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X% ' ^'
(j
ivtjT<4*
THE
LIVES
OF
THE PURITANS:
CONTAINING
\ BIOGRAPHICAL ACCOUNT OF THOSE DIVINES WHO
DISTINGUISHED THEMSELVES IN THE CAUSE
OF
FROM THE REFORMATION UNDER QUEEN ELIZABETH^
TO THE ACT OF UNIFORMITY,
IN 1662.
BY BENJAMIN BROOK.
IN THREE VOLUMES.
^^i#»^»^i#>»^<»>#^^^
VOL. II.
Of whom the world was not worthy. — Hkbbews.
The Nonconformists have salTened what is next to death, and too maay
have suffered even onto death: of whom then shall 4)ieif*4i£aths .be •
required? — Bishop Mortom. ;!••' * /• •* *.••**•
. •,•
^ •*•" •••• • • •
• m
I
Honoon :
PRINTED FOR JAMES BLACK,
* TORK-tntBCr, COTBHT-«ABDBt.
* 1813.
• • • «
•• ••• ••• : •«•
• • •• ••\ I
CONTENTS OF VOL. II.
JohuUdal 1
John GrMDiTDod S3
WiUiun Smjlb 44
Tfaomas Seltle 4B
John PcDry 48
Thomu Galakcr, len 68
ArthorWake 70
WiUlun Whilaker 19
Henc? Alvcy 8S
John Prime ST
Richard Alln ib.
Fr«aci9 JohBMD 88
William Cole 106
JohDHonand lOT
Hesrj Smith loe
ArttorDeal Ill
William Cbarke 119
JohDDairell IIT
Cbcistnpher Ooodman 183
WilliamPerklD IS9
Joiias Nicboli , IH
Tfaoma* Cartwright Ib.
Edward Phillpi 169
Mr Midglvy 163
Williun Hubbock 104
Thomas Care w 166
Georfe Coiyat 168
FraDcuTilgge 160
FerclTal Wjbora ih.
McbolaiBoaad HI
Xzckias Morley 174
JohnRainolds 176
Thomat Brightmao 168
Richard HauBKl 183
Tboma* WUcocki 165
Jobo Smyth 196
▼OL. II.
Richard ClifloD IM '
NkhoUuRoih 900
Hr. Uuicaiter SOS
Thomai Peacock ib.
Gabriel Powei SH
Thomai Holland *19
Hugh Bronghlon SIS
Wilham Burton SW
Richard Rt^icn !>■
RandalBata 8M
DanlelDjke !3S
Robert Parker BST
Richard OaiTtoa S4I
BcoryAlray M7
Georce TTIlhen 248
Franci) Bonne; SSO
EdDiundBuDDey ......... S5S
Huiebiui Pagel SS9
TfaoDUuStOM SSS
Pan! Bftjaa Ml
Vniiiani Bradihaw 864
Hr. Jenklo STD
SiLmucI Hteron 870
GeorgeGiffoid 87S "
JeremlabDvke S79
Tliomai Hdwhie ib,
Tbomai Wilwii SSS
AndrewWiUet 884
Stephen Bfcrtan 889
Thomas Paget. . . .' 891
Hr.Knighi !9»
jDhnRandall CM
Nicholai Byfieid S»T
Heniy Aintwerth 990
William Femble SOt
John Sprint 306
6
.* '
\':'-
V--
•'• r
• • • •
» • • • •
* ■ • • •
• •
CONTENTS OF VOL. 11.
JskdUdal 1
lokn Greenwood ......... 83
WOliamSmjIh it
nomuSeltle 48
John Peor; A8
Thomu GkrakcT, )eD 68
AiUmr Wake TO
WiUiuD Wbiiaker 78
VtMzj Ahej 85
JahnPrine 8T
UckardAUen ib.
flucia Jobaion 89
mUiaaColc 106
JthaBdUnd lOT
HarjSinltk 108
ArikuDent Ill
William Charkc 113
JobDDarrell 117
Cbriilnphei Goodman 183
ffilliam PerkiD 1S8
Joiiai Nkbols 136
TtMui Cartwrisbl lb,
Elaard Pbillpi 1 69
Ui.UUgtej 163
William flobbock 164
TkoBuCarcw 166
Gta^ Corjal 168
Fnneia Trigte 160
PeriiTnl Wjbarn ib.
Nicboiai Bound Ill
Ezekiai Haric; 1 74
Juba KaiDoliiiL 116
Tboma* BrighbnaD 188
Rictaard Hauowl 1 83
namni Wilcocki 18fi
JoboSmjlb 195
TOL. II.
Richard Cltnon IM '
Niebolai Ruk KO
Hr. I^neaiter 80ft
Tbomai Peacock lb.
GabrielPowel 811
■niaiiiai HoilaiH] 813
Hugh Broagh Ian 81K
ffUliam Barton 830
Richard Riqien 881
Randal Bain 834
Daniel Dyk 83ft
RoberlPaiker BST
Richafd GantoB «■
Henry Aira; 9*1
GeoTge WItben **8
Franc U Bnnaey **"
Edmund Bunncy B«
Jiusebiu. Pagel BSS
TboBiu stone SSS
Fanl BajnM Ml
William Bradabaw 88*
Hr. JcDkln tETO
Samnel Hleron fflO
George Gi Hind S73
JercDiiah Dyke 8T9
Tbomat Helwlue ib.
Thomai WilMD 888
Andrew Willet 881
Stephen Egerton 889
Tbomas IVgel 891
Mr.Knighl S95
John Randall SBS
Nichola* ByBeld B9T
Henry Aimworth 899
William Pemble 304
John Sprint 30S
Juhn<
3frt
JabD Knewtiub SDH
Jlidwrd Ct*ckeniharj> .... 319
WaliBr TrpiYin 314
ttnry Jucub 3W
Jobn Itobintun 3M
Rleburd HIack M4
Aalhuny WottDD 34S
tlif bard Ibilbwcl) M9
Jnbn I'mloii 398
J*b Thrnimurton 361
IWopbllnt Bradbvurn .... 3M
\CiUlBm Hinde S«t
WlltianPinke 369
SabMllan Bcarfirld lb.
Robcrlfirawn 866
Pnuwi* iiiniMon- • < am
nobrrlTllEolU S7S
Jalu Warbam 976
ArlJiDr llildrrihon lb.
Tbomai INII 388
Kobfrl Rollou SBO
ClIlciThnrn MB
TfcawK Beard 399
TbonlfTajlor an
wllllaB Ann 405
Joha CarUT 40Q
Jl>|h Clark 4lt
JohnllaydcB 4J&
Rickard Slbbi 41s
Jobo Avrry 410
Juhn Itugcn 4il
JobD Msfcrlck tSS
Hear) Uelltbrand 4S4
raSR
ll«nry Raaiidtn .' 42T
Kubcri Cutlln 4U
Jwrpb Motft 4»
JMlmAVorkraul. 4St
William WbaUkr 4SS
JobuBall MO
n<.™.llrr«r 4M
l^wrrnrr Chadderlon MB
JobuRodd iM
M'lliljm I'Vrincr Ul
HamMel Ward 4SS
llrory Arcber 49f
KwBDcl Ihwc 460
Htepben Mote 4U
Rlcluud Baruirri 4M
JoDBihu Bnrr 4W
Jobo EaUD 4M
John Howe Ml
Mr. Wrath 4W
WllUuni Wralbband 410
Tobiai Criip 471
Alfunder l.e>KhtDn ...... 410
Juba Hrdgwkk 4SS
Kicbucd Hcd^xJck 4W
JulloM Herring 4W
(terip Fbllipi 4B1
CDllbulrTlowtilng 405
Jnhn DoHnliani 4H
Tbomaifoilc} 40T
lAwrcDreSntlllaic 4M
Cktitft IlnBlley SOI
Mr UifU dOS
llriiry UnMrr Mil
Lawreoee ClarbMW ,. 5Uk
CONTENTS OP THE NOTES,
'IVcbanKlerot ArebbkhopWblltin
Tbc eaaalnallaB or HcHji Barrav
Barrow^ prlUlM to the AilarD«y-(irMt«l
AfBnhcrchwMlwafArebblitepWbliiin
k»p Hall's acctuMion «f Fraocii Jobiuon •■■^•i
Ji4Hiri««aad AiuworthUn BnwalM '•■.. .,^.
AtMMtaf tiang-neek • ».<«
Ihjlia' ii[ iif rhilfiiliiM M«.
nntdM made KUuip for afpoiiag tta pMilM* ••*
Tte coHrgiam ca*t alF their larplica »•••••..■..■
nticiflTefaled Caitirtighl'i mtwiim i,.^. ...*..
ftiftop UaddoE ciBum Cartwrigbl ••..•........
Irikrd^ i^mion of Wbiigifi'i wrilJDgi ....•«..>.
WtagiA'i (real incopiialcDcy . ......i>*« •■••••*'
4Kn ElialwUi ioccned aptat BMif Ajtew «.
lk<karacMr of tbe Earlof W*wkk ..,*>.««. .
Bcn'tcbuacinof Caitvrisbi .^ ,
^ diiines wrow ID CortwTicU »•_.„,.,
VAjlnu'i&lscBcciuallaaorCuMricbl ....
biipurilaniiai ■•.*i...
SiiFiancii KnaUjs a palianaf (be pnritana •.
IbrTraBibUioD of tkaBlUa ..,.».■..
laecdoie of Wake bmI Bte«p ..• ...>«:
Ih'fbarscurDflJicboluFollor,*^. ».*•*».
Ik^w VoodcDck coainuKed ro NcwptB ...•«
fc Petti Vttatwonb't cbancler and impriioaBe
kitobtrt Harie;'i tbaruter and dcatk ...••..,
"' > Hogh Brongbtou ..,■........»>•••••.•
AnosBloritae famoot Jobn Speed .....•.«•■■■••••.
l^vCoMao TemBTkabte for leadiog tta MM* ••.»•*
Ajaoliar method of teachiog Hebrew •...
ABdNe of Bishop Hoiioaand H. BrmeUH
^ckarBclerof Bbhop Ravis
' Vaughnn ..•.•.........••..•
IMip Neile JocUaed la popery
~~^ Freke a lealDDi penecator ..........■.....••■
"~~^ 8ea»ble» » lealoni pmecniar ...............
ThraMcialHUMortbepaTitaiii
A little black edpBgaflko(i>e la Bancroft
Bah^ Baion'i defence of Ike charch
—— WartwrtM't »btud opinion of penccvtiM ....
» af BUbop Nortn «gS
Kootsfonl chapel iiupeDdcd ,., lb.
Accaaot of the famous Poraui S9S
Tbomai Fotficid S»T
Dr Thomas Sparke 384
William Brenster S4I
Sir Anthon; Cope 344
Arehbiitop BBOcrofi 34*
' Or. fiicbard Uoabpie 348
L*dj BowM a feneroiii Triiad to (be paritaw ,..,. S5I
AccoDot of Lord Brook 353
"' Bisbnp Andrews 366
Anecdote of (he Duke of Backingham S5T
AccoDDl of the Dulie of Backiagbam SB9
Biihep Wiilianu .' 310
Theiip|;eaiidplDDder ofLeicuiler 373
EailafHunliiiEdDn'BleUerloJIildenliam 380
Tbecni^UeDtenceagaiDstVigblaDsndHoit 3S3
Tbechanuter of Sir AugUilin NichoU 391
AaecdolcaraBiihapaBd W. Amet 40S
AccDDDt of Biihup Wren 410
Archbishop TIarinet 41S
"The cauit of Mr. Baxter's «0D>er9itiii 4S0
Accoant of Lawrence Faltciongh 4!l
— — Sir Henry Savlla 4S4
Alnunacki burnt by the paplits 4S5
The Fhanicter of Archbiahop Laud 436
JobDHuoiacoufessDriQQueenHaiytraign 4ST
King CharWs recommcndaiion 444
AccouUarUr Waller Uildmay 44a
Bilmne battery of KlngJamei 447
Account of Bishop J e(;on 440
Anecdoleof S, Fairclough's coDVeTiloD ........... ........ 45S
A mistake of Dr. Doddridge reciieed 4t5
Lr?ingstnnBndAndr.rfunpro«ecnled 48B
Archblshcip Laudaboldamertion 500
The characterofArclihishop Abbot 509
Theodore Hwk projected (beRayal Society 004
THS
LIVES OF THE PURITANS.
John Udal. — This celebrated puritan was educalei
in tbe uniyenitj of Cambridge, andwas a man of excdknt
parts, great learning, Pennine pietj, and vntatnidiei
lojalty to Queen Elizabeth, but a great sufferer oa account
of his nonconformity. He was prdacher abouit si^en years,
at Kingston-upon^Thames ; but aflenriudB dcprireA^
imprisoned, and condemned; and, at lafit, he died^pute
heart-broken in prison. Some of his faeaiera at Kin^ston^
taking ofieoce at his faithfid ivamings and admonitionfl^
j^xnight complaints against him to those in power, whm he
was put to silence by the official. Dr. Hone, and commttfarf
to prison. But by ikk unaoficited' fayotv and influence of
the Countess of Warwick, Sir Drue Dniry, aild dther
excellent perscms, he was lekawd, and mtorcd to ius
ministry.
September 96, 1586, he was conyened befbre the Bish(q[>
of Winchester, and the Dean of Windsor, wfaed thejr
entered upon the following conversation :
Bishop. Mr. Udal, you are beholden to my bdy oif
Warwick. She hath been earnest for you, and tdleth me^
that you will submityourself.
Udal. I thank Grod for her ladydiip's care. I watt
contented, and alwajrs have been, to submit taany thing
that is just and godly.
B. W hat you wUl do, I know not Hitherto you have
not done it ; for you refiued to swear according to law.
U. By your honour's ferour, I never refused to swear, 89
&r as the law doth bind me.
B. No i Wherefore then were you committed ?
U. You know best. I was contents to swear, if I might
ftret see the articles.
B. Th^tiiaakndei foondatipfttoatandupttD.
VpL. If. &
2 LIVES OF THE PURITANS.
U. It is to me a matter of great importance^ For with
what conscience can I call the Lord to witness, and protest
by his name, that I will answer I know not what ?
Dean. Mr. Udal, the thiogs objected i^inst you, I dare
say, are against your doctrme^ or your fife, which are no
secrets.
B. Nay, they charge nothing against his life, but his
doctrine only.
U. The greater is the mercy of God towards me. For
I have given the greater offence by my life ; but it hath
pleased him so to keep my sins from their sight, that I
might suffer for his sake. Your restraining me from my
ministry, makes the world believej that the slanders raised
against me are true; the ignorant call in quc^ion the
jgospel which I have preached ; and thus a door is widely
opened for every wicked man to contemn the doctrine of
our Saviour.
' Here the bishop laid all the blame on Mr. Udal, aiid
discovered so haid a heart against the suffering church of
^God, that Mr. Udal burst into a flood of tears, and was
^nstndned to turn aside, to weeip for the space of half an
Jiour. Upon his* Wtum, he was addressed as follows :
.B. Will you answer the articles charged against you,
that thesethings may be redressed ?
U. If I may first see them, I shall be satisfied. .
B. Mr. Hartwell, write to the roister to let him see
them ; then go with him to some of the commissioners to
swear him.
U. This will be a long course. ' I pray you, that, in the
mean time, I may continue my ministry, for the good of the
poor people.
' B. That you may not Now that you are suspended,
you must so abide, until you be clearecL -
U. Then whatsoever becomes of me, I beseech you, let
flie poor people have a preacher.
B. That is a good motion, and I will look after it.
Mr. Udal then receiving tb^ letter, departed ; and the
articles being shewn him, he was takesr to Dr. Hammond to
be sworn, who said, " You must swear to answer these
articles, so far as the law bindeth you." " Do you mean,"
said Mr. Udal, << that I shall answer them, so &.r as it
appeareth to ine, that I am by law required ?" And
finding that he might, he took the oatiii,* and ddivered to
the register his answers to all the articles in writing. These
articles, with the alisn/^rs, are ndw be£tee me, and are
UDAL- 9
thirty-six iti number ; but too long for insertion.* They
cdiitain the charges ^hich certain ill-disposed persons, in
the parish of Kingston, brought against him to the hi^h
commission. His answers, indeed, furnished the commis-
sioners with sufficient matter for animadversion, when he
underwent his next examination. October 17th he was
convened before the high commission, at Lambeth ; whea
Archbishop Wliitgift, the Bishops of Winchester and
Hereford, Dr. Aubery, Dr. Lewin, Dr. Cosin, Mr. Hartwell,
and others, were present. Upon the reading of the articles
and his answers, they made their remarks as follows :
. Archbishop: You are not to judge, Mr, Udal, who ymlk
disorderly ; nor account any so to do, till it be proved.
. U. How shall I count him to do otherwise, who ^ivetfa
himself up to notorious sins ; and after being admomshed^
not only amendeth not, but goeth on more stubborn than
before ?
B. You must do more than that.
U. You mean, we must present them ; and so we have
done several ; but presentment is of no use. -
A. You must expect what will follow, and not appmnt
your own time./
U. We may do this long enough before we see any
redress, so long as things are managed thus. I have seen
malefactors presented two or three years ago, but of whose
trials we have heard nothing.
A. You say, Christ is the only archbishop. Why do
you not caU him arch-pastor and arch-shcphnd ?
U. As I am at liberty to call the ministers of Christ bj
those titles given them by the Holy Ghost, as pastors,
shepherds, and watchmen ; so, I think, I may Jesus Christ.
A. No, no; the archbishop was in your way, and
it troubled you to think of ham. - But there will be an
archlnshqp when you shall be no preacher at Kingston.
B. The rest of that artide is sophistical, on like Apollo
the oracle.
U. Perhaps I have taken some advantage of the words,
and not answered acoxding to the meaning thereof as the
law lequiinelli.
A. Those eldcEs of which you q^eak, were bisbopi^ and
not any other.
. U. in 1 C». xiL tpwamon are mfirfionfrf as ditittoct
fiom teachers.
« MSu Kcfirt^^ ffu ni-^7lu
4 LIVES OF Ttl£ I^URITANS.
I
A. That is meant of civil gort^rnors, and not of a oompany
of unlearned, simple men, as you would hayie it.
U. The apostle there speaketh of those who were ordained
in the church. But it is of no use to dispute these matieni
in this place.
A. Wiken you say, that pastors may di3 ta^nng by thdr
efwn discretion, but only by the direction 6f the word 6f
God, y<m say true; hvit in this, you strike at something
cis6.
B. Many things are lawful^ and mhy be doiie^ that h&ye
no direct warrant from the itotd.
U. If that can be proTed^ it is sufficieiM, and agte^abte to
no\y answer.
B. What occasion h&d jrou tb sp«aK of imch datteM a^
•fficerilL orders, canons, &;C. t
U. I have not choteft those subje6ts oii ptii'pos^, and
have spoken upon them only as they qame in my way;
This I mu^ do, or I could not dechtre All the council
of God.
. Dr. Cpsin* That you will neVer do vMle you lire.
U. But I must ddivet as much as I know.
A. It is becaui^ you would rail agfunst aiitfabrif^.
B. Why do you wbh that the pfiBlie sertice were
IdMdged? It may all be read in three quarters of an
Botir.
U. But I have known it, with other business io be dont
before sermon, to last about two hours.
A. They who are wearied iritii it, are your scholaiti, Wh6
iilm km,f inih noticing but your setmonil.
U. my schdars never keep out till ibe sermon begins ;
but if any ckf them be weary of the senice, I nerer taught
thein so to be.
A. All the service might be i^ead well enbtigh ; but yaa
will ist^nd in your rain r^titions, both in your ptayerii
Hnd your sermons, and niake no account of so doing.
U. I pray you have a better opinion of me, unless yod
know that wlmt you say is true.
A. Nay, I speak not of you alone, bUt all of yout sort :
this iar your manner. Why should you preachy thai soml^
)[^rs(in6 make but small acCoiint of setmbh^ If
. U. Because I know it to be true.
B. Though petscms may have been bf tHat mind^ they
may be altered.
A. When you spoke of Christ's descent into hell, that
which you said is most afisurd.
, B. The ptooes i|i Pettr and Aeti^ aie monstroudvaboied
oj Calvin and others, -who hcid tliat c^i^on^ For w)iQ
ever knew sepulchre mean hell ?
U. The original word there used, is qRcxl taken for
grav^, though |t alfp ipeans lieU ?
IfaitweU*, Shew me pne place^ if jou can.
U. That I can easily do ; for as often as the Hebrew
f" ord in the 014 Tf^ftameni^ meaneUi grave, so does also the
Qreek.
H. How can that be ? The Old Testament was writteii
in Hebrew, and not in Groek*
IJ. Do you not know that thf Septuagint is in Gseek, in
which you will find what I say is true t
A. How can tb§ foul go into t)ie grave ? What an
absurd thfnff is that I
.. U. The H<^Eew vnpi^ usui^y ^^piifieth the whole mail f
as Gren. :<lvi. it is odd, ^^ Tkeife went seventy souls, that m^
twenty persom, into E|gypt*^
A. Do you then believe ijat QM^ both «oul and body^
w&kt into the grave ?
U. No. But it is, alsQp often taken for the body ; and
jvhen^sver it is thufs tsdiea, it is so translated in the Sep*
iuagint : as Lam. i. 19.
H. 1 wish I bad a book, that I might see it.
A. The human soul of Christ after his dsalh^ descended
ji^to th(9 place of the damned/ and whosoever bolkveth not
this, but denieth it, is an heretic.
^ U. The church ff EngUmd is taught, and also believeth,
fliat which you acco«9t haopi^.
A. Nq rmi^t for tbat. We ceoeive ngtbing for the
^tiine of the ^iMircb of i^figlfmd, bft Ib^t iHiich is
authorized by act of parliament.
U. Then your doctrine i9 not the doctrine of the ciiurch.
ffxim§ §f ber airtickpt saHjb <Hily, that Christ descended o
iBtp bell, witbput Qxi^rseMiflg }iow. J '
A. You speak of unprea^biMi^ ministetos being fcMsted if
by satan, that vou may disgrace authprity.
, 9. If a.miaiirt^r be learned, yet bath no utterance, will
iron di^ftUov him as wfit ?
V.' Yen, Ab4 J nHiJili Ufomi^ tba word i^ God dis*
alloweth him.
B. Whaprp, I |^y gm^ *b*k I vmy know it ?
U. In 1 Tim. iii. 2., 2 Tim. ii. 24. He must be op/ <#
Uacb^ which imiftieOk moi f»fy iakmkdge, ha> uHerancef
I
LITES OF THE FURITANS.
B. Yaa mwA wbUithf mm mmnB^ ilkthm.
U. I Uiiiik I bnre dcued mjwdf bjr ny wm
B. Nay, fay your Une, jma faaic wiL Yi
acciueyoa.
U. THen dupatdi me aeomdiBgiy. II ii
and buideoMMiie to aitcod so aAcs frooi day to day.
A. My lord of Wiacha^ •ppo^ kn ^ ^«l*»d on
Friday oome wcweom^sL
B. I am content Come in tfe aftenooa.
Mr. Udal then departed, intendii^ to ffaa aoeofding
la ajqpointment. In the oMan time, tlie Coualoi of War-
wick wrote a pressing letter to tlie bishop, in hia behaK
Upon hiff appeanoice, afier long attendanoe, he wna called
bdfdre the biriiop, who tlras addressed Um :
B. The aiticleshroagfat against yo«, are not to be ptofod)
§K the witnesses fear the displeasure of yoor unineiow
ftiends, wUdi is a veiy hard care.
U. It is haid, if it be trar. Bat there if aa ascb ftar^
only they are nnaUe to prove more than I have abcady.
oonfisssed*
B. Yon hare, indeed, oonfinsedsofficient^unst yourself.
U. Let ii then apjpear. F<» I most jnstify all that I
haye confessed, nntil it be refilled; and when it is refuted,
I shall be willing to recant, in the same ptaoe in which it
was spoken.
B. I will not deal with you in that way. Bnt for the
sake of yonr friends, and other causes, I am willing to
restore you to your preaching, if you wiU assnre mo
under your own nttud, that yon will speak no ukho against
any thing by authority estabUshed.
U. I will promise you to preach nothing but the word of
Ood.
B; The word of God, as you tune pleased to call it i
U. If I be unable to understand what is, and what is not,
the word of God, I am unfit to be a preacher, and so you
may finally dismiss me. It were abetter for me to be a
{dbughman, than a preacher, imder any oflier conditions.
B. Then I may not admit you. This would help td
incrpase oontroyersies.
U. I will promise you to promote the peace of the
church, all that I can. More I cannot do.
B. Wall, 1 wm 8(«k advice about it Ip the mean time
you may depart.
; Ifr. Udal, Imimg ^epvted, commimkated an •ocomt
^ these transacftipo* to bip frienck^ and the Cioiuifcn of
Warwick seat a messenger tp the bishop for a deckuira
answer. Therefore, by l^r jodlj and zealoas importonitji
bis lordship sent for A(r. Udal, when he thus addiesiea
kim:
B. I am to restore yoa, Mr. Udal, to yoor former place
of preaching; yet I must admonish you to reftain finom
speaking against things by law established. For, sorely, if
you give occasion to be again deprived, no subjad in
£nffland shall obtain your restoration.
U. Surely, I have not at any time^ purposely said any
thing tending thereunto. But I may never conceal the
trutb which my text otkietix me.
B. We had need walk warily. Things are out of square.
There is much inquiry where is the cause. Some blame us
Wshc^ ; but God knoweth where the blame ia. I think it
is in the controversy among ourselves.
U. So do I. Butinwhomisthecauseofthecontnnrersy,
I shall not now dispute. I came for another purpose.
B. Take heed you do not triumph over your enemiesL
This will create greater variance and dissention.
U. If I should be restored, I am determined to pass it
over in nknce, and leave my enemies to their maker and
judge. I must suffer greater things than these for Christ*!
sake.
B. Well, this is all I have to say to you at this time.
Mr. Udal then departed, having obtained his libertv to
ccmtinue preaching; for which he blessed and praised
God, and prayed that these troubles mi^ht be over-ruled for
the advancement of God^s glory, and Ine further prosperity
of his church,*
Thus, after much trouble and expense^ with the loss of
much tune^ this learned and excellent divine was restored
to his mimstry. About the same time, he united with ln|
bfethren in subscribiag the '' Book oi Discipline."f His
troal4e9, however, were not ended. In the year 1588^
he was again suspended and deprived al his living. Having
received the ecclesiastical censure a second time, the inha-
bitants, of Newcastle-upon-Tyne prevailed upon the Earl
of Huntingdon, k^d president of the north, to smd him to
preach the word of life among them. Therefore, being
driven from his living add his flock at Kingston^ he went
• MS. Refiner, p. 779-781. f Neal*t Puritam, v»l. i. p. 4M.
W LIVES OF THE PURITANS.
to Newcastle, where his ministerial labours, during hit
continuance, were greatly blessed to many souls. But Mr.
Udal- had not been there above a ^ear, (the plague being in
the town all the time, which carried off two thrasand of its
inhabitants,) when, by an order from the privy council,
he was sent for to London. He immediately obeyed
the summons, and appeared at Lord Cobham's house,
January 13, ISS9, The conunissioners present were Lord
CoUham, Lord Buckhurst, Lord Chief Justice Anderson,
the Bishop of Aocliester, Dr. Aubery, Dr. Lewin, Mr.
Fortesque, and Egerton the solicitor, llie lord chief
justice then entered upon his examination in the following
manner :
Anderson. How long have you been at Newcastle ?
Udal. About a year, if it please your lordship.
A. Why went you from Kingston-upon-Thames ?
U. Because I was silenced Uiere, and was called to
Newcastle.
Bishop. What calling had you thither ?
U. The people made means to my lord of Huntingdon^
who sent me thither.
B. Had you the allowance of the bishop of the diocese I
U, At that time, there was none.
A.. You are called hither to answer concerning certain
books, which are tiiought to be of your making.
U. If it be for any of Martin s books, I have already
answered, and am ready so to do again.
A. Where have you answered, and in what manner ?
U. At L?imbeth, a year and a half ago, I cleared myself
not to be the author, nor to know who ne was.
A. Is this true, Mr. Beadle ?
Beadle. I have heard that there was such a thing, but I
was not there, if it please your lordship.
Aubery and LewLn. 'There was such a thing, my lord's
grace told us.
U. I am the hardlier dealt with, to be fetched up so far,
at this time ot the year. I have had a journey, I would
not wish unto my enemy.
B. You may thank your own dealing for it.
A. But you are to answer concerning dher books.
U. I hope your lordship will not urge me to any others,
seeing I was sent for about those.
A. You most answer to others also : What say you of
^ A Demonstration" and << A DiaiiogQt ?" did you not
makethem?
UDAL; 11
v. I cannot answer* •
A. Why would you clear yourself of M artin, and not
of th^se, but that you are guilty ?
U. Not so, my lord. 1 have reascm to answer in thef
one, but not in the other.
A. I pray let us hear your reason ; for I cannot conceive
dfiiy seeing they are all written concerning one matter.
U. This is the matter, my lord. I hold the matter pro-
Ced in them to be aU one ; but I would not be thought to
die it in that manner, which the former books do ; and '
because I think otherwise of the latter, I care not though
(he? should be fathered upon me.
Buckhurst. But, I pray you tell me, know you not
Penry ?
U. Yes, my lord, that I do.
Buck. And do you not know him to be Martin ?
U. No, surely, nor do I think him to be Martin.
Buck. What is your reason ?
U. This, toy lord : when it first came out, he, under-
standing that some gave him out to be the author, wrote a
ktter to a friend in London, wherein he denied it, in such
terms as declare him to be ignorant and clear in it.
Buck. Where is tliat letter ?
U. Indeed I cannot tell you. For I have forgotten to
whom it was written.
Buck. You will not tell where it is.
U. Why, my lord, it tendeth to the clearing of one, and
the accusation of none.
Buck. Canyon tell where Penry is ?
U. No, stti^y, my Icnrd.
Back. When did you see him ?
U. About a quarter of a year ago.
Buck. Whete did you see him?
U. He called at my door and saluted me.
Buck. Nay, he remained belike with you.
U. No, indeed ; he neither came into my house, nor did
he so much as drink with me.
Buck. How came you acquainted with him ?
U. I think at Cambridge; but I have often been in his
company.
Buck. Where?
U. At various places.
A. What say you? did you make these books? or
know you who made them ?
U. ^ cannot answer to that question, my lord.
IS LIVES OF THE PURITANS.
A. Yoa hnil an gmiil my you vera the autliur.
v. TlmtwilUoiri>lluw.
Cdiiliiuii. Mr. lltliil, if yew l>p not llic nutbor, my to;
and ifyuu be, coiifMut it: Von amy fiiul fovoiir.
U. My loni, I tiiitik tiw. niittidr, fur luiy tliiojt I know*
did wdT; aiul 1 kium he iv iiK|uiroil ndcr lo Ih; pimihiiol ;
thisnififfCf I think it my duty lo biiiiliT tlic riiidinfr uf him
out, wliJcli I VMiiiiot do licttcr liuiii thiia.
A. And why in>, I pmy you ?
V- BtKMUnp, ifitvury oiii; that in siiRunolMl do deny it,
the KUtlior nt length inusl rieudo Ik; found out,
A. Why (hire yon not cotifrui it, if you Im; IIk! auliuir?
Dare you nut Htiiiid Ut your own doiri^ ?
U. 1 pr»rnmni iKfiirr, tJuit I likrd oflhe lirMikH, and (lie
mattff Iinndli-d iu th<-ni : hut wlwther I iiinilt^ tliein or n'>,
I will iKit iiHRwcT. BeHiUn, if 1 were tlie uullior, 1 think
tliot liy law 1 need nut wiHWcr.
A. Tliiit iittnic, il'it coiiconii^l the lou of your life.*
Furtifiqiie. 1 ftruy yiiu by what law did you jwiioh nt
Newctrntle, biting forhiildtin at Kin^pilim ?
U. I kniiw no lawiifpiiiiiititfNni;iHf{ it writ the ofiidnl. Dr.
Hone, who HileucuJ int;; wluwc authority reacketh not out
of his own nrrlidmrmiry.
F. What wn> the i-AUfM! lor Hhidi you were nilcmx-d?
V. Kurrly J cannot U-]\, nor yet tNui|fiue.
A. Wrll, whiit Miy you of Uiohc IjuoJwI who made
tbpm I and whiire wen; they |irintt:d ?
U. TIioukIi 1 «»mld Ml your Icvdnliip, yet dare I not;
for the rcnjuitiH liitlore alleged.
B. I ivuy you let nu; ask you a qnoitiun or two OHiccrn-
lAK vourlwoK.
IT. It M not ynt proved to be mine. Dot 1 will antwcr to
any thing concornuig the matter of the book, M f«i M (
know.
B. You cnll it a DcmonitnUion. 1 pray you wlial is a
Pononiliation i I bi.-lievc you know nhol it U.
U. Ifyoii lind ukknd nu- \hitt (junlioa wIm« 1 wu a \iof
In Cumitt'idf^'. of B year'* »tniHlijfx, it IimI Imiu a note uf
ifptoriuv:r in mr, toltare IkO) uiutMr tonmmcTyou.
KkitIuii. Mr. I'dal, I am torry llwl yoo will iwt
aiuwi-r, nor lake an oatii. Tou nrtt llkn the •etuiaa'T
prresf « ; wbo aay, thore b no law to fioa|fal|lMRU utjuai**
tJDAL. is
tr. Sir^ if it be a liberty by law, there is no Teaionrwfij
they should not challenge it.
Buck. My lord, it is no standing with him. What
sttyest thou, wilt thou take the oath ?
U. I have said as much thereuiito ^ I ckAj my lord.
Aub^ry and Lewin. It on hare taken it heretofore; and
why will yon not take it now ?
U. I Was called to answer certain articles upon mine oaflt.
when I freely confessed that against myself, which coura
never haVe been proved ; and when my friends labodred t6
have me restored, the archbishop answered, that there was
sufficient matter against me, by my own confession, why |
tiionld not be restored : whereupon 1 covenanted with mine
own heart, never to be mine own acciiser in that sort
Again.
B. Will you take an oath ?
U. I dare not take it.
B. Then yon mu^ go to prison, and it will go hard with
you. For you must remain there until you be glad to
take it.
U. God's will be done. I had rather go to prison with
m mod conscience, than be at liberty with an ill one,
B. Your sentence for this time is, to go close prisoner to
the Ghitehouse, and you are beholden to my lords here, fliat
ihey have heard you so low.
tr. I acknowledge it, and do humbly thank their hooouit
for it.»
In the conclusion, Mr. Udal was sent to the Gatehons<$.
Take the account in his own words. << I was carri^ to
the Gatehouse by a messenger, who delivered me with a
warrant to be kept close prisofier ; and not to be sufiered to
have pen, ink, or paper, pr any person to speak to me.
Thus I remained half a year, in all which time, my wife
could not get leave to come to me, saving only that in the
hearing of the keeper, she mirht speak to me, and I to her,
of such things as she should think meet : although she
made suit to uie commissioners, and also to the council, for
more liberty. All this time, my chamber-fellows were
seminary priests, traitors, and professed papists. At the
^A €^ half a year, I was removed to the White-lion in
Sottfliwaik; and iQien carried to the assizes at Croydon. "f
JuFf S4tb, Mr. Udal, with fetters on his legs, was taken
4o Croydon, and indicted upon the statute of 23 £liz. cap. 3.
* State iVyaU, toI. t p. 144—146. fedU. 1719.
t Peiree't Ylndicstto, put h p. in.
U LIVES OF THE PURITANS.
before Baran Olarke and Serjeant Puckering, for -wrlilng
a wicked, scandalous, ahd seditious libel, entitled << A
Demonstration of the Truth of that Discipline which
Christ hath prescribed in his Word for the Govenunent ot
bis Church, m all Times and Places, until the end of the
World/' It was dedicated '^ To the supposed govemort of
ihe chi^rch of England, the archbish<^, lordAiishops,
archdeacons, and (he rest of that order/' In the dedication of
the book, are these words, as inserted in the indictment^and
upon which the charge against him was founded : '^ Who
<< can, without blushing, deny you (the .bishops) to be
<< the cause of all ungodliness : seeing your government is
}^ that which ^iyeth leave to a man to be any thing, saving
<^ a sound christian ? For certainly it is more free in these
<^ days, to be a papist, anabaptist, of the family of love ;
<^ yea, any most wicked one whatsoever, than that which we
^ should be. And I could live these twenty ^ears, any
^ such in England ; (yea in a bishop's house,' it may be)
^ and never be much molested for it. So true is that which
<< you are charged with, in a ^ Dialogue' lately come forth
^< against you, and since burned bv you, that you care for
^ nothing but the maintenance of your dignities, be it to
^^ the damnation of your own souls, and infinite millions
<^ more."* His indictment said, <^ That he not having the
fear of God before his eyes, but being stirred up by the
. imii^ation of the devils did maliciously publish a scandalous
and infamous libel against the queen's majesty, her crown
and dignity ."f
, Mr. U(ml being brought to the bar, and his indictment
read, humbly reouested their ^^ lordships to grant him to
answer by counsel ;" which the jud^ peremptorily refused,
•aying, ^< You cannot have it Therefore answer your
indictment'' He then pleaded nU guillj/j and put himself
iipon the trial of his country .{ In' opening the case, Mr.
Daulton, the queen's counsel, made a long invective against
the new discipline, as he was pleased to call it, which, he
affirmed, was not to be found m the wonl of God. When
he had done, Mr. Udal observed, that, as this was a contro-
yersv among learned divines, he thought Mr. Daulton
mi^bt have suspended his judjH^ent, especially as he himself
had formerly snewed some likinff to the same cause. Upon
which the judge said, << Sirnm ! sirrah ! answer to the
•
• FoUer^t Cbvrch HU(. h. is. p. Sgl, 999.— 8(ryp€*i Wbitcifl, p. 941.
t Stetc Trytdt, toI. 1. p. 147. t l^M.
UDAL. 16
Hmtter.^^^ ^' Mr. Daulton/- said he, '^ go on to prore tba
points, in the indictment;" Tvhich were the following:
' 1. That Mr. Udal was the author of the book*
S. That he had a malicious intent in making it.
3. That the matters in the indictment -were felony by tbo
statute of 23 £liz« cap. 3.
- The first point to be proved^ was, that Mr. tJdal was the
author c^ the book; and here it is. observable, that his
judges did not stand upon the formality of bringing him
anuhis accusers face to face, and cause them to appear as
witnesses against him in open court ; but only their exami-
nations were produced, to which the register swore. And,
first, Stephen Chatfield^s articles were brought forwards,
containing a report of certain papers he had seen in Mr.
UdaUs study. Upon seeing them, and asking whose they
were, Mr. Udal answered, ^' a friend's.'^ Chatfield then
desired him to get rid of th^ ; for he feared they concerned
the slate. He added, that Mr. Udal told him at another
time, that if the bishops put him to silence, he would give
them such a blow as they never had. Chatfield was then
called to witness these things, but he did not appear.
Daulton said, he went out of tlie way on purpose^ And
when the judge said,'" Mr. Udal, you are glad of that;'*
the prisoner replied, " My lord, I heartily wish he were
Jbere.. For, as I am sure ne could never say any thing to
prove this point ; so I am able to prove,^that he. is very
sorry that he ever made anv complaint against me, con-
fessing he did it in anger wnen Martin first came out, and
by their suggestions whom he has since proved to be very
bad men.'' Mr. Udal added, " That the book was pub-
lished before he had this conversation with Chatfield." And
as he proceeded, the judge interrupted him, saying, the case
was sufficiently clear:
The examination of Nicholas Tomkins was next pro-
duced. This Tomkins was now beyond sea, but the paper
said, that Mr. Udal had told him, he was the author. But
Tomkins himself afterwards said, "That he would not for
a thousand worlds affirm any more, than that he heard Mr.
Udal say, that he would not doubt, but set his name to the
book, if he had indifferait judges." When Mr. Udal
ofkied to produce his witnesses to prove. this, the judge
said, " That because the witnesses were against the queen's
majesty, they could not be heard."
* The contession of Henry Sharp of Northampton, was
next read, who^ upon his oath before the lord chamberlain,
16 LIVES OF THE PURITANS.
had declared, ^< That he heard Mr. Pcnrr say, that Mr.
Udal ^as the author of the Demonstraiiot:. •
This was all the evidence of the fact, upon which he
was convicted, not a single living witnesn being produced
in court. The poor man had, therefore, no opportunity to
ask anj questions, or refute the evidence. And what
methods were used to extort theae confi^ions, may be easily
imagined from their non-appearance in court, and having
testincd their sorrow for what they had done. What man
of common understanding, would hang his dog on such
evidence as this ?
To prove Mr. Udal guilty of sedition, and bring him
within the statute, the counsel insisted, that his threatening
the bishopsj who were the queen's officers, was, by con'
■tniction, threatening the queen herself. The prisoneir
desired liberty to explain the passage ; when he insisted,
that offence against the bishops was not sedition against the
quoen. But all that could be said, was set aside, and the
judge ^vc it for law, even without allowing the twO
remainmg points of the indictment to be examined, <^ That
they who spake against the queen's government in causes
ecclesiastical, or her ecclesiastical laws, proceedings, and
officers, defamed the queen herself." Upon this the
jurv were directed to find him guilty of the fad^ and the
ludgcs taking upon themselves tlie \yo\\\i of law, condemned
liim as a felon. Fuller even confesses, that the proof against
liim was not piwiant ; for it watf generally believecJ, that
he wrote not the book, but only the preface.f His enemies
might as well have condemned him without the formality
of a trial. The statute was undoubtedly strained beyond
its meaning, and evidently with a design io reacli his life.
The good man behaved himself with great modesty and
discretion at the bar ; and having said as much for himself
as must have satisfied any equitable persons, he submitted
io the judgment of the court.
<< The case of Mr. Udal seems singular." says Hume^
« aven in the arbitrary times in which he lived. He was
thrown into prison on suspicion of harinf^ pnblished a book
•gainst the bishops, and brought to his trial for this oifencc*.
It was pretended that the biriiops were part of the qneen^ft
Klitical body ; and to speak against them, watf to attadl
r, and was, therefore, felony by the statute. This waa not
• atrype*! AbmIi, vol. Ui. Appet. f% Mb«»8Mtta Tryahf «•!• f. p.
f Fuller*! ChsKli Hlit. b. ii. p.
UDAL. 17
the only iniquity to which Udal was exposed. The judges
would not allow the jury to ^temdne any thing but the
facty of his being the author of the book, without examining
nis intention, or the import of his words. In order to pro?e
the fapt, they did not produce a single witness to the court :
they only read the testimony of two or three persons absent.
They would not allow Udal to produce any exculpatory
evidence, saying, it was not permitted against the crown.
His refusing io swear that he was not the author of the
book, was employed against him as the stron^t proof of
his ffuilt. Notwithstanding these multiplied iniouities, the
Terdict of the jury was brought a^inst him. For, as the
queen was extremely bent upon nis prosecution, it was
impossible he could escape."*
Mr. Udal was convicted at tlie summer assizes, 1590, but
did not receive sentence till the Lent following. In the
mean time, pardon was offered him, if he would sign the
fi>llowii^ recantation, dated February, 1591 :
" I, Jo\m Udal, have been heretofore, by due course of
*^ law, convicted of felony, for pennii^ or setting forth a
'' certain book, called ' The Demonstration of Discipline ;'
<^ wherein false, slanderous, and seditious matters are
'^ contained against her majesty's prerogative royal, her
^' crown and dignity, and against her laws and government,
<^ ecclesiastical and temporal, by law establishol under her
^' highn^^ and tending to the erecting a new form of
'^ government, contrary to her laws. All which points, I
^' do now, by the grace of God, perceive to be very
^' dangerous to the peace of this realm and church, seditious
^^ in the commonwealth, and infinitely offensive to the
" queen's most excellent majesty. So as thereby, now seeing
^' the grievousness of my offence, I do most humbly, on
^' my knees, before and in this presence, submit myself to
<^ the mercy of her highness, being most sorry that I have
^^ so deeply and worthily incurred her majesty's indignation
<^ against me ; promising, if it shall please God to move her
'^ royal heart to have compassion on me, a most sorro\?ful,
^' convicted person, that I will, for ever hereafter, forsake all
^' Undutiful and dangerous courses, and demean myself
" dutifully and peace&ly ; for I acknowledge her laws to be
^^ both lawful and godly, and to be obeyed by every subject."+
No arguments or threatenings of the judges could prevail
upon Mr. Udal to sign the above recantation. He could
• Hume's Hist, of £ng. vol. v. p. 345, S46.
t 8trype*8 Aonais, vol. W. p. 8a» 9t.— Baker's MS. CoUec. vol. ZT.p. 45.
VOL. II. C
IS LIVES OF THE PURITANS.
not, for the world, tiabscribe to that ids irue^ whteh ht knew
to be fdlse. He, therefore^ resolved to suffer on the gallop
rather than be guilty of such pretarieatioti and hypdorilrjr.
&ut the day before fiibnteiice vftcs to be passed upon hiiuu
fae oifleied the fMlowihg MbmiBSiim, dirawn u]^ by biSoMf^
dated February 19, 1591 :
<< Concerning the book wherecrf* I itas by due touUM of
^ bw convicted, by refenrinff itay^df to th^ trial of Hie laW^
<< and that by the verdict cftiireife tneh, I am found to b6
^ the author of it, for "HfUch cause an MiMt Subihtesiuta ik
^ teorthtty required aivd offidred of iwe. Although I ^MiHOl
^< disavow the muse and sufostttuce ^tiA d(MsiHiV^ debMSd
*^ in it, which I must needs aicknoWledge td be hoiy^ and fM
^ far as I can conceive of it) agreeable tb the w^rd of God;
^^ yeft I confess, the manner m Writing it is ^neh, in some
^^ paits, as may worthHy be bhmed, atkd might piioVt)ke hdt
<< majesty's indignation. Wherefore the triid df th^ hm
<< imputing to me all such defaults as are in that book^ Mil
*< laying the punishment of the same fai m6st grievous
<< manner upon me ; as mv mofit humble sikit to her inosl
^^ excellent majesty is, that hier mercy and gracious pardon
<^ may fVee me flrom the guUt and offence, which the said
"^^ trial of the law hath cast upon me, and l^irther, of h^r
" great clemency, to restore me to the comfort of my life
^< and liberty ; so do I promise, in aH humble submission to
^^ God and her majesty, to caity myself in .tiie whole
<^ course of my liife, in such humble and dutiful dbedience.
<< as shaU befit a minister of the gospel and a dutiful
<< subject, fervently and continually praying for the good
*< preservation of her highnesses pretjeus life and happy
" government, to the honour of Go^, and comfort oi^hcr
^ loyal and dutiful subjects."*
Previous to this, Mr. Udal had often, and with great
teamestness, petitioned his judges for their mediation with the
quwn.f In his letter to Puckering, dated November 11,
1590, he thus expressed himself: — " I resolved to call to
your r(*mrml)rancc my hard estate, which I pray you to
accept as proc<*edin£i: from him who wishdh as well to you
as to his own soul. I nei*d not oiler to yonr lordship's con«
sideration of Ihe miserable state I nm in, being deprived of
that living Inr which myself, my wife and children, should
be sonpnirlofl ; and s|)en(ling the little substance which
God has given me, in this tedious state of imprisonment;
• Htr>|»c*H Aiiniiltf, vol. iv. p. n.— State Tryalty vol. i. p. 152—165.
f linker*! MH. CvUec. vol. sv. p. 10—62.
USAL. 1^
and duM expofiifig hoik ne and them to \mgg^ and
misery^ I praj you eall to miod, by whal; cdnnie tiiii
miseij WII8 brought upon me ; and if you fisd, by dai^
consideration, that I am worthy to leceive the pnnfaiiHBiirt
from the (sfinteace of upr^ht jiuBtice, I pray yoa ha^en Ac
execution of the same : tor it were faei^, in Ais case, tor
me to die tha^ to Uye. ' But if it a{^)€ar to your con«
jdufncas, as I h<^ it will) tfaot ao jualioe against her
majesty can possibly be in me, seeing I pray daily tor
her maiesty^A piosperky and happiness, bpU| in soul and
body, th^ { do humbly and aaartil^ desire you to be «
means that I may be released. In doing this, I shall net
enly forget thi^ haid opinion copceiv^ of your couises
agauut me, but also pray heaitily unto God to bury the aasM^
arith the .sest of your sins, in the grave of his scm, Jasua
Christ." Mr. Udal wrote several other lettors, eiq>iassed
in most humble and dut^l languageJ» Ait iall these ap-
plications were to no purpose. The court would do BotUog
iiU he signed their sidinussion ; which, being directly coBr
Ijrary to the /Convictions of his conscience, heuttoily refused.
AX the dose of 4he Lent assizes, Mr. Udal, being called
ixk the bar, wilh die rest of the &ilQnB, and adLed what he
haA to say, why judgment ishould not be given against
bim, according to tiie veidiot, ddiveied ft p^per to the
/c»ui4,jC0iisisti^.ef certain reasons; the priocipai of wfaicj^
oreoe the toUowing :
1. '' Because ti^ juryweredixeeted only to find the/od^
viHbeMier I was the author of the book; aad were expressly
^Q<^9^ by ypur lordafaip from inquuing. into the uAtM^
.wkhout a^ich there is no felimy.
2. ^< Ttie men on the jury were not left to their awn
consciences, but were wrought upon, partly by |iroffMret>
assurii^ them it should be no further danger to me, bot
4end to my good ; and partly by /ear, as appears fixim the
^ief some of them have manifestal ever since.
3. ^ The statute, in the true meaning of it, is thought not
to reach my case, th^e being nothing ^spoken in the book
^^oncerning her majesty's person, but in duly and honour;
1 'beseedi you, therefore, to consider, "vi^iether drawing it bom
dier royail person to the bid^c^, as being part fii her body
•politic, be nota violentdepraving and wiiestmgof the statute.
4. -^^ But if the statute be tal(:en as it is urged, the felonjr
jnust consist in the wusdidkms intent,' wherein i appeal finrt
• Sliype^s AmuOiy voL if « p. S|8-^a0.
so LIVES OF TUB PURITANS.
Ui G^nI, and tlicn to nil men who have knrmn the eoune
of my life, and to your lordnhipft* own coniiciencesy wfaelbi:r
you can find me guilty of any act, in all my life, that
•avoured of any malice or maiicioiM intent against her
nutj^y* And if your comiciefirefi clear me before God^ I
faofie you will not procured to judgment,
b. ^' By the lawn ot God, and, I tni*t aliifi, by the lawa of
the land, the witneMes ought to have been produced in open
court lx;fore me ; but they were not, nor any thing else,
only certain papers and reports of defiositions* This kind
of evidence is not allowed in the case of lands, and, there-
fore, it ought much less to Ih; allowevi in the case of life.
6* " None of the di;prwitions directly prove me to be the
author of the Imok in qui?stion; and the principal witiMM
is wo grieved for what he has done, that he is ashamed to
come where he is known.
7* ^< Supposing I were the author of the book, let it be
lememberra that the said book, for substance, contains
notliing but what is taught and believed by the best
reformed churches in Europe ; so that in condemning me,
you comlemn all such nations and churches as hold tlie
same doctrine. If the punishment be for the manner dl
writing) this may be thought by some worthy of an
admoniiion^ otfme^ ox $ome nhart impriMonment ; but drMh
for an error ofsuch a kind, cannot but be extreme cruelty,
against one who has emhMvoured to shew himself a dutiful
subject, and a faithful minister of the g<ispel.
" If all this prevail not," says Mr. IJdal, " y<4 my
Redeemer liveth, to whom I commcmd myficlf, and say, as
Jeremiah once said, in a case not much unlike mine,
^ Behold, I am in your hands to do with me whatsoever
seemeth good unto you ; but know you this, that if you )mt
me to death, vou shall bring innocent blrxxl upon your
own heads, and upon the land.* K% the blofxl oi Abel^ so
tlie blood of Udal^ will cry to Gwl with a loud voice, and
the righteous Judge of the land will require it at the luwds
of all who shall be found guilty of it."*
All that lie could sa^ proved unavailalile. His reasons
were rejected ; and his judges remained inflexible^ unless
lie would sign the recantation drawn np ton Um ; wmeb bis
conscience not suflfcring him to do^ MBfOMB of dartb was
passeil upon him Febniarjr SOtiii wad wamwHtm wnmAy • J
awarded. WhenbereoeiviMl'llii^ ■
UDAL. 21
be was hot in the least dismayed, bui with great serioosnessy^
said, "God's will be done."« The next morning, the
judges, by direction from court, ^ve private orders to put
off his excy^ution, until her majesty's pleasure was further
known. All this was done by the particular appointment
of Whitgift. " For Dr. Bancroft, by his order, wrote to
Puckering, signifying, that, if Udal's submission did not
satisfy him, it was the archbishop's pleasure that he should
proceed to judgment, and command his execution ; but
afterwards defer the same, till her majesty's pleasure be
consulted. "f In the mean tune, the Dean of St. Paul's and
Dr. Andrews were sent to persuade him to sign the recan-
tation ; which he still peremptorily refused. And, l)ecause
the queen had been misinformed of his opinions, Mr. Udal,
by the motion of Sir Walter Rawleigh, who highly
esteemed him, sent her majesty a short confession of hit
faith, as follows :
"I believe, and have often preached," says he, "that
the church of England is a part oiibe true visible church,
the word and sacraments being truly dispensed ; for which
reason, I have communicateid with it several years at;
Kingston, and a year at Newcastle-upon-Tyne; and do
still desire to be a preacher in the same church. There*
fore, I utterly renounce the schism and separation of the
Brownists. — I do allow the articles of idigion, as far as
they contain the doctrine of faith and sacraments, according
to law. — I believe the queen's majesty hath, and ought to ^
have, supreme authority over all persons, in all causes
ecclesiastical and civil. Ahd if the prince command any
thing contrary to the word of God, it is not lawful for sub-
jects to rebdl or resist, but, with patience and humility, to
bear the punishment laid upon them. — ^I believe the church,
rightly reformed, ought to be governed by ministers, assisted
by ddersy a& in the foreign reformed churches. — I believe
the censures of the church ought merely to concern the
soul, and may not impeach any subject, much less any
prince^ in liberty of body, goods, dominion, or any earthly
privile^: nor do I believe that k christian prince ought
otharwise to be subject to church censures, than our
gracious queen professes herself to be by the preaching of
• State Tryals, toI. i. p. 157.
t Baker*s MS. Collec. yo\. it. p. 105.— Notwithstanding these barba-
rous proceed in|^, Whitgift is styled a pioos and a prudent prelate, and a
■lan not given to boisterous things, bat one just and fair io all bis ways.—-
fTharton'i Troubles ofX^tudy vol. i. p. 80.
n LIVES OF THE PURITANS.
2e word and the adroiii&tlratioii df the Rac'ranients. My
Nrire ifl) that her majeity mAy be truly informed of every
thing 1 hold) that I may obtain her gracious farouri
without which, I do not wish to live/'*
This declaration of his <liith, Mr. Udal e^nt to Sif
IValter Rawleigh, requesting him to present it to her
mai^ty. In the letter enclosing this declaration, dated
February 32, 1591, I^e earnestly solicits this honouraUe
person to be a means with the ^ueen in procuring his
pardon, or changing his sentence into banishment, that the
knd might not be charged with his blood. In this letter
he says, <^ I beseech you to be a means of appeasing h^
m^esty's indignation, conceived against me from false
accusation. I^r'God is my witness, that no earthly thing
wHs ever so dear to me, as to nonour her majesty, and to draw
her subjects id do the same : and of the truth of this, I tmft^
my very adversaries will be witnesses when I am dead.'*f
Kinj^ James of Scotland wtote, also, to the queen, in
Ij^haU of Mr. Udal, nioit eamestlv requesting, that, f6r tibe
sake of his intercemon, the good man mignt be spared^
promising the same fatour to her maiosty in any matter shd
might recommend to fail attention. This letter, dated Jont
10, 1591, is still pre8erved.t The Turkey merchants,
about the same time^ offered to send him as chaplain to oM
of their fiietories abroad, if he might have bis life and
liberty ; to which Mr. Udal consentra, as appears from fais
letter to the lord treasurer. He says, '' My case is lamentable,
having now been above three years in durance, which
niakds me humbty desire your lordship's favour, that I maj
be released lirbm my imprisonment, tne Turkey merchalili
kaving my consent io so llito Syria or Guinea, tikene to
ranain two years with their factories, if my liberty can ba
obtained.^' The archbishop, it is said, yieklecl to tliis
petition ; the keeper promised io furtlier it ; and the £ail
of Essex had a draught of his pardon ready prefwed, with
this condition, that he should never return without llm
queen's license. But her ntajest^ never signed it ; and the
Turkey ships departing without him,poor unhappy Udal died
a few months alter, in the Marshals^ quite heart-broken
with sorrow and grief, towards the close of the year 1592;^
Fuller denominates Mr. Udal a learned man, Uameless in
« Strype*! WhKsift, p. 875, STS.^Baker*! M8. CoUee. Tol. xt. p. 54^
+ Srrype*! Whltgift, p. S7S.
± Poller*! Church HUt. b. fx. u. 90S, 204.
S 8trype»f Whltgia, p. S77.
biB lifib^ poweiful \fk pniy^y w4 M 1^ profitable Ihmi
pawful in preadiing.t This is ceitfiisJy a very hi^
cbaraQter from a jie^ilpiis cQpfomust ; w4 vhat a pity it vas.
tbat so excellent; a aqinLiter of CJirist should meet witk
such cruel treailtaieot I Ui^ rysmains were decef^lly interred
in the church-yard pf 8t. George's in SoDthwark, near to
the grave of the faiinouih Bishop Bonner. |Iis funeral was
attended by greajt nipibers of the Jj^ndon ministers, whok
baring yisited hiniL jn prison, ih>w wept over the mortal
remains of tfiat man, wbose faith and patience were long
and severely tried, and whp died fat uie testimony of a
gOio<} conscience^ and stands as a monument of the oppres-
sion and cruelty pf tt^ goyerproent puder which he surared.
Upon King Jamie^'s accesi^ion ip the cjrown of England,
it is said, the first person be iliquired after when he came
itttp this Qduntry, was Mr. Uda}; and when be found that
be was dead, be Xf^e^^ ^^ 9y py «^pl then the greatei^
scholar m Eufope is 4^."f
His WoaKs.— I. The Key of die Holy Toasue, witfei a sl^Mjt
pictionary, and a l^axis on certain Psalms, 1508. — ^2. A Commentiuj
on the Lamentations of Jeremiah. — 3. Various Sermons. — 4. llie
State of the Cfiurch of England laid open in a Conference between
Diotrephes a Bishop, TertuUus a Papist, Demetrius an Usurer,
Pandoch|i8. ai^ {[fin-keeper^ and Paul a Preacher of fhi^ Word of
God.}
John Greenwood was a laost distinguished puritan^
^A a ^reat sufferer for nonconformity. The earliest
Recount pf him we meet witti, is, tbat be was for
soHije tin^ chaplaii^ to Lord Rich; but afterwarda
tenoi^Qed his episcppal orders, and became a rigid
firownist. 1%^ congregation of Brownists about London^
becpqiillg pretty numerous, formed themselves into a
cbjurch, A^.\Greenwood be^ chosen doctor or tcache^r^
^d Mr. Francis Johtison pastor, by the sufferage of th^
Jb^tberhoG^.^ Tbis, according to our historians, appeals
to haye been about the year Ip^, or 1593 ; though it was
piobably ^ few yeai^ earlier.|
ypon M^« (jFreenwoodV espousing the opinions of Iba
• • • •
« FQller'8 Church |IisC. b. is. p. 288, 8S3.
f Biog. toritao. toI. tii. p. ixMd. iBdit. 1747.
^ The first of these articles, Mr. U^al wrote inprison, and he is oalj
ntppoMil to be the anther of the Iait-^Parf« of a FhgUktr^ p. SS3,
iFor a circomstantial accooojt of this, see Art. Francii JobUMio.
Stryjpe*! Anaals, toI. iii. p.' 194; i?, p. 176,
24 LIVES OF THE PURITANS.
Brownists, he became intimatelj acquainted with Mir.
Henry Barrow, a lawyer, and a zealous Brownist. Their
history is so closely interwoven, that we shall consider them
in connexion. They were very contracted in their principles,
and fellow-sufferers in the same cause : yet, with the allow-
ance of some mistaken notions, they were eminently good
men, and very zealous christians. In November, 1586,
having been some time confined in prison, they were
brought before the high conunission, for holding and pro-
pagating schisroatical and seditious opinions, as they are
c^alied ; the most remarkable of which were the following:
— *' That the church of England is no true church. — That
its worship is downright idolatry. — That the church admits
unsanctified persons to her communion. — That the con-,
formable ministers have no lawful calling. — That the
government of the church is ungodly. — That no bishop, or
Treacher in the church, preacheth sincerely and truly. —
]hat the people of every parish ought to choose their own
bishop.— That every elder, though he be no doctor or
pastor, is a bishop. — That all the precise, (meaning those
puritans who were not Brownists,) who refuse the ceremonies
of the church, strain out a gnat, and swallow a camel, and
are hypocrites. — -That all who make or expound any
printed or written catechisms, are idle shepherds. — That the
children of ungodly parents ought not to be baptized.—
And that to use set forms of prayer is blasphemous."* As
we have this catalogue of schismatical and seditious opinions,
from those who would not be at all disposed to favour them,
we conclude that those positions, with their endeavouring to
Eropagate them, were the worst crimes with which they could
e charged. Some of their sentiments were, undoubtedly,
very erroneous and uncharitable ; but others were true and
important, shewing their views of religious liberty.
When Mr. Greenwood and Mr. Barrow appeared before
the high commission, they underwent very close examina- •
tions ; and it was from these examinations their dangerous
doctrines were collected. The examination of Mr. Barrow,
now before me^ is an article so little known, yet so curious,
that I have given it, though at considerable length, in the
following note.f It appears that Mr. Ghreienwood was
• Heylin*t Hist, of Pret. p. 3^, 323.— CoHier't Eccl. Hist. toI. ii. p.
f November 19* 1686, Mr. Barrow appeared at Lambeth, befbi^
Archbialiop Whitgift, bit arcbdeacoa, and Dr. Cotiu. Oo that day,'
beiDf the Lord's dajr* be went to TMt Bfr» Greenwood, and . the other
bretiren, imprisoned in the Clink } wiure he had no sooner arrtred than
GREENWOOD. 2S
imprisoned before Mr. Barrow ; and that, in the numth of
November, 1586, he was confined in the Clink. How long
he had been in a state of imprisonment, previouiB to that
period, it is now difficult to ascertain. We are toU^
Mr. Shepherd, the keeper, locked him up in the priton, tayioj^ he bai
orders from the archbishop so to do. When Mr. Barrow demanded
a sight of bis warrant, be said be should detain him; and if he were
wronged,- he might bring an action against him. Upon this, the keeper
Immediately went to the archbishop at Lambeth, and presently returned^
with two pursuivants. Mr. Barrow was then put into a boat, and carried !•
Lambeth. On their way, Watson, one of the pursuivants, polled oat «
paper from the high commission court at Lambeth, signifying to Mr.
Barrow, that he had a long time sought him. " I told him," says Mr.
Barrow, ** his pains deserved thanks neither of God nor me. I refused
his letter, and would not read it, being under the arrest of the keeper of
the Clink, who then sat by me." Upon their arrival at the archbishop's
palace, after Watson had informed his master of what had passed in the
boat, Mr. Barrow was brought into his presence, when the followiuf
conference took place.
Archbishop. Is your name Barrow ?
Barrow. Yes.
A. It is told me, that you refuse to receive or obey oor letter. Know
yoii what you do ? It is from the high commissioners, and this man It a
parirohrant.
B« I refused to receive or obey that letter, at that time.
A. Why so?
B. Because I was under arrest, and imprisoned without warrant, and
against law ; it was, therefore, too late to bring the letter.
A. Why, may not a counsellor commit to prison by his bare commandment?
B. That is not the question, what a counsellor may do ; but whether
thb man (pointing to the keeper of the Clink) may do it, without warraat,
by the law of the land.
A. Know you the law of the land ?
B. Very little. Yet I was of Gray Vinn, some years. (Here Whitgifl
msd the two Doctors derided his unskilfulness in the law, when Mr.
Barrow said,) Let this pass. I look for little help, by law, against you. I
prey you, why have you imprisoned me, and sent for me in this manner I
A. That shall yon know upon your oath. Will you swear ?
B. I hold it lawful to swear, if it be done with due order and circnm*
ttances,
A. Reach a book, and hold it him.
B. What shall I do with it ?
A. Lay your hand upon it, man.
B. For what purpose ?
A. To swear.
B. I use to swear by no books.
A. Yon shall not swear by the book, bot by God only*
* B. So I purpose, when I swear.
Cosins. Did you never take an oath at the assize, before the jodges ?
B. No.
C. Would yon there refuse to lay yonr hand on a book, and swear ?
B. Yes.
C. Then yonr testimony would not be taken.
A. Why, man, the book is no part of the oath : it is but a ceremony.
B. A needless and wicked ceremony.
A. Mrhy, know yoa what yoo lay ) Kaow you what book it is ? It ^
fha Bible.
/
» LIVES aP tm FUWTANS.
tmkod, tb«( purmiffanto eotoml, 4^ n tot0 homr ^ tbn
mgf^ Hito an honest cUizen'ft lioose^ in liU^gate-biU $ aii^
karing wed tlieir ow» p}c»6ure^ in se^rcbing all pl^cos,
B. I will swear hy p« SiMe.
, C. fichieomlin »re Always claiq#fomr» It If |( pfrpcln^ not* to know
tlwQ by.
A. Dr. CosiiM saitb true. Soe^ were ^be Pooalistf of old. Ap4 soch
•rt tboa, aed ail other sphismatics, fpcb pi Iboip ^rt.
' B. fifty yoar f^leasare^ God ii^gjvf yotp, I am nekber scbifin^lic, ifor
flaatoroat. I opljr amwer yoyr de^i^nd^. |f you wH), | wiU be •ileot.
A. Well, will y<Ni lay your band upon tbe Bil^le, and lake aa oath ?
B. I we t4j»m no creaturet to tbe name of God, in afi o^atb*
A. Neithef »ball yoa. Tbif ic only a avHom .cofnoiavded by law.
B. The law ooght not to cooinand a wicked custom.
A* Why, Is it not lawful to lay yoiw hand on a book ?
B. Yes, bat not in aa oath.
A. Will yon lay yoqr baii4 in my hand iu>4 fWf ar ?
B. No.
A. Will you lay your hand on the table and swear*
* B. No.
A. Will yoB bold «p yovr ban^ tawacds be«Ten aad sweiu* ?
; B. That Is not amisf . Bnl I will as^ my liberty.
A. Why, you hold it lawful to lay your hand on the table and fWiear.
B. Yes, if It be mH commanded ^ad m^de neeessary.
A. Why, the book is the same. It is no part of the oath,l>l^^ thjog
MiffieDent.
B. If it be not •/ ih§ 9gih^ why do 3'on so penemptprily enjoiji^ it I
And if it be iniiffwenty afi you «fiy it is, then I do well la not using }U
\ A. N«y, you do not well in refusiiog it. For therein y^n pbew youraelf
disobedient to tbe bigber powers, set over yoa by God.
B« You have even now said it is a thing indifferei^. If it be, there ^ U9
power that can bring my liberty into bondage.
A. Where find you that i
B. la i Corinthians. — Here a Tealament was given Him, but the ftrch-
bishop and the others so interrupted bim> tbat he could f^t fi^d ^e pj^ice.
A. Your divinity is^ke your law.
B. The word of God is not tbe worse for my 111 mempi^.
A. You speak not as yoa think, for yon are pr^ad.
B. I have small cause to be proud of my memory : yoa see the fynU ^f
it. But the apostle saith it. And you ha^e no cause to condemn my
memory, seeing you have all utterly forgotten llUs saying, ** All things jipre
lawful for me, but I will not be brought under the power of any.''
A. I would like it well, if you cited your place in Greek or Latin.
B. Why, you understand English. Is not tbe word of Qod l|i Eagl||ll> ?
A. Were yon of Cambridge F
B* Yes, I knew yon there.
A. Have you read Calvin, Beza, and othen ?
B. I have fead more tban enough.. Y^ X knQW not why f |mi
Imprisoned.
A. it is reported, that you come not to chnrcb, are di«>pbediciiitto |ier
majesty, and say there is no true church in England. What^iiy jv^i
have you no| at any time said this ?
B. These are reports. When you ba^e ^produced your testimony, I
will answer.
A. But I will belter belioTC 90a apoD your XMMbi than .<;i9ther|i . JB^w
ttiy you ? will you answer ? ,
- : GlUINWOOa flr
Iritiiovt warrant, Mr. Oiecnwood and Mr. Fnnds Johnsoi^
whom they earned, between one and two o^clock at nigiii^
to Ae Compter fai Wood-atreet. Mr. Edward Boys, tk*
•wn^r of the houses lemained a prisoner till the msMt day |
B. I will know what I swear to, before I swear.
A. Swear irst; aod theo, if any thins vnlawAillybedeHiaad^, yo«
•hall not answer.
B. I have oot learned so to swear. I will first know aod coaiSder of
the matter, before i take m oath. — Here the archhitbop comnuuided Dr*
Cosins to record, " That Mr. Barrow refused to swear upon a book.'*'
B. Tes, and set down that I will not answer that at roadooi ; bat I wiU
first know and consider of the things I swear to, whether they repairs aa
oath.
A. Well, when were yoa at charch ?
B. That is aotMog to yoa.
A. You area schismatic, a recosant, and a seditions person.
B. Say what you will of me, I freely forgive yasi.
A. I care not for your forgiveness.
B. But if yon ofiend me, you ought to seek it, whikt you are ia th«
way with me.
A. When were yon at church ?
B. I have answered that already : it beloogeth not to yon.
A. Are you in(Ke(ed ?
B. lam.
A. It belongeth to us, and I wiH not ooly meddle wHb you, but arraiga
you before lae as an Mretit,
B. Toa shall do ao more than God will. Err I a»y i but an heretic I
m\H never be.
A. Will yoa hereafter eocne to church ?
B. Future things are in the Lord's hands. If I do not, you kav« a law«
A. Have you spoken this of the church of England ?
B. When you have produced your witaess, I will answer.
A. Upon year -oath, I wiH Wlieve yoa.
B. But I will not accuse myself.
A. You are lawless.
B. I had •rather yon produced your witness.
A. What occupation are yau of?
B. I am a Gbrlstiau.
A. So are we all.
B. I deny that.
A. Are you a minister ?
B. No.
' A. Are you a icbeolm»ter ?
e. No.
A. Then what trade are yea f
B. In your letter, you know my trade In the snbscriptiott.
A. You are then « -gentleman.
B. After the manner of our oomitry, a jsentleumB.
A. Do you serve any taan?
B. No, I am God's freeman.
A. Have you any lands ?
B. No, nor fees.
A> How do you live?
B. By God's goodness, and my fl'iend's.
- ^ Where dwelleth be, in Norfolk I
■ B. liPfes.
Il; Wierc awm 70a, la Iiofldofi }
n LIVES OF THE PURITANS.
wben, by ihe archbishop and others, they were commiited
close prisoners, two of them to the Clink, and one to the
Fleet. It does not appear, however, whether this was Mr^
Greenwood's first or second imprisonment. In the year
B. No.
^ A, Can yoa find snfficient'secority for yonr good bebaTioir ?
6. Yes, as safficient as yoa can take.
A, You cannot have tbe qaeen.
B. Neither can yoa take her : she is tbe judge of the law. Yet, for my
good beba? ioor, I sappose, I could get ber word.
A. Doth she then know you i
fi, I know her.
A. Else, were it a pity of your life.
B. Not so.
A. Can yoH have any of those who came with yoa, to be bound for yoa ?
B. I think I can.
A. Do yoa know them ?
B. iknow one of them.
A. What is he ?
B. A gentleman of Gray Vinn. '
A. What do you call him ?
B. Lacy.
A. Do you know what bond you are to enter into ? Yoa are to be
boond to frequent our cbarcbes .
B. I understood yon of my good behaviour.
A. That is contained in it, and you had forfeited your bond at firrt.
B. Now that I know your mind, I will enter into no soch bond.
A. Will you enter your bond to appear at our court on Tuesday next;
and so on Thursday, if you be not called ; and be boand not to depart,
until yoa be dismissed by order of our court ?
B. No.
A. Then I will send yoa to prison.
B. You shall not touch one hair of my head, withoot the will of my
beavenly Father*
A. Nay, 1 will do this to rectify yon.
B. Consider what you do. You shall one day answer for it.
A. You will not swear, nor enter a bond for your appearance.
B. 1 will put in bond for my bail in the prison, and for my trne
imprisonment.
A. Nay, that will not serve tbe tarn. Mr. Doctor, enter these things.
J will send some to confer with you.
B. That were more requisite before my imprisonment.
Mr. Barrow was then delivered to the pursuivant, who immediately
carried him to the Gatehouse, where be remained for some time, aoi
knowing tbe cause of his imprisonment. November STth, be appeared a
second time, before the high commission at Lambeth ; upon which, the arch-
bishop, with a black and an angry countenance, beholding him, inquired
whether he would thep swear, which introduced the following conference:
B. I would not refuse to swear on a proper occasion.
A. Will you now swear?
B. I must first know to what.
A. So you shall afterwards.
B. I will not swear unless 1 know before.
A. Well, I will thus far satisfy your humour.
Here the archbishop pulled out a paper, containing many things coo*
fosedly pot together, according to the malicious liomoar of his- actus^r :<
As, '^That he denied God to have a tr«e cbttrcfc in £P|l9»d.-TTbat4bc
GREENWOOD. M
1592, Mr. Greenwood and his companion IVir. Barrow, had
been confined at least four or five years in chse prison,
with miserable usa^e.*
Mr. Greenwoo(^ /as well as Mr. Barrow, underwent a
worship of the established charch is idolatry. — That the mialifry li
Idolatrevs and aotiGhristiaD.— That the archbishop, and all the bithopt im
the land, are antichrists. — That all the ministers in the land are thieret^
murderers, hirelings, and hypocrites. — That Mr. Wigginton and Mr«
Cajtwright strain oat a. gnat and swallow a cand. — ^TImU he condemnetJl
aU writers, as Calvin, Beza, &c and saith, that all catechisms are idolatroni,
and not to be used.'!
. Bishop of London. How say yoa, Mr. Dean of Paors, here is for yoi.
Yoti have written a catechism.
. A. This fellow deals indifferently, and makes ns all alike. Thus far I
)iave satisfied you. .Now. yon know what yoir shall swear to. How say
you ? will you now swear?
Bp. My lord's grace doth shew this favour to many.
A. Fetch a book.
B. It is needless.
A. Why, will you not swear now ?
B. An oath is a matter of great importance, and requireth great eon-
sideration. But I will answer you truly. Mnch of the matter in thi«
bill is true. But the form is false.
A. Go to, sirrah, answer directly. Will yon swear? Reach him a
book...
B. There Is more cause to swear mine accuser. I will not swear.
A. Where is his keeper ? Yon shall not prattle here. Away with hlau
Clap him up c/05«, close : let no nmn come to him. 1 will make him tall
another, tale, ere I have done with him.
i Mr. Barrow was then immediately carried again to prisoa, where be re-
maiaed in close confinement till March 24th follow ing ; when he was brougltt
before the two Lord Chief Justices, the Lord Chief Baron, the Archbithop
pf C^terbnry, and the Bishops of London and Winchester, and many
others. Upon his appearance, he was commanded to lay his hand apoa
the Bible, which led to the following conversation:
B. For what end must I do this ?
.A. To swear.
B. I have not learned to swear by any creatures.
A. This is the word of God, the Bible.
B. The book is not the eternal God himself, by whom only I mwt iwear,
aifd not by any books or bibles.
A. So you shall swear by God.
B. To what purpose then is the book urged ? I may swear by nothiof
lieiides him, and by nothing with him.
, Bbhop of Winchester. How prove you that ?
B. It is so commanded in the book of the law, Deut. vi. 10., and to
expounded by several of the prophets, by Jesus Christ MmMlf, and his
apostles.
A. Well, will you swear that you will answer nothing bat the truth, and
the whole truth, to such interrogatories as we shall denmod of yon I
' B. I wiU know the matter, before I either swear or answer.
A. Set down, that he will not swear.
L. C. Justice. You shall only swear to answer to the truth. If aay
aalawful thing be demanded of yon, you need aot answer.
B. My lordy every truth requireth not an oath. An oath requiretJi
* * • .• 8trypc*t Amals, vol* If . p. 95, 96.
W LIVES OF THK FUUTANS.
eb^e farmnHialiop, He appeared ai London palace, before
the Archbishop of Canteiiiury, the Bishops ot London and
Winchester, the two Lord Chief Justices, the Lord Chief
Ustnmy the Massbsr of the Hoik, and others. Upon his
^rettl itglurd and reverence, sod heiugdtmfped for conSroMitioii, ought t«
ht tM9 ead of all strife. My lord, if I ilioald err, and deliver k apon my
^Bik for tmthy it woold be a doable tin. Aad if I thoold either aot koow^
not remeBiber,or aot deliver the whole tralh, Ishoaid, by tach a rash oath,
Ik lorawora. Bot, by God's grace, I will answer Bothiag Irat the trath.
A. A christiaB aaa's word oag bt to be as true as hie oath. We will
then proceed with yoa withoatyoar oath. What say yoa to this questioaf
It it lawful to say the PaUr-n^tttr publicly » as a prayer ia the charch, or
privately, or not?
B. I kuow not what you mean by your Pater-aoster, unless yoa perad-
veatare mean the form of pvayer which oar 8avioar taagfat his dkdplefl,
coamionly called the Lord's prayer.
A. So I mean.
The following articles of ioqairy were then proposed to Mr. Barrow, to
which he gave the answers annexed.
1. May the Lord's prayer be used in the charch ?
Ia my opioioh it is rather a sammary than aa ea|oiaed form ; and not
fiodiag it ined by the apostles, I think it may aot be constaatly used.
2. May titurgies or forms of prayer l>e wed ia the cbarch ?
Imih^ word of God, I find no authority given to any maa to impose them
apon the charch ; and it is, therefore, high presumption to impose them.
5. IslhcCUHnmoo Piayer idolatrous, saperstitioas, and po|iish f
ia my opiiition, it Is.
4. Are the sacraments of the church of England trve sacraments ?
As they are publicly administered, (hey are not trae sacmmeats.
^. Are >the laws and government of tlie charch of Boglaad aalawfal
aad antiohriglian ^
As the decrees oad caaons of the church are ao naaieroas, I can&ot
jadge of all ^ bat many of them, and the ecdeiiastical courts and govemoM,
■re onlamrfiil and4Miticbristi8a.
6. Are such as have l>eeti baptized in the church -of England rightly
baptized ? or should they be baptized agala ?
They are not baptized according to the institution of Christ; yet they
may not need it again.
7. Is the church of England the true church of Cbrht ?
4As It 1s<iidwFoTnied,4t isnot; yet there are many exceUeot «hri»tiaos
in it.
8. Is the queen supreme governor of the church, and may she make lawr
Jbritl
The queen is supreme governor of -the whole land, and ovor^be ohupch,
|>odies and goods ; but may not make any other laws for the chorah of
Mritft, thati-be Jlatfaileft'in bis word.
^. ti it^lvwlril Ivrtbe prhree to alter the judicial law of M^ses^?
I cannot see it lawful for any one to alter the least part of thstiairi
irWhont il(ili%^li^itry to >the moral km, and opposing the will of God.
10. May:a<prrate person refbrm'the thuroh,«rf the pvinoe negleot<k ? •
No private pemms ni»y i*<$form the state, but >tbey ought 'to ^taio -ftom
all unlawful things commanded by the pi^ince.
4U Oo|fbt<«very paftivalar church of Christ to hanre a presbytery ?
The government df ^the 'dhurch «of Christ iwilongethnot to 'Ibefin^^odlgr,
tMit every panrtioiilar ohorch^ou^ht to-have-en tfldership.
After giving thesa answers, he was sent back to prison, where he waft
Alosaly coollned^ i^ fpiiefbfiqg flawed Jko «e« f|ii«i,4»r«peak to hiai. And
GREENWOOtK M
appearance, ceiiain ktettogAtortes Wel« put to hiitt/ as
follows :
Q. What is your natte ?
G. JohnGreeawoodk
k^Hngh ht ettnmaf rtqticmi a €bfj t>f liii sMweft, Ibe Ikimnr cotldiiol
be obtAkM^di
JoDe f a, 1J6T, Mr. ftrttlMr was ^igftHi fcrM^ op, aftd mterwcnt
kBOther feimniiNrtioa^ httbft Hie AttbaMMl)^, lh« Lord diftttcellor, the
Loud TreMtrer; Lerd BoeMMinft, tWt Bi«liop ef London, lostlce Yonoi;,
Dr. Some, aad others. The Lord Treasurer introdated his eaaiDinstion al
follows :
Trea^arer. Wky mtt yen la prisM, Battow f
B. I am id prisoo, my lord. Upon the atatate nade for Micannts. ■
T. Why will you oot com^ tib cMftthf
B. My whole desire is to come to the church of Ood.
'■ T. Is^dMuaitafiBltfsHealfeilow. Bat^fbynotcometoovtclrarcbes?
B. My hird, the causes are gt«at «iid many : .as, — 1. Because aH tia
wricttd la tfte Mad are retHf«d «ato Hkt coamHrafoa.— 4. Yon bare a Wbt
and an aotichristiaa toiaittry aete^er year chardi. — S, Ton do not wonhlj^
Godarighty bat in an idolatrous and a superstitious manner. — And, 4. Tear
cba^h is sot |;av«raed by the IVstaliKAt df Christ, bat by tlw ftoadsb
courts and canons.
T. florfe «i matter etobagb, indeed. I perceiye tboa takcst ddight to be
an author of this new religion.
Chaiic€41or. I oeter beard sack Htuff la aH ny life.
Loadon. Is the Wolrship «f tlite c^uirh idolatrous ?
B. la tfie Book of CoraaiDa Ptayef, there is little else: as, the saiali'*
days, eves, fosts, idoUfeadts, ftc.
Lond. Sfliy there. Is it aet la^l^l to ke^p m taemorial of the laiBti ia
tbednific^?
«. Not aftM* thte aaan^r. it is idbMtry.
Lond. Baw prove yoe ttet ff
B. By the first commandment.
Load. Why, ttat is, *' Thoa thalt %ave no otber Gods bfefora ae."
What of that ?
B. The words u^, ** Thou shah hstrt no other Oods btjbre my /kss.'*
We are, therefore, forbidden to gi^e aay part of God's worship to aay
creature.
Land." Why, ^neither do we^
B. Yes, you celebrate a day, and sanctify an cr^, alid call tbcn by the
names of saints ; and thus younal^e a fpast,aad devise a worship unto tiiem.
T. Why, may ire not call the day by their names ? Isaot this in our
liberty ?
Bk No, toy lord.
T. How do yoa prove that ?
6. tn the beginning of the Bible, it iiB written, that God biAidf named
all the days, the first, the second, &c.
T. Then we may not call them Sunday, Monday, &c.
B. We are otherwise taught to call them, in the word of 6Sod«
T. Why, thou thyself eallesi Sirnday, the Lord^t dag.
B. And so the Holy Ghost calleth it, in the first of Revelation.
Lond. We baveiiothSng in our saints'-days, l>nt what is taken forth of the
•eriptures.
B. in that, you say true-; for yon find ifo saints'-days in the «criptiu«t.
Lond. We find their histories and deeds in the scriptare.
B. Bm aot theit days aad Csstivals.
Backhant. Ha !»• praiia s^rit.
IC LIVES OF THE PURITANS.
Lay yoBT hand upon the book. You must take aa
oath. '
G. I will swear by the name of God, if there be any
need ; but not by, or upon, any book.
T. He has a hot brain. How do you like the collects, and epwtles and
gospels, for the saints^-days, as they are in the Book of Common Prayer?
B. I dislike all. We ought not so to use prayers and scriptures.
Lond. May we not make commemoration of the saints' lives in the cbarch ?
B. Not after your manner, by giving peculiar days, eves, fasts, feasts,
und worship, unto them. ...
1*. What is there idolatrous in this ?
Bl It is all idolatrous. We ought not so to use the scriptares.
Lond. What not in commemoration of the saints ?
B. A's I have said, not after your manner. ,
T. What evil is there in it ?
B. It is all evil, my lord. For, by thus abusing the scripture, we make it
an idol. Things in themselves good, thus become evil. As, in the mass-
iook, whence this stuff is taken, there are sundry good collects and places
^ scripture, which superstitious abuse renders abominable.
Buck. He is out of his wits.
B. No, my lord^ I speak the words of truth and soberness, as I could
make appear, if I might be suffered.
T. Here we pray, that our lives may be such as theirs were, void of
covetousness.
B. So we ought to do. Tet not to use the scriptures in this manner to
days and times, nor to be so restrained or stinted in our prayers, as to be
tied to this form of words, time, place, manner, kneeling, standing, &c.
BueJt. This fellow delighteth to hear himself talk/ ,
A. He is a sower of errors ; and, therefore, I committed him.
B. Tou, indeed, committed me half a year close prisoner in tht
Gatehouse, and I never uutil now understood the cause, neither do I yet '
know what errors they are. Shew them, therefore, I pray you.
Bucit. He has a presumptuous spirit.
B. My lord, all spirits must be tried and judged by the word of God.
But if I err, my lord, it is meet 1 should be shewn wherein.
Chan. There must be stricter laws made for such fellows.
B. Would to God there were, my lord, our journey would then be tlw
shorter.
T. You complained to us of injustice ; wherein have you received wrong )
B. By being imprisoned, my lord, without due trial.
T. Too said you were condemned upon the statute.
B. Unjustly, my lord. That statute was not made for us.
T. There must be stricter laws made for you.
B. O, my lord I speak more comfortably. We have sorrows enow.
T. Indeed, thou lookest as if thou hadst a troubled conscience.
B. No, my lord, I praise God for it. But it is an awful thing, that the
tword of bur prince should thus be drawn against her faithful subjects.
T. The queen's sword is not yet drawn against Mr. Barrow and hit
fellow-prisoners.
B. We have been long confined in close prison.
T. Have you not had a conference ?
Lond. Several have been with them, whom they mocked.
B. We have mocked no man. Miserable physicians are you all. WTt
desired a public conference, that all might knaw our opinions, and wherein
we err.
A* Tou shall have no such conference, you have published too much
already; and, therefore, I committed you close prisonen.
GREENWOOD* SS
Qi We will examine you then without an oath. Are
jou a minister ?
G. I was one, aooo^dihg to your orders.
Q. Who degraded you ?
B. Bat coBtnury to the law.
T. On such occa8ioQ9 it may be done by law. Have yoa any leatpiog ?
B. The Lord knoweth I am ignorant. I have no l^rning to boast oC»
Bnt this I know, that you are yoid of all true learning and godlincM.
Buck. See the spirit of this man.
A« I have matter to call yoa before me as aa ier^He,
B. That shall yon never do* You know, my former jadfment in that
matter. Err I may ; but heretic, by the grace of God, I will never be.
Buck. That is well "said.
T. Do yon not hold, that it is nnlawfnl to enact a law for piairtert ta
live by tithes, and that the people be required to pay them ?
B. My lord, such laws are abrogated and nnlawful.
T. Thon wouldst have the minister to live upon something. What shoalf
be live of?
B. Wholly of alms, as Christ hath ordained,and as he and his apostlct lived.
T. How if the people will not give ?
B. Such are not the people of God.
T. But what shall the^in^sliers do, in the n^ean time?
B. Not stand as ministers to snch, neither receive the goods of the probne.
T. Where canst thou shew me, from scripture, that ministers ought not
to live by tithes }
B. Heb. yii. 12., Gal. vi. 6. In the one place tithes are abrogated $ ia
the other, another kind of provision is made for ministers- The words of
the former text are these : *' For the priesthood being changed, there is
made of necessity a change also of the law;'* and yoa cannot dei>y, tliat
tithes were a part of that law 2 as Numb, xviii.
T. Wouldst thou have the minister tlien to have all my goods ?
B. No, my lord. But I would have you not withhold yoor goods from
helping him : neither rich nor poor are exempted from this duty.
T. Ministers are not now caUed priests.
B. If they receive tithes, they are priests. They are called priests ia
the law.
Load. What is a presbyter, t pray thee ?
B. An elder.
Lond. What in age only ?
B. No. Timothy was a young man.
Lond. Presbyter is Latin for priest.
B. It is no Latin word; bnt is deriyed from the C^reek, and rignlAeth
the same as the Greek word, which is elder.
Lond. What then dost thon make a priest?
B. One that offereth sacrifices ; for so it is always used in the law.
Chan. Do you not know those two men ? pointing al the bishop aad
archbishop.
B. Yes, my lord, I have cause to know them. <
Chan. Is not this the Bishop of London ?
B. I know him for no bishop, my lord.
Chan. What is he then? ^ ^
B. His name is Aylmer, my lord. The Lord pardon my foalt, that I
iid not lay him open as a wofr, a bloody persecutor, and an apostate.
Chan. What i4 that man, pointing to the arehbishop ?
B. He is a monster ; a miserable compound ; I know not what to maka
•f him. He is neither ecclesiastical nor civil» bat that sccaad baail
ipoken of la BfvelatiODi
YOL. IL B
'« LIVES OF THE PURITANS.
G. I derailed myself, through God's mercy, by xe^^iM*
ance. (IVfeaning when he renounced his episcc^pid otaeif^
and separated from the established church.)
Q. Is it lawful to use the Lord's prayer, publidy otipA'
yately, as a prayer ?
G. It is a doctrine by which to direct all our prayers ;
but, for certain reasons, no man ca» use it as a pubuc or
private prayer.
Q. Is it lawfiil, or not ? I will hear no prattling'.
G. From any thing I can see in scripture, it is not la^wftil.
There is no command to say the very wo^; and Christ
and his apostles prayed in other words, according to their
necessities.
Q. Is it lawful io use any stinted forms of prayer, ih
purUyLc or private ?
G. They are apocrypha, and may not be used in public
assemblies. 'Ithe wordf, and the graces of the spirit of God,
are only to be used there.
Q. Answer directly. Is it lawfid to use thetit publicly
or privately?
Gf. Paul saith, << The spirit also helpeth our infirmities^
for we know not what we should pray for as we ought ; but
the spirit maketh interces$idn for us.
Q. What ssLy you } Answer directly^
G. It does not appear lawful to use stinted jtfayers, in*
vented by men, dther publicly or privately, from any thing
I can see in the scriptures.
Q. What say you then of the Book ef Common Prayer ?
Is it suberstitions, popish, and idolatrous?
G. 1 beseech you, that I may not be urged by your
law. I have long been a close prisoner, and, therefore,
desire you will shew me wherefore I am treated thus, and
not entangle me by your law.
Q. Is it not youf law, as well as ours ? It is the queen's
law. You are a good subject,
G. I am a true.and obedient subject. But I thought we
wa^e reasoning about your p<^ish canons.
T. Where is the place ? Shew it.
Wheu Mr. Barrow tamed to Rev. ziii., with a view to shew the treasurer^
the archbishop arose, aod in anger gnashiof; bis teeth, he said, ''^Will
5oe suffer him, my lords V* Itien by the wardens, Mr. B. was immediataly
pluclced from «ff his Icne^, and carried away. As he departed, he desirea
of the treaserer, that, dnrinf his confinement in prison, he might enjoy the
liberty bf the air, but raeeirea no answer. He was, therefore, carried to
inriiton, and closely confined for several years, and met with the mest cruel
usage."— £ara»tjfia^0n9 p/ Bffrrotr. Greenw«oi{, oni Ftnry^ p. S^^l.
GBJBENWOOD. 96
Q. Is not the CammQii Prayer Book established by the
queen's laws ?
L. C. Justice. Tell us what you think of the Book of
Gommoa .Prayer : you shall have liberty to call back .what
you will.
G. If it were in a free confer^ce^ as we have often
desired, I would do it.
Bishop of Winchester. Have you not used .these words
a year ago, << It is popidi, superstitious, and idolatrous ?"
G. xea^ I think I have. For it was taken out of the
pope's portuis.
Q. Why would yon not answer thus befiyre ?
G. Because I see you go about to bring me within the
compass of your law, by makiog me accuse myself.
' J. Anderson. What do you say of it now ?
G. That there are many errors in it; and the fcrm of it
is disagreeable to the scriptures.
A. Is it contrary to the scriptures ?
G. It must neeas be contrary, if it be disagfeeaUe.
Winch. Do you hold it to be popish, superstitious, and
Idolatrous?
G. I have told you what I think of it I hold it is full
of errors, and the form of it disagreeable to the scriptures.
Q. What say you of nuucriage? Did you not many one
Boman and his wife in the fleet ?
G. No. Neither is marriage any part of the minister's
office.
Q. Who used prayer }
G. I think, that I used prayer, at that time.
Q. Who joined their hands together ?
G. I know no such thing. They publicly acknowledged
their consent before the assembly.
Stanhope. I will make them do penance for it.
G. There are others who have more need to shew open
repentance than they.
Winch. They make such marriages under a hed^. It
hath been an order long received, to marry by a nunister.
G. There were many faithful witnesses of their mutual
consent And if it were not lawful, we have many ancient
lathers, who, by your judgment, did amiss.
Q. What say you of the church of England ? Is it a
true established church of God ?
G. The whole conm&onwealth is not a church.
Ander. But do you know any true ertablished church in
<he land ?
9S LIVES Of TBB PURITANS.
G. If I did, I woold not accuse it imio ymi.
Q. But what say you? is not the whole Ittid, as nofr
ordered, A tmb establmhed church t
Q. No, not as the assemUies geoMdIy are. If it pkasi
you, I will shew you the reasons.
Jus. No, you shall have enough to shew hereafter. It m
not to be stood upon now.
Q. What do you say of the church of England, as itJs
governed by bishqps ? Is it antichristian ?
G. According to the bislKips,and laws it is now govened
by, it is not according to the scriptures.
Winch. Thou hast the scriptures often in thy moutli* Is
it antichristian?
G. Yes, I hold it is contrary to ChristVwofd^ >
Q. What say you then of .the sacraments i Ave iliey«
true sacraments ? •
G. No. They are not rightly administered, aceovding ii
the institution of Christ, nor have they* the pioaiis^ of
graces because you keep not the covenant.
Q. Speakplainly. Are they true sacramarts, or not ?
G. No. For if you have no true church, you can luiv#
no true sacraments.
Q. How say you, are we baptiied ?
G. You have the outward sign, which is washing ; but
no true sacrament.
Q. How can that bel
G. Very well.» *
Q. Is it lawful baptism ?
G. Yes.
Q. Need we then be baptiied again ?
G. No.
Q. 'Should we be baptized at all ?
G. Yes. For if we contemn it, we deny the possesion
of grace.
Q« Do you hold it lawful to baptize children ?
G. I am no anabaptist, I thank God.
Q. How far do you differ from them ?
G. As far as truth is from error.
Q. You have a boy unbaptized. How old .is be ? »
G. A year and a half.
Q. What is his name?
G. Abel,
Q. Who gave him that name i
« Here Mr. Greenwood attempted to aniga reaioiii for wbat Jie laidt bat
wai not laffered to proceed.
- 'omsENWoen. at
G. Myfldf, being fiitber.
Q, miy hadi he not been bttptUBed ?
6. Because I have bei» in priacm, and amnot tell irhert
tp go to a refonooed clHirch^ wbere I iniglit have kim bap-
tized ac^cording to God's ordinance.
Q. Will you go to duiich, to St Bridges?
G. I know of no such church.
Q. Will you go to St. Paul's ?
G. No.
Q. Do you not hold a parish to be the diurch ?
G. If dl tte pec^e ivere faithful, haying God*s law and
ordinances practised among them, I do.
Q. Do you then hold, that the parish doth make it no
4hureha *.
G. No. But the profession which the people make.
• Q. Do you hold that the' diurch ought to be governed
by a presbytery ?
G. Yes, eviery coingr^atioQ of Christ ought to be go-
verned 1^ that presb^ery whieh Christ hath appointed.
Q. What are those officers ?
./G; A pastor, teacher, and dder.
Q. And must the church be goremed by no other
officers ?
G. No, by no others than Christ hath appointed.
Q. May this people and presbytery reform such things as
are amiss, without the prince ?
G. They ou^t to practise God's laws, and correct
vice by fhe censure of tne word.
Q. What if the prince/or&ttf them ?
G. They must, nevertheless, do that which God com-'
§umdeih.
Q. If the prince otttaady may the presbytery ezcom*-
srunicate him ?
, G. The whole church may excommunicate any member
of that church, tf the party continue obstinate in open
transgreteion.
Q. May the prince be excommunicated ?
G. There is no exception of persons ; and I doubt
not that her majesty would be ruled by the word. For it
m not the men^ but the zDord j>f Body that bindeth and
looseth.
Q. May fhe prince then make laws for the government
of the church ?
G. The scripture balh set down sufficient laws for the
aB UYtS OF THE PDEITANS.
wogdiip of God^ and the goreniae&t of the i^uich; se
fbt no man may add nnto it, nor diminish from it.
Q. What MtLj joQ of the prince's snpremacy 2 Is hef
nsKsty suprane hnd of the church, in all causes^ ai'
weu ecdeuastical, as civU ?
G. Sbe is sapreme magistr^ o?er all peiaoni, to punish
the eyil, and d^end the good.
Q. Is she over off emcfef ^
G. No. Christ is the only head of his chnrch; and his
laws may no man alter.
Q. But the pope giyeth this to princes, doth he not ?
G. No, he cloth not. He setteUi himsdf above princo^
and exempteth his priesthood from the magistrate's sword.
Q» What say Vou of the oath of suprranacy i Do you
apmore of it ?
G. If these ecclesiastical orders mean such as are agree-
able to the scriptures, I do. For I deny all foreign power.
Q. It means the order and goyemment, witii aD the laws
in the church, as it is now established.
G. Then 1 will not answer to approve c£ it.*
From the above examination, the reader will clearly se^
that Mr. Greenwood's judges designed to make him accuse
himself. Though he positively refused to take the oalh
ex officio^ they certainly intended to make him an ofiender
by what they could force from his own mouth. Cruel
inquisitors I What would they have thought, if the^ them«
selves had been treated thus, in the Moody days of Qwen
Mary ? Such shocking barbarities will be a stigma upon
the ecclesiastical rulers of this protestant counUy, to the
latest posterity.
At the close of the abovi examination, Mr. Greenwood
was carried back to prison, where he remained a lon^ time
under close confinement. Here he had many companions hs
bondage, as appears from a paper now before m^ aitifle^
^^ The names of sundry faitbfid Christians imprisoned bjr
the Archbishop of Canterbury and the Bishop of London,
for the gospel of our Lord Jesus Christ." In this paper it
is obiervea, that Mr. Greenwood and Mr. Barrow had been
imprisoned thirty weeks in the Clink, for reading a portion
of scripture in a frierid's house on the Lord's day, but
were removed by an habeas carpus to the Fleet, where tbeK
by upon an execution of two hundred and sixty poundb
« EsMBlBstiooi of Bsrrowi Gret nwoo4, ani Penry, p. 88— 8S.
GREENWOOD. S9
ci^iece« Heniy Thompfion and Georee Collier were com«
mitt^ to the Clink by the Bishop of London, for hearing
Mr. Greenwood read a portion of scripture as above ob*
served ; and had remained prisoners nineteen months withoot
bdhg called* to answer. Jerome Sindiey was sent to the
.Compter, by his lordship, for refnsing to answer interroea^
lories, where he remained Sfteen months. Christopher
iloper was committed close prisoner by the Bishop of Lon-
don. fidw^H-d Boys was nineteen months in Bridewell, and
afterwards close prisoner in the Clink. John Chamber was
committed to the same prison, for hearing Mr. Greenwood
read as above, where he died. Roger Jackson was sept
«lose {Hrisoner to Newgate, where he died. George Bright,
for commendinff a faithful christian under persecution, was
committed to Newgate, where he died. Maynard, Roe,
and Barrow, three aged widows, were cast into Newgate,
by the Bisjiop of Lpndon, for hearing Mr« Greenwood reaa
a^rtion of scripture^ and two of them died of die
infection of the prison. Quintin Smyth was committed ta
Newgate, confined in a dungeon, loaded with irons, and his
Bible itaken from him.. John Piurdye was sent to Bridewell
by the Archbishop of Canteibury, where he was confined in
a place called LUile Eascy and beaten with CMdgels, for
xwmng to {^tend the ^emrice of the parish chiUQc]^. There
are many 4>thers who underwent similar barbarous uswe ;•
but these are given as a specimen, shewing the q)irit of the
iiines, and the crael oppressions of the lonilv prelates.
Suiing these inhuman proceedings, the Bishop of London,
and others of the high commission, appointed forty-three
ministers to confer with the same number pf Browni^ con-
fined in the different prisons in and about London; (the
names of whom, as well as the prisoners, are now before
me ;) and delivered unto tbera for their direction, << A Brief
>of the Positions held by the new Sectaries, being twelve in
iraiijber.'' These twelve positions, as charged against them
by their adversaries, are full oi errQniM>i|3. heretical, and
blasphembus opiiMons ; hut they contl^n uttl^ n^pre than
misirepres^tatioi^. Therdbre, to these positions they pub-
lisbea a reply, entitled << A brirf Answer to certain slanderous
sod ungodly Calumniations spread- abroad by the Bishops
imd their Adherents, against mvers faithful and true Chns-
iians,'V 1590. In this piiM^e, they absolutely denied the
|W4 odious chiuges brought against them, and openly
• Baker'i Mj^ Co.qsc. Ypl. ziy. P* 911.
40 LIVES OF THE PURITANS.
deokred what thej believed in all the twdve particuIaTa;
and it appears, my autlior adds^ that they held very few or
none of those false doctrines or positions with which they
were charged.*
Mr. Greenwood and Mr. Barrow united with about sixty
other prisoners^ in laying their case at the feet of the lora
treasurer. This they did by presenting a petition to this
honourable person, called <^ The humble Petition of many
?oor Christians, imprisoned by the Bishops in ^ndiy
'risous in and about London." In this petition, they
earnestly beseech this great statesman, either to grant them
speedy trial, or some christian conference ; or, in the mean
time, that they might be bailed according to law : or, that
he would move their cause before the rest of her majesty's
most honourable privy council. They then state their case
in the following very moving language : — " May it please
<' your lordship to understand, th^ we^ her majesty's loyal^
^< dutiful, and true-hearted subjects, to the number of three-
^^ score pers(His and upwards, have, contrary to all law and
'^ equity, been imprisoned, separated from our trades, wives,
'< children, and families ; yea, shut up close prisoners from
<< all comfort : many of us the space of two years and a
^' half, upon the bishops* sole commandment, in great
^^ penury, and noisome prisons ; many ending their Iives^
<^ never called to trial; some haled forth to the sessions;
^* some put in irons and dungeons ; some in hunger and
<< famine. All of them debarred from any lawful audience
^< before bur honourable governors and magistrates, and
<< from all help and benefit of the laws : daily defiuned and
^^ falsely accused, by published pamphlets, private sng^
^^ ffestions, open preaching, slanders, and accusations of
<^ heresy, sedition, schism, and what not. And above aUy
^ (which most toucheth our salvation,) they keep us from
'^^ all spiritual edification and comfort, by doctrine, maje^
^ or mutual conference'^ This petition, however, did not
succeed according to their wishes.
Boring their long and severe imprisonment, varioos
pamphlets were published against them, whereby tiidr
characters were foully aspersMl, and their sentiments ex*
eeedingly misrepresented. In reply, they published several
pamphlets, in defence of themselves and their opinions^ and
endeavoured to set forth the truth in its proper liffht. Mr,
Greenwood and Mr. Barrow were supposed to be we authoQi
• MS. Chronology vol. ii. p. 4S5. (8) (3.)
f Strypc't Anuals, toI. It. p. 91*M.
GREENWOOD. 41
of ihaie publicatioiiS) in whidi Uiej expressed tlieinsdyet
with (XMisiderable freed<mi against the bishops, and the
established church. Therefore, March 81, 1592, thejr,
together with Mr. Saxio Bcllot, gent., Daniel Studlejr^
Sirdler, and Robert Bowie, fishmonger, were indicted al
le Old BaUey, upon the statute of 23 Eliz. << For writing
and publishin^r sundry seditions books and pamphlets^
lending to the slander of the queen and govemment ;" when,
in filet, they had written and published only against the
diurch. Upon their trial, they behaved with great con-
-itaBcy and resolution, shewing no token of recognition, nor
prarer fi>r mercy. They protested their inviolable loyalty
to Uie queen, and obedience to her goyemment : that they
never wrote, nor so much as ever intended to write, any
thing against her highness, but only against the bishops
and the established church ; which was, indeed, sufficiently
maniiest. The jury, however, savouring too much of tto
spirit of their judges, brought them all in guilty.* Bellot,
with tears, desired a conference, and conferaed with sorrow
what he had done ; and Studley and Bowie being looked
upon as accessaries only, though they continued firm,
dedarinsf their unshaken loyalty to the queen, and refusing
to aisk for mercy, were reprieved, and sent back to prison,
Studley, after four years' imprisonment, was banished from
the country, and Bellot and Bowie, not long after, died in
Newgate.i- In the mean time, Mr. Greenwood and Mr.
fianow were reserved for public examples.t Accordingly,
sentence of death was passed upon them March S3d, wnen
Beva:al divines were appointed to persuade them to recant.
But remaining steadfast, they were carried, on the last of
Harelip in a cart to Tyburn, and for some time e^osed
« 8trype*t Whitgift, p. 414, 415,
-¥ MS. Remarks on Hist. p. 454.
. t Abcknt this time, Mr. Barrow presented a petition to the Attoney-
Q^enX l^rton, in which, after hambly requesting the favour of aa
iapartial conference, in behalf of himself and his brethren then confined
Id prifOD, he thus addressed him: — ** I protest to your worship, in the
*f light of God, at whose judgment I look hourly to stand, that I hold
*^ not aay thing out of singularity, or pride of spirit; but am certainly
** persuaded by the grounds of Gnd*s word, the profession and practice
*' of the reformed churches, and learned men of other countries. I, for
*f my own part, avow unto your worship, that, through God*s grace,
** I will utterly forsake any error I shall be proved to hold, and will
^* hambly submit In all matters .proved by the word of God. — By this
** charitable act, your worship may pot an end to the present controversies,
** reduce all wherein we err; and appease many christian souls. — Signed
'* yoir worship^s humble snppliiUit^ Heicrt Borrow.'*
Sfnopi't Jmmlif vol. It. p. 171.
.-*
4A LIVES OF THE PURITANS.
under the gallows before the people, to see whetheif.tbt
terrors of death would not frighten them. They, neverthcr
^fis, continued firm even in the immediate prospect of deaths
and were brought back to Newgate. April 6, 1593, thej
prere carried to Tyburn a second time, ancl there executed.*
At the place of execution, they eave such testimonies of
iheir unfeigned piety towards (lod, and loyalty to thi^
queen, praying so earnestly for her long and prosperous
Teign, that when Dr. Uainolds, whaattended them, reported
their behaviour to her majesty, she repented of having ccp<t
jented io their death.f The doctor signified to her majesty^
^' that he was persuaded, if they had lived, they would
Iiuve been two as worthy instruments for the church of God,
as any that had been raised up in that age.*' The quedn,
jftfterwards riding by the place of their execution, called to
mind their sufiering death, and, desirous to obtain some
further information concerning them, demanded of the Earl
of Cumberland, who was present at their death, what kind
of end they made. He answered, " A very godly end,
and prayed for your majesty, state, &c." Also, Mr. Hiilips,
a most worthy a;rd famous preacher, having conferred with
Mr. Barrow, gnd beheld his holy preparatioii for death,
said, '' IJari'QW, Barrow, my soul be ^itp thine.''t Apd we
learn from jtoe famous Mr. Hugh Broughton, who liye^ io
jthe$e times, ^' that though Barrow and Greenwood were
condemned for disturbance of the state ; this would have
been pardoned, and their lives spared, if they would have
prcmiised to come to church."^ Thus Uiey suffered for
their nonconformity !
Their trial for offences against the state, when they had
)vritten againi^t the bisliops and the chi^rch qnly, was
undoubtedly the artful pontrivance of Archbishop Whitgift ;
who, by so doing, cast the odium of their death mm
himself upon the ciyil magistrate. Indeed, this chargje is
fiiirly brought against him by one of the sufferers. Ihfr*
Barrow, having suffered confinement in close prison several
years, exposed to all the severities of cold, nakedness, and
famine, at length presented a supplication to the queen,
earnestly desiring to be delivered from their present mise-
ries, though it were by death. The paper was, however,
intercepted by the archbishqp, who ^deavour^ to prevaa^
• Heylin'8 Hist, of Presby. p. 324, 325.
•^ NeaPs Hist, of Puritaps, vol. i. p. 884. Aiti^ Edit.
1 Peirce's VindicatioD, part i. p. 147.
( Broughton*8 Works, vol. ii. p. 731. Sd it 1601.
GIUBENWOOD. 48
II knowledge of their sitiiatioii firmn comiiig to the eals all
the qpeen. Mr. Barrow^ thcfefcHre, exposed his grace's
behaviour, in the following smart language : — ^< The arch*
^bishop/' sajs he, << haying sent so many men to diven
^ prisons, as Bridewell, Newgate^ the two Compters, tho
** white-lion, and the Fleet, now posted these things to the
** dril magistrate. He hath destined brother Greenwood
^ and myself to death, and others to close prison ; their
^ poor wives and children to be cast out of the city, and
^ th^ir ^oods to be confiscated. Is not this," says he, '< a
^ christian bishop ? Are these the virtues of him, who takes
<< npcm himself the caie and government of the churches
^ in the IsQoid, to tear and devour Good's poor sheep, to rend
^ off their ilesh and break their bones, and chop them in
^ ineces as flesh for the cauldron ? Will he thus instruct
^ a|id convince gainsayers ? Surely he will persuade but
^' feipv^ who fear God, to hjs relirion, by this evil dealing.
^^ Does he consult his own credit, or the hosour of his
^ prince, by this tyrannical havock? For our parts, our
'< lives ar^ not dear unto us, so that we may finish our.
^ testimony with joy. We are always ready, through the
^ giraoe of Grod, to be offered up upon the testimony of the
^^ nith that we have made."* When, therefore, their
wlidle case is impartially considered, we think there was
Bot much cause for Mr. Strype to call. these passumate
and angry expressions. These unhappy men undoubtedly
fdl a sacrifice tp the resentment oi an angry prelate; who
hf nevertheless, dienominated << a very worthy man."f
b the mean time, while we condemn the severity with
3Rr]ucli Uiese men were treated, we do not mean to palliate
their errOTs. Their rigid and narrow sentiments concerning
disciplme ; their denying the church of England to be a
true church; their maintaining that her government was
so wholly popish and antichristian as to render all hes
ordinances and sacraments invalid; and their not only
lenouncing OHnmunion with her, but with all other reformed
churphes, excepting such as were according to their own
model, are sufficient proofs how strongly they were tinged
with bigotry. The true grounds of religious freedom
wer^ at this period, so little understood, that it b exceed-
ingly probable, that, if the Browiiists had risen in power,
they would have exercised it in a very unjustifiable manner.
The condemnation ^d execution of Mr. Barrow and
« 8trjpe*f Whitgifl, p. 41 a, 410.
i Gnuiser*8 B\og. UHU f ol. i. p. SOS.
4« UVES OF THE PURITANS.
Graenwood, were ads of flagiant injiuftice and cnidtjyttid
will stand as moniiments of diagnce to the leign ol (j^een
Eliffibetti, as durable as time.*
. Upon this part of oar English Ustory, the jadiclaos
Rapin observes, << That the queen hearkened to the mk^
gestions of the clergy, who represented the pniilaiis at
seditious persons ; who rebelled against tlie laws, and, by
their disobedience, shook the foundations of the gOT^mmeoti
This is not the only time, nor is England the only state,
where disobedience in point of rdigion, has been <xm«
founded with rebellion against the sovneign* There is
scarcely a christian state, where the prevafling sect wiU
suffer- the least division, or the least swervitig from the
established opinions; no, not even in private. Shall I
venture to sa^, it is the clergy chiefly who support this
strange principle oi non-tderation, so little agreeable to
christian charity? The severity of which, from this time,
began to boiexercised upon the nonconformists in Englaand^
produced terrible effects in the following reigns, and occa*
sioned doubles and factions which ranain to this day/ V
Mr. Greenwood published <^ A Briefe Refutation of Mn
George Gifford ;" and << An Answer to George Giffoid^
pretended Defence of Read-Prayers and Devised Liturgies;-*
in the titles of which, he calls himself ^' Christ's poor
afflicted Prisoner in the Fleet, for the Truth of the
Gospel."
William Smyth was bom about the year 1563, and
•dacated, most probably, in the university of Cambridge.
On his entrance upon the sacred function, he was or-
dained by the Bishop of Coventry and lachfidd, and
licensed to preach by the Bishop of Sarum, when bt
became minister at Bradford in Wiltshire. Having oon*
tinued in thb situation for some time, he went to Londflo,
attended the private assemblies of the Brownists* congrega-
tion, and probably became a zealous and active member of
the church ; for which he was cast into prison, where he
lemained a long time. During his confinement, he was
frequently carried before the inqmsitors of the high com*
mission and the star-chamber, and after examination, with
a view to make him confess and accuse himself and his
brethren, he was sent back to prison. On one of these
• Biog. Brilan. vol. ii. p. 021. Edit. 1778.
f Rapin'i Hist, of Eog. vol. U, p, UU
W.SBITTH. U
ooesriotis, April 5, 1598, he was oooTened belbre tbe Deaa
of Westmin^er, Mr. Dale, Mr. Barnes, and Mr. Youngs
wluen be underwent an examinatimi, of which the following
jMurticiilais are preserved : — He said he had been m prisot
ubmA two months, committed by Dr. Stanhope and othen^
on- snqndon of being privy to the matters concerning the
coffin, (lefening, -no doubt, to the cofEji of Mr. lumx
Qijicmi,)- carried to Mr. Young's door« He said also uat
he had been examined first before Mr. Young and Mr.
Tofwnsend; next before the Bishop of Lmdon and others;
andlasfly before the Lord Chief Justice and Judge Anderson^
but never, to his knowledge, was indicted. He ccmfessea
that he had been at an assemUy, in the house of Mr. Lees^
near Smithfield ; but when he was asked whether he be^
longed to that church, of which Mr. Johnson was pastor, he
lefiwd to answer.^ Also, when it was demanded wheAer
he had ever any of Barrow's, Greenwood's, or Penry 's books
in his poGieBsion, he again refused to answer. Heacknow*
ledged that he came up to Londcm to confer with Mr.
JomisoB, Mr. Greenwooa, and others, and that he attended
the assembly in Lees's house, on purpose to hear and see
theiT oiders in church matters. He refused the oath e»
officio; and when he was asked whether he would go to the
parish church, he refused to be bound, but was desirous to
hare 4 omference^* Great numbers of Brownists were
BOW confined in the different prisons in and about London,
many of whose names, and flieir crimes, with their cruel
iisaee, are now before me. , The two principal crimes with
idiich they ware charged by their enemies, were, their
having seen or possessed certain books supposed to hate
ben published by Barrow, Greenwood, or Pehry ; and
their having joined the congregation of Brownists, which,
to avoid me persecution of the bishops, assembled iu
private houses, in the fields, and in woods. For these sig*
nifieant dfenoes, ihey were stigmatized as rebels, and com*
mined to filthy prisons, where many of them died, and
others, after a' miMrable imprisonment cS fourth fi^ yean^
weie banished ftmn the country. Mr, Smyth vras probably
of this number.f
ft
• Baker*! MS. Collec. vol. xt. p. Ill, U«. + Ibid. p. 50— UT.
M LIVES OF THE PURITANS.
Thomas Settle was bom about the year 1555, and moil
probably educated in the naiTemty of Cambridge. He
was ordained by Bishop Freak, after which he became
minister of Bo^toi in SimMk, and a sealoosnoDOonfiMmial;
bat was roughly used by Arohbishra Whitgift. In Maj^
1586, being cited before his ^nuse at Lambeth, the fellowi^
charges were ezhHiited wamst him : — ^^ That he did aot
observe the mrder in the Book of Gommon Prayer. — ^Th«t
he did not use tlue cross, nor admit the promise and rtmim
baptism.^ — ^That he did not marry with the ring, and aay,
5 .With this ring I thee wed.'«— That he frequented oonfoi-
tides. — That he doiied the lawfolness of private bmtim
by women, and the baptism ot ministeri who could 'M
preach. — ^And that he denied that the soul of our Saviour
went into hell, or the regions ot the damned.''
* Upon the exhibiticm of these charges against Mr. Settle^
iie was first examined upon our LcHrd's descent into hell ; when
he confessed it was his opinion, that Christ did not desoend
locally into hell, aikl that Calvin, Besa, and other teamed
men, were of the same opinion. This put the ardibiaium
-into so violent a passion, that he called him ofs, dot^fmif
and added, they are Ban.* Mr. Settle said, <^ Yoo o«^j^
-not to rail at me, being a minister of the gospd.*' ^^ Mliat, -'
replied his lorddiip, << dost thou think it much to be called
ass and dolt ? I have called many of thy belteis ao.'.'
f^ True," observed Mr. Settle ; ^< but the question is^ horn
lawfully you have done that." The loidly archbtabop
ithen said, << Thou shalt preach no more in my pmvince^v
'Mr. Settle answered, << I am called to {Hreadbi the goqpdl,
and I will not cease to preach it" The archbishop, with a
stem countenance, replied, << Neither yoii, nor any one m
England, shall preach without my leave ;" and imuMdisriiidy
commanded him to be carried close prisoner to the Gttb*
bouse. Before his departure, the Dean of Westminstar
asking him whether he had subscribed, Mr. Settle replied,
.^ Yes; I have subscribed, and am ready to subsciibe
again, to the doctrine of faith and sacraments, being as
much as the law requires: but to other rites' and ceremof
Hies, I neither can nor will subscribe.'* << Then," said.tbt
angry archbishop, << thou shalt be subject to the ecclesiastical
* This prelate is commeoded as a wortliy aod pradent govaraor of iOm
charclii and his mild and moderate carriage, it irsaid, was well worthy of
imitation 1 This good man expired in David's Idlness of days, leaving a
name like sweet perfume behind him I Ponfe'i Lifi 0/ fTMigiftj JPn/.-^
Mumsts Mist, of Eng, yoh II p. t6i.
•utWoriiy/' Mr. Settle replied, « I thank God, y(m cart
use no violence only upon my poor body." So Wbitgift
<)Oitmiitted him close prisoner to the Gatehouse, where the
gciod man continued about six yeurs;* till the year 1592|f
whien he was released.
After hi9 deliverance from this cruel bondage, Mr. Settle
becttme a member of the Brownists'. congre^tion, whidk
assembled in private places in and about London. His
troubles^ however, were not ended : bonds and afflictions
were still awaiting him. For, towards the close of the
above year, he was apprehended at a private assembly, held
in 4ke school-house ^ Mr. Gewge Johnson, in Nicholas*
lan^ and oonmiitted to prison. After remaining under
tDonfinemeiit for fifteen weeks, without either examination
or indictment, he was carried before the high commission^
vAfril ^ 159^ when he was required to take tlie oath
^' offiAt^ but he absolutely lefusexL Though he would not
iMseilse either fain^elf or his brethren ; yfA.^ during his
^cttmination, he acknowledged certain things, from which
m^ have collected the following particulars :i— Me confessed
that be had held his opinions, and separated himself irom
Ae' established church, for about a year; but had not
itMoeived the sacrament in the parish church for three years.
He acknowledged that he had opposed the discipline of the
church ftwr seven years; but he refused to say by what
means he had been induced to imbibe these opinions.
Wlieit hef>?as commanded to say whether he possessed, or
had ever read, any of Barrow's, Greenwood's, or Penry't
liookSi he refused to give a direct answer, but said, he
^fould not be his own accuser. Being asked how many he
bad persuaded, and brought over to his opinions, he said;
lie was firmly fixed in what he professed, and was desirous
of bringing over as many others as he was able ; but more
he would not answer.
' He^ mcHtever, confessed, that he was present at the
usaembly in a house in Aldgate, when Robert Stokes was
^excommunicated for his apostacy ; and that he was excom-
mdnicated l^ Mr. Francis Johnson tlie pastor, when the
test of Ae omcers and congregation were present, and con-
^wmted to what was done. He said, also, that he had never
served in any office in the congregation; but had occa-
isionatly taught or prophesied in the assembly. He like^
wisje.confesi^, that he had received the Lord's supper in
• MS. Refiiter, p« 79S, f Stope*i Aoaaliy vol. iv. p. 9(1.
48 LIVES OF THE PURITANS.
their congr^tito, in a house near Smithfield, but he knew
not whose the house was. He, at the same time, refused to
attend the public service of the parish churches ; because^
he thought, they had not a true ministry .••^This was the
rault 01 the inquisition of his spiritual judges; but it does
not appear how long he remained in prison : most probAMy
he was released upon the general banishment of
puritans.
^OHK Penbt, A.M.w.This distinguidied puritaa was
horn in Brecknockshire, in the year 1559, and educated first
at Cambridge, then at St. Albans-hall, Oxford, where he
took his degree of Master of Arts in 1586. <^ When he
first went to Cambridge,^' says Wood, << he was as arrant
m papist as ever came out of Wales, and he would have'
ran a felse gallop over his beads with any man in Enj^andy
and help the priest sometimes to say mass at midnighLV
Admitting he was then much inclined to popery, being only
about eighteen years of a^e, we need not wonder, espe»
cially when it is recollected, that the country whence bi
came was then wholly overspread with popish darkness.
However, as our author intimates, he soon renounced
popery ; and, after taking his degrees, became an esteemed
preacher in both universities, where he was accounted '^ m
tolerable scholar, an edifying preacher^ and a good man;"
This, from so bitter an author, is certainly a very high
character of so rigid a puritan. <^ But," he adds, ^< htwg
full of Welsh blood, and of a hot and restless bend, he
.chained his course, and became a notorious anateptisC^
and in some sort a Brownist, and a most bitter enemy to the
church of England."f He was, undoubtedly, an en^y tfr
the hierarchy, and the persecution of the prelates, wd m
zealous promoter of a further reformation.
Upon Mr. Penry's leaving the university, he settled fiir
some time at Northampton, where he was most probacy
employed in the ministry. About the year 1587, Iw enteied
upon nis suffering in the cause of nonconfonnity, betdff
conveimd before Archbishop Whilgift, Bishc^ Cooper, and
other high commissioners. The charge brought against
him was, that in a book he had published, he hu assertecL
<^ That mere readers, meaning such as could not^ or irouU
not preach, wor^- no ministers. Reading : homilies onl^i or
PENRT. 48
any other boobs/' he said, " was not preaching the word
of God, and so the ordinary means of salvation was
wanting.*' During his examination, the Bishop of London
asking aim what he had to say ngainst nonresidents, he said,
** Ttey aire odious in the sight of God ; because, to the
utmost of their power, they deprive the people of the
ordinary means of salvation, which is the word preached."
When the bishop demanded whether preaching was the onlu
means of salvation, Mr. Penry replied, " It is the only
ordinary means." This he endeavoured to confirm, from
the fdlo^ing portions of scripture : ^^ How shall they heat
without a preacher? — It pleased God, by the foolishness
of preachii^, to save them that beli(!ve. — In whom also ye
toasted, after ye heard the word of truth." Having, for a
considerable time, discussed Mr. Penry's assertion, that the
word is the only ordinary means of salvation, the Bishop
cf Winchester arose, and said, '' I assure you, my lords, it
is an execrable heresy." " An heresy !" replied Mr.
Peoxy, "I th^k God that I ever knew that heresy. It is
such a heresy, as I will, by the grace of God, sooner leave
my life than leave it." The bishop then said, << I tell thee,
it is a heresy ; and thou shalt recant it as a heresy.''
'* Never," replied Mr. Penry, " God willing, so long as I
live. ' Thot^h his lordship ailerwards endeavourra to
defend himseff against what is here ascribed to him, he
seends to have been very unsuccessful.* It also appears, )
that Whil^nft supported his brother of Winchester in his V
assertion, that Penry's opinion was an execrable heresy, -^
and that he should recant it as such ; adding, ^' that such
heathenjsh nntruth is to be pitied rather than answered."t :;
Mn Peary was, therefore, committed to prison ; and, after\
about a month's confinement, was discharged without any^
fiutim proceeding. But presently after his release, they
sent their pnrsiiivants with warrants to apprehend him, and
ccmmiit him to prison. Walton, one or their pursuivants,
went immediately to Northampton ; and upon enteruie Mr.
Peniy's house, ransacked his study, and took away all the
books and papers which he thought proper ; but Mr. Penry
was not to be foand.t
Upon the publication of Martm Mar-Prelate, and other
satincal pamphlets, a special warrant was issued from the
council, in 1590, under several hands, of which Whit<]rift*s
was one, to seise and apprehend Mr. Penry, as an enemy to
• Strrpe*! AdosIi, toI. Hi. p. 57S, 674. t Strype*i Whitgift, p. 806.
{ MS. Chn>nolos7> vol. U. p. 4ST. (8.)
TOIi. U. C
»■-■
lip LIVES OF THE PURITANS.
tbc state; and that all the qneen's good subjects iluNdd
take him so to be. But Mr. Penry, about the same time^
urent into Scotland, not merely for safety firom the atonn,
but as a student in diyinity, where he remained tUI the
year 1593. While he was in the north^ he made nymy
observaticms rdatiye to religion, for his own private we ;
and, at length, prepared the heads of a petition or aaaddieii
to the queen. This petition was designed to repremt to
her majesty the true state of religion, and how jlgiigiBiit
she was of the manv abuses in tte church. LikiewJM to
intercede with her, that he might, by her aulhprity, liafe
liberty to go into Wales, and preach the gospel in hianuptife
country, where, indeed, it was nmch wanted. He iiyteodeJ
himself to deUyer it to the queen, as he should Sad
opportunity. The heads of the petition, clothed in plain
ana smart language, were as follows :
<< The last days of your reign axe turned rather against
<' Jesus Christ and his goqpd, than to the maintqiance of
f^ the same.
^^ I haye great cause and complaint, madam f fWj ^
<< Lord and bis church haye cause to complahi os yo«f
^ goyanment, because we, your subjects, this day, ave not
^ permitted to serye our £rod, under your goyenumcnt,
^^ according to his zDordj but are sold to be bondslaves, not
<^ only to our affections, to do what we will, so that we
^^ keep ourselyes within the compass of established civil
^^ laws, but also to be servants to the man of sm (^ pcpe)
^^ and his ordinances.
^< It U not the force, that we seem to fear that wiQ cope
<^ upon us, (for the Lord may destroy both you for deioyiiig^
<< and us for slack seeking of his will,) by strai^ESts : I
^< come unto you with it. If you will hear it, our jcwpe
^^ may be eased ; if not, that posterity may knpw tha^ ym
^ have been dealt with, and that this age may know fbat
€c there is no expectation to be looked for at your handB.
<^ Among the rest of the princes under the gospel, that
^c have been drawn to oppose it, you must think yourself to
<< be one ; for until you are this, madamy you wst^ not
<^ yourself; and they are but sycophants and flatjtepen
<< whoever tell you otherwise : your standi]^ is and has bpcn
f< by the gospel. It is little beholden to you for any ii^ng
^^ that appears. The practice of your ffovemment sheifPi
^ diat if you could haye ruled without me gospel, it woqid
^ have been doubtful whether the gospel should be estab*
^JWiclil or not; finr oow that you are established ioe yom
PENRY. 61
«< ihroqe by the goqiel, you suffer it to reach no further than
^ the eii)d of your sceptre limiteth unto it.
. << If ,^ hadhad Queen IMbiy 's days, I think that we should
^ haVe had as iBourishing a churcn this day as eyer am ;
^^ for it is well known.th^ there was then in London^ imder
¥iiie ^burden, and elsewhere in esUe, more flourishing
^ churches thw any now tolerated by your authority.
^ Now, whereas we shouM hftye your help both to joia
^< oundyes with the true churchy and reject the fidse, and
{^ all the ordinances thereof; we are in your kingdom per*
f^mitted to do nothing, but accounted sedUhuiy if we
^ «flbm either the one or the other of the former points i
^ and therefor^ madantj you are not so much an adversary
^^ to us poor men. as unto Jesus Christ, and the wealth of
^ his kingdom.
^ If .we cannot have your fiiYOur, but by oiinittinff our
<< 4Pty to God, we are unworthy of it; and, by uod'a
i^ grace, we mean not to purchase it so dear.
I< Bu^ madamy thus much we must needs say, that, in all
!^ li)»dUhood, if the days of your sister Queen Muy, and
5^ her persecution, had ccmtinued unto this day, that the
« chiurdi of God in England had been far more flourish-
5^im tJ^ at this day it is : for then, madam^ the church
f^ cjrGqa within this land^ and elsewhere, bei^ strangers,
>f,q[yoyfi4 the ordinances of God's hdy word, as flu as
^ then they saw.
^< But since your nugeUy came unto your crown, we
f^ have had whole Christ Jesus, God and man ; but we
<^ inust serve him only in heart
,^ And if those days had continued to this time^ and those
.^lights risen therein which by the mercy of God have
f^ aince shined in England, it is not to be doubted but the
,« church of England, eren in England, had fieir suifpassed
/> |dl thejm^ormra churches in the world.
^ Then, fMdam^ any of our brethrra durst not have been
'<^ seen within the tents of antichrist : now they are ready
f^ to de&na them to be the Lord^s, and that he has no other
^ .tabem)ic|e upon earth but them. Our brethren then durst
'^.not temporize in the cause of Grod, because the Lord
,« ruled himself in his church, by his own layrs, in a good
. <' ,niB|i8uxe ; but now, behdld I tliey may do what they will,
^<> jRw any sword that the church lias to draw against them,
'« if they cimtain themsdyes within your laws*
^^ This peace, under these conditions, we cannot enjoy ;
^ and therefore, for any thing I can see, Queea Mary's dayi
9k LIVES OF THE PURITANS.
lii^om of antichrist can in no wise be whole and Mfiie
witnout them. And if it be not lawful for the memb^ ii
Christ to be subject to the ceremonies of the JeWs, -mbith
God himself once appointed, how can it be otherwise than
m sreat sin, to snUect oUrselves to the appointments df
totichrist, the Lord s great adversary ? The Lord hatih
not delivered us from the yoke o£ his own law, (hat iffi
miffht be in bondage to the inventions and impcMsifiOi&B of
antichrist.
F. Would you then have no other oflBces in the chtkMk
paw in time of peace and prosperity, than were in die days
of the apostles under persecution ?
P. There is certainly great reason we should not. ttdt
if the order left to the church by Moses was ikot to bs
altered, except by the special command of God ; then ikii^
neither man nor anffel, except by the same warraM, aUd
any thing to that holy form which the Son of God fUSiih
appointra for his own house : As, Heb. ill. 3., Rev. xzBl it.
F. I am sure you allow of Luther. What office hB^iti
P. He wajs first a monk, and so anlember of the kinjjdom
fit antichrist. He was afterwards degraded and dtepnVra.
At length, he was, as he called himself, << A preacHeif idf
Chtist*s blessed truth and ^pel." And I think he had thQ
pastoral office in the church at Wertembnig ; bulC liheXbili
ne had, or had not, his example is no law for the chidDCh.
It is Jesus Christ ahnej whom we must hear and follow.
We must walk acconling to his will and word ; and if islfli
angd from heaven would draw us aside, we date ncA ^ie
car unto him : As, Gral. i. 8, 9.
F. And what office had you in your church, which ttMfli
in woods, and I know not where ?
P. I have no office in that poor congregatixm. Anddf
to our meeting in woods, or elsewhere, we have (te
example of Jesus Christ, and his chtirch and servants in flu
ages, for our warrant. It is against our wills, thai we go
Into woods and secret places. As we ate not ashanoied of
the gospel of Christ, so our desire is to profess it opody.
We are ready, before men and angels, to shew and jnstoj
our meetings, and our behaviour in them, earnestly detSs^g
that we may serve God with peace and quietness ; fltadf ttta
An men may witness our upright walking towards ma Gb^
and all the world, especiafly towards onr prinie lUn
government We know the meeting in woods, ih (^f^ M
moontains, &c. is apart of the cross of fbegbtM^ d^im^
flie iKtoial imm win eanly stnmfde; Bbt tM 1^
VESKY. Si
Ihb mom eifote for the Loid*8 sacred troth. The qnestion
ihcyiild not so much be^ wkere we meet, as what we do
at our meetings; whether our meeting and doinj^ntte
wnranted bj the word of God, and what constnineth ui
to meet in fliose places*
P» We will speak of jour unlawful assemblies afterward^
What calling have you to preach ? Were you never made
a minister according to the order of this land ?
P. Had I been willinjg, I might have been made either
deaoon or priest; but, rihank the Lord, I ever disliked
thdae popiui orders : and, if I had taken them, I would
nttedy refiuie them» I have taught publicly in the church
€j£ Scotland, bein^ thereunto earnestly desired, and called
hy the order of &at church. I never had anv charge;
and, th€9tefi)re, I never bare any office, either there or in
any o<^ church.
P. Did ypu not preach in these vpur secret meetings?
IR^iat warrant had yon so to do^ if you never had anj
pnbtic ofllce in your chnrchF
P. Whether I did or not, I do not at present tell you*
Bkit tbn^ I say, that if tfie same poor cot^re^ation* dewed
to l|aye the use of my small gifts, for edification and conso-
Uikt, 1 would, being thereunto prepared, most willingly
beilQW my poor talent for their mutual edification and
fldnes*
i^. And mav you teach publicly in the church, having no
pnUic offioe therein ?
P. I may, because I am a member thereof, and requested
Aemniatp bv the church, and judged to be, in some measure^
endowed with suitable gifts for handling the word of God,
The chnrdi or bod v of Christ, ought to have the use of all
the ^ifla that ate m any of its members, and the member
cittttM ddiy unto the body the use of those graces with
ifhififk it ill fiimished, without breaking the laws and order
of the body, and thus become unnatural : As, Rom, xii«t
iGor.xiL
• Mr. Pevfy wmi a aanber of the cinirdi of Browaiiti, acetliy ab««t
li«aa>«, MMetiMCi Id tlie Aeldt mad woodi in the dead of the aighu to avoid
IKH fciy of tie prelatci. Daring bii conflnanent in priion, he wrote a moa
^'- -\ aihcCiooate, and eaooanigiiy letter, to Mr. Fnnicit Johnson, the
j^and the rest of the brethrea. It h addressed ** Tb the distressed
lUtbfkil CoiipesatioB of Christ in laadon, aad all the Menbcn
HwaalL whather in bonds or at liberty.*' Aad he condodes by sobscribiiig
ftilttelf •* lleir lovlnc brother, in the patience and snl^ioss of the
fo^cl, JoBii PmaT. ▲ witness of Christ in this life, and a partaker of
Iha jfimy that thUi ba refcaM;"— JTorasiiaatifiittf I^«mi0, QrmtmUt
^S^i^'
pastor^
ana ft
56 LIVES OF THE PURITANS.
F. Then erery one that will, may preach the word in
your assemblies.
P. Not so. For we hold it imlawful for any man to
intermeddle with the Lord's holy truth, beyond the bounds
of his gifts; or for him who is endowed with gifisy to
preach or teach in the church, except he be desired and
called thereto by the body of the church.
F. May any person then preach, who hath no office so
to do?
P. Yes, that he may; and the word of God bindeth
eyenr one to preach who intendeth to become a pastor or
teacher in the church of Christ, even before he take upon
him this office.
F. What office then hath he all this time i
P. No other office than the other members of ihe body
have^ who are bound to perform their several operations in
the body, according to that measure of grace which they
have received from the Lord Jesus. And, indeed, it is a
common practice id our colleges and universities, for those
to preach who have no office.
F . Yf s, it is in the schools.
P. If this exercise, according to your own confemon, be
warrantable in the schools and colleges, it is certainly much
more so in the church and congregation.
F. Well, then, you bear no office in your church. You
will not tell us whether you taught among them; but you
say you would if they required you.
P. True.
F. But how came it to pass that you were not made an
officer amoi^ them ?
P. Doubtless I was desired to take a charge, and to con-
tinue among them, but I would not ; beoiuse I have alwltyi
purposed to employ my small talent in my poor counter
of Wales, where, I know, the poor people perish finr lack
of knowledge.
F. You labour to draw her majesty's subjects from their
obedience to her laws, and from the church of England,
to hear you, and such as you, teaching in woods.
P. Nay ; I persuade aU men to obey my prince and her
laws. Only I dissuade all the world &om yielding obedi-
enee and subjection to the ordinances of antichrists and
peffuade them to be subject to Jesus Christ and his
laws: I know this to be agreeable to the laws, of her
m^eshr.
F. WhatI Is it meet that sulgeds should charge tbeir
PENRY. 8T
prince to keep coyenant with them ? Where do you find
this warranted in scripture ?
P. The subjects are in a most lamentable state, if they
may not allege their prince's laws for what they do; yea.
andf shew what their prince hath promised to the Lord, ana
to them, when this is done to proye their own innocency.
It IS the honour of princes, so to hold and be in coyenant
with their subjects, that they will preserye them from
yiolence and wrong. And I am assured, that, if her
majesty knew the equity and uprightness of our cause, we
should not receiye the hard treatment we now sustain. We
and our cause are neyer brought before her, es^cept in the
odious names of sedition, rebellion, schism, heresy, &c. It
is, therefore, no wonder to see the edge of the sword turned
against us. «
F. Hath not her majesty, by her laws, established the
offipes and order now in the church of England ?
P. I grant her laws haye, but of oyersight ; taking them
fbr the true offices and order of the church of Christ.
And because we see this oyersight, we therefore fly to her
foimer promise and act, by whidi she granteth all the pri-
▼il^seft of the church of Christ.
F. Why go you about then to pull down bishops?
P. Alas! be it far from us, eyer to attempt any such
thing. We only put her majesty and state in mind of the
wraUi of God that is likely to come upcm the land, for
udiolding many popish inyentions. We labour for the
aalyation of our own souls, and all those who will be warned
by us, by ayoiding all corruptions in religion, and practising,
so for as we know, the whole will of God. Further than
this, we cannot go ; and, therefore, dare not so much as in
thought, attempt to alter or puU down any thing established
liy her laws.
F. Whj then do you meet in woods, and such secret
and suspicious places, if you purpose no insurrection for
punine down the bishops ?
P. I told you the reason already. Our meetings are for
the true worship of God, and there is not so much as ono
word or thought about bishops in our assemblies, except
in praying; for them as we do for our own souls. Wc hold
odr meetings in secret, because, as I before told you, wo
cannot haye them in public wiUiout disturbance. We do
not. wish to withdraw ourselyes from the sight of any
pnatue; but we are bound to obserye the pure w<
< ■ • -
m LIVES OF THE PURITANS.
df God, tboDgh it be in mods^ in nfooMaSnl, or in
caves.
F. Then yon are privy to no practice or intent of any
leditian or commotion affsinst her majesty and the statCy <d
fbrpnlling down the bishops ?
P. No, I thank God, I never was. And I protest hcAart
keaven and earth, that, if I were, I would disclose and
withstand the same, to the utmost of my power, in all cases
whatsoever.
Young. But what meant jron, Penry, when yon tM mi
at my house, that I should Uve to see the day when thert
should not he a lord bishop left in Eosland ?
P. You, shr, do me great injuiy, but I am content to
bear it. I said, << because God hath jpromised to overthrow
and consume the remnants of the kmedom of antichrist;
you may live to see all the offices, caliings, livings, ana
works, belonging to tiiat kingdom, utterly overtmowil*'*
This is what I said, and I beseech and charge you, as yoa
shall answer in the day of judgment, n^ to miarepoM
my speech.
Y. I conceived some great matter erf* your speech, I tdl
you.
P. In this you did me the gmiter wrong. I pAiy ybiu
hiereofler, take my words according to my meaning, itnd
their natural signification.
F. You say, that these offices and livings, derive^
according to your coAceiij from the body c? anfichn^
shall be overthrown by ihe Lotd : we would know how thil
will be accomplished.
P. The work, I am assured, will be accomplished;
because tlie Loid hath said it in hb word. But the JDatanntir
how, and the time when, it shall be done, I leave to &&I
^' who worketh all things according to the counsel of Ui
own will," and whose ^^ ways and judgments are past
indine out"
F. What you now do, or what you mean to do, in ytfitf
assemblies, we cannot tell ; but this is suHe, that tliB pajMi
ieem to taJi^e encouragement by your dealing. Th^ art
now become very numerous; and they say, that yooir
separation from the chUiH^h is a great stumUing^Uocli
to thenu
P. What w<Bf do in our meetings^ and what are Out pnt^
pos^ I Jiave faithfully told you'; and we are ready to
cppmve otur purposes and actions to be in all good cw^
FBNRt. S§
ifdoee towanlft tlie L(n^ crar pfince, w Axui
if the number of ignorant and idolatrous priests greatly
Inksrtaae, it is notMng wohdisrihl, seeing there are so many
femnantB of poperj left unbaninhed from the land : these
are their baits and encoiiragements.
F. What are the baits that you mean ?
P. I mean the popish offices and livings of archbiribopai^
iMAlrishops, deans, archdeacons, canons, priests, &c. : th^
Mn&raance of which, and the popish corruptions belonging
id them, keepeth the pope and lus sworn subjects in mily
IkMfe of replanting the airone of iniquity in the land ; but
I Irast in tibe Lord, they will be utterly disappointed. fiT
Aiete Giffices and liyings were once removed, the pope and
Us emissaries would have no hope left, of again setting up
the staiidard of the man 6£ sin, in this noble kingdom. 1
weodeir not, that the pat>ists dislike our separation; for
tfiey know, that of all the men under heaven, we are the
liveaftest enemies to popery : we would leave them neither
root nor branch ; but would have the world as much cleared
ef the mnains of antichrist, as it was on that day when
fli6 Lotd Jesus ascended up on high, and led captivity
¥. Bat why do you reftise a conference, that you may be
idhAilted in' those things in which you err ?
P. I reftise none. I most readily and willingly yield io
imy, as Mr. Yourtg halh it tender my own ham to testify.
OAj iby desiite and request is, that some equal conditions
filty be grtMdd to me and my brethren. But if this
caidauot be obtained, I am ready to yield to any conference,
tfuMkjdi t&e conditions be ever so unequal. And 1 beseech
f6%he a means with her majesty and their honours, that
tky cftse may be weighed in an even balance. Imprison-
ments, indictments and death, are no proper weapons io
Cony&iGe mehfs consciences.*
Heife fhe examination dosed. We leave the reader ti
ildtje his o\m remarks ubon it, and proceed in the history
of Ais dbtmEuished suflerer for Christ It was at first
ditSs^ed to iuffitt Mr. Penry for the books published in his
name ; bat, by the advice of counsel, he drew up a paper,
Miich ptovedi the means of putting a stop to the pro*
eee^Unff. This paptty dated Ma^ 10, 1593, is entitlecl
^ Hr. FioDihr^s Declaration^ that he is not in danger of the hi#
ftr t^ books puUUh^i in his name.'* In this declttatioiii^
• BxudiHilioBt of Bh^roW, GteaWood, and Penry, p. 85— 88»
60 LrV'ES OF THE PURITANS.
be observes^ that the statute was Dot intended to include
such as nrrote against tiie ecclesiastical eslablisbment on/^.
For, in this case, it would condemn many of the most
learned protestants, both at home and abroad : but that it
relates to persons who, shall defame her majesty's rojfal
person. Wlierefis he had always written most dutifully of
licr person and government, having never encours^j^
sedition or insurrection a^nst her majesty, but the con-
trary. Nor had he ever oecn at any assembly or conven-
ticle, where any, under or above the number of twelve,
were assembled, with force of arms or otherwise, to alter
any thing established by law. Nor vras it his opinion^
tliat private persons should, of their own authority, attempt
any such thing: he had always spoken and written the
contrary. Nevertheless, if he had been guilty of aU these,
he ought to have been accused within one month of the
crime, upon the oath of two witnesses, and have been in-
dicted within one year; otherwise the ^tute clears him^ in
express words.*
When he came io the trial, the court, being apprehensive
that his declaration would occasion an argument at law, set
aside his printed books, and indicted and convicted him
upon the contents of his peiUion and pmaic observations^
as already observed. This rendered his case still harder,
as he himself represented in a letter to the Lord Treasurer
Burleigh, with his protestation enclosed, immediately after
his CiHidemnation ; m iivhich he thus expressed himself:-—
<< Vouchsafe, I beseech your lordship, n^ht honourable, io
read, and duly weigh, the enclosed writmg. My days, I
see, are drawing to an end, and, I thank God, an unde-
served end, except the Lord God stir up your honour, or
some other, to plead my cause, and to acquaint her majesty
with my guiltless state.
^ The cause is most lamentable, that the private obser-
Tations of any student, being in a foreign land, and wishing
wdl to his prince and country, should bring his life with
Uood to a violent end ; especially, seeing they are most
private, and so imperfect, that they have no coherence at all
in them; and, in most places, are no true English. '
<* Though my conscience may stand me in no stead
before an earthlv tribunal, yet I know that I shall have the
leward thereof before the judgment^seat of the great Kiuff ;
and the merciful Lord, who relieves the widow and tne
• Slrypc'f Whitsifl, p. 412,419.
PENRY. 61
GillieiieBB, will reward m^ desolate orphans and friendless
iridpWy whom I leave behind me, and even hear their cry^
for be is merciful. And being likely to trouble your lord'*
ship with no more letters, I do with thankfulness acknow*
Ied|^ your honour's favour towards me, in receiving the
wniii^pj which I have presumed to send unto you from
time to time; and in this my last, I protest before the Lord
Godj that, so fiir as I know, I have written nothing but the
truth*
^ Thus preparing myself, not so much for an unjust
verdict, and an undeserved doom in this life, as for that
blessed crown of glory, which, of the great mercy of my
God, is ready for me in heaven, I humbly commit your
lordship into the hand of our righteous Lord. In great
liast^ from close prison, this SSd of the iSfth month.
May, 1593.
<< Your lordship's most humble servant in the Lord,
" John Penry."*
In his protestation, enclosed in the above letter, Mr.
Femry declaies, << That he wrote the petition and private
observatioiis while he was in Scotland. That what he had
written was. confused, unfinished, and perfectly secret.
Thet it was the sum of certain objections made by others,
against her majesty and her government, which he had
intended to examine at some future period, but had not so
mmsii as looked into them for the last fourteen or fifteen
months. And that even in these writings, so imperfecL
unfinished, and enclosed within his private study, he had
'sibfeWn his duty and true loyalty to the queen, nor had he
ever the most secret thought to the contrary." Here he
also expressed himself as follows :f
*' TKese my writings" (meaning those from which the
chaises against him were collected) << are not only the most
irapmect, but even so private, that no creature under
heaven, mvself excepted, was privv to them, till they were
■eiaed. Alin^ I dare not acknowledge them to be, for a
thousand worlds ; because I should thereby most wickedly
iin against God and my own conscience, by bearing false
witness against myself. I never conceived that any man
would have made any sense of them; especially against
myself by whomsoever they might be intercepted.
^^ Now that secret, confused, and unadvised observations
are brought against me, even to the spilling of my blood;
•. 8trype*t Whltgift, p. 413, 414.
f Scrjpe'i WhUiift, Appea. p. 175-181 .
n LIVES OF THE PURITANS.
I hiuiihlj cnye OiMt tbese my papers may abo be looked
mion, and brought to light, as wdl as the othen, by which
my adversaries think to impeach my alkyiance; which, I
thank God, neither man nor angd shalT ever be aUe to
effect Though I be condemned as a fi||on, or as a traitqp
to my natural sovraeign, I thank God, t|iat heaven and
earth shall not be able to convict me of it. I remember not
the day that has passed over my head^ since, under her
fivemment, I came to the knowledge of the truth, wherqui
have not commended her estate to .God. And I thank
God, that whensoever tbe end of m;^ days comek and f,
expect not to live to the end of tms week, I shall d^
Queen Elizabeth's most fidthful subject, even in the oon<i
aciences of mine enemies.
^ I never took myself for a rebuker, much less fc^ f
reformer of states and kingdoms : far was that firom ine.
Yet, in the discbarge of my consci^ioe, all the wnld must
bear with me, if I prefisr my testimony to the truth of
Jesus Christ before the fitvqur of any crratiue. The pros-
perity of my prince and the state, was always most dear
to n^, as HE knoweth, by whom states are pWrved^
princes bear rule. An enemy to good order and policy,
whetiiier in church or commonwealui, I never vras. 1 never
did any thing in this cause, (Lord ! thou art ifritneaB^) for,
contention, vai|i-glory, or to draw disciples af^ me.
<< Whatsoever i have written or made known, co^itaxf
to the written word, I have warned the world to avoid. Hj
confession of faith, and allegiance to God and the queen,
written since my imprisonm^it, I take, as I shall ansirar
jbefore Jesus Christ and the elect angels, to omtain nothing
but God's eternal truth. And, therefore, if my blood wero
an ocean, and every drop were a life to me, I ^ddd, by
ihe help of the Lord, give it all in, defence .of the same.
Yet, if any error can be shewn therein, that f. ytSl nqt
defend.
<< Great things in this life I never sought for. Suffidenqr
I have bad, with great outward trouble ; but tinort content
I have been with my lot. And content I am and shall be
.Urith mv undeserved and untimely d^ith, beseeching t^
Lord, that it may not be laid to the charge of any person .^
the land • For I do, from my heart, forgive all those that Jieq^
•my life, as I desire to be forgiven in the day oif strict account;
praying for tliero as for my own soid, thatthou^ we qanngt
accord upon earth, we may meet together in heaven, to our
fternal unity and naf^' *\tm^ And u my lieathica^ prpqure
PENRT. m
I
«
an^ quietnesB to the church of God, and the state of mjr
tinnce and Idngdom, glad I am that I hare a life to bestow
in this service. I know not to what better use it could bo
cmplojed, if it were preserved; and, therefor^ in this cause,
I mure not to spare it Thus have I lived towards the
jUvd and my ranee; and, b^ the grace of God, thus I
mean to die. Many such subjects I wish unto my prince;
tbon^li no such reward to any of diem. My earnest
ne^pest is. that her majesty may be acquunted with thesa
tiMlig> befoce my death, or, at least, after my departure.
. '^ Subscribed with the heart and hand that never devised
fr wrote any thiiL^ to the discredit or defamation of my
•overeupo, Queen £lizab^.
<( This I take on my death, as I hope to live hereafter,
" John, Penb y.'*
In his excellent Confession of Faith, referred to in thft
above piotestatimi, Mr. Penry openly declares his religions
sentimentB, and most warmly avows his loyalty to the ^ueea
md government Though the whole is too long for inser-
(Kod, we cannot forbear transcribing a part of it, rarticularl^
that relating to his allegiance to her majesty. Because this
W9M called in question, ne declares, <^ I am not at this day^
^ nor evefT was in all my life, either guilty or privy, in any
^ purpose, consultation, or intention, of any sedition against,
^ or dnsb^AMince oi^ her nuijesty's royal state and govern-
^ ment. And if I were privy unto any such ungodly, undu-
^ tifid, and wicked actions or purposes, as might any way
<< impair or disturb the peaceable state of my Drince and
^ country, I would reveal, disclose, and withstand the same^
f^ to the utmost of my power, in all persons, foreign and
*< domestic, of what prdfession or religion soever they
^^mufatbe.
^ Her supreme authority, within her realms and dcmii-
f< nions,! acknowledgeto besuch, over all persons, and in all
^ oauses, as no person, whether civil or ecclesiai^cal, may
^ eaumpC himself or his cause ftrom the power and censure
*< nf her laws and sword. I do also acknowledge, that hepr
^ nunesty hath fuU authority from the Lord, to establish
^ and euct by her rojral power, all laws, both ecclesiastical
^ and civiL among lier subjects: in the making of which
^ laws, the Lord requireth that those which are ecclesiastical
f* be warranted by his own written word, which coatajm
f' whatioevar bekmceth to his worship; and those whijbii
^ are civil are fonnaed on the rules of justice and equity,
(< TUs ioveidlgit pieroi^ye «nd » ^hority of her hi^ess,
6t LIVES OF THE PURITANS.
^ I am most willing and ready to defend and mamtauiy
^ aeainst all the persons and states under heaven, to the loss
<< OT my life ten thousand times, if it were reqbired. Ani
<< I take the Lord to record, that, to my knowled^ I am
^ sure that day hath not passed over my head, smoe tho
<^ Lord, under her gracious rei^, hath brought me to the
^ knowledge of the trufli, wherem I have not prayed for the
*^ blessine of God, both external and internal, to be fully
^ poured forth upon her right excellent majesty's throoei
<^ government, and dominions : and that he would ccmvcf^
^ or speedily overthrow all his and her enemies, with tilieir
'^ ent^rises, whether they be domestic or foreign : hereof I
^< call tne S^cher of hearts in witness of the truth against
^ my soul, if I either dissemble or force in these premises."
After giving a particular account m his religious opinicwsy
he adds: <^ E^th, I thank God, I fear not I know ^at
<< the sting of death is taken away. And < blessed are the
^^deadtlmt die in the Lord.' Life I desire not,' if 1 be
•<< guilty of sedition, or defaming and disturUng her majesty's
*^ quiet and peaceable government. Imprisonments, indict-
<^ ments, arraignments, and death, are no meet weapons to
'^ convince the conscience grounded upon God's word. —
^^ Subscribed with heart and hand, by me John PenbTi
** now in strict bonds for the testimony of Christ **•
Mr. Ferny, during his imprisonment, was particularly
desirous to obtain a conference in the presence- of h^
majesty and the council. In one of his petitions, addressed
to the council, he therefore says, << A conference we are most
willing to yield unto. Our humble reouest unto her nmjesty
and your honours, is, that if it so stand with your ;^easure,
we may have but this equity yielded unto us : — 1. That the
questions on both sides be set down in writii^, and the
reasons briefly annexed to them ; that the answers also,' with
like brevity, be returned in writing, and so every thing will
be the more deliberately set down, and all other speeches and
matters be avoided. — 2, That such of us as are scholan^
may confer together (having also the use of books) about
the answers and replies that we shall make. — 3. That tihos6
of the ecclesiastical state, with whom we are to de^ ma/
only be parties in this conference, aiid not judses. Ain
that some of the civil state may be appointed by youi^
honours (if your lordships will not take the hearing of the
cause yourselves, which we had rather and earnestly craye^l
* l^tulBalioni of BsrrofTi Greenwood^ and PeBry.p. 39—46.
PENRY. 65
to see that both parties do contain themselves within bounds :
lest otherwise the holy truth of God should not be so dealt in
as beconreth the same ; or so holy and necessary an action
slMmld be unprofitable broken up by the infirmities^ ot
other giteter wants, of either party. "•
This generous proposal, however, was wholly rejected.
His wife^ Mrs. Helen Penry, at the same time presented a
nxMt moving petition to the Lord Keeper Puckering, for
access ta her poor distressed husband ; but it was attended
with no better 8uccess.f All Mr. Penry's intercessions, and
the intercessions of his friends, proved altogether inefiectual.
It WW, indeed, never known till this time, that a minister
and a schdar was condemned to death for private papers
found in his study; nor do I remember, says Mr. N^e^
more than one instance since that time, in whose case it was
Siven for law, that to write has been construed an overt act.
ut it seems Mr. Penry must die, right or wrong. This
his enemies appear to nave fully determined ; and herein
their wishes were soon gratified. Archbishop Whitgift was
the first man who si^ied the warrant for his execution,
and after him, Puckermg and Popham. The warrant was
immediately sent to flie sheriff*, who, the very same day,
erected a gallows at St. Thomas Waterings, and, while the
prisoner was at dinner, sent his officers to bid him make
ready, for he must die that afternoon. Accordingly, he wais
cained in a cart to the place of execution ; and when he
came there, was not allowed io speak to the people^ nor to
make any profession of his faith towards God, or his loyalty
to the queen ; but was hastily turned ofi^, about five o^clock
in the afternoon. May S9, 1593, in the thirty-fourth year
cf his 1^4 He left a widow and four poor children, the
ddot of which was not more than four years old, to feel
and bemoan the painful loss.
h'the preface to Mr. Penry's ^^ History of Corah,
Dstfaan, and Abiram,'' published after his death, it is said,
" That Mr. John Penry was a godly, learned, and eealous
man, and of a christian carriage and courage. That he was
bom and bred in the mountains in Wales ; and, with all
godly care and labour, endeavoured to have the gospel
preached among his countrymen, whose case he greatly
seemed to pity, wanting all the ordinary means of salvation.
That, being used by God for a special instrument in the
manifestation of his truth, he was hardly used, imprisoned,
♦ Baker's MS. CoHcc. vol. xv. p. 380. f Ibid, p. 378.
t Wood's AthcDSB Oxon. vol. i. p. 2S9.
VOL. II. F
66 LIVES OF THE PURITANS.
condemned, and executed ; and so suffered martjrrdom far
the name of Christ. And more particularly, that he waft
adjudj^d by Sir John Popham, and the rest of the judges,
on th^25th of the fifth month, and executed at Stl Thoma»
Waterings, near London, the 29th of the same, in the year
1593. That he was not brought to execution imme-
diately, as most persons expected; but, when they iBuA
looked for it, he was taken while he was at dinner, and
carried secretly to his execution, and hastily bereaved of
his life, without being suffered to make a declaration of his
faith towards God, or his allegiance to the queen, thoogh
he very much desired it." And in the postscHpt, it is added,
^< That he was apprehended, adjudged, and executed for
writing the truth of Christ, whatever other things were
pretended against him."* He was undoubtedly a man of
great learning and piety ; but these excellent qualifications
could make no atonement to the prelates for his. zeal in the
cause of nonconformity, and for expressing his disapproba-
tion of the constitution and corruptions of the established
church. '' By his death, with the condemnation of Jol^p
Udal and Henry Barrow," says the Oxford historian, ^ the
neck of the plots of the fiery nonconformists was hroken,
and their brags were turned into prayers and tears, as the
only means for christian subjects."f Another author of the
same spirit, says, '' The pressing of the law thus close,
struck terror into the party, and made the dissenters of aU
sorts, less enterprizing against the government, "t These,
surely, are pitiful triumphs among professed protastants !
Mr. Peary was author of several learned pieces cm con*.
troversy, particularly against Dr. Some. In one of tbem
he endeavours to prove " that there is no church a^ aD in '
popery, and that all popish priests are out of the churdi,"
by a direct appeal to the conduct of all protestants in ibek ^
separation from the church of .Rome. '^U there; be a
church in popery, or if all popish priests be not out cSibt
church," says he, '' then those ma^strates and their •
subjects who have separated from the Romish religioii, to.
say the least, are schismatics. It is schism to make this
separation from the church. We may detest the corraptkms
. thereof; but we ought not to make such separation fixmi the
church, unless we would be accounted schiunatics. But
those magistrates and their people who made this separation
♦ Hcylin's Hlit. of Pres. p. 325, 326.
+ Wood's Athens OxoD. iro1.ii> p. 229.
t Collier's Eccl. Hist. vol. ii. p, 640.
PENRY. 67
lire not schismatics. Therefore the foundation of popery
k overthrown, and consequently there is no church in
popery.** To prove that ministers who do not preach, are
not ministers, he reasons thus : — ^' They are no ministers,"
says he, U because their ministry is evil and profane ; and
11^ ministry is evil and profane, because there is no
mention made of it in the word. A ministry not mentioned
in the word, is no ministry, but a profune constitution.
The .Lord hath expressly set down every ministry of the
New Teetoment, that should be in the church unto the
world's eikl. But he hath not once mentioned the ministry
of nupte readers; because it is not a preaching ministry, and
thei«fore no ministry at all."*
Di:. Some, it is said, wrote with great vehemence against
him. According to my author, ^^ He called this worthy
man, proud Penry. Penry had a dignity to which Some
iirps a stranrar. His dignity stood in a superior habit of
thinking : Some's in gown, title, and bluster. Some wrote
like a man who meant to bring Penry into hemp, and
liimself into lawn.^f
Mr. Penvy felt deeply concerned for the conversion and
ralvaticHi of his countrymen ; on which account he was
ancdonsly desirous to have a learned ministry in Wales.
His landable desires and endeavours to promote this great
object, are applauded even by Dr. Some, his great antago*
nist} He is supposed to have been the first, since the
commencement of tlie reformation, who preached the
goqpd in Wales. Some suppose that he laboured in the
ministry chiefly in his native country, and that he went
thith» upon his leaving the university. This, however^
appears very improbable. Mr. Thomas intimates, that he
wa^ probably the first, since the reformation, who openly
and publicly preached adult baptism. '^ And," says he, << I
am iniClined to think, that he was the first who administered
ibsai ordinance by immersion, and upon a profession of faith,
in and dbout Olchon, in the principality. § Though Wood
dencHninates him a notorious anabaptist^ it does not appear
from his Confession of Faith, or from any other source of
infiMmation we have met with, that he ever espoused the
sentiments of the baptists. Nevertheless, if what the writer
aboye cited observes, be correct, Mr. Penry was of the
^ • Some's Defence p. 175, 183. Edit 1588.
f Life of Aintworth, p. 68.
t Smne'sGodJyTreatlBe, p. 33. £dit. 1588,
S Tliofliai*8 BIS. Hiitory, p. 43.
68 LIVES OF THE PURITANS.
denomination of particular baptists. Mr. Stiype writes of
Mr. Penry with very great acrimony.* Mr. Foulis, with
great injustice and falsehood, says, '' He was a man 'so
much guilty of his own yillanies, that, with Cain^ he
feared death firom every man^s hand ; and, therefore^ was
forced to skulk and ramble amongst bis friends for proteo
tion.^'f These accounts of so learned, laborious, and pious
a man, remind us of the case of some of the primitiTe
christians, who, being dressed in bears' skins, were cast
among wild beasts to he torn in pieces. Mr. Penry was the
author of several learned works ; but it was never proved
that he had any hand in the writings under the title of
lifartin Mar-Prelate.. Though most of the high churchmen
ascribe them to him and several others, it is well known
the real authors were never found out ; consequaitly, the
charge is without foundation. The following is supposed
to te a correct list of his writings, though we dare not
warrant them all to have been his.
His Works. — 1. A Treatise containing the Equity of an HmnUc
Sopplication which is to be exhibited unto her Gracious Majesty and
this High Court of Parliament, in the behalf of the Country of Wales,
.that some Order may be taken for the Preaching of the CSoroel
among those People, 1697. — 2, A View of some part of such PaMie
Wants and Disorders as are in the Serrice of God, withia ha
Majesty's Country of Wales ; with an Humble Petition to the IHipk
Court of Parliament for their speedy Redress, 1588.—^. A. Defence
of that which hath been written in the Questions of the Ignonyit
Ministry, and the Communicating with them, 15%S. — 4. ExhgrtvlioB
unto the Gt>vemors and People of her Majesty's Country of WMl
to labour earnestly to haye the Preaching of the Gospel jpfauntM
among them, 1688.-76. Dialogue ; wherein is plainly laid open tte
Tyrannical Dealings of the Lords Bishq>s against God's ChildreD,
1589. — 6. Treatise, wherein is manifestly proved, that RefcHrmatioD,
and those that sincerely favour the same, are unjustly chai^ged to be
Enemies to her Majesty and the State, 1690 — 7. The State of ftm
Church of England. — 8. Petition of Peace. — 9. His Apology. — Vk
Of public Ministry. — 11. History of Corah, Dathan, and Abiran,
applied to the Prelacy, Ministry, and Church-Assemblies of England,
1609.
Thomas Gatakcb, A. B. — ^He was descended ftom ft
very ancient and respectable family at Gatacre-haU^ in
Shropshire. His parents, who were zealous papM^
designed him for the law ; for which purpose, he was
uierea a stuaent at the Temple. While in
♦ Strype's Whitgift, p. 34ff— 360.— Annah, Tol. iii. p.
t Foulig'a Hist, of Plots, p. 61.
611-^1 Ob
T. GATAKER, Sew. W
he oodisiiHially visited his friends and relations at court, and
was <^en present at the examinations of the pious confessors
of truth^ under the barbarous severities of popery. The
shocking spectacle had the happiest effect on his mind*
For, while he beheld the constancy of the sufferers, who,
nith invincible patience, and for the testimony of a good
conscience, endured the most relentless and cruel usage ; the
tragic scene proved the happy means of awtikening his
mind, and of leading him to reject popery and embrcice the
protestant religion. His parents, apprehensive of the
4change in his opinions, sent him to Louvain, in Flanders ;
and, to wean him effectually from his new thoughts about
religion, settled upon him a considerable estate: but he
^xmnted all worldly allurements and advantages as nothing in
•Cdmparison of Christ. His father at length perceiving him
to be immoveable, called him home, and revoked his grant ;
.which, however, could not take effect without his son's
consent. Young Gataker counted the cost. He had
already learned the hard lesson of self-denial, and of
fiMBaking all for Christ and a good conscience ; therefore,
lie voluntarily gave up that which had been the bait of his
^moBtacj. This was in the beginning of the reign of Queen
Jjarv.f
. lor. Gataker being cast off by his unnatural parents, was
ienabl^ to put his trust in the liord, who, in a very remark-
able manner, raised up friends, by whom he was sent to
the. university of Oxford, and supported by their great
ffeneioglty. After having spent eleven years in that seat of
kamiog, he entered at Magdalen college, Cambridge, where
.he oontintied about four years. In the year 1568, he
entered upon the ministerial function, and was ordained
both deacon and priest by the Bishop of London ; and, in
J576,was admitted vicar of Christ's church, London, which
lie resigned in 1578, probably on account of his puritanical
princqiles. He became rector of St. Edmunds in Lom-
tMund-street, June 21, 1573, but resigned it by death, previous
to June S, 1593, when the next incumbent entered upon the
benefice.f He was a minister of puritanical principles,
iniiiished with excellent parts, a zealous preacher, a most
conscientious divine, firm m his attachment to the protestant
TeligioQ, and some time domestic chaplain to the Earl of
.Leicester. Though he left behind him only a small fortune,
lie left many friends, particularly among the great men of
• Clark's Lives umexed to Martyrologie, p. 848, 949«
fiViwmwuttB Sc^ Repert. fol. i. p, 344.
70 LIVES OF THE PURITANS.
the law, with whom he had been, iii the earlier part of hu
life, a fellow-student; and who, on that account, weie
afterwards ready to testify their respect to his memory, by
affording their countenance and expressing their kindness to
.his son.* His son was the celebrated Mr. Thomas Grataker,
another puritan diyino, who was first chosen lecturer at the
Temple, then minister at Rotherhithe, near London.
. Arthur Wake. — This excellent person was son of
John Wake, esq. and descended from a very ancient and
honourable family. He was canon of Christ^s Church in
■Oxford, and a most popular and useful preacher. In the
year 1565, he was preferred to the benefice of Great- Billing,
m Northamptonshire ;f and several times he preached tne
serinon at Paul's cross. In one of these sermons, delivned
in the year 1573, he boldly defended the sentiments of Mr.
Cartwright in his reply to Whitgift, and openly declaied
his objections against the estwlished church. Bishop
Sandys, of London, the very next day, sent a pursuivant
to apprehend him ; but he had left the city, and returned
to Oxford, where his lordship's authority could not reach
him. The bishop, meeting with this sore disappointment,
wrote to the Lord Treasurer Burleigh and the ESaii of
I^eu^ster, the latter being at that time Chancellor of Oxford,
urging them to take the case into consideration. t It does
not appear, however, that the two honourable persons were
at all disposed to comply with his lordship's solicitations*
Though Mr. Wake escaped the snare of the Bishop of
London, he fell, the same year, into the hands of Scamoler,
Bishop of Peterborough, when he received the ecclesiastical
censure. He was rector of the above place ; and being
cited before the bishop's chancellor, he was^rst suspended
for three weeks, then deprived of his living. Mr. Eusebins
Pa^et,^ cind several other worthy ministers,* were suspended
and deprived at the same time. They were all laborioiH
and useful preachers. Four of them^were licensed by the
university, as learned and religious divines ; and ibi^ of
them had been chosen moderators in the religious exerciies.
The reason of Mr. Wake's deprivation, and that of his
brethren, was. not any error in doctrine, nor any depravitj
of life ; but because they could not, witli a good ccmscienoe^
• Biog. Britan. toI. W. p. 2155, S156. Edit. 1747.
'f Bridget's Hist, of NortbamptooshiTe, toI. i. p. 407.
t Str>pe'i Whitgift, Appen. p. 19. S See ArtBoielitas Fttg^
WAKE. 71
subicribe to two forms devised by the commissioners. In
one of these forms, called forma promissioms^ they were
leqniised to subscribe and swear, '' That they would use the
Book of Common Prayer, and the form ot administration
of the sacraments, invariably and in all points to the utmost
of their power, according to the rites, orders, forms, and
ceiemonles therein prescribed; and that they would not
iiereafter, preach or speak any thing to the degradation of
the said book, or any point therein contained.^' — In the
other form, c^eA forma abjuratioms^ they were required to
subscriber and swear, '' That the Book of Consecration of
Archbishops and Bishops, and of the ordering of priests
and deacons, set forth in the time of King Edward Vh and
confirmed by authority of parliament, doth contain in it all
things necessary to such consecration and ordering, having
in it, according to their judgment, nothing that is either
rapentitious or ungodly; and, therefore, that they who
•iTere consecrated m^ ordered according to the said book,
ireteiliily, orderly, and lawfully consecrated and ordained.
vAnd that they acknowledge their duty and obedience to
•ihtit ordinary and diocesan as to a lawful magistrate under
the queen's majesty, as the laws and statutes do require ;
l^bich obedience they do promise to perform, according as
the laws shall bind them. In testimony whereof they do
hereunto subscribe their names.''*
Mr. Wake and his brethren, refusing to be tied by these
fetters, offered to use the Book of Conmion Prayer and no
other, and promised not to preach against it before the meet-
ing of the next parliament ; but they apprehended both the
.subscription and the oath to be contrary to the laws of God
and the realm. In these painful circumstances, being all
deprived of their livings, they appealed to the Archbishop of
JDlEaiiterbury, but he rejected their appeal. Upon this,
having suffered deprivation about two years, they presented
a supplication to the queen and parliament ; in which, after
presenting an impartial statement of the tyrannical oppres-
sione under which they laboured, they give the following
•seasons for refusing the subscription and the oath : — '^ That
.th^. should thereby have allowed, contrary to their
.consciences, that it was lawful for women to baptize
children: — That they would. have exposed themselves to
much danger : — ^That any man, though ever so unable to
preach the word, might be made a minister, according to
» MS. Hrfiitefy p. 198.
Tf LIVES OF THE PURITANS.
the said book: — And that they should have given their
coo^ent to the unlaM^ful form of ordination, wherein are
these words, Receive the Holj/ Ghost, &c." They crnicludc
by expressing their concern for their bereaved flocks, and
how aesirous they were of being restored to their forma
labour and usefiilQess, earnestly soliciting the favour of the
queen, and the lords and commons in parliament.*
Though the case of these pious divines was deserving the
utmost compassion^ they could not obtain the least rearess.
They had wives and large families of children, now^
reduced to extreme poverty and want, and, as they expressed
in the above supplication, if God in his providence did ndt
interfere, they should be obliged to go a begging; yet they
could procure no relief. The distress of these zealous and
laborious servants of Christ, was greatly increased by the
ignorance and insufficiency of tneir successors. They
<i^i^ld scarcely read so as to be understood, and the peopk
were left in a great measure untaught. Instead of two
sermons every Lord's day, which each of them had
JTegularly delivered, the new incumbents did not preach
•more than once in a quarter of a year, and frequently not so
<rften. The numerous parishioners among whom they had
laboured, signed petitions to the bishop for the restoration
of their former ministers ; but all to no purpose. They
must subscribe and take the oath, or be buried in silence.-f-
It does not appear how long Mr. Wake remained under
,the ecclesiastical censure, or whether he was ever restored
to his benefice. He was living in the year 1593, and at
that time minister at St. John's Hospital in Northampton^
He was a divine of good learning, great piety, and a zealous,
laborious, and useM preacher. He was father to Sir Isaac
'Wake, a learned and eloquent orator at Oxford, afterwards
^amba^ador to several foreign courts, and a member ef
parliament.^
WiLi^iAM Whitakbr, D. D. — This most celebrated
divine was born at Holme, in theparish of Bundey, in Lanca^
•shire, in the year 154:7, and descended from an ancient and a
respeptable family. His mother was Elizabeth NoweU,
sister to Dr. Alexander Nowell, Dean of St. Paul's, who
married Thomas Whitaker, in 1590, and stirvived her
• MS. Register, p. t02. + Ibid. p. 198, 199.
1 Bridges's Hist, of Northamptonshire, toI. i. p. 457.
S Wood's Athensi Ozon. vol, i. p. 491*
W. WHITAKER. t4
maniage t&e wonderful period of seventy-six yean.*
"Early in the reign of Qneen Elizabeth, young Whitaker
ifaasent for to London by the dean his uncle. He was by
this means taken from his parents, by whom he had been
nursed in the' superstitions of popery, and trained up in the
public school founded by Dr. Colet, who was NowelFs
pious predecessor. There he so profited in good literature^
and gave such presages of his excellent endowments^ that
at the age of eighteen, his pious kinsman sent him to the
vniversi^ of Cambridge, and he was admitted into Trinity
coll^fe ; where his further progress being answerable to his
beginning, he was first chosen scholar, then fellow of the
lioiiae. He soon procured high esteem and great fame by
Ins learned diq)utations and other exercises, which were
performed to the great admiration of the most eminent
persons in that seat of learning, f He was a person of
eztiaoffdiiiaiy talents and uncommon application, and it
wta his general practice, and that of several other eminent
persons of his time, to stand while employed in study-t
As a proof of his great proficiency, and as a token of
.natitude to his generous kinsman, he translated Nowell^s
tSatecbism into Greek, which he performed with the
greatest accuracy, and presented it to him. He, at the
same time, translated into Latin the English Liturgy, and
Bishop Jewel's Reply to Harding, bv which he obtained a
distinginshed reputation.^ Indeed, nis great fame was not
caa&SeA to the learned in Cambridge ; but having taken
his varions d^ees with great applause in that university,
he was incorporated doctor in divinity at Oxford. {
Upon the preferment of Dr. William Chadderton to the
'bishopric^ of Chester, our learned divine succeeded him in
•the ^office' of regius professor in the university of Cam*
bridge* He was, inoeed, very young for such a place;
yet, on account of his great literary accomplishments, be
was unanimously chosen to this high office, though s(Hne
* Charton*! Life of NoweU, p. 64.— Dean NoweU was prolocutor of the
lower bome ef cooTocation, in 1562, when the articles of rell^oD were
agreed opon. In 1564, when the debates ran high aboat the use of the
clerical garments, he discovered great moderation. He consented to the
ose of them, but with a protestation that he wished them taken away, for
-the fbUowlng reasons : — 1. *' For fear of the abuse they might occasion. —
9m To express more strongly a detestation of the corruptions aB4
.superstitions of the papists. — 3. For a fuller profession of christian
libelrty.— 4. To pnt an end to the disputes among brethren." — BUg^
BrUtmi v«l. ▼.. p. 9268. Edit. 1747.
f Knight's Life of Colet, p. 397. Edit. 1724.
t Granger's Biog. Hist. toI. i. p. 99. § Clark's Eccl. Hist. p. 814^
I Wood's AthoBK Oxoot toI. i. p. T44.
U UVES OP THE PURITANS.
were much vexed to see a man, nvhom they deemed unfit
for the situation, preferred before those who were more
advanced in years. He no sooner entered upon his official
duties, in the delivery of public lectures, than he gave the
most perfect satisfaction to all his hearers. There was in
him nothing wanting which could be found in the best
divine, and the most accomplished professor. He al once
discovered much reading, a sharp judgment, a pure and
easy style, with sound and solid learning, by which his
fame spread in every direction, and multitudes resorted to
Ills lectures, and reaped from them incalculable advantage.*
To.qualify himself for these public exercises, he directed
his studies, with uncommon application, to all the .useful
branches of human learning. He was a great proficient in
tile knowledge of philosophy. With uncommon diligence
he studied the sacred scriptures, to which he invariably
appealed, not only in matters of faith, but in the detemina-
tion of all doubts and controversies. He turned over mott
of the modern commentators and faithful interpreters of the
word of God. With incredible industry, and in the space
of a few years, he read over most of the fathers, both Greek
and Latin. He attended to his studies with the greatest
regularity, and appointed himself every morning what
exercises he should pursue during the day ; and if he was
at any time interrupted in his engagements, he always
protracted his studies to a late hour, and so deprived
himself of his natural rest and sleep, in order to finish his
appointed task. By this course of labour and watching he
very much increased in learning, but greatly impaired his
health, which he never afiter perfectly recovered.
In the public exercises in the schools, his great learning
and singular aloquence rained the admiration of all hu
auditors. When he read in rhetoric and philosophy, he
seemed to be another Basil ; when he catechised, anc^er
Origen ; and when be preached his Conceo ad CUrrnn^ it
abounded with sanctity and all kinds of learning. In the
office of professor, he delivered public lectures first upon
various select parts of the New Testament, then he entered
upon the controversies between the papists and pio-
testants. He first encountered the vain-glorious Campian,
who set forth his ten arguments, proudly boasting that he
had utterly ruined the protestant religion. Wmtaker so
learnedly and so completely refuted the haughty Jesnjjt^
• Clark's £ccl. Hiit. |p. 8U.
*
W. WHITAKER. 75
4hat all his boasting vanished into smoke. Afterwards
came forwards Duiy, another Jesuit, who undertook to
answer Wbitaker, and to vindicate Campian. As Campian
had set {orth his work with great ostentation and youthful
confidence ; so Dury carriea on the controversy with much
•railing and scurrility. Whitaker admitted his opponent to
.lutve the pre-eminence in calumny and abuse; but he
leluted all his arguments, and discovered all his fallacies,
nith such good sense and sound judgment, that it is said,
*^ the truth was never more fully cleared by any man."
His next antagonist was Nicolas Saunders, who boasted thaf
by forty demonstrative arguments, he had proved that the
pope was not antichrist. Whitaker examined these argu-
ments, and answered them with great learning and solidity,
letOrtiiig many of them upon the author himselfl After
this, Rainolds, another apostate, pretended to reply, and,
with siibtilty and malice, represented the English divines
iolie at variance among themselves ; and by this means, he
enddEivoured to expose protestantism to the greater hatred
and contempt. But our learned Whitaker at once perceived,
and with great judgment, exposed his crafty insinuations
andfisdsehoods ; yet, he declared that the book was so vain
and foolish, that he scarcely thought the author worthy of
an JEuiswer.*
Dr. Whitaker was afterwards preferred to the mastership
of St. John's college, Cambridge, though not without much
opposition from the ill-affected in the university, of which
Funer gives the following curious account : — " He was
appointed by the queen's mandamus; and Dr. Cap-coat, the
▼ice-chancellor, went along with him, being attended by a
goodly company, solemnly to induct him to his place, when
ne met with an unexpected opposition. They could not
gain admittance. The gates were shut, partly manned and
partljir boyed against him. The vice-chancellor retreated to
Trinity college; and after consulting the lawyers, he^
according to ^ir advice, created Dr. Whitaker master (n
SU John s in his own chamber, by virtue of the queen^s
mandate. This done, he re-advanceth to St. John's, and
with a POSSE AcADEMiiE, demands admission. The
Jobniaiu having intelligence by their emissaries, that the
property of the pierson was altered, and Dr. Whitaker
invested with the mastership, and knowing the queen would
♦ CUrk'i Eccl. WnU p. Mh-M. ^
76 LIVES OF THE PURITANS.
maintain tier power from her crown to her foot, took wit im
their anger, and received hun/'»
Notwithstanding the above opposition, the new master,
by his clemency, nis equity, and his goodness, presently
overcame their exasperated minds, and turned tl^ir enmi^
and prejudice into love and admiration* He alwayt
governed the college with great prudence and moderatiQi^
and sacrificed his own interest for the advantage of the
public, as appeared by his own frugality and the testimony
of those who lived with him. In the choice of scliolan
and fellows, he was always impartial and unMameable, aii3
would never suffer any corruption to creep into the electioiis*
If he found any who by bribes had endeavoured to buy
aoffrages, they, however deserving^ in other respects, of afi
i^ers, should not be chosen.f This account of his great
integrity, and his particular care in the government of hii
college, affords a complete refutation of the great n^Ied,
with which he is charged by the insinuation of another
historian.}
Under the mastership of Dr. Whitaker, all worthy
scholars and fellows received the encouragement due to
their character and desert. He distributed the rewards of
learning with an impartial hand; but all indiscreet and
improper measures were justly discountenanced. There
was only one way to prefemient, and that was founded upon
merit and real worth. This made the coU^e flourish in
sound learning, and swarm in the number of its members.
There were no less than thirty-eight fellow-conmioners in fte
house at one time, which, upon a moderate computation,
are said to have been more than at any other period since
the foundation, or than probably ever will be a^ain. This,
for the purpose of their accommodation, led to several
considerables enlar^ments of the coUe^. His learning was
not confined to nimself : it was diffusive. It spread
itself through the whole society ; and, by his example,
instruction, and encouragement, he raised so much emulation!
amonff the fellows, as to make others learned as Well as
liimsdrf. Indeed, die society in his time was looked iipcm
|M something more than a private college. He himseli^
who was no boaster, used to style it a little university.^
Bellarmine, tfae Bomish disputant^ growing ^mous
« FuUer's Hist, of O^b. p. 96, 97. f CUrVi £ccl. Hist. p. 819,
J Fuller's Hist, of Camb. p. 97.
Baker*! MS. CoUec. T9l. i. p.lSlT— 819*
W. WHITAKEB. 77
about (his time, and bein^looked upon by his own party as
an invincible champion, Dr. Whitaker undertook to defend
the bulwarks of protestantism against the assaults of the
popish adversary ; and it is observed, ^' that he cut off tho
head of his antagonist with his own weapons." The first
pait of this controversy was concerning the holy Scripture ;
theiir about the Church, the Councils, the Bishop of Rome^
the Ministers, departed Saints, the Church Triumphant, the
Sacraments, Baptism, and the Lord^s Supper; some of
which lie pubUshed ; but he had not leisure to print them alL
During tne whole controversy, he treated his Romish
opponent^ not with keen reproach, or under the influence of
passion, but as one who sought to promote the truth.
BeUarmine being completely siknced, Thomas Stapleton, a
superstitious oldman, and professor at Louvain, undertook
to answer Whitaker, which he performed in a volume
sufficiently large, but in most abusive and scurrilous,
language. Therefore, lest die angry and bigotted old man
should seem wise in his own eyes, Whitaker answered him
accotdine to his deserts, and in keener language than usual.*
Dr. Whitaker was a man of the greatest celebrity, and
wa% fox many years, concerned in most of the public trans-
actions in the university of Cambridge. His name is often
menti<med by historians, especially by an invaluable
collector of scarce and curious information,^ as taking a
most flealous and active part in promoting the peace and
pioq^ty of this seat of learning. In the year 1580, he
was presented by the queen to Uie chancdlorship of St
Panl^ -London, which he resiff ned in 1587 ; but on what
account we cannot learn4 Iii the year 1591, Dr. Goad^
provost of King's coU^, Cambridge presented a request
to Dean NoweU, in beludf of Dr. Whitaker, that he might
be preferred to some more valuable benefit. The venerable
deajK anxious to serve his friend and kinsman, forwarded
Dr. Goad's letter, the day he received it, together with one
of his own, to the lord treasurer ; reminding his lordship of
Dr. Whitaker's great learning, well known at Cambridge by
the producticHis of his pen in Greek and Latin ; and not
unknown to his lordship, to whom several of his works had
hem dedicated. His fitoess for presiding over a learned
society had paitlv appeared, from the quietoess and sood
order which had been established in St. John's coTl^
since he became master ; and as to his circumstances, they
• Clark'i Ecd. Hist. p. SIS. f Balber'i MS. CoUectioos.
t Gffmi^er'i Blof . Hilt. fol. L p. SIS.
78 LIVES OF THE PURITANS.
were so far from being affluent, that the dean, in considen(«
tien of his poverty, ha(^ now. for two years past taken upon
himself the maintenance of one of his sons. Ihisapplica*
tion, however, in behalf of Dr. Whitaker, whatever might
be the reason of it, proved unsuccessful.*
' Some of our historians affirm, that this celebrated divine
was not a puritan; for which, indeed, they produce very
little evidence, or rather no substantial evidence whatever.
That which is commonly pleaded for evidence in this case^
is Dr. Whitaker's letter to Dr/ Whitgift, in which he gives
his s^itiments with great freedom,conceming M r.Cartwrigfat
and his opinions, as follows : — " I have read,^* saith he, ^^ a
Seatpart of that book (Cartwrighf s second Reply) which
r. Cartwright lately published. I pray Grod I live not, if
ever I saw any thing more loosely and ahnost more childishly
written. It is true that for words, he hath great store, and
those both fine and new : but for matter, as Tar as I can
judge, he is altogether barren. Moreover, he'dotb not only
think perversely of the authority of princes, in caused
ecclesiastical, but also flieth into the holds of the papists,
from whom he would be thought to dissent with a mcurtal
hatred. But in this point he is nof to be endured : and in
other parts also he borroweth his arguments from the papists.
He playeth with words, and is lame in his sentences, and h
altogether unworthy to be confuted by any man of learning.'*
Our author adds, that Dr. Whitaker wr€^ this letterabout
the time that he began to write against Campian.f And
what does the whole of it prove ? It is designed to reproach
Mr. Cartwright, his book, and his sentiments, and to prove
Dr. Whitaker. to have been no puritan, of which it certainly
contains no suljstantial evidence. For, admitting- the
letter to be genuine, it only contains Dr. Whitalj^er's
opinion of mr. Cartwright and his publication, and no
evidence either for or a^inst the puritanism of the writer.
But there is some reason to suspect that the letter is a
forgery, and devised only to blacken the memory of the
puritans. It rests upon the sole authority of Dr. BaQCipfli
one of the bitterest and most violent of all their enemies;
and is said to have been written near the time when Dj.
Whitaker united with other learned divines in soliciting
Mr. Cartwright to undertake an answer to the Rhenad»
translation, in which, among other commend^ticms, they
addressed him as follows : — " It is not for every one rashly
• Cborton'sLifeofNowel], p. 322,323. f BMcroft'sSiinr«y,p«S79,38a.
W. WHITAKER. 79
to be tbilist fbrth into the Lord's battles ; but such captain*
aie to be chosen from amongst David's worthies, one of
which we acknowledge you to be, by the former battles
undergone for the wms of our cUv^ the church. We doubt
not, if you will enter this war, but that you, fighting for
cxinscience and country, will be able to tread under foot the
fiNTces of the Jebusites, which set themselves to assault the
tower rf David."»
The former battles which Mr. Cartwright is here said to
haye undergone for the walls or discipline of the church, and
for. which he received so high a commendation from Dr.
Whitaker and his brethren, were the controversies he had
with Dr. Whitgifl: but when the same controversies are
described by the unworthy pen of Dr. Bancroft, Dr.
Whitaker is made to speak the language of keen reproach^
both of Mr. Cartwright and of his former battles. How
can the two things be reconciled ? Shall we conclude that
Whitaker was guilty of such palpable inconsistency ? Thi»
was no trait in his character. Did he then completely
change his opinion of Cartwright and his controversy^
during the short interval of joining in the address to this
divine, and writing the foregoing letter to Whitgift ? This
would be contrary to numerous facts, as will presently
appear. Did he address Whitgift, now Archbishop of
CiBuiterbiiry, merely to flatter him, and procure his favour ?
He never lost his ravour, and no one was ever less guilty of
flattery.
In the year 1589, an assembly was held in St. John's
coUeae, Cambridge, of which Dr. Whitaker was master.
Mr. Cartwright and many others were present on this occa-
sion, and the meeting was designed io promote a purer form
of discipline in the church. At the same time, ^^ divers
imperfecti<Hi8 in the Book of Discipline were corrected,
altered and amended ; and they did not only perfect the
said book, but did then and there voluntarily agree, that as
nuuiy as were willing should subscribe the said Book of
Discipline."f Therdbre, among the learned divines who
subscribed, was the renowned Dr. Whitaker.t He is also
said to have united with other puritan divines in promoting
tbe reformed discipline, and to have assembled with them
finr this purpose in their private associations.^
The year following, this learned divine was charged with
holding or forming a presbytery in his college, and with
• See Art. Cartwright. f Bancroft's Survey, p. 67.
t Nesl'i Poritaiii, toI. i. p. i^. S Baker's MS. CoUec. vol. zv. p. 79.
80 LIVES OF THE PURITANS.
other nnjast accusations, when he went up to London^ and
'wrote the following letter to Lord Burleigh, chancellor of
the university.*
^^ My hnmUe duty to your honourable lordship.
^^ I wiU not complain to your lordship, of those thfit
<^ have complained of me ; who, seeing me resolved to come
<< up about my necessary defence, and fearing that the
** complaint made concerning a preshi/ten/ would be easilr
<^ disproved, have devised other matters, which eith»^ toucii.
<<me nothing at all, or else are most frivolous; and ye^
<' being thus heaped together, seem to be of Some weirat,
^< Although I foresee the inconvenience of a new visitatiosi^
<^ which is the only thing they shoot at ; yet I fear not any
^^courseof justice whatsoever; and I do willingly submit
<^ mvself to what order your lordship shall take for diM
^^ tnal of these matters. In one thing for a taste, your
<< lordship may judge of the rest. I am charged that I lay.
** at my orolher Chadderton's, the night before J came up,.
<< Indeed the truth is, I lay in the colle^, as I ever do : but: .
<< this was only a slight to bring in some menticm of joij
<< brother, whom they hate as much as me. If it may stand
^< with your honour's good pleasure, to let me have that
^^ writing that was eiiuibited against me, I will set down
^< mine answer to every particular point, and return the
^< same again to your lordship. Thus I humbly take mr
<* leave. From the Dean of Paul's house, October %
" Your lordship's to serve in Che Ijord,
" William Whitaker."
We have not been able to learn what answer Dr.
Whitaker gave to the accusations of his enemies, norliow*
long his troubles continued ; but he most probably obtained'
his release, and, without much interruption, returned t6 hii
wonted exercises in the university. He was a divine who
had a correct view of the genuine principles of protestantism^ ,
and would appeal to the authority of the holy scripttumii
alone, in the decision of all religious controversy. " We .
may warrantably enough," says he, "reject all hunum
testimonies, and insist upon some clear scripture testimony, .
For this is the constant sense of the catholic fathers, that
nothing is to be received or approved in religion, which .ir
not bottomed on the testimony of scripture, and caniiot fie.
proved and confirmed out of those sacked writinga: and
• Baker's MS. CoUec. toI. zil. p. 56S.
1 W. WHITAKER. 81
I
1 very deservedly, since the scripture is the absolute rule of
f iruihJ'** From these generous principles, he was induced^
; with several other excellent divines, to write against the
sujperstitious and ridiculous^practice of bowing at the name
or Jesns.f Upon the same generous principles, he was no
frigid to episcopacy, but a decidea advocate for the
eldership, wnich the puritans sought to have established.
<« Episcopacy," saith he, " was invented by men as a
remedy against sin ; which remedy many wise and holy
men have judged to be worse than the disease itself, and so
it luUh proved by woeful experience.''^ In his answer to
Campian^s ten ar^^uments, he says, '^ A presbyter and a
bishop are by divme right the same ; and if Arius was an
heretic for saying so, Jerome certainly was akin to the same
heresy/'^ And m his reply to Dury, he avows the same
sentiment, saying, " Presbyters being by divine right the
same as bishops, might warrantably set other presbyters
€f^et the churches."! He was decidedly of opinion, that
. all ecclesiastical persons should confine themselves to their
ecclesiastical functions, without the exercise of any tempo-
ral iaiithority.l On these accounts, Mr. Strype very justly
observes, that though he Mas a learned and pious man, a
public professor of divinity, and a good writer against the
€hurch of Rome ; yet " he was no friend to the church of
E!ii|land."«*
Br. Whitaker, Dr. Fulke, Dr. Chadderton, Mr. Dod, and
other learned puritans, held their private meetings in the
aniyersity, with a view to their own improvement in a
knowledge of the holy scriptures. Our divine married for
his first wife, the pious sister of the two famous preachers, ^
Mr. Samuel and Mr. Ezeklel Culverwell, and Dr. Lawrence
Chadderton married another sister. For his second wife, he
married the grave and pious widow of Mr. Dudley Fenner ;
and by both of them he had eicht children, to whom he
EYe a religious education.+t " It must be confessed," say»
r. Baker, <^ he had somewhat of the old leaven," meaning
liis puritanism. '^ His marriage into the families of the
Gulyerwells and Fenners, and his acquaintance with
Cturtwright, Fulke, Chadderton and Dod, might give him
.* CalftBy*! DffeDGe of Noncon. vol. i. p. 197. Edit. 170S.
-t Pk'jme*! Cnnt. Doome, p. 469.— Wood^s Athene Oxon. vol. i. p. 348.
fLeif^toii** Sioo*8 Plea, p. 18 : fi-om Whitaker.
FMitioo of Prelates filzamined, p. 15. Edit. 1641.
n Colmmy's Defence of Noncon. vol. i. p. 71.
^ BAker*t MS. Collec. vol. xz. Tbii vol. is not paged.
• • 8Crjpe*i Whitflfl, p. SJUk + + Clark's Eccl. Hlit. p. 817.
▼OL. II. G
82 LIVES OP TD E PURITANS.
an insensible bias that way ; jct the meetings he held witli
these persons, were not intended to introduce 8 new.dii^'
cipline, but to expound the scripture/'*
In the year 1595, there were many warm disputes about
points of christian doctrme. The fire of contention broki;
out in the university of Cambridgei in which Dr. Whitdber
was. deeply involved. He shewed himself the sealou
advocate of the supralapsarian sentiments, and was wannlT
opposed by Dr. Baro and others of the same party. To
put an end. to these disputes, the heads of the univeniijr
sent Dr. Whitaker and Dr. Tyndal up to Lambeth, for the
Suipose of consulting with the archbishop, and other leaimd
i vines, upon these points ; when they concluded upon nine
propositions, commonly called the Lambeth ariides^ to
which the scholars in the university were enjoined an exact
conformity.f
Dr. Wliitaker, during his journey to Lambeth, fell i&du
.occasioned by his unusual fatigue and want of sleep, ana
died soon aner his return to Cambridge. Throu^ the
whole of his affliction, he discovered great submission to the
divine will. With holy and happy composure, he said,
^' O .Lord my God, though thou kill me ; j^y I am Mune^
•that with these eyes I shall see thee ; for in thee do I hope."
To a friend, who asked him one morning how he dici^ he
replied, ^' O happy night ! 1 have not token so sweet it
.sleep since my disease fcU upon me.'' His friend afterwaids
finding him in a cold sweat, and telling him that sisns of
death were upon him, he immediately answered, ^' Life or
death is welcome to me, which Qod plea^th ; for deitk
shall be an advantage to me. I desire not to live, but only
* Baker*8 MS. Collec. vol. i. p. 814. toI. xz,
f These articles were the foUowing : — *' God hath, froa etcntty»
predestinated certain persons to life ; and hath reprolmted certain p«fiMi
unto death. — ^Tbc moving or efficient cause of predestination uoto life, h
not the foresight of faith, or of perseverance, or of good worki, or oftMj
thing that I3 in the persons predestinated : but only the good will afld
pleasure of God. — ^There is pre-determined a certain number of the pre*-
de^tinate, which can neither be. augmented nor diminished. — ^Thoiewbt
are bot predestinated to salvation, shaU inevitably be eondemDed for thrif
■ins. — A true, lively, and justifying faith, and the spirit of God JnitifyiBf 1
is not extinguished, doth not utterly fail, doth not vanish away. In the elect,
either Snally or totally. — A true believer, that is, one who is ODdusd jrith
justifying faith, is certain with the Aill assurance of foith, of the renissiofr
of his sins, and of his everlasting salvation by Christ. — Saving grace 19 BOt
given, is not granted, is not communicated to all men, by which they Bty
-be saved if they will. — No man is able to come unto Christ, nofeiB It be
given him, and unless the Father draw him : and all men are not dimwfi hj
the Father, that they may come to the Son. — it is not in the will or MWfr
of every man to be saved.'*-— Furfer'* Church Hist. b. iz« p. i^90-^Htt!.
. W.WHITAKER. 8»
so far as I may do Grod and his church service ;''• and soon
after quietly departed in the Lord, December 4, 1595, ia
the forty-seventh year of his age, having filled the professor's
cbair about sixteen years, and that of master almost nine.
'Dean Nowell, in his last will and testament, made the
SMomine bequest: ^' To his- cousin. Dr. Whitakcr-of
CSainbric^e, he gives twenty books of his own choosing •»*.
bpt Ihe venerable.dean survived him some years.f In the'
dboye year he was preferred to a prebendary in the church;
of Ginteibnry. He certainly deserved greater preferment^
aqdhe stood in need of it; for he died poor, considering;
ti^ jgunily he left behind him. It was some reproach to the
UB&m^ that the two greatest men that ever nlled the pio«
Soamk^n chair in the university of Cambridge, should have.
beep no better provided for : these were Dr. Whitaker, and
tb^' celebrated Martin Bucer, who was forced to borrow
IBoney with his last breath.^ Dr. Whitaker's. library was
very dioice and valuable, which the queen designed to obtain
bi lienel^ and Archbishop Whit^in wished to procure his
aimierous and valuable manuscnpts. At his death, the
college Gonfisrred upon him the honour of a public fjoneral^
an account of which is still preserved amon^ the recoids ci
the society, where so much is put down for his funeral feast,
sp much for his tomb, and so much for the other necessary
ezpenaesk Mr. Bois delivered a funeral oration at his
Sve, and the vice-chancellor and public oratqr or his
nity at St. Mary's church.^ His corpse was, with veiy
gieat aolemnity and lamentatiqn, carried to the grave, and
IWiaterred in the chapel of St. John's college. Near th^
^ace of his interment was a costly monumental inscription
elected to his memory, of which the following is a transla-
tion:!
, . . , This Monument is erected
/ to the memory of Doctor Whitaker,
• fontieriy the royal interpreter of Scnpture.
' His interpretations were adorned with elegance of language ;
bis judgment was acute,
his method beautiful^
hb memory strong,
his labours and perseyeranee invincible;
and his life most holy.
With these very rare endowments of raind^
his capdouTy virtue^ and humility,
• ClaikS l^cl. Hist. p. 819. f ChortoD*s Life of Nowell, p. 354, S56.
i Baker*s MIS. Collec: toI. i. p. 234. h Ihid. p. SSI .
B KnigbtV Life of Colet, p. 398. <
S/t IiIVES OF THE PURITANS.
*
shone with the greatest splendour.
He was a prudent Master of this College
more than eight years,
being a firm defender of all that was right,
and an avenger of whsLteyer was wrong*
Dr. Whltaker, through the whole of his life, botii is
Sablic and private, discovered great piety and holines.
fe was most patient under insults, and easily lecoiiciled to
those who injured him. He was very bountiful to the poor;
especially to pious and industrious students. He was
idways modest in giving his judgment upon mens* optninls
and actions. Among iiis friends, he was courteous and
pleasant; faithful in keeping secrets; prudent and grave j
and always ready to assist them with counadi or inonejr.
He was of a grave ai^pect, a ruddy complexion, tBLttaaig
constitution, a. solid judgment, a liberal mind, and 'an
afiable disposition; but that which added the greakit
lustre to his character, was his great meekness and hmnifity**
^< He was one of the greatest men his collie ever prodiuMd;
and," says Wood, <^ the desire and love of tne preseBt
times, and the envy of posterity, that cannot bring fortli s
Sarallel."f « The learned Whitaker," savs Leiffh, " was Uis
onour of our schools, and the angel of our church ; than
whom our age saw nothing more memorable. What dear-
ness of judgment, what Sweetness of style, what jgravity of
person, what gra!cefulness of carriage, was in the maB!"
"Who ever saw him without reverence!" said Bnbop
Hall, " or heard him without wonder ?*'t He iria
Myled << the oracle of Cambridge, and the mirade of'fte
world."
It was a maxim with this celebrated divine, ^ Aat
refreshing the memory was a matter of great importaaoeia
every kind of learning, but especially m the most asefid
parts of it. He therefore read over his granunar taA
logic once every year.§ He was the greatest champion in flie
cause of th^ protestants, even by the confession or Gatdinal '
Bellarmine, who, though he had been so often baffled b^
him, procured his picture from England, and preserved it
in his study. When his friends were introduced to him, he
used to point to the picture and say, tibat tibough Whiti^
« Clark*s Eccl. Hist. p. 819, 890.— FoUer's Abel. Red. p. 406.
f Baker*8 MS. Collec. vol. i. p. 213.— Wood*! AtlieiUB, ?ol. i. p. 744.
% Leigh on Religion and Learning, p. 36S» 364;
S Granger's Biog. Hist. toI. I. p. 813. ^
ALVEY. 85
tvas an heretic, << he was the most learned heretic he ever
read."*
Wm Works.— 1. Translation of "Noweirs Catechism into Greek.---
ft. Translation of the English Liturgy into Latin.— 3. Translation of
Bishop Jewers Dispute against Harding into Latin.— 4. Answer to
Sdnrand Campian his Ten Reasons. — 5. A Defence of bis Answer
Maiast John Ihprey. — 6. A Refutation of Nicolas Saunders his
J^QBonstration, whereby he would prove that the Pope is not
Awtkihrist— 7. A Collection thereto added of ancient Heresies
tiked up again to make up the Popish Apostacie. — 8. A Thesis pro-
ifemioa and defended at the Commencement in 1582, that the Pope
is*flM -Antichrist spokeiwof in Scripture.«^9. Answer to William
BMnolds against the Preface to that against Saunders in English. —
W. A l^sputation concerning the Scripture against the Papists of
taese times, especially Bella^rn4ne and Stapletopw — 11. ^ Dcfjpnce of
iSbm Authority of the Scriptures, against Thomas Stapleton his
IMsBoe of the Authority of the Church. — 12. Lectures on the
Csptvovefsios concerning the Bishop of Rome. — 13. Lectures on the
.yoB^innrenie opnceming the Church. — 14. Lectures on the Contro-
nysie oonceming Councils.-^! 5. A Treatise of Original Sin, against
Mqpleton's three former books of Justification. The fbur articles last
'hiSlifiOiied were published after the author's death by John Allenson.
•*4flk"A liOetftfe on the first of Timothy, ii. 4. read on February
Mf )fiM; befinre the Earl of Essex, and other Honourable Persons. —
,^* Leotorcii oonceming the Sacraments in general, and the £u-
dMurist and Baptism in particular. This last was taken down by
Iblli AOensoii, and published by Dr. Samuel Ward.t His '< Works''
were afterwards collected and pnblbhed in Latin, at Croneya, in
4lPO Tobimes folio, in ^6l0.{
. Hbney Alyet, B. D.<^This zealous puritan was a
Journcd divine, and fellow of St. John's college, Cambridge^
.whene lie most probably received his education. He was
tator to the celebrated Mr. Thomas Gataker, junior, and
other excellent divines. During the contention about the
..vinlation of the university, he subscribed to the following
npoteitation, dated February SO, 1587, and found in the
;9'>*bpp of £ly's risgister*office:— ^^ I, Henry Alvey, do
inwtest^ with autiful obedience, that, in respect to the oath
which I have taken to the college, I dare not acknowledge the
jiviwdiction of any but of our appointed visitors : and that
Dj my personal appearing and answering, I do not renounce
that ri^t or benefit that I may have by them ; but that it
may be lawfiUi whensoever just occasion shall be found^
to appeal unto them. Which protestation reserved unto
• Wood'i AthenaB Oxoo. vol. i. p. 303.
-f- Fanfr^i Abel Red. p. 407, 408.
t Wood*! AthcDCB Ozon. ?ol. i. p. 744.
8ft LIVES OF THE PURITANS.
9ie ia all and etery point, I am most ready end
answer."* — The year following, upon the severe ppoQet^
ings against Mr. Francis Johnson, another zealous puritan,
)se united with upwards of sixty others, all learned mitn and
fi^llows of the university, in presenting a supplicalion-to
Chancellor Burleigh, in behalf of this persecuted flervant
of Christ.f
Mr. Alvey united with his brethren' in their endeavottfi
to promote a more pure ecclesiastical discipline ; and when
they were apprehended and carried before their spiritdal
judfges, he was one of those who took tlie oath esp offim^
and discovered the associations. In the year 1595, wfacii
Barret was called to an account for his dangerous sentimmt;,
he was one of the learned divines of St. John's cdlegei
^ho openly declared their disapprobation of his opiDiOttSi
and their dissatisfaction with his pretended recantatioD.|
Towards the close of this year, .complaints were broug^
against him and several others of the fellows, concenniig
their nonconformity. These complaints, or rather slaoder-
bus and false accusations, were laid before Arcbbiahop
Wliitgift; against which, he justified his conduct, luia
vindicated his character, at considerable length.^ Thoiu^
}t does not appear what further troubles he endured, he
probably found it necessary to leave the university ; for he
wais soon after chosen provost of Trinity college, Dublin;
in which office he succeeded the celebrated Sfr, Walter
Travers.ll
/ Mr. Alvi^y is calll^d a Worthy benefactor to SL JdBii's
college, Cambridge. B^ his last will and teslanient, he
gav(*^ out of a house m Jesus-lane, four nobles^ to be
annually paid to a Nottinghamshire scholar, living iiiidel"t
fellow ; and in default of such scholar, the. four nmileB to be
given to the college one year, and to the tenant another,
alternately. He also made some other bequest^ of a sinflai
kind, for the encouragement of learning and the'adviurtq[t
of learned men in the university .i
• Baker*! MS. Coliec. toI. lii. p. 92. + See Art. FrtBcii
1 Baker*! MS. CoUec. vol. ii. p. 97, 88«
4 Ibid. TOl. ili. p. 810—813.
I MS. Chroaolo|7, toI. Hi. A. D. 1656. (78.)
. 1 £aker*i MB, OoUec. vol. ziU. This vol. it not psfcd.
PRIME— ALLEN. 87
r 4oHV Peime, B. D. — He vas born at Oxford, received
jbift'^.gnuniQar learning at Wickham school, and afb^rwards
ie^ferel at Nev CoU^e, Oxford, where he took his de^rers,
kfulwaa chosen fellow of the house. Upofi his entrance
utd the sacred function, he became a zealous and pbpulkr
taeacher in the city of his nativity,, being much favoured
py Dt. Cooper, bishop of Winchester. Afterwards^ he
became vicar of Adderburjr in Oxfordshire, where he was
mnch followed for his edifying way of preaching. The
jPzfoicI historian denominates him a noted puritanical
prefbcher.* He died at Adderbury, in the prime of life,
Apnl IS, 1596, and his remains were intenm in his own
l£iirch.
Us WonKS.-^l. A short Treatise of Sacraments generally, and
ftl.. special of Baptism and of the Supper, 1682.— 2. A IVeatise of
'Matqie and Grace, 1683.-— 3. A Sermon briefly comparing the State
Jot Khui Solomon and his Subjects, together with the condition of
l^oeen JBUcabeth and her People, preached at St. Mark's in Oxon*
NofJ 17, 1685, on 1 Kings x. 9.— 1685. — 4. An Exposition on the
flahrttin% 1687.— 6. The Consolations of David applied to Queen
Wnbetlp, in a Sermon at St. Mary's in Oxon. Not. 17, 1688, on
}f^m vnl 4.--1688.
\ Richard Allev. — He was minister at Ednam in Lin-
bplnshiie^ a good preacher, and much beloved, but greatly
fisufaaBeti for nonconformity. In the year 1583, upon the
publication of Whitgift^s three articles, he was suspended
mm his ministerial exercise, for refusing the imposed sub-
acrii^oh* There were upwards of twenty others, all
mfnisteiB in Lincolnshire, suspended at the same time.
Having received the ecclesiastical censure, they presented a
amplication to the lords of the council, earnestly wishing
to^procuie their favourable tnediation; but, probably,
VlfDout any good effect: the ruling prelates usually re«
dttiiied inflexible. In this supplictition, they express Uiem-
adves as follows :
^' For as much, right honourable, as we whose names are
widerwritteii, whpm the Lord in rich mercy hath placed
over some of his people in Lincolnshire, as pastors lo feed
Ihem with the word of truth, do humbly beseech your
iKNiaurs to r^ard the pitiful and woeful state of our con*
gte^ionB ill those parts ; which being destitute of our
miniitiy, by nieans pf the subscription now generally and
« Wood's Athene Qxoiu vol. 1. p« 847,
id LIVES OF THE PURITANS.
fltricily urged by the bishops, do mourn and lament. Itli
well known to ail your honoois, that an absolute subaciip'
tion is required through the whole province of Canterbury,
to three articles. As to the first and third, relating' to
her majesty's supreme authority and the articles of religioD^
we most willingly offer our subscription, as always herembii
we have done ; but cannot be accepted without an dbscdiite
subscription to the other, to which we dare not condesoeodf^
being all of us unresolved and unsatisfied in our conscience
about many points in the Common Prayer. May it faittHr
please your honours favourably to consider,^that, in refuring
an absolute subscription, we do it not out of arroganey^-IHr
singularity, but because we are in doubts about mvers
weighty matters: and fearing to subscribe as we were
urged, we are all suspended uom exercising the' funotiqii
of the ministry among our people, to the great dami^iif
their souls, and our great injury. Wherefore, being panp
suaded that our cause is the cause of Christ and his chuic^
we humbly beseech your honours, that with favour it mw
be considered. And seeing we cannot be impeached «
false doctrine, nor of contempt of her majesty's laws, an
of refusal to use the book of prayer, nor of breeding con-
tention or sedition in the church, we crave that we may^be '
restored to our flocks ; and that with all peace of con8cieiio&
we may go forwards in the Lord's work,* in our seveai
places. Signed by
" Richard AiiLEN, John Prior,
John Daniel, Charles Bingham,
Thomas Tripler, John SuMMBRscAlaUi '
Mr. Shepherd, Anthony Hunt,
Henry Nelson, ' Reinold Grome^
Matthew Thompson, William MunninO)
Thomas Bradley, John Wintle,
Thomas Fulbeck, Humphrid. Stratbrsji-
Hugh Tuke, Rich. Housworth, .
. Joseph Gibson, Rich. Kellet."*
James Worship,
Though it does not appear bow long Mr. Allai remaihed
under the episcopal censure, he was at length restored to
his ministry,, and was preacher at Louth, in the abovri
county ; but in the year 1596, he was brought into fresh
troubles by Judge Auderson. tiaying sometimes omitted
part of the prayers for the sake of the sermon^ he was
• MS. Register, p. SSI.
F. JOHNSON. 89
indictedl at the assizes, for not reading them all. He was
ofaiiMd to hold up his hand at the bar; when Andersoa
. ■tanding up, addressed him with a most fierce countenance.
The angry judge, after insinuating that he was guilty €f
aoine most grievous crimes, though he mentioned non^
•Aentimes called him knave^ ana rebellious knaves and
ireated him with many other vile reproaches, not allowing
Ifai to speak id his own defence. Under this opprobrious
ll«ilment, Mr. Allen behaved himself with all humility and
aabmisflion ; not rendering railing for railing, but the Con-
tery. Anderson in his charge said, that he would hunt all
fbe puritans out of his circuit.
In Mr. Allen's arraignment, one thing was very re-
markable. During his trial, some point ccMning under
consideration, Vfherein judgment in divinity yras required,
flie good man referred himself to his ordinary, the bishop,
then sitting on the bench ; but the judge, with marvellous
MBnation, interrupted him, sayims:, I am your ordinary
mtdoiihop too^ in this place, and challenged any one to take
liis part. He was, indeed, so enraged against the good
iiuin^ that when Sir George Sampol signifira verv softly to
the judge, that Mr. Allen was an honest man and of a good
noDvenation, his lordship could not help manifesting his
displeasure.* It does not appear what followed this pro-
secution, or whether Mr. Allen was released. We may see^
however, from this instance, as well as many others, that the
puritan ministers were set on a level with the vilest criminals,
to the jpeat disgrace of their office, and the loss of their
leputabon and usefulness.
FftAifcis Johnson. — This celebrated puritan was fellow
of Christ's college, Cambridge, a verjr popular preacher in
the university, and afterwards a leading person among the
Brownists in London. In the year 1588, for a sermon
which he preached in St. Mary's church, Cambridge, which
was saia to contain certain erroneous and aangerous
doctrines, he was convened before the vice-chancellor. Dr.
Nevfl, and the heads of colleges, and committed to prison.
The ' varbus proceedings of these ecclesiastical rulers
engaged the attention of the imiversity for a twelvemonth ;
torn "while some warmly approved of the rigorous measures,
others severdj censured them, as reproachml to si protestant
« Strypc'i Annalii vol. iv. p. 865, S66.
90 LIVES OF "^HE PURITANS.
country. His text was 1 Pet v. 1—^. <^ The elden
"Which are among.you, I exhort, who am also an elder,'^ ftci.
That the reader may have a clear and correct view of th^
whole proceedings, it will be proper to state those erroneous
and dangerous positions, said to be collected from his
sermon, which were the following : — 1. ^^ That the chutch
of God ought to be governed by elders. — 2. That a
particular form of churcli government is prescribed in the
word of God. — 3. I'hat no other form ought to be allowed.
—4. That the neglect to promote this government is one
chief cause of the present ignorance, idolatry, and dis-
obedience.— 5. That we have not this government.— ?
6. That ministers ought. to live upon their own cures. —
7. That.there ought to be an equality among ministers^
which the popish hierarchy, and all who belong to it, do
not like. — 8. That we have an Amaziah among us,, who
forbiddeth Amos to preach at Bethel : they do not ezhprt to
feed the jQock, but hinder tliose who would."*
, Admitting that these articles were impartially collected
from bis sermon, they do not appear to be of any very
dangerous tendency, and, therefore, not deserving of any
rerv severe jpunishment ; but of this every candid reader
will judge tor himself. Mr. Johnson was commanded
to answer them, and declare what he had deliver^ in hii
sermon, upon his oath ; which, because he was unwilling to
ficcuse himself, he absolutely refused. He underweqt
several examinations, and was cast into prison, where he
remained a long time. Mr. Cuthbert Bainbrigg, another
zealous puritan, and prosecuted on a similar accouni, wai
his fellow-prisoner. These two persecuted servants dT
Christ, after suffering a long and painful im])risonment,
laid their, case, at the feet of Lord Burleigh, chancellor
of the university, a particular account of which is given
in another placet
Though Mr. Johnson refused to answer upon his oalh}
lest, as observed above, he should prove his own accuser, he
delivered his answer to each of the articles in writing. /Lb
ihfise articles are now before me, it will be proper to SiVt^yr
the reader with a sight of them. '^ That which I spake
in my sermon," says Mr. Johnson, <^ was the following i
. 1. ^< I proved, by divers reasons, that as the churcJi to
which Peter wrote, and the other churches tbeia fuU^
established, had, for their instruction and govenunenty this
« Baker's MS. CoUec. Yol. yI. p, 196.-^tr7pe's Whitgifly P* 990»tHI»^
t See Art. Cuthbert Bainbrigc.
F. JOHNSON. 91
^iie unifbnn and prescribed order" of teaching and ruliog
elders ; so the same, by the word of Grod, are still necessary
to the right instruction and government of his churches.
. 8. <' The Apostle Paul having spoken of the ordinancei
and officers of the church, as of prophesy and others, he
oancludes^ If any man think himself to be a jorophet^ or
ipiriiualj let him acknowledge that tne things ttiat I write
unAoyou^ are the commanaments of the Lord, Uponthis,
i said) i£ they be the commandments of the Lord, then,
till repealed, we are to hold them.
3. " When further speaking of elders, seeing God hath
fet them, in his church, I asked, Who hath authority to
put them out, and set others in ? For they were appoir^ed,
not only for a few years, but to be continued to the end of
the worvl. This we see in the apostle's charge, 1 Cor. xii.
88, 1 Tim. yi. 13, 14. Also our Saviour gave his commis«
fiok fmd promise io all his faithful ministers, to the end of
^ wprldt Matt, xxviii. \Q^ 20, Acts xiii. 36.
4. ^ When speaking of the necessity of elders, I said, I
diKibt not that the want of them, seeing they are appointed
of; God, is the occasion of ignorance, atheism, idolatry,
{irqfiinatiQn of the sabbath, disobedience to superiors, &c
ail we find too lamentably proved by experience.
5. << I said, it would be objected, that there is not a
snfficient number fit for this office. To which I answered,
that many who are fit, are not employed. And inquiring
where the fault was, I said, it was not in the Lord, who is
most ready to set watchmen upon the walls of his church,
'which is his city ; and to give pastors unto his flock, to feed
it with knowlolge and understanding. Shall we think
that Grod is not able and willing to qualify men for the
ministry of. the gospel, as he was Aholiab and Bezaleel fi>r
the work of tlie tabernacle, and Hiram for the templet
Doubtless he is the same God, able and willing : but the
^ult is in ourselves. If you, indeed, desire tnat sinners
phonld be awakened and arise from the dead, labour by all
peans of petition to God, and supplication to those in
enlhority, that Christ Jesus may be heard in our con*
gtegations.
ol <^ Having proved that elders ought to be with their
mm flocks, and to feed them, I said, that Christ would call
ikol^ elders to give an account In the application, I
.exhorted those who have particular flocks committed to
tliem, and still live in th^ university, tp retire into their
98 . LIVES OF THE PURITANS.
chambers, and examine their hearts before the Lord, and t9
act according as the case required.
7« << I said, that if Peter had possessed snch anthoritr as
the papists ascribe to him, he might have commanded these
elders to do that, which^ as a fellow-elder, he exharU them.
But he was so fiir frcmi thinking himself the chief of the
apostles, that he accounts himself a fellouheUer with the
ordinaiy elders of other congr^ations. Yet the popish
hierarchy accounts otherwise, both of his superiority oyer
the rest of the apostles, and of themselves as bishops of
bishops : but we are to like a godly equality.
8. ^' I shewed, that as it was the duty of all christians, so
also of all the ministers of God's word, to exhort and stir
up one another. And that this practice of the apostle con-
demned those, who are so far from exhorting others ip feed
the flock, that they hinder those who would feed them.*>
His answers, however, gave not the least satLs&etion.
After repeated examination, and remaining a long time ip
jprison, he was enjoined, October 19, 15o9, to make the
following recantation : — << Whereas, January 6th, last post,
^^ I taught that our uniformity and prescribed order by
<< teaching and ruling elders, by the word (^ God, hi
<< necessary for the te^hing and ecclesiastical govennnent
<< of the church of God, and is the commandment of the
^< Lord, and to be kept until the appearing <^ our IxmA
<< Jesus Christ : and seeing God, as the apostle saitb, hatis.
^ set them to be elders in the church, who hath authoritjr
<< to set them out or others in ? I therefore being given 'fo
<< understand, that the said speeches; of mine wane so
^< construed by some, as though I had thereby greatly
^ derogated from her majesty ^s authority in causes ecclesi"
^ astical, do now more |)lainly exjuress my meaning, that I
^^ do not think, that there is set down by the word oiGcd^
<< any stinted and precise form of external government m
*^ the church, which must of necessity be observed in all
<< times and places wit)iout exception : but am persuaded,
<< that, for the better government of particular congregirtioiis,
*^ her majesty may establish such orders, as, by ner godfy
^< wisdom, with the advice of her godly and learned jMrekUtai
<< she shall find most expedient for the state of her couniliTy
*^ according to her majesty's pre-eminence in the draor^
^ established by the laws of the realm, and expreaaed fat
• 8trjpe*t Aooi^ls, toU ill. Appen* p. 8Q1[-«-SiO%
F.JOHNSON. 93
*^ ber most just title, which is most agreeaUe to the word of
f^ Gody and conformable to the example of most anci<?nt
** diurcbesy which have been ruled by christian magistrates.
. ^* And whereas I did affirm the want of elders (being the
^ cwdinary means appointed by God) to be the cause of
^ ignorance, atheism, idolatry, profanation of the sabbath^
<( and disobedience to superiors ; and these words of mine
^ seeined to some, injurious to the present state of the
f^ church and conunonwealth of the land and magistrates
'<^^ of them both, as not having care so to cstabUsh the
^^ government as might root out such ffreat enormities : for
^^ the better explanation of my mina on this subject, I
^ cannot say of my certain knowledge, that these vices are
^more abounding here in our churches than in such
^ churches where elders are at this day placed. And I am
<< of opinion that her majesty, and such as are in authority
^^ndd&t her, have by wholesome laws provided against
*J such evils."*
Ifr. Johnson was required to make the above ridiculous
lecanlaiioQ in the pulpit of St. Mary's church ; and because
lie peiffiopned it ^^ in mincing terms, and did not fully
terolfe his opinions,'' according to the form given him, he
was, October 30th, in the above year, expelled from the
nnivendty : and because he did not depkrt from the place^
bewasy December the 18th, a^in cast intoprison.f By
the recommradation of Burlei^ the chancellor, he made
an appeal to the university against these illegal and cruel
proceedings, and wrote a long and excellent letter to the
chancellor, of which the following is a copy :
^^ To the right honourable the Lord Burleiffh.
'^ I came hither to Cambridce, as I was by your
lotdahip advised, to follow my appesS to the university. 1
.went in a quiet manner to Mr. Vice-chancellor and to Dr.
Bjinfi. to desire that either some law mi^ht be shewed to
cut on my appeal, or else my appeal not hindered, further
ihan was alleged by your lordship ; which I then answered,
I. there hath been no one clause of law shewed me, sufficient
'to.ddtxur me from the benefit of appeal. I requested the
proctor to prosecute my appeal, and to procure delegates to
^bediosen according to the statute, which was all I could
here do. And now not only have I profited nothing:, but
'bring called before Mr. Vice-chancellor and the heads, the
18th of the present month, I was there, (for any thing I
• Biker's MS. Collec. vol. ?K p. 187. + Ibid.
94 . LIVES OF THE PURITANS.
• •
heard,) by the sole authority of the vice-chancellor^ charged
the next day to depart the university, except I would theiifc
desire some longer respite for the ridding away of my stu£
Whereunto I making answer, that I waited for the prosecu-
tion of my appeal made to the university, which depettdin|;'|
I was by law to remain in state as before. I was agam
required to answer whether I would depart the next day, or
ask respite for the removal of my stuff: whereunta t
answering that I was not so minded to let fall my tfppcia^
and was by the vice-chancellor committed to close prison,
without baU or mainprize, until such time as I would yiela
to let fall my appeal, and give over my title to the univeraitr^
and to my fellowship ; where I did continue three days in
the Tolbooth, in a close and cold comer, straitly kept, that
none of my friends might come at me, nor comfort come to
me from them. And now, because of the extremity of the
weather, I am removed to the bailiff of the Tolbooth's
house, with most strait charge, that none at all are suBfeied
to come unto me.
^< Neither doth this most violent dealing only fall upon me.
But I beseech your lordship also to consider, whether Ae
sovereign authority of our gracious queen (whom G9d long
continue among us with much glory) be not impugned, by
making themselves without, nay against law and statute,
supreme judges and governors not to be appealed from; the
honourable protection of your lordship over us trampled
under their feet, by most straitly imprisoning me, for that
which your lordship permitted and advised me to do ; and
the express statute of our whole university by all vipIemS
broken and disannulled, for the maintaining of then" own
indiscreet and unlawful proceedings. And, touching
myself and my cause at this time, I most humbly beseech
your lordship also to consider, what injustice it is to wring
from me by violence and forcible imprisonment, in more
strait manner than is usual to felons, and likfe malefectors,
that which by law I might rightluUy maintain.
^' To God, who judgeth ri^ht, 1 commit my cause, beink
in myself persuaded, and rejoicing, that 1 have receivm
honour to suffer for the truth of the eternal God ; which at
first and now still, they persecute in me the unworthiest
of the servants of God. O, my God ! look down from
heaven : stay the fury of men : strike thy fear into their
hearts, that they may consider their last end.
^^ Now to ^""' "*nlship, I, a poor prisoner, overthrow}!
by Iversaries in a just cause, being put
p. JOHNSON. 95
but of doubt that here I shall find no more justice, the
ptqCtor being checked for dealing in' my appeal, and
thi^tened to be called to his answer, do most instuitly in
God*8 behalf,, and for righteous dealing, beg and beseech
jfou'to take my cause to your lordship's hearing, and to
fiescae me from this grievous imprisoiunent, Which, un-
deservedly, the Lord of heaven knowcth, I sustain. I do
^ppf^l linto your lordship's wisdom, justice and authoritvy
' tti being honourable chancellor of this our university. The
Loid give me favour in the sight of your honour, and th^
Lord move your honour's heart to have compassion on my
i6idamity. Unto his will and wisdom I humbly submit
myself, and my cause, making my humble prayer to
Aunighty God, to endue your lordship with ^odly wisdom
and zeal for his ^lory, both in this and all other causes.
'' Your honour's humble supplicant,
.* " Francis Johnson. .
** Cambrid^, December 22, 1589.^
Two supplications, subscribed by sixty-eight scholars, all
^dlows of the university, were at the. same time presented
to Burleigh^ in behalf of Mr. Johnson and his appeal. In
the krtier, dated December 33, 1589, they observe, that the
{privileges granted by the queen's majesty, and the statutes
of the university, were violently torn from them, by those
'yfbo ought tQ have shewn them a better example ; and then
add, — ^ Mr.- Francis Johnson, a man whose cause and
estate^ bjrreason of his long trouble and other grievances,
.are w^ll known unto your lordship, being prohibited by Mr.
Yice-chancellor and some others from presenting his lawful
appeal to the university, made and intimated to the proctor,
.according to statute, from the sentence of expulsion given
.by the late vice-chancellor; and not finding any means
here to help himself, repaired unto your honour for succour,
.andwasy as we understand, remitted to the university, to
.which .he had appealed. Now since his last return, Mr.
.Tice-chaQcellor that now is, citing him before the head^,
, charged him to depart the university ; but he still challeng-
ing the benefit of his appeal, was by the vice-chancellor
committed to close prison w ithout bail or mainprize. We
doubt hot that your lordship soon perceiveth how unequal it
is that the parties, from whom tlie appeal was made, should
be judges whether the appeal be lawlul or not: as alsohoV
the statute of appeal is utterly made void, if for appealing
• BiUcer*! MS. Collec. toI. W. p. 8S, 86.
Ml tlVES OF THE PURITANS.
the Tice-cbttncellor may commit to prison him that tesMk
not in his sentence. For of the close prison, withoat bafl.
Vft say nothing, leaving it to your loroship^s wisdom, aas
to the laws of the land : we do not deny that our hearts ava
greatly moved with this strange example of extraordinaiy
violence and extremity. Our great grief and distress oi
heart hardly suffereth to make any end of complaining, audi
what to ask of your lordship we well know not ; but we'
beseech the Lord our God to affect your honour's heai^
with a tender compassion of the great affliction of this Ottf
dear brother and faithful servant of God, Mr. Johnson."*
Among those who subscribed the two su{pplication% aip
the names of William Perkins, Thomas Brightman, and
Anthony Wotton, all divines of great celebrity in their day.
Indeed, the most pious and learned men in the univerril^
disapproved of the above ill^al and inhuman proceedingss
and L>r. Goad, provost of King's collqee. Dr. Whitana^
master of St JoWs collie, and Dr. Chadderton, maiMr'
of ESmanuel cdlege, all protested against them.f We ds
Hot find, however, that time supplications and protestatkiif
were at all efiectual. How long Mr. Johnson lemaiBeK
^mder his barbarous confinement, we have not been afak#'
leani ; but, as he fiiilad to obtain redress, be, being weaikl
by the fatigue ot the prison, most probably consented la
leave the university* A divine of his name, and probaU^ '
the subject of this narrative, subscribed the ^ Book m
Discipline."!
The tyrannical and cruel persrcnlion of the porilaM^ '
instead of bringii^ them to conformity, only drove thai
further from the eataUished church. They could not in
conscience comply with such measorvs, nor much kssooali
(Key approve dP a church fighting with such wcaposk
TherdAwe^ at this period, many pionB and learned pesna
w^NN^ driven to a total separation from the ecdrnailirti
e^tabli^nMnt^amongwhom was Mr. Johnson, who csponssi;
(he stnliiuents of the Brownkls^ and joined their lougicgi ^
ihm whieK assembled DnvatelT in and abosrt Londonr'
AUmiI (he y«ar 1593; ttke members of thb congicgationi
haviiiir become rather nuwetons^ fbtmed themselves imia
a chmchi: when Mr. JohnsMn was chosen pnslor br As
snieitMee of (he bnithevWwoNL Mr. John Greenwood, docta
«r lemSMHT^ MewnRk Bansian and Lee^ duscnns and
SlMillly and Kinsslon^ teUms. The whole of this
1 8»Mrf%yiMrtM^^^^».4Ma>
" F.JOHNSON.
waft fMiformed in one day, at the house of Mr. Ebx ia
Nicfaoia^Iane. At the same time, seven persom werer
l^imtiiedy without godfathers or godmothers, Mn Johnson-
only washing their faces with water, and pronouncing tto
fiurm, ^< I ibaptize thee in the name of the FiUher, ftc.
The liord's supper was also administered in the following
QMuuiar: five white loaves being. set upon the table, the
pastor implored the blessing of God ; and after breaking,
the bp^ead, be delivered it to part of the company, and the
deacons to the rest, some standing and others sitting around
the taU^ using the words ol the apostle, 1 Cor. xi. 84^
Taie^ eaiy Sec. In like manner he gave the cup, sayings
Vkis cup is the New Testament^ &c. At the close, they
Ming an hymn, and made a collection for the poor. Afier-
waids, when any one entered into the church, he made this
single protestation or promise, ^' That he would walk witb
flieniy.splong as they walked in the way of the Lord, and as
fiif as might be warranted by the word of God."*
f^bis congregation, of which Mr. Johnson was pastor,
was obliged, in order to avoid the bishops^ officers, to meet in
difiinent places, and sometimes in Xhv dead of the night; but
wps at length discovered on a Lord's day at Islii^ton, in^
the very juooe in which the protestant congregation mi^^rm.
the lei^ of Queen Mary. About fifty-six persons were
taken mto cu^ody, and sent, two by two, to the different
piisons about Lonidon, where several of their friends had*
been confined a considerable time. Upon their examina*
tion^ they acknowledged that they had met in the fields, in>
the summer season, by five o'clock on a Lord's day morning,,
and ia winter in private houses ; that they continued all the
day in prayer and expounding the scriptures, dined
togirther, and afterwards made coUection for their food, and
SG^ the remainder of the money to their brethren in prison ;
ai|d that they did not use the Lord's prayer, apprehending
that our Saviour did not intend it to be used as a form, after-
th&piaring out of the Spirit on the day of Pentecostf Alsp,
dming their imprisonment, their adversaries having charged'
them with holding many extravagant opinions concerning
baptism, marriage, lay-preaching, and other particulars,
Aey yiiidicated themselves in a very solid and judicious-
jhr, shewing how fiir they were falsdy accused.^
Chough it does not appear whether Mr. Johnson was
appfdiended and cast into prison at the same time withtht*
"*
• 8trvpe*i Anoals, vol. it. p. 175. ^ Ibid. vol. UL p. 57S.
{ MS. RepMer, p. S60--SS6.
VOL. II. K
96 LIVES OF THE PURITANS.
congregation; yet, during the present year, both h^ ttnd
Mr. Jonn Greenwood, were seized by Archbieiiop Whitgift's
parsuiyants, without warrant, at a certain citizen's house in
Ludgate-hill ; and in the midst of the night, after the pur-
suivants had searched all the chests, boxes, and mier
private places in the house, they were carried to the
Compter, and the next day Whitgift and the other high
commissioners committed them to close prison.*
Mr. Johnson underwent many examinations before his
ecclesiastical inquisitors ; and though he absolutely refused
the oath ex officio^ he confessed, April 5, 1393, " That he
was first taken in an assembly in St. Nicholas^lane, and
committed to the Compter in Wood-street; that afterwards
lie was apprehended in Mr. Boys's house," (as mentioned
above,) '^ and committed to prison by the Archbishop (^Can-
terbury and others ; and that he had been twice examined
before the Lord Chief Justice and Lord Anderacm;"
Being asked how long he had held the opinions of the
Brownists, he said, he conld not definitely answer, but
signified that he had been committed to prison four yean
bSbre, for a sermon delivered in St. Mary's churdi,
Cambridge.' He confessed, that he had baptized divns
(Children in the congregation ; but, as to marriage, he did
not account it an ecclesiastical service, or at all beloDgiag
to the ministerial function. He observed, that it was not
indispensably requisite to use the very words of the Loid'»
prayer; and that the Lord's supper was not to be confined
to any particular time, but might be received at any time of
the day or night, when the congregation is assembled and
prepared for it. R^ing required to shew in what places
Uiey had assembled, Jie refused to answer ; and being asked •
whether he possessed or.had possessed any of Barrow's,
Greenwood's, or Penry%^ books, be also desired to be excused
making any reply. WJien he was asked whether he had
not persuaded others to tihe assembly of the coogregatioa of
which he was pastor, and how many he had so peisoa^ted;
he said, he had done, and must do, that whieh God,
according to his holy wohl, required of him ; but refiiaisd
any further answer. And toeing asked whciber he woiild
rdbrm himself, and attend vipon the service of the paiidi
church, he raised to give i\ direct answer ; but said, he
could not join in the ecclesiastical ministry and stale of
archbishops, bishops, parsonsTy vicars, &c. &c.f
« Strype** Annals, yoI. i? . p. 9C. -^ Baker*i MS. Collec. vol. zv.p. SMi>
F.JOHNSON. ;99
' ' Mr. Johnson, having lain in close confinement fourteen
months, wrote a letter to Lord Treasurer Burleigh, entreating
his OMnpassionatc influence to procure for him and his
fUIow-prisoneis, a friendly conference, that their real
sentiments might be known, and that all impartial men
might judge whether they deserved such hard treatment.
In this letter, he observes, ^' That his brother George had
been confined eleven months in the Clink.* And," says he,
*' when our poor old father applied to Justice Youn^, for us
to have the liberty of the prison, he and the Dean of
.Westminster, would have sent him to prison, had not
Justice Barnes interposed and prevented them. — We are
not ashamed of the gospel of Christ. We suj9er these
■things only for refusuig to have communion with the
antichristiau prelacy; and for labouring, in a holy and
peaceable manner, to obey the Lord Jesus Christ in his
ministry and worship, as prescribed in his last Testament,
and sealed with his own precious blood. If we err in these
things, prisons and the gallows are no fit means to convince
and persuade our consciences : but rather a quiet and godly
iXHimence, or a discussion of the matter by writing, before
•equal and impartial judges. This we have often sued for,
but could never yet obtain. We now, therefore, in a
humble manner, solicit your lordsliip to procure this for us.
Not that we doubt the truth of our cause. We are fully
persuaded of this from the word of God, and are ready,
by the grace of Grod, to seal it with our own blood. But
we desire it, that the truth being discovered and made
manifest, the false offices, callings, livings, and possessions of
the prelacy, might be converted to her majesty's use, as
'were not long since the livings of the abbots, monks, and
fiiais in these dominions; and that by these means the
gospel of Christ may have free course, and the peace of
Uie church be promoted/' In the conclusion, he subscribes
liilnself) ^^ pastor of that poor distressed church, and still
m close prisoner tor the gospel of Jesus Christ."f
-* Indosed in this letter, Mr. Johnson sent a paper to the
r, signifying, that, for his writings, he was in no
• Mr: Gmfe JohMoa* mcaber of Uie Brownitt congregMioD, lats
' ' ia 8L MicholM l>ng, Loe^oa, born t Richmond in Yorkshire,
~ 'April t» 1SS8, before tbe bigb conmisiioo, when he
~ IB teko the ooth. Hebadatthat
■at bad already nnderKone
iaa aad olben.— JSaifctr'f
»l«r
100 LIVES or THB PURITANS.
dan^r of the statate of 35 Elic. «< To retun the queen's
tobjectsin their due obedience/' In this paper, he pro»
fessedly acquits himself on the following grouixlB :
1. He had onlj inquired of the prelates and niiiustef%
whether her majesty, with the consent of parliament, migiit
not abolish the present prelacy and ministry of the chitfcl^
and transfer their revenues and possessions to her own civil
uses, as her father, Henry YIII., did with abbots, moaks^
and others, and their liyings.
S. His writings are only in defence of such doctrines af
Christ as are against the canonical function of the popc^
and were profb^ed by the holy martyrs of Christ, acconuited
lellardy and heresy : as, for instance, John Wickliffe held,
that archbishops, bishops, archdeacons, officials, deans, ftc
were disciples of anticnrist*
3. If the statute of 35 Eiii. be against mich writings aad
books as reprove the ecclesiastical ministry and government
of archbishops, bishops, archdeacons, deans, ftc. then the
writing and the printing of the confessions of the refbniied
t^urches of Helvetia, Tigur, Geneva, &c. wherein tb^
write, that archprelates, metropiditans, ardipriests, deaos^
snbdeans, and others of the same kind, pass not a rusk
And the confessions of the reformed French and Belgick
churches say, that the church ou^ht to be governed b^
pastors, elders, and deacons, as Chnst hath appointed*
. 4. In his writings, he hath jHXived his assertions by the
.word of God, which her majesty protesteth and defeadeth;
and they are written in defence of the liberty and privilqfe
of the church of Christ, which the great charter of England
granteth and preserveth inviolable.
5. If all who forsake the communion <^ the estabUdwd
ehurch, be in danger of this statute ; then any one fonakiag
the church, and joining the French, Dutch, or ItaUaa
churches, allowed by her majesty in London, Norwidi^
or Sandwich, would also incur the penalty of tUi
statute.
6. He never maliciously persuaded any to abstain fioai
the church, much less to deny, withstana, or impogahar
majesty's authoritv.
7. He never did, obstinatel v, and without lawfal calMr
but upon conscience, groundbJ upon the word of God,
and approved by the confessions of the rdformed diucclKa,
and the faithful servants and martyrs of Christ, rd^aat^lj^
hear, and have contmutiion with the miaistQr. ^.yhfijfr^^jfr
as now established* ". "
F.JOHNSON. lOl
» & He, haTing been a close prisoner a long time before
tiie said statute was made^ cannot be lawfully convicted 9£
haying broken it/'*
r. Tine reasons, however, prevailed not Whether the
ticaturer made any use of them, we are not able io learn.
But Mr. Johnson was brought to trial ; and though his
crime was merely that of writing against the established
clrarch and the oppressions of the prelates, and was com*
niitted even some time. before the statute was made^ he was
found guilty by the said statute, and condemned to
perpetual banishment from his country. Messrs. Barrow,
'Greenwood, Penry, and some others, having suffered
death on account of their firm attachment to their religious
sentiments. Archbishop Whitgift and the other ruling
prdates, who were the chief promoters of these barbarous
proocedings, became, at length, ashamed of hanging men
for propagating their religious principles, and contrived
this engine to have the Brownists and other puritans swept
out of the land. This act, therefore, condemned them to
iNuiislunent without discrimination ; and the gaols were soon
(deared of them. Yet the overbearing, tyrannical prelates
icofc care to have them filled again in the following year.f
Mr. Jcdmscm being condemned to sufier perpetual banish-
ineuty tetired to Amsterdam, many of his mends accom-
iwnying him* There he formed a churoh after the model
of the orownists, having the learned Mr. Henry Ainsworth
^ its doctor or teacher. The grand principle on which
Ihis church was founded, may be expressed in Mr. Johnson's
mm. words. ^< The church," says he, ^^ pught not to be
fommed by popish canons, courts, classis, customes, or any
uman in ventions,but by the laws and rules which Christ hath
appointed in his Testament.''^ ^' Every particular church,
HVith its pastors, stands immediatoly under Christ, the arch*
pastor, without any other ecclesiastical powar intervening ;
whether it be of prelates, synods, or any other invented hy
inaa."§ In 1598, Mr. Johnson and Mr. Ainsworth drew up
m mijfession of their faith in Latin, which they dedicated
to the universities of St. Andriews, Leyden, Heidelbery,
Geneva, an4 the other universities of Scotland, Holland,
Germany, and France. It was afterwards translated into
^£nfflish, and doe^ not differ much in doctrine from the
V Hannony oi Confessions."!
.'. * 9lrypft*t Annab, yol. if. p. 1S7, 138.
-f AiMWorth'i GpooterpoysoDy p. 40. t 1^S*^'8 Chnrch Go?, p. fill,
% W^W Wtmmahe^ p. 8ft, | Ufe mf AimwpMi, p. 18.
lOf LIVES OF THE PURITANS.
Although Mr. Johnson was a learned and religious man,
he was rigid in his principles ;• and his people cntertaming'
discordant sentiments, it was not long before they split into
parties. That which first occasioned this dissention was
Mr. Johnson's marriage to a widow of competent fortuhe,
whom his brother George Johnson and his father thought
an improper match in those times of persecution. George
Johnson represents her as addicted to luxurious living,
excess of finery in dress, and a lover of ease. Frequent
' disputes, therefore, took place from 1594, the tinue of
marriage, till about 1598, when George Johnson, his father^
and some other members who adhered to them, were cut off
from the church, chiefly on account of their behaviour in
this affair. The greater part, among whom was Mr;
Ainsworth,f took part with Francis the pastor. Much
reproach has, by various, writers, been cast upon them on
account of this censure.^ Tlie excommunication of a
brother and an aged father, appears an harsh and unnatural
proceeding : however, the grounds, circumstai^ces, and ends
of it, should be examined before we condemn what was
done. Most probably the censure was by the suffrage of
the church, and appeared to a majority of its members, to
be according to the will of God^ and, therefore, they
preferred the will of God, more than any natural affection^
and regarded the spiritual welfare of those whom they cast
out, more than any temporal ease or advantage. Mr.
Johnson says, ^^ Those whom we have cast out, it hath been
partly for revolting from the truth, to the corruptions of
other .churches, and partly for other sins."^ And Mx.
Ainsworth says, <^ That George Johnson and his fiither
were cast out for Iving, slandering and contention.")
Mr. Neal conrounds this unhappy controversy with
another which happened many years afterwards, Detweioa
Mr. Johnson and Mr. Ainsworth, about matters of dis^
cipline.i Mr. Johnson placed the government rf the
church in the eldership alone; Ainsuforth in the ivhole
church, of which the elders are a part. The event, accord"
• Bishop Han charges him with saying, ** That the ministry and
worship 'of the church of England were tal^en out of the whore'f cap.
He styles onr church, the daughter of Babylon, the mother of whoredoni
and abominations ; and says, that the constitution, worship, and gofem-
ment, are directly antichristian." — Jpohgie agaitut Srownhtit p. 7^
Edit. 1614.
f See Art. Ainsworth. j: Bailie's Dissuasive, p. 15. S Ibid. p. Sf.
B Life of Ainsworth, p. 30.
t Neal*8 Hist, of JPoritaos, vol. ii. p. 44, 4ft. .
F. JOH^SSON. IDS^
ing to the opuiion ^{ some,* was, that Jolinson excom-
mamcatecl Ainsworlh and his part of the church, and that
^insworth returned the compliment upon the (mposite
party : butT for the latter charge there appears no founda-
tiqii.f On the contrary, Mr. John Cotton, who was no
BiDwnist, but was contemporary with Atnsworth and
Johnson, and lived among those who had been concerned
in this affair, observes, ^^ That Mr. Ainsworth and his
company did not excommuuicafe Mr. Johnson and his
party, but withdrew, when they could no longer live
peaceably together.''^ Ainsworth and those who adhered
to him, held a separate assemblyat Amsterdam, and the two
congregations were afterwards distinguished as Johnsonian
and 'Ainsworthian Brownisfs.^ But Mr. Johnson and his
friends, at length, removed to Embden, where he afterwards
died, and his congregation dissolved.
In the year 1599, there was a lons^ controversy carried on
in print, between Mr. Johnson and Mr. Henry Jacob, con-
cerning certain tenets of the Brownists. The same year the
whole was collected and published at Middleburgh, by Mr.
Johnson, consisting of ninety-one quarto pa^es, entitled,^^ A
Defence of the Churches and Ministry of England, against
the reniODS and objections of Maister Francis Johnson, and
otheiB of the separation commonly called Brownists. In
two Treatises. Published especially for the benefit of those
in these parts of the Low Countries." In one of these
treatises is a recapitulation of all the chief objections raised
6y the Brownists against the churcb of Kngland ; from
which we may gather a much more complete account of
their, tenets and doctrines, than from any thing else ever
published ; and it is truly authentic, because it was written
•by one of the leaders of the Brownists. It is called,
<* Antichristian Abominations yet retained in England,'* and
enumerates the following particulars :
<< The contusion of all sorts of people in the body of
• Bailie^s Dissiasiiae, p. 15.
+ Life of Ainsworth, p. Si, S3.
?'CottoD*s Congregational Chnrcbes, p. 6.
The Johnsonian Broiruists commenced a suit, it is said, afj^inst the
Alnsworthians, for the meeting-house granted to the Brownists at Amstec-
dam. The Jolinson ians pleaded that it belonged to them, l>eing che ancioit
Brownists, to whom it was originally given : but the Alnsworthians, on
the contrary, pleaded it was theirs, seeing they were the true Brownists,
Mdii^ the ancient faith of that church, from which the Johnsonians are
Mid to have apostatized. How far this account is correct, or how this
Alspete was ended, we are not able to learn. *-<Pa|f«<*f Htrcnogrmjfkjij
10* LIVES OF THE PURITANS.
their (the Englkb) church ; even the moBt polluted, and
iced, beiMg members thereof. — Their ministratioQ of tlie
word) sacraments, and government of th<* church, by ririmfi
of antichrist ian officers. — The titles of primate, metrc^Kiii-
ian, lords, grace, lordship. Sec ascribed to the prelates.-^
The interior prelates swearing obediaice to the metropolitical
sees of Canterbury and York. — The inferior ministei^
when they enter into the ministry, promising obedience
to the prelati^, and their ordinances ; and when they aie
inducted to beneiic( s, confirming with an oath. — ^Tlie
deacon's and priest's prt sentation to a lord bishop, by ma
archdeacon. — Their receiving orders of the prelates, <Mr
. their suflfragans. — Their pontifical, or book of consecrating
bishops, and of ordering priests and deacons, taken out of
the pope's pontifical, where their abuse of scripture to that
end, their collects, epistles, &c. may be seen. — Their mak-
ing, and being made, priests, with blasphemy ; the prelates
saying to those whom they make priests, Receive ye the
Holy Ghosl^ whose sins ye forgioe^ they areforgrveny fte.
—T'neir confounding of civil and ecclesiastical offices wA
authorities in ecclesiastical persons. — Thiir retaining and
using in their public worship the apocryphal books, whidi
hav^' in f h«*m divers errors, untruths, blasphemies, and' con-
tradictions to canonical scriptures. — Their stinted prayefi
and litur^, taken out of the pope's mass-book, with the
same order of psalms, lessons, collects, pater-nosten^
episdts, gospels, versicles, responds, &c. — The cross in
mptism. — ^The hallowed font, and questions to the infimli
in baptii<m. — The godfathers and godmothers pronoisim
that the child doth believe, forsake the devil and all ins
works, &c — Women's baptizing ot children ; which maiib
taineth that heresy, that the children are damned which die
unbaptized. — Their howseling the sick, and ministerial;
the communion to one alone. The ministering it, not with
the words of Christ '^ institution, but with others takes
out of the pope's portuis. — They sell that sacrament for
two-pence to all ccHuors. — The receiving of it kneeUD|^
which maketh it an idol, and nourishem that heresy, of
receiving their Maker, of worshipping it, &c. — Their ring
in marriage, making it a sacramental sign, and marriage ah
ecclesiastical action ; thereby nourishing the popish heieqr,
that matrimony is a sacrament. — ^Their praying over tte
dead, making it als6 a part of the minister's duty, and
nourishing &e heresy of prayer for the dead. — ^Their
churching or purifying of women, then also abusvig t|u^
F.JOHNSON. Ids
■ ^Bcnptasej T%e sun shall noi bum them bjfdm/^ uorthtmom
by tttgM^r^Thm Gang-week,* and then praying over the
eon 'and grass. — ^Their forbidding of marriage in Gang^
week, m Advent, in Lent, and on allthe £mber-day8 ; wbldi
&» apostle calleth a doctrine of demts^ 1 Tim. iv. 1 — S.-**
. Their saints, angek and apostles' days, with their prescripit
terrioe.— -Their fasts, and abstaining from flesb, on their
. eves,, on Fridnys, Saturdays, Eimber-<&ys, and all tkedays of
LenL-^Their dispensations from the prelates' courts of
fiicuUieB to eat flesh at these times. — Their dispensations to
waxTj in these times forlndden. — Licenses from the same
- anthority to marry in places exempt. — Dispensations also
. from tbace for boys and ignorant fools to have benefices.-—
Dispensations also for nonresidents. — For haying two^ three.
' four, or more benefices. — Tolerations. — ^P^tronages of, and
IHfesenlBtions to, benefices, with buying and selling ad-
Towsons. — Their institution into benefices by the prelates^
their inductions, proxies, &c. — Their suspensions, absoln*
tioiis, degradations, deprivations, &c. — The prelates,
ciianoellorB, omunissioiiers' courts, having power to exocHU-
. jBunicalealone, and to absolve. — Their penance in a white
dieet.— -Their commutation of penance, and absolving one
man for another. — The prelate's confirmation, or bishopping
of ^^Blldito, to assure them of Grod's favour, by a sign di
man^s devising. — The standing at the gospel. — The puttii^
off the cap, and making a leg, when the word Jesus is reao.
— ^The ring of peals at burials. — ^Bead-men at burials, and
hired fluoomers in mourning apparel. — The hanging and
mouniing of churches and hearses with black at burials.—
Their absolving the dead, dying excommunicate, before
they can have, as they say, Christian burial. — The idol
templeB.— -The popish vestments, as rocket, horned cap,
ti}met, the surpUce, and the cope. — The visitations of the
kurd^bishops and archdeacons. — ^The prelates' lordly do-
,BiiiiioD, revenues, and retinue. — The priests' maintenance
* Gung-week, or rogatioo-week, was that particular season of the
3fflir, in which, according to popish cnitom, was observed ** the perambn-
•MUioB of the circuits of parishes.'* Queen Elizabeth retained the same
pnctkes and eiyoined, *> That the people should once a year, at the
** accnstoned time, with the minister and substantial men of the parish,
*^* walk roand the parish as usual, and at their return to church make the
**lBoawMHi prayers; provided that the minister, at certain convenient
** placet, ihaU admonish the people to give thanks to God for the increase
'* aod aboDdance of the fruits of the earth, repeating the 103d Psalm % at
** which time also the minister shall inculcate this and such like sentences,
'* GKTMtf H A« UM rem«ostA Ait n^ighbowrU /miil-iiiariir. "--Sparrow's
Gellecti^t ?• '73.
106 LIVES X>F THE PURITANS. .
hy tithes, Christmas offerings, &c. — The oaths es qi
in their ecclesiastical courts, making men swear to accuse
themselves.' — The churchwarden's oath to present to the
prelates all the offences, faults, and defaults, committed in
their parishes against their articles and injunctions.— ^Tbe
prelates ruling the church by the pope's cursed canon law.
— Finally, their imprisonuig and banishing such as |f-
nounce and refuse to witness these abominations aforesaid,
and the rest yet retained among them.''*
As our author very justly observes, they might well find
fiiult with the church in the. article last mentioned, since
they had smarted so severely under it. The foregoing
particulars contain the general principles of the Brownists,
or their chief reasons for a total separation from the
established church, and are undoubtedly the most conipleie
and correct account of their opinions, that was ever
published. We forbear making any comments, but leave
the whole to the reader's own judgment. • •
His Works.— 1. Certayne Reasons and Arguments, proving that it
Is not lawful to hear, or have any spiritual Communion with, the
present Ministry of the Church of England, 1601. This is perhapi
the same as that of which an abstract is given above. — 2, An Answer
to Whitens Discoverie of Brownism, 1606.-^3. A Christian Plea,
1617. — 4. A Tract on Matt xviii. — He also published some other
pieces on the controversies of the times.
William Cole, D.D. — This learned divine was most
probably educated in Corpus Christi college^ Oxford,
where he took his doctor's degree. Upon the commence-
ment of Queen Mary's bloody persecution, he fled from the
storm, and retired to Frankfort. He was there involved
in the trouUes among the £nglish exiles ; and the firrt
settlers being excluded from the privileges of the place^ by
the officiousness of Dr. Cox and his party, he retired, with
several of his brethren, to Zurich.+ He went aflerwatdsto
Geneva, where he was highly esteemed by his fellow-exiles.
He united wth the venerable Miles Coverdale and other
learned divines, in publishing the Geneva translation of the
Bible.J Upon his return from exile, he sat in the convoca^
tion of 1562, and subscribed the articles of religioa.S He
was in high favour with Queen Elizabeth, who^ on acconnt
• Biog. Britan.vol. ii.p. 618, 619. Edit. 1778.
f Troables at Frankeford, p. 13.
-f Wood's Athene Oxon. vol. i. p. 153.^See Art. CoTerdalCw
^ Strype*! AnnalSy vol. i. p. 329.
>■
COLE-J. HOLLAND. 107
of bis great celebrity, preferred him, in 1568, to the
presidentship of Corpus Christi college, Oxford,* in
which ijiSiCe he continued at least thirty years. A divine
of the same name, and very probably the same p('rson,'wa9
cast into prison for nonconrormity. Though it does not
appear how long he remained under confinement ; yet,
upon the earnest intercession of friends, a letter from the
court at Greenwich, dated April 4, 1574, was addressed to
the Archbishop of Canterbury, signifying, that, in consider-
ation of his great years, her majesty was willing for him to
be released from his present confinement : but that he should
remain within twenty or thirty miles of London, in some
honest person's house, as his lordship should think most
conYenient ; and should obtain sureties, that he would not
henceforth meddle, by teaching or otherwise^ in matters of
religion.^ In the year 1599, he exchanged this preferment
with Dr. John Rainolds, for the deanery of Lincoln ; but
died at an "advanced age, in the year 16004 Mr. Strype
denominates him a sober and religious nonconformist ; and
observes, that being chosen chaplain to the Earl of
Leicester or some other great courtier, he attended at court
in his hai and short cloak, and endeavoured to overthrow all
attempts to enjoin the clerical habits.§
John Holland was a minister of great piety, and
apparently one of the old puritans. But we have very
htUe account of him till the time of his death, which being
rather peculiar, we cannot withhold it from the reader's
consideration.
The day before he died, having called for the Bible, he
1, << Come, O come ; death approaches. Let us gather
soitte flowers to comfort this hour." And having tunied to
R<Hn. yiii. he gave me the book, says Mr. Leigh, (who
preached his funeral sermon,) and bade me read. At the
end of every verse he required me to pause, when4ie gave
the sense of the passage, to his own comfort and to the
great wonder and joy of his friends. Having continued
his meditations on the above chapter, above two hours, he
suddenly cried out : — " O, stay your reading. What
brightness is this 1 see ? Have you lighted any candles ?^*
To which Mr. Leigh answered, " No ; it is the sunshine ;
9V
* Strype's Parker, p. 266. + Baker^s MS. Conec. toI. ixi. p. 364.
(Wood's Athene Oxon. vol. i. p. 289, 736.
StrypVs Fbrker, p. 213, 219, 266.
108 LIVES OF THE PURITANS.
being about five o'clock on a clear snmm^'s evaung^
^ Sunshine," said he, " nay, my Saviour's shine. Nwr
ferewell, world : welcom^ heaven. The Day-star from ds
liigfa hath visited my heait. O speak when I am gane^ a)nd
J reach at my funeral, God detueth famUiarh wUh m«fk
feel his mercy ; I see his majesty ; and whether in the
body, or out of the body, I cannot tell : God knoweth.
But I see things that are unutterable." In these tranqporti
of joy, his spirit soared towards heaven ; but afierwaidt
riirinking down, he sighed and said, ^^ Ah ! it will not be
yet. My sins keep me back from my God." The nekt
morning, he closed his eyes in death, using these exptt^
sions: — <^ O what a happy change shall I make! from
^ death to life ! from sorrow to solace ! from a faciioiis
<< world to a heavenly state ! O, my dear brethren, sisleiiy
^ and friends, it pitieth me to leave you behind. Yet
^ remember my death when I am gone ; and what I now
^ feel, I hope you will find before you die, that God dodi
<< and will deal familiarly with men. And now, thou fiery
f < chariot, that earnest down to fetch vcp Elijah, carry meki
^ my happy home. And ail ye blessed angds, wb6
*< attended the soul of Lazarus to bring it to heaven, bear
^ me, O bear me, into the bosom of my best beloived*
" Amen^ amen. Come^ Lord Jesus ; come quickly. ^^ He
died about the year ICOO.*
Henry Smith, A. M. — This zealous and eloquent diving
was born at Withcock in Leicestershire, in the year 1550^
and educat<'d in Lincoln college, Oxford ; where hebecame
well furnished with useful learning. He was descended
from a wealthy and honourable family, was possessed of a
plentiful estate, and was heir to a large patrimony. But he
resolved to employ his talents to the utmost of hi^ power,
by labouring for the glory of God and the conversion of
souls, in the work of the ministry ; and therefore he left
the rich patrimony to a younger brother, f Upon hit
removal from Oxford, he pursued his studies under the ctut
tjf Mr. Greenham, whose principles aiid piety he appeared
lafterwards to have imbibed. When the Lord Treasurer
Burleigh applied to Mr. Greenham for a testimonial of Mr.
%iith's character, this excellent divine observed, << tibat ht
.• Ambrose's Worku, p. 800. Edit. 1701.
• -f This younger brother was Sir Roger SBlth of fidmondthorp !■
Leicestenhire, wlio died about the rcrtonittea. .
SMITH. lot
was veil versed in the holy scriptures, religious and devout
in his character, moderate and sober in his opinions, discreet
and t^Qperate in his behaviour, industrious in his studies
and punuits, and of a humble spirit and upright hearty
joined with a fervent zeal for the glory of God and tha
vdfiBune of jk>u1s."*
Though Mr. Smith was eminently qualified for the sacred
fitnclio% he was dissatisfied with the subscription imposed
upon ministers, and the lawfulness of certain ceremonies^
lie was loath to make a rent, either in the church or in his
own* conscience. But, during this perplexity, he resolved
not (o undertake any pastoral charge, but to content himself
with a lecturer's situation. Accordingly, in the year 1587^
he became lecturer at St. Clement Danes, near Temple-bar^
London. He was chosen to this public situation by the
parishioners, and by the favour of the Lord Treasurer, who
lived in the parish, and assisted in raising the contribution
lor his support* Here he set himself to do the work of the
Lord fiiithtully. He was greatly beloved, and his ministry
htfhly admired by his numerous hearers. But the year
fi&minftj complaint being made to Bishop Aylmer, that he
had Bprnexk in his sermon some words derogatory to the
Conunon Prayer, and that he had not subscribed to
Whitffifk's three articles, his grace suspended him from
preaching. The reasons all^^ by the bishop, with Mr.
Smith's answers, were the following :
L ^< That he was chosen by a popular election ; that is,
by the minister and congregation, without his lordship's
lioense."
^< I was recommended to the parish by certain godly
ministers," says Mr. Smith, ^' who had heard me preach iu
other places in this city, and thereupon accepted by the.
parish, and entertained with a stipend raised by voluntary
<KHitribution* In which sort they had heretofore entertained
athfln, without any such question or exception. And his
kidship calling me to preach at Paul's cross, never moved
any such question to me. Nevertheless, if any enr(» have
beon committed by me or the parish, through ignorance,
•or joint desire is to have his lordship's good allowance and
approbation, for the said exercise of my function in his
-loraship's diooese."
. . 8. ^ That he hath preached against the Book of Common
Prayer-**
no LIVES OF THE PURITANS.
'^ How^cr his lordship may have been infoimed aganist
me," observes Mr. Smith, ^^ I never used a speech in any
cf my sermcMis, against the Book of Comnum Prayer;
whereof the parish doih bear me witness in this my suppli-
cation to vonr lordship." . . i *,.
S. '^ That he hath not yielded his subscription to certain
articles which bis lordship required at his hands." * .
" Concerning the third," says he, " I rehise not to
subscribe to any articles, which the law of the realm dodi
require of men in my calling ; acknowledging, with all
humbleness and loyalty, her majesty's sovereignty in all
causes, and over all persons, within her higlineiB's
dominions; and yielding my full* consent to all ^articles
of faith and doctrine, taught and ratified in this cbnrdi,
according to a statute in that behalf provided, the Idth
year of her majesty's reign. And therefore I beseiech 'hit
lordship, not to urge upon me any other subscription than
the law of God and the laws positive of this realm tk
require."*
' The above charges, with the answers subjoined, Mr.
Smith presented to the treasurer, accompanied with a
supplication to his lordship, humbly requesting his fiavonr
and influence at this painful juncture. This ^eat statesman
had the highest respect for him ; and, as Mr. Smith ivas
not long deprived of his lecture, he most probably espoased
his cause, applied to the bishop, and procured his restoratioii.
It is, indeed, observed, " that the lord treasurer looked
very favourably upon Mr. Smith ; and that he was often H^
screen to save him from scorching, by interposing hu
greatness betwixt him and the anger of certain epii^opBl
officers."+
In' the year 1589, upon the death of Mr. Harewood, the
incumbent of Clement Danes, the churchwardens and
parishioners petitioned the treasurer to bestow the living
upon our pious divine. In their petition, they, observe^
^^ that by his excellent preaching, his exemplary life, and
his sound doctrine, more good had been done among thefii,
than by any other who bad gone before, or, as they feared,
Vi^uld follow him.":( But Mr. Smith, for tiie reasons already
mentioned, was most probably unwilling to accept the be^
neift, if it was offered him. He does not'appear ever to have
enjoyed any greater preferment than that of his lecturerfiip^
i
* Strype's Aylmer, p. 155, 156.
+ Fuller's JLife of Mr. Smith prefixed to htljemioof.
i Strype's Aylmer; p. 167 i
t)Ei\t. Ill
m
Mr* Smitli >vas a preacher uncommonly followed by
rsoDS of piety, especially those of the puritanical party,
e. was generally esteemed the first preacher in the nation ;
and) on account of his prodigious memory, and his fluent^
eloquent, and practical way of preaching, he was looked
upon ae the ve;^ miracle and wonder of the age.* It may
be truly said ot him^ that he was a man peaceable in Israel.
F<Hr though he scrupled conformity himself, and utterly
disapproved the imposition of it on others; still he could
liye on terms of intimacy with those from whom he dis-
■en^jed. His fame was so great^ that he was usually called
ihe sUver^iongued preacher, as if he was second even to
Chrysostom. His church was so crowded with hearers, that
peiBons of quality, as well as others, were frequently obliged
to stand in the aisles; and his wonderful dexterity in
preaching was such, tlrnt, by his solid reasons, he fastened
oonviction upon the judgments of his auditory ; by his apt
similitudes, upon their fancies; by his orderly method, upon
their memories; and by his close applications, upon their
consGiences.f He died apparently of a cx)nsumption, about
the year 1600, aged fifty years. Mr. Smith was author of
finaay Sermons and Treatises, published at various times.
They- passed through many editions, and some of them
were cairried abroad and translated into Latin. His ser-
mons were so universally admired, that they were for many
yesurs used as a family book in all parts of the kingdom.
They aie so solid, says Fuller, that the learned may partly
admire them ; yet so plain, that the unlearned may per-
fectly understand, them.t His ^< Sermons, with other his
learned Treatises," and his Life by Fuller, were collected
and published in one volume quarto, in 1675.
Arthur Dent was the learned and pious minister of
South Soubery in Essex, but persecuted by Bishop Aylitier
for nonconformity. About the year 1584, he endured
many troubles from this prelate, for refusing to wear the
lurplice, and omitting the sign of the cross in baptism.^ He
afterwaitls united with his brethren, the persecuted ministers
of Essex, in presenting a petition to the lords of the
council,' in which, say they, " We ^ have received the
• Wood*i Athens Oxon. toI. i. p. SSI.— Nichols's Hist, of Leicester-
tbire, vol. ii. p. 390.
t Life of Mr. Smith. f. Church History, b. ix. p. 142.
h MS. Rcf iiter, p. 741.
lis LIVES OF THE PURITANS.
charge to instruct and teach our people in the way of life;
and eyeiy one of us hearing this sounded from the God of
heaven, fVoe be unto me, if I preach fid the gaspdj we havt
all endeavoured to discharge our duties, and to apiHroye am^
selves both to God and man. Notwithstanding thia, we ara
in ffreat heaviness, and some of us akeady put to silence,
and the rest living in fear; not that we have beoi, or cao
be char^ed^ we hope, with false doctrine, or slanderous Itfb :
but because we refuse to subscribe that there is nothiiig
contaii^ed in the Book of Common Prayer contrary to tto
word o£ God. We do protest in the sight of God, wdio
•earcbeth all hearts, that we do not refuse from a desire to
dissent, ^ from any sinister affisction; but in the fen of
God, and firom the necessity of conscience." A ciicun^
stantial account cf this petition, signed by tvoenij^ievm
ministers, is given in another place.*
BCr. Dent was author of a work, entitled <^ The Raioe
of Rome ; or, an Eamosition of Revelation ;" in the dedica*
tion of which, Mr. Ezekiel Culverwell gives the foUowing
account of the author :-^<^ To give some public testimony of
my love towards him, and reverence of the rare grace
which we all, who enjoyed his sweet society, did oqd-
tinually behold in him, whose learning his labours do
shew ; and whose diligence, yea extreme and unwearied
pains in his ministry, publicly, privately, at home and
abroad, for at least four and twenty years, all our couatiy
can testify. AU which being adorned with such specidt
humility, do make his name the greater, and our km the
more grievous. I may not leave out this, which I avow t0
be as certain as it is singular, that,, besides all othen hii
great labours, he had a special care of all the churchenji
night and dav, by study and fervent prayer, procuring the
prosperity of Zion, and the ruin of Rome. And to end
with his blessed end: his life was not more profitable t9
others than his death was peaceable to himself; scarcdly A
groan was heard, though his fever must needs have beat
violent which dispatchra him in three days. Having mafjb a
pithy confession of his fiiith, ^ this faith,' said he, ^ have I
pr( ached ; this faith have I believed in ; this faith I do die
in ; and this faith would I have sealed with my blood, if
God had so thought good ; and tell my brethren sp.* Ho
aflterwards said, ' I have fought a good fight, I have finished
«ny course, I have kept the faith ; hencdoith them ia
• See Art. Geoii^e Gifford.
CHARRE. lis
vpJbr me the crown of righteousness;' and with his last
hieath added^ < I have seen an end of all perfection, but
ttyr law is exceeding broad.' ^ He died most probably
aome time after the year 1600.
WiLiiiAM Charke was fellow of Peter-house, Gam*
brid^.in 1578, where, most probably, he received his
education; Cambridge, at this time, was a nest of puritans ;
but Dr. Whitgift, wiSi the other heads of colleges, laboured
to ezpd the growing faction, as it was called. Many of
the students and fisUows were disaffected to the ceremooiet
and. discipline of the church, among whom was Mr. Charke*
He did not, therefore, remain lon^ imobserved ; for the
heads of colleges, of whom Whitgift was chief, presently
brought complaints against him to Lord Burleigb, chan*
oellorof the university. .
Mr. Charke, in his sermon at St. Mary's, December S,
1572^ asserted, 1. ^^ That the states of bishops, archbishops,
metropolitans, and popes, were introduced into the church
by Satan.-^Ajid, S. That the ministers of the church ought
not to be superior one to another." For divulging these
senthnents, n6 was the very next day cited bdbre Drs.
Whilgifl, Pern, Howford, Kelk, and Bying, the vice-chan-
odkir ; before whom he acknowledged the delivery of the
two propositions, the former directly,, the latter implicitly.
He wag brought before them a second time, in Februaiy
fiiUowing, and was often admonished and commanded to
rewke. his errors publicly at St Mary's, on a Lord's day,
which he absolutely refused : only he acknowledged that
there ought to be some superiority among ministers, in
matters of jurisdiction. Upon which, the vice-chancellor,
with the consent of the heads, pronounced sentence upon
him of exclusion from the college, and banishment irom
the university. He was, therefore, excluded and expelled
fiovn the place.* Whether his punishment was not greater
tiuax the crime with which he was charged, is left with the
candid reader to ddermine.
Mr. Charke, upon his departure from Cambridge, appealed
firem the judgment of the vice-chancellor and heads, to
Bpjrleigh, the chancellor. This he did, says Mr. Strype,
in, a well-penned epistle, written in a good Latin style,
iic|dring, by his lordship's means, to be again restored to his
• Strypt'i Whttfift, p. 43, 44.
TOL. II. I
11* LIVES OF THE PURITANS.
college^ promiring to ccmduct himself quietly and petuf^
ably. In this letter, he said, << That he deiiied not himself
to be one, who, being led by argument taken from scripr
ture, and the example of fprei^ churches^ thought. some^
thing to be wanting, whereby our church, lately rescued
from darkness, might come nearer the original pattern.
That when he was aware how his opinion might prove
dangerous to be divulged among the unskilful multitude^
because it appeared something new to the common peopliB^
and was different from the ordinances, he kept to himMf
tJbe knowledge of the truths and had ever studioudy
avoided the promulgation of it in his sermons ; but that in
a private senate, and in the Latin tongue, he thought he
might use greater liberty. He had^ therefore, in a veiy
learned and wise assembly, explained' his opini<m move
freely in those matters-. And that, by so doing, he had
ignorantly fallen into the crime of violating a law ; and so
,was cited to appear in judgment. And that his judges had
forbidden him not otdy uie use of water and me, hf
which men live ; but the use of learning too, by wMcu
.they live weU. He, therefore, humbly appealed to his
equity and goodness, as the only hope he had left of
recovering his place ; praying him to write to the univer^
sity for his restoration; and that hereafter he might be
wholly rejected, if he violated the peace either of the
church, the state, or the university."*
The chancellor, knowing him to be a good achdar,
and that he was treated with tyrannical severity , .upon
receiving this humble and peaceable supplication, Bude
intercession for him, by addressing the following letter to
the vice-chancellor and heads of houses :f
<< After my very hearty commendations*
" Whereas you have expelled William Chailiie, h^
fellow of Peter-house, for some speeches used in a sermon
which he lately had ad clerum^ tending to the ^
turbing the^ quietness and peace of the churdi, and
manifestly contrary to the orders taken for the maint^ance
of the same peace. For as much as the said Charke hatM
been with me, and partly wisely extenuating his faulty and
partly very honestly acknowledging that he committed lb
same by overmuch vehemency of spirit, and promiahjg
faithfully never hereafter to deal in inis or the like agani
that may be offensive, hath shewed soine good pait% aAc^
♦ Strype'8 Whitgift, p. 43, 44.
•\ Baker*8 MS. CoUec. toI. xxil. p. aT3e . .
CHARKE. 115
tioii,aiid good gifts to be in him, the which, in mine
opinion, it vf^re great charity and good wisdom, by gentle
usage and persuasion, to reduce to be profitable in the
church, rather than by too suddenly cutting him off from
ihe course of his studies, utterly to lose. These are
Jieartily to pray you, the rather for my sake, and for proof
.of him hereafter, to receive him again into the university
juod his fellowship within the college, upon his like promise
made to you not to meddle hereafter in such kind of
jdodrines. Wherein, if you shew some indulgence for this
time, and rather suppress the memory of his said speech
pud doctrine^ for it was delivered in the Latin tongue, and
not popularly taught, in my judgment you shall do well ;
and so praying you to do, I bid you hearty farewell.
From my house^ Feb. 90, 1573.
" Your loving friend,
" William BanLEiGH.'*
This intercession, however, was to no purpose. It does
■ot appear that Mr. Charke was ever restored to his fel-
lowahqp. He was, about the same time, one of the super-
added members of the presbytery at Wandsworth in
Sonejr** In the year 1580, we find him employed, with
odior Jearned men, in a omference with Campian, the
[bmaa^ perish priest. He was engaged in the fourth day's
dispute, when the subjects of discussion were, — 1. ^^ Whether
the scriptares contain sufiicient doctrine for salvation. And^
SL \¥btkba faith alone justifieth." These conferences were
odlected and published, by the c<Mi8ent of both
Upon Mr. Gharke's banishment from the university, he
coontenanced and entertained by several of the nobi-
litjTy and patroniied by persons of learning and real worth.
He was domestic chaplain first to Lord Cheiny, then to
Ae Dncheas of Somerset, at Chelsea, and was with her when
died. In the year 15S1, he was chosen constant
to the society of Lincoln's-inn. But, to succeed
in their choice, the society applied to the
of LoBdoo, for his approbation smd allowance.
bsalhoii, knowing Mr. Charke's great abilities, and that
eminently qualified for a situation of so much
Ij did not refuse; bat signified that applio
first made to the lords of the council, for
Thb was accordingly done, and the lords
'i XSS. p. 3».— F«»cr'9 Choreh Wm. b. is. p. lOK.
Ito^t Aaaaliy f«L ii. p. «|6.
116 UVES CfF THE PURITANS.
• ■
signified their fiill approbation ; so that he was cIuMfea and
a£nitted.* He afterwards united with his brethren ib
subscribing the " Book of Discipline."+
In the above respectable situation, Mr. Charke, by the
favour of his learned .patrons, was protected some yesrv
from the tyrannical oppressions of the times ; and thoudi a
zealous nonconformist, he enjoyed his lectiue at LincohiV
inn till the year 1593. The period at length arrived- whfs
they could no longer screen him from the fory c^ tlie
E relates; for in that year, it appears, he was liknoeji
y Archbishop Whitgift.| Notwithstanding the treaAfQcat
he met with, be was greatly admired and commended^- evoi
by rigid conformists, on account of his distinguished lem^
ing and great moderation. After his suspension, pleaoiK
his cause befoj'e the archbishop, that he ccmducted himsdT
peaceably, &c. his grace replied, ^' This is not enough. If
is not sufficient, that you do not preach against the b^bops:
you do not preach /or thera."^ .1
Mr. Strype denominates him a man of eminent ^pot^
and a chief leader among the puritans.) Dr. ifoffA
styles him a person of great learning and gpdliness.f Tir
Oxford historian, speaking of the various books of Hoo^t%
« Ecclesiastical Polity,*' obsenres, *< That the three bobfa^
(meaning the three last,) which Hooker completed befere-lni
death, were, with the consent . of his unlucky widiMT;
seized upon in his study^soon after his decease, by.WjIliaiB
Charke, a noted puritan, and another minister thivt UyisK
near Canterbury; who, making the silly woman bcjUeve
that they were writings not fit to be. seen, did either ham
them in the place, or carry them away."** Admitting tlui»
statement to be correct, the whole, it seems, was doM'by
the permission of that sitfy womany the unlitckv wUmj
and if Mr. Charke and his companion persuadecl hat^ tlutt
the papers were notJU to be seen^ all this might be perfecdJF
just and true. But our histqrian^s. sole authority is fUb
letter of Dr. Kin^, bishop of Chichester, dated Npvemto
13, 1664, above sixty years after the event; and he w
made considerable additions to it. ft Mr* Chaifce inb
* Strype's Annak, toI. Hi. p. 55, 56.
f Neal's Paritaos, vol. i. p. 423.
t MS. Chronology, vol. i. p. 3)3. (4.)
^ Minifter's Reasons agaiost Subscrip. part ii. p. 173. £dit.lfi08L
B Sfrjpe*s Wbitgift, p. 4S.~Annals, vol. ii. p. 533.
H Churton> Life of Nowell, p. 278, note.
* * Wood's Atbenae Oxon. vol. i. p. gfiS.
f f King's Letter, prefiied to the Life of Hooker, j^it. rSSS*
OARRELL. IIT
liiring towards the close of the year 1600 ; but when he died
we &ye not been able to learn. He published several
piebes.against the papists*
John Darrell, A. B.^^He was minister at Nottingham^
biA a person in some respects of rery peculiar sentiments*
PEb belieyed, that by fasting and prayer evil spirits might
hie cast out ik persons possessed. Dr. Heylin, defaming his
DQemary, saprs, thatiie set up the trade of lecturing at Not-
tnigbam, without any lawful calling; and, to advance his
mmtation, pretended to cast out devils.* Mr. Strype, also,
mdi a desiffn \xi reproach the puritans as a body, observes,
(bat when ue open practices of the puritans for setting up
Ebm discipline did not prevail, some of their ministers
had recourse to a more secret method, by' doing something
which looked little less than miraculous. They pretendec^
tgr fai^ng and prayer, to cast out devils; by which the
hcdtilade became so amazed, and were led so to venerate
fheoa^ that they were the more readily inclined io submit to
fbeir opinions and ways. This was a practice borrowed
Gpom toe papists, to make their priests revered, and to
eonfina the laity in their superstitions.f From these base
DMinuations, we might be led to suppose, that some plot of
poj^^iderable magnitude was laid by the puritans, to
DOQittre the ignorant multitude into a belief of their dis*
^pune^ and the practice of nonconformity: but all this
fBpour and smoke at once vanishes, and we only hear of
Qie principles and practice of a solitary individual, in
eminexion with two or three others of less note, but of
pmilar sentiments.
- -What we have to say is not intended as a defence of Mr.
Danreirs peculiarities. He appears to have been a weak,
llid zealous and honest man ; and, therefore, undeserving of
fbe^^ruel usage which he received from Archbishop \Vhit-
gifi and others. But because he was a puritan, and a
■offerer for nonconformity, it will be proper t^ give au
impartial statement of facts.
The learned historian observes, that, in the year 1586,
Mr« Darrell professed to cast a devil out of one Katharine
Wright, a young woman about seventeen years of age,
living in Derbyshire. But tlie evil spirit afterwards re.-
luniing into her^ he cast out eight other devils, with which
• HejUn's Hilt, of Prcs. p. 348. f Stripe's Whitgift, p. 492.
il8 LIVES OF THE PURITANS.
she pretended to have been possessed. Also, he wrote W
account of these thmgs at some length, and communicated!
copies of his performance to persons of distinction ; and/
among others, to the excellent and pious Lady Bowes:
^' hoping hereby," says our author, " to obtain applause^
and to accomplish other ends."* There is not, howen^,
the least shadow of evidence, that Mr. Darrell sought after
any human applause. This does not appear to. haY)e.
formed any part of his character, or at all to have entered
into his designs. And what other ends he meant to jaccom-
Slish, we arc left to conjecture. If the historian here
esigned to iiisinuate, that he intended to promote puri-.
tanisiti, and overthrow the church of England, it may be.
confidently affirmed, that his prospects were not the mcMt
jBattering.
In the year 1596, Mr. Darrell pretended to cast oirf
many more devils. Among the persons who were on thia
account indebted to his piety, was one Thomas Darling, ^
boy about fourteen years of age, at Burton-upon-TrenL.
This occasioned a person ot the town to publish. an
account of it, entitled " The Book of the Dispossession ol(
the Bdy of Burton ." Thiis greatly increased his populanty ';
and caused his fame to spread so much abroad, that he
was sent for into Lancashire, and there cast out inany other
devils. Afterwards, upon his return to Nottingham, tone
of the ministers of the town, and several of its inhabitants,^
urged him to visit one William Somers, a boy who was so
deeply afflicted with convulsive agonies, that they were,
thought to be preternatural. When Mr. Darrell bad seen
the boy, he concluded, with others, that he was certainly
possessed, and, accordingly, reconunended his friends io
obtain the help of godly and learned ministers, with the
view of promoting his recovery, but excused himself from
being concerned ; lest, as he observed, if the devil shoiiild
be dispossessed, the common people should attribute toliini
some special gift of casting out devils. At length, .how-
ever, by the urgent solicitation of the mayor of Nottingham,
he complied; and having agreed with Mr. Aldridge.and
two other ministers, together with about one hundred and
fifty christian friends, they set dpart a day of fasting and
prayer, to entreat the Lord to cast out Satan, and itelivec
the young man from his present torments. Having con**
tinued in their devotions for some time,' the Lord is said to
• Strype*s Annals, vdl. iii» p. ASS,
DAKRELL. 119
lMCTe'':l)eeii entreated, and to haye'cait ont Satan, for
which thejr blessed his holy name, Xbis was in the year
lfi97.»
In a few days after this event,, the mayor and several of
the aldermen began to snspect that Somers was an impostor ;
and, to make him confess, they took him from his parents,
and committed him to prison ; where, by the threatenings of
his keqier, he was led to acknowledge, that he had dis«
aembled and counterfeited what he had done. Upon this
confessicMi, being carried before a commission appointed
to examine him, he at first owned himself to be a qounterf
felt, then presently denied it; but being so exceedingly
firi^tened, he fell into fits before the commissipners, which
put an end tp his eicamination. After some time, being
still kept in custody, and further pressed by his keeper, he
returned to his confessing, charging Mr. Darrell with having
trained him up in the art for several years. Mr. DarreU
vras then summoned to appear before the commissioners,
when sufficient witnesses were produced to prove that
Somers had declared, in a most solemn m^mner, that he had
not dissembled; upon which he was dismissed, and the
commission was dissolved.
This affiiir becoming the subject of much conversation
in the country, Mr. Darrell, in 1598, was cited before
Archbishop Whitgift, and other high commissioners, at
Lambeth. Upon his appearance, after a long examination,
he was deprived of his ministry, and committed close
prisoner to the Gatehouse, where he continued many
J earn. Mr, Greor^e Moore, another puritan minister, for
is connesdon witn him, was, at the same time, committed
close priscmer to the Clink. The crime with which Mr.
Darrell was charged, and for which he received the heavy
sen^ce^ wa^ '' his having been accessary to a vile im*
po8ture."f
. Indeed, Bishop Maddox highly commends the conduct
of these ecclesiastical judges, in this unchristian censure.
* Dr. He^rUq, contemptuously speal^ing of S|r. DarreU's pretensions,
obeenreSf ^ that whenever the conformable ministers visited these demo-
-BiacB* and used the form of prayer according to the established liturgy,
tl|e devil was as quiet as a lamb, there being nothing in those prayers to
dlstorb his peace. But when Mr. Darrell and his nonconformist brethren
afiproachea, who used to faU upon him with whole volleys of raw and
andigested prayers of their own devising, then were the wicked spirits
extremely troubled and perplexed ; so that the puritans, lest the papists
should io any thing have the start of them, had also a kind of holy tooftr,
with which to frighten away the devil,''— /f^j/aVs MiictU Tracts^ p. 156.
f Strype's Whitgift, p. 492—494.
190 IJVES OF THE PORITANS.
^' Any one," says he, " who considers the state of HbB
town of Nottingham, will applaud the proceedings of the
high commission." Then, in the words of Mr. Strype, he
fives an account of the state of the town, as if Mr. Dandl
ad prompted the people to quarrel one with another ; or,
as if his deprivation and severe imprisonment were lijcely
to allay the diflference. " By this time," says he, <^ it came
to pass, that the people of Nottingham were become violent
against one another, and the whole town divided as tbgr
stood affected. The pulpits rang of nothing but devib and
witches ; and men, women, and children, were so affri^led^
that they durst not stir out in the night ; nor so mucii as a
servant, almost, go into his master's cellar about his busiflen^
without company. Few happened to be sick, or ill at ease^
but strait they were deemed to be possessed. It was hkh
time," adds the leanied prelate, ^' to put a stop to w
practice of dispossessing, whether the authors were knuves^
or eiithusiasts, or both.'^ And couki neither the JEtishop of
Worcester, nor yet the high conunissioners at Lambeth^
think of a more equitable method of punishing the con*
tentious inhabitants of Nottingham, than by indlicting^ td
heavy a sentence upon Mr. Darrell ? But Mr. Danell was
H puritan ; therefore, right or wrong, he must needs be
punished.
Somers and Darling were also brought before the high
^mmission. During their examinations, though the fonner
returned to his accusation of Mr. Darrell, declaring that
he himself had, in what he had done, been guilty m dis-
simulation, the latter stood firm ; and, notwimstanduig flio
entreaties, threatenings, and fair promises of the archbiahq^
and others, he could not be prevailed upon to accusie him^
but maintained to the last, that the evil spirit had been cast
out of him. It does not appear, however, tiiat either* of
them were cast into prison. +
The prosecution of Mr. Darrell led to a new controvmy,
whei^ Mr. Harsnet, chaplain to Bishop Bancroft, and
afterwards Archbishop of York, published a work, entitled,
" A Discovery of the fraudulent practices of John Dandl,
Batchelor of Arts, in his proceedings concerninjr the pre*
tended possession and dispossession of William Somers of
Nottingham : of Thomas Darling, the boy of Burton at
Galdwall : and of Katherii\e Wright at Mansfield and
Whittington : and of his dealings with one Maiy Couper
• YhidicBtioD of the Chovcb, p. 360. , '
f Clark's Lives annexed to Marty rdogie, p. 32»
DARRELL. 121
at Nottingham, detecting in some sort the deceitiul tfade in
then latter days of casting out devils," 1599. This
Indilbed Mr. Darrell to publiA a reply, entitled, <<A
Detiection of that sinful, shamful, lying, and ridiculoi'is
Discours, of Samuel Harshnet.* Entituled : A Discoverie
of the fraudulent practices of John Darrell. Wherein is
manifestly and apparently shewed in the eyes of the world.
Not only the unlikelihoode, but the flate impossibilitie of the
pretended counterfayting of William Somers, Thomas Darl-
ing, Kath. Wright, and Mary Couper, together with other 7
in Lancashire, and the supposed teaching of tbem by the
saide John Darrell," 1600. The same year, Mr. Darrell also
published, ^^ A true Narration of the strange and greyous
Vexation by the Devil, of 7 Persons in Lancashire, and
William Somers of iVotfingham. Wherein (he doctrine of
FdssessicMi and Dispossession of Demoniakes out of the word
of God is particularly applied unto Somers, and the rest of
the piersbns controyertea : together with the use we are to
make of these workes of God." Mr. Greorge Moore, his
intimate friend, and fellow-sufferer in the same cause, likewise
published a reply to Harsnet, entitled, " A true Discourse
concerning the certaine Possession and Dispossession of 7
persons in one familie in Lancashire, which also may serve
as jpart of an Answere to a fayned and false Discoverie
which speaketh very much evill, as well of this, as of the
rest of those great and mightie workes of God, which be of
the like excellent nature," 1600 a
Mr. Darrell, upon his imprisonment, published another
work paiticnlarly in his own defence, entitled, ^' The Trial
of Joan Darrell, or a Collection of Defences against
Alligations not yet suffered to receive convenient Answer,
tencung to clear him from the Imputation of teaching
Somers and others to counterfeit Possession of Devils," 1599.
Also, whQe he was in prison, he published '' An Apology
or Defence of the Possession of William Somers, &c.
Wherein this work of God is cleared from the evil name of
counterfeiting. And thereupon also it is shewn, that in
these days men may be possessed with devils; and tliat
being so, by prayer and fasting the unclean spirit may be
cast out'* At the close of this work, Mr. Darrell made the
* Hunet waff one of the principal perwcaton of Mr. DarreU, and wai
advaaced to the bishopric of Norwich, ah the jnst r«*ward of this meritorioas
service. Bat oar antbor, by mistake, calls Mr. Daireli st popish prieit. —
BUomJUid't Hist, of Norfolk^ toI. li. p. 40S.
i Bio^. Britaa. toI. i?. p. 8M7. I:;dit, 1747.
ttd LIVES OF THE PURITANS.
following protestation : — << If what I am accused of be
true, even that I have been accessary to a vile impostune/
with a design to impose on mankind, let me be registered to
my perpetual infamy, not only for a notorious deoeiyeri
but such an hypocrite as never trod cm the earth befoie,.
Yea, Lord ! for to Thee I direct my speech, who knoweth
all things, if I have confederated morp or less, with Soimei%
Darling, or any others ; if ever I set my eye upon them
before they were possessed, then let me not only be made a
laughing-stock, and a by -word to all men, but raze my
name ako out of the book of life, and let me have mj^
portion with hypocrites."* »
While Mr. Darrell was suffering in close prison in the
Gatehouse, the productions of his pen were spread through
the kingdom. His books found their way to the two
universities, particularly Cambridge, where many of them
were purchased by the learned coUegians. This priesently
roused the attention of the ecclesiastical governors ; when
the bookseller' was convened before Dr. Jegon, the vice-
chancellor, as will appear from the following letter, addressed
<< To the right Rev* Father in God, the Lord Bishop <^
London :"+
" Right reverend, my very good lord, my duty mosi
humbly premised. May it please you to be advertised,
that certain books of Darrell's, in two volumes, the one
^^ A Detection of the shameful, lying Discoverie," &c. tlie
other " A true Narration of the strange Vexation," &ci
have been sold underhand, by a taylor, since Christmas
last, to the number of sixty books, as the party before me
hath confessed. To whom he hath sold them in partiddar,
he will not confess : whereupon I have bound nim here,
with surety, to be forth coming untiM know your lordship's
pleasure, thinking it my duty io signify the same, knowing
that Darrell hath been censured for a dissembler, ana
supposing that such books come not out with allowaace
and privilege* The examination I send here inclosed.
" Jegon, Vice-chancellor of the
" University of Cambridge/'
What further prosecution the poor man underwent, or
when Mr. Darrell was released from his cruel imprisoninenl^
it is very difficult to ascertain.
• Strype*8 Whitgiflt, p. 495. + Baker*8 MS. CoUec. toI. xzTii,<^. 11.-
GOODMAN. 123
" CH&iSTOPfttiR Goodman, B. D. — This distinguished
{nufitan was born in the city of Chester, about the year
IS 19, and educated in Brazen-nose college, Oxford. After
taking' his d^rees in Arts, he was constituted one of the
acnior students of Christ's Church, then newly founded by
H«ify VIII. Towards the close of the reign of King
Edward, he was admitted to the reading of the sentences,
and chosen divinity lecturer in the university. But upon
the accession of Queen Mary, and the return of popery
and . bloody persecution, he withdrew from the storm, and
went into exile. He retired, with many of his brethren, to
Frankfort, and was deeply involved in the troubles of that
place, occasioned chiefly by the officious interference of Dr.
Cox and his party. Here, when it was proposed to make
choice of officers for the church, Mr. Goodman gave it as
his opinion, " That they ought first to agree to some godly
drder for the church ; and, in agreeing to this order, to
obtain the consent of the congre^tion, whereby it might
appear that they contemned not the rest of their brethren r
and further, to proceed to the election, which he thought,
dso, ought not to be attempted without the consent of the
whole church." In neither of these proposals, however,
did Mr. Goodman succeed. For it was replied, that they
should have no other order than the English Book of
CcMnmon Prayer ; and Dr. Cox had assembled the ministers,
at his lodgings, to make choice of a bishop and other
officers.* Upon the separation at Frankfort, Mr. Goodman
went to Geneva, where he and Mr. John Knox, the famous
Scotch reformer, were chosen pastors of the English church,
and there remained till the death of Queen Mary. While
at Geneva, he assisted Mr. Knox in composing ^' The
Book of Common Order," which was to be used as a
directory of worship in the protestant congregations.+
Upon receiving the news of the queen's death, Mr. Goodman
and his brethren at Geneva, wrote a most affectionate,
healing letter to their fellow-exiles at Frankfort. This
letter, with the answer, is still preserved.J
It will be proper here to observe, that during Mr.
Gopdman*s exile, and some time before the queen's death,
a report came to them that she was dead. The rumour
occasioned him to write to Mr. Bartlet Green, a lawyer, a
pious professor of the gospel, and his former acquaintance
* Troobl«8 at Frankeford, p. 39, 40.
-f Scott's Lives of Reformers, p. 250. Edit, 1810.
t Troablet at Franl^eford, p. 100—163.
124 LIVES OF THE PURITANS.
at Oxford, inquiring whether the report was true. Hii
worthy friend replied, The queen is not ytX dead. The
letter, however, being intercepted, Mr. Green was appifw
hended^ committed to the Tower, and, after lying a loii;
time in prison, condemned and committed to the flames,
under the cruel severities of Bonner, bishop of London.*
While our divine remained at Geneva, he took an activt
part, with several of his learned brethren, in writing and
publishing the Geneva translation of the Bible.f
On the accession of Queen Elizabeth^ Mr. Groodma%
after finishing. the Translation, returned from exile, but did
not immediajtely come to England. He went to Scotland ;
and, for several years, was actively employed in promoting
the reformation, and preaching the gospel, in that oountiy.
in the year 1560, having preached for some time at AjTr, the
committee of parliament, wjio nominated the ministers for
the principal towns in Scotland, appointed him to be
minister at St. Andrews, where it was thought expediqit
that the officiating minister should be a man of established
leputation.t KSovX the same time, he was onployed in a
public disputation at Edinburgh, betwixt the papists and
Erotestants. Those on the side of the papists were.Dr^
lesley, Dr. Anderson, Mr. Mirton, a^d Mr. Stracouin ; who
disputed with Mr. Knox, Mr. Willock, and Mr. Uoodman.
The points of disputation were, ^^ The holy eiicharist and
the sacrifice of the altar." In the conclusion, thdugh the
papists gave it out, that the protestants were com^etdy
Imffled, and declined the contest in future, the nobilitVy
who attended the dispute, were certainly of another iliina.i
As minister of St.. Andrews, Mr. Goodman was present
in the assembly, December 20, 1560, with the assistant
elders, David Spens and Robert Kynpont, who accompanied
him. In 156S, he and Mr. John Uow, minister of Perth,
were appointed to assist John Erskine of Dun, in the
visitation of the sheriffdoms of Aberdeen and Banff. And
in 1563, he argued in opposition tp Mr. Secretary Lething*
ton, that tlie tithes ought to be appropriated to ihe cleigy,
Lethington was on this occasion much chagrined; and un-
generously said, that it was not fit that a stranger should
meddle with the affairs of a foreign commonwealth. Mr«
doodman calmly, but firmly, replied, ^< My lord secietary,
* Fox's Martyrs, vol. iii. p. 523 — ^526.— Srrype's Cranmer, p. 3T0«
+ See Art. Coverdalc.
X HiRt. of Chorch of Scotland, p. 853. Edit. 1644.
S CoHier's £ccl. Hiit. yol. ii. p. 476.
> 600DMAK. 129
thoiu^ in Tcmr pdicy I be a fstran^r, yet I am not so in
the jDik of Goa ; and, therefore, the care thereof apper**
tainoCh no less to me in Scotland, than if I were in the midst
of England*''*
In toe year 1564, he was appointed to preacb for the
space of a month, at Edinburgh, in the absence of Mr.
John Craig, one of the ministers of that city, who had been
oommissicned to visit some of the southern parts of the
kingdom. Also, the assembly, June 25, 1565, laid many
appointments upon him, some of which be did not fulfil ;
for, before the assembly again met, December 25th, in the
same year, be had left the kingdom ; which is thus noticed
in the church-register : — ><^ Conmiissioners from St. Andrews
appeared, who requested that Mr. John Knox should be
transplanted, and placed at St. Andrews. The assembly
lefnsed their request, and desired them to choose a minister
out of their own university, in the room of Mr. Christopher
Croodman, who had lately departed into England. "f
Dr. Heylin, with his wonted peevishness and slander,
says, ^ it cannot be denied, tliat Goodman, Gilbyi
Whittingham, and the rest of the Genevean conventicle,
wete very much grieved, at their return from exile, that
they cxrald not bear the like sway here as Calvin and B^za
did ai Geneva. They not only repined and were envious
at the lefonnation of the 'English church, because not fitted
to tfadr fiuicies, and Calvin's platform ; but laboured to sow
those seeds of heterodoxy and disobedience, which brought
forth those troubles and disorders that afterwards followed. "(
So much reproach, misrepresentation and falsehood, is
sddoin found within so small a compass. •
About the year 1568, our celebrated divine became
chaphun to Sir Henry Sidlney, in his expedition against the
nhdB in Ireland, and shewed his great diligence and faith-
iidneaB in that service.^ And in 1571, he was cited before
Archbishc^ Parker, and other high conmiissioners, at
Lambeth. He published a book, during his exile under
Queen Mary, entitled, << How Superior R>wers ought to be
obeyed of their Subjects, and wherein they may be lawfully,
by God's Word, obeyed and resisted : Wherein a}so is
dieclared the Cause of all the present Misery in England,
and how the same may be remedied,'* 1558. In this work,
he spoke with some freedom against the government of
women, but especially the severe proceedings of Queen
• Scou'f Uweg of RcfoBBCTt, p. 251 . ^ Ibid . p . 252.
X Hejlia't Hiit. of Pres. p. 25. < Troablcs at Fnokeford, p. ISS.
126 LIVES OF THE PURITANS.
Maij. From this book, the archbishop, after iso "saaaif:
years, collected certain dangerous and seditious arttcles^-a^'
they are called ; and required Mr. Goodman to revoke hiif
opinions.* Though he refused for some time, yet^ befoie
his release could be procured, he was obliged to. subscribe
ihe following recantation :
<< For as much as the extremity of the time, wheiein I
did write my book, brought forth alteration of leligion,
setting up of idolatry, banishment of good m«i, muidering
of saints, and violation of all promises made to the godly;
I was, upon consideration of present grief, moved to wnte
many things therein, which may be, and are, offenshrdijr
taken, and which also I do mislike, and wish ihey had not
been written. And notwithstanding the book, by me so
written, I do protest and confess, ^ That good and godly
women may lawfully govern whole realms and nations; ana
do, from the bottom of my heart, allow the queen's majesty's
most lawful government, and daily pray for the long
continuance of the same. Neither did I ever mean to aflbm,
that any person or persons, of their own authority, ^ught
or miffht lawfully, have punished Queen Mary with derai.
Nor that the people, of their own authority, may lawfidly
punish their magistrates, transgressing the Lord's pieceptft
Nor that ordinarily God is the head of the people^ and
giveth the sword into their hands, though they seek Hnt
accomplishment of his laws.' Wherefore, as many <tf these
assertions as may be rightly collected out of my said book,
them I do utterly renounce and revoke, as none of mine;
promising never to write, teach, nor preach, any such
offensive doctrine. Humbly desiring, thatit may please yoor
lordships to ^ve me your good and favourable allowanoei;
whereby I shall, by God's grace, endeavour to labour ii
furthering the true service of God, and obedience to hs
majesty, to the utmost of my power, during my whole lift;
to the satisfaction of all good men, and to the contentment
of her majesty and your good lordships.
<< ClIRISTOPHEE GrOODlf Alf.''f '
^^ This is a lame recantation," says one of our kaned
historians. ^^ For Goodman founds the queen's title upoii
her moral J and not upon her ctt»7 qualifications. Chd^
women," he says, " may lawfully govern. By this dodxinti^
where there is no virtue, there can be no claim to authority ;
and when their godliness is at an end, their govomment murt
•.Strype'i Parker, p, S2&, 336. f Slrype'i. Annals« v«K I. p. ISO.
GooDMAif. lar
lie BO too : this is fouiding dominicm on grace. And when'
the prince has so precarious a title, and the subjects are
made judges of the forfeiture, peace and public order must
be weakly established. The next part of the recantation is
not one jot bett^. For by only denying that prvoate people
Hoav estecute their princes, he seems to aUow that ms^istrates
Hid parliaments may do it. And by saying, that GoA does
not vtdSnanhf put the sword into the hands of the people,
what can be inferred, but that in some cases it is lawful for
(he people to rise against their sovereign, and reform the
dmrch and state at discretion."* How much better would
tfie learned writer have ordered this recantation, if he had
faftoniUely been one of the high commissioners at Lambeth !
If the form of it was really faulty, surely this attaches
BO evil io Mr. Groodman. He only complied with the im-
positions of his ecclesiastical judges. In this, as in numerous
other instances, we see the extreme madness of any man, or
any body of men, attempting to impose their own opinions
vpon their fellow-creatures.
When Mr. Groodman was cited before the archbishop
and otiier commissioners, he was required to subscribe, n^
01^ the above recantation, but the following protestation
of his loyalty to the queen and government :
' ^ I, Christopher Goodman, preacher of God*s word in
this realm of England, have protested, the day and year
above written, before the reverend fathers aforesaid, and in
this present writing, do unfeignedly protest and confess
before all men, that I have esteemed and taken Elizabeth,
by -the grace of God Queen of England, France, and
Ireland, defender of the faith, &c. ever smce her coronaticm,
as noW) and shall during life, and her grace's government,
for my only liege lady, and most lawful queen and sove-
nign. Whom I truly reverence in my heart, love, fear,
and obey, as becometh an obedient subject, in all thin^
Iftwftil; a^d as I have at sundry times in the pulpit^
9rillingly and of mine own accord, declared in great audi-
ence, who can and will bear me sufficient record, exhorting
and persuading all men, so far forth as in me did lay, to the
like obedience to her majesty. For whose preservation,
an^ prosperous government, I have earnestly and daily
prated to God, and will, being assisted by his holy spirit,
aiiring my Ufe. In witness whereof, I the said Christopher,
* OoUier'f Eccl. Hist. vol. ii. p. 440.
126 LIVES QF THE PURITANS.
Maij. From this book, the archbishop, after so muuij^
years, collected certain dangerous and seditious articles^w
they are called ; and requirra Mr. Goodman to revoke his
opinions.* Though he refused for some time, yetj before
his release could be procured, he was obliged to subscribe
ihe following recantation : ...
<^ For as much as the extremity of the time, wherein I
did write my book, brought forth alteration of religion^
setting up of idolatiy, banishment of good men, murdering
of saints, and violation of all promises made to the godly ;
I was, upon consideration of present grief, moved to write
many things therein, which may be, and are, offensively
taken, and which also I do mislike, and wish ihey had no^
been written. And notwithstanding the book, by me so
written, I do protest and confess, ^ That good and godly
women may lawfully govern whole realms and nations ; and
do, from the bottom of my heart, allow the queen's majesty's
most lawful government, and daily pray for the long
continuance of the same. Neither did I ever mean to aflton,
that any person or perscms, of their own authority, ought
or miffht lawfully have punished Queen Mary with deatti.
Nor that the people, of their own authority, may lawfidly
punish their magistrates, transgressing the Lord's preceptei
Nor that ordinarily God is the head of the people^ and
giveth the sword into their hands, though they seek iht
accbmplishment of his laws.' Wherefore, as many of these
assertions as may be rightly collected out of my said book,
them I do utterly renounce and revoke, as none of mine;
promising never to write, teach, nor preach, any such
offensive doctrine. Humbly desiring, that it may please your
lordships to give me your good and favourable allowance.;
whereby I shall, by God's grace, endeavour to labour ia
furthering the true service of God, and obedience to her
majesty, to the utmost of my power, during my whole life;
to the satisfaction of all good men, and to the contentiiieiit
of her majesty and your good lordships.
" ClIRISTOPHEE GOODM AN."^ '
^^ This is a lame recantation," says one of our learned
historians. <^ For Goodman founds the queen's title upte
her moraly and not upon her ctz7t/ qualifications. CMUf
women," he says, " may lawfully govern. By this dootrini^
where there is no virtue, there can be no claim to siuthority^;
and when their godliness is at an end, their government must
•.Strype's Parker, p, S2&, 336. f Sirype'g. Annals« v«K i. p. IM>
GOODMAir. Itt
be 80 too : iiiis is founding dominicm on grace. And when'
the prince has so precarious a title, and the subjects are
made judges trf* the forfeiture, peace and public order must
be weakly established. The next part of the recantation is
imt one jot better. For by only denying that private people
Hiay e:stecute their princes, he seems toaUow that magistrates
and parliaments may do it And by saying, that (Sod does
not etdbmrify put the sword into the hands of the people,
what can be inferred, but that in some cases it is lawful for
ibe people to rise against their sovereign, and reform the
church and state at discretion."* How much better would
the learned writer have ordered this recantation, if he had
fortunately been one of the high commissioners at Lambeth !
If the form of it was really faulty, surely this attaches
no evil to Mr. Goodman. He only complied with the im-
positions of his ecclesiastical judges. In tnis, as in numerous
other instances, we see the extreme madness of any man, or
any body of men, attempting to impose their own opinions
upon their fellow-creatures.
When Mr. Goodman was cited before the archbishop
and otiier commissioiiers, he was required to subscribe, n^
odty the above recantation, but the following protestation
of his loyalty to the queen and government :
• ^ I, Christopher Goodman, preacher of God*s word in
this lealm of £ngland, have protested, the day and year
above written, before the reverend fathers aforesaid, and in
this present writing, do unfeignedly protest and confess
before all men, that I have esteemed and taken Elizabeth,
by the grace of God Queen of England, France, and
Ireland, defender of the faith, &c. ever since her coronaticm,
as noW) and shall during life, and her grace's government,
for my only liege lady, and most lawful queen and sove-
reign. Whom I truly reverence in my heart, love, fear,
and obey, as becometh an obedient subject, in all thin^
lawftil; a^d as I have at sundry times in the pulpit^
mllingly and of mine own accord, declared in great audi-
ence, who can and will bear me sufficient record, exhorting
and persuading all men, so far forth as in me did lay, to the
like obedience to her majesty. For whose preservation,
an^ prosperous government, I have earnestly and daily
pfayra to God, and will, being assisted by his holy spirit,
aimng my life. In witness whereof, I the said Christopher,
* OoUier'f Eccl. Hist. vo]. ii. p. 440.
iS& LIVES OF THE PUKITANS.
have subscribed this protestation i^ith mine own hand, the
S6th day of April^ 1571, by me,
" Christopher Gtoodman.*** .
In the year 1584, Mr. Goodman, we find, lived in his
native county, where he was most probably silenced ficNr
nonconformity. During that year, Archbishop Whitgift
haying pressed subscription to his three articles, upon the
lly ministers in those parts, Mr. Goodman wrotis to the
!ajrl of Leicester, informing him how the papists in Cheshire
and elsewhere, rejoiced at the proceedings and severities of
the archbishop. This the archbishop, indeed, resented and
denied, and charged Mr. Goodman with perverseness, in
refusing subscription, and an exact conformity to the estab-
lished church.f
We have not been able to obtain any further account'of thii
excellent divine, till the pious and learned Mr. James Usher}
afterwards the famous archbishop, came to England to pur*
chase books for the college library at Dublin, nvhen ho
visited him on his death-bed. Usher was so deejAw
impressed with the holy conversation of this venesiUe
divine, that, when he himself became an old man, and the
Archbishop of Armagh, he often repeated the wise aiid grtTtt
speeches which he had heard from him.J Mr. GoodmaD
died in 1603, aged eighty-three years, and his reml^
were interred in St. Werburg's church, in the d^ (tf
Chester. Fuller denominates him a leader, of the nerit
nonconformists.^ Wood says, he was a most violoit non-
conformist, and more rigid in his opinions than^ hii
friend John Calvin, who speaks of him in his epu ~
Mr. Leigh calls him a learned, good, and holy divin
Dr. Bancroft says, that he, with the rest of the Geneva
accomplices, urged all estates to take up arms, and -bjr
force to reform religion themselves, rather than to liaOeii
superstition and idolatry to remain in the land.**
Mr. Thomas Merburie of Christ's coU^, Cambridge
in his last will and testament, dated December 1, 1571, an
proved the same month, appointed <^ his well-beloveidi. :n
Christ, his father-in-law, Mr.Christopher Goodman, preacher
• Strype*8 Annals, toI. i. p« 95, 96. f Ibid. toI. Hi. p. 946, Mti'
X Bernard's Life of Usher, p. 42. Edit. 1656.
S Fuller's Church Hist. b. ix. p. 77. , , i'
jl Wood's Athens Oxoo. vol i. p. 273.
1 Leigh's Religion and Learning, p. 811.
• • Bancroft's Dangeroui Positions, p. 62. Edit. 1640,
PERKINS. 129
of GocVs word," one of the supervisors of his wiU.» Mr.
Goodman publish* d the two tbilowing -irticles : ^< How
Superior Powers ought to be obeyed of their Subjects, and
wherein they mfiy be hwfully, by God's Word, disobeyd
and resisted,"^' 1548, — " A Commentary on Amos." Wood
ascribes to him, << The first Blast of the Trumpet against
the Monstrous Regiment of Women," 1558 : But it is well
known that Mr. John Knox, the celebrated Scotch reformer,
was its aothor : our divine only itrote the preface to that
work.
William Perkins was bom at Marton in War-
wickshire, in the year 1558, and educated in Christ's
college, Cambridge. For some time after his going to
the university, he continued exceedingly profile, and
ran to great lengths in prodigality. While Mr. Perkins
was a young man, and a scholar at Cambridge, he was
much devoted to di unkeuness. As he was walking in the
skirts of the town, he heard a woman say to a child that was
froward and peevish, " Hold your tongue, or 1 will give
^* you to drunken Perkins, yonder." Finding himself,
b^ome a by-word among the people, his conscience smote
hiin^ and he became so deeply impressed, that it was the
first step towards his conversion. After he was called by
divine grace, and become a preacher of the gospel, he laid
pp«n the working of sin and vanity in others, exercised a
spirit of sympathy over perishing sinners, and upon their
repentance and faith in Jesus Christ, led them to the enjoy-
ment of substantial comfort. He gave, at the same time,
strong proofs of his great genius, by his deep researches into
nature^ and its secret springs oi operation. When the
Lord was pleased to convert him from the error of his ways,
he immediately directed his attention to the study of divi-
luty, and applied himself with such uncommon diligence^
tiiat in a short time, he made an almost incredible profici-
^cy in divine knowledge.
At the age of twenty-four, he was chosen fellow of his
<^l%e, when he entered upon the sacred function. Having
Umaelf freely received, he freely gave to others ; arid in
uiiitation of our Lord, he went and preached deliverance to
^ptives. Feeling bowels of compassion for the poor pri-
' *^er8 confined in Cambridge, he prevailed upon the jailer
* Baker's MS. CoHec. toI. lii. p. 314.
130 LIVKS OP THE PURITANS.
to colleet them together in one spacious roonii nrhere he
preached to them every sabbath, -with great power and
success. Here the prison i^as his parish; his lore to souls,
the patron presenting him to it ; and his work, all the wages
he received. No sooner were his pious labours made
known, than multitudes flocked to hear him from all
quarters. By the blessing of Grod upon his endeavours,
he became the happy instrument of bringing many to the
knowledge of salvation, i^d to enjoy the gibhous liberty of
the sons 6f God, not duly of the prisoners,' but others, who,
like them, were in captivity and bondage to sin. His great
fame, afterwards known in all the churches, was soqd
spread through the whole university ; and he was chosen
i>reacher at St. Andrew's church, where he continued a
sdborious and faithful minister of Christ, till cdUed to
teceive his reward. *
Mr. Perkins being settled in this public' situation, Ui
hearers consisted of collegians, townsmen, and people from
th6 country. This reqtiired those peculiar mmisteiial
endowments which providence had richly bestowed upon
him. In all his discourses, his style add his subject Were
acconunbdated to the capacities of the conunon people^
while, at the same time, me pious scholars heard hud with
admiration. Luther used to say, << that ministers who
preach the terrors of the law, but do not bring forth gospel
instruction aiid consolation, are liot vf^ise masfer-builderB :
they pull down, but do not biiild up again.'' Bat Mr.
Perkinses sermons were edl laWy and alt gospel. He was a
rare instance of those opposite gifts meeting in so emmeirf
a degree in^the same preacher, eVen the vehemoice and
thunder of Boanerges^ to awakisn sinners to a sense of their
sin and dan^r, and to drive them from destruction; and
the persuasion and Goitifoit of Barnabas^ to pour the ynut
and oil of gospel consolation into their wounded spirits.
He used to ^pp& the terrors of the law so direcfly to the
consciences of his hearers, that their hearts would ofien
sink under the convictions ; and he used to pronounce the
word . damn with so peculiar ail emphasis, that it left a
doleful echo in their ears a long time after. • Also his
wisdom in giving advice and comfort to troubled con-
sciences, is said to have been such, <^ that the afflicted in
spirit, far and near, came to him, and received milch com'
fort from his instructions/' '
"•
• FDl]er*8 Abel RediTiTas, p. 431 -434.--Clark'ft Marrow of Bed.
Hist. p. 851.
PERKINS. 131
Mr. Perikins had a surprising talent for reading books.
He perused them so speedily, that he appeared to read
Bothiog; yet so accurately, that he seemed to read all. In
addition to his frequent preaching, and other ministerial
duties, he wrote num«r6tis excellent books ; many of which,
on account of their great worth, were translated into Latin,
wd sent into foreign countries, where they were greatlj
adnured and esteemed. Some of them being translated into
Frenqh, Dutch, and Spanish, were dispersed throush tiie
various European « nations. Voetius and other foreign
divines, have spoken of him with great honour and esteem.
Bishop Hall said, << he excelled in a distinct judgment, a
Tare dexterity in clearing the obscure subtleties of the
schods, and in an easy explication of the most perplexed
subjects.'* And thoi^h he was author of so many books,
being lame of his right-hand, he wrote them all with his
left. He used to write in the title of all his books, ^^ Thou art
a Bfinister of the Word : Mind thy business.'"
This celebrated divine was a thorough puritan, both in
principle and in practice, and was more than once con-
vened before his superiors for nonconformity ; yet he was a
man of peace and great moderation. He was concerned
for a purer reformation of the church ; and, to promote
the daired object, he united with his brethren m their
wivate associations, and in subscribing the << Book of
Discipline."* Complaint was, however, brought against
him, that he had signified, before the celebration oif the
Lord's supper, that the minister not receiving the bread and
'tine from the hands of another minister, but from himsdf^
was a corruption in the church:— that to kneel at the
sacrament was superstitious and antichristian ; — and that to
tnin their faces towards the east, was another corruption.
Upon this complaint, he was convened before Dr. Penie, the
vice-chancellor, and heads of colleges; but refusing to
answer, unless he might know his accusers, it was thought
eapedient to bring certain persons who had heard him, wd
examine them upon their oaths. Therefore, Mr. Bradcock^
Mr. Osborne, Mr. Baines, and Mr. Bainbrigg, were pro-
doced as witnesses against him, and required to answer
the three following interrogatories: — 1. ^^ Whether Mr.
Ferldns, in his conunon place, made at the time before
mrntMHied, did teach, that it was a corruption in our
^oicb, that the minister did not receive the oommnnion at
• 2rcal*t FultMm, vol. i. p. AtS.
132 LIVES OF THE PURITANS..
the hands of another minister, because that which is naedm
our dhurch is without warrant of the word ? — 9. Whethei^
he did name kneeling when we receive the sacrament, as'
superstitious and antichristian ?— 3. Whether he did not
denominate kneeling towards the east to be a cormption }**
-—The witnesses mostly answered in the affirmative; bat, in
several particulars, they could not give any testimony.
Mr. Bambrigg closed the evidence by obMrving, -friah
respect to bieeling at the sacrament, << He thought oar
Saviour sat, and," in his opinion, <^ it was better to come
near to that which He did, than that which was done in'
time of popery.*' He thought also that it was better not
to kneel towards the east.
After the examination of the witnesses, Mr. Perkins was
allowed to speak in his own defence, when he addressed his
spiritual judges as follows : — ^' As this doctrine c^ faith and
a sood conscience is to be applied to the congregation, so
it is by Grod's providence come to pass that I must apply it
to myself. I am thought to be a teacher of erroneoos
doctrines. I am enjoinra to satisfy, and, in trutii, I am now
williqg with all my heart to do it. — ^Of ministering (ho
communion to a man's own self, this. was my cMpinion, that
in this place it was better to lieoeive it from another, because
we are thirteen ministers ; and, by this means, the minister
would not only receive the sacrament, but also the approba*
ticm of his brother, that he was a worthy receiver. It itf
observed, that I said this action was unlawful, and a onrnip"
tion of our church. I said it not; and truly, I protoC
before God, if I had said it, the same tongue whidi had
said it, should unsay it ; that God might have the gtoary,
and that shame and confusion might be unto me.
<< I said not that kneeling was idolatrous and antichrii^
tian.. I do remember it. My opinion was this, that of die
two gestures which we used, sitting and kneeling, sitting ii
more convenient, because Christ sat, and the pope knadethi
as Jewel observes against Harding. And in things in-
different we must go as far as we can from idolatry. Mr.
Calvin taught me this, in his sermon on Deut. yii. I
think a man may use it with a good consdence; for I am
far from condemning any. And I beseedii vou how. can
. we altogether clear ourselves, who, sitting before, &U down
on our knees when the bread cometh, and, having recdVeB
it, rise up again, and do in like manner with the wine.
^^ I hold looking unto the east or west to be indiflfeient,
and to be used accordingly : but this I marvel at, wh/ tiis
PERKINS. laS
crofls fltill jBtimdeUi in the window, and ^hy we turn our«
fidrcB toward the end of the chapel, at the end of the
first and second lesson. We are commanded to flee from
e?ei7 appearance of evil. — ^These things I have said to
satisfy every man in the conurbation, audi to shew that I
deqpise not authority : which, if this will do, God be
maued ; but if not, God's will be done. I confess most
h^y this thing. I did not seek the disquiet of this con-
gregation; yet I might have spoken these things at a
more convenient time.''*
It does not appear whether Mr. Perkins's defence gave
satisfiEU^on to his ecclesiastical judges, or whether he suffered
^ome particular censure or further prosecution. This, how-
ever, was not the end of his troubles. lie was apprehended,
with many others, and carried before the star-chamber, on
account of the associations. Upon his appearance before
this high tribunal, he took the oath ex officio^ discovered
ithe asiiociations, and confessed that Mr. Cartwright, Mr.
finape, and others, had met at Cambridge, to confer about
ma^iB of discipline.f He was once or twice convened
befivre the high commission; and though his peaceable
bdhaviour, and great fame in the learned world, are said to
Jiave procured him a dispensation from the persecutions of
]iis brithren,t he was, nevertheless, deprived by Archbishop
Whitgifl.^ Mr. Perkins, writing at the above period, in
1582, when many of his brethren were cruelly imprisoned
for nonconformity, styles it, ^^ The year of the last patience '
§£ the saints.'*!
Towards the close of life, Mr. Perkins was much afflicted
:vnth the stone, the frequent attendant on a sedentary life,
which he bore with remarkable patience. In the Inst fit of
Ids complaint, a little before his death, a friend praying for
the mitigation of his pains, he cried out, '' Hold, hold ! do
not pray so; but pray the Lord to give me faith and
patience, and then let him lay on me what he pleases.'*
At length his patience had its perfect work. He was finally
deliv^d from all his pains, and crowned with immor-
tality and etem^ life, in the year 1602, aged forty-four
^rears.f He was bom in the first, and died in the h\^ year
^ the reign of Queen Elizabeth. He left the world rich
• Biker*i ]lil8. CoUec. ▼o1. zzx. p. 992, 893.
•f Strype*t Whitgift, p. S34, S7 1 , 378.
1 Ncal'i Paritam, vol. i. p. 509.
S Granger's Biog. Hist. toI. i. p. 819.
I Cbwtoa'f life of Nowdl, p.S83. f FuUer^f Hist, of Qm. p. IBT.
191 LIVES OF THE PURITANS.
in grace, and in the love of God and good men ; and
instrumental in making nidny rich. His ministerial laboim
were signally blessed to multitudes, both townsmen and
collegians. His remains were interred in St. Andrew'«
church wi<h great funeral solemnity, at the sole expense of
Christ's college ; the university and the town striving which
could shew the warmest gratitiTtfe for hiS faithful bbours,
and pay the greatest resjx*ct to his memory. Dr. M'jntague,
afterwards successively Bishoi) of Rath and Wells, and (^
Winchester, preached his funeral sermon from Joshua, i. 9.
Moses my servant is dead ; and spoko in high commenda-
tion of his learning, piety, labours, ond usefulness.* •
Mr. Perkins was so pious and exemplary in his life,
that malice itself was unable to reproacli his character. A%
his preaching was a just commeul upon his text ; so his
practice was a just comment upon his preaching. He was
naturally cheerful and pleasant; rather reserved towards
strangers, but familiar upon their further acquaintance. He
was of a middle stature, ruddy complexion, bright hairy
and inclined to corpulency, but not to idleness.f He was
esteemed by all, says I^'uller, as a painful and faithfid
dispenser of the word of God ; and his great piety pro^
cured him liberty in his ministry, and respect to his person,
even from those who difiered from him in other matters.
He is classed among the ft^llows and learned writers of ,
Christ's college, Cambridge, t Churton styles him "tfce
learned and pious, but Calvinistic Perkins;" as if hii
Calvinism was a considerable blemish in his character^
Toplady, on the contrary, applauds him on account of hii
Calvinistic opinions, and denominates him ^' the leame^
holy, and laborious Perkins."| The celebrated Aiehbifiluioi
Usher had the highest opinion of him, and often expicsBei
his wish to die as holy Mr. Perkins did, who ezpivd
crying for mercy and forgiveness. Herein he was, iDmed^
gratified; for his last words were, << Lord, eqpeciafly
forgive my sins of omission.*'!
The works of this excellent divine are numeioiu and .
highly esteemed, especially in foreign countries. Thcf
were published at various times, but were collected aid
printed in three volumes folio, in 1606, entitled << His
• Strype*8 Whitgift, p. S7 1.
f FuUer*! Abel. Red. p. 436.— Clark's Eccl. Hist. p. 851. ,
FnUer's Chnrch Hist. b. iz. p. 211.— Hist, of Caoi.'p. 98.
Churton^s Life of NoweU, p. 323.
Toplady*8 Historic Proof, toI. ii. p. 179.
i Bernard's Life of Uiberj p. 100. Edit. 1656.
PERKINS. 1S5
Warkes of that Famous and Worthie Minister of Christ,
in the Uniyersitie of Cambridge, M. W. Perkins." Mr.
Job Orton had an high opinion of him and his writing,
and gives the following account both of the author and the
productions of his pen : — '' I am now reading the works
of Mr. William Perkinu, an eminent tutor and divine at
Cambrid^, in Queen Elizabeth's reign. They arc three
▼(dumes folio, and I have got throu^^h one of them. What
led me more particularly to read him was, that his elder
brother was one of my ancestors, from whom I am in a
direct line, by my mother's side, descended. I think him
an excellent writer : his style is the l^'st of any of that age^
or the next, and niafiy passage^ in his writings are equal to
those of the best writers in modern times. He is judicious,
clear, tiill of matter, and deep christian experience. He
wrotei all his works with his left hand, being lame of thp
rijB^ht, and died about forty-four. I could wisfi all ministers,
especially youn^ ones, would read him, as they would
find large materials for composition. He hath some tracts
a^nst the papists ; and appears to have been a pretty
high Calviiiist; but he hath many admirable things in
CriMfu'o/ divinity. His works are little known in EWland,
at they f^re still in estimation in CJermany, many of them
being written in elegant Latin, and others translated into
German.''^
Mr. Perking made his last will and testament a little
before his death, dated Cambridge, October 16, 1602, and
it was in substance as follows :— First, he bequeaths to the
poor of thp parish of St. Andrews, where he then dwelt,
the sum of forty pounds. Also to his worshipful and
loyii^ friends, Mr. Edm. Barwt-11, Jam. Montague, D. D;
Mr. Law. Chadderton, master of Emanuel college. Rich.
Fozcrofl and Tho. Cropley, M. A. and Nath. Ciudock his
brother-in-law, all the messuage or tenement wherein he
then dwelt, with the houses, yards, &c. adjoining thereto^
in the town of Cambridge, to be sold, aiid the monev
divided into three equal parts, on^ part to eo to his wiie
Timothye, the other two amongst his children, bom or
unborn. He also wills that the price of all his moyeable
goods and chattels be divided amongst Jiis wife and
children.
<< He appoints his wife Timothye his sole ezecotriz, oc
in case of failure by death, then he makes Nath. Ciadqpl(
» 9io(. Biilaa. f •!. T. p. SlSi Ediumf. i
136 LIVES OF THE PURITANS.
aforesaid, e;xecutor. He also bequeaths to his father^-Tlia*
Perkins, and his mother, Anna Perkins, ten pounds a piece,
and to every of his brethren and sisters, fiye^ pounds a
piece, and to his son-in-law, John Hinde, his Elnglish
Bible."*
JosiAS Nichols was a worthy minister of the i^ospeL an
humble servant . of Christ, and a man of distinguisaed
eminence in his day. Certain writers in defence of the
church and its ceremonies, having c^.harged the puritans
with bemg as factious, seditious, and as great enemies^ to
the queen, as the papists ; Mr. Nichols, in answer to these
malicious imputations, publislied a book, entitled <* A Flea
for the Innocent; or, a Defence of the Puritans/' 16Q2.
The author proves that the charges against the puritans
were malicious and false. He, fully answers all the calum-
nies and slanders cast upon them, and, with great impar-
tiality, blames both parties in those things wherein they
were culpable. The book is written with great modesty,
humility, and temper, and with great reverence of the
bishops ; in soft and gentle language, with good stroigth of
argument, liveliness of affection, and a deep sense of the
common danger then threatening both the church and the,
state, f In this work, he observes, in defence of himself and
his brethren, " We subscribe willingly to the book of
articles, according to the statute in that behalf provided:
viz. to those articles which only concern the confession of
the true faith, and the doctrine of the sacraments, as tfe
iMAtuto expressly commandeth and limiteth.''^ Mr. NichcdB
subscribed the " Book of Discipline."^
Thomas Cartwright, B. D. — This most celebiated
person was born in Hertfordshire, about the year 1535, and
educated in St. John's college, Cambridge. He possessed
excellent natural parts, applied to his studies with uncooi*
mon assiduity, and made amazing progress in the varioos
branches ot usejful literature. He allowed himself only i^
hours' sleep in the night, to which custom he closdy
adhered to the end of his days. Having been about three
years at the university, upon the death of King Edwaid,
• Baker*8 MS. Conec. vol. ii. p. 644.
f MS. Reinark«, p. 535. 1^ Pleafbr the Iiuoceot, p. 91.
S Neal's Furitiuis, yol. i. p. 423.
NICHOLS— CARTWRI6HT. 1S7
4Uid the return of popery, he quitted that seat of learning,
and became clerk to a counsellor at law. This employ-
ment, however, did not prevent the prosecution oi h^
^rmer pursuits. The study of divinity, and those branches
of knowled^ most calculated for usefulness to a divine^
were his chief deligbt ; and to which he still directed the
closest application. In this situation he remained till the
accession of Queen Elizabeth, when he returned to St.
John^s collegtu and in the year 1560, was made icUow of the
Louse. In about three years, he was removed to Trinity
college, where, on account of his great learning and worth,
he was chosen one of the eight senior fellows.
In the year 1564, when Queen Elizabeth visited the
university of Cambridge, uncommon preparations were
made for her entertainment, and the most learned men were
selected for the public disputations. Among these was
Bir. Cartwright, whose performance on this occasion dis-
covered such extraordinary abilities, as gave the greatest
Batisfaction, both to the queen and the other auditors.* But
laaaay writers have asserted, that he received neither reward
nor con^mendation ; and that he was presumptuous of his
own ^ood learning, but deficient in a comely grace and
behaviour. Indeed, it is added, that he was so vexed by
hex majesty ^s neglect of him, that he immediately began to
wade into divers opinions relative to the new discipline, and
to kick at the government of the established chtkrch;
girowing conceited of his own learning and holiness, and
beeoming a great contemner of those who differed irom
him.'l' That this is a most notorious slander, appears partly
fiom the account already given ; but especially from the
words of another learned mstorian. From the relation of
the queeiTs reception at Cambridge, says he, there appears
no clear ground for any such discontent, as that which is
charged against Mr. Cartwright; for, as this relation
informs us, the queen approved of them aU4
In the year 1570, Mr. Cartwright was chosen Lady
•Haigaret's professor of divinity. It is particularly men*
ti<med, that he delivered lectures upon the first and second
pUapters of the Acts of the Apostles ; which he performed
with such acuteness of wit, and such solidity of judgment,
that they excited the admiration of those who attended.
He was also become so celebrated a preacher, that when it
* Clark*8 Lives annexed to bis Martyrologie, p. 16, 17.
t Fteile*s Life of Whitgift, p. 9, 10.
i 8trype*8 Annals, voL i. p. 403.
las LIVES OF THE PURFPANS.
was his tnra to preach at St Mary^s, the sexton^ on accoonl
of the multitudes who flocked to hear him, was oblJMf,
for their accommodation, to take dowa the windows or the
church.*
Mr. Cartwright took occasion, in his lectures, to deliyer
his sentin^.ents concerning church discipline ; and becaiiso
they were uni'ayourable to the hierarchy, public accusatioiB
were soon exiiibited against him.f Archbishop Grindai
wrote a letter, dated June 24, 1570, to Sir William Cecily
chanc-ellor oK the university, urging him to take some
course with Mr. Cartwright ; alleging, that in his lectures
he constantly spoke against the external policy, and tho
various offices ot the church; in consequence of which,
the young men of the university, who attended his lectures
in great numbers, were in danger of being poisoned by his
doctrines. He, therefore, reconunended to the chancellor
to silence Cartwright and his adherents, and to reduce
them to conformity, q^r expel them from the coll^, 'or
from the university, as the cause should require. ' IJ^ alsa
urged that Mr. Cartwright might not be allowed to take his
degree of doctor in divinity, at the' approaching cbm^"
mencement, tor which he had made application.^ - Dn
Whitgift also zealously opposed Mr. Cartwright, and
wrote at the same time to the chancellor, communicatiitff
not only what Mr. Cartwright had openly taught, bin
also what he had spoken to him iq private conversation.^
Mr. Cartwright vindicated his conduct in a letter to Sir
William Cecil ; in which he declared his extreme ,aveni<^
to every thing that was seditious or contentiou&i ;' and
affirmed, that he had taught nothing but what naturally
flowed from his text. He observed, uuit he had cantiourij
« Clark*! Lives, p. 17.
-f Itli said, with a design to reproach Mr. Cartwright, that he aod hk
mdhereots having delivered three sermons iq the col^e chapel» on o#
Ijard*s day, they spoke so vehemently against the ceremonies anid c^ «8f ^
the surplice, that, at evening prayer, all the collegians, except three, citf
off their surplices, and appeared in the chapel without them l-^Fmil^f
Hfe of Whitgift, p. X^.—FulUr's HUU of CM9^Mdg9, p. 140.
'^ Strype's Grindal, p. 168.
^ It is observed, that what Mr. Cartwright delivered In his leraMM M
one Lard*s day, Whitgift, in the same place, lUways refuted the Lwrd^
day following, to his great commendation and applause. How ftu* ikk
WV to bis commendation or applause, we do not determiaei but i|owt9
retoncile Whitgift's practice, in this case, with his own coodoctx after*
wards, when in the most cruel manner he censured the excellent l|^r.
Walter Travers for the very same thing, will be found, we think, eztrenyly
difficult.— S/r»p«*s Whitgift, p. 10» 11,— Potil^'t fFkUgifl, p, 19.r-:0e«
Art. Tra99n,
- CARTWRI6HT. IS^
wroided.^feakiiiff against the habits ; but acknowledged his
haivini^ tmght, that the ministry of the church of England
liad declii^, in some points, from the ministry of the
apostolic church, and that he wished it to be restored to
gmler puriQr. But these sentiments, he said, he had
oriivered with all imaginable caution, and in such a
maimer as could give offence to none, excepting the
igtiorant, die malignant, or those who wished to catch at
something to calumniate him ; of which things, nearly all
■the university, if they might be allowed, would bear
"witness. He, therefore, entreated the chancellor id hear
and judge the cause himsi^lf.* Mr. Cartwright had, indeed,
numerous friends, ornaments to the university, by whom he
was exceedingly admired, and who now stuck close to him.
They came forwards f^t this juncture ; and declared in their
testimonial sent to the chancellor, '' That he never touched
Xthe controversy of the habits ; and though he had
need somc^ propositions respedH^ the ministry, accord^
iog to which he wished things might be r^ulated, he did
it with all possible caution and modesty.'^ This was signed
lyy fifteen hands; and other letters of commendation were
written in his favour, signed by many naines, some of
irimn 'afterwards b<!came bishops ;t but all was to no
pQipdse. It was too obvious, that his adversaries were
Ksolved to make him a public example.
Chancellor' Cecil was, indeetl, inclined to treat Mr.
Gartwright with candour and moderation ;i but his oppo-
-nents were determined to prosecute him with the utmost
ifeour and severity. He was cited before the vice-chan-
cellor. Dr. May, and other doctors, and examined upon
sundry {urticles, which, he was said to have delivered. The
points alleged against him, they affirmed to be contrary to
the religion established by public authority; and, there-
fore, demanded whether he would revoke his opinions, or
abide by them. Mr. Cartwright desiring to be permitted
to commit his sentiments upon th( se points to writing, was
allowed the favour. He tfien drew up his opinions m six
propositions, and presented them to the vice-chancellor,
who admonished him to revoke them ; and, upon his refusal,
deprived him of his stipend, but allowed him to continue
Ins lecture.^
During this year. Dr. Whitgift was chosen vice-chaUr*
• Strype*! Annals, vol. ii. p. 3. + Ibid. p. 2—4. Appen. p, i— 4.
1 IbM. vol. I. p. 566, 6^.
f Clark'i LiTe8,p. n.*-S(r7pe'i Whitgift, Appen. p. lU
140 LIVES OF T&E PURITANS.
eeUor, when Mr. Gartwright was mesently convoied befont
liim. Upon his appearance, Whiteift required him- to
revoke those opinions contained in his six pvopositionsy to
which he had subscribed; and upon Mr. Gartwri^t'i
refusal, he pronounced upon him the following defimtive
sentence : — ^' That seeing no admonition would hd-jK bat
that he still persisted in the same mind, he did theie*
fore pronounce him, the said Mr. Cartwright, to be
removed from his said lecture ; and by his final decree or
sentence, did then and there remove him, and declare the
said lecture void ; and that he minded, ficcordin^ to the
foundation thereof^ to proceed to the election of a, oeir
reader. And further, he did .then and there, by virtue of
his office, inhibit the said Mr. Cartwright from preaching
within the said university, and the jurisdiction of the
same."*
The six propositions which Mr. Cartwright delivered
under his own hand to the vice-chancellor, and which
were said to be both dangerous and untrue, were the
following :—
1. That the names and functions of archbishcqps and
archdeacons ought to be abolished.
2. That the offices of the lawful ministers of the^chordi,
viz. bishops and deacons, ought to be reduced 4o their
apostolical institution : bishops to preach the Word of God
and pray, and deacons to be employed in taking care of
the poor.
3. That the government of the church ought not to be
entrusted to bishops' chancellors, or the officials of arch-
deacons; but every church ought to be governed by fti
awn minister and presbyters.
4. That ministers ought not to be at large, but ^verf
one should have the charge of a particular copgi^
gation.
. 5.. That no man ought to solicit, or to stand as a candi-
date for the ministry.
6. That ministers ought not to be created by the iok
authority of the bishop, but to be openly and fiiirly choM
by the people.t
In addition to these heterodoxies and misr€presenlifti0h
as the learned historian is pleased to call thenl,t otbtf
^Ifticles were collected from Mr. Cartwright's lectures; and*
as they were accounted both dangerous and seditious^ ii wA
• Clark's Livea, p. 17 — Strype's Whitgift, Appen. p. l|. ,
^ Ibid. i ColUer'a hccU Hkt. foU ii. p. M»
CARTWRIGHT. 141
«
be proper to give the substance of them, which was as
L That in refomiingthe chnrch, it is necessary to reduce
all thiDjn io the apostolic institution.
S. That no man ought to be admitted into the ministry^
who is not capable of preaching.
3. That popish ordinations are not valid. And onlj
omonical scripture ought to be publicly read in the
church.
4. That equal reverence is due to all canonical scripture^
ind to all the names of God ; there is, therefore, no reason
why the people should stand at the reading of the gospel^
or bow at the name of Jesus.
5. That it is as lawful to sit at the Lord's table, as to
heel or stand.
6. That the Lord^s supper ought not to be administered
m private; nor should Imptism be administered by women
or lajr-persons.
7. That the sign of the cross in baptism, is superstitious.
8. That it is reasonable and proper, that the parent
should oflfer his own child in baptism, without being obliged
k> say / iJDill^ I mil noty I believe^ &c.
9. That it is papistical to forbid marriages at certain
tunes of the year ; and to give licenses for them at those
times, is intdlerable.
10. That the observation of Lent^ and fiEusting on Fridays
and Saturdays, is superstitious.
11. That trading or keeping markets on the Lord's day^
is unlawful.
18. That in ordaining ministers, the pronouncing of those
woids, Recehe the Holy Ghost^ is both ridiciuous and
wicked.*
These were the dangerous and seditious doctrines, which
Mr. Cartwright occasionally touched upon in his publio
lectores, but evidently without the least design of promoting
discord. However, those who sought, his ruin, having
already deprived him of his lecture and professorship^
piDcured his expulsion from the university. This was
undoubtedly a short and easy method pf refuting his
opinions ! The pretended occasion of his expulsion was,
indeed, looked upon as a crime of no small magnitude.
Mr. Cartwright, a senior fellow. of the college, was only in
deacon's orc&rs. Whilgift was no sooner informed of this,
• Strype^f Annals, vol, i. p. .589.
142 LIVES OF THE PURITANS.
and that the statute required such to take upon.them the
order of priests, than he omcluded he was perjured ; upon
which, withoirt any further admonition, he exerted his
interest to the utmost among the masters, to rid the place
of a roan whose popularity was too great for his ambitidn,
declaring he could not establish order in the uniyenity,
while a man of his principles was amonc^ them.*
The friends of Mr. Cartwright complained of this hard
usage. They looked upon it' as extreme severity, and
savouring too much of antichrist, for a man to be thus oeo'
sured, without beiri^ allowed to have a conference before
impartial judges. Whitgift and his friends, therefore^ to
tas^e their case appear plausible, signed the following
testimonial, signifying, ^< That Mr. Cartwright never
ofiered any disputation, only on condition that he m\^
know his opponents and his judges; nor was this kuid
of disputation denied him, oidy he was required to obtain
a license from the queen or council ;"f which his ad-
versaries knew he could never procure. Here it is
evident Mr. Cartwright did not stand on equid ffround.
The reader will easily perceive, that his .pixiposw of a
public dispute, even according to the statement of Ins
enemies, were most equitable and just; but thdrs were
inequitable, and not within his power to observe.
After Mr. Cartwright's expulsion from the rmiverntf,
<^ Wliit^ifi accused him of going up and down idly, and dmg
no good, but living at other mens' tables.''^ How ungeDcnoi
was this i After the doctor had taken away his bread, and
stopped his mouth from preaching, how unkind was it 1o
reproach him with doing no good, and wiA depending (A
his friends for a dinner! Mr. Cartwright himself says,
'^ After he had thrust me out of the college, he accused oe
of going up and down, doing no good, and living at otlier
mens' tables. That I was not idle, I suppose, he knowelfc
too well. Whether well occupied, or no, let it be judged.
I lived, indeed, at other mens' taUes, having no houae^ nor
wife, of my own : but not without their <ksire^ and with
small delight of mine, for fear of evil tongues. And
although I were not able to requite it ; yet towards some I
went about it, instructing their children partly in the prin-
ciples of religion, partly in other learning."^
Mr. Cartwright being expelled from me university, aid
• Strype's Whiigift, p. 4T. + Paale'i WhlteifL p. 14^18.
1 Strype^s Whitgift, p. 64.
h Bios. Britao. toI, iiU p. S8S. Edit. 1778.
CARTWRIGHT. 143
out of all employment, if ent abroad, and settled a corre*
4Mndence.witn some of the most celebrated diyines in the
|ore^;n protestant universities. During his abode on the
coQtiiient, he was chosen minister to the English merchants
at Antwerp, th^i at Middleburg, where he continued about
two years, the Lord greatly blessing his labours. But by
the importunity of his old mends, Messrs. Deering, Fulke^
Wybum, Lever, and Fox, he was at length prevailed upon
to return home.* Several of our historians affirm of him,
even before his troubles at Cambridge, '' that he might the
better feed his humour with conceited novelties, he travelled
to jGeneva ; where he was so enamoured with the new dis-
cipUne^ that he thought all churches and congre^tions
were to be measured and squared by the practice of
Geneva.''^ I^or this reproachful insinuation, however^
there is ho sufficient evidence. It is pretty certain he
never went to Geneva till afler his expulsion from the
university. ^
About the time of Mr. Cartwriglit*s return to Endand,
was published, ^^ An Admonition to the Parliament, ror the
Reformation of Church Discipline f to which were an-
nexed Beza's' Letter to the Elarl of Leicester, and Gaulter's
to Bishop Parkhurst. Mr. Cartwriffht was not the author,
as many writers have asserted ; but Mr. John Field, assisted
hy Mr. Thomas Wilcocks, for which they were both com-
mitted to Newgate, where they continued a long time.f
Upon the imprisonment of these two excellent divines, Mr.
Cartwright was induced to publish a '^ Second Admonition,
with an humble Petition to both Houses of Parliament, for
relief against Subscription.'^ The first Admonition was
answered by Dr. Whitgift. Mr. Cartwright then pub-
lished a Reply to Whitgift's Answer ; which he is said to
h^ve done so admirably well, that his very adversaries com-
mended him for his performance.^ In 1573, Whitgift
published Ids Defence against Mr. Cartwrighfs Reply.
And in 1575, Mr. Cartwright published a Second Reply
to Whitgift's Defence, in two parts. But the second
part did not come out till 1577. Fuller is, therefore,
mistaken, when he says, that Whitgift kept the field, and
|iecc|ivi9d no refutation ; for it is certain Mr. Cartwright had
€he last word.f
. « Churk'i Li?et, p. 18.
4- Piftvle't Whhgift^p. 11.— Heylin^f Hiit. of Pr«t. p. «02.
t See Arte. Fidd and Wilcocks. h Clark*i Li?et, p. 18.
I StiTpe'i Whitf ift; p. 50--e9.^Charch Hist. b. iz. p. 108.
/
144 LIVES OF THE PURITANS.
It was impossible for these divines to settle the cent ro-
yersy ; because they were not agreed about the standard or
rule of judgment. Mr. Cartwright maintained, that the
holy scriptures were the only standard of discipline and'
^yemment, as well as of aoctrine ; and that the church of
Christ in all ages ought to be r^ulated by them. He would,
therefore, consult the Bible only^ and reduce all things, as
near as possible, to the apostouc standard. The less our
religion was incumbered with the inventions of men, in biV
opinion, the more it would resemble the simplicity that is
in Christ. " We mean not," said he, " to take away the
authority of the civil magistrate, to whom we wish all
blessedness, and for the increase of whose godliness we
daily pray: but that Christy being restored to his king-
dom, may rule in the same by the sceptre of his word.*
Whitgift, on the other hand, maintained, that though the
holy scriptures were a perfect rule of faith, they were not
designed as the standard of church discipline.; but that thib
is cnangeable, and may be accommodated to the govern-
ment under which we live. Therefore, instead of reducing'
the external policy of the church to the simplicity S
scripture^ the doctor took in the opinions and customs of
the fathers, in the four first centuries, f
These points were disputed, as might be expected, with
some degree of sharpness. While Mr. Cartwnght thought
he had reason to complain of the hardships which he luid
his brethren suffer^ ; Whitgift, having the government oil
his side, thought he stood im higher ground, and migU
assume a superior air. When Mr. Cartwright and his
friends pleaded for indulgence, because they were brethren;
Whitgift replied, " What signifies their being brethmi :
anabaptists, arians, and other heretics, would be accounted
brethren. Their haughty spirits will not suffer them to
see their error. They deserve as great punishment as tte
papists; because they conspire against the church. If
they be shut up in ]Newgate, it is a meet reward for their
disorderly doings; for ignorance may not excuse libeb
* Bishop Maddoz warmly censnres Mr. Cartwright for maintaiaioK, that
the supreme magistrate is only the bead of the commonwealth, not of the
cborch ^ and that the church may be established without. him.— ITtedf?'
cation of the Churchy p. S71.
f The words of Ballard, a popish priest, before Sir Francis Knolhrif
concerning Whitgift's writings, are remarkable. '* I woald deilre M
** better boolcs," said he, *' to prove my doctrine of popery, than Wiiitgift'i
** against Cartwright, and his ininuctions let forth in her aajetty*! ~— ^ "
^Strypc'B WhUgift, p. S66. - ^ . .
CART WRIGHT. J45
agaiort a private man, much. less when thej slander the*
mole church."* How would (he doctor have liked this
\ummge in the mouth of a pamst sixteen years before ?
U lias too often been the method of warm disputants,*
when they could not untie the knots with their filers, to
qit them with the sword of the civil power.
In this controversy, the two parties complained of each'
other. Whitgift thus observes to Cartvmght: << If you
should have written against the veriest papist in the world,'
the vilest person, the ignorantist dolt, you could not have
med a more spiteful and malicious, more slanderous and'
reproachful, more contemptuous and disdainful kind q£
vdtinff, than you use throughout your whole book." On
the ouMHT hand,^ Cartwright says to Whitgift, << If peace
had been so precious to you, as you pretend, you would
not have brought so many hard words, bitter reproachei^'
eaemy-like speeches, (as it were sticks and coab,) to double
and treble the heat of contention." Mr. Stiype, speaking
of Cartwright's reply, says, " Great was the opinion, both
pf the man and. of his book, at this time in London, as
well as at Cambridge : many of the aldermen of London^
openly countenanced him. He was secretly harboured in
the city, and had a great many admirers and visitors there,
and wanted not for presents and gratuities."f Whether,
theiefore, Mr. Cartwnght got the better of his adversary,
or not, in sound learning and strength of argument,
Whilgijfit assuredly got most by it : . for he was soon
afier made Archbishop of Canterbury, while Cartwright
was persecuted from place to place, as if he were not fit to
Kve.
The chief of the puritans, bein^ now deprived of the
liberty of preaching and publishmg, wish^ to obtain a
poUic disputation with their adversaries. Though this
Privilege had been allowed the protestants in the days of
Qaeen Mary, and the papists at the accession of Elizabeth,
^be queen and council took a shorter method, and summoned
tbe disputants to appear before the ecclesiastical rulers, to
answer such articles as should then be exhibited against
^hem. Mr. Cartwright was summoned by a special order
ftooi the high commission, addressed, "To all mayors,
sheriffi^ bailiffs, constables, headborougbs, and to all the
* Wfcitgift ackDowIedged, that» by the word of God, the ofllce of
b'kbopi and prietts were theiame ; yet. Id his controversy with Cartwright,
^ made it heresy to believe and teach thh doctrine. — NtaVi Puritant,.
*•>!. i p. teO.—HuntUifB Prelates* Uturpations, p, 124.
t fiiog;. Britan. vol. iii. p. 9S4. fidit. 1778.
VOL. II, L
140 LIVES. OF THE PURITANS.
queen^s majesty's officers, unto whom it may come of
appertain/' The order itself^ dated London, Deceabet
11, 1573, ifas as follows: — ^< We do require you, and
<< therewith straiiiy command you, and every of you.
<< in the queen's majesty's name, that you be aiding ana
<< assisting to the bearer and bearers hereof, with all the best
<^ means you can devise, for tlie apprehension of one
^ Thomas Cartwright, student in divinity, wheresoever h^
<^ be, within the liberties or without, within this reabn.
<< And jrou having possession of bu body by your gooii
<< travail and dilig^ice in. this buoncss, we do likewito
^< charge you, (for. so is her majesty's pleasure,) that he bd
<< brought up by you to London, with a sufficient number
^ for his' safe appearance before us, and other her majesty's
^< commissioners in causes ecclesiastical, for his unlawnif
^^ dealings and demeanours in matters touching religion^ atidl
<^ the state of this realm. AAdfiiilyonnotsotodo,eveiydM
<^ of you, with all diligence, a& you will answer- to the-
<' contrary upon, your utmost peril." This order way
signed by the Bishop of London, and eleven others of the
high commission.*
Afr. Cartwright, however, wisely concealed himself, tiH
he found an opportunity of leaving the kingdom. And God,
who provides for the young ravons when they cij)
pfovided for his persecuted servant in this glocNEby season.-
For at this critical juncture, he was- unexpectecQy invHed^
together with Mr. Snape, to assist the ministers* in fle
islands of Jerse;^ and Guernsey, in framing the reauisita
discipline for their churches* This was a mvoursMf;' &^
Ensation to Mr. Cartwright ; who, being forced to abandba
s native country^ foura there a refuge from t£RS strain.
These two islands were the oi|ly places within the Britiiif
^fominions, where the out-stretched anns of the high con*
SHssioners could not reach him. During Mr. Carttrrifflit]i
abode here, besides attending to the special object dr Uf
mifirion., he laboured. in his pdblic ministiTv particularly at
Castle^Comet in Guernsey. It appears that he aftdrMidb
went again to. Antwerp^ and a secmd' time beoHSM^
I»eacher to the £i^li9h merchants.^
Mr. Cartwn^t continued at: Antwerp several yesffj
bat his health haying ^^eatly deeUned, the physidaai
recommended hiin, as the most likely means of nis lestor-
ation, to tiy his. native ain His comidaint at laogA
• Strype'f AamIs, vol. IS. |kS8{i. f JU^om*! lf«. CollecPraf. p. 93^
CARTWRIGHT. 147
iticrca8iii^4o so great a degree that his life was thought to
be ill danger, he wrote to the lords of the council, the Eaii
#f Iieicester^ and the Lord Treasurer Burleigh, for permission
to come home. These two noblemen made honourable men-
thM of him in Parliament. They also interceded with the
qtteeu, but could not procure her favour and consent.
JNeyertheless, he yentured to return once more to his native
oountrj. But it was no sooner known that he was landed^
thali he was apprehended by Bishop Aylmer, and cast into
l^riiion.* When he appeared before Whitgift, now made
Archbishop, he behaved with so much modesty and
respect, as greatly softened the heart of his adversary ; who^
Upon the promise of his quiet and peaceable behaviour,
suffered him, after some time, to go at large. For this
ftyour, both the E^rl of Leicester and Mr. Cartwright
thanked the archbishop ; but all the endeavours they used
eoald not obtain him a license to preach.f The eiarl did
every thing for him in his power, and made him master of
the hospital at Warwick; where, for some time, he preached
without a license, being exempt from the jurisdiction of
Uib prelates.} This noble earl, and his brother, the Earl
of Warwick, were his constant friends and patrons as long
aa-theylived.^
Mr. Cartwright was so celebrated, that King James
of Scotland offered him a professorship in the university
of St. Andrews ; but he modestly declined it. Afterwards,
Ifr. Cartwright, in the dedication of his <^ Commentary
o^ Ecclesiastes" to that king, made thankful acknowledg-
BMnt of the royal favour. The Archbishop of Dublin
itiyited him into Ireland, offering him considerable prefer-
nient; and it is said he went into Ireland, but soon
letumed to England. || Indeed, such Was his distinguished
i^utation, that the most celebrated divines, both at
•
• The bishop, to rast the reproach of this from himself, proceeded
a^iut Mr. Cartwright, not in his own name, but in the name of theqaeeo ;
with which her majesty no sooner became acquainted, than she was greatly
bRCDsed against him. Aylmer, poor man ! to make up the breach, wrote to
ibe treasurer, entreating him to use his utmost endeavours to appease tha
qi»CB*B IndigDSLtion.—Strype's Whitgift, p. 295.—Strype'i jiylnur^p. 117.
■ + Strype's Annals, vol. iii. p. 340, 841.— Strype's Whitgift, p.2»5, «86.
i Clark's Lives, p. 19.
S The Earl of Warwick, who died of an ampotatioa of his leg, wte a
fMMNi^of "great sweetness of temper, and of unexceptionable character.
He waa aActioaate to his relations, kind to his domestics, and gratefal
to hit fHendi. He was called by the people, long before and after his
dcatli, Tbb good Earl of Warwick.— JUiog. Britan, vol. r. p. 448> 444;
Edit. 1TT8.
f Ki4pte»*s-MI. QoUw. Pi«f. p. 33.
148 LIVES OF THE PUEUTAKS.
borne and abroadi, frequently sought his adyioe in thi^^
most weighty matters.*
In the year 1583, Mr. Cartwright was eamesUy pressed
by many learned persons, to publish a refutation of the
<^ Rhemist Translation of the New Testament.'* Thit
translation being looked upon by all true protestants^ as a
work of a very dangerous tendency, designed to promote
the errors and superstitions of popery, most persons
wished it to be answered by the ablest pen that could be
found. And no man was thought so suitable to undertalDe
the laborious work as Mr. Cartwright. Indeed, the qaeei
applied to the learned Beza of Geneva, solicitiuff him to
undertake the answer ; but he modestly declinea, saYing,
she had a person in Iier own kingdom far better quali&dto
perform the work than himself; and deotarea that this
was Mr. Thomas Cartwright.f Sir Francis WaIsin|^iaoi,
who in this affiiir, as well as many others, was accounted tke
mouth and hana of the queen, wrote to Mr. Cartwr^iU,
earnestly entreating him to undertake the wori^ sending, it
the same time, one hundred pounds towards the expenie,
with assurance of sucli further assistance as he mi|U
afterwards deem necessary* The ministers €f London m
Suffolk, in like manner, urged him to undertake it. He
was also warmly solicited by some of the most learned and
celebrated divines of Cambridge.^ In their letter to him,
they express themselves in the following manner :-^" We
^^ are earnest with you, most reverend Cartwright, thatjoii'
'^ would set yourself against the unhallowed endeayoaiB of
<< these mischievous men, either by refuting, the whob
^^ book, or some part thereof. It is not for eveiy one
<< rashly to be thrust forth into the Lord^s battles ; but'sudi
<^ captains as are to be chosen from amongst David*!
*^ worthies, one of which, we acknowledge you to be, by
" the former battles undergone for the walls of our city,
** the church. We doubt not, if yon will enter this war,
^^ but that you, fighting for your conscience and countiy,
<< will be able to tread under foot the forces of the Jebnsitei,
" which set themselves to assault the tower of David. — Yaa
'^ see to what an honourable fight we invite you. Christ's
• Clark's Lives, p. 19.
f Dnriog Mr. Cartwrigbt's exile, travelliof to Geoenh be becMi
particttlarly intimate with Beza; who, at that time, writing toi hit Mad
in England, gave him the followiiig character : '* Here is now with « joir
** countryman, Thomas Cartwright^ than whom, 1 thinly the sun docli not
** see a more learned man/' — Ibid, p. 18, 19.
t Fuller's Church Hist. b. iz. p. ni.---Sirype*0 Whitgift»p. «63,9M.
CARTWRIGHT. 149
f ^ business shall be undertaken against Satan's champions.
** We stir you up to fight the battles of the Lord, where
f^ the Yictoiy is certain, and which the triumph and applause
ff of angels will ensue. Our prayers shall never be wanting
ff to vou. Christ, without doubt^ whose cause you defendi
f^ will be present with you. The Lord Jesus mudh
*^, increase your courage and strength, and keep yoi^ very
ff long in safety for his church's good."* From all these
jollcitaiions, Mr. Cartwright was at length induced to
iuidertake the laudable and arduous work ; and having once
filtered upon it, he spared no pains to carry it on to
perfection. But, marvellous as it will appear to all
posterity, Archbishop Whitgift, by his own sovereign
authority, forbade him to proceed. f Mr. Caitwright
meekly cJbeyed the tyrannical prohibition. The book was
Ml. unfinished^ to the unspeakable regret of the learned
inpild, but to tlue lasting reproach of the archbis;hop, and was
*ii0t published till the y^ar 1618. Fuller says, Mr.
Jpartwright perfected the work to the seventeenth chapter
lif Reirdation. But the excellent performance being laid
•fislde manv years, became in part mouse eaten ; and was
jpU published till the above year. Notwithstanding these
Ifefects, says he, it is so complete a refutation, that the
jtlbemists durst never answer it.t
• . Mr. Cartwright was severely persecuted on account of
Ms nonconformity. Although his hospital at Warwick was
exempt from the jurisdiction of the prelates, their out-
itr^ttmed and tyrannical power would not suffer him to
.jOijoy peace. He was accused to Bishop Frekeof Wor-
.oeikcar, a zealous ad vjooate^^^ the church,^ and summoned
Jtb ajqpear. in the consistory at Worcester, to answer such
charges as were alleged against him. Upon his appearance
liefore his lordship and others, he was addressed as follows :
r7^ Mr. Cartwright, you are here accused of disturbing
Hie peace and quietness of the church, by innovations, and
dbtniding fancies and devices of your own or others. You
Inve brought over with you the dregs of Geneva, whereby
. you would instU into the minds of the queen's sutgects, that
yonr doctrine . is the only truth . to be embraced and
P Thii letter was sabscribed by Roger Goad, V^iniam WhiUker,
Hhnmu Crook, John Ireton, William Fulke, John Field, Nicholai Crane»
fiMloi Sutler, Richard Gardiner, William Cbarke, and othen, celebrated
Ibr their learning and piety.— C/arJi:*« Lives, p. SO. — LetUr prefixed to
CmrtwrigkVs IMutaiion,
f Strype's Whltgift, p. S53, 854. t Cbnrph Hiit. b. iz. p. 171, ITS.
J} WoiDd'i Athsas Ozon. sq\. i^ p^ 7SS.
150 LIVES OF THE PURITANS.
entertained. 'You had best take heed, that yon nm not
upon the same rock, which the papists themsdves split
upon, and draw upon yourself the same penalty ordained
for those who alienate the hearts of the subjectB both from
their prince and rdi^on." To these accusations and
foul aspersions, Mr. Cartwright, with becoming' chrisliao
meekness, only said, << I have the word of Gm for ny
warrant, and the example of the reformed churches for h^
guide, in what I have done." Dr. Longworth, on this
occasion, boldly challenged him to a public disputationi
but Mr. Cartwright wisely declined. He waa, tLcrefiMPe,
dismissed without receiving any ecclesiastical censure.*
Mr. Cartwright was undoubtedly concerned for the
reformation of the church ; and he laboured, in the moiit
peaceable manner, to promote it to the utmost of hii
power. For the accomplishment of this ^eat obiect,^ he
joined with his brethren in their associations, and united
with them in perfecting and subscribing the " Book^ of
Discipline.'*f He was one of the heads in these BMsexniXes^
and was sometimes chosen moderator. Though, upon his
irelease frpm prison, he could not obtain his liberty ia
preach, but stdl continued under suspension, he omstantly
attended to his ministerial exerdse in his hoepital, and
£ reached occasionally at other places, particularly at
ianbury. His endeavours to carry on the English refoim-
ption towards perfection, were, considered as a violation of
established customs, and disobedience to the eccksi^siical
Jaws ; therefore, in the year 1590, he was summoned to
appear before the high commission. Previous to his
appearance before this terrible tribunal,he wrote the fpXkm^
ing excellent and generous letter, addressed <^ To the xigU
worshipful Mr. Puckering, one of her mi^jesty's Serjeants at
law :"t
" Having received Mr. Puckering's letter <m Wednesday,
I came no sooner with it : the cause hath been in patt i
strain of one of my legs, and in part the importunity of ay
friends, begging me to stay until I had gotten some abBitgr
of my leg, to travel with more commodity. And nan that
I am come to the town, I bring not the letter myself. The
cause is, that being sent for by a pursuivant, I was loath to
be attached before I had made my appearance Ifithoat
4ittachment, and that I might as it were be mine own
• Baker*! MS. Collec. Tol. zxviii. p. 443, 444.
+ Neal's Paritans, vol. i. p. 428.
t Baker*s MS. CoUec. vol. zr. p. 105, 100.
CAUTWRIGffiT. t61
Mntti^^ftiit: and partly also because I was Joath that your
mvour toward me should any way appear to any manner
tf hurt of youiSy and no. good of iminb.
. . ^ And now, good sU^ >CDnfessing>my6elf greatly, beholden
onto you in my behrif and the behalf of .nay wife, my
faupble desire is, that 1 may yet fiirther be.bd^Men unto
mil in the behalf of the .poor churdh at Warwick, that
ukely enough may be deprived of all manner of tolorablc
Ministty, b^h for the goiod of yoiir own family, which is
^f/xdlj and in r^ard of toth^ poor souls there : that if the
times will not bear us who are there J10W4 y^ tfieve may
lie flbcDe such provided, as, «diffiering in judgment fiiom ais,
9nfey notwithstanding, both in seme good skill and caxe^
proceed in the edification of >the oburoh, witliMit bitterness
wsjlirit against other poor men who acre 'othersidse. minded.
This I am bolder to«rave at your worship^s hand, as I
tadentknd, and was glad of, that die town hath 'chosen you
to the iec<ndership, which mtfy be la, singuhnr means of
vnidi^ooduiito Ihetewn, and amongst others, that
ndiich it pleased you to^k wkh me <£ This I was
dd to write in fear of being severed from doing any
service there, and yet not known to myself of any
Iveach of law, whereby 1 may be touclied. Only I fear
to be conunitted for refusing the oath .er officio taero* Thus
i iiunibly commend you to the gracious keeping and
U0Mii« of Gpd in Jesus Christ. May SO, 1590.
^< Yours to command in the Lbr^ ...
'1! ^< T^okAS CARTlPltlt}!!^''
Thus our divine prepared for.^be approachvig stornu
Xfe im tmtnediaJtel^ convened before the bigh commission^
JttdL'CiHt into prison.; "and, September 1st, in thos year,
iktriu^one articlesiwere exhibited against him, the substance
nf *TOich is the following :
2. That Mr. Cartwright, being lawfdllv made tdeaedw
according to the church of En^and, hath forsakien and
mumnGm Che same.
- S. That, to Bhew his yccdkcatpi of tins cfdUngi, be Jiath
obtained a new ordination in foreign parts, not according to
ilie4«WB ecclesiastical ot this realm.
. 3. That, by virtue of this vocation, he hath established
it Antwerp and Middleburg, a ceiiftain presbytery wad
aidciiliipi' ^eccVssiasticaL
4. That, by the said eldership, certain persons, beu^
Englishmen^ were ordained to be ministers, not accoiding
|p tb^lhiiii ^cplep)i|8ticHl of this realm.
15t LIVES. OF THE PURITANS.
b. That this ddership, so established, hath used eccle-
siastical ceosures.
6. That. the said Thomas Caitwright, in.his pnblic
ministnr there, hath not used the Book of Commoa nayer,
but bonformed to some of the foreign churches.
^ 7. That since his return Irom beyond seas, he hath pro-
mised, to the utmost of his power, to promote the peao^ of
the church*
8. That he, having no ministry in this church, and
-without any license, hath taken upon him to preadi at
Warwick and other places.
, 9. That at sundry times, he hath shewed his dislike of
the government of this church, and various parts of .the
liturgy ; and hath persuaded others to do the same.
10. That he hath traduced and spoken against the
bishops, and other governors of this charch.
11. That he hath such hatred against them, he bath
prayed publicly to this effect : ^^ B^use they who on^t
to be pillars in the church, do bend themselves agaimt
Christ, and his truth, O Lord, give us grace, and power, all
as one man, to set ourselves against them."
13. That at sundry times and places he hath spokea
against the laws, government, orders, prayers, and ooe-
monies.of the church.
! 13. That preaching at the baptism of one of Job
Throgmonton's children, he spoke much in justification,^
government by the eldership m every coogr^tion.
14. That he could not endure those who defended the
laws, government, and orders of the church.
15. That in his sermons at Warwick and dacwhm^
be hath often delivered many frivolous and: indiscreet
positions.
16. That by his persuasions, sundry persons refiised'io
give thanks after child-birth, accoiding to the onkr
prescribed.
17. That at sundry times, when he communicated at tho
liord's supper, he sate, or stood upon his feet, and pasoaded
others to do the same.
18. That before the bishop he spoke in justification of
these things ; and declared the Book of C^mm<m Prayer
was not es^blished by law.
19. That in contempt of the ecclesiastical authority,^le
hath preached since he was under the sentence: of .sos-
piension.
SO. That his man-iservant having abastaid child fathered
CARTWttlOHT. 15S
.^iipon him, he caused him to perfiwm penance, taking upon
him the authority of the ordinaiy.
*. SI. That he and some others have kept diyers public
fieuta, and have invited more to join them, without the
adthojity of* the queen.
• '£8. That since he came to Warwick, he hath caused
ABUich faction, by distinguishing the people into godly and
-profane.
r 23. That he doth know who were the writers, printers, or
dispersers of the writings mider the name of Martin Mar-
Pielate.
* S4f. That being asked his opinion of these books, he
•insinuated, that as the bishops would not amend by grave
-writings, it was meet they should be dealt with to their
fgreat shame and reproach.
25. That he penned or procured to be penned, all or
tome part, of- the book, entitled DisctpHna Ecclesice sacra
"Wrbo Dei descrij^a; and he recommended the same to the
jndgment and censure of others.
. 1^. That the said Thomas Cadwright and sundry others
have met in assemblies, termed synods, in London, Ojcfcnrd,
^CSambridge, Warwickshire, Northamptonshire, &c.
^'87.: That at such synods, it hath been concluded|^^that
all ministers should subscribe the said ^^ Book o£ iJisci-
•pline," and be governed by it.
; 88. That at such synods, a moderator was by him and
-them chosen, according to the order of the said book.
' 89. That at such assemblies, he did, with others, dispute
upon <3ertain articles, and set down their determinations.
. 30. That he, with others, in an assembly at Cambridge,
.did conclude upon certain decrees, which were afterwa^dls
considered and allowed at Warwick.
I 31. That all the proceeding^ of such meeting have
;beeii set down, fi-om time to time, by the said Thomas
Cartwright and others.*
These articles are presented to the reader as a curious
"jpecimen of -the charges alleged against the puritans, that
he may judge of their evil nature and dangerous tendency.
Wa may suppose this long list of crimes contains all the
evil things that even his enemies could hiins a^inst him.^
They were exhibited against Mr. Cartwright by Bishop
•Aylmer and other commissioners, who required hun to take
the oath ex officio. He, indeed, offered to clear himself of
• Fnller's Cbnrch Hiif. b. iz. p. 108— SOS.
156 LIVES OF THE PURltANS.
The above prisoners, in answer to the charges broiigbt
against them, maintained, ^' .That their associations weie
^rery nsefiil, and not forbKlden by any law of the realm :— •
That they exercised no jurisdictioni nor moved any seditiooy
nor transacted any afiairs, inconsistent with their duty to
their prince, and the peace of the church: — That they had
agreed upon some regulations to render their ministry moie
profitable, but all was voluntary, and in breach of no law :— »
And as to the oath, they refused it, not in C(mtempt of the
court, but as contrary to the laws of God and natare.*'*^
fiut their answers proving unsatisfactory, they were sept
back to prison, where they continued two years without
any further process, or being admitted to.bail.
During their confinement in prison, Kinf James of Scot-
land, afterwards the inveterate enemy to &e puritanis, in a
letter to Queen Elizabeth, dated June 12, 1591, warmly
interceded for them. In this letter, the king most earnestly
requested her. majesty to shew favour to Mr. Curtwright
and his brethren, on account of their great learning and
fiuthiul travek in the gospel.f Mr. Uartwri^t himsdl^
being exceedingly afHicted with the gout and sciatica, which
were much increased by lying in a cold prison, petitioned for
fais liberty. He wrote a most bumble and pious letior lo
I^ady Russel, and another to Treasurer Buridgh, ~
them to intercede with the queen for his enlargement, 4
it were upon bond. He expressed, on this occanOn,
very great concern, that her majesty should be so highfy
otEsmed at him, seeing he had printed no books for the last
thirteen years, that could give the least uneasinesB; aod
having already declared his dislike of Martin Mar-Prelate^
and tmit he never had a hand in any of the bo(du wider Us
name, nor in any other satirical pamphlets; ai^l that in the
course of his ministry at Warwick, during the last fivd
years, he had avoided all controversy.^ Dr. Ckxid, Jhr.
Whitaker,. and other celebrated persons, wrote an ezcellentt
letter to the treasurer, in favour of the prisoners, eamesliy
beseeching that they might not be more hardly dealt wiA
than papists.^ After waiting six months Imiger, tliey pie*
suited a petition to the lords of the council, dated DeDUiiber
4, 1591, to:bc enlarged upon bail. They wrote, at die
same time, to the treasurer, with their request that he wovl4
• Baker'6 MS. CoUec. toI. xt. p. 148-^152,
+ Faller*8 Church Hist. b. i j. p. ^OS, 204.
i Slrype'8 Aonals. vol. iy. p. 48 — 53.
^ Strype*s Whitgift, AppeB.p. 135,.I66.
CARTWRIGHT. 157
forward it, assaring bim of their loyalty to the queen, and
their peaceable behaviour in the church. ^^ We doubt not,'*
*< Bay they, ^' but your lordship is sensible, that a yearns
<^ imprisonmoit and more, must strike deeper into our
<' healths, considering our manner of life, than a number of
^^ years to men of a different occupation. Your lordship
^ knows, that many papists, who deny the queen's supre-
'^'macy, have been enlarged ; whereas we have all sworn to
^ it; and if the govemment so require, are ready to take
'< the oath again. This petition was subscribe by th«
ibilowing ministers, all prisoners for the truth of Christ :
Thomas Cartwright, Edward Lord,
Humphrey Fenn, Edmund Snaps,
Andrew King, William Proudlove,
Daniel Wight, Melanchton Jewel.*
John Patne,
The prisoners also applied to the archbishop, who re*
fiiaed to consent to their enlargement, unless they would,
under their own hands, declare the church of EIngland to be
a true church ; that tl^ whole order of public prayers and
.ceremooies might be lawfully observed ; and renounce in
fhtme all their assemblies, classis, and synods, as unlawful
and seditious ; which they utterly declined.f These applica*
tioos piOYing ineffectual, they resolved at length to aadress
the queen herself; for which purpose they drew up a de-
cliumtioii, dated April, 1592, containing an impartial state-
ment of their case, and a full answer to the several charges
brought against them.) Notwithstanding all these endea-
vouTB, Mr. Cartwright did not obtain his release for some
time. But at length, by the favour of the archbishop, who
it was said, <^ feared the success of so tough a conflict fH he
was released upon promise of his quiet and peaceable be*
berionr, and restored to his hospital at Warwick, where h»
made his promise good,] and continued without further mo*
lestation the rest of his days. His fellow-prisoners were
ndeased most probably about the same time ; but of this we
luive obtained no certain information. It is, indeed, ob*
served of Mr. Cartwright and his brethren, << That it pleased
Grod so to order it, that those very witnesses who were
brought to accuse them, did so clear them, that they were
• Strype*! Annab, vol. !▼. p. 72, 73.
f Strype'i Wbitgift, p. S70i App«a. p. ISS— IM.
^ Strype*! Aooab, vol. i?. p. 85---01.
iFaller't CliorGh Hist. b. is. p. 20i.
P^vIb*s Wkitf ifl, p. 7«.
158 LIVES OF THE PURITANS.
dismissed and'seut home, much more honoured and beloved
than before/'*
The pardon and release of Mn Cartwright and. his
brethren was procured of the queen, as Sir George Bank
asserts, by the intercession of Archbishop Whitgill. Jl^
also observes, that when Mr. Cartwright was freed from hdl
troubles, he often rispaired to the archbishop, who lased him
kindly, and for several years tolerated his preaching at
Warwick, upon his promise not to impugn the hiws, orders^
and government: of the church of LngkUid, but psomcit&^
JxAh publicly and privately, tlie estimation and'peace of tlM
same. With these terms, it* is said, he complied. Not*
withstanding, when the queen understood that he preached
again, though in a temperate manner, according to his pro*
mise, she would not permit him any longer without sub-
scription; and she was not a Uttlc displeased with the arch-
bishop for his past.connivance.f
l^hough Mr. Cartwright never groaned any more under
the iron rod of persecution, his cuaracter was afterwards
slanderously aspersed. Many writers of the episcopal
Eirty, have reproached him as being concerned with
acKet, Coppinger, and Arthin^n, in their mad conspiracy
and other singularities. This reproach was, however^
made abundantly manifest, to the great honour of Mr. Cart-
wright and his brethren, and the shame of their enemiies;
He published an '^ Apology" of himself, a^inst the slanders
of Dr. Sutcliff ; and, says my author, << I have Mr. Gsut^
Wright's own answer to Dr. Sutcliff, in manuscript, WbicH
doth so fully confute the shameful ^story of hisxonfederaqy
with these men, as will shame the slanderer to any impartial
reader.''^ Fuller himself acquits Mr. Cartwright wA his
brethren in these words : " True it is," says he, " they as
cordially detested Hacket's blasphemies, as any of the epis?
copal party; and such of them as loved Hacket the nonam"
formist, abhorred Hacket the heretic^ after he had mounted
to so high a pitch of impiety/'^
Mr. Cartwright, in his old age, was much afflicted wi^
the stone and gout, by lying in cold prisons ; yet he did not
i^linquish his public labours ; but continued to preach wlien^
with the utmost difficulty, he could scarcely creep into iip
pulpit. The Lord's day before his death, he preached hb
last sermon, from Eccl. xii. .7. — Then shall the dust return
to the earthy and the spirUishall return to God who gave d*
• Clark*! Uvea, p. 18. • + Faale's Whitgift, p. 70~^i.
t MS. Remarkt, p. 170. S CburcliUipt. b^ ix. p. SOS.
CARTWRIGHT. 150
The Tuesday morning following, after spending tiyo bourn
apon bis knees in private prayer, be signified to Mrs. Cart-^
wrigfat that he haa found unutterable joy and comfort, and
that Grod bad given bim a glimj^ of heaven before bis de-^
parture; and in a few hours be departed in peace, enjoying
the salvation of Jesus Christ He died December 27, 1603;
aged sixty-eight years.* His mortal remains were interred
in his own hospital at Warwick, when Mr. John Dod
preached his funeral sermon. He married the sister of th«
fiimous Mr. John Stubbs, whom he left to bemoan her paiii>i^
fill loss.
During the whole of his life, Mr. Cartwright was- ind^*
fiitigably laborious. He was a constant preacher when be
enjoyed his liberty. During his abode at Warwick, besides
taking the most exact care of the hospital, he often preached
at both die churches on the Lords day, and at one off
them, on the Saturday. This he did without receivin|f
any reward for his services. It does not, therefore^
appear very probable, that before his death be was grown
rtchj as some of our historians insinuate ;f especially as the
income, of his hospital was only about one hundred pounds
aryear. • Indeed, ne was not concerned to be rich in thit
world. For. when he was. preacher to the merchants at
Antwerp^ and found by their losses that their estates were
decreased, he returned them the salary which they allowed
him. And when he was a prisoner in the Fleet, a present
of thirty pounds was sent him by one of the nobility, but he
todk only ten shillings, returning the rest to the donor, with
Huiny thankful adknowledgments. Also, when the Earl of
Leicester ofiered him the provostship of Eton college, say*
ing, it was one hundred pounds more than enough, besides
the conveniency of the place ; Mr. Gaitwright replied, ^^ that
the hundred pounds more than enough was enough for bim.^f
Few persons whose names are handed down to posterity
hove beien treated by party historians with greater misre^
presentation and abuse. Some of them have vaitured to inti^^
mate, that before bis death be changed his sentiments about
nonconformity ; for which, however, there is no certain evi*
dence; at least, they have produced none. Dugdale call^l
ham tfauB standaid-bearer of the puritans, and says, he was the
first in the church of England, who began to pray extem-
pore before sermon* Mr. Strype very unjustly denominates
« Clark^sLives, p. SI.
4- Fuller*! Charch Hist. b. z. p. 2.— Chartoo*s Life of Nowell, p. 916.
t Clark's Livei, p. 18— SI .
160 LIVES OF THE PURITANS.
bim, <^ the first broacher of piuitianisin."* Mr. Clark^ wW
treats his memory with great impartiality, says, >< he was 0
hard student, cootinuing his assiduity and close applicatiQiif
to the end of his days. Although, on account of exaessivtl
pains and bodUy infirmities, be was obliged, towards the
close of life, to study continually upon his Knees, he rose ak
usual, at three o^clock in the morning; which practice h^
continued to the last. His humility and meekness weienail
the least conspicuous features in his character. He was fin
from courting the applause of men ; nor could he endnie tid
hear himself commended, or to hear any titles ascribed tc
himself, which at all savoured of ambition. Though be
was uncommonly popular, he did not seek popularity, but
laboured to avoid it as much as possible. With these
thoughts of himself, it is added, he could not endureta.
hear even his adversaries reproached ; and if any pmBom,
spoke disgracefully of them in his presence, he . wouU
sharply reprove them, saying, ^ It is a christian's dntyly
pray for his enemies, and not to reproach them.' "f Vnf|^
what degree of truth then does a late writer assert, <^ thatljk
was highly conceited of his own talents and learning l'!|
Indeed, his highest ambition was to debase himselt^ moA Ift
advance the ^ory and kingdom of Jesus Christ He lOM
an acute disputant, an acfmired preacher, and eminenHlf.
liberal, especially to poor scholars ; and, says Fuller, ^,it
was most pious ana strict in his convenation, a vm
Latinist, an accurate Grecian, an exact Hebrean^ anioyiK
short, a most excellent scholar."^ . •;; <
Notwithstanding all these excellent .qualifications^ U
piety, his learning, and his good sense are most wana^
censured by a modem writer. He charges Mr. Cartwri^
in his correspondence with Sir Michael Hickes, with sayug,
^^ that prayer was as it were a bunch of k^s, whereby ne
g 9 to all the treasures and storehouses of the Lord; Ml
utteries, his pantries, his cellars, his wardrobe.? Mr. GhIU
Wright might use these words in a familiar correspcmdcoeef
aniT what does it prove? This, it is readily admitted, wii
too much the taste of those times : but our author makif
ahnost every 4;hing that is bad of these few words. Foctt
immediately bredu forth into a strain of most triumphMl
: iff
• Stripe's Whit^ift, p; 554.— Fuller*! Cbarch Hiit; b. z. p. S.— DvgdiMI
Aotiq. of Warwiduhire, vol. i. p. 443. Edit. 1780.— Scry pc*s PwfcflTi
Pref. p. 6.
f Clark's Liv«f^ p. 1»H21. t Chnrton's Uie of Nowdl, p.^Uft
S Ckarch Hiit. b. z. p. 8.
CARTWRIGHT. 1«1
iBtenonlion, saying, ^^ Does fiinaticisBi cxtin^ruiNh aU UMt
and juugiuent? or is it only in minds original i^ i^x^ak* tliai
the infection can fix itself? Which ever ^-av the reader
nay solve the problem, he wiU naturally aslu \l*as this (he
man that was to improve what had been done by Cranmer
and Ridley, by Parker and Nowell, and their <>nadjtttat« ?
to give us a form of worship more pure and edifyinj^, nxH^
dignified and devout ?'* But this eloquent calunmiaior does
jttt stop here. lie felt the poetic flame arise ; and theivfoir
Jamediately asks,*
** Is this the region, this the soil, this the clime.
That wc mniit change for heaven T this mournliil gtoom
For that celestial light T
We do confess, that so much bombast, scurrility, and
hue-faced misrepresentation were scarcely ever found
within so small a compass. The reader will at the sune
time easihrperceiyc, tliat the whole is designed to extol the
church of Edigland, if not above perfection, at least beyond
the possibility of amendment ; and to blacken the character
and displace the memory of that man, who was justly
esteemed one of the most celebrated divines of the age in
lAich he lived. But whether the treatment which Mr.
Cartwrigbt received, was not extremely unjust and cruel ;
and wb^ber it does not stand as a monument of lasting'
reproach to those prelates who took an active part in pro-
moting it, is left with every impartial reader to judge. Dr.
Thomas Cartwright, bishop of Chester in the reign of
James II., and who went the most uifamous lengths in sup-
port of that monarch's measures, is thought, with some ap«
peanmce of probability, to have been the grandson of our
nnioasparLtaii.-f
. Bk WoBSJ, in addition to those whose tiUes have been already
iNcirf^i. A Brief Apulo^' ai^ainst all such Slanderous AccuMatkini
^Ufitmaelk Mr. Sutclifl', in hU iMOuplilettt, moti iiijuriuuHly to load
fawtth, 1S0C.— 2. A Body of Divinity, WW.-^. A Cuiil'utatioii of
tke UmM* Traaalatioii, Olowies, and Auuotalions on the New
i0l(l«— 4. Cummentaria practica iu tutain JliKtorlam
^aatotiriivaiigeiiitlik Larmonire coiK-iiiJiatani. MViO.
of tius work wah urintcd at Auislfrdarii, iu (017,
Evai]||;eUca, Commf.'iitario. (Uiahlicri, rtj«'U^
■itrata, fac^/J — 5. Crmim^'r-Vdiii 'su«-«iii«ii ^c
I, M88^-^. M«.'Ulphra^i^ tw liotnihv' in
k, 1047 ■ -7. 01ooM;fc jmd
IblfflU t IM p. Wj
I«S LIVES OF THE PUNTANS.
Bdward Philips, A.^M.^ — ^Tbis lealons pwitaB '
educated in Pembroke ocdkge, Oxford. Attenmds ht
settled in London, and became preacher at St. SaTionrX
Southwark, wheie be had a large congregaiioD, mostly pa*
sons of puritan principles, bj whom, savi Wood, w wss
esteemed ^< a person zealous for the tmth of God, pivwcr*
ful in his calling, faithful in his ministry, careful of his flock,
peaceable and blameless in his life, and 'constant and con-
fertable in his death.'* And suiely the people of his own
particular charge were as likely to know these thincs as-tirf
others. Our author denominates him a zealous GalYinist,
an avpwed enemy to popery, and constantly bboriout in the
propagation of puritanism and practical religieo.*
His excellent endowments were not, indeed, a suflicieDt
protection a^inst the oppressions of the times. For^ inths
year 1596, he was cited before Archbishop Whiteift and
other high commissioners, wlien he was suspended nom hu
ministry and committed to the Gatehouse. The crimes far
which he was thus .punished, were contained in the fidlow*
ing articles : — 1. <^ That he broke the order appmnted, bj
preaching on a Thursday y instead of Wednesday^ which was
appointed to be observed as a day of fasting and prayer.—
9. That by preaching on Thursday, he turned a daif of le*
joicing and feasting mto a day of mourning and absonence;
which, by hindering hospitality, made the case wme.—
S. Hiat be continued the service much too tongj even jBromnine
o'clock till one.— 4. That as soon asrthe service was cndedi
he very schismatically led many people to hear Mr. Qiown;
ham's sermon. — ^5. That he agreed with Mr. Downham to
keep his exercise with festing in die afternoon.'^ ^Tfafsc
were the marvellous charges au^ged against him, for y^iiA
he met with the above oppressive treatment. Ourleaiiied
htslorian, indeed, says, <^ It is but jiut to observe, AatHr.
Philip did observe the Wednesday j only he preached on
the Thursday, because, being his regular lecture day, he vas
likely to have a larger congr^tion: that he went not to
Mr. Downham's church till an Sour and a half after he lied
finished at his own : that when he went he had onl v the
company of Mrs. Ratcliff mid his fellow minister, and bsth
their wives ; and that he did not persuade Mr. Downhamio
keep his exercise in the afternoon; but he had purposed w
to do, even before he spoke to him about it, as Mr. Dowv*
ham himself confessed before the hieh commissianeni*'^^ '
♦ Wood's Atbenae Oxon. voLI. p. STO, S71.
+ Sirype'g Wbitgift, p. 400, 491.
.: % PHII^IPS— MIDGLEY. i 163
¥nm tbk impeitial statement, it may be doubted M4iether
io^escoeUeiit and useful a ndnister of Christ was ever sus-
Imided and cast into prison upon such trivial and ridiculous
chugiBB before*
rt It does not appear how l(nig the good man continued in
lk«lftte' of confinement. If his persecutors considered the
^bUre charges so dangerous to the episcopal authority and
ihe charch c^ England, as to justify their proceedings, he
njgiit remain a lopg time. He died about the year 1603.
Mr. Philips most probably never published any thing him-
self; but after his death, in 1605, Sir Henry Yelverton,
afterwards judge, who having been his coiistant hearer, had
taken down some of his sermons as they were delivered,
mblished a tolunfe, entitled, ^' Two and tirirty godly and
feuned Sermons."*
jt ■
'. .(Mr. Midgley was many years vicar of Rochdale in
Lancashire, and a man of high reputation in his tiine. He
ia denmninated a grave and godly minister, whose praise
was -ifreat in the gospeLf In the year 1585, he was ap-
poiiit^ by the Bishop of Chester, to be one of the modera-
ton of -thd religious exercises in that diocese.} He was
gKffOy admired and beloved by the puritans. Dr. Chad-
oMon maide mention of him, at the Hampton-court con-
jcnotee, in 1603. He requested on that occasion, that the
Hearing of the surplice, and the use of the cross in baptism,
niffbt not be urged upon certain ministers in Lancashire,
and paiticularly upon the vicar of Rochdale. The request
WA no sooner presented, than Archbishop Whitgift replied,
Mtylng, '^ You could not have light upon a worse. For not
lAaoy years ago it was proved l^fore me, that by his irre-
}rereiit usage of the eucharist, in dealing the bread out of a
fmsk^if every one putting in his hand and taking out a
pfeoe, .be noade many loathe the communion, and refuse to
ONne to church."^ His grace in this statement was certainly
miitaken. It could not be Mr. Midgley 's ^^ irreverent usage
<f 'the eucharist,*' in the way described, but their own igno-
nnoe, bigotry, and superstition, which produced those evils.
jjl Bfr* Imdgley was the pious and laborious minister of
fUiebdale nearly fifty years, and is said to have been instru-
* Wood's AtheosD Oxon. vol. i. p. 277.
"f Clark*8 Lives aonexed to Martyrologip, p. 68.
1 Strype's AoDals, toI. ii. Appen. p. 75.
S Fbller*! Cburch Hist. b. x. p. SO.
164 LIVES OF THE PURITANS.
inental in ibe conrersion of thousands of soob; yet he mi
silenced and deprived by the Bishop of ChesCiCT for noooim*
formity.* He was the happy means in the conyenion €€
Mr. Richard Rothwell, another worthy puritan diyhie.
Mr. Jdidgley's son was also vicar of Rochdale, and a man of
distinguished eminence. He presented <^ The Abridppmut
of the Lincolnshire Ministers' Reasons'* to Bishop BwrtoiL
who afterwards puUished an answer to it. Both rather and
son were deprived for nonconformity. The latter, afber hiit
deprivation, turned physician, and was afierwaida pioae?
cuted for refusing to kneel at the sacrament, t
William Hubbock, A. M. — He was bom in the caaaij
of Durham, in the year 1560, and educated first in Mag'
dalen-hall, then in Corpus Christi collie, Oxford. After*
wards entering upon the sacred function, says the Oxfind
historian, he was in great repute for his learning ;t and '^ he
jnight have added, that he was a divine of distinguished
worth, on account of his .christian piety, his excelkttt!
preaching, and his manifold labours ; and that he was lugUj
esteemed and admired by some of the most worthy pcfr
sons in the nation. Mr. Strype denominates him one of
Mr. Cartwrighf s fraternity, yet a modest nonconfonnisit. '
^ In the year 1590, Mr. Hubbock was cited before Aick*
bishop Whitgift, and other high commissioners, at Lombetlii
when he was charged with having preached a sennani «t
Oxford, in which he made some reflections upon a certaxBi
great person (this was the archbishop,) which the cmttmi^^
sioners held to be undutiful and seditious. He was thensfixe
required, as a just punishment of his crime, to enter into
bonds that he would preach no more, nor come again .wjthio
. ten miles of Oxford. Upon the proposal of these demand^
he thus replied, in the presence of hisju^^ees: << I cannot^
with a safe conscience, enter into any such bondsjuor do
any thing by which I should willingly exclude myself 'fiom
ihe exercise of my ministry. Nevfsrtheless, if I must betiiit
to silence, I had rather be committed to prison, than ihos
silence myself; especially unless I had committed. -sioivt
faiSt, by preai^iiig some false doctrine, or by pubUahlpK
some offence, for which I justly deseryed to be puniahtt).
Whitgift;, at the same time^ required him to subscribe, siff-
^fy^y ^^U ^ be would comply, he should be disniusM,
• Borges*! Aatwer Rijoinedy p. S18. Edit. IHSI.
f PHet*i Defeocey Flrtf. i Wood*i Athems Oiob. ?o1. !• p. 881.
«
HUBBOCK. 165
and his troubles endeck Bat the good man refused sub-
abt^tfton, as urell as entering into bonds; and, accordingljr,
ttioeived the ecclesiastical censure.*
' , In Ibis state of perplexity and distress, Mr. Hubbock
inade application to Sir Francis Knollys; who, most
Wifndj. espousing his cause, immediately, wrote to the Lord
xtoaunn^r Burleigh, recommending his distressing case to
Uir IcH]Gbhip*s consideration. But the zealous intercessions of
uicse great statesmen were of no avail whatever. Whitgift
sbd his brethren had passed a decree against Mr. Hubbock,
ivbfch, like the laws of the Medes and Persians, could not
be altered. With this decree, however, the treasurer was
much displeased. Though our learned historian has
altogether failed in saying what the decree was, we may
cftnJj conjecture, that, as it proceeded from Lambeth, and
'wni a^inst a divine of puritan principles, it savoured not
of the things of Jesus Christ.
. 'Bbt tlie treasurer did not immediately relinquish the cause
qf this imuiied servant of Christ. One repulse frpm the arch-
HfailiOp- did not discourage him. Beholding the severity
wlBk indhioh the good man was treated, he still took his part,
fhA lyiote again to the archbishop, boldly declaring, '^ That
w* Hobbbck had committed no offence, only he had said
in his sermon, that a great nobleman (meaning the arch-.
bishop) had kneeled down to her majesty^ for staying and
hhtderittg, her intent to reform religion.^' Sir Francis Knollys
illfay wrote again to the treasurer in these words: ^< Vou
)di€iw how greatly and how tyrannically the archbishop
Jfarth jurgcd subscriptidn to his own articles without law ; and
llia^ lu^T^as claimed a right of superiority in the bishops
ifferfhe inferior clergy, from God's pwa prdinance, to the
great injury of her majesty's supreme government. Though
at preset he does nqi profess to clai[n it ; yet I think he
mi^t openly to retract it."f
l!pe worthy endeavours of these illustrious statesmen
pfcrred altogether ineffectual. The iiiflexible prelates
"tliAiild not uter their . purpose. The ^ood man cpn-
fi$i|ed qnder the sentence of his spirituq.1 judfes ; but how
Idbgi or whether he was ever restored, pur niaterials fail to
ittofcd sufficient information. Mr. Hubbock published
^An Oiation Gratulatory upon King Japies's Coronation,"
IfKM; and several sermons.
> Strjpe'i Wkit|;irt, p. 841. f Ibid. p. 841, S4S,
166 LIVES OF THE PURITANS.
Thomah Carew Has bom of (he ancient and "worthy
femily of his name in Cornwall, educated in the unrveisity
of Oxford, and, entering upon the sacred function^ became
a frequent and zealous preacher. He received ordination
from the Bishop of Worcester, and \?as licensed by Arch-
bishop Grindal and Bishop Aylmer, from whom, on
account of his excellent preaching, he received high com-
mendations. He afterwards became minister at Haitfidd
Peverel, in Essex; but having acquainted the bishop by
letter, that in the county of Essex, within the compass of
sixteen miles, there were twenty-two nonresidents, thirty
insufhcicnt and scandalous ministers, and, at the same time,
nineteen ministers silenced for refusing subscription, Ms
lordship, instead of being pleased with the information,
convened Mr. Carew before the high commi^on, and
charged him, without the smallest evidence, with setting up
a presbytery, and contenming ecclesiastical censures. It
was further alleged against him, ^< That he was chpseq'by
the people; that he had defaced the Book of Conunoti
Prayer ; that he denied that Christ descended into tbe
regions of the danmed ; and that he kept persons from fle
conununion, when there was more need to allure them to
it."* These charges beu3g brought against him, the bislic^
;to make short of it, tendered him the oath ex officio; upon
the refusal of which ]Vfr. Carew was immediately committed
to the Fleet, and another minister sent to supply the phce.
ttis successor was soon found guilty of adultery; and
when the parishioners petitioned Bi^op Aylmer for his
removal, and the restoration of their former minister, Ids
frace said, ^^ That he would not, for all the living lit
ad, put a poor man out of his living for the fiict cf
adultery."f
Mr. Carew having left an account of his troubles^ Hi ifi
hear him speak for himself. " The bishop," says he, ** fiirt
granted me a license to preach, and much commended mj
preaching; but afterwards^ upon the complaint of sedMt
.enemies, lie sent for me, and took it from ine. Befbrei Iluid
been at Hatfield above seven weeks, because I woiiild not
wear the surplice, he suspended me, and I continued under
suspension half a year. My parishioners were at coilsidh';-
able expense and trouble in presenting many supplicqtiQns
unto him, that I might be released from suspension and
restored to my ministry, but without success. Afterwards
* ■ * ^
« MS. Register, p. 651, 652.— Strype's Aylmer, p. 180, 181.
-f MS. Regiiter, p. 659, 654.
CAREW. 167
I' weot to his lonkhip mrself, to know the reasons of his
diipleasure; and when I said I would yield in all things
acrording to the word of God, he replied, < That addition,
according to the word of God, is your knavish trick; but
jrcm shall observe all things.^ At length," says Mr. Carew,
5< ia about a tweWemonth after, by the kind favour of one
^Ji0 was intimate with the bjshop, my liberty was obtained,
lifeverthdiess, by further, complaints of known enemies, I
jnm again suspended; ^d after I was cleared by my
judges, I obtained my release from suspension. Soon after
this, I was again brought into trouble ; and refusing to fake
ihe oath to answer their articles against myseU^ I was
ixmmutted to the Fleet."* His commitment was dated
November 16, 1585.
Mr. Carew, and Mr. AU^, his patron, were both com-
;aaitted to prison at the same time. They both offered bail,
-iHit it iras refused. Afterwards, it was offered them by the
Ixtthon, /Upon these conditions : ^^ That Allen, the patron,
woula not disturb the minister who was appointed to preach
jfljeie, nor disquiet him in reading the service ; and that
ICr. Calvw would prea<;h no more in his diocese, without a
^irflier lioense/'f These conditions did nol^ however,
aeet their approbation. During their imprisonment in the
fjlee^ 'Hba. Clarew presented a supplication to the queen, for
ihe idease of her husband, in which she addressed her
JDDqcsty as follows : — << This most humbly beseecheth your
jVnost royal majesty, to relieve the distrained state of your
foot hai^nmid, who sueth to your highness in behalf of
Aer husband, a minister of the gospel, who hath been
apcused by certain papists, and who incensed the Bishop of
l^ondoh Mainst him. And for refusing to subscribe to two
of thearcmbishop'fl articles, which appear to him to be con*
to iheword of God and the laws of the realm, the bishiqp
.liatB suspended, deprived, and twice committed him to
miai(fik ; and hath now a third time conunitted him, because
Be,jf uiiwillii^ to give up preaching till the bishop license
Jm^. . Whereforo, I heartily beseech your majesty, that
jnoOtiriU flet my. husband ai liberty ; that, by preaching the
word, he may fiirther instruct the people now to pray for
rtfae. present peace and. everlasting felicity *of ycKii most
''C»beilent inij^y.''}: ^
Mr: Cardw and his worthy patron, having suffered impri*
souQcot for some time, made application to the privy council,
• MS. Regiiter, p. 653—655. f Strype*s Ajflmer, p. Ilil, 18S.
t MS. Rciiiter, p. 6S8» 650.
168 LIVES OF THE PURITANS.
and ivere both released from prison. This so greatly dia-
pleued Bishop AyUner, thai he sent to the council a Tiefy
BD&y letter, calling the prisoners hunes^ rebds^ ratee&j
ftmsj petty gentlemen^ precisionsy &c. ;» and told their
Donours, iiiat if such men were countenanced, he mint
yield up his authority. But the bishop never left our pious
divine till he bad hunted him out of his diocese, f Mn
Carew was author of ^^ Several Sennons/' 1603; iemd
<< Four Godly Sermons/' 1605. He was living at Uie
period last mentioned.
George Co RYAT, B. D. — ^He was bom at Salisbury^
educated in grammar leamine at Wickham school, and
admitted perpetual fellow of New College, Oxford. Jn the
year 1566, when Que^ Elizabeth visited the university, he,^
together with Mr. William Rainolds, received her majesty
and her train at New CoU^ ; on that occasiim he de-
livered an oration, for whicn he received great apfdaiue
and a handsome purse of gold.t . He afterwards took Iris
degrees; and, in 1570, became rector of Odcomb,' in
Soidersetshire, where he continued to the end of his days.
In 1594, he was preferred to the prebend of Warthd, in
the cathedral of York. 'He was a perscm much admiied
for his refined taste in Latin poetry, and his excellent- phH
ductions are often quoted by the learned men of niqte
times. He died at Odcomb, March 6, 1606, and liis
remains were intened in the chancel of his own church.
Wood denominates him a most accomplished scholar, and
an excellent and admired poet ;^ but says, he was a poritaii,
and no true son of the church of England.) Mri Coiyat
had a son called Thomas, author of << Crudities ;^liaisfily
Sobled up in five Months Travels," and some other pieoes;
ut was a man of great eccentricity, having much learajni^
especially in the original and eastern languages,'but wanted
judgment. He travelled through a great ^But of Eumei
and the various countries of ue east, on foot; and :m»-
tinguished himself by walking nine hundred miles in ope
* While this tyraooical prelate abased and penecated .the plooi tfi ,
■sefol paritam with the ataost cruelty, be made his own porter ■ilBy^i'
PlAddiogtoo, who, io a few years, through blindness and old afe» bcM«
tnable to serve the cure.— S«ry|i0*« Aylmer^ p. 818, SIS.
f Strype*s Aylmer, p. 188.-- Neal's Hist, of Paritam, tqL I« p. M^ '
i Biog. Britan. vol. It. p. 873. Edit. 1778.
4 Wood's Hist, et AnUq. lib. ii. p. 141. . * |
I Wbad*0 AtbeoK Ozeo. vol. U p. 886, Sift, ... - ^ . H
/
\
CORYAT— TRIGGE— WYBURN. 169
Siir of shoes, which, as he infonns us^ he got mended at
lurich. He did not live, however, to complete hia travels,
but dUed at Surat in India.* He was* author ci-^^ Poemata
Vfttia Latina," 1611; wid '^ Descfiptio Angliae. Scotise;
&Hibemi»."
' Fbanois Trigge, a. M. — ^He was bom in Lincolnshire^
in the year 1544, and educated in University college,
Oxford, where he took his degrees. Aflerwalds, he entered
upon the christian ministry, and became rector of Welbom,
near Buckingham. He was the founder of the public
library at Grantham in Lincolnshire, on the wall of which
18 a Latin inscription descriptive of his great charity and
other excellencies. He gave a certain sum to the town of
Grantham, to be distributed annually among its poor
inhabitants. He died May 12, 1606, aged sixty-two years ;
and his remains were interred in tlus chancel of Welbom
cbuich. Wood styles him a noted and godly preacher^
but a very strict puritan.t
Wb Works. — 1^ An Apology, shewing that the days wherein w«
livcf are more ^obd and blessed than those of our Forefathers, 1589. —
^L CkMnment m cap. 12. ad. Rom., 1500. — 3. Ck>mment. in Rev. S.
. 'JFttli^ UiOO.— 4. Analysis capitis 24 Evangelii secandnm Matthaeuim,
:1G9^«''=*^ A Sermon preached at Grantham, 1594. — 6. Touchstone of
SalboUc Faith, 1599.-- 7. The true Catholic formed, according to
le Troth of the Scriptures, 1602.
' Percival Wyburn, D. D. — The earliest account w«
'meet mth of this excellent divine, is in March, 1560, ^hea^
tjy an oyderfrom Qishop Grindal, he was ordained by
Iwhop Davies.t He was chosen proctor of the cathedral
of Rochester, in the convocation of 1562 ; when he sat in
'tkat learned assembly, and subscribed the articles of
.'rdmra.^ During the same year he became prebendary
' of iVestminster, and, the year following, vicar of St.
tt^pnlchre's, London.) The last he did not hold very ^
1(»g; for in 1564, being convened before Archbishop
Banier, and refusing subscription, he was sequestered and
wpnyei.t He remained under his lordship s censure till
* Wood's AthcBS Oxen. toI. i. p. 968— 362. -Granger's Biog. HitC
^e|L U. p. 35. . . f Wood's Atbenie, vol. i. p. 883, 284.
{8ti^pb*s Grindal, p. SO. S Strype's Annaliy toI. i. p. S90.
Newcoan's Repert. Eccl, TOl. I. p. 634.
I Sbype's erlndal, p. 98.
170 UYES OF THE PURITANS.
Ibe year 1567, at ^bich tinfe, because he was of tbe number
of those divines who were styled peaceaUe nonconfiMinistB,
be was treated with some decree of gentleness^ and ofateiied
(I license to preach; or, atTeast, a conniranoe to c#nturae
in the minist^.*
In the year 1571, he was again convened before the arch-
bishop and other' high commissioners, at Lambeth, when he
imderwent an examination. Mr. Christopher Goodman, Mr,
fldward Deering, and Mr. John Field, were convened at
the same time. Dr. Wybum, k^ther with his brethren^
E resented on this occasion the foUowing proposals to ihm
irdships : — 1. ^^ I am ready to.subscribe to the true christian
iaith, and the doctrine of the sacraments, as contained in
the Book of Articles^*— 8. As to the Book d Common
Prayer, appointed by public authority, it contains, even as
you confess yourselves, some imperfections ; and I confess
the same. Yet, that I may testify my great desire, of
brotherly concord, I will subscribe to the doctrine of fatith^
and administration of the sacraments, in the same bodi ; m
far as they make for edification, and are agreeable to the lore?
said .Book of Articles. — And, 3. As to the appard appointed,
because it seemeth not unto me to be sufficiently antboiizqd
by the word of Grod, for the ministers to be required to nsc
i^ I dare not use it, for fear of ofifence, humb^ beseechjag
your honours' consideration thereof. Yet I do not jndg^
or condemn others in using the same ; for to the Lord thejr
stand or fall, as I also do. Neither would I break the
unity of the christian faith, by withdrawing my duty from
preaching the truth and faith, as in the &6k of Aitielei
contained : to the end, that we may not go backwards, but
forwards to perfection."f It does not, however, appear
what was the result of his examination, or of tnese pro-
posals.
In the year 1573> Dr* Wybum, with many of hi^
l)rethren, was again brought before the high commissioiiy
and convened before the council, when certain articles were
{)resented to him, requiring his subscription, But,.afler:a
ong examination, refusing to subscribe, he was suspended
from preach ing4 About the same time, he wrote the"
excellent letter generally ascribed to him, in defence cf
'himself and his brethren, who were deprived by the arbi-
trary proceedings of. the prelates,^
«Strype'8Park«!r, p. 243,325,413. f.MS. Regi6ter;,p. 117.
i Newcbdrt's Itepert. Eccl. vol. i. p. 534.
S Parte of a Register, p. 1—12. '
BOUND. 171
Though it does not appear how long he continued under
Hie above suspension, he was afterwards restored to his
aiinifitfy, and was preacher at Rochester. In the jeat
I6SI9 he was one of the learned divines who were deemed
mc^t pn^r to dispute with the papists, and w^ n(^inated
for that purpose.* However, the peaceable exercise of his
millistly Was not of long continuance. The extended arms
of the high commissioners soon a^in laid hold of himi
He was again suspended, and continued under suspension
at least five years.f Towards the close of life, he preached
statedly at Battersea, near London, where, by a fall, he
btdke his leg, and was for some time disabled from attending
to the public duties of his ministry ; but had the assistance of
Mr. Richard Sedgwick, another puritan divine.j: He was a
learned and pious divine, a zealous enemy to popery, a
constant advocate for a further reformation, and a firm and
peaceable nonconformist. He died about the year 1606^
at an advanced ase.^ He sddom or never wore the hood
and surplice for t£e space of forty years.)
Nicholas Bound, D. D. — This learned and religious
divine wias educated at Cambridge, where he took his
degrees, and was afterwards beneficed at Norton in th^
county of Sufiblk. A divine of the same name was rect<^
of iVIckford in Essex ; but whether the same person, we
'€»mnot fully ascertain.^ In the year 1583, when subscription
to Whitgift's three articles was rigorously imposed upon the
deigy^ about sixty worthv ministers in Suffolk refused to
snb^Dribe^ and were, thererore, suspended from the ejl^ercise
of their ministry. Dr. Bound was one of those who received
tliis ecclesiastical censure.**
That which rendered him most famous, was the publi-
cation of his book, entitled " Sabathum veteris et novi
TeJstam^iti ; or, the true Doctrine of the Sabbath," aboiift
the year 1595. In this book, he maintained that the
seventh poxt of our time ought to be devoted to the
'service, of God ; that christians are bound to rest on the
Lord's day, as much as the Jews were on the M osaical
sabbath^ the commandment about rest being moral and
• Strypf^*8 Parker, Appen. p. 116. + MS* Register, p. 585* .
1 Ciark^t 'Lives annejced to Martyrologie, p. 158.
^ MS. Cbroiiology, vol. i. p. 129. (8. 1.)
I ^ood^ AtheDie Ozon. vol. i. p. 834.
1 Newcoart*8 Repert. Eccl. toI. ii. p. 656.
• • MS/ Ri^itter, p. 436, 487;
17f LIVES OF THE PURITANS.
perpetual ; and that it was not lawful for persons to follow
their studies or worldly business on that day, nor to user
such pleasures and recreations as were lawful on other daysi.;
The tx)ok soon obtained an extensive circulation, and iHror
duced a most pleasing reformation in many parts of tbe.
kingdom. The Lord s day, formerly proffmed by interr
ludes, may-games, morrice-dances, and other sports «£id
recreations, now began to be observed with greater' exact*
ness, especially in corporations,* " This doctrine," say* Jhi:
Heylin, '^ carrying such a }air shew of piety, at least in
the opinion of the common people, and such as did not
examine the true grounds of it, induced many to embrace
and defend it ; and, in a very little time, it became the mosi
bewitching erroTy and the most popular infatuation^ that
ever was embraced by the people or England !"f In this^
the zealous historian at once dis^vers what maI^ler of spirit
he was of.
Dr. Bound'^ book had not been long published before it
excited the enmity of persons of a contrary opinion,
especially among the ruling clergy. They exclaimed
against it, as putting a restramt upon christian liberty, as
putting too great a lustre upon the Lord's day, and' as
tending to eclipse the authority of the church in appointiajp
festivals. This was a shorter and an easier methcidc^ coqt
tending with an author, than by publishing an impartial
answer to his work. And, indeed, though there was sp
great an outcry' against the book, no one even attempted tp
publish • any sort of a reply for several years. The fii4
who took up his pen against it, was Mr. Thomas Roge&
in his ^< Exposition of the thirty-liine Articles." Id
.the preface he declared, << It is a comfort to my soul, and
will be to my dying hour, that I have been the mai^
and the means of bringing the Sabbatarian errors and
impieties to the light and knowledge of the state. "{ Bitt»
surely, it would have looked as well in a clergyman, airi
would hs^ve afforded him an equal degree of comfort Qn a
dying beid, if, instead of opposing an exact regard ii^
the sabbat|i, he; had spent hjs zeal in recommending a lelir
gious and holy observance of that day !§ *
' « FuUer's Cbarch Hist. b. ix. p. 227. f HejfHo*8 HNt. of Prei. p. S4d
i Fullef'^ Cburcb Hi^t. b. ix. p. 228.
^ Mr. Rogen was beneficed at HorpiDgibeath. ip Safiblk, and once a
professed puntap, wben be discovered bis zeal for nonconformity. Ift
1583, be was suspended for refosing subscription to Wbitgift't tbvM-
articles { but afterwards be altered bis mind, and became a sealoni tMn
formist,— IfS, H^^Uttr^ p. 43t.— TTpoiTt Mfuna: 0x0%, vol, I. p. ^}v
BOUND. ' 178
'Dr. Boimd might carry his doctrine too high by ad-
yaEncing the Lord's day in all respects to a perfect level
with the Jewish sabbath. But it was certainly unworthy
the character of divines, to encourage men in shooting,
fimdng, bowling, and other diversions on the Lord's day,
CBpeciaUy as they were sufficiently forward in such prac-
tices without the countenance and example of their spi-
ritual guides. Nevertheless, in the year 1599, Archbishop
WhitgijEt called in Dr. Bound's book, and conunanded that
it should not be r^rinted; and the year following, the
Lord Chief Justice Popham did the same. These, indeed,
were eood remedies, says Dr. Heylin, had they been soon
etiough applied: yet not so good as those which were
formeirly applied to Copping and Thac^er, who were
hanged at Bury, for spreading Brown's books against the
dmrch.* Did Dr. Bound then deserve to share the same
fiite, for writing in defence of the sabbath? This,
however, was the shortest way of refuting his arguments.
They both declared, that the doctrine of the sabbath agreed
neither with the doctrine of the church of England, nor
with the laws and orders of this kingdom; and that it
disturbed the peace of the church and commonwealth, and
tended to promote schism in the" one, and sedition in the
other.f JNothing, surely, could appear more absurd, or
more contrary to truth. Notwithstanding all tliis care and
labour to suppress the book, it was read and circulated in
private mdre tnan ever. Many persons who never heard of
it when printed, inquired for it when prohibited.
* Tbe archbishop's head had not lon^ been laid in the dust,
when Dr. Bound prepared his book lor another impression;
ttid in 1606, he published a second edition with large
additions. And, indeed, such was its reputation, . that
scMcely any comment or catechism was published by the
fltiioter' divines, for many years, in which the. morality
of the sabbath was not strongly recommended and enforced.}
But to counteract the influence of this Sabbatarian doctrine,
Abut twelve jrears after the above period, came forth the
Declaration for Sports upon the Lord's da v. This, having
the sanction of public authority, opened a flood-gate to
all- manner of licentiousness.
Hjs .WomL8,r-l. The.Holy Exercise of Fasting, in certain Homi-
fiet4Nr'SmBeiis, 1004. — ^2. A Storehouse of Comfort for the Afflicted
in. JSpiffit, in ^Tweniy^ne Sermons, 1604.— 3. The Unbelief of St.
Tbonas the Apostle laid open for Believers, 1608.
• !&nrlin*s TnctMf p. 491. f Strvpe'i Whitgift, p, 531.
t fWfier** Charch Hist. b. 1x. p. 9S9.
I7t LIVES OF THE PURITANS.
Ekbchias Moblbt was minister tft Walsham in tbe
Willows in Suffolk, and afterwards at several other placesi
He was a zealous and laborious preacher, but suflfeied
numerous oppressions on account of his. nonconformity.
Mr. Morley has left a circumstantial account of the trouUct
he underwent, which it may not be improper to lay befiupe
the reader.
'' For three years," says he, " I have been so molested by
the commissary, that I could not remain to do the work of
God, for any long time in any one place. They SnX
arrested me by a warrant from the bishop, when they said,
I muat be bound to appear before him at Norwich by tm
o'clock next morning, or go to prison. The time appomted
being so very short, I yielded my body to the piisoD.
This was in the year 1582.
^^ Having obtained my liberty, I became minister of
Denton ; then the commissary caused an act of excpnunn-
nication to be entered against me, of which I had no
knowledge till about a week after. I then resorted to Dr.
Day, and desired he would not proceed against me, seeiiig
he had already done me so much injury. Therefore, afler
much entreaty, he promised that he. would not hinder melD
my ministry, and so gave the bis word to stay the examumvu*
cation. Notwithstanding this, in six weeks after my remefal
to Denton, he published an excommunication against me,
and jBixcd it upon, the door of the church at Walsham,
being unknovmto me, and fifteen miles from the jribiee ^
my abode. . Aftowards, I was arrested on the Lotd^s day in
(he church-yard, when the Lord^s supper was about to have
been administered. When the warrant was read, I told.the
<^cer, that I would remain in a bcmd of twenty ppiipd*
to appear the iiext day, which he utterly refosed. W^
a friend offered his bond of twenty pounds, he vefqied
this also. . And when my friends proposed to entle^ a
bond of three hundred pounds for m^ appearance tk
Xiext day, this in like manner was renlsed. As. I pit-
pared to go with him, he would have taken bond ; bat h
being i^orant of the law, refused fats offer, and, thenfyjOj
went with him to the high sheriff to Bury. Here notiung
was objected against me, only. I was bound over ib -ttt
assizes,
<< At the assizes, I was indicted for having deviated fion
the order of baptism, in baptizing a chud a 'low tine
before I left Walsham. In thb incuctment^ I:wds cuumd
with having said, < do t/ou forsake the deril?* inftead of
M0RLE7. ) 175
trying, ^.dost thou forsake the devil?'— -and < will you
kme this child baptized ia thi» faith ?' for < wilt thou be
iNqptiaBd in tfais-faitti V Upon the reading of the indictment,
the judge asked me what I had to saj why sentence should
Mllbe executed against me. I answered, that I had endured
ipaidfiiiaient already from the conmiissary. And when the
judge inquired whether I had been so punished, the com*
missary said I had ; but he did not know whether it was for
tius ems&oe^or some oth^* I was, therefore, committed to
prison."*
- In the year 1584, Mr. Alorley mad^ the following
MM>id>— ^< The first day of June was two years, I was
oommitted to the Clink, by the Archbishop and the Bishop
oC London. I was there confined seven weeks, and to this
hour, I know not for what cause. I was fetched by the
puisiomnt upwards of forty miles, which was attended
with great e^qiense, as well as hinderaiice of my usefulness,
i haive never received any recompence for false and
imjust imprisonment; neither can I obtain liberty to
use my ministry with a good conscience. So that I am
now ready to go a begging; yei^ if 'allowed, I might,
through the blessing of Grod, do some good to myself
and & aflUcted church of Christ, of which I am a poor
meaibiBi'. I
" EZECHIAS M0RLBY."+
It appears iroiu the above, that Mr. Morley was for a long
tiine suspended from the exercise of his ministry. After-
wards, being driven out of Norfolk, he preachea at Ridg^
well in Essex. And during the above year, warrants were
issued by Archbishop Whitgift, the Bishop of London,
«nd other ecclesiastical commissioners, requiring certain
hymea ta appear before them at St. PauFs, to prove
several charges against Mr. Morley. Upon their appear*
anoe before their lordships, they were required to answer
the f<dlowing articles of inquiry :
.'. 1. ."Do you, and all of you, know Ezechias Morley,
picacher ; and how long have you known him ?
! 9L." It is objected against you, that you have been at
jdivers preachings and lectures of the said Morley, in the
church of Ridgwell in Essex, since Easter.
3. '^ That you have often, or some times, been, within
theie V90 yean, at the said Morley's lectures, pieachings
«
• MS. Rifitter, p. MO-^HlSS. t Ibid.
176 LIVES OF-l'HE PURITANS.
and expositions, in some bouse or other place, oot of any
church or place appointed for public prayers. Where are
those places ? Who were present ? And how often haYC
you been ?
4. ^' That you did hear or know, that the churchwardens
of Ridgwell in !E^x, or some other who had authority so
to do, did give admonition and warning to the said Morley,
that he should not preach in the said church until he lilid
shewed sufficient license, and brought authority from the
ordinary so to do."*
Mr. Morley was convened, ^t the same time, and, for re-
fusing to subscribe, was obliged to enter into a bond of one
hunted pounds not to preach any more in the diocese of
Loodon.f But it does not appear what other hardships he
endured.
He beoune rector of Roding-Alta in Essex, July 23^
1601; but resigned it by death, previous to Febniaiy
18, 1607, when the next incumbent entered upon tbs
benefice.^
John Rainolds, D. D. — This celebrated divine wai
bom at Penhoe, near Exeter, in the year 1549, and educated
in Corpus Christi college, Oxford. At first he was i
zealous papist, and his brother William a professed protest-
ant; but engaging in conference and disputation, tlie
brothers, it is said, converted each other ; WiUiam becoftn-
ing a most inveterate papist, and John an avowed protest-
ant.^ The latter no sooner changed his views, than he
applied himself to the study of the holy scriptures, and
soon became a celebrated preacher.
In the year 1578, he was chosen to perform the two acts of •
the university, which gained hini great applause ; and the
£ear following was appointed to the reading of the sentences.
!y these exercises he was soon draiwn into the popish con<^ ' ,
troversy, when the papists sought to eclipse his reputation.' '
This did not in the least discourage him in his pursuits;
but, in order that he might be the better qualified for dis*
cussing this subject, he read, with indefatigable pains, all
the Greek and Latin fathers, and perused all the ancieni
records of the church he could meet with. By thestf
• MS. Register, p. 48a-^«2. + IbM. p. 14». "
1 Newcourt's Repert. Eccl. voL ii. p. 501.
S FbUer't Abd AedWiTns) p. 478, 479,
• t
^ i*iK-
RAINOLDS. Iff
Herculean labours, Be shdiily became so well acqiiainted
irith 'ihe elrors and superstitions of popery, that he vffka
ftccotliited a complete master of tlie controversy.
About this time, the famous John Hart, a zealous papist,*
had thie boldness to challenge all the learned men in the
natiotf, to try the doctrine of the church. No one was
Aonght better qualrfied to encounter the daring champion
than Rainolds ; who was, therefore, solicited by one or her
Biajesty's privy council. After several combats, the popish
antagonist was obliged to quit the field ; as appears front
lis bwn. letter written from the Tower.* This conference,
nbscribed by both parties, was afterwards published ; whick
gare abundant satisfaction to all unprejudiced readers, aiiH
80 neatly raised the fame of Rainolds, that he was immedi-
aUuv taken notice of at court. After taking his degrees in
divuiity, the queen appointed him divinity lecturer at
Oxf<Mra. In these lectures he encountered Bellarmine, the
Rnowned champion of the Romish church. Bellarmine was
public reader in the English seminary at Rome ; and as he
delivered hig popish sentiments, they were taken down and
H^ularly sent to Dr. Rainolds ; who from time to time com-
muted upon them, and refuted them at Oxford. Thus
fidlainune*8 books on controversy were answered, even
b^re they were printed.
We are informed, indeed, that this divinity lecture was
*^ up on purpose to widen the breach, and increase the
difeience betwixt the church of England and the church of
Home; and, to accomplish this design. Dr. Rainolds, a
violent anti-papist, was first placed in the chair. His lectures
^Kie numerousi V attended and highly applauded. But it is
AirUier observed, <^ that Dr. Rainolds made it his btisiness
^rcad against the hierarchy, and weaken the authority of
Uic Wshops."* How far this account is correct, we shall
M attempt to determine ; but the queen, hearing of his
It fiune, and his good services in opposing the church of
K referred him to a deanery in Lincoln, and even
im a bishopric. The latter he modestly refused^
diooBing an academical life rather than the riches and
Splendour of any ecclesiastical preferment whatever, t.
Dr. Btmcroft^ chaplain to Archbishop Whi^ifl, in a ser^
inopy. January 12, 1588, maintained^ '^ that bishops were a
• f%11cr*t Abdt RedivWas, p. 482.
f CoUler^t Eccl. Hist. vol. ii. p. 597.
tFidler't Abel Redivivoi, p. 482, 483.— Wood's Ackens Ozon. Tol. U
Toil. II. N
ITS uVes'of the puritans.
distifict order from priests ; and that they had a superiorify
over them by droine right, and directly from God." In
those times this Mras new and strange doctrine, even to.
churchmen themselves. Hitherto it had been maintained,
that all the superiority of bishops over pastors or presbv-
ters, was wholly of human appointment, devised in the
third or fourth century. WhQe his sermon was hiMj
gratifying to most of the ruling prelates, it gave great ofl^ice
to many of the clergy, and to all the friends of the puritans
at court. Sir Francis Knollys « told the archbishop, that
Bancroft's opinion was contrary to the command cf Christ,
who prohibited all superiority among the apostles. . fiot
this eentleman, not relying on his own judgmrait, requested
Dr. Rainolds to give his opinion of this new doctrine;
which he did in a letter at considerable lengths
Dr. Rainolds, in this letter, observes, ^^ that all who have
laboured in reforming the church, for five hundred years,
have taught that all pastors, whetlier they are entitled
bishops or priests, have equal authority ai|d vov^ci hj
God's word : As, the Waldenses, next Marulius ntavinm^
then Wickliffe and his scholars, afterwards Husse and (be
Hussites ; and Luther,' Calvin, Brentius, BuUingcT} vA
Musculus. Among ourselves, we have bishops, the queen's
professors of divinity, and other learned men : as, BiadfiNd,
Lambert, Jewel, Pilkinjgton, Humphrey, Fulke, Sec* But
why do I speak of particular persons? It is the cminioii of
the refcMTmed churches of Helvetia, Savoy, France, ScotlaDd,
Germany, Hungary, Poland, the Low Countries, and oar
own. I hope Dr. Bancroft will not say, that all these have
approved. that for sound doctrine, which was condemned
by the general consent of the whole church as lienstf ^ in
the most flourishing time. I hope he will acknowledge
that he was overseen, when he avouched the superiority of
bishops over the rest of the clergy, to be God*i ovm orSr
nancc^^f
About the year 1599, Dr. Rainolds gave up his d^j/aaaj
of Lincoln, and his mastership of Queen's college, when te
was chosen president of Corpus Christi college. Tho«i|^ B
the last situation he did not continue above eight years, bis
presidency was rendered eminently useful. In lOttS, be
* Sir Francis Knollys was one of ber majesty's privy comicilv a ■■■ ^
iistingaigbed learning and piety, a most able siateiniao, and a casstait
patron of tbe persecuted noncoDformists ; on Hrhich accomit he ups Bot «cU
esteemed by some of tbe prelates.— Faiflrr's AM RMd. p. ai&— Wtfi*
fiifig. vol. lii. p. 371.
f Strype's Whitglft, p. S99, !293.*-8trype'8 Annals, voU Ul*.p. 57T,«T8.
\
RAINOLDS. 179
was nominated one of the puritan divines to attend the
fMoference at Hampton-court. On the side of the episco-
palians, were Archbishop Whitgifi, eight bishops and eight
deans^ with the king at the head ; and on the side of the
Critans, were Dr. liainolds, Dr. Thomas Sparke, Mr.
wrence Cliadderton, and Mr. John Knewstubs, all no-
minated by the king.* Dr. Rainolds, in the name of his
hrethieiK humbly presented the following requests:
- 1. ^^ That the doctrine of the church might be presenred
pare, according to God's word.
S. ^< That good pastors might be planted in all churches,
to preach the same.
3. <* That church government might be sincerely minis-
tered, according to God's word.
4. " That the Book of Common Prayer might be fitted to
more increase of piety."
These requests contained all or most of what the chief
pmitans desued ; and however reasonable they may appear,
iiot.oiie of them was granted. When the puritan ministers
wished to discuss those things, for which they were pro-
fessedly called together, the kin^ would not allow them to
]lrooeed: but rising from his chair, he said, ^^ If this be all
^ ihat your party have to s^iy, I will make them conform,
* or I wiD hurnr them out of the land, or else do worse."
Theyweie much insulted, ridiculed, and laughed to scorn.f
Sir jBdwaid Pejrton confessed, that our divine and his
bteChien had not freedom of speech ; and finding' it of no
I to attempt a reply, they held their peace. t This con-
ence was therefore justly called. The mock conference
of Mampion^couri ; and, says the judicious historian, was
ODhr a blind to introduce episcopacy into Scotland.^
Li the year 1604, the king appointed Dr. Rainolds, on
acodiuil of his unconunon skill in Greek and Hebrew, to be
of the translators of the Bible ; but he did not live to
the work completed, y He was seized with the con-
iption of which he died, when in the midst of this labo-
undertaking ; yet he continued to afford his assistance
efen, to the last. During his sickness, his learned
. • nner't Church Hiat. b. ix. p. 7.--8tryp€'8 Whitgift, Appeo. p. »7.
i* FnUer's Charcb Hist. b. x. p. 19.— Barlow's Account, p. 170.
1 Neal'tPwltBiis,Tol. ii.p. 18.
S lUpiii's Hilt, of £Dg. Tol. H. p. 162.
I ThU wai the present aatborized translation, which his migesty com*
mmaA to the carie of forty-seven reverend and learned persons, divided
iMo aiz CMtpuies, to whom he cave the requisite iostroctions for the
mtk^BUg. mUm.yol. ii; p. 588. Edit. 1778.
<
180 LIVES OF THE PURITANS.
biethren in Oxfonl met at hiis lodgings regularly once a
week, to compare and perfect their notes. This learned
man was thus employed in translating the word of life, e?eq
till he himself was translated to life everlasting.* -• ■
In his last sickness, all his time was spent in prajrer io
God, in hearing persons read, and in conferring with the
translators. He remained in a lingering state tillt AscensioR*
day, when he addressed his friends, saying, << I hoped to
have ascended on the very day of our Lord's aJscension;
but I shall stay with you a little l(»]^r,.in which flimf
I entreat you to read nothing to me, omy such chaptexft of
scripture as I shall appoint. t •: ft)
This reverend and learned divine, during his life, bad
been a famous opposer of the errors of popery ; and noW
upon his death-bed, the papists propagated scandalinis
reports concerning the nature of his commaint, and beffion
to insinuate that he now recanted. To coonteiact Siis
vile calumny, his friends desired him to give some testimoojp
of his faith, previous to his departure. This bein^ap signified
to him, he shook his head, and seemed mnch aftected^ibot
was not able to speak. His friends, obsorvi&g this, adoed
him whether a form might be drawn tip in Writing; tp
which Grod might enable him to set hi$ hand;- and Jie
signified, by certain signs, his full approbation. Then iJmj
drew up the following paper : — ^' These are to testify (p aS
<^ the world, that I die m the profession of. that feith whidi
^ I have taught all my life, both in my preaching andin
<^ my writings, with an assured hope pf my salvatusi, op^
^< by the merits of Christ my Saviour." — Thiis paper bshig
twice distinctly read to him, and having seriond j:. ]XM|*
dered every word of it himself, he put on his spectadtty
and subscribed his name in very fair characters.f Theda^
following, with his eyes lifted up to heaven, he breathed hii
soul into the hands of his dear Redeemer. He died 'May SI^
1607, in the sixty-eighth year of his age. His miAaini
were interred, with great funeral solemnity, in the eo|lce0
chapel,* beiog attended by the vice-chancell(nr, the hem
of ccAeges, and the mayor and aldermen of the city. J}rv
Henry Airay , the vice-chancellor, preached his fimeial
sermon; and Mr. Isaac Wake, the universijty dpraiol,}
• Faller's Abel Redivivus, p. 487, 488. + Ibid. p. 489.'
i Wake, is said to have been an elegant scholar, and no mean ojdM^'^
but King James thought Sleep of Cambridge much siiperior fo himf wbieh
occasioned his saying, <* That he was inclined to sleep, wbeb he j^iMt
Wake; and to vrake, when he heard Sleep.'*— Granxer^f l|l^. i^*'
f ol. i. p. 812. . *^ " - ■ - '
RAINOLDS. 181
delivered a funeral oration, in T^hich be gave him the fol-
lowin^f character :
** However others admired his knowledge, lowliness of
mind^ and incredible abstinence, in all which he excelled,
9B evjtti exceeded wonder ; yet I do, and ever shall, chiefly
admire his slitting and neglecting all ways of preferment.
Neither Luther, nor Calvin, nor Beza. nor Whitaker, caa
challei^ any honour which Rainolds nath not merited. I
caimot out exoeiedinglv congratulate our country, where he
was iMNTti, our mother the university , where he was educated,
and that most pregnant house or excellent wits, where he
learned 'the 'first rudiments cif most exquisite liteiature."*
Dr. Crackenthorp, his intimate acquaintance, gave this
acdoant of him: <^ He turned over all writers, profane,
ecdesiastical^ and divine ; and all the councils, fathers, and
historieft of the church. He was most excellent i|i au
tongues, useful or ornamental to a divine. He had a sharp
ana- ready wit, a •grave and mature judmient, and was
iodefii^ably industrious. He was so well skilled in all
iMs anosciefices, as if he had spent his whole life in each
Sifi^eoL And as to virtue, integrity^ pi^^J) <uid sanctity
of life he was so eminent and conspicuous, that to name
Rainolds is to commend virtue itself'f Bishop Hall used
to iBay, fS That Dr. Rainolds alone was a well->furnished
libnm fiill of all faculties, all studies, and all leam^ ;
an4 ^at his memory and reading were nearly a miracle.'*
And olir author adds, '' he was a prodigy in reading,
AnuMSB in doctrine, and the very treasury of erudition ;
and in a word, nothing can be spoken against him, only ihdk
lie was the piUar of puritanism^ and the grapd favourer of
mmamformkjf.^^t Indeed, Fuller insinuates, and Dr,
Cradkeyitjiorp laboured to prove, that he was not a puritan,
but an. exact conformist.^ In this, however, they have
mpvcid'UnsucceBsful. For, besides subscribing the ^' Book of
Puciuliue^" he utterly disapproved of certain ecclesiastical
(;i»ei^onies ; and tnough he wore the round cap as a
epBegUMf he refused wearing the clerical habits 4 Gnuiger
savs, tliat Dr. JK^tinolds was generally reputed the greatest
schcdar of His age and country : tliat his memory was so
retentive he hardly knew what it was to forget; that he
• FUlcr't Abel. Red. p. 496. f Ibid. p. 483, 484.
L Wood's AthensD Oxon. vol. i. p. 290.
FaUer's Cborcb Hist. b. x. p. 48. — Barksdale't RemeiobraDCCfr,
-il.. Edit. 1670.
~ 1 118. BoMTjU on Hilt. p. 88. (8.)
182 LIVES OF THE PURITANS.
was esteemed a match for Bellarmine, the Goliah of 4lie
church of Rome ; and that he was styled a liying litvaiy^
or a third imiversity.*
His Works.— 1. Two Orations, 1576.— 2. Six Theses, 1679.-^
3. A Sermon on the Destruction of the Idumeans, 1584^-4 A
Sermon to the Scholars of the University, 1586. — 5. The Sum of a
Conference between *lohn Rainolds and John Hart, 1588.— 6. Dd
Romanae Ecclesias Idolatria, 1506. — 1, The Oyerthrow of Stage-'
5 lays, 1509. — 8. An Apologie of bis Theses, 1602. — 9. An Epistle to
'homas Pye, 1606.— la A Defence of the Judgment of the lUformfld
Churches, 1609. — 11. Censura Librorum Apocryphorum veteris '^es-
tamenti, 1611. — 12. The Prophcsic of Obadlah opened and applied*
1613. — 13. Letter to his Friend, concerning the Study of Divimty;
1613. — 14. Orationes Duodecem, 1638. — 15. The Discovery of 'tbe
Man of Sin, l&ll.— 16. A Letter to Sir Francis Knolljs, 1641.—
17. The Original of Bishops and Metropolitans briefly laid opeip
1641. — 18. Judgment concerning Episcopacy, 1641. — 19. The no*
phesie of Haggai interpreted and applied, 1649. — 20. Commentaiii
in tres bib. Aristot De Ketorica. — ^21. Answer to ^Hch. Sannden
his Books, De Schitmate Anglicano, in Defence of our ReformatMNP—
22. A Defence of our English Litui^ against Rob. Afowiio Ui
Schismatical Book. — ^23. A Treatise of the BeginniDg and PktimM
of the Popish Errors. — He also published seyeral TranidatiiHIs or the
works of other learned men. ' . *
Thomas Brightman was bom at Nottingham) in tbe
year 1556, and educated in Queen's college Candiri^gei
where he became fellow. Though he was a champion in
the cause of nonconformity, he did not despise toose of
the contrary sentiments, but was charitable to all who
differed from him in matters of discipline and ceremonies.f
Upon his leaving the university, he was presented by &
John Osboume, a man of ^reat learning and piety^ to the
rectory of Hawnes in Bedfordshire, where he sport the
remainder of his days in hard study, and a constant appli^
cation to his pastoral duties. Sir John was his cxMuUnt
find liberal benefactor. He ¥ras a man of a most annelical
life, and uncommon learning, which was .acknowtodged
even by his enemies. He lived so much under the infinenoe
of divine grace, that he was never known to be anffiy;
and always carried with him his Greek Testamen^ which
lie read through regularly once a fortnight. His dailv
conversation was a^inst the episcopal government, whidoi
he declared would shortly come dowu4 Though Mr.
• Biographteal HM. toI. i. p. SI 2.
f He is, by mistake, called William. ^JPViIbr'j FTarfUM, • part Hi
p. 619, aaO. % Faller'i Cborch HUt« b. z. p. 40| 50,
BRIGiBTMANoMAUNSEL. 188
Brightman wrote against the prelacy and ceremonies of flie
church, land subscribed the ^^ Book of Discipline,"* he was
no friend to separation. He published a ^^ Disputation
about Antichrist ;" a " Refutation of Bellarmine ;" a " Com-
mentary of the Song of Solomon;" and another on the
" Revelation of St. John." « This last," says Granger,
^ made a great noise in the world." In that book, he
makes Arcm)ishop Cranmer the angel haying power oyer
the fire, the Lord Cromwell the angel which came out of
(he temple cf heayen, haying the sharp sickle, and the
Lord Treasurer Cecil the angel of the waters, justifying
the pouring out the third yial. The church of £ngland
is the lukewarm church of Laodicea ; and the angel that God
loyed, is the anti-episcopal church of Geneya, and that of
Scotland : and the power of the prelacy is antichrist. In
the reign of Charles I. he adds, when the l)ishops were
ez|ielled the house of peers, and seyeral of them imprisoned,
Bn^htman was cried up for an inspired writer, and an
abndgnient of his book was printed in 1644, entitled <^ The
BevwUion of the Revelation. "+ He desired to die a sudden
death, 'and the Lord granted him his desire. He died very
tuddcaily, as he was travelling with Sir John Osboume in
his coach, with a book in his hand, August 24, 1607, aged
SR^^ooe years. Fuller has classed him among the learned
wnteiK^ of Queen's college, Cambridge^ He was a most
puMU^ laborious, and learned divine ; whom Mr. Cartwright
Vied to dencnninate '^ the bright star in the church of
GkxL'H Dr« Buckley preached his funeral sermon.
RfCAARD Maunsel was minister of Yarmouth, and
aeverdy persecuted, together with Mr. Thomas Lad, a
merchant of that place. They were brought before the
Chancellor of Norwich, for a supposed conventicle;
because, on the Lord's day, after public worship, they ,
joined with Mr. Jackler, their late minister, in repeating
the heads of the sermons which had that day been preached
hi the church. Mr. Lad was compelled, upon his oath, to.
answer, certain articles relating to the supposed con-
venticle, which he could not see till after he had taken
the oath. Haying been twice convened before the chan-
cellor, he was carried before the high commission at Lam-
• Neal'i Paritans, toI. i. p. 483.
f Gnuiger'i Biog. HiiL Tol. i. p. 280. t Hist, of Can. p. 8.
^ Le^ OB ReligioB and Learniof » p. 143.
184 LIVES OF THE PURITANS.
beth, and required to answer, upon a new oath, such inquiriei
as his ecclesiastical judges were pleased to propose. This^
indeed, be refused without a sight of his former answers;
9ad was, therefore, cast into prison, where he remained a
long time, without l^eing admitted to bail. Mr. Maonsei
was further charged witli signing a petition to the house of
commons, and with refasing the oath ex officio; for which
he was treated in the same manner, itaying suffered a
long and painful confinement, the prisoners, about the year
1607, were brought to the liar upon a writ of habeas
corpus; and having Nichohis Fuller, esq. a bencher of
Gray's-inn, and a roost learned roan in his profesaiim, for
their counsel, he rooved, that the prisoners ought <to be
released ; because tlie high conunissioners were not empow-
ered by law to imprison, or to administer the €mtk.ex
officio^ or to fine any of his majesty^s subjects. These
points he laboured to prove in a most learned, aijgamcft*
lative, and perspicuous manner, which was looked upoa ai
an unpardonable crime ;• and instead of serving hissdieDti^
brought the heavy indignation of the commisaionea opaa
liimself. Archbishop Bancroft, now at the head ^of the
high conunission, told the king, that Fuller wa& tJheiGhaiH
pion of the nonconformists; and^ therefore^ ought . to U
made a public example, to terrify others from appearing
hereafter in defence of the puritans.f Accocdingly^ Jiftim
shut up in close prison ; from whence, neUber by Ihe inter-
cession of, fri^pds, nor by his own most humUe «nppli*
cations, couldJie.cMain release; but after dosei confineDieBl
about twelve years, he died in prison, February 83, 1619,
aged seventy-six year84 What became of Mr. Bfaonsel
and Mr. Laid, his clients ; whether after ihebi- trial they
were released, or suffered some othec punishment, we hash
not been able to learn.
« Fuller's Arfrnment in the caie of Thomas Lad aod Richard Manmrli
edit. 1607. — ^Tbis most learned, cqrioni, and Taloable Tract, ooBiifting ft
3S pages in quarto, was repnblished in Id4l.
f Fnller^s Church Hut. b. z. p. 66.
X Nicholas Fuller was member of the parliament of 1608* whM ha
brought in two bills : the one concerning Ecclesiastical JnrisdictloBy the.
other concerning Subscription; both with a view to ease the borileili of the
persecuted puritans. He was a person of great learBiiyaad pMy;
i^id finding the nooconformisis grievously oppressed jn their Iibertlea, their
estates, and their consciences, contrary to law, he laboured boAh in the
Inmsle-of commons, and in the courts of judicature, to'proctn^ tbefr
deliyerance from the cruel oppressions of their persecntorB*— JTS* Chrf-
nologtff vol. ii. p. 667. (2.)
WILCOCRS. 185
. Thomas Wilcocks, A. M. — This celebrated divine was
born about the year 1349, and educated in St. Jofan^f
coUege, Oxford. Upon his leaving the university, he
became a- learned, zealous, and usefiil preacher in Honey-*
lane, London. In the year 1572, he was an active persqia
in the erection of the presbyterian church at Wandsworth
}n Surrey. During the same year he was brought intp
much trouble for his nonconformity. Th^ puritans havi^
for a long time sought in vain to the queen and prelates,
for a further reformation of the church, now resolved to apply
to the parliament, Accordingly, Mr. Wilcocks and Mr.
John Field published '' An Admonition to the Parliament,^'
xirhich they presented to the house of commons lyith .the|r
oWn hands. Though the book was much esteemed, and
soon passed through four editions^ the ai^thqiis were appre-
hefided and committed to Newgate, where they, remaiped
a long time, in close and miserable confinement.* A par*
ticular account of these cruel proceedings, together wifli
their other troubles, will be found in another place, f.
.' The character and sentiments of these excellent divifie?
iiaving greatly suffered by reproach, th^ publis^ied.^
vindication of themselves, againk the false iipputations of
imsound doctrine, and disloyalty to the queen. The piece
Ib entiiOed' <( A Copie of a Letter, with a Confession of
Faith, written by two faithiul Servants of Gpdji ufito a^i
lioiioiiiable and virtuous Ladie.^t It is subscribed, with
their aim hands; but whether it was published before, or
4<uing their imprisonment, we are not able to l^m. ^ it is,
however, a different confession from that which is noticed in
the pkoe referred to above, but was penned most probably
on the same occasion. During their confinement in New-
gat^ Archbishop Parker sent nis chaplain, one Pearson, to
confer with them. This conference, dated September 11 ^
J[57S, was in ibe presence of Mr. Mondes their keeper,
and is as follows :
Pearson. Is your name Wilcocks ?
"Wilcocks. Yes, verily.
. PI desire to become acquainted with you ; for I know
you not.
W. Neith^ do I know you.
• Mr. Thomas Woodcock, a bookseller in London* for vending the
Adnonitibn, Was, at the sane time, comnitted to Newgate by Bishop
Aylmer. — Strype's Aylmtry p. 57.
f See Art. Field.
X Bute Af a'Ref iste>, p, 598— M6.
186 LIVES OF THE PURITANS.
P. I am come to conyerse with you^ by wanant from my
lord of Canterbury.
W. Indeed it is high time. I have been in close prisad
almost three months, and no one has yet been seqt to confier
with roe, and reclaim me from error, if I be in any.
P. I am come to you, and your companion, Mr. Fidd,
about a letter from you, delivered by your wives to his
grace of Canterbury; wherein you charge him with
unjust dealing and cruelty. He would gladlv know in what
particular instance you can accuse him of injustice and
cruelty.
Field. To charge him with cruelty we mind not: neith^
did we write any such thing. But we may justly charge
him with unjust dealing.
P. Why so 2 What is the special cause of it ?
W. Because he hath kept us in close prison almost three
months without a cause.
P. I judge it is not so. •
F. We wrote a book in time of parliament, justly craTiag .
a redress and reformation of many abuses, for which we
are thus imprisoned and uncourteously treated.
P. That book I read over at the time of its ^first comiiig
out ; but since that time I have not read foiu: lines of it
To speak my mind, though some thingis in -it be good, I
dare not justify all.
W. What are the points which you so much dislike?
Mention some, and we will gladly talk about them.
P. So far as I can gather, you would have in the church
an eouality of ministers.
W. We would not have it of ourselves; but God*s
word requireth it. '
P. No: God's word is against it.
F. I pray you let us see the place.
P. Before I proceed, let me ask you one question. Do
you both agree in this point ? For if you do not agree, I
shall labour in vain.
F. We agree both in this point, and all others. For, the
Lord's name be praised, there is no contrariety of judg-
ment.
P. You will allow of the name of a bishop*
W. Yes, verily.
P. And why so ?
W. Because Grod's word alloweth the same, in the ordi*
narv government of the church.
r. xou wiU, also,^ allow the name of an apostle.
WILCOCKS. 187
F. In one respect vfe do, and in another respeet we do
not. As it signifieth cme sent of God to preach the gospely
we aUow it.
P. And in what respect do you not allow it ?
W« As it signifieth one sent to preach to all creatures, it
hath no place in the church.
P. my so?
^ W. Beoiuse the calling of the Gentiles is ended, and
that office was only temporal, enduring only for' a season. *
P. I know many good writers are of your opinion. But
how do you prove that from scripture ? .
W, £asily enough. It is scripture itself.
P. Let this be granted. Doth an equality of ministers,
therefore, follow ? St. Paul saith, God gave'' to his church
some i^ibstles, some prophets, some eyangdists, some pastors,
and fiome teachers.
F. That place maketh most for us, as, by the assistance
of Grod, we hope to make evidently appear.
W. Seeing we are dealing in matters which concern
Ood^s glofy, and we cannot of ourselves speak to his praise,
nor wi3iout the teaching of his Spirit, let us crave his divine
aaristanee in the exercise of prayer.
P. Will you use private or public prayer ?
W. Nay, in my judgment, the more public the better.
^Mr» Field then engi^ed in pnn^er, which being finished,
they lesnmed the conversation as rollows :]
W. No?w, if it please you, let us begui' where we left off.
P; From the words ot Paul, I reason thus: In his day
thore was a distinction of callings ; therefore, there can be no
parity of ministers.
F. That place of Paul proveth no such thing. For he
thene speaketh of those exiraor^nary offices which were
peculiar to the state of the church in the time of the
apostles: as apostles, prophets, and evangeli^s. Also he
speaks of those offices which are ordinary^ and to continue
to the end of time : as pastors and teachers, which differ
not in authority and dignity, though they may in gifts and
graiies.
■ P. I understand your meaning. I perceive you will
have no minister to preach out of nis own charge.
F. That is our opmion.
, p. And why so ?
F.* Because every pastor hath work oiouffh to take proper
eaite' of his own flock ; therefore, he needeth not to thnuit
hiiDidlf opoa another ma&*8 Jabour.
188 LIVES OF THE PURITANS.
P« It- is not thrusting himself upon another^ prorided he
cometh called ?
F. Indeed, if the minister had nothing more to dp thwi
to preach a sermon or two a week, this might be plqa^ed ;
but seeing he must visit the sick, comfort the mpumen,
strengthen the weak, and admonish {^id instruct, all. ftom
house to house, through the whole of his charge, I warrant
you he will have little desire, and less leisure, to preqdl in
other men's cures.
P. It is said, in the acts of the apostles, th^t vrheii th^
apostles laboured to appease the contention bet^inxt tin
Greeks and the Jews, deacons were chosen to provide for
the. poor, that thclymiffht give themselves to prayer, and
the ministry of the wora.
W. That is not contrary to what my brother hatlf said,
but serveth very aptly to confirm it ; fpr there the Holy
Ghost includes their whole office in two particular .duties.
And if the apostles did well in communicating the tenqioisl
part of their office to others, that they might give tnenw
selves , the more to prayer and preacb^ng^ whfit cah. v»
jud^e of those who unite dvit functions to their eCcAesiaflf
tical offices ? But a wandering ministry is to be avoided^
because it is an ignorant and unlearned ministrj^, the udbr*
matioA of which, with the banishment of the pbpe*9 cUnoD
law, we have particularly set forth in our late h^dk. And
because it is directly contrary both to reason and soriptiirR
. P. I wish to hear that reason^ and see that scriptncNu
F. You know that a father hath much rcsgard for hit
children, because they are nearly related to him : so^, cm Ui6
same account, hath a pastor for the children of his flock*
And the scripture saith, <' Take heed Onto yourselves, and
to all the flock over which the Holy Ghost hatb mad^ ydkk
overseers, to feed the church of God. Feed the Bocli: nf
God which is among you."
P. May I not then preach in other men's charges }
F. Upon certain conditions you may.
P. If I see the people lacking instruction, aind out of
compassion preach to them, do you think I do evil ? . .
. F. It is hot for us to condemn another mab's serv^:
to his own master he standeth or falletli. Yet you. will dt
well to take heed to your own calling. But having youf
own flock, and intermeddling with other mens'
which Grod hath not commanded, you do hot weU*. Jf,
indeed, there be a defection among the churches, etllMf IB
faith or practice, and God stir you up by an exbnmdiBUf
WILCOCKS. 189
wUiDgy fliQfagh you preach in other places^ I condemn you
not. . . . ■ I . »,
Pi Whai are the reasons -why I may not come into
toipther man;*s. charge i
W.' If our chui^ were so reformed, that there was a
kaxnedaad painful ministry, with a godly sincerity in
evenr oon^n^ation^ then^ with a view to end a controvtersy^
conmrm a dodnne, or refute an error, you might preach in
MMrthfaT' man^s charge : yet you might ■ not do this, .unless
ybtf were requested by the^ minister and seniority of the
cfaurclK and permitted ^y your own.
' ' P/'Yoa seem to have written your book in choler against
flonie pefsohs, rather than to promote a reformation of tha
ehordi.
W. I)iuppose you are displeased witli the sharpness of
Ae language. . We are willing to bear the Uame of that.
P, I think it did not proc^ from a spirit of love, and
charity, and meekness.
F; That toucheth me, and therefore I answer; as God
bafli his Mose^' fib he hath his £l|jah. Isaiah calleth the
ndioca iof hiisf time, princes of Sodom* . John calleth the
acribes and pharisees, a generation of vipers. Jesus Christ
Adietfi them adders, and aii adij^lterous generation. And the
acriptores^ especially the prophets, are full of 6uch< wannq
ezpresnoDs. We have used gentle words too long :' we
pooeiTe they have done no good. The wound is tecome
eksperate; it therefore needeth a strong corrosive, ft is
no time to flatter men in their sins. Yet God knoweth, we
meant to speak against no man's person^ but their places f*
odd eiuting ctyrruptions.
' P. Wiir you tnen tike away all ecclesiastical policy f
Ilrpleaseth the prince, in pplic^, to make the ministers lord^
kkfttps and archbishops. I confess, this cannot be warranted
hjj^ G(A\ word ; but as the christian magistrate, in policy^
eitiseineth'it good, and not against God's word, I. doubt
whether they may not do it.
' " W^ We praise God for having made you confess thi»
truth; But, from your words, we must consid^.whetlier
the policy concerning ecclesiastical matters, as contained ia
Gbd'S'Word, be not all-i^ificient, and that alone whieh is to
Mellowed. The miitdgters of Christ may take unto than-;
t^is^ ho other titles than those which are allowed and
a^n'^^'^^^ ^ God's word, though the christiw ApmcM
would, in policy, make them ever so liberal an olBfer otthem.
F. No. Thou^ the' prince, would' give them such
190 LIVES OF THE PURITANS.
offices and titles, they ought, according to the urcnd of CSod^
to refuse them.
P. When in honour they are offered, would yod have
them wilfully and unthankmlly to refuse them ?
F. Whenever the prince is so disposed, they, in the feu
of God, should say, ^^ A greater charge is alreadT laid
upon us than we are well able to fulfil. We cannot faboiir
so faithfully in this function as the Lord requireUt ; there-
fore, we most humbly desire your majesty to lay the chaige
of chil matters upon those who have time and tldllto
manage them, and to whom in duty they belong ; and kt
us exercise ourselves in the office of the ministnr fdone.**. No
names can be more blasphemous than those of brd-iitkopt
and archbishops. They take that honour to themselves which
belongs to Jesus Christ alone, as lord and king in ZUm,
P. if for religion the prince appoint fasts, we oiupht not
to obey ; but Sf, in policy, when victuals' are mar, he
appoint them, we arc bound in conscience to obey.
F. As you plead so much for policy, we saSkt ifluptisoD-
ment for opposing the popish hierarchy, the policy of which
is directly contrary to that which was used in the piimitive
church.
P. Must we then in every point follow the apostles and
primitive church ? «— — —
W. jy^ i_ unless a better order, can be, foumL^ In matters
of govemmenfand discipline^lhe word of God is our only
warrant ; but rites and ceremonies not mentioned in scrip
ture, are to be used or refused, as shall best appear to toe
edification of the church.*
Here the conversation closed; and soon oiler this Mr.
Wilcocks and Mr. Field presented a supplication to Laid
Treasurer Burleigh, written, says Mr. Strype, in a good
Latin style. In this they vindicate their own innooenoei
and petition his lordship to procure their libMy, by
addressing him as follows : — <^ Confiding in your singular
benevolence, we were induced to address you, hoping to
obtain our liberty, and to propagate the truth. We aie
aware that we are spoken against and slandered by many*'
But let the truth speak for itself— it never seeks to lie hid m
comers. While we commend the innocency and eqaifj
of our cause to your consideration, we humbly and eariKsdy
beseech you to grant us favour. We have, indeed, latdy
^tten a book, urging the reformation of horrid abases; ana
• lis. Register, p; 139-1S7.
WILCOCKS. 191
I
that 'true religion may be freed from popish superstition,
^d, witb the queen's approbation, be again restored by
the parliament. But of ourselves we have never attempted
to correct or change any thing. We referred alL to their
judgments, according as the case may seem to them to
lequire. And vre hoped that, by this means, the peace of
the church, and the reconciliation of brethren, might have
been happily promoted.
^^ By dais ecclesiastical establishment, which is so con-
trary to the word of God, we have all seen a sad schism in
the church ; and that most desirable blessing of peace, which
ought to abound among those of the same religion, has been
destroyed. We said nothing of the contempt of good
learning, the corruption oftrue religion, the depmvingofthe
ininistry, and the increase of sin which it hath occasioned.
All this is a sufficient justification of. our book. And the
corruptions and abuses which we have mentioned, are unani-
moujuy acknowledged by all the foreign reformed churches,
and by the writings of men of eminent learning, to be very
. foul.'^
. In the conclusion they humbly and earnestly entreat
him to be a means of procuring their liberty. They also
pregsaited other petitions to other persons of distinction, but
^ppaxeaUy to little effect : for they were confined in close
priflon in Newgate at least fifteen months • A further account
of theseproc^dings will be found in another place.f
Mr. Wilcocks at length obtained his release from prison,
bat was at the same time deprived of his living in Honey-
lane. Beiiiff driven from his flock and his benefice, ho
prei|Ched where he could, as he found an opportunity,
- thoogh not without frequent molestation from the persecute
ipg prelates. For the greatest part of ten years he preaclied
Vojr frequently at Boyington, in Hertfordshire, tie spent
a considerable portion of his time and pains in his epistolary
correspondence with his numerous friends ; and in his
lettea he commonly subscribed himself, ^^ Thomas Wil-
cocks, the Lord's unworthy servant." Among his numerous
and learned correspondents, was the venerable Mir. Anthony
iGMIby, €£ Asbby de la Zouch, in Leicestershire, to whom
ha addressed the following epistle,' descriptive of the cruel
ioppmtuons of thetime:}
. ,>* Good Father Gilby, since my separation from you I
bare jnceivcd letters from London, whierein was certified the
• -■-.. .' ..•
« 8tnrpe*t Annals, vol. ii. p. 186. f See Art Field.
t BalMr*t BU. CoUec. toI. xssii. p. 441, 448.
19S LIVES OF THE PURITANS.
stirs and troubles there. When I had read them, I thou^'
it meet to make you partaker of such news as was sent unto
me, to the end that you and all the godly there with you
may pour forth earnest supplications tor our brethren wliO
are now in bonds, and under the cross, for the testimony of-
the truth. Thus standeth the case. Mr. Fulwer, our dear
friend and brother in the Lord, with divers other^ are pri-
soners in the same Compter, and for the same cause that our
brother Edmunds is. Our brother Johnson, minister of the
church without Temple-bar, and others with him, are laidf
in the Gatehouse at Westminster. Our brother Wight ai^d
others with him are committed to Newgate.
^< The ministers of London were callra by the arehdeaconC
and Dr. Hames, tliebishop^s chancellor, to Lawrence church
in the Jewry, and then subscribed, and were commanded
to put on their trash ; as surplices, &c. on the Sunday fol-
lowing. Amon^ them, none bad more deceived ihd
^odly than one W a^er, who had many times been, but jodI^
m words, against tne popish regimen and ceremonies. re-'
tained and used in the English church; but now hyhU
subscription hath allowed all. The Lord grant that, as he
hath fallen with Peter, aild denied the trum, so he may, if
it be his will, rise with him again. This subscriptioal is
required, not of ministers alone, but of the common peoplei
such as they cdUpurilans. Scribbled in haste from Coyai-
try, this 21st of December, 1573.
'^ By yours to command in the Lord Jesus,
" Thomas Wilcocks."
Mr. Wilcocks, in about six weeks after the above, ad-
dressed another epistle to the same venerable divine, ccmbk
taining a further account of oppressions and cruelties exer-
cised upon the poor persecuted puritans. It contamS|
indeed, some other interesting fsicis worthy of being coiia- ,
municated to posterity ; and the whole is so excellent, and
BO exactly characteristic of the writer, that it would bewail
inexcusable omission to withhold it from the inquisitive
reader. The following is an exact copy :•
*< Grace and peace from God.
" Father Gilby, news here is none gpod ; for how naay
we look for good in these evil times ? The commissioiieA
go forwards m their haughty proceedings : God, if it hej^
will, stay their rage. Three of them that they have 1111*
ptis(Oned are dead already. What shall become of the rest
• Baker*s MS. Coliec.yol. zzzii. p. 439, 440.
WILCOCKS. 193
the Lord knoweth. We here persuade MUdives of nothing
bat great extremity. The Lord grant us patience an3
strength in his truth for ever. The godly here desire your
earnest' prayers to the Lord for them, and heartily salute
you in the Lord, especially my brother Edmunds, tba
Lord's prisoner, tinto whom you promised, at my being
with you, to write some letter of comfort. Surely a letter
fifom you to him would much encourage him in the ways
of the Lord ; and, therefore, I desire you at your convenient
leisure to write somewhat as it shall please the Lord to
move you.
^^ Dr. Whit^Ul^s book is not yet come out, but we look
for it daily. Our brother Cartwright is escaped, Grod bo
praised, wad departed this land smce my coming up to
London, and, I hope, is by this time at Heidelberg. The
Lord bless him, and direct him in all things by his Holy
Spirit, that he may do that which may serve for the
aovanoement of his glory, and the profit of his church.
His earnest desire is, that you and all the godly should
remember him in your earnest and hearty prayers ; therefore^
I the more boldly and willingly now make mention of him.
<^ The commissioners caused Beza^s Confession, translated
into English, to be burnt in Stationers*-haIl, on Thursday
the 88th o£ January last. The pretence was, that it was
ill translated : but I suppose rather because it over plainly
dissolveth the popish hierarchy, which they yet maintain.
From my house in Coleman-street, this Sd of February,
1S74. Tours assured in the Lord,
" Thomas Wilcocks*"
Bfany of the letters written by Mr. Wilcocks were
aniwers to cases of conscience. He was highly celebrated
finr his knowle(^ of casuistical divinity. Multitudes who
applied to him undcfr spiritual distress, obtained, through
me blessing of God, both peace and comfort. Most of his
episOes were written particularly to promote family and
poBonal rdUgion among his numerous connexions. Our
author observes, that he had seen a large folio volume of
his letters in manuscript ; and, from the long list now before
me, it appears that many of them were adcuessed to perscms
of quality. Mr. Wilcocks was intimate with the celebrated
Sir Peter Wentworth, who had the highest respect and
esteem for him.*
• sir FMer Wentworth, member in lefcral of Qneen Enttbeth'spsrlla*
amtB, was a man of great piety, stronf reiolation, exceUent abilities, and
^wayt sealotti for ite prlfUqe** ^ pwliameati and a flnrtliec reformation
toXm li. o
194 LIVES OF THE PURITANS.
Thoogh our divine was a decided nonconformifll^ he
a penoa of great modeiation. He acknowledged the
chnrch of England to be a true church, and her ministrf
to be a true ministry, but greatlj encumbered wi£h the
superstitions and corruptions of ^papery. He also coca*
sionally attended the public service of the church, and was
a divine of great learning and piety; yet, for the sinifc
sin of nonconformity, be was often prosecuted in the
ecclesiastical courts, and often suspended and d^imdl
In tbe year 1581, he was convened before his snperion
and suspended from his ministry ; and, in I59I, he was cut
into pnson. He died in tbe year 160S^ and flie fifty<4iiiitli
of his age.* Wood, not knowing that he was a muritaD;
gives a very higli character of him, styling him a fieqMit
writer and translator, a laborious preacher, a noted cMdflt^ '
a grave divine, and a person greatly esteoned in his day.f
Hii Works.— 1. An Exposition on the book of Cantidss, «
Solomon's Song, 15S5. — 2. An Exposition on psrt of Romans viB;
1587. — 3. A short and sound Commentary on the ProTeriM of
Solomon, 1689. — 4. An Exposition on the whole book of Pnlmi^
wherein is contained the division and sense of erery Psalm, Ace, \M.
(These four articles were collected and published, in 1094^ nnder
the care of Dr. John Burgess, who married the author's dangMar*
It was in one volume folio, entitied, '' The Works of the Refsnail
Divine, Mr. Tho. Wilcocks.'Ot-^ A Summary of short MeditatioBi»
touching certain Points of the Christian Kcligidn, 1579. — 61 A
Concordance or Table, containing the principal Words and Mattiw
which are comprehended in the New Testament, 1690^ — 7. Ai
Answer to Banister the Libertine, 1581. — 8. A Glass for GhuBestBtl^
or such as delight in Cards and Dice, wherein they may see no|only
the Vanity, but idso the Vileness of those Plays, plainly disco^Qsm
and overthrown by the Word of God, 1681.— 9. A Form of I¥^iiift-
tion for the Lord's Sapper, 1681. — 10. The Substance of thvLsfdV
Supper shortly and. soundly set forth, 1681. — 11. A oomfertshlp
Letter for afilicted Consciences, written to a godly Bfaii gVMtty
touched that way, 1684. — 12. Three large Letters for the Instraolln
and Comfort of such as are distressed in Conscience, 1560^^18.
The Narration of a fearful Fire at Wobum in Bedfordshirey^fi66>^
He also pubHsbed the following translations into English s-^i. A
Catechism, 1678, by Fountein.— 2. Three Propositions, IfiSOy.l^
Calvin. — 3. A Treatise of the Church, wherein the godly inay
discern the true Church from the Romish, 1682, by BertJmnd'de
Loques.— 4. A Discourse of the true visible Maiiu of the CAtbofio
Church, 1688, by Beza.— 6. Two Sermons on the Sacrament of the
of the charch. In tbe year 1598, for making a motton in tbe ho«e sf
commons for entailing tbe voccession, he was, by the queen's tyrannical
order, committed to the Fleet|«»d three other memben to tlw T6wMr»Tor
the same oirence.-^Jir8. Chronology^ vol. ii. p. 417. (SO.) 617. («.)
• Ibid. p. 617. (4.) f Wood'i AtheniB Oson. vrt. i. p. 861. % ML
J* SMYTH. m
Jkird'i Snipper, 1688, by Beza. — 6, Bertram the Priest cdncemiiiip
the Body and Blood of Christ, 1582.-7. Meditatioips on Psalm ci^
lifi99, by PhiL Morney Lord of Plcssis.
John Smyth, A. M.— «TIiis zealous puritan was fellow of
Ghiist's college, Cambridge, and a great sufferer for non-
confbnnity. He was a popular preacher ; and hayio^, in
0De of his sermons before the university, maintained the
iBilawiiilness of sports on the Lord's day, he was summoned
before the "nce-chancellor. During his examination, he
flffeied to prove^ that the christian sabbath ought to be
obierved by an abstinence from all unnecessary worldly
bttdness, and spent in workR of piety and charity ; though
ii does not appear what punishment was inflicted upon him.*
A divine of his name, beneficed atMitcham in Surrey, was
a member of the presbyterian church erected at Wands-
worth in tiiat county, in the year 1572 ; but it is not easy to
aiceitain whether he was the same person.^
r Mr. Smyth afterwards separated from the established
ehurch, and embraced the principles of the Brownists.
la the year 159S, he was one of their leaders, and
OMt into prison, with many of his brethren, for their
Bonoonformity. After being confined more than eleven
BBanths, he was called before the tribunal of the high com«
miigion, when be expressed his great surprise^ that in
luaUteis of religion and conscience, his spiritual judges
ahoold censure men with imprisonment and other grievances,
laflier than some more christian and equitable methods.
In the course of his examination, one of the commissionera
wiring him, whether he would go to churchy he answered^
that Be. should, dissemble and play the hypocrite, if he
dumld do it to avoid trouble ; for he thought it was utterly
vdawfid. The commissioner then said, ^ Come to church
and obey the queen's laws, and be a dissembler j an hypocrite^
«r a deM, if thou wilt.''^ Upon his. refusal, he was sent
back to the Marshalsea, some of his brethren to the Clink^
aftd others to the Fleet; where they were shiit up in close
vooms, not being allowed the commcm liberty of the prison*
Beie they died like rotten sheep, some through extreme
mmti .some from the 'rigour of their imprisonment, and
withers of infectious distempers. § Though Mr. I^ytt^
.• .^ some's AaoaU, vol. Hi. p. 341.
f tiS&T\ Cborcb Hist. b. Ix. p. 103.
% Strype's Aooals^ toI. iy. p. 134. \ tbUkp. IMr^lSa.
190 LIVES OF THE PURITANS.
samved these calamities, it does not appear at wliat period-
he was released from prison.
Previous to his total separation from the clmrch of
England, he spent nine months in studying the ^rounds of
conformity and nonconformity;* and held a disputatioo
with Messrs. Dod, Hildersham, and Barhon, on thepoiirffof
contcNTmity, and the use of prescribed forms of prayer.f
He was preacher in the city of Lincoln, and afterwaids
beneficed at Gainsborough. In the county of LinoolD, and
on the borders of Yorkshire and Nottinghamshire, the
?rinciples of the Brownists gained consicbarable gioand.
'wo churches were formed, over one of which Bfr. ShnjA.
was chosen pastor ; and over the other Mr. Richard Clinaij
who was succeeded by Mr. John Robinson.t After endnrr
ing numerous hardships and incessant persecution fran the
high, commission, they fled from the storm, and went (9
Holland. Mr. Smyth and his followers settled at Antfter-
dam, in the year 1606, and joined themselves to the Engliih
church at that place, of which Mr. Francis Johnaon.im
pastor, and Mr. Henry Ainsworth teacher. ' Itwasnotlmit
however, before a very serious breach took place. Tb
subjects of debate, which gave rise to this division, wen
c:ertain opinions very simimr to those afterwards eapooael
by Arminius. Mr. Smyth maintained the doctrines oSf fiEce-
will and universal redemption ; opposed the predtestination
of particular persons to eternal lire; as also the doctrine f£
original sin ; and maintained that believers might fidi fiooiB
that grace which would have saved them, had ihev cotf
tinned in it. He seems, hideed, to have entertained aoioiie
very singular notions : as, the unlawfidness of leodiott tke
scriptures in public worship; that no translation of the
Bible was the word of God ; that singing the piaisei of
Grod in verses, or set words, was without authonty ; .thai
flight in time of persecution was^ unlawful; that the newr
creature needed not the support of scripture and ordinanoep^
but was above them ; ana that perfection was attainable k
this life.§
Mr. Smyth differed also from his brethren on Uie subject
of baptism. The Brownists, who denied the dmrdi U
Engkmd to be a true church, maintained that her minirtaii
actra without a divine commission ; and, consequently, th^t
•' Life of Aintwortb, p. 36.
-f* Cotton's Congrentional Charchei, p. 7.
t Prince*! Chron. Hist« vol. i. p. 19. SO.— Mone and Fui•b^l New.Etag.
p. 6.
S Life oif Ainf worth, p. S8.
J. SMTTH. 197
v^ery ordinance administered by them, was null and void*
They were for some time, however, guilty of this incoo-
«stency, that while they re-ordainra their pastors and
teachen, they did not repeat their baptism. This defect
was easily mscovered bv Mr. Smyth ; whose doubts con-
cerning the validity of baptism, as administered in the
national church, paved the way for fiis rejecting the baptism
of infants altogether. Upon further consideration of the
mibject, he was led to conclude^ that immersion was the
trae and only meaning of the word baptism; and that the
ordinance should be administered to those only who
anpelued to believe in Jesus Christ. But the absurdity o£
Mr. Smyth's conduct certainly appeared in this, that, refus-
i^ to apply to the German baptists, and wanting a proper,
administrator, according to his views of the ordinance, he
baptized himself; on which account he was stigmatized by
the name of a Se-bapiist. This is related as a tact by moot
of our historians ; and one of them affirms, that he was
baptized no less than three times.* Crosby has, however^
tazen great pains to vindicate him from the charge of having
baptized himself; yet it does not appear that he has been
verv successtul.f
Mr. Smyth's principles and conduct deeply involved him
hi public controversy, and soon drew upon him an host of
opponents, the chief of whom were Messrs. Robinson^
Ainsworth, Johnson, Jessop, and Clifton. The controversy
commenced soon after his setdement at Amsterdam, and was
carried on with too much asperity by both parties.^
Many writers observe, that soon after this unhappy con-
tio?ersy broke out, Mr. Smjrth and his followers removed
fixHn Amsterdam, and settled at Leyden ; whereas it is
extremely obvious, from the testimony of persons who lived
ia those times, and even in those places, that both he and
his people continued at Amsterdam till the day of his death,§
^ch happened about the close of the year 1610. Tte
year following appeared, '' A Declaration of the Faith of the
fiaglish People remaining at Amsterdam, in Holland,''
being the remainder of Mr. Smyth's company : with an
appendix, giving some account of bis sickness and death.
• Piget'g Heresiography, p. 66.— -Ncars Puritans, vol. il. p. 46.— Life
^' AinBworth, p. 38— 42.— Clark's Lives annexed to Marty rologie, p. 56.
^ Crosby's Hist, of Baptists, vol. i.p. 95—98.
t Ufe of Aioiwortb, p. 42.
)Cotton*i Congregational Churches, p. 7.*Prioce*8 Chron. Hist. yo\, u
198r LIVES OF THE PURITANS.
A copy of fliis declaration is stiU preserved.* Soon aifiev
his death, his followers returned to England ; and, as it iff
generally supposed, they were the first of those now called
general baptists in this country. Mr. Smyth possessed good
abilities, was a learned man, and an able preacher, but he
often changed his opinions, even to the very close of life«
This, however, was undoubtedly from conviction, as he
himself declared. '^ To change a false religion,*' says h^
<< is commendable, and not evil ; and to tall from the pro*
fession of Puritanism to Brownism, and from Brownism to
true Christian baptism, is not evil or reprovable in itself
except it be proved that we fall from true religion.*'f
Mr. Smyth and his company were certainly very much
reproached by their enemies. This, as well as their drfenoe^
we have from his own pen. " We," says he, ** disclaim
the errors commonlv, but most slanderously imputed onto
us. We are, indeed, traduced by the world as atheists, by
denying the Old Testament and the Lord's day ; as tiaiton
to magistrates, in denying magistracy ; and as heretics^ in
denying the humanity of Christ. Be it known, therefore,
to all men ; first, that we deny not the scriptures of the Ola
Testament, but, with the apostle, acknowledge them to be
inspired of Grod; aiM that we have a sure word of the
prophets whereunto we ought to attend as to a light shinii^
in a dark place; and that whatsoever was written aforetinw
was written for our instruction, that we, through patience
and comfort of the scriptures, might have hope. — Secondly,
we acknowledge, that, according to the precaient of Christ's
disciples and the primitive churches, the saints ought, ttpon
the first day of the week, which is called the Lord's aay^
to assemble together to pray, prophesy, praise God, bceak
bread, and pertbrm other parts of spiritual communion. fi>r
the worship of God, their own mutual edification, and the
? reservation of true religion and piety in the churchd-^
^hirdly, concerning magistrates, we acknowledge them to
be the ordinance of the Lord ; that every soul ouffht to be
subject unto them ; that they are the ministers or Grod for
our good; that we ought to pray for them that are in
authority, and not speak evil of them, nor despise govern*-
ment, but pay tribute, custom, &c. — Finally, concerning
the fiesh of Christ, we do believe that Christ is the seed m
Abraham, Isaac, and Jacob, and of David, according te the
prophecies of the scriptures ; and that he is the son w Maiy
* Crosby's Baptists, vol. i. aod ii. AppcD.
f Smyth's Character of the Beast, Pref. Edit. 1610.
CUFTON. 199
Ub modiery made of her subBtance, the Hol^ Ghost over-
shadbwing her : also that Christ is.one person in two distinct
natures, me Godhead and manhood; and we detest the
contraiy errors."*
> His Works. — 1. Parallels and Censures, 1609.-— 2. The Character
of the Beast: or, the false Constitution of the Church, (discovered in
certain Passag^es betwixt Mr. R. Clifton and John Smyth, concerning
tme Cbn^tian Baptism of New Creatures, or new-bom Babes ia
Christ, and false Baptism of Infants born after the Flesh, 1610. —
9. IKIfereiiees of the Churches of the Separation. — 1. A Dialogue oF
Baptism.-*^ A Reply to Mr. Clifton's Christian Plea.
- Richard Clifton was a person of a grave deportment,
ami a successful preacher, but severely persecuted for non-
conlbnnitjr.f He was pastor to one of the Brownist churches
in the. north of England, and by his ministerial labours,
many souls were converted to Christ The celebrated Mr..
John Robinson was a meml)er of his church, and afterwards
Us socoessor in the pastoral office.} These worthy persons
endnred most cruel persecution, and for a long time were
^acoeedin^y harassed by the high commission, and were at
length dnven out of the kingdom. About the year 1606,
ICr. Clifton remov^ to Holland, and settled at Amsterdam ;^
where he became teacher to the church of which Mr.
Fxancis Johnson was pastor. He carried his views (tf separa-
fion much fiulher than Mr. Robinson, and imbibed many
of the opinions of Mr. John Smyth ; but it appears that he
was. afterwards reclaimed from so rigid a separation.|| He
is denominated the principal scribe among the separatists,
and is said to have writt^i most to the purpose in
defence o£ separation.! As his writings were published
during his exile in a foreign land, we have not been able to
odlect the title of more than one of his pieces ; which was,
^ A Hea for Infants and elder People concerning thek
Baptism ; or, a Process of the Passages between M. John
Smyth and Richard Clifton,*' 1610. Having renounced the
firinciples of rigid separation, he wrote, as in the work jost
mentioned, with great warmth against Mr. Smyth. He is
said to have been one of Mr. Smyth's most violent adver*
• 8ayth*s Character of the Beast, Pref .
-f- Cotton's Congregational Churches, p. 7.
t Moneand Parish's New Eng. p. 6. § Life of Ainsworth, p. ST.
I Clark's Lives annexed to Martyr, p. 56.
1 Paget's Arrow against Separation, p. 8.
900 LIVES OF THE PURITANS.
•aries.* Mr. Clifton ivas probably living when ihe alxmf
piece was puUisbed ; but when he died we cannot aaoartaiik
Nicolas Rush was fellow of Christ's college, Cam-
bridge, and one of the preachers to the university, but
Srsecuted lor his noncontbrmity. In his sermon at St
ary's church, September 10, 1609, it is said that he
doliyered divers opinions contrary to the religion of the
established church ; for which he was convened before the
vice-chancellor. Dr. Jegon, and the heads of houses, and
required to deliver up a copy of his sermon. Having com-
plied with their demands, certain offensive opinions weie
extracted from his sermon, for which he was immediiiiely
suspended from preaching, and enjoined to make a puUicf
recantation from the pulpit of the above church. This
degrading recantation, containing an account of his oflSsosite
crimes, was the following :
^' Whereas many christian auditors, wis^ tS9^^7 '^'
*^ religious, have been offended with many things which I
^^ not long since uttered in a sermon in this putce, justly
^' reprehending not only my great indiscretion, presumptioto,
<< uncharitableness, rash and bold censuring, but also some
^< strange and erroneous opinions I then was taken to
^^ deliver; I am now come to the same public place (after
^< sundry conferences had with divers grave and teamed
'< divines of this university) to acknowledge my £ralt and
^^ make satisfaction.
« And, first, in my prayer, where I used very irreverent
<< and reproachful speech against the clergy, or aome of
^^ them, terming them gorbellied clergy ; and abo some
<< ofiensive speeches, which might be ts^en to touch avtho-
^^ rity, or some attending at court, calling them devilish
^^ parasites, in flattering and attributing overmuch to some
^' u higher place : upon better advice, I now admowledge
<< niy presumptuous boldness therein, {•'urther, in tluit 1
*^ did then deliver three opinions in these words, via. that
<< St. IPaul and Moses did faulty and err in their desires^ it
^^ coming from a scourge and force of a pa^ion too eaniest
^' and hot, and not sufficiently bounded with the true limiti
^' of pure charity. And also even our Saviour Chris's
<^ prayer (Father if thou wilt, let this cup pass from mcv y^
^^ not my will, but thy will be done,) came from nature QBiIy^
« Crosby's Baptists, vol. i. p. 99.
RUSH. aoi
'^ Urithmit reason attending, his nnderstandin^ all the while
^^ being otherwise busied, and his reasonable deliberation
"^ not ccmcurring therewith ; for it is not necessary that the
^^ reascMiable mind should always concur with the tongue^
^< men speaking in their sleep, and parrots also learning that
<< fecuhy. And that his mouth, with all the instruments of
^< speech, were writhed as it were, and wrested to utter th^
^ same, and substance of his natural instinct and inclination.
^ And farther, that our Saviour Christ's prayer, though it
** were uttered by a person reasonable, yet it was nothing
^ in substance but a nature desired prayer : it bein^
^< directly and originally the proper cause of it. And
' *^ fiorther, that the words of Christ were as the words of a
^^ man in sleep. Whereas in my confutation of Mr. Beza's
^ judgment, (being that the prayer of Christ came from a
^^ leasooable will^) I uttered these words in answer : < As I
*^ take it, it cannot stand ; for how could he, without tedious
^^and untimely troubling^ and obtruding his Father's ears,
^^ (as I may so speak,) pray that the cup should pass from
^ him.'
' **^I now, upon better deliberation, do, with grief and
^Borrow of heart, confess before Grod and his angels, and
^ this whole assembly, that 1 have greatly erred in my
<< said opinions publicly delivered, and especially touching
^ the points about the most holy, earnest, meritorious, and
** heavienly prayer of our Saviour in that bitter agony sufr
*' feied for our sins ; wherein my said speeches were not onljt
<< errcmeous, rash, and presumptuous, but also such as might
<< be taken to be dishonourable to our Saviour, impious aind
^ profane, giving just scandal both to such as then heard
^^ me, and those to whom the report hath come. Where^
^ fore I humbly beseech, first. Almighty God, and next
^ you all whom I have offended, to forgive me, promising^ .
<< by God's grace, to be more vigilant and circumspect
^^ hereafter in what I shall publidy utterj either in this
^< or any other place : which, that I may the better perform,
<< I humbly desire you to pray for me, and now to joui with
^ me in that most absolute form of prayer which our
^ Srtviomr Christ himself hath taught us. '
Bir. Rush absolutely refused to maSe this degrading
tecantation; for which, February 8, 1610, he was expelled
ftom the university ;• and this is all that we know of nim.
• Baker*8 MS. CoUec. vol. f i. p. 189, 190.
209 LIVES OF THE PURITANS.
Mr. Lancaster was born of good family, and for some
lime was fellow of Kins^s college, Cambridge, where lie
mq^ probaUy received Sis education. He was a mw of
great hnmiUt^, fidth, and self-denial, and an ezodleat
scholar, especially in Latin. . The famous Qr. Collins used
to say, <^ he delivered his public lectures in as pure Latin
as TuUv, having no other notes than what he wrote on the
nails of his fingers." With his great learning, and otiiei
ornamental accomplishments, his preaching was plain, and
easy to be understood ; and he was ccmtent to live among
plain people, with a living of less than forty pounds a year,
lie was teneficed at some place near Bonbuiy, in Oz£nd-
^hire ; but, about the year 1610, was suspended both fiom
his oflice and benefice, by the tyrannical oppression of
Archbishop Bancroft. Mr. Clark gives the foUowii^
account of this excellent divine : << When I was young,^
aays he, ^ I knew Mr. Lancaster. He was a little man, but
eminent, as for other things, so especially for living by
fiiith. - His charge was great, and his means smaH. When
his wife was abou^t to send her servant-maid to buy provi*
aion at Banbury market, she would many times come to
him, and tell him she had no money ; his usual answer wai^
Send your maidL, and God vritt provide. And though she
■ent her maid without numey, sne never returned empty;
fox one or other, who knew her to be Mr. Lancaster's nuud,
would give her money, by which their present wants mm
suppli^."'*
Thomas Peacock, B. D. — This learned and pious divine
was bom in Cheshire, and educated most probably in
Brazen-nose college, Oxford, where he was chdsen fellow.
He was the leanied tutor, the familiar friend, and the
roiritual father to the famous Mr. Robert Bolton, <^
oroughton in Northamptonshire, who, at his deaUi, Im an
account of him in manuscript, which was intended for the
use of the public, and afterwards published by his friend
Mr. fldward Bagshawe. Thence tbe following singular
narrative of Mr. Peacock is collected ; and it contains «
fNretty copious abstract (^ the whole. As the piece is
^tten throughout nearly in the form of a dialogue, the
s^me; method is observed in the abstract, with nf Uttk
alteration as possible.
* Clark's Livef aaoezed to lHartjr. p. 318> S19»
LANCASTEIU-PEACOCK. S0| i
Mr. Peacock was a very godly minister of Cfaiiat, and a
rare example of, humility and holiness in the religious
edncation of his scholars, and in his extraordinary conc^n^
for both the bodies and souls of poor distressed christians.
Notwithstanding his eminent grace and excellent piety^
he endured, in his last sickness, the most remarkable spir
ritaal conflict. He was brought even to the suburbs of
hell, and thence plucked as a brand from the fire. The
taemy of his peace was permitted to come upon him as an
iimed man ; but God restored comfort to his dejected soul^
bound up his broken spirit, and poured the precious balm
of Qilead into his wounded and bleeding conscience. For
nearly three weeks after the commencement of his affliction^
his time was almost wholly employed in serious deyotion
and. holy^ c<m verse with God, and he was full of most
heavenly consolations. He said his hope was firmlj
fixed on the rock Christ Jesus. He hoped the Lord
would give him a place among his saints, though it were
in the lowest room. He thaiS^ed God, that he had no
trouble of conscience; and that the Lord did not suffer
Satan to vex him. But afterwards calling to some of his
friends, he addressed them as follows :
Peacock. I thought I had been in a good state, but
I see it now far otherwise. My conscience lays these things
i^inst me. I brought up my scholars in gluttony, letting
them eat their fill of meat when they lived with me. While
I was talking, they did undo themselves. I did unad-
visedly expound places of scripture at the table ; and for
these things I now feel a hell in my conscience. I have
procured my own death, by often eating like a beast.
Friend. How do you do ?
P. Sin, sin^ sin!
F. What doth any lie on your conscience ?
1* P. Yea, my inconsiderateness : I did cut too much meat
to breakfast. But Grod be thanked there is no greater. Am
we must not extenuate, so neither must we too much aggra-
vate our sin. Let drunkards and gluttons have those
terrible horrors. I thank God, I never continued in any
known sin against my conscience. — (He afterwards with
bitterness exdaimed,) A damnable wretch. Oh, how woeful
and miserable is my state, that I must converse with hell-
hounds. The Lord hath cursed me: the event sheweth it
I have no grace. I was a foolish, vain-glorious hypocrite.
It is a^nst the course of God's proceeding to save me*
He hath otherwise decreed : he cannot.
904 LIVES OF TUB PURITANS.
F. Pat your trust in God.
P. I cannot ; no more than a hone.
F. Do you desire to believe ?
P. No more than a post, or an horse-shoe. I hsfe 19
more sense of grace than these curtains; than a gooK;
thah a block.
F. Let the testimony of your life past comfoit ymiy
especially in the calling of a tutor.
P. I did the business there(^ negligently. When I
handled hard authors, I came often unprepared, and read
shamefully.
F. Be of good courage, and the Lord will comfiMrt yowr
beart.
P. It is ended : there is no such matter.
F. Why do you think so? You shall see the ercnt.
God will yet bring it to pass.
P. Tush, tush, trifles.
F. What do you think of your former doctrine?
P. Very good.
F. Let it now comfort yon.
P. It cannot
F. You desire it could. There is nothing impoariUs
with God, which stands with his decree.
P. Oh i Oh ! miserable and woeful. The burden of
my sin lieth heavy upon me. I doubt it will break my
heart.
F. Behold your comforts.
P. That is nothing to me. I prav you hdd your peaces
You vex me. Your words are as daggers in my heart
F. Remember, sir, the good counsek you have given us.
P. Those were ordinary.
F. You may see many others^ in the like estate. See
David.
P. Not such as mine. Why do you speak to me of
David?
F. Good sir,- endeavour to settle your mind.
P. Yes, to play with hell-hounds.
F. Will you pray.
P. I cannot.
F. You were wont heretofore.
P. Yes, by a custom and vain-glory.
F. Suffer us to pray for you. ,
P. Take not the name of Grod in vain, by praying br
reprobate.
F. Suffer us to pray for ourselves.
PEACOCK." fQ»
P. Look to it; you would now shew vour faculty in
pvaying.— ^Afier prayer was ended^ he said, do not trouble
yourselves in yain.)
F. Let not the devil delude you, abusing your mind and
toiij^e. I know you speak not these wonk.
P. I wonder that intelligent scholars should speak thus.
F. We are persuaded you are in as good a state as
•orselves.
P. Look how it is with yourselves, in truth.
F. How can you discern this change by the absence of
God, if you never enjoyed his presence ? ^
Pk I thought I had it once; but now I see it is far
otherwise. Oh, me ! Wretch that I am !
f F. Be of good comfort
P. I cannot. I hav# no more grace than a back-stock, .
F. Do you desire grace ?
P. I cannot. I can as well leap over the church*
F. Would you not be in heaven ?
P. I would not.
F. The devil himself would if he could. You have
the testimony of faith : you love the brethren.
P. I do not.
F. Do you not love us ?
. P. No.
F. What is it that most troubles you ?
P. I took too much upon me foolishly. I had got a
little logic and Greek ; and, meanly instructed in the ruleSi
l set myself to read to scholars ; and afterwards undertook
other business which drew my attenUon from them. I
have destroyed a thousand souls.
F. You inay see the falsehood of him that suggesteth
-this unto you. You never had a thousand. The good
efect of your pains appears in many 'of your scholars.
P. They were of themselves capable.
*. F. Name one in whom they do not appear.
* P. There is one, (pointing at a master of arts.)
F. I thank God, that I ever came to you.
P. It is not so. I did foolbhly.
. F. You confess yoii did foolishly;, therefore^ not of
iioalice. Consider what would have become of them^ if ypu
tind not taken them.
* P- Better, far better.
F. All the college know the contrary. ..
f. But I feel it
F. it is iidse : believe not the devil.
fU LIVES OF THE PURITANS.
P. It » too true.
F. When will yon make amends? God will giTC yon
yonr desire.
P. Never.
F. Are you sorry that he will not ?
P. No. There is no ^race in my heart : it is dead. .
F. Whom Grod ioveth once, he loveth to the end.
P. But he never did love me. I deceived myself by t
certain vain-glory.
F. You could say the Lord's prayer, and, tlieiefoie,'caH
Um Father.
P. That I did hypocritically.
F. You must trust in the Lord.
P. I cannot: I cannot. He will not have me.saved. Hii
sentence is passed.
F. Do you desire to be saved ?
P. No.
F. Do you desire to desire ?
P. No.
F. Would you be damned ?
P. No.
F. Look at the sins of other men, as great as ycmis ; ttid
yet they are saved.
P. They are good and godly. They have found grace:
here is the difference. Bfy sins are horrible.
F. I see now how it is. You strictly look back to your
ewn actions for ydur justification, and will have mme of
God's mercy ; and now he hath justly met with you. Your
judgment is just. Do you hope to be justified by your own
merits ?
P, I fear to be danmed for my sins.^ Oh! if you did
but feel my grief only erne hour, you would have ooii»*
passion.
F. If you were in the fire, you would wish to get ouL
P. I had rather be in the fire than here. I took many
things upon me too proudly, and, being neglu^nt, f&[*
formed nothing. Cursed be the day when I took schwis.
If I had not taken them, I had been happy. I was aa
hypocrite, and now there is no hope of comfort for me in
God's presence.
F. W hat would you counsel me to do ?
P. Abide within the bounds of your caUing; Take ^not
too much upon you, and the Lord will bless yon.
F. Will it avail me to hear sermons ?
P. Yes, if you mean to be saved.
PEACOCK. ' 9Xn
F. What good shall I reap thence ?
P. Nothing from bailee hearing. .
F. You know the poor in spirit are blessed.
P. I am not such.
F. You see you are empty of aU good : yon feel your
burden.
P. I may you, ^o your way. (He turned his head
aside, and stopped his ears.)
F. What though you have done but little good ; yet, if
joa have onl^ given a cup of cold water, in Sie name of a
disciple, it will be accepted.
P. Oh! if God—
F. He will give you grace.
P. I doubt it. Oh God, give me a spark of grace, aaid
enlarge my heart to apprehend it.
P. Oh, Mr. Dod ! I have no grace.
Dod. I will not believe every one who saith bc^ btth
grace, nor every one who saith he hath none. A man must
not always be led by sense. You forgive yoUi? enemies and
love them, aid would do them no hurt, if you coold.
P. Yes.
D. Then your sins are forgiven : an hypocrite may ^ve
alms and fast, but this he cannot do. ^
P. That is a small matter.
D. I think it to be a great one ; yea, such a one as I had
need to pray for. That is put for a reason in 'the Lord's
player; and if Christ had thought of any more forcible^
he would have given it.
P. Sir, that is true, in those who are elected.
D. Do not you put an exception where Grod hath put
none. I came hither ixi cheiri^ you; and you love your
• P. I cannot
D. Would yqu rather have bad or good men to be with
yon?
P. Good.
D. Yet you say you do not love them. There is oo
fellowship between light and darkness. Doth your sick*
uess or your sin most trouble you ? And would you hav»
grace, rather than health ?
P. Grace : but it cannot be.
D. Do you desire to be saved ?
P. Infinitely! Oh! if God would give me a drop. But
I feel horror.
I). Do noib you search into the secrets of Grod ?
LIVES OF THE PURITANS.
P. It is too true and manifest.
D. Sir, do nqi always be digging at your sins. A wound
continually rubbed cannot be cured. Suffer the plaster of
the word of God to rest upon it, that it may be healed.
P. Oh, if I had! Oh, if it would pleaseGod! I had
rather than any thing in this or three thousand worlds.
D. Who now giveth this desire unto you ? Ofoursdns
we cannot think a good thought. God giveth both the will
and the deed. A desire is a sure token.
P. But I cannot truly desire. Oh, if he would etdaige
my heart.
D. Cast your burden upon the Lord.
P. He hath rejected me.
D. Who nmde you his counsellor ? Secret things bekmg
to God, but things revealed to us: Will you make
almanacs ?
P. He doth manifest it. Oh, mine abominable bringing
op of youth ! — (He groaned most bitterly.)
D. JBchold we make your state our own^— we have pait
in your sorrow. Who hath thus disposed our heaits ?
P. God.
D. And do you think that he who causeth us to love yon
doth not love you himself?
P. I fear I did too much glory in matters of ^vate
service of God.
D. The devil hath now winnowed you, and yon think all
is gone out; but God holdeth what is his. When aft
earthly father setteth his son on work, he must do it in hit
own strength : but the Lord setteth on work, and givdh
strength.
P. Oh^ my heart is miserable.
D. What then ? A father loveth his son as well whea
he is sleeping as when he is waking. Sir, I have knows
you heretofore^ and although, if I were in your caae^ I nugU
do as you do; yet I should remain the servant of God, ai.
you certainly do. If Jacob could say of Esau, I have seen
thy face as though I had seen the face of God; how muck
more should you think so of the children erf* God who coot
to you.
P. I think God hath begun to give me ease.
D. He will in his good time.
P. Grod grant it.
D. AKhou^ we depart from our friend in the way, wa
shall meet at the end.
. After Mr. Dod was departed, he leoeived a ktterftoBUi
PEACOCK.
■ffectionate friend Mr. Bolton, in which he thus addressed
him : — '' I heard, I know not how,. Uiat my dear christian
nriend Mr. Feacock is in great distress, which hath much
grieved and afflicted my heart, and wrung from me many
Qitter tears. If his extremities be such^ h^ temptations are
likely to be very sore. Tell him from me, as froni one who
did. ever with dearest intimacy know and converse with him,
t&at I can assure him in the word of life and truth, from a
most holy and just Grod, whose minister I am, that he is
undoubtedly one of his saints, designed for inunortality,
and the endless joys of another world."
Upon the reading of Mr. Bolton's letter, at those words,
<< I can assure him,? he said, '' Oh, take heed, take heed.r
I did deceive myself: now God hath revealed more. My
heiirt is broken. " Then," observed one of his friends,
" the promise is yours." " Oh," said he, " I love your
company, for the grace that is in you." He then cried to
fhe Lord, saying, ^^ Oh God, reconcile me unto thee, that
I may taste one dbram of thy grace, by which my miserable
wml may receive comfort. Satan hath borne nie in hand,
and hatn deluded me." A person afterwards coming to
him, and asking him how he did, he replied, <^ My mind
was grievously . puzzled with sundry distractions in the
night; but now, I thank God, I feel my burden more light;
Lord, grant me the comfort of thy deliverance, and for^ve
me my foolishness, that I may praise thy name." An mti-
miate fricadd taking his final leave of him, and asking his
ooonsel, he said, '^ Look to your calling, that it be as well
inward as outward;" and he urged others to be diligent in
prpinotin^ God's glory. Being asked how he did, he said,
^ Oh 1 ifit woulcf please God mat I might live with him :"
.then^ added, << I have been thinking of arguments by which
i. might plead my cause with God, and I have found them.
But what if dyifig thus I should be found an apostate!
Ttmljj'*^ said he, ^< my heart and soul have been far led,
apd deeply troubled with temptations and strifes of con-
fdence ; but, I thank God, they are in a good measure
cased : wherefore I desire that I may not be branded as a
reprobate.''
Afterwards, when he was asked what he thought of l^is
finrmer doctrine, he said, <^ It is most true. In it I have
Uyed, and in it I will die : I have not dealt hypocritical^
in if Being asked whether he was willing to die, he said,
^1 truly submit to the will of God." When it was
jaqj^ipijyfhtOKi he forgave all offences, he replied, ^< Yes,
flid LIVES OF THE PURITANS.
^aad desire that mine may be foKjgyren. I heutiljr \
bmnbly ask forgiTenesB." When it was intimated tint his
convenation had been unblameable, he said, ^ No ; I dait
not affirm it. I trust in nothing but in the name of Jesai
Christ; yet I would not be pressed io a paiticular ■wnrancs
in this grievous agony. Indeed/' said he, ^* I htm beea
bold to argue thus with God : if he hath shewed raenyto
such and such, why should not I likewise have hope. The
Lord is merciful tome, and I have cause of rejiHcing.**
Dr. Airay coming to see him, he ccmipbdned or Ids sia
and misery ; and when the doctor signified that lie looked
SMt fof any thin^ in himself to recommend him to God) he
said, << JNfo, nothing.'' To a number oi joatig geMaatai
who came to see him, he said, << Live in the fear of God^
that jcia may die in his favour. Otherwise die ox and ths
ass wiU condemn you. I spent my time foolishly and pio^
dinlly." When it was observed that he had vemenbofli
this Sv^ientiy, and was advised to remember Christ alM^
he said, *< That is true. Christ is to be lemembered, ani
our sins are to be remembered also."
About two hours brfore his death he expressed himself to
those about him as follows : — '^ You all expect that I dbooU
declare what I think of my own salvation. Truly God ii
for ever so endearingly tender, and so inconoeivabty merci-
All to all those whom he hath once loved, that he dcwi nevcif
finally forsake them. Therefore I am asMired that I AmU pi
to heaven. Happy, thrice happy are those fiettets of afflie^
Hon in which my gracious God hath tied and bound me.***
A fnend having said to him, '^ You have fought a good
fight,'* he answered, << It is requisite, it is requisite tSat I
should contend for heaven. Lift me up; help me out;
carry me hence that I may go to heaven. God doth fiivou^
ably accept the endeavours of his saints." Being remindBd
of Grod^s great mercy to him, he said, << Oh, the sea is not
so full of water, nor the sun of light, as God is of goodnes*
His mercy is ten thousand times more. I do^ God be
praised, feel such comfort in this, that if I had five thotMiri
worlds, I could not make recompense for such tat issue.
How shall I extol the munificence of Grod, which is an^
ftpeakaUe, and more than any heart can conceive ? Lei-vh
with humble reverence, acknowledge Us mat iBertf||*
What great cause have I to magnify the goocmess of CSi^
who hath humbled, nay, rather hath exalted so vnretchlQds
miscreant, and of so base a condition, to ah estate so gloffDis
and stately I T4ie Lord," said he^ << hath bonooxed JM
POWEL. Ul
with his goodness. I am sure he hath provided a gloriotn
kuacdom for me. The joy that I feel in my soul is incre-
dibk. Blessed be God, blessed be God ! I am a thousand
times happy to have such felicity thrown upon me, a poor
wretcbea miscreant.'' After panting a little for breath, he
said, << Lord Jesus, into thy hands I commit my spirit.
LcHrd, receive my soul. Lord, lift thou up the light x>f thy
coimtehance upon me, and be merciful unto me;" and then
fisll asleep in the Lord, December 4, 1611. His remains
were interred in St. Mary's churcli, Oxford.*
'' Mr. Peacock was greatly beloved by many persons of
Ileal worth, on account of his great learning, piety, and
luefiilness. Sir Robert Harley,+ his constant friend and
worthy patron, was particularly kind to him during his
hetLYy affliction, and promised, if the Lord should restoi^
him, to do great things for him. The learned divines who
attended Mr. Peacock in his sickness, as Mr. Dod, Dr.
Airay, and others, were all decided puritans. The author
and publisher of his life were persons of the same stamp.
The latter ^nployed his printer to procure a license for the
work, during the severe persecution of the puritans, in
-1635, but in this he was absolutely refused ; because '' it
was too precise (meaning too puritanical) for those times.*'
It was afterwards licensed by Mr. Edmund Calamy, the
celebrated nonconformist, and published in 1646. From all
these circumstances, we conclude that Mr. Peacock was a
divine of puritanical principles, and ought in justice to be
glassed among the puritan worthies.^
Gabriel Powel, B. D. — This learned person was the
iOB iji Dr. David Powel, the famous antiquary ; born at
Roabon, in Denbighshire, in the year 1575, and educated in
Jeras college, Oxford. Having finished his studies at the
iuuveisity, he became master of the free-school at Ruthen,
IBl his native county. During his abode in the country, he
* Wood's Athenn Oxon. fol. i. p. 802.
^ Mr Robert WM knight of the shire for the county of Hereford, and
~ of the lllot, to which ofice was annexed a salary of four thousand
\ ft year. In 1641 he received a commission from the lionse of com*
to d|M#llih all inag^ cnicifixes, and other obnoxious relics of
I aad Ml commfaaloB was panctually executed. He had consider-
' nice In die hoaie ; and, Uice others of his illustrious fomily, was
IHead aad patroo of learning. He died NoYcmber 0, 1656. —
a. 4T. Edit. 1788.— t7rMi^<r*« Biog. Hist, f ol. ii. p. S69.
HiriM!^ CoaOicii, and Daath of Mr. Peacock.
919 LIVES OF THE PURITANSl.
paid h close application to the writings of the father^ and to
the study of philosophy, and laid a foundation for seTer^
works which he intended to publish. But this not being!
suitable situation ibr the accomplishment of his wishes, be
again returned to Oxford, entered St. MaryVhall, and
wrote and published several learned books. He was one of
those. learned divines who wrote a^inst Bishop Bilson,
concerning Christ's dcscenUiiito hell. On account of the
admirable productions of J.is pen, he obtained ^eat fapM^
especially among the puritans. His high reputation having
spread through the country, Dr. Vauffhan, the pious and
learned Bishop of London, who was a decided friend to the
puritans, invited him to London, made him his domestic
chaplain, and, had he lived much longer, would have done
great things for him. A minister of the same name, .and
most probably the same person, was made prebendary of
Portpool, in the year 1609; but resigned it by death pre-
vious to December SI, 1611.* Wood says he was esteme^
a prodigy of learning, though he died when a little more
than thirty years old ; and had he lived to a greater maturity
of years, it is thought he would have exceeded the famoos
Dr. John Rainolds, or any of the learned heroes of the age:
but he adds, ^' that he was a zealot, and a stiff puritan.'^f
His WoRKS.^l. The Resolved ChristiaD, 1602.— 2. ProdromOs:
or a Logical Resolution of the first Chapter or the Epistle to tbe
Romans, 1602. — 3. Theological and Scholastical Positions conoeniiig
Usnry, 1002.— 4. The Catholicks' Supplication to tbe King for Toler-
ation of Catholic Religion, with Notes and Ohserrations in thf
Margin, 1603. — 5. A Supplication parallel-wise, or Counterpdie of
the Protestants to the .said Kiug, 1603.— 6. A Consideration of Paj^
Reasons of State and Religions, for a Toleration of Popery in £iig-
land, intimated in their Supplication to the King*B Majesty, and tht
State of the present Parliament, 1604.— 7. The Unlawfbinwi and
Danger of Toleration of divers Religions, and Connivance to ccniiatj
Worship in one Monarchy or Kingdom, 1605.-^ A Refutation ofai^
Epistle Apologetical, written by a Puritan-papist to persuade the
Permission of the promiscuous use and profession of all sorto of
Heresies, 1605. — 9. A Consideration of the Deprived and Siientied
Ministers* Arguments for their Restitution to the use and liberty of
their Ministry, exhibited in their late Supplication to this preMUt
Parliaqient, 1606. — 10. Disputationcs Theologicse de Antichrifti^
1606.— 11. De Adiaphoris theses Theologicse et ScholasticaB, iMIb-'
12. Rejoinder unto the Mild Defence, Justifying the Coniideratka
of the Silenced Ministen' Supplication to the Parliament-«^i3i 'A
Comment on the Pecalogne. — Most of the above artieles ps*^
through several editions.
• Newcoart*8 Repert. Ecd. vol. i. p. 201.
f ^ood*i Athenis Ozon. vol. i. p. 894, 394.~
T.HOLLAND. *W
? Thomas Holland^ D. D. — This celebrated scholar and
divine was bom at Ludlow in Shropshire, in the year
1539, and educated in Exeter college, Oxford ; where
lie took his degrees with ^eat applause.' In 1589 he
mcceeded Dr. Lawrence Humphrey, as king's pro-
ftssHOr of divinity ; and in 1592, was elected master of
fixeter college, being accounted a prodigy in almost al}
kuids of literature. His distinguished reputation was not
confined to his own country. He was higlily admired in
tke foreign universities, as well as in our own public semi-
naries. During his professorship, many persons eminent
fer learning and piety were his scholars, who afterwards
,became conspicuous ornaments in the church and the
commonwealth.
1 Dr. Holland was a thorough Calvinist in his vietv s of the
doctrines of the gospel, and a decided nonconformist in
iritattexs of ceremony and discipline. In one of his public
^C^s at the university, he boldly maintained that bishops
ifeie no 4istinct order from presbyters, nor at all superior
^.them, according to the word of God. He was a most
(jsalous opposer of the innovations in doctrine, worship, and
ceremonies, intended to be introduced into the university of
^xfonl, by Bancroft, Neile, and Laud.* In the year 1604
iHr., .William Laud, afterwards the famous archbishop, per-
fyxwing his exercise for bachelor of divinity, maintained,
^ That there could be no true churches without diocesan
episcopacy ;" for which, it is said. Dr. Holland sharply
lebuked, and publicly disgraced him, as one who endea-
wared to. sow discord among brethren, and between the
(^rch of EIngland and the reformed churches abroad.f
During the above year. Dr. Holland was one of the Oxford
OiTines'appdinted by King James to draw up a new trans-
Ifition of the Bible ; and he had a considerable hand in that
J^aimed and laborious work. This is the translation now in
. Towards the close of Ufe^ this celebrated divine spent
qpost of his time in meditation and prayer. Sickness, old
r, and its infirmities, served only to increase his ardour
heaven. He loved God, p^nd longed to enjoy him. His
iaml was fcmned for heaven. He could find no rest out of
p^ven ; and his end was peace. Finding the hour of his
O^i^arture near at hand, he exclaimed, ^' Come, O come
i
.118. ChroDology, vol. ii. p. 635. (2.)
MB. Renvkt, p. 583. — Canterburies Doome, p. 389.
" 1*1 mH4 of Refor. ? ol. U. Rcc. p. 367.
^^
214 LIVES OF THE PURITANS.
Lord Jesus, thou bright Morning Star ! Gome, Lord Jesus:
I desire to be dissolved, and be with thee." Herein Ui
request was granted. Jesus crowned him with glory,
immortality, and eternal life, March 17, 161S, a^ed seraity-
three years. His remains were interred in the chancel of SL
Mary^s church, Oxford, with great funeral solemnity and
universal lamentation. He was succeeded in tlie pro-
fessor's chair by Dr. Robert Abbot, afterwards Bishop of
Snlisbury.»
Dr. Xilhy, who preaclicd his funeral sermon, mm
the followiii'i^ account of him : ^^ He had a wonderfhl
kiiowleilgc of all the learned languages, and of all arts and
sciences, both human and divine. He was mighty in the
scriptures; and so familiarly acquainted with we faiheBB^-
as if he himself had been one of them ; and so versed in
the schoolmen, as if he were the seraphic doctor. He wa%>
tlierefore, most worthy of the divinity chair, whiqh he filled
about twentv years, with distinguished approbation aal
ap])lause. He was so celebrated tor his preaching, teading/
disputing, moderating, and all other excellent qualificatioiiii
that all who knew him conunended him, and all who heafa'
of him admired him.
^^ His life was so answerable to his learning, that it was
difficult to say which was most to be admired. He was sDot
like those, who when they become learned cease to do weD;
nor like those, who by their learning, aspire after riches,
honours, or preferments ; but his learning was so sanctifled'
by the Holy Ghost, that he ever aspired towards the kingdiMfi
of heaven. His lite and conversation w6re so holy, upii||M
and sanctified, that in him the fruits of the Spirit gMklljr
abounded: as, love, joy, peace, gentleness, medknea^
temperance, and brotherly kindness. He was so zealons in
advocate for the purity of the gospel, both in faith and
worship, and had so great an -aversion to all innovatko,
superstition and idolaStry, that previous to his going a
journey, he constanilv called together the fellows of ikt
college, and delivered to them this charge : < I commend'
* This most pious and learned prelafe, brother to Arehbiiluip AUMi
distlDipiished himself by writing in defence of Mr. WUlitti FntiM^
«' Reformed Catholic,'* against Dr. WiUiam Bbhop, tbeo • tecriM^
prieft, but afterwards, in the pope's style, a titalar biihop of CbakcdM*
when Abbot was offered the bishopric of Salisbary, it wai with
icreat dificnlty he conld be pressed to accept it; insomach, that wheite
attended at conrt, to do his homage afker his conaecratioa. Kiss ii
Abbot, I have had very mach to d« ta
pleasanUy said to him, ^
a bishop I tnit 1 know bo reason for it, onicn it' were becaaw tW« kM
writfoi agaiiM oae.*'^lli0^. Britmm. ? oL i. p. »» 8S. Edit, ma
BR0U6HT0N. SIS
joii Id the loye of God, and to the hatred <^ all pcq)ery and
suMi#itioo.' "• The Oxford historian denominates him <* a
9QUd preacher, a most noted disputant, and a most learned
divine/'f It does not appear whether he was any relatioii
to Mr* John Holland, another excellent puritan diyine.
Dr* Holland published several learned orations, and a
9ennon on Mat. xii. 48, printed IGOl ; and left many
■lanuscripts ready for the press, which, fiedling into the
luuids of those unfriendly to the puritans, were nerer
paUished. ,
. HuoH Broughtok. — This celebrated penoa was bom
lit Oldbury in Shropshire, bordering on Wal^, in 1549, and
descended from an ancient and a wealthy family. Ho
9DoeiYed his grammar learning under tl^ famous Mr*
Bernard iGilpin, at Houghton in the Spring, near Darham;
irho sent him to Christ^s collie, Cambridge, where lie
ns afterwards chosen fellow.t He was also elected one of
W taxers of the university, preferred to a prebend in
4ie church of Durham, and chosen reader of divinity at
OorAam* In the year 1579, after enjcqring his fellowship
several years, he was deprived of it by the vice-chanceDor
Md others. Though he was censured in this manner, it
W9S not for want of learning, or for any blemish in his cha-
lacter, but on account of some trivial irregularity in his
admission to, or continuance in, that pvrferment. Bfr*
Brao^ton was a man of ^reat celebrity ; and he had many*
able Sriends, who, at this juncture, pleaded his cause, and
Sve high commendations of his character. The Bishop of
orham became hk zealous advocate, and wrote a letter,
dated December 14, 1579, to Lord Burleigh, chancellor of
• KHbjp'i FoBcral Sermon for Dr. HoUand.
f Wood^s Athene Oxon. vol. i. p. 380.
' J TiMfoUowing anecdote is related of Mr. Brooghton :— At the celebrated^
Beniard Gilpin was once traveliinf to Oxford « he obserred a boy befiM«
Ifte, MBMlimei walking, and sometimes running. When he came op to him»
oMenring him to be a youth of an agreeable and promising aspect, Im
•aked him whence be came, and whither he vv as going. The hoy told him»
that he came out of Wales, and was going to Oxford, in order to be «
scholar. Mr. Gilpin having examined him, found him expert in the Latin,
■ad possessed of a smatteriag of Greeli; and was so pleased with his ap*
pcarance, and the qoichness of his replies, that he inquired if he would go
with him, and he woald provide for his education. The youth agreed to
the generous proponl, and went with him to Houghton i where he mado
woodcrfnl proPclency both in Greek and Hebrew i and Mr. Gilpia after-
wwds lent him to finish his education at Cambridge.-r^JPWIfr*« Jih$i JML
Y* S88.-^€hnrr« JBccl. BUL p. 764.
816 LIVES OP THE PURITANS.
the university, earnestly soliciti^ that Mr. Bronghtdi^
notwithstanding his preferment at Durham, might stiU con-
tinue to hold his fellowship. The Ekurls of Hiintingdoii
and Essex, at the same time, warmly espoused his ctfnse^
and jointly addressed a letter, dated February S4, 1580, to
the worthy chancellor, in his favour. The two ndUe
e arsons speak in this letter in high commendation of Bfr.
roughton's learning, obedience and circumspection ; and
observe, that only want of maintenance in the univeiritf
had induced him to accept of the above prebend, which,
however, he was more willing to resign than lose his place in
the university. " This," it is added, " shewed the good mind
that was in him."* JLiord Burleigh addressed a ' letter,
dated October 20, 1580, to Dr. Hatcher, the vice-chancdlor,
and Dr. Hawford, master of the college, in which he expresKS
with great warmth bis disapprobation of their conduct, and
the conduct of the fellows, in their unjust treatment of Ur.
Broughton.f Therefore, after much opposition, he was, in
1581, by an order from this generous and worthy statewnan,
again admitted to his fellowsiiip ; though it does not aj^pear
whether he returned any more to the cou^e.^ In the mein
time he very generously resigned the office of taxer €i the
universitv.^
Mr. Broughton having left the university, removed ta
London, where he had many worthy friends, amcmg whom
were the two earls already mentioned; also Sir WaBcr
M ildmay, and others. About the same time, he entettd
upon the ministerial function ; but still pursued his studies
with uncommon assiduity, usually spending fourteen ix
sixteen hours a day in the most intense applic^timi. In Us
preaching, he commonly took a text out of the. Old Testa-
ment, and a parallel text out of the New Testament, aAd'
discoursed pretty largely upon them in their connexioo,
then concluded with a shoil and close application of the
doctrine. His preaching soon rendered nun exceeding!/
popular, and he was very much followed, particulady bjT
Eersons celebrated for learning. But that which raidevri
im most known to the world was the publication of his
book, entitled, " A Consent of Scriptures. It was the fruit
of immense labour and study, and is a kind of system of
scripture chronology and genealogy, designed to shew
from the scriptures, the chronologiod order of events from
• Baker*8 MS. CoUec. toI. iv. p. 91. f Ibid, fol.z. p. 300. ■■
t Strype'g Aonajs, yol. ii. p. 618—614.
§ Baker's MS Cbllec. vol. iii. p. 483.
BROUGHTON. 217
Adam to Christ. The work was published in the year
1588; and, while it was printing, the famous Mr. John
Speed superintended the press.* It was dedicated to Queen
£Iizabetb, to whom it was presented by himself the 17th of
November, 1589. In this dedication he says, " The whole
Book of God, most gracious sovereign, hath so great an
lianncmy, that every part of it may be known to breathe
from one Spirit. All soundeth the same point, that by
Christ the Son eternal, we are made heirs of life : wl^om
they that know not abide always in wrath. Prophecies in
every age, (the first ages larger, the later narrower,) all
briefly told, all events fully recorded : these shew the con-
stancy of this truth. The like revolutions are of Abraham,
Jacob, and his children, together of Shem's house: and
again to Japheth's sons, and all families: wherein the
fiirmer be stamps of the latter : so that in one speech another
thing also is spoken. These shew the eye of Jehovah, and
his Spirit. The kindreds, places, and times (the lights of
narrations) are registered so profitably, that it should be a
blasphemy to affirm any one to be idle. Our Lord^s
fiithers are recorded from Adam, by David and Nathan, to
his grandfather Ely : likewise they, after whom he is heir
to the kingdom of David : Solomon's line so long as it con-
tinued, and afterwards they who from Nathan were heirs to
Soloihon^s house. So other families, who came all of one, as
from them all come : they by Moses and the prophets be
plentifully expressed. In like sort the places of their
dwellings are clearly taught. The course of time is most
certainly to be observed; even to the fulness, the year of
salvation, wherein our Lord died. Of which time the very
. hour was foretold by an angel, not seven YCSlxs before, but
seventy times seven years, Dan. ix. 24. To this all other
Hebrews, and profane Greeks, bear witness strongly a^inst
themselves. These helps be stars in the story. The frame
* Mr. Speed, who was brought up a tailor, was, by his acquaintance
with Mr. BroBghton, become particularly studious, and, by his directions,
wai deeply versed in a knowledge of the scriptures. Also, by the
generosity of Sir Fulke Gravile, bis patron, he was set free from a manoal
employment, and enabled to pursue his studies, to which he was strongly
iDcliiicd by the bent of his genius. The fruits of them were his ** Theatre-
of Great Britain ; Genealogies of Scripture ; and History of Great Britain,"
works of immense labour ; the last of which, in its kind, was incomparably
iqpre ^complete than all the histories of bis predecessors pot together. Mr.
Broughton -had a considerable share in the '* Genealogies ;" bat wheo fhe
work came to be published, '* because the bishops woald not endare to have
Mr« Bfongfatoo's name prefixed, Mr. Speed went away with all the credit
mod profit.'*^Gterifc*f JLtvei, last toI. part i. p. 2.— Ormf er't ^Mif* HM'
vol. ii. p. Sm-^Biog. BrUnn. yoI. if. p. 67. Edit. 17T8. - ' • ^ ^
SIS LIVES OF THE PURITANS.
of all this, with coupling of joints and proportien of bodj^
will much allure to study, when it is seen how about out
work, (religion and Go^s way of salvation,) all fiuniliesii
countries, and ages, build or pull down : and find th#
kindness or sererity of God."*
The learned author took great pains to shew, that the
heathen chronology containednumerous inoMisiBteDGiea and
contradictions, while the sacred history was perfectly deur
from these imperfections. However, no sooner was his book
published, than it met with great opposition. ArchbisliO|l
Whitgift, at first, so exceedingly disUked the perfcmnaiioe^
that he would have called the author to an account for soma
things contained in it ; but, to avoid the hi^ oommisiioii^
Mr. Broughton fled into Germany. This, indeed^ greatly,
excited the general clamour against the book, ana visry
much increased the number of its adversaries ; nevertlidiesii^
Bishop Aylmer, in commendation of the work, said, *^ That
one scholar of right judgment, would prove all its adnt*
caries foolish."+ Notwithstanding this, Dr. Rainoldi dt
Oxford, and Mr. Lively of Cambridge, both learned pnw
fessors in those imiversities, read pubucly against the book.
Mr. Broughton used to call this work, << ms little book of
great pains:'.' for it cost him many years study; and
when it was published, he had to write and puUiah ia
defence of it, against the exceptions of the above divintf*
By the allowance of the queen and council, he Altered upoa
its defence, in public lectures in St. Paul's church, wiMS
the lord mayor, some of the most learned of the bishopi,!
and other persons of distinction, were at his audience;-
Others of the bishops, however, could not endure, these.
exercises, calling them dangerous conventides; and theiefoie
brought complamts against him, and put down his lecture.
He and his friends afterwards assembled privately, at
various places in the city, as they found opportumty4
During Mr. Broughton's continuance in London, he mostly
resided in the house of Mr. William Cotton ;S whose soOy-
afterwards Sir Rowland Cotton, he instructed in the Hebrew
language. His young pupil obtained so exact a knowledge
of the language, that at the age of seven or eight years he-
could translate almost any chapter of the Bible into £iiglish|
• Biog. Britan. toI. ii. p. 606. f Strype'i Aylmer, p, 949.
:( Clark*s Uvet, p« 3.
^ Mr. Roger Coltoo, brother to this persoo, was one of Ifr. ttnamlrttrt
true ichelan. He read tlie wbole Bible throacb tmekf iimm la oM^flar^^
/M42.P.4.
BROUGHTON. 2W
and conyerse -with the greatest ease in Hebrew.* Mr.
William Cowper, afterwards Bishop of Galloway, was
another of his pupils.f
■ Mr.^ Broughton was a zealous advocate for the purity of
the sacred text both of the Old and New Testament. " In '
the prophet Daniel's time, and afterwards/' says he, <^ the
sacied tongues were changed : it wUl not therefore be amiss '
to speak something of God's counsel in this matter. Adam
add Eve's tongue continued, commonly spoken bv the Jews,
until the captivity of Babylon, and the understanding'
thereof, when Haggai and Zachary prophesied, in the nex£
age. In this tongue every book of the Old Testament is
written m a style inimitable. The characters and points
are the same as those written by God on the two tables.
The Masorites, of whom £zra was chief, with an Argus-
eyed diligence so keep the letters and words, that none of
them can perish. The sense of the tongue is preserved for
us by the LXX, the N. T. And the Talmudic phrase by
them, who in their schools still kept their tongue. By the
hdp of the LXX. and N. T. we may excel all the rabbins.
For tbeur study is more easy to us than to them, in regard-
that they imitate the Greeks in their fables and expressions,
and we have above them God, an heavenly interpreter for
us in all the N. T. which, both for the infinite elegance and
vaiiety of its words, is most divinely eloquent. In it ore
the choice words of all kind of all Greek writers, nor can *
they all, without some fragments of the ancients, and the
LXX. shew all the words in it. It hath also some new-framed
Words, as all chief authors have, and all brave expressions ;
so that if any one would study in another tongue to express
the like elegancy, he may as well fly with Daedalus^s wax-
wing, and miscarry in the attempt. In the N. T. is a
fourfdd Greek, 1. common; 2. the LXX. Greek; 3. the
Apostolic; 4. the Talmudic. The uncorruptness of the*
ff. T. text is undoubted to all who know the Hebrew
tonsaej history, and the exact Athenian eloquence. And
such as pretend "to correct it, do debase the majesty of both '
* This accovDt may appear to some almost incredible. Mr. Broughton*s
method of iDatmction was singular. He bad his young pupil constantly
with him, and invariably required him to speak, both to himself and others.
In Hebrew. He also drew up a vocabulary, which young Cotton con,-
•tantly used. In this vocabulary he fixed on some place, or thing, then'
named all the particiilars i)elonging to it : as, heaven, angels, sun, moon,
•tan, clouds, &c.; or, a house, door^ wIndoW) parloar, &g. ; a field,
rnuB, flowers, trees, &c. — IMd.
f Ckirk*f EccU Hiit. p.809.
980 LIVES OF THE PURITANS.
Testaments, by unskilful altering what God spake most
divinely. The r^uling, therefore, of the apostles in these
matters will call together Homer, Hesiod, iEschylus, Pni-'
darus, and others of the coasts of Illyricum: as atw
Sophocles, Euripides, Aristophanes, Aratus, Menander,
Callimachus, Epimenides, Plato, Aristotle, and all the
orators and historians of Grecian writing in the time ^dwii .
this tongue flourished.'**
He maintained that the gospel of St. Matthew was origi*
nally written in Greek. " The New Testament," says he^
<< was all originally in Greek. St. MaUhew's gospel wis
written at the first in that heavenly oratorious Greek which
we now have : and if the Holy Ghost had written it in the
Jews' Jerusalem Hebrew, the holy learned of old time would
have kept it with more care than jewellers all precious stcmes.
We accuse antiquity of great ungodliness, when we scr
8t. Matthew wrote in Hebrew, but antiquity lost that gospel*
So St. Paul wrote in Greek to the Hebrews, in thoso^
syllables which we have to this day ; and the style hath:
allusions, which the Jews' tongue hath not : which shcwetk
the original to be in Greek. The apostles wrote the Neir
Testament in Greek, with such skill, that they go through
all kind of Greek writers. They have words in their little
book, good Greek, which Greeks have only in fragmeate^
reserved by God's providence to honour the New Teshi-
ment."f
This is the high character which our divine gives of the^
elegance and purity of the apostolic writings. His senti--
ments were equally exalted concerning the sacred records of
the Old Testament. He made the following observatioos-
upon the Book of Job : " There never was a book written,'*
says he, <^ since the pen became the tongue of a writer, of
a more curious style than Job; in verse of many sorts, and-
use of words more nice than any Greek or Latin writeth;
and for grammar, hath more tricks and difficulty than all the
Bible beside, Arabizing much ; but fuller of Hebrew depth
of language. God saw it needful to honour with h style ot^
all ornaments the particular case of Job, lest it should be
despised or thought a feigned matter; and, therefore, aave
that book a more curious style than any other part of the'
Bible; and such depth of skill in the tongue, as no rabbia
could be thought ever to have in the holy tongue."j
Mr. Broughton, as we have already intimated, fled to^
• Bioi:. Britan. toI. ii. p. 606. f Ibid. p. 607.
t Ibid. p. 609.
BRpyqHTOxV. £U
Germany, where he had many disputatbns with Jetrs and
Prists. Previous, however, ii) his departure, he wrote
a letter, dated March 27, 1590, to his vorthy friend Loi4
Burleigh, desiring permission to go abroad, particularly
with a view toins^e use of King Casimr's library; and he
no doubt obtained the fevour.* He yos always firm' and
ooarageous in the defence of truth; di which account he
sometimes brought himself into dangear, by openly exposing
the errors and superstitions of poperj. He.had a public
disputation with Rabbi EUias, a learmd Jew in the syna-
gogue at Frankfort. They disputed unier an oath, that Grod
might immediately strike him dead who should, on that
•ccasion, speak ccHitrary to the dictaes of his conscience.
In the condusion, the Jew departed n^ without some proofs
of advantage, desiring to be taught )y his writings. An
account of this conference was carrtd to Constantinople,
where it excited very considerable attention among the
Jews.f Not only did Mr. Broughto/s arguments in ravour
af Christianity make a deep impressyn upon Rabbi Elias ;
but he also adds, ^' After my retim from Zurich, two
Italian Jews came thither, and seeiig what I had printed,
especially upon Daniel, believed aid were baptized, and
came to Basil to see me." " Anotler," says he, " is now
in £ndand, as I hear; who, by myoccasion, embraced the
In the year 1591, Mr. Broughtoivstumed from Germany^
particularly with a view to settle te controversy betwixt
fflffl»df and Dr. Rainolds. He hfi an earnest but absurd
desire to have the dispute settled ]^' public authority. In
one of his addresses to the queen, faisays, " Your majesty's
signification of your princely detnnination would break
young braving students, whom reaon in such unexpected
floik cannot bend . " Speaking of hnself and his opponent,
be 'says, '' His fame of learning, .nd my more confident
resistance, maketh many think mt the scripture is hard,
where our long labours differ, ^he fault is intolerable,
either in him or in me ; and the fidty should be forced to
yield, that none may think amiss^f God's word. Wbil«
divines jar in their narrations, fah is weakened, and all
study of scripture ; and old confined errors have disgraced
all the holy story, that without iheinforcement of authority j
students will hardly yield to therutb." He solicited the
queen to command the archbishos, and both universities^
* Baker's MS. CoUec. yoI. iv. p. OS. ^ Clark's Lives, p. «.
X Bi«g. BritfUi. vol. ii. p. 608.
/
LIVES OF THE PURITANS.
to ddeimiiie the points in contest betweai him and* hh
learned opponent.* Mott persons at this period, and, aiaoif
others, the leamec Hugh Brooghton, Imd reij errooeoak
conceptions of thegrand principles of protestantism; and
their views of religons freedom were erbemdy inconsistent
and absurd.
The controversy, lowever, was not determined faj jniblic
authority, but rdered to the arbitration of Aichbidiaa
Wbitgiil and Bishcp Aylmer. Though an entire pacifr
cation could not be iflfected, the result appears to have been
greatly in favour oi Mr. Brou^hton. For, although the
archbishop exceedinrly disliked Broughton's book, whoa
it was first publishec^ vet, upon cool uid matnre ddflben^
tion, he openly declaed on this occasion, ^' That never any
human pains were of greater travail and dexterity, to cleir
up the holy story, aid against errors of fifteen hundred
years standing, than a>peared in the book of Consent."f
The fdlowing year Mr. Broughton again retired tft
Grcrmanv. He had i powerful adversary at conrC^ wh6
hinderea him from obaining those preferments whicii, it ii
said, the queen desiged to confer upon him. Notwifr
standing Whitgift's hi;h opinion of his book, this ppM
adversary was the arcbishc^ himself; who, it is pontivdy
affirmed, laid wait for hm, and even ofiered a sum of money
to any. who would apprhend him4 Mr. Broughton, in one
cxf bis addresses to tnequeen, complains that her minaty
was prejudiced against him by means of the ai€hbidi0[h
whom he represents asci person of no great learning, and
speaks of his bare Latbstudies.S
Mr. Broughton, dung his abode on the continent
formed an acquaintancewilh the learned Scaliger, Repbe-
lengius, Junius, Beza, nd other celebrated scholars. He
received great fiivour torn the Archbishop of Ments^ to
whom he dedicated hi translation of the prophets into
Greek. He was highlyesteemed by many of the leamed
Jesuits; and though hevas a bold and inflexible enemy to
popery, he was o^red acardinal's cap.||
The article of our Sav>ur*s local descent into hell begaa
about this time to be qestioned. It had hitherto hetA
the received doctrine oithe church of England, that the
soul of Christ, being sej^ted from his body, descended
locally into hell ; that, ai he had already conquered detik
• Bios. BritaD. vol. ii. p. 60' f . Strype*8 Whitgifl, p* .»^
} Clark's Lives, p. &. ^ Biog. Britan. toI. It. p. 91Q,
I Clark's Lives, p. 5. '
BROUGHTOK C23
wmA im, lie might tritiniph crrar Satan. Bat Mr. BrougbtcMi^
lieooiuited the very rabbi of the age, conyinced the world
Hmt Che word hacksy as used by the Greek fathers for the
phce into which Christ went after his crucifixion, did not
mean hell^ or the place of the damned, but only the state of
the dead, or the invisible world.* He was the first of our
countrymen who gave this explanation ; which he did in a
jpiece that be published, entitled, ^^ An Explication of the
•article of Christ's Descent to Hell." This proved the occa-
sion of much controversy, and' his opinion, now generally
nd justly received, was vehemently opposed. His twd
frincipal opponents in this controversy were Archbishop
Whil^ift and Bishop Bilson ; the latter of whom, in the
IhurmSi of disputation, he treated with some degree of
contempt, and said of him, ^< Verily I was amazed, when I
nad his words, to see what a very infant in his mother's lap
lie ifi in the Greek tongue."f
' Oki this subject he addressed <^ An Oration to the Gene^
Mans,"' which was printed in Greek. In this piece he treats
the cdiebfated Beza with much severity; but he supports
Ub opinion, concerning tiie meaning of the word hadesj in
the OMist satiriistctory ami conclusive manner, by many quo-
Mhmis from Homer, Plato, Pindar, Diogenes, Laertius, and
Mher Greek writers. Bayle says, that our author '^ was
Modigtottsly attm:hed to the dusciidine of the church of
^E^land, and he censured, in very bitter language, that of
tte mesbyterians. The oration which he addressed to
the Geneveans, is a very strong proof of this assertion."
It is observed, however, in reply, that this oration does
not, by any means, prove all that Bayle supposes. Allow-
Imce being made for Mr. Broughton's rough method of
%xpressing himself, says the learned bio^apher, we think it
does not appear from his Oration to uie Geneveans, that
4i0 had any great aversion to them or their discipline,
fito^pting a few sarcastic sentences, we can discern little
ttoittiosity against them but with respect to the particular
fldMect of which he treated, the interpretation of the word
kmksj in which the church at Geneva difiered from what
te justly supposed to be the truth. He intimated also to the
Cmaeveans, that they spoke unguardedly and impropeily
on the subject of predestination; and that their desire to
tli^^ithrow Pelagius made them deal their words with more
teat than discretion.]: Mr. Broughton was so celebrated
"9. 8trype*s Whitglft, p. 482^ 488.— Strype's Aylmer^ p. iMSy%^%
f Biog. Britao. yqK ii. p. 609. . ^ t Wii.
22/k LIVES OF THE PURITANS.
in all kinds of Hebrew learning, that be was invitfid tn^
Constantinople, for the purpose of instructing the Jews :ia
the christian religion ; and King James of Scotland in-
vited him to become professor of Hebrew in one of Die
Scotch universities.*
Mr. Broughton, after his second return to his natiTe
country, wrote two letters to Lord EUsmer, the lord chan-
cellor of England; in which he gives a circumstantial,
account of his various literary pursuits, and warmly cea-
Bures the ungenerous and cruel treatment he received frqa
the Archbishop of Canterbury. ^^ I have," says he, << ooni-
Eiled two books, a beginning for many in the kind. One il
[cbrew, exactly in the prophets^ Hebrew, with a labfaju
epistle, in rabbin style. The other is Elcclesiastes appUod
to that question. Wherefore was the book made ? 1 was
greatly injured. For the rabbin. Archbishop WhitgifL
sent mc word, that he would allow for answering, if I woqid
entreat him. I returned, entreated I will, but not enticit
to have a burden, which I wish others would bear* Sega
after, he libelleth that I forged the epi^e. If for that he
had been rent in pieces by wild horses, his .punishment had
been too little, as a forgerer deserved. So since he Inxp*
rowed the oath to that viilany, God never ceased to pLpfo^
the realm, and not a little by giving bishops over to t^^
that our Lord went down hence to hell. To repent of tlu^
and promise j^400 per annum to their teacher to confinn .;
the truth, and then to bark like a Ccrljerus against the tmtk {
and themselves. Then to feign an impossibility in Greek| ]
that our Lord went from paradise to hades, which no |
Grecian would ever say."f I
Mr. Broughton was a most profound scholar, particulailj
in critical and exact knowlec^e of Greek and Ilebrew. at
directed his elaborate studies chiefly to a minute examina*
tion of the scriptures in their original languages. He
found the authorized English translation extremiely de-
fective, and therefore used his utmost endeavours to
obtain a new translation. With a view to accompluk
this great object, he addressed the following letter ^To
the right honourable Sir William Cecily lord h^
treasurer :"t
" Kight Honourable.
<^ Sundry lords, and amongst them some bishops, bended
doctors and othejr inferiors of all sorts, have requested — '
• Strypc'8 Whitglft, p. 432, 626—530. + HarleiaD M88. No.-ieT.
t Baker*! MS. CoUec. vol. ^t. p. 94. . . r
r - -
BROUGHTON. ittS
to bestow my long studies in Hebrew and Greek 'Writen,
Upon some clearing of the Bible's translation. They jadged
lightly that it must be amended ; but in what points, I
tfamk it not good largely to tell in words till it be per«
fiyrmed in work ; that it be less disgraced which we now
tiae. All of knowledge and conscience will grant, that
much better it may be. This motion hath been made long
ago ; and her majesty sent word and message to Sir Francis
Walsingham, that it must be considered. His highness
Aieant to take opportunity, but other weighty affairs suffered
kuDl not All this while my prayer and charge have been
•pent in preparaticm that way. And, furthermore, I thought
gtod lAyseli to m^e motion to such as I held woilJiiest
ttid fittest to be contributors to the charge, findii^ by
experience lAiat- pcrblic motions take further time of delay
than the whole work requireth : and your lordship I held
one of the worthiest to be a contributor, for the main-
taSante of some six of us, the longest students in the tongues,
fe join together; as well not to alter any thing which
iBay 'Aland still, (as in Moses and all the stories neraeth not
aiach- amendment,) as to omit nothing which carrieth open
ttiitriith ag^dnst the story and religion, or darkness dis-
atanidlihff the writer. In which kind. Job and the prophets
aiay be brought- to speak far better unto us; and all may
baye sh(»rt notes of large use, with maps of geography
USd tables of chronology. To this, if it please your lord-
ihip to be a ready helper, your example will stir others
to a more needful concern than was the amendment of the
temple in King Josiah's time.
'^ Your lordship's to command,
*< Hugh Broughtokt."
In thfe above generous proposal, Mr. Broughton had to
cnoouhter insurmountable difficulties ; and howeyer desirous
foe treasurer might be to promote so excellent and laudable
an undertaking, the worthy design utterly failed. Not
long after he addressed another letter to this celebrated
Jl^tesman,.of which the following is a copy :•
*Ht To the Right Honourable my Lord Treasurer.
' }^ My duty remembered to your lordship. I have two
fctitiefts at once to your honour ; but such as neither, I
Wiwj need greatly trouUe you. I have been requested by
Ajers^^ for Myself, to make motion for the archbishopric
tf^'Tfiam (hot worth above jf SOO) in Ireland. By reasim
• Baker*! MS. CoUec; yoI. fr. p. 94.
LIVES OF THE PURITANSL
tliat tft yean a^, I took a littk soil tlmey I CMild muxft
of it, if her majeslj will, and it be no trouble to jam
booour to speak to her hie hness for it. Bmi I kave it to
your saire direction. The oQier petition is of somevbat ks
pains. The rcrerend and learned man. Dr. Rainohk, vho,
at I fhink, hath ereatl^ hindered all his own and our
religion, is now, 1 think, in London : with whom, if I
might talk but two words, before your hxdship^ a pncififit-
tion, as I judge, might be made. I would demand what one
woid of my book he dare blame, with any colour of icmqu;
and shew that if iiLs course had not been ^^^^ he ofend
adyantage to turn all the sway of the BiUe aeaimt him.
By open speech it may best be declared. Your hononr belt
knoweth your own leibuie. So I conunend boCb the
causes to yourself, and your health to God. LnndflPj
May 16, 1595.
^^ Your lordship^B io command,
^ Hugh Brouohtov."
It does not appear what answer BIr. Brongbton leodfri
to this letter; but he certainly failed <x gaining tiha
object of his former petiticm, if not of the latter abo. Hii
second return to EWlaiid was at the time when the plspin
was in London. His old friends were much suipnsea to
see him in a season of so much affliction.. He was piiti-
cularly cheerful and happy, and not the least afiraid tfille
distemper. His conversation very much sayooied of the
kingdom of God, and he spoke upon divine sulgects ffu/ij
io their edification. In the year 160S, he preached ufae
Prince Henry at Oatlands. He did not, however, oontiBae
long in his native country, but went abroad a Uiird tim^
and was chosen preacher to the English congK«ation.it
Middleburg. During his abode at this place^ be sept a
curious petition to King James, now of En^and^ leqnoU
ing the favour of a pension, aa the rewara of bis mmi-
foul labours and suuerings ; of which the foUowing »
a copy:*
<< Most gracious Sovereign. .
^^ Your nmesty's most humble subjecft, Hugh Brongb-
ton, having suTOred many years danger iot pnbluhing yW
right and God's truth, by your unlearned bisbona, wb
spent two impressions of libels to disgrace their Sc
mist; which libels their stationers deny that ever
sold. He requesteth your majesty's favour for a pcoM*
• Harkian MSS. No. 787.
«J6 «
• 6R0UGHT0N. fm
0t for bis age, study,* and past travels, bearing always a
aoet dytiyiUl beart.to your majesty. From Auddleburg^
Aug. 1604.
" Your most bumble servant,
' - , " Hugh Bboughton.'*
* Wbile pur divine was at Middleburg, besides the cai#
fOi his congregation, he published his smart discourse
.against Archbishop Biancron, and sent the whole impression
to Mr.. William Cotton j younger brother to Sir Rowland
](^Q|tton, livinff in. London; v^^^h a request, if he dare
.tniture, to ddiver a cdpy into the hands of the archbishop.
Mr. Cotton was not without apprehension of danger; yet
lie could not well deny Mr. Broughtoa's request. Thereforej
lie waited upon the archbishop, and, after making the
DBquisite apology, delivered a copy of the book into hi$
lands, politely asking pardon for his great boldness.
[rj[y>il#h his grace treated him with all the civility that
,pral4 jb^ve been desired, he was no sooner dismissed than
ihe arctibishop^s officers came to his lodgings, seized all the
books tbi^ could find, and carried them away. This was
Btacroft's short and easy method of refuting the arguments
it his learnjsd opponent !''*
' Mr. Broiighton having a complaint settled on his lungs^
■nd being desirous of dying in his own country, returned
■t' length the third and last time to England. In the
iQCMith of November, 1611, he landed at Gravesend; and
vjpcm his arrival in London, told his friends that he was
oome to die in his native country ; and if it was the will
of. God, he wished to die in Shropshire, his native county.
Therefore, Sir Rowland Cotton, formerly his pupil, pro-
fided suitable accommodations for him, at his house in
Shropshire. Herein, however, both the pupil and the
^iknr were disappointed.' He continued in JLondon during
Ae .winter, and in the following spring removed to a
tfoiteble situation in the vicinity.
During his confinement imder affliction, Mr. Broughton
Stye his friends many pious and profitable Exhortations.
eoS/ea urged them to observe practical religion, saying,
"^Stildy your Bible. Labour for the salvation of one
JH^ iinother. Be peaceable. Meddle with your oiifn matters.
wlSkfme judgment will come upon this kingdom. Never
i*fear popery : It will never overflow the findw But the
If eooirse which the bishops take will fili the land with
* Clark*! LtTWy p. 6.
228 LIVES OF THE PURITANS.
<< atheism. Meddle not in the quarrel." As he drew near lui
end, he said, <* Satan hath assatdted me: but the^Sonitf
<< God hath rebuked him, and spoken comfortable words to
<< my soul." A litde before nis departure, he became
speechless: yet his friends asking whether they should
gray with him, he signified his warmest approbation bj
fling up both his hands. Soon aft^r the prayer was endco^
he breathed his last, August 4, 1612, aged iij(ty-ftiee
years. His remains were mterred in St. Autholin|8 churcL
London, with great funeral solemnity; and his fuMfU
sermon was preached by Mr. Speght, from John zi. 8;
but the bishops would not allow it to be printed.* .
iif r. Brougpton was an indefati^ble studefit, and a moit
celebrated scholar, which rendered his temper too austere;
yet, to his friends, his spirit was sweet, Bmd>l6, and dfo
tionate. He was bold and severe in opposing all error an
impiety, and would sharply reprove them, whatever it ooit
him. He was free and comoiunicative to all who wished^
learn ; but sometimes offended when his scholars did W
imderstand him, accounting it a shame to live in igaaanibtJ
As a writer, his style is rather harsh and obscnie. at
appears too vain and too severe agaiiist his opponents; 'Bbt
when it is recollected what kind of treatment ne met with;
how lie was tossed to and fro, and often obliged to femore
from one place to another, it will not appear soniiiaii^
that so great a scholar sometimes forgot himself. IJpflb hu
death-b^d, he confessed and lamented his infirmity. In hii
writings, adds our author, the impartial reader will fijod as
much light thrown upon the scriptures, especially the moit
difficult passages, as can be found in any other author what-
ever; and they carry in them so happy a fascination, that
the serious reader is constrained, by a sort of holy violence,
to search the sacred scriptures.}
This learned divine has b^ reproached with great
♦ aark*i Livei, p. 6, 7.
•f This was exemplified in the foUowiDg aoecdote.-^WhUe Mr. Broogbfta
was at Meotz In Germany, a yovng man of the name of M^rtonf, hm
£nf(land, came to him continoaUy, asking him qaettionty and fcaalfiiK
lofttractions. When the young pupil miderstood not his anawen, bat daitni
further explanation, Mr. Brooghton would be angry, and call him dMUui
vnlearned. Upon this, when Morton asked bim any question, be Mfel
pleasantly to say, ** I piay you,' whatsoever doUi or dnllmrdt I aste be
called, call me so before we begin, that your discourse and mine
attention be not interrupted :" which, it is said, Mr. Broughton took as
Sleasantly from him. This person, it is added, was afterwards tbe ftaioBS
)t. Morion, bishop of DufhaiD.— /M. p. 6.
t Ibid, p. 7, 8.
BR0U6HT0N. f8»
severity by some of our historians; and by none with
greater rancour than by Mr. William Gilpin.* This
miter says, ^< that Mr. Brou^hton acted the basest, and most
^ ungratefol part towards Mr. Bernard Gilpin, who had
^educated and maintained him, both at school and th^
•f nniversity. He was vile enough to endeavour to ^p-
^ plant the yei^ patron who had raised him up." If iVur*
Koughton really acted in the manner here represented,
9 would be difficult to censure him with too much severity :
mt, we think, there is no sufficient evidence for the charges
dkged ; at least Mr. Gilpin hath not produced it ; and it
■eepoB hardly just to bring such black charges against a
pian /without some substantial proof. Bishop Carlton, the
mi writer by whom any accusation appears to be brought
i||8t Mr. Brou^ton, speaks of his exciting the Bishop of
rhain against Bemara Gilpin merely as a repari;. and,
ihis rejmt were true, though ihexe is no proof aUegod,
seems very doubtful whether he was excitra to it from a
of obtaining Gilpin^s living.
Pilpin says of JBrou^hton, ^ that London was the
■oene whei^B he mnst e!xposed himsdf. . Here, for some time^
IPS piLi4 ^ servile court to the vulgar, in the capacitifr of.:a
g^pIiM: pieacber." But of thb we can meet with mo
ffl^enc^ Indeed, servility to persons of any class, does
Mt.apjpe^r to have been any part of Mr. Broughton's ohay»
riipier ; and the charge, we think, is sufficiently refuted ia
liie foregoing narrative, as collected from the most authentic
lecords.
; Mr. GQpjui isays, that Broughton had ^ lived out all
|l|S.are^t, mid became even the jest cS the sta|;e." It is
fivtain, as our author observes, that be was satirized on the
S^lge. . .3ul; a man's being ridiculed in a dramatic exhibi*
tibpi is op proof of his &ving out-lived either his credit
OK hi^ friends ; nor does this aj^iear to have been the case,
1ml thq coi^trary,. with Mr. Brwghton.f
He ^iaa( sayo, ^^ Broughton was, indeed, famous in his
lime, an^ as 9 inan of fetters esteemed by many^ but in
fveiy other ie$pect despicable." The numerous ;iuthentic
feiti^nicjB given in the foi^going narrative, affiird a suffi*
fimt refutation of this charg;?. > The learned Dr. Lightfoot,
who wrote Mr. Broughton*s life, declares himself a mere
child in onnparison of this great master of Hdiirewand
• Gilplp't Uf(t of BcfMfd Gilpin, p. 2S3, 834, 293, 300; EdiL ITIO.
t Blogmpkia Briteiuiics, Vol. ii. p. 606—610. . - ^ >
S90 LIVES OF THE PURITANS.
rabbinical Icamin?.* Mr. Strjpe declares that he was one
of the greatest scholars in Christendom, in Latin, Grodk,
Hebrew, and all Talinudical literature.f
Most of his works were collected and printed in London,
in 166*2, with his life prefixed by Dr. Li^htfoot, entitbdn
** The Works of the great Albioncan Divine, renowned ib
many Nations for rare Skill in Salems and Athens Tongnei^
and familiar Acquaintance with all Rabbinical Learning,
Mr. Hugh Broughton." This edition of his works, thou^
bound in one large yolunlc folio, is divided into foiir Unoa,
Towards the last tome is Mr. Broughlon's funeral sennon
by Mr. Speght, in which the preacher says, <^ Touching tke
fruit of his sowing, viz. his private reading in the time, and
with the approbation of the reverend and learned Bishop
Aylmer ; and of his public preaching in Christ^s ohurcOi
in St. Peter's, and in my church ; how many are theie (jet
some alive) who may thank God daily, that ever they kmr
and heard him ? For myself, 1 confess, and profess flQ
much, and shall ever do so whilst I breathe/'t
There are many of Mr. Brous^htonVi manuscripta| ih his
own hand, still preserved in the Uritish Museum. Soniie of
them are the literary productions of his pen ; otheii idi^
to the controversies in which he engaged ; and the lest are
miscellaneous. These, in all thirty-five, are bound in one
volume quarto.^ There is also his manuscript ^< Hannonj
of the Bible.'^l
William Btrton, A. B. — This pious ministor WIM hon^
in the city of Winchester, and educated first at WicUiam
school, then in New College, Oxford, where be was chosen
fellow. He was afterwards beneficed in the city of Nor-
wich, where Sir William Ferryman, afterwards lord chief
baron, a worthy religious person, and a gteiAt prmnoter of
christian piety, was his ^at friend and patron. In ISSSi
his name is among the Norfolk divines, above sixty in all, .
who scrupled subscription to Whitgift's three aitides.!
Whether, on account of his nonconformity, he felt &e iron
hand of the archbishop, by suspension, deprivation, ov
imprisonment, as was the case with many of his bretben^
• British Biography, vol. iii. p. ISO, . ..
f Strype*8 Annals, vol. ii. p. 612, t Biog. Britan. vol. ii. p. 612.
S Sloaae's MSS. No. S088. || Harleian MS8. KoJ W5.
9 MS. Register^ p. 436. - > .
W. BURTON- R. ROGERS. \ «S1
We have not been able to learn. His being under the wing
pt jBO honourable and worthy a patron, might prove a suffi-
cient protection. One of the same name, and probably the
Ifune person, was afterwards a minister in Bristol, then at
Reading in Berkshire, and lastly at St. Sepulchre's, London,
where he died about November, 16 12.» There were two
other Mr. William Burtons, both persons of distinguished
tfoinencc, who lived about the same time.f
J ■ His Works. — 1. A Sermon preached at Norwich, on Jer. iii. 14.,
1689* — ^2. A Catechism containing certain Questions and Answers
cbnceming the Knowledge of God, and the right use of the Law,
1691.-^. Dwnd's Evidence; or, the Assurance of God's Love,
14)62.— ^4. A Caveat for Sureties, 1593.-^6. Exposition of the Lord's
Iteyer, drawn into Questions and Answers, 1594.-^-^. The Rousing
•C the 3iuggard, 1596. — 7. Conclusions of Peace between God and
|l{jan, containing comfQrta)[))e Meditations for the Children of God,
.|595^->-8. Sermons on the Church's Love tp Clirist her Hi)sban4, 169fiu
^-^. DavicTs llianksgivjng for the Arraignment of the Man of
£«tb, 1598.-^10. Ten Sermons on Matt. y. 3, 4., 1602.-^11. The
Anatomy of Belial, 1603. — 12. Certain Questions and Answers con-
cerning th^ Attributes of God, 1602. — 13. Questions and Answers
conceriiiiig the right use of the Law of God, 1602. — 14. An Abstract
Hi the Doctrine of the Sabbath, briefly, yet fully and plainly set
ftrth, 1606,
Richard Rogers. — This excellent divine was educated
at Cambridge, and was afterwards for many years (he labori-
oos and useful minister of AVethersfield in Essex. He was
a zealous, faithful, and profitable labourer in the vineyard
<if the Lord, for the space of forty-six years. He was a
man of considerable learning, and of a most humble, peace-
ible, and exemplary life; but a great sufferer for noncQn-
fiHrftiity. In the year 1583, upon the publication of Whit-
gft's three articles, and the severites which accompanied
em, Mr, Rogers, with twenty-six of his brethren, all
ministers of Essex, presented their petition to the lords of
,l|ie council for relief^ an abstract of which is given in
ajlother placet
*^; This petition does not seem to have produced the desired
'efFect : for WhitgUl suspended and silenced than all, and
iHotested tl^it not one of them should preach without Sub-
(scription and an exact conformity. What kind of treat-
• Wood's Athene Oxod. Vol. i. p. 286, 287.
f Biog. Britan. vol. iii. p. 42. Edit. 1778.
t See Art. George Gifford.
I
S39 LIVES OF THE PURITANS.
ment they afterwards met with, appears from ao aco0ail
new before me, wherein it is said, ^'that thirty-eight
ministers, denominated the learned and painful ministen of
Essex, were oftentimes troubled and molested, for rdteing
to subscribe, to wear the surplice, or use the cross in bnp-
tism."* Though our divine had his share in these tynuu
nical proceedings, he was afterwards sheltered under the
wing of a most worthy patron. . Sir Robert Wroth wanply
espoused his cause ; who, notwithstanding the protestatioa
and censure of the archbishop, ordered nim to renew hii
preaching, and he would stand forwards in bis ddSaace.
After enduring suspension about eight months, he was re-
stored to his ministry. lie continual for many yean(*3Uidtr
the protection of Sir Robert, enjoying the peaceabkexor*
cise of his ministry. He was particularly anxious to obtain
a more pure reformation of the church ; he therefore united
with many of his brethren in subscribing the '< Book- of
Discipline/V In the year 1598, one Mr. Rogers, most po-
bably this pious divine, was cited to appear before thi
hi^h commission; but whether he received any .eccle8iaiG5
cal censure, we are unable to ascertain.}
In the year 1603, Mr. Rogers and six other mipisters£#
the weight of the archbishop's outstretched arm; and fis
refusing to take the oath ex officio^ he suspended than alL
Upon their suspension they were further 'iwnmoned' to
appear before his lordship ; but it is said the archlnsbop
died on the very day of their appearance ; when they :^^^
discharged by the rest of the commissioners. But in the
foUowiuj^ year they were exceedingly molested byBancnifi^
Whitgift's successor. During the whole suminer they were
continually cited before him, which, in addition to many
other hardships, caused them to take numerous, long, aw
expensive journies.^ In these tribulations Mr. Rogers bore
an equal share with his brethren.
Dr. Ravio succeeded Bancroft in the diocese of .London^
and appears to have been of the same cruel, peiBftputki^
spirit as his predecessor. He was no sooner seated in htf
episcopal chair, than he began to prosecute the noncon-
formists. Among otliers, he cited Mr. Rogers to app^u
before him, and protested in his presence^ sayingy ^ Bj
♦ MS. Cbrooolojry, vol. ii. p. 689. (10.)
-t- Neal's Puritans, vol. i. p. 423.
t Baker's MS. Collec. vol. zi. p. S44.
S MS. Cbrooology, toI. ii. p. 503. (7.) 589. (100
I(. ROGEK& 8SS
the hdp <^je8us, I will not leave one preacher in mj diocese
who doth not subscribe and conform." But^ poor man * he
^ed soon after, and so was disappointed. •
Mr. Rogers, in his own private diary, April 25, 1605,
noAkes the , following reflections^ << I was much in prayer
lJ>out my troubles, and my God granted, me the desire
o( my heart. For, by the favour and influence of
.WiUiam Lord KnoUys, God hath, to my own comfort, and
ithe comfort of my people, delivered me once more out of
all my troubles. Oh that I may make a holy use of m j
liberty I JPut it greatly troubles me,'" adds the good man,
^« that after labouring betwixt thirty and forty years in the
ministry, I ;un now accounted imworthy to preach ; while
60 many idle and scandalous persons enjoy their ease and
' Uppn Dr. Yaughan's translation to the see of London^
and njB restoration of many of the suspended ministers, Mr.
Rogers makes these reflections. May 30, 1606: <<If I
pfeaph DO more, I heartily thank God for my liberty, both
lit licgme .and abroad, for this year and a half, and I hope
with ^ome fruit. The bishop has been my friend. April
S, 1607, this week came the painful news of our Bishop
Yauffhan^s death ; who, for twenty -weight months, being all
thetune he continued,. he permitted all the godly ministers
to live p^u^eafily, and to enjoy liberty in their ministry .'';(
On .another occasion, Mr. Rogers having been in great
idangfr of suspension, and many of his . brethren being
silenced, makes this reflection : '^ By God^s great mercy,
i have gained twelve weeks more liberty than I looked for.
Therefor^ I have the greater cause to be content when
pileacin^ pometh, especially as many are silenced before
iiie.'H Mx. Rogers was living in the yeiar 1612; but we
are unable to ascertain the exact period of his deaths
* Wood says, that this prelate was preferred first to the see of Gloucester,
ooaetoontof his great learDing, gravity, and prudence; and that, though his
'4kicc»e *^ ^ras pretty weU stoclied with those who could not bear the name
ofj» bishop, yet, by his episcopal living aniQng them, he obtained their love
mud a good report from them.*' He seems, however, to have changed bit
coorse upon his translation to the see of London ; where he presently died,
^* havlilg,^* it is said, ** for many years, with much vigilance, served his
charch, his king, and his country.'* — Wood's Atheiue Oxon, vol. i. p. 61T.
[ , f MS. Chronology, vol. ii. p. 589. (10.)
X Br. Richard Vaughan, successively Bishop of Bangor, Chester, and
Xondon, was a person of great learning, piety, and moderation, and an
jidmired preacher. As Fuller says,, '* be was a very corpulent man, but
tpiritually minded," and a person of an excellent character.-— S<r3l!fe*ff
Jlifhner^ p. S95. — Gratiger'M Biog. Hist, vol, i. p. 34Sy S44.
§ MS. X^bronology, vol. if. pi 689. (12.)
8S4 LIVES OF THE PURITANS.
Mn Kne\vstabs preached bis funeral sermon. Messrs. Danid
and Ezekiel Rogers, both eminent puritan divines, were hk
sons. Mr. Stephen Marshall was his immediate sacccBior
nt Wethersfield.
He was eminently faithful and laborious in the minisftrf ;
and it is said, ^' the Lord honoured none more in the con*
version of souls." He was styled the Enoch of his day,
a man walking with God; and he used to say, / should be
sorri/ if ercery day were not employed as if it z&erc my latL
He was an admired preacher ;* and Bishop Kennet says^
<^ that England hardly ever brought forth a nian who walked
more closely with God."+ Mr. Rogers was always re-
markable for seriousness and gravity, in all kinds of com-
pany. Being once in company with a gentleman of
respectability, whp said to him, ^^ Mr. Rogers, I like yoB
and your company very well, only you are too precise:^
" Ohy sir^'^^ replied Mr. Rogers, " / serve a precise Cfod/^t
Mr. Rogers was author o? *' The Seven Treatises,'* 1688;
which was highly esteemed. ^^ A Commentry upon the
whole Book of Jud^," 1615. In his dedication c{ this
>7ork, he says he had beep in the ministry forty yean*
Randall Bates was a most holy man, an ezoeUenl
preacher, and a zealous nonconformist, for which he was
prosecuted in the ecclrsiastical courts, and ^comnutM to
the Gatehouse; where, after a confinement of twiMy
months, he died through the hardships of the prison. * Mr. '
John Cotton, who was his contemporary, den(H]&inat^'4iai
" an heavenly saint ;" and says, " he suffered in the eanse '
of nonconformity, being choked in prison.^' Nor cotald his
release be obtained, though Dr. Hering, a learned and ex-
cellent physician, earnestly solicited Sishop Neile for his
enlargement, declaring that his life was in danger.^ But tbe
suit of the physician was repulsed with reproaches, and the
blood of bis patient was spilt through the ex:treme rigour of
his confinement. He died in the year 1613.|| Datifig^Mr. *
* Graqgefs Biog. Hist. vql. i. p. 219. 4 Keonet's Cbrontcle, p. 60$i
t Firmio*8 Real Christian, p. 67. Ldit. 1670.
§ Bishop Neile, it is said, ^* was always reputed a popish and Annloln
prelate, a persecutor of all ortliodoz apd godly tninisters, and Ode who pre-
ferred popish aod-Armipian clergy, making choice of them for bit chap-
lains." He was accused of these things to his nuyesty by the hooie of
commons, in 1628, and complained of in several parliaiDeDt8.«^Pr^iM*«
Cant. Doome, p. 531 •
0 Cotioo's Answer to Williams, p. 117.— Princess Chiroo. Hbt TOl.!.
p. 28.
BATES--D. DYKE. «M
I
Bfrfes^s imprisonment he wrote a book, entitled, << Medita-
tions whilst he was prisoner in the Gratehouse, Westminster,**
irhich shews him to have been a person of great humility
and piety. It discovers a mind strongly attached to the
author^s views of christian doctrine and church discipline.
His views of the latter appear to have been a compound of
presbyterianism and independency, as some of his expres-
sions favour the one, and some the other form of church
goyemment.
Daniel Dyke, B. D. — This excellent divine was bom
at Hempstead in Hertfordshire, where his father was a
worthy minister, and. silenced for nonconformity.* He
ireceived his ieducatioh at Cambridge, and became a most
fitithfiil and useful preacher ; but, like his honoured father,
l¥as exceedingly persecuted by the intolerant prdates. He
T^as for some time minister of Coggeshall in Essex; but,
upon the publication of Whitgift's three articles, in 1583, he
was suspended by Bishop Aylmer, and driven out of the
county .f Afterwards he settled at St. Albans, in his native
cpunty, where his ministry was particularly acceptable and
profitable to the people. He united with his brethren in
attemcKting to promote a more pure reformation of the
chutcn, and, with this object in view, assembled with them
in their private associations. :( But in this, as in his former
situation, the watchful eye of Aylmer was upon him, and he
was involved in fresh troubles. Because he continued a
deacon^ and did not enter iato priests^ orders, which the bishop
supposed he accounted popish ; and because he refused to
wear the surplice, and troubled his auditory, as his grace sig-
iufiied,with notions which thwarted the established religion,
lie was again suspended, and at last deprived. This was in
Hie year 1589.§ , The distressed parishioners being con-
cerned for the loss of their minister, petitioned the Lord
Treasurer Burleigh, who had been Mr. Dyke's^reat friend,
to interdsde with the^bishop in their behalf. This petition
sets forth, " That they had been without any ordinary
preaching till within this four or five years ; by the want
of which they were unacquainted with their duty to God,
tiieir sovereign, and their neighbours ; and so ignorance and
disorder had greatly prevailed among them, for want of
' ♦ Foller*8 Worthies, part ii. p. 28. + MS. Register, p. 741.
fBaker*8 MS. Collec. yoh zv. p. 79.
MS. JMfiAt^i p. 586.— Strype*s Aylmer^ p. 1^.
Sa6 LIVES OF THE PURITANS.
beiiiff taught their duty : but that of late it had pleaaed the
Lord (o visit them with the means of salvation, b;^ Um oidi*
nary ministry of Mr. Dyke, an authorized minislery wb^
according to his function, had been painftil and profitafaihy
and had carrfa^ himself so peaceably and dutifiuly among
them, both in his life and doctrine, that no man could justly
find fault i?ith him, except of malice. There were ^omei
indeed, who could not b^ to hear their fiiults reproved ;
but through his preaching many bad been brought fiom
their ignorance and evil ways, to a better life ; to be frequent
bearers of God's word ; and their servants were in better
order than heretofore."
They then, inform his lordship, ^' that their minister was
suspended by the Bishop of London ; and that they were as
sheep without a shepherd, exposed to manifold 'dan^en^
even to return to their former ignorance and cursed vanities.
That the Lord had spoken it, tlierefore it must be tme^
Where no vision is^ the people perish. And having expend
enced his honourable care for them in the like case hereto-
fore, which they thankfully acknowledged, they earnestly
pray his lordship, in the bowels of his compassion,- to pity
them in their present misery, and become a means that they
may again enjoy their preacher.^'*
The treasurer, upon the reception of this petition, wrote
to the bishop, and requested Mr. Dyke's restoration to his
ministry, promising that if be troubled his congr^ration with
innovations in future, he would join his lordship agaiiM
him; but the bishop excused himself, insinuating that Mn
Dyke was guUty of incontinency. This occasioned a
further inve^igation of his character. He was tried at the
sessions at St. Albans, when the woman herself who ac-
cused him, confessed her wicked contrivance, and asked
him forgiveness in open court. Mr. Dyke bring thus pub<
licly cleared and honourably acquitted, the treasurer wiii
the more urg(?nt with the bishop to restore him ; '^ because,'^
said he, '' tlie Ix^t minister in the nation may be thus
slandered ; and the people of St. Albans have no tendiiwi
only they have for their curate an insufficient ddtioj|^ oU
man. For this favour/' said the worthy treasurer, ** lidiali
thank your lordship, and will not solicit you any more^ if he
shall hereafter give just cause of public ofience against the)
ordurs of the church established.''^ But all that the treasun^
could do proved iueflectual. The good man was ther^pre
* MS. Register, p. 303— SOS. 4 Ibid. p. aOft— aOlL
tL I^ARKBR. ' 18*
ilsft luideir the unknerciful censure of this prelate, fiut bow
lon^^e lemamed so, or-whedier the bisnop eyer restored
hi% yte are not able to learn. He died about the year 1614 >
fiisVi^ine, or the name .of his brother, Mr. Jeremiah D;fke,
abdlher e2l:cellef^ puritan divine, is among those who sub-
iPcriBed ihe ^^ Book of Discipline.^> Mr. Dyke was a man
lAf ah unblemished character, a divine of great learning and
piefy^ and a preacher of sound, heart-searching doctrine.;
' Wpod'denominates him an eminent preacher.^ His writing
ure e)tcellcnt for the time, and are still much admirra.
-Bfslk>p Wilkins classes his sermons among the most excel-
lent in his.day .g His works, containing various pieces, were
fcoU^clefl and published in 16S5, in tw6 volumes quarto.
His "Mystery of Self-deceiving," was often published, and
"was translated into High Dutch. ^' It is a book,^' says
Fuller, " that will be owned for a trtUhy while men have
any badness in them ; and will be owned as a treasure^ while
theV have wiy' goodness in them."i This work, and his
^ Treatises on Ifepentance," . are very searching. His doc-
^tmt fklls as the small rain upon the tender herb, and as
the showers upon the grass.«*
• Robert Parker. — ^This learned and celebrated puritan
%i$caitaie rector of North-Benflete in Es^ex, in the year
•1571; 'but, resigning the benefice the year following, he
tiecianie rector of West-Henningfield, in the same county,
Vhich he held several years.++ Afterwards he became
p«\stor of the church at Dedham, in the same county,
yHh^t^ he was predecessor to the famous Mr. John Rogers.
fie wais suspended by Bishop Aylraer, for refusing subscrip-
ikin to Whitgift's three articles. Being afterwards, by some
"feiie&ns, restored to his ministry, a day was appointed when
ii^- Should be deprived, if he still persisted in refusing to
^ear the surplice ; when he most probably received the
^Cfesiastical censure.Jt Having encfured these troubles, he
llftft the county, and was afterwards beneficed at Wilton in
•^iltshire, where he continued many years.
' In the year 1598, Bishop Bilson having published to the
r • Fidler'i Worthies, part ii. p. 39. f Neal*s Puritans vol. i. p. 43S.
. 1 Mr. Dyke's «' DeceitfulDess of the Heart/' Dedica. Edit. ieS3.
' \ AthenflB Ozoik vol. i. p. 788. U Discourse oa Preachiog, p. 62, 83.
'' "i Worthies^ part if. p. 29.
•• WiHiams's Christian Preacher, p. 454.
f f N«vcpart*8.Repert. Bed. vol. ii. p. 46| 310.
tt MS. Sejcbier, p. 664, 74].
89B ' LIVES OF THE PURITANS.
world that Jesus Christ, after his death upon the cross, actu^
ally descended into the regions of the damned ; many learned
divines undertook a refutation of his opinion, and to estab-
lish the contrary sentiment. Among these was Mr. Ptoker,
who published a learned piece, entitled, ^< De descensu
Christi ad Infernos." In the year 1607 he published a
Treatise on the Cross in Baptism, entitled, << A l^o->
lasticall Discourse against Symbolizing with Antichnk in
Ceremonies, especially the Signe of the Crosse." Dr. Grey
is pleased to treat Mr. Peircc and Mr. Neal with consider-
able ridicule for callinn: it a xitry learned work, and the
author himself with mucli contempt, because he was ol^^[ed
to leave the comitry for publishing that which in Ids cgglidioo
contains things very scandalous and offensive.* That .the
work contains things very scandalous, except to those who
tyrannize over the consciences of their brethren, was never
yet proved ; but that it contains things very qffensm to all
who persecute their brethren for refusing to observe their
anticnristian impositions, was never doubted. The ode-
brated Dr. Ames says, ^^ It is a work^ in truth, of sach-
strength and beauty, that it dazzles the eyes even ,of envy
itself."f The learned prelates would, indeed, have done
their cause no harm, if, when it was published, or at any
future period, they had shewn themselves abletp AttWcr it.
But they went a shorter way to work ; and, instead of at^
tempting any answer, they persuaded the kii^ to issue hit
royal proclamation, with the ofier of a reward, for WUPer
bending the author, which obliged him to hide himfidtm a
season, and then retire into a foreign land.
These troubles came upon him chiefly by the instigation
of Archbishop Bancroft ; who receiving information thai he
was concealol in a certain citizen^s house in London, ,iia-
mediately sent a person to watch the house, while otii^
were prepared with a warrant to search for him. The per-
son having fixed himself at the door, boasted that he liad
him now secure. Mr. Parker, at this juncture, resolved'to
dress himself in the habit of a citizen, and venture 00^
whereby he might possibly escape ; but if he remained in
the house he would be sure to be taken. Accordiii|;ly. hi
his strange garb he went forth ; and God so otdaed it, wL
just at the moment of his going out, the watchman at the
door spied his intended bride passbg on the other side
the street ; and while he just stepped over to speak to he^
» GK7*t EamiaatioD, Tot. i. p. 59. f Amal% ftafc M^FML
R. PARKEK. SS9
the good man escaped. When the officers came with the
"warrant to search the house^ to their great mortification he
could not be found.* .
After this signal providential deliverance, be retired to
the house of a frigid in the neighbourhood of l^ondon,
where a treach^ous servant in the family gave information
to the bishop's officers, who came and actually searched the
house where he was ; but, by the special providence of Giod,
he was drain most remarkably preserved. For the only
room in the house which they neglected to search, was that
in which be was concealed, from whence he heard them
swearing and quarrelling one with another ; one protesting
that they had not searched that room, and another as con-,
fidently asserting the contrary, and refusing to suffer it to
be searched again. Had he been taken, he must have been
cast into prison ; where, without doubt, says our author, he
must have <}ied.+
Mr. Panker having been favoured with these remarkable
inteippsUions of providence, fled from the storm and went
to Holland, and would have been chosen pastor to the
Englikh church at Amsterdam, had not the magistrates been
afhud of disobliging King James, ^or the burgomasters
>of the city informed them, ^' that, as they desired to keep
Criendship with his majesty of Great Britain, they should
pot a stop to that business.''^ His settlement at Amsterdam
being thus prevented, he went to Doesburg, and became
imeacher to the garrison ; where, about ei^t months after
Lis lemoval, he died^ in the year 1614.§ During his short
abode at Doesburg, he wrote several very affectionate letters
Id Air. John Paget, minister at Amsterdam; in which he
discovers a becoming resignation to the will of God, saying,
'^ I thank you for the pains you have taken for me, though
without success ; at which I am not dismayed, nor at aU
moved. I am assured it is come to pass by the will of the
Lord; who, I know, wiU be my Grod, as well out of Am-
sterdam as in it."! Mr. Parker was an able writer, a man
irf great learning and pi^y, a judicious, &ithful, and
laborious preacher.!
• ' Inaddition to the work already noticed, Mr« Parker was
author of ^< De Politia Ecclesiastica ;" in which he main-
• Claffk*8 Lives, littt t«1« part i. p. S8, 2S.
t Peiice*! Viodication, part i. ^ 170, 171.
{Pa^t'y Aos. to Best and Davenport, p. 87.
Fta^*s Defeoce of Chnrcb Gov. Pref. I Ibid,
f avk*a Llvc^ put i. p. 89.— Ames's Fretii Salt, Pref. *
S40 LIVES OF THE PURITANS.
fains, that what^er relates to the church of Chrifit, must be
deduced from scripture. <^ We deny no authority to the
king in matters ecclesiastical," says he, <<but only that
which Jesus Christ, the only head of the church, hath
directly and precisely appropriated unto himself, and hath
denied to communicate to any creature or creature in the
world. We hold that Christ alone is the doctor or teacher
of the church in matters of religion ; and that the word of
Christ, which he hath given to his church, is of absolute
perfection, containing all parts of true religioti, both for
substance and ceremony, and a perfect direction in all ecde*
siastical matters whatsoever, unto which it is not lawfiil fiir
any man or angel to add, or from which to detract:"*
Mr. John PSget of Amsterdam, who was well acquaitited
with him, gives the following account of his views of chtttth
government : ^' When he came from Leyden, where he and
Mr, Jacob had sojourned together for some time, he pro-
fessed at his first coming to Amsterdam, that the use of
synods was for counsel and advice only, but had no autho-
rity to give a definitive sentence. After much conferoice
with him, when he had more seriously and maturely cgn-
sidered this question, he plainly changed his opinion, as be
Srofessed, not only to me, but to others : so tnat eohle' of
Ir. Jacobus opinion were offended at him, and expostulded
not only with him, but also with me, for having occasibned
the alteration of his judgment. I had the means of uaditti^
standing his mind aright, and better than those who "petted
his meaning, since he was not only a member of the same
church, but a member of the same family, and livcfd with
me under the same roof; where we had daily conversatton
of these things, even at the time when Mr. Jacob published
his unsound writing upon this question. He was merwards
a member of the same elde(rship, and, by (fffice, sat with us
daily to hear and judge the causes of our church, end so
became a member of our classical combination; yet did he
never testify against the undue power of the classui, tut c6m*
plain that we were not a free people^ though the chssii
exercised the same authority then as it doth now. He was
also for a time the scribe of our consistory, and the acts of pur
eldership and church were recorded by his own hand/V
Mr. Thomas Parker, another excellent puritan, of whom
a memoir will be given, was his ton.
« Trdngbtoo's Apology, p. 80, 90. Edit. 16ei.
+ P«get*t Defence, p. 10&.
GAWTON. «41
' AiCHARD Gawton. — This zealous puritan was minister
of SnoriM in Norfolk, and afterwards in the city of Nor-
wich. Mr. Strype stigmatizes him with having formerly
been a man of trade, and then becoming a curate in the
church. _, This may be true, and yet he might be a
letoied, faithful, and pious minister of Christ, and not
tbter the church merely for a piece of bread, as was too
much the custom of those times. Upon his entrance
into the sacred office, he met with barbarous usage from the
hands of Archbishop Parker. Having obtained a pre-
sentation to the benefice of Snoring, the archbishop peremp-
torily required him to sign a bond of a hundred marks, to
pay Dr. Willoughby, the former incumbent, fourteen pounds
a year ; though Willoughby, through mere carelessness, had
lost the living. If he had refused to pay it, he must have
S'' ne to prison.^ Afterwards, the poor man finding so much
ficulty in paying this annuity, was glad to quit the place^
and resign the living into the hands of his patron.*
Upon the resignation of his benefice, he became a preacher
in the city of Norwich, but, in the year 1376, was cited
before Dr. Freke, his diocesan, for nonconformity. + Ap-
pearing before the bishop, he was charged with refusing to
webr the surplice, and with declining from the exact order
of the Book of Common Prayer. He confessed the former^
fuid acknowledged that he did not keep exactly to the
rubric, but saicl, that, in other things, he was conformable.
Several other charges were alleged against him, as will
appear from the following examination before the bishop
and others, dated August lo, 1576 :
; Bishop. You have taken upon you in your pulpit to
denote my chaplain's sermon, and have admonished your
parishioners to beware of false doctrine.
Gawton. Was it not meet for me so to do, seeing he
preached that man has power sufficient to draw himself
unto God ?
"B. You did this the Sunday after he had preached,
ttjough be gave you all reasonable satisfaction.
XtTIu attempting to do this, he made his case worse .than
it was at first.
B. Wherein hath he made it worse ?
• Parle of a Register, p. 394.— Strype's Parker, p. 8TS.
f Bishop Freke was so outrageously violent io the persecution of the
paritaas, that, in the year 1584, the ministers of ' Suffolk and Norfolk
vaitedly presented their complaints against him to the privy council.—
M8. CkTMohgy^ ToK ii. p. 489. (10.)
VOL. II. n
S42 LIVES OF THE PURITANS.
G« In his last sennon, he said, that hearing was calliiif ;
and Paul saitb, faith cometh hy hearing ; out hearing is
a natural ffift ; therefore ve have faith, uid, consequently!
are saved oy the exercise of our natural powers.
B. I will call him to dispute with you.
G. I am ready at any time to confute his fiJse doctrine.
B. That is not the cause why I sent for you. I have
other matters against you. How many benefices have
you?
G. I have too many by one ; holding one merely by
name, and against my will.
B. Vou have two benefices more.
G. I am sure I have not.
B. Have you not one benefice in Wales ?
G. I have not.
B. We shall sequester the first-fruits c£ Snoring benefice^
because you have not compounded for the fruits of a
benefice in Wales.
G. Sequester, and spare not; for I have no beneficain
Wales.
B. That is not the thing for which I sent for yoQ. But
because you do not wear the surplice, nor observe the order
of the queen's book, either in public prayers or lbs
administration of the sacraments; but are altogether oat
of order.
G. I confess that I wear not the surplice; but I am
iiqjustly charged with not observing the order of the book*
I was lately told at court, that you did not much like tbe
surplice ; and, therefore, I fear that worldly dignity hatb
led you to act against your own conscience.
B, There is no reason why any persons should tliink
thus of me, seeing I wear the surplice, or that a^^pard
which is the same; and if I were to say the service or
administer the sacraments, I would wear the surplice.
G. I am the more sorry for it.
B. Have you served in any cure in Norwich, or in
the diocese of Norwich ?
G. I have served a cure at Beast-street Grate, in the dty.
B. Have you then acknowledged yourself subject to thi
jurisdiction of the bishop ?
G. I do not acknowledge myself subject to that jurisdlo
tion which is claimed and exercised by the bishop.
B. Beware how you deny authority.
G. I am not afraid to deny the unlawful authority (f
bishops, archdeacons, chancellors, commissaries^ and iQCb
GA^)^rTON. 243
Uke; thoqgii to dmy their authority^ it is said, approacheB
near to treason. /
Deatfl They ate your fellows who have so reported it.
G. Nay ; they are your fellows, who would fein have it so.
D. Their saying was, that whosoever denies that the
queen hiis ecclesiastical jurisdiction, is in danger of treason.
G. Whosoever hath said so, is worthy to be so accountedi
B. Do you allow that the queen hath ecclesiastical
jurisdiction ?
G. I do.
B. The queen hath ecclesiastical jurisdiction^ which
Jurisdiction ime hath committed to me; thereifore I have
ecclesiastical jurisdiction.
G. Though the queen have ecclesiastical jurisdiction, it
is not absolute, or. to do what she pleases. But with all
humble suhinission, I acknowledge all the jurisdiction she
claimeth. For her own words declare, that she claimeth no
farther jurisdiction than the word of God doth allow.
" B. I perceive what you mean, and know where that
:^anation is given.
G. Did the queen then give that explanation merely as
Wi Uknnany or as queen? If she gave it as queen, it must
neieds be a. declaration of the authority which she claimeth.
B. What do you dislike in the jurisdiction which I
diaim? .
G. What authority haye you from the word of God to |
claim the title of lord-Mshopj and to exercise government r
over your feUow-mmisters ? *^
B. What part of the word of God is against it ?
G. Matthew xx. ; where Christ forbids his disciples
claiming superior titles, and exercising superior authority
cnrer one another.
B; You have read no good expositor who so interprets itA
G. Yes, Calvin, Beza, and Musculus. And Beza upon/
Acts xiii. declares, that in all the New Testament there are \
no dignified titles ffiven to the apostles. ^
B. Doth not Christ say, " i e call me Master, and
Lord ; and ye say well ; for so I am ?" Why then should
you so much dislike the name ? 'X
G. Though the name be due to Christ, it is not due to v
toy mere man.
B. What not domine ? Is that so much ?
G. The word domine signifies sir, as well as lord.
B. The queen in her letters patent, directed tp the varioos
244 LIVES OF THE PURITANS.
states^ willed them to receive me de 'domim xistroj which, if
you render sir, will be absurd.
G. The queen accounteth none of j^m as lords'; gbIj bj
custom from your predecessors, the popbh biahopB, you an
called hrds*
B. In the acts of parliament we are called lords apiiitiialy
as the others are called lords temporal.
G. That is merely through custom, as before.
D. Bullinger, Gaulter, and other learned men abroad, ia
their late letter to the Bishop of Norwich, called him.&nf''
bishop.
G. The bishop shewed me their letters^-and ibey calbd
him not by the name of lord.
B. But you observe not the order prescribed in the
queen's book.
G. i do not think myself bound by law, to observe pie^
cisely eyery part of the queen's book<
B. You do not read the service as appointed by the hooki
G. I say the service a6 appointed, except, for the sake of
preaching, I omit some parts ; as I may by law. I observe
the rest, except the cross and vows in baptism, which I did
not consider myself as bound precisely to observe.
B. But you wear not the surplice.
G. I wear it not; and seeing it was established in tbe
church not according to the word of Gfod, I daie not
wear it.
B. There are many godly, zealous, and learned men wbo
wear it. Do you then condemn them all ?
G. I utterly dislike their wearing it. And you, Mr. Dean^
did publicly preach against it, and condemned those who
wore it, calling it a superstitious and popish gannioit.
B. You have preached without renewing your license,
since the day appointed in the canons.
G. I was minister of the word of God, and, theiefine,
bad sufficient authority to preach the word in my palish
without any further license. Yet I despised not your
licenses, so far as they tend to shut out those who wotaiA
teach popery and false doctrine.
B. You deny our authority, and wear not flie surplice..
You shall, therefore, be put from the ministry^ and retom'
to your occupation.
G. I thank God that I have an occupation io go tajmd ,
am not ashamed of it. Jesus Christ and the apostle nnil
had an occuoatien.
GAWTON. 845
D. That Jesus Christ had aa occupation cannot be
{fathered out of the text. It was only tht opinion of the
people of Nazareth, who said he was a carpenter.
G. And who could tell better than the people of Naza-)
reth, among whom he lived ? I think they c6uld best tell r
irhat was his occupation. ^
Here the bishop pronounced the sentence of suspension
upon Mr. Gawton, and the register entered it upon record.
G. I now perceive, that if one had tbe eloquence of
ChiysQstom, the learning of Austin, and the divinity of St.
Paul, if he did not wear the surplice, you would put him
^<mt o( the ministry.
B. So we would. And if St. Paul were here, he would
wear a fool ^^s coaty rather than be put to silence.
G. He would then act contrary to his own doctrine. For
he saith, he w(»ild eat no flesh while the world standetlu^
rather than offend a weak brother; and, surely, he would
be equally scrupulous in offending hijs brethren by -wearing'
superstitiQus and popish garments. Your dealing thus
with us in comers, will not further your cause, but hinder
it, and further ours; for all men will see you fear the light. ^
You have now authority on your side; but we are not
above half a dozen unconformable ministers in this city;
and if yoa will confer with us by learning, we will yield
up our lives, if we are tiot able to prove the doctrines we'
hold to be consonant to the word of Grod.
B* That is uncharitably spoken; for no man sought
your lives.
G. The dean here says, that he who seeks our livings,
seeks our lives.
D. You are like the apothecaries, seating papers on
empty boxes.
Cf. You, indeed, may very properly be so denominated.
For if you were otherwise than as empty boxes, you would
not be afraid to have the cause tried.*
The examination thus closed, and the good man, being
suspended, was dismissed from hi$ lordship*s presence.
Upon his suspension, Mr. Neal, by mistake, says, that be
8cnt a bold letter to the bishop. This letter was eviden^y
written by another person. + We find, however, fhat after
receiving the episcopal censure, Mr. Gawton and several
of his brethren, wrote an excellent letter to Mr. Thomas
Gartwright, wherein they express, with considerable freedom,
• Parie of a Register, p. 393—400.
t 8^ Art. R. Harycy.— Ncai'i Puritans, vol. i. p. 306.
S46 LIVES OF THE PURITANS.
their firmness in the cause of nonconformity. This letter,
dated from London, May S3, 1577, was as follows:
<^ We stand resolved that what we have done ooiit
<< ceming the ceremonies, the cross in baptism, &c. is mogt
<^ agreeable to the word of God and the tcstimcmy of a
<^ ^od conscience. By the help of God, we will laboof
<^ even in all things, to tlie utmost of our power, to be
^' found faithful and approved before God and men; and|
^^ therefore, we will not betray that truth which it .hath
<< pleased God, in his great goodness, to make known unlo
<^ us. You will know we do nothing contentious/^ : thereia
'^ we are clear before God and men. But we wiA you to
<< understand, that the iniquitous times in which we live,
^^ and the great trials which we, as well as you, hacre to
<^ endure in the cause of Grod, and a thousand such aflio
<< tions, shall not, the Lord helping us, make us shrink £raBi
^< the maintenance of his truth. The same good opinioa wf
<^ have conceived of you, not doubting that he who hulk
<^ hitherto made you a glorious witness of truth, will still
<< enable you to go forwards in the same comse. ■ And yet
<^. we Uiink it meet, both on account of our own dubiaii^
^' and the evil days come upon us, that we should qaicken
<< one another in so good a cause. We deal thus with you,
^' whom, both for learning and godliness, we yery mudh
<^ love and reverence in the Lord ; and we commit you to
<^ Grod, and the word of his grace, which is able, and m
<^ doubt will, in due time, fur&er buUd up both you and u%
^^ to the glory of his name, and our endless comfoit' ii|
"Christ.
" Richard Gawton, Gyles Sethtclbb,
" Thoma9 Penny, Nicholas Standox^
*^ Nathaniel Baxter, John Field,
" George Gyldrep, Thomas Wilcocm,*V
" Nicholas Crane,
It does not appear how long Mr. Gawtoii continned ia
a state of suspension; only in the yes^ 1581, he wai^
preacher at Bury St. Edmunds ; but I am apt to thiidL| saya
pur learned historian, seeing his opinions and practice were
still the same, this was owing to the want of prppqr disci-:
pline, and to tbe countenance he there mc^ with) iiotwith?
standing his suspension.f Admitting this l^xc^t to be
correct, his suspension must have continued at l^ast five
• MS. Registery p. S96. f Strype*9 Annals, yol. m. p, 9P*
AIRAT. 847
yean. In the year I60S, a miDister of the same name, and
most probably the same person, became vicar of Kedbum
in Hertfordshire, where he continued till June, 1616, when
bodied.*
Heitrt Airat, D. D. — This learned person was bom in
Westmoreland, in the year 1560, and received his grammar
learning under the famous Mr. Bernard Gilpin, who, at
ihe age of nineteen, sent him to £dmund's*hall, Oxford ;
but aiterwards he removed to Queen's college. Having
taken his degrees, he became a frequent and zealous preacher^
was chosen provost of the college, and afterwards vice*
chancellor of the university. In each -of these departments,
says Wood, he shewed bimsdf a zealous Calvinist, and a
^ ^reat promoter of those of his Own opinion, but went
beyond the number of true.£nglish churchmen. And he
adds, that though he condemned himself to obscurity, and
infected a retired life, being generally adnrired and esteemed
fN his holiness, integrity, learning, gravity, and inde*
fttigable pains in the ministerial function, he could not keep
kfanself nrom public notice.f By his singular wisdom,
lenming, and prudence, in the government of his collie,
many scholars went forth, who became bright ornaments
both in church and state. Another writer oteerves, that he
was so upright and unrebukable through the whole of his
conversation, that he was reproached by some as a precisian.
But how much he condemned the injurious zeal of the
separatists ; how far he disliked a)l the busy disturbers of
tbe church's peace ; how partially he reverenced his holy
mother, the. church of England; and how willingl;^ h6
conformed himself to her seemly ceremonies and injunctions,
his practice and his friends are witness. He was, it is added,
an humble and obedient son of the church, and no less an
enemy to faction than to separaticm.f
However much Dr* Alray tni^ht oppose the separatists,
or jMtrtialhp' reverence the church of England, or willingly
conform himsdf to her seemfy iceremonies and injunctions,
It IB an indubitable fact, tha^ he was a true lionconfomiisti
When he wias provost of Queen'^ college, he was called hi
question by the vice*chancellor, for his nonconformity
to the ceremonies and discipline of the church. And on
• Newcoart'i Repert. Eccl. toI. i. p. 859.
f Wood's Atbenae Oxon. toI. i. p. 348.
t Ainty on PbU. Prcf. Edit. ICIS.
248 LIVES OF THE PURITANS.
account of his zeal in the same cause, he very narrowly
escaped being constrained to make a public recantation.*
He wrote and published a ^' Treatise against Bowing at the
name of Jesus," shewing the superstition and absurdity af
that popish relict.
In the year 1606, Mr. William Laud, afterwards the
famous archbishop, having preached at Oxford, his 9ennQD
contained many scandalous and popish sentiments; for
which he was called before Dr. Airay the vice-chancellor,
to give an account of what he had delivered. It was the
opinion of many that he was a papist, or very much
inclined to popery ; and he narrowly escaped making a
public recantation.f Dr. Airay having accomplished his
days upon earth, meekly and patiently surrendered himsdf
to God^ earnesUy desiring to depart and to be with Christ
And having devoutly committed his soul to the caire of his
dear Red<^mer, he closed his eyes in peace, and was carried
to his grave with honour. He died October 6, . 1616, aged
fifty-six years ; and his remains were interred in die inna
chapel of Queen'3 college.
His Works. — I. Lectares upon the whole Epistle to the Phili-
pians, 1618. — 2, The just and necessary Apology toucniDg^ bis Soli in
Law, for the Rectory of Charlton on Otmore, in Oxfbrdsmre, 1031.—
3. A Treatise against Bowing at the Name of Jesus,
George Withers, D. D. — This person was a'divine of
good learning, incorporated in both universities, and after-
wards preacher at Bury St. Edmunds ; but in the year
1565, refusing to enter into bonds to wear the square cap,
he was silenced by Archbishop Parker. Afterwardet; how-
ever, by the urgent entreaties of his people, he wrote a sub-
missive letter to his lordship, signifying his willingness to
wear the cap, rather than the godly people should be dis-
couraged, or the wicked led to triumph4
Dr. Withers being a learned and popular preacher^
was chosen one of the preachers to the university of Cam-
bridge ; ^nd being an avowed enemy to popery, he lecom-
meniled to th^ university to pull down the superstitioiis and
ridiculous paintings in the glass windows. This oc
9 CQn^ider^.ble noise in the university, and created
tfc-fc^Jf.Ul.ll
• Wood's Athenae, toI. I. p. 481.— Hist, and Antiq. of Oxod. tqI. ti.
p. 288. Edit. 1796.
+ Ibid.— Heylin'sLifcofLandjp. 54.
t Strype's Fftrker, p. 18T, 188.
WITHERS. 24S
^reat trouble. Arckbisliop Parker cited him before the
Eigll coiumissioners, to answer fgr what he had done ; and
upon his appearance, his lordship demanded his license to
preach in that seat of learning. He therefore produced the
letters of the university, by which, m the year 1363, he was
nominated and appointed one of the twelve university
preachers. The archbishop pronounced this license defec-
tive, being in the name of the vice-chancellor, masters, and
scholars alone, without the name of the chancellor. He
"wrote, at the same time, to Sir William Cecil, the chancel-
lor, urginff him to exercise his authority.* By these pro-
ceedings, Dr. Withers was most probably forbidden preach-
ing any more at Cambridge ; but it does not appear whether
he sufiered any other punishment.
Upon the above commotions, he travelled to Geneva,
Zunch, and other places, where he became intimately acr
qaainted with^uUinger, Gaulter,and other learned divides.
Having remained among his new friends a few years, he
returned to England ; and, in October, 1570, was made
archdeacon of Colchester; and, in November, 1572, was
admitted rector of Danbury in Essex. He submitted to the
ceremonies for the sake of peace, though he never approved
of them.f In the year 1583, upon the publication of Whit-
gifl^« three articles, and the oppressive measures which im-
mediately followed, he wrote to his worthy friend the Lord
Treasurer Burleigh, expressing his strong objections against
such rigorous proceedings. In this letter, dated from Dan-
bury, February 19, 1583^ he addressed the treasurer ail
follows :t
^^ My duty to your honour in most humble manner pre-
mised, with, my most earnest prayer to God for you. \ our
ponjtinual care of the church, and the importunity of my
friends, have enforced me to write to your lordship con.
cerning the present controversies in the church. I have
long wished the church were rid of some things, in the re-
taining of which I can see no advantage. The silencing of
ministers is like a man who, being angry with his shepherd',
forbids him tq feed his sheep, yet appoints none other in his
Slace, and so the sheep starve in the fold. Your care to
ave insufficie^t ijounisters rempved, is commendable and
godly.
*i With regard to the subscription to the Book of Common
Prayer, how .urged, though I think reverently of the book;
•- •♦ '
• Strype's Parker, p. 192—194. t Ibid. p. 198, 199.
i Strype*! Anoalsy toI. iii. Appco. ^. 62^-^»
S50 LIVES OF TRE PUIHTANS.
yet to think that its authors emd in nothing, is a lemeuoe
due to the canonical books of scriptuie alone, and not to anr
human author whatever. The things in the book whidi I
wish reformed are, first, such as cannot be defended : as
private baptism. How to reconcile it to the docCiine of
the church as by law established, to me appears imponiUe.
Also the minister receiving the other sacrament with the sick
man alone, is cootraiy to the nature of the communion;
contrary to the doctrine established ; and is cousiii-gcrmBn
to the private mass. The other things are taken cynt of Ae
Popish portuis, and translated into the Book of Gommon
rayer, which serves to confirm our adversaries in popery,
I wish the weapon were taken out of their hands*
^^ It is also an inconvenience, that the translation of the
scripture, as corrupted by the bishops, still remaineth in the
Bookof Commcmrrayer uncorrected: that the inierrogap
tories in baptism are directed to infants ; and that the prep
sent uiging of subscription, instead of prodndnr giealef
um/y, i fear it will make greater dUvision^ For I uinkflukt
many who now use the book, and are in other things con*
formable^ will hardly yield to subscribe according to the
form now required. Beseeching your lordship to pardon
my boldness, I commit you to the protection of Alniq|;hty
God.
♦^ Your lordship's in Christy
" George Withers.'*
Dr. Withers quitted the rectory of Danbury iii- 1€05,
most probably on account of his nonconformity ; bvt re-
mains archdeacon to his death. He died previous to
April 10, 1617.* The Oxford historian denominates him,
« Th6 Puritanical Satirist"+ He published *« The Lay-
man's Letters," 1585. — " A View of the Marginal Notes ia
the Popish Testament," 1588.
Francis Bunney, A. B, — Tliis person was bom at
Vach, near Chalfont St. Giles, in Buckinghamshire, May 8,
154S, and educated in the university of Oxford, where he
became fellow of Magdalen college. He entetea upon the
ministerial work in 1567, and soon became nn adinued md
a popular preacher. He was for some time chaplaiii to tiie
Earl of Bedford ; but, upon tlie resignation of his fi^Iow*
ship, he retired into the north of England, where he '"*'
♦ NewGpart*s Repert. Ecd. vol. i. p. 92,
f Wood*i Atbenae Ozoa. vol. i. p. 484.
F. BUNNEY. 251
^^Tered uncommon zeal, constancy, and popularity in his
ministerial labours. In the year 1573, he became preben*
dary of Durham ; the year following, upon the resignation
of Mr. Ralph Lever, he was made archdeacon of Nor^-
thumberland; and in 1578, he became rector of Ryton, in
the bishopric of Durham. Though he obtained these pre«
ferments, he did not hold them all at the same time^ but in
succession.* Upon his going into the north, the Bishops
^ilkin^n and Bams, successively of Durham, shewed him
great Isivour, and his labours were rendered particularly
usefuLf The former of these prelates was a great friend to
the puritans and silenced nonccmformists. He often took
them under his patronage and protection. He connived at
their nonconformity ; and, to the utmost of his power, pro^
moted, encouraged, and sheltered them from the storm.
Such appears to have been the conduct of this generous
prelate towards Mr. Bunney* Wood says ^^ he was very
zeakNis in his way, (meaning the way of puritanism ;) a
great admirer of John Calvin, a constant preacher, and
much given to charity; but a stiflF enemy to popery. "j:
He dira at Ryton, April 16, 1617, in the seventy-fourth
year of his age. His remains were interred in the chancel
of the church at that place; and upon the wall over his
grave is a monumental inscription on a brass plate^ the first
stanza of which is the following :
My bark now liavin^ won the haven,
I fear no stormy seas ;
God is my hope, my home is heaven.
My life is happy ease^
Mr. Bunney, by his last will and testament, bequeathed
thirty-three pounds to Magdalen college, Oxford, and one
btmdred pounds towards the erection of new colleges in that
university. He was brother to Mr. Edmund Bunney,
another puritan divine, whose memorial is given in the
following article^
His Works.— 1. A Survey and Trial of the Pope's Supremacy, 1690.
— ^ A Comparison between the ancient Faith of the Romans and
the new Romish Religion, 1695. — 3. Answer to a Popish Libel> caUed
A PeHtian to the BUIu^ps, Preachers^ and Owpellen, 1607. — i. Expo-
sition on Romans iii. 28, wherein is manifestly proved the Doctnnp
of Justification by Faith, 1616.-^. A plain and familiar Exposition
of theTenComm^ndmoots, 1617.— 6. In Joelis Prophetiam enarratio.
The last was left in manwifcripty and probably never published.
• Wood*s AtheosB Oxon. vol. i. p. 355, 740.
f 9trype*8 Aimali, yol. iii. p. 355. . i Atbea» Oxon. fol. i. p. 855.
f5S LIVES OF THE PURITANS.
Edmund Bonnet, B. D. — This zealous minister
bom at Vach, near Chalfont St. Giles, in Backinghamshii^
in the year 1540, and educated in the university of Oxfoid;
where, on account of his great knowledge of logic and
philosophy^ he was elected probationer fellow of Biagdalcn
college. He wa9 the son of Mr. Richard Bunney of Newtoo,
usually called Bunneyrhall, near Wakefield in Yorkshire.
His father, designing him for the law, removed him from
the university, and sent him to the inns of court, where he
continued* about four years. Mr. Bunney, not 'liking the
law, resolved to study divinity, for which his father cast
him off, and disinherited him.* Upon this he returned to
Oxfgrd, and in 1565, was elected fellow of Mertcm coU^e, '
and admitted to the reading of the sentences. There was not
at this time a single preacher in his college, and the
greatest scarcity through the whole university ; but Mr.
unney was chosen preacher to the society. In this situa-
tion, he soon became a very eminent, constant, and popular
pre^her.f He used frequently to visit the university, fbr^
many years after he left it ; when he was constantly engaged
in preaibl^ing; and, by his sound doctrine and holy life,
was the means of doing unspeakable good, especially
among the scholars. He also travelled like an apostle,
oyer most parts of England, every where preaching the word,
Hereby he incurred the displeasure ana censure of many*
But, to acquit himself of all blame, he wrote '^ 4- Defence dT
his Labour in the Work of the Ministry." This he
dispersed among hi3 friends, though it does not appear that
it was ever published. But because he was a uoron^
Calvinist, and a zealous puritan. Wood denominates hun
'^ a busy, forward, and conceited man, and a moi^ fliii4
preacher." According to this writer, he. seldom or never
studied his sermons, but prayed and preached extempore;
and, in the opinion of many^ was troubled with the dmnUjf
squirt: and, he adds, that, by the liberties vrhich he fook in
his preaching, he did a great deal of harm.t The same
aiithor, indeed, styles him '^ an excellent writer, an emmnt
preachei^, and a learnecl theologi^t.''§ Mr. Strype calls htm
^f an eminent vnriter and divine.")
About the year 1570, Mr. Bunney became chapbon to
Grindal, Archbishop of York, who fi;aye lum i^ piebend m
* Wood's Athense Oxod. toI. i. p. S64.
+ Wood's Hist, and Antiq. of Oxod. vol. ii. p. 162.
i Athenae Oxon. vol. i. p. 364, 365.
Ilbid. p. 396,717.— Hist, and Antiq. toI. ii. p. 158.
Strjpe'i Apnali, ¥o1. ill. p. 609. '
B. BUNNEY^E. PAGET. S5S
that church, and thfe rectory of Bolton-Percy, near the city
of York. After holding the rectory twenty-five years, he
resigned the liring, when he was made sub-dean of York.
He died at Cawood in that county, February 26, 1617, aged
fifty-seven years^ His remains were interred in the south
aisle joining to the choir of the cathedral of York; and
pvf^r his grave is his e&gy carved in stone and fixed in
the wall, with a monumental inscription to his memory, of
which the following is a translation :
Edmund Bunney,
born of thd ancient and noble family of the Bunneys,
was Bachelor of Divinity,
and once Fellow of Mei^on College, Oxford,
Pastor of the parish of Bolton-Percy,
a very worthy Prebendary of St Paul's, London ;
of St. Peter's, York ;
and St. Mary's, Carlisle.
He spent a great part of his time in going about
from place to place in preaching,
leaving, for the love he had to Christ,
the patrimony bequeathed him by his father,
to his brother Richard.
He died February 26,
in the year 1617.
His Works. — 1. The Summ of the Christian Religion, 1576.—:
2. An Abridgment of Johtl Calvin's Institutions, 1580.— 3. A Treatise of
Purification, 1584.->-4. The Coronation of King David, 1588. — 5. A
necessary Admonition out of the Prophet Joel« concerning the hand
t>f God-that late was upon us, and is not clean taken off as yet, 1588*
— 6. A brief Answer to those idle and frivolous Quarrels of R. P.
(Robert Parsons) against the late edition of the Resolution, 1589. —
7. Divorce for Adtiltery, and Marrying again, that there is no sufficient
Warrant so to do, 1610.-'^. The Comer Stone ; or, a form of Teaching
Jesus Christ out of tibe Scriptures, 1611.
' EasfiBius Paget.— >This excellent divine was bom at
Crauford in Northamptonshire, about the year 1542, and
educated in Christ's Church, Oxford. He went to the
university at twelve years of age, and became an excellent
k^cian and philosopher* During his abode at Oxford^
be broke his right arm, and was lame of it ever after.
Removing from the university, he became vicar of Oundle,
and rector of Langton,* in his native county, but was
exceedingly harassed on account of his nonconformity.
* firidgct*s Hilt, of NortiuuDptoiiihirey toI. I. p« 306.
234 LIVES OF THE PURITANS.
January 99, 1373, he ivas cited before ScamUeTy Udiop d
Peterborough, who first suspended him for the space of tnrae
weeks, then deprived him of his living, worth a Imidnd
pounds a year. Several others were suspended and dranvri
at the same time, because they could not, with a good oon-
science, subscribe to certain promises and cnga^remeall
proposed to them by the bishop.* Upon their defvivatiaa,
they presented a supplication to the queen and parliament,
for their restoration to their beloved ministry ; but ta no
purpose : They must subscribe, or be buried m silence. A
circumstantial account of these intolerant proceedings will
be found in another place.f
In the year 1576, Mr. Paget was exercised with new
oppressions. His unfeeling persecutors, not content with
depriving him of his ministry and his living, ordered him
to \ye taken into custody, and sent up to JLondon. He
was, therefore, apprehended, with Mr. John Ozenbridge,
another leading person in the associations in Northamp-
tonshire and Warwickshire, and they were both carried
urisoners to the metropolis, by a special order from Arch-
Dishop Grindal.^ It docs not, however, appear how long
they were kept in custody, nor what further persecutiflns
they suffered.
Mr. Paget was afterwards preferred to the rectory of
Kilkhampton in Cornwall. Upon his presentation to the
benefice, he acquainted both his patron and crJimirVf
that he could not, with a good conscience, observe all me
rites, ceremonies, and orders appointed in the Book oF
Common Prayer ; when they generously promised, that, if
he would accept the cure, he should not be urged to the
precise observation of them. On these concutioos, he
accepted the charge, and was r^ularly admitted and
inducted.^ He was a lame man; but, in the opinion of
Mr. Strype, <^ a learned, peaceable, and good divine, who
had formerly complied with the customs and devoticms of
the church, and had been inde&tigable in the ministry.'*!
But Mr. Farmer, curate of Barnstaple, envying his p(^«
* Dr. Ednrand Scambler, lacceuiTely bitbop of PeterbonMfb
Norwich, was the first pastor of tbe protestaot coogregatioD In Loodottyla
the reigo of Queen Mary ; but was compelled, on accoant of tbe Mfferity
of persecotioD, to relinqoish tbe sitoation. He was a learned nuw, voy
tealons asaiosttbe papists, and probably driven into a state of iexO«i bai^
surely, he forgot his former circomstances wlicn he became a
persecutor of his brethren in the days of Queen Elizabeth.
f See Art. Arthur WalLe. % Strype's Grindal, p. S15. 218.
S MS. Rtfister, p. 57)^. | Strype's Wldlgift, p. STT.
E. PAGET. i&b
laritv. eomplaiiied of him to the high oommissiaii ; trheii
the mloyring charges were exhibited against him : — <^ Tfa^
in liis inrayers he never mentioned the queen's supremacy
over both estates. — That he had said the sacraments were
only dumb elements^ and would not avail without the word
preached. — That he had preached that Christ did not
descend, both body and soul, into hell. — That the pope
might set ub the feast o{ jubilee, as well as the feasts of
Easier and l^eM^ost, — That holy days and fast days were
only the inventions of men, which we are not obliged to
follow.— That he disallowed of the use of organs in divine
worship. — That he called ministers who did not preach,
dumb dogs; and those who have two benefices, knaves,-^
And that he preached that tlie late Queen Mary was a
detestable woman, and a wicked Jezebel."* These were the
crimes exhibited against our divine; though upon hid
appearance before Archbishop Whitgifl and other com-
missioners, January 11, 1584, he was charged only in tho
coami(»i form^ with refusing to observe the Book of Common
Krayer, and the ecclesias(tical rites and ceremonies; to
which he made the following reply :f
'< I do acknowledge, that by the statute of the 1 Eliz. I am
bound to use the said Book of Common Prayer, in such
manner and form as is prescribed, or else abide by such pain^
as by the law are imposed upon me. I have not refused to
' use the Common Prayer, or to minister the sacraments, in
such Order as the book appoints, though I have not used all
the rites, ceremonies, and orders set forth in the said book.*
1. Because^ ix> my knowledge, there is no Common Prayer
Book in the church. 2. Because I am informed, that you,
before whom I stand, and mine ordinary, and greatest part
of the other bishops and ministers, do use greater liberty in
omitting and altering the said rites, ceremonies, and orders.
S. Because I am not resolved in my conscience, that I may
use divers of them. 4. Because, when I took the charge of
that church, I was promised by mine ordinary, that I should
not be urged to such ceremonies ; which, I am informed,
he might do by law.
^^ In those things which I have omitted, I have done
nothing obstinatdy; neither have I used any other rite,
ceremony, order, iform, or manner of administration of the
sacramaits or open prayers, than is mentioned in the said
book; although there are some things which I doubt
• MS. Retistert p. 574, 575. f Ibid. p. 670.
956 LIVES OF THE PURITANS.
"whether I may use or practise. Wherefore, I humblj
pray, that J may have the liberty allowed by the said book|
of having in some convenient time, a favourable confereno^
either with mine ordinary, or with some other by yoa
appointed. This I seek not for any desire I have to Imp
. the said living, but only for the better resolution and satis-
faction of my own conscience, as God knoweth. Subscribed
by me,
" Lame, Euserius Paget.** "
This answer proving unsatisfactory to Whitgiflt and hii
bretliren, Mr. Pa^t was immediately suspended ; ' and
venturing to preacTi after his suspension, he was deprived of
his benefice. The principle reasons of his dcprivatioii|
were, ^' The omission of part of the public prayers, the craa
in baptism, and the surplice ; and the irregularity of deal-
ing in the fnihistry after his susi)ension."
In the opinion of the learned civilians, however, these
things were not sufficient cause of deprivation, and, conse-
auently, the proceedings of the high comnsission weie
eemed unwarrantable. The Case was argued at some
length; and being now before me, the reader is here
favoured with the reasons on which the opinion is founded.
His deprivation was accounted unwarrantable, because he
had not time, nor conference, as he desired, and as the statute
in doubtful cases warranted. He had not three aevc^d
admonitions, nor so much as o;ie, to observe those things in
due time, as the law required. If this had been done, and^
after such respite and admonition, he had not confonned,
then the law would have deemed him a recusant, but not
otherwise. And if the whole of this process had been
regularly observed, Mr. Paget's omissions had so many
favourable circumstances, as, that the parish had not pro-
vided a Prayer Book, and his ordinary had promised that
he should not t)e urged to observe all the ceremonies,, that
it was hardly consistent with prudence and charity to
deprive him so suddenly.
As to his irregularity in preaching after his sugpensioo,
the civilians were of opinion, that the suspension was void,
because founded upon a process not within the cogmxanoe
of those who pronounced the sentence. For the ground of
the sentence was his refusing to subscribe to aiticM
devised and tendered by the ecclesiastical c(NnmissioiienL]irh6
had no warrant whatever to offer any such articles. Thai
authority, as expressed in their commission, extended no
farther than to reform and correct those things which weie
E. PAGET. ^7
contrary to, certain statutes, and other ecclesiastical laws;
ttfeie being no clause in the commission allowing them to
ire subscription to articles of their own invention;'
ley further argued, that, on supposition the suspension
* been warrantable, all irregularity was done away by.
Hie queen's pardon, long before his deprivation. Besides,
|Ir. Facet cud not exercise himself in the ministry after his
jpispension, nor even, attempt to do it, till after he had
gdbtained from the archbishop himself a release from that
ifospension; which he apprehended, in such a case, to be
fufficient, seeing his grace was chief in the commission. And
in addition to this, all the canonists allowed, that mistake
f£ ignorance, being void of wilful contempt, as in the
present case, were a lawful excuse from irregularity.* Notf
withstanding these arguments in favour of the poor, lame
minister of Christ, the learned prelates remained inflexible |
and, right or wrong, were determined to abide by what
tfae^ had decreed ; therefore, the patron disposed of the
liying to another.
\ Mf. Paget's enemies were resolved to ruin him. From
the above statement, his case was, indeed, very pitiablcf.
This, however, was not the conclusion of his troubles : his
iiitare hardships were still more lamentable. After being
deprived both of his ministry and benefice, and having t6
pyovide for a numerous family, the poor man set up a
small school : but there the extended arms of the higU
commissioners reached him. For, as he was required to
bke out a license, and to subscribe to the articles of reli-
£*3n, which he could not do with a good conscience, they
at up his school, as they had before shut him out of the
church, and left him to sufier in extreme poverty and want.
In tiMs painful condition, he sent an account of his case in
'% Idter to the lord admiral, to whom he was well known.
and by whom he was much beloved. In this letter, dated
June 3, 1591, he expressed himself as follows :f
^^ I never gathered any separate assembly from the church,
nor was I ever present in them ; but always abhorred them.
I always resorted to my parish church, and was present at
Msrvice ' and preaching, and received the sacrament ac-
OUfding to the book. I thought it my duty not to forsake
(be church because it had some blemishes ; but while I
have endeavoured to live in peace, others have prepared
tlianselves for war. I was turned out of my living by
« ]|8. Reguter/p. 572, 573. -f Strype*8 Wbit^^ft, Appta. p. 106^ 167.
▼OL. II. . 8
SSi LIVES OF THE PURITANS;
eommandraait. Afterwards, I preached wifhoot Ihrin^'
and without stipend ; and when I was fiMrbiddeny I oe8ie£'
I then tanffht a few children, to obtain a little bread fm
myself and my family; and when some disliked this, mbA
commanded me to give it up, I obeyed and gave it B|iw
<^ I beseech your lordship to continue yonr great laioar
towards me, that I may not be turned out of bowe aad
calling, and be obliged, as an idle rogue and yagabondj lo
go frond door to door, begging my bread, while I am me
to obtain it in a lawful calling. And I beseech 3^00 to be a
means of obtaining her majesty's favour, thart I may bs
allowed to live in some place and calling, as beooraeth a
f)eaceable subject. And i beseech the Ixffd God tohkai
and prosper your honour for ever. Your loidship^B most
obedient servant,
** liame, Eusebivs Pagbt.**
How long the good man continued under the eoeksiaf-
tical censure, we are not able to learn. It i% howeim
probable he continued some years. Mr. Paget wJucribm
the ^^ Book of Discipline.^'* But we find no fiiitbs
account of him till September 21, 1604, when he became
rector of St. Ann and Agnes, in Aldersgate-stieety tdmdob^
There he laboured in the Lord's vineyard, till lie finished
his work, dying in May, 1617, aged seventy-five . yeaiii
His remains were interred in his own church. Wood sayk
^ he was many years a ccHistant and fiulhful preacher of
God^s word."f And Fuller styles him << the golden 80>-
phister, a painful preacher," and author c^ an eBcdfcnl
"History of the Bible."t
His Works.— 1. Sermon on Tithes, 1583.— 2. A Cateehi■■^ IBOl
The History of the Bihle, hriefly collected by way of QoaliMi
and Answer, 1097.-4. Sermon on Election. — 6. A TraaslatiM d
Calvin's Harmony of Matthew, Maik, and links. He was aatkr
also of some other pieces.
Thomas Stone. — This pious divine was educated b
Christ's Church, Oxford, chosen one of the proctors (^ dii^
university, and became rector of Warkton in Norduunpr
tonshire. He was a person of good leamin|^ and giw
worthy a zealous puritan, and a member of the datfii^
• Neal»« Puritans, ▼ol. i. p. 493.
+ Wood's AtbeosB Oxon. ▼ol. i. p. 367.^Newcoarf s Repeit BcA
?ol. i. p. «7a ' .
t Filler** Worthies, part ii. p. 890.
STONB. SB§
bi^^ sometimes chosen moderator. He united with his
biethren in subscribing the ^^ Book of Discipline ;"• but was
■Jferwanl^ brought into trouble for nonconformity, and his
Esncem to reform church discipline. July 27, 1590, he
f^as app:ehended and brought before Attomey-Gieneral
Bepliam, and required to take the oath ex officio. The day
BlUowing he was examined in the star-chamber, from AjL
D^dock in the morning till seven at night; and required
Jjtai his oath, to give his answer to thirty-three articles.f
mne oi the puritans thought, that when they were ex*
Mtained before their spiritual judges, it was their duty to
•onfesB all they knew. This was Mr. Stone's opinion in the
brfore us. His examination chiefly related to the classical
nblies; and though he could not give a direct answer
to all the interrogatories, he gave an account of the greater
and lesser assemblies; where they met; how often; and
Hrhat persons officiated. He answered several questions
j^QDCefniiiff the authority by which they met together ; who
^pete mo&rators; upon what points they debated; and
|Alrt censures were exercised. But, in order that this may
^ffffcxf to greater advantage, it will be proper to give those
itHDcles upon which he spoke explicitly, with the substance
gf his answers ; which were the following :
^ 1. Who and how many assembled at their classis ? where^
and when, and how often were they held ?
V In answer to this article, he -specified the names of about
fiuly ministers X ^ho attended these assemblies, though not
dl lit one .time ; and that they had held them in London,
Cambridge, Northampton, and Kettering.
8. Who called these assemblies, by what authority, and
ib what manner ?
^ I know not, says Mr. Stone, by whom they were called ;
mm do I know any other authority therein, only that which
tjffts voluntary, by giving one another intelligence sometimes
hf letter, and sometimes by word of mouth, as occasion
served.
* S. Who were moderators in them, and what was their
I I remember not who were moiderators in any assembly
l^irticidarly, excepting .once at Northampton, when Mr.
« Real's Puritans, vol. i. p. 483.
' i- FaUer't Church Hist. b. ix. p. 206.
X From a list of the ministers, now before me, who attended these assem-
bf tei, tbere were, in all, upwards of ei|;hty.— JfS. Chronology^ yol. ii.
p. 4d5. (6.)
260 LIVES OF THE PURITANS.
Johnson ¥ras admonished, and that was Mr. Snape te.
myself, I am not certain which. •
4. Wliat things were debated in those meetings ar as-
semblies? .
The principal things considered in tliose assembUei^ "W^SBtf
how far ministers might yield to subscribe unto the Book
of Common Prayer, rather than forego their miniatrj. The
<^ Book of Discipline" was oflen perused and ^sciMBed.
Three petitions were agreed upon to be drawn up aod-
presented, one to her majesty, another to the Icwds of tk
council, and another to the bishops. As to the particolat
things debated, I remember only, the perfecting of the
<< Book of Discipline,'^ and the subscription to it at Cam-
bridge. Also, whether it was convenient for Mr. Cartwririit
to reveal the circumstances of the assemblies, a little beroce
he was committed. Likewise the admonition of Mr. Johnsoni.
at Northampton. And whether the books of Apocrypha
might be warrantably read in public worship, as the
canonical scriptures. . . ^
. 5. Were any censures exercised ; what kinds, when, wheie,
upon whom, by whom, and for what cause ?
I never saw any censure exercised, excepting admonitkiD
once given to Mr. Johnson of Northampton, for impipper
conversation, to the scandal of his calling : nor waa uut
used with any kind of authority, but by voluntary and
mutual agreement, as well by him who was admonished, as
him who gave the admonition.
6. Have any of the said defendants moved or persuaded
any to refuse an oath, and in what case ?
I never knew any of the defendants to use words of
persuasion to refuse any oath; only Mr. Snape .sent. me
certain reasons gathered out of scripture, which led
him to refuse the oath ex officio; which, I am persuaded,
he sent for no other purpose, than to declare, that ]|B
refused to swear, not of contempt, but for consdcnoe
sake.*
This is the substance of what is preserved by our h^jrio*
rians. Mr. Stone, however, by his long examination, brou^
many things to light, extremely offensive to the mlu^
Prelates ; but which, till that time, were perfectly unknowiu
'hough he did not, it seems, give this information out of
any ill design, but because he was required upon his o$0i
so to do ; yet many of the puritans were inclined to
• Funer's Church Hist. b. ix. p. 307— 209.^Strjpe'i Whilsift, Appcf.
p. 159-^166.
BAYNES. 261
complain of his adding affliction to their bonds, seeing it
"twop^ht them into many troubles. Mr. Stone, therefore, to
acqmt himself of the blame attached to him by his brethren,
drew up and published a vindication of what he had done.
^Ilie reasons alleged in his own defence^ were in ^U sixteen ;
bat the principal were, '' That he thought it was unlawful to
refuse an oath, when offered by a lawful magistrate.-^That,
baying taken the oath, he was not at liberty to say nothing,
much less to deliver an untruth^ — ^And he saw no pro-
bability, nor fsven possibility, of things being any longer
'concealed."*
Mr. Stpne, with several others, having fully discovered
^be classipal associations^ many of hi;s brethren were ca^
into prison, where they remained a long time under extreme
bardabips ; but he was himself released. Having obtained
bis liberty, he returned to his ministerial charge at Warkton ;
Inhere he continued without further molestation the r^
mainder ci his life. He di^ an old man and full of days«
.in the year 1617. Bridges observes, that he was inducted
into tlije living of Warkton in the year 1553.f If this
fltntemei^t be correct, he must have been rector of that place
jnxty-four years. He was a learned man, of great upright*
negB, and uncommon plainness of spirit, minding not the
filings of this world ; yet, according to Wood, « a stiff
nonconformist, and a jealous presb^terian."{:
Paul Batnes, A. M. — This excellent divine was born
in London, and educated in Christ's college, Cambridge,
whare he was chosen fellow* His qonduct at the university
was, at first, so exceedingly irregular, that his father was
much displeased with him; and, at his death, left forty
fi[>llnds a year, to the disposal of his friend Mr. Wilson of
irchin*>lane, desiring, that if his son should forsake his
ievil 'V^ys, and become steady, he would give it him; but
if he did not, that he should withhold it from him. Not
lon^ after his fiither^s death, it pleased God to Convince him
oi bis sins, and bring him to repentance. He forsook the
paths of vice, and jsoon became eminent for piety and holiness.
Much being forgiven him, he Ipved much^ Mr. Wilson,
being taken dangerously ill, and having heard what the
• . • Fuller's Cborch Hist. b. ix. p. 800, 810.
:■ -¥ Bridges*i Hist, of NorthamptoosbiiY, vol. i. p. 274.
. .4 IWcf's Cliwrcb Hist. b. Ix. p. 810. —Wood's Athenas Ozoa,
vol. i. p. 749.
S6S LIVES OF THE PURITANS.
Lord had done for Mr. Bnynes, sent for him, when lie
was much delighted and profited by his fervent prayers and
holy conversation. Therefore, according to the tnul
reposed in him, be made known to Mr. Baynes the agree*
ment into which he had entered with his father, and de-
livered to him the securities of the above annuity.
Mr. Baynes, it is said, was inferior to non& m sharpnctt
of wit, in depth of judmnent, in variety of reading, ii
aptness to teach, and in holy, pleasant, and heavenly co^
yersatioii. Indeed, his fame was so great at Cambridge^
that, upon the death of the celebrated Mr. Perkins, no onf
was deemed so suitable to succeed him in the lecture at 8t
Andrew's. In this public situation, he was much admired
and followed; multitudes rejoiced under his ministry; and
he so conducted himself, that impiety alone had cause to
complain.* Here he was instrumental, under Grod, in the
conversion of many souls. Among these was the holy and
celebrated Dr. Sibbs.
His excellent endowments, together with his extensiTe
usefulness, could not screen him from the oppressions of
the times. Dr. Harsnet, chancellor to Archbishop Bancnf^
visiting the university, silenced him, and put down hi
lecture, for refusing sul^ription. Mr. Baynes vras reqniied
to preach at this visitation, when his sermon was sound and
unexceptionable. But being of a weak constitution, he
retired at the close of the service, for some refreshm^;
and being called during his absence, and not answering, he
was immediately silenced. Nor were his enemies satufied
with this, but, to make sure work of it, the reverend dtsn-
cellor silenced him over again ; all of which Mr. Baynes
received with a pleasant smile on his countenam:e.f
Having received the ecclesiastical censure, he appealed to the
archbishop ; but his grace stood inflexible to the deteimi*
nation of his chancellor, and threatened to lay the ffood M
man by the heels, for appearing before him with ar.ffi^
black edging on his cuffs.X
After receiving the above coisure, Mr. Baynes preached
only occasionally, as he found opportunity, and war
• Clark *8 Lives aoiiexed to his Martyrologie, p. SSy 88.
■f* Baynes^s Diocesaas Tryall, Pref. Edit. 108K
X Ibid.—How a little blaclL edging could offend his lordsUp, If certalsiy
not easy to discover. It was not prohibited by any of the canon, nor WKf
violatioo of the ecclesiastical constitotioDs. Therefore, onleMi ^ nich-
bisbop had some enmity against the good man pre^omly in kli Ivnrt, it
foems dificuU to say how he could have been offmdod wifck to Sriviil
a matter.
i>.
BAYNES. S6S
tedttccd to ereat poyerty and -want Notwitbatanding this,
lie never faTamea himself for his nonconformity. But of
Hie persecuting prelates he used pleasantly to say, '^ Thej
aue a generation of the earth, earthly, and savour not the-
ways of God." He was an excellent casuist, acnd great
Bumbers under distress of conscience resorted to him for
instruction and comfort. This the bishops denominated
keeping conventicles; and for this marvellous crime, Bishop
fiiirsaet. Iris most furious persecutor, intended to have
•mocuied his banishment. He was, therefore, called before
i^ council ; and, being allowed to speak in his own defence,
jhe made so admirable a speech, that before he had done,
^«ie of the. lords stood up, and said, ^^ He speaks more
like an angel than a many and I dare not stay here to have
# hand in any sentence against him." Upon this he was
dismissed, and heard no more of it.*
Though Mr. Baynes's natural temper was warm and
iititaUe, no one was more ready to receive reproof, when
ipipperly administered. Indeea, by the power of divine
grace, the lion was turned into a lamb ; and he was become
of so holy and humble a spirit, that he was exceedingly
Moved and revered by all who knew him. During the
sommer season, after he was silenced, he usually visited
jRnflemen in the country; and they accounted it a peculiar
lelicity to be &voured with his company and coiiversation*
In his last sickness, the adversary of souls was permitted
to disturb his peace. He laboured to the last under many
doubts and fears, and left the world less comfortable than
many others, greatly inferior to him in christian faith and
lioliness. He died at Cambridge, in the year 1617.
The celebrated Dr. Sibbs gives the following account of
Om acoompiished servant of Christ : " Mr. Baynes," says he,
^ was a man of much communion with Grod, and acquaint*
^ ance with his own heart, observing the daily footsteps of
M his life. He was much exercised with spiritual conflids«
^< by which he became more able to comfort others. He had
^ a deep insight into the mystery of Grod's grace, and manlB
.^ corrviption. He sought not great things in the world.
^ He possessed great learning, a clear judgment, and a ready
<< wiw*f Fuller has classed him among the learned writers
who were fellows of Christ's coUegt-, Cambridge.t What a
Rproach was it to the ruling prelates, and what a blow
nipinst the diurch of God, wbm wo excdleat it divipe was
aside and almost starved I
• Cburk*B Live^ p. S3, S4. f Ibid. p. 94.
t FUl€r'iHiat^Ckabp.9f.
564 LIVES OF THE PURITANS.
The following anecdote is related of Mr. Baynes, shewing;
the warmth of his natural temper, with his leiUliness to
receive reproof and to make a proper use of it . A religioiB
jpfentleman placed his son under his care and tuition ; aaid
Mr. Baynes, entertaining some friends at supper, sent the boy
into the town for sometliing which they wanted. The boy
staying longer than was proper, Mr. Bayncs reproved him
with some sharpness, severely censuring his conduct. Tlie
boy remained silent; but the next day, when his tutor was
calm, he thus addressed him : ^' My father placed me under
your care not only for the benefit of human learning, bot
that by your pious counsel and example, I might be brought
up in the fear of God: but you, sir, giving w&y to your
passion the last night, gave me a very evil example, such
as I have never seen in my father's house.** ^^ Sayest thou
so,*' answered Mr. Baynes. '^ Go to my tailor, and let him
buy thee a suit of clothes, and make them for thee, which I
will pay for, to make thee amends." And it is' added, that
Mr. Baynes watched more narrowly over his own spirit ever
afler.»
His Works.-— 1. Holy Helper in God's Building, 1618.— -3. Dii^
course on the Lord's Prayer, 1619. — 3. The Diocesans Tirall, whereia
all the Sinnewes of Dr. Downham's Defence are brought into three
Heads and orderly dissolved, 1621. — 4. Help to tme Happiiieta»
1635. — 6. Brief Directions to a Godly Life, 1637. — 6. A dmmah
tary on Ephesians, 1668.
William Bbadshaw, A. M. — This excellent divine^
descended from the ancient family of Bradshaws in Lanca-
'ahire, was bom at M arket-Boswoith in Leicestershire, in the
year ISTl, and educated in Emanuel college, GambricU;^
Having taken his degrees, he went, by the recommendatfDn
of Dr. Chadderton, to Guernsey, where he became tutor'to
the children of Sir Thomas Leighton, governor of the islafld.
In this situation he formed an intimate acquaintance witb
Mr. Thomas Cartwright, which death alone could dissolve.
During Mr. Bradshaw's abode at Guernsey, he maintained
an unblemished character, and discovered great fixAjy
industry, and faithfulness in his official situation. Upon Us
jetum to England, on his way to Cambridge, he Terjr
narrowly escaped being drowned. He was chosen fellow of
Sidney college, then newly erected. Here he discovcKd
much prudence and piety, and was highly respected. ' Ht
■
* Clark's Examples, p. 79. Edit. 1671.
> IBRADSHAW. «65
'^^as of so amiable a disposition, that his yeiy enemies ^ero
' constrained to speak well of him. Upon his settlement at
Cambridge, he entered into the ministerial office, when he
i^as not particularly urged to observe those things which he
scrupled. He preached occasionally at Abington, Bassing-
ibom, and Steeple-Morton, near Cambridge; but did not
settle at any of these places.
' In the year 1601, having received a pressing invitation
from the people of Chatham in Kent, he became their
^pastor. In this situation, to his own' great comfort, and
'that of the people, his labours were soon made a bless-
ing to many. Multitudes flocked to hear the word at his
tmouth, which presently awakened the jealousy and envy of
other ministers. It was deemed advisable now to obtain
dhis confirmation from the Archbishop of Canterbury ; and
to this end. Sir Francis Hastings wrote a most pious and
-modest letter to his lordship.* At this particular juncture^
;Mr. Bradshaw's enemies falsely accused him to the arch-
bishop, of preaching unsound doctrine; thetefore, instead
of obtaining his confirmation, he received a citation from
Dr. Buckridge, dated May S6, 1602, to appear by nine
o*clock the next morning, before his grace of Canterbury,
and his lordship of London, at Shorne, a small distance
from Chatham. Mr. Bradshaw appearing at the time and
place appointed, the Bishop of London, aner asking certain
questi(ms, charged him with having taught, '' That man is
not bound to love God, imless he be sure that God loves
him." Mr. Bradshaw denied the charge; and though he
offered to produce numerous respectable witnesses in refuta-
tion of it, and to prove what he had taught, the offer was
rejected. . But, to finish the business, and strike him at once
" dumb, he was required to subscribe ; and because he could
'not, with a good conscience, he was immediately suspended,
bound to appear again when called,, and then dismissed. t
His unexpected suspension and expulsion from Chatham,
caused the friends of Christ to mourn, and his enemies to
triumph. His numerous flock, having sat under his
-ministry with great delight, were peculiarly anxious to have
rhirn restored. A supplication was, therefore, drawn up in
.the name of the parishioners of Chatham, and presented to
.the Bishop of Rochester, earnestly desiring the restoratioh
« This exceUeot letter, dated April 25, 1602, in which Sir Francis gives
. higb commeiidations of Mr. Bradshaw's character, is still preserved.—
Ctark't Lives annexed to kU MurtprQlogie^ p. 37.
. flliid. p. «h^«44.
i
f£
tS^ LIVES OF THE PURITANS.
of ibeir silenced pastor. In this suppltcatton, after eaqxisiii^
the false charffes of his adversaries^ they declare, ^ That
Mr. Bradshaw s doctrine was always soimd, holy, leumd,
and utterly void of faction and contention ; that his life
was so ornamented with unblemished virtues, that malke
itself could not condemn him ; and that he directed all
labours to beat down wickedness, to comfort the
and to instruct the ignorant, without meddling with the
needless controversies of the day." They conclude hj
humbly entreating his lordship's fiivour, tliat he would be
the happy means of restoring to them their viztuons aad
fiuthful shepherd.* But the decree of the bishq^ and
archbishop, like the laws of the Medes and Persiaiis, was
ne forth ; these intercessions were, therefore, inefiectaaL
he meek and pious divine quietly yielded to be driven
from his ministry and his flock.
During these apparently cross dispensations, GodL who
worketh all things after the counsel of his own will, was
providing for Im. Bradshaw a place of rest Being ton
irom his beloved and affectionate people, by treachery aad
episcopal power, he found a comfortable retreat under- the
hospitable roof of Mr. Alexander Redich, of NewhaD,
near Burton-upou-Trent in Staffordshire. This pioos and
worthy gentleman not onW received him into his house, but
procured him a license uom the Bishop ai Lichfield and
Coventry, to preach in any part of his diocese : thia ikvenr
was continued as long as the bishop lived. In thia retired
situation, Mr. Braddiaw preached for some time at the
chapel in the park ; then, when that became too small, ia
the parish church of Stapenhill. This he did finr alMt
twelve years, receiving nothing from Ae pariah. During
the whole of this period, he was supported by his wtwdij
jpatron, in whose . &mily he lived, and was treated with tbcr
utmost kindness, Mr. Bradshaw was afterwards chosei
lecturer of Christ's church, London ; but the htahiop abso*
lutely refused his allowance.
Conformity being now enforced with great rigour, seveid
worthy divines ventured to set forth their grievancies, their
exceptions, and the grounds of their dissen^ and to answor
the arguments of their opponents. Among these was lb.
3tadshaw, who published his Reply to l>r. Bilaont and Dr.
> * Clark*t Livea uwexed to his Maityrologie, p. 49.
- f Or. Bilsos's celebrated work in defence of the natimial ckaroh» k
entitled, *^ The perpetaall Governnent of ChriKci Charrhs WhantiM
arc handled. The fatherly saperioritie which God fini cHabUilMa ia thi
BRADSHAW. , • ggT
JDoswnbafli) two notable chamiMions for episcopacy and
tlie ceremonies. The puritans being treated with great
jseverity^ and^ stis^matized as fanatics, schismatics, and
.enemies both to God and the king; Mr. Bradshaw, to
jpraaoye these slanders, and to give the world a correqt
MfMemeat of their principles, published his '^ English
Puritanism, containing the main Opinions <^ the rigidc^t
sort of those tliat are called Puritans in the realm of Eng-
land.*' In this excellent perfonnance, to which the learned
Dr. Ames wrote a preface, and translated it into Latin, for
the benefit of foreigners, it is observed, '^ That the puritans
jnaintain the absolute perfection c^the holy scriptures, botti
as to feith and worship; and that whatever is required
as a part of divine service^ which cannot be warranted by
the word of God, is unlawful." This is the broad basis oa
which thev founded their opinions a^d practice ; and ia
correspcmdtence with this generous sentiment, they further
maintained, ^< That the pastors of particular congregatiomr
are the highest spiritual (^cers in the church of Cnrist, oy^
whom there is, by divine ordinance, no superior pastor,,
excepting Jesus Christ alone. — That they are led by the
spirit of antichrist, who arrogate to themselves to be pastors
of pastors^ — ^That every particular church hath power to
elect its own officers, and to censure its own members.-^-^
That, to fcNToe a congr^ation to support a person as their
pastor, who is either unable or unwilling to instruct them, is
as great an injury as to force a man to maintain as his wife^
one who rrfuseth to perform the duties of a wife^" &;c.*
All books published in defence of the puritans wer^
indeed, accounted dangerous both to church and state ; and
when they came forth, the most diligent search was made
for them, as well as for their authors. Therefcnre, Mr.
Bradshaw being in London, two pursuivants were sent to
his lodginffs to apprehend him, and to search for suspected
books. When the pursuivants came, he was not to h$
found ; and, not more than half an hour before their arrival,
ftus wife, to prey^t danger, had taken a quantity of those
Fstriarkes for Uie guidiiig of his charch, and after contianed in the tribe of
Ijtii and the Prophetest and lasUie confirmed io the New Testament to the
Apostles and their Successors : as also the points in question at this day*
tonching the Jewish Synedrion; the true Kingdome of Christ i m
Aposttei Commission i the Laie Presbyterie i the Distinction of Bishops aii4
Pfofbyters^ and their succession from the Apostles times and bands :" ftc«
1593. This, It is said, is one of the best books written in fiiTOor w
cpiscopac/.-rAiojr. Britan. ▼ol. ii. p. SIO. Edit. 1778.
• Sosllrii Pvitaniim, p. 36— 42. Edit. laOO.
268 LIVES OF THE PURITANS.
books out of his study, and cast them into a hgle betweei
two chimnies : and though they broke open chests, trunb^
and boxes, and searched evenr comer m the boisae fbej
could think of, the books remained undiscovered. Nerer*
theless, they carried Mrs. Bradshaw before the high com-
mission, where she underwent a severe examination, with
an evident design to make her betray her husband; but
their purpose having utterly failed, after binding her to
appear when called, she was dismissed.*
In the year 1617, Mr. Bradshaw returning from a journey,
the bishop's chancellor welcomed him home with a suspen*
sion from preaching any more, without his further allow*
ance. But, by the mediation of a worthy friend, the chan-
cellor soon became satisfied; took oiF his restraint; add
tlie good man went forwards in the peaceable exercise of
his ministry. Besides preaching constantly at StapenhiU,
this learned divine united with his brethren in their associa-
tions at Ashby-de-la-Zoucb, Repton, and Burton-upoii-
Trent. On these occasions, besides public preaching,
for the benefit of the respective congregations, ihej
had private religious conference among themselves. For
their mutual advantage, they proposed subjects for disciv-
iion; when Mr. Bradshaw is said to have discovered a
depth of judgment, and a power of balancing points of
controversy, superior to the rest of his brethren. Qb.
account of his great abilities, he was conunonly styled
the weighing divine. He was well grounded in Ihe
fundamental doctrines of the gospel, and well studied in the
points about subscription, the ceremonies, the civil power,
and the authority of the prelates ; yet he was an enemy to
separation.f
Mr. Bradshaw, in his last sickness, had very humiliating
views of himself, and exalted views of God and the poweir
of his grace. He exhorted those about him, to learn to die
before death approached ; and to lay a foundation in time
of life and health, that would afibrd them comfort in timo
of sickness and death. At Chelsea, near London, he ita
seized with a malignant fever, which baffled all the power of
medicine, and soon terminated his mortal existence. He died
in peace, and in great satisfaction with his nonconformity,
in the year 1618, aged forty-seven years : his r(»nain8 wem
interred at Chelsea, and most of the ministers about the
fAty attended the funeral solemnity. His funeral sennon
• Clark*8 Liyes, p. 45-46. i Ibid. p. 49, A^ BOr
BRADSHAMT. ' «9'
Iras pfreached. by his worthy friend Mr. Thomas Gataker^ *
who mre him the following character : ^^ He was studious,
humMe, upright, affectionate, liberal, and compassionate.
He pofieessed a sharp wit, a clear apprehension, a sound,
jodgment, an exact method, a poweiful delivery, and a.
angular dexterity in clearing up intricate debates, dis-
covering the turning points in dispute, stating controversies
aright, and resolving cases of conscience." The celebrated
Bi&op H^says, ^^ He had a strong understanding, and a
free spirit, not suiFerin|r himself for small matters of judg-
ment to be alienated n'om his friends; to whom, notwith-
standing his seeming austerity, he was very pleasing in
oonversation, being full of witty and harmless urbanity. He
was very strong and eager in argument, hearty in friendship,
imrdless of uxe world, a despiser of compliment, a lover
ofreality, full of digested learning and excellent notions, a
painful labourer in God's work, and now, no doubt,
gkvioudy rewarded."*
The productions of Mr« Bradshaw's pen were numerous,
and most of them very excellent. His '^ Treatise of Justi-
fication," was much admired by men of learning, as
appears from the following anecdote : Some time after Mr.
Bradshaw's death, the famous Dr. Prideaux, being in com-
panv with his son, and, finding who he was, said, << I am
gha to see the son of that man, for the old acquaintance I
kad, not with your father, but with bis Book of Justifica-
ti(m."f We shall give a list of his pieces, in addition to
those already mentioned, though perhaps not in the exact
order in which they came forth, as it is difficult to procure
an exact statement of the time of their publication.
His Works. — 1. A Treatise of Divine Worship, tending to prove
that the Ceremonies imposed upon the Ministers of the Gospel in
England, in present Controversy, are in their use unlawful, 1604. —
2. A Treatise of the Nature and Use of Things Indifferent, tending
to prove that the Ceremonies, in present Controversy, are neither in
Nature or Use Indifferent, 1606. — 3. Twelve Arguments, proving
that the Ceremonies imposed upon the Ministers of the Grospel in
England by our Prelates, are unlawful; and, therefore, that the
Ministers of the Gospel, for the bare and sole omission of them in
GhorcllHBervice, for conscience sake, are most unjustly charged of
Disloyalty to his Majesty, 1606. — 4. A Protestation of the King's
Supremacy, made in the name of the Afflicted Ministers, and opposed
to the shameful Calumniations of the Prelates, 1606.-^5. A Propo-
sition concerhing Kneeling in the very Act of Receiving, 1606. — 6. A
ihort Tireatise of the Cross in Baptism,— 7. A Consideration of
• Clark's Lives, p. 51, 60. t Ibid. p. 69.
9rO LIVES OF THE PURITANS.
cierUiii Potitioiis ArcbiepiscopaL — 8. A Preparation to the ImM
Supper.—^. A Marriage Feaat — 10. A Meditation on Map's Mor*
tality. — 11. Sermons on the second Epistle to the Tbesaalonians^—
12. A Treatise of Christian Reproof.^13. A Treatise of the Sii
against the Holy Ghost — 14. A Twofold Catechism. — 16. An Answer
to Mr. G. Powel. — 16. A Defence of the fiaptism of InflurtSr-*
17. llie Unreasonableness of Separation.
Mr. Jenkin was son to a gentleman of oonsiderabk
estate at Folkstone in Kent, and educated in the uiiiTenitj
of Cambridge, with a view to some considerable piefermcfli
in the church. Being here cast under the ministry of tht
celebrated Mr. William Perkins, be soon became imprmad
with ffreat seriousness, and embarked with the pliritaBL
His mther discovering this upon his return bomei aad
disliking that sort of people, was pleased to disiiilierit lam
of the greatest part of his estate. Thus younff Jenkin !»u
called to bear the yoke in his youth, ana to forsake fttfa^t
and mother, houses and land, for his attachment to Chriit
and his cause. He trusted in the Lord, and found Jiim.tli
be a constant iiriend. When he found his compaoy dia*
agreeable to his father, he removed to the house m Mr#
luchard Rogers, the old puritan minister of Wethenfiddii
Essex, where he diligently prosecuted his studies. Enteruf
afterwards iipon the ministerial function, he settled M
Sudbury in Suffolk. In this situation he was laborious ii
preaching and catechising; and while he was ^ignaSLf
usdful to many, he adomS the whole by a conespondhiji
holy conversation. After his settlement at this placa^ hs
married the grand-daughter of Mr. John Rogers, the fioofW
Jrotomartyr. Mr. Jenkin died about the year 1618.* Mr.
ohn Wilson, another celebrated puritan, was his fluooesn^
at Sudbury ; and Mr. William Jenkin, the ejected nooocfr
formist, was his son.t
Samuel Hieron. — This Excellent divine was the Mirf
a most worthy minister, who, being much respected I^ tht
fiunous Mr. John Fox, was persuaded to lay aside *f*w^«"g
school, and enter upon the christian ministry. He Ubomn
in the sacred office many years at £pping in Essex, wi^
God was pleased greatly to bless his endeavours. TUa Ul
son was educated first by his fi^er, then at Kiog^a 8obNil|i
• Calamy's Accoont, ¥01. ii. p. IT.
f iVamer's Noocod. Mem. toI. i. p. 108; . :
JENKlN— HIERON. !^*^
[|«sur Windsor, and afterwards at King^s college, Cambridge,
ivliere he made, amazing progress in the yarioos branches of
Sleratwe. One of his name united with many others of
[Ifrinity college, in their invitation to Lord Barleigh, in
Ifi95, to accept the office of treasurer of the college ; bnt it
Sees not appear with certainty whether this was the same
person.*
He entered Upon his public ministry, and gained, at the
1^ of twenty-four years, a distin^ubhed reputation, and
ima greatly admired and followed. Haying finished his
Aodi^ at the uniyersity, he was presented by Sir Henry
Bftyile to the yicarage of Modbury in Devonshire, where he
toHtinued' the temainder of his days, the Lord greatly
Heflsing his labours. Here he was reverenced by the poor,
idmired by the rich, countenanced by the great, and re«
■pected by all.f
«- Mr. Hieron was a celebrated divine, and a most noted
Mffilan. He wrote several excellent pieces in defence of
mconfiirmity, though they were never collected and pub*
idled with his other works. One of them is entitled, ^< A
itort Dialogue proving that the Ceremonies and some other
QHmptions now in question, are defended by no other
Al]mments than such as the Papists have heretofore used,
flM our Protestant Writers have long since Answered ;
Mieieanto are annexed certain Considerations why the
Ministers should not be moved by the Subscription and
Oeiemonies," 1605. He was also the anonymous author of
iiibtiier piece, entitled, <^ A Defence of the Ministers^ Rea*
Mis for refusal of Subscription to the Book of Common
Iteyer, and of Contbrmity, in Answer to Mr. T. Hutton,
Ihr. W. Covel, and Dr. T. Sparke," 1607. This work was
^Mttted in Holland, and sent over packed up with the goodn^
flTdne Mr. T. Sheveril, an eminent merchant of Plymouth;
tmt, as no bookseller durst sell it, on account of the severity
of the times, the whole impression was given away. Some
of the copies were sent to the persecuting bishops, some to
Inb antagonists, and some to the universities ; but the author
iVItt never discovered to his enemies, or to the collectors of
ijte works. Thus Mr. Hieron was deeply engaged in the
lie controversies of the day, though unknown to 'bis
ents. There was also, « The Second Rirt of the
of the Ministers' Reasons," 1608 ; and " The Third
ctf* the Shime," 1608; but I am not sure, says^ mj
« Baker't MS. QoUec. toI. if. p. 50.
S78 LIVES OF THE t^URITANS.
author, Tphether Mr. Hicron was the author of them.* |le
was particularly intimate with some of the most celebni&l
Suritans, especially Dr. Lawrence Chadderton^ to whom he
edicated some of his works.
Though Mr. Hieron was a minister of most eminent fnetf
and usefulness ; yet, during the greatest part of his bJA.
sickness, which continued about a month, his mind waft
under a cloud, and very uncomfortable. For the most part,
he remained altogether silent, oftentimes not answering any
question tiiat was proposed to him, and sometimeB he wq^
most bitterly. A brother minister addressing him, with a.
view to administer comfort to his troubled mind, he saidy
<< There is a great mist betwixt rae and the happiness I have
looked after. I have judged partially of my own state, and
thought better of myself* than I deserved. He could not
then be prevailed upon to speak any more.
About four days before he died, he began to revive and
speak in a more comfortable strain, declaring his gmt
peace and abundant consolation. To a friend who asked
nim how he did, he said, '^ A very weak man.*' When it
was recommended that, though he was weak in body, he
should labour to be strong in the spirit, he replied. ^' I
thank God, I have labour^ and do labour, and I find my
labour is not in vain. I have many tilings to speak ihiut
way, but now I want a tongue to utter them ; vet something
I must speak : I would not have it thought that my deatS
is hopeless; for though I have lain all this time silent, ai
you have seen, yet my thoughts have been engaged about
matters of great consequence ; and now, I thank my God,
my soul is full of comfort I do verily believe ] shall see
the light of the Lord, in the land of the living. But what
am I, or what is my father's house, that God should deal so
graciously with my soul ? He hath called me unto a state
of grace ; fitted me in my education for the ministry of.ttjB
word; brought me in his appointed time to the pradioe
thereof; given me some reputation in it ; and blened my
labours in some measure unto his people. He hath n^
dealt thus with every one ; no not of his own chosen. I
speak not boastingly, but comfortably ; not to extol mysdj^
but to magnify the goodness of my God. I know whom 1
have professed, whom 1 have preached, whom I have
believed, and now I see heaven open to receive me. I am
freed from all care, except for my people. I wish, if God
• MS. Acconnt of Mr. Hicrwi.
6. 6IFF0RD. S73
were so pleased, that nothing I have taught them may
prove thesavour of death unto death to any of them. But
mjr own sin hath been the cause that I have seen no more
fruit of my labour in their conversion; yet, it may be,
another may come after me, and, as the apostle says of
bimseli^ reap that which I have sown. I confess that, in
public, I have been somewhat full in reproof, in admonition,
m instruction ; but in private my backwardness, my bash-
fulness, my dastardliness, hath been intolerable ; and I may
truly say, that if any thing lies as a burden on my con-
science, it is this, out I praise my God, I know upon
ivhose shoulders to cast it, with the rest of my transgres-
sions." Many other things, in the same comfortable strain^
lie spoke previous to his departure. He died in the year
1618; for his funerd sermon was published that year, though
it does not contain the least account of the deceased. It is
entitled, " Hieron's last Farewell ; a Sermon preached at
Modbuiy in Devon, at the Funeral of the Reverend and
Faithful Servant of Christ, Master Samuel Hieron, some-
tunes .preacher there, by J. B.," 1618.
j^nller, who has classed Mr. Hieron among the eminent
.men and learned writers of King's college, Cambridge^
styles him " a powerful preacher in his printed works."*
±ne learned and pious Bishop Wilkins has given an
honourable testimony of the excellency of his sermons.f
His works, consisting of sermons and other pieces, were
collected and published after his death, entitled, << The
Works of Mr. Sam. Hieron, late Pastor of Modbuiy in
Devon,'' in two volumes, folio, in 162^1. A divine of the
same name, who was ejected in 1662, was his grandson.]:
George Gifforo, A. M. — This excellent divine was
educated in Hart-hall, Oxford, where he continued some
years. In the year 1582, he became vicar of Maldon in
£8sez.V The Oxford historian denominates him <^ a
Teiy noted preacher, a man admirably well versed in
die various branches of good literature, and a great
enemy to popery. "| Mr. Strype says, ^^ he was a great
Md diligent preacher, and much esteemed by many
• FaUer't Hist, of Cam. p. 76.
•f WUkiM on Preaching, p. 8S.
• -^ Pkhaer't HoBcoB. JUfm. ¥ol. ii« p. 38.
4 Kew€oart*t Repert. Eccl. ¥ol. ii. p. S96. 4
f Wood*t AtheaoB Ozon. vol. i. p. 3S7« ^
▼OL. II. T
974 LIVES OF THE PURITANS.
penons oF rank. By his labours he broaght Ae town to
much more sobriety and knowledge of tnie fdifficm.*'*
Though he was a decided puritan, and scni|>led conrormiCjr
in yanoils particukirs, he wrote with grtst zeU against tat
Brownisls, and in defence of the church, fiat atl tlEei^
things were mere trifles, so long as he did not acfiAire t&^
ceremonies, nor come up to the standard of cOtafonmtj ^
Suired by tlie prelates. Thrrefofe, having prcsafcfc^d tike
octrine of limited obedience to the civil itu^^trate^ CMft*
plaiiits were brought against him, and he wa)? lAiAiMii' ~
suspended and cast into prison. This was in thib feOt ll
About the same time, this learned dfivlrffe, Mid d
ministers of Essex, to the ndmber of tweift^^fteven, pit^
rented a supplication to the lords of the cMaicfij extimfy
eliciting a redress of their grievances; though it cbMnn
appear with what degree ofsuccess.
The ministers who subscribed this sttppficaiidfi VMJ
highly celebrated for learning, piety, and usdulneM. ftU^
of whom were already suspended for nobcohforiiiity. Ut
the supplication thev express themselves as follows: ^ We
cheerfully and boldly offer this our humbte iMi( onto ytmr
honours, being our only sanctuary upon eattfi, Aeitt io lltt
inajesty, to which we can repair in our present ncJoeAdtjr:
and most of all we ette encouraged, when we congid^nr ii&k
richly God hath adorned your honours -^iih ktiM^J£d|g&
wisdom, and zeal for the gospel, and T^th godly ttat iaii
tender love to those who protess the same. Most Ktiltihly*
therefore, we beseech your honours, with yoiif acduMtttned
fiivour in all godly and just causes, to hedr and to jddge 0f
our matters. \Ve liave received the chaijge c^ her im^esty'tf
loyal and faithful subjects, to instruct and teach our people .
in the way of life ; and every one of ust having this soonded
from the God of heaven, Iroe be unto mcj iffpredchtiotthe
gospel, t^e have all endeavoured to discharge oar duties,
anci to approve ourselves both to Grod and men* NotiHth*
standing this, we are in ^eat heaviness, and some tt aft
already put to silence, and the rest living iii fbat ; liot tt^
we have been, or can be charged, We hope, with fitittb ddC^
trine, or slanderous life ; but because we rdfiise to Mjibtetiltf
< that there is nothing contained in tiie Bdok of CotahiMH
Prayer contrary to the word of Grod.^ We do protest in
the sight of Grod, who searcheth all hearts, that ^ ddid
refuse from a desire to dissent, or from any sinister a&eiMn;
• Strype'i Aylmer, p. 110.
G; GIFFORD. 1876.
but in the fear of God, and from the necessity of conscien^
The. apostle teacheth, that a person who donbteth is con*
demn^ if he eat. If a man then be condemned for doing a
lawful action, because he doubts whether it be lawful; how
much more should we incur the displeasure of the Lord, and
justly deserve his wraih, if we should subscribe, being fully
persuaded that there are some things in the book contrary
to his ivord 1 If our reasons might be so answered by the
doctrine of the Bible, and we could be persuaded that we
might subscribe lawfully, and in the fear of God, we would
wifiingly consent. In those and other respects we humbly
craye your honourable protection, as those who from ti^
lieart do entirely love, honour, and obey her excellei^
majesty and your honours, in the Lord. Giving moi^
hearty thanks to God for all the blessings we have received
from him, by your government, constantly praying, night
and day, that he willbless and preserve her majesty and
your honours to eternal salvation. Your honours' poor
and humble supplicants,
*^ George Qifford, Samuel Cotesford,
Richard Rogers, Richard Illison,
Nicholas Colpotts, William Serdge,
liAw^ANCE Newman, Edmund Barker,
William DfKE, Richard Black well.
Thomas Chaplain, Thomas Howell,
Arthur Dent, Mark Wirsdale,
Thomas Redrich, Robbrt Edmonds,
Giles Whiting, Augustine Pigot,
Ralph Hawden, Camillus Rusticus,
Je^fert Jesselin, John Huckle,
Thomas Upche, Thomas Cauew,
Roger Carr, John Bishop."*
John Wilton,
When Mr. Gifford was brouj^ht to trial before the high,
commission, his enemies utterly failed in their evidence, and
he was accordingly released. This, however, was not the
mid of bis troubles. He did not long enjoy his liberty.
Bidlop Aylmer appointed spies to watch him, and fresh
complaints were soon brought against him on account of his
nonconformity ; when he was again suspended and cast into
inrisoo.f Upon this he made application to the lord
treasurer, who endeavoured to obtain the favour of the '
• MS. Resiiter^ p. 330.
f 8trype*t Whitgift, p. 158.— NeaFt ParitaDs, yel. i. p. 379.
J76 LIVES OF THE PURITANS.
archbishop ; but his grace having consulted, his brother of
London, told the treasurer that he was a ringleader of the
nonconformists; that he himself had received complaiirti
against him, and was determined to bring him before the
high commission.*
Mr. Gifford had many friends, and was much beloved
by his numerous hearers. The parishioners of MaldoD,
therefore, presented a petition to the bishop, in behalf a
their minister, signed by jifly'lvM) persons, two of whom
were bailiffs of the town, two justices of the peace, fbnr
aldermen, fifteen head burgesses, and other respectable
people. In this petition, they shewed that his fonner
accusations had been proved to be false ; that the present
charges were only the slanderous accusations of wicked
men, who sought to injure his reputation and usefulness;
that they themselves and a i^reat part (^ the town had
derived the greatest benefit from his ministry; that Us
doctrine was always sound and good; that in all Ur
preaching and catechising he taught obedience to magis-
trates; that he used no conventicles ; and that his life was
modest, discreet, and unreprovable. For these reasons
they eamestiv entreated his grace to restore him to his
ministry.f Lideed, the distresses of the people in Enex
were at this time so great, that the inhabitants of Maldon
and the surrounding country presented a petition to parlia-
ment for the removal of present grievances. In this peti-
tion, now before me, they complain, in most affecting lan-
giiage, that nearly all their learned and useful ministers
were forbidden to preach, or deprived of their livings ; and
that ignorant and wicked ministers were put in their
places.;
These endeavours proved ineffectual. Mr. Gifford did
not enjoy his liberty for several years, as appears fnim a
supplication of several of the suspended ministers in Essex,
presented to parliament, dated March 8, 1587, when he was
still under the episcopal censure. It will be proper to give
the substance of it in their own words : << In most hnmUe
and reverent duty to this high and honourable court ol
Jarliament, sundry of the ministers and preachers of Gtod'i
oly word in the county of Essex, present this our earnest
supplication, and lamentable complaint, beseeching yoi
upon our knees for the Lord's sake, and the sake of hii.
i
• Strype's Whit^rift, p. ]52.
+ Strype'i Aylincr, p. Ul, 112.
t MS. Rei^ister, p. 748.
6. QIFFORD. S77
« people, whose salvation it conceraeth, to bow down a
; ^acious ear to this our most dutiful suit, and to take such
order as to your godly wisdom shall be thought most con-
Tenient. Your humble suppliants haying, by the good-
. Bess of God, conducted themselves at all times, both in their
\ doctrine and life, as becometh their vocation, they submit
themselves to any trial and punishment, if it should be found
^citherwise. Notwithstanding this, they have been a long
. time, and still are, grievously troubled and molested ; of
• which troubles this is one of the heaviest, that we are
•.Jhindered from the service of God in our public ministry.
:To this restraint we have hitherto yielded and kept silence.
4. .*^ We hoped, from the equity of our cause, the means
that have been used, and the necessities of our people, that
our suspension would have been taken off by those whose
. erasure lieth upon us : but they neither restored us to our
ministry, nor furnished the people with suitable persons to
supply our places. We and our people have been humble
.suitors to them, desiring that we might be restored to our
-former service and usefulness among them; and, notwith-
standing our cause hath been recommended to them by
'9ome of the chief nobility in the land, even of her majesty's
. Jbonou'rable privy council, we have obtained no relief for
, cmmelves, nor comfort for our distressed people. Therefore,
to appear before this high and honourable court of parlia-
ment, is the only means left unto us ; that if there be in us
no desert of so heavy a sentence, it may please this high
. <x>urt to take such order.for the relief of your most humble
^ suppliants as to your godly wijsdom shall be thought
convenient.
' " We, indeed, acknowledge that divers caused of our re-
.straint are alleged against us; but our earnest desire is,
that this high court would by some means be informed of
• this weighty matter. The chief of them is pur refusing to
subscril^ to certain articles relating to the present policy of
the church, that every word and ceremony appointed to be
ijiead and used in the Book of Common Prayer, is according
.to the word of God. We declared that we could not, with
*» good conscience, subscribe to all that was required of us ;
and we humbly requested to have our doubts removed, and
to be satisfied in the things required ; but we have not re-
.iceived one word of answer to this day ; and their former
rigorous proceedings have not in the least been mitigated.
" We humbly pray this high court to be assured of our
dutiful obedience to all lawful authority, unto which, as
278
LIVES OF THE PURITANS.
tbe ordinance of God, and for conscience snke, with all oar
hearts, we promiMC and protest (Mir 8ul>mi«»ion. Wencek
unfo you to obtain some relief for us. And we commit oirr
lives and wh'>le e.st;it(^ in Almighty God, to your graeiou
clemency, and to the c irr of her right ifxrellent majeHtj,
ceasing not, day and night, to pray that the blessings of
grace and giory may rest upon yon for ever."*
This supplication was signed by Messrs. (/eorgc Giffofd|
Ralph Hawden, William Tunstall, John Huckle, Gilfli
Whiting, and Roger Carr ; l)ut whether it proved of aiijr
advantage, is extremely doubtful. Most probably thty
continued much longer under suspension. Mr. Giflbrd
BubscriF)ed the " B(Kik of Disciplme.'V He lived to i
good old age, and died about the year 1690.
His Works, — 1. Conntry Divinity^ containing a Disooone of
eertain points of Religion among the Common sort of Cbristiuis, vltli
a plain Confutation thereof, 1681. — '2. A Sermon on tbe Panible of
the Sower, 1681. — 3. A Dialogue between a Papist and a PriHo^
anty applied to the caparJty of the Unlearned, 1683.— 4. Agiioit tlw
Priesthood and saeriflce of tlie (/burcli of Rome, wherein ymi'M^
perceive their Impiety in usurping that Ofiice and Action wbicb etcr
appertaineth to Christ onl^, 1584. — 6. A Sermon on 2 Pet i \U
1684. — 0. A CatechiHm, givnig a moftt excellent light to thoie tint
seek to enter tbe Path-way to Salvation, 1680. — 7. A SernNNi €Q
Jam. ii. 14 — 30., ]68fl.-*8. A Difteoiirfie of tbe Mihtile Praeticct of
Ueviln by Witf^hcs and SoreererN, 1687. — 9. Sermons on tbe fint
four Cbaptern and part of the fifth (/hapterof I'^cleiiiajites, 1580.^
in. A fihort TreafiMC against the DonutijitH of f^^ngland, whom wecill
BrowniMii, wherein, by Aniiwcr unto their AVritingH, their llere»ifi
are noted, 1690. — 11. A Plain Declaration that our l>rownbits be full
DonatiHtH, by comparing them togethfrr from point to point out of
the Writings of AugUHtIn, l.'iOI.— 12. A Reply to Mr. Job. Green-
wrK)d and lien. Jitirrow, toiKthing read Prn>er, wherrin tbeir grotf
Ignorance in detected, 1691. — l.'l. A Sernir»n at Panl's (/rm», od
Psalm cxxxiii., I.'jOI. — 14. A Diiilogiie eoneerntng Witcheo uA
WiteheraftA; iu which in laid open how craftily the Devil decetTOtb
not only tbe Witchcu, but otbcrK, 1,'VJ>3.— I.O. A Treatiae of irac
I'ortitudr, 1694. — 10. A (*ommcnt»ry or Scrnionn on tbe whole
Book ot Revclatiomi, 1690.— 17. Two Scrmonn on 1 Pet. v. 8,9., \^
—18. I our Scimons upon Kcveral parlii of Scripture, 1608.— 19. An
£xp<jMition on the (/unticlcN, 1012.-* 20. I ive Sermons on tbe Soo^
of Solomon, 1020.— 21. An iCnglinb 'iranslation of Dr. Fulke'sPrO'
lections on tbe ifoly Revelations.
• M8. Ragiitf r, p. 818-8S0* f Neal*! Fartteas, vol. i. p. 4£9'
Ji^EMJAH Dyke, A. M. was younger brother to the
^c;elebrfited Mr. Daniel Dyke^ and educated in Sidaej
jCCfU^ge^ Cambridge. He was beneQced at ^Epping in jElssex^
^here he entered upon his pastoral charge, in the year
ji^P.* He was a person of a cheerf^u spirit, jichly
Jli^misbed with divine grace, and eminently uset'fil ,in ^^lip
ministry. He was a divine of great peace and moderation,
fffyi is ^aid f o ,have been no jzealot for the ceremonies, but
4p have qu^e^y subqiitted to the ^se .of them. Tjiis he
j^rtainly did, for the sake of peace, so f^ as he could do it
^rith fi .good co(iscience. But he ^as a thorough puritan^
jpd/disa^ted to the ceremonies. He died a pious death^
$iBLj8 qur author, in the year 1620, when his remains were
interred in his own churcb.f A minister of the same nan^e
jbecapae vic^r of Stansted- Abbots in Middlesex, in 1^0;
ibot resigned it previous to April 23, 1644 ; and ^he became
jp^otor ^ .Qjceat Parndofi in £s^;c, in 1645. ,B^t if the
fbpye jaccouut of Mr. Dyke's death be correct, this. must
. j^e :b^n .pother person. t Mr. Dyke published the
j^QB^hmnous wo^ks, of his, brother, and |¥as himself author qf
HP^ei^ exqeUent books, ^e is classed ampng the le^m^
jqitm of Sidney college, Cambridge;^ and a high encp-
JKiiapi is ,pl^»ed upon his sermpns,|| ^e was author, (^ a
jpryaik ,Qn the ^prd's supper, entitled, « The Worthy
lp(H9>pupicai|t.'- Mr. Darnel Dyke, the sile^cpd npncon*
^^[^ipi^.inl^S, M[as his,son.i
•
THOiMAs tl£i(wissE. — .This ^zealous puritan was a man
ippips^ss^ pf^ood natural parts, and some acquired endow
.inents, though it does npt appear whether he received any
^Hpiyeisity education. He was a member of the ancient
church of separatists, founded in the beginning of the reign
f of Queen EUssabeth ; and lyas peculiarly serviceable to those
.people when, to escape the oppressions of the times, they
^ .fled to HoII^mI. There,he was. esteemed a man of eminent
•fidth and charity, possessing excellent spiritual gifts. When
• Mr. John Smyth raised the pontroversy about baptism,
•Mr. H^^wisse became one pf his disciples, received baptism
f fcom him^bfy imn^ersion, apd is s^id to haye be^ ej^commu*
♦ Newcoart*8 Repert. EccI.toI. ii. p, 248.
f FuUer's Worthien, part. ii. p. 89.
± Newcoart*8.Repeit. £ccl. r^l. i. p. 890. ii. p. 46S.
S Foner*t Hist, of Camb. p. 164.
I Wilkins*! Discourse on Preachiog, p. 82.
1 Palm^*i Noocoo. Mem. Yol. ii. p. 304.
S90 LIVES OF THE PURITANS.
nicated by the contrary party. He vfas one of the find ia
the constitution of the church to which. Mr. Smyth wai
chosen pastor ; and, upon Mr. Smyth's death, he ivaschosea
to the piistoral office. Thou;;h he did not go forwardi
vith an equal degree of cointort and 6ucc<*ss as Mr. Smytk
had done, it lYas acknowledged that his preaching and
writings promoted the cause he ( spoused.
The chief (vpposcrs of Mr. Helwisse and his chaidi|
according to Crosby, w(»re the Brownists, from whom fhf*y
had serrated. These persons, haviuii^ incorrect notions v
religious liberty, wrote a(>:ainst them with too much warmthi
calling them heretics, anabaptists, &c. ; yet made seveial
concessions in their fayour,clearing them oft hose extrayaeiliit
opinions which distinguished the old anabaptists. Thef
acknowledged, that Mr. Helwisse and his people disclaimra
the doctrine of free-will; that, though they exchidM
infants from baptism, they believed in infant safoaiion ; and
that they even agreed with their opponents in the great traths
of the gospel. And with respect to their morals, as im
author adds, they confessed that they had attained to some
d^ree of knowledge and godliness ; that they had a m1
of God, though, in their opinion, not according to know-
ledge ; and that when they found any person of their oom*
munion guilty of sin, they proceeded to censure him.
People ofwhom these things could, with truth, be said, oisglA
not to have received any unkind usage from their hretlmn,
though they differed from them about baptism, or some
other subordinate points. It is extremely probable, how-
ever, tliere was fault on both sides ; and if each paify
had been less influenced by a spirit of intolerance, and
more by a spirit of forbearance, their history would bare
appeared no less honourable in the eye of a discerning
posterity.
Upon Mr. Smyth's death, Mr. Helwisse and. his people
published a confession of their faith, entitled, *^ A Declara-
tion of Faith of the English People remaining at ^4 raster-
dam in Holland."* . Mr. John Robinson, pastor to the
' English church at Leyden, published some remarks upon
it. AlK)ut the same time, Mr. Helwisse began to reflect
upon himself and his brethren for deserting their country on
account of persecution. He resolv*^, therefore, to r^bun
home, that he might share the same lot with that of lus
brethren who had continued to endure the storm, fieiiig
* Crosby's HUt. of Baptists, yoU iU Apptn. p.
. HELWISSE. 281
accompanied by the greater part of his congregation, ho
Returned to England, and settled in Ldndon, where thev
gained many proselytes, and became^ as it is conjectured^
the first 6Ei<rERAL Baptist society in England. However,
to justify their conduct in returning' home, Mr. Helwisse
'pttblishra ^' A Short, Declaration,'' in which he stated in
^hat cases it was lawful to flee in times of persecution. To
'this, also, Mr. Robinson published a reply.
In the year I6I5, Mr. Helwisse and his church in
London, published a treatise, entitled, ^< Persecution for
Religion, Judged and Condemned." Though there was no
'nanie prefixed to it, they were certainly its authors.* In
this work, besides defending their own opinions as baptists,
and attempting to clear themselves of several false charges,
they endeavour to expose the evil of persecution. They*
maintain, that every man has an equal ri^ht to judge for
himself in all matters of religion ; and that to persecute
any person, on account of his religion, is illegal, and anti-
christian. They acknowledge that civil magistrates are of
"divine appointment ; and that kings, and such as are in
authority, ought to be obeyed in all civil matters. But that
f^inst which they chiefly protest, is the pride, luxury, and
<^pression of the lordly bishops, and their pretended
q>iritual power, by which many were exposed to confisca-
tion of goods, long and painful imprisonment, hungering,
burning, and banishment. ^' It is no small persecution/*
say they, " to lie many years in filthy prisons, in hunger,
cold, idleness, divided from wife, family a^d calling, ana
left in continual miseries and temptations : so that death to
many would be less persecution.f How many, only for
seeking reformation in religion, have been put to death by
you r power (meaning the bi^ops) in the days of Queen
Elizabeth ? And how many have been consumed to death
in prisons ? Hath not hungering, burning, exile, imprison-
ments, and all kinds of contempt been used ? It is most
' grievous cruelty to lie several years in most noisome and
• Crosb^^B Hist, of Baptists, vol. i. p. 269— «TS.
* f Bishop Warbiirton's opinion of persecution is very singular. *^ The
• ezactini^ conformity of the ministry by the goTernors of the cliurch/'
. ffiys he, '^ is no persecution.** This is certainly a strange sentiment to
> come from the pen of a protestant prelate. Admitting this principle, there
' "Was no persecution in the reign of Queen Mary. It was no persecution,
when the Jewish sanhedrim agreed, ** That if any man /did confess that
Jesus was the Christ, he should be put out of the synagogue.** It was no
persecution, when the parliament imposed the Scot*t coTCoant.—- Ais«r«
PiirtfMs, tioa.' i. p; 919/
£82 LIVES OF TIIE PUAITANS.
jiltby prisons, and continual temptations, hw^g wnivoi
in their estates, and many of them nevcur coming outtiil
ideatli.'**
Tills was a bold protestation against the illeggj wi
iniquitous procoedin^s of the vuiing prelates, and a OOU0
'Stand in defence of rdigious liberty. For making .the. abovo
generous -principles the foundation of their practiw, their
were grievously harassed in the ecclesiastical.courta; yAm
their goods were seized, and they were many years confined
in loathsome jails, being deprived of their wives, .cbildm
«nd friends, till the Lord was pleiised to release .aome of
4hem by death. Mr. Helwisse had his sbaie jn'.the»
^barbarous oppressions. Being a leading person {unoDg tbe
jionconformists of the baptist persuasion, he felt the.inhuQiai
cruelties of the spiritual rulers, but wont fcxwaidii, b$ he
had opportunity, with courage and success. Mt died molt
probably about the year 16S0.t
Thomas Wilson. — This learned and piousidiniie irv
many yea.rs minister of St. Greorge's church, CantortiQiy,
one of the six preachers in that city, chaplain .'to Loid
Wotton, and a man of high reputation. Hewaa a penoD
deservedly famous in his time, preaching regnlaiiy three
times, and occasionally every day, in the week. He was a
hard student, endowed with a healthy constitution and a
'Strong memory. As his gifts were more than ordinaiy, so
were his trials. He had to contend with open eo^es,
false teachers, and notorious heretics, against .whom he
boldly ()efended the truth, detecting and refuting their erran,
He was troubled with certain false brethren, who secretly
endeavoured to promote his ruin ; but the Lord delivered
him out of their hands. He was once complained of to
Archbishop Abbot, for nonconformity ; but, throu^ the
kind intt^rference and endeavours of Lord Wotton, he
escaped the snare. He used to say, ^ That so long as
idolatry is publicly tolerated in the land, public judgments
will not cease.*' Ilis great concern f(Nr tne nyeUare of bis
flock was manifest by his frequent preaching, expounding,
and catechising, for a great number of years. ^ik>r was he
.unmindful of them on his death-bed. With his dying
breath, he charged Dr. Jackson, his chief patron, as be
would answer the same at the bar of God, that he wooM
» Cro8by*8 Baptiits, i^ol. i. p. 126, 127. i VM.jf. iM-r9l^
T.WILSON. SBS
provide for tbem an able and a sufficient pastor. This
the Jioetor promised to do; but added, ^< that not one
vf u thousand could be found, like this worthy servant of
Christ.''*
Mn Swift, who preached Mr. Wilson's funeral semnm^
gives the following account of him: ^^ He was a most
painful and careful pastor ; a man called forth into the
▼inej^rd of the Lord, and well qualified for so ^eat a work.
He was a judicious divine, sound in the truth, and an
^M:cell6nt interpreter of scripture; a professed enemy to
idolatry, superstition, and all false worship ; for which he
incurri^ the displeasure of those who were otherwine
disposed. He was richly furnished with excellent gifts,
which he fally employed in the Lord's work, bein^ in-
^oessanfly laborious and faithftd in his public muuistry.
Having received ten talents, he employed them all to the
use of his Master. He preached at Canterbury thirty-siK
years, during the whole of which period he was always
abounding in the work of the Lord. Being requested, upon
his death-bed, to spare himself in future, irthe Lord should
be pleased to raise him up, he immediately replied, ^ Were
I in health of body, I should always say with the apostle.
Woe be unto me^ if I preach not the gospeV He was
particularly mindful of his flock to the last ; and with his
dying breath prayed that God would provide for them a
faithful shepherd, to feed them with k:nowledge and under-
standing."f He died in January, 162L
His Works. — 1. A Commentary on Romans, 1614.t — 2. Christ%
Farewell to Jerasalem, 1614. — 3. ITieological Rules, 1615. — 4. Holy
Riddles, 1615.—^. A Complete Christian Dictionary, with the Con-
tinuation by Bagwell and Symson, sixth edition, I655.§-— 6. ▲
Dialogue about Justification. — 7. A Receipt against Heresie.
• Christian Dictionary, Pref. Edit. 1655.
f Funeral Sermon for Mr. Wilson.
X This work, which is in the form of a dialogue, abounds with jadiciovs
'4isttacti6ns, and practical uses. — Williams's Christian Preacher ^ p. 436.
§ This worlc is said to have been the first that was ever composed ia
"Eoglbb, by way of concordance. — Granger's Miog, UisU vol. i. p. SW.
S8i LIVES OF THE PURITANS.
AifDREw WiLLCT, D. D. — ^This leained and bborini
divine was bora in the city of Ely, in the year 1568^ jui
educated tint in Peter-house, then in Qiiiit*8 ocdkM
Camhridee. He was blessed with pious parents, m
brought him up in the nurture and admonition of the LariL
His rather, Mr. Thomas Wilkt, was sub-ahnoner to Ki^g
Edward VI., and a painhd sufferer during the cruel pene-
. cut ions of Queen Mary. In the reign of Queen Eligahfth, he
became rector of Bark^y in Hertfordshire, and was prefiarrad
to a prt4)(*nd in the church of Ely. His son Andrew, while
a boy at school, discovered an uncommon genius, and
made extraordinary progress in the various rudiments of
knowledge. He was so intense in his application, thailrii
pnrents were obliged to use various methods to divert hii
attention frcHn his books. At the age of fourteen, he was
sent to the university, where he was soon preferred ts a:
fellowship. Here he became intimate witb Downhao,
Perkins, and other cdebrated puritans, who encopraged
each other in their studies. WiUet soon distingQisbed
himself by his exact acquaintance with the languages^ the
arts, and all the branches of useful literature. He wai
concerned not to have these things to learn, when he caipe
forth to teach others; wisely judging that youth. shoold
prepare that which riper years must use. Among the
anecdotes related of him while at Cambridge, shewing the
promising greatness of his abilities, is the following :— -^ The
proctor of the college being prevented, by some unforeseqp
occurrence, from executing his office at the commencement,
Just at hand, none could be found to take hi$ place excepting
AVillet, who acquitted himself so well, that his orations
gained him the approbation and applause of the imivenitj,
and the high admiration of all who knew how short a time
he had for preparation."* In the year 1586, he united
with the master and fellows of Christ's collie, in
defence of themselves against the accusations oi their
enemies, in which they acquitted themselves with great
honour.f .
Having spent thirteen years at the university, he caiiie
forth richly fraught \yith wisdom and knowledge. On the
death of his father, the queen prrscmted him to the lectoit
of Barley, and gave him his father's prebend in the chufcn
* Bark»da1e*8 Remembrancer, p. 5S — 58.
i Baker't MS. CoUec. vol. iv. p. 79.
willet; MS
ef Ely. Jle ^tered npon his charge at Badejr^ January
JH^ 1598.«. Though he is said to have sought no other'
Eeferment, one oi his name became rector of Reed in
iddlesex, jn the year 16 IS ; and rector of Chishall-Parva
bk Essex, in IGSO.t We cannot, however, learn whether
tkis was the same person. He studied to deserve prefer-
ts, rather than to obtain them. His own observation
, that some enjoj/ promotions, while others merit them.
He always abounded in the work of the Lord, and ac-
counted me work in which he was engaged as part of his
wages. About the time that he entered the ministerial
work, he married a near relation to Dr. Goad, by whom he
hftd eleven.sons and seven daughters.
Dr. Willet was a man of uncommon reading, having-
ffigested the fathers, councils, ecclesiastical histories, the
otvil and canon law, and numerous writers of ahnost all
descriptions. Indeed, he read so much, and understood
and retained what he had read so well, that he was deno-
nmiated a living library. To secure this hiffh attainment,
!» was extremely provident of his time. He constantly
mse at a very early hour, by which means he is said to
liave got half way on his journey before others set out. He
ivas laborious in the numerous duties of his ministry ; and
ke greatly lamented the condition of those who. sat under
idle and ignorant ministers. He also often lamented the
•bUe of the prelates of those. times, who, after obtaining
rich livings, thqugh they were men of talents and learning,
woidd not stoop to labour for the welfare of souls. But he^
as a faithful steward of Christ, constantly preached three
times a week, and catechised both old and young throughout
bis parish. And though he was a man of most profound
learning, had been some time chaplain to Prince Henry,
and had frequently ^preached at court, his sermons and
catechetical instructions were dressed in so plain and
familiar a style, that persons of the weakest capacity might
easily understand him.;^ He esteemed those the best dis-
courses which were best adapted to the condition of the
people, and most owned of God: not those which were
most dec(H*ated with human ornaments, and most admired*
ainong men. Though he could administer all ne<^ful
reproof and warning to the careless and the obstinate ; yet
his great talent was to Und tip the broken-hearted, and
comfort the weary, fainting pilgrim.
• Newcourt's Repert. Ecd. toI. i. p. 8U0^ f Ibid. p. 862. If. p. 161,
t FnUtr't Abel RedivlTiiii p. 569.
LIVES OP THE PURITANS.
His external deportment^ at home and abroad, Vfad mA
as became bis profession. He livedj as wdl as preachd^
the gospel* His house was the model erf* a little chonh
and house of Grod; where morning and evening sacn-
fices were daily offered unto God. He had laws and
ordinances set up in his house, directing all the membenof
his numerous family to the observance of their lespedhe
duties ; and be was a pattern to them ail in ^11 things. Hii
humility and beneyolencc were two of the brightest jeweb
in his crown. Though he had a numerous family of chit
dren, he did not consider that a sufficient reason ftr
abridging his constant and extensive liberality. Qa
the contrary, he was of the same mind as one of the firthen^
who said, <^ The more children, the more charity.'* And it
is said of Dr. Willet, that his substance increased with
his liberality.* Many poor ministers tasted the sweetness sf
his bounty.
Dr. Willet obtained a great degree of celebrity by the
numerous and valuable productions of his pen. One of
his voluminous publications appeared in the rdgn of Qaeea
Elizabeth, entitled, << Synopsis P^pismi; or, a gnenl
View of P^pistrie.^' This work, which was dedicirfed
to the queen, contains upwards of thirteen hundred paga
in folio. It is perhaps the best refutation of popeiT tost
ever was published. In this work, says Mr. Toplaay, no
less than fifteen hundred errors and heresies aref chaiged
against the church of Rome, and most ably refntod. It
passed through five editions ; and was highly approved hj
many of the bishops ; held in great esteem by the tvro
universities; and very much admired, both by the clemr
and laity, throughout the kingdom. The author, it is
incorrectly added, was most zealously attached to Ae
church of £ngland, and not a grain of puritanism mingted
itself with his conformity.f
This celebrated divine continued his numerous and
painful labours to the last. He used to say, <^ As it is most
honourable for a soldier to die fighting, and for a bishop or
pastor praying ; so, if ray merciful Uod will vouchsafe to
grant me my request, I desire that I may finish my days in
writing and commenting on some part of scripture.'*
* Dr. Wniet*8 mother uras a person who aboBsded io acts of charity.
When her children were gone from her, and settled in iifc, the vied tt
feed her poor neighbours, saying, '* Now I have my children aboit wnt
again.** — Bark dalt^9 Rtmembrancer^ p. 56, 64, 65.
f TopUdy'i Historic Proof, vol. ii. p. 191, 102, 305.
wiLLEt. m
tterehi God gave Mm the desire of Ms heart* He WW
lealled to his father's house, as hte w^s cowpttsing h?s ^ Gatti^
waesktBLvy on Leviticus." Though he did not desire, as
|Kiod Archbishop Leigbton did^ that hie might die at an inn^
&e unerrinj? providence of Gtod' bad appomted that he
riiould. The occasion of &is death Was a falf from his
korse, as he was riding homewards from London, by which
lie broke his leg^ and was detained at Hoddesdon in Hert*
finrdshire, incapable of being removed. On the tenth day
after his fall^ having supped (Cheerfully the preceding
evening, $tnd rested well during the greatest part of the
U^ht, he awoke in the momiBg by the tolling of a bell,
wben he entered* into sweet conversation with his wife
tfmut the joys of hedv^. Afteif" singing with melody in
DbeSr b^rts tor the Lord, and unitedly pre^sentin^ their slip-
plications to God, he turned himself in bed, and giving a .
deep groan^ he fell into a swoon. His wife, being alarmed,
immediately called in assistance ; and upon the applica-
tion ofi suitable means,. he recovered a little, and raised
himself up in bed, but imihediatelv said, ^< Let me alone*
I 8(hall be well, Lord Je^u^;^^ and then resigned his happy
loul to God, December 4, 1621, aged ftffy-eight years.*
His funeral was attended by a great number of knights,
gentlemen, and ministers, wlio, having esteemed and ho*
OMred him ih life, testified their respect to his memory
'mhnsa dead. Though he wrote against the unmeaning and
Krijte^fstitiOBs practice of bowing at the nattie of Jesus,f
aflia was a sufferer, in the cause of nonccmformity ;i jety
Ddfig so excellent a man, so peaceable in his behaviour,
umA so ihcderate in his principles, he was enabled to
kecj* his benefice to the day of his death. " He was
k. berson," saysi Fuller, " of a souiid judgment, admirable
indiifiiiy^ a pious life, and bountiful above his ability/'^
He is classed among the learned waiters and fc^Uows of
fSif ist's college, Cambtidge.il Mt. Strype denominates him
^ a learned and zealous puritan.^'ir
Dr. Willefs remains were interred in the chancel of
Barley church, where there is a representation of him at
filU lengthy in a praying attitude; and underneath is a
• FoUer's Abel Red. p. 575.
f Wood's Athenae Ozon. toI. i. p. 348.
?N«arB Poritaoi, yoI. ii. p. 189.
Church Hist. b. x. p. 91.— Worthies, part i. p. 158.
I Faller*8 Hist, of Cam. p. 92.
I Strype's Annals, vol. Hi. p. 441, 490.
f88 LIVES OF THE PURITANS.
monumental inscription erected to his memoiyi ci
tbe following is a translation :•
Here liei
Andrew Willet, D.D*
once Minuter of this Church,
and a great ornament of the Cluirch in cenend.
He died
December 4, 1621, in the 50th
year of hin age.
Reader, admire ! within this tomb there lies
Willel, though dead, still livinff with the wise;
Seek you his boase : — his polished works pemse.
Each vala*d page the living Willet shews :
All that of him w^as mortal rests below.
Nor can } uu tearless from the relics go.
Subjoined to the Latin inscription aie the foUowiof
lines in English :
Thou that erewhile didst sach strong reasons frame.
As yet, great WiUet, are the popelings shame ;
Now by thy sickness thy death hast made.
Strong arguments to prove that man's a shade*
Thy life did shew thy deep divinity,
Death only taught us thy humanity.
■ I
His Works. — 1. Synopsis Papismi, 1600.— 2. Thesamras Eecknei
1604. — 3. De Gratia Generi Hnmano in primo Parents odl]ata,d»
Lapsu Adami, Peccato Origioali, 1600. — 4. Hexapla apon DaBisI^
1610.-1^-6. Hexapla upon Romans, 161 1. — 6. Hexapla upon Leritkofi
1631. — 7. Hexapla upon Genesis, 1632. — 8. Hexapla upon Exoda^
1632. — 9. De animae natnra et viribus. — 10. Sacra Emblemafa^^
11. Dc univcrsali Yocatione Judeeonim. — 12. Do Conciliis.— 13. De
nuiversali Gratia. — 14. De Anticbristo. — 16. EpithalanivB^—
16. FunebVes Consciones. — 17. Apologia serenessimi Regie Jae.
Defensio. — 18. Harmony of the First and Second Book of SunadL—
19. Hexapla upon the Twenty-second Psalm. — ^20. Upon the Scnroh
teeuth of John.— 21. Upon the Epistle of Jude.^22. TetnwjykM
Papismi. — ^23. A Catalogue of Good Works. — ^24. Limbomastix^
25. Funeral Sermons. — 86. A Catechism. — ^27. A Prelection^— M As
Antilogy. — ^29. Epithalamium in English.— He left mn imneow
quantity of manuscripts behind him.
* Theological and Biblical Magazine, vol. vii. p. S83.
-f This work affurds mach iDformation, as it cootaioi the eptahNU tf
many aathon on each point of difficulty.— Fn(teiM*« Chritiim Frmtlm^
p. 4S3.
EGERTON. S89
* SteI^hen Egerton, A.m. — This excdlcnt divine was
incorporated in both universit'cs, and ailerwards for many
years the learned, zealous, and faithful minister of Black-
fnars, London. He was a thorough nonconrorniist, a
zealous promoter of a further reformation of the church,
•and an avowt^d advocntc for the pre^byterian discipline.
He WIS a member oi' the presbjrtery erected at Wandsworth
in Surrey, and fn^qiiently united with his brethren in their
associations, when he was commonly chosen to the office of
moderator.
In the year 1584, he and Mr. John Field wer(^ suspended
for refusina; subscription to VVhitgift's three articles. After
receiving the censure of this tyrannical prelate, they'
assigned their reaF:oas for not subscribing to the second
article, viz. " That the Book of Common Prayer, and the
Book of Ordination, containeth in it nothing contrary
to the word of God."" — *' We cannot subscribe to this
article," say they, " because the book alloweth a mere
reading ana insutiicient ministry ; and, what is still more
intolerable, it containeth many things ttiiding to harden
obstinate papists, and to encourage ignorance and supersti-
tion among the conunon people. All this is apparent,
Seeing most of the things contained in the book are trans-
lated out of the popish portuis, with little or no alteration^
We cannot consent thtit certain parts of the apocrypha
should be used in public worship, and some parts of
scriptnre omitted. In tlie burial of the dead, every wicked
man must be committ< d to the ground in sure and certain
hopecd the resurrection to eternal life. The book maketh
eonfirmation, the cross in baptism, and matrimony, to be
sacraments. In one of the collects, it is said, ' Give us
those things which we dare not ask.^ The book main-
taineth the offices of archbishops, bishops, &c. as being
different from that of ministers." In addition to these,
thcv assign many otlier reasons.*
ft does not appear how long Mr. Egerton remained under
the above ecclesiastical censure. \Ve find, however, that
about this time he united with his brethren in subscribing
the " Book of Discipline."+ In the year 1590, during the
imprisonment of Mr. Barrow and Mr. Greenwood, our
J ions divine and other puritan ministers were sent by the
iishop of Loniion to confer with them. Tholigh he was
deemol unworthy of the public ministry, the persecuting
•-MS. Register, p. 460—463.
i Mcal*8 Puritans, vul. i. p. 423.
YOL. II. U
890 LIVES OP THE PURITANS.
J>relate8 accounted him sufficiently qualified to hold a eoo«
erence with those whom they stigmatized schisniatic* and
heretics. Mr. £gerton exchanged several letters with tke
suiFering prisoners, one of which was dated April 14^
1590. The rest were written about the same time.* In tlui
year he was still under suspension ; haying suffisred the croel
censure, no doubt, for the space of six years* Nor was Um
all. For, during the same year, he was summoned, with
many of his brethren, before the high commission, and con-
mittcd to the Fleet, where for several years he saflfered tht
€xtremit^ of the prison. An account of these barbavoni
proceedings is given in another place.f
Mr. E^rton, having at length obtained his rekaic^
became minister of Blackfriars in the year 1598, wheie ke
continued many years.} The celebrated Dr. Nowell, dam
of St. PauPs, in a letter which he wrote during this jreii^
denominates him '^ a man of great learning and godliness.^
Upon the accession of King James« numerous petitiOM
were presented to his majesty for a further refonnatioii cf
the church. In the year 1603, when that which was called
<< The Millenary Petition,^' subscribed by upwards of a
thousand ministers, was presented to the king and padta*
ment, none were deemed so well qualified to undertake tlui
business as Mr. Egerton and Mr. Hildersham, with sone
other eminent divincs.|| Mr. Eeerton died about the year |
1621, and was succeeded at Blackfriars by the famous ^
Dr. William Gouge, who appears to have been for some -^
time hb assistant. These two eminently faithful servants of j
Christ spent about seventy years in their minbterial laboan ^
at Blackfriars.n
Hiu Works.— L A licclurc on Gen. Xii. 17—20., 1680.^1 A ^
brief Method of Catechizing, 1594.-— 3. The Doctrine of SabjediOB •
to God and the Kin|2^, 1616.-— 4. The Boring of the Ear, 1021^
5. Comforts to strengthen the Weak in Faith, 1630.— 6. A Defcrif
tion of UncomelinetMi. — He publi»hed an enlarged cation of Mr. Pw
JIaincti's ** Help to True llappineMK ;*' and wrote an Epiitlt to Vr.
Richard Rogers's " Seven Treatises/' 1604.
* MS. Remarkt, p. 495.
-¥ See Art. Cartwrigbt.
?Newcaart*t Repert. Eccl. wo], i. p. 915.
Bior. Britan. vol. v. p. S25d. Edit. 1747.
g Foller*! Church Hlit. b. ix. p. 7.
t Jeokini on Jude, Pref.
T. PAGET. 291
Thomas Paget was a zealous and worthy minister in the
teoces;* of Chester, but much persecuted for nonconformitj.
Tkrou^ the severity of the times, when he could no longer
CDJoy me blessing of religious liberty in his own country, he
toogbt refuge in a foreign land ; and, to escape the perse*
citing funr of the prelates, retired to Holland as a place of
flifety. He had been many years employed in the ministry,
in the above diocese, when Dr. Thomas Morton became
Bishc^ of Chester. This learned prelate was no sooner
comfortably seated in the episcopal chair, than he began to
prosecute the nonconformists within his jurisdiction, and
sent forth letters missive, summoning them to appear before
the high commission. Among those who were cited was
Mr. PlEiget This was no sooner known in the country
tlan many of the most worthy knights and gentlemen in the
diooese took the matter into serious consideration, espoused
fte cause of the distressed ministers, and wrote a very appro-
priate letter to the bishop ; in which they expressed them-
adves as follows :
<< Right Reverend, &c. Whereas we understand that
divers of our jpainful and discreet ministers are lately, by
letters missive from your lordship and others of his majesty g
Imjfa commission for causes ecclesiastical within the diocese
f/Chester, enjoined to appear before you, to answer to such
natters as shall be objected against them. We, whose
names are subscribed, have thought fit to acquaint your
hwdship with our opinion of those ministers, for the pre-
venting, if need require, of such sinister and malicious
iafimnations ; which, in these cases, are frequently stirred
up against men of their sort and quality ; sometimes by
lewd and profane persons ; and many times by the disguisea,
nbtil, and superstitious Romanists and church-papists,
iriiose hearts are wholly a^inst us, all the while their faces
aie seemingly for us. We have observed, so far as we are
dde to judge, in these our ministers, integrity of life and
ooaversation, orthodox soundness of doctrine, diligence and
painfulness in their places, sobriety and peaceableness in
their dispositions, and freedom from faction. Also, as the
peat good and profit which our congregations where they
five have abundantly received from their ministry ; tliere-
fore we are emboldened to entreat your favour, &c."*
This letter was delivered to his lordship at Stockport ;
^lio, after reading it, said, " They whom the letter con-
♦ Paget's Defence, Pref.
392 LIVES OF THE PURITANS.
eemeth are the worse to be liked, for the good testimonj
bere given of them." Mr. Paget was one m the ministen
in whose behalf the letter was written, and being present at
tiie reading of it, the bishop immediately requirea his argu-
ments against the use of the cross in baptism ; that, as be
then boasted, he might instantly discover their weakness aad
folly in refusing to conform. Mr. Paget and his brethren at
first declined all disputation, partly because their errand
was not to dis);)ute, but to obtain their release from the bigfc
commission ; and because the bishop was to be the sole
judge ; so' that they might bring themselves into danger.
However, the bishop continuing to urge them in the pre-
fence of many persons of quality, lest they should seem to
betray a good cause by total silence, Mr. Paget at length
entered upon a disputation with his lordship ; who, in the
conclusion, ingenuously acknowledged his own nej^lect io
study the controversy, but resolved in future to direct his
attention more that way. And, besides releasing them fiw
the high commission, he frankly owned, that he found in
tliem more learning than he expected. But, in order to
brin^ them to conformity, he commanded each of them to
produce in writinj?, three arguments against the cross ia
Daptism, the use of the surplice, and kneeling at the LctfiTv
fupper, and brin^ them to him in the space of a month. Hi9
order was accordingly obeyed; but it failed of the success
which his lordship expected.
Soon after, several df the ministers were again cited into
the hi^h conmiission court, and used with great crueltj.
Mr. rkget himself met with much unkind treatment, and
was unucr the nccessily of making three joiimies of sucty
miles each, within the space of fourteen days, the bishop
and other commissioners still deferring the consideration of '
his case to a future court-day. The bishop's officers treated
him with much vile and abusive language, attended with
blasphemous cursing and swearing, declaring he should
assuredly be damned. On a day appointed, the good roan
again appeared before the commission at Chester ; when the
bishop expostulated with him a full hour, concerning the
observance of the ecclesiustical ceremonies, and signified
that his own remissness in prosecuting the nonconformisti,
had hindered his preferment to the bishopric of Lincoh'
In the conclusion, his lordship I)eing in a violent pawion,
threatened to suspend, excommunicate, and demde hiin>
and to make the land too hot for him ; and asked him what be
would then do. Mr. Paget meekly replied, in the woids of
T. PAGET. S9S
Ae iMfOphet : << I wiU look unto the Lord ; I -will wait Ibr th«
Gcd of my salyaticm. My God will hear me." The
failBliop immediately retorted, saying, '' God will not hear a
Uasphemer : a blasphemer of his mother the church of
England, and one who despiseth her ordinances." Mr.
faget then replied, ^^ I desire. to fear God and abhor
blasphemy ; and my refusal of conformity to superstitious
ceremonies, which even by the prelates themselves are
esteemed indifferent, is neither blasphemy nor contempt."
The angry prelate at length dismissed him without any cen-
sure, but ordered him to pay large fees to the officers of the
court.*
In the year 1618, Morton being translated to the see of
Lichfield and Coventry, Dr. Bridgman became his succes-
sor at Chester. The latter prelate did not, at first, manifest
any great opposition against the nonconformists, except by
suspending a few of them, together with Knutsford chapel.f
Afil^rwards, however, the bishop took courage, and inhibited
mosA of the puritans in his diocese. Mr. Paget, among the
rest, was convened before him, when the good old man
humbly desired his lordship^s coimivance ; which he denied^
lest, as he observed, he should lose the favour of his prince.
And when he required Mr. Paget to assign his reasons for
refusing to kneel at the sacrament, he cited the words of our
Lord : " Howbeit, in vain do they worship me, teaching
for doctrines the commandments of men.'* These words,
he observed^ might be justly applied to the imposition of
kneeling at the I^ord's supper. The bishop then signified,
that he ei^pected a more learned argument, and supposed
that Mr. Paget would have insisted upon the posture used
* This leaned prelate, writing of these times, says, *^Tbe nonconformists
fULwe mffered what is next to death; and too many have suffered unto
4ealh io prisons. Imposers," he justly adds, *^ should not esteem any thtii|;.
ajnsC cause of bringing any under the censores of silencing of preachers
from preaching, for which they may not adventure to take away their
lives." Dr. Morton was a bishop forty years; and during that lone period,
it is iiid, there was not his superior in the church, for temperance, industry,
and piety. He constantly rose at four o'clocl^ in the morning to his studies,
when he was eighty years of age; usually lay upon a straw bed; and,
tbroQgb the whole course of his life, seldom exceeded one itkeal a day. — Con*
famUttg PUa^ p. 14. Edit. 1681.— GraR^«r'« Biog, Hist. vol. ii. p. 15^
f The corions occasion of the bishop's suspending this chapel, was the
foUowing : ** A gentleman of Knutsford, being fond of sport, caused a bear,
passing ^ong the streets, to be led into the chapeh The bishop no sooner
heard of the chapel being thus profaned by the bear, than he suspended k
firom being used for public worship, and it remained a long time under his
lordship's ecclesiastical censure. This was episcopal superstition in per-
fection I — Paget*8 Deftnc€i Pref, *
f94 LIVES OF THE PURITANS.
by Christ and his disciples, at the institution -of the ordi-
n»rice. And, to convince Mr. Paget how unseemly that
i>os(ure would now be in the church, his lordship gravely
aid himself upon a bench by the side of a table, leaning oil
his elbow, affirming that to have been the posture of Christ
at the institution of the supper; which, said he, you canneC
contradict, especially if you understand Greek. Mr. Riget
replied, that whatever was his knowledge of Greek, donoi'
less the translators of the New Testament were skilful in tint
language, and they had rendered it sitting* Also, he fhither
observed, that Dr. Morton, his lordship s predecessor, not-
withstanding the stir he made about the translation, con-
fessed it was a kind of sitting. However, to close the busi-
ness, Mr. Paget, together with many others, was suspended
from the ministry, and remained under his lordship's censiuf
about two years.
In the year 16S1, when it was hoped the storm was abated|
means were used to obtain his liberty, but without eflSsct.
Afterwards, written testimonies were procured froin York,
signed by the register of the high commission court, in
behalf of Mr. Paget and two other ministers in Cheshire,
releasing them from suspension, and allowing them to go on
in their ministerial work as usual. But within three months,
xdthout any previous warning, attachments were issned
from the high commission to apprehend them, and Imng
them to York; when they were ordered to he cast into
prison till they could give satisfaction to the court In
these painful circumstances, obtaining information of the
approaching storm, and having already too much felt tbt
cruel oppressions of that coud, they withdrew, as did tho
prophet to escape the fury of Ahab. When they could
not be found, heavy fines were laid upon them; and, for
their non-appearance, their fines were aggravated from on^
court-day to another ; till at length their case was retunieA-
.into the exchequer. In the end, having suffered grea^^
poverty, and many other troubles, they were obliged t
compound. But upon no consideration could they obtaii
their liberty to preach. Therefore, Mr. Paget forsook 1'
native country, and went to Holland, where he most pn
bably spent the remainder of his days. He wrote the pr
face to Mr. John Paget's " Defence of Church Goven^ *
ment," 1641, whence the above account is collected. ])i3it
whether they were at all related, we have not bc«n able C^
le^rn.
KNIGHT. S95
- Mr. Kmight was of Pembroke college, Oxford, and, one
of the preachers to the university. He was a divine of good
Jamming, great moderation, and genuine puritan pinciples.
Having delivered a sermon on the Lord's day, April 15, 16S2,
befinre the university, from 2 Kings, xix. 9., he advanced
this position, <^ That subordinate magistrates might lawfully
make use of force, and defend themselves, the comroon-
vealth, and the true religion, in the field, against the chief
ma^strate, within the cases and conditions following :
1. When the chief magistrate turns a tyrant* 2. When he
teoes his subjects to blasphemy or idolatry. S. When any
intolerable burdens or pressures are laid upon them. Andf,
4. When resistance is the only expedient to ^secure their
Kves, their fortunes, and the liberty of their consciences."*
Fcnr this prc^iosition in the sermon. Bishop Laud denomi-
imtes it ^< a treasonable sermon."f The preacher was,
flierefbie, sent for to court, and asked what authority he
luul for his assertion. He answered, that it was the opinion
of Piaraeuson Rom. xiii. ; but that his principal authority
was King James himself, who was then affording assistance
tthe oppressed Uochellers against their prince. Upon this
Id and unexpected answer, Mr. Knight was immediately
committed to Uie Gatehouse ; Paraeus's % Commentary was
•udered to be burnt at Cambridge, Oxford, and Paul's cross,
LcMidon ; his assertions were condemned as false and sedi-
IJaus ; and the university of Oxford, in full convocation,
anade the following decrees t ^^ That it is not lawful to resist
the sovereign by force of arms, either offensively or de^
ftnsively, upon any pretence whatsoever : that all doctors,
«iiaslier& CKf arts, &c. within the university, shall subscribe to
these decrees and censures : and that whosoever shall here->
9ifler take any degree, shall first acknowledge the truth and
justice of these censures by subscription to the sape ; and
dball take his oath, that he doth from his heart not only
4xmdemn the said doctrine of Paraeus, but that he will
neither preach, teach, nor maintain the same, or any of them,
al any time in future."^ Thus all the graduates in tlii9
« Neal'i Paritans, yoI. ii. p. 126.
, i. Prypn^'d ))rf Tiat^ pf La^d, p. S.
' % Parens Was highly celebrated for true christian piety, a qiost learned
^ntfessor of divinity at Heidelberg, and rector of the university at that
pl^Ce. He was an admirable writer, a celebrated divine, and appointed by
^^ elector palatine to attend the synod of Dort ; but, on account of his age
*^ infirmftlet, be desired to be excused.— l^u/fer'f Ahtl Redivivu$, p. 579|
i MS. Clmniolc^, toI. ii. p. 097. (26.)
S96 LIVES OF THE PURITANS.
university were bound down as slaves to their tyrannical
m>pres8ors, and required to SAvear, that they would nevier
change their opinions. Was ever any thing- more uores-
sonable? Yet such was the tyranny and barbarity of the
times ! But how lon^ Mr. Knight remained in the Gatehoqitei
or what other punishment was inflicted upon hira, we hate
not been able to learn.
John Randall, B. D. — This zealous minister erf* Chrut
was bom at Missenden in Buckinghamshire, in the yev
1568, and educated first in St. Mary's-hall, then in Truaity
college, Oxford, and afterwards elected fellow of Lincoui
college. Having entered upon the ministry, he became
one of the most noted preachers in the university. In the
year 1598, he removed from Oxford, and became rector rf
St. Andrews, Little Ekistcheap, London. In this aituatioa
he continued to the end of his days ; and by hii eooftant
preaching, resolving cases (^ conscience, and his othoi
ministerial exercises, he went beyond most of his brethrePf
to the admiration of all who knew him. Thoufffa he to
unconuncmly laborious in the Lord's vineyard^ he yhi
mostly exercised with very painful bodily afflictum. Hift
learning and piety were unreservedly devoted to public
usefulness. It does not, however, appear whether Ifr^
Randall was ever proseputed for his nonconformity.- - Be
was accounted a zealous and innocent puritan, a judicioitt
and orthodox divine, a harmless and holy man, and one
wholly devoted to usefulness in the church of Christ Bf
his constant and faithful labours, true religion was gfes^j
promoted, many were reclaimed from the ways oF ungod*
liness, and others established in the truth. He died in the
beginning of June, 163S, aged fifty-four years ; and hii
remains were interred in his own church.* Mr. Randall
was tutor to the famous Mr. Rob^ Bolton.
His Works.—!. Several Sermons, 1623.— 2. The Great Mysteiy
of Godliness, 1624. — 3. A Treatise concerning the Sacraments, 1690.—*
4. Catechistical Lectures, 1630. — 5. Lectures of the Church, 1631.
• Wood's Athens Os^pn. tqI. i. p. 509, 400,^Newcoiirt'i Repeirt* £ccl.
Yol. 1. p. SS5.
RANDALL— N. BYFIELD. «7
Nicholas Byfield. — This pious and learned divine
was born in Warwickshire, in the year 1579, and educated
in Exeter allege, Oxford. He was son to Mr. Richard
Bjrfield, who became minister of Stratford-upon-Avon in
1596. He was a hard student ; and having spent four years
in the closest application, he left the university, entered
upon the ministerial work, and intended to have gone into
Ireland ; hut preaching at Chester, on his way thither, he
received an invitation to be pastor of St. Peter's in that
cityf where he continued a number of years. He waa
suicIl followed on account of his pious and profitable
meachii^, especially by all who had any relish for religion.
The excellent and celebrated JohnBruen, esq. was one of
Ids hearers, from whom he received many acts of kindness.*
In the year 1615, he removed from Chester, and became
Ticar (^Isleworth in Middlesex,-*- where he continued the rest
of his days. He was a divine of ^< a profound judgment,
a strong memory, a quick inventicm, and unwearied
indust|ry."$ He was a constant, powerful, and useful
{Treacher; a thorough Calvinist^ a nonconformist to the
ceremonies, ^and a. strict observer of the sabbath. By his
aeal for the sanctification of the Lord's day, his labours in the
ministry, an4 hia exemplary life, religion flourished, many
were converted, and puritanism gained ground. Yet to
was a sufferer with his brethren in the cause of noncon-
£[>rmity.§
Mr. Byfield, during the latter part of his life, was
exceedingly afflicted with the stone in the bladder, most
probably the effect of intense study and hard labour. And
* Mr. Brnen had a servant, named Robert Pasfield, but commonly caUed
Old Robert^ who was ** mighty in the scriptures," though he could neither
write nor read. He was, indeed, as remarkable for remembering texts
amd sermons, as Jodidiah Buxton for remembering numbers. For by the
lielp of his memory, he invented and framed a girdle of leather, long and
large, which went twice about him. This he divided into several parts,
allotting every book in the Bible, in their order, to some of these divisions $
then for the chapters, he affixed points or thongs of leather to the several
divisions, and made knots by fives or tens thereupon, to distinguish the
chapters of that book; and by other points, he divided the chapters into
their particular contents or verses, as occasion required. This he used
ikistead of pen and ink, in bearing sermons, and made so good a use of it,
that, coming home, he was able by it to repeat the sermon, quote the texts
of scripture, &c. to his own great comfort and to the benefit of others.
This girdle Mr. Bruen kept after Old Robert's death, hong it op in his
stndy, and would pleasantly call it *♦ The girdle of Verity.'* — Riiide's
Life of Bruen, p. 58, 135.— Granger's Biog. Hist. vol. i; p. 251.
+ Newconrt*s Repert. Eccl. vol. i. p. 676.
± Wood's AthensB Oxon. vol. i. p. 402.
^ MS. Chronology, vol, iU- p. 699. (2.)
S98 LIVES OF THE PURITANS.
having groaned for sereral years under the most excrucia*
ting pain, it brought him at length to his grave, in the year
1622j and the forty-third of his age. FuUer observes, thai
for fifteen years together^ he preached at Isleworth twice
every Lord's day, and expounded the scriptures everj
Wechiesday and Fridav, till five weeks before his death.
If this account be just, tne time of his removal fh)m Chester,
or the period we have given of his death, must evidently
one of them be incorrect.* His bodv being opened afler
his death, a stone was taken out of his bladder, which
weighed thirtt/'three ounces, and measured about the edges
fift^n inches and a half, the length and breadth aboat
thirteen inches, and of a substance like flint. '' There afe
many eye-witnesses, besides myself," says Dr. William
Gouge, in his account of this wonderful phenomenon, ^ who
can justify the truth of what I say.*'f He meekly and
patiently endured his torturing pains till death gave him
Eerfect ease. Mr. £yfield published several books during
is life, and others came forth aftei his death, shewing him
to have been a person of good parts, great learning, and
nnconunon industry. Bishop Wilkins passes a hiffa enco-
mium upon his sermons, classing them with me most
excellent in his day.]: He was mther to Mr. Adoniram
Byfield, another puritan divine, of whom some account will
be given. Mr. Richard Byfield, the ejected nonconformist
in 1662, was his half-brother. S
His Works. — 1. An Essay on the Assurance of God's Love aiid
Man's SalTation, 1614. — 2. An Exposition on the Epistle to the
Colossians, 1615.|| — 3. Directions for the private reading of the
Scriptures, 1618. — 4. A Treatise shewing how a godly Christian may
support his Heart with comfort against aU the Distresses which* by
reason of any Affliction or Temptation, can befall him in this life,
1618. — 5. The beginning of the Doctrine of Christ, or a Catalogue of
Sins, 1609.— 6. The Marrow of the Oracles of God, 1620.-7. Com-
mentary or Sermons on the second Chap, of the 1 Epis. of St
Peter, 1623. — 8. Sermons on the first ten verses of the third Chap, of
the 1 Epis. of St. Peter, 1626. — ^Thc two last were published, with
additions, entitled, '^ A Commentary upon the whole First Epistle of
St. Peter,'? 1637.— 9. An Exposition of the AposUe's Creed, lOaa—
10. Answer to Mr. Brcenyood's Treatise of the Sabbath, 1630.—
U. The light of Faith and Way of Holiness, 1630.^1?. The Signs of
• Fuller's Worthies, part iii. p. 127.
f Ibid. — Evangel; Mag. yol. zvi. p. 416.
t Wilkins on Preaching, p. 82, 83.
^ Palmer's Noncon. Mem. vpl. iil. p. SOI.
I This work is full of gobd sense and spiritual savour, and abounds with
pertinent citations of 'scriptnre, wit|io'at any prttciuiont to orttoriml dreis.
tViUiams^s Christian Freacher^ p. 487t
AINSWORTH. 299
GedVi Love to us, 1630. — 13. The Practice of Christianity; or, an
Jl^tomc of Mr. Rich. Rogers's Seven Treatises.— 14. The principal
GrouncU of the Christian Religion. — 15. Several Sermons.
Henby Ainsworth. — This person was a celebrated
scholar, an excellent divine, and a painful sufferer for
nonconformity. Though little is known of him, especially
during the early part of his life, his uncommon skill in
Hebrew learning, and his excellent commentaries on the
sacred scriptures, are held in high reputation to this day.
About the y^r 1590, we find him a distinguished leader
among the Brownists, to whom he adhered, and with
vhom he bore his share of grievous persecution. About
the same period, among the books that were written against
the churcn of England, and seized by authority, was one
entitled ^' Counter-Poyson."* The author of this work,
jQiouffh not mentioned in the first edition, was Mr. Ains-
vortn ; and as it probably drew upon him the vengeance
of the ruling prelates, so it might hasten his departure into
aibreign land. Though he was a native of England, this is
all that we know of him till he became a resident in Holland;
but at what period he removed thither, cannot be exactly
9$certained. It is most probable, however, that he accom-
panied the Brownists in their general banishment, in the
year 1593. t And it is most certain that he was in Holland
in 1596, when he carried on a correspondence with the
celebrated Junius. Hoornbeck relates, that during Mr.
Ainsworth's abode in Holland, he made a voyage to Ireland,
and there left some disciples, i
Mr. Ainsworth lived at Amsterdam, where his external
^arcumstances, like those of the church in general, were
very low. He is said to have been porter to a bookseller,
who, having discovered his skill in the Hebrew language,
made it known to his countrymen. Mr. Roger Williams,
founder of Providence Plantation in New England, in
whose testimony we have reason .to confide, informs us,
** that he lived upon nine-pence a week, and some boiled
joots."^ The account which the Brownists give of them-
jBelves is, " that they were almost consumed with deep
poverty; loaded with reproaches; despised and afflicted
jby alL"|| The reception which they met with from a
* Neal's Puritans, vol. i. p. 441.
-¥ Ibid, p.468, 496.— Lifeof Ainiworth, p. IS. t Ibid. p. 14,
^ Cotton's Aoswer to Williams, p. 1 19. |t Life of Ainwortb, p. Id.
900 LIVES OF THE PURITANS.
people just emerging from civil and eccIesiasticaI<^;^remon^
iras ycrj different from what might have been expected.
The civil power, commonly more friendly to a toleratioiil
than the ecclesiastical, does not, indeed, seem to have-
troubled them. But the Dutch clergy regarded them with
a jealous eye ; and they appear to have been screened fitm
persecution chiefly by their own insignificance.* Durii^
this season of tribulation, Mr. Ainsworth did not remaio
idle ; for most of his books, which are evidently the fruit of
good learning, much reading, and close application, woe
written at this period.
After the publication of the above piece, the next work
in which we find liim to have been engaged was a traoda-
tion of the Brownists^ Confession of P\nitn into Latin. It
appeared in 1598, and was dedicated to the universities -of
lieyden, Heidelberg, Geneva, St. Andrews, and the other
Eublic seminaries of Holland, Germany, France, and Scot-
md. It was afterwards translated into English, aiul doei
not differ much in doctrine from the Harmony of Con-
fessions.f In this confession the Brownists did not intend td
erect a standard of faith for others, and impose it upon
them ; but merely to vindicate themselves from the odium
under which they laboured, as discontented and factions
sectaries. Their cohduct was very different from that of
the most famous councils or synods, which, while they have
compiled systems of faith and tests of orthodoxy for ages
and nations, have seldom failed to sow the seeds of discoid
and enmity among men.
After the Brownists were first settled at Amsterdam, tbqr
erected a church, as they tliought, according to the model
of the New Testament, choosing Mr. Francis Johnson for
their pastor, and Mr. Ainsworth for doctor or teacher. Tk^
church, however, did not continue long in peace, but was
torn in pieces by several unhappy divisions, as will be found
particularly noticed in another placet Ii^ the first of these
divisions Mr. Ainsworth took part with Mr. Johnson the
pastor ; but was so much grieved at the unnatural heafs
which the controversy excited, that he spoke of laying
down his office as teacher. In the next controversy, Mr,
Ainsworth took an active part against Mr. John Smyth,
who had espoused sentiments similar to those of Arminius,
and who rejected infant baptism. And of the third
division, in which he was personally concerned, he
• Life of Ainiworth, p. 16. f Ibid. p. \5, 18.
X See Art. Francii Johnson.
AINSWORTH. 301
{mblished a particular account in' a book entitled ^ An
Animadversion to Mr. Richard Clifton's Advertisement^
who, under pretence of answering Mr- Chr. Laune^s book,
kath published another man's private letter, with Mr.
Francis Johnson's Answer thereto. Which letter is here
justified ; the answer thereto refuted ; arid the true causes
of the lamentable breach that hath lately fallen out in the
£nglish exiled church at Amsterdam, manifested," 1613.*
The occasion of this breach appears to have been a
diflference of opinion respecting church discipline. Upon
iiiis division, a second congregation was raised at Amsterdam
nnder the superintendence ^ of Mr. Ainsworth, who is said
to have been succeeded by the &mous Mr. John Canne,
author of marginal references to the Bible. + Mr. Ains-
•Worth's enemies, to cast an odium on his memory, have
been pleased to say, that, after his death, his people con-
tinued many years without a pastor, and without the admi-
nistration of the ordinances of baptism and the Lord's
iujmer ; and that they were rent by another division, one
half following Mr. JohndeCluse, and the other Mr. Canne.if
But these representations, evidently designed to reproach
fliese persecuted people, are unsupported by sufficient
evidence, and several particulars are denied and refuted by
olie who lived in those times, and obtained the most correct
information.^ With regard to Mr. Ainsworth himself, he is
reproachfully charged with having changed his opinions
from a conformist to a separatist, and from a separatist to a
conformist, no less than six times; but, as there does not
appear the least shadow of truth in the charge, the deserved
odium will doubtless fall upon its bigoted author.||
• It is a circumstance which deserves to be recorded to the
honour of Mr. Ainsworth, that in the midst of the above
onhappy controversies, in which his own pen was actively
employed, he preserved a meek and true christian spirit.
Tl«)ugh he is represented by his enemies to have been
extremely rigid, intemperate, and severe, the contrary is
yeiy evident. Mr. Jolui Paget having challenged him to a
disputation upon points of church discipline, Mr. Ainsworth,
in a letter dated July 12, 1617, returned the following
mild and peaceable answer : — ^' If any thing pass betwixt
^you and me about those points, you shall be th^ first
• Life of Ainsworth, p. 28—38. f Neal's Puritans, vol. ii. p. 45.
i BaHie*s Dissuasive, p. 15.->Paget's Answer to Best and Davenport^
1^134. — Paget's Defence, p. 33. .
4 Qotton's Coogregational Churches, p, 6.
g &Uie's Vindication, p. 7,
802 LIVES OF THE PURITANS.
<< provoker of it. And if you desire it, I will not leluse^
<< it shall be at your own choice. As I love not to beeik
<< controversy, so I will not be wanting to do any ^ood I
<« can, to you or any other ; or to defendany point <rf tnilii
^^ which God hath given me to see and witness, whra I am
*' duly called thereunto."*
Mr. Ainsworth cultivated, at the same time, those stodiei
which were more congenial to his profession, and moir
beneficial to the best interests of men. His great work,
the ^^ Annotations on the Five Books of Moses, the F^abu,
and the Song of Solomon," was published separately, in
the year 161S, and several following years ; and afterwvdi
collected and printed in London, in one volume folio, 1687,
and again in 1639. This last edition is said to be ver?
scarce. As to the execution of the work, its great wm
has been established by the strongest testimonies of foreign
as well as British divines. Succeeding critics have adopted
Lis remarks, and he is frequently cited by modem com-
mentators. Dr. Doddridge says, " Ainsworth on tk
Pentateuch, Psalms, and Solomon's Song, is a good book,
full of very valuable Jewish learning ; and his tianshtioB
is, in many places, to be preferred to our own, especiallyoD
the Psalms.' +
The manner of Mr. Ainsworth's death, as related by Mr*
Neal, was sudden and singular, and not without stroog
suspicion of violence. For it is observed, that he, having
found a diamond of great value in the streets of Amsterdam)
advertised it in print ; and when the owner, who was a Jev,
came to demand it, he offered him any acknowledgment be
desired. Mr. Auisworth, however, though poor, would
accept nothing except only a conference with some of the
rabbles, upon the prophecies of the Old Testament relating
to the Messiah, which the other promised ; but not having
sufficient interest to obtain the favour, it is thought &
caused him to be poisoned. :t Other accounts say, that he
obtained the conference, and so confound'ed the t^ws, thal^
from spite and malice, they in this manner put a period to
his life. Some writers, however, doubt the truth of this
account, because it is never mentioned by any of the editoB
of his posthumous pieces. His death, by whatever cause it
was produced, happened about the close a£ the year 1622,
or the beginning oi I62S.§
* Panel's Arrow against Separation, p. 9.
f Doddridge's Worlds, vol. ▼. p. 472. Edit. 1804.
t Neal*s Paritans, vol. ii. p. 46. . § Life of Ainsworth^ p. 00, 61.
AINSWORTH. 30J
Mr. Ainsworth was a man of great piety^ uncommon
Ifirudition, and extraordinary abilities. Whatever engaged
his pen was treated with proper respect, even by his adyer-
Haries ; who, while they disapproved his sentiments, could
not fail to admire, his abilities. The famous Bishop Hall,
who wrote against the Brownists, always speaks of him
as the greatest man of their party ; and rerers to him as
ibeir doctor, their chief, their rabbi.* He was unquestion-
ably a person of profound learning, exquisitely versed in
a- knowledge of the scriptures, and deeply read in the
Jewish rabbins. He possessed a strong understanding,
a quick penetration, and wonderful dilig^ce. His
lODeiper was meek and amiable, his zeal for divine truth
forvent, and he conducted himself with great moderation
towards his adversaries. The following account is given
of. Mr. Ainsworth, by one of his contemporaries, and oq«
unfriendly to his peculiar sentiments : <^ For the life of the
man, myself bein^ eye-witness, living some time with him
at Amsterdam, of his humility, sobriety, and discretion,
petting aside his preposterous zeal in the point and practice
of separation, he lived and died unblamably to the world ;
9Qd 1 am thoroughly persuaded that his soul rests with his
&iviour.*'+
His Works. — 1. Counter-Poyson, 1690.— 2. A Defence of the
Holy Scriptures, Worship, and Ministry, used in the Christian
elfturches separated from Antichrist, against Mr. Smyth, 1609. —
S. An Animsidversion on Mr. Richard Clifton's Advertisement, 1613.
-•^ The Trying out of the Truth, begun and prosecuted in certain
Letters and Passages between John Aynsworth and Henry Ayns-
worth : the one pleading for^ the other against the present Church of
Rome, 1615. — 6. A Reply to the pretended Christian Plea for tlie
Antichristian Church of Rome, published against Francis Johnson,
1090. — 6. Certain Notes of Mr. Ainsworth's last Sermon, on 1 Pet. ii.
4^ 6., 1630.— 7. The old orthodox Foundation of Religion, 1641.—
$• A seasonable Discourse ; or, a Censure upon a Dialogue of the Ana-
iNiptists, 1643. — ^9. The Book of Psalms Englished both in prose and
lietre, 1644.-^10. A Guide to Zion. — 11. An Advertisement touch-
ing some Objections against the sincerity of the Hebrew text ; and
tbe Allegations of the Rabbins. — 12. A. Treatise of the Communion
of Saints. — 13. An Arrow against Idolatry. — ^The two last were re-
praited together in 1789, with a copious and interesting account of
tte' author prefixed. — 14. His Annotations already mentioned, and
pnbMy some others.
4» Hmll'i Apologie a^ainit the Brownists. f Life of Ainsworth, p. 6?.
304 LIVES OF THE PURITANS.
William Pemble, A. M. — This learned diyine -was the
son of a minister, born at £gerton in Kent, in the year I59f,
and educated in Magdalen college, Oxford, where Mr.
Richard Capel was his tutor. From a child he was trained
up in good literature, and profited in all kinds of know-
ledge, more than most others. From the tender years of
infancy he was constantly taught in the school of ChrisI;
so that, under the influence of divine grace, together with
the sanctified use of his manifold afllictions and temptatioiu,
he attained a high degree of heavenly wisdom. Thongb
he was young in years, he ofiered to God a more excellait
sacrifice than many of his elder brethren.* At the univeisitf
he acquired a most distinguished reputation, and became a
celebrated Ireader of divinity in Magdalen college. Ae^
cording to our author, ^' he was a zealous Calvinist, a
famous preacher, an excellent artist, a skilful linguist, s
good orator, an expert mathematician, and an ornament to
the society to which he belonged." Adrian HeereboiMd,
the famous professor of philosophy at Leyden, was verf
profuse in the commendation of his learning and learned
works.f Another writer observes, ^^ that he thoroughly
traced the circle of the arts; and attained a degree
of eminence, not only in the sciences, but even in
those more sublime speculations of which many sire not
capable."t
Magdalen college was the veiy nursery of puritans*
Mr. Pemb^e was justly denominatedf one of them, thondi he
did not carry his nonconformity, in certain points, quite so
far as some of his brethren. He laboured openly to
promote the reformation of the church, and encouraged the
relaxation of subscription and other points of conformilj.
fie was tutor to many puritans, who afterwards becanM
distinguished ornaments for learning, piety, and usefulneeik
This divine, with many others, afibrds sufficient proof fluit
the puritans were not all unlearned, or at all inferior m
learning to those who conformed.^
Mr. Pemble going on a visit to Mr. Capel, formerly hb
tutor, but now minister at £astington in Gloucesteishuo^
was taken ill, and died at his tutor's house, in the thirtv*
second year of his age. His remains were interred in m;
• Pemble's Works, Prcf. EdiL 1627.
i- Wood's Atbeoae Oxon. vol. i. p. 405.
1 Pemble on JustificatioD, Pref. Edit. 1625.
MS. Chronology, vol. ii. p. 705. (4.)
PEMBLB-rSPRINT. 305
Anrch-yard at that place, and over his grave was the
Ulowiiig plain monumental inscription :
Here lieth
the Body of
William Pemble,
Master of Arts aDd Preacher,
who died April 14,
1623.
He left the world in the comfortable and full persuasion
Nf jostifiication by faith in the righteousness of Jesus Christ.*
lishop Wiikins, in his list of the most excellent sermons
a his time, includes' those of Mr. Femble.f
Bis Works.—-!. A Treatise of Justification by Faith, 1625^—
L A Treatise of Providence. — 3. The Book of Ecclesiastes Ex-
ruined, 1628. — 4. A Plea for Grace, more especially the Grace of
^aitii, 1629.— 6. An Exposition of the first Nine Chapters of Zecha-
iah, 1629.-6. Five godly and profitable Sermons, 1629.— 7. Fruitful
knnons on I Cor. xv. 18, 19., 1629.-8. An Introduction to the
SViprthy Receiving of the Lord's Supper, 1629. — 9. De formarum
itkine, 1629.— 10. De Senibus intemis, 1629.-11. A Sum of Moral
^iuktoophy, 1630.— 12. The Period of the Persian Monarchy, 1631.—
13. Enchmdion Oratorium, 1633. — 14. An Introduction to Geography,
1086.— ^The above articles in English were collected and published
D fme Tohune iblio, 1635, being much esteemed and often reprinted.
John Sprint, A. M. — This learned person was the son
tf Dr.. John Sprint, dean of Bristol, a frequent Calyinistic
macher; was bom in or near that city, and educated in
!3iiisf 8 Chupch, Oxford. After taking bis degrees in arts,
le became vicar of Thornbury in (Gloucestershire; but
Aerwards lemoyed to London, where he became a very
)opiilar preacher. Wood says, ^' he was a grave and
lioiis divine, but for the most part disaffected to the ceremo-
lies of the church of England, at least, while he continued
It Thornbury. He was, indeed, called in question for
Ittering certain things against the ceremonies and discipline
f the established church." This writer also adds, that he
lot only conformed himself, but was the great instrument
^persuading others to do the same, by his book, called
^ Gusander Anglicanus." Fullers says, he put in the one
cde the woe pronounced against those who preach not the
[ospel, or desert their flocks upon pretended scrupulosity ;
od in the other, the nature oi those ceremonies that were
ngoined by lawful authority ; and finding the former to
iieponderate, he concluded it to be unlawful, on any such
• Wood's AthcM, wfAf i. p. 405. i Wnkins on Preachiof , p. 89, 89.
roh. II. X
905 LIVES OF TBE fVKTTANi.
tccotmt, for any me to leave or lose his miniiterial finie^
tion.* Dr. Calainy, baying mentioned Mr. Sprint^t ^ 0»
gander Anglicanus,*' addf, <^ I think it not improper to
communicate to the world a paper concerning iL whidi im
written by the hand of his own son ; a copy of which wm
sent me by the grandson of the author, with assurance that
it was drawn up by his fother, Mr. Samuel Sprint of
Tidworth/* The paper was as follows :
1. ^< This book meddles not with subseriptum^ but di^
claims it, p. 237.
3. ^^ In all the arguments, it supposeth, that the oeraMh
nies imposed are inconyeniencies, and the churches budeoL
3. ^' By the quotations, p. 194, 196, and elaewhcie^ he
adyiseth us to bear witness against thenu and to e3EpreBB our
dissent from them, and then conform : Wnich is not to utMSf y
and much less, to declare our unfeigned assent^ as wdl ai
consent to them.
4. '^ Bishop Laud said, < It had been no great mafiai if
this book and the author had been burnt tog^er/
5. << This book is not fully comprehensiyeof the anthof'i
judgment : for, besides what is extant of his in print, (Vil
his < Bellum Cercmonialc,* printed by another,) and idnt
he hath left in manuscript, this book, as he hath acknow-
ledged to his acquaintance, hath buffered much by the h^mds
of the bishop's chaplain, who was appointed the leyiici of
books to be printed."f
From this account, and eyeii from the words ci Foliar,
as cited above, it appears that Mr. Sprint was a puritaa in
principle and a nonconformist in practice ; cmly he wodd
conform, and recommended others to conform, rather ihiB
suffer deprivation • ^^ To speak my free thoughts/' ohserm
Calamy, ^^ I take that book of Mr. Sprint's to be a ddeace
of occasional conformity to the church, in eyideqce </
charity, while a testimony is publicly borne against id
remaining corruptions ; rather than a plea for entire coD'
formity."^ He was a man of excellent wisdom and md
moderation. He died in London, May 7, 1683, and liii
remains were interred at St. Ann's, Blackfiriars, when kf
appears to have been for some time minister. Mr. Saanrf
Sprint and Mr. John Sprint, jun. both gected in IDGty
were his sons^S
His Works. — 1. Propositions tending to prove the neeessny V*
of the Christian Sabbath, or Lord's Day, 1007.-2. The praefis^ '
• Wood's Atheoas, vol. i. p. 406.~Faner'8 Worthies, part i. p.M.
f Calamy's Account, vol. ii. p. S4S.
± Moderate Noncjonforinity, vol. i. p. 27. Edit. ITQS.
^ Pahner*8 l^oncon. Mem.^o\» u. ^. HSfit^ 466.
I
I
I
J, GEE. 30T
^mt Sacred Day, framed after the Rules of God's Word, 1607.-0. The
fl^m of Christian Religion by way of Question and Answer, 1613.^^
4^ Cassander Anglicanus: or, the Necessity of Conforming to the
r»eribed Ceremonies of the Church, in case of Deprivation, 1618.
The Christian's Sword and Buckler ; or, a Letter sent to a Man
ivren yean gricTOusly afliicted in Conscience and fearfully troubled
kk Mind, 1638. — 6. Bellum Ceremoniale, already mentioned.
John Gee, A. B. — This zealous person was the son of a
minister, born in Devonshire, in the year 1597, and educated
first in Brazen-nose college, then in Exeter college, Oxford.
Bntering uponi the ministerial work, he was beneficed
■t Newton, near Winwick, in Lancashire. Being at this
period much inclined to popery, he left the place, and
wtired to London, where he became intimately acquainted
vith several leading persons of the popish persuasion.
October S6, 16IS3, Mr. Gee was in the assembly of above
throe hundred persons, collected in an upper room, in
Blackfnars^ London; when, about the middle of the
•eimon, the flool: giving way, Drury, the Roman catholic
wiestp And nearly one hundred of the congr^ation. Were
iSUed, and many others severely bruised.* This he con-
«dered a most alarming and awakening providence.
Steving already received many urgent letters from bis
fiilher,' and by means of a conrcrence which he had with
Archbishop Abbot, he renounced the errors of popery, and
became a zealous protestant. Some, it is said, thought he
became too xealous a protestant. For he embraced the
principles (^ the puritans, and wrote with great spirit and
'iriUlity against the papists, exposing their errors and
froeistitions. The papists, however, in return, loaded him
''inth much slander and abuse. After renouncing popery,
ke preached at Tenterden in Kent,- where he died, but at what
particular time we are not able to learn.f He had a younger
bvolhar, called Orlando Gee, who was afterwards knightra.
His Works. — 1. The Foot out of the Snare, with a Detection of
ffll■ildl7 late Practices and Impostures of the Priests and Jesuits in
Sogland, 1624.— 2. A gentle Excuse to Mr. Greg. Musket for
ing him Jesuit, 1624. — Both these passed through four editions
year. — 3. Hold fast, a Sermon at Paul's cross, on Rev. iii. 11.,
U24^-«4. New Shreds of the old Snare, containing the Apparitions of
two Female Ghosts, the copies of divers Letters, and Indulgences
purchased at Rome, 1624.
* Princess Worthies of DeTon, p. SS8, 339.
f Wood's Athene Ozoo. vol. i. p. 487.
SOB LIVES OF THE PURITANS.
John Knbwstubs, B. D.— This learned dirine wa» iMhri
at Kirkby Stephen in Westmoreland, in the year I540, and
chosen fellow of St John^s college, in the universi^ of
Cambridge,* where he was much esteemed for his gmt
piety, abilities, and learning. During his abode in the
university, he united with Dr. Andrews, afterwards hiahap
of Ely, Dr. Chadderton, Mr. Culverwell, Mr. Carter, and
other distinguished persons, in the observance of weeUj
meetings for conferoioe upon certain portions of scripture.
These meetings were conducted with great decorum, aad
found of signal advantage to all. >
In the year 1579, Mr. iCnewstubs, upon his removal frOD
Cambridge, became minister at Cockfield in Suffolk. Heie
he was labouring in the vineyard of Christ, when msif
ministers, from the counties of Norfolk, Suffolk, and Cam-
bridge, assembled in his church to confer about the Book
of Common Prayer, with the view of coming to an agree-
ment concerning what things might be tolerated, aind what
were to be refused. They consulted also abotit the derical
apparel, holidays, fasts, injunctions, and other mattonkt
Dr. Heylin says, this meeting was held May 8, 1588.t . •
In the year 1583, upon the publication of Whitgi&'s
three articles, Mr. Knewstubs and sixty other ministeisof^
Suffolk, whose names are now before me, were not icadtviSi
to subscribe, and, for further satisfaction, wrote to their
diocesan, desiring the resolution of their doubts, some
of which were the following : — << The administration of
baptism in private. — The use of the cross in baptisn]>f-
The interrogatories proposed to the infants.— Tte burial
service, requiring us to commit to the ground aO ekof
ractersj in sure and certain hope of the resurrection to eternal
life. — ^And the reading of apocryphal books in public
worship, to the exclusion of some parts of canonical scrip-
ture."^ Their application, however, proved unsucceaMl^
and they were all suspended from their ministerial wolk^
upwards of forty of whom received the ecclesiastical censuic
on one day.||
This excellent divine being laid aside from his bdovefl
work, the Lord Treasurer Burleigh wrote to him and Mir.
John Oxeiibridge, another suspended minister, requesting
them to declare, '' That tliey would use the Bodk ^
Common Prayer; and that in their public ministry thej
* Peck's Desiderata Curiosa, vol. i. b. vi. p. 28.
-f FaUer's Church Hist. b. iz. p. 1S5.
} Heylio's Hist, of Pres. p.S92,
S MS. Register, p. 434» 435.
fIt>'d*P- 436,437.
KNEWSTUBS. S0»
Woilild not preach against it." Upon the reception of this,
fkey returned his lordship the foUoHving open and generous
declaration, earnestly soliciting his favourable attention to
their case, as the silenced ministers of Christ : — ^' Right
llQQOurable and very good lord,'^ say they, ^' we find it is
jroar lordship's pleasure that we should declare in writing
mir consent to these two points : That we will use the Book
of Ck>mmon Prayer ; and that we will not inveigh against
it in our public ministry. — In the first place, as we have
bitherto used the said book in our public worship, so we
do purpose to use it, and no other, except some other shall
be established by public authority. And, secondly, we
always have had a special regard, both in our publiq
liptinistry and private life, for the peace of the church and
oar duty to her majesty, and to walk in all quiet and
christian behaviour towards all who use the book in some
Uungs more strictly than we can do : and we mean always
to act thus in future.
** Seeing these are the things which your honour thinketh
,good to request at our hands, we most humbly beseech
your lordship's favour, that we may be relieved from that
sabscription, which, as we verily think, the states of the
realm have not required of us ; and that . we may be
restored to our ministry, as in times past. Which, if we
obtaiii, we shall be bound both to praise God for your
clemency and to pray for the increase and continuance of
jrour honour's estat&^and happiness,"*
It dors not appear how long these learned divines
remained under the bishop's censure, nor whether their
wplication to the treasurer proved at all available. Mr.
Knewstubs joined with his brethren in subscribing the
" Book of Discipline." He laboured with great zeal and
moderation to carry on the work of reformation in the
church, and frequently met with his brethren at their asso-
ciations in the counties of Suffolk, Norfolk, and Cambridge.
Being a known and decided nonconformist, though a man
of no severe principles, his house was narrowly watched,
and afterwards strictly searched, by the prelate's officers.+
In the year 1603, Mr. Knewstubs was one of the puritan
jdivines appointed by King James to attend the Hampton-
court conference. He signified, on this occasion, his
olgections against the interrogatories in baptism. But Dr.
Barlow, who published '^ The Sum and Substance of the
V
• MS. IUsist«r, p. 587, 688. f MS. Chrooolof y, vol. il. p. SOS. (4.)
310 LIVES OF THE PURITANS,
Conference," instead of informing us i?hat he said iipoB
this point, is pleased to observe, that his discourse was »
extremely perplexed that it was very difficult to be under^
stood.* This, surely, is a short and easy method of answer-
ing an argument, and of reproaching an adversary. Mil
Knewstubs also excepted against the cross in baptism ;i
because, as he observed, it gave offence to many weak
brethren, contrary to Rom. xiv. and 3 Cor. viii., wherp
their consciences are not to be offended. He inqniied
whether the church had power to add external si^ijGcaiit
signs. Then, if it had such power, whether it might add
them where Christ hath already ordained one. To attempt
this, appeared to him no less derogatory to the institution of
Christ, than if any person in the land should presume io
add his own seal to the great seal of England. But if the
church had this power also, Mr. Knewstubs further inquired,
How far is such an ordinance to bind us, without impeach-
ing our christian liberty ? The king, hearing this, was
greatly moved, and said it smelt rankly of anabaptism;
and, therefore, he would not arffue the point with him ! ^^ I
will," added his majesty, "have one doctrine, cme dis-
cipline, and one religion, in substance and in ceremony;
and, therefore, I charge you never more to speak upon that
point, how far you are to obev, when the church hath
ordained it!"{ Such was the logic of that prince who
was styled the Solomon of the age !
Towards the close of the conference. Dr. Chadderton
having requested that the wearing of the surplice, and the
use of the cross in baptism, might not be urged upon
certain pious and painfid ministers in Lanca^ire, Mc
Knewstubs, upon his knees, requested the like favour and
forbearance for certain of his brethren in Suffolk, ^saying, it
would be much against them to require these things.
** Sir," replied the king, " you shew yourself to be uncha-
ritable. We have taken pains, and in the end have con-
cluded on unity and uniformity ; and you, forsooth, must
prefer the credit of a few private men, before the peace
• Barlow'f Account, p. 163.
f He might with propriety have asked, Why may not any other sign be
used in baptism, as well as the sign of the cross ? If ft Ittd been said,
Becaose oor Saviour was crucified upon the cross i lie might have inqaired
of what shape- or figure was the Saviour's cross ; lesl, itf nuULing the sign of
. it, they should not make the sign of that cross, bat of some other. ,BjiA how
shall we know the exact flgnre of our Saviour's cross ? The originl word,
as used in the New Testament, according to the opinion of the learned,
signifies a stake or jsosi, as well as a cross. . .
t Ibid. p. 164—160.
KNEWSTUBS. «U
of Ae church. I will none of that ; and^ therefore, let them
4Bither conform themselves, and that sIuHtlj, or they shall
hou of it ^* Some further account of this mock confei^^tce^
at it is very oommonly and very justly denonunated, iy
ghren in andher place.t
Mr. Knewstubs was a learned and cdebrated diviMe, and
Aott^ the productions of his pen do not appear to ha^e
been very numerous, Fuller denominates him one of thf
faanied writers of St. John^s coll^, Cambridge.^ H«
eontinued his zealous and faithful ministry at Cockifield Uk
Ihft day of his death, haying laboured at that place forty-fiv«
▼ears. He died May S9, 1624, aged eighty years, when
his remains were interred at Cockfidd, and over hm grare
m monumental inscription was erected to bis memofy, of
vrliich the following is a translation i^
In Memory
of that most hvmbie
' and -Affectionate ServanI of Cod,
John Knbwstubs,
forty-five years the very watcliful
and fiuthful pastor of the chtirch of CockfieM;
« teacher ef the church, and an exeeUent scholar;
a firm asserter and defender of Christian Truth,
the wholesome doctrines of the Gospel,
and uncormpted Religion,
liyainst the Roman Antichrist and his emissaries.
He bravely withstood the storms of life,
and patiently endured the greatest sufferinfs
for the glory of God.
At length, worn out with infirmitiety
in the 80th year of his age,
wkh divme serenity,
^ he withdrew from this mortal life,
and entered the celestial Country,
on the 29th of May, 1624.
As there are
never-fading momimencts of bis Genius,
lest posterity should wish
for some memorial of his body also ;
this Monument,
too small for so great a man,
contains the mortal part of
John Knewstubs.
Friends maye awile by Arte our Yiewe commende.
But tys not longe eare all Thinges heere shall ende.
The Arte of Artes is so to ly ve and dye.
As we may ly ve in Heav'n eternally.
. • Barlow's Account, p. 176, 177. f See Art. Dr. John iUiaoldSi
i Faller't Hist, of Cambridge, p. 9&.
S Peck's Dcitderata Curioiay vol. i. b. vi. p. SS.
\
81ft LIVES OF THE PURITANS.
M ri' Knewstubs is classed among the generous beiiefactav
of St. John's college, Cambridge. September 1, IGSS, he
founded two exhibitions tor two poor scholars ; for wiuch • .
purpose he gave to the college eleven pounds a year, oat
of certain lands, called squires' lands, at Southminster aiM|
Steeple in Essex. He appointed twenty shillings of tbtf
annuity for the use of the college, and ten pounds for two
poor scholars, to be elected at the general election oischciaaif
one of them to be out of the north, the, other from the sooth.
The former of these was to be a person bom within tb
parish of Kirkby Stephen ; or, in case of the want of sadi
a one, any one born in the county of Westmoreland^or
educated in the school at Kirkby Stephen : but in the wiiit
of such a one, then a person to he chosen out of the school
at Appleby. The scholar from the south was to be a penbt
born within the parish of Cockfield in Suffolk ; and in the
want of such a one, then a person to be chosen from the
school at Sudbury. He appointed the nomination of the
one to the vice-chancellor, or the incumbent of Kirkby
Stephen and the schoolmaster for the time being ; and of tte
other* to the incumbent of Cockfield for the time being.
He further ordered, that if either of the scholars should oe
absent from the college upwards of fifty days together, the
allowance, during that period, shoulci go to the use at the
coll<*ge ; and if absent ninettf-one days, he should forfeit his
exhibition.*
His Works. --r I. A Confutation of certain Monstrous and Horrible
Heresies, taught by H. N. (Henry Nichols) and embraced by a
number who call themselves The Family ofLove^ 1579. — ^2. Lectiurei
on Various Portions of Scripture, — 3. An Answer to certain Asser-
tions.
Richard Crakenthorp, D. D. — This learned divine
was born of respectable parents near Strickland in West-
moreland, in the year 1577, and educated in Queen's
college, Oxford, where he was chosen fellow. About the
year 1603, he became chaplain to Lord Eyers, in his
mission as ambassador to the court of Germany, by which
be became acquainted with many persons celebrated for
learning, and visited several of the ibreign universities.
Upon his return to England he became chaplain .in
ordinary to King James; and, by the favour of Sir John
Levesen, was presented to the rectory of Black-Notely,
• Baker*s MS. CoUec. vol. xziii. This Tolame Is not pag*^*
CRAKENTHORP. 313
I
^near Bmintree iin Essex. In the year 16 17, he became
WqtoF of Packekham.*
r This learned divine attempted to vindicate the famous
^Dr. John ilainolds from i;he reproachful imputation of
buritanism, but evidently with very little success,; and, in
met, while he laboured to clear his friend and favourite of
die reproachful charge, he was himself found guilty. He
was justly denominated a puritan, as well as Rainolds*
The Oxford historian says, " he was a noted preacher, a
profound disputant, and a good divine, and was greatly ad-
mired and venerated by all great men, especially by those of
the puritanical party, being himself a zealot among them."
He.further adds, '' that Dr. Crakenthorp was esteemed by
nost to have been replenished with all kinds of virtue
•Qd learning; to have been a profound philosopher and
4heQlogian, a great canonist, and so familiar in the fathers^
<souncils, and schoolmen^ that scarcely any in his time went
beyond him ; and that few authors have written with greater
diligence and success."+ He died at Black-Notely, says
ihis writer, ^^ for want of a bishopric," as King James used
to say in reproach of such men; and his remains were
interred in the chancel of the church at that place,
November 25, 1624, aged forty-seven years. Dr. John
Barkham, dean of Bocking, preached his funeral sermon,
BMkd gave the deceased high commendations tor learning
and piety. Dr. Crakenthorp sometimes preached the
sermon at Paul's cross, and one or more of these sermons
was afterwards published*
His Works. — 1. Sermons on several Occasions, 1608. — 2, Jns-
iinjan the Emperor defended, against Card. Baronius, 1616. —
9. Introductio in Metapbysicam, 1619. — 4. A Defence of Constan-
tine, with a Treatise of the Pope's Temporal Monarchy, 1621.—
5. Logicae libri quinque, de praedicalibus, prsedicamentis, etc., 1622,-^—
6. Tractatas de Providentia Dei, 1622. — 7. Defensio Eccl. Anglicanae
eoDtra M. Anton, de Dominis Archcp. Spalatensis injurias, I626.J —
0. Yirgelios dormitans; or, a Treatise of the first <^eneral Conncii
keld at Constantinople, an. 563, under Justinian the Emperor, 1631.-^
^ough he left numerous manuscripts, it does not appear whether
Muy other articles were ever published.
• Newcoprt's Repert. Eccl. vol. ii. p. 443,459.
f Wood's Atbenae Ozod. vol. i. p. 417,418.
J Arcbbishop Abbot caUs this work ** the most exact piece of cootro«
vcny since the reformatioo."— X/ci^A 011 Rtligion and Ltarning, p. 172.
S14 LIVES OF THE PURITANS.
Walter TbaybrS) B. D. — ^This celebrated divine wm
educated in Trinity college, Cambridge; whoe he tod^
hif degrees in arts, and was incorporated in tiie same i^
Oxford. Aflerwaids he travelled to GSeneva, whore he
formed an intimate and abiding acquaintance with Ben aid
other learned, divines. Upcm his return to Cambridge^
where he remained for some time, he took his degree ii
divinity. In 1572, he was member of the first presbyteriaa
church in Eln^land, erected at Wandsworth in Survey.*
While the prelates rigorously imposed subscription upai
ministers, and lequirra an exact conformity to the esteb-
lisbed church, many learned persons, who had aHMcientioH
objections against the English mode of ordination, weot
abroad to Middleburg, Antwerp, and other plaon, and
received ordination according to the foreign reforraed
churches ; which, in their opinion, was much inore agrees
able to the word of God. Among those whose confio*
tions led them to adopt this course was Mr. Travels, who
went to Antwerp, and was there ordained by the piesb^rterv.
His honourable testimonial, dated May 14, 1578^ is tie
fdlowing :f — ^< For as much as it is just and reasauaUe,
^ ^ that such as are received into the number of the mimsters
^^ of God's word should have a testitnonial of theur vooa-
^ tion ; we declare, that, having called together a synod of
^< iwehe ministers of God's word, and almost the sane
" number of elders, at Antwerp, on May 8, 1578, our voy
*' learned, pious, md excdO/egd brother, the reverend Doctor
^ GauUer Traversy was, by the unanimous votea and ardent
^ desires of all present, received and instituted into the
'^ ministry of God's holy word, and confirmed according
^ to our accustomed manner, with prayer and impositioa
^ of hands ; and the next day after the sabbath, having
^< preached before a full congregation o( EngUshj at the
^^ request of the ministers, he was acknowledged and
^' received most afiectionately by the whole church. That
*^ Almighty God would prosper the ministry <^ this our
^' reverend brother among the English, and attend it wiOi
^^ great success, is our most earnest prayer, through Jesoi
** Christ. Amen.
" Given at Antwerp, May 14, 1578, and signed,
" Johannes Taffinus, V. D. M.
" LOGELERIUS YlLERIUS^ V. D. M.
" Johannes Hochelcus^ V. D. M.**
* See Art. Jobo Field. f Faller'i <;bHrch Hilt. b. ix. p. 914.
TRAVERS. 815
' Mr. Traters, soon after his ordination, became assistant
to Mr. Cartwri^bt, then preacher to the English merchants
at Antwerp. He was a person highly distinguished foe
prudence, learning, and piety; and, therefore, upon his
letam to England, the Lord Treasurer Burleigh made
dioice of him for his domestic chaplain, and as tutor to his
son Robert, afterwards Earl of Ssdisbury. The treasure
was, indeed, a constant friend and patron of the ncHicon-
fonnisfs, and discovered his affectionate regard for them
through the whole of his life.* In the face of the whole
nation, therefore, he countenanced this learned and excel-
lent divine, and received him into his family, notwith-
ftending his nonconformity. Mr. Travers could not'
conscientiously subscribe ; on which account he was inca-
'pable of any considerable preferment in the church, whicb^
we nmy suppose, his noUe patron was ready to bestow
upon mm. The lecturer's place at the Temple becoming
tacant, the learned gentlemen of that society invited htm
to accmt it ; and, as no subscription was requisite for that
^office, ne complied with their invitation.
In the year 1584, a short time before Dr. Alvey, master
of the Temple, closed his eyes in death, the doctor, with
tl|e learned gentlemen of that society, recommended Mr.
TVaveiB for his successor. Dr. Alvey the master, and Mr.
Travers the lecturer, lived together some years in great
amity and love. They mutually united in carrying on
the wcMrk of reformation in the place; and, with much
seal, wisdom, and resolution, they joined in promoting
true christian piety among the learned benchers, by whom ^
they were both very highly esteemed.f The above recom-
mendation was presented to the treasurer, who communicated
.the same to the queen, signifying to her majesty his appro-
bation of their choice. But, by the powerful endeavours
.and superior influence of Archbishop Whiteift* he was
rejected, and Mr. Richard Hooker, author of ^^ Ecclesiastical
'Polity," was nominated to the office. Whitgift most vi-
gorously opposed the admission of Mr. Travers, and signified
to the queen, ^' that he was one of the principal authors
of dissention in the church ; that h^ contenmed the Book
of Common Prayer, and other orders as by authority
-established; that he sought to promote innovation; and
that he was only ordained abroad, and not according to the
fonn of the church of England." Mr. Travers, however,
.• MS. Chronology, toI. ii. p. ilS. (14.) 4^ Ibid. p. 431. (&)
316 LIVES OF THE PURITANS.
{'ustified himself against all the false charges which iren
wrought (u^inst him, and proved, at some length, th^
validity of his ordination.*
During the above year, our learned divine was engnged
in a public conference holden at Lambeth. The first d'ty's
conference, December 10(h, was betwixt Archbishop Whttr
fift and the Bishop of Winchester, on the one part ; and Mr.
Vavers and Dr. Thomas Sparke, on the other, in the pm-
senre of the Earl of Leic* sler. Lord Gray, and Sir Francis
Walsingham. The subject of discussion was confined to
those things in the Book ot Common Prayer which appeared
to n quire a refbrmatio.'i. The conference whs opened by
the following declaration made by the archbishop :— ^< Mj
lord of Leicester having requestcMl, for his own satisfactiooi
to hear what the ministers could reprove, and how their
objections mi^ht be answered, I have granted his reqaeit
Let us then hear \^hat things in the Book of ConimaB
Prayer you thirsk ought to be mended. You now appear
before me, not judicially, nor as called in question bj
authority, but by way of conference. You snail, there^
fore, be free (speaking in duty) to charge the book with
those things in which it is faulty."
Though the conference is of considerable length, the
substance of it will, no doubt, be gratifying to.the inquisitive
reader. Whitgift, therefore, having finished, Dr. Sparke
replied as follows : — ^' We give most humble and heaitj
thanks to Almighty God, and to these honourable penoos,
that alter so many years, wherein our cause could never be
admitted to an impartial hearing, it hath pleased God of
his gracious goodmss so to order things, that we now
enjoy that equity and favour, before such honourable
personages, as may be a worthy means with her most
excellent majesty, ol promoting a further reformation of
such things as are needful : and that it is now lawful for us
to declare freely, for the satisfaction of those in authoritv>
what things ought to be reviewed and reformed in the
public service of God. As the (avourible issue depends
on the blessing of God, I desire, bef • e we proceed further,
that we may seek his gracious direction and blessing.!'
Then attempting to begin to pray, the archbishop inter-
rupted him, saying, ^^ You shall make no prayers ^esfy
You shall not turn this place into a conventicle J*^
The two chief points which these divinea mfgA
, « Strype's WJiitsiH, p. 113—1 70,
tRAVERS. m
i^ifaifist the Book of Common Prayer, were, << Its ap*
pointing certain apocryphal writings to be read in public
Worship, in which were several errors and false doctrines,
and omitting many parts of canonical scripture : and, the
doctrine of the sacraments/* Concerning the first, they
observed, that to appoint various parts ot the apocrypha
t6 be tead publicly in the church, and omitting many p'lrts
of the Old and New Testament, made the apocrypha equal,
lihd bven superior, to the canonical scriptures ; to which
the archbishop made the following reply :
Ardhbishop. The books called apocrypha, are, indeed,
parts of the holy scripture. They have been read in
the churbh in ancient times, and ought to be now read
among us,
Travers. The title of holy scripture is that by which the
Holy Ghost distinguisheth the canonical scriptures from
the apocrypha, and all other writings. This appears irom
Romans i. And such are the holy scriptures alone, as werd
given by the inspiration of God. Phis appears from
2 Tim. iii., 2 Pet. i.
A. The apocrypha was given by the inspiration of God;
Us were also whatsoever the heathens have written well.
T. In the general sense of the word inspiratioriy 'wha.t
you have said of the apocyrpha is true. For no man can
say that Jesus is the Lord, but by the Holy Ghost. But
the question relates to such ah inspiration as moved and
governed the holy men of God, in reporting and setting
aown those things in which they could not possibly err;
and in this sense, the scriptures of the Old and New Testa-
ment are holy, and given by the inspiration of God. Herein
they widely differ from the apocrypha.
A. You cannot shew that there is any error in the
apocrypha. And it has been esteemed a part of the holy
Bcnptures by the ancient fathers.
T, If the apocrypha could not be charged with error,
jd its authors were not so far directed by God, that they
niight not have erred ; and it has not always had that credit
in the church which you have represented. Jerome de-
dareth that it was the opinion of the church, in his time, as
Veil as his own opinion, that some things were fictitious.
' A. Let us hear some of the errors in the apocrypha.
Sparke. We mention Eccl. xlvi., where the writer, having
commended Samuel for his numerous worthy deeds, addeth
in the conclusion, that he also prophesied after he was dead.
This is contrary to the sacred story, which declareth it not
318 LIVES OF THE PURITANS.
to baye been Samael, but a spirit raised by die wiidi| »
iaming the appearance of Samuel.*
Bis&p. Itit be no error in the canonical scriptoie cadiiy
that which was raised up Samuel; then it could be noenv
in Ecclesiasticus calling it Samuel.
T. In the holy story it is plain that the spirit is calbd
Samuel, beause it appeared like him, 9fi declared out of
Peter Martyr ; but in Ecclesiasticus it is quite the contiwy*
For the whole chapter is employed in commendation of tke
true Samuel, for liis famous and worthy actions while lie
lived; and then, to finish tlie praise due to so good a nan,
it is added, that he also prophesied after his death. TUi^
therefore, could not apply to a spirit assuming his likieoai;
but to Samuel himsclt, however contrary it is to soandgoqpd
doctrine, and the true story of scripture.
Earl of Leicester. Is the chapter giving thb account of
Samuel one of those appointed by the nayer Book to be
read in public worship ?
A. Yes, it is.
Lord Gray. What error will the people be in danger of,
who hear this read, and believe it ? And is it an t^m to
think that witches have power to raise the bodies cf tbe
dead?
A. Whd:her they have or have not, such power is a
question among the learned.
S. In Judith, chap, ix., the doings of Simeon and Levi aie
commended, which is directly contrary to Grenesis iliz.f
where Jacob utterly condemns what they did. There nuut,
therefore, in such repugnancy against the canonical |»iqp-
tures, necessarily be an error in the apocrypha.
B. Judith commends only the manner of the deed, and
Jacob condemns only the deed itself.
T. Jacob condemned what they did, not only in sub*
stance, but in every circumstance, as wicked ana abomin*
able. It was murder committed in wilful opposition agaiiui
the eternal law of God ; and the circumstances under whidi
it was committed, as well as the number who suflSendf
greatly increased the aggravation of their crime.
B. Comparing the words of Judith, where it is said,
<^ God gave them the sword," with the case of Nebucha^^
nezzer, who is called the servant of God, tb^y did not de^^nre
to be condemned.
* Here the archbishop, in reply« read oat of bit note-book the ojpiniot
of Peter Blartyr, who saiil, that the spirit la tli« mcred ttorj was dOki
Bamael, beeavie It it^mtdiurht BsBuel.
TRATERS. 319
T. The eases ire t^ diflfffoit. In the ane, Simeon and
Levi, beii^ private men, rose up against the magistrates;
but in the oCner, Nebnchadnezzer, coming to destroy Jeru-
salem, was their kin|r, to whom they were tributary, and
to whom they swore obedience. In the one case, they were
flojoumers in a strange country, and rose up and killed both
the peorie and the magistrates of the country; but, in the
othor, tae king Nebucnadneszer only punished those who
lebelled again^ him.
S. Frivute baptism appears, in several reelects, not agree-
aUe to the word of Grod. It is private^ and perform^ by
Iftymen^ yea, even by women; and the doctrine it implies,
eireo that chUdren dying unbaptized are in danger of dam-
nation, and that outwa^ baptism saveth the cMd that is
baptiiEod.
A. The place is not of the substance of the ordinance^
It has been administered privately in time of persecution^
juid may be aigain.
T. That is no part of the question. We are now speak-
ing of baptism to be administered in time of peace.
A. The persons, in like manner, are not of the sub-
stance of baptism ; and in time of persecution, as well as in
some other cases, private men have baptized, and may do it
again. As for the baptism of women, though I would not
allow them to baptize, neither doth the book appoint them
so to do; yet I will not deny their baptism to be lawful. 1
would raUier have a child so baptized than die without
baptism. Though I do not affirm that children dying
without baptism, will certainly be lost; jety because I
should fear and doubt the safety of their state, I would
have them baptized by a woman, rather than not at all.*
(Here the first day's conference closed.)
On December 12th they assembled again, when the lord
treasurer and the archbishop of York were added to their
number. When the company was assembled, Archbishop
Whi%ift rehearsed what had been discussed on the first day,
and then ordered Mr. Travers and Dr. Sparke further to
enumerate their objections. But the recapitulation being
▼ery partial and imperfect, Dr. Sparke made some amend-
ment, by adding what his lordship had omitted. This beiDg
done, they proceeded as follows :
A. Ciprian and some other of the fathers vouch the apor
Crypha as part of the holy scripture.
• MS. Rcfbter, p. S0S--M8.
V,
SfO LIVES OF THE PURITANS.
T. Some of the fathers haying alleged the apociypha 'to
belong to the holy scriptures, is not so strong a proof that
it does belong to them, as the total sitence of Jesus Christ
and his apostles is, that it does not.
Lord Treasurer. That is no good argument. Yon can
nev(T make a syllogism of that.
T. Whatsoever our Saviour and his apostles alleged not,
(allowing that they alleged all the prophets,) is na part of
the prophetical writing. But it is true that oar Sayioor
and his apostles alleged all the prophetical writings, and yet
never alleged any of the apocryphal. Therefore, the apo-
cryphal writings are no part of the prophetical. AUiie
prophets from Samuel^ and those that follow after^ as numg
as naze spoken j have foretold the daj/s of Christ.
S. Romans, chap, iv., is so far mistranslated, that the
meaning of the apostle is wholly perverted. For where
the apostle saith, '' Cometh this blessedness upon the cit«
cumcisian only, or upon the uncircumcisian also?" the
book appointed to be used readeth the contrary: and
Psalm cv., which in the original, and in all good translatioii^
it is, " They were not disobedient to his word : but in the
Book of Prayer it is, " They were not obedient^^^ which is ill
very opposite.
A. There may be some ambiguity in the Hebrew .wonL
This I cannot tell, having no knowledge of the langoage.
You can tell.
T. and S. There is no ambiguity at all in the word.
A . In baptism there is nothing of the substance of that
sacrament, but the element and the word. With regard to
the place^ you will allow, that in time of persecution it is
not unlawful to baptize in private places.
T. The question applies to a peaceable state of the
church, as that now enjoyed in the church of Elngland.
A. In like manner the person is not of the substance of
the sacrament ; but at some times, and in some cases, lay-
men, yea, even women, may baptize. May not a christian
baptize in time of persecution, or when living in the West
Indies ?
T. \'our remarks are not pertinent The question
relates to a time of peace, and a christian country. But
even in the cases you have supposed, it is not lawful for any
one to minister the sacraments without some extraordinaiy
call from God, or some ordinary call from the churdL
This appears from Hebrews v., where it is said, *' No man
taketh thi> honour to himself^ but he that is called of Grod,
as was Aaron."
TRAVERS. aei
' Ar May not a person, being a layman^ administer the
communion to himself ?
,,T, He cannot: nor could that be deemed a sacrament,
because he is no minister. They who administer this ordi-
nance according to its nature, and agreeable to the will of
God, must have the authority and commission of God so to
flo ; otherwise they are not within the promise of God, and
there can be no sacrament.
Archbishop of York. I disallow of private baptism
ultogether, and have forbidden the use of it in ail my
diocese. I have spoken to the queen about it, and I will
not suffer it.
- , A. Calvin held that baptism was necessary, and reproved
Qie anabaptists for deferring it so long.
T. Calvin did not otherwise account baptism necessary
Qian it might not be omitted through neglect or contempt.
He never acknowledged any other necessity, nor did any
of the reformed churches abroad.
S. Circumcision was the same to the Jews as baptism is
fcous, which, by the appointment of God, was not to be per-
Ifotmed till the child was eight days old ; and if that sacra-
Qoent was so necessary as some suppose, the child was all
Uiiatime in great danger. If the want of the sacrament of
baptism expose the child to endless misery, it were better to
liave it administered as soon as the child is born.
A. As to the doctrine charged upon the necessity of
Iifivate baptism, it is so guarded in the articles, as will
vufficiently clear the church of England of those errors.
T. The doctrine in the articles is good and holy ; but
ttc necessity of baptism, as laid down in the Prayer Book,
ii so great, that in a private place, by a private person, yea,
vy a woman, in a settled and peaceable state of the church,
it may b^ administered, when, at the birth of the chUd, there
Iji not 80 much time as to repeat the Lord's prayer, lest the
(V^uld should be dead ; nor, in some cases, hardly so much
time as even to pour the water upon it, and to repeat those
[%ords,: / baptize thee in the name of the Father^ &c. To
Reconcile all this with the doctrines of scripture, appears
iP^ossible.
S, The interrogatories proposed in baptism, and another
Arson's saying for the child, I believe^ being a thin^ which
ike child cannot do, is extremely repugnant to scripture*
^ A. Augustin says, " The child may be said to believe,
because it receives the sacrament of faith."
TOL. II. T
aw LIVES OP THE PURITANS*
S. /The qnetlion in baptism is asked before the saerainat
is received.
A. Because the child is in the action of receiving, it may
be said to have received.
T. This question and answer in baptism is an untratli;
because the sponsor professeth, in the nameofthe child|
that the child believeth, when in all ordinary cases it doei
not, and cannot believe.
A. The interrogatories are ancient ; aiid it was the cmlai
in the primitive church to have sponsors, who, in the naas
of the child, did promise and profess that the child M
believe.
T. Can it then be credible to any man that children newlf
bom do believe ? How can they believe that which tkf
have not heard ? And if they had heard, how conld tbqr
so understand, as with the heart to believe unto righteooi*
uess? And concerning the cross in baptism, and otiNr
ceremonies, were they ever so ancient, or ever so good il
the institution, if they be now abused to idolatrv, and
unnecessary, or of no use in the church, they ought to be
abolished. This appears from the case cf the'bmoi
serpent, which, though set up originally by the comnmd
of God, and a monument of his special favour; yet, bftof
abused to idolatry, w^is afterwards broken in pieces ana
utterly destroyed ; and all this wns done according to tho
will of God. So the cross, being never of any use in baiK
tism, and bein^^ as much abus«*d to idolatry as ever tbe
brazen serpent was, and alw-^ys tending to promote supw^
stition and give offence to persons or tender conscienan,
surely it ought to be abolished. To impose the necesflQr
of the cross in baptism, is not only unsupported by scriptu^
and wholly founded in superstition, but a dangerous hansa
appendage added to what God has wisely and graciously
appointed. And this is not my opinion only, but tbs
opinion of the foreign reformed churches, as appears frodl
tne Harmony of Confessions.
A. Yon are wont to find fault with dumb ceremonies
/and yon blame those which have any signification. Bat it
the use of the cross, the learned Beza left the churches t^
their own liberty.
Treasurer. That was wisely done.
T. Beza would not condemn the churches for using iht
cross, nor oppose their liberty. But his opinion is, tnatii
ought to be abolished ; nay, he advisetb the ministers ti
TRAVERS. S2S
; forego their ministry, rather than subscribe to the allowance'
of it.
Leicester. It is a pUy that so many of the best ministers,
and those who are the most painful preachers, have stood to
■; be deprived for these things.
T. My lord, we acknowledge that the peace of the
- diurch ought to be dearer to us than our lives. But with
1f|our lordship's favour, I must say, in coiiscience towards
-:'6od^ and in the duty I owe to her excellent majesty, to
^your' good lordships, and to the whole church and state,
^•Ifaat Ifae ministers, in so doing, have acted well. The things
lb which they were required to subscribe being so grievous,
^Aey ought not to have yielded, though they were deprived
^0f their ministry.
^ A; From the letter of Dr. Ridley, now read to you, you
^e that he approved of the habits.
S. Mr. Fox, in his " Book of Martyrs,'* reporteth that
"^ Ridley, at his degradation, scorned the habits, sayings
'^ They sue foolish and abominable^ and too fond for a vice
'in dplavr*
^ ■•- A. r ou will call in question the authority and jurisdic-
* ttm of the bishops, as well as many other things.
L T. We object against the Prayer Book, because it allows
^'ttid attempts to justify an insufficient ministry, directly
? oonirar^ to the word of Qod. This appears from 1 Tim. iii.
aind Titus i.
Treasurer. What scripture is there to4)rove that he who
tdiministers the sacraments should also preach ?
. T. <^ Go ye, therefore, and teach all nations, baptizing
- tfiem,'^ &c. And Jesus Christ having joined these things
* tb^her, it is not lawful for men to put them asunder.
* TMb is not our opinion only, but the opinion and practice
f of all the foreign reformed churches.
; A. The apostolic rule which you have alleged, is an idea
^lif a minister.
T. To make it merely an idea would overturn the re-
t'Bgion of God's word ; because, for the same reason, the
\ duties of magistrates, churches, parents, children, and all
t^'t^dierB, might be made duties merely in idec^.
Treasurer. That is impossible.
T. If the churches, even in times of bloody persecution,
■['fesve observed this order, that they who minister the sacra-
!iiiBi(t$ shall also preach; it cannot be difficult for us in a
* lee Fox's Acti and Monimeiiti of Martin, toI. Ui. p. 427.
S94 LIVES OF THE PURITANS.
state of peace. (Here the conference closed, and the coia^
pany departed.)*
Mr. Strype observes of this conference, that the ministen
were convinced of their error, and persuaded to conform;
but it is evident he knew not the persons, and he even BCf
knowledg('s that he never saw the debate, f Mr. Traven
continued a decided nonconformist to his death ; and Dr«
Sparke appeared at the head of the nonconformists at tbl
Hampton-court conference, nearly twenty years after this
period 4
Mr. Travcrs continued lecturer at the Temple, with Mr.
Hooker the new master, about two years, though with very
little agreement, the former being a strict Galvinistj and tbe
latter a man of larger principles ; after which, he was at
length brought into trouble. Many of their sermons were
upon points of controversy, relative to the doctrine, disci*
pline, and ceremonies of the church. The forenoon
sermon often spoke the language of Canterbury, and '
the afternoon that of Geneva.^ Fuller observes of Mr.
Travers, ^' that his utterance was agreeable, his gesture
graceful, his matter profitable, his method plain, and hit
style carried in it the flowings of grace from a sanctified
• MS. Register, p. 508—514.
+ Strype'i Wbitgift, p. 170.
% Dr. Tbomas Sparke was boni at South Soiliereoatefl fn LincolofhirVv
and was chosen perpetual fellow of Magdalen collm, Oxfdrd. He wif
afterwards presented by Lord Gray to the rectory of Bliealbhley in BackiBf^
bamshire, where he was held in great esteem on account of his piety aad
diligence. About the year 15*^5 he became chaplain to Bishop Cooper of
Lincoln, who preferred him to the archdeaconry of Stow ; but this be re-
signed ** for conscience sake," and contented himself with his pBraooife.
He was a learned man, a Holid divine, well read in the fathers, and nacb
esteemed for his gravity and exemplary life and conversation. He united
with the leading puritans in subscribing thi^ '* Book of I>i8cipline.*' Fer
writing a book upon the succession, in the days of Queen Elizabeth^ be wit
brought into trouble; but, on the accession of James, '' his nia|esty gave
him a most graciou<i countenance for what he had done." He' di<sfi ^
Bleachley in the year 1616, when his remains were interred In bis own'
church. Wood denominates Dr. Rainolds and Dr. Sparke ** the pillan of
puritanism, and the grand favourers of nonconformity.*' Bat Sparke
afterwards renounced bis nonconformity, and published a book Upon the
subject, entitled, *' A Brotherly Persuasion to Unity and Unifbtmity In'
Judgment and Practice, touching the received and present Ecclesiastical
Government, and the Authorized Kites and Ceremonies of the Charch of
England," 1607 This ^as answered by *" The Second Fart of the De-
fence of the Ministers* Reasons for refusal of Subscription and Confonaitj
to the Book of Common Prayer," 1608. Also by a work entitled/' A.
Dispute upon the Question of Kneeling in the Act of receiving tbe Sacn*
meUtal Bread and Wine,''&c. leo^^-^fVood's Athetue Oxon. ▼©!. i. p. '
351, 358.— iVeafs VuritanSy vol. i. p. 423.
S Walton's Life of Hooker, p. 90. Edit. 1665.
TRAVERS. 9S^
_ •
heart."* This is certainly a very high character ftom a
zealous conformist.
The sermon in the morning was oftentimes controverted
in the afternoon, and again vindicated the following Lord's
day. Mr. Hooker, therefore, complained of this usage,
when Archbishop Whitgift, without the least warning,
silenced Mr. Travers from preaching at the Temple, or at
any other place in the kingdom. The manner in which the
archbishop proceeded to inflict this heavy sentence, proved
no small reproach to his episcopal character, and gave great
offence to most men of wisdom and moderation. For as
Mr. Travers was ascending the pulpit to preach on the
liOrd's day afternoon, Whitgift's officer served him with a
prohibitionon the pulpit-stairs ; upon which, instead of a
termon, he acquainted the congregation with his suspension,
and dismissed them. The reasons given for this proceeding
were, << That Mr. Travers was not ordained according to
the rites of the church of England. — That he had preached
without a license. — That he had broken the orders of the
queen, < That disputes should not be brought into the
pulpit' "t But the chief reason, says Mr, Strype, was the
first.
Mr. Travers, in vindication of himself, presented " A
Supplication to the Council," in whi^h he complains of being
judged and condemned before he was heard 5 and of being
silenced, which to him was the most grievous of all, before
he was examined, contrary to reason and equity. He then
proceeds to answer the objections alleged against him in the
prohibition as follows :
^< First, it is said, that I am not lawfully called to the
. ninistry, according to the laws of the church of Kngland.
** To this, I answer, that my call was by such methods as
are appointed in the national synods of the foreign reformed
churches, testin^onials of which I have shewn to iny lord •
of Canterbury 5 so that if any man be lawfully called to the
ministry in those countries, I am.
<^ It is further said, that I am not qualiiied to be a minister
'tn England, because I am not ordained according to the
laws of this country.
• *' I beseech your lordships <o weigh my answer. Such
is the communion of saints, that whatever solemn acts are
done in one true church of Christ, according to his word,
are hdd lawful in all others. The making of a minister,
• FuUcr's Church KhU b. ix. p. 216. + Ibid. p. «n..
936 LIVES OF THE PURITANS.
being once lawfully done, ought not to be repeated. Thg
pastors and teachers in the New Testament hold the same
kind of calling that I had. To repeat our ordinal ion tiroiild
make void our former ordination ; and, consequently, all
such acts as were done in virtue of it, as baptisms, roarriageii
&c. By the same rule, all people coming out of a forem
land ought to be rebaptizi^ and married over again, ft-
sides, by the statute of IS Eliz., those who have been ordained
in foreign protcstant churches, upon their subscribing the
articles therein specifiod, are qualified to enjoy afiy beneioB
in the kingdom, equally with those who have been ordained
according to tiie laws now in force ; which, seeing it com*
prehends all who are priests according to the order of the
church of Rome, must necessarily be as favourable to
ministers who are ordained among foreign protestants. b
consequence of this law, many Scots divines are now m
possession of benefices in the church ; as was Mr. Whitting*
ham, who, though he was called in question in this caic^
enjoyed his benefice as long as he lived.
<^ It is, moreover, said, that I preached without present!*
tion or license.
<^ To this, I answer, that the place in which I exercised my
ministry required no presentation, nor had I a title, nor did
I reap any benefit by law ; but only received a volontsry
CiHitribution, and was employed in preaching only : and as
to a license, I was recommended to bo ministiT g£ that {dac^
by two several letters from the Bishop of £ondon to the
gentlemen of the Temple, without which letters^ those
gentlemen would not have permitted me to officiate.
<< I am charged with indiscretion, and want of duty to
Mr. Hooker ; and with breaking the queen's order against
bringing disputes into the pulpit.
<^ As to want of duty, I answer, though some have sus-
pected my want of good-will to Mr. Hooker, because he sao
ceeded Dr. Alvey in that place which I desired for myself;
this is a mistake, for I declined the place, because 1 could
not subscribe to my- lord of Canterbury's late articles,
which I would not do for the mastership of the Temple, or
any other place in the church. I was glad the place was
given to Mr. Hooker, as well for the sake of old acquaint*
ance, as because there is some kind of affinity between lU^
hoping we should live peaceably and amicably together, ai
becometh brethren. But when I heard .him preadi against
the doctrine of assurance, and for salvation in the church of
Rome^ with all its errors and idolatry, I thought myself
TRAVERS. 987*
«l>Iig]ed to bppose him* And when I found it occasioned a
pulpit war, 1 declared pubticiv that I would concern myself
yio farther about it, though Mr. Hooker went on with tht
dispute.
;- f^ It is said that I should hare complained of him to the
]|%h commission.
• ^< To this, 1 answer, t&at it was not out c^ contempt or
oeglect of lawful authority ; but because 1 was against all
iBdliod» of severity ; and, therefore, I declared my reso*
ktioa to trouble the pulpit'with those debates no more.
'< Upon the whole, I hope it will appear to your lord-
dups, that my behaviour has not deservea so severe a punish-
woeni as ha& been inflicted upon me; and, therefore, I
liiliiJ>ly pray that your lordships would restore me to my
ministry, by such means as your wisdoms shall think fit :
t}ii» will lay me under further obligations to pray for your
temporal and eternal happiness. But if your lordships
cannot procure me this favour, J recommend myself to youi
kurdships' protection, under her majesty, in a private life;
And the church to Almighty God, who in justice will
pmush the wicked, and in mercy reward the righteous with
% blessed immortality."*
.. Mr* Hooker wrote an answer to the above supplication^
llddnesied to Archbishop Whitgift, his patron, in which he
ifii^ no notice of Mr. Tnvers's ordination, but confines his
toraiarks to his objections against his doctrine ; some of which
he ^tempts to risfute, and complains in other cases of mis*
mpxesentati(Hi. ^' But let all be granted that he would
hare," says Mr. Hooker, " what will it advantage him t
Heiought tohave complained to the high commissioners,
^d not have refuted me in the pulpit. Schisms and dis-
turbances will arise in the church, if all men may bb
70I.BRATED TO THINK AS THEY PLEASE, AND PUBLICLY
IPBAK WHAT THEY THINK. Therefore, by a decree agreed
upon amonff the bishops, and confirmed by her majesty, it
was ordered, that if erroneous doctrine was taught publicly,
it should not be publicly refuted, but complained of tq such
parsons as her majesty should appoint^ to hear and deter«
mine such causes ; for the breach of which order, he is
charged with want of duty ; and all the faults which he
al^ses against me can avail nothing in his own defence."f
- The brda of the council, to whom Mr. Travers presented
• Traven*8 SapplicatioD, printed 1612.— And annexed to Hooker*t £ed«
JTtolity. Edit. 1631.
f Hooker*! Antwer annexed to Eccl. Polity.
S» LIVES OF THE PURITANS.
his supplication, did not, however, choose to interfere, M
left him wholly to the unmerciful controul of the archbiBhop^
who c^uld never be prevailed upon to remove bis suqiet-
sioii, or Ulciisc him to preach in any part of the kinffdom.
Mr. Travers Jiad, indeecJ, many great and powerful memb
at court, and even the lords themselves were greatly divided
in their sentiments about his case ; and all who opposed
Whitifift's intolerant measures were his zealous iriendi.
But all power was in the hands of the archbishop, ^ wbott
finger," as it is humorously expressed, '' moved more in^
ecclesiastical matters than all the hands of all the cooncil
besides ; therefore, no favour must be afforded to Trayenon
any terms."^
Mr. Travers had a principal hand in writing and publish-
ing the celebratv-d work, entitled, ^' De Disciplina Ecckti-
astica ex Dei verbo descripta," commonly called the ^ Book
of Discipline." It was d( signed as a platform of choidi
discipline, and subscribed by Mr. Tnivers and piany of his
learned brethren.f It was translated into £Dglisb, and
printed at Cambridge; but the vice-chancellor obtaiaiDj;
intelligence of it, caused the whole impression, or the
greatest part of it, to be seized, and announced the same to
the chancellor, who communicated it to Archbishop Whit-
gift: upon which his grace returned the following answer:
'* That ever since they" had a printing prt^ss at Cambridge
he feared that this and greater inconveniencies would folkw.
Though the vice-chancellor was a very careful man, and in
all respects greatly to be commended ; yet he might be suc-
ceeded by one of another temper, not so well affected to the
church, and that if he (the chancellor) thought fit to con-
tinue that privilege to the university, sufficient bonds with
heretics ought to be taken by the printer not to print any
books unless they were allowed by lawful authority;
for," says he, " if restraint be made here, and lib^y
granted there, what good can be done?"t This zealras
prelate was always a violent enemy to the liberty of the
press. It may be proper here to observe, that, in the year
1644, when the Book of Common Prayer was abolished by
order of the parliament, th(* Book of Discipline was repub-
lished, and appointed to be observed in all ecclesiastical
matters. It was printed under this title, <^ A Directory of
Gh>vemment anciently contended for; and, as far as the time
• FnU^r's Cborch Hist. b. iz. p. S18.
+ Neal's Puritans, vol. i. p. 423.
t Biog. Britan. vol. vii. p. 4246.
traVers. s^
-Would suffer, practised by the first nonconformists in the
days of Queen Elizabeth, found in the study of that most
accomplished divine, Thomas Cartwright, after hisi
decease, and reserved to be published for such a time as
this,"
About the time that Mr. Travers was silenced at the
Temple, he was invited, together with Mr. Cartwright, ta
become divinity professor in the university of St. Andrews;
which he modestly refused, but returned his humble and
thankful acknowledgments for so dignified an offer.* His
celebrity was universally kn6wn, both in England and in
other countries; therefore, Dr. Loftus, archbishop of
Dublin and chancellor of Ireland, who had been his col-
league at Cambridge, and who knew his great worth, invited
him to accept the provostship of Trinity college, Dublin.
Mr. Travers having no prospect of a restoration to hi»
beloved ministry, or any farther public usefulness in his
native country, accepted the invitation. He was greatly
admired in his new situation, and had for one of his pupils
Mr. James Usher, afterwards the famous archbishop of .
Armagh, who entertained the highest esteem for him: Nor
^id this esteem wear out by time, or decline by a change of
circumstances ; for after Usher was preferred to a bishopric,
and Travers was grown old and poor, the pious and learned
prelate paid him several visits, offering him presents of
money, which the good old man thankfully declined ta
accept, f
Mr. Travers continued provost of the above college
fjcveral years ; but upon the commencement of the wars in
Ireland, he was constrained to quit his station, when he re-
turned to England, and spent the remainder of his days in
silence, poverty, and obscurity. He was living in the year
16S4r, as appears from the following curious fact : Mr. John
Swan, of Cannock in Staffordshire, a religious man, left in
his last will and testament the sum of fifty pounds, to be
ijiven, by direction of Mr. Hildersham, to ministers silenced
or nonconformity. From a manuscript receipt now before
me, it appears that Mr. Travers partook of the bounty. It
is in these words : " March 5, 1624, received of Mr. Arthur
Hildersham, five pounds, being part of a legacy of John
Swan. I say, received by me,
" Walter Travers."^:
* FoUer's Charch Hist. b. ix. p. 215, S16.
f Ihid. p. 218.
i MS. Cbronology, tol. ii. p. 431. (12.)
990 LIVES OF THE PURITANS.
It does not appear how lonr Mr. Travers auuiyeJ tht
above period. He was a learned man, a polite preacher, as
admirable orator, and one of the most celebrated diyinei
of the age : but all these excellent endowments could not
atone for the 8in£:Ie sin of nonconformity. His name m
enrolled among the eminent perRons and learned divines of
Trinity college, Cambridge.* He gave part of his library,
and plate worth fifty pounds, to Zion college, London.
Many persons of the greatest respectability were his
constant friends. In addition to the lord treasurer^ who
was his advocate and his patron, we ought not to omit Sr
James Altham, a member of parliament, and a penoa.
eminent for religion and learning, who manifested the
highest esteem for him; as did Sir Edward Cook, a xealous
advocate for a further reformation of the churchy and a
constant patron of the puritans.f
His Works. — I. A Justification of tbe Religion now Professed ia
England. — 2. An Answer to the Epistle of G. T. for the pret^ided
Catholics. — 3. Dc Disciplina Ecclesiastica ex Dei Terbo descfipta.
Henrt Jacob, A. M. — This distinguished person was
bom in Kent, in the year 1563, and educated in St. MaryV
hall, Oxford, where he took his degrees in arts. Entering
upon the ministerial work, he became precentor of Christ^
Church, and was Tifterwards beneficed at Cheritcm in his
native county ; but he quitted his living previous to the
year 1591. "He was a person," says Wood, <<most
excellently well read in theological authors, and a most
zealous puritan.^t About this period, he embraced the
principles of the Brownists; though he never carried them
to that uncharitable extent which was the worst feature m
the character of that people. Upon the general banishment
of the Brownists, in 1593, Mr. Jacob retired to Holland,(
but probably returned to England before the year 1697. At
this time, the controversy arose about the true interpretation
of that article in theapostle^s creed, which relates to Christ^s
descent into hell. Bishop Bilson, in his sermons at Paul's
cross, maintained the literal sense of the passage; and
affirmed that he went thither not to suffer, but to wrfst tta
keys of hell and death out of the hands of the devil*| Tbi
♦ Fo]lrr*8Hist.ofCaro. p. 123.
-^ MS. Chronology, vol. iii. A. D. 1628, 1641.
t Atheoae OzoD. Tol. i. p. 394. S Neal'i Parltam. Tol. t p. 4iir
I Ibid. p. 602. — » . r
JACOB. SSI
t>iftbop's sennons were no sooner published to the world,
tijueui Mr. Jacob drew up a reply, entitled, '' A Treatise of
Ibe Sufibrings and Victory of Christ in the work of our
Redemption, writtea against certain Errors in these points,
imblicly preached in London," 1598. The two principal
glints defended by Mr. Jacob, in this treatise, were, " That
hrist suffered for us the wrath of God, which we may well
term the pains of hell, or hellish sorrows. And tlmt the
fioul of Christ, after his death on the cross, did not actually
descend into hell." In the year 1600, he came forwards in
idndication of what he had written on these points, by pub-
lishing his '^ Defence of a Treatise touching the Sutieringg
Itfid Victory of Christ in the work of. our Redemption."*
The writings of Mr. Jacob and other puritans upon this
subject, rousal the attention and indignation of Queen
Cilizabeth, who commanded the bishop " neither to desert
the doctrine, nor let the calling which he bore in the church
of God be trampled imder foot by such unquiet refusers of
truth and authority ."t This, instead of putting them to
silence, only awakened them the more, and occasioned M|r*
Jacob to publish his " Survey of Christ's Sufferings for
Man's Redemption : and of his descent to Hades, or Hel,
for our deliverance," 1604. Prior to the publication of
this last piece, it appears that Mr. Jacob removed to
Amsterdam, where he was engaged in some disputes with
the more rigid Brownists. The principal question then
^itated, was, " Whether the church of England be a true
Lurch." This most of the Brownists denied ; but it was
affirmed and defended by Mr. Jacob, who was less rigid in
his opinions. The particulars of this controversy may be
collected from a book entitled " A Defence of the Church
md Ministry of England, written in two Treatises against
the Reasons and Objections of Mr. Francis Johnson," 1599 ;
a circumstantial account of which is given in another
place.it
Mr. Jacob was commonly denominated a semi-separatist.
As he did not utterly ref^use communion with the church of
ESngland; so he rejected all her corruptions. And once,
fot refusing to kneel at the sacrament, the minister prose-
(nited him in the ecclesiastical court; and having taken great
pains to carry on the prosecution, but with little success, he
usked the bishop what he should do, who told him to go home^
♦ W^ood's Atbenoe, vol. i. p. 894, 395.
•f Biog. BritaQ. vol. ii. p. 311. £dit, UTS*
t Sec Art., Francis Johnson* .
SM LIVES OF THE PURITANS.
uncommon enidition, and entirely devoted to literary pot*
suits, but totally ignorant of the world. He ivas innocierit,
harmless, and careless, and lived principally on the bene-
factions of friends, particularly the celebrat^ ^r. Selden.
He died at Canterbury in September, 1652.*
John Robinson. — ^This celebrated puritan was bora in
the y(?ar 1575, educated in the university of Cambridge,
and beneficed near Yarmouth. In the year 1602, a number
of people in that part of the country, finding their minis-
ters urged with illegal subscription, or silenced, and them-
selves grievously oppressed in the ecclesiastical courts;
and discovering, at the same time, numerous popish rehor
and superstitions retained in the church of £ngland, tbej*
were led to a total separation from the ecclesiastical estab-
lishment, and to organize churches according to their views
of the model laid down in the New Testament. Thqr
entered into a covenant with each other, '^ to walk with
God and one another, in the enjoyment of God^s ordiiumoes^
according to the primitive pattern, whatever it might cost
them.'* Among the ministers who entered into this associt*'
tion was Mr. Robinson, who became pastor of one of tlirir
churches.f
Mr. Robinson and his people having renounced the
antichristian yoke, and being resolved to enjoy liberty of
conscience, and worship God without tlie impositiortf of men,
the spirit of persecution came against them with reDewad
fury. Besides the trial of cruel mockings, they were watched
by officers, and often imprisoned, or obliged to flee fronr
their houses and means of subsistence, under these cruel
oppressions they groaned about seven or ei^t yean^
assembling together in private houses as they found oppor-
tunity, tn this deplorable situation, many of them, who
were almost ruined in the ecclesiastical courts, resolved^
with joint consent, to seek an asylum in Holland, wtae
they understood they could enjoy religious liberty. Hard,
indeed, was their lot, to leave their dwellings, their lands
and relatives, to become exiles in a strange land I Thbu^
persecuted^ they were not destroyed; though distressed,
their zeal and courage did not forsake them ; and thoo^^in^
• Wood's AtheoflB Ozon. toI. i. p. 395.-^Bior. Briten. roL r. p. IT**
Edit. 1778.
+ Morse's American Geof. p. 150. Edit 1798.— Mone ui JPsilk'^
New £BclaBd, p. 6.
J. ROBINSON. SS&
lioubte, trusting' in God, they were not dismayed. They
made no disturbance in the state, but were peaceable niem-
bers of society. Yet, because they could not in conscience
•ubmit to unscriptural impositions, nor bow their necks to
the yoke of human inventions, they were loaded with
heavy fines and forfeitures; nay, hunted about like par-
tridges on the mountains, and persecuted as pests pf
society.
Though the pastor and his people were determined to
remove into the jLow Countries, another affliction, still more
imreasonable, if possible, presented itself to them. Their
enemies watched them continually, and did every thing in
their power to prevent their departure. The ports and
harbours were narrowly watched; and strict orders were
given, by authority, not to suffer them to go. What a
painful situation were they in ! They were not suffered to
Uve in peace at home, nor allowed to go where th^y could
enjoy peace. They could effect their escape only by
secret means, having to bribe the mariners ; and even then
they were often betrayed, their property seized, and them-
selves punished. The following facts, extracted from the
er^inal record belonging to the church at Plymouth in
New England, will shew how distressing was their
situation :
A large company, intending to embark at Boston in
Lincolnshire, hired a ship, and agreed with the master to
take them on board on a certain day, and at an appointed
£Iace. They were punctual to the engagement; yet he
ept not the day, but finally came and took them on board
in the night: then, having previously agreed with the
searchers and other officers, lie delivered the passengers and
ffoods to them. These persons immediately put them in
boats, rifled and searched them even " to their shirts ;" and
treating the women with indelicacy and rudeness, carried
fhem back to the town, where they were made spectacles
of public scorn to the multitudes who flocked from all
auarters to behold them. They were then taken before
le magisf rates, and cast into prison, where they continued
for a month, and some of them much longer ; while others
Were bound over to the next assizes.
The following spring Mr. Robinson and his friends made
another attempt to get away. They made known their
situation to a Dutch captain, and agreed with him to carry
them to Holland. He was to take them from a large
Mmmon between Grimsby and Hull, a place remote from
886 LIVES OF THE PURITANS.
any town. The women, children, and good^ were sent to
the place in a small barque; the men travelled by land; but
tlic barque* arriving a day before the ship, tlie sea being
rough, and the women very sick, the seamen put into a
small creek. The next morning (he ship came^ but the
barque was aground. That no time might be lost, the
captain sent his boat to receive some of tlie men who weie
on shore. As the boat was rt^turning for more, the captain
saw a great comi>any i>f horse and foot coming armed from,
the country ; at which he weighed anchor, lioisted sail, and
having a fair wind, was soon out of sight. The men on
board were thus separated from their wives and children^
without a change of garments, or money in their pockets.
Tears flowed from iheir eyes, but tears were in vain. They
were soon alter tossed in a most terrible storm, and driv^
on the coast of Norway. They saw neither sun, moon, nor
stars, for seven days. The mariners despaired of obtaining
relief, and once they supposv*d the ship actually ffoine
down ; when, with shrieks and cries, they exclaimed, ni
sinkj we sink. The puritan passengers, in this scene of
horror and desperation, without any great distraction, cried,
** Yet, Lord, thou canst save : yet. Lord, thou canst save;'*
with similar expressions. The ship soon after recovered
herself; the fury of the storm presently abated ; and thej
safely arrived in Holland.
Mr. Robii.son and some others of them, having, hk»
valiant generals, remained to see the feeblest safe on opard,
were left on shore. The men escaped, excepting those who
voluntarily stayed to assist the women and children. Here
was a scene of distress: husbands and fathers torn from
their wives and children, and carried into a foreign country;
children crying with fear, and shivering with cold ! What
could sustain the mother's breaking heart ? Charity <»r
humanity would have pitied and cheered the weepinf
throng ! But charity and humanity were not there. Perse-
cution raised her cruel voice, terrible as death ; and hurried
them from one place to another, from one officer to anotheTi
till their enemies were tired of their victory. To imprisop
BO many innocent women and children, would have excited
public odium. Homos they had none; for they had disr
posed of their property. Their unfeelmg oppressors wer^
at length, glad to get rid of them.*
From these multiplied sufferings the whole companj
• Morse and Parishes New Eoglaod, p. 7, 8.— EyaDfeUcal MafMiMb
Tol, ?i. p. Slg, SIS.
S. ROBINSON. SSI
Amved much advantage. Their meekness and christian
deportment made a favourable and deep impn ssioii on the
hearts of many spectators, \ihich produced consiilerable
Accessions to their number. By courag.^ and perseverance
they all finally cro^ised the sea, and united with iheir frjends^
according to the desire of the r hearts, in grateful praises to
God. Upon their arrival at Amsterdam, in the year ItiOS,
Mr. Robijison^s first concern was to arrange their church
■flairs in regular order. Mr. John Smyth and his churchy
luiving arrived beforethem, were now involved in conf<*ntion;
■nd the controversy was carried on with so mucii warmth^
that Amsterdam proved too hot for the gentle spirit of Mr.
Kpbinson; who, with the people of his charge, hiving
Continued there about a yenr, removed to Jjcyden.* There
they enjoyed the bhssing of religious liberty, and, with the
leave of the magistrates, hired a meeting-hous^', and ^or*
ibipped CiocI publicly in their owii way. In this removal^
they acted upon the most noble principle : for, though they
expected less employment and profit at Leydeii than at the
capital, they cheerfully sacrificed their worldly interest, in
hopes of beinuf more free from temptations, and of peac ab'y
^joying the blessings of the gnsp<4. Religion was always
ike first object in all their calculations and arran^mei'ts.
They erigaged in such trades aud^ employments as they
could execute, and soon obtained a comfortable subsistence.
They had great comfort in each other's society, and great
tatbfaction in the ordinances of the gospel, under the able
Biinlstry of Mr. Robinson. They grew in gifts and graces;
WkI lived in peace, and love, and holiness, f
Mr. Robinson set out on the most rigid principles of
Brbwnism ; but having seen more of the world, and con-
^^ttsed with learned men, particularly Dr. Ames, he became
gore moderate, and struck out a middle way betwixt the
Brownists and presbyterians. Though he always main*
'ftined the lawfulness and necessity of separating from the
''^formed churches where he resided, he was far from
feiying them to be true churches. He even admitted their
^^embers to occasional communion, and allowed his own
[People to unite with the Dutch churches in prayer and
^ring the word, though not in the sacraments and disci*
Wine. This procured him the character of a sfmi^separalht.X
9^ objected against the imposition of the liturgy, the
• Prince's Chron. Hist. vol. i. p. 24—27.
f Mont and Parish's New EnjrUnd, p. 9.
X B*Hie*8 DissaasWe, p. n.^NeiU'i Pttrftans, vol. W. p. 46» 47«
'▼OIm II. s
388 LIVES OF TUB PURITANS.
Srvemmcnt of the biihops, and the mixed ebmimiiium ft
e churcli of England ; and maintained that ereij paiti*
cular church or society of christianv had complete power
within itNcif to choose its own ofllcerf, to aomiiiifler ti
5oR|)cl ordinances, and to (OKorcise all needful aittbority aid {
isciplinc oyer its members: consequently^ that it wai
independetti of all ctassis, synods, oonvocationi, and coas*
cils. ^< This we hold and aflTirm/' says he. ^^ that aeon-
puny consisting bat of two or three gatnered by a oorenat
to walk in all tiie ways of Clod, is a church, and so faatb tiie
whole power of Christ. Two or three, thus gathered tege*
ther, hav^ the same right with two or three thousflod:
neither the smalincss of their numt>ers, nor the ineBmeis of
their perscms, can prejudice their rights/'* He allowed the
expediency of those grave assemblies for t'econctUoff dif*
ferences among churches, by giving them friendly aoviee;
but not for exercising any act of authority wliatcver^witboat
the free consent ot* the churches themselves.f Tbcfewe
some of the principles by which the independerUi aie dif
tinguishe^l in the present day.
Mr. Ilobinson and his congregation were no sooner setlkd
at L(*yden, than their numoer greatly increased. Maiij
came to his church from various parts of England; and
their Cfirign*gaHori lK*came so large, that ihiiy had throe
bundrml communicants, t If at any time the sparks of con*
tention were kirullc^l, they were immc^diately extinguished;
or if any one proved obstinate, he was excommunicatiNl:
but this rarely happinied. ^' Perlmp this churcli,** addi
our historian, ^^ approached as near tne pattern of apostolic
churches as any since the first ages of Christianity; and
this has been its general character to the present time, Tbe
integrity and piety of its members procured them esti'em
and confideiKH! in a land of strangers. Though many of
tli/in were pcKir, when they wished to borrow money, the
Dut(!li would readily take their word, because they alwsy*
found (li(*ni punctual io fulfil their engaij^ements. Tbqr
saw tlH*m iric(tiisantly lalnirious in their callings, and tbeiV'
fore preferred them as customers : they (bund tuem boneit)
and therefore gave the prrffrence to their work."i
While these worthy exiles so greatly increased in n(U0«
* ntiHIc*! Dliftifiiilvr, p. .Mtt.
t MfttI'* liivf. of Nrw Krifc. vol. i. p. 7.S, U.
} IVinrr*» Cbroii. HUt. yuI. i. p. 3«.— BMku*! New Eflf. W^*
vol. I. p, S2.
S Moric and Piirlih'i New F^tf Isud, p. V.
^.ROBINSON. - 339
ben, tiiejr fived in great firiendship and bannolqr among
^fhemsdVes and (heir neighbours. TThough a certain scar-
Tiloos writer is pleased to insinuate that by their broils
and divisions they were reduced to a very small number ;•
yet nothing can be more directly opposed to the concurrent
testimony of the best historians than this account.f Just
before they left the city of Leyden, the magistrates, from
the seat of justice, gave this honourable testimony of their
worth. In addressing the Walloons, who were the French
church, *' These English,'* say they, " have lived among us
now these ten years, and we never had any suit or accu-
sation against them, or against any of them.":^
Mr. Robinson and his people, having sojourned in a
strange land about nine or ten years, began to think of
xemoving to America, but could not accomplish their pur-
pose till the year 1620. Having one great object, the
interest of religion, constantly impressed on their minds,
and pursuing it with unabating ardour, it was natural for
them to think of changing their residence, as new and
favourable prospects opened to their view. Considering
that they enjoyed the comforts of evangelical instruction
only fifom the courtesy of strangers, they were unwilling to
so precious a jewel upon so precarious a tenure.
heir removal, therefore, was not the effect of a fickle dis-
^position, but the result of undaunted perseverance for the
attainment of that great end, which absorbed all other con-
siderations. They were animated with the hope of carrying
ibe gospel to pagan countries, and of becoming instruments
of salvation to many souls ready to perish. Numerous
other reasons imperiously enforced the measure.§ The
business was the subject of mature consideration. They
were peculiarly anxious to preserve their religion, and
promote its future prosperity, now in danger of being
scattered and lost in a strange land. In their own cohntry,
they knew there was not the least prospect of a reformation,
nor even of a toleration of such as dissented from the
national church. After spending many days in solenm
addresses to Grod for direction, it was at length resolved,
that part of the coYigregation should transport themselves
to America ; where they might enjoy liberty of conscience,
• Bailie's Dissnasive, p. 54.
f MortoD*8 New England's Memorial, p. 2. — Morse's American Geog.
p. 150.
?Mather*s Hist, of New Eng. b. i. p. 6.
Morton's Memorial, p. S> 4.
340 LIVES OF THE PURITANS.
and be able to encourage their friends and counttymen to
follow them. They, accordingly, sent over agents Id
England, who, having obtained a patent from the CTOwn,*
agreed with several respectsible merchants and friends te
become adventurers in the undertaking. Several of Mir.
Robinson's congregation sold tlieir estates, and made a
common bank, with which tliey purchased a small ship of
sixty Ions, and hired another of one Imndred and eighty.
The agents sailed into Holland with their own ship, to take
in as many as were willing to embark, while the other vend
was freighting necessities for tlie new plantation. All thinp
being in readiness for their departure, Mr. Robinson, im
his congregation, observed a day of fasting and prayer,
when he preached an excellent sermon from £zra, viiL SL
I proclaimed a fast there^ at the river AhaoOy thai we mif^
afflict our souls before God^ to seek of him a right axqy/or
usy and for our tittle ones, and for all our substance, m
then concluded with ihe following truly generous and
christian exhortation.
" Brethren,
^^ We are now quickly to depart from one
another, and whether I may ever live to see yoor fiicei
upon earth any more, the God of heaven only knows;
but whether the Lord has appointed that or no, I charge
you before God and his blessed angels, that you foUoW
me no farther than you have seen me follow the Irfird
Jesus Christ. If God reveal any thing to you by any
other instrument of his, be as ready to receive it as ever
you were to receive any truth by my ministry ; for I am
verily persuaded, I am very confident, the Lord has moie
truth yet to break forth out of his holy word* For my
part, I cannot sufficiently bewail the condition of the
reformed churches, who are come to a period in religioiiy
and will at present go no further than the instruments of
their reformation. The Lutherans cannot be drawn to go
beyond what Luther saw : whatever part of his will oar
good God has revealed to Calvin, they will raito die
than embrace it. And the Calvinists, you 8ee,.sttck fiut
where they were left by that great man of Grod, who
yet saw not all things. . .
" This is a misery much to be lamented. For thougli
^* they were burning and shining lights in their times^ yet
* Though these adventarcrs were at great trouble and ezpeoie ii
obtaining big m^egty's royal patent, tbey iie?er made aoy oae of It^^
JPriRct*« CkroH. BUt. vol. i. p. OS.
J.ROBINSON. HI
H ibty poietrated not into the ^rhole counsel of God : but
*^ were they now living, would be as willing to embrace
^ further light, as that which they first received. I beseech
^ you, remember it is an article of your church covenknt^
•* Thai you be readj/ to receive whatever truth mau be made
•* known to you from the vmtten word of God. ftemember
'^ that J and eyery other article of your sacred covenant.
^ But I must, herewiihal, exhort you to take h(ed what you
^ leceive as truth. Examine it, consider it, and compare it
*f with other scriptures of truth, before you receive it. For
^ it is not possible the christian world should come so
ff lately out of such thick antichristian darkness, and that
^ perfi^ction of knowledge should break forth at once.
^^ I must also advise you to abandon, avoid, and shake
^ off the name of Brownists. It is a mere nick-name, and
^ a brand for making religion, and the professors of it,
^ odious to the christian world."*
On July 1, 16!^, this small band of christian adventurers^
in number one hundred and one,f went from Leyden to
Delft Haven, to which place Mr. Robinson and tlie elders
4|f the church accompanied them. They continued together
all nU^ht ; and the next morning, after mutual embraces,
|fr., Robinson kneeled down on the sea-sliore, and with
fervent prayer, committed them to the protection and
Uessin^ of heaven.j The leader of this new colony was
Mr. William Brewster, a roan admirably well qualified
for the post which he occupied.^ After the affecting and
• Ncal's New England, vol, |, p. 74—79.
i" Neal, by roiitake, says tb«ir namber was one handred and twenty.—
Ikid. p.80.>-Pniice*« Chron, HUt, vol. i, p. \Q3*-^EvangeUcal Mag.^oL vi.
p. 314.
± Morton*8 Memorial, p. 6.
S Mr. WiUiam Brewster received a learned education in the university
•f Cambridge. His first employment was iu the service of Mr. Davison,
a^retary of state to Queen Elizabeth, with whom he went over to Holland,
•Dd was entrusted with affairs of great importance, particularly with the
keys of the cautionary towns. He afterwards lived much respected in his owa
country, till the severity of the times obliged him to return to Holland.
He was ruling elder of Mr. Robinson^s church previous to its leaving
Sogland, aqd bore his share of hardships with the rest of his brethren. In
thii office he continued with great honour, during their twelve years trace
Ut Holland. When he was sij^ty years of age, he had the courage and re-
solution to put himself at the head of the colony, which peopled New
£if land. They sailed from Delft Haven, July 2, 1620, as observed above ;
aoa after a long and dangerous voyage, arrived at Cape Cod, on the coast
of New England, November 9th following. Upon their first settlement,
ikey divided the land by lot, according to the number of persons in each
AmkUjt I And having agreed upon some general laws, chose a governor, and
dlM the name of the place New Pltmootr. Inexpressible were the
iMidihipt which they underwent daring the first winter. The fatigues of
34» LIVES OF TOE PURITANS.
painful separation, Mr. Uobinson, as a father in Isnuil, wiotr
a most affectionate and faithful letter to theadventuien;
which they received at Southampton, and read to the whole
company, to their ^reat comfort and encouragement. In
addressing them, he says, ^^ 1 am present in my best oflfeo
tions and most earnest lon^rings after you. Grod knows how
willingly and much ratlier than otherwise, I would hafS
borne my first part in this first brunt, were I not held
back by strong necessity. Make account of me in the*
mean time, as a man divided in himself with great-pain,
having my better part with you. And though I douM not
of your godly wisdom, I think it my duty to add aonie
words of advice ; if not because you nefd it, yet because I
ewe it in love and duty." He then proceecls to ffive them
the most affectionate and salutary instructions. He uigfs
them to repentance for all known sins, and generally for all
that are unknown, lest God should swallow them up in Mi
judgments. He then exhorts them to exercise a holy jealowy
and serious watchfulness over their own hearts ; to avoid
E'ving or receiving offences ; to cultivate forbearance and
ve one towards another ; and to manage all their affiiin
with discretion, and by mutual agreement. He niges them
to have a proper regard for the general good ; to avoid
<^ as a deadly plague, all private respect for themselves ;**
and to shew a due respect and obedience to the magistrates
whom they should elect to rule over diem. He dbserveSi
'^ that he would not so far wrong their godly minds as
to think them heedless of other things, which he could
say ;" and concludes by expressing his earnest and incessant
prayers to God for them.*
Mr. Robinson intended to accompany the remaining part
the late voyage, the severity of the weather, aod the want of the
of life, occasioned a sad mortality, and swept away half the coloDy | ud
of those who remained alive, not above t\x or seven at a time were capable
of belpini; the rest. But as the spring returned, they began to recover;
and, receiving some fresh supplies from England, they maintained their
station, and laid the foundation of one of the noblest settlements is
America, which afterwards proved a comfortable asylom for proteitsst
nonconformists under all their oppressions. Mr. Brewster soared the
fatigues and hardships of the infant colony with the ntmost bravery. Be
was not an ordained minister ; but being a man of considerable leamiBgi
eminent gifts, and great piety, he preached to them about seven years, tfll
they could provide themselves with a pastor. He 'was held in the greatt^
respect both by the magistrates and the people ; and after saffering Bsch
in the cause of the Redeemer, he died in peace, April 18| 1643| in the
eighty.fourth year of his age. — Morton's Momorialf p. 117» 118. — N0tif$
Nw> England^ vol, I. p. 211, 212.— iVears Puritant, Tol. U. ]i. 182r^
Meru and ParUVs Now Engliindy p. 7— ^«
* Morton's Memorial, p. &-*9.
J. ROBINSON. US
^ bis congregation to America; but before he could
accomplish his design, it pleased God to remove him to a
better world. He died March 1, 1625, in the fiftieth year
of his age. The life of this amiable man, both in public
and private, exhibited a fair transcript of those numerous
virtues which elevate and adorn the human character. He
possessed a strong mind, cultivated by a good educa-
tion. In his younger days, he was distinguished for good
Mse and solid learning ; and as his mind, under the influ-
ence of divine grace, began to expand, he acquired that
moderate and pacific temper for which he was celebrated
among christians of different denominations. His un-
ooaunon probity and diffusive benevolence highly recom-
mended ^im to the Dutch ministers and professors, with
whom he lived in the most perfect harmony. They
lamented his death as a public loss ; and as a t^imony of
their esteem and affection, though he was hot of their com*
munion, the magistrates, ministers, professors, and many of
the citizens, honoured his funeral solenmities with their
presence. . Mr. Robinson was an admirable disputant ; as
^>pears by his public disputation in the university
of Xeydeh, when the Arminian controversy agitated and
divid^ the churches in Holland. The famous JBpiscopius
having given out a public challenge to defend his Arminian
tenets against all opponents, the learned Polydore and the
chief ministers of the city urged Mr. Robinson to engage
in a public disputation. But he, being a stranger, and of
so mild and peaceable a spirit, signified hi;5 unwillingness ;
but by their repeated solicitations, he at length consented.
" In the issue,'' our author observes, " he so delpnded the
truth, and so foiled the opposer, putting him to a nonplus
in three successive disputations, that it procured him much
bonour and respect from men of learning and piety."*
'^he attacliment which subsisted betwixt Mr. Robinson and
is people was very great. ^' Such was the mutual love
>U)d respect which he had to his flock, and his flock to him,
0iat it was hard tp judge whether he was delighted more in
naving such a people, or they in having such a pastor."
His death was, therefore, a serious loss to the remaining
branch of his church at Leyden. Most of them, however,
after a few years, joined their brethren in New England ;
*naong whom were his widow and children. His son
Isaac lived to ninety years of age, and Wt a posterity in
« PriDcc's Chronological Hist. toI. i* p. 38.
I
944 LIVES OF THE PURITANS.
the county of Barnstaple.* Mr. Robinson** churdi at
Levden was the first Independent church since the
retori nation.
HiH WoRKi.'-l. A Jui^tificHtion of Separation from the Chmrcb of
Bnglaod, against lieniard, 1610. — 2. Remarks on Mr. Smyth's Con*
fessitui of l^aitb, 1614. — 3. A Treatise on Commonion, 1614.—
4. People's Plea for the Exercise of Prophesie, 1618.— 6. Apoli^
jnsta vt necessaria Chriittianonim, leqne contum« liose ac commnnitc
dictomm rrownibtanim ac Barrow iHtartim, 16l9.-^Tbis wai» trtila*
lated in 1644. — 6. An Appendix to iVIr. Perkins's Six Principle9 0(
the Cbiisiian Keligiou, 1041. — lie probably wrote some oth^ri*
Richard Stock, A. M— Thi$ worthy divine was bom
in the city of York, and educated in at. John*8 college^
Cambridge'; \ihero, on account of his great ingenuity,
industry and prqfifress in learning, he was much belovid by
the famous Dr. Whitaker. J .eaving the university, he be-
came domestic chaplain first to Sir Anthony Cope, of Ashby
in Northamptoiishire,f then to Lady Lane, of 0our<on-(in«
the- Water in Gloucesti-rshire. Afterwards, he became
assistant to Mr, Thomas Edmund'*, vicar of. Alhallows,
Bread-street, London ; where his labours were particularly
acceptable and useful. He continued for sixteen years to
assist Mr. Edmunds, at whose death he accepted the
pastoral charire, and continued sixteen years more,^ even to
the end of hi$ days. His labours were made a signal
blessing to the people. Grenl numbers were converted,
comforted, and established under his ministry. He was the
means of bringing many persons to a saving knowledge ci
the truth, who after^vards became celebrated ministers of
the fifospel. Though many ministers preached to others, and
not to themselves, Mr. Stock practised what he preached.
His lifje was one uniform piractical comment upon his
doctrine. He was much beloved, revered and honoured;
and always faithful and courageous in reprovins: sin.
Mr. S'ock having in his younger years preached at
PkuFs cro>s, he spoke with considerable freedcnn against
♦ Morton*s Memorial, p. 63.-T-Mar«e*t Americaa Geog. p. 166, 157.—
Morsr and Parisli's New blnxland. p. SO.
f Sir Anthony Cope !ii^naliKed bimnelf in the cause of relif^ioas liberty,
and was a c«ini.tant friend to the ^lersectited nonroofomists. . He wu
bur^eu for Banbury in Oxfordnhire; and, in ll^e parli^meot of I586tbs
ofTerrd a bill to the house of rommonK, to abotibh all the penal and diiF
graceful lawH against the puritan«,to set aside the Book of CoauBMHi Pmyer,
and to adopt a fresh one, not liable to so many exceptions. J%e bUI was
Mrarmly supported by several able statesmen, bot was rejected by tbe
toperiority of (be coart party.^Jlf 5. Chronology^ vol. it p. STY* (4*)
STOCK. 545
tbe iniquities of the city ; which some persons took so ill,
that they charged him with rashness, and called him
Greerfhead. Towards the close of iitie, having to preach
at the election of, the lord mayor, he particularly enlarged
upo i the stme topic, and said, ^^ that a Grajt/'head now
spoke the same tilings that a Green*head had formerly
do'ie.*' The end of nis lal)Ours was the bpffiniiing of his
rest ; and having finish' d his work, he wascdied to receive
Jiis gracious reward. He died April 20, 1626. He w?ks a
person of g(K)d learning, excellent talents for the pulpit,
and an example to his people ii| conversation, in charity, in
faith, in purity.* Wood denominates him ^' a constant and
judicious preacher, a pious minister, and a zealpus puritaa
and reformer of the profanation of the sabbath.**f His
remain^ were interred in Alhallows church, where the
following monumental inscription was afterwards erected to
Im memory :t
To the sacred Memory
or that worthy and faithful servant of Christ,
Master Richard Stock ;
who after thirty-two years spent in the ministry,
wherein by bis learned labours,
joined with his wisdom,
and a most holy life,
God's glory was much advanced|
his church edified,
piety increased,
and the true honour of a pastor's place maintained;
deceased April 20, 1626.
Some of his loving pai ishioners
have consecrated
this Monument of their never-dying love,
Jan. 28, 1628.
Thy livelesse trunk (O Reverend Stocke)
Like Aaron's rod, sprouts out again ;
And, after two full winters pa^^t.
Yields blossoms and ripe fruit amaine.
For why, this worke of piety.
Performed by some of thy floeke
To thy dead corps and sacred urne.
Is but the fruit of this old Stocke.
There was another Mr. Richnrd Stock, who lived about
die same time, rector of Kirk*E2aton in Yorkshire, where he
* Clark*s Lives anaezed to Marty rologie, p. 61— ^«
4 AtheOB OxoD. vol. i. p. 774.
t 8l»w*§ tiirvey of Load9ii> b. Hl» p. SCO.
316 LIVES OF THE PURITANS.
left a standing monument of his pietjr and diaiitj, by ihs
erection and endowment of a free-schocd* It does not
howeyer, appear whether he was any relation to our karoed
divine.*
His Works.— 1. The Doctrine and Use of Repentanoe, 1610.*-
2. A Sermon at the Faneral of John Lord Harrington, 1614. — 3. Ckmi-
mentary on Malacbi, 1641 «— 4. Stock of Divine KJiowledge, 1641^—
6. Tmtii's Companion.
Anthont Wotton, B. D. — This learned person was
bom in London, and educated first at Eton school, then al
King^s college, Cambrid^ where he took his degrees*
Being a person of considerable reputation, he became
fellow of the coUeee, and was for some time chaplain to the
Earl of Essex. Upon the death of Dr. Whitaker^ in the
jear 1596, he stood as candidate for the kind's professorship
of divinity at Cambrid^ ; but Dr. OveraU, by a superior
interest, carried the election. Mr. Wottcm, notwithstanding
this, was hiffhiy applauded in the xmiversity.f
He was, during the above year, chosen first piofisssor of
divinity in Gresham college. Also, upon the resignatimi
of his professorship^ he was chosen lecturer of Alhallows
Barking, London. Here he met with some trouble on
account of bis nonconformity. Having used this expres-t
sion, ^< Lord, open thou the eyes of the king, that he may
be resolved in the truth, without respect to antiquity,*' hu
words were supposed to insinuate, '' that the king was bHndf
waceringj and inclined to poperj/.^'t . For this, therefore, with
some other things, be was silenced by Archbishop Bancroft.^
Mr. Wotton, on account of his views of the doctrine of
justification, fell under the displeasure of some of the
* Thoresby^s Vicaria Lrodientis, p. 66.
-¥ Fuller^ti liist. of Carob. p. 153. % Ward's Gresham Professors, p. 89.
^ Archbishop Baucroft was a stoot and zealoos chanpion for the chnrth,
which, it is said, he learnedly and ably defended to the confasion of its
enemies. Clarendon says, ^' thai he hod an excelleat knowledge of tl|e
chnrch ; that he almost rescued it out of the hands of the CaWeniao party, that
be very mnch subdiied the unruly spirit of the noncoDformiftts, and that hil
death could never be sufficiently lamented." Fnller says, *' it is confess^
that he was most stiff and stern in pressing conformity, which he did very
iercely throughout all his province.'' Collier savs« '^ his iiitfeleatiB|
strictness gave a. new face to roli^ion. The li^urjry was nwre soleflialy
•bservedt the fasts aad festivals were more regarded i the Me of cepsi
was revived} the surplice s^enerally worn; and all things ia a maaaef
recovered to the firrt settleineot ander Queen £lisahetb» 8oaie whe ImI
formerly subscril>ed in a loose, reserved sense, were now caUed apoa ta
tigo their eonforaiity to more dose, uaevasife tertts.t m thit BMT there
WOTTON. 347
HfOndon ministers. His chief antagonist was Mr. Greorge
Walker, anotlier zealous puritan, who, haying opposed
him for some time with great zeal, as a follower of ^ocinus,
charged him with heresy and blasphemy ; and sent him a
letter, dated May 2, 1614, desiring a conference before
eight learned divines to be chosea by both parties. They
accordingly met for the purpose; Messrs. Walker, Stoci^
Downham, Westfield, and Gouge, on the one part; and
Messrs. Wotton, Balmeford, Randall, Hicks, and Gataker.
on the other. But the matters in dispute not being adjusted
at that time, they had a second conference. In order to a
better settlement of the points in controversy, Mr. Gataker
E reposed that Mr. Walker should set down in writing the
eretical and blasphemous positions of Socinus, and Mr.
. Wotton's erroneous assertions as agreeing with them ; that
when they assembled they might the more readily come to
a conclusion. Both parties agre^ to the proposal. Upon
their second meeting, after some debate, it was their unani'*
mous opinion, that Mr. Wotton had not maintained any
heresy or blasphemy whatsoever; which they accora-
ingly subscribed under their own hands. The persons who
attended the second conference, and who subscribed this
declaration, were those mentioned above, excepting Mn
Baylie in the place of Mr. Westfield.*
Mr. Wotton was concerned in the controversy with Dn
Montague, afterwards bishop of Chichester ; who, in a work
was no room left for scruples and different persuasion.'* Warner says,
that he fiUed the see of Canterbury *' with no extraordinary reputation
mbout six years. *He was naturally of a rough uncourtly temper, -which
was heightened by his great authority in the high commission. He ha4
extremely high notions of government in church and state. He was most
certainly a greater friend to prerogative than to liberty.** By spme be
was charged with covetousness and want of hospitality , which occasioned
the following satire upon his death :
Here lies his grace, in cold clay clad,
Who died for want of what he had.
According to Rapin, '* Bancroft never ceased to plagoe the pqritans, and
never ceas^ incensing the king agaipst them, doing them all the mischief
he could. Herein he was too closely imitated by the rest of f he bishops,
wbo fonnd a doable advantage in destroying the puritans. He is also
tfccosed of haying been one of the most zealous to instil into the king tbo
maxims of arbitrary power.** He is styled ** a great persecutor and silencer
Qf hundreds of most godly, conscientious, preaching ministers;'* and is said
to have lived an evil life, and died a fearful death.— Gr<m^«r'» Biog. HUU
vol. i. p. 339.— Cterenrfon** HUt. vol. i. p. 68.— Fi«/fer*» Church Hist, b. x.
p. 95, 67.— CdJficr'* EccL HUt, vol. ii. p. 68T;— >rarn«r*« Hist, of Eng.
^€». il. p. 496.— AapiVs Hist, of Eng. vol. Ii. p. 1«S, 176.— Pfynne'i Jm-
UpaikU of EnglUh Prelacies part i. p. 152, 8S9. Edit. 1641.
* Ward's Greiham Profeasorij p. ^.
S48 LIVES OF THE PURITANS.
entitled << Appello Cssarem,^' declared himself in fiiTOW
of Arniinlanism, and made dangerous advances towaidi
popery. The doctor*s book was no sooner published than
it met with a host of opponents. Dr. Featlj, Dr. SutdiiC
Mr. Rouse, Mr. Burton, Mr. Yates, Bishop Carlton, and
Mr. Wotton, sent forth answers to it : • but the Inst con*
tained the strongest arguments, and the most solid refiilation.
^' Dean Sutcliff is said to bavechode heartily, Mr. Rouseracant
honrstly, Mr. Burton wrote plainly, Mr. Yates lenmedly,
Bishop Carlton very piously, but Mr. Wotton most solidly .'"f
Mr. Wotton did not long survive this last performance;
for he died in London, December 11, 16%. He was
a great scholar, an excellent preacher, and a zealous advo«
catc for a further reformation of the church. He wrote an
elegant Latin style, and is very justly placed among the
learned writers of King's college, Cambridge.:^ Mr.Gataker
denominates him, ^^ a worthy servant of God, whom," says
he, '^ 1 always revered while he lived, as a man deserving of
singular respect for his piety, learning, and zeal in the
cause of God, which his works do sufficiently manifest^
and will testify to posterity.^
His Works. — 1. An Answer to a popish Pamphlet of late oewly fkr-
niabedy and the second time printed, entitled,' Certain Articles or for*
• Wood*t Atbf naB Oion. toI. i. p. 442.
t Dr. Richard Montague was a divioe who, io the rdfn ^f Charles !.»
zealously promoted arbitrary power; and, for publishinf; seotiaeiU
trading to the disturbance of charch and ttate, he was accused tQ tkfi
commons in parliament, and convened and examined before the bar of tie
bouse. The proceeding of the commons displeased the kingi for, ai
Montague was one of his chaplains, he pretended that this was an ea-'
croachment upon his prerogative. He expressed his displeasure at the
commons, and took occasion, by the instigation of Bishop Land, the kiBg'i
anost intimate counsellor, to bring the cause before the coancil, and, by
this means, to stop the prosecution. Notwithstanding this, Bfootagae was
summoned a second time before the commons, and severely repriamnded.
His cause wa« recommended to the Duke of Buckingham, by Bishops Laud,
Buckridge, and llowson, who observed, *'^ That learned nea ought to be
left to abound io their onn sense. It being the great fault of the coQacH
of Trent to require tubscripUon to school-opinions.'* Afterwards, a coai-
Diittee of tt^ commons reported to the house, that Montague's " AppcAl***
and several other of his pieces, contained erropeoos papistiiml aod
Arminian opinions, repugnant to the articles of the church of Englaadi
among which were the following : — ^* That the church of Rome hatb ever re*
maiued firm upon the same foundation of sacraments and doctrines InstHated
by God. That images may be used for the instruction of the igooranty aal
excitation of devotion. That men justified may fall away, and depart
from the state of grace.** Notwithstanding these censures, he was prooiolcd
by the king to the bishopric of Winchester l—Faibr^s Chunk MM. b. lU
p. 181 .— Kapim't HUl. •/ Eng. vol. ii. p. 240* 244, 81tk
X Fuller^s Hist, of Camb. p. 75.
\ Ward's Gresham Professors, p. 40-*49.
^ KOTHWELL. 349
«ible Reasons,' &c., 1005. — 2, A Defence of Mr. Perkins's Booke, called,
* A Reformed Catholicke/ against the cavils of a popish writer, one
D. B. P. or, W. B. in his ' Deformed Reformation,' 1606.-3. The
Tryal of the Roman Clergy's title to the Church, 1608.— 4. Sermons
•on part of Chap. i. of St. John^s Gospel, 1609. — 5. Ruune from Rome;
or, tlie Necessity of separating from that Church, 1624. — 6. De Re*
Gonciliationi Peccatoris, 1624. — 7, An Answer to a Book, entitled
Appello Ctetaremy written by Mr. Richard Montague, 1626. — 8. The
Art of Logic, 1626. This last is a translation of Ramus's Logic.
Richard Rotuwell. — This learned and zealous pu«
ritan was born at Bolton in Lancashire, in the year 1563^
and educated in the university of Cambridge. Having
spent many years in academical pursuits, he entered upon
the work of the ministry, and was ordained presbyter by
Achbishop Whitgift. The archbishop, on this occasion^
forbade him attempting any interpretation of the types of
Moses, the book of Canticles, Daniel, and Revelation ; andy
at that time, he exactly agreed with his lordsliip. Though
he possessed an amiable natural temper, great intellectual
endowments, and other ornamental accomplishments, they .
were only as so many weapons in the hands of a mad-
man. He continued several years a stranger to religion,
when he preached learnedly, but lived in profaneness,
addicting himself to hunting, bowling, shooting, and
filthy and profane conversation. Wie are told, that in
Lancashire there were two knights at variance with each
other; one having a good park, with an excellent store of
deer; the other good fish-ponds, with an excellent store of
fish ; and that he used to gratify himself by robbing the
park of the one, and presenting his booty to the Other, and
the fish-ponds of the other, and presenting the fish to his
adversary. On one of these occasions, it is added, the
keeper caught him in the very act of killing a buck, when
they fell from words to blows ; but Mr. Roth well, being tall
and lusty, got the keeper down, and bound him by both his
thumbs to a tree, with his toes only touching the ground,
in which situation he was found next morning.* Such
were the base follies by which he was gratified in the dayi
of his vanity.
^ While in the midst of his career in sin, it pleased God,
who separated him from his mother's womb, and called hiih
by his grace, to reveal his Son in him. This change was
IHroduora in the following manner: As Mr. Kothwdl was
• Clark'i Li? ei aoaezed to hi§ Mart/rologic, p« 67» 118.
S50 LiyES OF THE PURITANS.
play infr at bo^s on a Satoidaj, amoni^ papists and profane
gentlemen, at Kochdaie in Lancashire, Mr. Midglej, tbe
grave and pious yicar of tbe place, came upon the green;
and, calling him on one side, expressed his great r^;ret
thnt be was the companion of papists, even on a SatmH^j
when he ought to have been preparing for the ezeretBes of
the sabbath : but Mr. Roth well sligh&l what he said, and
checked him for intermeddling. The good old man,
being exceedingly grieved, went home, retired into his
study, and prayed earnestly to God tor him. Mr. Rothwdl
had no sooner left the bowling-green than Mr. Midgley's
words stuck fast in his conscience. He could find no
lest. The day following he went to hear Mr. Middey
preach in Rochdale church, when it pleased Grod so to blev
the word, that he was thoroughly awakened to a sense of hu
sins. Under his painful convictions he went to Mr. Midg^
ley after sermon, thanked him for his seasonable reproof,
and desired his further instruction, with an interest m his
prayers. Having continued under spiritual bondage for
some time, he at length, by the instrumentality m Kr.
Midgley, was made partaker of the liberty of the sons of
God ; the assurance of which he retained to the end of his
days. Though he was often exercised by the severe asisaults
of Satan, his heavenly Father, in whom he trusted, always
made a way for his escape. This important change bei^
effected, Mr. Rothwell gave bis worldly estates among bis
friends, and devoted himself wholly to the ministry of the
word, (»ver esteeming Mr. Midgley as his spiritual lather.*
Mr. Rothwell, liaving tasted that the Lord was gradoos,
began to preach the gospel by the assistance of the Holy
Ghost. He so unfolded the depths of Satan's devices, and
the treachery of the human heart, that he was soon deno-
minated the rough hewer. His zealous and fidthful
ministry was accompanied by the power and blessing of
God. When he preached tlie terrors of the law, sinners
trembled, and sometimes cried aloud ; and when he preached
the glad tidings of tbe gospel, sweet consolation was applied
to their afflicted consciences.
He was chaplain to a regiment under, the Earl of EsseX)
in his expedition against the rebels in Irelimd. About the
same time, he was induced to examine, with an unbiassed
mind, the grounds of conformity to the established church*
The result of his impartial investigation was, he became iu>
« Clark's UTCtaonczed to liisMartyrologie,p»9Ty-69.
ROTHWELL. 391
avowed puritan, and a conscientious nonconfonnist. He
18 said to have soon become so deeply versed in this
coptroversy, that he satisfied many, and silenced all who
disputed with him. He was so thoroughly fixed in his
4[Mrincipled, and in such constant expectation of troubles on
account of his conscientious scruples, that he would never
marry. His common observation was, persecution is the
pledge Cjf future happiness. On the same account he would
never accsept of any benefice, though many rich livings
were ofEered him. He was many years a lecturer at a
chapel in Lancashire, and afterwards domestic chaplain to
the £arl of Devonshire. During the severe persecutions
raised by the bishops, as he enjoyed no living, he had none
to lose. He used pleasantly to say, mi/ head is too big to
gei into the church. He was frequently called before the
prelates, especially Bishop Neile, with whom he had several
contests about nonconformity.*
By the recommendation of Lady Bowes, afterwards Lady
Darcy, a person celebrated for piety and liberality ,+ Mr.
Rothwell removed to Barnard-Castle, in the county of
Darham. MHlien the good lady expressed her fears about
his going among these rude and fierce people, he replied^
** Aladam, if I thought I should not meet the devil, I would
not go : he and I have been at odds in other places;, and I
hope we shall not agree there." The worthy lady therefore
consented, allowing him forty pounds a year ; and the peopl^
upon whom G6d wrought by his ministry, further ccm-
tnbuted to his support ; but he would not receive a farthing
ai any others. Being once on a journey, Sir Talbot Bowes
made a collection for him among the people, amounting to
thirty pounds ; but when he came home, he caused it to be
returned to the persons who had contributed, saying, '' he
sought not theirs but them.**
Xjpon his first settlement among these rude people, he bad
many difficulties to encounter : he met with much opposition ;
and they even sought to take away his life. By faithful
perseverance in the duties of his calling, his greatest enemies
afterwards feared him ; and the blessing of Sie Lord was so
wonderfully poured forth upon his labours, that he seldom
preached a sermon which did not bring some poor wander*
ing sinner to God. Many vain gentlemen from a distance
* Clark*8 Lives annexed to his Martyrologie, p. 69.
f This ezccUent lady expended one thousand pouodt a year in rapport
•f f'lestttate mlnisten. Her preachers were all tileoced nonconformists.
She obtained liberty for many of them when confined in prison; then sent
them Into the north, the Pdk in Derbysbire, or those places where their
laboBfi were most wanted » aUowinf^ them » comfortable sapport.— iM.
SM LIVES OF THE PURITANS.
came to hoar him, vfxih a view to find faott, malLe spoi^
and aci use him ; who returned home convinced of their
sins, inquiring what they must do to be sri ved . H is laixNUS
Mere so ext( nsively useful, that the ciiajige wrought among
the people, and the good order of his congregation^ becantt
tlie subject of universal admiration, lie was coinmonlj
denomiuHtixl the Apostle op the North.
During Mr. RothwelPs alxxle at Baniard-Castle, he was
deeply afflicted with a complaint in his head ; and thougk
lie obtained considerable relief, he never perfectly recovernL
Having laboured at this place many years, he removed
to Mansfield in Nottinghamshire, where he Continued
preaching to the end of his days. After his removal to
this place, he is said to have been concerned in casting out
a devil, a curious account of which is given by our >«uthor.*
During his last sickness he was deprived of the exercise of
his reason, when Mr. Britain, vicar of Mansfield, waited
upon him, and inquired what he then thought of conformity.
In their conversation, Mr. Rothwell sometimes said one
thing, and sometimes another, evidently not knowing what
he said. Mr. Britain, however, propagated a report that
Mr. Jlothwell recanted his nonconformity. This was a molt
notorious calumny.
At certain intervals during his sickness, his conversatioa
was free, cheerful, and spiritual. His friends inquiring
how he did, he said, ^< I shall soon be well. I shall ere
long be with Christ." A brother minister having prayed
with him, he smiled and said, ^^ Now I am well. Happy il
lie who hath not bowed his knee to Baal.'' He then re-'
quested those Aout him to sing a psalm; and while they
were singing his immortal spirit took its flight to sing tbe
song of Moses and the Lamb for ever. He di^ in 1627, ased
sixty -four years. Mr. Rothwell possessed " a clear under-
standing, a sound judgment, a strong memory, and a readj
utterance; and was accounted a good linguist, a subtte
disputant, an excellent orator, and a learned divine/*f
John Preston, D. D. — This celebrated divine de-
scended from the Pn^stons of Preston in Lancashire, waf
bom at Heyford in Northamptonshire, in the year 1587)
and educated first in King's coUe^, and then in Queen's
college, Cambridge. In the latter situation he was pupil to
the pious and learned Mr. Oliver Bowles, whea be made
• Clark's LWet annexed to bis Marlyrologiey p; 79^ T4.
f Ibl4 p. 67.
I
f
PRESTON. 85S.
amazing progress in philosopby, and almost eyery other
braiich otpoUte literature* Being of an ambitious mind«
and haying hopes of liigh preferment at court, he lookea
lipon the study of cliyinity as insignificant, and far'beneath
i%d attention of a ^reat mind. In the year 1609 he was
chosen fellow of his college. The Lord, who designed him
to fill an important office in his church, was pleased to fhis-
ti^te his aspiring thoughts. Being brought to hear Mr.
John Cotton at St. Mary's church, the word of God made
80 deep^an impression on his mind, as at once cured hinx of
thirsting after preferment. From this time 'he became
T^ooarkable for true christian piety ; and though he had
hitherto desspised the ministerial work as beneath his notice,
he now' directed all his studies with a yiew to that sacred
employment.
When King James yisited the university of Cambridge,
Preston, being a man of such extraordbiary learning, was
appointed one of the disputants before his majesty. The
suWect of disputation was, " Whether brutes had reason,
and could make syllogisms.^' He maintained the affirma-
tive; as in the case of a hound, when he comes to a place
where three ways meet, he tries one, then another; but,
finding no scent, runs down the third with full cry, conclud-
ing that as the hare is not gone in either of the two first
ways,, she must necessarily be gone in tfie third. The
argument, it is said, had so wonderful an effect upon the
audience, especially upon the kin^, that it. would have
opened a door to his preferment, had not his inclinations io
Puritanism been a bar in the way. Indeed, Sir Fulke
Grayille, afterwards Lord Brook, was so highly pleased with
Um, that, in addition to other demonstrations of his peculiar
^teem, he settled fifty pounds a year upon him, and con-
tinued to be his great friend ever after.*
* Clark's Lives aoncxed to hii Martyrolo^ic, p. 76 — 81. — Lord Brook
^^ a most zealous patriot, and an avowed advocate for liberty. On ac-
count of the arbitrary measures of Charles I. he determined to seek freiedom
^^ America ; and he and Lord Say actaaUy agreed to transport themselve»
^New England ; but upon the meeting of the long parliament, and the
fQdden change of public affairs, they were prevented from undertaking the
Jgagf. He was afterwards commander in the parliament array, and
^■vl^ redaced Warwickshire to the obedience of the parliament, be ad-
'^llMd into Staffordshire. On the festival of St. Chad, to whom the cathe-
^hil of Lkhfleld is dedicated, he ordered his men to storm the adjoining
^ i» which Lord Chesterfield had retired with a body of the king's
^t before his orders could be put in execution, he received a
HilJBthe eye, of which he instantly expired. In the year 164S.
^''lonof some of the royalists, and especially of the papists^
S A
S54 LIVES OP TBE PURITANS.
Preston having renounced all incIinationB of piefemwali
and even the present opportunitjr of obtaining the rojai
favour, his conduct became the subject of much apecuhiaoiL
Courtiers, and those aspiring after posts of bonow,
wondered that he did not embrace the solden oppoitwiityr.
Perceiving the young man to be void of ambition, and that
fte rejected all prospect of rising in the world, they beflu
to be vsalous ol' him. But having found the treasure hid m
a fielo, he wisely relinquished every thing for the invaloabfe
purchase. He had the Kinj^ of kings to serve and hmooi,
which to him appeared infiiiitely more desirable Aan aoj
worldly emolument
From the above act of mortification, flood men bmn i9
admire him ; and their opinion received additional C(m
tion from the ibllowing circumstance : — ^The king TJsiBng
the university a second time, Preston was req[ueBfed that
one cf his pupils might support a female duuracter, in a
comedy for the entertainment of his majesty; birt he
politely refused, saying, ^^ I do not like the m<ki<m ; and I
cannot believe his friends intended him to be a pines;
therefore, I beg (o be excused." This instance of his
peculiar care for his pupil greatly advanced his iepidiitioa>
He was soon accounted one of the best tutors in ik
university. Many persons of distinguished eminenoe
committed their sons to his tuition. He was particobnly
careful to train tliem up in sound religi<m, as weH as gQod
literature.* Fuller denominates him ^ the greatest mqiff'
manger ever known in England, having sixteen m^'
commoners admitted in Queen's colkge, in one year.^f
He was, at the same time, an indefatigable student, lefioflflf
to allow himself sufficient rest and »eep. He used to by
the bed-clotlics upon himself in such a manner as tbey
would be sure to tall oft* at an early hour in the night, ana
so the cold awoke him. This, in time, did irreparable
injury to his constitution ; but by the use of suitable meant
his health was again in a great degree restored.
It might be expected that so great a man would beiMV
exceedingly popular. When he delivered bis cateefaeticM
lectures in the college chapel, the place was usntl^
crowded with strangers before the fellows came. Tfai
awakened the malice of those who envied his popnlaft^ji
that the buHet was directed by St. Chad. Arcbbiibop
particalar memorial of thii in his diary. — Frymie't BnwigU ef
p. VI.-^Qrmnger'i Biog. HUi, vol. li. p. 143, 144.
• Clark's Uves, p. 88. -f Foller^s Wonhits, part U. p. »U
PRESTOPT. S55
ttsd tb(^ lodged a complaint against him to the vice-
ISMnbellor, << that it was not safe for Preston to be thns
iddred, tmless they wished to set np puritanism, and pull
down the chorch.'* An order was therefore issued from
the totmsitiQtjy that the scholars and townsmen should
knceforwarcfs confine themselves to their own preachers^
laid not be allowed, in any case whatever, to attend these
lectures in future.* Such ecclesiastical rigours appeared
tflogether unnecessary; for there was now very little
nteachid^ through the whole university, the two lectures at
jRrinity diurch and St. Andrew^s being put down, and the
fcctiirm silenced.
Having obtained so distinguished a reputation, he was at
lo^gth aUowed the use of St. Botdph's church, belonging
to Queen's collie. But here his uncommon popularity
^SE^osed him to the resentment of his enemies. Dr. New-
eottib, commissary to the Bishop of Ely, coming to the
dturch, was exceedingly ofiendea with the crowd (? people
tssembled ;f and he prohibited him preaching, commandms^
fliat only evening prayers should be read. The minister ot
the j^ce, the £arf of Lincoln, and several others, entreated
flnt Freflftdn mi^ht be allowed to preach, at least, on that
docasion. But rf ewcomb remaineci inflexible, and in anger
inskt home, leaving them to have a sermon at their peril.
Howevei. Preston was advised to preach ; and, as much
time had been spent in sending messages to the com*
ateary, be was obliged to omit the prayers before the
tcfttion, in order that me scholars might be at home in time
firir their college prayers. Nexjt morning Dr. Newcomb
btttened to ]Newmarket, where the court was then held,
and brought complaints against him to Bishop Andrews and
otters; assuring them, that Preston was a nonconformist in
Iicttrt, and would soon be one in practice ; and he was so
firflowed and adored, that, unless some efiectual means were
Ipeedily used, all conformity would be destroyed, and their
mthority be trodden under foot. And he added, that
Aeston was so cunning, that gentle means would not answer
tbe purpose ; but he must be seriously and thoroughly
The Idng being now at Newmarket, the complaint was
hSd before his majesty, who ordered him to be prosecuted.
Rttton was immediately convened before them, when he
iBhD%e in his own defence with great humility and meekness.
nihop Andrews told him, the king was informed that bt
• Clark's Lives, p. 82—84. * FnUer'i Hilt of Camb. p. 168.
}Clark»rLtTfi,p.85.
356 LIVES OF THE PURITANS.
held all forms of prayer to be unlawful ; and, as he was lO)
exceedingly popular, bis opinion was likdy to do Ihef
greater mischief. Preston replied, that this was all a
slander ; for he believed set forms to be lawful, and he
refused not to use them. Upon this, the bishop promised
to be his friend, and to procure his release from the pieseot
Prosecution. Indeed, some of the courtiers wished well la
*reston, but wero reluctant to undertake his cause. Dr^
Young, dean of Winchester, had the boldness and honesfy
to inform him, that Bishop Andrews was his grand
adversary ; and tliat wliile he gave him kind words and
fair promises, he was labouring to have him expelled from
the university. This, in fact, appeared too true, from the
bishop^s own conduct. For, after Preston's frequent attend-
ance upon his lordship, and all to no purpose, an order wai
issued, that on a certain Lord's day, he should declare bis
sentiments concerning forms of prayer, before the public
congregation in Botolph's church ; or, in case of his refusal,
underm a further prosecution.* This was soon noised
abroad; and it was reported that he was required to
preach a recantation sermon, which afforded much sport ta
those who envied his reputation, and sought his disgrace*
These, with exultation and triumph, went crowding to hear
him. He preached from the same text as before. Tbe
whole of the sermon was close and searching ; and in the
conclusion, he delivered his opinion concerning set forms.
All who went to laugh were disappointed. Afost peisoDS
returned silent home, not without evidence of some -good
impressions upon their minds. Those who vdshed his
downfall were not quite so merry in the conclusion as at
the beginning. Unprejudiced hearers praised all, and were
further confirmed in their high opinion of the preacher. ,
His numerous friends were glad he came off so well, and
were peculiarly gratified that he was at liberty again to
preach. But the event proved extremely galling to men of
high church principles.f
* Dr. Lancelot Andrews, saccessively bishop of Ely and WfaclesteTt
was a man of extensive erodition, and much esteemed by several learned
foreigners. He was ranked with the best preachers and completetticholin
of bis age^ but appeared to much f^eater advantage in the pnlpit tbiB Ik
does now in his works ; which abound with Latin qaotations, and trivial
witticisms. He was a person of polite manners and lively coovenatloa,;
and was celebrated for his dexterity in punning. He wai paiticataHj
extolled on account of bis piety, affabiiity, liberality, and n^ud for tht
iaterests of literature. What a pity then it was that he topk any tiiaK.ia
the persecution of the puritans.*— 6ran|rer*« Biog* Bitt*y/oh 1.^. S47v^
AikifCt Livti of Selden and Uthety p. 364.
f Clark's LWe«,p, 85— 83.
PlElESTON. 357
Pifestoiij having acquitted himself with great honour, was
afterwards appointed to preach Ibefore the king, which he
* performed to the admiration of his audience. He was
endowed with a fluent utterance, a commanding elocution,
• and a strong memory, delivering what he had prepared
without the use of notes. At the close of the service, his
majesty expressed a high degree of satisfaction with the
sermon, especially with his observation relative to the
Arminians, ^' That they put God ihto the same extremity as
Darius, when he would have saved Daniel, but could not."
The Marquis of Hamilton earnestly recommended to his
majesty that Preston might become one of his chaplains,
declaring that he was moved to this entirely from the
cxcdlency of the sermon. He told the king, that the
preacher spoke no pen and ink-liorn language, but as one
vho comprehended what he said, and must, therefore, have
in him something substantial. The king acknowledged all,
but said it was too early : he remembered the Newmarket
business; and so was reserved.
About this period Preston went abroad, and visited
several of the foreign universities, by which he obtained
much literary advantage. Having spent some time among
learned men on the continent, he returned home, wlien his
popularity at court became almost universal. He rose to
iBO high a degree of reputation, that he was told he might
be chaplain to whom he pleased. The Duke of Buckingham,
not knowing what friends he might want, persuaded the '
King to appoint him chaplain in ordinary to the Prince of
Wales.* In the year 1622, he was chosen preacher at
Lincoln's-inn, London, and, upon the resignation of Dn
^Chadderton, master of Emanuel college, Cambridge, when
he took his doctor's degree. The Duke of Buckingham
highly esteemed him, and hoped by his means to ingratiate
liimseif with the puritans, whose power was then growing
formidable in parliament. Good men rejoiced to see that
honest men were not all despised. The courtiers, particu- .
larly the duke, signified that he would now mount from one
«tep to another, till he became a bishop. The Earl of
* The kinj; used to caU the duke Stenny, on account of his fine face,
alluding to Acts vi. 15, — It was a pleasant remark of his majesty ; who
•aid, ^ That Stenny had given him three notable servants : a gentleman of
the bed-chamber, (Clarke) who could not help him to untruss a point ; for he
had bat one hand. A chaplain, (Dr. Preston) who could not say prayers ;
for be scfnpled the use of the liturgy. And a secretary of state, (Sir Edward
Conway) whb could neither write nor read." — Jtapin's Hiit, of Eng.
vol. it. p. 199.
/
aS^ LIVES OF THE PURITANS.
Pembroke, and the Countess of Bedford, had a gieat inteiest
in him; and all looked upon him as a rising maup ^■d
respected him accordingly. Some of the courtierii how*
ever, bad a jealous eye upon him ; fox all saw that he cams
not to court for preferment, as did most others.*
In Uie year 1684, Dr. Preston was inyited to beoomfi
lecturer at Trinity church, Cambridge ; for which tbeio
was a strong contest betwixt him and Mr. Micklethwail^
fellow of Sidney college, and a very excellent preacher.
The contest in yotinff for the new lecturer was so great|
that it could not be determined without the hearing of the
king, who was opposed to the doctor's preaching at Cam*
bridge. As an inducement to drop the contest, he wai
offered the bishopric of Gloucester, then void; and tht
Duke of Buckingham further urged, that, as the lectufQ
was supported by six^penny subscriptions^ it was a thing
unseemly to the master of a collc^, and the chaplain of the
prince. But the duke was resolved not to lose him, and,
therefore, took care that nothing was determined contrary
to the doctor's wishes. Sir Edmrd Conway told him, thttt
if he would give up the contest for the lecture, and let it bt
disposed of some other way, his majesty had auth<Hrised him
to say, <^ that he should have any other more profitable and
honourable preferment he might desire.'* But the doctmr's
chief object was to do good to souls, not to obtain worldly
emolument: the kings was to render him usdess, and
divide him from the puritans.^ When, therdbre^ it ap^
peared that nothing would allure him from the object iif
nis wishes, or be a sufficient compensation for this noble
sphere of public usefulness, he was confirmed in the tectur^
being his last preferment, which he held to his death. Thil
celebrated divine thus generously preferred a situatiim of
eighty pounds a year, with the prospect of extensive use-
fulness to souls, to the bishopric of Gioucest^, or any other
preferment in the kingdom.
He obtained great celebrity by the learned productions
of his pen. His writings are numerous, and most ai them
admirable for the time. The pious and learned Bidiop
Wilkins gives an high character of his excellent sermons.} b
his << Treatise on the New Covei^ant," his method i^ highly
instructive ; and his manner familis^* and insinuating, yet
very clear. He abounds in apt supiles and illustatiy^
• Clark's Lives, p. 89—05.
f Fuller's Hilt, of Cam. p, 169, 164.-^lark*i UfM, p. 06^ «T.
t WiUdiis on Preachios, p. SS, S3.
PRESTON, 389
im^mdm, gmenUy well supported and applied. His
doctrine drops as the rain, and his speech distiis a^
ikt dew*»
Dr. Preston was a divine of extraordinary abilities and
learning, and^ about this time, deeply engaged in public
controversy with several learned Arminians. He was called
io iake a leading part in two public disputations, procured
by the £arl of Warwick, ana held at York-house, in the
presence of the Duke of Buckingham and others of the
nobility. The first of these contests was betwixt Bishop
Bnckridge and Dr. White, dean of Carlisle, on the one
part ; and Bishop Morton and Dr. Preston, on the other. In
ihe conclusion, the Earl cf Pembroke observed, ^^ that no
person returned from this learned disputation of Arminiai^
^eatiments, who was not an Arminian before he came.'*
The second conference was betwixt Dr. White and Mr.
Montague, on the one part ; and Bishop Morton and Do
]Preston, on the other. On this occasion, Preston is said to
Jiaw displayed his uncommon erudition and powers of
diwutation, to the great advantage of the cause which he
pnaertodL to support.t
This celebrated divine, by his ^eat interest in the Duke
fif Buckingham and the Prince of Wales, was of unspeak-
able service to many of the silenced ministers. He was in
iraiting when King James died, and aune up with Kin^
Charles and the Duke of Buckingham, in a close coach, to
London. The ^oung king is said to have been so over-
icharged with ^lef, on account of the death of his father^
that lie wanted the comfort of so wise and so great a man.^
The duke offered Dr. Preston the broad sed^ but he was too
wise to accept it. A^rwards the duke, changing measures,
and fiinding h^ icould neither gain the puritans to his
arbitrary designs, nor separate the doctor from their inte-
rests, resolved to bid adieu to his chaplain. Dr. Preston
saw the approaching storm, and quietly retired to his
college, where it was expected he would have felt some
fiuijier effix^ of the duke*s displeasure, if providence had
|M>t so ordered things, that he had other work to mind,
which took up aU his tinie and tbouffbts to the day of his
death.§ '^
« Waiiams*! CbristUn Preacber, p. 453.
f FnUer*t Cborch Hist. b. xi. p. 124, 125.— CI*rJt> Lives, p. 101—105.
i Boniet't Hist, of bis Time, vol. i. p. 19.
\ RiUer't Clmrcb Hbt. b. xl. p. 131.— Clark's Lives, p. 106— 109.— The
Due of Bnckiogham was the great favoarite of King James and Charles L,
•▼cr whon he had the highest ascendancy. Ji is no wonder t^iM »
360 LIVES OF THE PURITANS.
Dr. Preston possessed a strong constitution, which he
wore out by Iiard study and constant preaching. Hii
inquiry was not, " How llofig have 1 lived ?" but, how have
I lived ?'' Desiring, in his last sickness, to die among his
old friends, he retired to Preston, near Heyford, in his
native county ; and having revised his will, and settled all
his worldly affiiirs, he committed himself to the wise and
gracious disposal of his heavenly Father. As he felt the
symptoms of death coming upon him, he said, ^^ I shall not
change my company; for I shall still converse with God
and saints." A few hours previous to his departure, being
told it was the Lord's day, he said, " A fit day to be
sacrificed on ! I have accompanied saints on earth : now I
shall accompany angels in heaven. My dissolution is at
hand. Let me go to my home, and to Jesus Christ, who
hath bought me with his precious blood." He afterwards
added, " I feel death coming to my heart. My pain shall
now be turned into joy ;" and then gave up the ghost, in
the month of July, 1628, being only forty-one years of
age. His remains W(Te interred in Fausley church, wheii
the venerable Mr. Dod preached his funeral sermon to ali
immense crowd of people.* Fuller, who has classed him
among the learned writers of Queen's college, Cambridfle^
says, '^ he was all judgment and gravity, and the perfect
master of his passions, an excellent preacher, a celeorated
disputant, and a perfect politician. "f Elchard styles him
^' the most celebrated of tlie puritans, an exquisite preacher,
a subtle disputant, and a deep politician.''^
His Works. — 1. Treatise on the New Covenant; or, the Saints^
Portion, 1629.— 2. Breast-plate ot Faith and Love, 1630.— 3. Ser-
mons before the Kin^, 1630. — 4. Eternal Life; or, a Treatise of
the Knowledge of the Divine Essence and Attributes, 1631. — & The
Lifeless Life, 1635.-6. A Discourse of Mortification and HuDU*
accumulation of honour, wealth, and power, conferred apon a vain mai^
who was suddenly raised from a private station, should be particolarly
invidious: and, especially, as the duke was as void of prndeneCi umL
moderation in Che use of these, as his masters were in bestowing tbeia.
Most men imputed all the calamities of the nation to his arbitral
councils; and few were displeased at the news of hh death. Sach a
pageant and tyrant as this, decorated with almost every title and boiHiir
that two kings could bestow upon him, was sure to be the. butt of eary*
He was murdered by Eel ton, August 28, 1628.— 6raR^er^« Biog, StUt. vol. i.
p. 326. ii. \IA,—Near^ PuritaM, vol. ii. p. 151.
♦ Clark's Lives, p. 113.
+ Funer*s Hist, of Cam. p. 90.— Worthies, part If. p. 291.— Charch
Hist. b. xi. p. 131.
t Echard^s Hist, of Eng. vol. ii. p. 72.
THROGMORTON. S61
Itation, 1635.~7. Spiritual Life and Death, 1636.— 8. Judas's Re-
pentance, 1637;— 9. The Saints' Spiritual Strength, 1637.— 10. The
JSaints' Qualification and Remains, 1637. — U. Sermons, 1637. —
12. The Golden Sceptre, with the Church's Marriage and the Church's
Carriage, 1639.— 13. Divine Love of Christ, 1640.
"' Job Throgmorton was a zealous and active puritan,
descended from the family of Throgmortons of Coughtou
in Warwickshire. He was a man of good learning, and
master of a very facetious and satirical style ; and is said
to have been one of the authors of those writings which
went under the name of Martin Mar- Prelate ;* but, as the
real authors were never discovered, the charge is without
foundation. Dr. Sutcliff, a scurrilous and an abusive writer,
published many reproaches against Mr. Throgmorton,
charging him with being concerned in the wicked plots of
Hacket, Coppinger, and Arthington. In reply to the
misrepresentations of this opponent, he, about the year '
1594, published a work, entitled, '^ A Defence of Job
Throgmorton against the Slanders of Matthew Sutcliff."
Notwithstanding this, he was indicted and tried at Warwick,
on a supposition of being concerned with the above con-
spirators ; but was acquitted. He was innocent, and there-
for^ hedeserved to be acquitted. " A reverend judge in this
land," observes Mr. Peirce, " told my lord chancellor, that
the matter of the indictment passed against Throgmorton at
Warwick, was, in truth, but a frivolous matter, And a thing
that he would easily avoid. And the lord chancellor said,
not only in his own house, but even to her majesty, and
openly in the parliament, that he knew the said Job Throg-
morton to be an honest man."t
Mr. Throgmorton was a man of high reputation, and a
pious and zealous preacher of the word ; but labouring, in
the decline of life, under a consumption, and being
oppressed with melancholy apprehensions about the safety
of his state, he removed to Ashby, near Fausley, in
Northamptonshire, to enjoy the counsel and advice of the
venerable Mr. John Dod. A little before he died, he asked
Mr. Dod, saying, " What will you say of him who is
going out of th^ world, and can find no comfort ?" " What
will you say of our Saviour Christ," replied Mr. Dod,
'^^ who, when he was going out of the world, found no
• KeDtiet*s Hist, of Eng. vol. ii. p. 550.-- Heylin*8 Hist, of Fres. p. 879.
t Peirce'g Yindicatioo, part i. p. 149.
968 LIVES OF THE PURITANS.
comfort, but cried, My Body my Oody why Tkgri Ital
forsaken me f^ This administered consolation to Mr. Hhxog^
morion's troubled mind, and he departed soon afler, rejoicuig
in the Lord.* He is denominated ^< as holy and as choice
a preacher as any in En^and ;" and is said to baye li?ed
thirty-seven years ivithout a comfortable assurance and
then died, having assurance only an hour before his oepar*
ture.f He died in the year 1628.t Sir Clement Thng^t
morton, a man of great learning and eloquence^ and a
member of parliament for the county of Warwid^
bis son.^
Theophilus Bbadboubn was minister at some pla^
in Norfolk, and a zealous old puritan.l He was of striol
Sabbatarian principles, and zealously maintained the neoef*
sity of observing the seventh day as the christian sabbath.
In tlie year 1628, he published a book entitled, ^ A IMedoi
of the most ancient and sacred ordinance of Grod, the
Sabbath-day,'* which be dedicated to the king. In tUi
work he maintained, <^ That the fourth cooimaBdiaflali
Remember the sabbath-day to keep U hofyy was entiidj
moral, and of indispensable obligation to the end of thi
world: — that the seventh day in the week ought to be*
observed as an holy day in the christian church, as it HV
among the Jews before the coming of Christ :—aBd that ^
was superstition and evil- worship to observe the Loid's dij
as the sabbath, seeing there was no conunand for iL*^ For
these opinions, says Fuller, ^< He fell into tlie ambush of
the high commission, whose well-tempered severity so pie*
vaileawith him, that, submitting to a private coDifaeenoe^
and perceiving the unsoundness of his own principles, he
became a convert, and quietly conformed to toe diurch of
England,'* so fkx as concerned the .Sabbatarian contio*
versy.«« ^
The publication of Mr. Bradboum's book louaed tte
jealousy and indignation of the court; therefore, by tte
command of the king, and under the direction of Atdif
bishop Laud, Dr. White, bishop of EUy, underto(d( ^
• Clark's Liires BBnezed to bit Martyrologie, p. 172.
f Brooks on Assnrmoce, p. 39. Edit. 1810.
t MS. Remarks, p. 494.
^ Dogdale*s Antiq. of Warwickshint, ¥ol. ii. p, 054. ^it. .ITSQl
I Wood's Atbeofe Ozoo. vol. i. p. 353.
1 Pag^t's Heresiflf mpby, p. 161. Edit. 1662.
•• FaUer'B €barch Hist. b. zi. p. 144.
/
BRADBOURN. 363
of it, entitled, << A Treatise of the Sabbath-day :
containing a Defence of the Ortbado:xall Doctrine of Iho
Church of England, against Sabbatarian Noyeltj," 16S5 ;
which he dedicated to the archbishop. In this dedicatica
he gives the following account of Mr. Bradbourn : — ^^ A-
oertain minister in Nonblk," says he, ^' proceeding after thi»
rule of the presbyterian principles, among which this waf
the principal : ^ That all religious observations and actions^
and the cnrdaining and keeping of holy days, must have 9
q;iecial warrant and commandment in holy scripture, others-
wise the same is superstitious;' concluded, that the seventh
day of every week, having an express command in the
decalogue, by a precept simply and perpetually moral;
and the Sunday being not commanded, either in tlie law or
the gospel ; therefore the Saturday must be the christian's
weekly sabbath, and the Sunday ought to be a working
day;
^ This man," his lordship adds, ^^ was exceeding confi-
dent in his way, and defied his adversaries, loading them
vrith much disgrace and contempt. He dedicated hi«
book to the king's majesty himself, and implored his
{unncely aid to set up the ancient sabbath. He likewise
admonished the reverend bishops of the kingdom, and the
temporal state, to restore the tburth c(Hnmandment of the
decalogue to its original possession. > He professed that he
vould suffer martyrdom, rather than betray such a worthy
cause, so firmly supported by the common {Nrinciples of all
who have in preaching or writing treated of the sabbath*
While he was in this heat, crying in all places where he
came, victori/^ victory^ he chanced to light upon an unkind
accident: which was to be convened and called to an ac-
count before your grace (meaning Laud) and the honourable
court of high commissioners. At his appearance, your
^^ce did not confute him with fire and tagot, with halter,
ai^e, or scourging ; but according to the usual proceedings
of your grace, and of that court, with delinquents who are
overtaken with errpr in simplicity. There was yielded unto
him a deliberate, patient, and full hearing, together with a
jBatisfactory answer to all his main objections.
" The man perceiving," his lordship further observes,
*' that the principles which the Sabbatarian dogmatists ha^
lent him, were not orthodox ; and that all who were present
at the hearing approved the confutation of his error; he
began to suspect that the holy brethren who had lent him
Us principles, and yet persecuted his conclusion, might
perhaps be deceived in the first, as he had been in the last.
S64 LIVES OF THE PURITANS.
Therefore, laying aside all his former confidence, he sub-
mitted hinoself to a private conference ; TRrhich by God's
blessing so far prevailed, that be became a convert, and freely
submitted himself to the orthodox doctrine of the church of
Eji^land, concerning both the sabbath and the Lord's day."
This reverend prelate, in writing against one of the
puritans, could not help following his passions or his
ignorance, by ungenerously, and with great falsehood,
reproaching them as a body. Within the compass of a few
pages he stigmatizes the puritans '' a new presbyterian
sect — these ^ zealots — ^these senators — ^these ecclesiastical
senators — ^these novel senators — ^these presbyterian senators
' — these presbyterian rulers — these presbyterian dictators^--
these presbyterian backbiters."*
William Hinde, A. M. — This pious divine was bom at
Kendal in Westmoreland, in the year 1569, and educated in
Queen's college, Oxford, wheie he was chosen perpetual
fellow. He was highly respected and beloved by Dr. John
ll4inolds, whose doctrine made so deep an impression upon
his mind, that he became the doctor s great and constant
admirer. About the year 1603, he left the university, and
became minister of Bunbury in Cheshire, where he con-
tinued to the end of his days. He was a minister, highly
esteemed, and, on account of his great piety and frequent
preaching, was much followed by persons of serious god-
liness. The Oxford historian denominates him >^ a close
and severe student, an eminent preacher, and an excellent
theological disputant ;" and observes, that he had i^veral
contests with Dr. Morton, bishop of Chester, about con-
formity, being esteemed the ringleader of the nonconformists
in that county .+ Having endured m^y troubles in the
cause of puritanism, he died at Bunbury, in the month of
June, 1629, aged sixty years; and his remains were lai(J
in the chancel of his own church.
His Works. — 1. The oflSce and use of the Moral Law of God in
the days of the Gospel, justified and explained at large by Scriptures,
Fathers, and other Orthodox Divines, 1623. — 2, A faithful Remon-
istrance of the Holy Life and Happy Death of John Brueuof Bruen-
Stapleford, in the county of Chester, Esquire, 1641. — 3. Path to
Piety, a Catechism. — He also revised, corrected, and published Dr,
Rainolds's " Discovery of the Man of Sin," 1614. And Mr. Robert
Cleaver's ** Exposition on the last Chapter of Pi'overbs/' 1614.
« White's Treatise, Dedica.
f Wood's AthenflB Ozon. vol. I. p. 456,457. — Biog. Britan. voI.t, p« 3181.
£dit. 1747.
HINDE— PINKE— BENEFIELD. 365
William Pinke, A. M. — This learned parson was bom
in Hampshire in the year 1599, and educated in Magdalen-
• hall, 0:abrd, where he took his degrees. Soon sSier he
entered upon the ministerial work he was chosen reader of
philosophy in Magdalen college, which he performed with
great admiration and applause. In the year 16^ he was
chosen fellow of the college. He was accounted a person of
close studies, exemplary piety, a strict conversation, and a
thorough puritan. Wood says, '^ he possessed a singular
dextenty in the arts, a depth of judgment, an acuteness of
wit, and great skill in the Greek, Hebrew, and Arabic
languages, for which he was much noticed and reverenced
by the collegians."* He died much lamented in the year
1639, aged thirty years. His remains were interred in
Magdalen college chapel. He wrote " The Trial of a
Christian's sincere Love to Christ, in four sermons," 1630.
This was often printed. He left behind him numerous
manuscripts ready for the press, though probably they were
never printed.
Sebastian Benefield, D. D. — This learned divine was
bom at Prestbury in Gloucestershire, August 12, 1569, and
educated in Corpus Christi college, Oxford, where he was
afterwards chosen fellow. In 1599 he was elected reader of
rhe^ric to the college, and the year following admitted to
the reading of the sentences. In 1608 he took his doctor's
d^ree, and in about five years was chosen Margaret profes-
sor to the university. He filled the divinity chair with
distinguished reputation for the space of fourteen years,
then rescued it, and retired to the rectory of Messey-Hamp-
ion in Gloucestershire, where he spent the remainder of his
days in gfeat retirement and devotion. Some persons ac-
cused him of being a schismatic, most probably on accoimt
of his puritanism and nonconformity. But Dr. Kavis,
bishop of London, acquitted him of the imputation, declar-
mg him to be free from schism, and abounding in science.
Wood says, " he was so excellent a scholar, disputant, and
theologian, apd so well read in the fathers and schoolmen,
that he had scarcely his equal in the university. He was
a person of admirable piety, strictness, and sincerity ; a
Icrrer of the opinions of John Calvin, especially that of pre-
deiiinatiofi, and was denominated a downright doctrinal
• Wood's Athens Oxoo. toI. i. p. MS.
9ei6 Lvra of the portt ans.
Calrinlgt.** Re wfts always fond of a retired and sed^vtarjr
life, wbich feudered Um less easy and affable lit ooaveM'^x
lion.* He died Angnst 21, 1630, aged sixty *one yeais. '
His WdftKiw>-*l. ]>oefriiHeCliriitiaiii6 Sex csfkif*, totldam imkctfo^
ailms in Scbok Theol. Oxon pro Ibnna habitis^ di«msta^«t (metptakt^
1610.— 3. Apf»eiidix ad eftpnt secuodnm &e eoDciKii eHaagtiUkf
1610. — 3. Sermon at St Mary*s in Oxon, being K. Janiei^» Innngs:
tation day, 1611.— 4. Eigbt Sermons pnUicly preached in the IJni-
terrify of Oxford, 1614.— 5. The Sfai agaimit the Holy Ghtiat dl»^
eorered, and other Christian DoctrinAt, delivered in twehre •emontf
npon part of the tenth Chap, of the Epia. to the Hebtemri, 16lAr^
f. Commentary or Exposition npon the first Chi^. of Amoa, ddRTerad
in twenty-one Sermons, 1613. Translated into Latin by Mr. Henrf
Jackson, 1616.— 7. Christian Liberty, 1613. — 8. A Latin Seraum, on
Rev. T. 10., 1616.—^. Prelectiones de Perseter4ntis Sanctorom; 1618.
•^la The Haton of the Aflicted, 1620.--I1. Conmentary or Expo-
sition upon the second Chap, of Amos, 1620.— 12b CoouBentary of
Exposition npon the tliird Chap, of Amos, 1620.
Robert Brown.— This very singular person wHs htm
at Tolethorp in Rutlandshire, and descended fixnn ah
ancient and honourable family. He was nearly related to
fhe Lord Treasurer Burleigh, and his grandfirfher, by
charter from Henry VIII., obtained the si^ralar |NriYil«r
of wearing his cap in the kin^^s presence. He reeeiTed £f
education in Corpus Chnsti college, Cambri^;e| and
preached sometimes in Bennet church, where the Tenenieiic*
of his delivery gained him considerable reputation.t After-
wards, he became a schoolmaster in Southwark, London,
then a lecturer at Islington, and domestic chaptein to the
Duke of Norfolk. Having embraced the principle of the
puritans, he resolved to refine them, and jmiduce a scheme
more perfect of his own. He openly invei^ed against the
discipline and ceremonies of the church of ^Jngbuidy whicli
he held up to the people as antichristian.
In the year 1571, Mr. Brown was cited before Ajrch-
bisliop Parker and the other high commiasioneis at Laaibefl%
undoubtedly on account of his nonconformity. His noUe
patron warmly espoused his cause ; disregarded the atiuA*
mons; and resolved to protect bis chaplain, as exempt fipom
their lordship' jurisdiction. The stem archbishop and hii -
colleagues, however, shewed their resoluticm ixf prooced^
against him. They wrote to the duke^ tigrafjing^ tbat ii iHBsa
• Wood*8 AtbenaB Ozoo. toI. i. p. 467.
f FttUer'i Cbvrcb Hist. b. it. p. Xe6, I6t.
R. BRowif. am
lAill Mniirfed in detainmg bis cbaplaid, they must and
'woola make use of other means : but what other methods
thef uscdy or what ecclesiastical censure was inflicted upon
BrowiL we have not been able to ascertain.*
tn toe year 1581 he settled in the city of Norwich, where
lie was employed in the stated exercise of his ministry ; and
many of the Dutch, who had there a numerous congregation,
imbiDed his principles. Growing confident by success, he
called in the assistance of one Richard Harrison, a country
schoolmaster, and planted churches in difierent places.f
He did not, however, remain long unnoticed. For during
the above year, he was convened before Bishop Freake of
Norwich, and other of the queen^s commissioners, and
eommitted to the custody of the sheriff of the county, by
whom he was for some time detained a prisoner.]: Also, in
the same yfear, the celebrated judge Anderson discovered
the warmth of Eis zeal against Brown ; for which Bishop
Freake wrote to the treasurer Burleigh, desiring he might
leceive the thanks of the queen.§ Whether the treasurer
laid the case before her majesty we cannot learn; but by
his kind intercession Mr. Brown was at length released from
orison^ when he left the kingdom, and settled at Middier
mttf^ m Zealand. There, by leave of the magistrates, ho
tofOoSed a church according to his own model, which is
ejk{>laiAed in a book he published in 1582, entitled, '' A
Treatise of Reformation without tarrying for any, and of
the widkedness of those Preachers, who will not reform them
and tiheir charge, because they will tarry till the Magis-
trate command and compel them. By me, Robert Brown."
After continuing a short time at Middleburg, bis people
bc^an to quarrel so violently, and divide into parties, that
firown grew weary of his office, and returned to England
An 1585. Soon after his arrival in his native country, he
"^Dvas convened before Archbishop Whitgifl, and required to
J^ye his answer to certain things published in one of his
^aoobs ; but tiie archbishop having by force of reasonin^r
^Vovght him to a submission, he was dismissed a second
*^Cftiiel>V the intercession of the lord treasurer. He went to
^is fiediner's house ; but his father was soon tired of him, and
^d^doned him to a wandering course of life, and discharged
•Aim mm bis fomily, saying, <^ that he would not own him
• Stry^e*8 P&rker, p. S86, 32T.
f CoUier'8 Eccl. Hist. vol. ii. p. 581.
i HeyHn*fl Hiit. of Pros. p. S98, 299.
f Biof . BritaB. via. i. p. 180. B4it. 1778.
368 LIVES OF THE PURITANS.
•
for a sotJy who would not own the cliurch of Englimd for lui
mother.''''* After travelling up and down tue countnr,
preaching against the laws and ceremonies of the church, h^
went to reside at Northampton. Here his preachiiLB^ sooq
fave ofience, and he was cited before Bishop Lindseli of
^terborough, who, upon his refusing to appear, publicly
excommunicated him for contempt. The solemnity of this
censure made such an impression upon Brown, thtU; he re-
nounced his principles of separation, and having obtained
absolution, he was, about the year 1592, preferred to the
rectory of Achurch, near Oundle in Northampton8hire.+
Upon his promise of a general compliance with the church
of £ngland, improved by the countenance of his patron and
kinsman, the Earl of Exeter prevailed upon the archbishop
to procure him this favour.
Mr. Brown having obtained a settled and permanent
abode, allowed a salary for another person to discharge his
cure ; and thou/^h, according to our author, he opposed his
parishioners in judgment, yet agreed in taking their tithes.
He was a person ot good parts and some learning, but his
temper was imperious and uncontrollable; and so far was
he from the Sabbatarian strictness espoused by his followeiSi
that he seemed rather a libertine than othe^ise. ^^ In a
word," continues our historian, ^' he had a wife with whcHQ
he never lived, a church in which he never preached, and as
all the other scenes of his life were stormy and turbulent, so
was his end." For being poor and proud, and very paasipn*
ate, he struck the constable of his parish for demanding
the payment of certain rates; and being Ix^loved by nobody,
the officer summoned him before Sir Rowland St. John, a
neighbouring justice, in whose presence he behaved with
so much insolence, that he was committed to Northampton
gaol. The decrepid old man not being able to walk, was
carried thither upon a feather bed in a cart ; where, hot long
after, he sickened and died, in 1630, aged upwards of eighty
years, boasting, " that he had been committed to thiriy-tzDO
prisons, in some of which he could not see his hand at noon
day."t Such was the unhappy life and tragical end of
Robert Brown, founder of the famous sect, from hiin called
BnowNiSTs. He lived in a little thatched house at Thorp
WaterviUe, which was still subsisting in the year 1791, and
♦ FuUer's Church Hist. b. ix. p. 167.
+ CoUier's Eccl. Hist. vol. ii. p* 588.
t FaUer's Church Hist. b. ii. p. 168, 109.
HIG6INS0N. 369
inhabited hy a tenant of the Earl of Exeter.* ThoiL^
Fuller does not believe that he ever formally recanted Bb
opinions, several of our historians assert that he conformed,
and became an obedient son of the church of EIngland, to
which he appears to have been tempted by the above
Taluable benefice.f If he conformed to the national churchy
lie does not properly belong to the list of puritans, thougn
it was requisite to give some account of him.
His Works, in addition to the article already mentioned. — 1. A
Treatise upon the twenty-third chapter of St. Matthew, WHh for an
order of studying and handling the Scriptures, and also for avoiding
the Popish disorders, and ungodly communion of all false Christians,
and especially of wicked preachers and hirelings. — 2. A Book which
ahewetb the life and manner of all true Christians, and how unlike
they are unto. Turks, and Papists, and Heathen folk. Also the
points and parts of all Divinity, that is, of the revealed will and
word of Grod, are declared by their several definitions and divisions
following.
Francis Higginson, A. M. — This excellent minister
siras bom in the year 1587, and educated in Emanuel
colle^, Cambridge, and afterwards became pastor of one of
the churches in Leicester. His preaching >vas truly evan-
gelical, and multitudes from all quarters flocked to hear
him. The great object of his ministry was to produce
that change of hearty and holy rectitude of conduct,
irithout which no man can see the Lord. The effect,
through a divine blessing, was such as might be expected.
A remarkable revival of religion was the reward of his
labours, and many were effectually turned from sin to holi-
ness ; but, in the midst of his usefulness, he was deprived on
account cf his nonconformity. For some years after his
settlement at Leicester, he continued a strict conformist;
bat, upon his acquaintance with Mr. Hildersham and Mr*
Hooker, he was induced to study the controversy about
ecclesiastical matters. He searched the scriptures, together
with the earliest antiquity ; and as he searched, the more he
became dissatisfied with the inventions of men introduce^l
into the worship of Grod. From his own impartial exa-
mination, therefore, and the clear evidence of truth, he
became a decided and conscientious nonconformist. At
this time the weight of his influence burst forth ; and the
• Brklges'i Hist, of Northamptonshire, vol. i. p. 366.
f Jolkr*! Cbarch Hiit. b. ix. p. 168.— CoUier'i JEccL Hist. vol. lit
p. MS.
yoL. II. 2 b
370 LIVES OF THE PURITANS.
ami of ecclesiastical power could not obscure the lustre of
his talents. Such were the pathos and enchantine ek^
ouence of his ministry, that the people could not be denied
uie benefit of his instructions. ^^ He was unto them as a
very lovely song of one that hath a pleasant voice, and cas
piny well on an instrument." The people obtained liberty
for him to preach a lecture on one part of the sabbath, and
on the other to aid an a^ed minister, who stood in need of
assistance. They supported him by their own voluntary
subscription; and such was his reputation, «that, white it
was safe, all the conformist ministers in the town invited
him into their pulpits. He also preached to another
congregation in the church at Belgrave, a village near
JLeicester. His labours and usefulness were thus expanded.
This, indeed, was through the connivance of the geDerans
and worthy Bishop Williams of Lincoln ;• and continued
till Laud became bishop of London, when he determined t9
extirpate all nonconformists.
As it often happens in other cases, so it did in this; while
one part of the community was delighted and encouraged
in the practice of feligion, another part, feeling themsehrei
rebuked and condemned by his preacliing, became moif
violent opposers, and more cruel persecutors. Mr. Hig^
ginson openly avowed his opinion, that ignorant and
immoral people ought not to be admitted to the Lord's
table. Accordingly, having preached a sermon from ihii
text, ^^ Give not tliat which is holy to dogs ;" and being
about to administer the sacrament, he saw a known.swearer
and drunkard before him, to whom he publicly said, <^ he
was not willing to give the Lord's supper to him, until hit
professed his repentance to the satisfection of the brethren,
and desired him to withdraw." The man went out in a
rage against Mr. Higginson, and, with horror in his con-
science, was immediately taken sick, and soon after expired,
crying out, ^' J am damned.'*^ Another profane person bdiu;
offended with his wife for attending upon Mr. Higginson^
* This very learned and religious prelate was a constant friend t* tbe
persecuted puritans, many of whom, as will appear from the presest
work, he protected from the Intolerant proceedings of the eccletiastkal
courts. We have given a particular account in the introdnclioii, of the
barbaroos persecution be endured from Archbishop Laud and bit as80citta«
He was greatly admired for his deep penetration, soHd jodrment, and hb
wonderfhl memory, which was deemed almost a miractr. Hli parts W*
very extraordinary; and his constitution still more extmordinary Huui
his parts; for, notwithstanding his hard study, and a mnlUpUcftj ^^
bnsiaess, he never required more than three boors sleep.— £# 2^!ii«^9 Mi^
▼eJ. i. part ii. p. 164.— Granger's Biog, HUU vol. !• p.ttl.
HIGGINSON. 371
.itoinisiafy^ vowed revenge against him. Accordingly, he
lesolved on a jonmey to London, to complain against
■"him in the high conmiission court. All things being ready
'for his journey, as he was mounting his horse, he was
adzed with insupportable pain of body, and most dreadful
iuMrrors of conscience; and being conducted into the house,
died in a. few hours.*
Daring Mr, Higginson's abode at Leicester, a clergyman
lived in flie town who was a doctor in divinity, a prebendary
-in a cathedral, and chaplain to his majesty; but very
seldom preached. Indeed, when he did preach, he dis*
covesed so much ostentation, that the people mostly
.attended upon Mr. Higginson's edifying preaching, rather
tiian his affected and empty harangues. This greatly
^dkpleased the doctor, who embraced every opportunity of
.expressing his resentment and indignation against Mr.
-Higginson; and declared he would certainly drive him
out of the town. This doctor was nominated by the
■riieriff to preach the assize sermon, and had three months
ibotice to make jH'eparation. During the whole of this
.period, he was, however, unable to provide a sermon to his
.own satisfaction. About a fortnight before the time was
csipired, he expressed his fears of ever being provided;
when his friends urged him to attempt it again ; and sig-
fsified, that, if there was no other alternative, Mr. Higginspn,
Jbeing always ready, might be procured. The doctor,
being exceedingly averse to the last proposal, studied with
an his might to prepare an agreeable sermon, but without
auceess. So the very night preceding the assize, he got a
iriend to prevail upon Mr. Higginson to supply his place;
which he did, to the great satisfaction of the audience.
Afterwards, when all the circumstances were known, and
.. become the common topic of conversation, the doctor was so
iDortified and confounded, that he left the town, declaring
be would never come into it any more. While Mr. Hig-
ron, therefore, continued highly respected in the place,
learned doctor was driven out.f
Mr. Higginson was afterwards chosen by the mayor and
ildermen to be the town-preacher. He thanked them for
tbe hcmour which they conferred upon him ; but, because
'Sa could not with a good conscience conform, he declined
4ia offisTj recommendmg to them Mr. John Angel, then a
'-^■IftlMr*!' HUt. of New Eo^. b. Hi. p. Tl, 7S.
\ '
9n LIVES OF TIIE PURITANS.
oonfomiiHt, but a gcKxl man, i?hom they accepted. Indeed,
icvcral ririt livin^ii were offered liim ; but, on his noncoo*
forriiitv mm utomtiff ii|Mm him, he modestly refused then
all. lie could never sru^rifice truth and a good conscicnop
to ohtuin any worldly emolument whatever. Mr. iliggiDrnm
Vfan very UM'ful in the education of young men, many of
whom nflirrwanlN became; I'amous in their day. Among
tlHwe were Dr. S(*aman, Or. Hrian, and the excellent Mr.
John llowf^all noted for their learning, moderation, anci
lionrmifonnKv. At irngth, however, when Ijaud mu
tranNlatx'd to London, ccnnplaintN were exhibited against hin
in 'the high connnihNion court, and he was in continual
expectation of being draggcrd away by pursuivants, when
perpetual impriMMuncMit mxn the leant he expected.
A nunilxT of* reNpe(*iable and wealthy merchants, havint
obtained a charter ol' King (Jharles 1., and iMung incorporated
by tin* inune of* fh(* governor and comimny of* Massachti*
settN* liay, in New Tingland, (hterniincHl, in the year 1699,
to MMul over Nonir hhipN to begin the plantation. Tbej,
having heard of* Mr. lliggiiihon^s situation, sent tivo
ineNMMigerN to invite him to Join their company, engaging
to Nupport him on the passage. Hirse nicssengen,
umlerNtanding that Mr. IligginNon was in daily expecta-
tion of odirerH to carry him to licmdou, determim^d to have
a little Rport. Arciu'dingly, they went boldly to his door,
and with hnid knocks, cried, ^^ Where is Mr. Hig|rinROii?
We nuiNi sneak wilh Mr. IligginKon." His aflnglitnl
wife ran lo hi.s (*liainber, entreating him to con(*cai him.^f.
** No,** Niiid he, ^^ I will m down and N|H'nk to them, and
the will of the Lord be (lone." As they enter<;<l his hall
with an assumed bnldtirsN, and rouglnu^ss of addn*ss, tbry
pn^scnted him with some papers, saying, ^^ Sir, we come
from London : oitr husiness is to carry ycm up to liomlon,
ns yon niJiy s<h» hy lli(*se papers."— *M thought m»,** cX'
claimed Mrs. lli:v..'Vuison« and innnediately bei^nn to wv\h
I'poii a slit^lit (Examination of the pn|MU's, IVtr. iiigginsun
foniul himself invited to Massachusetts by t lie governor and
company of the intended colony : he weU*ouuHl his guests
had fnv ctmversation with them, and uHer taking proper
time to astvrtain (he path of duty, resolv(Hl to cross tiie
Atlantic. His fan^wtll sermon was pn^acluHl troin Lukr,
xxi. \^), tf I. ** When yc see •lerusiilem encom|NtsKcd wilh
armies, iS;c. th(*n flee to the i"- Mns." Kclbrc a vast
nuMMubly \\v de(iaieil his in ^ England would
}w ciuiNtiMHl by war, and ti ould have aore
HlGGINSON« 973
ftam an ordinaiy share of sufferings.* He expressed his
thankful acknoiyled^ents to the magistrates and others,
finr their favour and encouragement; and informed them
that he was going to- New England, which he believed God
designed as a refuge for persecuted nonconformists. He
soon took his journey with his family to London, in order
to his embarking for the new colony, when the streets, as
lie passed along, were filled with people, bidding him
fiuewell, with prayers and cries for his welfare.
They sailed from the Isle of Wight in the beginning of
May, 1629, and arrived in Salem harbour the 24th of June
following. The ships were filled with religious passengers,
akttong whom were Mr. Samuel Skelton and Mr. Ralph
'Sbulh, both nonconformist ministers. Mr. Higginson
kept a journal of tJie voyage, a copy of which is still
pieserved.f They were no sooner arrived at Salem, than
they entered upon the important object for which they
vent. They began the new plantation by calling on the
name of the Lord. After consulting the brethren at
Plymouth, who sent messengers to their assistance, they set
apart the sixth of August as a day of fasting and prayer,
and for settling the order of their intended church. On
Qiis interesting occasion, Mr. Higginson drew up a con-
fession of fai£, and a covenant,^ a copy of which was
given to. each of the thirty persons who became members ;
and to this confession and covenant, these thirty persons
did solemnly and severally declare their consent. Mr.
Higginson was then chosen teacher, Mr. Skelton the pastor
qf the church, and Mr. Houghton ruling elder. Afterwards^
many other persons joined the church, but none were
admitted without giving satisfactory evidence of their
inversion to God. This was the first christian church
that was ever formed in the Massachusetts* colony,^
. Some of the passengers who went with these new
l^ainters, observing that the ministers did not use the Book
of Common Prayer ; that they administered the sacraments
without the English ceremonies ; that they refused to admit
disorderly persons to the Lord's supper ; and that they
jesolved to exercise discipline against all scandalous
^ • Not many years after, Leicester, which was strongly fortified,
irieeived the wealth of the adjacent country. It was then bebiej^ed, taken
1^ ttorm, given op to plunder and violence, and eleven hundred of iti
IplMbiCaDto were slain in the streeU,--Malhet'» Iliit. of N^w Eng. b. iii«
p. 74.
, "f 8m Mamcbnsetts* Papers, p. 32—^6.
t See Mather's Hist, of New £ng.b.i. p. 18,19. ^ Ibid, b.iil. p. 74,76.
3T4 LIVES OF THE PURITANS.
members of the cburcb, began to make distarbance^ and
Ml up a separate assembly, according to the usage c£ tke'
church of England. The chief promoters of this breadi
were Mr. Samuel Browne and his brother, the one a lawyer,
and the other a merchant. The governor, perceiving this
disturbance, sent for these two gentlemen, who accused the
ministers of ^^ departing from the order of the church of
England ;" adding, ^^ that tkey were separatists, and would
shortly be anabaptists ; but as to themselves, they would,
hold to the orders of the church of England/' To these
accusations, the ministers replied, '^ That they were neither
separatists nor anabaptists ; that they did not separate fraB
the church of England, nor from the ordinances of tiod
there, but only from the disorders and corruptions of thit
church ; that they came away from the conunon prayer
and ceremonies, and had suffered much for their muH
conformity in their native land ; and, therefore, being in A
place where they might exercise their liberty, they neithmr
could, nor would use them ; especially because they judged
the imposition of these things to be sinful corruptions of the
word of God."» The governor, the council, and the
people in general, approved of the answers ^iven by the
ministers. The two brothers, however, not beine satii^ed,
and endeavouring to raise a mutiny among the people^
were sent back to England, by the return of £e same ships
which carried them.
The faith and patience of these adventurers were exercised
with other trials. The first winter after their arrival proved
▼ei;y fatal. It carried off nearly one hundred of thdr
company,, among whom was Mr. Houghton the dderof
the church. Mr. Higginson himself, not heing aUe to
undergo the fatigues of a new setUement, fell into a hectic
fever, of which he lingered till the month of August follow*
in^. The last sermon he preached was from Matt. xL 7.
** What went ye out into the wilderness to see?" It was
delivered to several hundreds of persons just arrived fraai
England, whom he suitably reminded of their design io
promote true religion, in transporting themselves to that
country. Mr. Higginson was sooa after confined to his
bed, when he was visited by the chief persons of the colony-
He was deeply humbled under a sense of his own nnwoitlii*
ness ; and when his friends endeavoured to comfi)rt him l]|V
reminding him of his faithfulness and usefulness, he ie|diea,
« Morton*! New Eng. Mem. p. 76» 77.— MaUier^s Hilt mt Mew Etf
¥. i. p. 19.
NICOLLS. S75
« I have been an unprofitable servant ; and all my doings
" I count but loss and dung. All my desire is to win
" Christ, and be found in him, not having my own ^
" righteousness." He died in the month of August, 1630, *
aged forty-three years. His funeral was attended with
all possible solemnity. He was richly endowed with
divine grace, mighty in the scriptures, a good linguist, and
an excellent preacher. He held the hearts of his people,
and his memory was dear to their posterity. He left a
widow and eight children. Mr. Higginson had two sons,
Francis and John, who afterwards Jjecame ministers ; the
former at Kirkby Stephen in Westmoreland, England,
where he conformed at the restoration.* The latter was
diosen pastor of his father's church, in the year 1659 ; and
wa& labouring there in the year 1696, in the eightieth year
of Jiis age, and the sixtieth of his ministry. Mr. Higgin-
aon'fl posterity still remain in New England, and are among
tbanost respectable people of the commonwealth.t
Robert Nicolls was minister of Wrenbury in Cheshire,
whete he was held in high repute for his excellent abilities
and worthy ministerial labours. He was a man of a clear
lieefd, a tender heart, and a most holy life, always abound*
ing in the work of the Lord.t He was called before the
high commission, and, with many of his brethren, exceed-
ingly harassed for nonconformity. Being required by
Bishop Morton to produce his arguments against the cross
in baptism, the use of the surplice, and kneeling at the
sacrament, he presented them to the bishop in the high
commission court, when, though he was esteemed a mo3t
learned and pious minister, his lordship treated him with
much scorn and abuse.§ He was contemporary with Mr.
Ball, Mr. Herring, Mr. Ashe, and other divines of dis-
tinguished eminence, with whom he lived in the greatest
friendship. During the persecution of the times, he found
an asylum under the hospitable roof of the excellent Lady
Bromley, of Sheriff-Hales in Shropshire ; at whose house
he died about the year 1630.\\ He was author of the
♦ Mather's Hist, of New Eng. b. iiL p. 75.— Palmer's Noncon. Mem*
^O], Jii. p. S55.— This Mr, Francis Higginson, says Dr. Mather, wrote tbo
int book that was ever published against the quakers„ entitled, '* The
Irf«Hf(loB of Northern Quakers.'*— /6i</. p. 76.
f Morse and Parish's Hist, of New Eng. p. 52.
{Clark's Lives annexed to Marty rologie, p. 164.
Fft^t'i Defence, Pref. 0 CUrk'g Li? es, p. M&
S76 LIVES OF THE PURITANS.
third part of a TRrork entitled ^^ Some Treasure fetched oat
of Rubbish ; or, three short but seasonable Treatises, found
in an heap of scattered Papers, wiiich Providence hath
reserved for their Service who desire to be instructed from
the Word of God, concerning tho Imposition and Use of
Significant Ceremonies m the Worship of God," 1660.
His part is entitled, '^ Three Arguments Sylogisticallj
propounded and prosecuted against the Surplice, the Ctqbs
in Baptism, and Kneeling in the act of receiving the Loid*i
Supper."
JouN Warham was a pious and celebrated preacher at
Exeter ; but, on account of the tyrannical proceedings of
the prelates, was forced to flee to New Ejigland for rdTugo
from the storm. Previous to liis departure, a congr^atiooal
church being gathered at Plymouth, he was, aAer solenm
fasting and prayer, chosen one of its mstors ; and in the
year 1630, many pious families out of Devonshire, Dorset*
shire, and Somersetshire, accompanied them to New
England.* Upon their arrival, they began the settlenlent
of Windsor, where, as pastor of the church, he spent the
rest of his days. The whole colony of Connecticut looked
up to him as the principal pillar, and the father of the
colony. Though he was a most pious man5 he oR/ea
laboured under melancholy apprehensions, even despairing
of his own salvation. Such were the painful temptations
imder which his holy soul groaned, that he somdimes
administered the Lord's supper to the people of his charge^
not daring to starve their souls, when he forbore to partdie
with them, concluding that he was not one of God^
children. This darkness continued more or less to the day
of his death. He was the first minister in New England
that ever preached by the use of notes ; yet he delivered
his sermons with remarkable energy and success.t
Arthur Hildersham, A. M. — ^This celebrated divino
was descended from the royal family, and the famous
Cardinal Poole was his great uncle. He was the son of
Mr. Thomas Hildersham, a gentleman of an ancient family^
and Ann Poole his second wife. Mrs. Hildersham was
' it^ ^^ t2^ Jeffery Poole, the fourth son of Sir Richard
^ift. vol. i. p. 200, 804.
N«w. Kng. b. iii. p. ^
Ol
fl
WARflAM-r-HILDERSHAM. STT
Pbole, coiisin german to King Henry Vlt. Margaret,
countess of Salisbury, the wife of Sir Richard Pool^ and'
gmadmother to Mr. Hildershara, was the daughter of
George duke of Clarence (second brother to King Edward
JV.) and Isabella, elder daughter and co-heir of Richard
earl of Warwick and Salisbury. Our divine being thus
konourably descended, was bom at Stechworth in Cam*
bric^eshire,October 6,1563, and educated in Christ's college,
Gambridgd His parents were zealous papists ; and he was
brought up in all the errors and superstitions of popery, and
taught to repeat his prayers in Latin. During his abode
at the university, he embraced the protestant religion, and
was highly esteemed on account of his learning, piety, ajSa-»
bility, and inoffensive and witty conversation. His father
no sooner knew of the change in his religious sentiments,
than he took him from the imiversity, and resolved to send
ium to Rome, with a view to have him reclaimed, and
obtain ecclesiastical preferment. Young Hildersham, how^*
ever, was fixed in his protestant principles, and refused to
for which his father cast him off and disinherited him.
hos, he whom God had appointed to be a great sufferer in
his cause, began to bear the yoke in his youth ; by forsake
mg jmrents, friends, and all earthly comforts, and the certain
prospect of worldly advancement, for the sake of Christ and
the testimony of a good conscience.
• In this forlorn situation, God, who comforteth his people
in all their tribulations, comforted Mr. Hildersham, through
the kind assistance of Mr. John Ireton, then of Cambridge,
but afterwards rector of Kegworth in Leicestershire. This
Sentlaoian providentially meeting him in London, said to
im, " Arthur, why art thou so long fromlhy books, losing
so much time?" "Alas, sir," said he, "I shall go no
Biore to Cambridge;" and then gave him a particular ac-
count of his unhappy condition. " Well," said Mr. Ireton^
" be not discouraged. Thou hast a noble kinsman, whom
I will acquaint with thy case ; and I doubt not that he will
provide for thee." He accordingly laid his distressed situ-
ation before Henry earl of Huntingdon, lord president of
the north, whose mother and Mr. Hildersham's mother were
brother's children. The noble earl gladly embraced this
opportunity of shewing his kindness and generosity. He
warmly espoused his cause, sent him again to the university,
and afforded him his liberal support. Mr. Hildersham was
afterwards chosen fellow of Christ's college by a majority (^
378 LIVES OF THE PURITAN^.
the fellows ; but Dr. Harwell the master, havinr a predi--
lection for his compt^tor, Mr. (afterwards Dr.) Willet, pie«
Tented the confirmation of their election. This illegal pro-
ceeding induced Mr. Hildersham to address the follofwing
letter to Lord Burleigh, chancellor of the university :•
^^ Right Honourable,
^^ Pleaseth your honour to understand, that about a
twelvemonth since, an election being made in Christ^
college in Cambridge, and your lordship's humble orator
being by the greater part of the fellows lawfully chosen;
yet, through the injurious dealing of the master, kept from
the admission. It pleased your honour at that time
(understanding the equity of my cause, and moved with the
very earnest request of my very good earl, the earl of
Huntingdon) to direct your letters to the visitors of our
college, that they should ratify the lawful proceedings of
the greater part of our fellows, and confirm the • place
whereto I was before according to statute elected : which
not being at that time by them performed ; and I not pre-
suming hitherto (in the absence of my right bonouraUe
patron) to solicit your lordship in that suit; and seeing that
the master, with certain of the fellows of our college^ u, by
reason of his late dealing in another matter, pretmtlyto
appear before your lordship, is that in regard of the injarjr
by the master done to the statute, and of my lord and palron
his earnest request then made unto your honour, and ad-
judging it as your honoured wisdom shall see it in justice
and equity expedient.
" At the election of your lordship's orator, three fellow-
ships were void ; that is, Mr. Ireton's, Mr. Watson's, Mr.
fiarber's : so that the number of master and fellows was
eleven, whereof six chose your lordship's orator ; and there*
fore he ought to have been pronounced fellow. For the
words of the statute are these, &c.
^' Your honour's most humble and daily orator,
<^ Arthur Hildersham."
This letter, though without date, was written about the
year 1586 ; but the writer obtained no immediate redress;
only about the time when he wrote the letter, he wa^ chosen
fellow of Trinity-hall, in the same university. He was pre-
ferred to this place by the particular advice and direction
of Lord Burleigh, most probably as a recompenoe for hii
• Baker*! MS. Collec. toI. W. p. 76, 77.
UUUDERSHAH. 379
iH^al and unkind usage.* Whatever might be the inten-
tion of this noble person, he did not hold his fellowship two
years. He entered in the mean time upon his public
ministerial function; but he presently received a sudden
check, and was convened before the high conunission, sus-
pended from his ministry, and deprived of his fellowship^
diiefly for preaching occasionally before he took orders.
This was done by the particular instigation of Archbishop
Whitgift, who commanded him to make a public recanta-
turn, and required him to enter into bonds to appear again
on a certain day before the high commission, if he presumed
to refuse. The form of his recantation, dated January 10,
1588, was the following :
'. ^^ I confess that I have rashly and indiscreetly taken upon
^^ me to preach, not being licensed, nor admitted into holy
^* orders, contrary to the orders of the church of England ;
<^ contrary to the example of antiquity ; and contrary to
"the direction of the apostle in the Acts : whereby I have
<* given ^eat and just offence to many ; and the more, be-
^ cause I have uttered in my sermons certain impertinent,
^ and very unfit speeches for the auditory, as moving their
" minds to discontent with the state, rather than tending to
" gddly edification. For which my presumption and indis-
<^ cretion, I am very heartily sorry, and desire you to bear
^^ witness of this my confession, and acknowledging my
** said offences."f
It is extremely doubtful whether Mr. Hildersham ever
recanted; for he was, previous to the above date, called
&om the university by the Earl of Huntingdon, and
appointed to preach at Ashby-de-la-Zouch in Leicestershire.
In this situation he contmued to the end of his days, thoi^h
not without frequent molestations and interruptions. He
was a man of great piety, learning, charity, and peaceablc-
ness, and one who loved all pious and learned men, what-
ever might be their opinions of the discipline and ceremo-
nies. Although he was a minister in the established church,
and so far opposed a total separation from it, that he was
called the hammer of schismatics ; yet " he was," says Mr.
Clark, " always, from his first entrance into the ministry,
a resolved and conscientious nonconformist;'' and he
laboured hard, in concert with his brethren, to obtain a
more pure reformation of the national church. His honest
and decided attachment to what he considered to be the
• Baker's MS. Collec. toI. ii. p. 445.
f MS. RegUtcry p. S26.
S80 LIV£S OF THE PURITANS.
truth, exposed him to all those oppressions and cnidtieb
^ith which he was exercised. It will appear from the
following narrative, that he was frequently silenced from his
ministry, ynd treated in many other respects with the
utmost barbarity; notwithstanding which he usually at-
tended upon the prayers, sermons, and sacraments, fU the
established churcn. All his excellent endowments wen
insufficient to screen him from the tyrannical proceedings
of the ruling ecclesiastics.
In the year 1590 this excellent divine entered upon the
conjugal state, and married the daughter of Mr. Barfoot of
Lammm-hall in Essex. She was his constant compahioa
in all his tribulations, and an excellent comforter under his
numerous and painful sufferings. During the first year of
his marriage, his faith and patience were put to the trial*
He was convened before the high comnussicm, suspended
from his ministry, and obliged to enter into bomk, prohibil«
ing him firom attending upon the duties of his mimsti^ in
any part of England. The year following he was partially
restored, but st3l forbidden to preach at any place south of
the river Trent.* This prohibition utterly excluded him
from labouring among his beloved people at Ashby. But
this restraint was afterwards taken away, when he retunied
to his stated ministerial charge at that place. In the month
of July, 1593, the worthy Earl of Huntingdon presented him
to the benefice of Ashby ; and he obtainra his induction to
the living.f Mr. Hildersham was well known at court,
and his name "was often honourably mentioned in the jHe-
sence of Queen Elizabeth. On these occasions she used to
t • MS. Chronology, vol. iii. A. D. 16S1. p. 8.
f The following is a copy of the earW letter to Mr. Hildersham* sent
with his presentation : — '* Since it hath pleased the Lord to call Tho.
*< Wyddowes to his mercye, who was, in opinion, both careful, faithfol,
*^and diligent in bis function, according to his talent ; I wish, with all my
'* heart, the supply of that place to be such, as that the good which father
** (iilbie and he, by the good providence of God, have planted in and about
** Ashby, may be continued and increased. Therefore I chnse to present
«( you to that pastoral charge at Ashby ; which I trust, by that time I have
'* finished my long intended purpose, shtill be a sufficient .place for any
** learned preacher. And with this letter I send you my presentation to
** the vicarage, with a letter to the Bishop of Lincoln, who I hope vrtH
** easily accept of you, with all honour. Yet let this be your care, to ad-
*< vance the glory of God, by exercise of your ministry, which yon shall do
*' best when you are in your pastoral charge. I am forced to end. God
*' ever direct and ever assist you with all necessary graces.
*' To the comfort of the poor widow I will take some care. At Ydrk,
" hastily, this 5 July, 1593.
'* Hbr. HuHTurftiwy.**
Nichols's Hitt, of Ltictsterskirtf toI. ii. p. 6SS.'
BILDER^AM. SSL
rtyle him cousin Hildersham ; therefore, by her majesty's
fiiyour, he i¥as released from the above ecclesiastical
censure.*
.Mr. Hildersham being a divine of great celebrity, was
cdlad, in the year 1596, to preach the assize sermon before
judge Anderson, at Leicester. Though it is said to have
been ^^ a godly and learned sermon," the judge could not
'conceal his displeasure, even while he was in the church.
Anderson was no sooner seated upon the bench, than he
required the jury to bring an indictment against the
preacher, but they refused ; ^^ and it would have been diiB-
cult,'* adds our author, " to have foimd a jury in Leicester-
shire, that would not have been ashamed of doing it." The
angry judge was so mortified and offended, that he brought
Mr. HUdersham afterwards into some other troubles ; from
which, however, the Lord mercifully delivered him. In
the year 1598 an attachment was issued from the high
(xmunission to apprehend him ; but whether he was taken
into custody, or he concealed himself till the storm subsided^
we have not been able to learn.t
On the accession of King James, numerous petitions were
presented to his majesty and the parliament, for a further
reformation of the church. Mr. Hildersham, being a leadiqg
person among the puritans, and universally beloved by all
the enemies of superstition and oppression, was appointed,
with several of his brethren, to present these petitions, and,
if required, to defend them by disputation. Among these
was the millenary petition, subscribed by upwards of a
thousand ministers, "desiring reformation of certain cere-
monies and abuses of the church. "$ At the Hampton-court
conference, our worthy divine, together with Mr. Stephen
Egerton of London, and Mr. Edward Fleetwood of Lanca»>
sbure, presented a number of requests to his majesty,
earnestly desiring a further reformation in ecclesiastical
matters.
It was impossible for Mr. Hildersham to act in this
public capacity without being particularly noticed. The
eyes of the jealous prelates were fixed upon him. There-
* fore, in the year 1605, he was silenced by the Bishop of
. Lincoln for nonconformity. Afterwards, he obtained some
favour from the Bishop of Lichfield and Coventry, who
allowed him to preach occasionally in his diocese, particii-
• ifS. Chronology, vol. Hi. A. D. 1631. p. 4.
f Clark's Lives annexed to Martyrologie, p. 114 — 116.
X FBlUr*s Church Hist. b. z. p. !31— 83.
LIVES OF THE PURITANS.
larl J at the two famous associations at Repton in Deibyshiii^
and Burton-upon-Trent in S(afFordshire. Tbese associationi
were designee! for private ccHiference amoiig the ministai^
and the public ministry of the word. They were the
means of doini[^ unspeakable good to both ministeia uai
people ; and Mr. flildersham was a chief promoter of
them for many years. His fame, indeed, was so great in
those parts, that for many years after, when any one became
remarkable for true piety, he was sure to be stigmatized as
one of Hildersham's old puritans.* Mr. Hildersham lo-
mained under tlie above ecclesiastical censure upwards of
three years. Towards the close of the year 1608, by the
favoulr of Or. Barlow, the new bishop of Lincoln, he was
again restored to his ministry, and allowed to preach amooj;
his beloved flock at Ashby. It was after his restoration at
tliis time that he entered upon his '' Lectures on John iv.,"
which he continued every Tuesday for upwards ol* two
years.
These lectures were afterwards published, in 1628, and
dedicated to Henry earl of Huntingdon, who attoidod
them, when preached in Ashby church, and whose uncle and
grandfather had been the author's worthy patrons. The ode-
hrated Mr. John Cotton, in his epistle to the reader prefixed
to the second edition of this work, says, '' In reading most
of the best books extant, the studious reader is wont to
select and transcribe the pith of such notes as stand like
lights, &c. in the body of the discourse, and in the 'spirit
of the writer. But in this book, I find such variety of
choice matter, running throughout every vein of each dis-
course, and carried along with such strength of sound and
deep judgment, and with such life and power of an beavenlv
spirit; and expressed in such pithy and pr^nant words
of wisdom, that I knew not what to select, and what to omi^
unless I should have transcribed tlie whole bocds." Dr.
Williams says, ^^ that these lectures discover the author io
be a sound divine, an admirable textuary, a profoundly
experienced christian, and an excellent teacher."f
He did not, however, enjoy his liberty quite three yean.
■ For in November, 1611, he was again silenced, by Neile^
bishop of Lichfield and Coventry. The occasion of his
lordship's censure was his supposed connexion with Mr.
Edward Whiteman of Burton-upon-Trent, denominated a
notorious heretic, for which he was afterwards burnt at
• MS. Chronology, toI. iii. A.D. 1631. p. 10.
t Cbriitian Preacher, p. 4S5.
#1
HILDERSHAM. 38S
lii^hfield. Though, upon Mr. Hildersham's examiuatioii
before the bishop and many others, his mnocence was made
perfectly manifest in open court, he continued under the
episcopal censure a long time ; and, to the unspeakable grief
c^ many, the two exercises at Repton and Burton-upon-
Trent were put down. In addition to this, December 8,
161!?, letters missive were issued from the high commission,
requiring his appearance before the ecclesiastical judges.
Upon his appearance at the time and place appointed, he
was judicially admonished, then prohibited from ever
preaching, catechizing, or attending upon any part of the
ministerial function^ either in public or private, until he
(Aould be lawfully restored. What a pity was it, that so
excellent and peaceable a divine should have been struck
dumb, even after his innocence had been proved and
acknowledged by the bishop in a court of justice!* This,
indeed, savoured too much of the tyrannical oppression of
antichrist.
When Mr. Hildersham was restored from the above
unchristian sentence, we have not been able to learn. But in
the year 1615, he was again prosecuted in the high com-
mission ; and, for refusing the oath ex officio^ was committed
first to the Fleet, then to the King's-bench, where he con-
turned a long time. During his tedious and painful con-
finement, a certain nobleman made application to Archbishop
Abbot for his release ; when the angry archbishop protested,
^^ that unless he would submit to what the commissioners
required, he should die and rot in prison."f Abbot, it is
said, was a prelate of great learning and piety ; but he was
esteemed a puritan in doctrine; and in discipline, too
remiss for one placed at the head of the church.j: But,
surely, this did not appear, at least on the present occasion.
Mr. Hildersham, upon giving bond to appear when called,
was at length released from confinement.
In September, 1616, the commissioners sat at Ashby, to
examine certain witnesses a^inst Mr. Hildersham and his
two fiiends, Mr. Thomas Dighton and Mr. John Holt.f
• Clark*8 Lives, p. IIT, 118.
f MS. Chroyology, vol. iii. A. D. 1S31. p. 14.
i Granger^s Biog. Hist. vol. i. p. 341.
) The nooconformists, both ministers and private christians, w^re now
tarbarously prosecuted in the ecclesiastical courts; among whom were
these geollemeo, both natives of Ashby. One of them was imprisoned ia
the Gatefaoase, the other in the Fleet ; afld having endured confinement for
momit tloie, they were brought forth, November 21, 1616, upder the care af
their Jkeepen, wbaa they received the folio wing fentence la the high com-«
i_
884 LIVES OF TUE PURITANS.
The witiiewMMi against Mr. Hildenham affirmed upon ibtk
cNitbtt, what all tlio yaxitili knew to be notoriously Ikltc^ uai
even dcclfirrd by what uiotiven he was actuated in what wu
cluir^(*d tigaiiiht liim. But upon this moHt glaring iaiM
witfieMH, the court nrocei^diHl to censure him an follows >uk
He wuH pronouncc(l refractory and disobedient io the onlcti,
ritrs and ceremonies of the church of England ; and t
schisniutic and schistnatical person, and well worthy of
severe punishment. Also, Ixtcause he was decerned the
ritifrltadcr ol' all s<:hismatical persons in that pari of Uie
country, h(; was /ined two thouMuul ptninds, excomnii-
nicalcsd, degraded from the; ministry, ordered to lx$ takoi
and iiast info i)rison, comnuuided to make a public recanti*
lion in such form its the couH, should apiK>int, and, io finiih
the busin(*hs, he wiis condenmed in costs of suit.* Jf an?
imparHal ju(lg(; were to form an opinion of Mr. liildenhami
crime i'rom this heavy hVAxUmcv.^ he would conclude the
single sin of nonconformity, at Iciist in the opinion of the
ecclesiastical judge's, to have be<ai much greater than open
drunkenness, swearing, adultery, or any such atrocious adi
of immorality, which, though very common among the
clergy of tluHM; tinier, wc^e scarady ever noticed. Whata
ba|)|)y circumslance is it that we live in better days! it
which it is generally acknowh'clju^ed, that, in religioui
matters, every man ought (o act according to the iiersuasios
•niH^ioii court ; — '* It fippniifd U\ (ii«* court, tliiit i\\f Miu\ l)i((litoii and Holff
bciiii; Ittytiicii, IukI, ill o|>|»ohi(i(>ii Io tiic blittc ircclmi.r-liriil, ki*pt tunir]^
convt.ntiv.'.Ki or axtnUnu of rtfit^lon in prlualc Houmch, ivifiiiii the parUliof
Ahliby-dc-lu/ouclM und Iw-ld pulilic. diKpiitntioiih n|;aiii)ii flii> ordffr», riM
and ccrciiioiiicii of the cliurch, and dintuadrd oiIkmn from coiironnlty Io (kc
iMini!. And liccjiuhif Mr. Il;u.k(*t thi'ir miniiitf*!, (mcuiing th«* penM
Appointed to ih(* plac<S) wuh ('onfunM^ihh*, Ihcy have rrfuurd io come (0
church to h<*iir iiiui prrachf or n-ad divine hcrvicr, or to hrinm Ihcfr cblldrm
to hi* l)upti/(*d, or tlii'ii' Hivcb to h<^ clinrchcdi lul, Itnvla^ iUelr twi
pHiiklirt,, wMit to oth<*r paribhcn to hrar un<;on(ormahl«* tniiiikter^, ui
rurrifd inuny of lUt*. pari)>h of A«hhy ufU't them, to fh«* f^rrut cncciuraKC'
uirni of s( hiifiiiaiitul and rrfraclory peibonN^ and, liHii^ often ad uiwnitbed
in thiM Cdiirf, fhey n fuM'd, nnd do htill refuse, to Join v«ifh the rhrifliti
cuniitt'i^iiiit.ii in receiving; tii«* holy (umiiiunioii Une.vliuf.i und hftvfnK m»M
Clininioii I iirM'^, and ;iuii(lry nillfctioiin, for maintaini.-i^, iihettinjf, lid
rnconr.i^iiif^ burh M-hi iiiiitit III jiitjiih in ihcii oh'itiaacy and dibolfrdicore
to hi*) nnijri-.ly'H lawi eri.li-ia^lii itl ; ih«y are, lli;'ref»rc, pronounced ftdiS*
RiHtirnuiid «><:hi*niati(:al peinuii ,, anil woiihy to he hirvffmly pyui«ii€d, tW
were iu'ctinliiij^ly tiiitii a //niunuiul |li)iuwi'i a piece, pronounced escosMM*
nicair, onli-red to he pnhlicly di-iiiHi:ir«'<l, ro inalie their huhiniMtion in ibr^
•(fveral plaii'M, eoiiirniiieil in eoblb of sniit, and MMtt hack Io priftofli iHlt
liow loii)( lliey <^>ntiiMied,'* kjiy:j otir author, ^* I uin not able to UBn,**
fl'hib n one iiuluiiceof (lieperbceiiliuil of InyuicU fur their noncvafonail/*"
JUS. Hr.markut p. i\yi.
« CUrk'N Uy(fv» p. US, il^l.
HFLDERSHAM. ' , S85
9i his own mind. << If we dissent from one anodier iii'
fliese things/* says Mr. Hildersham, << it mast be without'
btttemess, and ia brotherly love. The odious names of
puritans, fcmnalists, schismatics, or time-servers, ought not
to be heard among brethren."*
Mr. HUdersham, having heard of the above cruel sen-
tence, wisely, and for a long time, concealed himseUl At
inDgth, however, he wrote to Lady Fielding, desiring her to
use her influence to get his fine taken off; or, if that could
not be done, to ob^in a mitigation of it so tar as to be
allowed to pay a certain sum annually, being all that he
was able to spare. He sent a petition to the same effect to
iher Earl of Suffolk, and another to the high commission.f *
Several processes were in the mean time issued from the
exchequer, to inquire into his estates, but none could be
fimnd. He therefore compounded the matter with his
prosecutors, by paying a great sum of money, and was
released from the heavy fine.
This, indeed, was not the end of his troubles. For in
the year 1618, a pursuivant from the Bishop of London
vkdently broke into his study, and carried away many of
Us valuable books. The good man petitioned his lordship
S&K them to be restored ; but whether they ever were, my
author adds, '' I have not been able to learn."]; By a license,
dated June 20, 1635, from the archbishop, he obtained
Uber^ to preach within the dioceses of London, Lincoln,
and Coventry and Lichfield ; and soon after entered once
nidie upon his public charge at Ashby. In the month
^ September this year, he commenced his course of
kctuies on P^lm li., afterwards published with this title,
^CLII. Lectures upon Psalm LI. preached at Ashby-de-la-
Zouch in Leicestershire," 1635. This work '' is a rich
mine of experimental and practical divinity;" but not
quite so concise and finished as those on John iv.^
Notwithstanding the above numerous interruptions and
^oppressions, Mr. Hildersham had once more to pass through
toe fire of persecution. March 25, 1630, for refusing to
t^ead the public service in the hood and surplice, he was
^gain silenced by the tyrannizing ecclesiastics. This sus-
pension, however, did not continue very long ; for, August
^^ 1631, he was restored to his beloved ministry, and so.
• HUdenham's Lectures on John, p. 301. Edit. 1632.^
f MS. Chronology, vol. iii. A. D. 1631. p. 16.
t IMd.-*-C]ark*8 Lives, p. 120.
S WiUians's Christian Preacher, p. 431, 435.
TOf*. IT. 2 C
388 LIVES OF THE PURITANS.
ooatimied preaching tiD December 27th following^ wlies kr
preached his lait sermon.*
Thus our pious and learned divine knew by painfid
experience the truth of that doctrine which he ddiraed ia
the people. << Every faithful minister,"' sayt he, << who
laboureth to win souls to God, shall be sure to be wdl
rewarded, how ill soever an unthankful world may rewaid
hinu If we judge by seme and reason^ we shall hardly be
able to conceive how it can be true ; for no kind of mm
ever seems io be more neglected <^ God in this life, thtt
faithful ministers. In all ages these men have been in muck
trouble, and their enemic^s have prevailed againat thea;
and that oftentimes even unto death. But,'* says hr^ ^ if we
look into it with a spiritual eye^ we shall find that God kallk
a special care to provide Ifor faithful ministefs; andtinl
none have such promises of protection and ddiverance fiw
trouble. If it please the Lord io let his ministers suier, it
is,'' saith he, ^< either because their testimony is fiwisbed; er
because God will receive more honour by their aufieringy
and constant omfession of his truth, than by their peace : m
saith the apostle of his own troubles : / would^ brHhretif ye
should understand^ that the things which haoe happened ants
me, hace fallen out rather unto the furtherance of tin
gospel.'*^
This excellent servant of Christ discovered in his M
sickness very becoming submission to the will oi Grod. His
conversation was spiritual, holy, and heavenly. He gave a
solemn charge to his son, to take heed unto the flock of
Christ ; and on the Lord's day, while his son was at prayef
with him, he closed his eyes in peace, and ent^ed upon the
joy of his Lord, March 4, 1631, aged sixty-ei^^fat years^^
]Mfr. Hildersham preached at Ashby upwards of forty-three
years, excepting the intervals of his suspension for nonoon'
ibrmity. He was a pious, learned, and useful preacher*
Fuller styles him " a worthy divine, and a just and
upright man," but has incorrectly classed him among tbe
fdlows and learned writers of Chrisfs college, Cambridge.t
Echard denominates him <^ a great and shining light of the
puritan party," and observes, << that he was justly cele*
brated for bis singular learning and piety."^ Lilly, tbe
astrologer, who was educated at Ashby school^ says^ ^^ He
• Clark's Lives, p. l!^.
-f Hildersham on JoHd, p. 982 — 284.
t Fuller's Worthies, part i. p. 159.— Hiit. of Cam. p. 99.
S Echard's Hist, of £iig. vol. ii. p. 98.
HILDtERSBAM. 987
mas an ea^c^^t textuary, of e^^emplaiy life, plewmt in
discpuiBe, 1^ Strang enemy to tfae Browniste, and diwcDtedi
not fnm the church of England in any article of £uth;
Ipat only abo^l; wearing the surplice, baptiziiig with the
cnM% and kneeling in Uie sacrament. Most of the people
in thm town were directed by his judgment, and so con**
timed in it"*
He was a diviJms of great moderation, and of a most
tmialile christian spirit He used to say, ^^ that he never
juxird afty faithful preacher of the gospd, however mean
BIS talents might be, but he could discover some gift in
Mm that was wanting in himself, and could receive some
pnifit from his preaching.^* He died in perfect satisfiictioB
vitti hi« nonconformity, as appears from his last will and
testament,, in which were these words : — '' I do hereby
"^ declare and protect, that I do continue and end my days
^ i^ the very same laith and judgment, touching all points
^ of religion, as I have ever been known to hold and profess ;
^ andl ii^ch I have,, both by my doctrine and practice, and
^ by my sufferings also, given testimony unto."t. The
excellent Mr. Samuel Hildersham, ejected in 1662, was his
son»( Mr. Hildersham's remains were interred in the
dianed of Ashby church, where, on the south side^ is the
following monumental inscription erected to his memory.^
M.S.
Near to this place lieth interred the body
of Arthur Hildersham,
hoBoarably descended from Sir Richard Poole,
by his wife Margaret Countess of Salisbury ;
bat move honoured for his sweet and ingenuous disposition,
his singular wisdom in settling peace,
advising in secular affairs,
and satisfying doubts,
his abundant charity,
and especially for his extraordinary knowledge and
judgment in the Holy Scriptures,
his painful and zealous preaching,
together with his firm and lasting constancy
in the truth he professed.
He lived in this place
for the most part of forty-three years and six months,
wiUi great success in bis ministry,
love and reverence of all sorts,
and died with much honour and lamentation,
Maroh the 4th, 1631.
' • Lilly's Life and Times, p. 6. Edit. 1774.
f Clark's Lives, p. 180. i Palmer's Noncon. Mem. vol. lii. p. 147.
§ Nichok's Hist, of Leicestershire, vol. ii. p. eS9,
388 LIVES OF THE PURITANS.
The character pym of Mr. Hildersham, in the^ nbofe. .
monmncntal inscnption, b confirmed by one of his con-
temponriei ; who says, << that the loss which the town of
Ashby sustained by his deaUi was very mat ; for he was
a peace-maker among his neighbours, and the patron of the
poor. By his ffreat wisdom and care, wicaedness was
checked, and gooliness was promoted. He was a friend to
every one in a good cause ; and it was his constant ddl^t
to be serviceable to all. He left a precious name behind
him, and had epistles of commendation written in tk hearts
of the people. '"•
In addition to the two excellent volumes already speci-
fied, Mr. Hildenham was author of ^< Lectures on Mm
XXXV.,'' published in 1632 ; and << A Treatise on the Lord's
Supper."^ Of this work, Mr. John Cotton says, << Tboie
questions and answers furnish a christian with a moif
proper view of that spiritual duty, than any other book ip
any language, that I know, in so small a compass." It it
commonly bound with a treatise on the same subject bj
Mr. Bradshaw.t
Thomas Hill was of Hart-hall, Oxford, and a popubr
preacher in the university. He was zealous in the advanoe* .
ment of truth, and in opposition to error ; yet he discovered
great moderation. Haying preached a sermon trom James
1. 16. in St. Mary's church. May 84, 1631, he made the
following observations: ^< Were my time and leamii^
parallel to my zeal, what a tempting doth 'here preseot
itself, to shew how rashly (I say not cruelly) our Fdttjan
votaries have handled the decrees and statutes of the Kmg
of heaven. But they are to be mischieved into honottr,
(no matter how,) which tempts them to disrelish sound
doctrine on no other ground than did David, because tbe
lords do not favour it. 1. Sam. xxix. 6. Scripture thej
use worse than tlie Turks do christians at Tnnb; enslave it
to the vassalage of the foulest error ; and, accor^Ung to theii
most current garb, employ it to defend popery^ or, as bad,
Pelagianism. Popish darts, whet afresh on a Dutch grind-
stone, have pierced deep, and, without snccoiir will prove
mortal. I am pcrsiu ided these late transmarine tenets had
not been so /n//^ ainJ ^ne/* among us, nor the opposite tmtk
so diametrically condenmed by many, had they first made
• aark*8 Ufet, p. 119, 120. f Hildenham oo Jdhoy Epk.
T^HILL. 389
^pfoof of these points in their own retired and serious
cootempiations." •
^, For these slight glances at popeir and Annimanism^be
was^ by the instigation of Bishop Laud, convened before
Che yioe-chancelior and heads of houses, when he was
•fequired to make the following degrading recantation, in a
fhU convocation, on his bended knees :t — ^' I, Thomas Hill,
fi do fireely and sincerely acknowledge before this venerable
M assembly of convocation, that in a sermon lately by me
.•'^preached in St. Mary's, I did let fall divers scandalous
•^^ speeches, partly in opposition to his majesty's injunctions,
}^ by odious justling together the names of certain factions
•^ in, the church, and imputing Pelagianism and popery to
•** the one side: partly in disparagement of the present
M gov^nment of state and church, by making foul and
}^ erroneous opinions the readiest steps now a days to pre-
^^ ferment As also in disparaging the whole order of
^^ bishops, in point of learning and religion, making them
.*^ favourers oi unsound and erroneous doctrine, and dis-
J* favourers of sound doctrine. As likewise in imputing to
^ a great part of our, clergy, only politic and lunatic religion :
^besides private glances against particular persons, con-
'.^ ceming some speeches delivered in their late sermons.
J ^ In all which passages in my sermon, I confess to have
.^ given just o&nce to the university, and to deserve the
.** sharpest censures. Wherefore, with all humble sub-
. " mission, I beseech the whole university, represented in
^ this venerable house, to pass by this my wilful error of
*.^ undiscreet and misguided zeal, and do mithfully promise
^^ henceforward to abstain from all such scandalous asper*
: *' sions and intimations, as tending only to the disparagement
...*.' of the church, and the distraction and disquiet of the
..** university. And this my submission I humbly crave may
•* be accepted, which I do here make willingly, and from
** my heart, with true sorrow for what ispast. *►
" Thomas Hill."
It appears from the records of the university, that Mr.
Hill made the above recantation, July 16, 1631, when he
• was no doubt released from the hands of his cruel oppres-
: MTs. There was another puritan divine of the same name,
..if ho lived at the same time, was doctor in divinity, and a
, peison of distinguished eminence in his^day.
' •.' ■
.• PiTiiBe*s Gknt, Doome, p. 173.
f Ibid. p. 174.— Wharton's Troubles of Laud, vol. ii. p. 51.
990 LIVES OF THE PURITANS.
Robert Boltow, B. D. — This excellent divine was boit
at Blackburn in Lancashire, in the year 157S, and edacalld
first in Lincoln college, then in Brazen-nose college, Oxford,
^heie he was chosen fellow. He made uncomition progmi
in logic, philosophy, and the learned languages. The memk
of his support being small, he borrowed books of his tatMr
and other persons ; when, for his greater advantage, bmd«fe
reading them with close attention, he preserved abridgmartb
of them in his common-place book. With a view to obtaiii
a more perfect knowledge of the Greek, he transcribed irith
uncommon pains the whole of Homer, in a very fair chadu^
ter. He became famous for his lectures on natural ind
moral philosophy, and was learned in metaphysics, madi^
natics, and school divinity. Having so eminevttly dis-
played his learning and abilities in the public disputatiorii
of the schools, he was chosen by the vice-chancellor, trbdi
Kinff James first visited the university, to be one of Ht
Sublic disputants before his majesty. Notwithstanding sB
is ornamental and useful accomplislrnlents, he was AiD
destitute of the one thing needful ; he had no serious concieiHi
for his soul ; but loved plays and cards, was a hottiJHfc
swearer, sabbath-breaker, and familiar associate of tte
wicked. He hated all good men, especially those odioo^
stigmatized by the name of puritans ; and even denominate
the celebrated Mr. William Perkins " a barren ettiftj
fellow, and a very mean scholar." His views, howev^,
were afterwards changed. Having experienced the renew-
ing influence of divine grace, he said that Mr. Perkins wiis
as learned and godly a divine as the church had enjoyed for
many years.
During Mr. Bolton's residence at Oxford, be becanie
intimately acquainted with one Anderton, formerly Ws
school-fellow, but now a learned popish priests, who, taking
an advantage of his mean circumstances, persuaded hito
into a reconciliation to the church of Rome, and to accom-
pany him to one of the English seminaries in Flanders;
where, said he, " you shall have gold enough." The time
and place of embarking were accordingly appointed : but
Anderton disappointing him, he renounced the object alto-
gether, and returned to his college. Here, by the instruc-
tions of the excellent Mr. Thomas Peacock, he was brought
under sui'.h deep convictions of sin, that for many months k
lost his appetite, his sleep, and all peace of mind. In the
end, by a continuance in prayer and deep humililition b^re
Crod, he found mercy and received comfort. This aatitnorable
R. BOLTON. 391
^y^nt was in the thirty-fifth year of his age, when he
lesQlved to enter upon the work of the ministry. Haying
lecmyed much from the Lord, he loyed much, and was
deainnis of bein^ employed for much usrfulness; Haying
^tt^eacbed at yanous places for about two years, Sir Augustin
iRcbols, one of the justices <^ the common pleas,* presented
am, in the year 1609, to the rectory of Broughton in Nor-
ftamptonshire, at which place he continued to the day of
iUs dbath. Upon his presentation to Brouffhton, Bishop
%jiig thanked the worthy judge, but obsenred, that he bad
deoriyed the uniyersity of one of its brightest ornaments.f
r Mr« Bdton was a most authoritatiye and awakening
piMcher, bein^ endowed with the most masculine and ora-
ioncal style of any in his time. He preached4;wice eyery
JiOrd's day, and catechized the youth of his congregation.
Upon eyery holiday, and eyery Friday before uxe sacra*
Wnty he expounded a portion of scripture; and constantly
eyed six times a day, twice in secret, twioe with his
lily, and twice with his wife. He kept many days of
firting and priyate humiliation before God, especially for
4ie protestant churches abroad. He was a cotmdv and
gttave person, commanding in all companies, and eyer
tpilous in the cause of Christ ; yet so prudent, as to ayoid
lini^ called in question for those things in which he was
Imconformable to the ecclesiastical establishment. As a
lamister of' the gospel, he was famous for charity, courage,
Uriadom, and impartiality.^ He was so deeply engaged in
llis work, that it is said, << he neyer deliyered a sermon to
luB people in public tUl he had preached it to himself in
inyate.^
In his last siduiess, which was a quartan a^ue, Mr.
Boltoii, findinj^ that his complaint increased, reyised his will,
and retired irom the noise of the world, employing the
ieamant of hts time in sweet mediation on the joys of
lieayen. Thou^ his sickness was tedious and painful, he
iMMre it with admirable patience, and endured it as seeing
liim that is inyisible. During the interyals of his fits, he
dimi exclaimed, << Oh ! when will this good hour come ?
When shaU I be dissolyed ? When shall I be with Christ ?"
Bei^ told, that though it would bp better for him to be
"* Sir Aaguitin wag a learned man, au upright Jud|^, aa ezceUeiit
chrftClaiBv and a sealous promoter of true religioD.— IfS. Chronologp^
W9L ill. A. D. IttS.
' f life of Mr. Balton prefixed to his ** Foar Last Thlnfi.*' Edit. ieS2.
t Ibid. ^ AmbroM*! Works, p. 24, Edit. 1701.
392 LIVES OP THE. PURITANS.
dissolved, the church of God would lose the benefit of lu9
ministry, he replied, ^^ If I sli:ai find favour in the eyes of
the Lord, h^ will bring me again, and shew me hb JiabitaF
tion ; but if otherwise, lo ! here I am ; let him do what
aeemetii good in his eyes.'' Being asked wliether he riioald
not be content to live, if it were the will of Gro;). he imme-
diately said, ^^ I grant that life is the great blessing of God,
neither will I neglect any means to pr serve it, and do
heartily desire to submit to God's will ; but of the two, I
infinitely prefer to be dissolved, and to be with Christ.''
During the progress of his complaint, ma.iy of his people
and acquaintance visited him, but he only allowed his inti-
mate friends to see him, desiring th'it his preparatioa ftr
heaven mi^ht not be interrupted. But to tboie who had
access to him, he gave very afi<*ctionate and appix^iiate
exhortations. Though his body was much wasted, his
mental powers were as lively and vigorous as ever. He
^encouraged ministers who came to him, to be diligent and
courageous in the work of the Lord, and not to let.thrii
spirits sink under the troubles of the way^ He ezhoitedall
who came to him to make sure of Christ before ibey cwm
to die. He thanked God for his wonderful mercy, in
plucking him as a brand from the fire, and in Ucsstng his
ministry to the conversion of so many souls, ascribing io
him all the glory.
About a week before his departure, he desired his wife
not to be troubled at his dissolution, but to bear it with
christian fortitude, assuring her they should meet again in
heaven. Turning towards his children, he observed, that
they must not now expect him to say any thing to them, foir
his strength was gone ; and he had told them enough in time
past, which he hoped they would remember after he wai
dead; and he said, ^^ he verily believed that none of them
durst think of meeting him before the tribunal of God, in
an unconverted state." As in his public ministry he had
made known to his people the unspeakable comforts of the
gospel, they now desired to know what he felt of them in his
own soul. " Alas," said he, '^ do they look for that of me
now, who have not breath and strength to speak ? I hare
told them enough in my ministry. But to give them safisr
faction, I am, by the wonderful mercies of God, as full of
comfort as my heart can hold, and feel nothing in my soul
but Christ, with whom I heartily desire to be." And look'^
ing upon those who were weeping near him, he aaid^ '^ Qht
how much ado there is before one can die."
R. BOLTON. S9S
.' A little before his departure, and expecting every moment
lo be his last, being told that some of his best friends were
about to take their last farewell, he caused himself to be
^raised up, and bowing himself upon his bed's head, after
Bting^lmg for breath, he spoke as follows : ^^ I am now
idrawing on^ apace to my dissolution. Hold out, faith and
patience ; your work will soon be ended." Then, shaking
tiiem all by the hand, he said, ^^ Make sure of hefiven ; and
keep in mind what I have formerly delivered to you; - The
doctrine which I have preached to you for the space of
twenty years, is the truth of God, as I shall answer at the
tribunal erf" Christ, before whom I must soon appear." This
be spake when the very pangs of death were upon him. A
dear friend takiag him by the hand, asked him whether he
fdt much pain. ^' Truly no," said he, '' the greatest pain
I feel is your cold hand," and presently expired. Hejdied
jDecember 17, 1631, aged fifty-nine years.*
. Mr. Nicholas Estwick, who preached Mr. Bolton^s
fimeral sermon, gives him the following character : hesays^
.^ How industrious a student he was, and how well furnished
iWith learning, is well known. The Lord enriched him with
a great measure of grace, and his life was unreprovable.
All his days he was a hard student, and laborious in his
jninistry, yet was never ambitious of worldly greatness.
•He sought his own sanctification and the sanctification of
^others, and was the means of plucking many out of the
saar^ of Satan. While his preaching was searching, it was
faappily calculated to quicken and strengthen languished
fiouls ; for which many had cause to bless God." Our
author adds, ^' A great man is fallen in our Israel, and there
.will be a great loss of him. His wife will find the loss of a
gracious husband; his children a gracious father; his flock
.a gracious shepherd; ministers, the loss of a grave, learned,
and gracious brother; the devout christian, who desired to
ha,ve all his sins discovered, will find the loss of a gracious
.and soul-searching minister; he that would avoid sin, and
•jBiake progress in holiness, will find the loss of a wise and
/Experienced director ; he that is wounded in his conscience,
ilifill fij^d the loss of a skilful physician ; the poor will find
the loss of a liberal benefactor, a wise instructor, and a
gracious friend ; and the wh(d[^ land will find the loss of a
x^alous and powerful wrestler with God for the continuance
of its happiness."t The Oi^ford historian denominates him,
* Life of Mr. Bolton. t Faoeral Sermon for Mr. BoUod.
394 LIVES OF THE PURITANS.
^ a roost rdtigiom and learned puritan, a painful and con-
itant preacher, a person of great zeal for Grod, cbaritaUe
and bountiflil ; and so famous for relieving afflicted coo*
aciences, that many foreigners resorted to nim, as well as
persons at home, irho found relief. He was so expert iir*
the Greek language, that he could write it, and dispute in it
with equal ease as in English or Latin.'** Fuller says,
^ he was one of a thousand for piety, wisdom, and steadfi^-
ness ; and his enemies, who endeavoured to injure him in
his ministry, were never able, by all their plottings, to do
him any more harm than only to shew their teeth."f JBchaid
■tyles mm, << a great and shming li^ht of the puritan party,"
and says, <<hewasjustlycelebrated for hissmgabrlcanung
and piety.")
His eloquent and valuable writings will recommend his
memoiy to the latest posterity. Most of them were pHUished
after his death by his worthy friend Mr. Edward Bagriiaw,
who wrote and published his life, to which reference has
been already given. Mr. Bolton had been a notorioas
sinner, and having been reclaimed by great terrors, his writ*
ings are excellent tx)lh for conviction and consolation. His
style is said to be inclining to the bombast, yet nmn^ ex-
pressions are truly sreat and magnificent. The beauties of
imagination are chiefly apparent in his ^^Four Last
Things ;" but his most useful works are his ^^ Directions for
Walking with God,'' and << Instructions for Comforting
Afllicted Consciences." There we see the traces of a som
most intimately acquainted with €rod.§
It is obscrvra of this holy and reverend divine, that he
was so highly esteemed in Northcunptonshire, that his people
who beheld his ^vhite locks of hair, could point at him and
say, <^ When that snow shall be dissolved, there will be a
great flood ;" and so it proved : for there never was a
minister in that county who lived more beloved, or died
more lamented. Floods of tears were shed over his grave.K
His remains were interred in the chancel of Broughton
church, where there is a half-length figure of hhn, with
his hands erected in the attitude of prayer, resting on a book
lying open before him ; and underneath is a moaumei^
« AtbeDtt OxoD, Tol. I. p. 479, 480.
+ Fvller'iAfoel RedifiT«s,p.fiai.
Hilt, of Eof^laiKf ' p.9&
DoddrMge's ^ r. p. 4S9. Edit. 1804.
-* "lit. 1637.
\
tHORNE. 5SS
imenptUoi: xxpim black marble^ of which the followtn|^ is a
tnuifllatioii :*
Here lies,
{>eaceably sleeping in the Lordy
the body ef Robert Bolton,
D?1io died December the seTenteenth,
in the year 1631.
He was oBe of the first and
most teamed of oar charcfa.
His other excellencies all Enj^land knowetb,
^ lamenting the day of his death.
His Works. — 1. A Discourse about the State of true HapphiesI,
1611.— 2. Directions for Walking with God, 1626.—^. Meditation*
Df the Life to come, 1628. — 4. Instructions for the right Comfartia|f
AflHcted Conseiences, 1631. — 5. Helps to Humiliation, 1631. — 6. The
Four Ijfst Things— Death, Judgment, Hell, and Heaven, 1632.*^
7. Assize Sermons, and other Sermons, 1632, &c. — 8. Funeral Notc^
bnhis Patron Sir Angustin Nichols, 1633. — 9. Carnal Professor; or,
the wofcil iSlavery of Men guided by the Flesh, 1634.— U). llie SaintHf
mat mod perpetual Guide, 1634.— 11. The Saints' self-enriching Ex^-
amiiiatioB; or, a Treatise concerning the Sacrament of the Lord'f
Sapper, 1^4.— rl2. The Saints* Soul-exalting Humiliation, or Soul-
fatting Fasting, 1634. — 13. A short and private Discourse betwelE^
Mr. fio/lton and one M. S. concerning Usury, 1637. — 14. Devodt
Frayers on Solemn Occasions, 1638. — 15. A Cordial for Christians in
the Time of Afiliction, 1640.— 46. The Last Visitation, Conflicta, aiyl
Death of Mr. Thomas Peacock, B. D. and Fellow of Brazen-nose
college, Oxford, 1^.
Glles Thorn e was of Baliolfcolleffe, Oxford, and ode
of the preachers to the university. Mr. Thomas Ford of
Magdalen-hall, Mr. William Hodges of Exeter college,
and Mr. Thome, having in their sermons at St. Mary's
phurch, in the year 1631, used some bold expressions
against the sentiments of the Arminians, were convened
before the vice-chancellor Dr. Smith and others, as offendels
against his majesty's injunctions. They were required to
deliver up copies of their sermons ; but perceiving the vice-
chancellor's partiality and injustice, they appealed to the
proctors, who received their appeal, as they had a rifflit to
do, according to the statutes of the university. Bishop
Laud, receivmg information of the case, complained of
their appeal to the king, who heard the whole business at
Woodstock; when, by the influence of this prelate, the
three divines were expelled from the university ; the two
• Wfaalley*B Hist, of Northamptoosbire, toI. ii. p. 89. Edit. 179K.
S96 LIVES OF THE PURITANS.
proctors, for receiving their lEippeal, were deprived of their
places ; and Dr. Priaeauz, rector of Exeter college^ aa^
Dr. Wilkinson, principal of Ma^alen-hali, received a
sharp reprimand for their concern in this business.* Mr,
Thome presented a most humble petition to the bishcn^
desiring his favour and pardon, and a re-admission to we
university ; but without effect. Mr. Hodges desiring to he
restored, preached a recantation sermon in St. Mary's
church, and read a most d^rading submission in the con-
vocation-house, on his bended knees, before the whole
assembly, and was restored as a probationer for one year^ to
bewail his offence and learn obedience. Mr. Ford^ maku^
no address, returned to his friends in Devonshire ; when he
was likely to be chosen vicar or lecturer of PlymoatL
But Laud was no sooner informed of this, than he procured
letters fVom the king, forbidding the inhabitants or the town
to elect him, upon pain of his majesty's displeasure; and
' another to the Bishop of Eh^eter, commanding him not to
•admit him, in case he should be elected.f Mr. Hodces
afterwards conformed, and obtained considerable prerer-
ment.} Mr, Ford continued a nonconformist and was
ejected in 1669.S And one Dr. Giles Thome, in the year
164S, became archdeacon of Buckingham; but whether
this be the same person, we are unable to ascertain.l
Thomas Beard, D. D. — This person was a puritan
. minister of considerable eminence, and a famous schoolmaster
^t Huntingdon. In the year 1628, when the Bishop of
Winchester was accused before the house of commons, Dr.
, Beard was sent for as witness against him, when his informa-
tion was presented to the house by Sir Daniel Nortcm.i
In the year 1630, he was made justice of peace for tbe
county of Huntingdon, being esteemed a person of great
celebrity. He was schoolmaster to the famous Oliver
Cromwell, who was bom at this place, and who, being
a youth of an aspiring and obstinate temper, often received
his sharp discipline, it is observed, that when Oliver was
a boy at school, '^ he averr^ that, wheq lyin^ on his bed,
be. saw a ^gantic figure, whiqh came and opened the
curtains of bis bed, and told him that he shoula hereafter
• RoBhworth*! Collect, fol. ii. p. 110,
-f Pryime's Cant. Doome, p. 175, 176.
1 Wood*8 Atbeoa Oxon. vol. il. p. 824. '
% Pftlmer*B Noncon. Mem. vol. ii. p, 26.
I WoodTf Athciue, voU i. p. T84. I MS. ReaiarjM^ p. 99T.
T. BEAR]>-T. TAYLOR. 39T
Be the greatest person in the kingdom, but did not mentioil^
Qie word king ; and though he was told of the folly, as well
■s the wickedness of such an assertion, he still persisted in
It ; for which, at the request of his father, he was flogged
1^ Dr. Beard." Cromwell, it is added, often mentioned
WM circumstance when arrived at the height of his glory.*
JDr. Beard and Dr. Thomas Taylor, whose memoir is given
hi the next article, were joint authors of " The Theatre of
God^s Judgments ;" and he published a work entitled,
^ Pedantius, Comaedia, olim Cantab, acta, in Coll. Trin.
.Himquam ante haec Typis evulgata," 1631. His portrait,
prefixed to this work, says Granger,t is a neat whole length,'
with two scholars standing by him, a rod in his hand, and a
label proceeding from his mouth, inscribed, As in prassenti.
Thomas Taylor, D. D. — This excellent divine was
horn at Richmond in Yorkshire, in the year 1576, and
<^^cated in Christ's college, Cambridge, where he was
<^lu)8en fellow. He was the son of pious and worthy
paraits* His father was recorder of the town, and parti-
cularly kind and liberal to the ministers silenced for non-
conformity, and the persecuted exiles from Scotland. Our
divine had several brothers in the ministry. While at the
university, his unwearied diligence and high attainments in
good literature were manifest to all. He was, therefore;,
chosen fellow and Hebrew lecturer of the college. He at
first much opposed the puritans, as that sect which was
eveiy where spoken against ; but afterwards espoused their
cause, and became a sufferer with the rest of his brethren.
He was for some time silenced, and threatened to be
degraded, for a sermon which he preached in St. Mary's
chifrch, Cambridge, from Canticles, v. 7. " The watchmen
titat went about the city found me, they smote me, they
wounded me ; the keepers of the walls took away my vail
fiom me." That on which he chiefly insisted, and which
gave offence to the ruling ecclesiastics, was, " that in every
Me, some of those who ought to have been promoters of the
clitirch's welfare, have iSen its persecutors." How long
ftte lemained under the ufljust censure, we have not been
aUe. to learn. In the year 1606, he was again silenced by
Bishop Harsnet, for nonconformity. He was afterwarck
violently opposed and harassed by Bishop Wren, who
« Nob1e*i Memoin of the Home of CromweU, vol. f . p. QS-^flft, 10^.
MdlU 178T. f Biog. Hist. toK il. p. 196.
S98 LIVES OF THE PURITANS.
used his utmost endeavours to hinder him from taking bi$
doctor's deme. He was willing to endure any soffsringp
himself, rather than that the truth and cause of God shonB
suffer.* He was afterwards convened before, the hi|^ oooh
aiission, as a notorious delinquent, only for generously
uniting with his brethren in promoting a private ccNitrili»-
tion for the poor aiBicted ministers of the Palalinat^ eyep
aflrr public collections failed : but it does not appear whut
further molestation he endurcd.t
Dr. Taylor, upon leaving the university, settled first at
Watford in Hertfordshire, then at Reading in Berkshiie,
and afterwards, in 1625, he became pastor otAld^rmanbttiy,
London. At each of these places his hibours were mado 4
Uessing to many souls. During his abode at Reading, a
generation of young preachers was raised up under hii
ministry, who afterwards became bright ornaments in the
church of God4 He preached at Paul's cros^ before
Queen Elizabeth, and afterwards before King Jamesn • He
spent thirty years in his beloved work, and coi)tiwfd
faithful and laborious to the end. As the true servant ef
Christ, he was desirous to spend and be spent for the |^oiy
of God and the good of souls. With all sincerity aw
purity, and all zeal and meekness, he watched over Un)
Jiock of Christ, His sermons were judicious^ substantial,
and admirably well delivered. He was an avowed enemy
to poperv, arminianism, and antinomianism ; against toe
last of which he published a work, entitled, << 11^ Use of
the Law." Though envy opposed him, real worth alwajs
admired him.
. This worthy divine, when in the prospect of death, was
desirous to have done more service for Christ ; yd he wai
willing to obey the summons. Having finished the w<Nfk
which the Lord gave him to do, he was ready to ddgaxtf
and to be with Christ. During his last sickness, he
experienced much joy and peace in believing, and ejyojed
a triumphant confidence in Christ as his gracious conquevoi
of deadi, and hell, and sin. ^' Oh !" said he, ^^ we serve a
good Lord, who covers all imperfections, and gives great
wages for little work, and in mercy hath provided fior M
some of the greatest." Having languished a short time
under his complaint, he died in the beginning of the JW
• Life of Taylor prefixed to his " Works." Edit. 1663.
f Hdotley's Prelates' Usarf ations, p. 164.
t Newcour»'- » — rt. Eccl. vol. i. p. 918.--Clark*i life* mma^ to
liartyrol^
T. TAYLOR. «K»
16S8, aged fifty-fiye years, and his remains were interred in
Sl,^ Mary's church, Aldermanbury. He was an inde-
latiffable student, an excellent preacher, and eminently
usetcil in his ministry. He enjoyed great comfort in being
fiutUul, and additional comfort in being useful in the Lord's
work. The welfare of his people lay near his heart. He
Iras not so much concerned to gather tithes into his bam, as
louls to Jesus Christ. He who was a guide to others, did
not wander out of the way himself. He preached and
pradised righteousness. His life was particularly exem-
jrfary, his enemies being judges. His piety, his charity,
and his moderation, were manifest to all.* Mr. Leigh calls
him <^ a solid and judicious divine.^'f Fuller, wlio has
dassed him among the fellows and learned writers of Christ's
college, Cambridge, says, " he was exceedingly charitable,
most strict in his conversation, a grave divine, ^ painful
jweacher, and a profitable writer."t Wood says, " he was
excellent in following and opening an allegory ; and that
lie was highly esteemed by the London ministers, as well
at by the people of his charge." On account of his pro-
foand knowledge of the scriptures, he was commonly
liyled^ ^< the illuminated doctor."§ He was^^ says Dr.
Williams, << a sound and sensiUe divine, and a very useful
Eacher; one who had penetrating views of the human
it, and of the oracles of God."|i
His Works. — 1. A Commentary on the Epistle to Titus, 1612.—
% Five Sermons occasioned by the Powder-plot, 1620. — 3. Christ's
Victory oyer the Dragon, bein§; an Exposition of Rev. xii., 1633. —
4* Christ Revealed; or, the Old Testament Explained, 1635. —
(k Theatre of God's Judgments, 1648.-^Jn this work he was assisted
bgr Dr. Thomas Beard. — 6. A. Commentary upon Psalm xxxii., 1669. —
Z An Exposition of Christ's Temptations, 1659.--8. A T^atise on
Aeti xth. — 0. An Exposition on the Parable of the Sower and tbo
Se«d.-^10. The Saint's Progress to fuU Holiness.— 11. The. Romish
Almanack. — 12. Fly from Rome. — 13. A Military Sermon, the Yaluo
of Vidonr. — 14. A Wedding Sermon. — 15. The Practice of Repent-
«ace. — 16. The New Creature. — 17. Meditations on the Creatures,
m Psalin vui.— 18. Hie Peari of the Gospelw—19. The Pilgrim's
ArofessaiHi.— ^20. The Conversion, life and Death of Mrs. Mary
Quten — ^21. A Glass for GenUewomen to dress themselves by. —
& A short Introduction to the Worthy Receiving of the Sacrament
eir the Lord's Supper.— 23. The Beauty of Bethel.— 24. The King's
Aitii.— 25. The Map of Rome.— 26. The Rule of the Law under
of Pr. Taylor.— Clark's Lives, p. 125—187.
t Leigh on Religion aod Learoing, p. 337.
{FolTer's Worthies, part iii. p. 210, Sll.^Hist, of Can. p. 98.
Wood's Athenae, vol. i. p. 868.
I ChritCiaa Preacher, p. 437, 438.
400 LIVES OF THff PURITANS.
the GcMpeL— S7. A Treatise of Circumspect Walkinffw-— 28. Princi^
of Cbritttian Prartice.^29. A threelold Alphabet of Christiaii Pnu»-
tice — 30. A Table, wherein is bandit^ bow far it is lawful to fljin
the time of the Pla^ie. — 31. A brief View or liookiug^-glass of Godli
special Mercies to stir ftp oirr Thankfulness. — 32. A lYeatise of Con*
tentment. — His ^ Works," as they are called, were pnbltshed in one
Tolnme folio, in 1653, cootaiuiuj^ the foltowini^ pieces. — 83. Cate-
chifttical £xercibe8. — 34. J;iilnr*s Conversion.---3d. Famine of the
Word. — 36. Peter's Repent* nee. — 37. Judas's Repentance. — 38. The
Owie of the Gospel.— 30. The Stranpcer at Home. — 40. The Green
and Dry Tree. — 41. A Pattern of Peare. — 42. A Caveat aj^nst
Offeaces.— 43. Nicolaitan Doctrine hatefuL— 44. Moderation id the
Things of this Life. — 45. A President for Preachers. — 46. Excose of
a good Christian. — 47. Two Contrary Masters.— 48. The Home of
God. — 49. Badge of a true Christian. — 50. Jepbtba*s Vow. — 51. New
Map of Rome. — 52. Labour in Vain. — 53. Against following the
Multitude. — 54. Divers other Sermons. — ^lliis volume, with hb Uk-
prefixed by Mr. Caryl, contains also two of the former pieces.
Nathaniel Bernard, A.M. — This excellent minhter'
was educated in Emanuel colle^, Cambridge, afterwards
lecturer at 8t. Sepulchre^s, Lonoon, and a great sufferer Sk
nonconformity. Haying preached at St. Antholin's charch|
May 3, 1629. he used this expression in his prayer befeie.
sermon : — ^< Oh Lord, open the eyes of the qneen s majesty^
that she may see Jesus Christ, whom she hath piercedT with'
her infidelity, superstition, and idolatry;" for which he
was summoned by Bishop Laud to appear before the higli
commission at Lambeth . After long attendance, and haying
made his humble submission, he was dismissed. His dis-
mission, howeyer, was considered as an act of great fayour,
and of great mildness in the hi^h commission.*
In the month of May, 1633, Mr. Bernard, haying,
preachi'd a sermon in St. Mary's church, Cambridge, spoke
in fayour of maintaining purity in the worship and ordi*
nances of God, and against the introduction of Arminianism
and the popish ceremonies into the church of Christ The
actiyity of Laud soon brought a prosecution against him
in the h'gh commission court. Upon Mr. Bernard*s up*
pearance, he v%*as constrained to drliyer a copy of his sermon
to his lordship; who excepted against the following pas-
sages :— ^^ Grod's ordinances for his public worship are the
glory of any nation. By God's ordinances here, I under-
stand chiefly the word, sacraments, and prayer ; which, if
blended and adulterated with any superstitious innoyatidps
• PrjBM*t GsBt Doome, p. 362, 36S.^Rashwoith'f CoUec. toI. H. p. 91.
N. BERNARDi - 401
of men, cease to b& God's ordinances, and he owns them iid
longer. It is not the single having of God's ordinances of
public worship, but having them in their purity^ that
di^fies a nation. God's ordinances in their purity are a
sure shield ta a nation from public ruin and desolation.
For the proof of this, I challenge all records, both human and
diyine, to produce one instance wherein God punished any
part of his church, with any national ruin and destruction,
Defore they had departed from, or corrupted, his ordinances.
The ffosipel, which is the power of God to salvation, is
the u^ns by which God manifesteth his omnipotent and
inresistible power in the conversion and salvation of all those,
who, from- eternity, were ordained thereunto by God's
absolute and immutable decree. This seems to confute
tfieir error, who think meanly and basely of the ordinances
of God. These men turn their glory into shame. Is there
not a generation of profane men among us, wlio are afraid
and ashamed to preach twice on a Lord's day ; to preach
plainly, powerfully, and spiritually to the souls and con-
sciences of their people, lest they should be accounted
poritans ?'*
But the principal exception was the conclusion of his
aermoii, and as follows: ^^ It is impossible, Isay, that any
should be saved living and dying without repentance, ia
the doctrine and idolatrous worship of the church of Rome,
as the late Tridentine council hath decreed. My reason Ls,
that lie who thinks of going to heaven in any other way
Hmn by faith in Christ only, shall never come there. Fur-
thermore, if God's ordinances of public worship, in their
divine purity, be the glory of a nation ; then it follows,
that they who go about to aeprive a nation of them, either
wholly, or of their purity, go about to make the nation
base and inglorious, and are the enemies and traitors of that
nation. Hereby we may learn how to account of those
among ourselves, (if any such there be,) who endeavour to
quenca the light and abate the glory of our Israel, by
bringing their Pelagian errors into the doctrine of our
church established by law, and the superstitions of the
church of Rome into our worship of God : as, high altars,
crucifixes, bowing to them, and worshipping them ; whereby
Ihey very shamenilly symbolize with the church of ,Rome^
to the irreparable shipwreck of many souls. How can
we think that such men are not the enemies of this church
and nation ? I say, they are enemies ; therefore, let us take
up arms against them. But what arms ? The prayers of
VOL. II. 2 b
402 LIVES OF THE PURITANS.
flie church arc the arms of the church. Let us then pny
these men either to conyersion, if it be the irill of God, ot
to dt'struction. And let us use that prayer against theni,
which David used against Ahithophel, with which 1 wiD
conclude : O Lord, turn the coiuicil of all these Ahithopheb
into folly, who go about to lay the honour of this church
and nation in the dust, by depriving us of the purity of
thy ordinances of public worship, which are the glory of
this our nation. "'•
For these expressions in his sermon, Mr. Bernard was
most cruelly censured in the high commission. He \fu
suspended, excommunicated, finra one thousand pounds,
condemned in costs of suit, and committed to New JPriscni;
where, for six months, he was most barbarously used, ttori
almost starved for want, of which he complained in sundiy
letters and petitions which he sent to the bishop; but the
good man could obtain no relief, unless he would defile his
conscience by a public recantation.'^ Whether this severe
and h(avy sentence was disproportionate to his crime, the
impartial reader will easily determine.
The degrading recantation enjoined upon Mr. Beniaid5
discovers so much the intolerant spirit of Bisliop Laud and
his brethren in commission, thai it will be proper, thoogh
at some length, to be inserted. It was, therefore, as folloivv:
<< Whereas in a sermon made by me, in this place, the 6th
<* of May last, upon this text, The glory is departed from
*^ Israely because the ark of God was taken. 1 oam. iv. 21«
<< I had this passage : ^ The gospel, which is the power of
<< God unto salvation, is the means by which God manifest*
<< eth his omnipotent and irresistible power in the conversion
^* and salvation of all those who, from eternity, were
^^ ordained thereunto by God's absolute and immutable
" decree.' And I do here publicly acknowledge, that
<^ hereby, contrary to his majesty's command in his declaia'
** tion lately published with the articles of religion,.! did
" go beyond the general meaning of that pla!^ of scriptiUf}
^' and of the Scaid articles ; and drew the same to maintain
<< the one side of some of those ill-raised differences, which
'^ his majesty's said declaration mentioneth. And this I
<^ did rather out of a desire to thrust something into my said
^< sermon, in affirmation of one side of the said ditkreacaij
^' than was any m ay occasioned by the text I preached
" from. For which I here publicly profess my heartj
'it Doome, p. SM, 365. f Ibid.
N. BERNARD. ^ 403
^^ sorrow, and do humbly crave pardon of Almigbty God,
•* of his majesty, and of this congregation.
** And Tvhereas in the said sermon, I had this passage:
*^ * If God's ordinances of public worship, in their purity, be
•* the glory cf a nation ; then it follows, that they who go
* about to deprive a nation of them, either wholly or of their
** purity, go about to make the nation base and inglorious,'
**aod are the enemies and traitors of that nation. Hereby
** we may learn how to account of those among ourselves, (if
* any such there be,) who endeavour to quench the light and
•^ abate the glory of our Israel, by bringing their Pelagian
** errors into the doctrine of our church, and the supersti-
J* tlotis ceremonies of the church of Rome into our worship
** of God : as, high altars, crucifixes, bowing to them, and
*f worshipping them ; whereby they very shamefully symbo-
^ lize with the church of Rome, to the irreparable ship-
*• wreck of many souls.' I do now, upon l)etter information,
^ find that many erroneous and dangerous assertions and
•* consequences, unfit to be here expressed, may be collected
** and inferred from the said words. I do, therefore, hereby
•* publicly recant all the said words, as they were used or
** may be inferred, to be very rashly and inconsiderately
^ uttered, and to be very undutiful to his majesty. I do
'* "humbly refer and submit myself to his majesty's clemency
**and gracious acceptance, for the interpretation of my
"** meaning ; and I am heartily sorry, and do humbly crave
^* pardon, that words and applications, so scandalous and
•* aangerous to the present state of the church of England^
^ proceeded from me.
** And whereas, in the same sermon, I had this passage:
** * By God's ordinances here, I understand the word, sacra-
'" ments and prayer, in that purity in which the Lord Christ
^* left them, not blinded and adulterated with any supersti-
** tious inventions of men ; for then they cease to be God'is
^* ordinances, and he owns them no longer.* I desire that
* this passage may be taken and understood as I spake and
** meant it, and not otherwise. Not that I hold all human
^ inventions added to God's ordinances, to be superstitious;
•* for I account that tenet not only false, but palpably
^•* absurd and foolish ; but to exclude all those human in-
^ yentions, which may hinder the preservation of the
** doctrine and discipline of this church of England, in that
** parity and integrity wherein, through God's gracious
•* goodness, by his majesty's laws ecclesiastical, we do enjoy
^ them. Ana whereas, by spme other passages in my said
404 LIVES OF THE PURITANS*
<< lermony I was^ as I understand, conceived bj some, not
<< only to caMt aspersions upon the present state of our
<< church, and some principal members and Darts thereof
<< thereby to bring it and tncm into scandal ana dislike; bat
<< even, under some ambiguous words, to move to take op
^^ arms tor redress, although by recalling and restrafaiiiig
<^ the same in terms afterwards, and su^in^ thus; < Irf'tv
<^ prav these men either to conversion, if it be the will of
« God, or to destruction, calling them crafty Ahithophels.*
<^ 1 do here iicknowlcdge and profess I had no such bitai-
<< tions. Neitlier do I know any cause why myself or any
<^ other, should so bitterly inveigh against any in our
<^ church. I am, therefore, heartily sorry tliat I gave cause
<< to any of tlie hearers to conceive so ; and humbly cran
" pardon for it."*
Air. Bernard was required to make this vile and d^grsd*
Ing recantation publicly before the conffregation where he
had delivcrrd the sermon ; but he absolutely refused. He
^loUld not sacrifice the testimony of a good conscience, deajr
the most glarinji^ matters of tact, ancT reject the counsel of
God against himself. Though in his numerous letters and
petitioni to Bishop Laud, he professed his sincere sorroir
piid repentance for any oversights and unbecoming expres-
sions in his sc^rmon. he could obtain no relief. He mtut
either recant acconling to the above contemptible fomii
and thus degrade liimself below tlie brutes, or be ruined.
He was therefore detained in New Prison; where, after
languishing a long time, he died.f When the Lord
maketh inauisition for bloixl, the blood of this . righteoof
and faithful s(;rvunt of Christ will assuredly l)e found; but
lamentable will be the c'asc of that man in whose skirts it
shall Ix; found.
Tliere was another minister of the same name, who lived it
the same time, and was afterwards a consideraole sufferer in
the civil wars. This person was exceedingly zealous in
the royal cause, and author of a sermon entitled ^^ A
Lookifig-gkiss for Rebellion, preached before the Pariisp
ment at Oxford," 1644.
• Prynne 'i CaoCerburki Doonc, p. 365— 367.—- Ruihfror(b*s ConectM
fol. II. p. 140—142.
f FryDBff'i Unt Doome, p. 367.— Fuller*! Hiit. of Canb. p. IWi
AME& 403
tr, William Ames, D.D. — ^This learned divine was bom in
^iie couYity of Norfolk, in the year 1576, and educated in
Christ's college, Cambridge, under the famous Mr. William
jPerkins. Having received the truth of the gospel, he
iiecame exceedingly zealous in its defence, avowing his
Opposition to every kind of error and sin, especially the
jinasive corruptions of popery. About the year 1610,
laying for some time been fellow of his college, he preached
4 8«mon At St. M ary^s church, against playing at cards and
dice ; which gave great offence to many of his audience,
particularly because he was well known to be zealous in
■ we cause of nonconformity.* He beheld the approaching
4lorm,*and was obliged to quit the college and university,
ilo prevent expulsion. Previous to his departure, be was
ekiled before Dr. Carey, master of the college, who ursed
Adm io wear the surplice ; and to convince Ameses under-
ili|iidiiig, and bring him to a coidpliance, he warmly urged
jAe words of the Apostle : " Put on the armour of light ;'*
0at is, said he, the whiie surplica The doctor's leambd
Ittrgoment was, however, too futile to prevail upoa Ames to
ftonfonn. He adhered too tenaciously to the word of Grod^
ftjO defile his conscience by any sinful compliance; but
Mrig^ed bis fellowship, and forsook the university ; and
jWOd after, to escape the indignation of Archbishop fiSancroft,
iw left the kingdom.
'; He fled to Holland, and was chosen minister of the
XB^ish church at the Hague. But there he^^ould find no
|mig repose. The resentment of the prelates followed him
Ja|»f^f(Mre^ land. He was no sooner comfortably settled
ftfhe'Ha^ue, than Archbishop Abbot, Bancroft's successor,
.wrote to Sir Ralph Winwood, the English ambassador at
the court of Holland, urging Ames's removal from his
pvesent situatiwi. The archbishop's letter to Winwood is
dated March 12, 1613, which he concludes by saying, <^ I
:^ wish the removing of him to be as privately and as cleanly
^* carried B8 the matter will permit. We are also acquainted
^ what English preachers are entertained inZeal^d, where-
** unto in convenient time we hope to give a redress. "|
What intolerance could be worse tjian this ? Good
men mu^t enjoy peace neither at home nor in a foreign
land. When Ames was about to be chosen professor of
divinity at Leyden, endeavours were also used through, the
• P^Uer*! Hist, of Camb. p. 159.
-¥ lis. Chronology, vol. in. A.D. 1^3. p. 4.
t Wiawood*! Menoriali, tol. iii. p.'S46, 347.
406 LIVES OF THE PURITANS.
medium of the ambassador, and it was prevented. The
same was also attempted, but without success, when he WM
chosen by tlic states of Frirsland to the same office in the
universii y of Franckcr.* Such were the malice aud madnes
of his persecutors ! Dr. Ames attended at the sjnod of
Dort, aud informed King Jameses simbassador at the
Hague, from time to time, of the debat<% of that yeneraUe
assembly. He was famous for his controversial writing
especially against the Arminiaus, Bcllarniine, and m
English ceremonies ; which, for conciseness and perspi<;iii(j|
were not equalled by any of his tinie.t
Dr. Ames having for the space of twelve years filled the
divinity chair with universal reputation, began to think the
air of Fraiieker too sharp for his constitution. He im
troubled with extreme difficulty of breatliiiig, and thought
every winter would bo his last. He w is, at the same time^
desirous to be employed in the deliglitfui work of preachii^
the gospel to his countrymen; tkerclbre, he resigned hii
professorship, and accepted an invitation to the Engliih
church at Rotterdam.
Upon this exchange of situation, our divine wrote Hhp
^' Fresh Suit against Ceremonies,"^ ^ work of distinguisbei
worth, shewing his great abilities and erudition. ■ In the
preface to this excellent work, he states the contiovergr
thus : " We stand upon the sufficiency of Christ*$ institu-
tions, for every thing pertaining to divine worship; and
that the word of God, and nothing else, is the only staodaid
in matters of religion. The prelates, on the other hand,
would have us allow and use certain human ceremonie8«i]l
christian worship. We, thereibre, desire to be excused,
holding them to be unlawful. Christ we know, and are
ready to embrace every thing that cometh from him. But
these human ceremonies in divine worship, we know not,
we cannot receive them." And speaking further on the
same subject, he says, " I am more than ever persuaded,
thcit such relics of popery, and monuments of superstition,
never did any good, but much evil."§ He did not,
• Kingdom*^ MS. CoUpctions, p. 141.
•f Near 8 Puritans, vol. ii. p. 264.
{ Mr, Richard Baxter became a noncoDformist by ntLdiag this master*
piece of controrersy.-^ Sylvester's Life of Baxter^ part i. p. IS, 14.
^ Dr. Ames, in this work, relates the following anecdote: — ^'Iwas
once," lays he, *' and, thank God, only once, before a Hitbop, being
presented to him by the chief magistrates of a corporation, to be preadier
in their town. The lowly prelate first asked tbem, how they dant choose
a preacher without his consent. * You,* said be, *■ are to receive the
preacher that I appoint; for I am your pastor i* though he Bever M then.
AMES. «0T
Itowerer, live to publish it himself; but its learned. oditor
«ays, that herein ^' Dr. Ames pleads the cause of truth both
foccinctly and perspicuously, as he does, indeed, most
jiidmirably in all his writings. He shewed himself a pattern
iof holiness, a burning and shining light, a lamp of learning
|Uid arts, and a champion for the truth, especially Mrhile iie
3|r98 in the doctor's chair at Franeker."
This learned divine did not long survive his removal
Into Holland. HLs constitution was already greatly shat-
^red, and the air of that country being of no real service
io him, he determined upon a removal to New England ;
]ki|t his asthma returning before his intended departure,
fpA an end to his life at Rotterdam. He was there buried
^ovember 14, 1633, aged fifty-seven years.* The follow*
Ukg spring his wife and children embarked for New
JKngland, carrying with them his valuable library, which
at mat time was a noble acquisition to that country .+ His
mm William, afterwards returning to England, was one of
the ejected nonconformist, in 1662. t
Dr. Ames filled the divinity chair, says Mr. Granger,
atith admirable abilities. His fame was, indeed, so great,
iliat many came from remote nations to be educated under
But he was much better known abroad than at home.
And he adds a quotation from a piece of Mr. Hugh Peters,^
in these words : " Learned Amesius breathed his last breath
into my bosom, who left his professorship in Friesland to
liTe with me, because of my churches independency at
Rotterdam. He was my colleague, and chpseh brother to
jthe church, where I was an unworthy pastor.*') Dr. Ames
'.was a solid, judicious, and learned divine ; a strict Calvinist
in points* of doctrine, and an independent in matters of
discipline and church government. Fuller has classed hi^n
among the learned writers and fellows of Christ's college,
.Cambridge.1 Dr. Mather styles him, " the profound,
tublune, irrefragable, and angelical doctor, and doubts
whether he left his equal upon earth. He seldom preached
Then turnioi; to me, be said, * How durst thou preach io my diocese,
withont my leave?* So that without any other reason, except mere
lordship, the whole corporation and I were dismissed Io wait bis lordship's
pleasure, which I have now done more than tweuty years.*' — Fresh Suit.
part ii. p. 409.
* Biographia Britannica, vol. i. p. 172, 173. Edit. 1778.
f Mather's Hist, of New Eng. b. iii. p. 3.
:f. Palmer's Noncon. Mem. vol. iii. p. 296.
^ Historical and Critical Account of H. Peten, p. 09. Edit. 175U
I Gnu^r's Biog. Hist. vol. ii. p. 198, 199.
1 FUler'f HItt. of Cam. p. 92.
408 LIVES OF THE PURITANS.
nirithout tean; and ivhcn upon his death-bed, had moit
'vronderfnl foretastes of glory.''^
The learned Moshcini, speaking of our divine as a writer,
particularly upon the moral science, observes, that, bv a
ivorthy and pious spirit of emulation, he yfa» excited io
compose a complete body of christian morality. He sayi,
that Dr. Ames was a native of Scotland ; and that he wm
one of the first among the reformers who attempted io treat
moral if y as a separate science, to consider it abstractedly
from its connexion with any particular system of doctrine,
and to introduce new light, and a new degree of accuracy
and precision, into this master'science of life and mannen.
The attempt, savs he, was laudable, had it been irell
executed; but the system of this learned writer was drv,
theoretical, and subtile, and much more tidapted to the
instruction of students, than to the practical directioo cf
private christians, f
Him Works. — 1. Disceptatio Scholastica inter Nee GreWnclioTiimi
et Gill. AmoHiun, &c., 1013. — 2. Diffputatio iotor Amesiool et N.
Grevinchovium, 1616. — 3. Coriniiad coUationem Hagiensenit 1618.—
4. Medulla Thcolodca, 1023. — 5. Explicatio utrinsque IMgUAm 81
Petri, 1026. — 6. Do incarnatioDe Ycrbi, 1026.-^7. BelleriDiinii
enorvatuti, otc., 1027.-— 8. De Conscientia, 1030. — 9. AntisyiuHUUi,
1&30.— 10. Dcmonfttratio lopcsB verw, 1032. — 11. Disputatio thooto-
ffica, 10fJ2.— -12. Tcchnomelriii, etc., ia32.— 13. A Reply to BiBhop
Morton, 103. . — 14. A TrcHh Suit againiit human Ccromonics in Gods
Wornhip ; or, a lYipliration unto J)r. liurgcM's Rejoinder for Dr.
Morton, 10.33. — 16. A iirHtand itecond Manuducfion, 103.. — 10. Rfr
scriptio ad rciiponHum Grcvinchovii de rcdemptiono g;enerali, 1634.—
17. Clirifitiana3 eatecheiteoH Heiofp'apliia, 1036. — 18. Lectiones io
omnes I'lialnioii Davidis, 1036. — Me in Mud to have been author of
** PurilanifitnuA Anf^licanus/' 1010 ; hut ho only wrote a prefi&co to it,
and tiannlak^d it into Latin. Mr. William Bradnhaw was the author
of thin piece, which contains the chief opinions of the puritani, aixK
was puldished in Kii^liith, in 1041. — Many of the above articles passed
^hrou^h many editionH; and several of those in Latin were after-
wards published in English. He wrote many prefaces to other mco's
works, and some other scattered pieces. His Latin worlm Mcre
collected and [Miblished at Amsterdam in 10.58, in five volumes. iii»
books are said to have been famous over all Kurope.|
♦ Mather'H New Enij. b. hi. p. S— 9.
'f Mokheim'H Keel. HiM. vol. Iv. p. 429. vol. v. p. 363. 864.
t Biog. JiriUiD. vol. i. p. 173. Edit. U78.
J.CARTER. 409
" John Carter, A. M. — This eminently holy man was
born at Wickham, near Canterbury, about the year 155^,
and ef lucated at Clare-hall, Cambridge, where he was much
beloved for his great learning and piety. His favourite
associates at Cambridge were Dr. Andrews,' aflerwardt
iHshop of Ely, Dr. Chadderton, Mr. Culverwell, Mr.
Knewstubs, and some others; who constantly held their
weekly meetings, for prayer and expounding the scriptures.
'^The portion of scripture appointed to be read was the
•subject of mutual consideration; when one of them criti-
cise upon the original, another examined its grammatical
construction, another its logical analysis, another its true
' sense and meaning, and another collected the doctrines and -
uses most naturally resulting from it. By these social .
'exercises, they became, like Apollos, eloquent and mighty
in the scriptures. When Mr. Carter went to be ordainea,
the bishop asked him, saying, ^^ Have you read the Bible
through ?" " Yes," replied Mr. Carter, " I have read the
Old Testament twice through in Hebrew, and the New
Testament often through in Greek ; and if you please to
examine me upon any particular place, I will endeavour to
'■give you satisfaction." <^ Nay," said the bishop, " if it be
«o, I Shall need to say no more ;^-^ and so, after some com<*
mendation and encouragement, he ordained him.*
In the year 1583, he was presented to the vicarage of
Bramford in Suffolk. His income at first was, indeed, very
small ; but by the efforts of the people, it was afterwards
raised to twenty pounds a year, which was the most he ever
had during his continuance there. He sought not theirs^
but themj and so was content. From his first entrance upon
the ministry, he laboured as a workman who needed not to
be ashamed, rightly dividing the word of truth. Multi-
' tudes of people, from Ipswich and other places, flocked to
hear him. But his popularity and usefulness were soon
interrupted, and he was brought into trouble on account
of his nonconformity. Within about a year of his taking '
the charge of his flock, he was suspended, with many
others, for refusing subscription to Whitgift's three articles;
but it does not appear how long he remained under the
ecclesiastical censure.+ From his first settlement at Brad-
ford, he saw of the travail of his Redeemer's soul, and was
abundantly satisfied. By the blessing of God upon his
fiuthfiil ministry and holy life, many souls were added to
* Clark's LWes annexed to Marty rolosie, p. 132, 133.
-rifS. Rcgifter, p. 437.
410 LIVES OF THE PURITANS.
the cburcb daily. A generation afterwards sprang up, wjia^
despising his plain and searching ministry, coinpliuned.jn
him to the bishop, and would have him to observe an exact
conformity, or be ejected. The good man, havinj^ labpiued
there about thirty-four years, was now in danger ot bdngcait
aside as useless, and he very reluctantly accepted an inyitaticii
to the rectory of Belstcd, in the same ueighbourhQpd. Ob
a change of situation, he found so much favour in the eyes
of the bishop, that be was instituted without subscription
or the observance of the ceremonies. Here he coatinued
eighteen years, till his labours and his sufferings were
accomplished. His ministry at Belsted, as ia the forraer
situation, was the happy means of promoting much christiu
piety, and the conversion of many souls.
Mr. Carter was a strict nonconformist, and could never be
5ersuadeil to observe any ceremonies against his consoienoe.
'hough he was often brought into trouble by the bishops,
especially upon the publication and imposition of Bishop
W ren's cruel and superstitious articles ; yet, by the a^ist*
jance of friends, whom Grod mercifully raised up, be was
xuostly enabled to maintain his liberty, without any sinful
compliance.* He was of a prudent and peaceable spirit,
never censuring persons of real piety, though they con*
formed. He was plain, sincere, and upright; a man in
whom there was no guile. He was kind ana liberal, giving
more every year to the poor than the income <^ Jus bene-
fice. His iiabit, and that of his wife, were plain and
Lomely. Those who called at his house used to say the^
bad se(*n Adam and Eve, or some of the patriarchs. His
conversation was affable, witty and pleasant, savouring of
Jioliness and the kingdom of God. In conversation, with
his eyes mostly lifted up towards heaven, he never ftdled to
* Dr. MaUbew Wren, successively bishop of Hereford, Norwich, ai'
Ely, was a prelate of most intolerant principles, and too much inclined to
the oppressions and superstitions of popery. While he sat in tlie chair of
Jiinrwich, ** he proceeded,*' according to Clarendon, '* so warmly aB^
passionately against the dissenting congregations, that many kft ^^
kingdom,'* to the unspeakable injury of the manufactories of this country*
His portrait was published and prefixed to a book, entitled, *' Wren*)
Anatomy, discovering his notorious Pranks, &c. printed io the year wkcB
Wren ceased to domineer,'* 1641. In this portrait the bishop is repiA-
lented sitting at a table, with two labels proceeding from hn mouth, one of
which is inscribed '* Canonical Prayers ;** the other, '* No AfternooD
Sermons.** On one side stand several clergymen, erer whose heads i>
written, ** Altar cringing Priests.** On the other side stand two ineB iB
lay habits, above whom is this inscription : " Church-wardens for Articlei'**
— Prynne's Cant, Doome^ p. Ml. — Clur$Hdo»*s UUt, fol. ii. p. 71.—
Qrangtr't Biog. Uitt, vol. ii. p. 157.
J. CARTER. 411
poUr excellent instr^iction into the minds of his com*
paoions.
» This worthy divine was remarkable for sensible and witty
expressions. Being once reminded of the severe proceed-
ings of the prelates, in persecuting the servants of Christ ;
and that the Book of Sports tended to the universal pro-
fimation of the sabbath, he said, ^' I have had a longing
desire to see or hear of the faU^f antichrist; but I check
myself. I shall go to heaven, and the news will come thick
after."
A poor man once meeting him, and sorely bemoaning his
Case, said, " Mr. Carter, what will become of me ? I work
hard, and fare hard, and yet I cannot thrive. I know not
how in the world to live." To whom he replied, " Yet still
you want one thing. You must work hard, and fare hard,
and pray hard, and then you will be sure to thrive."
Tnis reverend divine once coming softly behind a reli«»
l^ous man of his acquaintance, who was busily employed
m tanning a hide ; and giving him a pleasant tap on the
•houlder, the man startled, looked behind him, and, with a
blushing countenance, said, ^' Sir, I am ashamed that you
should find me thus." To whom Mr. Carter replied, " Let
Christ, when he cometh, find me so doing." " What,'*
said the man, " doing thus ?" *' Yes," said Mr. Carter,
" faithfully performing the duties of my calling."
Being invited to dine, together with several other minis-
ters, at the house of a respectable magistrate in Ipswich, a
very vain person who sat at table, boasted that he would
dispute with any gentleman present, upon any question that
should be proposed, either in divinity or philosophy. A
profound silence ensued, till Mr. Carter addressed him in
these words : " I will go no farther than my trencher to
puzzle you. Here is a sole; now tell me the reason why
ibis fish, which hath always lived in salt water, should come
out fresh .s" As the bold challenger did not so much as
attempt any answer, the scorn and laughter of the company
were presently turned upon him.*
Mr. Carter's zeal for the glory of God and the welfare of
WNils continued to the last. A little before his departure, he
called his daughter to him, and said, '^ Daughter, remember
me to my son John. I shall see him no more in this life.
And remember me to the rest of my children, and deliver
fiiis message from me to them all : Stand fast in the faithy
• ClarVs litcs, p. 136, 137.
414 LIVES OF THE 1>URITAN8.
. 11) r;^. 1 1 VI
•it upon, then another to recline upon ; but he still
uncommonly restless. The public service was no sooner
ended, than the bishop declared openly before the congre-
gation, saying, '' This is indeed a hot fellow, but I will
cool him/' To this Mr. Oark replied, ^ My lord, if I havb
not faithfully delivered the truth of God, I beseech you to
declare what I have said amiss, that I may defend myself
before the people."' But the Inshop only answered ai
before, " You are indeed a hot fellow, out I will cool you,**
and so departed. His lordship was as good as his word : loi
not long after he caused the good man to feel the effect of
his anety spirit. He first suspended him from preaching;
then Mr. Ckrk expounded the scriptures. He n^
suspended him from expounding; then Mr. Clark cate-
chized. And when the bishop suspended him from cate^
chizing, he appointed a pious man, at the usual time of
sermon, to read a chapter; and at the end of every versfe
the man asked him the meaning of it, and what uses and
instructions flowed from it. This so enraged ' the bishop,
that he immediately excommunicated him. The character
given of this prelate, therefore, appears very correct, '^ He
was sufficiently severe," it is said, " to suppress those whom
he suspected of nonconformity."* Mr. Clark, in conse-
quence of these tyrannical oppressions, laid his case at the
feet, of the Archbishop of Canterbury, obtained his absolu-
tion, and so went on m his ministry.
This, indeed, irritated the bishop more than ever ; and
he could never feel easy till he had again caught this
reverend divine in the snare. The persecution of me non-
conformists being now v(Ty hot, Mr. Clark prayed in the
public congregation, though in very modest terms, thattht
Lord would forgive the queen her sins ; one of the bishop's
spies beinff present, immediately laid the information before
his lordship, who caused him to be apprehended, and for
this signincant crime, charged him with treason^ and com-
mitted him to the common jail at Warwick, where he re-
mained till the next assize. Previous to the trial, the bishop,
it is said, took care to exasperate the judffe ; and accord-
ingly, in the time of his trial, he urged the jury to find him
Siilty. A worthy and honourable justice on the bench, at
is juncture stood up and declared to the Judge, that
before any wrong should be done to Mr. Clarfc, he would
kneel for him t^fore the queen. This wrought so effectli-
• FnUer't Church Hisf. b. z. p. 53. '
HAYDEN. * 411
Idlj Ikpon the minds of the juty, that tbej gave a verdict of
noi g^Vy and he was acquitted. Mr. Clark again laid his
ease at toe feet of the archbishop, complaining of the hard
Usa^ he had met with from the bishop. The archbishop
upon this called them both before him; and after an im-
partial hearing of both parties, he commandied the bishop
to go to Mr. Clark^s church, and on the sabbath day, thQ
congregation being present, to make a public acknowledg-
ment ot the wrong he had done him, which the bishop per-
formed accordingly. And, remarkable as it may appear.
Bishop Overton from that time became Mr. Clark's cordial
friend, and so continued as long as he lived.*
Mr. Clark was a zealous, constant, and laborious preacher.
In addition to his own parish church, he had a chapel of
ease at some distance, at each of which he preached twice
every sabbath, and performed all other occasional services.
This he continued during the greatest part of his time at
Woolston, which was nearly forty-four years. He was
peculiarly careful in the management and education of his
children ; and God was pleased so to bless his endeavours,
that he lived to behold a work of grace in all his seven
children. Towards the close of life lie laboured under a
lingering and painful complaint, but was happily resigned
to the will of Goi As the hour of his dissolution ap-
proached, his conversation became more and more heavenly.
He finished his course November 6, 1634, aged sixty -one
years. He was a person of great learning and piety, an
excellent and useful preacher, and an acute and powerful
disputant.f Mr. Samuel Clark of Bennet Fink, and author
of the lives of many eminent persons, was his son ; and Mr,
Samuel Clark, jun. and Mr. John Clark, were his grand-
sons : all of whom were ejected in 16624
John Hayden was minister in Devonshire, and most
grievously persecuted for nonconformity. Having spoken
in his sermon against setting up images in churches, he
was forced to quit the county, and was afterwards appre-
hended in the diocese of Norwich by Bishop Harsnet, who,
taking from him his horse, his money, and all his papers^
caused him to be shut up a close prisoner in the common
jail of Norwich for thirteen weeks, where he was in danger
• Clark's Lives, p. 129, ISO. + Ibid. p. 130, III.
t F^aer*s Noocon. Mem. vol. i. p. 97, 301. iii. p» 92.
416 LIVES OF THE PURITANS.
of stanring for want. When the justices at the quarter^
sessions would haye admitted him to bail, his lordship re-. *
fused, and sent him under the guard of a pursuivant to the
high commission in London.^ Having oeen kept under
confinement two whole terms, or more, he was brought
before the high commission in the consistory of St PauTs,
when he was deprived of his ministrv, d^^^^ ^^om the
sacred function, required to pay a fine, and sent back to
prison. Being at length released from confinement, add
venturing, in the year 1634, to preach occasionally, wtth«
out being restored, he was again apprehended and sent to
the Gatehouse by Archbishop Laud, and from thence to
Bridewell, where he was whipt and kept for some time to
hard labour; then he was confined in a cold dark dungeoa
during the whole of winter, without fire or candle,
being chained to a post in the middle of the room, with
heavy irons on his hands and feet, having no other food
than bread and water, and only a pad of straw. to lie upon.
Before his release could be obtained, he was obliged to take
an oath, and give bond, that he would pnach no more, but
depart out ox the kingdom in a month, and never moie
return. All this was done without any exception againct
his doctrine or his life.f Such were the shocking barbaii*
ties of the above prelates.
RiCHABD SiBBS, D. D. — This most worthy divine was
born at Sudbury in Suffolk, in the year 1577, and educated
in St. John's college, Cambridge ; where, on account of his
great learning and unblamable deportment, he was soon
promoted. He took his several degrees with great applause,
and was first chosen scholar, then fellow of his college.
While making rapid progress in literary fame, it ple^ised
God to awaken him to a sense of his sins, and bring him to
* Dr. Samuel Harsnet was master of Pembroke-ball, Cambridgt, aid
snccesiively bishop of Chichester and Norwich, and archbishop of York.
After his preferment to the see of Chichester, a petition was presented to
Kini; James, by Pembroke-hall, exhibiting their charges against bin ii
JiJ'ty-teven articles, though the purport of them does not appear. The
citizens of Norwicii afterwards accused him to the house of commons, of
putting down preaching; setting op images ; praying to the east; panifhing
the innocent ; and some other particulars. Though he protested hit owl
innocence of n>ost of the charges, he does not appear to bave been
perfectly guiltless. He is denominated *' W learned and judicioas divine.'*
— Le Neve's Lives, vol. i. part ii. p. 129^—135. — Biog, Britim. Tol. if.
p. 2545, 2546. Edit. 1747.
f Hnntley's Usurpations of Prelates, p. 161, 162.
SIBBS. 417
the knowledge of the gospel, by the preaching of Mr.
P^ Baynes, then lecturer at St. Andrew's church. Having
obtained mercy of the Lord, he resolved to devote himseff
to Christ in the work of the ministry ; and shortly after .
was chosen lecturer at Trinity church. Here his preaching
was numerously attended by the scholars and townsmen^
and became happily instrumental in the conversion and
titablishment of many souls. He appears to have been
tDKor of the above church, during only the two last years of
litt life, the celebrated Mr. (afterwards Dr.) Thomas Good-
tin having resigned in his favour.
• His celdl)rity having spread abroad, and reached the
metropolis, he was, in the year 1618, chosen preacher at
Gray^inn, London, where he became remarkably popular
Old useful. Besides the learned lawyers, many of the
Hotnlity and gentry, as well as citizens, flocked to hear him ;
^ p^cat numbers had abundant cause to bless God for the
henent which they derived from his ministry. He con-
tbued in this public situation to the end of his days. Dr.
William Gouge, who frequently heard him, says, '' he had
iometimes a little stammering in the time of preaching, but
lus judicious hearers always expected some rare and excel-
knt notions from him."* i
About the year 1625, he was chosen master of Katherine-
ball, Cambridge, which, though he was a puritan, he was
enabled to keep till his death. He was, however, convened
before the high commission, and deprived of his fellowship
and lecture, on account of his nonconformity .+ His great
audition, piety, and usefulness, were not sufficient protec-
tion against the fury of the times. As master of the above
Inmse, he was eminently useful. He found the society in a
yeiy declining state ; but, through his influence and exer-
tions, it soon obtained considerable enlargement, was stored
^rith learned and religious fellows, and became famous for
(enuine piety and sound literature. Soon after the above
period, he was chosen one of the feofiees for buying impro-
priations, for which he and the others concerned in the
generous undertaking were prosecuted in the star-chamber;
hot the prosecution was so manifestly invidious, that it was
aflerwards relinquished. t This business, however, brought
no small odium upon Bishop Laud, who was the sole insti-
gator and chief promoter of the prosecution. He was
* Clark*8 Lives' annexed to Martyrologie, p. 143, 144.
f Prynne's Cant. Doorae, p. 363.— Clark*t Lives, p. 108.
X P)rynne*s Cant. Doome, p. 385| 386.
YOL. II. S B
418 LIVES OF THE PURITANS.
afterwarda canycned before the high committibii at m noto-
fiom delinquent, only for generously promoting ip. prii^ate
eontribution for the nelirf oi the poor aflictad ninwers of
Ihe PkUtinate ; but what further process was entotd agaiaat
him, or whethsr be suffered any ecdesiasticai odasuie, we
have not been able to learn.*
Dr. Sibbs was lemarkable for humility, always andtr-
valuing his own performances. This he dfid, tho^ athm
judged them to breathe the yenr spirit and life of God, to
savour much of the upper world, and to come with autboritr
and power to men's consciences. His gr^ caie^ fliroa|^
the whole of his ministry, was to lay a good foundatioa in
the heads and hearts o( his hearers. As a wiie iwstir-
builder, and among people the most fmiHiMt for kafaing
and piety, he inosuy preached on the fuadameatal tnilhs
of the gospel, particularly the incarnation of the Son of
God. Indeed, he is said to have preached so often on this
auhgect, that there is scarcely one benefit iowing from it, or '
one holy disposition it ought to excite, which he did not .
sweetly unfold and apply. His thoughts and his pieaahinff
being so much directed to the humiliatimi of Christ, seemeS
io bqget in himself a deep humility before God and piien.
He was particularly conversant with the holy scriptuies,
and a man of God, thoroughly furnished unto every good
work* He was a zealous and faithful sfeward of the mani-
fold £^ce of God, and one of the most celebrated preachen
of his time. He enjoyed much sweet eoinmunion with i
God; was of a mild, quiet, and peaceable spirit; and
always unwilling io provoke his superiors. He was a
burning and shining light, spending hioiself for the pioit of
others. On all occasions he was very charitable to Uie poor
of Christ's flock ; and not only was his purse open io suppljr
their temporal wsMits, but his very soul commiserated their
spiritual necessities. During the summer season, he fipe-
quently visited persons of wealth, on which occasions he
was always projecting schemes of public usefolne^. Bj
men of real worth he was universally bdoved, and wy
particularly intimate with persons of distinguished emin^ici^
especially the celebrated Archbishop Usher, whoni he often
visited in Londop. Dr. Sibbs died July S^ 1€35, agei
fifty-seven years.f ^' He was a grave and solid diviiifl)
and fiunous for piety, learning, devotion, and politeness.'^
* Huntley's Prelates' Uiurpations^ p. 164.
f Clark's Lives, p. 144, 145.— Baker^s MS. CoUec; vol. zxsTiii. p. 444.
t Leisb on RelistoD aod Learniog , p. $S^
SiBBS. 419
His lafll IviU and t^ament, now before me, l>Teft<)iei iik
spirit of true piety and generosity. He first committM hin
6011I into the hands of his gracious Saviour, who redeemed it
%ith his precious bfood, and appeared in heaven to receive
it to himself. He then gave him humble and hearty
thanks that he had vouchsafed him to live in the best times
•of the gospel, to enjoy an interest in the comforts of it, and
to hotioiir him by calling him to publish it 'with some
degree of faithfulness. He ordered bis body to be borie^
according to the pleasure of his executors; and he be-
queadied bis real and personal estates to his only brother
wd other near relations, with numerous l^acies io his
friends and connexions.*
This reverend divine was eminently distinguished for k
meek and quiet spirit, beihg always unwilling to o&nd
those in power. This trait in his character will appear
from the following anecdote : — ^A fellowship being vacant
in Magdalen college, for which Archbishop Laud recom-
mended his bell-ringer at Lambeth, with an evident design
of quarrdUngwith tnem if they ref us(ed, or of putting a spy
opon them if they accepted. Dr. Sibbs, who was evefr
unwilling to provoke* his superiors, told the fellows, that
JLambelh'tumse would be obeyed ; and that the perscm was
yoon^^ and might in time prove hopeful. The fellows^
thererore, consented, and the man was admitted.f
Dr. Sibbs has rendered himself famous by his numerous
and excellent publications. His works, which bteathe the
warmest strains of evangelical piety, will transmit his fame
to thel latest posterity. The venerable Mr. John Dod,
having perused his " Sermons of Canticles, chap, v.," iii
manuscript, thus observes : ^^ I judge it altogether unmeeC
that such precious matter should be concealed from puMic
use. I judge these sermoiisto be a very profitable and
excellent help, both to the understanding of that dark and
most divine scripture, and to kindle in the heart all heavenly
affisctions towards Jesus Christ. The whole is composed
with so much wisdom, piety,' judgment, and experience,
dial it cmnmends itself to all who are wise for their souls.
And I doubt not that they will find their understandings
enlightened, their temptations answered, their fainting spirits
*Miiwulyand their graces confirmed; and will have cause
>«^. v\ zzzYiii. p. 444—44(1.
uf.S0ftg606; .
480 LIVES OF THE PURITANS.
to pndae God for the worthy author's godly and paiaM
hbooii*"*
] Hit WoRKS.r-1. The Braised Reed, I031.-M>- The Sainti Safe^
in etil Timet, 1638«— ^. The Charchei YisiUtioii, 1034.— 4. The Foun-
tain Sealed, 1637.^^. Dirine Meditations and Holy Contemplationf^
1688.-6. Emanoel God with Us, 1638.— 7. light from HeaTen, 163^
-—8. Spiritual Jobilee, 1638.— 0. Yea and Amen ; or, Plreeioiii Pio»
nises and Privileges, 1638.— 10. The Spiritual Man's Aim, and the
Christian's Portion and Charter, 1638.— 11. The Returning Back-
sUder, 1639.--12. The Hidden Life, 1639.-13. Beams of Divine
liight, 1639. — 14. The Excellence of the Gospel above the Law;
1639.— 16r. Christ's Exaltation, 1639.— 16. Evangelical Sacrificeii;
1640.-17. Union betwixt Christ and his Church, 1641.— la A Co»
mentary on Philippians, chap, iii., 1647. — 19. The Glorious Feast of
the Ge«pel, 1660. — ^90. A Commentary on 2 Corinthians, chiqp. i.,
1666.— 21. An Exposition of 2 Corinthians, chap, iv., 1656.— 22. The
Soul's Conflict, 1668.— 23. The Saints' Cordial, l668.-'24. Chrisfk
Conference with Mary.^ — 26. The Key of Heaven ; or^ the Lionfls
Prayer opened. — ^26. Sermons of Canticles, chap. v.
John Arfcar was a puritan minister of great piety, but
driven from his native country by the persecution . of
Archbishc^ Laud ; when, in the year 1634, he fled to New
England. Upon his arrival, he settled for a short time at
Newbury; but, receiving an invitation to MarUe^Head,
lie determined upon a removal to that place. Having
embarked in a small vessel, together with Mr* Anthony
Thacker, another worthy minister, there arose a most tiemei^
dous storm, by which Uie vessel struck against a rock and
was dashed to pieces. The whole company, consisting of
twenty-three persons, got upon the rock, but were sue*
oessively washed ojfF and drowned, except Mr. Thacker
and his wife. Mr. Thacker ami Mr. Avery held each
other by the hand a long time, resolving to die together,
till by a tremendous wave,H;he latter was washed away and
drowned. The moment before this happened, he lifted up
his eyes to heaven, saying, ^^ We know not what, the
f>Ieasure of God may be. 1 fear we have been too unmind-*
ul of former deliverances. Lord, I cannot challenge a-
* Clark's Lives, p. 144.
t This is a book well known, hafing passed throogb nameroiu editions.
If r. Baxter informs us, that be, in a great measure, owed bis conversion to
bis reading this book. This circamstance alone, observes Mr. Granger,
irould have rendered the name of Sibbs memorable. — Sj^flcr'f £I/S •/
Mamtcr^ part i. p. i.-^GrangerU Biog. JSUt' vol. ii. p. 176.
>•^
AYERT— J. ROGERS. 401
pronite of the picaei vation of my life ; but tbou hast pro*
mised to deliver us from sin and coodemnation, and to briM"
US nfe to heaven, through the alUsufficient aatialaction of
Jems Christ. This, therefore, I do challenge of thee/*
He had no socmer uttered these words, than he was swept
into the mighty deep, and no more seen. Mr. Thacker
and his wife were also washed off the rock ; but alter being
tossed in the waves for some time, the former was cast on
sboie, where he found his wife a sharer in the deliverance.
The island was from that time called Thacker*s Woe, and
tlie rock, Avery's Fall. This disaster occurred August
14, 1635-'
John Rogers, A. M. — This excellent divine was edu*
cated in the university of Cambridge, and was many years
the famous minister of Dedham in Essex. He whm a uear
relation of Mr. Richard Rogers of Wi^tberiitleld, who
encoun^ed him in his studies, and supported him at the
imiversity. He was at first so addicted to vic^t that whilf*
he was at Cambridge, he sold his iKxiks and M|ient the
money. Notwithstanding this Imsc ingrstitudtt, his kinsuiaA
prociued him a fresh stock of lKK>ksy and sent hliii again la
GamMdge; but stiil continuing a protllgate, I10 sold liii
books, ara qient the money as hefotn, llavliitf wantml hin
substance a second time, Mr. Rogers detarniinisiriii imsl him
off totally; but, by the pidrsuasions of his wifni he was Hi
laigth induced to make another trial. Ills Uiurutiiru iiiii*
cured him books, and sent him Ut Urn univMrsity a Miir4
time; and, the grace of God chantfing his hi^att, hu Iih-hhih
an iUnstrioQs ornament to his r^Jfegif. nimI a man mI numl
exemfdary piety. Afterwards, Mf.llwtmtfii lliiguis, si^Miujf
what the Lota bad done for his kinsman, msmiI Im shYi
*^l will never deqaur of any man, fin JuUii ll»<||i^*iil
8ake.''f
Ifr. Bogen becaase viomt nf Htsn^UinUmn In Niiiliill^^ in
the year 15924 UMYi$$if ii4mii9mi*i ¥mi» IImip Im IhJi
sitoi^tioii, he becaoMr mUikUn tX f fav«<rhil \\\ MiiHmII^, yi\\^\^
i
SUiMS^ fv^. r>. sss-
Ve»m^t»tm*4m4itMM4hUt0fiH$4» mtl4,»mHmi ssi
»U4Mm$b^f0i^0Um- IH'^lSS^lMSi^WsbffmSi
4SS LIVES OF XI» PURITANS.
nmds he rfsqioyed to Dedluun, whores lie cootlnued the mlr
^hisdavt. .He was a grave and judicieus divine. His
ffieat gift lav in the delivery of the aolidtfuth .which he
had prepared with a, peculiar gesture and elocutios^ so thai
few heard him without trembling at the word of Grod.* He
wai a most popular and useful preacher. God was (deased
to own and bless his labours above most others, especiallj,
in awakening careless sinners.. He was indeed one of the
most awakenu^ preachers of the age. Bishop ftrownriai
used to say, ^.^ John Hogers will do more good with bis mm
notesy than wq (the bishops) with our ,sd mmk.'*^^ .HiscQa«)
gregation, cgi lecture days, was collected froni all the CQuntqt
roundabout; and his church was not only thronged, but
numerously surrounded by such as could not gain ad-
mittance.t
Mr. Rogers was a thorough puritan, jei of a most hmmUe
and peaceable behaviour. He loved all who loved Christy
and was greatly beloved by them. But in the year 1689^
for refusing conformity to the superstitious and tynuMBacii
unpositions of Bishop laud, his lecture was suppifssodj
This was a great affliction to YkcAy Mr. Rogers ; who, coa^
coming those impositions, used to say, '' Let them take M
and hang me up by the neck, if they will but remove thosi
stumhline-blocks out of the church."! It does not wpf^n
whether be was ever restored to bis lecture. He died (J(Q|o>
ber 15^ 1636.1 Mr. John Knowles, afterwards silenced in
166i, closed his eyes and preach^ his funeral seraM>ni.t**
Mr. Matthew Newcomen, one of the ejected nenc<ill*
formists in 166S, succeeded Mr. Rogers in his ministiy sit
Dedham.H
It is related of Mr. Giles Fiimin, who idso was (tne of
the ejected nonconformists, that he was converted when s
boy at school, by the ministry of Mr. Rogers. He weat
late to hear his lecture, and crowded to get into the cbu^^
Mr. Rogers, observing young Firmin^s great earnestness
iermon to a very crowded audience in Haverhil church, on Hio accetf tonal
King James, he caught a violent cold, which occasioned his daath the
ftiUowing day,-— Clark't Lives, last vol. p. 154.— Jf^cn't MS, CMt.
p. 264.
• Calamy*8 Account, vol. ii. p. 894.
-¥ Mather's Hist, of New Eng. b. iii. p. 106.
i Granger's Biog. Hbt. vol. ii. p. 191,
% Prynne's Cant. Doonie, p. 873.
B Mather's New England, b. fli. p. 118.
I Bak^V MS. Collet, vol. zzzviii. p. 445.
• • Palmer's Noacon. Mem. vol. iir. p. 174.
^i IMdU f oL U. R. lae.
MAVERICK. 42S
wHk that of ^me other youths, to obtain room, in his usual
freedom and solemnity cried out, ^^ Here ate some youn^f
on© come for Christ. Will nothing serve you but you
nnst have Christ? Then you shall have him;" and so
proceeded in his discourse. This made so deep and lairing
an impression aa his mind, that he thence dated his con-
VCTsiotf.*
Mr. Rogers "was author of several excellent pieces. His
laetfaod, as a writiT, is popular, his language familiar, yet
often energetic, and his strain evangelical, animated, and
experimental, f
His Works.— 1. The Doctrine of Faith, 1027.— 2. An Exposition
QpoD the First Epistle of Peter, 1669.—^. A Treatise of JLjove.— -
4. Sixty Memorials of a godly Life.
John Maverick was minister at some place near
£x^r, and of good repute among the puritans. Towards
th^ end of the year 16S9, a congregational church wa«
fbtmed in the New Hospital at Ptymonth ; on which oc-
casion a day of solemn tasting and prayer was observed^
When Mr. White of Dorchester preached in the morning,
and in the afternoon the pious people chose the two famouff
preachers, Mr. Maverick and Mr. John Warham, to the'
office of pastors, when they signified their acceptance of the
charge. The persecution of the nonconformists was noW
liecome exceedingly hot in every comer of the land ; there-
fore these good people, together with their ministei^ re^
soIVed to transport themselves to a foreign land. They
wished to enjoy the ordinances of the gospel without human
eomiptions; and the blessing of religious liberty without
huinan oppressions. The above step was preparatory to
flieir departure; and the year following they sailed for
New England.} Upon their arrival in the new colony,
they settled at Dorchester, where Mr.. Maverick continued
pastor of the church to the day of his death. This was the
mird church formed in New England. In the year 16S6,
Mr. Richard Mather became his assistant; and upon Mr,
Maverick's death, soon after, he became his successor in the
pastoral office.^
• Calamy's Accovnt, toI. ii. p. 298.
•¥ WUliamt*! Christian Preacher, p. 4M.
± Prince's Ctonm. Bin. toI. i. p. 200, 204-
V HbU of New £d^. p. 42, 74.
4M UVES OF THE PURITANS.
Henry Gellibrand, A. M. — This learned person mtn
bom in the parish of St/Botolph, Aldersgate, hosidomf
November 17, 1597, and educated in Trinity collegia
Oxford. Haying finished the requisite studies at the
uniyersity, he was for some time curate at ChiddingsloQ in
Kent. Ailerwards, by attending Sir Henry Sayile's lectures
on the mathematics,* he became so much in loye with that
science, that though he had the most flattering proq[MiCt of
preferment in the church, he resolyed to forego eyery thing
ibr a close application to this branch of learning. He then*
fore contented himself with his own private patrimonyi
which about this time, upon the death of his father, came
into his hands. At the same time he entered bindsdf a
student at Oxford, and made the study of the mathematici
his principal employment. During the period of his close
application, he prosecuted his studies with so much ardour
and success, and so greatly excelled in that science, that in
two or three years he was admitted to a familiarity with the
most distinguished masters. Among other celebrated
scholars, Mr. Henry Briggs, the Savilian professor of
geometry at Oxford, shewed him particular countenance
and favour. This, in a few years, was improved to so
great a degree of intimacy ana friendship, that the profes-
sor communicated to him all his notions and discoveries.
Upon the death of the ingenious Mr. Edmund Gunter,he
became a candidate for his professorship in Gresham
college. On this occasion he procured a certificate from
the rector of the parish in which he had officiated as curate,
and from others of the clergy in Kent, giving a high charac-
ter of his learning and piety ; and another from the presi-
dent, vice-president, ancl fellows of Trinity college, Oxford,
which is conceived in very strong terms, and acknowledges
not only his assiduity in bis studies, but his great frankness
in the communication of knowledge, and his disinterested-
* Sir Henry SaTile, whose name is often mentioned, was a person of
great celebrity in his day. He was wonderfully skilled in the Greek
language and ihe mathematics, in the latter of which he Tolnntarily read
public lectures in the university. He afterwards went abroad; ^d by improf-
ing himself in every branch of useful literature, he became a most accooi*
plished gentleman. He was warden of Merton college, Oxford, thirty-six
years, which he governed with great diligence and integrity, making it hii
chief care, night and day, to improve it in riches and all kinds of good
literature. By his munificence the university was greatly enriched by
legaries of money, printed books, and rare manuscripts. He is itylcd,
*' That magazine of learning, whose memory shall be honourable ainoagit
the learned and the righteous for e?er."~^to^. BrUttn. tqI. v. p, aAOft—
3600. Edit. 1747.
H. 6ELLIBRAND. 425
hesB and contentment with his own little patrimony, that the
j^ursuit of preferment might prove no detriment to his
studies. In all probability these papers had great weight,
since, within a lew days, January S, 16S6, he was elected
professor of astronomy in that college.*
Mr. Gellibrand was a decided puritan, and an enemy to
the errors and superstitions of popery. In the year 1631,
his servant, William Beale, by his encouragement, pub-
lished an almanack, in which the popish saints, usually
put into our calender, were omitted ; and the names of the
saints and martyrs, mentioned in 'Mr. Fox's ^^Acts and
Monuments of the Martyrs," were printed in their stead,
exactly as they stand in Mr. Fox's caletider. This gave
great offence to Bishop Laud, who immediately cited them
both into the high commission court. When the case came
to be examined, and it appeared that other almanacks of
the same kind had been printed in former times, both Mr.
Gellibrand and his servant were acquitted by Archbishop
Abbot and the whole court, excepting Laud. This tyran-
nizing ecclesiastic, finding the court so favourable towards
Mr. Gellibrand, stood up, and in great anger declared,
^' That the queen herself (a notorious papist) sent for him,
and particularly complained to him against this almanack,
which gave offence to those of her religion; and desired
him to prosecute the author and suppress the book ; there-
fore, he hoped that he should not go unpunished in this
court." But the court still persisted in acquitting him ;
HDon which the bishop a^ain stood up, and in great fury
addressed Mr. Gellibrand, saying, " Sir, remember you
have made a faction in this court, for which you oughp to
be punished ; and know that you are not yet discharged.
I will sit in your skirts. For I hear that you keep conven-
ticles at Gresham college, after your lectures are ended.'*
His ^ace'then ordered a second prosecution against him in
the high commission, which so deeply affected the good
man's spirits, that it brought a complaint upon him, of
which he afterwards died.f
He lived in the closest intimacy with Mr. Henry Briggs,
at whose death, and by his solicitation, Mr. Gellibrand
undertook the perfecting and publishing his celebrated
* Biog. Britan. vol. iv. p. 2188. Edit. 1747.
-f Ag Land coald not succeed in liaving Mr. Gellibrand censored, and bit
almanacks burned by the common hangman, the papists bought them all
np, and caused them to suffer martyrdom in the flames. — PryniWt Canter^
huri$9 Do»m€, p. 189.
4l» LIVES OF TBB PURITANS.
vork entitled ^< British TrigotidmeCry, or the D^dtrmcr ci
TrianglcB," 16S3. He was pressed to the pablictdicto of il
by yarioiis eminenl persons, to whom he gave the fullesi
satisfaction, as well as to the Uterati in Holland, where it
was reprinted, and received with great applaiise. Doring'
the same year, upon the publication of Mr.Thoma^ James's
<< Account of his Voya^ for the Discovery ef a North-west'
Passage, and Wintering in Hudson's Bay," his piece,
entitira ^^ An Appendix concerning Longitude," wa»
annexed to the work. It was at tiiat season very mucfar
admired, and, notwithstanding the great improvements that
liave been since made, it ma^ even now be very justly
styled a curious and a useful piece.
It is commonly believed that Mr. Gellibrand was the first-
who discovered the variation of the magnetic needle, the
truth of which is founded upon the credit of a very great
roan, who has positively affirmed it as a fact. Some are,
however, dispc^ed to doubt the correctness of his statement.
Be this as it may, it is certain that he was deeply versed in
the subject, and upon which he wrote a very leaitied book^.
entitled ^' A Discourse Mathematical on the Variation of
the Magn^ic Needle. Together with the admirable Dimiw-
nution uttely Discovered," 16S5. Thb work, styled very
curious, has been, and ever will be, esteemed by competent
judges.* He wrote several other pieces in hi^ panrticular
profession, which were published some before and some
after his death, a list of which is ^ivcn below. These exK
cellent productions of his pen added greatly to the reputa-
tion which he had before obtained, and raised veiy high
expectations of his future greatness. There are otJhers of
his labours yet remaining in manuscript, which^ it is said,
are no way inferior, either in merit or importance, to those
tiiat are published. All these taken together fully shew that
bis diligence and application were equal to his^ sagacity and
penetration, and that he did great honour to the learned
college to which he belonged ; and fully answered the hopes
that were entertained of him, when his friends at the uni-^
versity reoommended liim thither, as one possessed of a
ffreat genius for mathematical learning, and was willing that
uie woild should enjoy the benefit of his studies. His
situation in the college, where he had free converse with
learned men, and made uncommon progress in his mathe-
matical inquiries, gave him an opportunity, it is said, of
• Biof . BrHaB. toI. It. p. S180, 245i.
BAMSDEN. 4S7
^DntiibttUnff much to the improTement of navigatiwi, which^
if he had lived longer, would probably have been more
indebted to his labours.* He died February 9, 1637, aged
forty years. His remains were interred in St. Peter's
churchy Broftd-street, London ; when Dr. Hannibal Plotter,
formerly his tutor at Trinity college, preached his funeral
sermon, and gave excellent commendations of his character.f
He waft a person of great learning, piety, and worth.}
His Works, in addition to the pieces already noticed. — l.'A Pre-
fkce to the Sciographia of John Wells, 1636. — 2, An Institution
Tri^nometrical, explaining the Doctrine of the Dimensions of plain
and spherical Triangles, after the most exact and coonpendious way,
by tables of sines, tangents, secants, and logariiUiiiM ; with the applica-
tion thereof to questions of Astronomy and Navigation, 163.. ~3. An
Epitome of Navigation, 1074.— 4. Severed necessary Tables pertain-
ing to Navigation, 1674. — 5. A Triang^ar Canon Logrithmical ; or*
a Table of Artiicial Sines, Tangents, &c., 1674.^-6. IVo Cliliads ;
or, the LiOgaritluns of absolute numbers, from an iinite to 2000,
1^4. — 7. An Appendix, containing the Use of the Forestaff, Quad-
rant, and Noctomal in Navigation, 1674.
Henrt Rams]>bn, a. M. — This worthy person was the
son of Mr. Goeffry Ramsden, bom at Greetland, in the
parish of Halifax^ Yorkshire, and educated in Magdalen
collie, Oxford, ^rhere he took his decrees in arts. In the
year 1631 he was chosen fellow of Lincoln college, in the
same umTersity ; and five years afterwards, haying made
imcommoft advancenient in theological studies, he removed
from that seat of learning, and became a preacher in Lon«
don, where, says Wood,^ ^^ he was much followed for his
edifying aad puritanical sermons." On the death of Mr.
Hugh Ramsden, hb elder brother, he was made vicar of
Hafifkx, where he continued the remainder of his days.
He was inducted to the living in the year 1629, and died
March 7, 1637, having constantly maintained an un-
blemished character. After his death were published his
four sermons, entitled, " A Gleaninc of God's Harvest,'*
i?M. His remains were interred in the chancel of
Hali&x church, where a monumental inscription wtt
„ VOL IT. p. 8190, 219U
- f WooTi Atkeac Oxoo. tol. i. p. 522.
t WsfTt Gmkam ProfeiMn, p. 83, S3«.
S Mh€m Qxm. ^al. t. p. les.
408 LIVES OF THE PURITANS;
erected to his memory^ of which the foUawiog it ^m
translalioii :•
Hbnry Ramsden, Master of Arts,
•eeond son of Gobppry Ramsden, of Greetlaod, near H>iifii»j
sometiine fellow of Lincoln ooUege,
in the nniyersity of Oxford,
and afterwards yicar of Halifax.
To his Tery celebrated and renowned predecessor and brother Hmii»
he was no onworthy successor.
A man of oniversal learning,
and of the most approTcd integrity in his famllj*
WhatcTier we admire in the learnings or
▼enerate in the sanctity of others,
shone conspicuously in him, who was the
ornament alike of literature and of piety.
For more than eight years, ^
he was a remarkable example of diligence in his office;
during which time
he vigilantly watched oTcr his church,
and was a burning and a shining ligh^
both in his hfe and doctrine.
A faithful pastor of his people.
A most courageous defender of the cause of the poor.
A firm adTocate of the peace of the church.
He was esteemed a quick, yet cautious and equitable
distributor of public justice :
A chief promoter of good order and ciyil government.
He was seized with a violent fever, ^
leaving his affectionate blessing,
and kmd remembrance with all,
not without just and public sorrow,
he surrendered his soul into the hands of Ids Lord,
sweetly supported by the hope of the Resuirectiop^
he fell asleep March 7,
1637.
This Monument was erected by his yonngar
brother, William Ramsden,
rector of Edgmond, in the county of Salop»
lamenting his d^ath«
Robert Catlin was a puritan divine of great emMDCtf
a person of exemplary piety, and for many years the yener*
able and faithful mini^r at some place in Rutlandsbiie.
Being no longer able to attend to his numerous pasioM
duties, he gave up the charge of his flock, and remoyed to
Barham, near Ipswich, in Suffolk, that he might die anuHig
• Wat80B*s HifC of Halifax, p. 385, 501 . Ddit. 1775.
CATLIN-^MEDE. 4St
U* children. When he lay upon his death-bed, aft^
hearing a relation of the cruel and barbarous sentence pro*
nounced upon the Bishop of Lincoln in the star chamber,
he broke out in these words in the presence of a number of
respectable persons: ^^Alas! poor England/' said he^
*^ thou hast now seen thy best days. I, that am fourscore
years old, and have in all my time seen no alteration in
religion, nor any foreign enemy setting foot in England, nor
any civil wars among themselves, do now foresee evil days
a cominf , but shall go to the grave in peace. Blessed be
that Grod whom I have served, who hath accepted my weak
service^ and will be my exceeding great reward ;" and in a
few hours after, he Idl this world of sin and sorrow, to
enter upon the joy of his Lord. He died July 24, 1637,
aged eighty years, and his remains were interred in Barham
church, when Dr. Young of Stow- Market preached hia
funeral sermon. Mr. Catlin had two sons in the ministry,
William and Zachary. The foimer was witness in favour
of Bishop Williams at bis trial, for which he was deeply
censured; and the latter was minister at Thurston in
Suffolk, in the year 165^, when he was sixty-nine years of
age. They both appear to have been puritans.*
Joseph Mede, B. D. — This celebrated scholar was
bom at Burdon in Essex, in the month of October, 1586,
^nd descended from a respectable family in that county.
de received bis grammar learning first at Hoddesdon in
llertfordshire, then at Wethersfield in Essex. While at the
latter place, he bought Bellarmine's Hebrew Grammar, and,
\?ithout the assistance of a master, obtained considerable
knowledge of the Hebrew tongue. In the year 1602, he
\Fas sent to Christ's college, Cambridge, where he became
pupil to Mr.^ Daniel Rogers, took his academical degrees,
and was afterwards chosen fellow of the house. He gained a
most distinguished reputation, and became one of the most
cdebrated scholars of the age. He was an acute logician, ^n
accurate philosopher, a skilful mathematician, a good
anatomist, a great philologist, an excellent textuarv, and
particularly happy in making the scripture expouna itself;
He is said to have been '' as deeply versed in ecclesiastical
antiquities, and as accurately skilled in the Greek and Latia -
Withers, as any man living." When the famous Archbishop. ^
•- ^Aktr'f M9. CoUec. tqI. zxxvHi. p. 441^
480 LIYJBS OF THE PURITANS.
Usher irafe compiUDg his ^< Ghronolofia Sacra,^ lie appHed
to Mr. Mede for assistance, saying, ^< I have entered QfMi
the determinatiim of the conttoversies which conoen Iht
cbronok^y of sacred 'scripture, wherein I shall in mamj
places n^ your help.^'*
Mr. Mede^ fiunisbed with these endowments, was a most
accompUsl^ tutor. It was his constant custom to feqntit
the attendance of his pupils in the erening, to examine
them relative to the studies of the day ; when the fifst
question he proposed to each was, <* What donbts have 3^ou
met with in your studies tOHJay ?'' For he supposed that 46
doubt nothing, and understand nothing, was* nearly the
same thing. Before he dismissed them to their lodgii^
after haying solved their questions, he commended th^
and their studies, by prayer, to the protection and blessmg
of God. Some ot bis pupils afterwards became dtstin-*
guished ornaments both for piety and good literature. He
was a most laborious student; and, on account of hiis
habitual propensity to be among his books, be called his
study his ceU. Yet he was far from affecting an nnpro*
fitable solitude. No man was more free and 4>pen in con-
versation, especially among ingenious and inquirmg schcdars;
In such company, he would with the ^eatest-pleasure, and
to the utmost of his ability, commumcate whatsoever was
useful.
He was a person of most exemplary candour and
moderation. He would not love a person the less, who
differed from him in matters of sentiment. These were
some of his favourite expressions : ^'l never found myaelf
prone to change my hearty affections to any one, for mere
difference of opinion. There are few persons living who are
less troubled than I am, to see others differ from them. If
any man can patiently suffer me to difier fron« him, it dtjth
not affect me how much or how little he may differ from
me.'' Though he was a most celebrated scholar, and his
writings were highly admired amon^ learned men, botti at
home and abroad, he had a very low opinion of himscAF
and his own performances. He was always troubled to hear
himself or his productions extolled. He would merely own
some diligence, and a portion of study, with freedcmi from
prejudice, as his best endownc^ents.
He was a man of a most amiable and peaceable Spirit ; and
his thoughts were much employed on the generous design
• U£t of Mr. BCede prafize^ U |iit ** Works.*' *
MEDE. 431
^ e&eting na tmiTersal pacification among protestants.
He was, toweyer, a friend to free inquiry. ^^ I cannot
beiieye," said he, ^ that truth can be prejudiced by the
dMGDveiy of truth ; but I fear tlmt the maintenance thereof
by fiidlacy or fidsehood may not end with a blessing." He
discoFercd a strong aversion to pofpery, and abh^red all
idolatry and supei&tion. He led the way in shewing that
papal Rome was one principal object or the Apocalyptic
yisions ; and was the first who sugg^ted that the daemoniact
in thft New Testaments were not real possessions^ but persons
afflicted with lunacy and epilepsy. By the recommendation
of Archbishop Usher, he was elected projrost of Trinity
cMtgty Dublin, but declined accepting the preferment; as
Ins did. also when it was ofil^ed him a second time. ^On
ihe small imxnne of his fellowship, he was extremely
generous and charitable; and by t^perance, frugality,
and a care to avoid unnecessary expenses, he constantly
, mppiopriated a tenth part (^ it to charitable uses.*
Mr. Mede loved peace, unity, good order, and whatever
piDmoted the beauty, the honour, and safety c^ the pro-
testant reformation. Though he was certainly more con-
fermaUe than many of his brethren, he did not so decidedly
approve of the discipline and government of the establishal
<;huich, as the writer of his lire has endeavoured to repre-
•ent. He was suspected of puritanism ; and having united
Uniself with the puritans in the university, he is justly
denominated one of them.f He maintained a constant
fnendship with several eminent nonconformist?, and kept
up a r^ular correspondence with them ; among whom were
. uf. Ames and Dr. Twisse, many of whose letters are pre-
aerved in his works. His sentiments relative io the estab-
liriied church, and its persecuting severities, are^ indeed,
mfficieBtly manifest from his own writings. In one of his
letten to a learned friend, though expressed in yery modest
laogoage, he discovers his puritanical opinions. Ad-
dicssing his friend on the subject of a universal pacifieatioa
protestants, which he was particidarly desirous \o
stixxmijdished, he says, ^' But our church, you know,
goes upon differing principles from the rest of the reformed,
and so sleers her course by another rule than what they do.
We locrfL after the forgi, rites, and ceremonies of antiquity,
and endeavour to bring our own as near as we can to that
pattern. We suppose the reformed churches have departed
• Mfe oC Mr. Xcde.
f MS. Chf— !<gy, vi. m. A.D. p. (S.)
492 LIVES OF THE PURITANS.
fiutber therefrom than they Deeded, and. so we aie not ipetj^
solicitous to comply with them ; yea, we are jealons m
such of our own as we see over-zealously addicted to theniy
lest it be a sign they prefer them before their mother. Thii^
I suppose, you have observed, and that tliis disposition .iM
our church is of late very much increased. -Tnis, I liav6
always feared, would be no small hind^rance on our part,
from the desired union, and I pray Gkxl it may tall out
beyond my expectations." Thus he expressed his puri-
tanical dissent from the spirit and principles of the eccle-
siastical establishment. In the same connexion he also
adds, << I live in the university, where we move only as we
are moved by others ; and that discretion is expected at our
hands, who are of the inferior orbs, as not to move without
our superiors. If any one transgress this rule, and offisr to
meddle in any thing that concerns the public, before the
state and those in place declare themselves, he is taken
notice of as fadums and a husy-hody ; and if he be once
thus branded, and it be objected to his prejudice, though
many years after, all the water of the Thames will nit
wash him clean, as we see by daily experience."* Here he
justly exposes and censures the intolerant proceedings of
the ecclesiastical goviemors.
Mr. Mede was the first, says Fuller, who boached the
opinions of the fifth-monarchy men ; which, however, they
afterwards carried to a greater extent than he ever in-
tended, f He is classed among the learned writers and
fellows of Christ's college, Cambrid^, and is styled ^< most
learned in mystical divinity ."j The virtuosi abroad were
pleased to rank him among the most learned men in the
nation ; and observing his want of preferment, they said,
^ that £nglishmen deserved not to have such brave scho-
lars, since they made no more of them."^ His numerous
and learned writings were collected and published in one
volume folio, entitled, " The Works of the Pious and Pro-
foundly-learned Joseph Mede," 1672; and passed through,
several editions. In his last sickness, though his pains were
very great, he discovered much christian meekness and.
quiet submission to the will of God. He possessed his
soul in patience, and in him patience had its perfect
work. He died October 1, 1638, aged fifty-two years*
His remains were interred with great funeral solemnity^
• Mede'8 Works, p. 865. f Worthies, part i. p* 335.
\ FuUer's Hist, of Cam. p. 92.
\ Wood's Atheoae Oxod. toI. ii. p. 47.
MEDE. 4SS
in Uie inner chapel of Uniyersiiy college. Mr. Alsop
preached his Ainoral sermon to a crowded audience^ at
St* Mary's churchy from Gen. y. S4. And Enoch walked wUh
Chdj and he was noi^for Crod took him. His monumental
inacjription, of which the following is a translation, is parti-
rahurljr descriptive of his character :•
Here are preserved
the remains of that humble man
.' Joseph Mede, B. D.
Fenow of Christ's college, Cambridge.
He was a friend of the muses,
and was interred in University college.
He studied all languages, cultivated all the arts,
and joined to philosophy and the mathematics
aU tlie Egyptians concealed, or the Chaldeans discovered,
especially in chronology and history,
and above all thiugs, theology,
the queen of all sciences.
In explaining of which, he entered into
the most secret reasons of prophesy,
and dragged the Roman beast (the pope)
from the apocalyptical den.
He most perseveringly struggled with the
greatest difficulties, and became a most successful
interpreter of the sacred mysteries ;
80 that the critics in the hieroglyphics
Blight readily perceive that Zaphnath Paaneath
lived again in our Joseph.
He was a bigot to no party,
but loving truth and peace,
he was just to all ;
Ttry candid to his friends, benignant to others :
holy, chaste, and humble
in his language, wishes, and habits.
But beiing very familiar with the prophets,
he foresaw the troubles
which then threatened the church and the state.
He reached the heavenly port,
in tlie year of our Lord 1638,
aged fifty-two.
Mr. Mede's last will and testament, subscribed in the
presence of John Pye, George Nixon, and Joane Serle, was
as ftllows : ^' In the name of God, amen. I, Joseph Medci
fellow of Christ's college, being sick in body, but in health
of mind, do constitute this my last will and testament. I
Mnunend my soul into the hanas^of God my creator, hoping
at iht last day to be raised in glory, through the merits w
his Son and my Saviour Jesus Christ ; and giving heartjr
• Uit of Mr. Mede, p. 35.
TOIi. II. ^ F
iat LIVES OF THE PURITANS.
thonkf for all hii fiivoun undeservedly ormferred upon me,
do thni dispose of mv temporal goods which he hath giva
me : First,! bequeath to the master and fellows of Chm^
college j^lOO, to be employed towards the intended buildiiy.
Secondly, I ^ve to ray sister j£40, and to her childreii, awl
to the children of my sister deceased, to each of them £iDf
and to two of them who are my godsons sBM etch.
Thirdly, I give to the poor of the town of Cambric]^ to
be distributed among them, j^lOO. Fourthly, I ffiye to
my pupil John Pye, j£5, and to my sister Urouch £t.
Lastly, I give all the remainder of my goods to the mmta
and fellows of Christ* s college, to be expended toward the
adorning of the- college chapel. And of this my last will
I do constitute my executor, John Alsop, fellow of Chriifi
college. "•
John Workman^— This persecuted servant of Cfariil
was bom near Lasborough in Gloucestershire, and edo-
cated in the university of Oxford. Having finished kii
academical • studies, he became the laborious and piov
lecturer at St. Stephen's church, in the city of Glouceitar;
where, for preaching against images in churches, he met
with most oppressive and cruel usage from Archbishop
Laud. He said, in one of his sermons, '' That pictures or
images were no more ornaments to a church than stewi
were to a commonwealth. — That for a person to have an
image of any saint, but especially of our Saviour, in bis
house, is milawful. — And that any man tLcepin^ such
pictures or images in his house, if it be not flat idolatiy,
it is little better." This was the principal charge brought
against him. Some other tilings were, however, added : ak
that he used certain liarsli expressions against lascivious attl
mixed dancing, especially on the Lord's day, only citing
the words of the Waldcnscs* in their censuring the sane
practice; and that he prayed for the states of Holland'
the King of Sweden, and other foreign princes, before hi
}>rayed for the King of England ; though, in this, hi
bllowed the exact order of the Book of Common Prayer.
These things were among the charges brought against bus;
but the principal stress was laid upon his expressioBi
against images. For these crimes Mr. Workman was coO"
rened before the high commission at Liambcth, when ki
• Baker*! MS. CoUec. ? ol. ii. p. Ml.
J. WORKMAN. iS
cndearoared to yindicate ^i-hat be had said, br an ^speri
to the testimcHiy of the most celdirafed authors, but
espedallj the homilies. Though he is said to ha^e jus-
tified ereiy syllable in his sermon, this only seired to
increase tte wrath of the archbishop, by whose tyianoical
inflnence, April S3, 1655, the good man received the fol-
lowing cruel sentence : — << He was snsp«idcd from the
office and function of his ministry, excommunicated, le-
r' red to make a recantation of his erroneous and scandalous
trine, the next court-day at Lambeth, in such mamier
end form as the commissioners should appoint ; this recan-
tation to be published before the public conurbation in the
cathedral church and the church of St. Ifichael^s, Glou-
cester; and he was condemned in costs of suit, and ca$t
into prison."*
Mr. Workman being a man of singular piety, learning,
wisdom, and moderation, which even the archbishop him-
self acknowledged ; and having been a most painful and
diligent preacher in the city of Gloucester upwards of
fifteen years, the corporation, by unanimous consent, and
under the conunon seal, granted him, in the year 1635, an
innnity of twenty pounds ^ year. This was designed as a
public acknowledgment, and a just compensation for Ids
ereat pains in preaching, and visiting the sick ; and was
found particularly serviceable towards supporting his
numerous family of children. For this honourable act of
kindness and liberality to their worthy minister, John
Buckston, the mayor of the city, Mr. Wise, the town
clerk, and several of the aldermen, were, by the instiga-
tion of Laud, brought before the council, then prosecuted
in the high conunission court, by which they were great
snfferers; and, to the perpetual reproach of the archbishop,
Mr. Workman was deprived of his annuity. The good
nian, having suffered many months imprisonment, after
knuch scrficitation, obtained his liberty ; and to provide for
his numerous starving family, was obliged to teach school.
JLaud no sooner heard of this, than he prohibited him from
teaching children, and warned him to do the contrary at
his peril. Being forbidden to teach school, Mr. Workman
obeyed the prohibition, and, to procure a subsistence, began
to practise physic also.f In these painful circumstances,
• Pryime'i OmiL Doome, p. 103—107.
f It is obterved that Arcbbitbop lAud was a mao of as apriig^bt bcart
and a pious soal, bot of too warm and too positif e a oatare. He was fall of
jii«y and bad too macb seal for the cborcb. Tbottgb bis ire aad bis seal
486 LIVES OF THE PURITANS.
die diftraaed mrvaiit of ^rut was reorii^ed into the hoiue
of one Mr. Kyrle of Wdlfoid, but without any cuie or
cmpfeyment The bishop of the diooeM being deleiinined,
in the year 16S8» to prosecute him .for nonconformity, he is
said to have suddenly iBed out of the diooese;« yes, be fled
to that pUce wheie neither bishop nor ardibish<^ could
hurt him; where the wicked cease from troubli^, and
where the weary are at rest. For the poor distressea naan
sunk under the heavy pressure of his poverty and accu-
mulated afflictions, which, about the above penod, sent him
to his grave, 9nd ddivered him from fdl his sorrqws.f Blr^
Workman was an excellent and useful preacher, and the
honoured instrument of greatly advancing the knowledge of
Oirist, and the power of godliness, in ibe city of Glottcerter4
Mr. Giles^ Workman, another worthy puntan, of whom a
memoir will be found in its proper pbice, was his brother.
William Wbatbly, A. M.^^This worthy minister
was bom>at Banbunr in Oxfordshire, in the moowi oi VVj
1583, and educated in Christ^s college, Cambridge. His
fiUher, Mr. Thomas Whately, was several times mayor of
the borough, and many years a justice of the peace, x oung
Whately was from a child trained up in the knowledge of
the scriptures, and found them able to make him wise unto
ialvation, through faith in Jesus Christ. During his abode
at the university, he was a constant hearer of the celebrated
Dr. Chadderton and Blr. Perkins, Inr whose ministry his
early piety was further promoted. He was put under the
care and tuition rf Mr. Potman, a man of eminent piety,
learning and diligence. <^ Our tutor,^* says Mr. Ilency
Scndder, ^ called all his pupils into his chamber every
evening for prayer, when he required us to cive an account
of the sermons we had heard on the Loid*s day ; and when
any of us were at a stand, he used to say, < Whatehr, what
ny you ?' And he would repeat it as readily as if he had
preached the sermon himself: but while this excited our
tutcMT^s love and our wonder, it awakened our enyy and
ill-wiU.'^
were appareBt on the present occasion, his upriciiUiesi and hig piety
were certainly very deficient.— Pryiifi«*» CmU. Domif, p. 107 » lOS.-—
Whithckis Mtm, p. 32. — Le Neve*s Livat^ vol. i. part i. p. 144.
• Wharton's Troubles of Land, fol. I. p. 564.
f Pry one's Cant. Doome, p. 108.
t CUrk*s Lives annexed Co Martyrolof ie, p. SOS.
S Scadder's Life of Mr. Whately, piefiied to hit «< Pcotatypei.**
WHATELY. 437
Mr. Whately afterwarcb married the daugliter of Bfr.
George Hunt,* an eminent preacher, by whose urgent re*
oommiendation he entered upon the work of the ministiy.
In the year 1605, having taken hit d^rees in arts, he was
diosen lecturer of Banbury, his native place ; and in about
fiiur years, having gained uncommon applause, he was
callea to the pastonu office, and pres^ted to the vicarage,
which he enjoyed nearly thirty years, even to his death.
This excellent servant of Christ was no sooner settled in
the ministry than he met with gi'eat opposition from. the
riding ecclesiastics, on account of his nonconformity .f He
Kbhshed a sermon, entitled <^ The Bride Bush ; or, the
ities of Married Peraons, by peribrming of which marriage
shall prove a great help to such as do now find it a little
hell;'* for which he was prosecuted in the high commission
court. The dangerous errors said to be contained in this
sermon were the two following : — 1 • The committing the
sin of adultery, by either of the married persons, doth dis«
sdve and annihilate the bond of marriage. — S, The wilfid
and malicious desertion of either of the married persons,
doth in like manner dissolve the bond of marriage. Fcnr
publishinff these opinions, especially as he was a puritan, he
was comjSained of to the Archbishop of Canterbury, con*
vened before the high commission, and required to make
satisfacticm for his grievous o£Pence. Upon his appearance
befine the ecclesiastical judges, he declared that he could
make no satisfaction ; but, according to our author, he after-
wards recanted. May 4, 16S1, and was then dismissed.^ If
this account be correct, is it not extremely probable that he
was prosecuted, not so much for the dangerous errors in his
sermon, as because he was a nonconformist? Yet, sup-
posing this was not the case, did not tliese ecclesiastical
judges professedly reject the infallibUiti/ of the pope ? And
did not their conduct, on the present occasion, savour too
much of the same principle ?
Mr. Whately and several of his brethren delivered a lec-
ture alternately at Stratford-upon-Avon. On account of its
great usefulness, it was continued many years, till it was
put down by the severity of the prelates. They considered
• This Mr. George Hoot was ion to Mr. John Hunt, an excellent con«
Knnor in the bloody davs of Queen Mary, who wai condemned to be bnrnt«
tat was saved by the unexpected death of the queen.— SciMfir«r'f Lif% ^
Mr. fFkmiefy.'^Fox'i AeU and Mouum§ni9^ vol. iii. p. 761—763.
-¥ Clark's Lives annexed to bis Martyrolof ie, p. SIS.
f Woodl*« Atbemn Oxoa. vol. i. p. MS.
43S LIVES OF THE PURITANS.
/
the lecture- as a nlieans of promoting nonconformity ; there*
fore, however uatful it might be in efiecting the conversion
and salvation -of souls, it was deemed unfit to be contiuu^'d.-
Accordingly, i\:e Bisbop of Worcester observes, that after
this lecture was discontinued, his diocese was less troubU?d/
with nohconformists.*
Mr. Wliately was a man of distinguished eminence. He
possessed excellent endowments, which be unreservedly
employed for the advancement of the glory of God and the
happiness of men. He was eloquent and migbty in the
scriptures ; and his speech and his preaching were not with
the enticing words of man^s wisdom, but in demonstration of
the spirit and of power. His labours were not in vain in
the Lord. " For it pleased God," says Mr. Scudder, " tai
put so great a seal upon his ministry, that mani/ thousamb
of souls were converted and established by his mifiisterial
labours." As a good shepherd of Christ, he exercised much
care over his flock. He visited them from house to house^
without respect of persons, resolving their doubts, and giv-
ing them suitable instruction. He had a tender affection foe
his people; and, with a view to promote their best interests^
refused many offers of considerable preferment. He was
always much grieved when a difference of opinion in lesser
matters produced shyness among christians, who agreed in
the fundamentals of the gospd. He was always ready to
receive a word of reproof from the Lord's people^ whether
they were his superiors, equals, or inferiors, and would ever
shew greater kindness to such faithful reprovers afterwards*
He abounded in acts of liberality to the poor, and for many
years expended one-tenth of his income in this way. Aod^
indeed, the more he gave away, the more the Lcurd caused
his worldly estates to prosper.
Having for many years been exercised with manifold
temptations and infirmities, he became particularly watch-
ful over himself, deeply humble before God, more loathsome
in his own eyes, and more tender and compassionate
towards others. Towards the close of life, he greatly in->
creased in humility and holiness. His last days were his
best days ; and, as his dissolution approached, he bore his
racking pains with most exemplary patience. A brother
minister having prayed with him, at the close of the exer-
cise he lifted up his eyes and one of his hands towards
heaven, and immediately resigned his happy spirit unt0
• Wharton*8 Trooblet of Laad, toI. i, p. Mi.
WHATELY. 499
God. He lived much beloved, and died much lamented.
May 10, 1639, aged fifty-six years. His remains were
interred in Banbury church-yard ; and over his grave waa
afterwards raised a large stone mouiunent, with an inscription
in Latin and £nglisb, part of which was the fcdlowing:*
Wbatso'erc thourt say who passest by.
Why? here's eusbrin'd celestial dust.
His bones, whose Dame and fame ean't die.
These stones as feofiees weep in trust.
It's William Whately that here lies,
Who swam to's tomb in's people's eyes.
. Mr. Whately was endowed with a lively spirit, a solidi
judgment, and a vast memory. He was a hard student, a
constant preacher, an excellent orator, and a great scholar,
especially in logic, philosophy, and mathematics.f Mr.
Leigh observes, ^^ Of all the ministers I ever knew, he
possessed the most worthy character. He was blameless,
sober, just, holy, temperate, of good behaviour, given to
liOBpitality, i| lover of good men, and a workman who
needed not to be ashamed.''^ Fuller denominates him << a
good linguist, philosopher, matliematician, and divine,"
and says, <^ he was free from faction."^ Wood says, '' he
possessed excellent parts, was a noted dbputant, an excel*
lent preacher, a good orator, and well versed in the original
iai, both Greek and Hebrew ; but being a zealous Calvmuif
a noted puritan^ and much frequented by the precise parly,
fiyr his too frequent preaching, he laid such a foundation
of ftction m Banbury, as will not be easily removed.'^
" His piety," says Granger, " was of a very extraordinary
strain; and his reputation as a preacher so great, thai
numbers of different persuasions went from Oxford, and
other distant places, to hear him. As he ever appeared to
qieak fnnn hb heart, his sermons were felt as well as heard,
wdA were attended with suitable efTects."?
The following anecdote, related of Mr. Whately, at onct
diews the happy effect of his preaching, and the honour-
able liberality of his spirit. Having in a sermon warmly
rcoommended bis hearers to put in a purse by itself a certain
* Wood's Atbens Oxon. toI. i. p. 5^.
' •^ Ufe of Xr. WkatrW.
± EpisUe preixcd to Whately *»"Prototy pet."
% FaUer*t Worthies, pan ii. p. 399.
I WmTs Atkcne, voL i. p. dSS, d89. toI. ii. p. 811.
% Bioc. Uirt. wl. ii. p. 191.
440 LIVES OF THE PURITANS.
portion from every poiud of the profits of their troiUSjr
trades, for works of piety; he observed, that instead i(
secret g^dsing when objects of charity were presented,
they would Took out for tbem, and rejoice to find them. A
neighbouring ciei|^raan hearing him, and b?ing dee|^y
afiected with what he so forcibly recommended, went to nim
after the sermon was ended, and asked what prox)orti(m of
his income he ought in conscience to give. ^^ As to that,**
aaith he, << I am not to prescribe to others ; but I wUl tdl
you what hath been my own practice. You know, sir,
some years ago I was often beholden to you for tlie loan ii
ten pounds at a time. The truth is, I could not bring the
year about, though my receipts were not despicable, and J
was not at all conscious of any unnecessary expenses. At
length I inquired of my family what relief was given to the
poor; and not being satisfied, I instantly resolved to Iw
aside every tenth shilling of all my receipts tor charitaUte
uses: and the Lord has made me so to thrive since I
adopted this method, that now, if you have occasion, I can
lena you ten times as much as I have formerly been forced
U> borrow."*
^Mi. Thomas Whately, ejected in 1663, was his son ;; and
Mr. Richard Morton, another ejected minister, married his
daughter.f
His Works.— 1. Redemption of Hme, 1606.— 2. A Caveat for the
CoretouB, 1600.--3. The Bride-Bosh ; or, the Duties of Mftrried
Persons, 1617. — 4. Funeral Sermon for Sir Anthony Cope, Idia—
&. The New Birth; or, a Treatise of Regeneration, 1619.-6. Gk>d's
Husbandry, 1619. — 7. A pithy, short, and methodical Way of opeor
ing the Ten Commandments, 1622. — 8. A Treatise of the Combers
and Troubles of Marriage, 1624.— 9. Sin no More, 1628. — 10. The
Oyl of Gladness, 1637.— 11. The Poor Man's Advocate, 1037.—
12. Prototypes, or Examples oot of the Book of Genesis, applied ta
our Instruction and Reformation, 1640. — Id.* Several Sermons.
John Ball, A. M. — ^This excellent person was bom at
Cassenton in Oxfordshire, in the month of October, 158£s
and educated in Brazen^nose college^ Oxford. Haviii^
finished his studies at the university, he became domestic
tutor to the children of Lady Cholmley in Cheshire ; about
which time he became seriously thoughtful about the sal*
vation of his soul. In the year 1610, having obtained
• Life of Mr. Mede, p. 37.
f SjFlvntrr'i Life of Baxter, part iii. p. 95.^FkhMr'f Noocob.
▼ol. iii. p. 8S5» S50.
J. BALL. 441
without sabscripUon, he entered upon the minis-
'teffial oflfee, and became minister at Whitmoie, near New*
ctttle, in Staffordshire. Here he resided for manj jean is
the hooae of Edward Bfainwaring, esq. a gentleman higblj
laieMued for his piety, generosity, and usefidness. Mr.
Ball was exceedin^y beloved by the ministers in those
parts. As he was j^urticolarly coooemed for the prospmtjr
of Zioa, and deeply impressed with the lamentable evils of
the times, he frequently united with his brethren in the
observance of days of fasting and prayer. For keeping' a
frst on Ascension-day, they were often convened before the
Bishop of Chester, who greatly aggravated their crime,
Jbecaose it was observed on that hofj/ day. These troubles^
however, did not move Mr. BalL Amidst all the storms
and tempests of the times, he remained firm in the tmth.
Indeed, previous to his entering into the ministry, he mm
-iletermined to satisfy bis own conscience, and not to receive
every thing in the established church, right or wrong:
thermre, he impartially examined the controversy betwixt
the conformists and nonconformists ; and the result of his
imbiaased inquiries was, a thorough dissatisfactiofi with the
fimner, paiticularly with the subscription tyrafinically
imposed upon the clergy. During this period hf* looked
upon a lord bishop as a very formidable creature ; yd he
had several contests with tbe Bishop of Chester, but came
off unshaken, and more firmly estabusbed in tbe principles
i)f nonconformity.*
Lady Broml^, of Sheriff-Hales in Shropshire, was many
years £unous for promoting, bv her influence and practice^
tibe interests of the Redeemer s kingdom, and the f^mnme
principles of the reformation. She was tlie g^reat fMitrcmeKS
of the persecuted nonconfonnists in thai jMut of Ui<^ t^tmniry,
Mesns. Ball, Nicolls, Pierson, Herring, and (Mliers, when
they weie harassed and deprivml of their ministry, wcrrs
kinoly mtertained by this worthy liulv. Tlirse clivintMi
often preached in her neighlwurluNNl, whrnn she Mlit^ltctrtHi
fiom the oppiessive measures of the prelatcH, its Umg us shi9
was able; and when iiity durst not pn^rli, tlii*y k»*pl iliivs
of finting and humiliation at her housf.t 'riiongli Mr,
Bill was often prosecuted in the crclcHiiMslifiil roiirls fnt
icfusing sobscnption and kerplng (*onvcHitli)l«M(| bs WNI
agiunst separation.t
• CUtk*f Uvn«Mexe4 to MsHymlHgli*, y, Ufi Ul>
-f MS. OknmaHmgy, v«l M, •* m. (M.)
t IMS-tsLULXd. 1SI9*
44S LIVES OF THE PURITANS.
This divine was tborouglily learned in the controversiei
of the day, particularly those of Bellarminc, the Arminians,
and conformity. He read and studied much upon these
points; and it is almost incredible, says Mr. Clark, how fa«
could speak on these topics, and lay open the weakness and
fallacy of those arguments by which they were defimded,
even so as to avoid giving offence. He possessed an ad*
ihirable talent for explaining difficult texts of scripture,
comforting afflicted consciences, and for every duty of tbe
ministerial office. He greatly excelled in prayer, adminis*
terin^ the sacraments, and in conducting the exercises of
fami^ religion. He possessed an admirable command of
his temper, and lived uncommonly abstemious. Tliough
his income did not exceed twenty pounds a year, he was
content in his situation, and remarkably liberal to the poor.
He used to say, ^' I have enough, enough^ enough.^^ But
he was richly ornamented with true cluristian humility.
This was the richpst jewel hi his crown of moral excel-
lencies. He invariably preferred others above himself, and
would never speak reproachfully of any person.
Mr. Ball was uncommonly facetious in conversation.
When the nonconformists were in danger of l)eing driven
out of the country, he used to say to his brethren, '^ If we
be necessitated to leave our country, you shall preach and
I will <eacli school." 'J'o a friend, who was tircxl of teach-
ing school, and wished to enter into the ministry, he said,
^' Yon will find it |iir more difficult to teach men than
boys.^^ When told that he was in ^reat danger of being
silenced by the bishop, he said, ^^ If he should deal tbui
with me, I would pull off uiy hat and thank him/' A
friend relating his great dang(.'r by a fall from his horsfi
saying he never experienced so great a deliverance before,
^' V'cs," replied Mr. Ball, " a hundred times, even as often
as you have ridden and not fall(;n." He zealously op{)08ed
all vanity and frowardness, and possessed an extraordinary
talent in calming boisterous passions. To persons under
the influence of unruly tempers, Jie used to say, " Pat
judgment into office. The aflections are bad guules, but
good followers. Look well to your hearts. . PasHon is te
effect of pride. You ride an unruly horse^aadtlMnMi
you stand in need of a strong bit and.bddB<4|U;j)|ttM^^
{)ersecution of the noncon*'<f^"« «*« "■^Ji^HMMBiMHB
>rother minister he said, *
nonconformists were dead
raise others out of our ac
J. BALL. 443
and the ceremonies, rather than suffer that cause to
perish."*
Being at length worn down by hard study and constant
preaching, his spirit, during his last affliction, was calm,
humble, and peaceable. He continued to preach as long as
he was able, and prayed in his family till his strength
utterly foiled. Being asked whether he thought he should
recover, he replied, " I do not trouble myself about it.**
He exercised a holy confidence in Christ, and thence de-
rived substantial comfort. When his friends endeavoured
to comfort him by the TecoUection of his extensive useful-
ness, be said, '^ if the Lord be not a Grod pardoning sins,
I am in a miserable condition." And expressing their
desires for his recovery, he said, " If the Lord pleased, I
should be content to live longer, that I might be further
useful, and bear my share of sufferings. For I expect a
very sharp combat: the last combat we shall have with
antichrist. As the agonies of death were upon him, being
asked how he did, he said, / am going to heaven. He died
October 20, 1640, aged fifty-five years. " He lived bj
faith;" says Fuller, " was an excellent schoolman and
schoolmaster, a painful preacher, and a profitable writer;
and his ' Treatise of Faith' cannot be sufficiently com«
inended."+ Wood says, " he lived and died a noncon-
formist, in a poor house, a poor habit, with a poor main-
tenance of about twenty pounds a year, and in an obscure
village, teaching school all the week for his further support ;
yet leaving the character of a learned, pious, and eminently
useful man :" and we may add, in the words of Mr. Baxter,
<^ he deserved as high esteem and honour as the best bishop
in England."t
It is observed, that Mr. John Harrison, of Ashton-under-
Lyne in Lancashire, was exceedingly harassed by the
intolerant proceedings of the bishops, and put to ^eat
expenses in the ecclesiastical courts ; when he consultea Mr«
Ball what he should do to be delivered from these troubles.
Ifr. Ball recommended him to reward the bishops well with
moiiey; " for it is that," said he, " which they look for."
||l^. Harrison, it is added, tried the experiment, and after*
ijoyed quietness.^
\4 — 1. A short Treatise containing all the principal
Christian Religion, 1032.-- This work was so muck
.548,541,
444 LI VE^ OP THE PURITANS.
•dmired, tbat^previoas to this year, it passed Hmmf^fntrtten editioni^
and was translated into the Tnrlush language. — ^2. A IVeatise of
Faith, 1637.—^. 1* riendly Trial of the Oroands tendinc to S«|Maratioii,
1640.— 4. An Answer to two Treatises of Mr. John Can. the Leader
of the English Brownists at Amsterdam, 1642. — 6. Trial of the New
Charch-wayin New England and Old, 1644.--6. A Treatise of' tlM
Covenant of Grace, 1646.— 7. Of the Power of Godliness, doctrinaHt
and practically handled, 1657.* — I'his includes se?eral other artides.
— 8. A T^atise of Divine Meditation, 1660. — Several of the above
pieces were published by Mj. Simeon Ashe, after Mr. Ball's death.
Thom as Brett er was a zealous minister of the baptist per*
suasion, who suffered the most cruel usage under toe eccle*
siastical oppressions of Bishop Laud. It does not appear
whether he was ever beneficed in the established church.
The first account of him we meet with, is, that, in the rear
1626, he was a preacher among the separatists m and about
Ashford in Kent. In that year, through the instigation of
Laud, he was prosecuted and censurai in the high com-
mission court, and committed to prison, where he remained
no less than fourteen years. The archbishop, afterwards
speaking of the mischirf done by the nonconformity of
Mr. Brewer and Mr. Turner, says, <^ The hurt which they
have done is so deeply rooted, that it is impossit^ to he
plucked up on a sudden ; but I must craye time to work ft
off by little and little.'' His grace, however, certain^
fixed upon the most direct and effectual method of doing
this. For, in his account of his province addressed to ihm
king, in the year 1637, he says, " I must ^ve your majesty
to understand, that at and about Ashford m Kent, the sepa*
ratists continue to hold their conventicles, notwifhstandmg
the excommunication of so many of theni as have been
discovered. Two or three of their principal ringleaders^
Brewer, Fenner, and Turner, hav(* long been kept in prison,
and it was once thought fit to proceecf a^inst them by the
statute of abjuration. t Not long since Brewer slipt out of
Erison, and went to Rochester and other parts of Kent, and
eld conventicles, and put a great many people into great
distempers against the church. He is taken again, and
was called before the high commission, where he stood
silent, but in such a jeering scornful manner, as I scarcdjr
* This work indicate! mach reflectioo, an ezperimeatal acqaaialaacc
fvith the powers of the soul, and the workings of sin Vuid gmce.— •
Williaim^M CkrUHan Preacher^ p. 455.
f Upon this part of the archbishop's account, his nii^esty inserted the
foUowing recommendation : ** Keep those persons fast* until yoa think
•' what to do with the reit."— ITAarfen's Tr^nhkt •f Lmiif voU U
p. 540.
BREWER-CHAimBRTON. 415
efor mm the like. So in prisoo he lenaiiiB."* This was a
thofft and oeitain method <if flopping their nouths. Mr.
Biewer htwiag been confined in prison fourteen ycsura, ercm
tffl the meeting of the kme parliament, he was then set at
Bber^ by an order from the house of commons, Norember
fif i&Uif npon his pronuse to be forthcoming wfaoi
caUed; and this is all we know of him.t
Lawebvce Ch addbetoiv, D. D. — ^This celebrated divine
was bom at Chadderton in Lancashire, in the year 1337,
haying descended from a wealthy fiunily. He was brought
up in the darknem of popery ; and his father, intending him
m the law, sent him to the inns of court. But he soon
lenounoed foperj ; became a religious protestant; forsodL
the study of the law ; and entered Christ's coUege, Cam-
Jbridge* This was in the year la&i. Having tunied pro-
testant, and fixed himself in the university, he informed
liisfiitherof it, requesting some pecuniary support: but his
fiither, being a zealous papist, was so displeased at his
beodming a protestant, that he utterly refused to afford him
any aid, and disinherited him of considerable estates. Also,
ai a manifestation of his great resentment, << his father sent
him a poke, with a groat in it, to go a b^ging.'' Though
he was abandoned by his parents, he found great comfort
firom these words : ^^ When thy father and mother forsake
IbtCf the Lord will take thee up.''t He who called him to
auffier reproach and the loss of all things for lus name, gave
him support and comfort under all his sufferings.
Yonng Chadderton, now cast off by his unnalural parent^
iill continued at the university, and made the doaest appli-
cation to his studies. Indeed, be soon became so eminent a
scholar, that in three years, he was chosen fidlow of his
college. In the vear 1576, he had a public dispute with
Dr. Baro, the fibreaiet professor, upon hb Arminian
fienets, vAen he displayed his great learning, piety, and
moderation.^ He afterwards took an active part in ibe
pvooeediuEsof the univerrity, against both Baro and Barrrt^
and nnitod with other heads in addressing ceitaia letters to
the diancellor of the university .} For the space of sixteen
• WkirtM't Troablet of Uad, voL L f. 5», SIC
f Kalfloo's Collee. vol. i. p. S70.
t fWler't Wortkict, part il. p. IIT. . ^ . ... ^ ^
X FW€f*i Hirt. of Cmi. p. 145, 14«.— Strype'i Am*, fil. ui. ^ 4Tt «.
I Bskcf^s MS. Collcc. voL U. p. i^W.
415 LIVES OF THE PURITANS.
yean, he was lecturer at one c^the churches in Candbridge;
lA which place his holy, learned, and judicious sermons
were made a blessing to multitudes. October 86, 1578^
he preached the sermon at Paul's cross. This sermon
appears to hare been the only article he ever published.
About the same time, he was appointed,' by an order of
Earliament, to be preacher at the Middle Temple, and to
aye a salary of twenty pounds a year, to be raised by the
contributions of the house.* In the year 1584, when Sir
Walter Mildmay founded Emanuel collie, he made choice
of Dr. Chadderton to be the first master. But, on account
of his great modesty, he was extremely reluctant to under-
take the charge ; which, when Sir Walter discovered, he
said, " If you will not be the master^ I will not be the
founder of the college."+ Upon this, he complied, and
continued in this office thirty-eight years. During the
whole of this period, his deportment was agreeable io the
expectations of the worthy founder. By his active and
laudable endeavours, the funds of the institution were greatly
enriched. He paid the most exact attention to the religion
and learning of the scholars. Many persons of di^in-
fuished emmence were his pupils, among whom was Mr.
ITilliam Bedell, afterwards bishop of Kilmore in Ireland. t
This learned prelate always retained the highest opinion of
his venerable tutor. After he was made provost of Dublin
college, and introduced to a friendly correspondence with
the celebrated Usher, he could not make mention of his
name without particular sensations of pleasantry and
esteem. " The arts of dutiful obedience, and just ruling also
ii^ part," says he, " I did seventeen years endeavour to
• MS. Chronology, vol. iii. A. D. 1640, p. 4.
f Sir Walter was ad avowed enemy to superstition, a zealous promoter
of religion, and ever forward to advance a farther reformation in the
church. Coming to- coart, after he had founded the above college, the
4|aeeo addressed him, saying, *' Sir Walter, I bear you have erected a'
puritan foundation," ** No, madam,** said be, ** far be it from me to
countenance any thing contrary to your laws : but I have set an acorn,
which, when it becomes an oak, God alone knows what will be the fruit of
it.** This college, it is added, became the very nursery of puritans.
Iforeover, when Sir Walter founded this college, he, to counteract the
influence of superstition, ordered the chapel belonging to it, to stand in tbo
direction of north and south ; but, curious as it may appear, the building
in this position, being nooconformable, .became an offence to the ruling
prelates, and as a punishment for standing thus, it was pulled down iu the
reign of Charles II. and erected in the position of east and west. — Fuder*$
Mist, of Cam, p. 147. — MS. RemarkSfp. 49b,'^Prynn$'$ Cant. DoMMf
p. S69.
t Biog. Britan. vol. U. p. 1S9. Iddit. 1TT8.
CHADDERTON; 44T
lean, imder that good father Dr. Chadderton, in a well«
tempered society : the cunning tricks of packing, siding„
bandying, and skirmishing, with and between great men, I
confess myself ignorant in, and am now, I fear, too old to
be tanght.'^* Dr. Chadderton, in the year 16S3, reigned
his mastership to the famous Dr. Preston, lest he should bo
tacceeded by a person of Arminian principles ; but he sur*
viyed Preston, and lived to see Qr. Sancroft, and, after hin^
Dr. Holdsworth, in the same office.
Dr. Chadderton was a decided piuritan, but a divine of
ipreat moderation. He imited with his brethren in their
classical associations, and subscribed the ^' Book of Disci-
pline.^'t In the year 1603, he was one of the puritan
divines nominated by King James to attend the Hampton-
court conference. £chard, by mistake, says, that Chad-
derton and his brethren were chosen by.the puritans4 It
is extremely obvious, that they were all appointed by his
majesty. Chadderton, on this occasion, said very little;
only towards the close of the conference, when he per-
ceived the king was determined to carry all by force, he
requested upon his knees, that the wearing of the surpUce,
and the use of the cross in baptism, might not be urged
upon certain pious and faithful ministers in L^icashire,
especially the vicar of Roclidale ; but his request was wholly
disregarded. The tyrannizing spirit of his majesty, and the
contemptible flattery of the prelates, so palpably manifest
on this occasion, will be a stain on their character to the
latest posterity.^
Dr. Chadderton was a divine of great abilities and learn-
ing, on account of which he was appointed by the king to
be one of the translators of the Bible: this was the transla-
tion of the present authorized version.|| He died November
13, 1640 ; but of his age, as well as the place of his inter-
ment, our various authorities are divided. Mr. Clark says
he was ninety-four years old ; but Archdeacon Echard,
who styles him " a grave, pious, and excellent preacher,'*
* Aikin's Lives of Selden and Usher, p. 323.
+ Ncal's Puritans, vol. i. p. 423.
i £chard'8 Hist, of Eng. vol. ii. p. ISO.
\ Bishop Bancroft, falling down on his knee, protested, ** That his heart
Belted with joy, and he made haste to acknowledge unto Almighty God,
the singular mercy in giving them such a king, as, since Christ's time, the
like had not been." Archbishop Whitgift and the temporal lords were
guilty of the like or worse flattery. — BarUw^t Account^ p. 170—176.^
Fuller** Church Hist. b. x. p. SO.
I Burnet's Hist, of Refor. vol. ii. Rec. p. S67<
448 LIVES OF THE PURITANS.
affinns that be died in the hnodred and fifth year of his age>
His remains, says Mr. Clark, were interred in SL Andrew^ m
church, Gimbrid^; when Dr. Holdsworth preached hit
faneral sermon, giving him large and deservea commenda-
tions : bu( Mr. E»ker aflGinns th& he was buried in Enwnnd
college chapel, and was the first person interr»l in that
place, f Tse monumental inscription upon a small gtave
stone, at the entrance of £manuel college chapel, will cor-
rect these mistakes. It is yery short and plain, of whjdi
the following is a translation 1%
Here
lies the body of
Lawrence Chadderton, D. D.
who was the first Master of this College.
He died in the year 1640,
in the one hundred and third
year of his age.
He was a divine famous for gravity, religion, and learn*
ing, and a plaip but useful preacher. He was ofayeij
charitable spirit ; a strict observer of the sabbath ; and a
decided enemy to Arminianism. He could read without
the use of spectacles to the day of his death.§ He was
married fifty-three years ; and during the whole of this
period, he never kept his servant from public worship tp
cook victuals. It is recorded of him to nis great honour,
that he used to say, ^' I desire as much to have my servants
to know the Lord as myself.*' If at any time a servant
was addicted to lyin^, or any other open vice, he would not
suffer her to remain in his house, though she could do ever
90 much work.!
This excellent divine, being once on a visit among his
friends in Lancashire, was invited to preach ; and having
i)reached full two hoursy he paused and said,^^ I will no
onger trespass upon your patience." Upon this all the
congregation cried out, " JFor God's sake^ go otty go on/*
when he proceeded much longer in his discourse, to uie gteai
satisfaction and admiration of his audience.!
• Echard's Hist, of Eng. vol. ii. p. 186.
f Baker*8 MS. Collec. vol. xviii. p. 72.
X Ibid. Tol. vi. p. 90.
^ Clark*t Lives aonezed to MarfyrolosiCi p. 146» 147. | Ibid»
1 Fallcr's Wortbies, part ii. p. 1 17.
I •
RUDD. . 449
Jo^N RuDD, A. M. — This divine was bom in the year
1538, ifnd educated most probably in Christ's coUe^,
Cambrid^, where he became a zealous and popular
preacher. He was one of the preachers to the university ;
and for a sermon which he delivered in St. Mary's church,
January 30, 1596, he was convened before the vice-chan-
cellor and the heads of houses, and examined upon the
contents of his sermon, drawn into* certain interrogatories.
He was required to give his answer to each of these interred .
gatories, which he had no sooner done than he was sus-
pended from all his preferment, and commanded to deliver
up his license tor preachinj^, until he sliould give satisfac-
tion to the congrcii^ation, and revoke his dangerous errors.
It is observed, that he at first consented to retract his opi-
nfons, but after the revocation was drawn up, he refused to
doit in the manner prescribed ; yet he openly promised, and
by the subscription of his hand to the said revocation, under-
took to deliver publicly in St. Mary's pulpit, on the 6th of
March following, the substance of the said revocation,
lively, truly, and bona jidty so near as he should be able.
This, it is said, he was permitted to do, in consequence of
his earnest petition, out of a tender regard for his ministry,
aod in full persuasion of his performance ; but, contrary to
all expectation, in his sermon on the above day, he con-
firmea his former points of doctrine, instead of giving satis-
faction, or revoking his former offences. For this contempt
he continued under suspension, with his license called in,
and was obliged to enter into a bond of forty pounds, for
his appearance before his spiritual judges, on the 28th day ^
of April.
Afi^er these proceedings, Dr. Jegon the vice-chancellor,
sent information to Archbishop Whitgift, concerning Mr.
Rttdd's oflFence, and communicated to him an account of
the above proceedings, with a copy of the above recantar
tion.* This was going the sure way to work. Jhe stern
archbishop immeciiately addressed letters missive to th^
vice-chancellor, commanding, that if Mr. Rudd still
*. Dr. John Jegon was afterwards bishop of Norwich, when be distin-
gniihed hipiself by his zeal for conformity, and the exact management of
Us revenues, by which be was enabled to purchase a very considerable
citate, and to enrich his family. This, in the lattei* part of bis life, seems
to have been the principal object of his attention. His death happened
March 13, 1617 ; but he was thought to have died too rich for a bishop,
fr Slid to have expended too little of his ample fortune in acts of charity.—
GrMmg^r's Biog, Hi$t, vol. i. p. 349.
TOL. II. 3 G
A50 LIVES OF THE PURITANS.
lefiised to observe such order as was already taken, or should
be hereafter taken, he should be bound, with one surety in
a bond of forty pounds, to appear before her majesty's high
commissioners, April SKhh. He was, therefore, obli^ to
enter into bonds, and was sent to the biffh commission,
when he made his submission, and confessed his oversight.
He was then dismissi^l, sent back to Cambridge, and re-
ferred to the vice-chancellor's wisdom, to take such further J
order with him as he should think proper. But the vice- f
chancelknr and heads would not release htm without a ^
formal recantation, after which he was absolved, and re* f
stored in all respects to his former situation. His lecanta- *^
tion was as follows : ^
'^ Whereas, in a sermon made by me in this place^ tb« ^
<< SOtli day of Januanr last past, I was underwood and
^' taken to have published and maintained certain jpomts of
'* doctrine very erroneous, and other speeches of reproof
<< very scandalous to the church of England, and greatly
<^ offensive to the congregation then assembled, namely : \
<< M. That the use of humanity, human arts, and profane :
<< authors,^ in sermons, was and is altogether unprofitable \
<< and unlawful. — ^. That not the tenth part of the roinisten ^
*^ of this our church of England are able miniiten or
^^ preachers, but dumb dogs. — 3. That a curate, being no
^^ preacher, is no minister, nor doth he edify, any more
*' than a boy of eight years old may do. — 4. That npists
^^ and Lutherans in Cambridge are lately reconciled and dis*
<* misst d ; for which the university doth hear ill abroad/
<^ In all which particulars, my mind and meaning was and
*^ is so far different from the sense implied in these wonh,
^ that I had no suspicion of any offence thereby given or
<* taken."»
It does not appear whether Mr. Rudd made theabore f
revocation publicly in the pulpit, or only subscribed it with
his hand. Upon his release from these troubles, it appean <
that he left the university; and about the same time he
became minister of Sheephall in Hertfordshire, where he
continued a faithful and useful preacher to the efid of hif
days. At his death his remains were interred in the chanod
of his own church, and ov(T his grave the followii^ plait
monumental inscription was erected to his memory :
W. FENNEB. 4il
Here in Ike In^
of ioBN Rl7U»,
the fiuthM putor of tkb ctaidk
fbrtj-^e Tcan,
wko died m bacMor m 1640,
h Ui bfl win and testuncnt he beqaeathtd jBXO ior
fke puchaae of lands, die profits of which were to he
aBBnllv diitribated among the poor <if Durham; aho
^900 m two scholaiships in Chrik^s college, Cambridge,
«K for the noith and the other for the sooth. His own
kindled in the sooth, if any, were first to be chosen; next
the Ticar's son cf Sbeephall, if capable ; next, such scho-
laiB as were educated at Stevenage school ; if none thete^
dMn at SL Alfaan's or Hertford school. He also gave j^SOO
far Ike purchase of lands, the profits o£ which were to bt
anniially deroted to other charitable purposes.*
WII.LIAM FEKHE2, B. D. — This cxcdknt puritan was
in the year 1600, and edncatrd in Pembroke-hall^
CHdbridge; but took his degree in divinity at QxfintL He
mrtesed upon his stated ministerial exercise at Sed^fley in
gtufiwdshire, where the Lord greatly blessed his labours.
The parish is very large and populous ; amd, previous to
his settlement, was a very heathenish place; but inr his
holy Ufis and fiuthful preaching, during the period of firar
yean, many persons were turned to righteousness. Bein^
it length forced away, most probably on account of his
aonoonfiirmity ; and being succeeded by a weak vicar^
^noianceand profiuic&ess again retumed.f
Mr. Fenner naturally carol fcur souls ; therefore, besides
paying the necessary attention to the people <if his
own particular charge, he took much ddigfat in preadiing
the gospei from place io pbce. He was much resorted to
as a casnist^ and highly esteemed aiMl admired by some of
Oe nobility, particularly the Earl of Warwick, who became
Us great friend and patron. In the year 1629, he pre-
ffaied him to the rectory of Bochford in Essex.! In this
sitasftion he coirtinucd the rest of his days, and his life and
hboms reflected much honour on the grace of God. He
i
MS C*llcc v«L zrii. f. lOS.
'• C— lia. v*l. ii. p. 777.
'ft B^. Him. iM. it p. Itt*
KewcMut'ft Arpert. EccL ¥•!. u.f.497'
4&t
LIVES OF THE PURITANS.
did not entertain his hearers with dry disputes about unpro-
fitable rites and ceremonies, but fed them with the sincere
milk of the word.* The Oxford historian says, << he wai
mucii admired and followed by the puritanical party/' One
Mr. Feniicr, a puritan ministeri was apprehended by Arch'
bishop Laud, and cast into prison, where he remained many
years ; but he does not appear to be the same person«t 4!r.
Fenner died about 1640, aged forty years. Afr* Edmund
Calamy, one of the ejected nonconformists in 1662^ was bii
successor.t The writings of this pbus divine discover
much acquaintance with religion in all its parts; and bii
manner is plain, zealous, and alarming.^
His Works.— 1. 1 he Riches of Grace, 1641.— 0. A TresUM of
AffectioDt, 164!{^3. Clhriitt's Alann to Drowsy Sinners, 1660^
4. Prariical Divinity, 1660.-6. Divine MesHsgo to the Eleet ikraJ»
ie61.-*6. Of wilful Inipenitenoy, 1661.— -7. Of Consctoiice, Ml-^
8. Hidden Manna, 166S. — And Nome otberii.
i
«
8amubl Ward, H D*— This excellent divine, the loit
of Mr. John Ward, the old puritan, was bom at Uaverbil
in Suffolk, and educated in Sidney college, Cambridge,
where he was chosen fellow. Having finisbra his studies st
the university, lie l>(*came lecturer at ff averhil, where hi«
lal)ours were eminently useful. Ammifr the first fruits of
bis ministry was the ci;l<;l)rati?d Mr. Samuel Fairclou^h.)
Mr. Ward afterwards became minister to one of the churclK»
I
♦ Fenntr'u Worku, Pret VAH, IfWr.
f Wbttr(tfn*«Troul>k*ft of Uud, vol. i. p. 538, ^40»
I'alrner** Noriroii. Mi'in. vol. i. p. 70.
Willtam«*H ChrUtinii Preacher, p, 4M.
II Tbe fo\\oyf\n% arrount in f^lvcn of Mr. Fairrloa||;h% ronrenlon. Mr
Ward kavinf; prf ached on (he couveriioo of Zaccheun, be obfertc^,
** That iitf one who han wronged another can exfiect pardon from (iod wImi
doev not make rektitution. If it be iu hi« power.*' This wa* like a d»n
directed by the band of (jod to (be heart of youni; Fairclou|^b, who iiiik
one John Trigg (afterward* an eminent phyUclan in Loudon) Sad tbe prt'
ceding week robbed tbe oriUard of one (ioodmun Jude. The termgn
drew forth many (earn, and he could get no ileep during that night. Pjirljr
the next morning he went (o bi« companion Trigg, and told blm that be wsf
?;olng to Jude** to give him a khiiling for tbe |iear« be bad vlolea. TriM*
earing the old muti would acquaint (he M'hoolniaH(er, and ibey ibould be
beaten, fc(rove (o dihKuadr l-'ninlou^li froin liin purpojie, who auvwered, (kii
God would not pardon the k\u witfiout re»ri(u(ion, Trigg replied, ^ You
talk like a fool, Katn : (iod h ill foif^ivc uh ten (imek sooner than old JfUf
will once.** lint .Sairiiii'l p«'rki«i(ed in hik devigo, when Jade refuted !• t«l^
the money, and rciulily Ibrgave him (be wrong. But be could iai ao rcK
till be went to .Mr. Ward and opeostf !• blm the fUle of bit sMl^-rCM^i
Idvti, Uut vol* pari i • iSi
/
S. WARD. 45S
of Ipswicb in SuSblk ; bat his rqmtatimi was so great, that
be IumI the saperifiteodcDoe of the sereial parishes in that
popvkms town, and was greatly bdoved by the numeroot
paridiioDeTs.^ Howeyer, he bad his foes, as well as his
friends, and was prosecuted bj Bishop Harsnet for non-
coaformity. In the year 16^ upon his prosecution in the
oonsulory of Norwich, he appealed from the bish<^ to the
kin^ ; who committed the aiticks exhibit :xl against him to
the examination of the lord keeper Williams. The lord
keeper, announcing the resuh of his examination to his
maiesty, is said to have found Mr. Waid not altogether
bhuneiess, but a man easily to be won by friir dealing : and
persoaded HarsnH to take his submission, and not remove
him from Ipswich. The truth is, the lord keeper found
that Mr. Ward possessed so much candour, ami was so
ready to promote the inieiests of the church, that he couU
do no less than compound the troubles c£ so learned and
industrious a divine.f He was, therefore, released from the
prosecution ; and most probably continued for some time
witliout molestation, in the peaceable exercise of his ministry.
But this was not the end i^ his troubks. He afterwards fell
iiilo the hands of Ardibishop Laud^ whose tetider mefcies
Wfre cruelty. In the year l(i34, for certam words delivered
in Us sermons, he was prosecuted in the high commission
cxNut. And the year following, for preaching against
bowing at the name of Jesus, and against the Book of
^orts, and having said, ^< that the church of England
was Touly to ring changes in religion, and that the £Ospd
rtood on tiptoe ready to be gooeV' he was suspended in
the high commission, mjoined a public recantation in such
form as the court should appoint, and condemned in costs of
suit. Upon his refusal to rqiroach his understanding, and
defile his conscience by a puMic recantation, he was com*
mitted to prison, where, to his great disgrace and unspeak*
able loss, he remained a long time. Laud was the principal
penon in procuring this cruel sentence.}
Mr. Ward, having endured the severity of imprisonment
for some time, and having at length obtained his ne^ease,
ted from the storm, and retired to' Holland ; where he^nl
- •ri1ler*sWorthirs, partiii. p. 70,:i.
-f^ tUekrVu life of Abp. Williams^ p. 95. Edit. ItiSS.
J It is obfierrcd, that, apon the censure of Mr. Ward, tkc BUlK»p •f
Ifmrmtek «oald have allowrd kn people awKlNr iiiMdlcri ¥n thc^r ««^^
Kr. Ward, or
TIrwmkttM #/ Lmmdt vol. i. p. Ml.
454 LIVES OF THE PURITANS.
became a member of Mr. Bridgets church at Rdtterdami
then his colleague in the pa&toral office. The two pastors
are sifid, imleody to have tx-cn perfectly couforrpable to the
church of England, wbt^n they left their native country ;
which is contrary to truth and the plainest matter of fact.
Also, upon their going to Holland, they are said to have
renounced their episcopal ordination, and to have been re*
ordained ; when Mr. Bridge ordained Mr. Wiird, and Mr.
Ward returned him the compliment. This account, how*
ever, appears extremely doubtful.* After Mr. Ward had
been employed for some time as pastor of the church, he
was deposed from his office, though manifes»tiy on very
trivial grounds. Having been laid aside a considerabte
time, he was restored to his former char^, on which
occasion the church acknowledged the wrong they had
done him. Indeed, his deposition was matter of surprise
to many, who had the highest opinion of Mr. Ward's
integrity and worth. The only crime with which he
appears to have been charged, was, his uniting with Mr,
^mpson in endeavours, mough in the most peaceable
manner, to revive the religious exercises or prophesy ings;
that, for the better edification of the people, they migh^
after sermons, propose their doubts to the ministers, and ask
them questions.f It was doubtless an honour to the church
to restore so valuable a pastor, and to acknowledge the
injustice of its own censure.
Mr. Ward does not appear to have long survived these
painful trials, but died in Holland, most probably about the
year 1640. Fuller denominates him ^^ an excellent artist^
linguist, preacher, and divine," and includes him in the list
of learned writers of Sidney college, Cambridge. ( He was
one of the learned divines who wrote, against Montague, the
famous promoter of popery and arminianism. He was author
of a work, entitled, " Magnetis Reductorium Thedogicum."
And about the time of his departure for Holland, several
of his pieces were collected and published in -one thick
duodecimo volume, entitled, " A Collection pf such Serrocms
and Treatises as have been written and published by Samuel
Ward, B. D. and Preacher of Ipswich," 1636. Dr. Doddridge
observes, that his writings are " worthy to be read throng.
His language is generally proper, elegant, and nervous.
His thoughts are well digested and happily illustrated. He
• BaHie^f Disraastire, p. 75, 82.
f Edwards's Aotmpologia, p. 14S, 149 — Bailie^s DiMuasife, p. TT.
t FaUer's Worthies, part iii. p. 70.— Hist, of Cambridse, p. 154.
▲RCHEIL 4S5
liiB tuukj mDMurbble yeins of wit. Many of the boMM
figttiesofspeediaietobefoyiKl mhimbeyundw^
writer; es|>ecielly apostropbeS) piosopopa^ias^ dialu^ismsi \
aad allegories. There is, indeed, a mixture ot fancy in his i
writings ; but pardonable, considering his youth, and that
many of his sennons were not prepared by himself tor the
Mess, but copied from his mouth while preaching. He
Bied before he was twenty-eight years oId.« Had lie lived,
he would probably have been the phosnix of British
pieacher8.''t
Hbkrt Archbr was minister of AlhaUow^ Lombard*
street, London ; but, on account of liis nonconformity, was
suspended, and driven out of the kingdom by the cruel
persecution of Archbishop Laud.^ He retired to Arnheim
m Holland, and there becamej>astor of the English church|
having Mr. (afterwards Ur.) Thomas Goodwin for his col-
feague in the pastoral office. He hnd, in his own countryi
been exercised with very much bodily affliction ; but hii
removal proved the means of his complete restoration to
health.^ in this situation hp appears to have continued the
rest of his days, and dii^d most probably soon after the
jear 1640, He was an independent in his views of chris-
tian discipline and cluirch government. He was also a
millcnarian in sentiment. He expected Christ's appearance
01 those days, and wrote of his personal rei^n upon the
earth in a work, entithid, ^^ Tlie Personall lleign or Christ
Wjifaa Earth. In a Treatise wherein is fully and largelw
laid open and proved, that Jesus Christ, together with his
Saints, shall visibly posKess a monnrcliicall State and King-
dpm in the World,'^ 164S. In this work he said, << Christ
will govern universally over the world in these days, known
and esteemed ; and in a worldly, viNible, curthl}^ glory, not
*^ tyranny, oppression, and sensuality, but with honour.
'|, riches, and whatsoever is not sinful, ail nations ana
~ )ms doinff homage to him, as the ^reat monarch of
Ndid.**|| Fie is charged with having held several
doctor licfrtatnly vcrv much mUfakfO ) for Mr. Wsrrf wsf
hll tn tite year IS07 i iind ihcr^forf muiC hsvA b^f n a
miity yesm prevlon* to HIn dtparture for Nollssd.**
*^-».lM, 164.
fol.v. p.489,430. Kdlt. 1S04*
p. 878*
ISO.
456 LIVES OF THE PURITANS.
miiinomian sentiments ; and certainly his sajring, << tliat
God is the author of sin, even of the pravitj and sinfulness
of it/' was extremely erroneous. Besides writing upon the
personal reign of Christ, he published a work,, entitled, ^< A
Treatise of tlie Comfort of Believers against their Sins and
Sorroirs;*' which,, for containing the above sentiment, was
censured by the assembly of divines, and ordered by the
bouse of lords to be burnt b^^ the hands of the common hang^
man. He was, nevertheless, esteemed a man of the most ex-
emplary piety.* There was one Mr. Archer, an independent
minister at Halstead in Essex, who, according to Edwards,
preached much against the presbyterians, and against paying
tithes ; but it appears very doubtful whether this was the
same person, f
Samuel Howe was pastor of the separate congregation
meeting in Deadman's-place, London, and successor to the
famous Mr. John Canne. Thb church appears to have
held mixt conmiunion, and Mr. Howe was a baptist, though
some of his predecessors were not. Mr..Neal says that he
was a man of learning, and' piublished a small treatise,
entiUed, '' The Sufficiency of tH Spirit's teachi^g."t His
learning, however, does not app<;ar from. this work, which
is designed to shew the insufficiency of human learning to
the important purposes of religion ; and not only so, but that
it is dangerous and hurtful. It is certainly written with great
strengthof genius, though the author was a ^^ cobbler/' as
appears from the following recommendatory lines prefixed'
to the discourse :$
** What How f how now ? Hath How snch leamiiig fomid| *
To throw Art's curious image to the ^ound?
Cambridge and Oxford may their glory now
Veil to a cobbler, if they know but How.**
Mr. Howe and his people were persecuted beyond mea-
sure by the ruling prelutes. He continued pastor of the
church about seven years ; but not being sufficiently on his
Suard in conversation, subj(xted himself to the malipe of
ungry informers, by whose means he was cited into the
ecclesiastical courts, and excommunicated. Upon this
• BaUie*8 D'issoasive, p. 79, 80.
f Bdwards^s GangrsBna, part ii. p. 18. Third edit.
X Neal's Puritans, vol. ii. p. 373.
S Crosby's Baptists, vol. iii. p. S9, 4a
S. HOWE.
terrible sentence he absconded; but af\er some time he w^s
apprehended, and shut up in close prison, wliere he died.
His death happening while under. the above disgtac* ful
sentence, he was denied christian burial, and a cbastable^s
Eiard secured the parish church of Short ditch to prevent
s interment there. At length his remains were deposited
in Agnes-la-clair.* This was most probably about the year
1640. In a work published against the separatists, entitled,
• " The Brownists' Synagogue," 1641, it is said, " Of these
opinions was Howe, that notorious predicant cobbler, whose
body was buried in the highway, and his tunerai sermon
preached by one of his sect in a brewer's c{irt."+ Hence it
appears that his funeral was publicly conducted, notwith-
standing the violence of the time; and that his people took
this method of pouring contempt upon the impotent rage
of his persecutors, wliose sentiments concerning christian
burial, and consecrated ground, they utterly despised : and
to prove that what they did was from principle, and .not
; merely from necessity, many of the members of his church
afterwards, by their own desire, were buried in the same
place.'t
The celebrated Mr. Roger Williams, of Providence in
' New England, gives the foUowing honourable testimony to
the character ofMr. Howe. " Amongst so many instances,"
says he, "dead and living, to the everlasting praise of
Jesus Christ, and of his Holy Spirit, breathing and blessing
vhere he listeth, I cannot . but with honourable testimony
lemember that eminent christian witness, and prophet of
Christ, even that despised and yet beloved Samuel Howe;
who being by calling a cobbler, and without human learn-
ing, (which yet in its spliere and place he honoured,) who
yet, I say, by searching the holy scriptures, ^rew so excellent
a textuary, or scripture-learned man, that tew of those high
rabbles, who scorn to mend or make a shoe, could aptly
or readily, from the holy scriptures, out-go him: and^
however he was forced to seek a grave or bed in the high*
way> yet was his life, and death, and burial, honourable
and elorious, being attended by many hundreds of God^s
peofue; but how much more will be his rising again I'%
Sir. Howe was succeeded in the pastoral office by Mr.
Stephen More, whose memoir is given in the next article.
. * Ivimey's Hist, of Baptists, p. 154.
+ Browuist's Synagogue, p. 2.
1 Ivimey's Hist, of Baptists, p. 153.
i Wmiams's Hireling Ministry none of Christ's, p. U, 18. Edit. 1652.
# .
45ft LIVES OF THE PURITANS.
Stephen Mobb ^bs a person of good rqmtaUon, and
endowed mih considerable ministerial abilities, lie vai
for some years deacon to the congregation of separatists in
JLoodon, and a citizen of considerable property ; but, aiier
the death of Mr. Samuel Howe, whose memoir is given in
the preceding article, he was chosen io the pastoral office^
to the apparent hazard of his liberty and estate.* This con-
gregation practised mixed communion, and bis predecessor
was a baptist, but Mr. More was an independent. The
seal of these people exposed them to the severe persecution
€i£ the prelat^ ; and they were obliged to assemUe in pri«
▼ate as they found an opportunity. This poor congrega-
tion had subsisted almost by a miracle for upwards of twenty*
four years, shifting from place to place*, to aroid the notice
of hungry informers ; but January 18, 1641, they voitured
to set open their doors in Deadman's-place, Soutbwark.
Fuller says, that on ^^ this day happened the first fruits of
anabaptistical insolence, when eighty of that sect, meeting
at a house in St. Savionr's, Soutnwark, preached that the
•tatute in the 95th of Elizabeth, for the aJministration of the
Common Prayer, was no good law, because made by bishops;
that the king cannot make a good law, because not perfectly
regenerate; and that he was only to be obeyed in cm
matters. Being brought before the lords, they confessed the
articles; but no penalty was inflicted upon them.'^
This, however, is a very partial and imperfect account
of the matter, ns appeared from their own records. An it is
probable that only a small pnrt of them were of the baptist
persuasion, they w(rre more prr)p(rly a congregation oi in-
dependents than anabaptists. With respect io iueir insolence^
if, by opening their doors for ail to come to their assembly
who might feel di8i>ose(l, they discovered their insolence,
they must bear their own reproach. But if it refer to tlic
opinions they delivered, wnnt immediately followed will
afford the l)est explanation. This is, therefore, ^n impartial
statement of farts. Mr. More and his congregation having
assembled in Deadman's-placo, for the purpose of public
worship on the Jiord's day, though not with their former
secrecy, they were discovered and iakpn into custody bjr
Sir John Lenthal, marshal to the King's-bench, who com-
mitted most of them to the Clink. Next morning, six or
seven of the men were carried Ixforc the house of loixis, and
charged with denying the king's supremacy in tcclesiasikol
• Croftby*! RaptiHto, vol. iii. p. 40.
•f Fullcr'i Church lliit. b. x'u p. 179.
S. MORE— IL BERNARD. 451
matters^ and with preaching in separate congregations,
where the Common Prayer was not used, contrary to the
statute of the S5th of Elizabeth. The hitter charge thej
confessed ; and as to the former, they declared to the hoose^
<< That they could acknowledge no other head of the
church besides Jesus Christ; that they apprehended no
prince on earth had power to make laws to bind the con*
science; and that such laws as were contrary to the laws of
Grod, ought not to be obeyed; but they disowned all foreign
power and jurisdiction."* Such a bold declaration, a
twelvemonth before, would have sent them to a close, filthj
prison, or cost them their ears.
The house, however, instead of remitting them to the
ecclesiastical courts, or inflicting any penality upon them,
treated them with great civility and respect, and some of the
lords inquired where was their place of meeting, intimating^
that th(*y would come and hear them. Accordingly, Uiree
or four of the peers went to the meeting the next Lord's
day, to the great wonder of many. The good people, not
intimidated with their presence, conducted their won»hip in
their usual method : having two sermons, in each of which
the preacher discussed those principles for which they had
been accused, founding his discourses on the words of our
Saviour : All power is given unto me in heaven and in earth.
In the conclusion the Lord's supper was administered, and
a collection made for the poor, in which the lords contri-
buted liberally with them. Upon their departure, they
signified their satisfaction in what they had heard and seen,
andtbeir inclination to come again. But this made so great
a noise, it is said, that they durst riot venture a second timet
It does not appear how long Mr. More continued pastor
of this church, nor how long he lived afler the above
troubles ; but the church divided by mutual consent, most
probably at his death, when just one half chose Mr. Praise-
God Barebone, and the other half Mr. Henry Jessey, to the
office of pkstor.t
Richard BernaiId. — ^This excellent divine was bom in
the year in 1567, and educated in Christ's collie. Cam*
Inidge. He was a young ma(n of good natural parts ; and,
having raised the expectations of his friends, the Countess
of Warwick took him under her patronage, and sent ~
* Neal's Poritaos, vol. ii. p. 375, 376.
t Crosbj'8 Baptists, toI. i. p. 163. t ^^^' ^^ >22- P* ^^*
160 LIVES OF THE PURITANS.
9
to the university. He bad other liberal friends also, who
assisted and encouraged him in his preparatory situdies^
Having finished his academical pursuits at Cambridge, he
became vicar of Worksop in Nottinghamshire, where he
experienced great encouragement in his ministry, and was
exceedingly beloved by his people. As a preacher, he was
much followed, and his labours were rendered a blessing to
many. From the date of some of his writings, it appears
that he was at Worksop in the year 1605 ; but how long he
had been in this situation, previous to that period, we are
not f^Ie to ascertain.
About the year 1613, Mr. Bernard, on account of his ex-
cellent learning, genuine piety, and ministerial abilities, was
presented to the living of Batcoiube in Somersetshire. He
received the presentation from Dr. Bisse, who had been
minister of the place almost irom the commencement of the
reformation. This reverend and venerable pastor, it is said,
})nrcbased the advowson of Batcombc to present once only^
or which he gave i^SOO; and though he had a son in the
ministry, he constantly resolved to bestow it as the Lord
should direct him. Therefore, upon the presentation of the
benefice, he spake to Mr. Bemara and others in these words r
^^ I do this day lay aside nature, respect of profit, flesh and'
blood, in thus bestowing, as I do, my living, only in hope of
profiting and edifying my people^s souls; afier which be
did not live above three weeks. This, his Ip.st act, he called
his packing'-penny between God and himself.
In this Situation, as well us the former, Mr. Bernard
laboured more abundantly than many of bis brethren, and
his endeavours were renden^l extensively useful. He was
opposed to a total separation from the church, and wrote
with some zeal against the Brownists ; but was an enemy io
the imposition of human ceremonies in divine worship, and
wrote ag inst them as unlawful. He was indeed called a
eouformsble puritan, though he refused to observe nmny of
the ceremonies, and the exact conformity required of the
clergy. It is supposed that he obtained some connivance
and indulgence from the Bishop of Winchester, his
diocesan, who had been one of his familiar associates at the
university : and on this account he escaped those suspeo-
sions and deprivations under which many of his biethren
frequently groaned. He was a hard student, a most exem-
plary christian, and much addicted to acts of charity;
also a judicious, affectionate, and profitable preacher, being
filled with zeal for the glory of God and the salvaliw of
R. BERNARD. 461
souls.* He died in the month of March, 1641, aged seventy-
Soar year8.f Faller has given him a place among the
learned writers of Christ's college, Cambridge ;t and Granger
denominates him ^ the woruy rector of Batcombe in.
Somersetshire."^
Mr. Conant gives the following account of Mr. Bemard^s
character, labours, and usefulness : ^' I had for sundry years
past, some intimate acquaintance with him ; during which
time, as, by the testimony of many godly and learned per-
sons long before, he hath constantly been very laborious in
the public exercise of his ministry ; the fruit whereof was
sealed by the conversion of many souls to God. His labours
in the ministry were bestowed not only in his own congre-
gation, but in several of the adjacent market towns ; where
weekly lectures were for many years continued, by the free
and voluntary assistance of pious, godly, and orthodox
divines, until they were, by the last bishop of that diocese,
to the great prejudice of many souls, imperiously suppressed*
In his mini^erial work he was a leader and paliem to many,
exemplifying in his sermons that method of preachings
which many years since, in his '^ Faithful Shepherd,'' he
prescribed, or at least proposed, in writing. Divers psunful
and profitable labourers in the Lord's vmcyard had their
first initiation and direction from and under him ; to wh(»n
also many others had recourse, and from whom thej
borrowed no small light and encouragement. His people,
by his constant pains in catechizing, (wherein be had an
excellent facility,) as well as Yns preaching, were more than
ordinary proficients in the knowledge of &e diingsof God;
and the youth of his congregation were very ready in giving
a clear account of their raitb, whereof he would ofiten speak
with much rejoicing. That the knowledge of his pev>pie
was not merely speculative, appeared by the many liberal
contributions which, for pious and charitaUe uses, were
made by them ; wherein, I suppose, they were not infetior
to kny congregation in the wboie county wherein he llv^d.
<^ His preaching and catechizing,'^ our author adds,
^' were accompanied with zeal, frequency, and fervency ia
prayer, wherein he was very ready and powerful, and
wherdiy all his other labours became the more successAd.
With all these, his ordinary and more private conversatioo
• MS. CliroDolo^, T»l. iii. A. D. 164a f. 42,
f Wo0d*f Athmae Ozoo. tsL ii. p. 614.
Hiil. •fCsa. p.92.
Gnuifer'f Bios. UiiC ▼•!. ii. p. ISa
I
469 LIVES OF THE PURITANS.
lield a good correspondence ; he being bold, expert, and
candid in admonishing or reproving, as occasion presented ;
lender also and cordialin ocxnforting the afflicted or wounded
q)irit; and, in a word, he shewed much integrity in all his
actions. He was, in his private studies, according to that
strong constitution wherewith God had blessed hun,- inde*
fat ieable : the benefit whereof the church of Grod enjojeth,
in those many tractates written and printed by him ; as most
men versed in theological studies will give testimony."*
He was a learned divine and a zealous pastor, of which his
numerous writings afford ample proof. They also discover
great precision of thought, ai^ much strength and energy
of mind. It is added, that the same unconmion ardour
which is discovered throughout his writings, was, during a
long and laborious ministry, manifested with extensive
eff<^s in his immediate and extra-parochial enragenients.f
Mr. Bernard had for his assistants at Batcombe, Air. Robert
Balsom the pnritan, then Mr. Edward Bennet ; and for his
successor, Mr. Richard Allein ; both ejected in 1662.^
His WoRR^s. — 1. Dissuasions from the Way of Separation, 1005i^^
2. Twelve Arguments proving that the Ceremonies imposed upon ths
Ministers in the Church of England, by the Prelates, are unlawful
and therefore that the Ministers of the Gospel, for the hare and sok
Omission of them for Conscience sake, are most unjostly charged
with Disloyalty to her Majesty, 1606. — 3. A Key for the Opening of
the Mysteries of the Revelation of St John, 1617. — 4. Fabnloaa
Foundation of the Popedom, shewing that St. Peter was never at Rome,
1619.—^. The Good Man's Grace, or his Stay in all bis Distress, 1621.
—6. The Faithful Shepherd and his Practice, 1621.— 7. The Seven
Golden Candlesticks, or the Sevenfold State of God*s Church here on
Earth, 1621. — 8. An Answer to that Question, * Where was yonr
Beligion before Luther f 1624. — 9. Khemes against Rome, 1626.--
10. A Guide to Grand Jurymen in Cases of Witchcraft, 1627.—*
11. Bible Battles, 1629.— 12. Of the Nature and Differences of Con-
science, 1631. — 13. The Isle of Man; or, the Legal Proceedings in
Manshire against Sin, 1632.^14. Tlie Ready Way to good Works ;
or, a Treatise of Charity, 1636.—15. A I'hree fold Treatise of the
Sabbath, on Gen. ii. 3., 1641.— 1& A short View of the Prelatioal
Church of England, 1641.— 17. The Bible's Abstract and Epitome,
1642 — 18. Thesaurus Biblicus seu promptuarium sacrum, 1644^
The last of these articles was repubH.nhed, with enlargements, in
1661, and discovers the author's great learning and nncoounen
labour.
• Bernard's Isle of Mao, p. 12^15. Edit. 1803. f Ibid. p. 10.
t Palmer's Noncon. Mem. vol. ii. p. 139. iii; p. 167.
S Tliis was the eighth edition of tl)is excellent, thougb iomewlNit ^aaist
little work, written in the form of ao allegory. It was lepabliik^te 103.
BUUL ^461
JovATHAir Bcsm^ — TU% tnilj piov drriae vat bom
Rfdgmvc is Sofbil^ B the jev leOI, ami edM^
of oar — ipriiiiMi He mrnt the aoo of ptoos pMWi'^g^
fivMB m diild, w tniaed op in the knowledge of the
liofyaciipCBn^wbkAiBMlehimwiKnitonlfafioo. While
m boj at school, he lired ia the fear of God, and in the
coniiiBit extmats of prirale derotion. HaTing spent fov
jFcan at the nnifenit j, be was onexpectedly caUed awaj
lij the deaA of his pioa» father. This painful dispensation
ivas, howercr, wnrlififd to his good. He used a^erwards
to adaire the wisdom and goodness of God, in presenring
him bj this aMans from those alluring preferments, for
which he had a particular fondness. His first ministerisd
€xcrciBes wrie at Homingsheath in Suffolk, then at Kick*
ingihil in the same coontV. In the latter situation, he bad
the pastoial charge, was pmeoted to the rectory, and, with
gieal exactness, performed bis numerous pastoral duties.
On this •ocasion be entered into a sderon covenant with
God. Thongh what he delivered to the people in public^
he pvmoQslj applied to himself in private, he sometimes
c— phinrdj saring, ^* Alas ! I preach not what I am, but
what I <iaght to beT^ Indeed, he was so deeply sensiUe of
his own mworthinea. and &[ the numerous imperfections
irttfding his best performaDces^ that he often laboured
Mder painAil despondency. He was constant and laborious
ia the work of the Lord : and when desired to sfiaie him-
mXj he matd to say« -^ It b better to wear out with zcork^
than be eaten out with ntri,^' It was bis highest joy to
wptad his life for the honour of Ciod and the wri6re of
aonk. When be found, at any time, that the Lord had
been pleased lo Uess bis bboors, be would say, ^ Lord, I
have given of thine own : take thoo the elory to thysdf.
As for mc, let me bare mr portion in tfarsd^ and not in the
ein^ of this world.^ He was remaikably charitable to
the poor; and when requested to be more sparing in bis
libenlity, he replied, ^ I oticn think en those words. He
tkM Bomdk sparmgi^^ sMaO reap rpmmgfyJ' He was of a
mtBtk and lowly spirit, and so patieni under injuries Iha^
ifhcn he was told how meanly other petsoss thiNu^ of
hiB, he used to say, *>* I think » OKnnly of pj^f >uk1»
therefore, am content for them lo thick diusof me*^ And
when be was charged with enL he neeklT RpjML ^ If
■Kw see so much eiiL hov wach dws Gtdf seer He was
always sorry to hear hivmelf ipflimifij^ «ad CftUed hii
ir|nnarfars his g
161 LIVES 0^ THE PURITANS.
All his excellent endo^irments could not screen him from
the severities of the times. He felt the iron hand of Bishop
Laud, when, on account of his conscientious nonconformity,
Jie was suspended from liis beloved work. His mouth
being stopped, he was like the fish out of water. His body
eren languished under tlie painful cross, and he said, ^^ My
preaching is ray life. If I be laid aside from that, I shall
quickly aie."* Mr. Burr, finding himself totally disabled
nom preaching in his native country, without a conformity
to the ecclesiastical impositions, contrary to the couyictions of
his conscience, renounced all prospects of worldly advan*
tage, and n^tired to New £ngland ; where he could enjoy
the ordinances of the gospel without the inventions ana
impositions of men. On his arrival in the new colony, he
was chosen assistant to Mr. Richard Mather, pastor of the
church at Dorchester. The year following, be was taken
ill of the small-pox ; but, through divine goodness, he
lecovcred, and came forth as gold tried in the fire. On this
occasion, he renewed his devotedness to God, and entered
into a covenant with the Lord, to walk before him with .
freater exactness in future. In this covenant he expressed
imself in the following manner :
^' I, Jonathan Burr, being brought in the arms of Almighty
<^ Grod over the vast ocean, with my family and friends^
^' and graciously provided for in a wilderness ; and being
<^ sensible of my own unwortbiness and self-seeking; yet
^ of infinite mercy, being called to the tremendous work
** of feeding souls; and being of late with my family,
^^ delivered out of a great affliction of the small-pox: and
" found the fruit of that afiliction, God tempering, order-
^^ ing, and mitigating the evil thereof; so that I have been.
^ graciously and -speedily delivered ; I do promise and vow
^' to Him, who hath done all these things for me: — 1. That
'^ I will aim only at his glory and the good of souls, and
" not my own glory. — 2. That I will walk humUy, with
" lower thoughts of myself, considering that I am a puff
*• of breath sustained by the power of his grace alone. —
" 3. That I will be more watchful over my heart, to keep
*' it in a due frame of holy obedience, without running out
** so far after the creature : for I have seen that h^ is my
*^ only help in time of need. — 4. That I will put more
*' weight in that firm promise, and sure truth, that he is a
" God hearing prayer.— 5. That I will set up God more in
• Mathcr'8 Hist, of New Eng. b. iii. p. 78—80.
BURR. 4/Jfl
'* my fHmilj, mote in myself, wifi'. rfiililrm, .inrl xrr/.iiifA,
'^ conm^ing with them in a niore vrrirm.-i rnaniifrr. l"or lliJn
^* God aimed at by .^rndin^ this .iffliction info my i\iuii\y.
"I will remember death. In inyvrif I am ni/.ij.n/, in
« Christ nil things."'
The future deportment of ffiis wortliy vrrvr-.t tA f Jir|«f
"WW happily conformable to h\% holy rvilnfiofi'*. Hie
public ministry and his whole l)elMvioiir in Ui*- ist'/^,ufnl
innch of a spirit of hoiirtess, and afford/:d u .^fK-^skiMi:
comfort to the flock of Christ, ff^ wa-< ;rr':ri.'!y .f/Jr/uVM
among his brethren, ffavinj^ jjn:.jf:fierJ f/> a trftA^U'r^ f/it. ■
S legation at Charlc^town, th'r r/rk^rstH VJr. Th//<'.;»<
ooker was led to sav. " Snrel v. tlrh man ^'.V: r.f/t y^. \i»x:sf
out of hearen. He pr^a/rhfrs a* if he were ^hf^-. y.ie*^\'j "^
Mr. Burr, immediat/rfy att#T hij» !a*t. tnrrriv.:. ;/f'^,'^«w '>!•
whether he wished t'j !-^/e h*r %rrd *S/.:r /.f.-Wr^-r. ; •//
which he v^t\j ^tajtc^'^I. •'• fio .v/ rritfjt'^f r^' Ki.^1 h* .
"lam not ffe.Tr.n.^. of 'h:?'. K--.*- f M/^^« ^iv*, •^.*>' / v%
my will is*ft»^ l^jrt'^ »^!. ff ?■>• *..'i ?.*>«^ /'.'^ /'^ ^/^ ? v*
wffli ray iferr ir:f.> -^r-d ^f.^Virr-;. f ?rr.'* i»'!?.'^ !• /ft f^**»ii7
for TOO that I *htrie -■'•h ■*'/-. 'v* ;• .i V-**/-/ fv,* «*• v, V
ejchofter! her v; vx.\.^i^jK ,\ w* *... */ '/'/5 vM «/^^/f^
" Our p«T»irj? Til v.r .-jr t •..-.-^ I *•.-. r.-./* »' *?.>irfl 'a/m
day roerf ^ifei. ' ^?'Mtr^'. y t^y y^yy m'A v.'>/ ?•<;///> /V^
Waitinr 'sr: ?:.:Tr- ie vc.\^. ^ ' ly. v/ aytA .// /v ./ .*. •■•'/■/ ^)*U
JW; fc: r*. 'V/ vi; v^ -;/'/i': t/zr-^ • /'/ .". ;;**/^/
Thon tT^»'t "•".' '■' ■^. '. 'V. "■«;• ' '.*/-* '. V* ^/v' I fr v^
Ittt tfe-yi i r. i '. r, ... •;// ' *^r /^ /^ ' '/ U /, ^^/j
and h^ r*'"-'*^i'*.' 'r.i. .<' -.^ / * ^'- ^^■■^■' v^. */// '/^ ••v/*.//'*
last £iwk..ir... Hf^ ■«» • «- » -v-^ ' ^ ./ ^ r^i *f'^ft^t,tt ,4
Were ^>ifti.v*i* '^-r.**- ■• '"* »*•'/ *>^'' /•/■ ,'/f^/i>'Ji "'t/ -.f//
wife. larT'jsr. • "^ «'.: *. ■ ' ■ *• vy^i ^ /'»'.' ^/^ ».'■ /■•./?♦. ^rr
466 LIVES OF THE PURITANS.
thee :'' then added, << Hold fest, hold fast/' and closed hit
eyes in peace^ August 9, 1641, aged thirty-seven yean.*
John Eaton, A. M. — This person was bom in Kent, in
the year 1575, and educated in Trinity college, Oxford.
For several years after he left the university, he {readied
in various places ; was curate at Katherine-Ccdemar, neu
Aldgate, London; and in 16S5, became vicar of Wick-
ham-Market in Su£folk, where he continued to the end
of his days. It is said that he was a person of a peculiar
mould, very paradoxical in his opinions, and a great
antinomian, for which he was more than once cast into
prison. His writings, which contain his peculiar senti-
ments, were, ^< The Discoveiy of a most dangerous Dead
Faith ;'' 1641 . <' Abraham's Steps of Faith ;'' I64L << The
Honey-comb of Free Justification by Christ i^one^ collected
out of the mere Authorities of Scripture,'' 1649. For tie
publication of a former edition of the last article, he wai ^
imprisoned in the Gatehouse, Westminster.f Indeed, be
was for several years questioned and censured by the nbii '
commission, for maintaining that God cannot tee sin u
those who are justified. He was in perils often, in London,
Norwich, and Wickham. Nevertheless, he is represented
as a faithful servant of Jesus Christ; and, by the blessing of
the Lord upon his labours, was instrumental in begetting
many children to God.t Archdeacon Echard admits, that ji
by means of his zeal, his exemplary patience, and his mat p
piety, he was exceedingly admired in the neighbourbood ji
where he lived, and highly valued for many years afler (i
his death.^ And though he committed some mistakes, io
his assertions about the doctrines of grace, he was, upon the
whole, ^^ a pattern of faith, holiness, and cheerfulnen in his
sufierings, to future generations." He died in the year
1641, and in the sixty-sixth year of his age. There wai
another Mr. Eaton, denominated the ^eiU aposik for
promoting independency in Yorkshire and Lancashire; hot
he was ejected after the restoration.!
• Matber'f Hilt, of New Englaod, b. lii. p. SI.
f P&get*s Hereiiograpby, p. 92.
1 Strype*! Annals, toK li. p. St9.
S Echard't Hist, of £ng. vol. ii. p. 978.
N Edward**! Gaogrena, part iii. p. 60, 164.— Mmer's Noacoa. M«a*
Tai. ii. p. ^61.
^ >>.
EATON—J. HOWE. 4K7
John H«we was a man of grout. piHy, niul nn rxcTilnii
diTine, but greatly troubU'd on nrcouiii of liiii iimicoii-
fonnity. When he was first indurnl (o rxiiniinr (ho
grounds of conformity, he espoused the muse of (he puii-
tans, and continued with finnnesK (o ad hen* (o (heir Nen(i-
raents. By the favour of Archbishop l^nid, he iMM'iunn
BiniBter of Loughborough in lj(*ieeit(erNhire; luid iN'eiiiiM*
be could not in cr>nscience oliserve all (he NiiiN'rNtilioiiN eerc*'
monies enjoined by this arbi(r{iry nn^l.ite, Ik* wiin thought
unfit to continue his minis(eriitl InlKMirs in mi |M>pnhMin a
town. Laud therefore suspended liini from his miniMry.*
But the chief cause of his sns|N*nsi/)n and other (roiibfrM^
ivas, his praying only once in the pnlpit, (liiit (i(ff\ woidd
nesenre the young prince from the inCef.Hoii of |H>|MTy.
The queen, the prince's mother, who was a hoforir>im papist,
had numerous popish priests alwiut her, usins^ thrir ntrn^Mf.
endeayonrs to have the minri of tlie f.rirife #-s(abli<;herl in
tte popish opinions : and, indeed, one of <he mUf.U-^ of lUts
queen's marriage was, that all br-r chiUlrm nlioiild t>^
nursed and brought up near the quffji^ unhl fliey %houUt
|tfri?e at the age of fourtr'-n years. There W8w, f her'-for^,
great cause of fear, Mr. Howe, for offV,-ring np -1:^ ai-^^^v*
Bmyer, was condemned in the hi?h r/^rn^.r^sv/^t r/^nrf,
ovember 6, 1634, to be efimroitted t/* prl.v* f'^ir ^^.^ hi%
majesty's pleasure, suspender! irf/m *^^rj \jfirf <X h'4 mirvt^^
try, fined five hondrerl poiuirlH, rquifwl to rr.stk^. * W'Mc
noinlatioii before the court. ar.d ''r^/Ser.'.f.erl tn f/^n ^4^nt*,*
Such was the terrible ytvdtnr.p' \r,t\if^ft\ fx^/^zk '.-j.^ f- <rA\it7A
^enuAf!^ Christ for the alx/^*: i.-narinar/ f.',9f.^\ Ia^mA
an, that "Mr. Howe's pnyer expr^^i^d n% ^t»^^ ff^^^^y
^That God would prevrve 'he prince in t^ie Vr>^ f^U^ymy
'which there nas r^i^ise to j»<»r. *** v* jrri^y^#^« m^i
ploelesB a scanriai rast npr^w ^ r^Ur'jf^^ fc*^^-, »* r^^^iMi
Could be grejiter. Jt wgi^ th^ ^k.^w <^ * 'yf^y^ P0 >Mi
Maoei,** say* he, - r.nt w%< ir/W/I, »r»Vf./W; v, ^l^^^ilfvy t*>^
*IU5 in the heutii of the j^^j/^, 4.vJ, >•* *^J''s ' ' if I >r*'l
^ there conmred y# ms p*iA.^Tf.e^<»^ f ^rti^l 'J*«>f t*/| t/r ^/^
Puirifthed m v^f . " :
How VxiJg This *i':f.r^. r//:.i\T-'^f\ irr, pfW/r^^ //r hy wh»(
^Kleauis he was Kteasert rV/^n t.^p#»«^ ^vr^M^. yf- Mr" f»'rt U ^n
M)Ie to kam. Oa wv/>n-^ r/ *'-*^ ' r n*-! ^ffffff*^t'ttt*', (rf"/<f
4eS LIVES OF THE PURITANS.
America, and other plaoet ; so Mr. Howe, to aroid frnidiea-
lion in future, sought an asjlum in Ireland. Ht oontifamd
in that oonntry till the br^iag out of the rebellioii^ abottt
the year 1641, when many tmtisands of protestante tost
their lives. Indeed, Mr. Howe himself, and iM fittnify^
were exposed to ^e gteatesi danger. The pboe to whi«lf
they retired was for seyerai weeks besieged and anMUltsd
by the rebels, though without sueeeas; and by the ipccM
providence of God, which was the guard of his tile, ks WM
■lercifully delivered from all his troubles. After beMge^
posed for several years to the calamities of war, he retimedl
to his native country, and settled in LancadUre; but at
what place, or when he died, we are not able io leam;^
The cdebrated Mr. John Howe, silenced by tile Aol nH
Unifonnity in 1669, was his soii.-f
Mr. Wroth. — ^This excellent person was ednesiMl fii
the university of Oxford, afterwards rector of Llanfkichcfi
in Monmouthshire, and domestic chapkia to Lady B'» "■■;
He is accounted the first nonoonformirt minislfif in WafeK
About the year IfidU, he began to signalize himsdf by tM§^
fully preaching the gospel, and discovert anoommsit eeif^
eern for the salvation of sottls4 FVrevioas to this bt lITBi ft
clergyman much addicted to raurth^ levity, and inusie. Atf
old mnnuscript relates the following aneodate : A gfinCto'
man in the m-ighbourhood having a suit al law depMdini^
af great importance to his family, went to LondMi to^ttiM
the trial ; which, to his great salisfartk>n, jfnr^ved M Mi
favour. Sending home the pleasing inforinationj bia fluiA|yt
and friends were overcome with transports 9t jogr. *Cb6
gentleman, therefore, ^pointed a certain chiy wl«» M
would return, and ordered great pieparations to be muM
for his arrival, when the evening should be spent in leasttrilg
and mirth. Mr. Wroth, beings invited, bioogM'a MM
tiolin, to bear his part in the general triumph, ^t y/fhSBk
ttiey were in full expectation of the gentleman's atfTiVrii^
behold ! to their unspeakable mortification and distfesa^MM
came f hat he had been seized by death upon the road^ It
is not easy even to conceive what impressions were madiff^iM
the miu^is of ail presert. The transition flrom trtuni^haM
joy to the deepest sorrow and anguish, was atawtftiadlimliT
* Ca1ainy*8 Life of Howe, p, 5, S.
+ Palioer't} Noncon. Mcin. vol. ii. p, SI.
t Cradock's Works, Pref. ^t. laOO.
WROTH.
able. Amklit the Moenl constemation, Mr. Wrolli <m|
avajr liis violin, ^udfaMiag on bb knees in the miikl of IW
cnmjwny, mosl fervenUy prayed for tfae bleasinff of God
upoo this ajarming providence. It is further auded^ that
nom ibis time be became a changed man, of which he gave
foil proof by his foithfui ministry and exemplary life.*
Mr. Wroilth no sooner &It the power of divine grace, than
lie discovered uncommos concern for the soulf of nis people.
He presently became a laborious and faithful preacher, and
hm labours were noC ifi vain. He was instrumental in the
CwnremoB of many souk; among wfaom was Mr. Walter
Cmfark, who became bis excelletit feHow-laboorer in the
vineyard of Christ. His way of preaching, however, soon
sowed the maUoe of his enemies, and rendered him obnox*
io«a to his superiors. It is recoiled, that ^^ the piofis Mr.
Wroth, with a great ntaiiy devont and conscientious divines,
wmesiAy ML mc pevseciitions of the times, and were mm-
pswdiJ fiom their livings tor not reading Ihe cursed Book
of Sports on the LokI's day.'V Iii the year 1635 the Bishop
of IJandnff ptet^nped st^tlet^ agsiinf^. him in the high com-
court, tfnpeaieDing to punish him accordiiig to faSt
His lordship calk him ^^ a noted sehismatic,** aiMl
m^ Ant he led man^ simple people after tmi, and wflfoUjr
pinasiitod in his sclusmatical course. The year foUowing,
tho bishop coMpbtnod of the slowness of ihc proseeo!tio%
and observed that this mode hun ^' petiiit in his by*wayi^
and his followers judge him faultless.*' And in 1638 the
good man was foronl to submit, though it is not said what
Sind oftnl—iiiiiiin he nsnde.^
. in Um year hSS9 Mr. Wvotfa, with Ihe aMStence of Mr.
Wattier Cndoek, Mr. Hency Jessey, and some o<!faen^
(JMinid a ehncdi nt Ifanfarhes, according to the model of
the indilpendenis.^ This society was a mtxtare of psedo-
hnprtsir and anttpaedobapdits. It was iiiniidb^d with two
OMoiilem, as co-pastors; Mr. Wioth was of the fomer deno-
mination, and Bfr. William Thomns of the hiUer. The
two ^mstas wene intimatdy acqjnaifllad with the indepen-
dnis jusd bsptisls nt Bnsloi, by wbom riso they weie
bi^dy irsnrrtfd^ as appears from tfae loooids of the dnircii
in Bcond M^, BristoL It is nbspn^ in tbese recofdsy
tfnit wfaen Mr« Wuotfi and other r«£iinniii^ minuiiere came
Sooth Wales, the piofesbois of religion used to mn
« TlMMBns^f Mfi. Hist, |>. 1 11. ^ lU^ p. 11£.
t Wkarton** Trouble* of UH^«<il.tjp. SOT, iMy^^i.
47a LIVES OF THE PURITANS.
after them, hungerin/^ for the food of their soals. When
our pious divine was in Bristol, he lodged at the house of
Mr. Lisiun, whose children he used to teach the followin|f
lines:
Thy sio : thy end : the death of Christ :
The eternal pan^s of hell :
The day of doom : the joys of heaven :
These six remember well.
Thus this liolv and hunible man would be doing good boih
to young and old wherever he went ; and such was the zeal
of many in those times, tliat they would go from Bristol to
bear him preach in his own country.
Mr. Wroth and his brethren, Mr. Erbery and Mr. da-
dock, were exceedingly harassed and persecuted in Wales,
when they resolved to prcHch the gospel in all places,
whether consecrated or unconsecrated. In imitation <h
Christ, they went about doing good, wherever they bad an
opportunity : and when they were persecuted in one city,
or in one pieurt of the country, they determined, in obedience
to Christ, to flee unto another.* Upon the prospect of the
national confusions, Mr. Wroth, being an old man, wishecl^
in submission to the will of God, to be at rest befiore tfae
sound of war was heard in the land. Herein his desire was
granted. He died a little before the sword was dmwil)
about the beginning of the year 1643.f
William RATHBANn was a puritan divine of gieitk
eminence in his day. He preached nineteen yeais at a
chapel in Lancashire, but afterwards, being much persecuted
for nonconformity, removed into Northumberland. Hawng
Sublished a book against the Brownists, which Dr. Stillii^
eet quoted to prove that preaching, when prohibited by
the established laws, was contrary to the doctrine of all the
old nonconformists ; Mr. William Rathband, his son, in a
letter to Mr. Baxter, assures him, /< That his fiither was not
to be reckoned among those who held that sentiment, since
he exercised his ministry, though contrary to law, '(or many
years at a chapel in Lancashire ; and after he was silenced
he preacht'l in private, as he had opportunity, and the
times would bear, of which I myself,'' says he, ^^ was some-
times a witness. Afterwards, upon the invitation of a
• Thomas's MS. Eccl. Hist. p. 895, 896.
f Thomases MS. Hut. of BaptMd, p, 697.
RATHBAND-CRISP. tTl
miSknttnj be excfcised his ministiy at Bdcham in N«i^
umnberiaiid, for about a year ; and from thence he fe»
moved to Ovingham, in the same county, where he
j^teadied about a year ; till, being silenced there, he retirrd
into a private fiunily .^* The epistle to the reader, prefixed
to Mr. Ball's ^ Answer to two Treatises of Mr. John
Ganne's,^ poblished in 1642, is subscribed by Mr. Rath*
band, t<^ether with several of his brethren ; therefore, he
was probably living at that period. He had two sons in the
ninistiy, oneofwbom was a puritan of considerable emi*
nenoe; who, during the civil wars, and upon the reduction
«f York by the parliament's forces, was constituted one of
the four preachers maintained by the state in that city wiUl
lioiioiiiable stipends. After some time, he removed from
this situation, wh«i he was succeeded by Mr. Peter
Wiiliams.f His other sod, the above Mr. William Rath*
band, waaooe of the alenoed nooconformisls in 1668.^
Tobias Ckisp, D. D. — ^This zealous minirtrr was boiw
m Bbead-fltieet, London, in the year 1600, and educated
Cnl wt Eton school, then in the university of Caariiridgc^
and aficrwaids at Oxford, where he was inoorpoated
sember of Baliol college, in 1696. He was daccwkd
finoBi a moA w€0hy Csunily. His £dher was Ellis CtiM^
a ridi merchant, and sometimes alderman and shcrifof tC
«:ily of London. Sir Nicholas Cii^ was his elder tantto;.
In the year 1687 he became rector of Brinkworth ia Wift*
ahiir, and in a few years after took his doctor's degfWL
He omtiBned at Brinkworth till the cnamumfff at af the
civfl wan^ and was much firilowed fiir his edifyiag way af
pwarhing, and his great hospitality
aorled to his hooae.S His dodtriae
cal, and particularly suited Id the
greatly promoted their peace aad ooarfbrt ;
beiw phun, familiar, and easy to be aaden
of the mmarst capacity, was pasticalasly
aoadilioa of Us hoircra. Ami, as he had a
of his0WB,he was anrnmrnwily liberal
atiaagcis who tame ftom a diftaaoe to
asiiBrtry; and, aooofdhig io
aiMLf^a.putt-
4%| LIVES OF T^E r^RITANS.
descendants, upwards of an bundled persons have been
received and enter^ined in bis J|;iqusc at the sauoue. time^
wlien ample pcMvision was made lor tbem and tbek
kosies.
<^ Dr. Crisp set out/' it is said, ^ in the lega} way of
preachiiig, i^ wbich he was e:(ceedin^Iy zealous, and baA
iHi tamest demre to glority God in bis life and ministry..
He did not s^k, but rcfi^sed all that workUy adfyanGement^
to which his way was open through bis parentage aH4
^ends; but gave livvsclf up wholly to the preaching of tba
Yord, and a conscientious practice of it, Ix'iug unblamabliQ
ki his life and conversation. None were more constant in^
ppeaching^ praying, and repeating sermons, perfonmiii^
public, raiuily, and private exercises, and in Uie stricli
observation ol^ the iiord's (by. His zeal for glorifying GocI
im this way, did not abate, but increase, alter be. had a
clearer knowledf^ of Christ, and of the doctrines of grace;;
working from better principles, and with better views, being
willing to spend and be spent, for the service of the meanest
of pod's i^eople. lie was far from, pride, vanity, and sdf-
o^iaceit; aad fulji of meekness, lovKhness, and tender ,a4^i
tion. Hereby it appeared that the gospel of Cbnft |^..%
^jT ff>^ im^uence upon bia soul, which enga£e4JW^ ioi
ffpach it (x^elj without any expectation of warmly aih|iMi«
ta|ge, and in a way which was sure to bring upon him m>if t]^
&YOU]: aiid esteem of men, but reproach and persecution*;
IjyLs;.d^rine," our author, adds, ^^ was falsely charged)
withi aot^n^Huianism ; but the innocency and bannlessiiess of.
Im life, apd bis fervency in goodness^ was a manifest pfa^:
tliQal^^rgument to confute tl^ slanders of Satan, atf/mit th^
most holy faille which lie priqached."* i/b. JNeal siiys^
<^ that the doctor, in hk younger days, had been a fa^oiueif
(^ aiminiaiiism; but, changing bis opinions^ he ran intoK
tlie contrary eji^reme oC antUpmianism." Thoi^ the.
former i)art of tiie .charge will be admitted by most persons,
the. latter some will deny; and obserye, tha^t l^is sermoHka
\ipon '' Free Grace the TeaghQjr pf Gkxxl WorljiS,^' andr
<f The Use of the Law,"' with sofne otberi^ contain an*
abundant refutation of the charge. But the abpx^ -^^^^rilier
observes, ^^ that he was certainly a learned tmi isel^UHm
perBon, modest and bumble in his behaviour, fervont andli
laborious iii his ministerial work, and exact in bis morals."
Mr. Lancaster, the publisher of bis work% says, <^ thai Us
• Life of Dr. Crisp, prefixed to hit SennoD^^ p. 7, i.^ £d«U UaU
^fe was "SQ innocent ^nd baroFiIess fronfi all evil, and so
ieeftlai||s ^^d iierycnt in aU good, tixat it seemed to be designed
a^ ^ practical reiutatioii of* the slander of those who Mrouid
iasiauate that his doctrine tended to UccHtiousojess.*** The
celebrated Dr, Twissc observes^ '^ that he bad re;>d Dr.
Crisp's sermons, and could give no reason why tb^y were
opposied ; but," said he, ^^ becaHse so maay w.crc couverted^
by his ministry, and so few by o^irs.'* Mr. Cole, the excel-
lent author of a treatise on '^ Regenevatioo^" declared, thafr
vf lie had only one hundred pounds in the wofkl, and Dr.
Crisp's book could not be procuicd for less than fifty, he
would giye tliat sum rather ihm be without it ; saying, << I
have fonnd more satisfaction in it, than in all the bodes in
tb^ woxld, except the Biblc/'f
Perspnsi who have embraced sentiments wluch asfterwards
appf^af to them erroneous, often think they can never remove
too far from them ; and tJhe more remote they go from their
former opinions, ihe nearer they come to the truth. Thla
^yas unhappily the case with Di. Crij^p. His ideas of the
^race of Christ had been exceedingly low, and he bad
un^ij^ seatipoents which produced in hiim a legal and
^Ij^iiigbt^ous spirit. Shocked at the recoUj^tion of Us
Umo^t yWws and conduct, he seems to have imagined that
be i^oi^btd never go ihr enough fijom them ; and that ha could
never speak too highly of the grace and love of tjie Be-i
di^nifir, nor in too degrading terms of legality wad selfn
Kigbte^Q^nesSt But many were of opinion, tliat be went to
such ajii excess in magnifying the grace of God, as to turn
it into wa^:itonness : and that he was so severe against all
legality aod self-righteousness, tliat true holiness and obe-»
dience to the divine will were in danger of being discarded*'
lie waafbnd of expressions which alarm, and paradoxes
which astonish. Many of these, a person skilled in theology
will p^ceive to be capable of a good meaning : but readers
uainstructed, who compose the most numerous class, are ki'
(ganger of misaj^rehending tliem, and of being led into'
pefuiciQUS cftrors. This good man, it is said, perplexed
aind puzzled himself about the divine purposes. He did
not distinguish, as he ought to have doue, between God's
secret will in his decrees, and his revealed will in his cove-«
nant and promises; and in his views of the decrees, he
frequently speaks as if he had forgotten that they have
respect to the means as well as the eml. lie also discovered
♦ Ncal's Puritans, vol. iii. p. 18.
+ Life of Dr. Crisp, p. 9.
474 LIVES OF THE PURITANS.
41 peat degree of inaccunu^y in his ideas of the sabstitotioii
ok Christ in the place of the redeemed, and of our Lord's
mediatorial office, both in procuring and applying the
blessings of redemption.* ^' His writings/* says Dr. William^
<< have in them a sin^Iar mixture of excellencies and faults.
What is exceptionable arises chiefly from unqualified ex«
pressions, rather than from the author's main design. "t
Upon the commencement of the civil wars, Dr. Crisp^
being puritanically inclined, was driven from his rectory bj
the king's soldiers, and, to avoid their insolence, obliged to
flee to London ; where, on account of his peculiar senti-
ments about the doctrines of grace, he met with a most
vigorous opposition irom the divines of the city. Here bo
engaged in a grand dispute, having no less than fifty-two
opponents ; by which encounter, eagerly managed on his
part, he contracted a disease which presently brought him
to his grave. He died, it is said, of the small-pox»
February 27, 1643, aged forty-three years. His remains
were interred in the mmily vault in St. Mildred's churchy
Bread-street, London.} In his last sickness, he was in a
resigned and most comfortable state of mind, and dedaied
to tnos^ about him his firm adherence to the doctrines
which he had preached ; also, that as he had lived in the'
belief of the free grace of Grod through Christ, so he did
now, with confidence and joy, even as much as his present
condition was able to sustain, resign his life and soul into
the hands of his heavenly Father.^ His wife was the
daughter of Rowland Wilson, alderman ,and sheriff of
London, a member of the Ion? parliament, and one of the
council of state. By him she nad thirteen childrai^ ekveQ
of whom survived him.
Dr. Crisp published nothing himself; but, after hisdeatb,
in 1643, 1644, and 1646, his friemis published three volnmes
of sermons from his notes, entitled, '' Christ alone Exalted,
in the Perfection and Encouragement of his.SaiiilB^ not«!
withstanding their Sins and Trials." When-ttN^ came
from the press, it is said that the assembly of dftines talked
of having them burnt, as a just punishment of the heresy
which they contained.! Mr. Flnvel and other doiummi-
formists exposed his errors, and expressed a lively sense of
• Bo^ne and BrnnHt^ Hist, of Dinenten, toI. i. p. 400, 401. EditJlSOa,
f C'hristiao Preacher, p. 456.
^ Wood*8 AthcDie Oxon. vol. ii. p. 13.
^ Nears Paritans, vol. iii. p. 19.
I Bof ae aad BcdocU*! Dincbten. vol. i. p. 401.
CRISP. ITJ
fbe dn^eroiu opinicms which the doctor held. The con*
tnyrcraj, boweyer, was at rest till the year 1690, whfsi hit
wooj Saunnel Crisp, esq. published a new edition of the
lAofe aetmons, with the addition of ten more, making in all
fiAy-two; and procured to the work the attestation of
wttenl ministers, that the discourses were the doctor^s own
prododioDs, and copied from his manuscripts. This occa^
aoned a new- controrersy, which, for seven years, was
cufied on with great warmth and intemperate zeaL Many
eminent dirines engaged in this controversy. Among those
who iaA a leading part in the dispute vias Dr. E^iel
WiDians. He considerai many of Crisp's assertions at
canxedingly dangerous. And concerning iiie commutation
«f persons between Christ and the sinner, he could not but
km upon it to be << not only fidse, absurd, and imposublc^
fant also an impious and Uaspbemons opinion, as beinc
dfefcononiable to our Saviour, repugnant to the wiMlain an
joislioe of God, and leading plainly to subvert the wbole
devnof Christianity.^
Mcwtj says our author, lay the root of Dr. Ctisp^s ernir^
wUdi shot its fibrfs into almcsl eveij fdbyecL He vi
flie naijn hctucgii Chnsi and beiirra^ to be of smA a
nsaKtoanytoniakea Saviour of tbr anuex^ and a
the Soviocr. He speaks as if G^ cocsader^d tlbe
doing
gnkr of tbem. The OGfcsior: aad drradM
ttinMr hence can scarcehr be dcsn^rd. If wt addl
afacady mtinia«ft J. tLat hs> xanc wa^ pe^^fessd abvit
dinoe decrees, and tlsa far aacSomuotd '^am widk Gmfm
inmled wilL ao*l unnetiT hiraAd ihe dEnte
ofiLaslf
lU^, the rea3er wiSl prujciwr ttx- caaat ^ \m
The mB&aSkf^^ m§xmot «r ~
appeao art to karf itAz
he wa§ Eke a fiam Tivt^rs:^ iimy^xsaA^
deaik. Thas urfappy cjmB-<^"w-ji j—duuiJ a
aiBorg^m»
cnrtfrriits io thif dav.
47e LIVES OF THE PURITANS.
Alexander Lejcuton, D.D.— Thia great sufferer fov
liOBConfonaby was bora in Scoiland, about the year 1^68,
aod educated]^ moat pisobably, ia one of the Scotch univern
fitics. He took l^s degree of doctor iu divinity iu the
two universities of St. Andrews and Leydcn.* Grangear
incorrectly observes, that he was not doctor of diTiuity,i
but of physic^ though exercised in the ministry ; and addisy
tliat when he was interdicted the practice ot* phasic by the
president aud censors of the college of physicians, iu tb^
reign of James I.^ as a disqualified person, he alkeged that
lie Odd taken the doctor's degree at I^yden^ under profciiispip
Heurnius. It was then obj/ected to him, that he had tak«ir
Sricst's orders ; uod being asked why ti^e did uot adhere U|
10 profession to which he had been CNrdaincd, he excepted
against the ceremonies^ but owned him^lt^ t(> be a clergy*
man. Still persisting to practise in London,, or wituui
seven miles ox the city, he was censored as -disgraceful to
the professLon.f He was father to Sir EUis Leigbtou aofll
the eminently pious Archbishop Leighton, of whom Bishiiqk
Burnet gives so esxolleut a character, and whose works
ire hekl in such high reputation at the present day 4 ^
This reverend divine obtained a good leputatico £qs
•ability, learning,, and piety ; but his zeal against episcopacy
and the oppiessi^ns of the bishops exposed him io ni,H
merous and painful sufferings, tie piiblished a book,
entitled^ ^' An Appeal to Pajrliament; or, Sion's PJeac against
the Prelacie ;" for which he met with unexampled cruelte
id the stiir-cliamber. In this book he expressed Jtiis seirfip
mants against the hierarchy and tlic proceedings «f tbfi
tttUag ycelatcs with considerable fucedom, and with ViQ
much zeal and warmth for tlie times. The book wai^
dedicated to the parliament, in which some of oun kisv^
torians have observed, $ ^^ That he escited the pariiamesfk
and the people to kill all the bishops, by smiling tbaip
mider the fifth rib; and bitterly inveighed against the
cpxeen, calling her the daughter of //e/A, a CanaamUy aad
aa idolalress^^^ ' If this account were per/ectiy cooQct, and
Leighton had excited them to kill all the bishops, surely thia
would have been no greater crime than the bishops aci^mUj^
kiUvig vast numbers of puritans, by the cruel .punishments
• • Feiree*fi yiodicatioB, part i. p. 181.— Seots' WovUiies, p. 14t; BM
1796.
f Gran^er^s Biog. Hist. vpl. ti. p. 180.
X Burnet's Hist, of bis Time, vol. i. p. 134.
S FQlltr'g Church Hist. b. x\. p. 136,— Walker's Attempt, part i. p. ft.
LfiiGirro*- in
which thef inlHkted ttpon thetft. And^ if nmttifshn ntdH
B whe man m«Mf,-it can be no gteM woncter if the intotembte
^prds^en^ of the bisliops kurtted soflUe of the pufltafjs,
Especially those of warm spirits, to use me(liod« of itidb-
enstk»». Bart the assertions of oar atithofS, that he e^eitdA
the pariiaifieht aiid people to tadee^away the lives <tf tte
bidlopfi^ is without foundation. The tttith is, is^ys Mr.
Peiroe, after enumerating a ^reat matij grietances afid
Inisefrieli, occasioned by the episcopal establisAimefit, he
excited the parliament utterly to root out the hiertirchy,
^t the nietion might be delivered from any ftffther danger s
b<it that he ever urged thtem to put the bishops to death,
whether they were guilty oi: not guilty of any crime, id
iHiat I cannot find in the book. Nay, I nfteet with that
which is directly the contrary. Towards the Close of the
hook, he observes as ibllcfws : *^ To make an end of ottr
pfesetot sttbject, we wish your honoinrts might prevail with
the prelates, by fair meani^, to cast off their overcharging
ealling. If they Will no* be thus persuaded, we fear theljr
ai^ Kke pleuritic patients, who cannot spit, arid whom
fiothifig but incision will cure: we mean of their calltngSy
atft of their persons ; with whom we have no quarrel, Mt
frinh them better thasa they wish either us or themselves.
One 6f their desperate mountebanks out of the pulpft
liouldi find no cuie for us, their supposed enemies, but
pricftittg in the bladder : but wt ft(we not io teamed Christ.^*
Besidite^ there was no such thing among the charges bfoughi
ligaihst him in the star-chamber, which mo^ eertainly
#Mikl not have been omitted, if any such expression had
heen found in the book.+ .What degree of credit is, thcre-
fclpe, due to men who represent the sense of authors directly
eotittTiry to their oim express words ! What they design l^
snc6 Iriisrepresentation, is left with the caudid jeader &
Witft respect to Di*, Leighlon*s calling the qneen tkt
dtttilfhtet" of Heth, a Canaamte^ and an tdoiatrtss, tbottgh
Ihey ai»* indecent and unbecoming epithets, when appltii^
to the <)i&een ; yet he obviously meant by these cxpti^iMtk
fhffi she was ari avowed papist^ and she was, in lact, a rti(sA
sotorious and bitter papist. Archbishop Tillotson aft^*
warft used, certain expressions concerning the marriage bf
foreign popish princes with ourowti, not much better thun
tho»e of Dr. Leighton, without giving any umbragfe what-
• Peirce's ViodicatioD, part i. p. ITt, ITU.
f Ruihworth*8 CcUlec. vol. ii. p. 96, 57.
478 LIVES OF THE PURITANS.
j0ver. The worthy prelate styled them <^ the people of these
abominatioDs ;" and added, that it was by these marriaglBB
for two or three generations, that popery was so much
countenanced in his day.* If this language had been used
at the time that Leighton's was, it would no doubt have been
equally resented. Though Leigbton's book was written in
spirit and language too warm for the times, yet Dr. Harris,
who had particularly examined the work, says, ^^ It was
written with spirit, and more sense and learning than flie
writers of that stamp usually shewed in their productiQn8."f
But the impartial r^er will be the better able to judge fiir
himself, from the following circumstantial account, as col-
lected from the most authentic historians.
On February S9, 1629, Dr. Leigbton, coming out of
Blackfriars church, was seized by a warrant from the high
commission court; and, by a multitude of men armed, was
dragged to Bishop Laud's house. From thence, without
any examination, he was Carried to Newgate^ and theie
clapt in irons, and thrust into a loathsome do«r.hole, full of
rats and mice ; and the roof being uncoyered, the rain and
snow beat in upon him, having no bedding, nor jdaoe to
make a fire, except the ruins of an old smoky diinuiey;
where he had neither meat nor drink from the Toesdnr
night till Thursday noon. In this loathsome and miseralm
place, he continued fifteen weeks, not any of his friends, or
even his wife, being permitted to come near him, and was
denied a copy of his commitment. On the fourth day after
his imprisonment, the pursuivants belonging to the hif^'
commission went to his house, and laid violent hands upon
his distressed wife, using her with the most shameful and
barbarous inhumanity ; and holding a pistol to the braul
of a child five years o4d, threatening to kill him, if he woidd
not inform them where the books were, by which the child
was so frightened, that he never recovered. They htAe
ppen presses, chests, boxes, &c. though his wife was witling
to open all. They carried away all the books, manuscripts,
apparel, household stuff, and other things, leaving notfuiig
mej wished to possess. During his confinement in New-
gate, it appeared from the opinion of four physicians, that
poison had been given lihn ; for his hair and skin cameoS
As he la^ in this deplorable situation, sentence was pasted
upon him in the star-chamber, even without heariiuf s
sii^le word he had to say, though a certificate firom Som
• Peirce's Vindication, part I. p. 178. .
f HarrU's Ufe of Cbarlei I. p. 285. . . .
LEIOHTON. 479
pbTsicians and an attorney was given of the dreadful state
frf'nis complaint.*
But it will be requisite iD give a particular account of
the charges brought against this unhappy man.. June 4,
.1630, an information was exhibited against Dr. Leighton in
the star-chamber, by Attorney-general Heath, when be was
charged with having published and dispersed a scandalous
book against the kihg, peers, and prelates, entitled, ^^ Sion's
Plea against the Prelacie;'^ in which, among other things,
be sets forth these false and seditious assertions and posi-
tions following :
1. ^^ That we do not read of greater persecution, and
higher indignity done upon God's people in any nation
professing the gospel^ than in this our island, especially
since the death of Queen Elizabeth.
S. f^ He terms the prelates of this realm men of bloody and
enemies to God and the state ; and saith, that the maintahi-
ing and establishing of bishops within this realm, is a main
and master sin established by law, and that ministers should
iiave no voices in council deliberative and decisive.
3. ^^ He avows the prelacy of our church to be antichris-
tian and satanical, and terms the bishops ravens and mag«
pies, that prey upon the state.
3. ^ He terms the canons of our church, made in I603f
non^eitse-canons.
. 4. <^ He disallows and contemns the ceremony of kneeling
in receiving the sacrament, alleging that this spawn of the
beast was l^ought forth by the prelates, to promote their
own unlawful Standing.
5. ^^ He affirms that the prelates have corrupted the king,
finrestalling his judgment against God and goodness, and
most audaciously and wickedly calleth his majesty's royal
consort, our gracious queen, the daughter ofHetk.
7. <^He most impiously seems to commend him who
committed the barbarous and bloody act of murdering the
]sAe Duke of Buckingham, and to encourage others to
second him in the like wicked and desperate attempt, to the
destruction of others.
8. '^ He layeth a most seditious scandal upon the king^
state, and kingdom, wickedly affirming, ^ That all who pass
by us spoil us, and we spoil all who rely upon us.' And
amongst other particulars, instanceth the black pining death
0f the famished Rochellers^ to the'number of fifteen hundred
• General Ludlow's Letter to Dr. Hollinsworth^ p. St. Edit. 1692.-^
£l8ay OA Cbarlei L p. 8S^ 84. Edit. 1748.
480 LIVES OF THE PURITANS.
ill font moYitfis. By trfaich passages and wicked ass^ioni,
lie doll) as much as in him lay, scandal!^ his majesty's
Bacred person; his religious, wise, and just government;
the person of his royal consort, the queen ; the persons of
the lords and [leers of the .realm, esi)ocisLlly the rererend
bishops.
9. '' That in another place in the said book, endeavoiaring
not only to slander his majesty's sacred person and govern-
ment, but to detract from his royal power, in making laws
and canons for ecclesiastical government, he saiih, ' That
the church huth its laws from the scripture^ and that nb
king may make laws in the house of Gocf ; for if th^y might,
then the scripture would be imperfect.'
10. " And he is further charged in another i>l8ce in the
said book, with these words following^ thinking to sdlve afl
With an expression of his sacred majesty : * What a pity it is,
and indelible dishonour it will be to you, the states repre-
ftetitative, that so ingenuous and tractaUe a king sfaoula ht
to moTistrously abused, to the undoing of himself and his
subjects.' "•
These ten particulars contain all the charges broftight
agtiinst Dr. Lcighton, and we may be sure they werfe
the worst that could l)e collected out of his book, bis en&-
inies being judges. The unprejudiced reader here sees the
worst part of I^ighton's character, and will easily jodg^
Kirhat (fegree of criminality was attached io his conduct.
Though iome of the alwve assertions were unjustifiable,
many of them were certainly true, and too glaringly mnni-
ftst in the history of those times. Dr. I^i^hton, ill his
answer to the above charges, confessed, that when the jAir-
liafnent was sitting, in the year 1628, he drew up the heads
of his book; and havin? the approbation of five bundled
persons under their own hands, some of whom were meffibiM
of parliament, he went into Holland to get it printed. Also,
that he printed betwixt five a.nd si^t hundred only fbf the
Use of the parliament ; but they being dissolved before the
work was finished, he tcturnea home, not bringing any rf
them into the kingdom, but made it his special ci&re. to
suppress them, lie confessed his writing the book, but
with no such ill intention as suggested in the infbimalion.
His only object was to remonstnite against certain grievflkiceft
in church and state, under which the people sdfibted^
that the parliament might be induced to tate them ihto
* Rusbworth*i Cotlec. vol. \\. p. 56^ 67.
LEIGHTON. 481
consideration, and give snch redress as mi^ht be most for fbi
honoor of Ibe king, the advantage of the people, and the
peace of the church.
When the caus<* was heard, the doctor*s defence was read
at length, and the various particulars contained in his
charges wore read out of his book. In answer to the first
charge, viz. " That we do not read of greater persecution of
Grod^s people, in any nation professing the gospel, than in
this our i!»land, especially since the death ot Queen Eliza-
foeth ;'^ he confessed the words, and said, ^' The thing is too
true, by the pn lates taking away the life and livelihood
from many ministers and private men, many of whom have
been pined to death in prison ; . and many have wandered
up and down, their tamilies being left desolate and helpless :
and besides Uiis, the blood of souls hath been endangered,
by the removal of the faithful shepherds from their flocks.'*
This was a most cutting truth ; at which Laud was so
exceedingly enraged, that he desired the court to inflict
thelieaviest sentence that could be inflicted upon him. This
they did to his lordship's fullest satisfaction. For Leighton
was condenmed to be degraded from his ministry, to have
his ears cut, his nose slit, to be branded in the face, to stand
in the pillory, to be whipped at a post, to pay ten thousand
pounds, (though they knew he was not worth so much,)
and to suffer perpetual imprisonment. The grateful
sentence being pass^ against him, I<aud pulled off his hat,
and holding up his hands, gave thanks to God, who
BAD given him the VICTORY OVER HIS ENEMIES.* A
certain knight having moved one of the lords relative to the
dreadful nature of the censure, intimating that it opened a
door to the prelates to inflict the most disgraceful punish*
ments and tortures upon men of quality; that lord replied^
thi^t it was designed only for the terror of others, and that
he would not have any one to think the sentence would evet
be executed. This worthy lord, however, was greatly
mistaken; for Laud and his adherents caused the dreadfiu
sentence to be executed with the utmost rigour and
severity.
The ruling ecclesiastics proceeded with proper decorum^
and a due observance of ecclesiastical order. Therefore,
November 4th, he was degraded in the high commission ;
and on the 10th of the same month, being a star-chamber
'day, the barbarous sentence was to be executed ; but the
•»
• Roshworth's CoUec vol. ii. p. -66, 5T. — Lodlow't Letter, p. fit?, fil.
VOL. II. . 9 I
48S LIVES OF THE PURITANS.
preceding evening be made his escape out of the Fleet,
where he had brafi kept a close prisoner. Information of
his escape was no sooner announced to the lords of the
council, than they caused the following hue and cry to be
printed and published through the country :
^ A hue and cry against Dr. Lei^hton.
^^ Whereas Alextuider Leighton, a Scotchman born>
<^ who was lately sentenced by the honourable court of star*
<< chamber to pay a great fine to his majesty, and to undergo
<< forpond punishri^nt, for writing, printing and publish*
<^ mg a very libeilpus and seditious book against the king
<^ and his govemroent, hath this eleventh day of November
(^ escaped out of the prison of the Fleets whei^ he was a
^ prisoner. These are in his majesty's name to requiDeand
^ command all justices of the peace, mayors, sl|cnffi>
^ bailiffs, customers, searchers, and officers of the p^rts*
< and all others his majesty's lovinff subjects, to us0 b}I
< diligence for the apprehending of the said Alfyy;idfly
¥ Leighton ; and being apprehended, s^ly to keep him iji^
^custody until his maj^^ shall receive .notice thereof
^ and shall give further duection concerning him. Jle is
f a man of low stature, £ur ccH^nnlesdon ; be bath a y^ow*
< ish beard, a high forehe^, and i^ betwe^ forty aa4.4Aj
^ years of age,"t
This hue and cry followed him into Bedfordshire n^^i^
he was appreheooecL and brought again prisoner to the
Fleet. Relative to Dr. Lei^ton's escape, and the eicfcu-
tion of part of the sentence, Bishop Laud made the foUow*-
ing memorial in his diary : '^ November 4, Leightoa was
degraded in the hifh commission* November 9, ha iH'oke
out of the Fleet; Uie warden says, 1^ gqi or was helped
over the wall ;f and professc's he knew mt this from Tu^
day till Wednesday noon. He told it not me till Thursday
ju^hL Leighton was taken again in Bedfordshire, and
within a fortnight brought back to the Fleet. Novjember
||6, part of his sentence was ej^ecuted upon him at West*
jBiinster/'t Such was the particular memorial which this
reverend prelate preserved of these sacred proceedings 1
' 't H«ibwortb*8 Colkc. toI. H. p. Sl.—Tbe account of tbe doctor'i age
ll b^re certainly ?ery incorrect.
f Herein both tbe warden and the bishop were mistaken^. > His U§a
frieDds, Mr. Levlngstooand'Mr. Anderson, lent b(m th<^ir clothes, by which
-|nea9« he pit out of prison In disipilse. Thii^ however, was so sooier
found out than his two friends were prosecuted in the star-chamber ^ whe^
they were Sued each Jive hundred pounds, and committed to tho ^Flcet
dorinj^ the hint's pleasare. — J bid, p. 58
I Pryune'j Bre?iate of, MHd» p. iO.-^Wi)ar^n.'« Ui^ly tpI. i. .p. i|S.
LBIGHTON. 465
The sentence^ 80 mteful to the remembrance of Laud^
was inflicted in the toUowing most shocking and barbaroiui
manner: he was carried to Westminster, where he had one
of his ears cut off, then one side of his nose slit ; he was
kanded on the cheek with a red-hot iron, with the letters
S. S. for a sower of sedition ; he was put in the pillory, and
kept there nearly two hours in frost and snow ; he was then
lied to a post, whipped with a triple icord to that cruel
degree, that every lash brought away the flesh; and he
himself affirmed, ten years after, that he should feel it to his
dying day. And after this shocking barbarity, he was not
penmtlad io return to his quarters in the Fleet in a coach
prepared for the purpose; but was compelled, in that
BRineyitable condition and severe season, to go by water.
Oil that day sevennight, his nose, ear, face, and back not
beii^ yet cured, he was taken to the pillory in Cheapside ;
when the other ear was cut off, the other side of his nose
rilt, and the other cheek branded ; he was then set in the
pfliory, and whipped a second time. He was then carried
mok to the Fleet, where he was kept ten weeks in dirt and
mire, not being sheltered from the rain and snow. He was
tohut up in close prison, and not suffered to breathe in the
tfpfXk air for ten or eleven years, until tlie meetinff of the
•loi^ parliament. And when he came forth from his long
oncf miserable confinement, he could neither wa//:, see^ nor
hean* The sufferings of this learned divine greatly moved
iflie compassion of the people ; and, surely, the records of
the inquisition can hardly furnish an example of similar
b6>ba1rity.
• ' The long parliament having assembled, Dr. Leightoh
;pre8ented a petition, November 7, 1640, to the house of
commons, complaining of the hard usage he had met with;
which the house could not hear without several interruptions
with floods of tears.+ The petition being read, an ordc*
Eassed the house, " That Dr. Leighton shall have liberty
y the warrant of this house, to go abroad in safe custody,
to prosecute his petition here exhibitied ; and that he be
removed out of the common prison, where he now is, into
0ome more convenient place, and have the liberty of the.
Fleet," A committee was at the same time appointed to
teke his case into mature consideration. t
.» ■ - . . •
« Rashworth*8 Collec. vol. ii. p. 58. — Ludlow's Letter, p. 24.
i* A copy of thi8 moving petition, the substance of which has heea
already given, is still preserved. — Essay on Charles J, p. 83 — ^86.
i Rnihworth'tt Collec. toI. v. p. 90.
484 LIVES OF THE PURITANS.
Tbrough the innumerable complaints from all quarters,
and a multitude of other concerns which came b^ore the
house and the committee^ some time elapsed b^ore the
result of the examination of Dr. Lei^hton's case came forth.
But, April SI, I64I, Mr. Rouse having delivered the report
of the committee, the house came to the following resolu*
tions:
1. << That the attaching, imprisoning, and detaining
Dr. Leighton in prison^ by warrant of the high commission,
is ill^aL
S. '^ That the breaking up of Dr. Leighton's house, and
taking away his papers by Edward Wright, then sbenff q€
London,^ and now lord mayor, is illegal.
S. << That the said Edward Wright ought to give repaiat-
tions to Dr. Leighton, for his damages sustained by brenk*
ing open his house, and taking away his papers and other
goods.
4. '^ That the Archbishop of Canterbury, then Bishop
of London, ought to give satisfaction to Dr. Leighton, fm
his damages sustained by fifteen weeks imprisonment in
Newgate, upon the said bishop's warrant.
5. <^ That the great fine of ten thousand pounds lai4 upon
Dr. Lei^ton, by sentence of the star-chamber^ is iUflgal.
€. ^^That the sentence of the corporal punishmait
imposed upon Dr. Leighton; the whipping^ braiiding,
slitting the nose, cutting ofi*his ears^ setting in the pillory,
and the execution thereof, and the imprisonment thereupon,
are illegal.
7. <^ That Dr. Leighton ought to be fireed firom the great
fine of ten thousand pounds, land from the senienoe orper-
petual impriscmment, and to have bis bonds delivered to nim,
which he entered into for )iis true imprisonment
8. '^ That Dr. Leighton ought to have good satisfaction
and reparation for his great sufferings and damages sus-
tained by the illegal sentence in the star-chamber."*
These were the resolutions of the house of commons,
after a mature examination of his most affecting case. It
* is observed, that he was voted to receive six thousand
pounds for damages, but, most probably, on account of the
ccmfusions of the times, it was never paid him.f In the
year 1642, Dr. Leighton, by therappointment o^^the. house
of commons, was made keeper oi Iiambeth-house, when
• RnibWorth's CoUec toI. t. p. 8S8, 889.-— Nalfon's CoUee. vol. t.
f.f99»800. ' .
f adoti' Worthies, p. 141.
J.SEDOWICJK. 485
turned into a prison ; where, it is said, ^^ he did. to some
purpose make reprisals for his damages, and with much^
rigour persecuted the purses of the loyal clergy and
gentry."* How far this may be correct we are unable to
ascertain ; but, supposing every word of it be true, it
will never justify intolerance and persecution, either in^
himself or in his enemies. He was keeper of the above
prison in the year 1643, but when he di^ we are not abb
toleam.f
John Sbdgwick, B. D.— This person was the younger
brother to Mr. Obadiah Sedgwick, another worthy puritan
divine; born at Marlborough in Wiltshire, in the year
1601, and educated first at Queen's college, then at Mag«
dalen-hall, Oxford ; where he made unconunon application
in the study of divinity. When he applied for the degree
of bachelor of arts, it was at first denied him, says our
author, <^ because that when he was to be admitted to the
order of deacon, he did belie the university by usin^ the
title of B. A. before he was admitted to that degree. If
he acted thus, his conduct was bas^ indeed. It is, however,
added, that he afterwards begged pardon for what he had
done, made a public submission before the venerable con-
gregation of regents, and obtained that degree, as also the
others. Leaving the university, he was beneficed in the'
city of LondoD, and about the same time he became
preacher at Chiswick in Middlesex, and was afterwards
yicar of Langley in Essex.t Wood mistakes him for his
brother, when he observes-that he was minister of Coggeshall
in this county. Upon the commencement of the civil wars,
he became chaplain to the Earl of Stamford's regiment ;i
was appointed one of the sub-conunittee for raising money
to carry on the war ; and chosen rector of St. Alphage,
near London-wall. He was an avowed enemy to prelacy
^nd antinpmianism. Wood says, " Though he had only
one thumb, yet he would not have had one ear, h^ not his
majesty bestowed twQ upon him ; when, about the year
1633, they were sentenced to the pillory. Since which
time he hath been so grateful a penitent, that in one day he
was proved guilty ^ simcHiy, sacrilege, and adultery/'|
* NalioB^s Collec. vol. {. p. 512.
f Wl^artpii's Troubles of Land, vol. |. p. 198, 20S.
i Newcoart*s Repert. Eccl.fol. ii. p. 15T.
S SyWeiter's Life of Baxter, part i. p. 4S.
I Wood'i Atheoe, toK ii. p. le, 17.
486 LIVES OF THE PURITANS.
He miffht indeed, be sentenced to the pillory, as one per*
necuted for righteousness sake. This was no uncommon
thing in tliose days. And that bis majesty nii^ht vermt
the cruel sentence, being founded neither in juatice nor
aound policy, is not tor a moment disputed. But to prove
that Mr. Sedgwick was guilty of simont^j sacrilege^ and
adaUert/^ as here alleged, requires better evidence tnanoar
author has produced. The heavy charge wholly rests on
the testimony of << Mercurius Aulicus/* a scurrilous and
abusive weekly paper, published during the civil wars,
and designed, by malice and falsehood, to blacken the
memory of all who espoused the cause of the parliameBt.
But our author adds concerning Mr. Sedgwick, that ^ after
all his actings to carry on the blessed cause, he verjf/ umril'
Ungly gave up the ghost,'* in the month ot October, 1648,
agedi forty-two years. His remains were interred in the
chancel of St. Alphage church, when Mr. Thomas Case
preached his funeral sermon, of which Wood, upon the
above authority, gives the following account \ ^< John
Sedgwick (one of the three brothers with four fingers on a
hand) hath spent his lungs, and caused Mr. Thomas Caie
to exercise his, which he did very mournfully in his funeral
aermon lately preached, telling the audience, that bii
departed brother was now free from plunder; and that when
he was ready to eitpire, he would ohcn ask, How does the
army ? How docs his excellency ? (meaning the Itirl of
Essex;) with many such sweet expressions, as moved a
certain citizen to send Mr. Case a lair new gown, lest be
chance to recur to his old way of borrowing."** The design
of this representation is obvious to every reader.
fll« Works. — 1. Fury fired, or, C!ru(hie Keourged, a Sermon on
Amos i. 12., 1626.--'2. 'the Beuriri}^ nii<l Biirdeu of the Spirit, in two
SernioiiM on J*rov. xviii. 14., KI39. — 3. 'J'he ICye of Fttitli opca to God,
1040.- -4. 'J'hc Woiider-vvorJiiiijjf Ooil ; or, the Lord doiug Wondew,
ifl41. — 5. I'up^land's Troubles, 1041.— 0. Antinomianiiioic Aimlo-
iiiizod ; or, a (JIuhm for tho LawleKs, who deiiie the Moral Law unto
Chri;itianii under the (ioHpel, 1(34^3.
RiciTARi) SEOGwirK. — Tliis eminent minister was bora
at Eiist Dereham in Norfolk, in the year 1574, and educated
in Petcr-Lousc, (^aml)ri(l^(». Jt does not appear whether ke
was any relation to Mr. John Sedgwick, a memoir of
♦ Wood'i Athene, vol. ii. p. 16, 17.
S. SEDGWICK. 487
wliOBi is gira in the preoediiig aiticle. His fidlm-, a
respectable dodiicr, gnftring gnat losses by fire, became
reduced in his drcumsUnces. He had an unde in York-
shire, who, possessing large estates, and haying no childrcoy
took him in his tei^r yeaxs under his care, gaye him a
mod school education, and intended to make hmi his heir :
bat Grod designed to giye him a better portion. His unde
and the rest df the family were much addicted to profiuie-
ness ; jet in this situation Grod in mercy awakenea him to
a serious cxmocm for his souL While the other branches ot
the fiunily were engaged in their prc^Uie sports, yoan|;
SedgwicJL was oftentimes mourning oyer their sins tiefbre the
Jjord in priyate. His unde at fi^rst thought that he fetinoi
only on account of his uncmnmon fondness fot books ; aial
Acrefbre gaye him occasionally a gentle rebuke. Urging
Jiim to use greater liberty. But i^ length, perodying that his
ne^iew was become seriously thoughtful about rdigion, and
that he retired for the purpose of priyate deyotion, he
treated him yery roughly; and finding that he could nc^ by
aaj tihreatenings constrain him to renounce his religioti, ht
csst hmi out erf* his fisunily, saying, <^ A puritan shall never
jnherit my land.''
ITomig Sedgwick, being rejected by his uncle, returned
to his mother, who sent him to the university, where he
distiiu;iiished himself in all kinds of useful learning. After
finisfamg his studies, he entered upon the ministerial func-
tioii, and settled at some pkice in Kent. While in this
sttoation, he was called to preach occasionally in the
jcathedral of Canto-bury ; and exposing the manifold coT*
mptioos of the cathedrsd wo^hip, he incurred the displeft*
sore of the ruling ecclesiastics ; on account of which he wHs
required to make a public recantation, and a day was ap-
pcMuted for the purpose. During the interyal he derived
anspcakaUe encouragement from these words, <^ ff^at^
soccer J command thee, thou skali speak : be not afraid of
their faces; for I am. vrith thee to deUxer theCy iaith tnt
Lordly' and resolyed that he would not recant, but abide by
tiie truth which he had already deliyered, whatever it might
cost him. At the time appointed, he preached again at
the cathedral, io a vety large assembly, all expecting to
liear a debasing recantation ; but, to the great mortification
of his malicious persecutors, instead of a recantation, he
labtmred, with aU bis learning and abilities, to confirm
what he had before advanced, warmly recommending the
to refonn their abuses. This so exceedingly
488 LIVES OF THE PURITANS.
offended his enemies, that they imtnediately complained of
him to the archbishop, and to escape the stonn he ^as
obIi£;ed to leave the ptace.^
Mr. Sedgwick escaped the snare of his enemies, and was
entertained for some time by Sir Edward Bois, a man of
distinguished piety, and a great friend to the persecuted
puritans. Afterwards he became domestic chaplain to Sir
Edward Anslaw, at Crawley in Surrey, jvhere he preached
twice every Lord^s day.' Sir Eklward was a pious and
worthy person, and his house was a constant asylum for the
persecuted puritans. Upon the removal of this excellent
lamily, Mr. Sedgwick became assistant to the venerable
Dr. Wybum, minister of Battersea in the above county.
He had not continued long in this situation before frc^
snares were laid for him. As a zealous and faithful servant
of Christ, he reproved sin with great boldiu ss, and spoke
against the corruptions of the church with some degree of
freedom ; for which he was cited before the high commis-
sion, to answer the several charges exhibited against him.
He appeared before his ecclesiastical judges according to
appointment, and resolved to defend the truth whatever it
might cost him ; but, to his great surprise, he was treated
with civility, and honourably acquitted. This was towards
the close of the reign of Queen Elizabeth. f
Mr. Sedgwick afterwards leaving his native country,
became minister to the English merchants at Hambuign,
where he happily introduced a purer church discipline, and
the Lord abundantly blessed his labours. During nis abode
at Hamburgh, though he was zealous for the discipline of the
New Testament, it appears that he was no bigot ; but joined
in communion with the Dutch churches, and admitted them
to the Lord's table i^ the church of which he was pastor.
The merchants presently found the benefit of his ministry,
in the orderly and christian deportment of thpse whom they
employed. Nevertheless, in this situatioq he was not with-
out his enemies. Certain persons, extreme bigots to epis-
copacy, threatened to have him brought to England, and
prosecuted for noncmiformity ; but while this was in agita-
tion, God sunmioned his prindpal adversary before another
tribunal. He continued a successful labourer in the Lord's
yineyard about twelve years ; and upon the dissolution of
the company of merchants, he returned to England ; after
which he preached some time at Monmouth. In the year
• Clark'i Lives aanezed to hit MfUlyroIocie, p-. 167«
+ Ibid.p. 15S.
HERRING. 489
1617, a new chapel having been erected in Wapping, Lon-
don, he was chosen minister, and there continued to the day
of bis death*-
His life and conversation, says Mr. Clark, were holy and
exemplary, and his labours abundant. His ministry was
close, seaiching, and useful. His deportment was affitble
and courteous, yet grave and venerable. He was tnuch '
given to acts of charity ; and he allowed a certain sum
annually towards the support of sus]}ended ministers. He
constantly exercised a most tender care over the people of
his charge, especially during the raging of the plague.
Instead of forsaking the flock when danger approached^
he still continued to attend upon his numerous duties,
labouring to do them all the good in his power. Nor were
his diligence and faithfulness unrewarded. For though all
the ianulies around him were infected, and multitudes swept
away by death, the dreadful malady never invaded his
habitation. At length, having fought the good fight, hav-
ing finished his course, and kept the faith, he was called to
receive the crown of right^usness, in the year of our Lord
1643, aged sixty-nine years.*
JuLiNEs Herring, A. M. — ^This worthy minister was
born in the parish of Flamber-Mayre, Mon^omeryshire, in
the year 1582, and educated in Sidney coUege, Cambridge.
He was a hard student, and an excellent scholar in the
various branches of useful literature. Having finished his
studies at th^ university, he employed his first ministerial
labours in the city of Coventry, where he preached with
great approbation.. At this place he studied divinity under
the venerable Mr. Humphrey Fenn, a divine famous in that
city, both for his ministiy and nonconformity. ' As Mr.
Herring could not, with a good conscience, enter upon the
ministry by subscription according to the demands of tlie
prelates, he obtained ordination from an Irish bishop with-
out it. He first settled in the ministiy at Caulk, near
Melburn in Derbyshire. In this situation he enjoyed. the
protection and encouragement of Mr. Bainbridge, a gentle-
man of good estate and great piety. His peace and liberty
were preserved for a considerable time from the molestatiq^
of the prelates. Multitudes flocked \o hear him fromaU
quarters, and many came from a great distance. The
• Clark'i Lives annexed to bis Martjrologiey p..lS8— 160.
UK) LIVES Of THE PURITANS.
g
chapel MKMi became too smali to cantain so large a eoaxpaaj ;
bat liaying a clear strong voice, great numbers enjoyed tb^
riyilege of bearing bim who could not gain admittance.
~e was instrumental in tumuig many to righteousness.
Under his ministry at this plaoe^ Mr. Simeon Ashe, after-
wards the famous nonconformist in 1662, received his first
Hfcligious impressions.*
Mr. Herring, after preaching at Caulk about eiebt years,
could be no longer sheltered fr<mi the severities of the
prelates, but was driven from the place for nonccmformity.
Pk^vleus to his removal he entered into the married state.
His wife was his constant comforteif under all his future
trials. They had thirteen children ; and by the blessing of
Ood upon their appropriate religious instructions, had the
mnspeakable happiness to behold the indications of piety in
the whole of their oflspring. To the honour of Mr« Herring,
it is observed, thiat whenever he corrected his children, he
previously endeavoured to convince them of the evil of their
^ in the sight of God, And then looked up to the Lord for
ft blessing upon his corrections. This method tihe Lord
seemed to own for much good.
His public labours being interrupted in the above si-
tuation, and hayuig no prospect of again enjoying the
peaceable exercise of his ministry, the Lord opened for
him a door of usefalness at Shrewsbury. Here he preached
at St. Alkmond's church every Tuesday morning, and
Occasionally on the Lord's day. But spies were appointed
to watch him, that if possible some advantage might be
obtained with a vie^ to his prosecotion in the ecclesiastf-
tal courts. Yet he conducted himself on all occasions with
iO much prudence, and invariably prayed so fervently for
Ibe king and government, that his very adversaries gave
this testimony dt him : << That though he was scrupulous
in matters of ceremony, he was a loyal subject to the
king^ and a true friend to the state." His clerical erteraics
Were nevertheless envious of his reputation and popularity,
fttid at letiglh brought complaints against him to Bishop
Morton, on account of his nonconformity ; but other objec-
tions they had none. The bishop committed him to the
eSi^mination of two clergymen, when Mr. Herring delivered
his scruples in writing, and repU(^ to their answers. They,
M the conclusion, gave a certificate !o the bishop, that they
b^feved Mr. Herring, on Consclentiotts grounds, still le-*
* Clark*8 Lives annexed to his Martyrologie| p. 160, 1<$1. — Palmer*t
Koncon. Mem. toI. I. p. 94.
HEtiRma 491
mained unsatisfied ; to which his ffrace replied, << that bt
was satisfied in his integrity." He was nevertheless sus*-
pended; and though, by the mediation of friends, bii
suspension was taHen ofi^ several times, he was as repeated! j
brought under the eccIesiasticaL censure. He thus con-
tinued at Shrewsbury seventeen years, sometimes enjoying
his liberty, and sometimes under the frowns of the persecut*
ing ecclesiastics.*
This worthy servant oS Christ, at last finding no pros-
pect of public usefulness at Shrewsbury, removed to Wren*
bury in Cheshire. Nor did he enjoy his liberty there, but
weitt from house io house, instructing and cmnforting the
people of God. It was his very meat and drink to do tJie
will o\' his heavenly Father, and to be useful to souls.
Therefore, in imitation of Christ, he went about doing good.
His frequent suspc^nsion from his beloved work was ex-
ceedingly grievous to his active and pious soul. As there
was no prospect of his restoration at any future period, he
accepted an invitation, in the year 1636, io succeed Mr.
John Paget, as co-pastor with Mr. Rulice io the English
church at Amsterdam. Notwithstanding this, his difficulties
were' not ended ; for by the power and influence of Arch-
bishop Laud, all ministers were forbidden io leave the
country without a license from the council. The ftithful
servants of the Lord were persecuted, and cast aside as use-
less, for attempting to worship God according to the
testimony of scripture and the dictates of conscience, apd
were prohibited from retiring into a foreign land where
they could enjoy the privilege without restraint. This
surely savoured too much of the Romish bigotry and
oppressions. In these painful circumstances was Mr.
Herring ; but he prayed to the Lord for deliverance, and so
escaped the snare of his enemies. He took shipping at
Yarmouth, and arrived at Rotterdam, September, SO, 1637^
and went immediately to Amsterdam, where he was most
affectionately received by his colleague, the English mer-
chants, and the magistrates of the city. In this situation be
continued the rest of his days, and was particularly
esteemed for his genuine piety and ministerial usefulness.
Mr. Herring, towards the close of life, especially the
night before he died, laboured under the furious assaults of
Satan. But the painful conflict was no sooner over, than he
arose upon his knees in bed, knd, with his bands lifted up
^ Clark's Lifei, p. 161, ISC
499 LIVES OF THE PURITANS.
to heaven, exclaimed, '' He is overcome, overcome, through
the strength of my Lord and only Saviouir Jesas Christ, to
nrhom I am now going, to keep a sabbath in glory/' The
next morning, l>eing the Lord's day, March %, 1644, he
entered upon the joy of his Lord, aged sixty-two years.
<^ He was a pious man," bays Fuller, '^ and a painful and
xrseful preacher, but disatlected to the discipline of the
church."* Mr. Clark denominates him '^ a hard student, a
solid and judicious divine, and a workman who needed not
to be ashamed. He was one of whom the world was not
worthy; a messenger one of a thousand, and a faithful
minister of Christ He was a Boanerges to brawny-hearted
sinners; and a Barnabas to broken-hearted saints. His
sweet elocution pleasantly set forth his holy and judicious
sermons. His sermons delivered to the congregation were
printed in his actions. In doctrine, he shewed uncorrupt-
ness, gravity, sincerity ; and in life, he shewed himself a
pattern of good works. He was a conscientious noncon-
formist, and an avowed enemy to the pride and power of the
prelates ; for which be cheerfully and courageously bore his
share of sufferings."+
Mr. Herring was eminently distinguished for meekness
and love to his worst enemies. This will appear from the
following anecdotes : — Dr. Lamb, a violent persecutor of the
puritans, especially of Mr. Herrine, being on a journey in
the country, and having the misfortune to break his leg,
was brought to the same inn where Mr. Herring was
stopping all night. The good man was called upon that
nh^ht to exercise in the family, and prayed so fervently and
aiEtectionately for the doctor, as greatly surprised those who
\reie present. Being asked why he manifested so much
respect towards a man so unworthy of it, he replied, '' The
greater enemy he is, the more need he hath of our prayers.
, We must prove ourselves to be the disciples c^ Christ by
loving our enemies, and praying for our persecutors." — On
another occasion, Archbishop Laud having said, ^^ I will
pickle that Herring of Shrewsbury," the good man meekly
replied, '' If he will abuse his power, let it teach christians
the more to use their prayers : that the enemies of the non*
conformists may see they have a God to trust in, when
trampled upon by ill-disposed men."t
♦ FoUcr'^ Worthies, part it. p. 47.
f Clark's Lives, p. 163—166. i Ibid. p. 16S.
6. PHILIPS. 49S
George Philips. — This excellent person was bom at
Roudham in Norfolk, and educated at ont of our univ«r«
sities. He was descemled from wealthy and honourable
parents, was richly furnished with learning, piety, and
other endowments, and admirably qualified tor the minis*
terial function. After he had finished his studies at college.
he entered upon his public ministc^rial work at Boxfora
in Essex, where hb labours were particularly acceptable and
useful. He was induced afterwards to examine the controversy
relative to church discipline and the ceremonies, when, after
mature deliberation, he imbibed the sentiments of the nan*
conformists ; and, not being ashamed of his principles, but
looking upon it as a duty to make them publicly known, lie
occasionaUy noticed them in the exercises of the pulpit*
This led some of his hearers of rigid episcopal sentimente
to bring complaints azainst him to the celebrated Mr. Jolm
Rogers of Dedbsun* But Mr. Rogers had so high an opinipn
of our divine, that tliough he had not himself then purticn*
larly examined the controversy, be said, ^^ I liclieve Mr*
Philips will preach nothing wKhout some good evidence for
it from the nord of God. You should, therefore, regard
whatever he makes evident from that sacred word.'* The
more Mr. Philips studied the subject, the more he liecame
dissatisfied with the ecclesiastical establishment^ and con«
firmed in his nonconfimnity.*
SubM:ription to the Book of Common Prayer and ibe
ecclesiastical ceiemooies was now enlbrced with the utmost
rigour, as a necewary qualification to erery minister ai
Christ, which made strange havock among the churcbe%
and persecution raged with extreme rUAence. All ministen^
however great their talents, however excellent their niety,
or however tender their consciences, were probibiteo from
preaching the gone!, unless they would bow to the tradl^
tions of men. All conscientiotts dissenten were oMige^l to
lay down ibeif ministry, sufier ibankti^im to tm cast UHm
prison, or leave ibeir aative cmmUr. Hfnne lo^ik iftm
course, and some amoptber; but Mr. Philips etntniU'M the
last. He reinArcd to remf/¥e Uf a place where he amid
enjoy libeity to fieuh without bumao imuositfi/fis and
cruel persecution. Tbre&re, in the y^M iWiOf he era*
barked for New Kngtaod, in eompafir with tiie ex^^b^
Mr. Winlhrop, and many other wiffthy dmUmn frmuh.
Soon after their arrival, Mr. Pbilijps experienced a painful
iS4t LIVES OF THE PURITANS.
trial hy tbe death of hk wife, who had cheerfally left her
niliiye coiiniry> to accompany him to the nefw plantation.
Mr. Philips and his friends, upon their arrival in tiM
American wildemess, fixed upon a spot on the banks of
CUiarifs^s river, which they gave the name of Watertown*
Hete their first concern was to unite together in church fel-^
lowship, and to build a house for Grod, even before they
built themselves habitations to dwell in. They set apart
a day for extraordinary fasting and prayer, when they
entered inU) a solemn covenant in the presence of God and
one another. This covenant, dated July SO, 1630, is still
preserved, and very excellent, but too long (or insertion.*
About forty on that day subscribed this instrument, the
&st of whom was Sir Richard Sallonstal ; and Mr. Philips
was chosen to the office of oastor. Members were after-r
wards admitted to the churcn by subscribing the covenant
u little altered, with a confession of faith annexed. In the
above month, upon the first sitting of the court of ^ovem-
mimt, it was determined, that 1^. Philips should bave a
house built at the public expense ; and Governor Winthrop
and 8ir iUchard Saltonstid were ^pointed to carry the
aame into efied. It was also ordered that Mr. Philips's
aalaiy should be thirty pounds a year.f
This excellent servant of the Lord continued at Waters
town till the end of his days. His faithful labours and
htAy lifis became a great blessing to the new colony. The
Lord made him instrumental in the conversion and salvation
of many souhr. He died of a complaint in his bowels,
July 1, 1644, and was carried to his grave with universal
lamentation. <^ He possessed a quick invention, a solid
judgment, and a strong memory ; was an excellent scholar,
an able diqmtant, and a good theologian. He read the
whole Bible through six times every year.*'t He was author
of a work, entitled, <^ A Reply to a Confutation of some
Grounds of Infants Baptism : as also concerning the Form
of a Church, put forth against me by one Thomas Lamb,"
1645.
• Matber't Hltt. of New Eos- <>. iii. p. 8S.
t Merse mmA Parish*! Uiit. p. S9l
t lUlter'i U'ltL b. iii. p<
; powMNp, m
G ALiBUTB Dow)(i(N<^, D«D.-r— TIu^ zealous penoa wq8 bom
at Slieningtoa in Gtoucesteivbire, in Ibe year 1604, descended
of aa ancient and woi:^ hy fivmilyi and educated iu Orud
college, Oxford. Afteir he liad coiupleted bis studies at the
unversity, lie became successive^ rector of Ickford in
Buckinghamshire^ of West Usley ia Berkshire, and yicar
of Hackuey, near London. Upon the last removal. Wood
says, he sought to become chaplain to the Earl of Strafibjxj^
the lord lieutenant of Ireland, concluding that employment
the readiest way to become a bishop ; and while he had anj
hopes of obtaining 9uch preferment, he wrote and spoke
boldly in vindicati/pn pf that calling. But being a reputed
weathercocl^i tuoiin^ whatever way his own humour and
ambition blew him, ne, upon some discontent, watched hia
<qi>portunity to g^iu preferment in any way in which tt
could be ol^taiaedf ^^ For," our author adds, <^ he was
esteemed by the fii^tiqn to be fitted for any base employment
and was one who ever looked awry on the church."* Thia
^[^[NresentatiQn, proceeding from the pen of bigotry, and
designed to reprqach his character, contains a sufficient
lafutation of itself. Thpugh Pr. Downing might, lite
fome other cWrgymen, IxMth in ancieni and modern timet^
be too anxious to obtain greater preferment ; there is cer*
tainly no substantial evidence, at least Mr. Wood has pro-
duced none, that he was ever very fond of bishops, or any
other splendid and lucrative ecclesiastical office ; especially
as he ever loQked awry on the church.
In the year 1640, Dr. Downing, in a sermon before tb^
artillery company, maintained, ^' that for the defence of
religion, and the reformation of the church, it was lawf^
to take up arms against tlie king, if it could be obtained im
no other way." For this, he was forced to abscond, when
he retired to the house of the Ekirl of Warwick, till the
m^ng of the long parliament. In the year 1643, he
lesi^ued his viqaiage, and was succeeded by Dr. Spurstowe^
alifrwards one of Uie cgected nonconlbrmists.f Upon the
Qonunencement of the civil war, be became chaplain te
Lord Kfii)ert8 in the Earl of Essex's army, in which office
he has incurred the heavy censure of our high-church hi»'
torians. Dr. Downing and Mr. Marshall are charged with
publicly avowing, ^' Uiat the soldiers taken prisoners and
released by the lung tfpan their oalhsy that IHg^ would ftever
bear arms agakui himy w«te net oUiged by that oath; and
• Vfood's Athene, vol. ii. p. 2$. t KeMfllTf Ghnaicky p. Tlil
496 UVES OF THi; PURITANS.
by their power absolved tbera, and so engaged those miser-
able wretches in a second rebellion."* It may be observed
in reply, that there was no need for these divines to use
these arts, because the prisoners referred to amounted only
to 150 men, which could not be much wanted, especially as
the city of London was now pouring out multitudes- of
lecruits for the army : and in addition to this, priestly
absolution was not then the practice, nor the power of it the
claim, of puritan divines ; but that which tney utterly dis-
believed and abhorred.f
' Dr. Downing was appointed one of the licensers of the
press, and chosen one of the assembly of divi]|ies. Wood
says, ^< he sided with the independents, was a preacher of
sedition ahd rebellion, and died suddenly and very unwU*
Hngly.'^t Such kind of abuse this writer usualnr pours
fbrtii against the most holy and useful men, who were
Eealous to promote a reformation of the church. Dr.
Downing died in the year 1644, aged forty years ; and he
left behind him the cnaracter of <^ a pious man, a warm
Eeacher, and ever zealous to promote the interests <^ the
Kleemer's kingdom and the welfare of his country." Sir
George Downing, of East-Hatly in Cambridgeshire^ vras
his son.§
His Works. — 1. A Discourse of the State Ecclesiastical of this
Kingdom, in relation to the Civil, 1633. — 2, A Digressioii discussing
some ordinary Exceptions against Ecclesiastical Officers, 1633. —
3. A Discourse of the false Grounds which tiie Bavarian Party have
Isid to settle their own Faction, and shake the peace of the Empire,
1641.— 4. A Discourse upon the Interest of Eof^uad, 1641.— 5. A
Disconrsive Conjecture upon the Reasons which produce the present
IVouhles of Great Britain, different from those of Ltfwer Germany,
1641.— 6. Several Sermons, 1643.
John Downham, B. D. — This reverend and excellent
divine was the son of Dr. William Downham, bishop of
Chester, and brother to Dr. George Downham, bishop of
Londonderry in Ireland.g He was bom in the city of
Chester, educated in Christ's college, Cambridge, and after-
wards a laborious and useful preacl^r in Ixmdon. It does
■ • _ ^ *
• ClareodoD^s Hiit. toI. ii. p. SS.
f Dr. Grey is displeased with Mr. Oldmixon for treating ClareodoD*i
acconot as a falsehood; while he suppresses the grounds ob which Mr.
Oldnixoo ceosares it, which are chiefly those we bare ^TeD.-^iVears
Puntam^ ▼ol. iii. p. S, 4.— Grey's ExanUnation, toI. ii. p. 10.
i AthensB Oxon. vol. ii. p. 2T. L fbid.
I Wood's Athena Osoii. vol. t p. OOS.
DOWNHAM-^FOXLBy. 497
not appear what preferment he obtained ; but he "was the
first who deliver^ and afterwards promoted the fiunOus
lecture at Bartholomew's church, behind the Exchange. In
the year 1640, he united with his puritan brethren, the
miuisters of the ^ city, in presaiting their petition to the
privy council, against Laud's cruel book of canons ; in
1643, he was appmnted one of the licensers of the press ;
and, in 1644, he was chosen one oE the London ministers to
examine and ordain public preachers. He was a venemble
and celebrated divine ; ana he died at a very great age,
about the dose of the above year. Fuller, who has classed
him among the learned writers of Christ's college, Cani-
bridge, styles him ^' a grave divine," and says, ^^ be is
monorable io posterity for his excellent work, entitled,
The Christian Warfare.^'** Wood denominates him <^ a
learned and laborious writer."f
Thomas Foxley. — This pious and reverend divine was
lecturer at St. Martin's in the Fields, London ; where he
suffered grievous persecution from the intolerance dL Bishop
Laud. This ecclesiastical tyrant put down his lecture, \d
prevent, as he pretended, the spreading of the plague;
whereas the plague was not then in the parish. Upon the
Buppression of his lecture, Mr. Foxley was deprived, for
some time, of the means of procuring a livelihood. After-
wards he was brought before Laud, who charged him ^^ with
being concerned in the purchase of impropriations, and
thereby endeavouring to briiur the bishops within the
fisofiees' girdles." When Mr, Foxley said that this could
not be, since the ministers on whom these impropriations
were bestowed, were sent to their respective bishops to be
approved by them ; Laud replied, ^^ that, if he had known
him to have been so much concerned in the business of
impropriations, he should not have got off so easily as he
did before." Mr. Foxley had his study afterwards rifled
by pursuivants, when he was apprehended and kept a pri-
soner two days ; then carried before Sir John Lamb, who
lequired him Xo give bond for his appearance before the
high eommission on the Thursday foUowing. Upon his
appearance at the time and place appointed, ne, with some
difficulty, obtained a week's time to consider whether he
* Fuller's Worthies, part i.p. 191.— Hiit.of Cam. p.92.— Ncal'i PorUani,
vol. ii. p. 335, iii. 46, 140,
f Atbenae Oxon. vol. i. p. 260.
VOL. II. S K
498 LIVES OF THE PURITANS;
miehi hwfiilly take the oath ex officio. When the arcb-
bisbop observed, that he remembered hiiA about the busmess
of the feoffees, Mr. Foxley replied, << Tbat he was encou-
raged in that business by bishops and prvvj counsellors,
who conceived it to be a mod work."' He was, therefore,
commanded to appear agam on the Thursday foUowing, and
so dismissed. But the next Lord's day he was apprel^nded
by another pursuivant, who carried him before the council-
table; when, by a warrant under the hands of the arch-
bishop and five others, he was sent to the Gratehouse.
There he was kept close prisoner in a chamber not four
yards square, for the spac^of twenty months, without pen,
ink, or paper, or the access of any of his friends, excepting
bis wife ; who, with the utmost difficulty, obtained leave to
visit him during his extreme sickness, but no longer. He
endured all this cruel usage without knowing or even
guessing what could be the cause, unless it was his speaking
in favour of the feoffees.' Laud, indeed, insinuates, that
Mr. Foxley was not thus punished on the account of the
feoffees, but for some otner cause which he refused to
mention.* However, by this cruel imprisonment, he was
ruined in his circumstances, and his mfe and four small
children exposed to misenr and want.f
Upon the meeting of the long parliament, Mrs. Foxley
presented a petition to the house c£ commons in behalf of
ner distressed husband, still confined in close prison. This
petition was read in the house, November 25, 1640, and
referred to the committee for Dr. Leighton's petition. It
was, at the same time, ordered that Mr. Foxley should
bave the same favour and privileges of the house as Dr.
Leighton.
January 15th following, Mr. Rouse, one of the com-
mittee, delivered a report of Mr. Foxley's case, when the
house resolved :
1. <^That the warrant made by Sir John Lamb and
others, for apprehending Mr. Foxley and seizing his papers,
is illegal and unjust.
S. ^^ That the warrant under the hands of the Archbishop
of Canterbury, the Lord Coventry, the LcMrd Treasurer,
the Lord of the Privy Seal, Lord Cottington, and Stcretarjr
Windebank, for committing Mr. Foxley close prisoner, is
ill^al.
3. ^' That Mr. Foxley ought to be delivered from the
« Wharton*8 Troables of Laud, vol. i. p. 849.
f Prjrooe's Cant. Doorae, p. 387, 988,
SNELLING. 499
festraint he is under by colour of this warrant; and ought
to have reparations for damages.
4. " That this business concerning Mr. Foxley be com-
mitted to the same committee, to prepare it in a fit way for
thift house to prefer it to the house of lords."*
Mr. Foxley was, therefore, released from his long and
severe confinement; but whether he received any repara-
tions is very doubtful. The multiplicity of business which
the parliament had to look after, and the confusions which
followed, most probably prevented it. In the year 1644
he was witness against Laud at his trial.f
This persecuted servant of Christ was a popular and
useful preacher in London, as w^U afler as before his
troubles ; but at what place he was employed in his
stated ministerial exercise, and the particular time of his
death, we have not been able to learn. The following
anecdote, however, may not be unworthy of notice.^ The
celebrated Mr. William Kiffin, being an apprentice in
London, and having then no sense of religion upon his
mind, became dissatisfied with his situation, and resolved
to leave his master ; and accomplished his intention early
one morning, being then about fifteen years of a^e. Wan-
dering about the streets of London, he happened to pass by
St. Antholin's church, and seeing people go in, he followed
them. The preacher was Mr. Foxley, who, preaching on
the fifth commandment, unfolded the duty of servants to
masters. This was so applicable to thef case of young Kiffin .
as to create liis astonishment. He thought tbe preacher
knew, and addressed him personally. The efiect was, that
Kiffin returned immediately to his master, before his ab-
sence was discovered. He afterwards became a very pious
man and a useful minister of Christ.
Lawrence Snelling was many years the learned and
pious rector of Paul's-Cray in Kent ; but experienced most
cruel usQge in the high commission court, chiefly for refus-
ing to read the " Declaration for Sports on the Lord's day."
He was brought before his ecclesiastical judges at Lambeth,
when he pleaded in his own defence the law of God and the
realm, the authority of councils, father^, and all modem
writers. He also pleaded '^ that the declaration itself did
* Rushwortb's CoHec. vol. y. p. 58, 142, US.
-f Pry one's Cant. Doome, p.^BT.
:^ Wilson's Hist, of Ditseotins Chorches, vol. i. p. 403.
500 LIVES OF THE PURITANS.
moi appear to be bis majesty^ Ihoiigii pubK^ed in hit
name, because not enrolled in nny court, nor puUidbed
und^r the great seal, as were all proclamations ana briefs to
be read in churches : that there was no command from tiie
king that it sliould be read io the churches by any paitica-
lar persons, much less by ministers ; nor any punishment
threatened nor prescribed for not reading it;* nor any
authority given to archbishops, bishops, high oommissioners,
or any other persons, to question, suspend, or punish any
minister for refusing so to do ; and being mendy a civil,
not an ecclesiastical declaration, nor enjoined by any eccle-
siastical canon ^r authority, but that which is only dvil, no
ecclesiastical judges could take cogoicance of it, Much less
inflict any ecclesiastical censure fiir not obsenring it.^'
These things he affirmed and ttaistained in his eiwn defence
before the high commission, whea Archbishop Laud, now
at the head of the connmssion, commanded that his defence
should not be accepted, and declared in open oourt, ^< That
whosoever should make such a defence as he kad done, it
should be burnt before his face, and he laid by ike beds fcnr
his pains/' Upon this manifesto from the arbitrary pidate,
the commissioners expunged as much of his defence as fthey
pleased; and December 11, 16S4, he was peKsonally and
judicially admonished to t(^ the dedanution (within three
weeks; but, refusing to observe the admonitiaii, he was
suspended from both his office and benefice. In the montfi
of April, 1635, be was admonished a second time, and «itiU
reusing to comply, he was excommunicated, ite was also
charged ^' with having, at divers times, emitted ito read
some parts of the public service, to wear the surplice, and
to bow his body, or make any corporal obeisance, at hear-
ing or reading the name -of Jesus/' He was tbesetbie todd,
that if he did not read the Declaration for Sports, and conform
himself in all other points, before the second day of next
term, he should suffer deprivation. For refusing to do
Jwhich he was accordingly deprived.^ In addition to ^e
idbove cruelties, he was cast into prison; and so pcamitkHied
suspended, excommunicated, derived, and imprisoned
many years, to his unspeakable injiiry. November 16,
. • Mr. Snening having observed tb^t .there was no, penalty meatiqiied ip
j(be Book of SporCs, Ardb'bisbop Laud, ip his own defence, at bis trial,
•iMddly asserted, ^' I say then 'bis obedience, and other men's, sbonld liave
been the more free and cheerfol." — fVharton's Troubles of Laudf vol. i.
p. 345.
t Prynne*8 Cant. DoQme, p. 150, Iftlt—Auffa worth's CoHec. yol. ii.
p. 459-^61.
HUNTLEY, fiJM
I64f>y baying been often brought before the kingVbeneli^
but still a prisoner for his nonconformitj, he presented his
petition to the parliament for relief; when he was most pro-
bably released.* In the year 1644 ]Vlr. 8ncUing af^peaied
aft witness against the archbishop at his trial ;f but whea
be died we are unable to ascertain.
George HtrvTi/ET was minister in Kent, a noncoii*
fonnist to the superstitious ceremonies, and grievously
censured in the high commission court. In the year 1607^
for refusing to preach at a yisitation, though his body was
in a weaek state, mid he sent twenty shillings to the arch-
deacon to pay another for preaching, he^ was convened
before the high commission for contempt ; when he^ was
fined a great sum and cast into prison. Having lain in
prison about two years^ he was brought to the bar upon Us
habeas corpus ; when the cause of bis coramitnumt was
returned, a default in his tanomcmt obedience. He was at
first bailed, because the breach of canonical obedience was
an offmce pu^hable by the ordinary, by ecclesiastical
censure only ; and not by the omimissioners ecclesiastical
by fine and impvisdnnenl.t But afterwards, by the solici-
tations'of Kshop Land, he was again delivered, and again
brought into the high commission court ; when a ^eat fine
was imposed npon him. He was deprived of his livii^^
degraded from the ministry, and committed to a loethsonie
prison, where he continued about ten years, to the iroporer-
isfaing cS Imself and fiunily . What inhuman and shoddng^
procmlings were these ! At the same lime Mr. Austin, the
archbishop's dmpbrin, was presented io his living.^
Upon this barbarous usage Mr. Huntley brought his
action of false imprisonment against the keeper and sevoal
of the commissioners. The business was carried into the
kingVbench ; when the attomey-general, by command of
the king, moved that the commissioners might be spared,
and the proceedings be only against the keeper. At length,
after much debate, it was ordered that only two of the
commissioners should answer* It was Archbishop Abbot
who blew the coals in this business, and engaged the com-
mmaaen in these mad ooiuses. He pressed the kii^, by
^-nSifewOTM CMtoe. f«S. r. p, M.
*^ '-f'-W*'mmf§rf9mH9ilml, vol. f . p. ^.
lifMslSir VMrpsllssf, p. 161, 18», laS.
5QS LIVES OF THE PURITANS.
means of Bishop Laud, to stay the proceedings against the
commissioners.
As this cause made a great ferment at court, it will be
B roper further to obserre, that the king sent his advocate,
Ir. Rives, to the chief justice, requiring that there should
be no further proceeding in the business till he had spoken
to him. The chief justice answered, " We receiv<^ the
message;" but, upon consultation together, " the judges
conceive the message hot to stand with their oaths, com-
manding an indefinite stay of a cause between party and
upon these pomts : — 1. <^ Ihat it wasagauist law to exempt
any man from answering the action of another that would
8Qe him. — 2. That if the court should exempt any, where
should they begin, and where should they end? — 3. That it
was altogether fmreeable to the king's monarchical power,
and was lawful for any subject to complain before him of
^y other subject, and to be answered in that complaint.''
The high commissioners, not content with the answer of
the judges, urged the king to take the cause into his own
hands, who sent for the judges and commanded them
NOT TO PUT THE DEFENDANTS TO ANSWER. This did the
tyrannical king, at the importunity of Laud and the arch-
bishop,* who carried on the business with great violence.
In the conclusion, '^ the king expressly conamanded, that
they should not put the conunissioners to answer ;" but the
learned judges stoutly answered, '' that they could not,
without breach of their oaths^ observe that command ;" so
they parted in displeasure.
Afterwards, by the king's special command, the business
was brought before the council-table, in the presence of the
judges. After a long debate and hearing of Bishop Laud,
the Bishop of Winchester, two of the privy council, the
judges, and the king's attorney, it was agreed that the com-
missioners should answer.f This was a bold stand against
the oppressions of a despotic monarch, prompted by the
tyrannical court prelates to exercise an Ulegal power, to the
unspeakable injury of his subjects.
• Archbishop Abbot, it is said, was saspected and accused of being a
paritao, because he wbald not, lil^e his predecessor Bancroft, persecute
them, nor blindly follow the maxims of 'the court with respect to govern-
ment. But the zealous courtiers had, surely, no reason to complain on the
present occasion. — Rapin's HUU of Eng, Tol. ii. p« 179.
f WhiUocke's Meip. p. 16.
LEIGH. 50d
Though this important point was gained, it does not
appear with what success Mr. Huntley prosecuted the com-
missioners. He could not expect any considerable recom-
pence from the high commission. He contended with
cruel and barbarous oppressors. Having endured the most
cruel imprisonment for many years, he was released, most
probably, upon the meeting of the long parliament. In
the year 1644 he was one of the witnesses against Arch-
bishop Laud at his trial;* and thi3 is all tli^t we know
of him.
Mr. Leigh was many years a laborious minister of the
gospel at Wolverhampton, and enjoyed a prebend in the
cathedral of Lichfield, but was silenced by order of Arch-
bishop Laud, for nonconformity. The archbishop, giving
directions to Sir Nathaniel Brent, his vicar-general, says,
^^ Take special notice of Mr. Leigh ; and if you can fasten
upon him any thing, whereby he may justly be censured,
pray see it be done, or bring him to the high commission
court to answer it there. Let him not obtain any license
to preach any lecture there or in another place hard-by, at
Tetenshall, whither those at Wolverhampton do run after
him out of their own parish." He is charged with having
churched refractory women in private, with being averse to
the ^od orders of the church, and with having ordered
the bell-man to give notice in open market of a sermon ;
for which, in the year 1635, he was suspended. f Upon
Mr. Neal's mention of this case. Dr. Grey boldly and
triumphantly asks, ^' And can Mr. Neal be so weak as to
think this an insufficient cause of suspension ? The rubricks,"
he adds, ^< are the law of the church, and are well known
to be part of the statute-law of the land."t Here, without
taking notice of the author's opinion of the rubricks, it
may be observed, that Mr. Neal, with all men of liberal
principles, would undoubtedly think, without discovering
any peculiar weakness of mind, that this was no sufficient
reason for an eccclesiastical censure, so tyrannically oppres-
sive on the liberty of the subject. Mr. Leigh, who was
thus removed firom his flock, and driven from his sphere of
mbisterial usefulness, afterwards settled at Shrewsbury,
<^ Wbarton*t Troubles of land, yoI. i. p. 370.
-*■ ***3faiie't Cant Doome, p. 381.
*«)r*i Biaadnation, vol. i. p. 155.
504 LIVES OF THE PURITANS.
where he was highly esteemed.* Upon his femoral fiora
this place, he, in 1644, became minister at Shoreditcb^
London, hj order of parlianient.t It does not appear how
long be remained in this last situation, nor can we obtaiii
any farther information concerning him.
Henrt Scudber, B. D. — This excellent person was
educated in Christ's college, Cambridge, and afterwards
minister at Drayton in Oxfordshire, where, on account of
his exemplary piety, great prudence, and excellent minis-
terial labours, he was highly esteemed.^ Afterwards he
became minister of CoUingborn-Dukes in Wiltshire ; and^
in the year 1643, was chosen one of the assembly of diyines^
when he constantly attended. Fuller has plaoea him among
the learned writers of the above college;^ and Granger
denominates him <^ an eminent presbyteriaa divine. "H He
was autfabr of an excellent work, entiitkd, ^^ The Christian's
daily Walk in Holy Security and Peace." It passed
through numerous editions, and is held in biffh repute
among serious christians in the present day. Mr. Baxter
and Dr. Owen prefixed to it their recommendatory epistles.
The farmer says, '' I remember not any book which is
written to be the daily companion of christians, to guide
them in the practice of a holy life, which I prefer before
this: I am sure none of my own. For so sound is the
doctrine of this book, and so prudent and spiritual, apt and
savoury, and all so suited to our ordinary cases and condi-
tions, that 1 heartily wish no family may be without it" The
latter says, ^^ There is generally that soundness and gravity
in the whole doctrine of the book, that weight of wi^Lom in
the directions given for practice, that judgment in the resoln«
tions of doubts and objections, that breathing of the spirit of
holiness, zeal, humility, and the fear of toKe Lord, in the
whole ; that I judge, and am satisfied therein, that it will be
found of singular use unto all such as in shacerity desire a
compliance with his design." This work was in so high a
repute, that it was translated into high Dutch, by the
karned Mr. Theodore Haak.i Mr. Scudder wrote the life
« Whartoo*8 Troubles of Laud, yoI. i. p. 371.
+ Prynne*8 Cant. Dobme, p. 380.
1 Clark*s Lives annexed to his Marty rologie, p. 318.
( Fuller's Hist, of Camb. p. 9;:;. || Granger's Biog. Hist. vol. ii. p. 183.
1 Mr. Haak translated '' The Dutch AnnotatioDs upon the Bible*' into
English, and is said to have projected tbc first plan of the Royal Society in
LDndbn. — Ibid.
SCUDDERr-CLARKSON. St»
of Mr. Willitm Whatdj, prefixed to his << Prototypes.''
He was one of the preachers before the parliameat; and
one of his sennoiis is entitled, ^^ €rod's Warning to England
by the voice of his Rod, delivered in a Sermon before the
honourable House of Commons, at their late solesm Fast,
October 30, 1644."
Lawrence Clarkson was a zealous preacher among
the s^Muratists in the beaming of the civil wars, and in the
year lj644, having embraced the sentiments of the anti-
pasdobaptiks, was baptized by immersion. He appears t^
have preadbed at various places in the counties of NorfbUc
and Suffolk; ^nd even in a few months after avowing a
chuige of aentimetit, warrants were issued against him in
both counties, for the marvellous sin of dipping. He waa
soon appndiended, and, by the committee m Suffolk, was
sent to prison. Having kun in prison several nionths, and
his friends in those parts having petitioned the cojumittee
for his release, but without success, an order was at length
obtained, either from a committee of parliament, or from
the chaiDntta ($£ k, Becpiirin^ his discharge. The county
committee, however, re&sed to obey this order. They
were resdved not to releaae him. After oonfinemeof;
upwards of «ix moaths, Mr. Ckrfcson himself petitioned
the committee, and signified his retraction of bis sentiments
concerning baptism. This petition was as follows :
'' The numUe petition €>f Lawrence Clarkson humbly
<^ sheweth — That whereas your petitioner hath beea above
<^ six months in bonds for dipping; in which time he has
<^ taken great pains, both by dispute and searching the
^' scriptures, in which he doth find, and is convinced, thai
*' he ought not to dip any mwe. Neither, after the day of
^( his conviction, fanag July 10, will your petitioner either
^^ dip or teadk dbe same ; but oidy wait upon God for a
^' further nsanifeirtation of his iinib. So, expecting your
^ worriiip's answer, Aall daily pray.
^ LaWR£NC£ GlA&JBLSON."
Upon Mr. Clarkson's i^ipearance before the committee,
he was required to sign the foUowiog recantation, as entered
in the oommittee's books :
«^ July 15, 1645.
^' This day Lawrence Clarkson, formerly committed for
*^ an anabaptist, and for dj^ping, doth now before this
<( computtee disclaim bis errors. And whereas formerly
SM hVTBS OF THE PORITANS.
I he dunt not kaye hit dhpfpingf if lie nrfq^ giie
coiiiniittoe*0 eitatai bjr iedoi^f, now be mtliy IM
^beMid
««aUtlie
^te bv the hoiy icripturfli 'if eonrinoed, tbet hie mU
^ opinime weie erroiieiNi% and that be will not, mi^
^ pnetfte it aig;aiii. if be migbt gain all the oooMnitteB'i
^ eitaloi b^ doinff tt« And twit he mahee tbie recantatieo^
^^ not tar mn or io gain hia liberty, bat nieieljr oot of a
^ ienfe of bu enoiif wherein he wiH endeayoar to refom
** oioeii* • '
^ LAw«»f€B Claeuov.**
Mr. Edwardfy in pobUibbv tbie acooont, endeavoutcd
against whom be manifiited an implacaUe hatred. Ae-
cordingljy he farther obteryee, that Sir. Churkfooi after bif
.ideate, tamed ieeker. denying the icriptaref to be a
•afllciait ruk of doctrine and practice, and that the whole
will of God wae yet reyealed* Being feparated from the
baptitte, he pabiiebed a pamphlet in ni« own defence,
entitled, << The Pilgriniage of Sainti, by Church cait oot, in
Christ foand, seeking Troth.'* In this pamphlet he
endeayoured to acqun himself, by obserying, << That he
did not asiert the baptism of bdUeyers by inuMirston io be
an error, but only intended that it was enoneoasly pnu^tiied^
tliere hting now no true churches^ nor trae admmistraton
of that ordinance/'* Whether this be indeed a sufficient
yindication of his conduct, is left with the candid reader io
determine. Our author, speaking of Mr. Clarkion and
seyeral others, d^lares, ^< They were worse than papnto;
and^bere never were monsters more io be abhorred tiian
thcy.'V
This ceniorious writer obsenres, that Mr. Clarkson,
E reaching on a Lord's day afternoon, at Bow church, in
heapsi£, London, he began his praver to God with right
honourable Lord Ood ; and pmyol that God would bkii
the king's army, and blcis the saints in both tlie parliament
and the king's army ; and his sermon was a rhapsody of
nonsenie. << This.'^ says he, <f was not done in a comer,
but in a ffreat and full audience ; when there was preient
one member of the house of commons, if not more, besidei
divers other persons of quality. Though this Clarkson wai
in London some time after this, vet waS' he never
questioned, nor called to any account for this, that I couli
ever learn. "t
• Edwardi's Gmmms, part I. p. 104—106. Second Edit
f lUd. p. SI 1. X Ibid, pnrt li. p. 6. AM WL
CLARK80N. 507
Blr. Bailie, who was no less indignant than his brother
Eidwaids, against all who opposed the impositions and
unifonnity of a national church, tells us, that Mr. Clarkson
and his brethren preached, '^ That the moral law of God
did not bind any christian to obedience ; that magistrates
ought not to punish murderers, if they were church
members ; that all preachers, who pressed repentance and
sorrow for sin, were l^al ; that God was not displeased
with the sins of his saints, and would not have them to be .
displeased with them; and that all our duties are done for
us by Christ/
"•
• Bailie*t AnabaptiMn, p. 95.
£XD OF VOL. II.
HOOHBS, rROfTBR, MAIDEN-LAME, COVENT-GABDSV.
fij.