bef()re the public. This is the "Memoir of the hit f>
Mr. Robert < .Winthron," prepared for the Masenchusetts Histori-
cal Society byhisson, who bears thesamoname. The Massachusetts
H istorical Society is one of the few Icameil boclies in America
which, by strictfy limiting their mcmbciship, liavu preserved

November 6, lfi97.j

LITERATURE.

their cnriH>riito (li(;iiity. It may (1i>iibtlei)ii bo o»ll«(l i>r<>viiici»l,
looal, old fng'^y : ^"^ nobody oiiii <)oiibt tlmt it ntally nwiiitatns
tho tratlitioriN of Now KiigUiid, or that itn piiblioationii, though
RotnutimDH of ohictly anti<|uariiin iiitoroat, iiru •txculloiit iii thuir
kind. Afr. Winthroi) was pronidi'iit of tliu aooioty for thirty
yoant ; annoiit«<l thom. For two reas<iiiii ita value if
morti than local or toniporory ; in tho llrnt i>Ucii, aftor an interval
which ban allnwoil tho |ianRiiiiiii of our Civil Wnr to cool, it aeta
forth with ultor nimiiliiity and fidolity tho careor of a man, who,
in 1W7, lioforo ho was forty yuam old, was Sp<<akor of thu
national IIouho of it«[irogontAtivus ; who found himsnif nnablo,
in tho timo whon tho xtorm wim i^athorini;, to ally hini8olf with
any movement which onilnngoroii tho Union ; who retired a/"conl-
incly from puhlio lifo, pmhubly tho least uni1orstoo<l of Amurioan
piibfic mon ; who livo<l to bo cullo<l in bin old aj'o tho firatcitixen
of tho I'nitod Statos ; and whom thoso who know him l)Oit
foeliovo to merit tho epitaph under which ho lion :— " Rminont
as a Scholar, an Orutor, a Statesman, and a Philanthropist ;
above all, a Christian." In tho Hocon<l placo, evon if this
Memoir concornud a man and a time of small historic interest it
would remain iiotublo for tho rare ipiality of its stylo. Tho
youncor .Mr. Wintlinip is not widoly known us a man of letters :
it is doubtfid, indeed, whether ho bus over published anything
except in the prooediugs of the Matwucliusotts Hi.storicul
Hociuty ; but nolxHiy who has written in America has written
bettor, and few writers of English anywbore have written
so well.

Nothing liko so diatinguishod in stylo, but forall that a book to
consider with ros|M'ct, is ilio " Lifo of (Jonoral llolwrt E. Leo,"
just writtJin by Professor H. A. White, of Washington and Lot)
College, the institution of which (Jonoral Leo Iwcanie Pitisidont
«ft«ir tho close of tho Civil War. Of course. Professor White's
sympathies are stroni;ly Southern ; if they were not ho ooid<l not
adequately deal with IjOo. One of the most welcome phases of
American f(>oling nowadays, however, is that strong aymoathy
with tho Sonth no longer roi)ols tho temper of Nortboi'n readers —
at least among those to whom tho War is n matter of history
and not of passionate memiry. This book will help to confirm the
growing sentiniont that Loo is one of our national heroes, as
«uroly as HamiMlon is one of England's. Two other books of
rather pijndar history, which anpcarod at about the same timo
Professor White's, perhaps deserve at least |>assing notice as

chariM;tori»tically American. Tho first is a " History of American
Christianity," by tho Hov. Ijoonard Woolsoy ilocon, one of the
well-known Kacon family, of New Haven ; it ap[H)ai's on cursory
examination to set forth with more clearness than one woulil
expect the bewildering story of tho dissidunco of dt!i.sent, tho
Protestantism of the Protestant religion. The second is a work,
uniform with tho other, in which the Rev. Paid Van Dyke, a
graduate of Princeton, now Minister of the Church at North-
jimpton, Afassachusetts, where Jonathan Edwards preached,
sets forth the history of tho Papacy during the Henaissance, or,
as he prefers to call it, tlio Kenascence. The American cha-
racter of this work does not transpire from tho title ; but if Mr.
Van Dyke is responsible for the headlines of his pages he has
enriched tho English language. One of the Popes — Sixtus V.,
we will say at a venture— is described in capital letters as a
■" nepot."

Two volumes of essays which have just appeared seem
«qually worth attention from whoever is intemsted in the con-
temporary trend of .\merican thought. One, entitIo<l " The
Personal Equation," is by Professor H. T. Peck, of Columbia
College, or, as the grandiloquent fashion of the moment ardently
prefers to call .American seminaries of learning nowadays,
Columbia V'nivorsity. Of this College, it will l)o remembered. Mr.
><eth Ijow, the Reform candidate for the Mayoralty of (iroater
New York, has for some years been president, aiul Professor Pock is
editor of tho llookiuan. His essays are mostly on American
subjects. One, for example, is about Mr. Howella, another
about President Cleveland. A glance at them suggests that if not
permanent contributions to the higher thought, tney are at least
individual and sincere, and that the individual sincerity
which pervades them is of a kind which would never
have developed in any other environment than that of Now York
City. The other is a thoughtful Imok by Mr. Delos F. Wilcox
on the " Problems of City Government." These, which are
among tho most disturbing in this country, he sots forth with
courage if not with clieorfulness. The closing wortls of his
book, to which ho leads his readers with obvious care, are
■" Democrocy is at stake." No four wonls coubl bo more typical
of what Mr. Wilcox, probably with justice, believes tho tennier
of this country to be. To enlightened thought, one may assume,
■democracy, like autiicracy, is only a moans to tho end of law,
order, and siK-ial happiness, to bo judged by its reaults. To Mr.

Wilroi, or at least to th« [Mibliohea'i
itoelf as a fetinh, to \m worabippwl :>
over wa« bjr cavalier.

praaents
ns right

THE DUCHE8S OF TECK.
In connexion with the lamented death of tho Ducheaa
of Te«k we nay bo allowed to exprMS tho regret which the
literary public, in common with tho entire nation, will frel at
tho loaa of so sympathetic a personality and the oloae of a life
in which the duties attaching to high station wete so thoroughljr
and conscientiously recognised.

Tho circumstances under which the dramatic death of
Mr. Hbxhv (JsoRiiE took place made it, at the moment, chiefly
of political importance. He was tho Socialist and Labour can-
didate for the Mayoralty of Oraater New York, and die<l on
October 20 of a]M>pIoxy, brought on by the work and excitement
of the electoral contest. If ho never attained a poeition of
political im[>ortance, he will have a distinct place in tha
history of pamphleteering literature. Few IrofkuitM, if on*
may so describe It, attracted so widespread an interest
both in England and America as " Progress and Poverty,"
published in 1870. (ieorge was bom in 1839, and after spending
some timo at sea he settled in California in IS.'itf, where he was
struck by the monojiolies in land granted to powerful corpora-
tions. He was led to believe that private property in land was,
both on abstract and jiractical grounds, nulically wrong ; and ho
devised a scheme for ousting proprietors by appropriating rent in
tho form of taxes. His theory was explaine<l at length in
"Progress and Poverty," and, unsound as tho work vas in much
of its argument, it was read with keen interest not only on
account of tho audacity of its proposals, but of its easy flow of
language and tho real power with which some parts of tho case
were presentetl. The book did much to stimulate thought. It
ex|>osed abuses, but it also revealed the weakness of the remedies
propose<l by tho school of reformers for which the author spoke.
A more valuable work was bis " Protection an<l Free Trade," a
very instructive contribution in the interests of Free Trodo to the
taritr controversy, and one which exercised a wide influence in
the Presidential campaign of 1892. In 1H80 Mr. Uoot;^ had
aettletl in New York as a journalist. He was the editor of a
weekly periodical called tho Stawtai-'i, and was recognized as
one of the leaders of the Socialist party in tho city. He was
an unsuccessful candidate for the mayoralty in 1886. With his
social and political opinions we are not hero concerned. Though
ho had a considerable following in tho United States ho was
more impressive as a writer than as a speaker, and bis failure
to influence permanently any large section of his Englisli
readers was due not to any distrust of tho man — for his honesty
was acknowledge<l by both friends and foes— but to the fact
that the things ho bad advocate<l with his pen ho did not prove
himself able to support in controversy on the platform.

Tho Vkky Rkv. James RvRNK.Doan of Clonfert, whodio<l on
tho 'J:titl lilt., at Ergenagh iiectory, Omagh, aged 77, was a dis-
tinguished scholar of Trinity College, Dultlin. In the midst of
his clerical duties he found time for a profound study of
philology, and pnblishod •' (Jonoral Principles of the Structure
of Language " in 1885, and in 1887 •• Origin of tl;e Greek, Latin,
and (lothic Roots." i: ' ' ' lies into the bases of

literature, ho contribut iralism and Spiritual-

ism," published in 1850.

Dr. Stougutox, who died, at tho ago of 80, on Oclobe- 24,
was well known in London as tho minister of Kensington Congre-
gational ist Church, from which ho r..*;.-.,,) i,, 1874. He was one of
tho most cminentofNonc'onformi^' nd one of the founders

of the Congregational I'liion. 11 • and oj<inions naturally

led him to choose the 17th century as a field of study. In 1867 ho
published " The Ecclesiastical History of England from the
Opening of the Long Parliament to the Death of Oliver Crom-

LITERATURK

[November 6, 1897.

w»ll." and ihfe ywkrt l»t«r " The Churth of the Re»tor«tion."

Hi» fill*! contribntion, however, " Religion in KapUud from

1800tol8bl," 1 ' •' UM (iiieiitionB of to-

d*T. and ahowx ' i'i> Kouixlhoad mid

CkTklier h.' .i|.i. .i. of »o<-ts. One prcat

object of ! - to show tlmt difrureiiocB in

•ccleei--*' • "' with social and literary

friemi Mfonl. Dean Hook, Dean

Stanle.. - . "^ ; ; ' ^iiojvs Tait and Mageo are

«inpl« eridenoo of thia.

The Rkt. T. E. Bkowx, the poet and exponent of Manx
li? ' ' - "^ — Viy lost. Ho was boni and, until ho went to
i' i" Manx land. Tho son of the Vicar of

1;. . • '.■' K " _• William's College, Islo <if Man,

\»1.. :. r stiidptitship at Christ Church,

and >,; . .. careiT by winning almost the

high— t distinction (>xford had then to offer, a Fellowship
ftt Oriel. Aiter a ncriixl, spent partly in his native country'
•• ft maator at King William's Collcco and partly at the
Crypt School. <tlo«ce8t»>r, he went in 1863 to Clifton College,
where ho r until 1892 as second master. Ho was a

gnooeaaful, : teacher, who could, undoubtedly, had he

wished it, have a<jliiovc<i a wide reputation, either in the world
of letters or in pnblic affairs ; but out«ido the walls of Clifton
Gollege he is known only as the author of " Betsy Leo "
(1873), " Fo'c's'le Yarns " (1881), " The Manx "Witch "
(1889), "The Doctor" (1887), and "Old John and Other
Poems " (1893). They appealed to a somewhat limited circle of
readers and were chiefly in the Manx diale<'t ; but they won
the warm admiration of discriminating cntios and of dis-
tinriiii<lio<I « ritcrs. such as George Kliot and Browning. Mr.
I y in his old home in the Isle of Man, and

c : iially to the Xational Obaenxr under Mr.

Henley and to the Sew Revitic.

Hlotcs.

A considerable nnniber of rolumes which will not be notice<l
in LiUraturt arc at the diRposal of publishers, and will be handed
to eny one they may authorize to receive them. They will be
othMwise disposed of if not calle<l for by the 20th inst.

The publication of Mr. Meredith's Poems gives 5Ir. Artliur
Pymona the opportunity for an interesting study, in tho FoH-
nii)hil\i Reriew for N'ovomlier, of tho qualities which repel and
fascinate in Mr. Merwlith's novels. They are the work ho thinks
of a " poet straggling against the bondage of prose." He ranks
Mr. Meredith as a Deca<U'nt — taking lit<'rary Decadence in the
•eiMe of " a learned ' ' ^^ge, by which stylo coa-ses

to be organic " : air : rs of the novels will have

felt the truth of the < I iiM i-iji, - mi' impressiveness with which
nothing happens, when nothing is hap|i«ning, in itself a strain
npon the energy." It is tho poetry in the disguise of prose
wnich attracts and holds the reader— " affecting uh, in spite of
ouiH»!v<-H. a- if :i -ir.iii •!■ and beautiful woman suddenly took her
^ a Court of law." As an at+empt to

)'': his lc><<s discriminating admirers, no less

than to Uiomi wiio coat u e uc diy fail to understand him, the article
is well worth rva<ling.

• • »

V— » -.-:.... \f,-„n, OoupilandCo. will publish " Charles I."
I . LL.D. The work was completely wiitt*!n

!■ ..t .■h:.,.i,r )..(..,.. .1,. .,)...>.>, of tho author.

'I the Royal col-

I' .■ , and a number

of them have ii' ■•d. A reproiluction

will n\nn \x- ii, 1 Charles I." from a

I . . H , ,1 !;,, c:.,||vcti<m of the Earl of Roac-

!• ■'. •* i ■■• •» !;■ ;. al quarto of the same size as

" (^(UKJU Victuria," "Mary iituui," and " Cjuccn Elizabeth."

• • • •

Mr. Palsrave, whose <Ieath was notice<1 in onr iaaoe of last
week, was of Jewish extra<tioii, nrul <hn nnmc I'algmve was first
•MiilDed by his father, the ei ' 1, tho first

wofk of dir Francis i'slgrave . h of " Tho

Battle of the Frogs Mid Mice L>ears the lulluwing curious

des<<ription of its author on its title-page :— " Par M. Francois
Cohen do Kentish Town, ago do huit ans, London, 18f)7." A
remarkable instance of precocity.

« • « «

Sir Francis Palgrave's " Uiso and Progress of the English
Commonwealth," which was described by tho Kiiinhurijh Urricio
on its appearance as " the most luminous work that has ieen pro-
duce<l on tho early institutions of England," had, when first
issued, a very slow sale. Though first issues., it was at
one time to be had for IRs. Its real merit, however, asserted

itself, and its value rose to more than its original price.

« « « «

Messrs. Longmans have a good deal of interesting biogrophical
matter on their list for jiublicatioii — lives of Sir t). Savile, first
Marquis of Halifax : of Stonewall Jackson : of Sir Henry Kaw-
linson, by his brother Canon Uawlinson, with contiibutions by
Lord Kulierts ; of Cardinal Wisonian by Mr. Wilfrid Ward ; and
Professor Max Muller's Keminiscences.

« « « «

" Reviews and Essays " is to be tho title of a volume of
essays in literary criticism which the Rev. D. C. Tovey, tho
Clark Ijccturer at Cambridge, will shortly publish through
Messrs. Bell and Sons. Most of the essj^s are rejirinted from
the Ouartlinii, ond include criticisms on " More's I'topia,"
" Fuller's Sermons,' " Chesterfield's Letters," " Arnold's
Last Essays," •' Edmund Waller," " John Gay," and "Eng-
land's Helicon."

» •» «

" The Glasgow School of Painting," by Mr. David Miller,
is to be the first of a series of monogruphs on " Mo<lern British
Sehools of Painting." The series is intended to do for tho
history of English art what the iiistorians of the Schools of Art
of Italy, tho i.uw Countries, (Jeriiiany, and France have done fir
Continental art. To Mr. Miller's volume, Mr. Francis New-
bery, the Hoadraastor of the Glasgow ScIuhiI, has contributed an
introduction, in which he carefully ditrereiitiates his particular
school from those of Edinburgh, London, and Birmingham. Tho
hook will be fully illustrate<l by reproductions from paintings
by Messrs. MacGrogor, Lavery, Guthrie, Stevenson, Koche,
Walton, and others. It will bo published early in December.
» * « «

Messrs. Constable announce for publication this autumn,
among other books, a collection of Tales of the West Highlands,
by Lortl Lorne, entitled " Adventures in Legend."

« •

A correspondent writes to point out tliat in onr obituary
notice of the late Doan of Llaiidatf we inadvertently spoke of his
protest "against the dismissal oi Temple from tho headmastership
of Rugby.' Wo should, of course, have said, " the suggested
dismissal. ' '

■»•»■«

Early next year the first volume of Mr. Murray's edition of
Byron's works will be published. The chief features in tho
volume, which contains his early poetry, will be — first, an
authoritative text, carefiilly collated from tho existing manu-
scripts, proofs, and successive eilitions, and giving all the
important changes ma<lo by Hyroii from time to time ; secondly,
the addition of 11 new poems belonging to tho perio<l of the
" Hours of Idleness " ; thiidly, tho noti-s to tiie " Englisli
Bards and Scotch Reviewers," the " Hints from Horace," tho
" W'altz," and the " Curse of Minerva." The (dUimi dt Uu-r,
strictly limited in number, will contain several pictures and
portraits connected witli this |>erio<l of Byron's life, some of
which have never before been reproduced.

Mr. D. Nutt w^ritesas toourreview of Lady Magnus' "Jewish
Portraits " publishe<l last week : — " Will you allow me to say
that tho reference to a fronti8|)ieco (upon the absence of which you
naturally comment) was suffered to remain in the preface by an
oversight, an<l was only noticed after the review copies ha»l
already Imjcu sent out. It has since been cancelle<l."
» * •

\i '. Oliphant, Anderson, and Feirior aro issuing th«»

)m I sketch of '• Laily ISlaiiche Balfour," the mother ol

tli< .^.^.•■.. ilon. A. J. Balfour, in a new " booklet " style.

•

A work of much interest to liymnologists announced by Mr.
Murray is the Life and Ijetteis of the Itev. John Bacchus Dykes,
late vicar of 8t. Oswald's, Durliam. Dr. Dykes's hymns have done

November 6, 1897.]

LITERATURE.

Mr. H. S. Merriman in his " In Kodar's Tents," which we
roviewiHl roceiitly, lias been eonimendoil fur tho local colour of
his Sj>iini8h sconcB. Mr. M. Yglosias, however, writes ns to
(loint out that this is hardly compatible with what ho tlunks
shows an ij^noranco of tho Spanish language. " Concopcion,"
he says, " IS a girl's name, like Concha and ConcliiUi, 8hi>rt
for Muria do la Concc{)cion, and it is (|uito wrong to append the
cedilla to tho second soft C in it. It is common for a man to
lie christened Maria, but only as an addition to amaiicalino prefix.
Vincente is probably a slip for Vicente. EstoUa is a town in
Navarre, famous in the Carlist wars. It is not a girl's name.
Im's (Spanish for Agnos) is so sixjlt, and has not tiie dash or
*' tilde " over the n. Those are a few of the errors I remember
to have noticed when reading the book. Also ' buen ' instead
of ' bion ' or ' bueno.' I do not suppose Konda can ever have
been a Capitania General. It is probably a dependency of that
of Seville or .Malaga, and 1 think I may safely assort
that there was not a revolver in tlio place at tho timo written
of."

•» « * •

The first wlition of Lord Tennyson's Life, consistine of five
thousand conies, has been entirely exhausted, and o reprint is
announced by Messrs. Macmillan. The same publishers are
issuing a volume of sermons selocto<l from those l^nivorsity
and other Sermons by tho late Dean Vauglian which had been
allowed to go out of print.

The NiUional Ririeir for Novoml)er has an excellent article
on Tennyson by Mr. Leslie Stephen, and a readable naiier on the
Volunteer by Colonel Eustace lialfonr ; but more than half of
" Episodes of the Month " and about one-thini of the entire
Iteview is duvoied to bimetallism, solely from the bimetallic point
of view. Heaven forbid that we should express any opinion
on a subject which, more than lovo or religion, appears to
dissolve family ties and life-long fricndshiin, but (loes Mr.
Maxse really think that this or any other single subject is worth
this amount of space m what professes to bo a National Review ?
If ho d<K<s, it would be fairer at least to give both sitles, and if
he thinks there is but one side let liim call his organ the
" Bin\etallic Review " and have done with it.

Mr. William Watson, who has been spending part of tho
summer and autumn at Windermere, is said to be preparing a
oonsidorable amoinit cf new work for his volume which is to be
published towards the end of the year. This book will contain
tho alreiuly printed " Ode in May " and the noem entitled
" Tho Unknown God," which appeared in tho Foi-tni,ihtly.

Last year Mr. Tom R. Way, the well-known lithographer,
issued a series of drawings illustrative of " Roliqucs of Old
London." In that volume ho purposed to reconl only buildings
which had e.<!cai>od tho (Jrcat Fire of London. He has, however,
found one volume insuflicioiit : and he has prepared a now series, to
include the great foiuulation schools, sncli as Christ's Hospital
and tho Westminster Bluecoat School. As for the previous
volume, ilr. Wheatley has supplied the explanatory letterpress.

much for tho religious life of tho couiil.rr : and fifty-live of them
are included in " Uymiia Ancient and Moduni. " Tho Editor
is tho Rev. J. T. Kowlor, Vice Principal of Hatfield Hall

Duiliuni.

Three other Imoks of much interest from tho same publishing
house are Sir Mount Stuart (jrant Dulf's " Notes from a liiary,
Sir \VilliaM\ Anson's Autobiograjihy and political corrosiMindenco
of Augustus Henry, third Duke of (irafton, from ducumontM
hitherto unpublished in tho | o.viossion of his family, and the
.toholarly collection of original vi-rse by the I'resident of Mag-
dalen College, Oxford, entitlo<l " lly Severn Sea." A null
edition of these Poems wan printed privately in Oxford.

Messrs. A. and C Black are publishing tlie " Liturgy in
Rome," the second part of tho IlandlxHik to Christian and
Ecclesiastical Itomo, giving an historical account of tho Mass, <
Church functions, vestments, festivals, and Saints' days. Tho |
volume will bo useful fur tlie v '<-<'ii-'r :it the great Itoman Catholic |
ceremonies.

Mrs. Crawsliay, wboau |irii!«* for " Uio Ixnt •■•ayn m Kn^'I'th
written by a w.. II. ..I, ..f miv i. ..»;,, n " l,..w. I,., : ; hu (or

some years, >ws : —

Byron " 51a ; pr)M,

I'o. Byron's '• Hints Irom Horace.' —l'l(» and i;*. iiyron'a

" I*ritvrr nf Nafurr." Four prixos, i'.^ m.-h. Shcllrv'i

" P: ! "-110 and £fi. -n

the , £'.'>, and Jt3. K. ,<«

..v^iuy's address ia, caru u( 12, Waiwick-toad,

:,, \\\

1 « • #

Ldnt winter thr Uritish Museum obtained a fmpyrwt contain-
H of the Greek lyric poet BccchylidMi.
was much mutilat«Hl, haa been nieeed

■ml tho j)<>eiiis will !»• published
An "Xiv-t transcript of tli" insnn-
with an tt

and a j' ;c

r <i.
rl,:«10
' - :th

in iiiicia

and a

la.-iMUii

« 1 1 1

1 I 1

Kenyon.

In >

ity. Si.\

exce|>t in sma: ts. The

great atliletic !■ four of ti.

which were also celebrated by Pindar.

« * • •

.\moiig tho collected works of Charles I>ever, " Horace
Tomi'b'ti.n " IiihIh n iLnlitfiil T.U... Ti.iIi.ihI it has been quea-
tioi]> 'irat appeared in

two \ ' ^ 111 and Hall, and,

like " Arthur U'Leary," it relates tiie expenernoea of a trareller
on tho Continent, who picks up odd bits of goaaip, anerdntos, and
tales. Tho book owoil its existence to a aenea of ! tches,

which I.«vor wrote to apiMsar originally tn nppai;. .s, but

around which he subsei|iiont1 -^tury of Horace

Templeton himself. When i -, in 1K72, Lever

(loos not ap|>oar to have i ' :.i vonmu', nr is mention made

of it in Fitzpatrick's " I er," but that it is by him ia

concl'Jsive from internal . > im. uv.-.

« « » *

In tho F11' of I/OVP1 which

Measrs. Down. • The Din Um of

Horace T is t" ' ' " ' ' r

siibscribi': the end ' ><

there wein n" mu'iLratittn.S, btit me m'^ckh. win ihi nrovuiu<l with

a series by Mr. Gordon Browne.

« • • «

Miss Agnes Repplior.the authoress nf "Ksoay* in Idlen^w,"
and e ' ins and essays, has ; .•,

whi.' " Varia," and wh; .1

by Messr.s. t,:iy and Bird.

« * • •

Now that Mr. W. T. SteatVs " B..rderland " lias ceased to
exist, the " Letters from Julia " may receive a more careful
attention. " Julia " is the lady who guiiled Mr. Stead in
writing these letters. What their real imjxirt niny bo. or what
wo are to understand from this unique rclati 's

may lie in a better position to find out win ..j

" Letters " in the volume form, in which Mr. Urant lUchards
will, next year, publish them.

• •

A b»>ok important to Colonial readers will be " Deeds that
Won tho Emniro." Tli- r these " Dee<ls " « • '1

by tho Rev. W. T. Fit<! i ill Iw issued as an . .1

volume by Messrs. Suiitli. i,liler. and Co., some tune in Uie
Christmas season. Mr. Fitchett is the Australian e<litor of
Hmric of Rcrifwf and has, we iintlerstaiid, given much study
to tho subject of which his book deals.

■••»»■•

Mr. Gilbert Parker has almost completed a new norel, " A
Hundred Years Ago," which is to appear next year in
<7oorl WoTflx. In its serial course it will be illustrated by
Mr. I^ancclot Speed. Messrs. Mctliuen will probably issue it in
its volume form after it has run its " course " in tho magazine.

In Boll's " Cathedral Series " will bo shortly published
" Exeter," by Percy Addleshaw, B.A. ; " Peterborough," by

LITERATURE.

[November G, 1897.

R*r. W. D. ((wMting : and " T^inchesUnr," by P. W. Sergeant,
fi.A. The rvltimM will be fully illiistrateil.

« « ' •

L«at Man's Lane," has been com-
II, autlior of " Tlu) I>«aveii worth
isla-d by (i. 1'. Putnam'* Sons.
• ••

A new atory, entitlfvl
pleUnl by Anna Katli
Caae. " The story at.

Mr. Stuart Fr^l.;! .• v. i,,1< usi a protest, which we fear will
hardly com raan<! y,*j;ain»t i>ubli»hers' "readers."

He has li«>l im M him by a publishtT with u note

to the 'l " our reader cannot atlviso the publication,"

&c. ii t is " a monstrous thini; tliat a gentlvman's

MS. •!. -fHltotlie inilipiity of beins sat on . . . by

aooM c< ." Hti is of opinion tliat wo oujfht to know

aomethiii^ aU>iii tin.su rcailera. »inof "our critics in tlie Pressure
all known to uk." am) that the subject is much too serious and
important for a Koyal Commission. Wofearthat publishers cannot
lM«sp«cte<ltorvad for themselves all the MSS. submitted to them.

• #

In Mr. Hataford's publishing list appears " Examples of Old
Fumit'ire, Enclish anil Foreipn," tlrawn l>y .\lfred Krne.xt C'hnn-
cellor. The Hates, which will be 40 in number, promise to be
historically interesting as examples of each period in tlie art of
fun>iturv»-making lK)th in this country and ahroa<l. The work will
include drawings of a cabinet once belonging to Charles I., pur-
chased by the late Sir John E. Millais, and now at Hatfieid-
bouae, and of Dean Swift's escritoire.

• « « •»

The Gospel of Dr. Samuel Smiles has fallen sonienhat into
discredit with the present generation. The virtues of the com-
mercial spirit do not strike the popular imagination bo much as
tber did in the days of the Alanchester rctormcrs. tint bmiles's
books contain abundance of sound advice, ar.d are a }.erfect
treasnrehoiise 1 if personal nnocdoto. The cheap edition of them
now being issiie<l by Mr. Murray will help to make known to the
rising generation b<>oks which at one time had an enormous cir-
culation and have been translated into many languages.

• * • *

Harper's Eound Tiihh, of which the first nuiul er
appciroa on Noveml>er 1, adds yet another to the numerous
periodical publications of that well-known firm. In the frontis-
piece we have the world as a ric'n plum-pudding Iwing presented
to a number of expectant children seated at a round table. The
fare provided lor the young jwople, to whom this new niontlily
roa(;azine is dcvote<l, is, judging from the first numler, well
selected and well served up. it contains five completed stories
and two " to l)e continued in our next," four articles contain-
ing information in a readable form, a poem, prize competitions,
notes alxiut stam(>B, coins, pliotogra|)hy, and many other subjects
of interest to intelligent Ixiys un<l girls, a " humorous page,"
and abundance of capital illustrations. The price is Gd.

• • «

Tn IKTO were nubli8he<! two j)ortly tomes entitled " Gossip
«'f iry," by the author of '• Flemish Interiors,'' " De

»'. i.'bus ; an old man's WanderiuL'S," &c. The " old

Buui " proves to bo the widow of Mr. \\ . Pitt Byrne, a former
proprietor of the ituniitig Punt. She was a remarkably able
lady, and was on terms of friendship with many of the note-
worthy literary and er/lesiastical iKsrsonages of her time, both
ii. ' ••-■■. After her demise a large numhcr of

II' IT {a|iers, amounting practically to a

seri"» • I' (>s(^ have now been carefully di|;cste<l

and e<l M < K. H. Itusk, who will issue them

in tbe i.^im ■■, i..-, ,in-^,- volumes, through Messrs. Wanl and
Downey, with the title, " Social Hours with Celebrities." The
celebrities incluile Squire Watertoii, Cardinal >T.T!iiniii'. Cardinal
Wiseman, Bishop Willier force, Charles Hr.i nd many

notable literary aii'l clerical Frenchmen. Iiitei' „ iildbcaii
account of researches among the archives of the Thrdlrc Fnuiriii.i,
and tlie story of th» " iiuiking of Brighton," to which .Miss
Bokk devr>tcs B| ' ter«. From the French archives Mm.

Pitt byme has . . s<iiue interesting infoioiation re.tpuct-

iog Boltespierre, Cluilutte Corday, Cartouche, and others.

• • • •

Mr. John Adams, the Hector of the Free Church of S>-otknd
Training ('ulU-zo, has i'l-t C'.ire. t<-<l for Press the proofs of his
work on " ' 'dogy, as applied to Educa-

tion." It « . ' -"irs. Isbister and Co.

• • •

In many of the notices of Mrs. Olinhant's book about the
Uackwoods si<rpris« has been expressed tliat George Eliot should

have discovered hers<-lf to W a sharp woman of tiusiness in her
correspondenc-o with the publishers of her earliest works, and that
she should even have interfered with " the profnund mystery of
advertiseiiieiits. " The letters written by George Kliot to Mr.
Blackwoo<I wvre really dictated by George Henry Lewes, who
watched her business alTairs w ith the iitiiiost scrutiny and with
unceasing vigilance. Lewes was himstdf u lirst-rate man of
business in all literary concerns, and he took tlie management of
George Kliot's matters entirely into his own Iwinds from the first,
nor hod she any desire to bu consulted on such questions, muclr
less to interfere in them. That J^ewes was a most eftlciont
literary manafrer is proved by the largo fortune which (r«'orgi»
Eliot left behind her, every shilling she ]>os.ses.-ie(l having beuu
made by her pen during a (lerioil of about '21 years.

« « * •»

An evening journal has publisluHl an article entitled " Tlio
Earnings of Authors," in which it gives the amount " left " by
many cicceascd writers. It should, liowever, be romembere<l that
the sum possessed by an author when he dies atfonls no sort of indi--
cation as to the gross amount of his "earnings. " I'niess a writer
possesses a fortune of his own (which is rarely the case) ho has
been living on his earnings, and the private expenditureof liteniry
celebrities is usually on a generous scale. For exami)le, this article
states that Dickens " left £100,000." As a luattor of fact Dickens
die<l worth i.''j:i,000, which include<l the price of his Gadshill
property and the sum obtained for his furniture, jiiotures, &c.,
all of wliich realized extravagant prices. Moreover, Dickens hml
ma<lo about £3o,000 by his readings. Let it be remembered that
while Dickens was writing " Pickwick " ho had absolutely
nothing except his lit*-rary earnings. For some :i3 years Dickons,
lived mvishly and brought up a latge and expensive family,
and all his annual expenditure was derived from his literary
gains, so that the sum left by him really affords no informatioit
whatever as to his "earnings" from his books. He had no
private means of his own, nor did his wife bring him a shilling.
« « « *

The Tauhtiinti, the organ of Merchant Taylor's School, con-
tains a Latin rendering of Mr. Hudyard Kipling's "Ucccssional,"
from which we quote the last two stanzas : —

Ebria »i tanto rerom mens vans parstu

Inipulxrit lingiiam verba soluta ln<|ui,
Esrbarifa' quo more soIent jactare catervte,

Ctentilius aut Veri fti quihus u.sii.s nbust,
Da viniam, T»'<iu<' a«j i'<-tu nr Ruliirahc iiustro,

Ublitimiue Tiii iioiniiiis adilc metum !

Cum Aki bumanis opiljun nova fulmina belli,
Aut ferro armataa coiHlimuM arte rati'S ;

Pulver<' cum jnilvis atatU't xua tecta au|>erluf<,
Kt sine Te tutaa rt'n jubft esae puas ;

Cu n sine lege furit vrnlosn" inannia !in(jii:p.
Da Tcniam nobia I Da, Pater, eaae 'l\ioa.

Tlie rendering is signed " W. B. ," and wo shall probably
not be far wrong in assigning it to Dr. Baker, the Head Master.

« • •

Mr. Shadworth H. HcMlgson, formerly President of th»
Aristotelian Society, has in tlio Press a new philosophical work,
entitled " The Metaphy sic of Experience." It consists of four
books, distributed over as many volumes. The titles will be a»
follows : — liook I., General Analysis of Exiierienco ; Itook 11.,
Positive Science ; Book HI., Analysis of Conscious Action ;
Book IV., The Heal Universe.

« « « «

The next meeting of the Aristotelian Society will be held
on November 16. Mr. G. E. Moore will read a paper on Fiee-
dom.

The " Victorian Era Series " (Biackio and Son) will liogin
on Novemlicr 15 with Mr. Rose's volumo " The Uihu of
Der.iocracy," which will be followed on December 15 by Canon
Overton's volume " The Anglican Revival."

• « « «

Messrs. Fisher t'nwin announce that they are arranging to
t8<>ue Madame White Mario's Reminisccnvos, which promise to
be of iuteretit as treating of the revolutionary movement in Italy.
« « « «

The Zoological Society have just issued a very imiiortant
j.ublication, by Messrs. H. J. Elwcs, F.H.S., anil .T. Kdwards,
entitled " A lU'vinon of the Oixler Hr.i/iniiihi ." The IhniirriiiUr
constitute the lifth and last family of tho Butterflies. Very few
«f ecies are found in Eiiro|)0. The monograph, which should be
of great service to entomologists, consists of some !200 i ages of
letterpress and U i>lates.

November 6, 1897.]

LITERATURE.

Mr. II. A. M. Stovonaoii haa written a iii»ii(i(;raiih on Ru)>on«,
which will ho piililiilioil by MuSbfi. Kuuloy and ('<i. a.i thi< JiiniLurv
Utue of the J'lutfolw.

* * * ,

The moral to lio drawn hy EnL'lithniun from the Klevonth
Tntornationiii CongrosB of OriontaTi.itJi, lioUl lunt Suptonihor in
Taris, is forcibly drawn in tht October ishub of the Jimrtnil of thr
Royal Aniatic Siicirty. "Tlioro was an \iniiHually lurijii attvndant-o
from Kn)<;land ut this Congresj. Hut, nutwitlmtundin); that fact,
tlie |>re|>ondcranco, l)otii in iicliohirMhi|i and inlhicnce, wu
nnniiNtakably on the side of forei^'n Hcholars. This is not owinc
to the want of ability in Kn^'liHiimen to iindortako this kind of
work. . . . Hut whoroas tho foroi),'n (■ovurnmonts have
established and e<|ui|i|ied large and iniiortant Oriental schools in
I'aris, Herlin, Viunna, and St. rotorsburL', tho Knglish Oovom-
nient, which has larger interests at stake, is content to dtift
along, under tho new condition of niodurn days, witli tho name
Bcant ])roviBion of all such incitements to study it has considtnd
sufliiMi'iit in tho past."

* • «

.\ very largo niindior of trnnshitions from the Fremh, (Jerman,
and Italian figures among new .-Vmorican announcon\cntH, and
there can Ihj no <juo8ti(in that in America tho interest in contem-
porary fiiroicn literature is largely on the increase. Messrs.
Oeorgo H. Richmond and Co. are to issue thi.s season transla-
tions of at least two of tiabriele D'.Annunzio's novels. It will
bo ronicmbored that their edition of the Italian author's " Tho
Triumph of Death," was attacked by the American censor, and
in consequence liad a veiy largo sale.

* * « «

Dr. Weir Mitchell, tho author of " Hugh Wynne," is a man
of seventy years of ago, and is in medical practico'in I'hiladelphia.
Ho is tho author of several important works on nerve dieoases,
and as a novelist is already wel! known to the reading public of
America. His books, " Hephzibah Guinness," " Holand IJlake,"
" Far in the Forest," and '• In War Time," have all met with
considerable success, and he is the author of numerous poems an.l
several dramas.

« « • *

Tho indefatigable Major Tond, who is responsible for Mr.
Anthony Hope's leclurinp tour in tho States, has arrango<l for Mr.
Louis I<'agan, of the Hritish Museum, to give a series of lucturen
in America on tho contentH of tho literary and mannsciiiit
dopartinents of tho Hriti.sh Museum and of the National
Oalleries of Xjondon, .Madrid, The Hugne, Haarlem, and
Amsterdam. He has also made arrangements for Mr. Zangwill
and tho Bishop of Uipon to visit America next year.

* « #

The American booksellers arc suffering even n-ore thon their
English brethren from the " department store," where more than
half of the btK)k trade of tho country is now carried on. It is
the open boast of the proprietor of one of tho largest " stores"
in New York that ho can supply an ordinary customer with ii
book at a choaj)er price than a bookseller can "obtain it from the
publisher direct. The.so "stores" now buy books in such
enormous quantities that they can practically demand any
discount from the publishers.

* « «

" Tho Clu-istian " is having a largo sale in tho States, but
the book most in demand is ••still " Quo Vadis. " Nothing seems
to have any effect on the sale of Sienkiewicz's novel, which is
published at the comoaratively high price of two dollars. Messrs.
Koberts Brothers, of IJoston, the publishers of " Quo Vadis,"
are bringing out a complete edition of Sienkiewicz's works.

* « •

The craze for small and artistically printed magazines —
" fadazines " or " fadlets " they are called in the States is
evKleiitly on tho wane. Tho HuoknelUr gives a bibliography
of those •' ephemeral bil>elots," showing that the majority have
had but a very chequered existence. The best known of these
magazines is tho Chap Bool;, which has enjoyed something more
than a local reputation, but probably the most clever, coiUinly
tho most amusing, was tho Lark, which has been descrilwd as
tho " reihictio ad ahnunhim of decadence." Mr. Celett Burgess,
the editor, was a personal friend of iiobert Louis Stevenson. His
burlesques and nonsense verses made excellent reading, and
deserve republication in l»«ik form. Some of the titles given in
the ]iuok.t(ttci's bibliography are sugge.>.tive of a nightmare. It
is strange that any one has had the a'udacitv to issue a periodical
bearing such a name as the diaii dowie,' Hxnz 6nir, the Clwp
Jllork, Phi/ttida, ui- the MitkiiMUl, the Wet Ih'i, and tbo Y.How
Kit.

A g(xH\ many years »gi> the Tetrran bookseller Carl Borendt

uf I.,

<-ived tho
t the ».
1 build nr
liome to all the cluo* and u
was a monumental Hall of

:tture of a haiidsoiiiti I
i the (iernian Ix^ok-truib
'.•■ annual L<Kik tni'
>ns. I'art of this

.r ti

U ,1

•nt

Hii tdeal
I b« tb«

< h w«*
to he

'.«
1
•
f

;..

I c live

l;.

useum,

and

1 11 s t r V

"lo r:. rin.

1.1

symbol of the importance <if .t

Hcrr Lorck was l>oni in 1814, ....... .i... ,i.^'

. lias found time to write much on the
y.

The struggle for the i In ad-

way in (Jermany, ami e\ n.s to

thelitcrature of thecaiiij ...^... i •; l, ,„,,..;- l .». i.. • ;t»

of what Ufc*! to be known as women's rights is i . i

Laura Marholm, who has i.iil,li-.li, ,1 m.i 1,. ..IkiIi ^

novel and the other a pi n

seeks to prove that worn . '^t

her true spher3 is that of wife and mother." In *• Krau Lilly als
Jungfrau, (iattin, nnd Mutter," she adopts the novrl as her
instrument for enforcing this doctrine ; in " Zur I h

der Frau " she ruliis on scientific arguments. Sho i
agitation for women's rights as a species of 1 ,.

same need for excitement in women which : ' 1

them to denounce one another as witches, iimi i.. :i. kiiiwlclijo
themselves to l>e wilche.s, comjtels them now to enter into the
agitation for women's rights. Both are misdire< Uil emotionai
impuLies diverted from their central {joint." Both these books
iire published by Karl Duucker, Berlin.

« «

Hardly less severe is Dr. Otto Dornbluth in •' D; • >

Fidiigkeiten dor Frau " (IJostock : W. Werthers Vi
Herr Arthur Kirchhoff, on t! . ^

auth( rity in favour of the en '^

"Die Akadcmischo Fran" ^i.,.,.., i,

adduces the opinions of many dihtr

authors in favour of thn tapocity and ^.... ;. ^cn for

scientific studios and professions.

« « •

The Italian Minister of Public Instniction has appointed a

■■•I'
and

commission to examine tho iinpubl
to decide whether it is desirable '
Tho commission numbers C'arducci

sl-,.,l \ts>; .,f I ,

il.K.lw

"pardi, am)
I ublislied.
■i.

Becanse some enterrrisini' Fr..!u'
issue of Mons. Alphonse Dai.

numbers, the cry has l>oen rn: ^ ^ v

I'aris that tho knell of the novel in volume form h;.
and that hencofortli all I'Vench novelist* will publish i s

jHir litiaiMms d deux Miu'i. Mons. Edouard Rod, the i

writer of " decadent " fiction, will have none of the . ,1

"revolution." In an article in the /y«'fcn(.< ho dtcliiiis to be-
lieve that this revival of an old j rarti. o will extend. Of course,
it has been applied in the past to such romances as those of
Vict<ir Hugo and Dumaji ;>< rr, just as in England the works of
Dickens and many other authors of the same t ' i cared

first of all in this form. But, while hitherto it h- sorvetl

in Prance for " popular" works, •• o»i tdche m.i ...,'say8

Mons. Ro<I, " Jc I'api'ioyiitr a d(t (Hirrci littfraircn." " I do not
belioTe," ho concludts, summing up his views, " that the format
C'/mi^x-nricr will last for ever, any more than the tall hat or any-
other fashion of t<>-<lay. 1 believe, too. that conditions o'f
reading, and consequently those which govern booksellers, change
with changes of manners, of ideas, and of customs. But I do
not believe in tho revolution of which we hear. As long as
romancers take the trouble to polish their works and to »e«»k
after unity in thiir composition, so long will the volume form be
necessary. To-day, and for some time to come, their reputation
will be made and kept up by this form ; the /iiMii.x,n, whether
with or without illustrations, will only 1 e a n.oie or less in-
genious means of increasing Uieir • authors lights ' and
widening their popularity."

* « • «

Mile. Zina de Wassilief. daughter of tho Arch-priest of tho
Greek Church, has just tinishetl the translation into French of
an important histoiical novel by a young Kuesian writer who Las

LITERATURE.

[November 6, 1897.

to th« front rank in Ritsaian literaturo, M. Dmitry de
lUirfjkovrakv'. The titio in French ia *■ La Mort ties Dioux,"
and toe aubjeet is tho (tniggle of Christianity againat Paganiam
in tba time of Julian the Apoatatu.

Plon
Ohoutien. '

Mid of till

Tolami
teabs.

N-

C\« are about to publish the Memoirs of

turn a iiiouiIht of tho lA>jjisIative Assembly

n botWLH.>ti the years 1761 and 1838. The

': 'oen cdit«(1 by M. Barrucaad, and claims to

The same firm have just publishwl a specially ititorosting
book, entitled " Une Sofur de Grand FWd^ric," being tho life <n
Looiae Ulrica, QuMn of Swe<lon. The work has been written in
Agreat meunra from nnpablishcd sources by C.G. dc Hoidonstan.
Tnare is an introdnction by M. Kcm^ Millet, one time Minister
of Ttmtte* to Stockholm. I'rico ~f. 60o.

Moi»r». C. F. Hflller, of Leiprig, have sent us some copies
of • • inaU Litt hte, a fortnijijhtly i>eri<xlical

II' : year of i h works on similar lines with

LiUraiuii. While most of its sjiaco is devoted to reviews and
notioM of German books, occasional articles arc published on tho
proereas of literature abroad, and tho fortnightly lista of new
pablicatinns contain, so far as we have been able to test them, a
lairly full and accurate account of the output of the London
market. A notable feature in this dejuirtmcnt is the attention
which is paid to foreign editions and translations of German
books.

« « « «

Can you analyze the poetic afflatiu ? This is the question,
^y ..,.,.. .1... ........,^,.j. q( u series of questions, which Herr

Kr _'er, outhor of •' Music as Expression " and

" v.. ...^ .!...,. ..,., of tho Artist," recently addressed to various

authors and artists in Germany. The answers are published in
the September and October numbers of the Xeue DeutM-he
RuniUehau, and make an interesting chapter in the history of the
mi>doni intcrvipw. Whether Herr von Hausegger's pretension to
a Bcietit 'io in his investigations is supported by tho result,

we n. jis be allowe<l to doubt. Huuiperdinck, for

itistanco, whoso delightful Ifiin-vl und Gretel has been performed
on every operatic stage in Kuropo, is commonly inspire<l in tho
time " just before sunset until tho advent of night.' While we
cannot holp wondering wliat light ho wTit«.>8 bv in this l>ewitching
hour, » ' ' incur in iiis next roinarlt, that " tho morn-

ing is a txl for composition, provided one has had

a good iiiuMi. i^i. iiard -Strauss, tho Cimrt conductor, recalls
that he was six years old when he compose<l his first piece — a
polka in quick time. For the production of his realistic novels
and his s-.-raps of true lyric poetry, Otto Julius Biorbauin requires
" a residence in still nature, with tlie occasional ix^ssibility of
contrast. For tlie rest, frequent movement, beautiful surround-
ings, ami no worries, exce])t for an occasional strong spiritual
«xcit«Dieut."

• « « «

Fulda, the dramatist, was also a six-year-old prodigy, and
began to make vt-
confusion of his <

ai:

til.

fo.
Illr

wl.

'1 wTite. He remarks, to the

-, tliat " in times of gonoral

....... ■..1,,. .vokcs humorous pictures,"

Liel>cnnaiiii, tho impressionist, welcomes
' up a system of insthetics on a subjective
"ars that " the depths of art must remain
iiU4." Tlio last wortl, by tho way, was tho
uf the late Professor l)u Bois Reymond, of
B< • .'pt for some very general inferences— it serves

to sum up tlio result of Uerr von Hausegger's inquiry.

•Ip'

of !
tb
d.-
ht

ax '

V"
er-

eiil.

The third of the fire largo volumes on '* Princo Bismarck

•'• ' I- Oismiaaal " (Funt Humar'-k lu-it urinrr EtitlasAunij),

Johanna* Pbnclor is editing for Messrs. Fiedler,

I lipon

iitl

recjiitlv i'<»i}i<

1 fr

fl,.. V

Tt follows

lity and

<tait<ir'H

iiiid it) the point. At tho same time, it

v'-rr ■,:ravi> d'Mibt« wore at one time raised

in the orit^inal I*rufaco to

• value. We Iwliore, how-

iiis in the Prctss have now

which case the merit of

: »...i!d bo very considerably

BIBLIOGRAPHY.

« .

NIGERIA.

The following Ixwiks giro information ns to tho regions in
West Africa to which uttontion has recently been called in con-
nexion with tho colonial ontorpriso of England and Franco : —
English :—

Havsalaxp. Fifteen hundre<l miles through the Central
Soudan. By C. H. Robinson. 1890.

Tub Havsa Association. Sir G. T. Goldio. 1895.

Hi.sTOBV OF TiiK Gold Coast of West Afbita.
Ellis. 1893.

Travels in West Africa. By J. Duncan. 2 vols.
1847.

Travels nt West Africa. By Mary H. Kingsley.

The Downfall of Pkempeii. R. S. Badon Powell.

Up THE NicKK. By Captain A. P, Mochler Ferryman.

Waxokkinos IX West Africa. By F.R.G.8. (Sir
Burton). 1804.

A Mission to Gelelb, Kino of Dauomey. 2 vols. Sir R. F.
Burton. 1804.

AsHANTi anp THE Gold Coast. By Sir?. D. Hay. 1874.
Climate and .Meteorolout of the Wbst Coast of Africa.
By J. A. B. Hortoii. 1807.
Ann'l-al Reports of the Niger Coufany.

By A. B.

London,

1897.
181K3.

1892.
R. F.

The Partition of Africa. By J. 8. Keltic. 1893.
The Development of Africa. By .4.. Silva White. 1890.
Actual Africa, or, the Coming Continent. By Frank Vin-
cent. 1896.

Historical Geography of tub British Colonies. By C. P.
Lucas. Vol. III. 18i>4.
The Map ok Akiuca bv Treaty. Sir E. Ilortslot. 1894.
STANFORn'.H C0.MPK.VDIUM OF Geourapuy and Travel. Africa.
Vol. I. By A. H. Keano.

The Annual Colonial Office List, and Annual Statistical
Abstract for tub Colonies.
See also —

Blackwood's Magazine, June, 1895 " Tho British West
African Possessions "; and the Nineteenth Century of
tho same date, " England and France on the Niger," by
Captain Lugard.
The United Heuvicb Maoazine. July, 1895.
Hansard'.s Parliamentary Dehates. August, 1894, and
April, 1897.

French :■
GuiNfiE.

Por G. Binger. 2 vols.

Follie.
Galieni.

Du Nicer au Golfe de
Paris, 1892.

La Route vc Tchad. J. Dybowski. Paris, 1893.

Voyage dans les Deserts dv Sahara. Par L. O.
Tours, 1892.

Deux Campac.nes au Soudan Fran<jai8. Par Col.
Paris, 1891.

CdTK OcciiiKXTALE d'.\fbi<jue. Par Col. Frey. Paris, 1890.

Teiike i>b Mort. Soudan et Dahomey. Par Vigno d'Octon.
Paris, 18<.»2.

Bas Niokr, Bknou^, Dauomey. Par Le Commandant Mattel.
Grenoble, 1890.

TouAT, Sahara, bt Soudan. Par Camille Sabatier, 1891.

Les Colonies Franqaiskh (piil
" Exposition Colonialo do 1889 '").

RCcLfs NovvEiLE OiioaRAPHiE Univerhelle. Vols.
11, 12, 13. I'aris. 1886-88.

L'ExPANsioN DE LA FRANCE. L. Vignon. 1891.

HisToiHE DE LA QuE.sTio.N C0LONIA1.E EN Fkance. Par L.
De8cham]>s. 1891.

Nos Akuicainh. Par Harry Alls. Paris, 1894.

ilished in connexion with tho
V. Colonics d'Afriquo. Paris,
1889.

La Feaxcb Colonialf. Edited by Mr. Alfred Rambaud. Gth
ed. 1888.

>See also—

Revue Coloxulb, Nov., 1896, Afriqno Ucci(ieiit:ilc. I'.y F.
Dubois.

German : —

TaNOALAND USD DIE KoLONIHATION DeVTSCH OsTAFBIKAS.

Von Karl Kacrgcr. 1892.
Dubch Kambuun. Von Sltdnach Nor<l. 1893.

November 6, 1897.]

T.TTERATURE.

LIST OF NEW BOOKS AND REPRINTS.

ART.

An Artlst'a Letters fpom

Japan, lly John Im h'ttri/r.

» lllln., xlv. t 'Jia pp. Ix>iiili>n, IKtr;.

I'liwln. Wk.

Deoopatlve Hapaldry. Hr
a. »r. Ktf. A IViu-ll.iir irnnd-
IxMik of Km Arllxiir Trmliiionl.
7i Alln., xvl. I IKI pii. Ix>n(loti uiid
New York, IWJ7.

Holl. 10m. M. not.

S3citri.jr >ur Qntici(tdiin<t6t)i'((t;id)tc
b«r 9)fclt»<l)nif. GucUfn unb
3fd)nif bfc Jirf«co=, Ccl< unb
Scmpcra = tDialerci be< <Kitt(l>
altft* con ber bi)janiinif*on '^e\t
bit finf(J)li(Slidi b(r ;, (Srfinbunfl
bet Cflmalctoi" burdi bic Iflribcv
can C'rrf. Hy A'lnnf llerijir.
With 16 illu8truU(iiiH. Lox. Nvo.,
xii. -t- 281 pp. Muiiioh, 1H!>7.

CallwcT. 7 Marks.

BIOGRAPHY.
Twelve Indian Stntosmen.

Hy (;. Smith. C.I.K.. hi ll.nv i)f lli<^
Itoyul (iroKTiLphifiil iiikI thi' Unvul
StntiKticttl S<wiutieH. Ki\6Jin.,
vili. f3L>4 pp. I.oniloii, \mi.

Murniy. lOn. Brl.

Solomon Caesap Malan, D.D.
.Mniiiiriiilx of liin l.ifr nml
WrilitiK". by hi« cldrst survlvinic
Hon, J{rv. A. .V. Malan, M.A.. with
Portrait and IlluslratioiiM from his
HkelchuH. OxSiii., xiv. 1 445 pp
l,<>l>il»n, 1»!»7. .Miirniy. ISs'

Memoplals and Botanical
Coppespondenco of Chaplea
Capdall Bablnsrton, M.A.,
F.R.S.. hVllow of ?:t. .lolins fol-
li<Kc, (lUHbridKc !l liiii.. xelv. I-
tUi pp. I'lunbriilifo. 1S!I7.
Mnoinillaii and Howcm. IOh. M. not.

.f cinrid) eon ©lephan. (Jin ?obcn«r
bilb. }ly ('. A'rici,'.. r/. («DiinnfC
b<C 3fil Soriofl). Witii a [Kirtniit
V. +320pp. DrpHden, 1,S97.

Roissner. 2. k» Marks.

CLASSICAL.

An Hiatoptoal Opeek Opam-
map. Chiclty on the Attic
Diiili-ct, By A. .V. Janiuiria.
I'h.I>. 9>IUn., xxxviii.^737 pp.
London and Now York. ltlU7.

Mucmillan. 2Sf. not*

EDUCATIONAL.

Opammalt^ Pratique de la
Lan^ue Anglalse. I)y /Vo-

ffn.st-ur iMrmoyir. I'urt I. 7iN4*in.,
xii. t :tlt! pp. I/oiLilon, Hi'on'ian.
I'aris. Kiriiiin Diilot. llnixolles,
t'allcvufrt. im. it.

An Illustpated Ppaotlcal
Aplthmetio : a Text Hook o(
('alnilatioi)s uiHin Kanuinif. Com.
mini', &<•. Hy n. .V. Ooilliolt.
"lx.Mn.. xii. + l% pp. lyondon and
I apo Town. Allman. "«.

Rome. Hy Mary Ford. (Tho
fhililrvn'H .study.) 7x4Jin.. 244 pp.
London, 18»7.

Kiiihcr I'nwln. 2h. 6d.

K. Lijidbcry. IjtrjfO 8vo., xi. +
ItiOpp. Oothonburjt.

Wottcrgrcn. S.35 Marks.

FICTION.

At Midnight, and other Storicfi.
Hy A<ia Cumtn-itlifi'. 7}x^in.,
3IW> pp. London ami Now York,
I!t»7. Ward and I.o<k. 38. lid.

The Sinner. Hy liitn. Author of
IVi; and lUke. kc, 8x51in.,
Stti pp. ixmdon 1897.

Hutoliinson. 6n.

Tho Bapn Stopmeps. being tho
'lYiiKiijU Hide of a ('(iniedy. Hy
Mrs. C. .V. H'illiamson. »>illn..
Si4 pp. London, 1S)7.

Uiitehinson. 68.

The Dpam-8hop iL'AaMnnnioIr).
Hy A.'mi/r X<tlii. Killtod by Kmmt
.A. Vl7.etelly. 71 xMri.,410 pp. Lon-
don, 1HU7. Chntto. Sa. 8il.

A Handful of BM—r. Hy /,. T.
Mradr. Wii! Kby Id«

Ixiverinir. 7| p. Lon-

don and l*^ln...... ..

I ilipbant. .%>. M.

Broken Threads. Hy I'omplon
ItraiU. 7J(x.'Hin., vlil. IXM pp.
London, 1HU7.

Hnnit and Hlarkctt.

A W^oman of Mooda. A Horlal
('ineinato^rap)ie. Mr*, t'hartton
Anne. 7J-..'>lln., x. . :U7 pp. Lon-
don and Now York. IIV7.

lIumH and Oatfls. St.

Mapararet Forstep. \ Hmtm
wiihin a Iirrain. Hy ilrortir
AuilUKtiix Sala. Hxijln., Xxlv.
3B7 pp. London, 1807.

Unwin. Sii,

The Claah of Arma : a Rnmnnec.
Hy John litoundtlU liurton.
7lx,'illn.. viii. v31'J pi>. Uuidim.
IW7. Slethucn. tX.

A Limited Suooeaa. Hr Sartth
rut. Sv.Slin., vill. .:«; pp. I»n-
don, Parix, and Mulboiimo, 1807.

I'luawlL 6X.

The Wrothama of Wrotham

Court. Hv h'riiiiils II. Frrili-
Jield. Sv.^lin., viii. ..17(1 pp. Lon-
don, I'ariH, and ^IellH>nrne.

< 'aiisell. <**.

Handley Cposa;'or. Mr. JormrkK
Hunt. Ity .Siirfc.-*. With Uluslra-
tionn by John Ix»oeh. - vols. 7 \
IJin., 288 ' 2« pp. Ix>ndon and .N'ew
York, 18U8.
I.awronco and HuUon. I*, per vol.

Human Odda and Enda :

Stories and .Sketches. Hv lifvrnr
(liKMiuti. 41-.")iin., vi. •■;in8 ).|i.
London and New Y'ork. I.SiiS.

Ijiwrenec and Hullen. r^<.

Nema, and other Stories.Hv Itnlhu
I'rrk. Illuslnite<l bv f, VL HriKik.
Thinl iKlilion. 8x.Vjin., x. ( '.'Wi pii.
London and New York. If^iP*.

liiiwrcnee and Hullen. ^. tid.

Hair-a-Dozen Transg-pea-
alona. Hy llrlrnr (iinaold. 7ix
Slu., lis pp. Ix>ndon. I8U7.

Illtlu. 3«. 6d. net.

Oeopgre Stlpllng-'a Hepltage :

H Slorv of ('on(|Uered I.o\e. Hv
Maholm Slark: 71 .■>|in.. ;tlfi pp.
Ix)n(ion, IMC. SkrtlliiKton. liw.

The Capstatps of Caatle Cpalg :

aChmnielo. Kdited fniin tlie Nous
of John Kfouike Cnrstairs. Hy
Hartlry Carmirhnrl. M..\. 7i v
Slln., vi. • .Yd pp. Ixindon. 18117.

Sanii>Hon I^w. 6h.

The Vanlahed Yacht. Hy K.

Ilarrnurt tiiirrai/r. 71 x .>lln,, vi. I-
358 pi>. l.ondon, Edinburgh, and
New York, 1897. Nelson. 2». fid.

Mm. Isin SItvfll,

Poppy. Hy

.\uthor of

Tho Oolden Woof.'

DouMa*. Ixiiln.. rl-l-Sr pp.
London. IW;.

(lanto' ■' 0«.

Over the HUia. i "I-

iuUr. »^i\in..-£n\<i. .I-1»7.

Mi-iliutu. lb.

The Amerloan Coualna : a

8|i.r ' -^^' ' • - vre'K t'ounlo.

B^ TJxSln., TlL-t-

Jl:! Ixinif. «fc

8w*" < ' >xnda : a

.-l I) .l/oj-

!/-< -n. 71 -^

611u., ^i>4 pp. .

A Flepy Opdsai. i>y Tama.

TixMn.. vt.-»S40pp. I^.ndon, 181(7.

Hrntl»y. ««.

Th« T'. ,,'i-i ', .■ r.. ,. -1, 'lier

Cotton I*ro«. a<. Od.
--" fl'! p..<""» A'hon.

■u.

.. v... - ..-. ,.,■. . ••..". .xU7.

l^mn and Co.

Copleone : i Tile nf si, !Iv. in 2

void. |1' '•'*.

ix4|in.. tid

Now Y..; :.'..
LaatStudlee. I<>
anthttriH-. W illl a I

fonl.V.ltr.".'. . i^.i

hy Ilenr . xxiiur

.od.

&o. 7}x,'>lin., S12np. l.<>ndon, Kdin-
burgh, and .Now \ ork. 18»7.

Nelson. If. 6d.

An Empopop'a Doom ; or, Tho

ralriiits of Mexiio. Hy Hrrlxrt
llayncs. 8x,'>jin., 4.'l2|>p. London,
Kdinburxh, and New York.

NclHon. .is.

Faith, Hope, and Charity : a

.Novel of the (imiis. H) John /,.■
Ifrrton. 7i v.>iin.. 28.8 pp. Ix^niinn.
18!r7. Jlucquccn. 3s. tid.

Candlde ; or. .MI for tho Best.
(Voltaire.) AnowTv ' " 'roni
tho KriMioh. with 1. t»v

IVattcr Jrrrold. II ITii

pp. London. 1898.

Kedway. 40b*. net.

Tales Trom the Veld. Hy JCrnfat
(irnncHlc. With Twelve Illustra-
UonH by M. Nisbet. 7jxSlin.,
x.-f3(»pp. lAJndou. 1897.

Chat to. 3s. 6d.

Undep the Dragon Thpone.

By /,. T. Mfadt and Holnrt K.

tl-.

17U I'l

r.v

7i ..

tiy Hem
223 pp.

Id.

A Lad of Mettle.

71x.'iin., vlii. i *i7 'in,

1S»7. Ho! 'A.

Suaan Tupnbull : --rr

of Woman. Hy ('.

fluntcr. ~i ..Sin.. 317 ;•[>. Lorulon,

ixtrr. Houiii'dKc. a*, ad.

Coualn Tom. Hy HHIiam Tur-
rillr. 84 ' Jiin., 12S Pp. Ix>ndon,
1807. Ash l*«rtncni. is.

Van H"«T- r -ii,.. v..»- Kaunt.
H iilifhtly.l

S. , S2 pp.

Nc . .-. .

AmericAn l-*ublishcr»' Corpor*-
tlon. %r.

In the Dajra of Oood Queen
Bess. Tliv .Varraiivi- of Sir
Adrian Tniffor.! iKivvrhM. Kdite<l

by Krr. ' ■'•'<'.

Hector ' In*

shire. ■-•}n

and Now ^ <■!
Bur:

The Beth B'

If rand. Hciiu :Lc

Life of K A.ll

XIaeluri'. a \\ > ,J<

jiin.. '»27 pp. i.Ajuilu:i. l-';c

Heinemann. 6ii.

The Maiden and Mnri'lnri Life

or Mapy Powell icl

thereto: Debopah ' ih

(in I: T.mI :. ;.,,:, ! //

1.V,-

by ::..,..

Kailtoit. 8x.f]in., xxxiv. -.J.jb pp.
London and Now York, IiW7.

Nimma fie.

Mansfield Park. By Jane

Aiiitrn. Illiislmred hv HuKh

Th ■•■■' ' • ' ■' - by

ak (A

pp- :.

John of StT tie. .\.

Uomaneu of i : -anci« 1.

Hy K. />. < 7lxiin..

301 pp. Londi '

Sr. 6d.
The Ipon Cposs. .1.

•Shfrttrti. 7*x5in..''i -n,

181>7. I'. imI.

The Sklppep'a WoolnVi <uid

Tlie Brown M.in's .Servant, By

»'. If. JarotKs. 7j x5in., vili.-f Itti

pp. London, 1897.

PcAnion. Sk. 6d.
The Duke and the Damsel.

By liirhar^l .Wiir.vA. 7i.jm.,

vl.-t24Spp. Ix)n<lon. 1897.

I'ear^in. 1^. Gd.

■f Bartal Sands; nr. Tb«

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1)6

LITERATURE.

[November 6, 1897.

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Edited by % ^. ?raiU.

Published by 7Iir 7'mt$.

No. 4.-Vi)L. I. SATURDAY. NOVKMUKK 13, IXfT.

CONTENTS.

I>A0B

Leading Article -Tlio Hooksclliiig Question 117

*' Among my Books," tiy Professor Mahiiffy .. 112

Reviews

Mrs. Bi-owninff's Letters '*'

The Hiiiiii)ton lA>ctiires 1""

RetiaisNtiiice Arrhitectiire in KnKland 101

France under I^ouis XV 102

Parwin and After Darwin 103

(ireere in the XIX. Century 101

Storie.s of Faniouti Songs 1'^

The Connoisseur 1*'0

litnnen • 100

Social Switzerland 107

History of Dogma 10"

Tivatiseon Sanctification 10**

Story of Our Knglish Towns 108

MlUtary-Ulohnnl H»inl Smith- Coldntroam GuaitU In Iho

Crltnca -f'libn In Wiir Time 100

Medical -Orlnln of Dlscnsc— Prnctltloncr'sHandlMok— Mcdiral

Hints for Hot tlliiiutcs 110 & 1 11

Legul ItcviKcd HciKirts— Goodovo on Rcul Property—
I'riiicipU's of I'londlnB— Sale of Goods— Mamdon'a CoUlHioiiH ut

S«i Ill

Fiction—
Tlie King with Two Faces— Ijiwrence Clavering— Tlio
• Making of a Prig— Amy Vivian's Ring- The Gadfly —

l-Veedom of Henry Meredith 113, 114, & 113

TheTwo l'ai)tJiin.s~The Rip's Redemption— A Spanish
Maid -An Atlie in Bohemia— The Vicar of Lang-
thwaite— The Beetle -Bladys of the Stewponey —
The Sinner of Marly— A March on London — With

Moore at Cornnna 110 & 117

Children's Books IcrlniMiic Fiilry Tales, &c 118

Sir Philip Francis's Letters 118

At the Bookstall 110

Correspondence- Rudyard Kipling— Lord Tennyson ... 120
Foreign Letters Germany -The United States'... 121 & 122
Obituary -Sir Rutherfortl Alcock— Signor G. B.

Cavalcaselle 120

Notes 123, 124, 125. & 120

List of New Books and Reprints r27 & 12S

THE BOOKSELLINQ QUESTION.

In the current number of Chapman's Magazine, Mr.
Andrew I.ang discourses on a problem whicli, with
iiis ])hiyful fnuey, he considers to include " the whole
iiietapliysics of commerce." It is a problem on the solu-
tion of which defends the very existence of a class of
tradesmen around which every reading man and woman
ha.«, some time or other, cast a halo of sentiment. In all
probability, if the truth were told, it is the sentiment
■which touches us ; but, if its preservation carries with
it the continued existence of so worthy a body of men
as the booksellers, it may be that it is worth the fight-
ing for. But, in truth, there is very little of metaphysics
in the matter. What metaphysics there is we must lay

to tiie iilaine of the authors, who, of late, brouj^ht n lew
factor into the discu.-'sion.

For many years now, booksellers have found it prac-
tically impossible to make a profit out of the Rale of new
l)ooks. The discount of 3d. in the shilling which they
give leaves a margin luirely su6Bcient to pay the working
exjienses of their business. That they have Ix-en able to
'•keep going" is due to the fact that, in addition to
selling books, they have also sold what Mr. Laxo calln
" women's fal-lals, photographs, futilities at large."
" What," they now ask, " is the use of selling Ixwks ?
We gain nothing by it. If we are to remain booksellers ;
if pulilishers are to have their legitimate * ; if we

are to cease to do their distributing work t iig, wo

must appeal to them to consider with us, What are the
best means by which we may be enabled to live ?"
Thus it happened that, two years ago, the Associated
Booksellers sent out a circular letter to all publishers,
suggesting a meeting for the pnqiose of '' ng the

" question." To consider this circular the j - met ;

but they only agreed to disagree, until a Publishers'
Association was nn established fact. Tlie Association
became a fact, and. so far from settling the problem, its
attempts at a solution showed that an important factor —
the author — had lieen lost sight of entirely. It is in ex-
plaining how he comes in that the '• metajdiysics " of the
question begins to manifest itself.

And, first, let us begin with a definition. An
author is not now the writer of a " Decline and Fall," or
a " Sartor Re,«artus," or an " Origin of Species," or a
Waterton's " Wanderings "; but he is generally a novelist,
who is paid "royalties" on the number of copies sold.
The larger the number of copies sold the greater are his
earnings ; it is at once evident that a system where under-
selling is rife is a system which makes for the authors
advantage. Therefore, any suggestion which took for
granted the al)olition of the " discount system " brought
down the author's adverse criticism, since if no discounts
were allowed fewer books would be sold. Tliis Mu. IIall
Caine clearly demonstrated in that very remarkable
address he gave last year to a body of newsagents whom
he mistook for booksellers. He showed, however, his keen
sympathy with " the trade " by suggesting that an
author should stipulate with his publisher that
the bookseller " shall have his book at a living wage."
What this meant he did not clearly demonstrate.
Why he did not chime in with the book.sellers' wish
for a net price for a book may be gathered from the
following ex])lanation : — At present, on a six-shilling
novel an author would get, say, a 25 i>er cent, royalty
on the jmblished price — that is, eighteenpence per
copy. Under the net ."ystem, the selling price and the
published price were to be the same — that is, in the case of
a si.x-shilling book, four shillings and sixpence. Now the

LITERATURE.

[November 13, 189<

author stepB in, and sajs, " Am I to get only 25 per cent,
on 4*. 6<1. instead of Cs., becausp the bookseller has raised a
'question,' and calls it his 'griex-am-e " ? ^'ou ti-ll me more
(xi]ti(>8 vili he <:old ! I answer, a bird in the hand is worth
two in the bush."

The situntion may be jiut Tt .•.iiivM..n.ii"i> in f1ii«
form : —

A. is an author who writes books for a royalty ou every
copy sold.

B. is a publisher who; asks the bookseller to sell the
books for him, for a consideration.

C. and D. are booksellers who, in their eagerness to do
all the business, " undersell " each other, and give
to the public the consideration the publisher
allowed them.

What here is food for A. and 6. is thus not food for C.
and D. How may C. and D. obtain their sustenance with-
out diminishing the 8upj)ly of A. and B. ?

As we have seen, the original remedy of net prices
injured the author (A.). Also, it happened that
this method, when it was tried, did not prevent some
booksellers from selling below these iiet prices. In
other words, C. and D. could not agree among
themselves, and were compelled to call in the pub-
lisher to make them. The proposal now finally agreed
to by both publishers and booksellers is to go back to
the old system of twopence in the shilling discount, and
the publishers to undertake to stop supplies to any
bookseller who sells books at a greater discount. This,
it is argued, will prevent " underselling," and give the
bookseller a fair " living wage." But how will this affect
the author ? To determine the point, the publishers,
before giving their final adhesion to the scheme, have sub-
mitted it to the Authors' Society for approval or criticism.
As yet, the Authors' Society has not sjxiken ; nor, so far
as we can gather, is it likely to speak. But it is evident
that the author holds the key to the situntion. In the
first place, the Publishers' Association does not include
errry publisher; and if any scheme from the Association
proves to work for his detriment, the author will go
outside it. and will find not a few publishers ready to ])ay
him handsomely. In the second place, the Booksellers'
Aitsociation does not include every Ixwkseller, and how the
ont«ider is to be coerced is a question indeed. It looks as
if there is likely to grow up a class of outside publishers
ntjpplving outside booksellers with books which will lie sold
t He at a discount of threejK'ncf in the shilling ;

m:.. two .Associations are working to little or no pur-

pose in asking the same public to buy books at a discount
of tw .. shilling. Such a condition of things

will .: _, send the author to the outside

publisher; and the "question" will then require to be
pat again.

As it stands at present, tlie scheme of the Publishers'
and Booksellers' Associations amounts to a penny in the
shilli' "n all book-buyers. It may l)e that the

publi' , sake of the sentiment, will jiay this tax;

but it also may be that it will not. Even supjrasing that
•11 pablishers and booksellers agree to the scheme, what

would the author say if the sales of his books " fell
off"? "A plague on Iwth your houses I" Xatnrnliy ?
He is not going to subsidize a si)ecial small class of mm at
the expense of his own existence. Once (ijKjn a time an
author wrote for pleasure — now he writes for a living.
" Literature " is become a " profession," and professional
men, human as they are, resen-e a large share of the
milk of human kindness for tlieir own sustenance. Mr.
Hall Caine threw out a hint that if authors turned pub-
lishers, the bookseller would be certain of a " living
wage." Tlic hint may become a fact, although the present
difiiculty would, in that event, require to be met again.
The " question " is still waiting for a solution. What the'
publisher and bookseller should do it is not our pur-
pose to consider at present, though it may occupy
our attention on another occasion. Mr. Lang hopes
much from a public who shall be educated on non-
oopjTight books. He knows " no better cure for the
love of bad books than the knowledge of good books »
no better check on the advertising methods of some
l^opular novelists than the spirit of humour which
laughs at them, and passes by on the other side ;
no remedy for devotion to discount but increased
generositj'." Good ! But what becomes of the " ques-
tion " in the meantime ? We must deal with what is, not
with what should be. At present the {wpular novelist is
in vogue ; he it is who, jiractically, makes the bookseller a
trade — and he is not gifted with a sense of the dignity of
his profession. If " ignorant fustian " did not " go
down " with the public, the popular novelist would
never affect current reading in the slightest degree. That
he will never affect literature is, of course, undoubted ;
but " the pity of it " is that he should retanl its culture
in the mind and heait of a living community.

1Revic\V8.

The Letters of Elizabeth Barrett Browning. E<UteiU
with Biographiinl Additions, by Frederic Q. Kenyon. 2 vols.
7ix5iin., xiv. = 47S i Jftt pp. London. 181)7.

Smith, Elder, & Co. 15- n.

When we have expressed a regret that these voliimer
should have appeared at the very moment that is filled by
the splendour of the " Life of Tennyson," and when we
have gently censured Mr. Kenyon for not having the
courage to till out the lines of his jwrtrait a little more in
its bare jilaces, we have exhausted all possible blame, and
left ourselves free to welcome without reserve a very
weighty and a very charming contribution to the history
of literature. Mr. Kenyon (our curiosity as to tlie
biographer's relationship to his subject's life-long friend,
John Kenyon, is never satisfied) seems to possess the
confidence of Mrs. Iiro»ning's family and old friends. We-
miss any contribution from Mrs. .lago, one of KIizal>eth
Barn'tt's earliest intellectiml companions, who preserved
until her death, as a treasure, a jwculiarly important
budget of K. B. B.'s letters ; but here is the invaluiihlo
corresjiondence addressed in the jioet's youth to .Airs.
Martin and .Mr. H. S. Boyd, to Miss Commeline and Mr.

November 13, 1897. J

LITERATURE.

Kenyon, to MisB Mitford and Mr. WoHtwood. Later on,
•of course, stilection wjw trammelled by the excetis of iibuud-
ance, but ,Mr. Kenyon seems to have chd.sen wisely. IIIm
prefaee is very afjreenhly written, nnd bin sliijFit bi'i-
graphieal thread, tlioujjh, as we liave -
80 stretclied aa to Xnf ahnost inviM
taste.

Tlie life of Klizalx'tli Karrett Brownili^ ■- ii..>i lold
for the first (ime, and mainly by the best of all authorities
— heifself. ]{ut it must, of course, be reniem' ' ' it a
great jwrt of it has already been inevitably c-l. ; l)y

Mrs. Orr and others in their lives of KolxTt lirowniii";.
From 1845 onw'ards, the two fjreat poets were scarcely ever
^separated for a week, until the sad expiration of Elizabeth
— for she rather breathed her life away from feebleness than
died of any set disease — divorced ttiem for ever. The
public, therefore, is already familiar with the external, and
even many of the internal, incidents of tlie career of Mrs.
Browninjj. What it has hitherto knowni little or nothing
about i.s what hapiiened to Miss IJarrett. For this n'a.son
curiosity is concentrated on the first 300 pages of ^'ol. I. of
this biography, conducting the poet from her birth to her
marriage. What follows is delightful reading, but it
• lacks the peculiar novelty of the early chapters. T^«'t us
take this occa-sion, however, of saying that it emphasizes,
if possible, and gives a deejwr sanctity and pathos to the
Absorbing and imbroken affection which reigned in these
two noble and distinguished i)ersons. We may search in
vain for any of the littlenesses, the jealousies, the irritabili-
ties which are suj)posed to be the inevitable accomi«ini-
ments of genius. Mr. Kenyon is {K-rfectly justified in
■calling the wedlock of liobert and Elizabeth Barrett
Browning " the most perfect example of wedded happiness
in the liistory of literature."

It is at last finally decided that Elizabeth was bom
on March G, ISOO, at Coxhoe Hall, Durham. So that
l{obert Browning was perfectly convct in the statement
on the subject which he made in Decemlwr, 1887 — a state-
ment which was immediately questioned and even contra-
dicted. We have never been able to understand why there
should ever have arisen so much controversy al)out the
birth of a huly who was a raeml)er of a large and
reputable family, living in the present century. But
*ome one or other— certainly not herself — was dt^
tennined to make her apjiear much younger than she
was. It is a disapjwintment, at first sight, to find
that Mr. Kenj'on has no material to set before us
earlier than 1828, when the jwet was advanced in her
twenty-third year, and had long been a published author.
He has nothing to tell us of the original training and
development of that admimble mind, nor of its early
" adventures among masterpieces." But her own letters,
later on, tell us one or tw o curious facts. Of these none
is more amusing than that when she was a girl she came
so deeply under the charm of Byron that she seriously
made up her mind to dress in boy's clothes and run away
to be his lortlship's page. In the life of Byron all is
romantic, but imagination hugs itself to think of the slim
and jMile Elizabeth, with her ringlets well tied back,
skipping up the steps of the Villa Kossa and paralyzed to
discover the Guiccioli installed there. There are also,
scattered alxiut among the letters, many reminiscences
of early life which are valuable, but of the development of
her mind no direct record seems to be preserved.

The correspondence, however, gives interesting and
valuable internal evidence of this. The first letters, written
from Hope End in 1828, are stiff and colourless ; they are
just the sort of letters that Jane Austen's heroines would

tbev would not have been

of Oranford, but there in not

- ' idthof

/<• the

write to their (•■•"ruliiiiti-v

disapprovetl of ii

at.

m>-

TI.eu li. - -' ;

t li has !• . 'lO

change is instantly ai)|iarent ; she i.H tttill sir ie,

but she has found her voice. Hen- in i.. ..iut

jK-culJar sjK'cies of aflV-ctionate |)or.>'itlage, an affectation of

l)eiii ' ' ' ' ' ' :th

to -r

intense conceiitnition ul will, nliKoim^' ii al ! lO

tried to thwart her, as the sepia shoots it* ink. ue

letters still deal but little at first with literature ; that
really does not become prominent until 1835, when Kliza-
l)eth is actually in her thirtieth year. In this we seem to
face a curious i ' .^

cocious and of n-

valid, very small in stature, she seems to have found a
great difficulty in impressing her years on new actjuaint-
ances. People took this learned and ex|>erienced "authoress"
for a child. The careful reader will * un instance

of this. Miss Mitfortl s|)eaks of di ;li liarrett

to see some friends, who could not it-

was "out." We do not know the i ir

excursion, but we do know that the poet was in lier
thirtieth year when Miss Mitfonl saw her for the fint
time.

A fact which ordin ' ' ' ' i*

that g^reat poets are nd\ .m

been finely exemplifii'd in the n-c<-ni l^il'e of 'lenuyf^m,
where his recorded utterances on literature could hardly
be amended. It is seen to be true also of F'lizabeth
Browning, and a very valuable anthology of critical utter-
ances might be gathered from these letters. In her youth
she was shy and easily overbonie ; but ■•<!

at mental maturity she was of an ex ••.

An instance of }H?culiar importance is her treatment of
Ossian. Hugh Stuart Boyd was old enough to be as
thoroughgoing an admirer of the Macpherson-verbiage as
either Goethe or Xaj>oleon. Miss Barrett was ^ " • : h
influenced by his judgments, for he was a good si ul

(ireek with her and s r well. But v lloyd

insists that " Os.sian i- , ; as a ixx't to even

the worm turns. It is amusing to see how she wTajis her
objections up in sugar at first, and then how she hurls
them in desix>ration openly at the enemy. Her phnisen
are absolutely true. "There is a sound of « ' ' u*

music in a monotone — nothing is articulate, > is

individual, nothing various. . . . < tiiem

with the old, burning ballads, with a wild lu ing in

each. How cold they grow in com{)ari8on." All this is
" obliquity " to the outraged Mr. Boyd, who tries to pre-
serve his dignity, but is thoroughly worsted in successive
letters. " Ossian has wxapped you in a cloud, a fog. a true
Scotch mist," cries the ix)et, three months Liter, stung out
of all her timidity, and Boyd at last retires, with Ossijin
under his arm, followed by a shower of jeers and cat calls.
It is all intensely amusing and it is excellent sound
criticism as well.

When her eye is concentrated on a personage. Elizabeth
Browning is able to exercise the very rare gift of jwrtrai-
ture. Usually she is a little languid about people, in her
pursuit of ideas and fancies, or else, as when she took a
long drive with Wordsworth, too frightened to observe.
But, quite early, she has a splendid phrase about Ijindor
who talked to her " brilliantly and prominently." imtil
" the ashes of antiquity burne<.l again " in his hands, lu

100

LITERATURE.

[Novcinbor 13, 1897.

her nuuTJed dnvK hrr nji^pttes and silhouHtcs are often of
^re*t j>iotinvf»i]U«'npss. The uliole ejiisi^le of her Ktranjje
rtinging «>f henself ujion tlie indifJerent and preoccupied
G«orj»e Sand i« magnifii-ently told ; we see it, step by
8tej> — the frail, injp«.<sioneil Enfjlishwomnii, wrnjijH'd in
her furs, half expiring;. nisliin;» forwani to kiss the hnnds
nod be lift<ti to the li|>s of the solid inannon-ul French-
woman, evidently much ]>erj>lexetl at nil this rnptun* and
not a little liored by it. The introduction of Hans
Oirifitian Andersen. " not really pretty," hut " very earnest,
\-ery simple, very childlike, in a general i'erve for em-
hn . - . . _ ^^^ j^^ ^^1^^^ writes these lines has

he. of Andersen /*»'« version of the story,

and how he kissed '* the wonderful little English Imly, so
jmle, like a water-spirit I "

Mrs. Browning divined " Currer Bell " as a woman
from the tirst, and stuck to her conviction. Her references
to Charlotte are fr«>«|uent and symi^ithetic. but these two
gr. •■ came into no |H»rsonal relations.

Of u-e to face until 1851. a few weeks

i»efore he was conducted to I'aris under the charge of
Robert and Elizabeth Browning. Headers of Carlyle's
.loumals will recollect a rude reference to the kind and
dis'' ' ' 'illy who ]H>rmitted him to travel with her

as • .."' But his bite (on jMii)er) was worse tlian

hi- 1 the train), for E. B. B. records, with her usual

1)CL .._■ :i:—

Are yna aware that Carlyle travelled with iis to Paris ?
H* Mt a deep impreasion with me. It i» difTicult to oonceivu of
• mora interoatin^ human iinul, I think. All the bitterness
fill . scil. Ho 8eein» to mo to have a pro-

('<- iind and turbulent that it unsettles

hia KL-nifrul i<_viu|uitliies.

In 1855 Carlyle apjiear.s again. " in great force, par-
ticularly in the damnatory clau.ses."

It would, however, be doing the heroine of these
channing volumes a great injustice to turn to them mainly
for what they s.-xy alx)ut others. Their cardinal interest
♦•onsists in what they say about herself. We rise from
their perusal with the impression that, although so much
i« told us, we need more to enable us to form a
thoroughly clear vision of so complicated a character.
She wa.s — this at least is plain — a woman of an
ex(]uisitely delicate soul, inspired by true jMety, human
and divine, full of tenderness, rectitude, sweetness. We
know not how it is, but with all this, and with the
of her excellent judgment in intellectual
• are left with a sense of some imi)erfection of
.'^he observefl j)ersons keenly, but not always
l)oubtless she was struggling all her life
against a conscious tendency to be pfxlanU, to acknow-
ledge the limitations of a blue-stocking. Wlien the
f^irittmlistic craze swept over society.the high imagination
anrl carefully-trained brain of E. B. B. were jtowerless to
resist. .*^li' ' ■•(|, none lower, in the dust before that

miserable iu(. This was, no doubt, the most

dangerous. the only, moment of real strain lie-

tween her ....... ,jjier and better-balanced huslwnd and

iHTself. This wretched business is jjassed over lightly by
Mr. Kenyon ; to the end of his life any recollection of the
imiioitures to which she had l)een stihjectf-d was enough
t" • ■■•t»ert Browning into a frenzy of indignation.

All i^nge, jM'rHistent delusion aljout >iaiK>leon III.,

Ikjw is that to be accounted for ? These were strange
lapM«of sym|iathy, instances of im])erfect judgment, which
may well l>e forifotten in the blaze of Elizabeth Barrett
Br ' tlioy do not make the problem

evidences

m.t"

sy:
liuiiuiiily.

The Bami)ton Lectttres, 1807 : Aspects of the OIcT
Test«nieiit. Hy R. L. Ottley, M.A. Svo., xix. + 448 pp. l.«)n-
don, 18W7. Longmans. 16-

The delivery ot ■• eiglit ilivinity lecture sermons "'
u))on the foinidntion of Canon .loini I^im])ton, of Sulishurv,.
Ix'fore tiie liiiversity of Oxford, has formed an appri)])riat*^
conclusion to one periixl of Mr. Otf ley's brilliant academic;
career, and the dignity of the ]>osition of a Bamptoif
Ix'cturer suits the l*rinci]ml of such a home of theological
learning as the Pusey House was intended to be. How far
the view which is liere taken of tlie Old Testament is
likely to commend itself to tiiose who revere tiie memory
and accejtt the teaching of I'usey is a iiuesticni which, as
litenu-y critics, we aix' not called ujion to answer. But
many clergymen and other theological teachers and
students are eagerly and, ])erhaps, anxiously hK)king
out at the present time for help and light ujwn th«
problems of Old Test,iment controversy. And, if thev ask
whether .Mr. Ottley 's work is really serviceable to tliem, we
have no hesitation in saying that a serious student will do
well not to neglect the " asjjccts " of the subject wiiicb
the lectures consider. Without going too far, we might
almost say that the jH'ru.sal of the lectures is indispensable •
in fonning nn estimate of the present state of the
controversy.

Mr. t)ttley has had in view several different classes of
persons, some who, like Mr. (joldwin Smith, think that the
Old Testjunent is a millstone to be cast oft", and who mis-
understand, in jMirt or altogether, what is the true function
of the Old Testament in the Church; others who, in their
wish to discredit extreme criticism, ignore assured results;
and others, again.who.se simple faith and piety are shocked
by utterances which are thought to be necessary in the
present distress. In the opening lecture on " The
Christian (Church and the Higher Criticism," Mr. Ottley
explains the 8tandjtt)int from which he approaches hi*
subject. He does not attempt to reconstruct tlie history
of Israel, but he looks ujwn the contents of the Okl
Testament from a theological jwint of view, because " a
true estimate of the ( )ld Testament .... is only
]X)8sible on the basis of faith in Jesus Christ, the Son of
(rod made man." It will be sufficient to say that Mr.
Ottley's declaration of belief in the doctrine of the
Incarnation at the outset of these lectures is what we might
expect from the Christological work which he published in
1896. He takes the fact of the Incarnation, in the orthodox
sense of that tenn, for granted. As to inspiration,
Jlr. Ottley would rather .«ay that " in the Bible tiie word
of Ciod comes to us " than that the Bible is the Wonl of
God, nn identification which he would not adopt "without
caution." He would admit the existence in the library of
the Old Testament of " semi-historical folk-lore and
jirimitive myths." But he imderstands himself to " pre-
suppose" the insjiiration of Scrijiture as a fact which is
indejK'ndent of human explanations of it, which denotes
the living nction of G<k1 on the faculties of men, guiding
either great religious leaders, or the life of a community,
or the compilers, editors, and collectors of the records of
revelation. Mr. Ottley dismis.srs very briefly the inquiry
resjiecting the extent to which the results of historical
criticism are to Ix' taken for granted in the lectures by
saying that he sultstiintially ii'^rees with Professor Sanday
in accepting whnt he takes as " the est4iblislied results of
nearly 150 years' investigation of the Old Testament."

The different as|»ects of the Old Testiiment which Mr.
Ottley considers are iive in nuinl)er. They are generally
sur\cyed in the second, and discussed with much fulness.

November 13, 1897.]

LITEUATLKE.

101

pl(X|«ence, Bcholarahip, and modesty in the following; five

li'(!tiin'H. CVrtiiiii ^^ciicrnl us[H!<;ts of tlui Old TfKtAiiH'nt,
liititorical, proplu-ticiil, tipintiial, literary, anil arcli:(
arc Kft on duo. siilo to inakf room for tliosc wliiili i
spem to (Icscrvfl nttontion. Tlio Old TtiHtann-nt, Mr. Ottlcy
points out, is a history of rodenijition and of the progretwive
rt'vi'lation of (lod, it traces the steps of a covenantal re-
lationship iK'twccn (KkI and man, specially exhibiU^d in
its system of worship, it unfoldn in its prophetical utter-
ances the Messianic hope, and it hears witness to a divine
purpose for the individual in its teachinj; ujkju jx^rsonal
relif^ion. It will be observed that the general arrange-
ment of the Hebrew Bible closely correai>onds with the five
aspects which .Mr. Ottley selects for considenition. In the
siMice at our disposal it is not jiossible to enter at any
li-ngth into the details of the subject, or even to mention
the heads of all the topics to which we wish to allude.
We must content ourselves with the statement that the
scope and the standjwint of Air. Ottley's work are
illustrated by such matters as the a priori credibility
of miracle, the main features of the .Mosaic narrative,
the elements in the )>rophetic theory of the sacred his-
tory, the names, attributes, and fatherhood of (iod, the
significance of anthropomorphic language and minute
sacriticial details, the aspects of the work of the
prophets, the gradual growth of the Messianic hojx^, the
foundation truths of personal religion. The conclu<ling
and in some respects the most imp«')rtant lecture upon
'• The Old Testament and Christianity " draws out the
analogy between the incarnate Word and Holy Scripture,
examines the view which the New Testament Uikes of tlu^
Old, the use which our Lord made of the Old Testament,
and the permanent function of the Old Testament in the
Cliurch. We cannot overlook, says Mr. Ottley, that*'Christ
and His Apostles assign to the Old Test-ament a unitjue
and inviolable authority." The very object of our land's
coming determined the method in which He employed the
ancient Scriptures. To Him all that made for righteous
conduct and for truer conceptions of the divine character
was of ])riinary importance ; to all that the scribes liad
overlooked or treated with inditVeience He assigned its
rightful prominence. The sacred lilwrty, which is the
characteristic gift of the Holy Spirit, apin-ars in the very
manner of Christ's (Stations from the Old Testament."
Our liOrd regarded the Old Testament as " an organic
whole to which the .Messiah and His Kingdom are the key,"
and His use of it is the trueguiding line which leads to the
goal of Mr. Ottley's incpiiry, — the permanent function of
the Old Testament. It is to reveal Hod, to testif}- of
Christ, to mould character by giving us a manual both of
individual and social righteousness, and to assist us in the
interpretation of the New Testament, as in its turn the
New assists us in interpreting tlie old.

Mr. Ottley's honest attempt to walk in a via media
will of course exjiose him to attack from two extremes.
This he may partially ward ofl" by some of his remarks in
conclusion. Few v.ill refuse to praise the many marks of
fine classical and theological scholarship which the lectures
bear and to commend their ])rompt ai)iK\arance ; a greater
number will enjoy their literary gracefulness and the
mcxlesty and reverence of the lecturer throughout, and
above all, the vast majority of his readers will, we tnist,
bear us out when we say that, although .Mr. Ottley may not
always gain their acceptance of all his doctrinal or social
tenets, he has shown himself to be, a.s he sjiys,"a man who
believes in the truth of l-.istoric I'hristianity with all his
heart," whether that historic Christianity is '* latent " in
the Old Testament or " patent " in the New.

A History of Ileiui!»"«"""'n Arr.>ilt«cture}r> ^T»<»'nri»«
1600-1800. Hy Regrin:i M.A. W

liy llie aiilhiir aiitl tillu . - vhIh. .... , . i ; .

[>iii<Ion, IHt)7. Qeorge Bell. £2 lOc

Mr. I' has unilertaken in thc^e \i)liirn<-n t<>

tell the wh . .. of lienaissance archit4'cture in in-
land, giving to that phrase a m(*aning large en<
cover the eighteenth century work, whic!
dregs of the style. The nntlior is to l>e
the manner in <•
task. He has

seedtime under Henry \ lU., the sowing of the i
and (lennan tares under the later Tudors, the ^,,■ ..
growth and splendid harvest under Inigo Jones hvmI
Wren, and the »!■ ' ' ' ' i of the It i

jteriod, until at tin intiiry t!

of Italian mo<leIs final iy ci-iin<-tl, and the iniinicry i>i
(.'la.«sical and Gothic swept everything before it. Having
thus to deal not only with ])eriods of profound int<"res'.
glorified by the work of men of genius, but also with th •
dull years of uneventful tiecay, some unevenneK of tre.if-
ment might have been forgiven, but the an
need of forgiveness, for his work exhibits, asu..
should, a quite admirable projwrtion. He ha», t(
as clear of controversial matter as is practia;: .^ ...
any critical treatise, although he once allows himself to
refer to Mr. Husk in as

" The most uncritical and intolerant of nmatenns."
Hut Mr. Kuskin's onslaught on the I\ not

Iv taken too seriously, and it may 1" no

pa.ssionate lover of Gothic can do entire justice to the
Italian architecture of the Renaissance. We are all, it
has been said, Iwm either Goths or Clas.sici.sts, and Mr.
Hlomtiekl was obviously not bom a Goth.

It is with the great name of Wol.sey that the fir-t
introduction of Italian workmen is a.sso<,iated. The iii.-.>-
rations of the Cardinal's palace at Hampton Court were f !,e
work of Italian hands, and the King was not liehind his
great servant in recognizing the sujieriority of their crafts-
manship. Henry VIII. 's jialace of Nonesuch is said to have
been built for him by Toto del N' ^ of

Padua is credited with Longleat ; .kai«

resiKjnsible for more than the details of decoration. None-
such, imfortunately, has not survived. It was pulled down
and the materials sold by Charles II.'s worthies.-) mistress,
Barliara Villiers. But In^fore its destruction its '
taken and Evelyn and IV))ys saw it. Kvelyn w.
much impressed. and de.scritie<l its ))la.stic gfxls andgmlde>rt-s
in terms that remind one of the (iroves of Blarney. Mr.
Blomfield seems altogether justified in conclu<ling that,

though the presence of numerous Italians and I'

lavish employment of them are historically est;i
" we cannot jwint to a single instance of a builiiing ol ; ,.>
sixteenth century designed and carried throiigh by any
one Italian in England." The reign of the Itidian work-
man was not, however, of long duration. Under the
chililren of Henry, when foreign artificers were needed they
were.sought in Germany and thelxjw Countries. Sir Thomrs
(jresham imiwrted both the design and the materials for his
Exchange from Flar ms

to have b(»en an enii _ !'or

some iwirt, though how much is uncertain, ot Dr. Caiu.s's
buildings at Cambridge, That the German influence wa?,
as a rule, unfortunate, is .attested by the buildings carried
out under Elizalx'th. " Though picture8(]ue in outline —
a legacy," says .Mr. Blomfield, " of the (Jothic tradition —
they are overcrowded with abominable ornament, ar.*l
they have evident marks of having been designo<l by men

1U2

LITERATURE.

[November 13, 1897.

who were dratitate of a taste sufficiently mature to save
them from the jsilly extravapinoe of the tJeriimns."

Tlie groftt e>'eut was tlie comingoflnifjo Jones — a talent
so exceptional, 90 complete, so mn-M-uIine. so unlike any-
thing that has apivari ; he wonl " prodigy "
ap]>lied to him wcics ;. _,.vut. Mr. Blomtield
has spared no ])aiu8 to make his sketch of Inigo Jones
complete, but he is unable to clear up the mystery of his
life, or how he. a \xk>t man. was enabled, at a very early
age, to ' !vi'r>e with the preat
maatei.- iie \>tdd two visits
to tliat country is certain, and that " he returned to
Knglaud filled with the very spirit of the Kenais^nce and
lifted the art of his countr}' on to an altogether diflferent
plane." As far as England is concerned he was the
inventor of classii-al architecture, meaning by that phra.se
architecture depending for its eflfect solely ujwn i)ro-
portion and rhythm. *• There was, in fact, no pre-
cedejit for such a building as Inigo Jones designed
for Whitehall," and this is true not only of its
character but of its scale. Nobody will, we imagine,
doubt i" ' ~ of Mr. Blomfield's assertion
that " ! . mere fragment tliougli it is
of - to tliis day the most accom-

plu I i .. , . i .-J jh in England, and not inferior to

the finest work of Palladio." " His extraordinary
capacity," says Mr. Blomfield, '• is shown by the success
with which he freed English architecture from the
imbecilities of the German designers and started it on a
line of fresh development, borrowed, it is true, from Italy,
yet so successfully adapted to English traditions that it
was at once accepted and followed by the best intelligence
of the country for the next hundred and fifty years.
Hi ;h lay in his thorough mastery of

pn mpt for mere prettiness, and the rare

tlistijiclion of his style. His own theory of architecture
was that, in his own words, it should be ' solid, ])ropor-
tibnal according to the rules, masculine, and unaffected.'
No man has ever more completely realized his own ideal
of art."

From 1 ' Wren is a natural

transition, 1 i ctween tiie work of

the two men is often striking, Mr. Blomfield rightly insists
on the fact that the stream of development was never
arrested. The torch was carried on directly by Webb and
others; while tliat the '' ' •' between Wren's work

and t!i;'.t <>f his great \)i r was due simply to his

wai iiing is attested by the fact that the further

he ;: 1 in mastery of his art the nearer he approached

the founder of the school. Not the least wonderful part
of Wren's career is t' ' ndant evidence that it affords
that he learnt his tr. iy by i)ractising it. The ?"ire

of I»ndon < .< k of time for him, and jirohably

a talent so . ver so matched by largeness of

opjjortunity. 'i i ihle result of the Kenaissance had

Iwicn " that the ii. .>...< ...il ideal had taken the place of the
coUectivist," and when the oi»ix)rtunity of rebuilding Lon-
<lon and its cathedral came, the individual ide^l was ready,
embodied in one whose i)Ower of conceiving a great
architectural scheme was probably unique. How
great a man the builder of Sjt. Paul's and Greenwich
HoKpital and half a hundred city churches was is accentu-
ated by the work of the men that came after him. Of
these Ixird Burlington has ceneraliy held the highest
lOUgh, a« he Lad ' !l and Kent and I^eoni

'iyf"," it i-- r'iftif . ^, how much of the credit

he tias ; to iiim. (hie of his supposed

master]. . ...i.iji«ter dormitorj' — Mr. Blomtield

has finally taken from him, by showing, from the evidence
of the All Souls' drawings, that the original design was
WriMi's. apjsirently pirated by Kent for tiie benefit of his
jiatron. .Nloreuver, if you add them all uj). the eontem-
j)orarits and successors of Wren to the third and fourth
generation, how will the sum of their work weigh against
his 'it Mr. Blomfield carries us carefully along the line of
these able architects who were yet mediocre artists — Van-
brugh, with his sormd feeling for mass, and Ihiwksmoor,
his follower, Burrough and Aldrich, Caini)beil, Kipley,
Kent, Gibbs, the two Dances, C'liambors, the ingenious
brothers Adam, and a host of obscurer men. The merit of
their work is appraised from the standpoint of a skilful
architect, and only such an one could have done them jus-
tice. Yet nolx)dy can read this careful and elaborate history
without realizing that it is the history of a decline. After
^\'ren the severance between building and arcliitecture
went on without a check. Yet even iM'fore Wren tlied the
disease had begun. Mr. Blomfield thinks that the fault lay
with the architects. " Their vanity," he says, " led them to
maguify architecture into a fine art and a mystery, and
their cui)idity to hand o\ er its control to wealthy amateurs.
As for the builder, they left him out of the account,
and the poor man had to make the best that he could of
designs made without regard to materials or climate.
Many ofthesedesigns were extremely fine in themselves, and
several of the eighteenth-century architects were very able
men ; but an art such as architecture, Imsed on the actual
facts of 1 '. cannot ntTonl to Ix' insane." Mr. Blom-

fieldsay- udthings of thetiothic revival, as, indeed,

does Fergusson, with whom he is not frequently in
accord. He speaks of it as a movement that taught
false history and ignored three hundred years of ]>er-
manent work and good tradition ; and he even doubts if
a good tradition can grow up again in English art. "The
arts do not,'' he says, " at this moment express the finest
intelligence of the country." It is difficult to deny
the truth of this pessimistic conclusion, but at any
rate it is well to face the fact*, and in them there
may be a sort of consolat ion.

France Under Louis XV. Ry James Break Perkins.
2 Vols. 8x5Jin., 400+488 pp. l»ndon, 1H»7.

Smith, Elder. 16/-

Mr. Perkins has now brought his studies of FVench
history, which l)egan with the administration of Kichelien,
to within measurable distance of the Revolution. In tiie
two volumes before us he carries his narrative from the
accession to office of the Duke of liourlwn to the death of
Ixjuis XV. His treatment is in the main chronological ;
the only digressions being two chajjters on Dupleix
and the loss of India and the two closing chnjiters on
" Intellectual and >Social Changes" and " The Influence
of Literature." Of the merits of the book there can be
no question. Mr. Perkins has read all the latest authori-
ties, and he has supplemented them by indejM'ndent
study of tiie papers at the French Foreign Office, llo has,
j»erhai>s, little that is new to tell the world, but he has
constructed a clear, accurate, and interesting narrative of
a very imjwrtant period, and English readers who wish to
study foreign history in their own language have every
reason to be grateful to him.

If any fault is to be charged against Mr. Perkins it
is a fault of omission rather than of commission. The bulk
of the chronological narrative is occupied with tlie wars
and the foreign relations of Fraiif'-. It is tnie lli;if fl.o

November 13, 1897.]

LITERATURE.

loa

diitloiiintic w[iiiil)blcM from 172.' to 1731 aro i»a>i«i»*d over
very Hlijjlitly, althoufjii for a triu: fntimato of Fleury'n
ailininiHt ration and aiinH they are (|nite hh important an the
action tiiiton when the agetl miniKter was fortified and
urped on by the more resolute t'lumvelin. But from the
outbreak of the Polish SucoeKsion War down to the Peace
of Paris Mr. Perkins devotes most of his pa^jes to the
elucidation of the continental relations of Kmnce. Kxcept
in the rare intervals of peace, and at notable crises, such as
the expulsion of the Jesuits and the suppression of the
Parliament, we hear comparatively little of the inner
history of Fnmce. No doubt it may be answered that the
story of incessant bickerings between Jesuits and Jnnsr>nist8,
between the Archbishop and the Parliament of Paris, is
wearisome and not at all picturesque, and that the pro-
cession of insignificant ministers across the stage is hardly
worth tnicing. Hut the imitortance of history is not always
to be measured by its jxissibilities of literary treatment,
f'rance has a history of her own, quite ajmrt from wars and
treaties, during the eighteenth century,and it deserves more
attentive study than it has yet receivi'd. Mr. Perkins
would have had a stronger title to our gratitude if he had
worked more in this comparatively neglected field, and
given less space to the general history of Kurojie, which
has been amply tr(>ated by many of his predecessors. His
testimony was hardly needed to prove that the Austro-
French alliance of 1756 was due to the Convention of
Westminster between England and Prussia, and not to
Frederick being forcetl into alliance with England by
France having become the tool of Austria. It is true that
Mr. Perkins seems to think the latter view is still
maintained " with but few dissentient voices," but he
will hardly find any historian within the last twenty years
who has either made such an assertion or thought it worth
while to controvert it.

Some of Mr. Perkins's statements are open to consider-
able discussion. His condemnation of the successive
Family Compacts with Sjmin as imiformly disastrous
to France is based upon arguments of the post
hoc ergo propto' hoc order. And even to these
arguments important exceptions must lie made with regard
both to the war of the Polish Succession and to the war on
behalf of the revolted American colonies. Far more
open to criticism is the assertion that " to aid the
Eicctor of Bavaria in his endeavour to be chosen Emperor
necessarily involved an effort to sustain his claim iqwn the
hereditary ^wssessions of the House of Austria ;" and the
correlative statement (i. p. 301) that " it was to wrest the
Imperial crown from the House of Austria that the war had
been begun." The most elementary student of eighteenth-
century history hns to grasp the fact that the war was
about the succession to the Austrian territories, and that
the election to the Empire, though necessarily raised at
the same time, was utterly and completely distinct.
There was absolutely nothing to prevent Fleury from
accepting the succession of Maria Thercfa, and at the
same time using French influence to urge the electors to
choose Charles Albert of Bavaria instead of Francis Stephen
of Tuscany. Most French historians woxild admit that
he would have been well advised if he had taken this
course. The oidy inevitable connexion between the two
simultaneous vacancies was that Charles Albert, if he
ousted Maria Theresa from the succession to her father's
territories, might have given the Bohemian vote in his
own favour.

Mr. Perkins seems to hold (ii. p. 122) that the third
treaty of Versailles, concluded by Choiseul on his accession
to office, was more unfair to France than the treaty of

1757, n I by Kemis and is

open to ilispute, though iL . , ...^ to

analyze and comjian* the terms of the two tr«atie«. It
may be doubtefl al- ' " - .-•-.-_ r "" ito were
often chosen from <> liimcnt

(i. p. 23j, th'. isional

instances of su^ i ,-t hiive

been under a t<-nq)orary tial I uci nation when on the aamt'
page, in a contrast Ix-tween the nobility of France and
England in the eighteenth century, he speak" of the I'el-
hams and N ''asifthey wc ' "...' ' '.u.

Mr. I'l . . evidently < '-^ witli

great care, and llien- is cjuite a ri ;; .in-

prints in his jjages. He is a resolut<- ai or

])erhap8 of the American, rules of spelling, and the <-. i. i
to become accustomed to forms like "woolen,"" > | . !• d,
" offenses," tic. As to the spelling of prop<ir n ... .icU
author is usually a law to himself, and can ]. ive

some reason for his decision. But it hai nis

worth while to sj>eak of an Archbishop of " ' .i

Mr. Perkins does. It is a hallowed form, in <...^ .. ,.i;ct,
as it is y)erha[)a the only mis-spelling which we have
adopted indej)endently of French innuen ' .t it i>
becoming more and more unfiimiliar. nn>l ms no

good rea.son why it should not \- .1 to •iisafijxar.

Finally, in sjjeaking of the iii is of ;» foreign

country we must inevitably borrow the technical tcnns iu
which they are designated. If we translate these terms
into oiu- own lancuage we either make them colourless
and uiii 've to them a.ssoci;i! ' ire

in all 1; iig. When we ar. l»n

Law sjwke of the kingdom of France as '• j; by

thirty Intendants " we understand at once wL... mt.

The word " Intendant " has been used so often by English
writers that it has become the recognized title of the
famous local rulers of France. But when Mr. Perkins
sj)eaks of " thirty su])erintendents " with a sn 'it

requires a mental efl'ort to understand who h<- ing

to. No doubt it is a suflSciently correct trii of

Intendant, but in this case we contend tlmt ti i"-

not only unnecessary, but much to be deprecatetl.

DarvTin and after Darwin : An Ezposiiicu of the
Darwiniun Tlicory .uid .i Discussion of PnKt.Darwiiiian
Questions. Uy the Into Q. J. Roman r ...i-

Darwinian Questions : Is<ilation and 1 on.

Crown 8vo., viii.+ 181 pp. London, IM'T. Longzxuui. S/-

In Darwin's Autobiography there is an ing

jMis.sage referring to the solution of a great pri ,i)w

to account for the tendency of organic beings descende«l
from the same stock to diveqje in character as they
become modified. " I can rememlier the very spot on
the road, whilst in my carriage, when to my joy the
solution occurred to me. . . . The solution, as I
believe, is that the mo<lified offspring of all d"' 'nd

increasing fonns tend to become adapted to iiid

high ly-diversifietl places in the economy of nature.' Iu
other words, isolation of the several new stocks from om^
another, and from the parent one, is essential to diver-
gence of specific character, or what Professor Romanes
here calls " polytypic evolution."

The present work, the of

" Parwin and after Darwin,"' is d' . of

the principle of isolation. Professor Romanes's view is
that, in relation to the theory of descent, this principle is
second to no other, and that heredity ami variability being
given, the whole theory of organic evolution becomen a

104

LITERATURE.

[November 13, 1897.

t!i(y>rj of the causes and conditions which lead to isola-
tiun.

From Hii.s point of view natural selection itself is n
jnrticular fonn of •'• ■• — iiiate isolation. But Romanes
shows. ».•> Ihtniin U linitte*l.tliat this natural selec-

ts " • xclusive cause of the

«• .-t difficulties in the

«;iy of ac. 'f selection as a com])lcte ex-

{ilaiiation •. ., lers is the difference Ix'tween

vjrieties anil sjicfies when crossed. Another is the famous
<»se of tlie land-shells of the forest refjion of Oahu, one of
the Sandwich I>lands. " Here," says Air. tiulick, whose
«' M> were made with preat accuracy, "we fre-

ij> uid a penus represented in several successive

valleys (often only a mile ajMirt) by allied species. . . .
In every buch case the valleys that are nearest to each
other furnish the most nearly allied forms ; and a full set of
tl ' ' i>nt a minute gradation of

f it tyj)es found in the more

V cji.' Tlie difficulty of explaining,
in. . :. J selection, how allied varieties are
generally mutually fertile and species infertile is overcome,
according to Komanes, by his theory of physiological
election, which is stated and supjx)rted in thethird, fourth,
and fifth (' •f this work. The second case is pai-
ticularly ii ig. Mr. Gulick urged, in essa3's to
which Itomanes does full justice, that the constant
differences of the land-shells of the little island of Oahu
oouid not be due to natural selection because they occur
ill ' "^ ' " ^ on the same side of the mountain,
w . and enemies were the same, and he
fiiiiiliy C4»nclud»\i that they were due to wliat he called
" cumulative segregation," what Romanes here calls
" discriminate isolation." The special interest of the case
lies in the fact that it led Mr. Gulick, a lonely worker in
the Sandwich Islands, to the same conclusion as to the
ii ' " li Romanes had indcjiendently
r< ■•. I :iiig. The first two chapters of
tlie work are devoted to a discussion of the imi>ortance and
the kinds of " isolation," while the opinions which have
be<;n held by naturalists who have specially considered the
Fuhject ai( d in the concluding (sixth) chapter.
IJy far the jKirt of the lxx)k, however, lies in the
statement and defence of the theory of " physiological
selection " which occupy the remaining cliaptcrs. This
theory, |»er{iaits Romanes's most original contribution to
the literature of Darwinism, implies that when a species
is undergoing modification in several directions, so that
('■ ' ^ and the lower classes of animals) tlie
n to inhabit the same area as the parent
Kto<i;, then these new forms are sexually incompatible witli
escli other and witli the parent si^ecies. Physiological
■eleflionin fact is, in regard to incii»ient species, a form of
isolation which may act alone in preventing "the swamping
efT' ell of iiitfrero'.uing,'' or its influence may be furthered
by nat i.

'J' ' , '" which Professor Romanes attaches to

is-ilatioii, and esj)etialiy to physiological selection, in the
production of new sjK-cies has recently Ix-en the subject of
ui-v.-re controversy. I'nder these rirciimstnncfs the present

V : • . .,i,

*' K is

jfi\ n at III

lie, which has been carefully

Oreec« in the Nineteenth Century : A Rt-cord of
HolI<mic KoiaucipnlioD and Progn-j*. 1821-1S07. By Lewis

Sergreant, Knight of the Hellenic Order of the lledeeiiier.
With limp iiiul '.it ilhistnitioiiM. llj xdin. 4(10 pp. I^ondon. 1HII7.

Fisher Unwln. 10 6

" Plants do nourish ; inanimate bodies do not : tlioy Imvo
an accretion, but no alimentation. " In quoting this dcUnition
of Bacon's wo do not moan to infer that Air. Louis Sori^oant's
book is thu product of an inanimate l>ody. nor tlint it will not
nourish some minds, but merely to show that, in cnlliii); it " nn
accretion," and confusing a prucoss with tho roKiiU, ho uses a
strained metonymy, and (to quote the old doggorel) " impoiiit
nova nomina rebus." Whut ho moans iu tliat it is n now o<Iition.
Probably u good many forg(itt<>M books on Ureok and Turkish
subjects will appoar in now editions txtforo the Eastern problem
is solved. Mr. Sergeant's " New Greece," when it first came
out in 1878, w«s rocognizcxl a.s a meritorirns attempt to put tl'.e
case for Greece in a favourablo light at a time wlion Europe
regardo<I Hellenic aspirations as rather a nuisance. It reappears
with a new title, and a good dcnl of new matter and additional
statistics, in a very similr.r mood of public opinion. A goo<l
many people are incline<l to endorse the Apostolic a88ii:^ment
of attributes — " to the (ireeks' foolishnoHS " ; — others arc
willing to see a certain element of heroism, a "divine folly," in
their dauntless kicking against the pricks. To Mr. Sergeant thoir
conduct is purely noble from first to last, and hia cnthuHiastic
championship of their cause will warm the heart of many a
despairing Philhellone in England.

Tho book is avowedly a plea. Reduced to its elements, the
plea consists in throe arguments. It is contended, first, that
tho modern (ireeks are tho lineal descendants and rightful repre-
sentatives of the ancient Hellenes, to whom European civiliza-
tion owes a delit that can never be liquidated, and, as such, are
entitIo<] tohr>ld and enjoy the possessions of thoir ancestors. In
the second place, it is argued that tho Eurojican and especially
the Western Powers, and most of all England, by interfoiing to
create tho kingdom of Greece early in the century, have made
themselves morally responsible for the stability and well-being of
tho Statu they established, and are bound to further its " legiti-
mate aspirations." Thirdly, if tho Greeks have not entirely
realizi'fl the exf)©ctations of their liberators, have run deeply
into debt, and failed to develop to tho full the resources of
thoir country, it is all the fault of tho Powers, who denied
them any freedom of action.

We confess we think tlie argument from nationality, the
appeal to the ago of Pericles, 'iltlo bolter than seutinicntal clap-
trap. Mr. Sergeant holds that Fallraerayer's demonstration of
the strong Slavonic element in the modern Greek race has been
exploded, but his principal witness to the purity of Hellenic
blood seems to be Esmond About. Students of ethnology will
find it difficult to believe that a country swept by successive
hordes of barbarians can have kejit its inhabitants uiulefilcd by
intermixture. Travellers nro by no means unanimous in detect-
ing in modem Greeks tho lineaments of the sculptures of
Praxiteles, and Mr. Sergeant's illustrations of " Greek typos "
do-not remind us of the works of Scoj as. Tho very fact that tho
present occupioM of Greece aro strongly imbued with a national
sentiment makes against the theory of a pure Hellenic ancestry ;
for when did the ancient Greeks over unite as a nation for any
purpose soever ? There was an Athenian patriotism, a Loce-
dsmonian {mtriotism, finil any number of smaller civic senti-
ments ; but a national patriotism for Helios as a whole did not
exist. The sooner we recognisio that tho (Ireeks, like the
Russians, aro a mixed eeiiii-Oricntal race, the easier will it
become to arrive at a ranc estimate of their performance and a
just judgment of their conduct. To recognize tlio truth is really
in the interest of tho Greeks themselves, for we shall no longer
try tu measure them Ivy our own standard ; we shall judge
them, as we ought to judge the Turks, liy a criterion suited to
their origin and conditions.

More than a third of this volume is Gllo<I with an account
of tho War of Indepen Icnco, and tlio various steps, warlike and
diplomatic, which led to the founding of tho kingdom in IHI/O.
It does not pretend to be more than a sketch, designed to show

November 13, 1807.]

LITERATURE.

105

that Briglanil, liavini; put her h«n<l to the plough, mnrt not
turn back. Tho ar);iiiiiont ia opoii to challongu. Ikxiaiiiio one
auts a (Iriiiikon man on )iis logn in tho itreet, ia one obliged
to svo him homo I Kngland may naturally fool sympathy with
tlio Btuto shn liulpod to ostabliah, but bur obligationa atop
tlitiro, until bur own interoata in Kuutb-Koat Kurope aro in-
volvoil. Mr. Sorgoant, howovor, maintuina tliat tho nhortuominga
of Grook govonimonts in tho post wuro nil our own fault. " Tho
young kin(;dom wtia »tillod in ita birth." Tho (in^oka, ho saya—

" Have nuvur luid tliu chanco of growing into a grrut and
powerful nation, or of duvuloping tho gt'iiiun fur trado and tho
civitiy.itig energy wbii-li uro thoir natural inheritance. Thoy wore
uxhorteil to bo fri'o with their chains lialf aovorcd, t'l nin in tho
raco with shacklcn on Ihoir foot, to bo a model for the very
Europo which hml ilomonilizod thorn. Kurojui dui, ' ' im-
poasibility of Ciruoco ; and to that inju.stico shr i ! iho

greater ono of condonuiing and neglecting tho hall-..ii.iMi i|.iktu<l
race for what has l>eon, not ita orimo, but its chief mixfortuno."

Thia ia lino rhetoric, but when it cornea to proof Mr.
Sorgunnt ia at fault. If his utterly misleiuling account of the
Pacilioo atfair in 1850 ia a fair uaniplo of his diplomatic studies,
his history must )>u taken with reserve. To abuse Otho and his
Bavarians is easy and natural enough, but there is no attouipt to
show why tho descendants of Loonidas and Thomistocles did
n'lt Booner bring the King to his bearings. Nor does Mr.
f^orgeant explain why a practical iioople, imbued with a genius
for trade, did not develop to its utmost capacity tho country
restored to them, howovor incompletely. Themistocles wonM not
have run into bankruptcy whilst crying for tho moon.

We cannot commend tho ilhustrutions, which aro poor anil
often irrelevant. Botzari's portrait is en<uigh to give one the
nightmare, an<l why tho well-known sculpture from tho east
frieze of tho t'artlienon should be described iia a " Timib in the
Keraniikos " posses understaniling.

Stories of Famovis Songrs. By S. J. A. FitzGerald.
Sixoiin., xviii.+ iaj pp. lx>nd<>n, 1807. Nimmo. 7,6

" I know a very wise n:an," wrote Fletcher of Faltoun," that
believed that, if a man wern ] crmitted to make all tho ballads,
wo need not care who.shoidd niako tho laws of a nation" ; and
of tho many songs describoil by Mr. FitzGerald those aro cer-
tainly the most interesting which recall some groat event or echo
tbrougli some crisis in a people's history. For fifteen years otir
author has laboured to gather up " tho stories of such lajs and
lyrics as were written under romantic, pathetic, or entertaining
circuni.itanccs" ; and tho excellence of his subject atones ftr
much that is lacking in tho presentation of it. In tho matter
of the history and origin of his Irish songs Mr. FitzOcrabl is not
invariably as accurate a.s could bo wished. Thouph indi-
vidual singers may often find a favourite strain omitted from
these pages, yet in tho account of tho«o melodies that have
voiced th'j loyalty of a nation or roused its " stonea to rise and
mutiny " there is a wider interest which must apjwal to every-
one.

That there is fair ground fcr thus distinguishing between
those who may look through those chapters is unfortunately
but too true. There are few citizens of to-day who have a
" book of songs and sonnets " which they value as high as
Falstaff's forty shillings. Yet it is cump.irativoly but a
short time sinco Mr. Secretary Pepys deliberately chose a
housemaid for her capabilities of voice, in days when almost
every household had at least its own quartett, and there were
" musicko-moetings " at tho Post Office. Even in his time tho
thing was no longer what it bad been. The popidar appreciation
of music had grown weaker : the power of po[)ular song was
loss : and it baa grown less ever sinco. Whether thia change be
due to tho quality of our music or to some more general con-
sideration of character and manners it were no easy task to say.
Sir Philip Sitbiey could never hear tho rhyme of Percy and
Douglas without finding his " heart moved more than with a
truujpst."' And there arc a few such old aongs that can even

now thrill the tenaaa ol all tboM who liaten. But aa a rale our
ears aro dulled in thuao more blatant day* by the infinity o(
unini|x>rt«nt outcry. Our paaaiona ar.' i.orn trainwl to • Oitroct
roatraint than were the men of eorlii : i. It iu at loMt

certain that the " Ballatl " aa tho ki .. century kiiaw it ia

no more. Tlie Proas hoa killed it. When every great event iu
politics, in literature, or in r> !' - - r i» celciirat>d in vorae
which stimulated and informed t tual life of Kngland,

the man who hud no music wos con.-.. .. l« •' lit for

truosons, slraUigems, and spoils." T i innnory of

that yet older timo when the i> !

who brought news from distant <
of the local hero.

" Wor nicht liobt Woin, Woib, und i.. ^^..f.,
" Der bloibt ein Narr auin l<vbunlang."

And the couplet holdj good not in Germany alone but throu{;li-
out all Euro|)e.

Even at the end of tho seventeenth 'on

ooulu bjoat that hu drovo James II. from .ow

verses and a tune. Tho ridiculous chorua of " Ldliburlem "
only won its popularity by Henry PurcoU's muiic. tJnt it ranks
nevortholou in that Una of our national uiolodioa which bcginn
with tho old Norman bunlen " Vivo lo Itoy." Durio;; the Pri>-
toctorato the Cavaliera ha<l to aing " When tho King ahall enjoy
his own again.'' .\t tho Ito.toration there might bo hcarci iu
every loyal house tho sound of —

" Here's a Health unto his Ma'esty, *

'• With a fal lal lal lal la ! "

IViforo 1743 Henry Carey, to whom tho mtuic of tho people
already owed the immortal " Sally in our Alley," had written
and composed a National Anthem which was to remain thcnct-
forth the song of all thu English race. It would seem now
beyond ipiostion that to Carey alone is due the honour of this
noble melody. How much he wrote of those words in which so
many others have claimed a share is not so certain. lyongfellow's
final verso was first publicly sung in April of this year at the
oiioning of Her Majesty's Theatre. But tho thrc« "t^nwis of
tho original in tho simplo majesty of their first wo

never been surpa8se<l and never seem likely to br » It

is not without its tignifioancc, in tho matter on-

noxion,that the some year which gave us "Ged ', ii "

also saw tlio birth of Henry Fielding's " Roas'< Beef of Old Eng-
land " and James Thomson's " Rule Britannia," while in 17t'J
(the year of Minden, of (juiburon, of Quebec) David Oarrick was
moved to writo " Hearts of Oak," which was Crst sung in that
same year to Dr. Boyce's music at Dmry Lane.

It was not long after " Lilliburlero " bad died out in
EngUnd that you n\ight have heard almcst anyitKeio on the
Continent the resonant refrain of

'• Malbrouck s'en va-t-en irnorr*,

Mir<mtoH, ilirtmton,

Malbrouck s'en va-:. .re,

Ne sais quand rcvieudra."

The words were of very ancient origin ; even if the mother of
Siscra was not the first to cry throngh her lattice, " Why ia his
chariot so long in coming ?" That some such poem wm popular
diu-ing tho Crusades is well known ; indeed, the structure and
phraseology of the modern lines can only so bo fully understood.
But there was an evident break in their popidarity until tho
burlesque chant that followed Malplaquet t)ecamc the favourite
camp-song of half-a-dozon armies. Vet, still neither words nor
music seem to have been written down. And had nut a certain
Madame Poitrine (as Mr. Fit/.Gorald writes her n.imo) used it as
a lullaby for the infant Dauphin at Versailles, it would barely
have survived another century. Tho lively fancy of Marie
Antoinette was taken by the cradle-song, and it was soon hoard
throughout all France. Bcaumarchais iusertetl it in his Maria'jt
de Figaro. Barros and Murat sang it. Beethoven uced Uie
tune in his Battle Symphony in 1813 as symbolical of tho French
Army. The melody is shouted still all over England to the
words of '* For he's a jolly good fellow," or to the still more
convivial chorus of which " Father Prout '' gives the origin in

106

LITERATURE.

rNovember 13, 1897.

kit tmuKiiption of tbe Mrljr Taraion of .luaoolebnUd funeral

•' Maribrook, tho prin-" ■■•' .-.-in-niiwi.! «,
Haa eone to the « »
Hia fame is like A

Bat whoii
flip invi'f — ;

"* ' ;lit dotli upiK'iiT.

AHp: •■' Mall'i, . - uamo the terrible Carmnguolo, with its
" \ ;i Ihi Canon," id hideous jiarody of tho farandole of

Ol ! Uut both thia and " ^a ira " won gave way to

a I '.r»in than any which tho rorolutionary spirit had yot

■rua»<xi. ir. tho winter of 1793, Claude Joseph Rougot de Lislo
wrote the first words of " Allons, Enfants de la Tatrio " fur
Baton Diotrich, Mayor of Strasburg. Tho wave of popular
apfroral carri«^ it swiftly to Southern France, and it was soon
olirialer ^IarscilIaiBo," from the town whoso citizens first

broagfct i'aris. Its wild refrain swept in a torrent of

•notion thtougk the capital. Something oren of Barri-re's
b]r>terieal desoription we can realize to-tiay, for wo know how
Bachol kindled her audiences to a frenzy of excitement as she
sang " A.ax Arntes, aux Armos, Citoyeii!< !'' By Lamartine and
by Ueina sooie eoho of what that first enthusiasm meant lias
bMB preaarred. No "art made tongue-tie<l by authority ''
eoold ovor produce a ritral to theoo paMionatc strains. Xo other
•ong has ever so fully ; 'lotcber of Saltoun in his

duotation. It remains ti. J musical expression of tho

Wrench iU-public.

In Au;iu«t, 1813, a young Saxon soldier, only twonty-two
years old, lay dead after a skirmish in Mocklonburgh. In his
pocket-book was found tlio " Schwcrtlied," which made Komor
famons, and to Weber's music has been sung wherever German
•oldien fought. " Die Wacbt am Rhein," which was written in
1840, was tho sole effort of Max Schneckcnburger, a perfectly
oh 'lant, who never lived to hoar it chosen as

til In tho same war the German outposts at

SaarUuck were cliauting tho Kutschko Lied, with its more
simple, soldier-liko words and tho refrain —

'• Was kraucht da in dcm Busch hernm ?
Ich glaulo 08 ist Napolium " —

which dates back to the old War of tho Liberation.

Bat we havo no spaoe to mention more of these national
lyrics, or even to aay anything of tho many other examples of
perfect mnsic net to noblo words which upon slighter occasions
bare won their place in this record of tho power of song. That
power seems weaker amid the growing indilTerenco and the
clamorous Tulgarity of our modem life. But there is one clear
Doto that sounds an echo of the Elizabethan lyro, one singer
who is not ashamed of patriotism, nor afraid to take tho British
Bmpire for his theme. It is from Mr. Rudyard Kipling that we
most seek— if we dare seek at all— tho song that fthall stir Eng-
land of to-day as these old songs moved our forefathers long
ago.

The Connolaaeur : ICnMtys «>n the Romantic und I'ictu-
TY!n>|uc A:«M>i.latioiii< of Art and Artists. By Frederick S.
Bobinson. Demy 8vo., 'JX pp. London, 1807.

Red way. 7.6

Thif Titi'o book has, at any rate, tho rare merit of being
tboroni: .'>lo. It is a sort of artixtic olla, made up of

pleasau'.. ,, ii'ing essays about collectors and things which

interest collectors. There are anecdotes of artists and art
patrons, talcs of art frauds and art discoveries, while whole
chapters are devoted to tho elder Pliny and Horace Walpole,
aii ' ' 'inpensable " but inn' ^■:l«ari. It may bo

CO • .nly a very few of ) ' tcs are really new,

b«r ■- email • in tliot, provided that

til' Kn with J .ind seasoned with apt

Tomnieat. Nor does the book seem to be- addressed to the grave
or eradito etodent, but rather to tho class refcrrud to in the
flhaptor on the art collector, to whom "tho thoiiglit of such a
pJac«* a^ thf Hotith Krnslngton Museum conjures up only

recollections of a smell from hot-air gratings, which were noisy
to walk u]Hni, and of a refreshment room which it was only
too dilHodt to find."

Though for the most part tho author has gone for his matu-
rials to more obvious and generally available sources, he has to
some extent exploited thu stores of information in the iK>sses-
sion of his father, Kir John Robinson, whoso long previous
experience as Superintendent of the South Kensington Museum
has, as ho frankly mentions, 8uppliu<i him with n poi-tion of tho
contents of this volume. In the chapter on " Tho Ideal
Collector," there is a fiiio flavour of keen personal enjoyment.
Mr. Robinson certainly draws a very attractive picture of tho
life of tho ardent connoisseur hunting curios throughout the
world, and in particular of the foreign travel, spiced with tho
danger and excitement of rough journeys in a wild country,
" with the added anxiety caused by tho consciousness of plenty
of ready money in yourl)elt." Nor must the thorough-going
collector, ideal or not, insist on dealing only with tho virtuous,
and, indood, we imagine that Mr. Robinson is right in assorting
(so frail is human nature) that " moments of mild intrigue in>
crease your delight in tho acquisition of a coveted treasure."
As, for instance : —

" Is it a question of church plato which tho priests' aro
anxious to soil ? Tlion yon may havo judiciously to grease the
palms of half a cathedral chapter. His holiness tho bishop
will display for tho future a brighter diamond on his finger since
ho facilitated the exchange of his old communion plutu for now.
Most of tho proceeds willpo to the completion of tho cathedral,
as at Saragossa twenty years ago, when tho votive offerings of
tho Vorgen del I'ilar were disjiersod — to bo found a!;ain, some
few of them, at tho all-embracing South Kensington Museum. "

Naturally, wo turn to tho chapter on frauds and forgeries for
interesting matter. " Wo aro not ablo to say," tho author
sentontiously remarks, " when the first artistic fraud was perpe-
trated." If we might venture a guess, it wii« probably daring
tho later palaeolithic period, but the practice sooms to
have kept abreast of advancing civilization up to the present
time. The singular thing is that artists of extraordinary ability
continue to exhibit an equally extraordinary readiness to under-
take tho work of forgery. A familiar instance is that of the artist
who a few years ago engravotl an exquisite arabesque ornament
on a genuine steel corselet of tho IHtli century. This fraud was
discovered, not through any inferiority in the modern work, but
because a connoisseur detected tho incongruity between tho
coarseness of the armour, which was only that of a common lane-
knecht, and tho delicate beauty of the decoration, which only
befitted a grandoe. Tho forger in this case was a Spaniaixl, but,
judging from tho examples given by Mr. Robinson, probably
Italy has suppliotl most of this unprincipled talent. Nor is the
Muscovite far behind, for if Professor Ftlrtwiinglor bo right, and
Europo knows no more aicurato or accomplished critic, the
famous gold tiara of King Salaipharnos, the latest glory of tho
gold room in the Louvre, is the work of an unscrupulous crafts-
man in a small Russian town. The author has a somewhat loose
grip of medieval history, and talks too glibly of " Gothic
times " and " the darkno.'js of a thousand years," a period
which ap{>aroiitly would include the building of Saint Sojihia bud
tho prime manhood of Leonardo da Vinci. Similarly, his criti-
cism of men and things, as when ho calls tlie author of linos tu
tho evening star a misguided eccentric, is apt to be a little too
summar}'. But he has written an amusing book.

Lumen. By Camillo Flammarion. AulhoriztHl TranB-
Intion from the hVi-nch by A. A. M. and R. M. Svo.. vi. ! 2:iJ pp.
London. 1HW7. Heinemann. 3,6

The scienti6c romance is always a dangerous thing to
handle, and, to judge from this hook, a still more dangerous
thing to translate. Such mistakes, in fact, as are mado by tho
ordinary novelist matter little, because it is only the very
young who take their ideas of life from tho novels tliey read,
and most of us aro quite com|>etent to avoid being led into
errors by stories that wo take U[) '"• niiii!''cmi!iil. But tho

November 13, 18S)7.j

LITERATURE.

107

■oientiflo romanco it on • difToront footing ; •-'' — ~ -- no little
fftniilior to thu avorof^o man, and in yotun int' mioMiou

■o juulouHly (loBirod l)y him, that tho novoliiit wti", lik'- M. Julua
Verne or Mr. H. (!. Wulls, apfxiars to coinbinQ amu.Humtjnt with
instruction in apt to l>o rogardoil an a iiHoful ; Yut ho

is gonurally nioro liable to orr than tho Hitrio nf text-

books. Kven Sir. WolN, for iiigtun>-u, has one kUtii

to look forwaril to a time wliou bactoria will h _ ' ir 'd aa

a Hort of golden ago, in apparent unuonaciousnoa* <>f the fact
that thoy are tlin true scavongers and piiriliora of the world. Me
may be readily exuuHed when wu tlnd hu auunil an OHtroiionior as
M. Flaminarion committing himself to tho statoment tliat " a
more or loss quantity of hout would produce liipiid air," and
that if the earth flew off at a tangent to its orbit, its atmo-
sphoro wo\dd " booonio liquid." This statontont is certainty
not ju8titied by all that we know of tho temporaturo of intor-
atollar space, at wliioh pressure as powerful as that usi-<l in tho
laboratory of tholtnyal Institution would still bo needed to liquefy
air. Many of M, Klamiuarion's numerical statements have been
shown to bo erroneous by tho more accurate measurements of tho
thirty years which have elapsed since " Lumen "wus written, and
his translators have helped to pilo up a list of orrors which would
have boon avoided by tho most olomcntary acquaintance with
astronomy. As tho charm of tho book desci-vos to carry it into
a second edition, it may bo worth while to coll attention to
some of thoso. Thus the earth's speed in its orbit is said to be
12,700 kilom^trea por hour (p. 10) ; it is really about 66,000
milos, or moro than oight times as much. On p. 95, whilst
correcting M. Flammarion's arithmetic, tho trannhitors havo
forgotten that tho statomont of tho speed of lif^l't as " 75,000
leagues por second " convoys either no meaning, or a wTong
one, to an English reader. Thoro is also a misprint in the
number of " leagnos " traversed in a day. Pago 108, " spectral
analysis," is not tho proper English phrase, bnt sooms to refer to
tho proceedings of tho S. P. R. Pages 131 and 160, tho meaning-
loss " leagnos " recur. Pago 132, tho translators' arithmetic
has gono all wrong in tho attempt for once to turn French
measures into English. Pago 170, we are introduced to a
chomical novelty in tho shape of " carbolic acid gas." Page
176, " azote " should bo nitrogen. Pago 202, " tho worm
called lombrio " is simply the common earthworm, and not such
a " strange serpent " as it must appear under this unfamiliar
designation. Tho translation throughout is far from reproducing
the poetic charm and attractiveness of the original, but it might
pass if the orrors, of which we have pointed out the moat
glaring, were removed. Tho ingenious speculations and romantic
hypotheses on which tho book is based, which havo earne<l it an
immense popularitj' in tho original, are too well known to need
criticism. We may quote Dr. Newcomb's brief summary of the
main idea :

" If an intelligent being h.ad an eye so keen that he could
see the smallest object by the faintest light, annf a movement so
rapid that ho could pass from one bound of the Stellar .lystom to
tho other in a few years, then, by viewing tho earth from a
distance nnich los3 than that of tho furthest star, ho would see
it by light which had loft it several tbou.-Jand years before. By
simply watching, ho would see the whole drama of human
history acted over again, except where the actions had been
hidden by clouds, or under other obstacles to tlio radiation of
light."

M. Flammarion has worked out this conception with mnch
literary charm, and even in tho rather inadequate translation
his book is sure to find many appreciative reatlcrs. It is curious
to notice in it what may bo taken as a prophecy both of tho
Rontgon Kays and of Hertz's electrical vibrations, which Signer
Marconi has just turned to such useful account.

Social Switzerland : Studies of Present Day R<x-ial
Movements and Ivogislation in the Swiss Republic. Ry
William Harbutt Dawson. SxSiin., :««pp. I^mdon. issr;.

Chapman and Hall.

Mr. Dawson's " Social Switzerland " might, perhaps, have
been moro appropriately called " Industrial Switzerland. " To

I 'ir,

— It-

Daw-

> dat«,

nt thb

iue,but

ijfficiat

a l*ts» extant, though working on a s-
over tho aanie ground aa was travvlltd
Dra«|u, ;' ..... . ,

in thu

■ion in IB'JJ. Uu!, thcu ;ui,

son's h'v.k. Not only ii tb-

s«i •

Mr. Dawson

reports by j • _ . I..

dealt with, ilu is thus able to give mucli fuller in; oa

to tho workin • ■' •' •■■■titntions than is to bu (■.umi m the

Ulue-lxwik, « ing facts afT^rd an occasional insight

into thu pen i. r and ; ' ' ' .worker

which will ' tho book _, to the

average reader.

Mr. Dawson is, on the whole, content to lot Ids f.-.ct-i odc.iU for
them.HeIvi'Sv his own views too ii it,

so that tliou„; what ore in somo ii: .....Jljr

controversial subjects, he does so in no controv' rit. In

his preface ho says : — "I believe vr- '-irn mui^n ::iir-. .ho ame-
liorative movements which are j.' near our own doora."
This, I'! ' , is tho point m: to
regard , it hn gives of '• t ;ty
which the I .i i«
Rejmblic ha\ in
tiio field of '>rm." It w(/ oly be
pos.siblo for ; Oi people to i . ' "f t^"*
Swiss in all these excursions. Tho conditions in Switzerland are
mach moro paternal, and tho combinations alike of labour and
capital much loss i>owerful, than thoy are in England, while tho
Democratic spirit is so prevalent among tho Swiss th.it, as Mr.
Dawson tolls us, " tho public tako sidei with tho striker* almost
as a matter of course, and sometimes without rej;ard to the
rights and wrongs of the dispute." On thi* point li" «av^ : —

"As a strike oddity may be i- :oh

occurred durini' a strike of watchmak< ire

in the sprin: When tho struggle he

Communal .\ i one village ~"'cr' t^

tho 8upp<irt <-( tiio htrikers.
Cantonal tJovornmont, which

within its ri." s as helj :ii oltn-r

destitute or "us not c

Then, again, there are mun; t Heme,

where young pe>ple are given a t!.u of four

common handicrafts ; but it is not that the

goo<ls ma<le and sold and tho " ri:.. ........ ^. .,..., ssions "

undertaken are regarded by the ordinary nuuiufacttirurs as an
nndosiroble fornj of competition with themsolrcs.

Tlie references alike to Poor Law agencies and technical
education certainly suggest that in those : •, least,

them aro lessons to be learned by us from .:id. In

regard to tho former the system of X.'l; 'ii.:. i. - . i'ms

(called " Natural " Relief Stations in tl.o lioik, ;; ;.:i ob .■ ua
misprint) afTonls an excellent moans of distinguishing between
the ordinary tramp and the gennino workman who is hone.<»tljr
seeking for work, and it is certainly open to consideration whether
some approach to this dual system could not'' ' ' 'heroin
profcronco to leaving tho honest bnt unfort ..ker to

choose between tho tramp ward and a commun . te.

Mr. Dawson's references to technical education le-

serving of caruful consideration. Ho says :—

" It is the '
industries is witli
special ■=♦•;''• '"
as a ni'
establibi . ... , .

. , ,

te
i>re.

they are wanted, haviug been

Containing, as it docs, the latest information on these ar.d
a varietyof (ithcr matters as regards one of the most ••ailvancod"
of European countries in respect to industrial questions, Mr.
Dawson's book should be reatl by all who are in any v.-ay interested
in tlio subject of present day progress.

lOS

LITERATURE.

[November 13, IS 97.

History of Dogma, nr Dr. Adolph Hamaok. Trnnn-
!«t<-tl from tlu- thinl (ii-minn Kdilioti by Jnnii's Millar, H.I).
Vul. III. (T)iculc)|;i<-al Tmnsl.it icm Li Imirv. Vol. VIII.) Svo..
::U) pp. Ixjndon, 1^97. WilUains and Norgate. 10 6

This it a further instAlmnit of the Eiif^lish trciislation of
Dr TT vrn-i.-V'i »oll-knowu work. The prose nt volume covers a
P" <>ptional interest in the dei'elopniont of Cliristology

an.. i^., ...;.. iiy, oxtomling from the beginninc of the second
century to the time of Angustine. One of the most in-
tOTPsting point* in this volume is the »tut1y of Origen's
disciplM and ancoeaaors. Dr. Hamack draws attention to
t!>e mediating position of MothiKliiis, n theologian whose
extant works are comi>amtivi-Iy little known, but whofe
imjKirtaaoe in the history of thcologj- neo<)s to be «luly recog-
niKxl. In a aense he is the prconsor of Atlianasiue in so far as
ho ropreaenta the tendency to regulate the scientific theology,
the " higher thought " of his day, by the accepted tnuiition of
lljo Church and the facts contained in Christian consciousness.
Dr. Ilornack's sketch of Athanssius is on the whole most just
and appreciative. The following criticiam is specially note-
worthy. " Athanasius's greatness conaiitvd in rcdnctun, in
the enerjyr with which, from a mnltitudo of divergent specu-
lations claiming to rest on tradition, he gave exclusive validity
t/» tHnu? in Tilich the Ktrcnj^th of religion then lay " (p. Uu).
TI; • s a note which does not occur so often in

Dr to end exhauttivo wcik as might be ex-

pertod. He rightly points to the enduring interest of the history
of dogma— tl:e fact that it deals " with matters which have
gained, an I still exercise, an immense power over the feelings
and minds cf men " (p. riii.). It may be questioned, however,
whether, aironz the various inflncnces which ditcrmincd the
directit.n of " .Dr. Hamack has adcquatoly

re?^»'nir«l tl ;i.in experience. In dogma there

at. . the iiit4.-llcctiial and the religious, the one

'c tl c?:pres«ion or envelope of the other. The

lif' is religious experience, and even the most

nir.; .1, !. ;_, ,..: ctrincs conveys only a faint impression of
t!:o life »nd worship which they inspirefl.

In spite of its magnificent scale, and the thoroughness of its
method. Dr. Hamack's work, as he himself seems to hint in the
pr ' s .second Volume, lacks the interest which a more

■t- 'ilocical study of dogma would possess.

'liioliji s the same high standard of work-

mar.ship as » ,n the former volumes.

A Treatise on Sanctification. By the Rev. James
Praser (of Alness). New and It<-vi.se<l l-xlitiim by tin- Itev.
John Hsrpherson, M.A. 8vo., xxxi.4 tiK! pp. l/.ndon, 1807.

Bliss, Sands, & Co. 7 6

This book ia a reprint of a rather scarce work which the
author completed a few mcnt'is lufore his dtath, and which
paaaod through aovoral editions between 1774, the date of the
<»ri;;inal publication, and 1824. Mr. Macpherson has re-odited
tlio book with evident care, and describes it as " an extremely
intc;esting specimen of 18th century exogcsir." lie has also
prefixed a biographical notice of the author, the Rev.
■;.\mes Fras?r. of Alnass. Neither the method nor the style
of the bo^k ia likely to commend it to ordinary students
of tlioology. There is son-.othing repugnant to the modem
r.'ader in < ■< of Scripture, and it is

difficult t« 1- I. can l)e served by reprint-

. wliith 1 .a peculiarly barren oge in

The thf 1 1 h the writer mainly insists

i» i.vji., 14-25, St. I'aul is delineating the experience of

* "t an utirrgenerato man. Most students will agree

«i ' Dr. }>anday and Mr. Hcadlam that "we should

do i, .: . I . ^. , J) t" introduce so technical a term as regenera-
tion into a context from which it is wholly absent." There are,
in fact, few portions of the New Testament in regard to which
the h'uUyrvJtl matb'Kl of exposition is more necessary and more
fraitfol tbin the Bpistle to the Romans. Mr. Frasor defends a

Kii

" rigid doctrine " with the exegetieal weapons of a period in
which the historical sense was only leginning to waken,
and when it was taken for granted that the wonls of tho Now
Testament writers already pospos.ied the (ixeil, formal, and
technical moonings assigned to th«m by Protestant scholasticism.
The Appendix consists of a long dissertation on the doctrine
of the Apostle in its relation to practice and preaching. It is
evident that the writer overrates the extent to which the
mass of hearers can l)e moved through nppt^ls to their leason.
Ho lays cjiecial stress on the importjinie of knowledge and goo<l
judgment in the religious life. Ho closes his disRortation with
the remark that " it becomes ministers to labour in leading
persons to know themselves and to know Christ . . . and to
enforce holy practice by evangelical principles, arguments, and
motives which alone will have effect "

The Story of Our English Towns. Tol.l by P. H.
Ditcbfleld, l'"..S..\. With Intitxhiction by .^^l^rllNtlls .Icssop,
D.I). 8vo., 307 i)p. London, 18D7. George Redway, 6 -

Dr. Jessop's preface inditutos clearly what this book ought
to Ih! ; but " to summarize in a popular lorm the m.vin results''
of the labours of experts during the lost few years on " the
history of the origin, the growth, and the constitutional develop-
ment of our English towtih " is a task which might have proved
arduous even for him. Mr. Ditchfleld docs not oven attempt it.
His work consists of antiijuarian chit-cliat of the niott ordinaiy
kind ; and, but for a i-hort description of the !ato discoveries at
Silche8ter,a few facts about the origin of the Univen>ilieH,and some
.-illusions to the Kmj)ire, " on which, as yet, the sun never sets,"
there is notliing wliich could not have been written &0 years ago.
As we wander or walk around under his guidance, wo see, or
seem to see -do wo not ?— the " good old " fancy scenes of
Charles Knight's " Old Kngland," and we hear a vast deal of
familiar moralizing. " Familiar also is " his ono clieap rhe-
torical device of inverting the usual order of tlio words in a
sentence ; and very melancholy are the improfsious produced
by Mr. Ditchtield's style as he contrasts — f. 3., the present
with the past state of Sandwich. " Departc<l," he says, " is all
its glory now, and the streets are as silent as thoce of
the inland decayed towns through which, in old coaching days,
kings and queens, statesmen and nobles, passed (r stayed the
niglit, and which the railways left high aud dry, and their inns
deserted."

Mr. Ditchfleld begins with BritiHh and Roman towns, a
Roman city, .Saxon towns. Church towns, castle towns ;
and it is fair to say that under each head ho manages
to provide just a few relevant facts, though many pages
are devoted to unnecossarj' doscrijitions of the nature of
an abbey, a castle, or a Roman country house. He passes
on to a short account of guilds and fairs, which is
fairly intelligible ; but the remaining chapters are more dis-
connecte<l. '' <hir Great Metropolis " is perhaps the most
absurd ; in " Memorable Siege.s of fJreat Towns," lie mentions
only Kxeter, Cloucester, and Colchester ; and much space is
occupied by the " Thnce told Tolos " of the Plague, the Fire,
the Armada, and so forth. Actiuil blunders are nunierous. John of
Gannt's first wife, Blanche of Lancaster, figures as the daughter,
or step-daughter at least, of his second wife,Constanco of Castile ;
" basilica " appears as a plural ; a piscina " outside one of the
doors " indicates the existence of a chapel ; Winchol.sua was
rebuilt by Henry III. ; Kxeter street is named after an Earl
ofKssex; and a famous Koraan town is now called " Catterwick."

It api>ears from a rem.irk on p. IM that these |>apers were
written not long after l.'^.t-, and they seem to have biren intended
for publicatiou in a newspaper at Iteading. They would do very
well for that, or for delivery as lectures with the ai<l of a magic
lantern, esjiccially as on p. 178 wo find a roforonco to " accom-
panying illustrations," wliich are not inserted hero. The frontis-
piece is as irrelevant as the v*hole work, since it consists of a
secondhand woodcut of .'■'t. Leonard's Castle at Mailing, which
is not mentioned in the text.

November 13, 1897.]

i.m:itATURE.

109

MILITARY.

Richard Baird Smith. Hy Oolonel H. M. Vlbart, R.B.,

Sx8ii>., 1U5 pp. Londun, 1W7. OonBtabie. 6,-

Iii Huoking to claim for his (1ouri>tiiiir i>flievr tho chief
honour o( thu vitally important cuptiiru of I)(!lhi Colonol Vihnrt
t'viiUmtly acted from (;unorou» motivuo. Colonel iUcharil liuiril
Smith wiut witliout doulit one of the ^r(Nit men hy whom India
was Kuvod, and his appointment a» Chief Knfjineer in .Juno, ISiu,
to the force wliicli for iioventoen days hud occupied a |Mi8t of
4)b)ervation on tlie •• I<idj»e," unquestionahly murljetl a turninj;-
point. 'I'u him wa.i due thu plan of oiMiratioiut whicii le<l to
complete success. Ho not oidy planned the so-called »iei;e,
hut ho personally directnd tno works carried out by Ids
uhlo suhonlinate.s. Finally, it is certain that the nlan was
<lisliked and distniated by CJoneral Wilson, on whom the
«umnuind before Delhi dovolved in consoi|mn;o of the illnoM of
General lleed. There was probably no oHicer in India to abso-
lutely competent to direct siege operations as Kaird Smith, who
liad Hfcon much ti>,'htiiig in the lirst iSikli war and the campaign in
the Punjab in 1S4S-4'J. taken nart in the battles of Huddiwal,
Aliwai, Sobraon, Chilliiinwaltab, and (ioojenit, and was in
addition a most aci;i>mplislied engineer. Kssontially a man of
action, as bo showed himself at Roorkee on the outbreak of the
Mutiny, full of vigour and ready to accopt any responsibility,
lie was" not the man to assort his claimi when the tunc of |>eril
■was past, and his great services before Delhi received no recog-
nition. .\fter the siege, he returned wounded and broken down
liy lUnes.s to Roorkee. " 1 fear," wrote Sir John Hurgoyne, ;
•• that his having resumed his old quiet iwst has put him out of |
sight, and »o proverbially out of mind. ' This may have been i
the case, and in the Army distinctions do not always corresjiond I
with merit. i

Colonel Vibart. however, considers that history has not
accorded justice to Baird Smith, and this somewhat rambling
volume is written with the object of upholding a reputation
assume)! to be endangerc<l. The grounds for this a.ssiinip-
tion aie by no means clear, and the fact thac a share
in the honours of Uelhi is assigned to others detracts
nothing from the memory of Itaird Smith. The earliest and
greatest historian of the Sepoy war. Sir .lolin Kayo, gives
the highest prai.se to the chief engineer, as Cohmel Vibart points
<mt. The latest writer. (ieneral lniies,allowBhis opinion of General
Wilson's attitude to be clearly shown. " He disliked Bainl
iSmith's scheme, and thought it likely to fail. Hut ho could not
buggost any more hopeful scheme of his own. So, on tbo latter
ground, he sanctioned his Chief Engineer's riro|M)sals, yielding
to his judgment, but avowing his opinion that the chances of
success were unfavo'.irable." In a letter to Sir .lohn Lawrence
<teneral Nicholson stated : — " Wilson has made overvthing over
to the engineera, and they alone will deserve the cre<iit of taking
Uelhi. Had WiLson carrie<l out his threat of withdrawing the
guns, 1 was quite pieimred to appeal to the army to set him
.aside and elect a successor." John Nicliolson would certainly
Iiavo carried o.it his intention if the occasion hiul j)resente<l
itself. General Wilson was, however, in poor health anil over-
Imrdeiied by the heavy respon.sibility for which, at this time at
least, he was totally unfit. Xevertheless, ho did not put a stop
to the measures ho distriLstod. The siege wa-s carried on m the way
ISaird Smith desired, and the titular commander cannot justly be
»leniedtho."fair share of rewards " whichhisChief Engineerclaime«l
for him.

Oolonel Vibart's l>ook, however well intontioned, is neither
in manner nor in matter well calculatc<l to promote the object
■he has in view. Some of lUird Smith's private letters, in which
he comments bitterly on the obstruction from which ho suH'eretl,
might with advantage have romainoil un]>rinted. In such
A'xploita as the siege of Delhi it is rarely or never possible to
assign the cau.se of success to a single individual, and it is a
•military canon that a general in command, who will Ih> hold
accountjible for failure, must, even when merely {xjrmitting
iictitms of which he disapproves, receive the cre<lit and the
lewards i»f success.

The Coldstream Ouards in the Crimea. By Lt.-Col.
Ross-Of-Bladensburg, f.B. 8x5in., :J08 pp. Ix)ndon, ISO".

Innes. 6/-

" The Coldstream Guards in the Crimea " is a reprint of a
■portion of the author's earlier history of this distinguished
regiment. Colonel Ross-of-Bladonsburg succinctly narrates the
painful story of a cruelly mismanaged campaign, quoting fre-
qusHtly from tlie diary of Colonel Tower, and adding souie intercst-

inS detail* aiwl alntiiilixi ri'Inline to tliu f 'oMnlra'ain Giiaitla.

Hu eritieiams on i «f

attacking the nort .to

tio undomttMl.

"It is ohvionx,' :bat, if thu invadars

could have ' •" thi« northern laiik,

tb«v could o'hI Homo if tl a forta

in reverse ; and tli.it il •T-

I'iant guns of thu letpiisn .l<l

.tilo, and til -tr :rti' II <>i iw i.ij ■• Ml ii.«

. the fore« of the pluugiiii; lire dir»<t«l n|Min
till III .

This is true, but the " if» " are imjMirtant, and it ia
.i,ii;..,,lr r., .i,„l..i .t ,i,,l )i..M til.. Alli,'^ \M.iilii Liiv ' < ".(..dilinhed

I ins anil

; . r. lU

at Old Fort was in . mg column tle|MMHliiig

on certain con ti with its shipping.

Todiuiieii was probably right in ' - on Iho

north side would have fallen to i; the fito

of the fleet, but thoir capture wmilil uul li.ivu iiuiMcl the armies

tu have dispensed with a base of supply for their immediatu

needs, and an o|M,>n coast line wouhl have Ihhjii a dangerously

precarious substitute.

The devoteil gallantry of tb' ' • -b' of Guards at
Inkorman dwells in the national ; but the Iomm

were severe. Of the '."• •■!'■■■- '' "••■ C,.I«I-

stioam (Juords who em H

..iImhh nn.l :.()7 iiii'ii rt I the

than lilt* men iind die<l, of whom 604 were
se mainly jireventablc. In view of the prf'cnt
state of the Army, it is specially int. 'lat

the drafts sent to the battalions in twi

of grown men, the average of the first Itciii^ 'Jl w itii ntai ly t»<>
years' service, and of the last 'SM with l« months. The lino
battalions were, however, loss i ' ' ' No»erthe-

less, when the fighting was om "mI, and the

bitter lesson of the campaign i'.-. I force was

paratlod for the inspeotion of the 1; " I never

saw onything so well ns our troop .,. . . .. mte Colonel

Tower on the 17th of April, 18o<>. "The men had thoir best
clothing on ; regiments all made up to thoir full strength ;
artillery with now liMtiioss, horses in lirst-rato condition." Thie
was an army ; tho force sent to the Kast in l^iVl was only an
aggregate of brave regiments.

Cuba in War Time. By Richard Harding Davis.

Illustnitcd by Ki-edcric Keniington. 7\ • ."lin.. 1:5 pp. I>)niioii,
181/7. Heinemann. 3 6

" Culm in War Time " is, stat** tho autbiir. partiv rom-
I)ose<l of letters contributed to the P: '■ .tes.

A work thus constructed is usually to

know tho route taken bv the writ< '•"■ and

the events which occurred nnder hi.* ad of a

continuous narrative, wo have a seri. ■< ■. ....-..-.m,. L,.i articles
in which pcrs<inal oxporieiices are merged in general di»-
qiiisitions, and tho hurried reader of a newspaper, rather than
the portion of tho public which really desires infornuk-
tion in regard t > Cuban afTairs, rej resenVa the audience.
Tho book, however, has many ]x)ints of inU-rost, and. in certain
respects, it throws vivid light upon the prf>ccedini;8 which have
ruined one of tho finest islands in the world, and thrown an
almost intolerable strain upon the Sj>ani»h iicople. The military
ptilicy, if such it can Im> called, is one of fortifications supple-
mented by purposeless raiding.

" When the revolution broke out in Cnbo. two years ego,
the Spaniards at once began to build tiny forts, and continuc<l
to add to these . . . until now tho whole island . . .
is studded as thickly with these little forts as is the fole of a
brogan with iron liails. . . . These forts now stretch sll
over tho island, some in straight lines, some in circles, and some
eig-i'agging from hill-top to hill-top."'

W ithin those immense linos of defence the Spanish army
holds control ; outside the country is in tho possession of the
insurgents.

" Flying columns of regular troops and guerillas are
sent out daily, but they always return eaoh evening within the
circlH of forts. If thoy meet a band of insurgents they give
battle readily enough, but they never pursue the enemy, nud,
instead of camping on the grotind and following him up next
morning, thoy retreat as soon as the battle is over to the town
where they are stationed."

No policy could well be more hopeless, or better cakm-
latod to demoralize an army. The military prix-cwlinga
have conscquent'y assumed the form of simple brigand-

110

LITERATURE.

[November 13, 1897.

•M Oil both aidaa, and no deoisiv* rMult is poMible.
(Stncral Woyler, aooonling to the author, delibcratolv
d«citic<io»r»W»« " p«oili<-oi» " or non-combatants were conso-
oUBiit' ' una and their houses and crops

oastr' ,:>.'lher half-starred and periwhin);

from tii»'ii., iiio>e wrt-tiiu <i ih'oiiIc iiro iinvcntod from doing
any work and Mr« tmettl with ansoluto ruin when ])eaoe is
restored. '• In *'•- --r it is the women, liertlod together in
Um towns iiki' ho arc goin;; to die, while tlio men,

cnmiied in the 1.^....' ..:..; the !"•";"' '■; " ''' 'ii'' " "^'r- Davis
briags the grkrest claries : . who,

ha states, have kei>t t!.. r.'1< '<iests.

They nre "Ut of forced loans from

|ilaiitetii a: ubtedlj bold back for

thsMselves a (:i' «f the mun." The latter are

des cri bed an " . alert," although the ranks

are being ' -

The :: interesting description of the

troclia, a sjt' les wall, fifty miles long, traced

through denre jii I stretching across the eastern

end of f ' '• nro to Moron. The trees

base been of ITiO yards and formed

into a ban i>. ny nml higher than a man's

heed." Korts -^ I'dt of barl>ed wire, land

nines, .iii>l ;> -^: ., cimpiete the most astounding

fortit'. n times. The idea, like that of our remote

•Boest • (\ Iv llio Vii-ts and Scots, is apparently to

ereete an impessablt alike ingress and egress.

" Kvery sheet of arii irupated zinc roof, every

roU of barbed wire, uvtiy plunk, bcum, rafter, and girder, oven
the nails that hold the planks together, the forts themselves,
ahippe<l in sections " — all have been obtained from the Unite<l
States, whose manufacturers must have benefited considerably
from t' neo. In spite of defects

of m:i ■■: in War Time " is well

wortli (•ailing ii.~ iiii in.|Kiiiinjj i i-niaiii HI of military and admin-
istrative incapacity. •

MEDICAL.

The Ori^n of Disease, with Chapters on Diagnosis,

Vr -'- and Trc.itiueni. By Arthur V. Meigs. M.D.

^' riginal Illustrations. 'Svc, xiv. 4 "iai pp. I'liilailel-

l" Lippincott. 21-

It is a question whether all books on the origin of any thing

Si' * ' ■' ' • ry nature unsatisfactory. Their title is too
a .jreat lioiies in the re.ider, hopes which ore

ai. : L.. oe iinfultilled, for nothing is more unknown

than ti." i.. ! iiinp. The origin of disease is involved in even

p' ' • V il I, tl... w..,,i- f most things, for disease is

it.~. !f .• ry .■ rorest cases can the linger be

laiil 'ij <ij ■_; h is alone the ceat of a morbid

IKOOsas. The work .-s is unsatisfactory, therefore, on

general grounds ; it : ome inherent causes of weakness

peculiar to itself.

The book is the outcome of many years of honest work, and
it is valua)'' • in so for as it affords fooil for thought, and

this it doi-- rinro. Dr. Meigs, who is physician to the

Pennit; " " it it has Ixsen his custom to attend

the SI ' practice and to retain for micro-

seopit. . of the (ivo groat 'i-art,

Img, y— and of any oti the

•ppeai-i.- i.-.i,. (iin.^j,_ 1 en- miiiit of

enawiiinn g us of the five organs

"vi to the unaided eye, has

I r lesions whicli entirely

tp lion to Jii. revealed by

the Hi !• .. iiu- no un-

healil. , .vj,. ,1,, i"- ,tii<iie<l. It

is often n.. ;er an unntitiiral condition

that i* ■<•<'■ .luo to ;««i/-moi<t7n change or

I"-'' 1 !■ " Dr. Meigs has ondca-

^' ! : , . y t/i a minimum by pur-

■ning a iiiuiorin . :iiid of preparation

«f Motions. 8oi ciamiind with the

•■■ ^' • ' ' ro at

^' I ige<l

daring:...' -..--..:,. ..^..1 ..v,..;™. .«. -i: , ,.• .„,,.ivc>iis

tlMoee, when Mliller's flnid wm used. I ^ns were then

cut in parafEn and atuinod to a onifurm f._... : with carmine."

The preparstions thos obtained wore skilfully drawn to scale by
the Messrs. Kaber, and to insure accuracy in detail the reflec-
tion of the mognificd object was thrown by a camera lucida
upon the steel plate, and was then traced directly with tlie
etcher's noodle.

We are hero preaonted with the whole secret of the strength
and weakness of the work. It is strong because it is the faith-
ful representation of certain a]ii)earanecs seen under certain
coiiilitions, and all records of facts are of extreme value. They

are of especial value in patliolopical hiatolo: ' asyetwo

ore only familiar with the ver\- commonest :. i, and wo

rei|Uiro such oli-^^.i i ut i.»i>; as those made by 1.. ... ,_.. to be re-
poate«l over and :ti with every possible variation. The

work is weak I'e. i . Meigs ha.s chosen to build a theory

u]H)n this series of sections. He .says : — " Fibrosis, which is the
growth and increase of morbid fibroid material, is the essentia)

fathological change incident to sge ; it is the ' disease of age.'
n nil those who live beyond the ordinary term of life excess
of fibroid tissue develops, and, if no accidental cause of death
steps in to close the scene, this degeneration finally roaches a
stace when life can no longer continue." His observations have
also led him to the conclusion that, " owing to the operation
of various causes, there arises even in now-born children a state
of disease which mav ho likiiuil to age in youth, the lesion in-
variably present being liliiosis." This theory is still further
elaborated in another jiart of the book in the following words :
— " For the diagnostician nothing can be more important than
to recognize chronic disease in its very origin. This can !« done
only by remembering that it is almost always widosjircad in its
effects, and by the observation of very little things. There are
no set symptoms. an<l it is largely by inference that a correct
catimato can be made. IVrhaps no one thing is more important
f<ir the diagnostician to know than that valvular disease ami
fibrosis are certain to come in all men if they live to be old
enough. The corollary is tliat a similar state is produced earlier
if the neces-sary conditions exist, and thus chronic disease re-
sembles old age in youth."

The conclusion would be both interesting and important if
it could bo cstnblif^l'.ed, but in the present instance it is vitiated
by a fallacy. l>r m. '•— lias haitlened all the tissues he has ex-
amine<l by plun :it once into strong alcohol. Such a

method causes . _ slirinking ; all minute detail is lost^

irrevocably, and the fibrous tissue is brought into undue j)romi-
nence at tho expense of the cellular elements. In histological and
pathological lalxnatories the metluxl of hardening in alcohol has
been long abandoned, therefore, in favour of other and more satis-
factory rc-ngents. It is no wonder, therefore, if fibrous tissue,
like King Charles's head, obtrudes itself everywhere in tliis series
of preparations. To make his work scientifically complete Dr.
Meigs should also have given porticulars for each piece of tissue
examined— first, as to the length of time which had elapsed
since death ; secondly, as to tho meteorological conditiona
whilst the Ixxly was expose«l. Otherwise it is impossible to say
whether tho vacuolated appearances, seen in such n figure an
No. 105, were due to organic changes or were the result of poat-
inotiem dccompo.sition.

Tho work concludes with some very satisfactory suggestions
about the treatment of cases of chronic disease.

The Practitioner's Handbook of Treatment: or, the
Principles of Therapeutics. liy tlu' laic J. Milner
Fotherg^ll, M.D. FduiIIi Kdition. Kditcil and ill great part
rewritten l>v WiUi.ini .Miinell, .M.D.,. F. U.C.I'. Sm)., xviii.i
688 pp. Lundun, lhU7. Macmillan. 16/- net.

Useless to the person who is still in statu jiupiUari, th&
" Practitioner's Handbook of Treatment" shoula certainly be
tho first to be Imught by every medical man as soon as he has
obtained his diploma. It is a |>crfeot mine of wealth to tho
general practitioner who is a<-tively engaged in his <laily work, for
it tenches him what he has had no opportunity of learning during
his student career — the whole art of jiractico. OHteiisibly its
object is " to enable him to wield satisfactorily a great propor-
tion of the remedial agents" which scionco or individual
experience has provided. Keally it does much more. It treats
of the application of abstruse physiological problems to the
necessities of everyday life. It tells why uodics grow and decay.
It tca<.'hes the many minute ]>oints in gait, attitude, or ex-
pression which are usually learnt only by experience, points
which t«'ach tho old family doctor when to look for recovery in
apparently hopelcsH cn^e8, and when to prophesy evil though
all appears • ' ' ' y. It deals, too, with many points of public
and private •uch as the metlx d of tibtaiiiing change of

air in India ■'! '<>ivi«;ii, the uHe and abuse of baths, and the
disastrous effects f>f a [lolluted water supply. The liest methods
of foe<ling in health and disease are also di8CU8ec<1, and many

November 13, 1897.]

LITERATURE.

Ill

'!•'.■—

—Mont

reoiptis nro pivor f - •• -.-Hd diotary.

clmutur oil tlio i nt of C'lii-. .n-

tlooil, that it iM w... ..., . : '■•■ '•<•■■<..,., -tui , , :u bo

reo<l by ciirolosii and anlf-w ntn buforo thoy uro alluwwl

to Itiavo thoir >it)ds. Tho I" witli a miction "On tho

Medical Man at tho IJoiUiilu,' wliicli contAins tho whole daty of
a doctor, and is wortliy t<> bo road with "Yo Manors of. a
Leooh," writlon by John of Ardorne in tho fourtconth ountury,
for it showH that in such niattciB tho modicnl jirofiisaion hai
mado but littlo advance on the teaching of that able and astat«
pructitionur.

Tho book was originally written by Dr. Miliior Fothergill,
whoHo striking ixTsonality and luiarty Uumborland <lialo<'t aro
still ronionibore<l by all those with whom he cunio ii' * '

Dr. Kothoigill was a brilliant rtrilor ami an acute ol
oxcoUod abovo all things in tho art of treatment. 1...

titionor's Handbook " prosenta all those (pi'ilitioi of his mind at
their host. Tho book is interesting throughout, and the various
points are often driven home with some proverbial expression,
or by some quaint simile, as when it is said of gnnt,
*' Tho man of long descent and of ' blue bloml ' is usually also
tho inheritor of an iiisutlicient or reptilian liver ; while the
plebeian alderman, with a perfect liver, oats and drinks with
iinnunity, until hi« iiululgonco brings fruit only in old ogo, or
iiuieed ho inav himself eacaiK) scot free and only leave the ten-
dency to uric acid formation (alone with hi.s wealth) to his
descendants." Tho book finds an excotlont editor in Dr. Murroll.
Ho has brought it up to date by adding very largely to its sul>-
stanco, yet ho has lost none of its salt. It still reads as crisply
as when it only consisted of a few papers contributed to a
students' journal.

Medical Hints for Hot OUmates and for those out of
Reach of Professional Aid. By Charles Heaton, M.D.

Hvo., .\ii. i- 151 pp. I>)ii(loii iind Calcutta, LSU7. Thacker.

" Slodical Hints for Hot Climates " is divided into six
chaiiters, dealing with general hygiene, food, tho more common
me<iical and surgical diseases, the treatment of accidents, and a de-
scription of the remedies in general use. The information is very
elementary, but it is trustworthy, for it is based upon a sound
professional knowleilge. The book may therefore be rolio<l upon
in coses of emergency where it is inipi>s8ible to obtain skilled
advice. Tho next edition might be completely rewritten with a
greater roganl for style, and with the omission of such disfiguro-
uients as " liimmDnt," " scarletina," and '• bubcc."' Tho dia-
gram (No. 7) of tho treatment of fractured clavicle by a knotted
nandkorohief may then bo replaced by the latest pattern of tho
triangular bandiigo copied (Fig. lu) from the iSlanual for tho
Medical Staff Corps. It is more comfortable to wear, and it has
tho great advantnt:o of not pressing upon the broken ends of the
collar-bone.

LEGAL.

Revised Reports. EtliU-d by Sir P. Pollock, Bart.t
assi.sied by R. Campbell and O. A. Saunders, Ruristors-
Jtt-Livw. Vol. ."«). KixOJin., lAWjm. London. 1M»7.

Sweet and lilaxwell. 2Sr

The Revised Reports aro pursuing the even tenour of their
way, becoming more and more valuable at each succeeding
stage in their course. In vol. 30 a number of cases of considerable
legal, and even public, interest are reproducml. We have the
" Corporation of Ludlow v. Greenhouse, " in which Lorn Uodes-
dale recorded lii.s conviction that statutory alterations in pro-
cedure aro generally " ill understood, . . . precipitately
undertaken, and loosely expressed ;" " Dulliold v. KIwes," in
which Lord Eldoii de.'iTibed tho Court of King's Bench as " a
place where sometimes eipiity has been rather more misunder-
stood than it ought to be " ; and " Doe v. Morgan," in tvhich
the legal point at issue was the scojhj of the word " property "
in a will, but which will attract the lay reader chiefly by the
<]uaint bo<iue3t contained in the ambiguous testanientar\' instru-
ment—" 1 give to Howell Jones, apprentice, if ho wilf wake a
aobor life, with the secuircty of person of the parish where he
lives, the sum of £o i>cr year." An indication of tho substantial
progress which the work is making is alt'onle<l by the fact that
the presont volume contains tho case of " Davis v. Rus.iell,"
which stands almost at the fountain hoaH of tho modern law of
false imprisonmont and malicious prosecution. Sir Frederick
Pollock's prefaces to tho Ueviseh RKroRTs are literary gems.
They ought to be repiibli8he<l in separate form.

Qoodeve'a M"<l«m T^aiw of R^al Pmr»«rtv.
Howard Warbi::
Arthur Dickson
1W7. Swvut

Ooomvb's Monr.BN Law i,r]lr\i I'
versally rooognized ai

to S»V u'eMillillV tliat 1"
the

soul

imiHHUiil, u.;

is necessary 1 1 .

work of revision liaa been il'ii'-. 1"

rical matter hiui boon to a great e\

"l"

nvSir
.(1

■II,

ni-
III

I'ropcrty," oa well as t

l.i.'l, f)... I.'

the

luar
mil' :

references to t

tions aro doaii

by later Acta. An uuliiely ., in alpl.

1*0x1. Notes, and Ap[iendix nlded. V.

"ditioiis to 8«-o the dale:, uf the

. .Old also a complete enumeration
ii all lliu reports in which any given decision is v> c»- n

The Principles of Pleading. Hv W. T.' "
M.A., LL.1)., (i.e. Tbiiil lulitioii. 1» .".I'iii., h
don, 1HU7. Stevens aa.^ ^^ua

In its first and seci>nd e<lition», Otxittii* ox Pi.kapIXi
pie*l in ti u science <.f '

now too 1 . 11 work >■:

Without aiiemi'iiiig to supi>uiiu s
Archbold, or Bulleii and Luake, it g

hensive a-' - ■'•»■ both of tli

law of p d and of tin

Tho thud ;. . .... Odger's 1>,,

thing moro. It now includes a r

in an onlinary action at law. Tb.

value to students, and ought to win tho a{'i

ing bodies as it IS remarkably free from a-

puqHises of the mere crammer. ^

tively with parties, joinder of cau

apiteals, execution, and costs, and a.:.

cetlunts have been adile<l. All tho l.c

end i>f Sopteni' ' ' ' '

completeness \

it may l>e reinunw i iuil >|>.i

ment of tho sco]>o of the

ilirections which came ''>'

last.

•r
al

-da

: lur, to

II Blll>-

t.d in

ileers,

. ize

•lie
I.

. o

-t

•'Lii le-
ns for
vtober

The Sale of Goods Act, 1893. \>y Frank Newbolt,
Ban-ister-at-Law. Ixndiin. l?i)(. Sweet and Maxwell. 8,-

This is an excellent little book. v

consulted by all who desire to obtain a - ,0

statute with which it deals. All relevu: us, with a

curious omission, however, nt p. H of "I l.-r.n Cnm-

pany v. Stone," liave be d

tho convenient pl.in (see. .pj

separate, in the form oi a digest . iy after the hst of

cases cited, those that turn on tli' of the Act itself.

Marsden's Collisions at Sea. \ Treatise on tho Law of
Colli-sions ut Seu. By R. Q. Marsden, B-i'-'-i'-' ■''-' •"■
Fourth Edition. Sxdjin., IxxvL+OMpp. Loii<:

The form of Marsdem's Collisions at Sea
no substantial cluui.-e in the present editi .11.
work has been y revised ; al!

as well as a Cf. number of A:

added, and the clianged -
appearance of the third .
pmg Act, ISiU, and tho i&suu i>t tho i
oeen maide. Wo are plad to see tli

.>t'i LIU- ir;i^. iliifn-\ t .0 _' ami

author's analysis of the cases by w
the division of d»t. !,...,» where both .^o.-^.o .... .
be grafto<l into iw. In this, cs in the p:

the author has __._ assistance of the Hum .1.

has

Hut

undergone

the wbole

aseii,

b'-en

112

LITERATURE.

[November 13, 1897.

Hniono in\! ifGoohs.

THOIGHTS ON STYLE.

lateniry men of old were supi^sed, I U'lieve, to
wander at will among their books and cull Iroin their
shclvi>« what took their fancy. If such was indeed the
case, thov enjoytxl a leisure very different from that of
our jjeneration. The man of books no longer brings out
of his treasure-house things new and old, like the house-
holder in the (iosjx-l, but these things are borne in u[)on
him by cin^umstances, and his mind is determined by
wliat he has to read. Who can avoid, at this moment,
r<- itic after critic ujkmi the '• Life of Tennyson," a

bj h has hit the fortunate moment, " wlien nothing

else was going on," and so has got an ample hearing.
A college Don in Dublin is led by his examinations
at this .same moment to re-read the great classics
which have long been part of his mental furniture,
and so I chance to have liefore me again Virgil, the
literary artist whom common consent has declared to
be the most Tennysonian of the ancients. Not that our
poet's direct obligations to Virgil are so marke<l as those
to Theocritus, with whom he seems to liave been satu-
rated, but the general resemblance is surely the most
remarkable. Virgil is far the greatest of the Koman
poets, not by re^won of his great ideas — in that Lucretius
it his rival — but by reason of the combined purity and
dignity of his style, which bears the evidence of being
deliberately and consciously jwlished to the utmost
degree of propriety and refinement. Illustrations abound
on every page of his work. Take but one, not above the
average, in his brief lines on the palace of Circe, which
..I'Ineas {lasses at the opening of the seventh book of the
epic, from which I select but two :

Hinc exaiuhri gemitus, ira'que loonum
Vincla rfciuantiim et seri sub nocte rudontuin.
Vou feel that Virgil must have heard the strange
grating and metallic sound of a lion's roar at some Koman
amphitheatre. And so he uses the word rudentuvi. This is
the kind of i»erfection to be found all through Tennyson,
and when one of our weekly oracles of wisdom, in its
recent comparison of ."^hakespeare with him, said many
trae things, it seems to me to have missed an imjwrtant
contrast in this resjiect. To talk of thestyleof.ShakcsjH'are
seems to me odd and irrelevant. The style of Tennyson
is of the essence of his greatness.

This reminds me of an interesting remark in Gustave
Fl.-iii!)ert's orn-spDndence. " What distinguishes great
genius is generalization and creation ; it resumes scattered
ixr-onalities in a type, and brings new characters to the con-
^■ of humanity. Shakesjieare is something tre-

in . : . in this res|)ect ; he was not a man,but a continent,
there arecrr)wd8andcountriesin him. Such men have no need
< •'• style. They are strong in spite of all their

i-:-. . ' n becauM" of them ; but we, the little ones,

are worth nothing except by tinish of execution. V. Hugo,
in this century, will eat tiji ever}l)Ofly, although he is full
orrntilt-i. I w!if in-' >i:i t'ii- iiii'i.ii-iii.iii — tliiit "ivat men

oflen write very badly, and so much the better for them.
It is not to them that we must go for the art of form, but
to men like Horace and \a\ Hruy^re." I should leave out
V. Hugo, who certainly aimed at a splendid style, and
should put in Walter Scott, who now ott'ends the young
Scotland of Stevensonians by the negligences of his
diction. But he, too, was far too great for style ; he wan
unfolding such a wealtli of human nature, galleries of
great jK)rtniits, of nationalities, volumes of history and of
legend that he had neither time nor care for the graces
of a iwlished style. Ix)ok how his people live, just like
the i>eople of Shakesj)eare. in the hearts of all Knglish-
gjx'aking jieople, nay, even in the hearts of foreigners, for
Scott, owing to his want of style, is capable of translation I
On the other hand, there is something so personal in an
elaboratetl style that the characters are thrown into the
shade by the personality of tiie i)oet, and so Tennyson ha**
not left us a single character whose n{(me is a household
word, such as Scott and even far lesser men have created.
His imagination lias not furnished us with a great hero.
The jtortrait of Arthur llallani is drawn from real life witlv
loving care, but fades out in the great " In Memoriam "
before the great world-problems which till the jioet's
mind, and so that exquisite monument of jiersonal grief i»
like the Attic tomb reliefs, in which we wonder at the
poetical pictures of human sorrow without knowing or
caring what individual bereavement they were designed to-
commemorate.

But here I am, discoursing of style, concerning wliich
my fastidious academic friends tell me I know nothings
Nevertheless, every man who writes must have some
notions about good and ba<^l writing, tliougli they may be
faulty. In a \ia.\)CT just published I had reason to com-
pare two authors whom I called Miss Austen and Mario
Corelli. An excellent academic Mentor said that was wrong j
I should have said for confonnity's sake, " Jane Austen.'*
But,if I could only clear myself of the grave chargeofiiaving
courted alliteration, I should defend my jilirase by tiie fact
that when I was young I always heard from my prim and
staid relations of Miss Austen, a lady of whom they s])oke
with res|>ectful l)ut distiint admiration. They would have
thought Jane rather forward. And this marks the contrast
to which I was jiointing between certain older and newer
novelists.

I have just said that tlioughts on style may \w>
expecte<l from any literary source, and. by way of curious
confinnation, where do 1 find the latest essay on this sub-
ject ? Actually in the Hellenic Journal, where there is a
jMiix'r not only very instructive but very interesting on
the well-known tract " On the Sublime," which dates fron*
the purist Renaissance in the days of Augustus. The-
author, wlu) is ajijiarently a literary amateur, tells us his
ideas concerning fine style, as opjwsed to jjoverty and vul-
garity on the one side, artificiality and bombast on the
other. Mr. Khys Roberts has given an excellent analysis
of this very sensible and " modem " piece of criticism,
and only shows in one si>ot that he has not taken the
lessons of Ix)nginus adecjuately to heart. I do not
think tlic i.f1-li:iii(l judgnwiil <li.-])araging Bacchylides in

November 13, 1897.]

LITERATURE.

113

comparison with I'indnr will Im> justified hy what I huxo
read of thi- now pupyrus. Tlierc Meeins to bf , with j^reut
Biinplicity of Htructuro and of inctr*', a rich v(H-abulary
and a j^rcut donl of tim- mid niovinj^ jmthoH in thetn* «kU'H.
Kut it is iiard to judj^c ustlir'tically, when iiniH'di'd by the
trouble of deciphering, even an easy hand. Tliere is no
need, liowever, to antici|Mite tlie verdict of Nclioiars which
will be let loose ui)on tho world almost immediately.
Kut I return to the interestinjT jMissafjp thus translated in
the Hellenic Journal : — '* The h'j^islator of the Jewo, no
ordinary man, having formed and expressed a worthy con-
ception of the might of the Godhead, writes at the very
l)eginningof his Hook of Ijiws : — ' And (tod said ' — what ?
Let light be, an<l it was ; let earth be, and it was." What
a strange bathos in expression ! And lias Mr. Roberts
never api)reciated our Autiiorized Verjtion ? Ixmginns
is quoting loosely from some version (not the LXX.) read
out to him by some Jewish friend. Bnt surely the A. V.
is just as accurate — " jA^t there lie light, and there was
light. Lot the dry land ap]">;ir. ami it wiis so." At all
events, this wa.s English.

I suppose it is only in so very simple an instance that
we can reproduce sublimity in a translation. And how
many of \i» can really understand the beauties of any lan-
guage but our own ? When I see criticisms on French
and German ma.sterpieces written by men who are unable
either to sjjoak or write these languages, it reminds me of
the foreign criticisms on Burns by jM'ople who can read
Knglisii, but who only know the dialt>ct of Hums, as I do,
through a glossary. And what knowledge of a dialect can
we gain through a glossary, or even through a diction-
ary ? How can we learn the clusters of associations, tiie
delicate shades of feeling which cling about words familiar
to the iwet from childhood and which determine Iwth the
beauty and propriety of their use ? So then, to the
great body of English-sj)eaking jieople, Bums, as a
great poet, is inaccessible. How much more to foreigners ?
And for the same reason Goethe's Founf, or the lyrics of V.
Hugo, are by us only very imperfectly understood. Of
course the same may be said of our apjtrecintion of Sopho-
cles and A'irgil, who would laugh their sides sore at our
Babu verses in their language. liut then in dead
languages no l)etter knowledge is now to be hail. In the
living we should perhaps be content with native judg-
ments. I have even heard it said by a great linguist that
no man really knows more than one language — and most
men not even that. Hut what a blow to all our critical
literature and oiir fancied appreciation of the great
inasteii)ieces of many languages ! These considerations
are so humiliating that I feel disiwsed to ajwlogize for
bringing them forward.

J. P. MAHAFFY.

FICTION.

The King witJi Two Faces. By M. E. Coleridge.
Sxuiin., 4:il pp. Ijt)iuU)n luiil New York, 1SS>7. Arnold. 6/-

A novel of atlventuro should have a striking commencoment,
and Miss Coleridge has borne this rule in mind in her remarkable

• more cx-

^ this (tury.

(>n« iDHtinctivcly IrMiks to Diiiraii . |, and And*

it «itli"iit miirh troulilo m u ^ _ ■_:,,_. immortAl

:n. This is not, of course, to soggust that Miaa

I i^u combinos all the gifts which united to producv the

excollence of a novel by I)ainas ; but that she can ttAnd
the mental comparison witliout being ruled oat of court i* the
best |>ossiblo warrant for tho reality nf her p<.>wor. And the
reception of C'<iunt r 1 y tho fon? M

ftnnA hesi<lo tho i 'f D'Art :\t

^ • in tho li 11. ()i,o i, tvaiiy klruck lijr the

'if the >: r, thu fanatir, i7/umin/, and

wittul chivalrous u who thus dis|i<>bcs of the argu-

ment of one of his c _ iiS, that thu King's messenger, whom

they woro waiting to assassinate, might at least be challenged
and decently killed in duel, for the other plan waa too like
murder for his taste.

" ' It is murder ' was tho cool reply. ' There ' ' a

certain element uf cKunco in a duel. I nave never f.i I

might fall : and tho fate of im;, — ■'■ l..;*; i

mIiouM n<'t fall— yet. Murder, if What

right have you to object to in; ■.. . .:.__, 1 _, ,u to re-

monibor your oath ( ' "

This is tho kind of conspirator for our money. When the
moisenger, Count liib'jing, arrive*, one is quite prepared to i*a
tho work done in a gentlemanly fashion, and to hear the con-
spirator explain, as Athos migiit have dono if ho liod been a
fanatic—

" ' We wish you to understand that wo have no personal
gnidgo against you — that wo are, in fact, not peraona at all,
bat repreaentatives. The canso wo reprefont demands ynur life
— except on one condition. . I ask your fur f'T

mentioning it uoforehand. You comprehend that n ; -a

is the merest formality. It is a condition which no gtniiiinait
could accept, namely, tlrnt you reveal to ua the message with
which you uro charged.' "

And when tho condition has been duly rejected, it ia qaite
in keeping that our conspirator sboald thus obeer up the man
ho is about to kill : —

" ' Reassure yourself. Count ! A sudden pang, no worse than
that you exiterience when a t""<.h is drawn, and then a Biidden
sloop ; death moans no • ' that. Hut if yo-i • it

it, it grows mysterious : iil. Try rather to lo

mind! I feel for you. I Ki 'y

to the end. Uo yuu take any i ''

Hn handed Uihbing t)ie b' <.k "ii»iii'i, d.

Tho Count t'>ok it ineclionicuUy, and even "t

fiirbeiir a (>milo attho grotescpu'ne.ss of the : .d

tho title : ' On tho I'roper Cultivation • ;n

the Island of Ceylon.' Ho was about to ^ , _ ; an

idea occurred to him."

For Count Ribbing is tho hero of tho tale, and, as Mr.
Meredith observes, " heroes don't die, you know." Wo must
leave the reader to discover by what stratagem the Count goes
free. Students of Swedish history are already familiar with
Count Ribbing's name and singular history. While still quite
young — Miss Coleridge gives his a<5o as ZJ, but it was really 27 —
ho was mixed up in the conspiracy by which Oustavus III. of
Sweden lost his life. Count Ribbing was then condemned
to perpetual luinishroent, changf<l his name, went to France,
8ettle<l down, after many vicissitudes and wanderings, to the
life of a newspaper hack, and for many years he earned his
living by translating the Englith journals for the Cwrrier
Franfais. In this story Miss Coleridge only deals with tho earlier
part of his life, down to tho death of Gustarus. She carries turn
to Paris, however, and intro<luces him to that whirlwind of a
woman Madamo do StagI, of whoso mi fun and conversation a
very clover picture is drawn. The account of Paris in the years
just before the Revolution, when " people complainc<l very much
of the triviality of tho age," and only folks of insight like
Madame do Stacl and her father saw tho growing misery of the
poor, is brilliant and convincing. Fersen and his ho{>eleeB
devotion to the Queen are delicately sketched. In a few trifling
particulars the picture might be amended. Thus it was the Roe

114

LITERATURE.

[November 13, 1897.

dn Bm ill which M»d«m> de SUil lir«d, »nd Wilborforo«'B
raoMttly-pulUished account o( Pitt'a French tour aaoma to dis-
|iraT« the current tradition, which Mim Coleridge pat* into the
month of MatUmo do Stacl, that I'itt erer propoaed to that
lirely foui^ ptraou, who hail made love to Gibbon when Hhe was
t«n " bec^iue I thuught that papa would like to have some one
ftlwaya iik the booae to talk to him." And it was not the de*th but
the abdootion of Clariaaa that Madame de StaJSl oaed to declare to
hare been one of the groat eventa of her girlhood. liut tlioso
*re tiny details, and, on the whole, Mies Coleridge's historical
»tmo«i:^ere is as good as her story—" the making of a con-
spirator " it might be called— is vigorous and convincing. It
is, in short, one of the cleverest historical romances that the
recent run on that form of fiction has produced.

Ijawrence OlaverlnfiT. B>- A. B. W. Mason. 7;x5|in.,
980 pp. London, I»07. Innes. 6/-

Mr. Mason here returns to the romantic fiction which ho
•tt«mpt«d, not without success, in " Tho Courtship of Morrice
Bockler." Readers of " Lawrence Clavering " will not fail to
recognize that he has done wisely ; for it is the work of a
writer who has founded himself on Uio best nimlols in this kind
of composition, and it reveals a knowledge of tho requisites of
An historical novel which ought to place him in the front rank of
those who represent its recent revival. Tlio renewetl popularity
daring tho past 20 years of the romantic novel, which, if ono or
two brilliant isolated productions are for tho moment ignored,
may be said to have flickered out with Harrison Aiusworth,
G. P. R. James, and Bulwer Lytton, is almost comparable to
its new birth at tho beginning of tho century. The causes which
hare now brought it to a new and vigorous life are not easy to
define. Its instantaneous snooess nearly a century ago was duo
to a rariety of cauaes more or less obvious — the largely increased
facilities for the study of history, the attention devoted both by
poets and connoisseurs to the manners and literatiire of tho
past, the exhaustion of the novel of manners, and tho failure
of tho theatre to supply a dramatic presentment of historical
seenes. But the establishment of the historical novel in
BngUnd was chicdy duo to tho appearance at the right moment
ot the one man who by common consent was best fitted to
show the principles on which it should be composed. The
tendency to romantic fiction at the end of this century has no
sneh one single representative, and we need not cavil at a writer
like Mr. Mason producing a novel so redolent of Scott as
" Lawrence Clavering." The highest praise wo can give him is
that, with its inevitable reminiscences of tho Wavcrleys, the
moat enthusiastic devotee of Scott can read " LawTence
CUraring " with enjoyment. The hero was " out in tho '16,"
sad his estate, lilackladies, in tho lake country, came to him
oader a will which disinherited the testator's son, and enjoined
that if Lawrence Clarering did not enter into possession the
«state should pass to the Crown. Jervas Kookley, tho son, is
disiabsrited because ho is a Jacobite, and ho {wrsuodes Clavering
that King James if he ascended the throne would not accept a
beques t which came to him because its rightful owner siip]>ort«d
his claims. Clavering, therefore, promises to hold the estate
in trust for Kookley, pending tho result of tho Jacobite rising.
But Clavering is also a Jacobite, atid in that fact the astute
Bookloy, who is quite prepared to side with King tieorgo, sees
■n o t h s r cbaaca of gottiitg the estate if the causo of James is
nnsncc— sful. This is, as it were, the scaffolding of tlie story :
th* tmX stmetur* is built up on a wrong dons by Clavering to
«n artist, on* Herbert. To Clavering 's a«t was duo tho ruin of
Herbert's married life, and his arrest on tho charge of
Jaeobitism. To repair this wrong booomes the ' i^' im-

polse of our hero's life, and it is only by bin . _, sur-

nadsr t« tiie OorenuiMal and almost certain dualli that he oan
(■lAl his porpose and radaem his eharacter in tho uyes of Miss
DoroUiy Cnrwen. Miss Curwen is a delightful coquetto, whose
covnoiM violds to the call of pmtitiulo and to admiration for snlf-

sacrifioe, and when Clavering escapes from the " Hanoverian "
prison, sho agrees with him that there is a bottcT word than
" friend." Here we hnvo tlio life, tho sooiiery, and tho porio<l
mode familiar by .Sir Walter Scott: wo hovo something ofWaver-
loy, of liasbluigli Osbaldiston, uf Catherine Seyton,and a host of
others from tho Waverluy iH>rtrait gallery. And as tho romance
is a good ono wo do not regret it. Mr. Mason is of course not
a Sir Walter. If ho oould i)riKluoo some thirty stories us good
as " Lawrence Clavering " he might claim a nearer comparison.
We miss, too, tho brood clear touch ; tho mochiiu'ry is a little
too intricate ; tho sunao of proportion not always exact, tho
characters — Herbert oiid his wife, for instance— sometimes lacking
in individuality. But there are scenes of singular iK>wer — we
may mention particularly the encounter between Lawrence
and Kookley in tho hall of Ulackladies, and the chapter entitled
" A conversation in"-Wastdalo Church " — and both Clavering
himself and the heroine, if so we may term her, Dorothy
Curwen, ore creatures of tlesh and blood. The whole story is, it
soems to us, conceived in tho best vein of historical romance.

The Making: of a Prig. Hy Evelyn Sharp. 8x5iin.,
410 (ip. London, 18U7. Lane. 6,-

This novel is the work of a writer who steers a judicious
course between two extremes. There is no attempt at being
either very profound or very dramatic in " The Making of a
Prig." But it is a story carefully thought out, and with just
sufiicient touch of originality about the main conception to make
it worth the telling. In Katharine Austen wo have a heroine of
a fresh and agreeable type. Tho chief fault we have to find with
the book is in its title. Katharine is not a ]irig in tlio ordinary
sense, nor does her story describe tho manufacture of a prig, oven
in the sense which Miss Sharp a]>pears to give to tho word. She
IS a clover girl, natural and frankly afl'ectionate, who, partly
from her training, jmrtly from her tem]>cramont, fails to realize
the re<|uiroment8 of Mrs. Grundy. This delicioncy seems to
arise from tho natural naircte of her choracter rather than from
any social theory or intellectual conceit. 1'hero is indeed a certain
self-content, an unconscious assumption that she could do nothing
wrong which partakes of what might perhajjs bo termed moral
priggishnoss. But we become so fond of her that wo fully
sympathize with her protest against lioing branded with so
opprobrious a term ; and as she reveals her character in tho first
page of tha book, it is difficult to soo whore the " making "
comes in. Miss Sharp has written a good story, but sho has not
descrilied the " making of a prig." Tho unconventionality of
Katharine's life in London, whore sho joins tho army of working
women whose lives have so little interest for themselves and
so much for philanthropic ladies of leisure, is <loscribed by
Miss .Sharp with taste and good sense. The sternest social
moralists could find no fault with her treatment of it, for her
freo-and-eosy ways lead to the attempted suicide of oue of
her admirers, and to her throwing herself away on the
other, Paul Wilton, who is quite unworthy of her. Miss
Sharp, however, does not care to point a moral, and she might,
therefore, have made Paul Wilton a little less self-contained and
selfish, and a littlo more worthy of her delightful heroine. Wo
like Katharine the least at the end of the book, where she gives
uttcranco to such remarks as " Wliole books might l>u written on
the psychological asjiect of tho hump," or " The annoyances of
life are much more important than tho tragedies." " Currento
rota, our urceus exit?" One almost foars after all that
the prig pure and simjilo was 1)eing developed all the time,
as a surprise no less for tho author than tho reader. Miss
Sharp is a careful observer of tlio details of life. The de-
lineation of her characters is not wholly without faults of tasto,
considering the society in which they move — notably in the case
of Heaton, Paul Wilton's friend -but they interest the reader.
The dialogue, if not brilliant, is never dull ; tho stylo is facile
and unjirutentious, and the work throughout is that of a WTitor
of sense ami discernment who can tell a love story in a natural
and interesting way and with no inconsiderable literary skill.

November 13, 1897.]

LITERATURE.

115

Amy Vlvlan'B Ringr, or the Heir to a OurM. By
Surgoon-Major H. M. Qreenhow. "ur.in., SH pp. Ijnn-
don, 1HU7. SkefBngton. 6;-

It IB long Hinco tlio 'i'liiig liait tigurod iii Aiiglo-Iiidikn storioa.
Thugguu iH practically a tliiii^; of tlio post ; or at loiuit, it no luiigor
ongagoM the publiu uttontion aa it once did. I'urlukpii, alto,
writorH aro agreed tliat tlio mibjoot had lioon trj<nt'd om-o siid fur
uU by MoadoweTaylor.and that liowho would riv:i
and Kjiirit-stirring work of that adiuirablo Btor)-:
himsolf to bo anothor Anglo-Indian Lo Sago. 8urgo<>n-Major
Oreenhow Bcorooly achiuvog this diHtinction in " Amy Vivian's
Ring." Ho has writtvn a story, liowevor, whioh, in spite of
Bomo woaknoss of stnictiiro and a somowhat ill-knit cotitae
of action, has decided merits. The tliroo Thugs of tlie
story aro mot at night in tho opening chaptor awaiting
victims, and discuss business, tho prosiHJots of which aro
bad, and lament the loss of a certain ring whioh insuros
them, as they boliovo, good luck and protection. Lulla, tho
coarsest and most ferocious, wrangles with his Iciidor, tho
polite and wily Nasir, on tho subject of methods. Ho clamours,
like anotiier llobcspiorro, for more expe<litious and " modern "
moans of murder. Ho would substitute wholesale poisoning by
datura for the Rue art of the " roumil." Wo were under the
impression that tho ono process was as old as tho other and that
both nourished together— the elect favoiunng tho strangling, tho
baser sort tho poisoning. It is signifioant, however, that it is
tho rufllan Lidla who betrays his comrades by a cunning
stratiigom, in which Ciijitain Arthur Tyndall undcrtfikes tho
rather risky part of vicarious victim, while disguise<l as a
merchant, and captures tho accomplished Naair. This exploit
supplies one of tho most etroctive scenes in tho book. What is
inexplicable, or, at least, inioxplainc<l, in this young oflicer is tho
suddenness and facility with which he transfers his love for
the beautiful and interesting Amy Vivian to tho pretty
and onlinary young woman whom ho marries. That Amy
Vivian is clothed in mystery, of which the ring she wears is a
symbol, and that she warns Tyndall in the vaguest terms of tho
danger tohimsolf which must come if they wed, are circumstance.i
that should increase, not quench, his ardour. She tells him that
her motlior was of mixed race, though her father was an Englisli
gentleman, and he knows that the mysterious ring is adomo<l
witli a roprosontation of the knotted instrument of the Thugs.
Obviously, this gallant olTicor fears nothing, and regards her own
foars as " hallucinations." Then the ring, of which wo expect
much from tho ojM)ning chapter, is anything but a potent agent
in the story. Tho Thugs do not attempt to regain it, tliongh
their chief knows its possessor and might have obtained tho talis-
man. Of course, it is no part of the novelist's business to dis-
card tho improbable. To tho contrary, it is ono of the triumphs
of his art that he sho\ild transmute tho improbable to conditions
that aro persuasive and riitUcmblablc. Surgoon-Major firoenhow
is hardly successful in this when ho causes the unfortunate Amy
Vivian, after refusing tho man she loves, to marry another, and
make another " Bride of Lammermoor " of tho Tonture.

The Gadfly. Py B. L. Voynioh. 7f vRin.. r{7J pp. Txin

don, 1807,

Heinemann. 6/-

rnnuffglhig of forbid''-—
a sudden ho is bro'^

This powerful and distinctly agitating story deals with
revolutionary Italy some fifty years since, when tho lilwralizing
influences of Mazziui and others were bearing fmit. The interest
of tho book, however, is not historical. Tho author, at tho out-
set, is at some pains to indicate tho period, and ho is successful
in suggesting the atmosphere and tho general ferment of tho
times. His revolutionary types, with their diverse tempera-
ments, their disconlant views, their differences of methotl. and
their almost iniixnimous practice of vag>io rhetoric and windy
declamation, are skilf\illy depictetl. The students, too, by whom
the '' Young Italy " party was largely- recruited, aro very well
drawn. AmpDg these is tlie hero, a sensitive and oiithusiastic
voung Catholic, whoso revolutionary activity is confined to tho

:»*.. *K.. ^.^.,.4 ..< I .

t .1

of it ! . It in

tlio \ !'>vcs. Kb'

faoe. Til' 'f catn^tropho folluwM, wlwn I

he \H the I ' >n of tho priest who haa acte^l

• and instructor. Tho moral effect of tl r-. ;

.... rwbelming. It leads to an outburst of •; , ..,; lur;.

and hysterical passion, the morbidity of which is perhaps a
triHo too peniistvnt, and tho noto of anguish too prolonged.
Hut there is no denying tho power and poii^iancy of tho scene.
At Uiispijint (■ of •'The': '• Ily begins. Tlie

priicess by wli; .lueloss yo' ' transformed to

tho satirist who in Uiiown as the Ciadlly i ' •-'

imagination of tho reader. Wo havo, it !•< • f

tribulations in South America, and we i'>ry of

his sufTorings rankles in him. Hut ti _ cnm-

pare<l with the fruit they bring forth in t: "•*

after many years OS " the (Jo<llly," the roU..... .., al

enemy of tho Church. " The Gadfly " is a tmnscondent egoist.
His own wrongs— not his country's — form Uio mainspring of
action with him. Tho Church is the enemy, but not aa with
many of his honest comrades in ri . because he is

Ilopublican and Atheist, but because t i is represantad

by tho priest, his father, tho Cardinal M . Tho evolution

is quite unforced. Every stage of tin- ws the author's

rcmorkablo dramatic aptitude. The scene in tho prison, when
the son reveals himself and tho father soft«ns, though the
Churchman is resolvml, is tho finest in the book. In the final
scene, though this, too, is well imagined, there is something
theatrical that detract« somowhat from the pathos of what is
nevortlioless a deeply moving situation. In spite of such lapses,
" The Gadfly " is a notablo story.

I The Freedom of Henry Meredyth. Hy M. Hamilton.
! 7jy5iin., ^rr? pp. London. 1S07. Heinemann. 6,-

Tliis is a story of " tho unlit lamp and tho ungirt loin,*'
and as gray as such stories usually are. But it is well told,
if not with much dramatic intensity, at any rate in a vein of
vigorous and consistent realism. It is tho dreary chronicle of
tho year which follows tho winning of Henry Moradyth's divorce
suit, when he finds himself free- that is, wifeless— and left alono
with a daughter of 18, tlio ono soft si>ot in wl. 'ire

is her love for her mother, aiul three younger < ' ra

he has never taken tho slightest interest. Ho ia p^iur, t>A), for
tho money was tho erring wife's, and his futile efforts to
rearrange his life on a new liasis aro ludicrous even to |>athos.
He makes one half-hcarte<I attempt to cam money as a bagman,
travelling in " Pimley's ale," a situation the comical possi-
bilities of which aro discreetly left in the shade. But, of course,
this comes to nothing, and ho is glad to accept tho post of
manager of a farm and hotel in the West of Ireland, offered
him by his brother the Earl of Meredyth. Hero, with a salary
of £400 a year, ho enjoys quite a considerable degree of happi-
ness, for his temper is perfect, his manners charming, and his
position as heir presumptive to an earldom enables him to bear
tho crosses of his [xisition with ijquanimity. But the danghter,
Virien, turns up unex])octe<lly and things pr wrong.

Tho choice of the girl's name is singular, in v r unre-

sponsive, unsympothotic, unbending, and egv>tistic nature, but
that nature is most happily indicated, and makes an excellent
foil to that of the well-bred, easy-going, go<xl-temjvered, and
profoundly selfish father. Tlie p<Kxl angel of the family is
Alison Caniegie, an old flame of Meretlyth's, who has forgiven
but not forgotten her lover, and who now, at 40, is a worker in
the slums, and presides over a rescue mission in the East-end.
Naturally, and quite sensibly, he tries hard to marry her : it is
the only sensible thing he really tries to do. After a paiaful

116

LITERATURE.

[November 13, 1S97.

ateuiBl* *i^ baneU, she retuaea him, partly moTMl by th«
jmJuos torjr of Um danghttir's opiMMiitioii anil |NU-tly by hor own
(•ligiooa aoruplaa about flivorco, but mainly by a n»blu senti-
OMOt of womanlinaaa which |>ruvt>uta her from usurping the plaoo
of a mother wboae cliiUlruu still luvu her. With this fortunate
aanajiii of Aliaou's the book 8t«>p«, not because any liettoftnttnt
baa bean raaobad, but because tliere is no more to bo said.
Aliaon ia rorj naatly drawn ; tlie young Jew )ihilantliro]>ist,
Abram Saroar, is a spirittxl bketch, though marru<l by a few-
»tmke<> proper U> caricature : and the way iu which tho author
to temper our scorn of tho unheruio hero, Merodyth,
tly clever.

The Two Captains. By W. Clark Russell, llhistratod
l>y B. .1. HoMiiincyn-. "4 x.">jin.. I2:{ pp. I/mdon. 1^8)7.

Sampson Low, Marston. 6 -

The remarkable ingenuity whicli llr. Clark Russell has dis-
{ Lived in so many of his books in the way of imparting frebh
interest to a few familiar characters and situations by new
croupings and \°ariation8 of incident is not so much in evidenco
in this latest of his soa stories, in which ho introduces his
readers to a sc«ne that is comparatively unfamiliar. Captains
i'ojo and Crystal, tho heroes of the tale, arc a pair of almost
i:iiiuitigatc<1 ^cound^el8. Thrown out of employment at tho peace
ot lt>15, they make up their minds with very little hesitation to
reiiort to piracy. They obtain the means for buying and
I i^'.ipping a vusaol by a successful burglary, incidentally accom-
{.iiiic'il by a murtler, and set olf for tho Atlantic with a primary
].iir|.o.<ie of capturing a rich treaaure ship expected shortly to sail
from Cadiz f^T Manila, but also with a verj' definite intention of
plundering any other merchant vessel thoy may hapi>en to come
across. Their cruise is fairly successful at first, and it seems as
though tho end of the evil enterprise might hare been as
]iri'Sperous as tho beginning were it not that tho two captains
fall out. The cause of the trouble, as may easily be anticipated,
is a woman— a beautiful girl named I>aura Crystal, found onboard
a West Indiaman that i» captured and destroyed by the pirates,
and to whom Captain Pope loses his heart with even more than a
aeaiuan's traditional facility. But tho young person, with a sense
of the proprieties which, iu the circumstances, seems to be rather
straicetl, objects to a matrimonial connexion between his relative
anil so disreputable a |ieraon as Captain Pope. To prevent it, he
organizes a mutiny, kills the captain in a hand-to-hand fight in
his own cabin, and then straightway runs his vessel into the
clutches of an Engli.sh cruiser that is on tho look-out for her,
and blows his own brains out to e8cai)e tho gallows. The
story is full of bustle and movement, and is told with tho
vigour, directness, and richness of local colour to which Mr.
Clark Russell has long accustomed us. But the almost uiu^lieved
nu4»lity of the personages and the sonlidness of most of the
incidents make it rather depressing. There is not one of the
irharacters in whom the most symp.athetic of readers will be able
tu feel much interest.

The Rip's Redemption. By B. Livlnc^ton Prescott.
London. Sxa^in.. 311pp. James Nisbet & Co. 6,-

Any ooa who, misled by tho cheerful-sounding title of " The
Bip'a Redemption," turns to it f<ir pleasant rt^ading will sustain
a mde shock. It is a very clever book ; tho greater ]>art of it
ia admirably conr*>Mv<Hl and executed, but by no stretch of
langnage can :' <1 " pleasant." It is the story of an

unfoftnnato ii' ^•■u\, a man weak rather than liad, who

" goe* nnder," aa the phrase runs, and enlists in a cavalry regi-
ment. The enbject has lieen treated more than once liefore, b<it
never, we think, with such relentless realism. The Kip, in other
words, Reginald Alurud Roche- Vandeleur, afterwards Trooper
Vann ol the Cuiraawiera, becomea a reprobate of the most sordid
kind. The geatUman ranker of fiction is usually a splendid
Deril-me csre pewomge, wboe* courage, gontloneaa, and tho roat
make bim beloved and respecteil by all the men. Trooper Vann
i« a varj differont figure—* sullen, hoiwlusa, dull dog, despised

by his fellows, of ainall courage, and no aelf-rospect, a weak

wretched figure who drowns his cares, when ho has any money,
in a public-house or the canteen. Such a man would not usually
win the symimthy of the novel-roader who is apt to ask for some
touch of what is fine and heroic even in his reprobates. Herein
therefore lies the author's triumph. While ho never for a
moment allows us to lose sight of Vann's nnamiablo qualities,
he yet contrives to enlist our sympathies on hi.s bolinlf. In other
wonls ho makes us understand him, and therefore pardon. On
the other hand, ho seems to us to fail both in his descriptions of
peoi)le in a higher social sphere and also in the method in
which tho Rip is redeemed. Sir Clinton Roche-\'andeleur is a
lay figure. He does not breathe, and tho interview between him
and his brother, tho Rip, is unconvincing and, indeed, pre-
posterous. The last chapters of tho book in which Trooper Vann
works out his salvation betray an altogether weaker hand and a
less siu^ touch than the earlier ones which describe his abase-
ment. Sudden conversions are rare in these days, and Mr. Prescott
has failed to make Vann's reclaniation as credible as ho made
his fall. Tho real Vann, wc fear, would have died in a ditch
just as he had lived in the gutter, a pathetic, sorrowful figure to
the last, but scarcely a hero. Tfie rogimnntal funeral and other
posthumous honours awarded to him by Mr. Prescott
are out of tuno with the rest of tho book. We have criticized
" Tho Kip's Redemption " with some fulness, Iwcauso of tho reol
power and ability which much of it displays. No novel of recent
times has describe<l tho horrors of barrack life with such grim
fidelity, or drawn the British soldier at his worst with more skill
and success.

A Spanish Maid. Hy L. Qiiiller Couch. TJx.liin.,
3(r2 pp. London, 1SU7. Service and Paton. 6;-.

Miss Quiller Couch has displayed a certain measure of skill
in the management of her theme in "A Spanish Maid," but she
has not attained to complete success. Tho ofTectiveness of her
story depends upon its evoking a feeling of terror, of iiorror
rather, in the mind of tho reader and whetting his curiosity by a
parade of mystery and owe. This particular department in
fiction, of which Edgar Allan Poo was such a past ma.stor, has an
attraction for many people, ond, skilfully handled, it is capable
of providing an effective novel. Mi.--s Couch fails because the
note of horror with which her book opens does not grow in
intensity as tho story proceeds. It di>e8 not oven maintain its
level, but rather recedes and grows fainter. The mysterious ship,
with its ghastly crew of white-facwl monsters, is on excellent
o|>oning, and the incident of tho casting ashc re of " the Spanish
Maid " on tho Cornish coast is effectively managed, but as the
story proceeds this intensity diminishes and with it tho interest
of tho scones. This is partly due, no doubt, to tho length of the
hook. It is hard to keep tho flesh of your rea<lor« creej)ing
throughout three hundred j)agos. Partly, too, it is duo to tho
structure of Miss Couch's plot. In a work of Mystery and
Imagination, to lx)rrow Poc's term, tho horror should work up
gradually to a climax, whereas Miss Couch plunges at once, in
point of fact in her second chapter, into her most night-
marish scene and deduces from it a doscending rather than an
ascending scale of disastrous calamities. In one point, how-
ever, slio has shown a complete realization of tho necoa-
sitioY of her art. She never explains anything. The Spanisfi
Maiden comes on tho scene with lier train of mis-
fortunes to those who befriend her and disappears at
last, as sud<Ieidy and causelessly as she came, in a weird
atmosphere of awe and mystery. This is as it should be. In a
story of this kind explanations are out of place. Its design
should bo rather to prodtice certain emotions in tho mind of the
reader than to tell a story. Poo realizod this th<iroughly, and it
accounts, in part, for his extrnordinaty success. But Poe was a
genius of a high order, and it is |H'rhu]is hardly fair to hold up
so unattainable a model to a mcKlem novelist. Miss Couch
describee Cornish acenes and Cornish character with considerable
skill, and her book is written in an agreeable atyle.

November 13, 1S97.]

LITERATURE.

117

An Attlo In Bohemia : A Diary Without Dntwi. By
B. H. Lacon Watson. 7;x5iiii., 171 pp. Ivomlon. ixn.

Blkln Mathewa. 8.S

L«t ii.s say at onco, to provout ilisapiHiiiitmuiit, that Mr.
Wotaon'a llohemia in no wi.so rL-Hunihlos Hoiiri Murgor'H.
Ever siiico tlio appoarnnco of tliu famoUM Vie dr. lluhimr, aiithorn
on both sides of llio Cliaiinol liavo trioil to give lis glimiwos of
the wild country wlioro pninturH unil poets aro aupposud to po«»
tlio larval stage of their oxistoncc. liut their olforts have not
iifton lioun cTownod with success. Already in Paris this life i< a
thing of the jiast. In London it never existed. The nooreat
)iomi>l()guo wo can show to it is the more or loss unconventional
life of more or less impecunious Phiglislimon living in chamlx-m
and trying to get their livelihoiMl by letters. Needless to say
that among such Uohemians neither the tragic note nor that of
roystoring gaiety is struck. Its discomforts, its disapixtint-
nient'i, its humours form the subject of Mr. Watson's sketches.
Tlioy aro a little i>ale in colour, perhaps, but lend themselves
to the mild cynicism and placid iiony of which, in his way, he
is a master. There are varinus characters slightly but vignrously
indicated -Tulliver, a JIark Tapley of a projector, Carington-
Smith, a journalist and so forth, but of course the diarist
is tljo chief personage, and his is the Ix'st and miwt
consistently drawn figure. Indolent, humorous, cynical, and
withal a minor poet, ho is yet curiously well off, and though
lie lights his own lire and cooks his own breakfast, it is mainly
to avoid the necessity of being forced to get up by the advent
of his laundress. His ma-sterpioces are produced much as |«arls
in nn oyster. " Some foreign matter," he says—" a stray
sentence from another author— a scraj) of conversation -ia caught
lip in my mind and causes irritation, until clothed by the
smooth, prisniatic-hued lilm of my own fancy. Then it is snld
f.ir a groat price, sometiraos as much as thirty shillings."
Ho sees life through rosy spectacles and rejoices in it.
Some of the best of the plums, perhaps we shovdd sny the
currants, in this little book aro in the quasi-serious vein, as when
the owner of the nttio complains of the want of staying power
in the dinners at the vegetarian restaurant, or insists that the
ftult of thu ago is that wo take things too seriously.
Mr. Watson's Bohemia never takes things too seriously, and ho
thus lays tlie amused reader under an obligation.

The'Vicar of Langfthwalte. By Idly Watson. (NVw
Edition.) 7iv.-,^in., :H5 pp. I><indon, 1H!)7. John Clarke. 5-

In republishing her novel " The Vicar of Langthwaite '•
Miss Watson carefully guards herself, in a preface, against tiie
charge of having written a novel with a purpose. " The author's
first and last desire," she says, " has been to toll her tale rather
than to point a moral." She has also prefixed to the present
edition a fragment of a commendatory epistle from Mr. (rlad-
Btone, the dominant sentiment of which is " one of satisfaction
ttt the publication of a work, written with ability and in an
attractive manner, which exhibits from a favouring point of
view the social, moral, and spiritual facts of English Nonconforra-
ing life." Miss Wat.ion's aim, therefore, has been, not to make
converts, but to hold up the mirror to a certain phase of Non-
conformist life and thought which has not often been sympa-
tlietically handled by her predecessors. The story is not a
particularly thrilling one — perhaps its subject forbade this- but
it \a ably handled, and this new edition may very well find a
welcome among novel readers.

The Beetle : .\ Mystery. By Richard Marsh, lllu.s-
tr.ited by John Williamson. 71xrnn.. :Cil ii|>. Ixmdnn.
ISO". Skeffingrton. 6-

Story -tellers who would deal in things occult should l>elieve
in them, or be able to command the show of belief. That was
where tlie strength of Bulwer Lj-tton lay in " Zanoni " and in
*' A Strange Story." Ho believed in his mysteries, and we,

nndw the tpell of his maiM.-. d.. aUo belMr*. Mr. Riebard
Marsh neither inspires tv d with faith in thi» maltor of

the Kgyptian myst«ry of . ...: ;-utle." ||.. .i...^.. .i-v .......

in managing the Wilkio Collins method of i
,, 'v of the story. I-n •

,,. ilhers.hecomplical'-- :.

narrftttvo uncnuvineinj;. 'Ibfiu i» n- the

mystery, i .1, if not clumsy, is the story c at

Cairo, with its unholy rites, which I«<d»ingham relstes in . r.b r
to account for the iiersocutions llio Beetle subjects him to in
England. Alexandria, by tlie way, rather than ino<lem Cairo,
should have boon tin source of this mystery of transmigration.
But Mr. Marsh's treatmentclearly shows no faith, I'j-thagorenn or
other, in the Beetle, and we cannot say we find it more terrifying
than the ]>asteboard dragon of the Wagnerian stage.

Bl.^dvs or THK Stkw
Bnrin!;-< JoiiM of lifr- in

' 'hiien) is a slio-
in the Ust
: d think. I

t in the " '

btuiidiah

" Ho couhl dictate

" Seven letters at onco. -' '' '• -■'■■.■■ i--- « •-

But, quiikly as his Vi.,

writes like a man of l... ...

assimilating facts, and he knowH a
a story together. Ijocal history ai. ;
an attraction for him, and he t
cave dwclHiii."*, some of which are r.
the li I on the Irish road, and th<

for '• ison," which took p1no<» nt ^

I 'iiey. it should Iw <•

founde<l by a sil
fr iUi i.stipona, in the south I .'^i;iin
Blttdys, the tlaughter of the landlord of thi
sensational account of the last victim of th
fullv, but t.'o relentlessly. Brisk and int<

narrative is, the life doscribed i" '"■■ 'm... . — „ i

violence to make it wholly pleasan'.

Those who lovo to read of .Uenturcs ainl l.ai -

breadth escapes, plots and '
woes, princes and politicians,

mesmerists, will find much to ti u Thk >

Marly, by T. Hooper (Methuen). . woiiM N- .

reading if it contained nothing but t!i<
Bridget are a noble pair, and well i:
which brought them together and the cru'l i>l •
them aro cleverly conceived and (inely told. Tli-
■.\ ' '' nendisti tormentors Hit to and fro
-I in Ireland, in the year Ui'J", a ci.

oi iii. .-i.i Faith, then shift- t ^' ♦■' '

tany and the noisy crowd of

Indies, where all wrongs arc .. .

oven crowdwl, but it is not a medley «

figure domin.\tes the story in spite of .'

maskoil as the Singer of Marly, or playing the part

bridegroom, or braving tho worhl in his own name

The writer has power, and can do even better than he lus duuo

in " The Singer of Mnrly. "

Theindefn:' "!'r. Honty continues to lal our for tl-

stniction and im of tho British lxiy, and we ■!

doubt that A -M \}.< i\ ■•> London and With Moorf. at C^ri .s > \
(Ulaokie) will find many readers. " A March on London " is " a
tale of Wat Tyler's rising," and .'■■'- ■■''' .. ..»t.^« r.r i, ;•♦„.;,.
interest in the author's well kiio
kniirht.i. unknown to history, are : .
their iliity as manfully as tho real folk.

and those who follow the fortunes <i ■!

Sir Albert de Courcy cannot help learning about the

troubled times of the great peasant revolt, i of *■ With

Mooro at Corunna " is a wild Irish lad, who, by a lucky
chance, gets a commission as a cornet in the Mayo Fusiliers
before ho is sixteen : tho energy and the wit which led him to
play endless pranks and to torment and plague all around him
are henceforth directed to a noble end. 'Terence O'Connor is »
iKirn Soldier and a born commander of men, and his career is
brilliant from the very outset. The present volume gives us
only a part of his adventures. Mr. Henty promises to give us
the se<|uel next year.

lis

LITERATURE.

[November 13, 1897.

CHILDREN'S BOOKS.

Icelandic Pairy Tales. Tr*n»l«t<Hl »nd wlitt-d by Mrs.
A. W. Hall. Willi <.riffiii«l ilhutrutiona by K. .\. Miuion.
tjyjiin.. 317p|v London, ltV7. Wamo. 8 6

Nothing hu been more uiArketl of rvccnt yoors than tho
improvemaut, both without luul within, of children's books. In
particular, the folk-lore of all countrit-s has been ransacked for
their benefit, and prvsontml to them for their Christmas reading.
Mrs. Hall's volume is a somewliat beliited example of this move-
ment, Sh« has translated and adapteil a number of tales from
mdic aoorce*, containing the usual incidents, and told
lit mueh ohann or attmcttrencss. She docs not mention
' f<"iuvo whence th« tales are ilrawn. They do nut apiiear to bo
; 1 I'ooation, Amason, Maurer, or Goring, the four best-known
w. rVs on the Icelandic folk-tale, and they scarcely bear internal
■• '. nco of being native to tho island. Tho very tirst story is no
' than the adventure of the three King's sons with the
: ^e, telescope, and carpet, best known from its occiurcnce
of the Fairy Paribanou which forms one of Galland's
;o the Arabian Nights. It is true the leading per-
hnv*? Tftitonic names given to them, like Brunhild,
! and Edric, but these are scarcely sullicicnt

iio or Korso yrorenaiife. So, too, tho story
ve iirothers has a theme, that of the helpful com-
1 -:.- ;.- . ihich is eommon to all Aryan-speaking peoples, and
occurs even in tho mj-th of the Argonauts.

Altogether, this volume contains little that is new in its
incidents, and, but for the names, tho talcs might be located in
almost anyquarter of Kiuropc. Nor is the manner in which they
are told at all distinctive. No attempt has been made to adapt
the ): r an audience of children, and the book is couched

in a ' r above their heads, and scarcely likely to arouse

t! ' .:■ imaginations. " Hastened to make preparations for his
j.iiimey," "anxiously imagining all that ha<l happened to him,"
are locutions hardly adapted to attract youngsters. iStraight-
forward statement in simple English with plenty of detail is
what is wanted, Init is scarcely supplied in tlie present volume.
It is, however, excellently printed, in clear type, its illustrations
do illustrate the chief incidents, and the price is niodcrate, so
that for children who are not surfeited with the " common
forms" of the fairy tale, the volume may serve. But why
Icelandic ?

Children's books may be roughly divided into the purely
imaginative and the historical story. Of the two, the latter kind
is no doubt tho more popular with children themselves, though
ll)r iiowder of history must l>o artfully mingled with the jam of
'ti'M. This diflicult task has been very well accomplished by
M n.l.'rf ll:ivcns in his " Paris at Bav : A Story of tho
>•. . ' 'I t.c ( '.ijimune " (lilackie). There is plenty of fighting

i;; t;:. i k. which Mr. Staidey L. Wood has illustrated with

»:;;i.t pj.irit' d drawings. Two other books issued by the same
firm bring us nearer home, Mr. Kdgar Pickering's " A Stoct
ExoLisu Bowman- " -• ' >'- ' 'harlea W. Whistler's " KjnqOlap's
KiNMMAX." Mr. i 'tale is placed in the reign of

Henry III ' ' ^:r. *> iimlcr's is a story of the last Saxon
stnigglo II Danes in tho days of Ironside and Canute.

They are an easy, clear style, yet with none of

that infu: 'n-hich Wounds an intelligent child's

•elf-esteam, ai -h well illustrated. "King Olaf's

Kinsman ' ' wou i iy valtiable as a present for any 1x>y

or girl who baliarea that Kngliah history begins with *' William
the Crmqaeror, Ten Sixty-six."

Of the imaginative class of children's books several have
lesmtly bean published. It is a much more difficult gtnre than tho
lustorieal story, and th« appaaraoce of Mr. H. Oskar Sommcr's
translation of Haas Chrintian Andersen's " Stokim and Faikv
Talks" (Oeori^a Alien) ii a melancholy reminder that nothing
approaching tba old nursery classics is now being written.

Andersen was himself essentially a child, in whoso mind wistful
niysticul abstraction and rnjit contem]>lation of ideally loautifnl
or ini]>ossiblu things are divertingly mingled with a perfectly
matter-<if-fact liternlness. Certainly, it makes us think hotter of
tho modern child that it should bo worth whilo to publish this
really l)oautiful edition. Our only doubt is as to Mr. A. J.
Ciaskin's hundred illustrations. Growrn-up people will appreciate
them, but children, wo fancy, would prefer tho more amusing, if
less artistic, old cuts which illustrated the editions of .Vndorsen
twenty or thirty years ago. " TiiK Rbvelatioxs or a Sprite,"
written and illustrated by A. M. .lackson (Fisher Unwin), area
number of pretty littlo stories about fairies ami trolls and elves,
supposed to bo told to a little girl named I.ily Neville, tho
daughter of a journalist, by a sjirito whom, fired by her father's
example, she " interviews." Kvidently personal journalism is
invading our nurseries. " Just Foktv Winks, or the Droll
Adventures of Davie Trot," by Hamish Hendrj- (Blackie), is illus-
trated by Gertrude M. Bratlley. But the pictures, admirable
08 they are, do not seem to us to possess the qualities that
appeal to children. Most of them are overloaded with detail,
and in some tho influence of Aubrey Bcardsley is curituisly per-
ceptible. As for the story, perhaps tho kindest thing to say
about it is that it might conceivably amuse children who havo
never heard of tho " Alice '' books. By way of controst, " An-
VKNTUBES IN Toyi.anh," by Edith King Hall, illustrated by
Alice B. Woodward(Blackio),exhibits real Icnowlcdgoon the part
of both author and illustrator of what children want, as well as
unusual power of supplying it. Tho pictures are, most of them,
of that directly comic kind that children love, whilo the storj' is
capital " make-believe."

SIR PHILIP FRANCIS'S LETTERS.

The mere fact that Sir Philip Francis has been credite<1
with tho autliorship of the Junius Letters is a testimony to his
undoubted ability ; a much more satisfying proof, however,! s
afforded by tho great mass of documents \i\nn which the
late Mr. Joseph rarkes and Mr. Herman Merivale based their
" Memoirs " in 1867. Inconclusive as aro all thopo facts, so
far as the argument that Junius and Francis are identical is
concerned, they are nevertheless invaluable as material for the
political history of the i)erio<l. The correspondence to \>o sold
at Sotheby's on November 27 undoubtedly comprisos the most
important series of Francis's letters extant ; they aro charac-
teriKod by their vigour and by their unus\ial length, but they
only remind us of tho master hand as excellent imitations.
Several of the letters written in tho spring of 1768 deal with
" Jack " Wilkes and his election. "Wo aro all as mad," he
writes on March 12, " about the Elections as you Americans
were about tho Stamp Act." Two months later ho was writinir,
" You may say whot you ]ileaso of j-our Americans ; but I'll bo
curst if we don't match you for ri<its. The worst on't is that
they keep mo at the War Ollice many hours a day moro than I
like ; such marching and oountermarching. " The peculiar
advantages of themartyrdoni of Wilkoswere very clearly indicated
in Francis's letter of January ■!, 170!) : —

All our npwn hero in that Wilkes ii elccteil Alilcrmnrxif FarrinK<inii
Without. AtthiK mtr I »«« no reiuon why he in»y not l)o ShiritT nndl.onl
Hsyor in regular micceiwion ; ami why not l*rim<> MiniRt<'r txforo beiliii'r
In short, Dotoing can be more ridiculona than rrcrything that hap)M'D<>
alKiiit this gi'ntlriimn. Every attempt that has been made to injure ur
oppreaa him has in reality clone liim aorvice.

The i>olitics of the diy, by their intricocy and tho duplicity of
all parties, mucli concerned Francis in May (4th), 1779 : —

! «i what «ii;' ' J-.i'n, without

al party i y both. \

I : , . . „ (hem than " II.

Tlie unrest in America in the year 17C0 is reflected in many
„i (Iw ..., l.tt,.is : — " I/onl North has assured the House of
I at the opeiiiiij,' of next Session, there is a resolu-

l. odate m.ittiTH with America to tho sotisfa<;tion of

all parties " (June 7). " The news from America mokes things
worse and worse " (July C). Again :—" If you Americans can
submit to be quiet— that is, to confine yourselves to o passive
resistance — you will infallibly carry all your points " (Aug. 2) ;
ami, a still more important i)a88ago :— " Grcnvillo himself gives

November 13, 1897.J

LITERATURE.

119

op all ylewB of taxing America " (Nor. 4th). Sereral of the

Ifttvra rolato to l-'riiiuMs's purcliaso of land in Americ* ; but
«iuito the mimt iniportiuit letter in tho whole htiU-h in one dated
Juno 12, 1770, in which tho following passiiKo oioirn : —

Juiiiui ii not known, ntvl t'vit cirruniiitBm-* i« lurhntx M rtirioa*
an any of lii . i ' ' ■'"

in, it K ill ; '"

Ilix Mnji-.it;, 1' - - ' , ■'

coulil hupport ; be wohM wuin In- ■ruiUiixl. Aliiu-ii !.«« I'Wn
of ptililiiihing bin Inttrr tn tlio KinK.uxl Wondfall, wlm wu
pulilinliar, in t« l>o trinl to-iiiorruw. If he bo fouiul guillji, • ii>ii<} m
will Imvtv rcMon to r>Mi«ml>er it.

Tho fourtoon U.tterH from Sir Philip Francis to }•'• -;-

Major riiilip Itii^;^'^, follow on tlmso to Macnihio in <•!

onlor ; but, wliilf tlioy doni mainly with political niaL. , ......

primary intiiro.st to ixistority cuntros in tho roforuncus to Junius.
" Tlio Duko of Grafton, »inco his api>ointment to tho Tnvy
Seal, ha« had popjxjring lottor from Junius, whej promises a
continuance of his corrospondenco a» long as ho is in oflico "
(Junu 25, 1771). A month later ho writes :—

Junius ban (jiven Jfonio |Iloriio Tooko] a most m-voro rornctinn.
Tho bi'st on't in that Jiiniut, iinili:r pntcnce of writinK II. m-
letter, make* him the editor of the ({ro.Hiw«t niul moKl^iiifiiiiM

ever wan printed. Tlii« I take to bo a coupd'htal. U... , .,,.,,

Iaui(h if yuii ii.'>w tbi' pamon in tbo pillory for piiblisbing a letter in
wbirh he bimxclt is virulently abii»ed.

Again : — " JuninH and Wilkos Boom to mako common cause. Poor
Homo is drubbed till ho screochos for morcy. Never wa.s there such
a lottor as Junius hasi flattorod him with. All mankind agree
that it is his masterpiece ; and now I hope we shall never hear
anymore of thorn " (August 20, 1771). Francis and Junius are at
one on most points, but neither this fact nor the ad<litional one
tliat they wore writing, tho one private and tho other publiu,
letters on similar subjects at tho same time would bo sufiiciont
proof thatthoy aro one and tho same person. It is l)olievo<l that
tlioso aro the only lettorH of Sir Philip Francis referring to
Junius and actually mentioning his name which have ever come
'nto tho oixin market.

But the colkn-tion includes also a very remarkable series of
letters from no fewer thaneight other supjiosod authors of Junius
—Lord Harrington, Kdmund Burke, William Uurke, Christonlier
D'Oyly, Richard Tilghman, William Pitt (Lord Chatham), .John
Home, and Alexander Woildorburn (Lord Loughborough). Thcsie
letters are 12;$ in number, and wore all addressed to Sir Philip
Francis. They vary, of course, in importance. Eleven are from
Lord Harrington, whom Junius descrioes as having, next to tho
Duko of Grafton, " the blacke.st heart ii\ tlio kingdom." Two
of those letters aro couched in very mysterious terms. In one
ho asks Francis to call, when " wo may, without interniption,
converse on a subject very m.iterial to mo ; " and, in another,
" tho matter will soon ho known to so many persons that it
cannot remain a secret " (Fob. 1!) and 2<>, 1772). The letters
from Etlmund Burke and his brother William relate to various
public affairs. One of the two letters from his brother-in-law,
ftlaorabie, is dated from Philadelphia, March 10, 1770, and in the
course of it he exclaims :—

But Junius is the Mars of malcontents. His letter to the King i«
part all endurance a« well as nil compare. Tbe Aniericnns aro under small
obligations to him for his repre.nentntions of thoni. I will do them more
justice than he does by declarii.g that his produetioD is not very favour-
ably received among them. Who the Devil can be be 1"

Tho several letters from Richard Tilghman, from Philadelphia
in 1773, aro printed at length in tho " Memoirs " by Parkes and
Merivalo, and neo<l not bo quote<l here, with the exception of a
passage of the highest importance from one dated Sept. 29, ami
roferrnig to Francis's extraordinary appointment from tno position
of an obscure clerk in tho War Oflico (" tho most adverse [xjli-
tical antecedents ") to that of a member of tho now Council of
India, with a salary of £10,000 a year. Tilghman was only ex-
pressing a very general astonishment when he asked ; —

But how did you get this appointment ? It is miraculous to mo
that a man should resign oftioo in 1772, and in '73, without any change
of the Ministry, in-, ndvanecd in so very extraordin.iry a manner. Your
merit and abilities I was always ready to acknowledge, 8ir, but I was
never taught to think much of Lord North's virtue or discernment.
His treatment of you has in some measure redeemed him in my opinion.

It is certainly a very remarkable coincidence that tho
Junius letters ceased in May, 1772 (in which year Woodfall
published the '' author's edition " of those bitter invectives),
just at tho turning point in Francis's life. Hut coincidences
equally remarkable and startling are not unknown in tho poli-
tical and literary history of this country. Unfortunately, coin-
cidences are not e^•idence, and, however strong a theory may
be deduced therefrom, it is only a theory just tho same. And
so it is with this intensely interesting series of Francis cor-
respondence, inasmuch as it neither proves nor disproves that
Francis was Junius.

Ht the iCoohstall.

It i* t-
tions will

,,f til,. 111,,!

I... I,..,

«i>,.t til. I tniMt.u.i ..r .,

•nal c.>lIoc-
■iirii more

of th. . Ki-ttt». I

the |: iro in t!

! n, anil tliey iii.iy at iiiiy moment b«< ;
to Aineririm enllnctora, who, more t
eviii.'

I'
the quoKii.n, ixii, wn:: i
no class of literary pr^

c---'- shown such a r.^.....,

I ts. The nation has tlf

. .. ,ll. l.V :,.l,,l.t itV :. \^ .,■!

to do '

rith

... y
and
fend

into tiid hantls of u i.i
tho Mu

n.l tl

of far more coi

however rare. I

have alrcadv i

out any ill. it iH-ing matle by

secure thoni. So also with the Bronte maniisciipto.

lust ten yeara these havo gimo up in value t<> a

.' ' w it is I'l ' ' ''

1 m. Oidy

AiniTifa..! i.-KlO for the inanuHCE ijn. i.i i in- ii-.i.-.-v-

lie refused.

lliore is also another way of regardi"" ♦'■■• '"■■*♦'
is from the exhibition point of view. I i

woman finds a pleasure in looking at t:

authors, and if they do so at all it ou h

the projMjrty of the public. One gentl.
the iKist private collection of these manusui .
allows any one to see his collection who e-
intnHluotion ; but this is not what we want. Thuso trcasurus
ought to belong to the Nation, and the gratification of seeing
them should not bo dependent upon the generosity of any
private individual.

One hobby which .\
hard at nresent is the
work of tne great Englii-n ..m... . •, .
and Roger Payne. The result of this il
in reganl to Pavno, that a number of 1
of tho country which aro not his work at

festly no dithculty in identifying those bo.. t

many, which contain his bifls. In the absi'noo of
it isnot always easy to decide upon their claims of
Payne binding, especially when it is rer:
thoeber and his other contemporaries and i;
copied his designs. However, there is one tcit i

strangely overlooked. It is not a great matter in
a hallmark it indicates the genuineness of the work. .Xs is u. il
known, PajTie cut all his own tools, which accounts for tho
qualities of crispness and delicacy found in his bindings. But
Payno always failed to make a presentable capital K for his
lettt^rings : the upi>er portion is unusually short, and over nnd
alMjve that it is so squeezed in as to give tho letter :■.
ungainly appearance. PajTie's other letters are well dcsi^; I.
and his imitators, while copying most accurately his general
forms, omitted to reproduce this peculiarity in tho R. Col-
lectors would thoreforo do well to Dear this marked feature in
mind when purchasing books said to be bound by Roger Payne.

Among other peculiarities Payno had a fondness for working
on russia leather, and this doubtless set the fa-shion for binding
books in that material which so largely obtained at tho end
of tho last and tho beginning ^if tho present century. Very little
of the material is used for book -binding by " - '•;

bibliophiles, so little indeed that Charles Lanili
through manymodern libraries without meeting h..- |. i, .... . ....

Genuine russia leather — that is, calf or horse-skin curried with
white birch tar (oleum ruaci) — is hard to procure, but the article
" made in Germany " — sheejvskin currie<l with the essential
oil distilled from oleum ntsri- is plentiful enough. This lattvr
material is practically worthless, for it possesses no lasting
qualities, and should therefore never bo used for covering books
of any vailuo.

It is frequently asserted that not only has the competition
of American buyers sent np prices, but the commissions from
that country have made dealers so Ij-nx-eyed that it is useless to

120

LITERATURE.

[November 13, 18!)<

hop* to eocM merom m nul "find." Thia, however, ii only « h*lf-
tmth. Kuxtiah oolleotora are just aa keen and ns o<im]H'tont aa
their kin beyond the aea, and rare booka of fxtruordiiuiry value
need no loogw be aooght for here at about a shilling a]>ifCo ;
but there ia a ■eoondary daaa of b<>ok which is priEL-d us lH>ing
■■ong Um fint-bom of the great housoa thut sprang into
wrirtww during the fitat half of the IGth century. Thv other
^.v •— " ^f the«e, a copy of "Demetriua rbuloreus," Morfli, 1556,
> ruaeia leather by Roger rayni;, and looking as

L .and sound aa wl>->< >» rir«> l..ft his hands, woa ]>tcked

up for lew than one-twi'

In thia " PhaJarena r luxuries of tlio old-timo

print ing-hooae^fine linen paper, ink evuu in texturu und deep
in torn*— and there ia an air of luxurious ease, u charming old-
world quietude, in the oaat of tlie page so mellowed and rclined
with its mntv than three centuries of exiatence. The lustrous
qual ' ' ink use<I in many of these old Ixxiks constitutes

an i: jualitication in the eyes of a lH>ok lover, for one

of the grvatest difficulties thut a workman had to cont<.'n(l
against in printing a line and elegant book was the effects of
the temperature upon his inks. It is this which gave such an
eaay pre-eminence to books printe<{ in Italy over most of those
printed in more northerly latitudes. Some of Caxton's print
cannot be compared for evenness and richness with that of
Aldus, but modem workmen, by the adoption of simple scientitic
remediee, are caiiily able to counteract the injurious etfects of
cold upon printing ink. The tly-leaf of this ancient classic
indicates that it formerly btdonged to Michael Wodh\dl, who
bought it in 178:<, and it l)oars his well-known inscription " coll
and compl." Wodhull was a solid scholar as well as a collector.
In his oollection of the classics he had none but the tinest copies
procurable, and oven tlien he deman<led that they should be

?|uite perfect. A glance through this book shows that WiHlhull
oond no errors of any sort in it, although in the margins he has
made frequent suggestions of difTerent rea<lings. It stioaks well
for the French printer that a really competent scholar, taking
his book in hami some 2tM) years after it was is.suo<l, could have
detected no mistakes in the work. How different from that
first reprint of the first folio Shake8|)care, published at the
beginning of the presi-nt century, which in 56 pagi-s containetl
no fewer than 368 typographical errors.

(Tovrcsponbcncc.

RUDYARD KIPLING.

TO THE EDITOR.

Sir,— Mr. Ki; \'r.r_- };:is «Titten of the private soldier, Ins life,
and character witli .•-o much force, skill, and truth that it may
jterhaps be not presumptuous nor unacceptable to the literary
student for a private soldier to attempt to give his view of the
creator of " Soldiers Three. " Tliat the keynote of this— dare
I term it criticism ? — is admiration will surprise no one. llie
s<ddier of to-day owes much to Kipling ; his country owes still
more. Many writers, from the day of Cliauccr onward, have
dealt with tlic man, but none has ever arousetl the

interest, the a, of the soldier's countrymen for the

aoldier that i r of •• Barrack-room Ualla<ls " has

anooeaded in Since the publication of those ballads

and the aoldii.. „.. ..la there has been quite a i-onai8.snnce of
military interest and admiration. Even thnso good |e<>plo who
do not read must bo .iw rf ..f this, for, if they go to tlie thoatres,
military plays wer< re frequent and nouriahing, und on

tht! T.ncort stage u 'j- successes of recent times have we

II " Tomi

." or "Tlio Soldiers of the Queen"?

rig has t, in a t^isk that Acts of Parliament

u<I in— mimely, in making the Queen's uniform

lliis nlono entitles him to the soldier's gratitude.

iv, in his recently-imblished work of con-

:. will have it that Mr. Kiiiling struck new

■vith the soldier's " homo life, but this is

Many, many writers had worked the coil

' n •' 'vie, originality, was not there. Mr.

who |>ut life into the marble. His

... v,,i..- , : UK^hniqiie is the feature that strikes

'■'■■ ' lier most forcibly : for the everyday life of soldiers is
'ar^iiy cnmpoaed of <lotails, which, drv imd un in throating as
thoy way b« to the civilian, are K-ing to tho

military mind. And if a writer </' . r story goes

wrong eron in tho matter of a button or a )>eit he loses his
aolJiar-raailer's gotnl opinion for ever. Most i«oplo remember

the old story of the ancient mariner, who was shown a
marvellous seascaiw, and at onco expressed his disgust thereat.
A great critic took the fait to toak for daring to unfavourably
comment on the masterpiece. "1 know nothing about pictures,"
repliod the seafarer, "out I do know that ii ship won't come
asiixre when it's blowing a golo off land." Kvery one ia a critic
in his own walk of life, and it might be as well if a goo<l many
writfrs remomliered this fact. Mr. Clark HuspcU has pointed
out tho folly of respectable old ladies or <-oui\try clergymen
being put do«Ti to review yarns of the forecastle, aixl the
average staj'-at-homo nowspa]>er man, whote acquaiiitanro with
the military is of tho most meagre, cannot bo expecte<l to
understand and apjirociatc Mr. Kipling's wonderful command
of technique. It is almost i orfect. There is a glaring instance
of error in one ballml that the soldier at onco detects, liut, with
this one exception, I have never met the soldier who could
liiid any fault with his local colour, nor can I myself. And his
command of siiloriug technicalities is, f have learnt, jutt ns
I)erfoct. A marine engineer to whom I road " Mc.^ndrew's
Hymn " said, after I had concluded, " The man who wrote that
has done his graft in the st"ke-holo and tho engine-room. Lord !
to think a chap could write poetry on my engines !"

The three principal soldier characters, Mulvnney, Ortheris,
and Leoroyd, are as ]>erfect as was l{obwell'.s bingraiihy of
Johnson, and more than this one cannot say. His handling of
his oliicers is equally good, so long as he deals with ollicers of
infantry regiments. Bobby Wicks, tho Colonel of the " Fore
and Aft," and Unless, in "His Private Honour," are as fino
delineations of tho Knglish otlicer of to-tlay as is Thackeray's
Cohmcl Esmond of tho days of Queen Anno or Scott's Ludovic
Lesly of the time of Louis XI. of tVance. lndec<l. as one can only
judge these latter creations of the writer by contemporary litera-
ture, we might assert that the mmlom are better |H>rtrait8.

Mr. Kipling's cavalry ollicers are not so giHKl. He is evi-
dently not as conversant with tho mounted branches of the
Service as he is with his beloved infantry. The oiBcors of the
Pink and of the White Hussars (writing as a cavalry man) I do
not like. But I jirefer them vostly to the imjiossiblo creations
of certain lady writers who ]>rofess to have given us cameos of
tho cavalry officer. Kipling's Three Musketeers are as near
i)erl"ection as is possible on this sublunary 8])hcrc ; they are th&
best yet done, and most likely it will be long before they are
equalleil, still longer before they are excelled.

" AX HUSSAR."

THE LATE LORD TENNYSON.

TO JHE EniToit.

Sir, — I have been much interested in your review of tho
" Life of Lord Tennyson ": and I venture to trouble you with
a little incident in connexion with the great poet which I
cannot but think would bo of general interest if it wero known.
I only regret that I have not communicated the fact to the
present Lord Tennyson.

Just iKsforo tho death of the late peer, wo were arranging
to present a memorial to certain dignitaries of tho Greek
Church on liehalf of the jHjrsecuted Stundists of Russia.

In answer to my request, Lord Tennyson signed the
memorial and returned: it to me almo.st immediately l)ofore his
death, thus showing his interest in the cause of religious
liberty.

I remain, Sir, yours faithfully,

A. J. ARNOLD, General Secretary.
Evangelical Alliance, 7, Adam-street, Strand, W.C.

©bituai*^.

The name of Sir Rutiikkkohd Alcock, who died last week,
will not be without a placo in the chronicles of literature,
baoauso ho was among the first to instruct the public on the
people, tho history, and the art of Japan. Ho began his long
diplomatic career in tho For East as Consul at Fu-chau in 1844,
and closed it in 1871, after six years' service as Minister at Poking.
His early experiences of Japan were doscrilied in a valuable
work culle<l " Tho Capital of tho Tycoon." As long ago as 186;»
ho calle<I attention to the itnixirtance of Japanese art, and in
1878 wrote a useful work on tho subject, called " Art and Art
Industries in Japan." He was also tho author of books on the

November i:v IKOT.]

LlTEKATUllE.

121

.Tapannna lanpmgo, nn.l contributed to the Encyclopmdla
llritunnica niul to tlio lending rovicws on the aiibjoct <>f Jnpan.

BiiiKOtt OiovAS.M Hatinta Cavamanklli:, wluwo douth
w»« announced iit the buginnin^; of the wuek, is hotter known for
Ilia literary work amune art BtudtintH than the f;ci' ' !; '.

Crowe and Cavalcaaollo's workH on Italian url n

important place in the artiHt's library. lUirn in !'_•■, > .i>.il-
casolle was one of the many forei^'nor* who, after playing a jmrt
in the moving event* of the middle of the century nbroail, Bought
IV refuge in Lnglund. He wiui not a great artist, but hiB steady
induHtry as an illuHtrator brought him into connexion with Sir
iJotioph Crowe, who died in the autumn of lant year, and with
whom lie collaborated in the production of " ICarly FlemiBh
Taintors " (1857, 1872), '• History of Tainting in Italy " (180-J),
" History of Tainting in North Italy " (187'), " Life of
Titian " (1877), " Life of lUfaol " (1882).

*U.. .»».!-..-*

jfovcion Xcttcvs.

GKKM.XNV.

With the turn of the leaf in the Ladies' Mile of linio trees,
llorlin Ruspoiids her nniniation. Authors are correcting their
last revipo. Schulto's (lallerios are tilled for the benetit of the
provincial cousin, and stngo-iiianagers are playing off the old
favourites before the now season begins.

The activity of the country is spent in congresses and self-
preparation. In a free Hansa State the leaders of the Socialists
have arranged to push their two million followers to the borders
of privileged oloction, and invade the Prussian I'arliament. At
Krfurt, in the heart of the region of culture, jirofossors and
clergy have combined to raise tlio ghost of the Kmperor's past,
and to draw from an otiiical Lil)eralism conclusions not dreamt
of in the schools. In the cathedral city of " the llllino-land
and the wine-land " an ex-f'obinet Minister has shocked Three
Kstates of the realm by pledging a toast to the Fourth, and has
followed up his indiscretion by Itccoming part-proprietor of a
newspajwr devote<l to the opinions for which he was turned out
of ollioo.

This unrest in the body politic is reflected in the domoin of
art. It speaks through the panting life of Itcgas" bronze and
stone in his wonderful monument to William 1. It cries out
from the canvas of Liebermann or Leistikow.or any of that band
of 11 who are uniteil to tell " the truth, and nothing but the
truth," through the medium of the brush. Socialist fersu.i
individualist, Realist reivu.t Idealist, Democrat rermin Aristocrat,
— one breath of reaction is fanning all these flames, and the Xiyoi
of a single spirit is informing all their experiments.

It is a part of the same movement in things that the reading
public shoubl bo waiting with rapt attention forOerhart Haupt-
iiinnn's next work. For Hau])tmann is the most famous of those
literary sons of Berlin who revolted in the early eighties.
Uumoin- speaks of a mystic seven — two less than the Muses
whose control they shook off — who are even believed to have re-
peated the droim of a Tantisocracy across the seas which our
poets dreamt a century ago. Certain it was, whatever their
theories of emigration micht bo, they wouUl create a new era at
liomo. The outworn machinery of composition in painting, of
construction in drama, and of harmony in verse, with all its
attendant paraphernalia of types, and heroes, and adventures,
was to be abandoned at a single sweep. The poem or
picture of the future should bo a Lebev.iau.^sehnilt, a
fragnient from real life, dominated by a problem, and with
its details subn\itted to the microscope. In a word, the
impidse had come from abroad, and the seven were the
[lioneers of the naturalistic movement in Germany. Two of
them indeed, to whom Haujitmann's first piece was dedicated,
■were appropriately disguised by a Norwegian name : and Bjanie
1'. Holmsen's /'n/vt JfamlH was, we liolievo, the first play
to bo performed on the so-called free stage which they founde<l.
The Freio Biihne survives, although its organ has taken on the
less striking name of J\"d(c />ci(/.<r/4C JliDul.vliati, but the seven
brothers in refiTm have long since parted ways. The authors of
I'apa jramlet have fallen a little in the rear. The larger
public waits for them no longer : only its stragglers, when they
lag behind, are surprised at the beauty and the wealth of weeds
where Holz and Sclilaf have trodden. " But of all the seven, and
of all the names which are bound up with young (Jcrmany's
revolt from Freytag and the Munich school — " never," says ono
writer, " were fathers .nr.d sons divided by a deeper line of

Ho CI "

the " Tr.

latust, " I 11, wait thu ;

1H80. It .. .taneously in I

stage. In .suvun ni' nllis it |mi>iiisl tbn.u^ii 1>

attained the distinction, riiuili rnnr here than

J.... . ...

rlin. H« t
Ml works .
i.iry of th" ii.
the cane that

fame has

.il »t
of a

two

thct

critics
d iU
.irting

niu;ii- >i SMS LiM"i" 11 III" ill

i»ent in (iermnny. i* this

liardly care to di.si,... ., .. U'tween '' ■• <• i <l.

exponent. They write that IUmiIimu i-1

of the ways, when they mean t). t • i »a« a

oompromire liotwoon the t'. speak of the

extreme of reaction as exl mean that the

author of "The Sunken Bell " Im.-. iuilun a iu :• ;i r •! '■ -ht

of his derotion. They point to the reconcilial;<>ii ^. m' u .r, i.imI,

l>ocauso Hau]itmann'H last work was neither wholly realistic nor

wholly idealistic in character.

Tliey are all very much in earnest, tin d

pamphleteers, and lookcr«-on ; and seriously i t

Hautitmann's jKietical gifts .ir "' ■' *' r

anxiety. His tirst three «!■

known to a comjiaratively h..,,.., , f

them, Kiiisnrnr Mfnuthfn, was given on ■■' ^

books, they have piis8e<l through six, threi . . ' '

respectively. They are reminiscent of Zola and Ibsen, ^i- t:
'• Tromethidoidoos," in 13 cantos, had recalled " < ; , .u
Harold " to mind ; and it may frankly be said that they did
not dishonour their sponsors in tho degree of actuality which
they attained. They mark togetlier tho tirBt pcrio<l
of the poet's history. After another 12 months' silence, his
fourth arama, Tlir ]i'carfrii, was publishe<l. A year elapsed
before the Free Stage would jirotlnco it. and it was not until
SoptemlK'r 2r), 1894, cr nearly three y. " ' ' r-

auio. that it was put on the brards oi :i

Berlin. By the end of la-st s-asoTi it hail •
and had gone through 18 editions in l)ook v

at any rate bo said that Hiniiii:iin liul .. ^ , c

before ho scored his grca' r.

■" "s a ; eoe. a drarn.-\ whore

given to a tailhful pn ^ f

ices. Its scenes — and it . i

suooussion of (cenes— are place<l in u

tha writer's whole
a detinite set of
little moro than a

the

111

r.iit

facturing district of Silesia in the year of ferment, 18-1
they portray with wonilerful truth the pity and tho Ixri' r
of a weavers' strike. The book hxa been compare«l
with /ola'a " (ierminal," but the foreign i ' a

cannot be so directly traced as in some of t

productions. It has been cbiimed for the <'■- t

nis naturalism passes into a mibler phase, wi y

is chastcne<l by something moro Inn'm i' i

intimacy of tho associations. 1

prize-ring. Hauptmnnn's most

attempt to deny that The H'fnrrrs is hopeli

its gloom is unrelieved by a single gleam from tli •■(

the workiicople's life. It may have raised tho author at a l>t>und

to the foremost rank of nn>deni literary men. It may l>e a

masterpiece <f the literature of social revolt, but it does not add

to the beautiful things of tl;o world, which we tirmly l>elievo to

be the final U^st of art.

" The Sunken Bell " — to omit the intervening pieces — marks
a complete change of iierspeotivo. There are two Hauptmanns,
say the critics in their iH-rploxity. Tho one is the realist,
whoso naked power of will shrinks from nothing which
is true : tho other is the m.in of imagination, whose longing
for the unattainable breaks his earthly bounds. By all
tho traditions of his own conviction and example he is forbidden
to pratify this longing by an idealization of real lifo after the
fa.shion of tho older school. Indofoult. • has recourse to

the trick of allegory, as a convenient i which ho could

slip off at will, should his principles or his t'oUowers rise up t"
reproach him. The allegory of an artist's search for beauty,
which " The Sunken B»dl " very i>owerfully omlx-tHes, may bo
Hauptmann's own experience or not. Its lesson and its con-
clusion are less to our present purpose — they hare ieceive<l a
score of different interpretations than the evidence which is

affortled of the author's i'" '■' vitw. His dramat'" ■•-< ''ct

is too strong to display . anently in the nar: f

allegory, aiul the Coui ,— for it can be c.x; in

122

LITERATURE.

[November 13, 1897.

Ttaa

politt—1 tw HW >r» dreAiniiig of Haaptawnn's oonr"'^: •• ...,> ,.f
m Ham wImb the «po«U* o( liUruy rarolt will writi
oftlMM>-eftll«dgoT«nMMt]rp«> Tb* terolutionaries :
thair duunpion'a nium. " The Sunkon lloll " they would
r«g«nl •■ m xu J'tntril, aa the raoreation of a aoriuus man whoso
fame will 1 1 on TTtt Wtatm. The miUl nion, wlio

■taiul in tlii- tako n half-way view ; thoy boliovo thatthu

■tr«MB, which hao U ' for a while, will rejoin and How on

with frwh virjoiir stiii It will pathor «j> what ishost in

th* new -, UiLir wider range, their clearer view,

thsir at ::(M<rin(r reatriotions ; but the wildness oi

tl»«ir current will I'O curbe<l and checked hy the old. "The
Saakm U«ll " ia at the jioint bc-foro the junction. There arc
Otkan, finally, who fear that Gorhart Hauptmam's boat has
baaa too much ahattwed by the Stumi iimf hraiuj of its earlier

I to flow down now with the stream.

is stirring, reatleoa city carefully puanls the secrets of its
apring. Thi> linvi'-t which have fallen frcni the lime trees will be
■wmtaway 'lest mimioiiiality in Europe. But will the
winaofdis< axe to blow through the ranks of tlioHo two
million workmen f Will the clergy return in peace to their
palpita, and the profesm>r8 to their chairs ? Will Gerhart
Hauptmann'a next work follow his Wearers or his "Sunken
Bell ? " The questions have more in common than might appear
at first sight.

Tire UNITED STATES.

WTien one read a week or two ago that we were to have a
new volume of cartographic history fmni Mr. Justin Winsor one
hardly noted it as im(H)rtaut. It was sure to be full of accurate,
minute information ; sure to be the result of untiring, intelligent
in<lustry and enthusiasm ; but then one felt Mr. Winsorliad
already done so much work of this sort, and was sure to do so
maeh more, that a volume more or loss made little difference.
Perhaps, too, one had a secret feeling that, even tliough Mr.
Winsor were undoubtedly a man of extraordinary information
and method, he was not exactly a man of letters — an historian, if
you like, bat not one whose work was to 1ms classed with litera-
ture. And now, with hardly anv warning, he is dead. Already
one begins to feel what a loss ho is.

It ia doubtful if any scholar in America has been more con-
stantly heartily helpful to all sincere students who approached
him. Uia inforination, unusual both in range and in precision, was
at the service of whon)s<iever it co»ild lienefit. A characteristic ex-
ample of this transpired since his death. A friend of his some
veara ago, chancing to get interested in David Garrick, asked Mr.
Winaor for tlio best book about him ; to which Mr. Winsor
answered that, having once been interested in Garrick, ho had
collected material aTx>ut him more complete than was published
anywhere, which material was at his friend's disposal. And no
one would have uuppoted Garrick to be one of Mr. Winsor's
specialties. That these wore various the very names of his publi-
eations attast : the best known of these are his liibliography of
Sbakecpeare, his Reader's Handbook of the American Revolu-
tion, toe two series of Co-oix»rative Histories which he edited so
well aa to make them almost coherent — the Memorial History of
Boaton and the- Narrative and Critical History of America ; his
Christonhpr rMlrrni i:s and his three volumes, under se])arato
t ly of the West. His occasional writings

»' H are very numerous. None of these

w literature, yet none of them can bw neglected by

ai. i'lUtd wiiih to put in literary form the matters

With V. i..-,l.

I' • ars Mr. Winsor had been the librarian of

Harvaril. W l.tn he came there the College Library was only a
treasury in which many thousands of bocks were religiously
preserved f '' ' : his direction it has become the

most potci ' • thot in working hereabouts. Ita

raaonroea ai-' ■■|.ii imh ■■: .... .-... .^^^^^ but to students who

wish to nae them. Mr. \' us policy may have worn

out asood many Look' > oen worn out in honest

ns« which haa aJrooat

•dacation. Htudent
BOW they consult :
diarga of the Hnr
librarian of the !
for increasiiic ar
notable. Tlii* ui;u
learned and iiofiulnr.

d system of college

i\ to rely on text-books ;

Kor some years before taking

ry, too. Mr. WinHf)r had been

n, where his measures

ion of biH>ks had been

K'lico in libraries, both

temperamental liking

for oonferencen and <<V)<:i- ;;atl)iriti;;» • 1 human In-ings — he was a
vary " clubable " mail -to make him distinctly the chief of
Anwrican librarians.

How imjiortant tho nfi'tro of librarian is becoming in
Amarioa one need hardly say. Our most notable public

bnildings of the nast few years have been libraries. Three years
ngo tho new rublie Library of Hoston was <it)ine<l — t
most elaborate and generous building in New England.

ngo tho new rublic Library of Hoston was <it)ine<l — hy far the
most elaborate and generous building in New England. A year
or two later came the Library of Congress in Washington, which

is probably tho roost elaborate and generous building in the
I'nitod States. And only last month was opened tho now
I'ublic Library of Chicago. New York lags behind. But plans
are already making there for a larger and rii-her one still. In
each case the building hiis been nocessary : tho collection*
of books have become too large and valuable for anything short
of the best attainable accommodation. Wliether tho new
buildings afford this may be disputed. That they are meant to,
and that public moneys have been unstintin^ly devoted to thom,
is beyond doubt. Tho architects of tne Jioston Library,
however, and of the Library of Washington havc^ been thought a
trifle too scenic in temper. Tho Boston Library, a masterpiece
of construction, which contains somo excellent nuir.il decoration,
is not intelligently adapted to its main purjiose. Its admirable
paintings by Puvis de Chavannes, John Sorgont, and others are
more obviously accessible than its books, which aro incon-
veniently thni.st aside for these splendours. Tho Library of
Congress, while rather more conveniont, is oftcnest remarked
for tile It<jnian muniticencc of its mural pictures and marbles.
In both cases tho architects were clearly so enamoured of their
opportunities as not always to remember that a library should not
primarily bo a palace or a museum. TlioOhicugo Library is said
to be less splendid and to have tho architectural fault of super-
ficial insincerity. Its elevation, for example, shows only throe tiers
of windows and it« inner plans reveal four or five stories. On
the other hand, it was probably designed witJi more intelligence
than tho others. " The controlling idea in tho interior plans,"
said the president of the Board of Directors at tlie formal
opening, "has been to make tho book-rooms tho heart of the
Librarj-, tho centre from which everjrthing shall rox^liate, thus
facilitating access from every quarter and lightening tho work
in every department." If this controlling iciea has really boon
carried out ono can forgive the insincerity of tho outer walls, in
themselves pleasant to look at.

Until the Columbian Exhibition, four years ago, people on
our Atlantic sea-board had a patronizing way of regarding
Chicago as on tho extreme outskirts of civilization, much aa
complacent £iir<ipeans are apt to regard the most established
parts of America. The Exhibition oj^mned any eyes that saw it
to the fact that Chicago is fast becoming an important centre
of intellectual as well aa material activitv. That new Public
Librarj' of theirs is not only, in all probability, tho best building,
on this continent for library purposes, but it gives a permanent
homo to an institution which in tho year ISiKJ circulated more
books than any other in the worltl. Tho Libraries of Bir-
mingham and of Boston showed for that year a circulation of
above 800,000 ; that of Manchester one of 07u,000 ; that of
Chicago one of far more than a million. In each case, of
course, figures were greatly swelle<l by ephemeral fiction and
tho like ; but with all allowance for this such figures mean great
mental activity. Of this Chicago shows many other signs. For
one thing it has at least two other imi>ortant libraries in active
operation — tho Newberry and that of tho Vnivorsity of C!hicag{).
lliis University, only four years old, is already an educational
centre of imjwrtance, not fairly to be judged by such feats as
Mr. Moulton's, who is trying to make " mo<lorn readers "
accept the Revised Version oftho Bible as literature. Again,
the daily Press of Chicago, though not distinguisho*! by any
single paper so good as tho New Vork AVeiiinj i'o.rf, maintiiins an
average merit which ono is sometimes disposed to think the
highest in America. And certainly tho literary fortnightly of
Chicago, the J>ial, though not very i)rotound, is on the wliolo
the most unbiase<l and satisfact<)ry of our purely critical
journals.

A fair notion of Chicago as a modem literary centre may,
perhaps, be had from a glance at some of the announcements
and books which reach ono from thoro in a single week. Ono
publisher thoro, whose books aro usually notable for good print-
ing and the liKe, announces a now book by Mrs. Latimer on
Sjiain in the 19th century ; a Ixjok of travels in Spain, by Miss
Nixon, who whimsically calls herself " A Pessimist " ; a work
on Thought and Theori<'s of Life and Education, by Bisho])
Spaulding of Peoria ; a volume of lectures on Christianity, de-
livere<l last year in India by the Rev. Dr. Barrows on a founda-
tion lately given tho I'niversity of Chicago for the purpose of
Christianizing tho Hind'os ; ond a careful study by Miss Mary
Fisher of some modem French critics. Meanwhile, among the books
which have orrived from Chicago within a few days aro Mr.
Henry James's Inst novel, " What Maisie Knew " ; a novel by
a well-known American lady, whoso pseudonym is Jiilieii
Gordon ; Miss Gmlkiii's " Stories from Italy " ; a pleasant and

Jfovomber 13, 1897.]

LlTEllATLRE.

123

sound, thoucli not oxtruordinary, book of lyrics, called " Loye's [
Way," t>y Murtiii Swift ; a iiuot^r lux.k hy Mr. Hnrum Flotdior i

nil" Happiiu'ss ns Founil in Forotliought Miiv '■' " -vht," i

huiii^' oiiii voliiiiio of nn Ofcoiitrio itystum of i li \w I

calls " Mitiiticultiiro ; " und ii vory .■!• nr il,,i I

Camiiai){ii of Maioiifjn, by liioiit'

cavalry, wlioso proviouH book on N , i . '

was apiirovod l)y rooognizod niastors of miiitary history. Wo
astomsliiiin ooiitributioii t« history or literatiiro i.i huro, perhapa ;
but a city which can give ub this and muro iu oiio wook i« not to
bo iiogloctud.

To jmsa from now America to tho older, Mr. Paul LoicoHtcr
Ford han just issued an exliaustivo book on tho Now Knglaiid
I'rinior, it\ which tho Puritan children woro taught to read.
Whatever :au bo known about this quaint little volinno Mr,
Ford has colloctod, digested, and plea^untly sot down. His work
has but one fault ; it apiwars in what tho lato Mr. LowoU used
to call an '' edition of looks."

Botes.

In a sciiind kiiuiiy notice of Literature Sir AValtcr llosant in
(Vic Autliiii- makes tho quaint reproach against our lirst iiumbor
iliat ho si'0.1 •• no .space dovote<l to correspondence. " It was, wo
think, hardly to bo expected that correspondence should bo
addressed to a papor before it camo into existence, but we would
point out that all our ailvertisoments have laid stress on the fact
that our columns would l)o open to correspondence, and our third
number, as well as the present one, shows tiiat we have beon t«kcn
at our word.

« «

While on tho subject of correspondence wo will repeat what
wo have already said — that we invito criticism adverse to our
own and even adverse to ourselves. Critics cannot jirofoss to lie
infallible. All wo can do is to offer tho best criticism wo can
obtain, and to allow a fair field and no favour to ojiposito views
At, let ua bog, reasonable length.

•» » «

One word more. While wo are grateful for the numerous
congratulatory letters we have received, we are still more grate-
ful to those who have aided us by criticisms, suggestions, and

In nci'tiniance with n suggestion made to us, we announi'o
'lat our next article " Among My Pooks " will bo by Mr.
.\ustin Dobsoii.

It is remarkable that no complete life of the Prince of
Wales has ever been published. Iho task has now been under-
taken by a writer well known in tho world of letters (whoso name,
howoror, will not appear on the title page), and is likely to
contain a great deal of interesting matter not hitherto presented
to tho English public. It is to bo liberally illustrated— tho
frontispiece gives Goorgo Richmond's beautiful drawing of tho
Prince in 185!'— and will bo publisheil by Mr. Grant Kichartls.
« • * »

Mr. Arthur C. Benson, of Eton College, is engaK0<l upon a
niomoir of his father, the late Archbishop of Canterbury, which
will probably bo published at tho end of 1898 by Messrs. Mao-
inillan. It is understood that the work will consist of a jiorsonal
memoir, romiuisconces by various friends, letters and extracts
from tho Archbishop's private diaries, which were very fully and
completely kept. Any letters of tho Archbishop's or bio-
£;raphical particulars which ought to bo included should be sent
to Mr. Benson at an oarly dato.

■» « •

On tho l!>th inst. Messrs. Ohatto and Windus publish
" Moi-o Tramps Abroad " by Mark Twain, who. judging from
his last appearaiire in public, has not lost his power of humorous
appreciation of foreign peculiarities, and also Mr. Christie
Murray's "This Littlo World," which is to appear simultane-
ously We, in tho United States, and in Canada.

•» » •

In a very few days another book by Mrs. Bishop (Miss Bird)
will be published by Mr. Murray. The country which the
advcntrr MS Indy, armed with a camera, has now explored is

t!
by ....

aoeoant of U10 racmit T{eiMi(iiil«s
n f d , and will oant«in m jfttiuM

i1-Gi,oiira1 for KofOA.

Mrs. Hr'-- "-mettn .■,■.. i..,.-. .n ,.i,l,liihf"> '■>•-• bjr
Messrs. F. >iid Co. It in called " II o(

Osmonde," u.. . ' " ■• -■•in.) it may I." in a

complement to •' Mrs. '<n-

0«<ivi'il t)i,< idoii !i Ihu «' ,, of

trr of view, Tho iormer

no'. y, and " His Grace of

Osmondo " (fives tliu inaii'it. Musiis. U ariio also publiih to-
day another Uovol by Caroline Ma'K-rs called " "Tbo World's
Coarse Thumb. " The same p'li ivu in hand a NurBcry

io Mr. Andruw J.,aug,

1'
Khynio l(<H>k o<litod by tho in
and illustratvd by Mr. L. Losliu lW'o<.)Ke

Mr. Marion Crawford has mado up his mind to tako up once
again lecturing work, and ho will tour in iovural of the lar^
American towns under Major P' -igement. I'nliko moat

authors who from Dickens on lubUKl fortune to faiM

on American platforms, Mr. Crawiui' ' extract* from

his own works. He will deliver < ^res on " The

Italy of Horace," " Italian Home i.iie in me .Viiddlu Agot,"
" Tlie Early Italian Artists," and " Loo. XIII. in the Vatican."

• « • »

Tlio American lc«ture public seems to be very eclectic in
its taatos. Kussia is always interesting, ami for a long time
George Konnan was tho most popular speaker in tho States.
Tho lecture room api>cars to t ' : an towns the

placo of a theatre, for the leo' ly a roliKious

public. Tho late Henry V- -'•' - llion

miles in twolyo years, ami :ule

the lato Charles Spurgoon !. ,.,„.... .. .^„, rlca

Kingsley's success in 1874 was iiniloubtcdly his

literary than his religious ropi:i;itioii : and ;: _ , ug to

note that some years ago Major I n asked who of ail living

Englishmen ho would rathiT i v with him to hia own

country, replied unh' , Lord Tennyson. Mrs. lioecher

Stowe would undoubt' mado a record tour, but she lost

her voice early, and shu uuvor consented to turn her [lersonal
popularity to a money-making use.

• • »

We nndorstand that M. Emile Zola i» serinn«Tv fliinlr;,,.; of
visiting the Dnited States on a lecturin,: ar.

At tho lieginningof the present year M. !• , nent

French critic, gave a number of lectures in diSereut cities in the
.States and met with considerable success, though it is very
doubtful whether more than half of his aui' - able to

follow his somewhat elaborate criticisms o; -Jay de-

generacy. If M. /ola visits the States he will doubtless be able
to reply to tho very strong strictures passetl upon him by his
compatriot when in that country.

« • « «

Mr. B©mar<l Shaw is publishing through Mr. Grant Richards
two volumes of his dramatic works, including a number of
unpublished and unii«rfornie<l plays. The volumes, which will bo
entitWl " Phivs I'loasant and I npleoaant," will l>e sold sepa-
rately, and will each contjiin a preface by the author. In tho
first will appear a portrait of Mr. Shaw from a private photo-
graph.

«■»■»«

Mr. Shaw began writing for tho stage a« long ago as 1885,
when he was asked by Mr. vVm. Archer to write a drama iu
collalxiratiou with him. Tho resultl was tho first two acts of
iri./i>ir<r.«' Jiov.v.t, ultimately protluced by tho Iiidepondeiit
Theatre in 189a.

• « ■» «

The now book by George Egerton (Mrs. t'lairmont*) which
Mr. John Lane is publishing carries on the nomenclature which
began in " Keynotes." It is called '• F:— •■ - " and she may
bo congratulated on having preforre<l to what, wo

believe, she had first thought of—" Fairy .„. Grown-ups."

« « « «

It is not generally known that tho author of " Pocheur
d'islande " once made a journey in the Holy Land under con-
ditions strongly resembling some of Sir Richard Burtim's famona
wanderings. Pierre Loti performed the greater porti<m of his
journey dis^iisod as an .-Vrab, and, with characteristic lovo of
solitude and isolation, he rcfuseil the offers of several frionds
who were very anxious to accompany him. As in tho case of

124

LITERATURE.

[November 13, 1S97.

Burton, th* fVeadi writar'a apar* form uxl dark oompUxion
raudtfiMl it oomparmtively ««sjr for biin to pas« m an Amb.
« « • •

" '' TI. the Ut« Ducb«u of Tt>cV.— The inemnrial surmon
HI RoaihMtM- C«U>e(lral l>y Dean Hole lia« lH>en in-

t ;,. Mr. Edwturd Arnold lor publication, ami will K. luaily

in a (ew days.

« • *

Mr. E. H. Blakenoy, M.A., formerly of Trinity College,
Cambridge, and now Hfad Mnstor of Sir Rogor Mnnwood's
Crammar Sohrx^l, Sandwich, will shortly publish an ulition de
1 p<Hms, with coUotypo illustrations roj ro-
11 .\utotyi-o t'omiany from drnwinj;.s Hi>i'cially
1 . ■■},■ Mr. ft. Maurice Page, of Mauwood Court,

S ii: olc, which will 1h> a largo domy 8vo., will bo

priuu.-\i oil .1 J. ; -per at the Gresham Press.

• • •

The leading authorities among publishers and papcmiakers
do not Ri'tiii ill, HimmI to pay very much attention to the " scare"
aboir of niotU'm books to decay and perish after a

eert;i >on of the jwor quality of j ajier used. At

any rate. may safely bo suspended until we liuve the

rcjwrt rf ; .y <^f Arts conimitteo which is to investigate

the subject. Tl.u iBpcr that will not resist the ravages of Time
i.o, it appears, that DKulu fiom wood-pulp which has not been
subjected to ebemical process, and thus had the resin removed
from it. The cheapness nf so many modem publications has
bronght this kind much ii.to ('.cmand, especially in Germany,
whore a Govcmnient I)c{iartmciit has been niovea to inquiries.
Books printe<l upon it cannot be expected to last more than a
hundred years. A century is |)erhap3 enough to satisfy our
greater, if not our minor, ]K>cts and novelists.

« • • «

Apropo$ of the attention lately drawn to pnior nia<le from
wood pulp it nisy le iem.-ii'kod that paper inai'.o from this
inalcrml is by no means a modem invention. The Chinese have
for centuries made ]>aper from the pulp of bamboo bark, and the
ide by the Japanese from the l.aailni, or paper tree, is
for it« strengtn and fineness. The first serious uttompt
111 j..ii<>).v to minufactuie pa ]H>r from wood was miido about the
yiar 17(iO. when a French and a German chemist, almost simul-
tanooBsly, annjunco:! tiie results of certain experiments made
with a view to producing pai er from the various parts of trees.

• « « «

The strike among the " machine-men " of tlie printing

'!;;h is causiii;; much inconvenience to London

il publishers have had to postpnne their publi-

Luti' :is, ami iiulcss some compromise bo iminodiately elfected it

may do harm to the future of Scotch printing.

« « « «

In its character of illustrated quarterly, the Yeltoic Hook
has ceased to exist. If further volumes are iiublished at any
time, it is intended, we leliere, that the contributions i-hall bo
few aod longer Uiau before, and there will be no illustrations.

A» tl»e writers of the obituary notices of Mr. Cliarles A. Dana,

"n, have dwelt at some l»'n;;th on the most olv

» of New York journalism, it is only fair to

I r.i-.v iiii. nii'M ;o the extraordinary improvement in the t'eno-

ral tone which Itas taken place in American journalism

within the last forty years. It should also bo ronifiiibered

that Mr. Dans was trained by the famous Horace Greeley,

..• wl.r.'i. if ).:,« J,..oi. •iii<| that " ho threw himself upon his nows-

a wild iKiuit, so that the columns of the

thoHu who know him well the profane

ibca that sometimes made his editorial

lir of a hyena."

wai

Mai...., :L

atteaded Ui(

',fr P-.namv

•• " y.wl:""' 1-1 quel to " L'^ikiiij' Hackward "

• linii' ;i;c), is a native i>f Cliicojxo, in

' it her was a |{ni>tiat minister, but he

ly with the view of bi.-comin); a lawver.

"f" prominence as a writer (or tho Sew

"M! 1.0 took np the work of a rocial

• I .wi novels— •• iJf/ctor Heidenholf's

fruoeas '' and *' Mirs I -tor," both of which were

MMied by Messrs. Hou^ , oihI Co.— and a number

of very ttriking short slot ic-k lot tiie msgtzinos.

A book by General Benjamin Harrison.the ox-President of tho
Inited Stales, tnlitled " I'liis Country of Ours," is to describe
in a sim])le manner the way in which the Stati'S are |:;ovcriK'd.
Tho various deiMirtmunts of tho National Government, with
their functions and individual peculiarities, are characterized
and lioscribfd by an author who has himself occupie<l the chiif
place and the imist re8|Hinsiblo position in this tremendous and
complex machinery. Messrs. bcrlbuer's tions are the publishers.
• «

"Ik Marvel,'
a Itachulor "

whose delightful volume of faiMtriVs—" Reveries
-achievetl a wonderful succifS in tho Ihiited

Ho is about to i uliish a volur.io
lomprehonsivo lit'o '• Knj^lish LuihU,

States, is known in irivato life as Donald ti. Mitolull, ami is, ww

believe, a native of Livoriiool

of esKoys bearing the

Ivotters, and Kings," in which ho dials with tho liteiary celubii-

tios of the present century.

• « *

Captain Mahan will issue this season tlirougli Messrs.
Little, lirown, and Co., of Doston, a new volumo entitled
" The Interest of the United States in Sea Power, Present and
Future."

« « « 4

The Dutch are following our example and levising their Old
Testament. Like us, tlioy have a veri>ion generally need and
generally admired, dating from tho beginning of tho 17th ccnturv
lint modern criticism is not content with it. -V i'
New Testament appi-aio;l in 18G3 ; and in 18^5 four Hcb. .
including tho late Profes.s«T Kuoner, undertook tho Old Tes-
tament. Tho result of their work has just been published by
E. J. Prill at Leiden. No one supposes it will supeisoilo tho
Old Version any more than our now translation has in Kiiglaiu).
Nor is it likely to convulse two Continonta like the itevisod
English Now Testament, which was printed in full tho murning
after its appearance in a Chicago daily paper.

As if to remind us that there was onco a Diamond Jubilee^
Mesiirs. Darlington, of IJangolleii, send us a copy of Mr. and
Mrs. E. T. Cook's admirable Handbook to London, containing,
we think, no alteration except in its title-page. It is no longer
" London and Its Environs," but " London in the Time of Uie
Diamond Jubilee." As if to be more in harmony with such a
title, it now clothes itself in leather and gilt edges.

• * «

Mr. Macqueen will publish in a day or two a new fairy story,
by Mrs. E. S. AVillard, tho wife of tho well-known actor, wfio
writes under the name of " itachel I'onn," with original illustra-
tions by Miss Maudo V. .'^anibourne and MifS M. .laidiin;-
Thompson. " Choixiwink " is tho title of the story.
« » • *

We regret that tho Review of Dr. Pusey's Life was inad-
vertently omitte<1 from our list of cuntonts last week : and that
the price of " Arnold of Rugby " in our second number wa*
stated to be 15s. instead of us.

« * « •

Tho biography of Mr. Henry Roove, which is shortly to bo
published, ought to be a most interesting book. Mr. Rcevo
belonged to Lord IJeacoiislield's class of " suppressed per-
sonages," and his name was almost unknown to the goneraf
public, even after ho came Init'ore the world as tho editor of tho
Grovilie Journals. For many years Mr. Reeve was entirely
behind the scenes in political and literary affairs, and he was oi>
terms of intimate friendship with a host <if celebrated people,
both at home and abroad, with many of wlu in he constantly
corresponded in a very confidential way. Mr. Reeve held au
iiiqjortant jiost in tho Privy Council Oflice for nearly half a
century, which brought him into near relations witli many
Ministers, ami this uos the origin of his long, close, and un-
broken friendship with Air. Charles Grovilie. Indeed, Mr. Reeve
possessed ample materials for a secret history of English politics
and parties between IHtl and IS^j.-i, and ho could have tliiown a
Hood of light U]ion many inj'sterious transactions and u^ion moht
of tho ptirsonal intri;;iics anditquabblos of that period. liis know-
ledge of literary lracaMi.iU.i and negotiations was not lets toui-
prebonsivo.

« « « «

Mr. liocvc, who was for many yours editor of the ICdiu-
hunjh Jicvirtr, was a luminous and forcible writer, and his
wotjkly leading articles on foreign affairs, which upiicarcd in a
morning pa|>er, attracted attention all over Europe, and wcro
invariably quoted and commented on by the Continental Press.

November 13, 1897.]

LITEUATUIIE.

125

In 1874 Home of Mr. Oreville'n friend* onmplftin«<1 that Mr.

KiHivo had hoeii fur too Hliuitiiii^' in hin (Mlitoriiliiji of t)ii' Jouniula,
1111(1 it is curtiiiii tliut h« did cut out h ureal duul wliioli might
Wat u» wull hnvu liuuii )iiihliHha4l. Huvniitfitn yuiin oarliKr thi-ro
Imd houii Hiiiiiliir ^'riiiiihlin);H n^'niiist Mr. (irxvillu himsolf, ulio
waN iiociiHod of Imviii;; ruthl«ii»ly oiirtaihd tlio oiitortaininn
" .foiiriml " of Mr. Thonms liaikim, which book wtts tho parent
of A vast nunibor of similar work*.

» #

('onsidoriiii:; thoir prino, tho voluino« forininij tho IlliiHtratct)
Kn;;liKli I.ilirury of MosurK. Horvico and Faton ari< cfrtiiiiily w«U
turned out, mid MioM Ohria Hammond, w)io hat in fur illiii-
tnitod tho 'rhiLckmiys, lias in " Vanity Kair," whlrli in now
iKfforo iiH, not falli'ii nhort of licr rupiitation. Hh<> hi>ro work*
in lino, in hor troitmtint of wliirli tho owob a gomj di'al to Mr.
Hugh Thomson. If oho hafi not i|uite Ids dolicaoy, sho ha* his
humour and power of charactoriz-ution, and much of his skill in
compoHition. l)ol>)>in is well conceived, so is Kmmy ; Ilorky
prcsentj j;reatcr diRiciiltii'S, but for our part we aro fairly con-
tent with MiH8 Hammond's prost'iitation of hor. Sho is loa.st
HUi'ccssful in a ihawing ro<iuiring vigorous movuiiicnt, as in that
of Kuwdoii Crawley knocking down Lord Steytio.

* * * *

Mr. F. H. Townsond is intnistod with the task of illus-
trating llob Uoy in tho saino series. Tho greutor irrre of Mr.
TowiiRomrs stylo our readers will remomler his excellent illus-
trations to the " Misfortunes of KIphin " and other l)ooks of
Thon.as I<ovo IVacoek's -fully justities hia selection. He can
draw a hnrxo and lut its rider on its back, which is more than
many artiMts e(|uiilly sueecesfiil can do, and somo of the land-
RO.vpes in this volume are well sketched in. He does not, how-
ever, always correctly ostimuto the effect of reduction, and tho
figures in tlio foreground have sometimes a tendency to
bluckuoss and emnhaKis out of harmony with tho rest
of tho picture. There is more acciiraiy and solidity
about tho landsoapo in Mr. P. I'egram's illustrations to
the" lirido of Lammermoor," which throughout show that artist's
thorough knowledge of the possibilities and limitations of pen-
and-ink work.

« • • «

Two other books, illustrated in the same niothiHl, comofroni
Messrs. Mocmillans. .Another >Iane Austen has passed through
the hands of Mr. Hugh Thomson, and, like its predecessors, has
an intrc.<liU'tion by Mr. .Austin Dobson. This is " Mansfield
Park," and tlio drawings, like those to " Emma " and " Sensu
and Sensil ility," are full of humour and form delightful
studios in dross and furniture, f'nptaiii Marryat's " Nowtoii
Korstor " — not ono of his best porfonnaiiees— is iiitroducc<l by a
prefrtco by Mr. l>avid Haniiay, and has pictures by Mr. E. J.
Sullivan. The latter has something to learn both in drawing
and composition from tho artists we have meiitione<l ; but these
pictures, like all Mr. Sullivan's, have [denty of skill and expres-
sion.

The number of artists who can turn out tiist-iato illustra-
tions in tl'.is style a itylo which tho )iublic iirst learnt to ap-
preciate in Mr. Hugh Thomson shows tho extraordinary ad-
vance made in recent years in illustrating books. The only
cause for regret is that they arc a little too identical in manner,
and that they may occupy a little too much of the hold. They
are admirable when they deal withtho quaiiitaiidthepictures<pio ;
but they aro not ."so well 8uiteurs under groat
disadvantages.

» • •

It almostliegins to look asif early oclitions of popular authors,
illustrated by such master artists as'Cruikshank, •• I'hiz," Leech,
and the rest, were In-ginning to lie appreciat*Kl again
after *heir sleep of a couple of years. At one time there was a
rush for books of this character ; then tlio demand for them
suddenly wano<l and hnally fell, from a iKMJuniary standpoint, about
fifty per cent. Now a turn appears to have taken place, kd IHs.
given lately at Sotheby's for (.'riiikshank's " Points of Humour,"
two parts in 1 vol., calf, ISZV-i is a very fair price, and tho same
remark applies to Harker's •' Greenwich Hospital," in the
original boards, 1820, £5163. In this case the 28 illustrations
wore coloured.

« «

Tho " Abbotsfonl Edition "of the Waverley Novels [l2rols..
1812J has been declining in raluo for many years, and a sound

rtb.lr

niv br-.H"Jif

t.r>t

• e

iticul

l...:,l

««t in half mnmeeo pstra riiri-nil
' :.n yeArH ago tioino f!2 or '

. There hav. I . . u iV< 'it r"

I'roBe Works Mince then, '
fold " in purity of t«^xt
this edition is inesplicablu.

• • « •

Mr. Stuart Ileid, whose forthc-omiii;; biography of the
1,1 id Pmliiiii we recently allilde<l !••, « ri'.. m to us with r. f' r
' on of his bonk : l<onl Di.

I t4i diacovur the repi n of mm

iiig lettura now in my pnsaossion
Tliis is the mnro unfortunate, rinci

cations can have failed to have liiaun tiom i.oul L..
imnortAnt anawurM. He kept the letlem ho roi'eive<l. but I
only .; ' ' ' '

your
there 1 .
of the lett

IHitI, and 1. ., _. ........ o..^. ,

living representatives ot the writers, many valuable pol
fa<'t.4 .and I'pinions must reiii:iiii unorinli 1 On,' of
I'lirbams 111. .st constant corr- i

yiiirs — to take but one in^^t

gallant soldier who incuire<l the dinpleumire of the I'rinco i^
by hil attitude towards (^uoen Caroline. Con uiij* of
readers tell mo where tiis representatives are to be foiudi' "

• • •

Mr. Herbert Spencer has paased through the press • pniai?
volume entitled " Various Kragnients." Itwillbo issued by Me«'r^.
Williams and Norgate as soon as the American edition is ready.

• « « •

The second portion of the Earl of .-Vsbbumham'i Library
will \h> sold by Me.'^^r.■'. Solheby on December 6 and five follow'-
ing days. The catalogue extends from fiadbury to Petrarch. and
contains some extremely scarce and valun' ' -' - ' ' s
many of great interest. The books of H' :

til., ii... ..t ...r\,.^ ..,..,• ,,ir..,..,l ior sale, ■•

10 Parr,

_ , i herself , I . i ;.. .. ...

.\nothcr very interesting work is (iralton's Abridgment of tho
Chronicles of England, 1670, containing in its leave* an auto-
graph letter of Thomas Howard, I>nke of Norfolk, written ju^t
iiefore his execution on June 2nd, 1572. Severs! •jxvimens "f
Wynkyn de Worde's Press arc met with in thi -.and

all of these aro of exceptional rarity. The tirst ; thm

important library, realixod, it will be r. . '. i^jt'.lOl, and

though it is not at all likely that any ti> till l,e reached

on this occasion, the f:ict remains that tiie nooks to be offcrc<l
arc of exceptional interest and value.

• « • •

A highly interesting collection of rare books, chiefly rplatinf:
to the discovery, history, literature, biography, and i

<lialects of Spanish America, will be oHered f"< r sale •
Sothebv, Wilkinson, and I' ' ' ii NoveniU-r 16. 1
the collector does not tr: t the collection h:i

been formed with ijrettt k,..-.. .. .,i,e and toite. Cne I'i uu- i; vi
desirable of all is a good copy of the extremely rare original
edition of Oviedo, " La Historia Cencral do los Indias,' th»
" Primera Parte," printed at Seville in l.'hC), and with the
autograph signature and arms of tho author on tho last leaf.

• «

.\t the recent .sale of the late Mr. W. K. Frcre's library, A'.
Sotheby disnosed of a series of the Hakluyt .Society's' pi:
tions from the commencement in 1847 to 18W. consisting ii i -i
volumes, JC'M. Work.s issued by this society bring a price which
varies but little. At tho same sale a complete set of the Delpl-.in
I lassies edite<l by Valpy, ISO vols., green roan, sohl for £12 .%s.
This scholarly receni,ion has fallen on evil days, the whole
180 volumes bringing less in this instance than the cost of the
binding. It is a melancholy fact tli:if old i dit ions of the Hreek
aiul Latin classics are, with some t . almost worth-

less at the present time. The 1 u of Piirchas's

" Haklnytus Posthumus, or I'lircbas ins l"ilj;riires," live voN.
folio, bn>iight £:^6. It was imperfect c* usual. The late Ixiid
Chief Justice Coleridge had a hue and perfect copy of this l-ook,
which, from an inscription on the title, was btiuglit for ISe. in
1G24. At his sale it realized £07.

• • «

.V curious item occurs in the interesting book-catalogue f f
Mesirs. Jagganl, of Liverpool. It is the MS. of an Englisa

126

LITERATURE.

[IJovembcr 13, 1897.

traiulatinn n( KiWio Pellioo's c«>I»l>ntt«() Priimn Ttiary, by Obarle*

Fir Tlie MS. u ~ " ,11 lieen civon

sr . I, but wl; i tinishotl hi*

tacK a was ais\.i.>vi'ix-U that be haa uooii lorosiauod.

* • « «

The Sorenth Part of Mr. Will R.>then8toin'» «' Knglish
Portraits," which be it isauinc through Mr. Grant Richards,
will be publiahed next week. It will contain portraits of Mr.
Robert Bridge* Mid Ftafeuor A. I^egros.

M m m* . Lawrence and Bullen announce that they will publish
this month the " II Pecorone," of Ser Giovanni, translated into
Kagli»h for the first time by Mr. W. U. Waters, with 11 illus-
trations by E. K. H Il.W.S. Sor Giovanni was a con-
temporary of Saohett < ■' two story-tellers come next to
Boccaccio in order of tiini' '' '■ 'bratwl of Sur Giovanni's
aiories i* the one which " mst h&vo rend before

writine 7^* Merchnnt of M.iuy of them treat of the

saliect incidents in the annals of Florence : the factions of
Ouelph aiMl Ubibelline, and Dianchi and Neri. Ser Giovanni
w»a an ardent Guolph, and wrote his book in 1378. The
" Pecorone," though somcwliat archaic in style, is one of the
masterpieces of Italian prose, and ranks next to the " Do-
ouneron " amoncst Italian SorelU. It was first printed at
Milan in 1568.

• « • «

Messrs. Lawrence and Dullen will publish towards the end
of the month the complete first volume of the " Kncyclopa>dia
of Sport." The same publishers announce the publication to-day
of the first two volumes of " The Anjjlcrs' Library," edited by
Sir Herbert Maxwell and Mr. V. G. Ailalo, dealing with Coarse
Fish (by C. H. Wheeley) and Sea Fish (by F. G. Aflalo).
« • •

Messrs. Jarrold announce a " History of Hungarian
Literature," by Dr. Eniil Reich, and " Some Beminisccuces of a
Lecturer," by Dr. Andrew Wilson, the well-known lecturer on
science. Among their novels are " Under the Whiie Ensign,''
Iw A. Lee Knight ; " A Modem Puck," by Agues Gibemo ;
'•Sweet Audrey," by Oeoree Morloy ; and another novel by
Roland Grey, the author of " The Power of the Dog," called
" By Virtue of hU Office."

« « « «

Mr. Martin A. S. Hume, whose " Ralegh " Messrs. Fisher
Onwin recently published, was asked to design a car for the
Lord Mayor's Show, and this naturally took the shape of one
containing living effigies of Italcgh, Maitland, &c.

« * « «

Dr. W. Robertson Nicoll has collected his Sunday Afternoon
Vsraes which ai>peared in the Britiah Wetkly. They will be
pablishcd in a day or two by Messrs. Hodder and Stoughton.
The same publishers have nearly ready " The Music of the
Soul," consisting of Daily Readings for a Year, selected from
the writings of Dr. Alexander Maclaren, by the Rev. O. Coates.
« « « «

Mrs. Cathcrwood is a young American lady who has spent
much time and study in original research among the ]>easants of the
Voages and I>orrainc for the purpose of writing " The Days of
Jeanne d'Arc." The )>ook is to be published in this country by
Messrs. Gay and Uird. In a prefatory note Mrs. Catherwood
makes a bold statement. " At the risk of raising a smile," she
says, " I will confess that I felt — so strongly that it was like an
instant's experience of a blow — that Jeanne d'Arc herself had

laid up " •'■" task of writing her story. I was in the troin

going t ;iier home. The feeling, without any premoni-

tion, a\!-^,.. '' <ne that I would l>e obliged to make a careful

study of iK'i ; iines and of the present geographical aspect

of France, a; i would have to give unstinted labour to the

nndsrtaking." An American contemporary takes this very
•amastly ; how far Mrs. Catherwood has succeeded in fulfilling
hsr sacred duty remains to be seen by us.

« • « «

The death of Mr. Johnson, the late proprietor of the old
weekly storj--j)8per, the London Kradrr, calls to mind a novel ex-
periment which had a remarkable result. At one time the
circulation of this journal was as high as half a million copies
per week ; then the owner introduced a new feature— no loss
tiiaa the serial re-issue of the novels of Sir Walter Snott. In
spits, bowsrsr, of the illustrations which Sir John Gilbert was
commissionsd to supply, the experiment was a failure, and the
fsators had to be aliandoned entirely to save the ma<rar.ino. In

I days of much talk of " large circulations " ws lorget that

"circulations" quite as large ruled in the days when the present
generation was in its yoiitli, and we must look to such journals
as the London Reader and the famoAs One* a M'l-ck for the proto-
types of the modem " illustrated magazines,''

• *

Within the last few days a London dealer has disposed of a
cony of Matthew Arnold's " Alaric at Homo " to an American
collector for the large sum of £'(iO. Arnold's prize poem wos first
recited in Rugby School on Juno 1'2, 18-10, and was afterwartls
published in a small octavo pamphlet of 11 pages by a firm of
printers in the same town. This early edition of " Alaric at
Rome " is the rarest of all Matthew Arnold's works, and up to
ISO'i only one copy was known to exist. Since that date several
others have boon found, but the total oven now is only some
half-<lo7.cn. Those, however, are not all perfect, and the want
of the faded pink covers makes a difVeronce of tpiite £10 in the
price.

« • « «

" The Song of Solomon " is to be issued by Messrs. Chap-
man and Hall in the form of on elegant Christmafl gift-book. It
will have 12 full-pai;o plates and various other <looorations by
Mr. H. Granville Fell. It is to bo quarto in size, and 7s. (kl. in
price.

« «

Tlie same firm have reprinted in 2t volumes for 21s. the
cheapest and completest edition of the works of Charles Dickens
in the market. It is excellently printo<l and handsomely bound.

« « «

The AuUior has made from the Publinliers' Cinular of
October 2 an interesting tabular statcmoiit of the books pub-
lished during the autumn. We wonder whether publishers will
agree with the somewhat inconsequent deduction with which it is
prefaced — that the increasing number of publishers shows that
" publishing is about the best business going." The same
reasoning applied to the still more rapid increase of authors
would certainly not be correct.

•» » «

From the statement it ap]iears that during the jioriiHl 1,941
new editions and new books wore published by CG publishers, or
less than an average of 'M each, lint 10 publishers did more than
half of the business — in the following order : — Macmillan, Cam-
bridge University , Press, Cassclls, Chatto and Windus, Swan
Sonnonschein, Clarendon IVess, Longmans, Mothuon, Sampson
Low,Heinemann, Blackwood, Partridge, Fisher XJnwin, Putnam,
Religious Tract Society, and Warno — leaving 00 to divide the
other half between them.

More tlian one-fourth of the total number of lx>oks are
classed as fiction, and nearly one-half are included in fiction,
children's books, poetry, and drama. For one-tenth of the
fiction Messi-s. Chatto and Windus appear responsible.

Mr. Frank Stockton's novel, " The Cirout Stone of Sanlis, "
which has just ooniploted its serial course in 7/(ir;>c;'.« Maijazine,
will be published early next year in liook form by Messrs. Harper
Brothers, both here and in America. It is to be fully illus-
trate<l, and there is to be a special edition for the colonies.
« « « «

Mr. Thomas B. Mosher is an American publisher who lias
fallen foul of Mr. Andrew Lang's storn censure. He has a nice
taste and a delightful and happy way in exemplifying it in his
publications. But that diil not save him for reprinting " Helen.
of Troy." He has now gone a step further in his piracies, ond
announces among his " Bibelot " series dainty renrodiicticms of
Pater's " Essavs from the duardian," Michael Hold's " Long
Ago," Mme. "Dsrmestoter's " An Italian Garden," Morris's
"Defence of Guenovere," and Pater's rendering from Ajjuleius
of the story of Cupid and I'syche. What has Mr. Lang to say to
this ?

« « « «

The life of the Archduke Albert, who died in 1895, has been
written by Colonel Karl von Duncker (Vienna and Prague : F.
Teinpsky, 1897). The author, a writer on military history, has
produced a very handsome volume, in which he relates tho
eventful life of the Prince who won his i)lace in history throuch
tho victory of Castoxza. He has had tho gotxl fortjne to bo
allowed access to tho unpublished writings and letters of tho
Archduke, as well as tho records of the bigliest military authori-
ties.

November 13, 1897.]

LITERATURE.

127

LIST OF NEW BOOKS AND REPRINTS.

ART.

TheShophcni-d'h ' liv

Klmiltlil .Sy.. ;ic. /•. ..-.I

wKIl li rkliirr . IM

by Wiiltor <! lil.

4118 n>. !>.! ilk.

IMW. II.,,, . ..M.

Lat«p RonalBaanoo Arohlteo-
tup«< In RnK-lnnd. \ SitIhb nl
Kv ' ^ ^' liilil.lillKH

rn ,. Kll/,«-

1)< I i. with

In ■" xi.

t^^ K

M. To

Ixirniiii'ifi.-.i m \ I. \(iH. i;i . uin,,
12 pp. 1^111(1011,181(7.

IfaitKfunl. 2N. not cnrh part.

AVIndows. A lldiikiilxiiii .stalnml
iliul rulntcf) (ilii-.^. lu /.' iriH K
/>'ij/. i>iv(>iii., X. t ll.'i |i'ii, l.cindnn,
IW. lliitHforil. :;iH. not.

Thomas Oalnabopougrh. A
liworcl (if Ills l,ifi) anil U'orlcH.
With lUiiHtnitioiiM. Hy Mm.
Arthur Jtell (\. DAnvi-ni).
llJxSlin., XV. ( \Ht np. Lomlciii,
1887. HcorKii (ioU. 2Sm. not,

BIOGRAPHY.
Queen Victoria. Ily Hirhard II.

l/nlmix, K.S. .\,. l.ilinirian lo tlio
Oiicoii. Willi II!us|nillon« from
tlu! Itoi ion. ISxlOln,,

aw pp. i

BoiiwiiHl and Co. £3.T«.

Falklands. Hv tlio Author of
•• Tko l.ifo of .Sir Konolm Ditcby."
Sec. 9xjlln., xll. f linpp. UiiiUon,
Now York, nml Honibny, 18»7.

I.oiiKiiuin.'f. 7h. 6d.

Robert E. Leo and the
Southern Contedepacy,

1807-1870. (The Ilrrois of tfio
Niltlon-.l »y Hrnru A. White,
M.A.. Ph.D. 7Jx5Mn.. xili.+«67 pp.
London and Now York. 1SJI7.

I'litiiiiinH, ♦!..*.

Ulysses S. Ornnt and the
Pspiod or National Preser-
vation and Reoonstpuotlon.
(Tho HorocK of llio \aliimh.> Hy
William C. Churrh. VJ .'ijin.,
xl.t4T:i pp. London nml Now
York, mr,. l"iitnaiii..<. »l..'.o.

The Life of Ernest Renan. Hy
MaitamrJ. Dnrmrstrtrr (.\. Mnrv
K. Itobinsoii). 8A.'ilin.. viil. + 2sa
pp. Ixindon, 1S!)7. Mothni'ii. (is.

Life's Look-Out. An Autoblo-

Kraiihy. Hy .Si/ilnry IfaLion.

Sv.Mln.. xil. • .tVl pp. London. 1887.

lloddcr iind StooKhton. :1k. (id.

The Polltloal Life of the Rt.
Hon. W. E. Gladstone. IIIiim-
tnitc<l from •■ I'lincli." :) vols.
lljxyiin. Vol. L. xvi.isiii) pp.
Vol. 11.. x.t37fi pp. Vol. lf(.,
x.+3i2pp. l.ondon, ISa7.
BradbMry,AKi)Ow. 2(1m. not cnrh vol.

Marohesl and Music Ily
Mnthihlr Miirrhfsl. I*ju<sftirc'H
from tlu- Lifo of a Kiunniis .'iinKinn
Tonoher. With IntnKluctlon by
Miifsonet. SlxSlin.. xiv.4 30 1pp.
Ixintlun and Now York. 1887.

llarpir Mnis. lOs. M.

Life and Letters of John
Apthup Roebuck, I'.C, O.l'.,
.M.l>. With riuiiiiors of Anto-
biouraphy. K<lito<l bv Rohn-t K.
Leader. Oxjjin.. viil. + 3!« pp.
London anil Now York. 1S»7.

Kdward Arnold. IBs.

A Memoir of Anne Jemima
Clou^h. Hy hor nini-. Jtlnnrhe
A.Clough. Slx.Min.. viii. t:USpp.
London and Now York. 1KU7.

KdwanI Arnold. 1&. 6d.
CLASSICAL.

The Ancient Use of the Greek
Accents In Reading' and
Chantlnir. wii v. •,... nowly
iv.«toiiil ' Hv II. T.

Carruth .'Kpp.

London a 1 ^i..-,);.

llrmiLiiuj, AKnow,und Co.

JDic Satcinif*c epracte. By H'. Jf.

liind'au. Tmnslatod from tho
English by Hans Nohl. Cr. 8vo.
xvi. + 747 pp. Leipzig, 1897.

HiRzel. 14 Marks.

'''otoM, iic, Hy
•Min., xxviii.

EDUCATIONAL.

Matriculation Latin. \\\ll.J.

Ilinir-!. MA,. T.oiid. ,iiid ('uiiIm..
IT. Id.

Til.

An Eloiiioiitury Text Uuuk of

Sound. Hv .Inhii Ihni. MA.

<'r. .Svo., vlll. i Ml pp. Tl,,. rnlviT-

Hlty Tutorial .Sori.M. Lon.lon, l«r7

Cllvo. In. fill.

Cloero Pro I (-"-o ii<f.,„iiia,
Kdllo.1. with 1 .1,

&!■., by rti-i \.

tifxllln.. xxlv. .1

and i'arl-i. Men. i

Plerrllle iJuli ■< c! i. i.

with Hloifnipl- II,

(iramniallcal ry

NotoH. by K. / !!.,

vl.c.W pp. Lonami aim ran-.
lSi)7. Ha. lulto. ■:.■..

Passages from Standard
Authops fop Translation
Into Modepn LanKua^res.

Kdiliil by E. I.. .M <• n, r l:,irru.
M.A., and Wnlt.y a.

M.A. 71x51n., viil. ai

and Paris, 18117. Ii N.

Louis XI. et Charles Le
Ttfmtfraire (.Michi-lcll. lulllcd,
with Introduclliin, &c., hy John /•'.
IkirU. D.Llt.. M.A. T^x.'sin.. vlil. i
17U pp. London ami iSirlH, IHU7.

Uaohottu. '2a.

The Century Book of tho
American Revolution. Hy
KIbridge S. Hrookn. «lx71in..
249 pp. Now York. 1897.

Tho Century Co. «1.50.

The Assemblies of Hariri.

Stiidcnt'x I'Mitlon of tho Arnhic
Toxt, with i-."-ii.i, VotoM, &e.
Vr. F. .^'
+ 172 pp.

j.-on Low. 21u.

The Helper. A llamlbook for
Sunday .Sihool Toiuhorn and
I'lirontH. Hy Marion I'rirhard
(Aunt Amy). 8ix6{in., 230 pp.
Ixindon, im.

.Suiwlay .School Aiwociatlon.
2«. ijil. not,

Scenesof English Life. Pnyrho-
loKlcjil SlotbiKiH of Tcachlnic
I.<inKuaKo,i. KnKlish ,Scrio« No. L
Hook I. Childron'M Lifo. Hy
Hotrard Sirnn and }'irtor lirti.i.
With a lYefaoo on the use of the
mcthixl for tenohorN of tbo doaf
by HuHanna K. Hull. 7ix5in.,
lx. + 118pp. London, 18!»7.

I'hilipnnd Son. Is.

The London University Guide
lor the Year 1897-8. Svo..
xx.+ZK) pp.

University Corrospondonco CoUoge.
Uratis.

FICTION.

An Old-Field SchooI-GIrL Hy

Marion Harlaiut. Illustrate.
7i X ilin., 208 pp. l^milon, 1807.

Sanipiion Ix>w. &R,
Master Skylark : a story of
Shako«m'aroV Tinio. Hv John
Jicnnett. llluslv .i. .1 ).v lt.>(rin«ld
B. Hin-h. 7\ NO pp.

Now York and 1

Tho (Vnlury i .'..... udllan.

«l.,'i().

The Days of Jeanne D'Aro. Hy

Mary It. Cnthrrtrooil. With an
Inlrwiuotion bv ('. M. I)o)iow. "Jx
SUn., 280 pp. Sow York, 1897.

ThoContury Co. t\..V).

The Golden Galleon. Hy/fo'i.rf
lA-iphton. WilhoiKht Illustmlions
by William Itainov. Itl. 7J^.'iin..
vUi. + 3,V.' pp. Ixjndon. OlasKow,
and Dublin, 1S)8. Hla. !;i.-. '.;.

With Crockett and '■

FtjthtinK for tlio I,.
A Tale of Toxa^. Ily h
TlxSin., vi. ^;M7 pp. l.A>naon. ,
Glangow. and Dublin, 1898. '

Hlockle. ,V.

Paste Jewels. By John K.
'Janon. Hiiiitc Seven Talcs of
Domestic Woo. (!Ax4iin., vi.+
London and New Y'ork,

PlljCPlm.

7i.

.lUT

Xhe M*««««(«nn rv Rh«fin\ I:

Iri.^:

248 pp. LonUi '.,

ims.

The T^' -r rH-.^mciiB, Owl. Hy
Ju -J. 8Ailln., XaOpp.

' I: I . and WInduM. aLU.

Unknown to Herself. By

Ijaurie Ixtnttfrldt. Author of "Tho

Alien of the r'amily/' ftc. 7]x6iln.,

287 pp. London, 1W7.

Jaiues nnrkr. f.s.

Tales fH>nt

(Romance). Ily /^

otbors. SJ -ajln., 1. , ,

York. 1897.
Uoubloday and Mr^'lure. I vols.,
tl the Ml.

Tales from MoClure's

(Humor). Ity Jamm ll.Hmith,

ami othors. OlxSJiii., 18G pp. New

York. imC.

Doublwlay and MrClurc. 4 vob.,

»\ the tcU

The Black Disc A Story of the
Cunquti.*t of (jranada. liy Alttert
Ue. Hxijin., \lil. txts pp. Lon-
don, I8V7. DiKby Ixing. aa.

A I'asslonate PllKrIm. Hy
l*erry White.
London, 1897.

John Lel^hton
Hy A'«/rina 7'i .ij2pp.

London and N<

Outlines In Local '

lirttniten Mathews. 1

W. T. Smodley. 7i • .an , ^oi pp.

London and Now York, 1W7.

HarpcfK 11.50.
Stuart and Bamboo. A NovcL

Hy Surah J'. Mrlxan (trerne.

74 ."iln.. '.rti pi». London and Now

■i ork. 1897. HanH.r». «1.2.'i.

The Mystery of Choice. Hy

Jinttrrt II', Z^hamtters. 7 > IJln.,

viiL-t 288 pp. New York. 1887.

Appleton. (l.SS.

For the L"'.--^ -r - rr^n, jiri

Maid. 1

Full-iiatji- L

I'yiT. 8*. .>ini.. lit ]■■,!. London,

18!I7. Hutohlnson. 8*.

A Knight of the Nets. Hy

.( melia liarr, 8 • :■

liondon. 18I»7. Hir

SoIdloPS of f h«> I .oi- ;

of I'

lla,.

Kdi:;: ..„

i'. .V '
Tom Tufton's Tv.

K Krerett ttreen. 7i

Ixindon, K<linburgli.

Y'ork. I.-Bis. T. \.

In SI^l|.:^i:.■.^ -■•, .

Tal.
7j>,

\ork. 1»'..:. H 1

A Doctor of the Oi
Hy Ian Macluv •:.
t>) <4jln.,2<ISpii .7.

Itoddor and 2b. 0d.

The Joy of IH,, io_;,li. Bj
.ViV ' ' ~ —

7)xjin.. 295 pp.

202 pp.

Harper Broe. 2ii.

Ctaud S'ieholson,
London. 1897.

Klkln Xlathcws. 38. 8d. net.
The Uon of Janlna ; or, Tho

I.ii.-*t Days of the .lanis^nHns
(Mauru.i Jokall. A Tn ' ' :

Tmnslatod by H. .\
7|xiiin., 32G pi>. Loni

The Seoretar. Ko-

story of tho Caskot 1
I(". )le.ill!/. 7J v5in.. ;
don. I.'<!i7. A!.

Sn>n' Folk nnd B." -.tja.

I'rans-
John
Huvi-ridtio. .M.A. '.i^Jkiu., 210pp.
London. 1897.

Alex. Gardi'nr>r 4^ *-?.
The Gold Ship. .\
Conturv Yarn of tl.

/'. .U. Jlotme.t. ii.ii-irait-U.

8x5iin.,286pp. London, ISI7.

Sampson Loir. Se.

b'.AHa., zir. "
1W7.

The rinr'----. Ullomma My
llr 8 liln., M7 pp.

Iaii.

iio'iiii r and Mtougbton. ••.

Pro* th* Parts—. Br H.
Lout»a Bedford. 7ix«D.,tU pp.
London, 1W7.

SkefllaKtoa. 3a. 6d.

Tl-..- T'.-i <■ -.', - - -..ofthe
^foaley

'%>&.

Parson Prince. .K story ftor Ibo

I'ooplo. Hy t'lorrnct JUiMK.
7iX9^.. 244 pp. Ix>n<lon. 1W7.

Bcmroac. la. td.

8latM>. A '■' ' '■ -' •^-'r

Haven.

7J>5iln., ;

borxb, ano .<> n i oi i.. i.^...

T. .N'elaon, 0*.

GEOGRAPHY.

Stanford's Compendium of

GooKi-aiihy and Travel.

I--110,

ll.iiid.
- Hy
iUiuiut-i t^. lA::' .'in. A'.J.jili..
xiv.+719pp. Lon.lon. 1SI7.

.stanforrl. I.V.

Roughing It In Siberia. Hy

J{. I.. Jrf'rrnon. 7J ■^iiln.. 210 pp.
London, l>y7. Sampson I»w. ijs.

In Northern Spain. Hy /{an'.-
Itattoir. y\..\. \\'ith Maps and
89 lUuHtrations. 9xS]ln., zvi.-f 421
pp. London. 1897.

A. and C. Block,

^oIttifd)( ®<09rapbt(. By Pmf.
Dr. friedrick RaUtl. With 38
illostrationi. Cr. 8to.,>z. 4-715
pp. Uonich.

Oldenbonrg. 16 Uariu.

HISTORY.

Revolutionary Europe, 1788-

i8i.'>. rr:;..i ',;::. n-. //. Mart

.lle«e
1 pp.
■I. ft-.
. delln
Marti ri

. .- 8VO.

140 I

1. L»Uro
I.'-'- ' *.iiipl

I Reall di o

(!"'«i i*":'.

''H.noa
Xlic Giuujowder Plo- .-

"" ler PIo'

•J 1

.Onrditii r.

itmflci of Do- l:-
34 pp. London .
1897. a....... . „..

LAWr.

An Outline of French I^aws
as Affecting British Sub-
jects. Hy J. !<-<r.ll. M..\.. IhiWM
inff ColIoKO. Ut'ord. .-' .liia..
aipp. London. ImiT.

liivvciw. pt^, r-1.

A Tl '— II— oa the Law of
WUtetfcmgrnm, Plsdges, and
Hypothecations. iV . :■ : .i . <
Cook-
Leop'
Fredi;

ccxxvii. rl.TOU pp. Lli
Sto\

The Law -^-' "• >> of

Letters I ven-

tlons. H- 1 - .

V.r, Srr. I.-

lit .1,. I' •:::... i-
L<-aido:i. 1?;'7.

128

LITERATURE.

[November 13, 1897.

A a>l»aMOD f>f I<MuUns C»»»«
In tl>* Criminal Vmwr. Uj
Hmry WartHtrlom. BuTi<t«r«t-
l^w Sor. Kd.. with Notoi.

1 il Statutes. Slatalw

-Med lo 1»7.

«1 Ordor in

> « Statiilw.

■»iUt Nuiois Jcc »> J. M. tMn.

M. .\. 10 X Siln-. X xl- > lOO pp. Urn-

dun. Uaxnt'U. Ax.

Th« Law and Custom of tho
Constitution. Part I. Par-
liament. U\ S:r\i'iUiam AnmoH,
/!• rsnl K>\. i< ' iiin., xx+snpp.

rUiMiilon lYcwL 1S>. M.

A Conolsa Treatise on the

Lnw of Arbitrations and

li sa Appendix of

Statataa Rr

titiiin. rinl K«i.

'lldoD.

1»>.
A lirhta

Lkh.

Sh.

By i'.. .
6i ui.,Ti.

•rlin,1897.
4 Markn.

LITERARY.

The PcodIc for whom Shake-

■o. Hy Chorlcii />.

l^r (ip. I.«ndon

H«rp*T Hrort. 5«.
Marrlam Questions In

' iip. London and

.lohn I^nnp. 3i<. G<I.

Fra Simone da Cascla e 11

Cavaloa. fliuU irilku'k'ltvrnri

Milirniliriu n<-l wcnio xiv. I*i

I.omi:o ynincrHrhinL Parte

f .1.

II !'»>

t. 1.-J7.
"•ni. 3 lire.

Oil ** Isml ** Contemporanel.

Hy Luiffi Capunnii, Vt-ri^^llio,
^iInlx)U'tulO, Mi'aliKmo (-OHiuo|>oli-
l.^iiw . Crillra IvltcniriaciinixUcu.
330 pp. fiiUnlii. 1887.

Ciaiiniiita. 2..V1 lln\
Le Creature Sovrane il. noino

<Ii K' "'•' i Ki.ti 'ii 'I'l.'ri I..

Bnirllsh

■>cplL 3 lire.

•uUou, iilikm-

&41U.. Ixtlj-

gow, and 1 >

I'kle. aii.6d.
Little MasterpioccB. Edsrar

Allan Poe. l->lit.-.| l,y /,7r..<

J'liry. G'lili., ix. T ;M7 pp. -ScW

York. IW7.

l>oubleda7 and McC'lure. SDc.
Tho Essays of "■ ! 1 1 T . , I

or iHontiusnr

i!..a<lat«d. I

I. voIk C "

h v.. I.
T^s Chrl- peara.

Hy Churl- JB pp.

Ixindoii Ht

1 : .V. M.

The I > or Manhood.

*)y (IroHrr. 7| .'ijln.,

■sti ; utn.

UclniM. a«.ad.

The 8t>eotatop. Vol. TI. With

........ . , . . ,.,

; * '1 III., VII, isi i.n.
i.d Sew Vork. IHUR.

MniMK'. ;■. ocU

Itssllsm and Romano*, ani
other Baajx Ur Ilrnry Uae-
artMur. SxMln.. tUL^»1 pp.
BUabarnh^UBr.

Two Essays m
Arnold. \V;th -

'«1. net.
MEDICAL.

Th-^

64ln., V1IL + S74 pp. Ivonilon nnd
|SH«, lunilAn'. 7m ftl ni>t.

,T. .,:,>; r .,■,■■.

I.i.n

.■M.V. Ti .'.ill., \\i. : rii iij..

don and Parix, \KH.

nnflll^rr. .V". no'..

lu; pp. i»utiuii. 1M17.

DlgbyLong. 2b. 6d

8)litte;Iun«fn unb Bci: "
ttx inifrnaticnalfn :
li*«n Si'pra;(Jon(frcnj ,- .^.....1
in Ccicbft 1897. (3 voK)

Vol. I., rr. 8vo., liii. + 1*1 +
02 + ItKl + 230 pp. niugtratod.
Berlin, 1N»7.

liirscliwald. 16 Marks.

MILITARY.

Medals and Decorations of
the British Army and Navy.

Hy John Uorsli-y Mayo. 'Z voTh.
^Vith nunu'rouH Coloured Pliiti-H
ntul IlluHtmtion.4. 10xti]in.,

lixxviii. + 278 + 6l7iii>. I.on(li>n,im7.
ConsUiole. i^i 3ii. net.

The Story of the British
Army, with I'lann and lllustr.v
tionc. l\y lACHt.-Col. V. f'ooju-r
Kinil. K.O.S. !) . .ijiil.. X.+iai pp.
l»niion. Ii£l7. Methucn. '8. tn.

Benin, the City of Blood. Br

Com. H. If. Huron. U.S. llhix-
tratod by W. II. Overend. Ux.'iiin..
1'>1 pp. London and New York,
18»7. Jvdward Arnold. 7«. M.

T)it ■(!(»( unt> Jioitfn ter C»fjiii»
iract. By C ion Xei>eHo, Kit.
PrfUA'. ilmeralTnojrtr *». I).
Vol. II. Groat Britnin and Ire-
land. Berlin. 1897.
Schall and (irund. 15 Marks.

MISCELLANEOUS.

Le Tourney d'Amour (The
Tounminenl of I.ovcl : Oninie I'li^-
Iiinil rii un Arte. I'ar William
Throilin'f I'rirrs. uvvr dentins ih-
Willimn (ila.kiii- <-t do ..Mfr.-il
.InriL-... Tnuliiil dc l'.\i:k"l.u- ? :'.r
I'liarlen ICcail el 1'
OJxSln., xvi.+62pp. 1
I
Food, Frauds and Foods that
Feed. iM'in^ iiD KxjHihiire nf M)nie

' ' '■ ' ■! .'^liaiim jirwl Some

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Patriotism. Addrom Dellvorod
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Jofiiah Joyre., Josrjth I^ CotUe,
a. II. HotriKon, and Syitney E.
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TOPOGRAPHY.
A History of ' ridge.

Il'iipuhir Coiiiil I'y

Krr. 1:. (V.;i Iiin.,

XXVlil. t3!J«I)p. I.uliii'.li. l-''7.

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literature

Edited by 2i. iD. ?raUl.

Published by 2h( ZltUS.

No. 6.-V0U I. SATURDAV. N()\ KMUKFl a). 1807.

CONTENTS.

Leading Article - The '• QiiarU'ily " on Foots 13)

" Among my Books," by Austin Doljcon . HI

Poem—" KIiL-ii.>n," I>y Willi.-iin Watson 111

Reviews—

Qiietm Victoria 130

Aubrey do Vert* 1'^'

Ttiilian Rominiscenccs . . 13^*

('p|cl)rato<l Trials ISi*

>i. Frnnris of Assisi 138

Tb(> Uhipponilalc Period 137

Mir WalU>r Kali-nh 188

Nature ami Sport in South Africa 130

Historical Portraits 13l>

Portrait Miniatui-es IW

r^iys of the Uo<l Branch WO

Dorothy Wordsworth W

Hawtliornc's First Diaiy HI

The House of the .Seven Gables HI

A Question of the Water and of the Land HI

The Silence of 0<hI HI

Hcrodot\i.H- Ago of Tcnny«on— Baddegloy Clinton— How to Make

a Drw« H2

Musical— Verdi : Man and Musician 1 12

Munit-al Memories— Epic of Sounds 14.3

Liesa.1 -lirocnwoud's Convcfanclng — Encyclopiedla of the

Fjiw-* of KtiKliiiid H3

Fiction '

The Beth Boi.k 145

Ninety-Kipht— At the Cross Uoatls 148

While the Hilly Hoils-Odrt Storics-For his Countryu Snko—
The Sic(cc l»erilou»— The Throe Dingraceji— The I»rofe»»or'«
Dilonimii Throe Clonicly Mald»-The Witch Wife— The Great
K. OTid A. Train Robbery— The Banixhed Beauty— Secretary
loBnyne.M.P 147-149

Letters from a Portfolio 140

Correspondence (ireeco in the XIX. Century— Mary
Fyttou and Shakespeare— Mrs. Browning and Miss
Mitford— The Methods of Mr. Mother 150, 151

Foreign Letters— The United States— Russia— France

151, 1.-j2, 1.-).3

Notes 153-158

Iiist of New Books and Beprints 158-100

THE "QUARTERLY" ON POETS.

.Many years ago a " foursomp " of law students — as
was the number of a " mess " in those days — were can-
vassing the forensic merits of some of the great men who
looked down upon them from the high table in the Hall of
their Inn. Comparison narrowed down at last to two
eminent advocates, both long since dead, and the question
which of them was the more deadly cross-examiner appeared
for a time to divide opinion. Finally, however, it was
determined by a timely reminiscence from one of the
students, who, pointing to the elder of the two unconscious
*v)miwtitors, whispered in awe-struck accents, " He once
killed a solicitor in the witness-bo.x." Instantly the scale in

which the learned Serjeant's claims hafl hung trembling wnlc
down, while that of his rival, weighted by no hucIi romantic
incident, kicked the beam. We have little doubt that thi*
achievement was mythical, and that the leame«i genth*-
man never did kill a solicitor ; but we know now that th«
story of the Quarterly Revinc'a having killed a i>oet w
equally fabulous, yet the glory of that exploit still hnngn
alx)ut the venerable periodical, just as the halo of the
other long continued to encircle