Lives. With an English translation by Bernadotte Perrin

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Digitized by the Internet Archive
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https://archive.org/details/liveswithenglish11plut

THE LOEB CLASSICAL LIBRARY

FOUNDED BY JAMES LOEB, LL.D.

EDITED BY
+T. E. PAGE, c.H., LITT.p.
+E. CAPPS, puH.p., LL.D. +W. H. D. ROUSE, tirt.p.
L. A. POST, u.a.p. E. H. WARMINGTON, M.A., F.R.HIST.SOC.

PLUTARCH’S LIVES

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WITH AN ENGLISH TRANSLATION BY
BERNADOTTE PERRIN

iN ELEVEN VOLUMES
A

ARATUS, ARTAXERXES, GALBA AND OTHO

INDEX TO ALL THE LIVES BY
J. W. COHOON

LONDON

WILLIAM HEINEMANN LTD

CAMBRIDGE, MASSACHUSETTS
HARVARD UNIVERSITY PRESS
MOMLXLII

First printed 1926
Reprinted 1943, 1954, 1962

7 VABRARS

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Printed in Great Britain

“4
JAN 28 1969)

ORDER OF THE PARALLEL LIVES IN THIS EDITION

TRADITIONAL ORDER OF THE PARALLEL LIVES

ARATUS

ARTAXERXES

GALBA .

OTHO .

INDEX .

CONTENTS

ORDER OF THE PARALLEL LIVES

IN THIS

EDITION IN THE CHRONOLOGICAL SEQUENCE
OF THE GREEK LIVES.

VouvmeE I.

(1) Theseus and Romulus.
Comparison.

(2) Lycurgus and Numa.
Comparison.

(3) Solon and Publicola.

Comparison.

VouuMmE II.

(4) Themistocles and
Camillus.

(9) Aristides and Cato the
Elder.
Comparison.
(13) Cimon and Lucullus.
Comparison.

Vouume III.
(5) Pericles and Fabius Max-

imus.
Comparison.
(14) Nicias and Crassus.
Comparison.
Votume IV.
(6) Alcibiades and Coriola-
nus.
Comparison.
(12) Lysander and Sulla.
Comparison.
VoLuME V.

(16) Agesilaiis and Pompey.
Comparison.
(8) Pelopidas and Marcellus.
Comparison. |

VotumeE VI.
(22) Dion and Brutus.
Comparison.
(7) Timoleon and Aemilius
Paulus.
Comparison.

VoutumeE VII.
(20) Demosthenes and Cicero.
Comparison.
(17) Alexander and Julius
Caesar.

Vouiume VIII. |
(15) Sertorius and Eumenes.
Comparison.
(18) Phocion and Cato the
Younger.
VotumeE IX.
(21) Demetrius and Antony.

Comparison.
(11) Pyrrhus and Caius Marius.

VoLuME X.

(19) Agis and Cleomenes, and
Tiberius and Caius
Gracchus.

Comparison.

(10) Philopoemen and Flam-

ininus.
Comparison.
VotumeE XI.

(23) Aratus.

(24) Artaxerxes

(25) Galba.

(26) Otho.

THE TRADITIONAL ORDER OF THE
PARALLEL LIVES.

(1) Theseus and Romulus.

(2) Lycurgus and Numa.

(3) Solon and Publicola.

(4) Themistocles and Camillus.

(5) Pericles and Fabius Maximus.

(6) Alcibiades and Coriolanus.

(7) Timoleon and Aemilius Paulus.

(8) Pelopidas and Marcellus.

(9) Aristides and Cato the Elder.
(10) Philopoemen and Flamininus.
(11) Pyrrhus and Caius Marius.
(12) Lysander and Sulla.

(13) Cimon and Lucullus.

(14) Nicias and Crassus.

(15) Sertorius and Eumenes.

(16) Agesilaiis and Pompey.

(17) Alexander and Julius Caesar.
(18) Phocion and Cato the Younger.

(19) Agis and Cleomenes, and Tiberius and Caius
Gracchus.

(20) Demosthenes and Cicero.
(21) Demetrius and Antony.
(22) Dion and Brutus.

(23) Aratus.
(24) Artaxerxes.
(25) Galba.

(26) Otho.

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ARATUS

APATO2

I. Llapowmiavy twa mararav, @ [odvepares, eat
n,

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UToduvopévous O€ Tpoyovev TiWeV apeTtais! Kal
meovalovtas év Tols éxeivwy érraivots UT THS
/ > / > ? Ka , \
Tapoimias éetiaTouilerOar. aArAN w@ ye hUaEL TO
yevvatov émimpére: €x Tatépwv, Kata Livdapoyr,?
\ a a
MOTEP TOL TPOS TO KaANLOTOY adomoLlodyTL TOV
” § / \ / 1) x yy
oikoVev Tapaderypata@v Tov Biov, evdatmov av ein
Qn “ \ /
TO pepvhnobat TOV aro yévous aploTwV, AkovovTas
a , /
Tepl AUT@V del TL KAaL A€YOVTAS. OV. yap idiwy
1 Gperais Sint. and Ziegler with 8%; Bekker has dperds,

with inferior MSS.
2 Pyth. viii. 44f. (pug . . . ex matépwv mao) Aja).

ARATUS

I, There is an ancient proverb, Polycrates,} which
the philosopher Chrysippus puts not as it really is,
but as he thought better :—

“Who will praise a father, except happy
sons?”’

But Dionysodorus of Troezen corrects him, and
restores the true form thus :—

“Who will praise a father, except unhappy
sons?”

And he says that the proverb stops the mouths
of those who, being worthless in themselves, take
refuge in the virtues of certain ancestors and are
forever praising them. But surely for aman in
whom, to use Pindar’s words, “the noble spirit
naturally displayes itself as inherited from sires,”
and who, like thee, patterns his life after the
fairest examples in his family line,—for such men it
will be good fortune to be reminded of their noblest
progenitors, ever and anon hearing the story of them,
or telling it themselves. For it is not that they lack

1 A friend of Plutarch, not otherwise known, to whom he
thus dedicates this Life. See the note on the Theseus, i. 1.

3

PLUTARCH’S LIVES

aTropia KaN@V efaptaou aot ploy eTaLvaV THY
SéEav, aNNa Tots exeiveov TQ OLKELHA GDUVATTOVTES,
as Kal tov yevous Kal tod Biov KaOnyemovas
evpnmovar. 6416 Ka@y@ TOV ‘Apatou Tov cov TOAL-
Tov Kal TpoTaTopos Biov, bv ovTeE TH b0&n Th
Tept ceauTov ote TH Suvapet KATALTXUVELS, aTré-
OTAAKA GOL cuyyparyapevos, ovx, @S ovxl TAVTOV
dxpiBeotard oot pe wednicos é& apxAs érriatac bat
Tas éxelvou mpagers, GNX Oras ot maidés cov
IloXvxpatns Kal ITuPoxrijs oiKelors mrapadelypa-
ow VT PEPOVTAL, Ta pev aKkovovTes, TA O€ ava-
YYOTKOVTES, aT Ep avTous peta Oar TpornKer.
diravtov yap avopos, ov diNoKadov, TavToOs del
Bértictov nyetoOat. :

II. ‘H Lixveviov TONS, émrel TO m™p@Tov éx THS
dxparou kal Awpixis dpiaToKpatias Gomep dpp.o-
vias cuyxvleions ets oTATELS evémreve Kal prdo-
TLpLas Snparywyav, OUK emavoaro vooovaa Kal
TapaTTouEy Kal TUpavvoyv €K TUpaVvVOU peTaBan-
Aovoa, wexXpt Ov KAéwvos dvarpebevros el Novo
Tipoxdet day apxovra Kal Kyerviav, avopas év-
d0fous Ta pard.ota Kal év Suvdper TOV TONTOV
bvTas. non O€ Tia THS ToheTELas KaTadoTacL
éyewv doxovans Tipokreioas pev am éavev,’ ABav-
TlOas dé 0 Macéou Tupavvida T par rov EavT@
TOV Krewtay AT EKTELVE Kal TOV pirwv Kal olKElwv
TOUS pev éfeBane, Tous O€ avetdev. élite 5é
kal Tov viov avtov, “Aparov, dvenely, emraerh
KaTanrererppevov. év dé TH TmEpl THY OlKLaY TA-

1 In 264 Bo.

1028

ARATUS 1. 3-11. 3

noble qualities of their own and make their reputa-
tion dependent on their praises of others, nay rather,
they associate their own careers with the careers of
their great ancestors, whom they hail both as founders
of their line and as directors of their lives. And
therefore, now that I have written the life of Aratus,
who was thy countryman and forefather, and to
whom thou thyself art no discredit in either reputa-
tion or influence, I send it to thee, not as though
thou hadst not been at pains from the beginning to
have the most precise knowledge of thy great an-
cestor’s career, but in order that thy sons Polycrates
and Pythocles may be reared, now by hearing and
now by reading, after examples found in their own
family line—examples which it well becomes them
to imitate. For it is the lover of himself, and not
the lover of goodness, who thinks himself always
superior to others.

Il. The city of Sicyon, as soon as it had fallen
away from its pure Doric form of aristocracy (which
was now like a harmony dissolved) and had become
a prey to factions and the ambitious schemes of
demagogues, was without cease distempered and
agitated, and kept changing one tyrant for another,
until, after the murder of Cleon, Timocleides and
Cleinias were chosen chief magistrates, men of the
highest repute and influence among the citizens.
But no sooner did the government appear to be
somewhat settled than Timocleides died, and Aban-
tidas the son of Paseas, attempting to make himself
tyrant, slew Cleinias,! and, of the friends and kinsmen
of Cleinias, banished some and killed others. He
tried to kill also the son of Cleinias, Aratus, left
fatherless at the age of seven. But in the confusion

5

PLUTARCH’S LIVES

paxn cuvextrec@v Tols pevyoucw oO Tais, Kal
TraVa@pmEevos ev TH TOAEL TEPLpOBOS Kal aBonOn-
Tos, KaTa TUXnv édalev els olKiav TapedOav
YuvaiKos, adendas ev ‘ABavridou, Tlpopavte dé
TO Ky euviou A0EXHO yeyapnpevs, ovowa Locos.
auTy b¢ Kal TO 710 0s ovoa yevvaia Kal ovv Gee
Tit TO TaLdtov olomévn KaTaTeEpevyévat pos
avuTny amréxpuvev évoov, celta vuKTos eis “Apyos
uTeEeTremev.

III. Otte & éxxrarévte TO’ Apdt@ Kai dia-
gduyovts tov Kivduvov evOds pev éevepveTo Kal
auynvteTo TO ohodpov Kal Suatrupov pioos él
TOUS TUpdVVOUS. Tpepopevos 6€ mapa Tots ev
"Apyet Eévous Kal trots TAT p@oLs ehevBepios,
Kal TO cOpa Bracravov opav els evetiav Kal
péyeOos, emedeoxer € EAUTOV ATKHGEL TH TEpL manat-
oTpav, bate kal révtabrov ayavioacbar Kal
2 orepavev Tuxeiv. emupaivetrar 8 apéder Kal
Tats elKOo LD GOA TLKN Tis loéa, Kal TO ouveTov
Tob TpoowTov Kal Bacidcov ov TavTaTacL
apvetTas THY adnpayiav Kal TO oKxapeioy. o0ev
évdeéaTepon i lows 7) TOALTLK@ ™ poo HKov Hv avdpt
Tept TOV Aoyou comovbace KQUTOL “yeyovevat
Koprporepov elmrety 7) doxKet TL ex TOV UTropynpa-
Twv Kpivoval, a mapépyws Kal Uo Yelpa Sia TOV
emLTUXOVTOV OvomaT wv apurhno dpevos KaTeMuTe.

_Xpove bé 0 Uarepov "A Bavtiday pev ot trept Aec-
viav Kal "Apuotorehn TOV SuahextTuKon, el@Oora
Tois Noyols aVT@Y KaT ayopav oxXoAaCoVTwY Ekd-

1 A contest involving the five arts of running, leaping,
hurling the spear, boxing, and wrestling.

6

ARATUS 11. 3-111. 3

which prevailed about the house the boy made his
escape with the fugitives, and wandering about in
the city, full of fear and helpless, by chance got un-
noticed into the house of a woman who was a sister
of Abantidas, but had married Prophantus the brother
of Cleinias. Her name was Soso. This woman, who
was of a noble nature, and thought it a divine dis-
pensation that the boy had taken refuge with her,
hid him in the house, and at night sent him secretly
off to Argos.

III. Thus was Aratus stolen away from the peril
that threatened him, and at once that vehement and
glowing hatred of tyrants for which he was noted
became a part of his nature and grew with his growth.
He was reared in liberal fashion among the guests
and friends of his father’s house at Argos, and since
he saw that his bodily growth promised high health
and stature, he devoted himself to the exercises of
the palaestra, going so far as to win wreaths of victory
in contesting the pentathlum.! And indeed even his
statues have plainly an athletic look, and the sagacity
and majesty of his countenance do not altogether
disown the athlete’s full diet and wielding of the
mattock. Wherefore his cultivation of oratory was
perhaps less intense than became a man in public
life; and yet he is said to have been a more ornate
speaker than some think who judge from the Com-
mentaries which he left; these were a_ bye-work,
and were composed in haste, off-hand, and in the
words that first occurred to him in the heat of
contest.

Some time after the escape of Aratus, Abantidas
was slain by Deinias and Aristotle the logician. The
tyrant was wont to attend all their public disputations

7

PLUTARCH’S LIVES

a \ a > ,

OTOTE Tapeivat Kal cumdiAroverceiv, EuBarovTes
els TovavTnvy SdtatpiBnv Kal KaTacKevacayTes
emuBouhny ave ov, Ilacéav dé tov ’ABavrtidou
TaTepa THY apxny vrodaPovra Nixoxdijs Sono-
povicas EQUTOV avederke TUPaVVOV. TOUTOV épu-
hepéctatov rA€yovot THv dw Llepidvdpw TO
Kuyedou yeveo Gat, Kabarep ‘Adkpaiw@ve pev 7@
"Audhidpew Tov Tépany 'Opovt ny," ‘Exropt dé Tov
Aaxedatpoviov veavioKov, Ov laropet Muptinos
tro TANGoUs TOV Jewpévwv, ws TOUTO éyvwcar,
KaTaTaTnOnva.

IV. Tod 5é NexoxrXéous téocapas unvas Tupav-
vouvTos, é€v ols TOAAa KAKA THV TOALY épyacd-

> z. e \ ? lal > /

pevos exwvdvuvevoev UTr0 AttoXa@v et Bovrevomevny

>» \ > a by 4 oy a
avTnvy atoBaneiv, non petpdxtov o “Apatos av

U >
afiwua Napmtpov eiye Su evyéverav Kai Ppovnua,
a / > \ b] \ > / b] \ \ \
) Svepawev ov pK pov ovde apyov, éuBp.bés be Kal
Tap rektav aofareotépa yon KEKPALEVOD.
d0ev ot Te guydoes padiara TOV vouv éxeiv@ TpOC-
etxov, 6 te NixoxrAHs ovK 7) pereL TOV TpATTO-
HEVOY, aD’ dodnros am eBewper Kal TapepvrAaTTev
avTOD THY Opunv, TOApHLA pev ovdEY THALKOUTOV
dedtw@s ovde Epyov ovdév OTM TapaKkeKivduveEv-
pevov, UToTTEVwY O€ TOls BacgtNevoW adTov d.a-

/ / 5 \ f /
AéyecOar hirois odor Kal E€vors Tatpwos. Kal

wn t €

yap adrnOas o”A PATS emexeipnae THY odov Exel
ynv Babdileww. os éé "AvTiyovos pev Umax vov-
pevos NuereL Kal TapHye Tov xpovoy, ai dé aT’

1 rapiye Coraés and Ziegler, with S&: mapijxe (let the time
pass).

1 251 B.c.

ARATUS 1. 3-1v. 3

in the market-place and to take part in them;
they encouraged him in this practice, laid a plot, and
took his life. Paseas also, the father of Abantidas,
after assuming the supreme power, was treacherously
slain by Nicocles, who then proclaimed himself tyrant.
This man is said to have borne a very close resemblance
to Periander the son of Cypselus, just as Orontes the
Persian did to Alemaeon the son of Amphiaraiis, and
as the Spartan youth mentioned by Myrtilus did to
Hector. Myrtilus tells us that when the throng of
spectators became aware of this resemblance, the
youth was trampled underfoot.

IV. Nicocles was tyrant of the city for four months,
during which he wrought the city much harm, and
narrowly escaped losing it to the Aetolians when
they plotted to seize it. By this time! Aratus, now a
young man, was held in marked esteem on account of
his high birth, and of his spirit. This was showing
itself to be not insignificant nor yet unenterprising,
but earnest, and tempered with a judgement safe
beyond his years. Wherefore the exiles from Sicyon
had their minds fixed most of all upon him, and
Nicocles was not neglectful of what was going on, but
kept secret watch and ward over his undertakings,
not because he feared any deed of so great daring
and hazard as that in which Aratus finally engaged,
but because he suspected that Aratus was in com-
munication with the kings who had heen on terms
of friendship and hospitality with his father. And
in truth Aratus had attempted to travel along that
path. But since Antigonus? neglected his promises
and prolonged the time, and since the hopes derived

* Antigonus Gonatas, king of Macedonia 283-239 B.c.

PLUTARCH’S LIVES

Aiyirtov kal rapa Itorepaiov paxpav joav
érmioes, €yv@ du avtov KaTadveLy TOY TUpaVvOD.

V. IIparous 5 Kowodtat THY yvounv “Apioto-
wax Kal "Exdnro. TOUTWV O pev éx YiKv@vos
ip puyas, 0 bé "Exdndos “ApKas éx Meyanns
TOXEWS, avnp pirocogos Kal T PAKTLKOS, "A pxe-
otNdovu TOU ‘Axadnpuaxod yeyovas év darter cuv-
nOns. SeEapévwn 5é TovTwY TpoOvmws StEedXeyeTO
Tois ddNols Huydowy, @v orLyoL pev alaxyuvOevTes
éykaTaditely THY édXTida peTELYoV TOV TpaT-
TOMEVWV, OL SE TOAAOL kal tov “Apatov érrevp@vTo

4 e > 4 \4
KATAKWAVELY WS aTELpia Tpayuatav OpacuVo-
pevov.

Bovrevopévov 0 avtov X@piov TL TNS Lecvevias
KataraPetn, o0ev ppm wevos Ova oneunoes Tpos
TOV TUpavvor, AKEV ELS “Apyos. avnp Y,wKvevios ex
THs ElpKTHS aTrOOEOpAaKas* mp dé Tav huydoov
EVOS EZ evokhéous aderpos’ Kal TO ‘Apato m™poo-
ax Gels umTO TOU Eevoxhéous éreye Tov TetXous
Kad ov vmepBas avros €owOn ToTOV, evTOS pev
oArLyou Seiy émimredov ciVal, TpoorepuKora X@ plows
TET POET Kal vynrots, TO O€ efobev Dyos vT0
KMPaK@V ov Tavu ave LTO. os d€ TavTa HKou-
ev o “Apatos, éxiréutret pera Tov Fevoxdéous
OLKETAS LOLOUS évo, SevOav te Kal Texveva, KaTa-
oKeouevous TO TelxXos, eyVwKes, el Suvatro,
Kpvpa Kal pos &va KivOuvov o&€as TO TaV avap-
piyar paddov v7) paxpp TONE LO Kal pavepois
ayaow LOLOTNS davricadiorac bat pos TUpavvor.
ws 8 éravidOov of wept Tov Revorréa Tod pev
Telyous eiAnpoTes pméTpa Kal TOD TOTOU THY piYow

| fo)

1029

ARATUS iv. 3-v. 5

from Egypt and Ptolemy! were a long way off, he
resolved to overthrow the tyrant by his own efforts.

V. The first to whom he imparted his design were
Aristomachus and Ecdelus. Of these, the one was
an exile from Sicyon, and Ecdelus was an Arcadian
of Megalopolis, a student of philosophy and a man of
action, who had been an intimate friend of Arcesilaiis
the Academic at Athens. These men eagerly adopted
his proposals, and he then began conversations with
the other exiles. A few of these took part in the
enterprise because they were ashamed to disappoint
the hope placed in them, but the majority actually
tried to stop Aratus, on the ground that his in-
experience made him over-bold.

While he was planning to seize some post in the
territory of Sicyon from which he might sally forth
and make war upon the tyrant, there came to Argos
a man of Sicyon who had run away from prison. He
was a brother of Xenocles, one of the exiles; and
when he had been brought to Aratus by Xenocles,
he told him that the part of the city’s wall over
which he had climbed to safety was almost level
with the ground on the inside, where it had been
attached to steep and rocky places, and that on the
outside it was not at all too high for scaling-ladders.
When Aratus had heard this, he sent with Xenocles
two servants of his own, Seuthas and Technon, to
make an examination of the wall; for he was resolved,
if he could, to hazard the whole enterprise on one
secret and swift attempt, rather than in a long war
and in open contests to match his private resources
against those of a tyrant. So when Xenocles and
his party came back with measurements of the wall

1 Ptolemy Philadelphus, king of Egypt 283-247 B.c.
II

2

PLUTARCH’S LIVES

’ , > ” 3O\ / A \

ATAYYEANGYTES OUK ATrOpoYV ovde YaXreETHV, TO SE

Aabeiy mpoceMovtas epyades elvar hackovtes

UTO KNTOUPOV TLVOS KUVAPLWV, LEK POV MEV, EXTOTTMS
/

dé payiuwv Kal atapynyopytev, ev0vs évictato

Thy mpakuv.

VI. ‘H pev ody tov btw TapacKevn auvHnOns
AV, TAVTWV, WS ETOS ELTTELV, TOTE KNWTFELALS YPwW-
wevov Kal KaTacpopats én aNAHXOUS* TAs dé KAL-
paxas Kvdpavwp o peNXavoTroLos avagdavdov €77-

rn / A
Eato, THS TEXUNS AUTO TO avUTOT TOV OLdovENS, ETrEL
Kal avTos WY TaV duyadwv. davdpas b€ a’Tw TOV

\ pan | / 4 > b] , /
pev ev” Apyes pitwv Exaatos €& odtywv déxa Tap-
éaxev, avTos 5€ TOY idlwy oiKeTOY TPLaKOVTA
KadwTrLcev. euicbwcato 6é Kai did TmpwTov
Fevodirov Tay apyixr\@Trwv ov TOAAOVS OT PATLO-
Tas, ols d1ed00n Aoyos ws emt Tas immoUs TAS
Bactdtkas eis THY Xexvwviay EEod0s évotto. Kai

/ id Ny / >’ \ \
mpoeTéupOnaay oi mooi orropddes Eri Tov Ilo-
“ If cal
AvyvoToU TupyoV, Exel KeAEvTOEVTES TrEpLMEtVaL.
/ \ \ / ¢ ’ > la \
mpoevéuhOn b€ kal Kaducias im avtov peta
>; \
Teccdpwv addrA\gwv evfwovos, ods ede mpos Tov
€
Kntoupov adixécOat sxoTaiovs, PdaKovtTas odot-
TOpOUS Eval, Kal KaTaUALCapévoUs aUTOV TE
ovyKAEloal Kal TOUS KUVAaS* OV yap HV adXn Trap-
nm \ \ / \ ” b]
eGeiv. Tas 6€ KrAiuwaxas dtadruTAs ovaas éuBa-
/ ,
NovTEs eis axydvas Kal KaTaxaduartes éh
. n /
apakov mpoaTréctel\ay.

b 4 \ 4 n ’ ~ al

Ev tovt@ 6€ KatacKotTrwr Tivav ev Apyet Tod
Nuixoxréous pavévt@yv Kal Tepiiévar eyouévwv

‘ ¢ >
adyrAws Kal wapadvAdttew Tov “Apatov, ap

I2

ARATUS v. 5-v1. 4

which they had taken, and with a report that the
place was by nature not impassable nor even difficult
(although they declared that it was hard to get to
it undetected owing to a certain gardener’s dogs,
which were little beasts, but extraordinarily fierce
and savage), Aratus at once undertook the business.

VI. Now the laying in of arms was nothing un-
usual, since almost everybody at that time indulged
in robberies and predatory forays; and as for scaling-
ladders, Euphranor the engineer made them openly,
since his trade screened him from suspicion; and he
too was one of the exiles. As for men, each of the
friends of Aratus in Argos furnished him with ten
out of the few they had, and he himself equipped
thirty of his own servants with arms. ‘Through
Xenophilus, the foremost of the robber captains, he
also hired a few soldiers, to whom it was given out
that a foray was to be made into the territory of
Sicyon to seize the horses of Antigonus. And most
of them were sent on ahead in small bands to the
tower of Polygnotus, with orders to wait there.
Aratus also sent on in advance Caphisias, lightly
armed, with four companions; their orders were to
come to the gardener’s when it was dark, pretending
to be travellers, and after taking up quarters there
for the night, to shut up him and his dogs; for there
was no other way to get past them. The scaling-
ladders, which could be taken apart, were packed in
boxes, and thus concealed were sent on ahead in
waggons.

In the meantime some spies of Nicocles appeared
in Argos and were reported to be secretly going
about and watching the movements of Aratus. As
soon as it was day, therefore, Aratus left his house

13

PLUTARCH’S LIVES

Pepa Tm poeh Gov Kat pavepos & ay év ayopg dteTpuBe
pera TOV pion: elt aewpapevos € ev TO yupvacio
Kal TmaparhaSeov TwWas éx THS mahatorpas TeV
elwOoTwy trivew Kal pabvpet pet avrou veavi-
TKOV ATIYED ¢ ota de Kal pera px pov ewpato TOV
olKeT@v avTod be ayopas 0 pev orepavous hépov,
o 6€ Aap adas QVOULEVOS, o € Tols lO. wévols
Tapa TOTOV parrew Kab avhety yuvators duaheryo-
pevos. Tavta é ol KATACKOTOL TAVTA opa@vres
éEnmaTnvto Kal T 0s aha ous aVaYEN@UTES éhe-
you: “ Ovdev 7 nV apa. Tupavvou OevAOTEpoY, €l Kal
Nexoxkars TIALKAUTNY TONY Eyov Kab Too auTny
SvvapLy oppwdet jet paKeov eis nOovas Kal TOTOUS
pel ne ptvous Ta THs huyns épodia KaTaxpo-
pevov.

VII. Oc pev ovv oUT@ Taparoyrabertes an nnr-
aynoay’ o oe’ ‘Apatos ev0ds pet Apiorov efeh-
Jav Kai cvvaryas ™ pos TOV [lod\uvyvarov mupyov
Tots TTPATLOTALS els Newéav T ponyer, é7rov Thy
mpakiw éfepynve Tots moots TOTE TPOTOV, vTO-
TXETELS TE Kal TAPAKAHTELS erroinaato: Kal cuv-
Onpa Tapacovs ‘AT OANva urepoeEtov T potyyev
eT TH T OND; TUMMETPS TH Tepipopg THs ce-
Aqjvns eT LTAX VV OV Kal Tad aviels THY Topetay,
QOTE TO pev port xXpheAat Kal’ ooov, 76n 6é
Suouévns mepl Tov Kirov eivae mAnciov Tov Tel-
Xous. evrabla Kaguoias amano ev aAvUT@, TOV
ev Kuvaplov ov Kpatnoas (€p On yap amomnd7-
cava), Tov O€ KnToUpoV ey KEKNELKOS. abdpous
dé tods mAEioToUs ryevopevous Kal KedEvOVTAS
amadrattec0ar TapeOdppuvev 6” Apatos, ws at-
déwy, dv of Kbves ayav evoyA@ow avTois. apa

14

1030

ARATUS vi. 4-vi. 4

and showed himself openly in the market-place,
conversing with his friends; then he anointed himself
in the gymnasium, took with him from the palaestra
some of the young men who were wont to drink and
make holiday with him, and went back home; and
after a little one of his servants was seen carrying
garlands through the market-place, another buying
lights, and another talking with the women that regu-
larly furnished music of harp and flute at banquets.
When the spies saw all this, they were completely
deceived, and with loud laughter said to one another:
** Nothing, you see, is more timorous than a tyrant,
since even Nicocles, though master of so great a city
and so large a force, is in fear of a stripling who
squanders on pleasures and mid-day banquets his
means of subsistence in exile.”

VII. The spies, then, thus misled, left the city;
but Aratus, immediately after the morning meal,
sallied forth, joined his soldiers at the tower of Poly-
gnotus, and led them on to Nemea. Here he dis-
closed his design, to most of them then for the first
time, and made them exhortations and promises.
Then, after giving out as watchword “ Apollo Vic-
torious,’ he led them forward against Sicyon,
quickening or retarding his progress according to
the revolution of the moon, so as to enjoy her light
while on the march, and as soon as she was setting
to be at the garden near the wall. There Caphisias
came to meet him; he had not secured the dogs (for
they had bounded off before he could do this), but
had locked up the gardener. Most of his men were
disheartened at this and urged Aratus to retire; but
he tried to encourage them, promising to lead them
back if the dogs should prove too troublesome for

T5

PLUTARCH’S LIVES

5é TOUS Tas KN paKas pépovTas Tporrenras, @v
"ExdnXos nyetto Kal Mvacibeos, auTos emnKo-
over aXOA. alws, non TOV Kuvaptov evTOVOS vha-
KTOUVTOD Kal TUpMapATpeXOVT@Y Tots mepl Tov
"Exdnrov. ov pny anna T poe meEdv TE TO TeixeL
Kal ™poonpercav Tas Kipakas aa hars. ava-
Bawovtwv 6 TOV TpwTwDY, oO THY EwOLHY purdacny
mapabsdous epadeve Kodovt, Kal POTa TONG Kal
GopuBos ig TOV émlMopevopevary. oi 6é, domep
elyov, avrou amintavtes éml TOY KNIULGK@V TOV-
TOUS pev ov Nareras Edabor, ads be pudranns
évavtias TAaUTYH T poo EpKowevns els TOV éaxXaToV
Kivouvoy AOov. ws oé KaKelyny duehuyov Tap-
eMotcar, evOus avéBawov ao tmp@to. Mvacideos
kat “Exdndos, Kal Tas éxaTépaOev odous Tod
TELXOUS SiadkaBovtes aréctedrov Téxvava mpos
"A patov emelyer Oar KENEVOVTES.

Vill. *Hy 6é ov T OND SudoTnpa amo Too KI) TOU
MTpos TO TELxOS Kal TOV mupyov, ev @ KU@Y péyas
ep pouper OnpartKos. avTos pev OvV OUK no Gero
THY Epodor, el TE puoe voOns av, elte peO qpépav
KATAKOTIOS yeyovws. Tav de Tob KnToupod Kuva-
plov edt wbey exkahoupever avr ov bred Gey yero
tupdov Kal donwov TO T P@TOV, elTa padXov e7-
ETELVE TAPE PXOMEVOV. Kal Kareixev On TOUS
Drarywos TO “wpiov, wate TOY Tépapv puaka
Kpavyy peyary Tu: Gavecas ToD KUYnYyov, T pos
tlva Tpayéws oTwS 0 KU@Y UraKTEL, Kal py TL

1 The sentries who had formed the night-watch came up at
the sound of the bell, to be inspected, and then relieved by
the morning-watch.

16

ARATUS vit. 4-vi1. 2

them. At the same time he sent forward the men
who carried the scaling-ladders, under the command
of Ecdelus and Mnasitheus, while he himself followed
after them slowly, the dogs already barking vigorously
and running along by the side of Ecdelus and his
party. However, they reached the wall and planted
their ladders against it without mishap. But as
the first men were mounting the ladders, the officer
who was to set the morning-watch began making his
rounds with a bell, and there were many lights and
the noise of the sentries coming up.!_ The invaders,
however, crouched down just where they were on
the ladders, and so escaped the notice of this party
without any trouble; but since another watch was
coming up to meet the first, they incurred the
greatest danger. However, they escaped the notice
of this guard also as it passed by, and then the
leaders, Mnasitheus and Ecdelus, at once mounted
to the top, and after occupying the approaches to
the wall on either side, sent Technon to Aratus,
urging him to hasten up.

Vill. Now it was no great distance from the
garden to the wall, and to the tower, in which a huge
dog was on the watch, a hunter. The dog himself
did not notice their approach, either because he was
naturally sluggish, or because during the day he had
become tired out. But when the gardener’s whelps
challenged him from below, he began to growl in re-
sponse, faintly and indistinctly at first, then bayed out
more loudly as they passed by. Presently the whole
place resounded with barking, so that the watch-
man opposite called with a loud cry to the hunts-
man asking why his dog was baying so savagely and
whether some mischief was not afoot. The hunts-

17

PLUTARCH’S LIVES

e ] \ lal / a
yiverat KALVOTEPOV. 0 & ato tov wupyou avT@*

avrepovnce pndev eivar Sewvov, adda Tov Kiva
™ pos TO POS TOV TELXOPUNAKOY Kal TOV poor
TOD KWOWVOS Tapotvvea. TOUTO parvo ra TOUS
‘Apdrou oTparwras em Eppwaer, olopévous TOV
KUVNYy OV emiKpuT TEW KOLVWVOUYTA Th mpaget, elvat
5é woAdovs Kal adAOUS év TH TONE TOUS GuUP-
epyouvTas. ov pay QAAA TO TeLX EL poo Banrov-
TOV Xaherr os Av Oo Kivouvos Kal HiKos ehauBave,
TOV KMpaKOV KpadaLvomevav el pn Kal é&va Kal
oxXoratars avaBatvorev: 1) 5€ a apa KATHTCELYEV; 787
pdeyyoneveav GReKTpvover, Kab booy ovme T@V
e& aypov TL pepew ei@O oT wv 7m pos ayopav emepXo-

4 pEVODV. 810 Kal omrevdwv oO "A patos avéBavve,

TecoapaKovTa TOV TAVTOV avaBeBnKoTov T™po
avTov: Kal _mpoodeEdpevos ere TOV eat wOev oXL-
yous éml THY olKiay Tov Tupavvov Kal TO oTpa-
THYLOV aviprbev: évTavla yap ot pra Popopor
TA pevUKTEpevoV. apve oe em mer ov avrois Kal
ovrAdAaBav dravras, ovdeva dé amoxtetvas, EevOvs
OueT EMT ETO Tpos Tous dirouvs avaKkadovpevos
ExacTov Gm’ oixias. Kal ouvdpamovT@y Tav-
tax oben, 7 7 Lepa peev TENA [LT EV 0n Kal TO Oéarpov
ip x Aou peo TOV, éTL Tpos THY adndov aiwpov-
MEVOV pnenv Kab aapes ovdev eldoTmy vmép ev
TPATTOMEVOY; T piv ve 57) mpoerOa@v o anput eltrev
os “A paros 0 KXewwiov mapakanret Tovs ToNTAs
él Thv érevOepiav.

IX. Tore be TLOTEVTAVTES iyeew & wdrar

mTpocedixwr, apynoay apoot mpos Tas Ovpas Tod

18

ARATUS vit. 2-1x. 1

man answered him from the tower that there was
nothing to fear, but that his dog had been excited
by the lights of the sentries and the din of the bell.
This more than anything else gave heart to the
soldiers of Aratus. They thought that the huntsman
was privy to their design and was trying to conceal
it, and that there were many others also in the city
who would assist them. However, when the rest of
the company essayed the wall, their peril was grievous
and protracted, since the ladders shook unless they
mounted one by one and slowly ; moreover, time was
pressing, since cocks were already crowing, and
directly the people who brought produce from the
country to the market-place would be coming up.
Therefore Aratus also mounted the wall in haste,
after forty in all had mounted before him ; and when
he had been joined by a few more of those below, he
went up against the tyrant’s house and the praetorium,
where the mercenary soldiers passed the night. And
after falling upon these suddenly and capturing them
all, but killing none, he straightway sent messages
to his friends summoning them all from their homes,
and they ran together from all quarters. Day was
now breaking, and the theatre was thronged with
people who still were in suspense because of the un-
certain rumour that prevailed and in utter ignorance
of what was afoot, until the herald came forward and
made proclamation that Aratus the son of Cleinias
invited the citizens to secure their freedom.

IX. Then, convinced that what they had long ex-
pected was come, they rushed in a body to the

1 amd... avte bracketed by Sint.?; Ziegler reads mpds
avtéy, with Stephanus.

19

4

PLUTARCH’S LIVES

Tupavvou mop emipepovTes. npOn oé pro€ peyary
Kal kaTapavns péypt Kopivéov THs oikias ava-
POeions, OOTE Javpacavras tous év KopivOo
Tapa [LK POV OpULnaal TPOS THY Bor Gear. O pev
ov Nixoxrys érabe dia TWov UTrovopav bmeKdus
Kal amoépas éx TAS TONEDS, ot oé€ oTpaTLarar
KATATAVTAYTES Mera Tov Licveviov TO up
Sinpmatov TH otxiav. Kal oure TAUTA ex@ducev
0 "A paros, Tad TE NOLTA YPH“aTAa THY TUpavYwY
ELS pLEoOV eOnxe Tols TOMT ALS. amréOave dé ovdels
ovdé éTp@On TO TapaTav TaY émEeNOovTa@Y OvdE
TOV Tohemiery, anna kabapav Kal AOtKTOV aiwatos
éupuniou Thy Tpakw Hn TVYN duepurage.
Katynyaye 5€ duydbas Tovs ey vTrO Nexo-
KXEOUS EKTETTOKOTAS oySonxovTa, Tous O€ éml TOY
eum poo Bev Tupavvev OuK edd TOUS TEVTAKOTLWY,
ols paKpa pev ) WAaYN Kal O“od TL TEVTNKOV-
TAETIS éryeryover. kate Oovres dé of mreloTou
TEVITES, Ov KUptoe T porepov Hoa émehapSdvovo,
Kal Babifovres € éml Ta Xopla Kab Tas oikias devviyy
amoptav TO ‘Apate TapelXov, ém-Boudevouevny
pev éwbev Kal pOovovpevny vr’ "Avtuyovou: THY
Tow opavre Oud THhv édevOcpiav, TapAaTTOMEeVyY

"de ud’ aQvurijs Kab oracrafouc ay.

“Odev € ék TOV TapovT@v apirra Kpivas poo é-
pgev auTny pépov Tots "Axatois: Kal Awpteis
dures vréduoay Exoval@s dvoma Kal TONLTELADY
THY “Axara ovTe aFiowa Nat pov oure peyadny
layouv eXOvT@V TOTE. puxpotrohira yap Hoav ol
TOOL, KaL yhv ovTE YpnaTHY ovTEe apOovor

20

1031

ARATUS 1x. 1-4

residence of the tyrant, carrying firebrands. A great
flame arose as the house caught fire, and it was visible
as far as Corinth, so that the people of Corinth were
astonished and were on the point of sallying forth to
help. Nicocles, then, slipped out unnoticed by way
of certain underground passages, and ran away from
the city, and the soldiers, after extinguishing the fire
with the aid of the Sicyonians, plundered his house.
Nor did Aratus prevent this, but put the rest of the
wealth of the tyrants at the disposition of the citizens.
And not a man was killed or even wounded at all,
either among the assailants or their enemies, but
fortune preserved the enterprise free from the taint
of civil bloodshed.

Aratus restored eighty exiles who had been banished
by Nicocles, and those also who had fled the city
during the reign of former tyrants, to the number of
five hundred. These had long been wanderers, yes,
for close to fifty years. And now that they had
come back, most of them in poverty, they laid claim
to the property which they had formerly held, and
by going to their farms and houses threw Aratus
into great perplexity. For he saw that the city
was plotted against by outsiders and eyed with
jealousy by Antigonus because it had regained its
freedom, while it was full of internal disturbances
and faction.

Wherefore, as things stood, he thought it best to
attach the city promptly to the Achaean League ;
and so, though the people of Sicyon were Dorians,
they voluntarily assumed the name and civil polity
of the Achaeans, who at that time had neither
brilliant repute nor great strength. For most of
them lived in small cities, owned land that was

21

PLUTARCH’S LIVES

eKEKTNVTO, Kal Oararrn T poo @Kouv adipeve, Ta
TOAXA KATA payias exhepomery T pos THY iyretpov.
andra padtora 67) dvederEav ouToL THY ‘EXAnveeny
adenv aTporpaxov ovcay, oodKes TUXOL Koo pov
Kal cuvragews opog povovans Kal vovv EXOVTOS
HYEWOVOS, ol THS pev Tanat TOV ‘EXAjvev aK uns
ovdev, WS ElTrety, HEpos ovTes, €V dé TO TOTE pds
aEvodoryou TOAEWS TUMTAYTES omod Sivapw ovK
EXOVTES, evBouhig Kal omovola, Kal OTL TO TpPOT@
Kar’ apeTHV édbvavro By plover, anda meibeabat
Kal akonovbety, ov povov auTous év péo@ TOAEWY
Kai Suvapenv TNALKOUTOY Kal Tupavvidoy Stedu-
Aafav ehevOépous, GANA Kal TOV a\rov “EXX7-
vov ws TWrELaToUs éXeVEpodvTEs Kal owCorTES
dveT éXouv.

X. "Hv 6€”Apatos TO Tpom TONTLKOS, peya-
Aodpar, axptBéo repos eis TA KOLA HadXov TOV
idiwr, TLKpOS [LT oTUpAvvos, exOpas é6p@ Kal
purtas del TO KOLO TuppEpovTe Ypwpmevos. dev
ovxX oUTHS Soxel yeyovevar piros ax puns, @S
éxOpos evYVO Mov Kal mpdos, UTO THS TONTELAS
€7T ’ duh orepa T@ KALP@ pera Badhopevos, 6 omovotas
eOvav Kai xowwvias Todewv Kab cuvedpiov Kal
Gedrpov play povny apevTos as ovdevos dou
TOV KAXOV épacTys, TONE LO Kal ayave Xpnoa-
cOar havepas aBapaons Kal dvoedmis, Keyra dé
Tpaypara Kal ouoKevadcacbat Kpupa TONELS
Kal TUpavvovs éemnBorwtatos. 10 Kal moda
TOV AVEXTLO TV catopbocas év ols éroApnoer,
ovk édutTova Ooxel TOV SuvaTav éyKaTadiTreEtv

22

ARATUS ix. 4-xX. 3

neither fertile nor extensive, and were neighbours to
a sea that had no harbours and for the most part
washed a precipitous and rocky shore. But this
people more than any other showed the world that
Greek prowess was invincible, whenever it enjoyed
good order, harmonious discipline, and a sensible
leader. For though they had taken almost no part in
the ancient glories of Greece, and at this time, though
counted all together, had not the power of a single
considerable city, still, owing to their good counsels
and their concord, and because they were able, in
place of envying, to obey and follow the one who was
pre-eminent among them for virtue, they not only
preserved their own freedom in the midst of so great
cities and powers and tyrannies, but also were con-
tinually saving and setting free very many of the
other Greeks.

X. Aratus was by natural bent a statesman, high-
minded, more exact in his public than in his private
relations, a bitter hater of tyrants, and ever making
a regard for the public weal determine his enmity
or his friendship. Wherefore he seems to have
proved not so much a strict friend, as a considerate
and mild enemy, changing his ground in either
direction according to the exigencies of the state,
loving concord between nations, community of cities,
and unanimity of council and assembly, beyond all
other blessings. It was manifest that he resorted
to open warfare and strife without courage and with
little confidence, but that in stealing advantages and
secretly managing cities and tyrants he was most
proficient. Therefore, though he won many unex-
pected successes where he showed courage, he seems
to have lost no fewer favourable opportunities through

23

PLUTARCH’S LIVES

bv evraBeav. ov yap Hovov, os EOLKE, Onpiov
Tivay Orpels évepyol 1a oKOTOVS odaaL pe? 7 pe
pav amotuproivrat Enpornte Kal _Aerrornte THS
Tmepl TOV opOarpov UypoTnTos [1) epovons THY
Tpos To das ouyKpacw, dra Kal dewvoTns TUS
éotiv avOpwrou Kal cvvecis év Tots UTalOpots Kal
CrakexnpuypEevols evTapaktos hvaet, mpos O€ TAS
émixpupous cal Aad patous avabapoobca pagers.
Thy O€ ToLaUTaY avopanriay évoea ovyou prdoa o-
gov TeEpt Tas evpvias amepyaterat, THY apeTny,
OOTEP KapT ov QUT opu Kab arye@pynron, exh €pov-
cas oixa THS ETLOTH UNS. TavTa ev ody é&eTA-
Céc0w Tois Tapadelypaciy.

XI. ‘O 8&”Apartos, eet xatéwée Tots Ayatois
€AUTOV Kal THY TOALY, EV TOLS iTTEDTL OTPATEV-
OuEvos HYaTaTO Ov evUTrEiPELaY UTO TOY apXoOVTHY,
OTL, KaiTTep cULBOAaS TO KOLV@ peyaras dedwKas
THY €auTov dofav Kal THY THS maT pi6os Swvapwr,
os évl Tov eniTyxovTay xphoPae mapetev auto
TOV aél otpatnyoivra tov “Axalar, elre Av-
patos, elTeE Tpetaceds, eLTE pLKpoTEpas TLVOS BY
TUXOL Toews. KE b€ auTe kal Xpnpdreov dw@pea
Tapa TOU Bactréws TEVTE KAL ElKOTL Tadavra.
tavta éxaBe ev 0” Apatos, A\aBwv bé Tois EavTod
TORT ALS ém €OMKEV aTropoupevols els Te TaAXNa
Kal AUTpwOLY aX MahwTov.

XII. ’Ezrei S€ of puyddes Hoav drrapnyopntou
Tois ExouaL Tas KTNOELS évoxdobvTes, iy Te ToALs
extvOvvevev a avdoTatos yevécOat, piav opay érXTriOa
tHv [ItorXepaiov diravOpwriav dpyunoev éxded-

1 roy Gel otpatnyovvra Ziegler, with Sint. and the MSS. :

TS Gel orparnyovrvTs.

24

10

ARATUS x, 3-x1. 1

over-caution. For not only in the case of certain
wild beasts, as it would seem, is the vision strong by
night but wholly blinded in the day-time (since the
humour in their eyes is too dry and delicate to bear
contact with the light), but there is also in some
men a cleverness and sagacity which is prone to be
confounded in transactions that are carried out under
the open sky and proclaimed abroad by public criers,
but when confronting hidden and secret enterprises
recovers its courage. Such unevenness a lack of
philosophy may cause in men of good natural parts;
they produce virtue without scientific knowledge,
and it is like spontaneous and uncultivated fruit.
This can be proved by examples. ,

XI. Aratus, now, after uniting himself and his
city with the Achaeans, served in the cavalry, and
was beloved by his commanders on account of his
ready obedience. For although he had made great
contributions to the commonwealth in his own repu-
tation and the power of his native city, he gave his
services like those of any ordinary person to the one
who from time to time was general of the Achaeans,
whether he was a man of Dyme or of Tritaea, or of
a meaner city. And there came to him also a gift of
money from the king of Egypt, five-and-twenty
talents. These Aratus accepted, but gave them at
once to his fellow-citizens, who were in want of
money, especially for the ransoming of such as had
been taken prisoners.

XII. But the exiles were not to be dissuaded from
molesting those who were in possession of their
property, and the city was in danger of an upheaval.
Aratus saw that his only hope was in the generosity
of Ptolemy, and therefore determined to sail to

VOL. XL. 5 “se

PLUTARCH’S LIVES

cat Kal SdenOnvat tod Bacirt€ws OTrwS avTm
s / XN \ , >
Vpnwata ovupPdrntar mpos Tas Sradvoes. av-
/ \ s > \ , e \ 7 € A
nxOn pwev odv atro MoGevns vrep Maneas, ws TO
, \
dua mropov Spou@ xXpnaopevos. mpos de peya
veda Kal TOAAHV Garaccav EK TENAYOUS KATL-
ovaav évdovtos Tov KuBepyntov, Tapadepopevos
, vA n > / / wv >’
ports Irvrato Ths Adpias moNemias ovans. éxpa-
a \ ¢e \ 93 / \ x 9 a
Tetto yap uno Avtuyovov Kal duXaKkny elyev: HV
5 la’
fbacas até8n, Kal THY vady KaTaXIT@V aT-
exwpnoe paxpav ato Oadacons éExov eva Tov
f \ e n [4 \ ,
dirtwv avv avte TimavOnv. Kxat xataBarovtes
€ f : a
éauTovs els Thva ToTov brANS Yyé“ovTAa YarEeTas
3 , e ,
évuxtépevov. ordglym 5é€ tatepov o dpovpapyos
> \ \ al \ v e \ lal
émeNOav xal Entav tov” Apatov vro tev Oepa-
movtwv é€&nratyOn tov éxeivou, Sedioaypéevwr
ANéyerv ws EVOVS atrodpas eis KvBorav é£émevee.
/ a
Ta mevTOL KomLComeva Kal THY vady Kal Tovs Oepa-
/
TovTas aTépynve ToAeula Kal KaTETYE.
Mera 6€ jéepas ov TOAAAS ev aATOpots OVTL TO
, / - oR
"Apat@ yivetait Tis evtuxia, “Pwpaixhs vews
, \ 3 ce \ \ > \
TapaBarovons KaTa TOY ToTOV év @ Ta mev eT
\ A »”
TKOTHV AVLOV, TA O€ KpUTTTOMEVOS SiAyev. EmreEL
\ 9S e la > / > | / \ / A
pev ovv » vaus eis Lupiav, éméByn O€ meicas Tov
/ A , al \
vavKrnpov aypt Kapias d:axomicO jvat Kat dvexo-
picOn Kivdvvois avis ov« éXaTTOOL YpNnoapeEVos
kata Oaratrav. €x 6€ Kapias ypovm modAr@
\ > yy > / a Cal
mepaimbeis ets Aiyurrtov avtobev te TH Bacthet
SLAKELLEV TPOS AVTOV OiKELwWS eVeTUXE, Ka TEOEPA-
26

ARATUS x11. 1-5

Egypt and beg the king to furnish him with money
for the settlement of these disputes. So he put to
sea from Mothone above Malea, intending to make
the shortest passage. But the steersman could not
make head against a strong wind and high waves
that came in from the open sea, and being carried
out of his course got with difficulty to Adria,t which
was a hostile place. For it was in the power of
Antigonus, and held a garrison of his. Aratus an-
ticipated arrest by landing, and forsaking the ship
withdrew a long way from the sea, having with him
one of his friends, Timanthes. They threw them-
selves into a place that was thickly covered with
woods, and had a grievous night of it. A little later
the commander of the garrison came to the ship in
search of Aratus, and was deceived by his servants,
who had been instructed to say that he had run away
at once and had sailed off to Euboea. The ship,
however, with its cargo and the servants of Aratus,
was declared a prize of war and detained.

After a few days, while still in this helpless plight,
Aratus met with a rare piece of good fortune, for a
Roman ship put in at the place where he was staying,
sometimes on a lookout-place, and sometimes hiding
himself. The ship was bound for Syria, but after going
on board Aratus persuaded the master of the vessel to
convey him as far as Caria. Thither he was conveyed,
encountering fresh perils by sea and perils as great
as before. From Caria, after a long time, he made
his way across to Egypt, and found the king both
naturally well disposed towards him, and much grati-

1 The text is probably corrupt. Bergk suggested Hydrea,
an island off the N.E. coast of Pelopounesus. Others think
of Andros, an island 8.E. of Euboea.

27

PLUTARCH’S LIVES

TEUHEVD ypapais Kal mivatw amo THS ‘EdAaéos,
év ols Kpiow éywv ovK aouvcov 0 “Apatos aéi
Tl T@V TEXVIK@Y Kat TEpLTTa@YV, padtata b€ Lap-
hirtov Kai MedavOov, cuvaywv Kai KT@pevos
améaTeNnev.

XIII. "HvOer yap ére b0€a THS Leevwvias “ov-
ons Kal xpnotoypadias, os jLovns abvapPopov
eyovons TO KAAOV, MOTE Kat ‘AmedAHY E€XKELVOV
non Oavpalouevoy adixécOar Kal auyyevécbau
Tots avd pac él taravto, THs b0Ens HaXXov
y} TIS TEXYNS Seopmevov peTaha Beir. 610 Tas peév
adras elovas TOV TUpavywy cdyetdrev evdus 0
"Apatos, OTe THY TOW nrAEVOEpwceE, Epi SE THS
"Apiotpatouv kata Diriurmov axpacavtos éSov-

2 NevoaTo ToAUY XpoVvOV. éypadyn peéev yap UTO Tav-
Tov Tov Tept Tov MéAavOov dppate vixndopw
TApETTOS 0 ‘Apto Tpatos, ’Atreod cuvepayra-
pevou THS ypapns; ws Tlorépov 0 TEpLNyNTS
‘otopnKev. Hv O€ TO epyov | ak.obéaron, OOTE
yvaptrecOat tov” Apatov vo THs TéxVNS, adOis
TE ploel TH TpOs TOvS TuUpavvovs ée£ayouevov

3 xkedevery Kalaipetv. Tov otv Cwypadhov Neargxn
hirov dvta Tov “Apdtov rapaiteicbat dact Kai
Saxpvelv, ws 5 ov« ErreOev, Eltreiy OTL TOis TUPAv-
VOLS TOAELNTELV, OV TOls TMV TUpavveY. ‘’ Kadcw-
pev ovv TO apna Kat THY Nixnv, avtov 6€ cot 1033
mapéEw Tov Apiotpatov éyw Tapaywpovvta Tov
mivaxos. émitpéwavtos ovy tov ’Apatov b-

—_—_——.

1 Philip II., 382-336 B.c.

28

ARATUS xn. 5-xu1. 3

fied because Aratus had sent him drawings and
paintings from Greece. In these matters Aratus
had a refined judgement, and was continually col-
lecting and acquiring works of artistic skill and ex-
cellence, especially those of Pamphilus and Melanthus.
These he would send to Ptolemy.

XIII. For the fame of Sicyon’s refined and beautiful
paintings was still in full bloom, and they alone
were thought to have a beauty that was indestruct-
ible. Therefore even the great Apelles, when he
was already admired, came to Sicyon and gave a
talent that he might be admitted into the society of
its artists, desiring to share their fame rather than
their art. Hence it was that Aratus, although he
at once destroyed the other portraits of the tyrants
when he had given the city its freedom, de-
liberated a long time about that of Aristratus (who
flourished in the time of Philip of Macedon). For
it was the work of Melanthus and all his pupils, and
Aristratus was painted standing bya chariot in which
was a Victory; Apelles also had a hand in the
painting, as we are told by Polemon the Topographer.
And the work was a marvellous one, so that Aratus
was moved by the artistic skill therein; but after-
wards, such was his hatred of the tyrants, that he
ordered it to be removed and destroyed. Accord-
ingly, the painter Nealces, who was a friend of
Aratus, interceded with him for the picture, as
we are told, and with tears, and when he could
not persuade him, said that war should be waged
against the tyrants, but not against the treasures
of the tyrants. “ Let us therefore leave the chariot
and the Victory, but Aristratus himself I will
undertake to remove from the picture.’’ Aratus

a9

PLUTARCH’S LIVES

nrerbev o Neadxns tov "Apiotpator, eis dé THY
yopav doivica povov évéypawev, ado be ovdev
éroAunoe tapaBareiv. tovs 6 modas éEare-
dhopuévov tov Apiotpatou siadrabety b7r0 TO appa
ANEéyovewy.

"Ex te 61) ToUT@Y 0” Apatos nyaTato, Kat d:600s
Teipay €Te padrrov Ppato Tod Bacihéws, Kal
Swpeav éhaBe TH TWodEL TEVTHKOVTA Kal éxaTOV
TdNavTa. Kal TOUTWY TeccapdaKkovTa peVv EvOUS
ueO” éavtod Kopitwv ets HeXomovvncov Karnpe,
Ta 6€ NowTra Stedwv eis Sdcets 0 Bacireds VaTEpov
KATA Lépos aTéTTELNED.

XIV. °Hv pév ody péya nat TO XpHpwata To-
gavta Topicat Tois ToNiTaLs, bowY pLKpOV pMépos
addXor aotpatnyol Kal Snparywyot NauBavoytes
Tapa Bacthéwy ndikouv Kai KaTedovdovyTO Kal
mpoémivov avTois Tas matploas, pelCwv Se 1) dia
TOV XYPNMaTwv TOVTwWY KaTacKEvacOeica TOLS EV
aT épots Mpos TOUS TAOUTLoUS SidAVaLS Kal OpMo-
voia, TO O¢ OHuw TavTl cwTnpia Kai dopddrea,
Oavuaatn Sé 7 Tov avdpos év Suvdpet TooavTy
perploTns. amroderx0els yap avtoxpdtwp dian-
Naktis Kal KUpLOs GAwS él TAs PuyabiKas oiKoVO-
ulas povos ovy vUméuevev, GAA TEVTEKaLoeKa
TaY TOMTaV TpocKkaTérekev EavTo, “EP OV Trove
TOAD Kal peyadras Tpayyateias KaTELipyacaTo
Kai ovvyipuoce pidtav kai eipnvnv Tots Todas.
ed’ ois ov povoy Koh ovprravTes of TodiTaL
Tyas arédocav avT@ TpeTovcas, dA Kal KaT

39

ARATUS xu. 3-xIv. 2

therefore yielded, and Nealces erased the figure of
Aristratus, and in its place painted a palm-tree
merely, not daring to introduce anything else. We
are told, however, that the feet of the erased figure
of Aristratus were left by an oversight beneath the
chariot.

In consequence of this love of art Aratus was
already beloved by the king, and in personal inter-
course grew yet more upon him, and received for his
city a gift of a hundred and fifty talents. Forty of
these Aratus took with him at once and sailed to
Peloponnesus; the rest the king divided into instal-
ments, and sent them to him afterwards one by one.

XIV. Now it was a great achievement to procure
so large a sum of money for his fellow-citizens ; other
generals and leaders of the people had taken but
a fraction of this sum from kings in payment for
wronging, enslaving, and betraying to them their
native cities. But it was a far greater achievement
by means of this money to have effected a harmonious
adjustment of the disputes between rich and poor, and
safety and security for the entire people. Moreover,
we must admire the moderation of the man in the
exercise of so great power. For when he was ap-
pointed independent arbiter, with absolute powers for
settling the money affairs of the exiles, he would not
accept the office alone, but associated with himself
fifteen of his fellow-citizens, by whose aid, after
much toil and great trouble, he established peace
and friendship among his fellow-citizens.1_ For these
services not only did the entire body of citizens
bestow fitting public honours upon him, but the
exiles also on their own account erected a bronze

1 Cf. Cicero, De Off. ii. 23, 81 ff.

31

PLUTARCH’S LIVES

xO? e / > / nm > PA
idiay ot duyades eKova yadkiv avactyocayTes
éméypavrav Tobe TO édeyetov:

3 Bovral pév cal deOXa Kal a Tepi ‘ENXados adKa
ad > MA / / ¢ rs
TOUO avdpos oTarals TAAOeTat Hpakdéovs:
dupes © elxov’, “Apate, Teav vooTOLO TUXOVTES
oTdcapev avt apeTas noé Stxarocvvas
fal n an ‘6 A
gwWTHpOS TwTHpat Oeots, Ste Tatpios TA OG
¥
datmoviov) Oeiav T atTacas evvopmtav.

XV. Tatra dvarpatdpevos 6 “Apatos Tov pev
na / / bd f as \ 4
ToALTLKOD POovou pelCwv éyeyove: dia Tas YapiTas,
wa , are \ ) / 5 | b) > a \
Avtiyovos 8 0 BaciNevs aviwpevos eT AUT@ Kal
Bovdopevos 7) peTayely GAwWS TH hidia TpOS avTOY
. / Biers y \ i a ‘ e
a a
7) OraBarreww mpos tov IItodeuatov, adras TE
, , 4
hiravOpwrias évedeixvuTo py Tavu Mpocrepevo,
\ 7 a > / / > an
kal Ovwv Oeois ev KopivOw pepidas eis Yuevava
27@ Apdto oiéteutre. kai Tapa TO deitrvoy, éoTt-
lal ]
Ww LEV@V TOMY, e's wEToV POeyEapevos, “"Oruny,
Eby, “ Tov YLKv@vLov TOUTOV VEeavioxov éEXEevDEpLoY
s lal / / \ / ¢ \ \
elvar TH pioet pwovov Kal dirotrorXiTHV oO Sé Kal
s lal € be
Biwv éotxe Kal mpaypatwv BacitK@v ikavos
eivat KPLTNS. TWPOTEpov yap Huds UTEepewpa Tails
\ /
érmiow é&w Brétrwv cat tov Aiyirriov eCavpae
n \
mrovToV, €déhavtas Kal atddouvs Kal avrds
akovwY, vuvi O€ UTO TKNVNVY EWPAKWS TAaVTAa Ta
lal / /
éxel Tpdyyata Tpaywoiay 6vTa Kal oxnvoypapiav
a /
3 OAos Huly TMpocKeXw@pHKEV. AUTOS TE OV aTO-
déyouat TO pEelpaKLov eyvwK@s Eels ATavTAa XpH-

1 Sa:udviov Sint.* and Ziegler, after Zeitz: dSaluer’ Toor.
32

ARATUS xiv. 2-xv. 3

statue of him, and inscribed thereon the following
elegiac verses :—

“The counsels, valorous deeds, and prowess
in behalf of Hellas, which this man has dis-
played, are known as far as the Pillars of
Heracles; but we who achieved our return
through thee, Aratus, for thy virtue and justice,
have erected to the Saviour Gods this statue of
our saviour, because to thy native city thou hast
brought a sacred and heavenly reign of law.”

XV. These successful achievements placed Aratus
beyond the jealousy of his fellow-citizens, owing to
the gratitude which he inspired; but Antigonus, the
king, was annoyed by the policy of Aratus, and
wished either to bring him over into complete friend-
ship with himself or to alienate him from Ptolemy.
He therefore showed him many kindnesses which
were not at all welcome, and especially this, that as
he was sacrificing to the gods at Corinth, he sent
portions of the victims to Aratus at Sicyon. And at
the banquet which followed, where many guests were
present, he said, so that all could hear: “I thought
this Sicyonian youth was merely free-spirited and a
lover of his fellow-citizens ; but he would seem to be
a capable judge also of the lives and actions of kings.
For formerly he was inclined to overlook us, fixing
his hopes elsewhere, and he admired the wealth of
Egypt, hearing tales of its elephants, and fleets, and
palaces ; but now that he has been behind the scenes
and seen that everything in Egypt is play-acting and
painted scenery, he has come over entirely to us.
Therefore I both welcome the young man inyself,
having determined to make every possible use of

33

PLUTARCH’S LIVES

aba, cal buds aEio pirov vouitey.” tTovToVUs TOS
ANoyous UTOPecww AaBovTes 0: POovepol Kal Kako-
nOes SinutAX@vtTo Tais émLaTOAais aAAANXOLS,
Toda Kal dvoxeph) Kata TOU ’Aputou T@ II ToXe-
pai ypapovtTes, WaTE KAKEiVOY éyKadoUVTAa TéL-
yar. Tals pev ody TEepimayntols Kal StaTrUpoLs
tofevomevais épwot pidiats Bacihéwy Kal Tupdv-
vw TocovTOY Tpochy POovov Kai KaxonOelas.
XVI. ‘O dé” Aparos aipeBels otpatnyos TO Tpa-
Tov UTO Tav Axatov tiv pev avtimépas Aoxpiba
kat Kadvoaviav éropOnce, Bowwtois 5é peta pv-
plwv otpatiwtav Bonlav vatépnoe THS paxns,
iv bro Aitwd\av wept Xatpwverav nttnOycav, 1034
"ABotwxpitov te ToD Borwrapyov Kal xidL@v ov
2 avT@ TeaovT@V. éviavT@ b€ baTepov avis oTpa-
THYyY@V évictaTo THY Tept TOY AKkpoxopwwOov mpa-
Evy, ov Xuxvaviwy ovd "Ayar@v xndopevos, ara
Koy tiva THS “EXAddos GANS TUpavvida, THY
Maxedovwr dpoupdyv, éxcibev éEeXacat dvavoov-
3 pevos. Napns péev yap o AOnvaios év tive payy
mpos Tovs Pacthéws aotTpatnyous evTUynoas
éypawe TO Snuw tov AOnvaiwy ws vevinncot THS
év Mapadau payns adedpiy: tavtny dé THY
mpakw ovK av auaptor Tis adeAdyy TpocerToV
ths Ledomidov tod OnBaiov kai OpacvBovrov
tov 'A@nvatov tupavvoxtovias, TAnY OTL TO py
mpos "EXXjvas, dddAa emraKTOY apyny yeyovevas
4 Kal addropvrvy aitn Sijveyxev. oO pev yap ‘1o0-
34

ARATUS xv. 3-xvI. 4

him, and I ask you to consider him a friend.” These
words were seized upon by the envious and male-
volent, who vied with one another in writing to
Ptolemy many grievous cliarges against Aratus, so
that the king sent an envoy and upbraided him.
So great malice and envy attend upon the friend-
ships of kings and tyrants, for which men strive and
at which they aim with ardent passion.

XVI. Aratus now, having been chosen general of
the Achaean League for the first time, ravaged the
opposite territories of Locris and Calydonia, and
went to the assistance of the Boeotians with an army
of ten thousand men. He came too late, however,
for the battle at Chaeroneia, in which the Boeotians
were defeated by the Aetolians, with the loss of
Aboeocritus, their Boeotarch, and a thousand men.
A year later,! being general again, he set on foot the
enterprise for the recovery of Acrocorinthus,? not in
the interests of Sicyonians or Achaeans merely, but
purposing to drive from that stronghold what held
all Hellas in a common subjection,—the Macedonian
garrison. Chares the Athenian, having been suc-
cessful in a battle with the king’s generals, wrote to
the people of Athens that he had won a battle which
was “sister to that at Marathon’’; and this enter-
prise of Aratus may be rightly called a sister of
those of Pelopidas the Theban and Thrasybulus the
Athenian, in which they slew tyrants, except that it
surpassed them in being undertaken, not against
Greeks, but against a foreign and alien power. For

1 In 243 B.c., two years later. The otiice of general in the
League could not be held by the same person in successive
years. Cf. chap. xxiv. 4,

* The citadel of Corinth,

35

PLUTARCH’S LIVES

HOS. éuppaccav Tas Oaraccas, els TAUTO ouvaryer
Tw ToTwW) Kal cuVaTTTEL THY iyTerpov POY, o O¢
’Axpoxopw6os, inynrov dpos, é€k pméons ava-
TEPUKWS TAS ‘EAAdOos, 6 oray AdBn ppovpav, €vi-
oTaTat Kat amoxomTeL THV evTOS ‘IoOy0b macay
erripEl@v TE Kal Tapddwy Kal oTpaTEL@DV épyacias
TE Karta vay Kal KaTa Odharray, Kal éva KUpLov
Tovel TOV dpxovra Kal KaTéyovTa ppoupa TO
xewpior, DOTE pr) matlovra Soxety Tov vewTEpov
Pirunrov, ann’ anOas, € EXAOTOTE médas THs EX-
AaOos THY KopiGiav mohuy 7 pocaryopeve,
AVI Ilaou pev oy TEpl WAX NTOS ay 0 TOTFOS
del Kal Bactredor kal Ouvactais, 7 dé “Avruyovou
o7ovo?) Tepl avTOY ovdeyvy aTédALTE TADEL TOV ép-
pavectaTwy €pwtwv, GX’ Gros avnpTnTO Tais
ppovtiow OT WS adarpnoerar 6ok@ TOUS éxovras,
errel Havepas avENTUTTOS 7 Hy 4) emuxetpnots. AXeE-
dvépouv yap, ud dv TO x@ptov ua atroBavovTos
(@s NéyeTar) hapydxots vr avTod, Nixaias 6é
THS éxelvou yuvatkos éml TOV TpayudTwv
ryevouevns Kal durattovans tov “AxpoxopivOor,
evOds UroméuT@v Anuyntptov Toy viov avTH, Kal
yaAuKelas értridas évdrdovs yauov Baciditkov Kat
cupSiwcews 7 pos ouK andes _evTuxeiy yuvarnt
mpeo Butépg perpaxton, avTny pev NPHKEL, TO Tavot
Xpnodpevos OoTEp ade Tih TOV deheaoparov
€m avTh, TOV O€ TOTOY OV TpotEeuEevNs, AA eyKpa-
THS gudatrovens, GjLeNELy T poo TOLovpLeVvos eOve
yamous avtaov év KopivOw, cai Oéas éretérer Kat

Tw Ténw Capps: To 167g,

36

ARATUS xvi. 4-xvul. 3

the Isthmus of Corinth, forming a barrier between
the seas, brings together the two regions, and thus
unites our continent; and when Acrocorinthus,
which is a lofty hiil springing up at this centre of
Greece, is held by a garrison, it hinders and cuts off
all the country south of the Isthmus from inter-
course, transits, and the carrying on of military
expeditions by land and sea, and makes him who
controls the place with a garrison sole lord of Greece.
Therefore it is thought that the younger Philip of
Macedon ! uttered no jest, but the truth, whenever
he called the city of Corinth “ the fetters of Greece.”

XVII. Accordingly, the place was always an object
of great contention among kings and dynasts, but the
eagerness of Antigonus to secure it fell nothing short
of the most frenzied passion, and he was wholly
absorbed in schemes to take it by stratagem from
its possessors, since an open attempt upon it was
hopeless. For when Alexander,? in whose hands
the place was, had died of poison given him (it is
said) in obedience to Antigonus, and his wife Nicaea
had sueceeded to his power and was guarding the
citadel, Antigonus at once sent his son Demetrius to
her in furtherance of his schemes, and by inspiring
her with pleasant hopes of a royal marriage and of
wedded life with a young man who would be no
disagreeable company for an elderly woman, he
captured her, using his son for all the world like a
bait for her. The citadel, however, she did not give
up, but kept it under strong guard. Pretending,
therefore, indifference to this, Antigonus celebrated
the nuptials of the pair in Corinth, exhibiting

t Philip V., 237-179 B.c.
# The tyrant of Corinth,

37

PLUTARCH’S LIVES

A >
ToTous auviye Kal npépav, ws av TIS wadLoTA
/ eo \ / \ / € ’ e A
maivew Kal cxorabew thv dravorav id’ Hdovijs

4 Kal prrogpocuyns iherkas. émrel O€ Ka.tpos mY,

9

—

adovTos ‘AporBews € ev TO Oeat pe, Tape Te je € THY
Nixavay avros él tiv Oéav év popeiep KEKOo [N-
pév@ BaciiiK@s, ayadrAopéevny Te TH TLL Kal
TOpp@Tare Tob HédRovTOS | ovaar. YEvopevos dé
THS. 0600 Kara ay exT pony THY ave pépovear,
exelvny pev éxéhevoe mT podryetv els TO Oéar pov,
autos b€ yaipew pev ‘ApowEa, Xatpew dé Tous
ry 4BLOUS edoas avnel TPOS TOV "AxpoxopwOov apn
Aw@mevos Tap mpUK Lay" Kal Kexevo wévny Ty TU-
Any EUP@V, EXOTTTE TH Baxrnpia KEehevav avoiryety.
ot & évéov avepav KataThayevtes. ovTw be TOU
TOTroU Kpatnoas, ov KATET KEV QUTOV, AN émruve
Taivov vmod yapas év Tols atevwtois, Kat be
ayopas avrAnTpidas Exwv Kal otehavous TeptKet-
it cynp yépev Kal TNALKAUTALS Tpaypwarev

eva Borais KEXPNHEVOS, exwpate beEvovpevos Kal
mpoo'aryppélioy TOUS GTaVT@VTAS. OUTWS apa Kal
AuTHS Kal hoBov mar2rov éFiotnat Kal oddov
TapexXe TH WuxXH To yaipey avev Royiopov
Tapaylvopevov.

XVIII. “AdXa yap “Avtiryovos pev, do rep elpn-
Tal, KTNT awEvos TOV ‘AxpoxoptvOov epvrarre,
peta TOV a\NwV ols emia Teve pddiota at Iep-
aatov emo THT AS dpyovra TOV prrooopov. 0 be
"Aparos éTe wev Kal ‘AneEavdpov Sav Tos émrexel-
pice Th mpatet, yevouevns dé ouppaxias Tous
"Ayatois mpos tov AdéEavdpov émavaato. TOTE

38

1035

ARATUS xvu. 3-xvi1t. 2

spectacles and giving banquets every day, as one
whom pleasure and kindliness led to think chiefly
of mirth and ease. But when the crucial moment
came, and as Amoebeus was about to sing in the
theatre, he escorted Nicaea in person to the spectacle.
She was borne in a litter which had royal trappings,
plumed herself on her new honour, and had not the
remotest suspicion of what was to happen. Then,
arrived at the diverging street that led up to the
citadel, Antigonus gave orders that Nicaea should
be borne on into the theatre, while he himself,
bidding adieu to Amoebeus, and adieu to the
nuptials, went up to Acrocorinthus with a speed
that belied his years; and, finding the gate locked,
he beat upon it with his staff and ordered it to
be opened. And the guards within, stupefied,
opened it. Thus master of the place, he could not
contain himself for joy, but drank and disported
himself in the streets, and with music-girls in his
train and garlands on his head, old man that he
was and acquainted with so great vicissitudes
of fortune, revelled through the market-place,
greeting and clasping hands with all who met him.
Thus we see that neither grief nor fear transports
and agitates the soul as much as joy that comes
unexpectedly.

XVIII. Antigonus, then, having got Acrocorinthus
into his power, as I have said, kept it under guard,
putting men there whom he most trusted, and
making Persaeus the philosopher their commander.
Now Aratus, even while Alexander was still living,
had set his hand to the enterprise, but an alliance
was made between the Achaeans and Alexander, and
he therefore desisted. At the time of which I speak,

39

PLUTARCH’S LIVES

5é av&is é& t brapxis érépav édaBe THs mpakews
uTOOEecuw TOLAUTNV.

*"Hoav év KopivOe téccapes aderpot Xvpoe To
ryévos, wv eis dvopa AtoxdrAs €v TO Hpoupio picOo-
popay d1eT piBev. ol 6é Tpets KreavTes Bact-
Aukov Xpuctov mrOov els Luxvova Tos: Alyiav
TWA TpamreliTny, o bia THY épyactav o "A patos
EXPHTO. Kat i pépos pev evOvs déOevto TOD Xpueiou,
TO O€ NoLTrOY Els aVTOY "Epyivos EmLholT@v HOUT
KaTaARAT TED. éx Oé TOUTOU Yevopevos TO Aiyig
curnOns, Kal Tpoax Geis els oyov UI aUToU Tept
THs hpovpas, Eby mpos tov aderghov avaBaivor
Tpos TO Kpnuvades evTouny KaOewpaKévat Ta-
yiav, dyoucav 7 XGaparoraror eT MKOOOMNT AL
TO ppoupip TO TELXOS. TpooTatEavTos b€ avT@
TOU Airyiou Kab elm ovTos” “Kira, @ Berra, Sud
pkpov OUTwW YXpvaloV avacTaTe Tas Bacidixas
m pagers, duvdpevor piav @pav TOAX@Y amob0a Bat
NPNLAT OD ; 5; yap ovxt Kal TOLX@pUNors Kal
Tpooorals aXovew anak atro0avetv UmapXet ; iu
yeracas 0’ i pytvos ToTe wéev M@pmoNOYNoEV ATrOTEI-
pac@at tod Atoxr€ous (Tois yap adrots adeAHois
1) TaVU TL TLTTEVELY), OALYaLS 5 VaTEpOV HuEepals
éraveNOwv cvytiGerat Tov” Apatov ake mpos TO
Telyos, 67rouv TO Uyos ov peifov Av Tevtexaidexa
TOOMY, Kal TAAAA GuuTpatey peTa TOV Atokdéous.

XIX. ‘O 6€ "Apatos éxeivors pev éEjKovta
Tahavra S@oELY catopOwaas @pohoynreV, ny dé
amoTUXn, awOn be per’ €KELVOD, oixtay EKATEPO
Kal Tadavtov. émel dé édet Tapa Tp Aiyig Ta
éEnxovta Taddavta KeicOat Tos TEpi TOV ’Epytvov,

40

ARATUS xviir. 2—x1x. 1

however, a new and fresh basis for the enterprise
was found by him in the following circumstances.
There were in Corinth four brothers, Syrians by
race, one of whom, Diocles by name, was serving as
a mercenary soldier in the citadel. The other three,
after stealing some gold plate of the king’s, came to
Aegias, a banker in Sicyon with whom Aratus did
business. A portion of the gold they disposed of to
him at once, but the remainder was being quietly
exchanged by one of them, Erginus, in frequent
visits. _Erginus thus became well acquainted with
Aegias, and having been led by him into conversa-
tion about the garrison in the citadel, said that as he
was going up to see his brother he had noticed in
the face of the cliff a slanting fissure leading to
where the wall of the citadel was at its lowest.
Thereupon Aegias fell to jesting with him, and said:
“ Do you, then, best of men, thus for the sake of a
little gold plate rifle the king’s treasures, when it is
in your power to sell a single hour's work for large
sums of money? Don’t you know that burglars as
well as traitors, ifthey are caught, have only one death
to die?”” Erginus burst out laughing, and as a first
step agreed to make trial of Diocles (saying that he
had no confidence at all in his other brothers), and a
few days afterwards came back and bargained to
conduct Aratus to the wall at a spot where it was
not more than fifteen feet in height, and to aid in
the rest of the enterprise together with Diocles.
XIX. Aratus on his part agreed to give the men
sixty talents if he was successful, and in case he
failed, and he as well as they got off safely, to give
each of them a house and a talent. Then, since the
sixty talents had to be deposited with Aegias for

41

to

PLUTARCH’S LIVES

o 6€ “Apatos ovte autos eixev ote é&BovreTo
daverfouevos aicOnow érépw THs tpdEews mapa-
axel, AaBov TOY eXTIOLATOY Ta TONKA Kal Ta
Xpuata THS YUvaLKos TEA KE To Alyia pos TO
apyupiov. oUTw yap énipto TH roy Kal Tocov-
Tov épwTa TOY Karov mT od£ewv etxe, @oTEe TOV
Pwxiova Kai Tov ‘Errapervovdav ema T a LEVOS
‘FAAnvev StxatoTtadtous Kal KpaTtiaTtous yeyovevat
SoxodvTas eT TO SiwmaacOat Swpeas peyadras Kal
pu) TpoecOat YpnuaT@v TO KAXOD, AUTOS els TADTA
daTravacbar Kpupa Kal TpOoclo pepe, ev ols €XLV-
duveve povos UT ep TaVvTOV ove€ elboray Ta m™part-
TOMEVA, ypetro. Tis yap ovK av Javpacere Kal
cuvayovicatto ETL VUV ) peeyarowuyiag TOU «ap-
dpos, wvoupevov KPnLaTov TOTOUT@Y KiVOUvOV
TNALKODTOY, Kal 7a TIBLOTATO, SoxovvTa TOY eT
aT oy UToTUévTos, OWS Tapercax Gels VUKTOS
es TOUS TONE BLOUS Srayoviontar Tepl THS Wuxi,
evEXUPOV ) AaSwy THv éedTida TOU KAXOD Tap avTOr,
aro 6€ ovdeéyv sy
XX. Odcay de cad! aur Hy emia pani) THY Tpa-
Ew emis pareatépay € Toingen dpaptia TS evdus
év apXT cuppaca ou ayvouay. 0 yap olKETNS TOD
“Apatou Téyver em euhOn. jeev. ws pera tov Ato-
KAEOUS KaTaaKeyropevos TO TEL OS, a) oe iy TO
Aroxhet 7 pov Epov eVTETUXNKOS KaT owen, GAG
THY popdny avTou Kat TO elbng dox@v Kat éXyew e€
OV O "Epyivos erreo nunvev ovAOKOuNY Kal peddey-
ypovy Kal ayévetov. é€\Owv ody! Grov auveré-

1 ayévetov. @AOwv obv Coraés and Ziegler, with the MSS, :
ary-verov, eAOaw.

42

ARATUS xix. 1-xx. 2

Erginus, and Aratus neither had them himself nor
was willing by borrowing them to give anyone
else a suspicion of his undertaking, he took most
of his plate and his wife’s golden ornaments and
deposited them with Aegias as security for the
money. For he was so exalted in spirit and had
so great a passion for noble deeds that, knowing as
he did that Phocion and Epaminondas were reputed
to have been the justest and best of Greeks because
they spurned great gifts and would not betray their
honour for money, he elected to expend his own
substance secretly, as an advance, on an enterprise in
which he alone was risking his life for the whole
body of citizens, who did not even know what was
goingon. For who will not admire the magnanimity
of the man, and yearn even now to lend a helping
hand, who purchased at so high a price so great a
danger, and pledged what he thought the most
precious of his possessions in order that he might
be introduced by night among his enemies and
contend for his life, receiving as his security from
his countrymen the hope of a noble action, and
nothing else?

XX. Now the enterprise was dangerous in itself,
but was made more dangerous still by a mistake
which occurred at the very beginning through
ignorance. For Technon, the servant of Aratus,
had been sent to inspect the wall with Diocles,
and had not yet met Diocles face to face, but
thought he would know how he looked because
Erginus had described him as curly-haired, of a
swarthy complexion, and without a beard. Having
come, therefore, to the place appointed, he was

43

PLUTARCH’S LIVES

TAKTO, TOV ‘Epyivov OS adEopevov pera TOU
Atoxnéous a avemeve ™ po THS TONEWS ™ po TOU KaXou-
pévou “Opvifos. év 6é€ TOUT@ T P@TOS aded pos
"Epytvov kat Atoxdéous dvopa Avovvaros ov oup-
ELO@sS THY mpatw ovde KOW@VOD, Gpotos bé TO
Avoxnel, T poo net KaTa TUXNDY. O ¢ Téyvwv mpos
Ta onpeta THS poppns 7H OMOLOTHTL Ku eis
porn e TOV avd pwr ov el Te aupPoXatov auT@
mpos 7E ipyivov ein. pijcavtos d€ aderor elvat,
TAVTATAGL O Texvev émeicOn TO Avonnret d:anre-
yeoOat' Kal pre Tovvona muOdpevos nr ado
pnoev T poo peivas TEK [L7}pLov eUBarree Te TH
Belen aUT@ Kal mept TOV Uy KELLEvOV pos TOV
"Epytvov érdder Kaxeivov dvéxpiver. 6 8é deEa-
MeVvoS AUTOD TV auapTiav TravoUpyws wpLoNoyer
TE TAVTA KAL POs THY TOW avacTpeas UTA EV
aVUTOTT@S Stareyouevos. On 6€ TANGLOV 3vTOS
avTod Kal pédAXovTOs boov ovTw Tov Téyvova
StaraySavev, aro TUXnS avd maddw o ’Epyivos
avtois amyvtTncev. aicOopevos dé THY aTUaTHY Kal
TOV Kivovvor Ola VEVLATOS ed hooe TO Texveove
pevryerv" Kal atomnoncaytTes apdorepor Spon
7 pos TOV “A patov arecwOnaay. ov wnv aT EKA [ME
zais éXTiow EXELVOS, GAr €meurpev evOrs Tov
Epyivov Xpuctov TE TO Atovucinp KopivovTa Kab
denc opevov avTov oLwmay. 0 6€ KaL TOUTO émroinoe
Kat tov Avoviciov aywv pe? éavtod mpos Tov
"Apatov nA\Gev. €dOovta dé adTov ovKETL SiAKar,
arra dyoavtes épvAatTov ev oikicKw KaTAaKeE-
Kero pevov: avtol Sé maperxevdlovtTo mpos THY
érrideow.

XXII. “Ezei 6¢ jv €roupa wavta, tTHv pwev AAAnV

44

1036

ARATUS xx. 2—-xxi. 1

waiting tor Erginus to come there with Diocles,
just outside the city, near what was called the
Ornis. As he was waiting, however, the oldest
brother of Erginus and Diocles, named Dionysius,
who was not privy to the enterprise and took no
part in it, but resembled Diocles, chanced to come
up. So Technon, moved by the similarity in the
marks of his outward appearance, asked him if he
was connected at all with Erginus; and on his saying
that he was a brother, Technon was altogether
convinced that he was talking with Diocles, and
without inquiring his name, or waiting for any other
proof whatever, gave him his hand and _ began
chatting with him and asking him questions about
what had been agreed upon with Erginus.
Dionysius took cunning advantage of his mistake,
assented to all that he said, and turning his back
towards the city led him along in unsuspicious
conversation. But just as he was near the city,
and was at the very point of seizing Technon, by
a second chance Erginus met them. Erginus
comprehended the trick and the danger, motioned
Technon to fly, and both of them ran off and got
safely to Aratus. Aratus, however, would not give
up hope, but at once sent Erginus to bribe Diony-
sius and beg him to bold his tongue. Erginus not
only did this, but actually brought Dionysius with
him to Aratus. And now that Dionysius was there
they would not let him go, but bound him and kept
him indoors under lock and _ key, while they
themselves prepared for their attack.

XXI. When all things were ready, Aratus ordered

45

PLUTARCH’S LIVES

duvapw éxédevoev él TaV OTAwWY VUKTEpEvELY,
dvahaBeov dé Loyasdas TeTpaKocious ovd auTous
eldoras Ta Tparropeva, TANV oAiyor, Ye Tpos
Tas Tuas Tapa TO ‘Hpatov. Hv b€ TOD EtoVvs 2)
mwept Bépos awa lov wpa, Tob dé pnvos Tava é-
Anvos, n O€ vo avependos Kal Katapavns, @oTE
Kal poBov Ta Oma Tapéxew avTiAdpmovTa T pos
THY gednuny, bn TOUS puraxas ov Adbworv. 75
6€ TaV T pwrTeov eyyus ovT@y ato Jaracons av
édpape veo Kal KaTETXE THY TE TONY aUTHY Kal
Tov Eo TOTOV €TlaKLOV ‘yevoplevov. evraida dé
ol pev AAXOL avyKabicavtes UTEeVOYTO Tas KPN-
midas’ ovTEe yap rwwogov trotovot tmoAvY ovr’
orc Oj paTa AapBavovet yumvols Tols ToCtY avTi-
AapBavopevor TOV KALaKwY* Oo é Epyivos émrta
AaBov Pequiaigous eT REBUT odovmropika@s édabe
TH TUAN Tpoo pita Kat TOV TUNWPOV aTrOKTLY-
yuovot Kal TOUS bs avuTov pvraxas. apa oé ai
Te KNiwaKes TpoceTiOevTO Kal KaTa OTrOVONY oO
"Apatos umepCiBdcas éxatov advdpas, tors &
addXous Errea Bar KeNevaas ws av OvvwrTat TAXLOTA,
Tas KAiwaxas avapTdcas éxywpe did THS TOdEwS
meta TOV éExaTov él THY aKpaV, On TEpLyapns
61a TO NavOdvew ws KaTopbav.

Kai res ére mpdcwbev avtois amnvta cuv pwtt
duvraki Tecoadowy avdpav ov KaSopwpévols’ ETL
yap hoav év TO oxraloperep THS TEANVNS* EKELVOUS
d€ T pootovTas €& € évavTias xabopact. putKpov ovy
Urogrethas Terylols Tlol Kal oixorédots, évédpay
er TOUS avipas Kabifer. Kal Tpets pev auTov
ELT ES OVTES drobuncKovew, o Oé TéTapTos ™-
yels Eiher THY Kepadny epuye, Body évdov eivas

46

ARATUS xxi. 1-4

the rest of his forces to pass the night under arms,
and taking with him four hundred picked men, few
of whom knew what was on foot themselves, led
them towards the gate of Corinth near by the
temple of Hera, It was midsummer, the moon was
at its full, and the night was cloudless and clear, so
that they feared lest the gleam of their arms in the
moonlight should disclose them: to the sentinels.
But just as the foremost of them were near the
wall, clouds ran up from the sea and enveloped
the city itself and the region outside, which thus
became dark. Then the rest of them sat down and
took off their shoes, since men make little noise and
do not slip if they are barefooted when they climb
ladders; but Erginus, taking with him seven young
men equipped as travellers, got unnoticed to the gate.
Here they slew the gate-keeper and the sentries
who were with him. At the same time the ladders
were clapped to the wall, and after getting a
hundred men over in all haste, Aratus ordered the
rest to follow as fast as they could; then he pulled
his ladders up after him and marched through the
city with his hundred men against the citadel, being
already full of joy at his escape from detection and
confident of success.

A little farther on they encountered a watch of
four men with a light; they were not seen by them,
being still in the shade of the moon, but saw them
coming up in the opposite direction. So they drew
back a little for shelter beneath some walls and
buildings, and set an ambush for the men. Three
of them they killed in their attack, but the fourth,
with a sword-wound in his head, took to flight, crying

47

PLUTARCH’S LIVES

TOUS TONEMLOUS. KA META MLKPOV at Te TaATLYYES
ereonpmawov, % Te ToAS e€avictato mMpos Ta
rylvomeva, TANPELS TE OAV Ol oTEvVwToOl dLabeEor-
TWV, Kal para Torna, Ta pev KaTober non, Ta
dé dvobev a ano THS akpas TEpleAamTe, Kal Kpavyn
TULEPPHYVUTO mavrax obey aonpos.

XXII. ‘Ev TOUT dé 0 pev "Apatos éudds TH
Tmopeig Tapa TO Kpnpvddes PLARETO, Bpadéws
Kal TAdaLT@pos TO _Tp@Tov, ov KATAKPATOV, ann’
ATOTAAYOLEVOS TOU tpiBov TavTaTacww evdedv-
KOTOS Kal meora Kia lopevou Tais TpaXvTNaL Kal
bia TONOY edey Hav Kat mapaBodev TEpalvovTos
mpos TO Telyos. eita Oavpdovov olovy % cednVN
NevyeTar diag Téhovea, Ta vepy Kal vrohapmovoa,)
THS 0600 TO XaheTorarov cadnvifer, € &ws iyWato
TOU Tel yous kad ov &de tToTov: exe S€ Taduv
cuverkiage Kal amréxpue vehpov cuvenOovTwv.

Oi dé epi tas mvdrAas é€w tept to “Hpaiov
arrorerpOévtes TOU ‘Apatou OT PATLOTAL, Tpla-
KO Lot TO TAHOOS OvTES, WS TOTE TapElaemec ov
els THY TON GopvBov te Ttavtodatrod Kal porov
yé“ovocav, ov duvnbévtes eEavevpety tov avTov
tpiBov ov eis iyvos éuBivar ths éxeivav Topelas,
éemtntav abpoo pos tiwt TadtwvoKiw Aayout TOD
Kpnpvovd avoteiNavTes EavTous, Kal dvexaptépouv
evrav0a epi abodvres Kal dvoavacxeroby es.
Bardopéveov yap a7ro THS a pas HON Tov Tmepl TOV
“Apartov Kal Ha XOMEVOY, aharay mos evary@vLOS
eX pel KATO, Kal Kpavyn TEPLIXEl, dua THY ato
TOV Op@v avdkracL avyKxexvuevn Kal ddndos

1 $modaunovca Coraés and Bekker, adopting an anonymous
conjecture: iroAaBoica,

48

1037

ARATUS xxi. 4-XxII. 3

out that the enemy were in the city. And pres-
ently the trumpets were sounding, the city was in
an uproar over what was happening, the streets were
full of people running up and down, many lights
were flashing, some in the city below and some in
the citadel above, and a confused shouting broke
forth on all hands.

XXII. Meanwhile Aratus was struggling up the
steep with all his might, slowly and laboriously at
first, unable to keep to the path and wandering from
it, since it was everywhere sunk in the shadows of
the jutting cliffs and had many twists and turns
before it came out at the wall of the citadel. Then,
marvellous to relate, the moon is said to have parted
the clouds and shone out, making the most difficult
part of the road plain, until he got to the wall at the
spot desired ; there the clouds came together again
and everything was hidden in darkness.

But the soldiers of Aratus whom he had left at
the gate outside near the temple of Hera, three
hundred in number, when once they had burst into
the city and found it full of lights and manifold
tumult, were unable to discover the path which
their comrades had taken or follow in their steps.
So they crouched down and huddled themselves
together in a shaded flank of the cliff, and there
remained in great distress and impatience. For
Aratus and his party were now assailed with missiles
from the citadel and were fighting, the shouts of
the combatants came down the slopes, and cries
echoed round about which the reverberations from

49

PLUTARCH’S LIVES

e¢ 5] \ bd / 7 \ > a
d0ev cinde THY apyrv. StaTropovvTay Sé avTaY
> Te \ / VA ? / € nm
ep’ 6 Te Yen TpaTéaOat pépos, Apyéraos Oo TOV
BaoiKkov nyenov otpatiwtas Exwv TodXdOUS
peta Kpavyns avéBatve kal cart iyyor, émudepope-
vos Tols wept Tov Apatov, Kal TapyndXNaTTE TOUS
Tptakoclous. ob dé Watrep EF évédpas avacTdrTes
éuBadrovow avtTe Kat d:adetpovow ols érébevto
, 3
Mpwrois, Tos d€ adXous Kal Tov “ApyéXaov dho-
t , lo)
Bnoavtes étpéyavto Kat KatedtwEav aypi Tod
a \ \ Ld / 7
oKxebacOhvar Tept THY TONY StadvOévTas. apTe
5é tovTwy verixnxotwyv “Epyivos amo tav advo
/ 5 bd / , ial
payouevwy nev, ayyéAXNov ousmTreTTAEYOat Tos
\ v
Todeulous TOV Apatov apuvvopuevols EeUpwaTaS, Kal
fal \ \ lal
Leyav AyY@VA TEpl AUTO TO TELXOS Eval, Kal TaYOUS
al n / e be b] \ > / € Lad
dety THs BonOeias. of O€ EvOUs éxéXevov Hyeic Oar:
/ a
Kai TpogBatvovtes dua hdwvy oreo nmatvov éavTovs,
émiOappuvovtes Tovs pidous TE mavaédAnvos
> / Aw of, / / n
aTepatve Ta OTA TrELOVA Palvoweva TOS TrOXE-
plows Sta TO pHKOS THS Topelas, Kal TO THS vuKTOS
, tal \ bd \ b] XN , x
nywdes TOV Gadaypmov ao TOANaTAAaGLOVYY 7)
TocovTwy émoiet Soxeiy pépecOar. Tédos b€ ouv-
epeloavtes €EwOodor tTovs TroAdeutous Kal Kab-
UTEPTEpoL THS akpas Hoav Kal TO pPpovptoy eiyor,
tg / ”8 5 / ef 4 VOL > /
NLEpas NON OLAVYOVGNS, O TE HALOS EVOUS ETTEAA [LTE
TO Epy@, Kat Taphy éx YwKvavos 7 Nott Svvapes
nr? ? / \ / la] /
TO Apatow, Sexouévwv cata TUAAS TOV KopwOiwv
s > c \ q \ ,
Tpolvuuws Kal Tovs BacidiKous cvdAAapPavovTov.
a /
XXIII. ’Ezel 6 dcgharas edoxer wavta éxeuv,
/ > \ / bd \ na A /
caTéBawvev eis TO Oéatpov aro THs akpas, TANOoUS

50

ARATUS xxi. 3~XxIll. 1

the hills rendered confused and of uncertain origin.
Then, as they were at a loss which way to turn,
Archelaiis, the commander of the king’s forces, having
many soldiers with him, made up the ascent amid
shouts and the blare of trumpets to attack Aratus
and his party, and thus passed by the three hundred.
These, rising up from ambush as it were, fell upon
him, slew the first whom they attacked, put the rest,
together with Archelaiis, to panic flight, and pursued
them until they were scattered and dispersed about
the city. And just as this victory had been won,
Erginus came from the party fighting on the heights,
with tidings that Aratus was engaged with the
enemy, that these were defending themselves vigor-
ously, that a great struggle was going on at the very
wall, and there was need of speedy help. The three
hundred at once ordered him to lead the way; and
as they took to the ascent their cries signalled their
coming and encouraged their friends; the light of
the full moon also made their arms appear more
numerous to the enemy than they really were, owing
to the length of their line of march, and the echoes
of the night gave the impression that the shouts
proceeded from many times the number of men
there really were. At last, with a united onset,
they repulsed the enemy, mastered the citadel,
and held its garrison in their power. Day was
now breaking, the sun at once shone out upon
their success, and the rest of the forces of Aratus
came up from Sicyon, the Corinthians readily re-
ceiving them by the gates and helping them to
seize the king’s soldiers.

XXIII. When everything appeared to be safe
Aratus came down from the citadel into the theatre

5c

PLUTARCH’S LIVES

dreipou TUPPEOVTOS émOupia THs TE Byes avTou
Kal TOV hoyov ols EWEANE XphioOae mpos Tous Ko-
pwGious. emeaTnoas dé Tats Tapodous exatépwbev
tous AxaLovs, avTOS ato THS oKNVIS els wécor
mponre, TePmpaxiopévos Kal TO TpocwoTw bia
TOV KOT OV Kal THY aypuTrviay nAOL@{LEVOS, oore
THS Wexis TO yaupoupevov Kat Xalpov UT Tis
Tepl TO c@pa Baputntos cataxpateia Gar. TOV
6€ avOpwrrav dpa TO tmpocehGetv avTov exxudev-
Tov Tals biog po vvats, petaraBov eis THY
deEtav TO Odpu, Kal TO yovU Kal TO T@ma TH poTH
ptkpov éyKAivas Kal ATrEpELTaMEVOS, ELOTHKEL TO-
AvY Xpovov aiwTH SexdpuEevos avVT@V Tos KpOTOUS
Kal Tas émeBonces, émawovvTwy ev THY apEeTHY,
Snrovvt@y O€ THY TUYNY. @s Sé éravcaVTO Kal
KaTéoTnTayv, cuvvayayav éavTov breEHAGE Roryov
brrép TOV “Axa Th mpage 7 peTrovTa, Kab ouv-
ETELTE TOUS Kopw8ious "Axavovs yeverbar, Kal
TOV TUABY TAS KAEiS amedoxe TOTe Tp@Tov amo
tov Dilirmixav Karpov UT exelvous yevouevas.
Tav 6é€ "AvTtyovou oTpaTHY OV "A pxéXaov pev
cup fjcev Uo xelpLov yevopuevov, Meoppactov 5é av-
eihev ov Bovdopevov arraharres Bar Ilepcatos dé
TiS aKkpas ado KOpEVNS Els Keyxpeas dueEerrecev.
varepov oe AéyeTar oXorAd lov 7 pos TOV el7rovTa
povov auT@ Soxety oT parnyov elvat TOV copor,
“*AXXa v2) Geovs,” havat, “ rodTO wadtoTa KapoL
scrote Tav Lnvwvos noecKe Soypatwv* viv d€ weTa-
BadXopar vovOeTnPels brrd TOD Lixvwviov veaviov.”
Tavta pev rept Ilepoaiou mreloves (aTopovow.

52

ARATUS xxi. 1-5

whither an immense multitude streamed with an
eager desire to see him and hear what he would say
to the Corinthians. After stationing his Achaeans
at both the side-entrances, he himself advanced from
the back-scene into the orchestra, with his breastplate
still on and his countenance altered by toil and loss
of sleep, so that the exultation and joy of his spirit
were overpowered by the weariness of his body.
Since the multitude, when he came forward to
address them, were profuse in their friendly ex-
pressions, taking his spear in his right hand and
slightly inclining his knee and his body, he sup-
ported himself upon it and stood thus for a
long time silently receiving their applause and ac-
clamations, their praises of his valour and _ their
congratulations on his success. But when they had
ceased and quiet had ensued, he summoned his
strength and in behalf of the Achaeans made a
speech which befitted their exploit, and persuaded
the Corinthians to join the Achaean League. He
also gave them back the keys to their gates, of
which they then became possessed for the first time
since the time of Philip of Macedon. Of the officers
of Antigonus, he dismissed Archelaiis, who had been
taken prisoner, but Theophrastus, who would not quit
his post, he slew; as for Persaeus, on the capture of
the citadel he made his escape to Cenchreae. And at
a later time, as we are told, when he was leading a life
of leisure, and someone remarked that in his opinion
the wise man only could be a good general, “ Indeed,”
he replied, “ there was a time when I too particularly
liked this doctrine of Zeno’s ; but now, since the lesson
1 got from the young man of Sicyon, I am of another
mind.” This story of Persaeus is told by many writers.

53

PLUTARCH’S LIVES
XXIV. ‘0 6€ "A patos evdvs TO TE ‘Hpatov up’

€avuT@ Kal 70 Aéyatov €T0LTaTO" Kat veo ev 1038
eixooitévte Bacirtka@v éxupievoer, immous S€é
mevtTaKoclouvs Kal Lvpovs TeTpakoactous amrédoTo’
Tov TE 'AxpoxopiOov épvharrov ot ‘Axatol
TETpaKoatoLs omiTaus Kal TEVTNKOVT A Kval Kal
Kuvyyyous. boots év TO ppoupio Tpepomevors.

Or pev ovv “Popaior TOV Piroroipeva Jav-
pLaCovTes EdAjvev erXaTov Tpoonyopevoy, QS
pn devos peydrou pet €xeivoy év tots “EXXnaot
ryevopevou™ eyo b€ TOV “EA veKaY mpatewy
TaUTHY eoxatny Kal vEOTATHY painy av mem pat-
xyGat, TOUTO pev TOALH, TODTO Sé TUXN Tals api-
Tals évautrAXrov, ws EdnAwWoEV EVOUS TA ywopmeva.
Meryapeis re yap arroaTayTes “AvTuyovov T@ Apa-
T® TpocéVevTo, Kal Tposkrveot META " Exredavpiov
owverdyOnoay els Tous "Axatovs, éEodov Te Tpo-
tnv Oeuevos ets THY “Arreqny eveBanre, Kal THY
Yarapiva dia Bas édenhatnaer, aoTep ef ElPKTHS
AeAvMEVN) Th Ouvapel TOV “AX arov ep 6 tt Bov-
NoLTo XPOMEvos. "AOnvaiors 6é TOUS €XevO épous
aphner dvev AUTpOD, apxas arog TacEws EvOLoous
avtots. IT rodepatov b€ TULA OV émoinae TOY
‘Axator, nryewoviay EXovTa TONE WOU ar KaTa
viv Kal Gararray. ouTw be ioxvoev év Tots
‘Axacois, OoT, Eb LN KAT eviavTou eon, Tap
eVLAVTOV ai peta ar oT PAaTnyov auton, Epy? be Kal
yuopn dia TavTos apxew. EWPOY Yap avTOV ov
TAOUTOV, OU d0£av, ov pidtav BacirttKny, ov TO
THS avTov TaTtpibos cuupépov, ovK AAO TL TIS
avfijcews tTav ’"Ayatav érimpoobev trovovpevov.

54

ARATUS xxiv. 1-4

XXIV. As for Aratus, he at once made himselt
master of the temple of Hera and the harbour of
Lechaeum; he also seized five-and-twenty of the
king’s ships, and sold five hundred horses and four
hundred Syrians; Acrocorinthus, too, was garrisoned
by the Achaeans with four hundred men-at-arms,
and fifty dogs with as many keepers were maintained
in the citadel.

Now the Romans, in their admiration of Philopoe-
men, call him “the last of the Greeks,” implying
that no great man arose among the Greeks after
him; but I should say that this capture of Acro-
corinthus was the very last and latest achievement
of the Greeks, and that it rivalled their best, not
only in daring, but also in happy results, as events
atonce showed. For Megara seceded from Antigonus
and attached herself to Aratus; Troezen and Epi-
daurus were enrolled in the Achaean League; and
Aratus, making a distant expedition for the &rst time,
invaded Attica, and crossing the strait plundered
Salamis, his Achaean forces, as though released from
prison, obeying his every wish. But the freemen
among his prisoners he sent back to the Athenians
without ransom, thus laying a foundation for their
revolt from Antigonus. He also made Ptolemy an
ally of the Achaeans, with the leadership in war on
land and sea. And he was so influential among the
Achaeans that, since it was not permissible every year,
they chose him general every other year, though,
in fact, his wisdom made him their leader all the
time. For they saw that he put first and foremost,
not wealth, not fame, not friendship with kings, not
his own native city’s advantage, but only the growth
in power of the Achaean League. For he considered

55

5

PLUTARCH’S LIVES

nyetto yap acbeveis idia TAS TOES UTApXovaas
awtvecOat ou aNipeov WOTE evOcdepLevas TO
Kow@ ouppépovtt, Kal KxaSatep Ta pépn Tov
ceopuatos Cavta Kal cuprvéovta bia THY TpOs
ad\Anra cupdviav, dtav aroonacn Kai yévntat
xwpis, arpopet Kal TNTET AL, Tapandnctws Tas
ToNEls aTro\A\voFat pev vUTO TOY dLtacT@VTOY
To Kowov, avfecOar b€ Um’ adXAnAwD, STAY OAOU
TLVOS poeyddov pépn yEvomevat KOLYHS TMpovolas
TUYKavwo.

XXV. ‘Opav 5€ Tovs apicotovs T@Y mMpogot-
K@V aUTOVvomovpEevous, "Apyetors d€ SovAevovaLy
ax Gopevos, émeBovhevev aveXeiv TOV TUpAVvoV
aut av "A pla TOMaXon, dma TH TE TWONEL Operripra
TI édevbepiav arosobvat _prroTywovpevos Kau
Tots ‘Axatots TpooKkopia at THY TOALYs Ob fev ovv
TOAMCOVTES EUs peOnoar, Ov Aicxunros T PoeLaTnKEL
Kal XKapyucvns O paves” Eihy d€ ovK elyon, ann’
arreipnto Kentho Oat Kal L onpiae peyanrat Tots KeKTn-
pevors erica bro TOU TUpdvvov. KaTacKevdoas
ovV 0 "A patos aurois év Kopiv0@ puKpas Tapakidi-
das évépparpev els Gaypata’ Kal TavTa mepiOels
UTotuyiors oKEUN TIA TapNMEANUEVA KOmiCovoLW
eis "Apyos avréatetrs. Xaptpévovus 6€ Tod wavTews
mpohaBovros err TH mpakw Oparoy, ol TE pl
TOV AtoxvXov 7) HyavaKntnoay Kal dc’ éavt@v erpart-
TOV, TOU Xaptuevous KATAYVOVTES, aicOopmevos
dé éxeivos opyi KATELNVUTE ToUs avSpas non
Badifovras émi tov TUpavVoy" ov ot TArELTT OL
POdacavtes €& ayopas amépuyov Kai dieFErecov
eis Kopev@or.

1 Cf. chap. iii. 1
56

ARATUS xxiv. 5-xxv. 3

that the Greek states which were weak would be
preserved by mutual support when once they had
been bound as it were by the common interest, and
that just as the members of the body have a common
life and breath because they cleave together in a
common growth, but when they are drawn apart
and become separate they wither away and decay,
in like manner the several states are ruined by those
who dissever their common bonds, but are augmented
by mutual support, when they become parts of a
great whole and enjoy a common foresight.

XXV. And so, since he saw that the best of the
neighbouring peoples were autonomous, and was
distressed at the servitude of the Argives, he plotted
to kill Aristomachus the tyrant of Argos, being
ambitious to restore its freedom to the city as a re-
ward for the rearing it had given him,’ as well as to
attach it to the Achaean League. Accordingly, men
were found to dare the deed, of whom Aeschylus
and Charimenes the seer were the chief. They had
no swords, however, the tyrant having prohibited. the
possession of them under heavy penalties. Aratus,
therefore, ordered small daggers to be made for them
in Corinth and sewed them up in pack-saddles; these
he put upon beasts of burden carrying ordinary wares
and sent them into Argos. But Charimenes the seer
took on a partner in the enterprise, at which Aeschy-
Jus and his friends were incensed and proceeded to
act on their own account, ignoring Charimenes.
When Charimenes was aware of this, he was angry
and informed against the men just as they were
setting out to attack the tyrant; most of them,
however, succeeded in escaping from the market-

place and fled to Corinth.

VOL. XI, c 1S

4

PLUTARCH’S LIVES

b) \ f / , >
Ov pny arra xpovou Bpaxéos Ove GovTos aro-
e \
OvnoKxer pev vo dovrAwy ’ApioTopaxos, vTro-
\ > A 4 > /
apBaver d€ THY apynv POdacas Apiotimos,
/ , cA “
éEwréatepos eéxeivou TUpavvos. bao 6) TaV
al Ud ld 4
"Ayaiav év ndLKia TapovTes ETUXOV, TOVTOUS
\ \ ,
avaraBov o “Apatos éBonber mpos THY ToALW
/ \ n ,’ / /
d£éws, oldpevos eUpjoew Ta TOV Apyelwy TpO-
6 an >
Ouua. Ttav dé ToAAaY dn Sia cUYAPELaVv eOEXoO-
b] / \
SovrAws exovTwy Kal pndevos apiatapévouv Tpos
A n
aUTOV, avEeYwMpnoev EyKAHNMA KATETKEVAKwWS TOOLS
> lal G > > / , > / \
Axavots ws ev eipyvy Mode Lov eEevnvox oat. eau
dixny Exxyov énmt tovt@ mapa Martivedaow, iv
"Apatov pn tapovtos “Apiotimmos etre dtoKwv
a \ bY Y
kal pvav étunOn tpidxovta. tov 5é “Apatov
YTOV & l A t dedorx@ms é7reBovrevev
avTov dua Kai puodv Kab dedoias émeBovre
averety auvepyoovtos Avtiyovou tov Baaihéws’
Kal TavTayov ayedoy Haoav oi TOUTO TPaTTOVTES
avTois Kal Katpov émiTnpovrTes.
LA
"AXN ovdev oiov arnOiwi Kat BéBatos evvora
4 A a
pvAraxtnplov avdpos apyovtos. Stav yap ébicbG-
7,
giv of TE TONXOL Kal OL SuVATOL 1) TOV NyoUpEVo?,
lal / na ‘
arr’ vTEep Tov nyoupéevov Sedtévat, ToAXOIs pev
> e na \ a \ ” > 4 \
bpupacw opd, dia modAdkov bé€ WTwY aKoveL, Kal
4
mpoatcOaverar Ta yivomeva. 810 Kal Bovrouar
Tov Aoyov éemiaTHacas éevtTavOa mov diekedOeiv
a / A
mept ths “Aptotintov dtaitys, nv 1 EnroTuTrov-
\ a \ e a bs \
HévN TUpaVVis av’T@ Kal O THS pakapias Kal
/ /
TepiBontov pmovapyias oyKos TeptéOnxev.
y ] n \ > / \ 4
XXXVI. “Exeivos yap “Avtiyovov pev exov
58

1039

ARATUS xxv. 4-xxvl. I

Nevertheless, after a little while Aristomachus was
killed by slaves, and Aristippus, a more pernicious
tyrant than he, soon succeeded in seizing the power.
Aratus at once took all the Achaeans of military age
who were at hand and went swiftly to the aid of the
city, supposing that he would be welcomed by the
Argives. But since most of them were by this time
habituated to slavery and willing to endure it, so
that not a man came over to his side, he retired,
after involving the Achaeans in the charge of having
gone to war in time of peace. They were prosecuted
on this charge before the Mantineans, and in the
absence of Aratus, Aristippus as plaintiff won his
case and was awarded damages to the amount of
thirty minas.1_ Aratus himself the tyrant both hated
and feared, and so laid plots to kill him with the
assistance of Antigonus the king; and almost every-
where there were men who undertook this deed for
them and watched for an opportunity.

But there is no safeguard for a ruler like a sincere
and steadfast goodwill on the part of the ruled. For
when both the common people and the leading men
are afraid, not of their leader, but for their leader,
he sees with many eyes, hears with many ears, and
so perceives betimes what is going on. Therefore |
wish to stop my story at this point, in order to
describe the life that Aristippus led. This was laid
upon him by his office of tyrant, so envied of men,
and by the pride and pomp of monarchy, which men
celebrate and call blessed.

XXVI. For though he had Antigonus as ally, and

1 Half a talent. equivalent to about £118, or $600, a merely
nominal fine. Mantineia acted as arbitrator, perhaps by
special agreement.

59

bo

PLUTARCH’S LIVES

oUpaXor, Tpep ov 6€ moAXovs évexa, TAS TOU
TWLATOS aopanreias, ovdeva 6€ VY TH Torer
fa@vTa TeV exOpav UmoNENOLTTWS, TOUS peV 6o-
pupopous Kal pudraxas Eo mapen Barre éKé-
Nevev EV TO TEPLO TUN, Tous Cé -olKéTas, omrore
dermvngar, Tax.oTa Tavtas e€ehavvwv Kal THY
pétavrov ATOKXNELWY [ETA THs epopmevns autos
els oiKnpa KATEOUVETO pu pov UTEp@or, Ovpa
KATAPPAKTH KDELO{LEVOD" ns UTEpave THD crvyY
ériTeGels exabevoev, ws €ixos Kkabevoey TOY OUTS
EXOvTa, Tapaxwoas Kal TeptpoBos. TO O€ K-
PaKLov 1) TIS epapenns HaTNp upatpodoa Karé-
KAELEV ELS ere pov olknpa, Kat Taw au’ r)pépa
m poo eriGec Kal KATEKANEL Tov Qavyactoy TUpay-
vov, @aoTEp EpTeTOV é€k dwAEodD KaTEPYomEvov.
0 6€ oux Ordos Kara Biav, vopo be un aperiis
dkatamava Tov apxny TEpLTTETFOLNLEVOS, év (marten
Kal XAapvele T@ TVYOVTL, TOV TOTOTE Tupavyev
KOLVOS arrodederyuevos expos, axpu THS T7MEpov
nuepas Yyevos evdoKL orator amrohehouT ev €v TOUS
“EdAnouwv. éxetvov be TOY TAS aKpas KaTa-
AapBavovtwr «al TOUS Sopudepous TpepovToy
Kal TaOTAa Kal Tas mUAAS Kal TOUS KaTAppaKras
mTpoBarr\jonévwyv vmép THs TOU cw@patos acda-
Nelas odiryou TOV ék TAY hs Oavatov, dorep OL
Aaywot, duepuyov Oikos O€ 7 vy) yévos f} Taos Exwr
TLL LEVY LV) LNY ovdevos NéNELTTTAL:

XXVIII. pos & ody tov’ Apiotimmov o “Apa-
TOS Kal pupa modacus Kal pavepos mpoc-
émTata ev eTLXELPNTAS KaTAN apBaverv TO "A pyos.
amat 6€ KAiwaxas tpodbels per’ odiryoov éml TO
Tetyos avéBn TapaBorws, nai tous Bonovvras

60

ARATUS xxvi. 1-xxvul. 1

kept many guards to protect his person, and had left
no single enemy alive in the city, yet he would order
his spearmen and guards to bivouac outside in the
colonnade ; and as for his servants, as soon as supper
was over he would drive them all out. Then he
would lock the doors of the inner house, and betake
himself with his mistress to a little upper room,
which was closed by a trap-door; on this door he
would place his couch and sleep, as one in his state
of mind would naturally sleep, by fits and starts and
in great fear. The ladder the mother of his mistress
would take away and lock up in another room, and
in the morning would put it in place again and call
the wonderful tyrant, who would come down like a
creeping thing out of its hole. Aratus, on the other
hand, not by force of arms, but legally and in con-
sequence of his virtues, had invested himself with an
enduring power, and yet went about in ordinary tunic
and cloak; he declared himself a public foe of any
and every tyrant; and he left behind hima posterity
of the highest repute among the Greeks down to
this day.!. But of the men who seize citadels, main-
tain spearmen, and depend upon arms and gates and
trap-doors for the safety of their persons, only a
few, like timorous hares, have escaped a violent
death ; while not one of them has left a house, or a
family, or a tomb to keep his memory in honour.
XXVII. Against Aristippus, then, and in trying
to seize Argos, Aratus made many open and secret
attempts in vain. Once he set up scaling-ladders,
at great hazard got upon the wall with a few
followers, and killed the sentries that defended the

1 Cf. chap. liv. ad jin,
€7

PLUTARCH’S LIVES

2 evtav0a Tav durakwy aéxTEWEV. Elita Huepas
éenipaveions Kal Tov TUpavvou TavTaxXoeEV avTO
mpogBddXAovtos, of pev “Apyetor, xalatrep ovy
UTép THS exeivor édevOepias TAS waXNS OVENS, AA’
@s Tov ayava Tov Nepetwv BpaBevortes, toot cal
OliKaLoL Gearal Kadhvro TOV yevopeveor, TONY
Hovxiav GyovTes, o 6é "A paros EUPOTTOS apuyo-
eEvOS hoyyn pev eX XEupos O1ehavverat TOV unpoyv,
expaTnae oe TOV TOTMY €V ols Hp, Kal OUK efewoOn
EXPL VUKTOS eVOXAOUMEVOS vTO TOV TONE LLOY.

3 el dé Kal THY VUKTA T Tove ) TPOTETAALTMpNTE,
oUK ay OujpapTev’ o yap TUpavvos On Tept Spa-
apmov elye Kal TOAAA TOV Ldiwy emt Paddaccav
mpoekerepmrye’ . voy d€ ToUTO pev ovdevos efay-
yelNavTos T pos tov “Apatov, boaTos bé emtne-
TOVTOS, EAVT@ O€ xpnoaa bas dia TO Tpadpa py
duvapevos, dmnyarye TOUS TTpATLOTAs.

XXVIII. "Evel 8€ ravtny aréyve THY oOov,
éeuBarav pavepas 7 oTpaTtoT ede THY ‘Apyorioa
Xopay emropO eu’ Kal mept TOV Xdpyra ToTamov
loxupas paxns ryevomevns Tpos. "Apiotemmor
aitiav eaxev Os eycaTadTrav TOV ayava Kal
T poe Mevos TO viKn [a TiS yap adds duvapews 1040
omoroyoupevars em ux paTovans Kal TO Sumy pp
TOAD TpoerOovans els TOUUTpOTHEV, ALTOS OVX
oUTWS ex Baa Gels v7r0 TOV Kal? avTov, @S aTe-
TTOV TO KatopOwpware Kal pon bets, avex@opnee

2 TeTapaypevos élg TO OTpaToTeEdov. eel O€ ATO
THs SuwEews emaveMovTes ot RoLtTTOL YadeTTas
Epepov OTL TpeWwdpevor Tovs ToAEmiovs Kal
TOAV TAElovas ExEeivwv KaTaBarovTes 7) ThaV
avT@V aTrodkécavTes Tapanreroitact Tois 1TTN-

62

ARATUS xxvi. 1-xxvi11, 2

place. Then day came and the tyrant attacked him
from all sides, while the Argives, as though it were
not a battle to secure their liberties, but a contest in
the Nemean games of which they were the judges,
sat as just and impartial spectators of what was going
on, without lifting a finger. Aratus, fighting sturdily,
had his thigh transfixed by a spear-thrust, yet held his
ground, and could not be dislodged at close quarters
until night, though harassed by his enemies. And
if through the night also he had maintained the
struggle, he would not have failed in his attempt;
for the tyrant was already bent on flight and had
sent on many of his goods to the sea. As it was,
however, no one told Aratus of this, and since water
was failing him and he could not use his strength by

reason of his wound, he led his soldiers away.
XXVIII. Then, since he despaired of success in
this way, he openly invaded the territory of Argos
with his army and ravaged it; and in a fierce battle
with Aristippus at the river Chares, he was accused
of abandoning the struggle and throwing away the
victory. For although the rest of his forces ad-
mittedly had the upper hand and had gone far on
ahead in pursuit, he himself, not so much because he
was ousted from his position by his opponents, as
out of mistrust of success and in utter fear, withdrew
in disorder to his camp. But when the rest of his
army came back from the pursuit and were indignant
because, though they had routed the enemy and
slain far more of them than they had lost of their
own number, they had suffered the vanquished to
63

PLUTARCH’S LIVES

pévols oTiaat KaT avT@VY TpoTraLoV, aiayuVvOeis
Tad éyvw SiapayerOat Tepl Tov TpoTraiov, Kal
piav npépav diaritrov adOis é€éTacce THY oTpa-

3 TLav. ws S€ HoGeTto TrElovaS YyeyovoTas Kal
Oapparewtepov avOtaTapévovs Tovs TEepl TOV TU-
pavvoy, ovk érodpnoev, AXr’ arHnAGe tovs veKpovs
broamoveous dVEROHEVOS. ov pnv ara TH rept
TY Outdiavy Kal ToALTetav cumerpig Kab xa pire
THY Sua paptiav TaUT ND dvapar opevos ™ poonya-
yeto Tas Krewvas tots “Ayatois, kal Tov ayova
tav Nepeiov jyayev év KrXewvais, @s matpiov

4 6VvTa Kal faddOV TpogrHKoVTAa ToOVTOLS. Hryayov
dé cal ’Apyetot, cal ocuvvexvOn ToTe TPwTOV 7
Sedouévn Tols dywviotais dovria Kal acdhadea,
mavtas Tov Ayaiav, 6cous éXaBov Hywvicwévous
év "Apyet, Sua THs YOpas Topevopévovs ws TrONeE-
pious atrobomévov. olTwm aoodpos Hv Kal atrap-
aitntos €v TO pLoely TOUS TUpadvvous.

XXIX. ’OdXivo 6é botepov axovoas Tov ’ Api-
oTintrov emiSovrevery ev Tats KrXewvais, hoBei-
oOa dé éxetvoy év Kopiv0e kabeCopevor, 70 potoev
éx maparyyehuaros oTpatelay. Kal owtia Ke-
Aevoas TAELOVOV pepov Komitery eis Keyxpeas
Kkatnrbev, éxxarovpevos dv atrarns Tov ’Apiotit-
Tov @S avTov pn Tapovtos émiOécOat Tots
Krewvaiors 6 kal cvvéBn. raphy yap evOds é&

2 "Apyous éyov thy Svvawv. o be "Apatos eis
Kopiv8ov 76n cKxoTtatos éx Keyxpeav vroctpéwas,

1 After the events narrated in xxxiv. ff.

64

ARATUS xxvit. 2-xx1x. 2

erect a trophy over the victors, Aratus was ashamed
and determined again to fight out the question of
the trophy, and on the next day but one put his
army once more in battle array. However, on per-
ceiving that the forces of the tyrant were more
numerous than before and more courageous in their
resistance, he would not venture a decisive battle,
but withdrew after being allowed to take up his dead
under a truce. Nevertheless, by his skill in dealing
with men and public affairs, and by the favour in
which he stood, he retrieved this failure, brought
Cleonae into the Achaean League, and celebrated
the Nemean games in that city, on the ground that
it had an ancient and more fitting claim upon them.
But the games were also celebrated at Argos, and
then for the first time the privilege of asylum and
safe-conduct which had been granted to contestants
in the games was violated, since the Achaeans treated
as enemies and sold into slavery all contestants in
the games at Argos whom they caught travelling
through their territory. So fierce and implacable
was Aratus in his hatred of tyrants.

XXIX. A little while after this,! Aratus heard
that Aristippus was plotting against Cleonae, but
feared to attack it while his enemy was posted at
Corinth ; he therefore assembled an army by public
proclamation. And after ordering his troops to
carry provisions for several days, he marched down
to Cenchreae, by this stratagem inviting Aristippus
to attack Cleonae in the belief that his enemy was
not at hand; and this was actually what happened.
For the tyrant set out at once from Argos with his
forces. But Aratus, returning from Cenchreae to
Corinth as soon as it was dark, and posting guards

65

PLUTARCH’S LIVES

Kal Tas odous purakais diahaBov, YE TOUS
"Axavovs ETFO LEVOUS ott peev eUTaKTOS, ouTw de
TAXEWS Kal Tpodvuws WaTE By jLovov odevovtas,
ara Kal mapeOovras els TAS Krewvas ere VUK-
TOS ovans Kal ouvtratapevovs emt maxny aryvoet-
Bau Kal NavGavey Tov ‘A piotimroy. dpa oe
MEPS TOV TUN@V avox Gera @v Kal Ths oddTHLy-
yos eyKedeveaperns, Spomep Kal GNaAAYLO 7™poo-
Tées@y Tots Troheptous evOus eTpevaro, Kal
Kareixe Su@xov 7 pahiora pevryew Dmevoet TOV
‘Apiotimmoy, € eXTpOTAS TONAAS TeV Ywplov eyov-
TOV. ryevouevns be TAS 61a Eews ax pe Muxnvor,
0 ev _TUpavvos iro Kpntos Tivos, @s Acwias
ioTopel, ToUvOLA Tpayioxov, catarno leis amro-
oparrer at, TOV 6é dAXwv Emrecov _omep xtrLous
TevTaKoa lous. o 6€ "Aparos oUTw LapT pas
EUTUXNT AS Kal pndéva TOV avtob OTPATLWOTOV
aToBarov, Gums ouK éraBe TO "A pros ovoe
TrevbE pace, TOV mept *Aylay Kal Tov vewTEpov
“Apia Towayxov peta Oupapews Bacrhixhs Twap-
ELT ET OVT WY Kal KATAOXOVT OY Ta mpaypara.
To pev obv Trohw THs dtaBorRNs Kal Aoryous Kal
TKOULATA Kal Boporoxias TrapelreTo TOV Kora-
KEVOVT@V TOUS Tupdvvous Kal SveEvovT@v, EKELVOLS
xaprbopeven, Os Tov oT parnyov TOY ‘Axarov
EXTAPATTOLTO pev n Koha Tapa Tas payas,
Ka pos dé Tpoomin Toe Kal trduyyos aba TO Tapa-
orhvar TOV GAATLYKTHY, exragas b€ THV “SUvapuw
Kal TO cvvOnpa TApEyYUTAS, Kat mv opevos
TOV Vroatpariyyav Kal Aoxayay, py Tis avToU
\ pela TapovTos (BeBrHcOar yap TOUS aor pa-
ydXdous), arépyorto Kapacoxijcwy moppwOev To

66

ARATUS xxix. 2-5

along all the roads, led his Achaeans towards
Cleonae, and they followed him in such good order
and with such swiftness and alacrity that not only
while they were on the march, but also when they
had got into Cleonae, before the night was over, and
had arrayed themselves for battle, Aristippus knew
nothing at all of it. Then, at daybreak, the gates
were thrown open, the trumpet gave its loud signal,
and dashing at a run and with shouts upon the
enemy Aratus routed them at once, and kept on
pursuing where he most suspected that Aristippus
was in flight, the country having many diverging
routes. The pursuit continued as far as Mycenae,
where the tyrant was overtaken and slain by a
certain Cretan named Tragiscus, as Deinias relates;
and besides him there fell over fifteen hundred.
But although Aratus had won so brilliant a success,
and had lost not a single one of his own soldiers, he
nevertheless did not take Argos nor set it free, since
Agias and the younger Aristomachus burst into the
city with troops of the king and took control of affairs,

This success, then, refuted much of the calumny
heaped upon Aratus, as well as the scofing and
abusive stories of the flatterers of the tyrants, who
would recount, to please their masters, how the
general of the Achacans always had cramps in the
bowels when a battle was imminent, and how torpor
and dizziness would seize him as soon as the
trumpeter stood by to give the signal, and how,
after he had drawn up his forces and passed the
watchword along, he would ask his | eutenants and
captains whether there was any further need of his
presence (since the die was already cast), and then
go off to await the issue anxiously at a distance. For

67

PLUTARCH’S LIVES

/
6 cup no opevov. TavTa yap OUTwWS loxvoEY WaTE

68

Kal TOUS prrocogous ev TALS cXoAais ntobvras
el TO TaAAETOaL THY Kapdiay Kal TO Yp@pma TpéE-
mec0at Kal tTHv Koidiav éEvypaivecOat Tapa Ta
paivopeva dewa devhias éaTiv 1) duo Kpacias TUWVOS
Trepl TO copa Kal YuxpoTnros, ovomatew a del Tov
"A patov ws ayabov pev ova aTpaTynyov, ael oe
TaUTa mao XOvTa. Tapa Tous ayavas.

XXX. ‘Os 8 obv tov *Apiotimmov aveirer,
evOus emeBovheuce Avo.ady 7 Meryadotoritn
TupavyodvTe THs éavTov marpibos. o 6€ ovK @y
cryevvns ovde apihoTepos THY puowr, ovee GoTep
ol Toot TOV povapxwv aKpacia Kat mreovetia
7 pos TAUTHY puels THY adiKiay, aAX errapbets
Epwre do0Ens Ete véos Kat oyous pevdeis Kal
Kevous Aeyowevous mept Tuparvidos, Os paxaptov
kat Oavpactov Tpayparos, els peya. ppovnpa
TapabeEdpevos avorTos, Kal KATATHO AS éauTov
TUpavyOY TAXU METTOS Hv THS EK povapxias Bapv-
TnTOS. aya Oé nav eUnuepovv Ta Kal dedorK@s
émuBouevovTa TOV “A patov Opynoe KaNMoTHY
opynv peta Bahopevos, 7 p@TOv pev EQUTOV edev-
Gepacat pious kat boBov Kal ppoupas Kab
Sopupopwr, ELTA THS TaTpioos eVEepy/eTns yeverOas
Kal peTamenyrapevos TOV "A patov apnke THv
apxys Kab THY TOALY ELS TOUS "Axavovs per-
EKOMLTEV. ep ols weyaduvovtes auTov ot “Ayatot
oTpaTnyov €thovTO.

Piroripovpevos b€ evOvs UmepBanrety 50&n TOV
“A parov adras Te TOAAAaS pagers ovK avayKaias
elvat Ooxovaas Kal oTpatelav emt Aaxedarpovious
TapnyyerrAev. + €VLTTAPEVOS dé 0 "Apatos ab’T@

1041

ARATUS xxix. 5-Xxx. 3

these stories were so prevalent that even in the
schools of philosophy, when the query arises whether
palpitation of the heart and change of colour and
looseness of the bowels, in the presence of seeming
peril, are the mark of cowardice, or of some faulty
temperament and chilliness in the body, Aratus is
always mentioned by name as one who was a good
general, but always had these symptons when a
contest was impending.

XXX. Having thus made away with Aristippus,
Aratus at once began to plot against Lydiades, who
was tyrant in his native city of Megalopolis. This
Lydiades was neither of mean birth nor naturally
lacking in high ambition, nor, like most sole rulers,
had he been driven by licence and rapacity into this
iniquity, but he had been fired with a love of glory
while still young, and had thoughtlessly associated
with his high spirit the false and empty doctrines
current concerning tyranny, to the effect that it was
a wonderful and blessed thing. And now that he
had made himself tyrant, he was quickly sated with
the burdens which devolve upon the sole ruler.
Therefore, at once envying the successes of Aratus
and fearing his plots, he adopted a new and most
admirable plan, first, to free himself from hatred and
fear and guards and spearmen, and second, to become
a benefactor of his native city. So he sent for
Aratus, resigned his power, and made his city a
member of the Achaean League. Wherefore the
Achaeans exalted him and chose him general.

Lydiades was at once ambitious to surpass Aratus
in reputation, and not only did many other things
which were thought unnecessary, but also proclaimed
an expedition against the Lacedaemonians. Aratus

69

PLUTARCH’S LIVES

pbovetv édoxet” Kal TO ye devTepov %) Avéeddns
oT parryos npéeOn, avTuT pat TOVTos AVTLK PUS "Apd-
TOU Kal amovdalovtos Er Epe mapacoOhvat THY
apXny. avTos pev Yap, as elpntat, Tap’ evlavTov
HPXE- HEX pL pev ovv TplTNS oTpaTnyias ) Av-
Oud ns €v Beponeyas OueTéde Kal Tap évlauTov
mpxev évadrAak TH 'Apat@ oTparny ev" pavepay
dé eFeveryxapevos Ex9 pay Kal ToANAKLS auTov
KaTnyopnaas év Ttois “Ayazois ameppipn Kat
Tapopn, TETAAG [EVD doxay nOer mpos ann-
Ouvny Kal aKEpatoy apeTny dpirraio Oar. Kal
Kadamep TO KOKKUYL pnow Alcwros, EpwTOvTe
TOUS Nem Tods opydas ¢ 6 7 pevyouev avron, elmreiy
éxelvous ws éatat tote iépak, ovTws eotke TH
Avéiddn tapakorovbely ex tis Tupavvidos vro-
Wia Bramtovea Tijv pvaotv avtov THs peTaBor7rs.

XXXE"“O' 56 "A patos evooKiunoe Kal mept
Tas AitwduKxas mpakers, 6 OTE oupBanreiv pev avTots
™ po THS Mervyapixns @punpevor TOV “AXarav,
Kat Tov Bacthéws TOV Aaxedapoviov "Aytoos
adikopevov peta Ourdpews Kal auveEoppavros
em Thy paxny TOUS “Axavous, évavtiwGeis Kal
TOAAG Mev oveldn, ToANa é els paraxtav Kal
atohpiav Kal oKappata Kal x Aevac mov bropel-
vas ov T PONKATO TOV TOU cuphépovTos Loyeg pov
da TO parvopevov aicy pov, ara TApPEXYWpPNoE
Tois Tonreplols UmepBarovor THY Tepdvevay dpa-
vel rape eiv els [leXomrovynaov. ws pévror Tap-
ed ovres eEaidyns TlevArnvny katédafov, ovKér’ rv
6 autos, ovd Euerre SratpiBwv Kal Tepimévwv

1 Chap. xxiv. 4. 4 About 241 n.c. Cf. the Agis, xiv. f.
79°

ARATUS xxx. 3-xxx1. 2

opposed him, but was thought to do so out of
jealousy ; and Lydiades was chosen general for the
second time, though Aratus openly worked against
him and was eager to have the office given to some-
one else. For Aratus himself, as I have said,! held
the office every other year. Accordingly, until he
was general for the third time, Lydiades continued
to be held in favour, and held the office every other
year in alternation with Aratus; but after displaying
an open enmity to him and frequently denouncing
him before the Achaeans, he was cast aside and
ignored, since it was apparent that he was contend-
ing, with a fictitious character, against a genuine and
unadulterated virtue. And just as the cuckoo, in
the fable of Aesop, when he asks the little birds
why they fly away from him, is told by them that he
will one day be a hawk, so it would seem that since
Lydiades had once been a tyrant he was never free
from a suspicion, which did injustice to his real
nature, that he would change again.

XXXI. In the Aetolian war also Aratus won a
good repute. For when the Achaeans were bent
on an engagement with the Aetolians in front of
Megara,” and Agis the king of the Lacedaemonians
was come up with an army and joined in urging the
Achaeans on to battle, Aratus opposed this counsel,
and in spite of much vilification and much scoffing
abuse for weakness and cowardice would not abandon,
because of any seeming disgrace, which he judged to
be for the general advantage, but allowed the enemy
to cross the Geraneian range without a battle and
pass on into Peloponnesus. When, however, after
thus passing on, they suddenly seized Pellene, he
was no longer the same man, nor would he wait at

71

PLUTARCH’S LIVES

> lol \ na ’ > Q /
ab porcOhvar Kal cuvedOety eis TavTO TavTayolev
\ , > Memes 5 ya) oa \ A ,
Thy SvvapL, AAX evOUs Opunoe peTa TMV Tapov-
Twv éml Tovs Toeuiouvs ev TO KpaTety acbeve-
rf ’ 3 7 \ ef ” ef \
3 atatous b atakiay cai bBpw dvtas. apa yap
T® TapedOe els THY TOL OL meV TTPATLM@TAL
Siactrapévtes év tais oixias noav, éEw0odvrTes
/ an
adAnrous Kal Srapayopmevot TEPl TOV KnuaTor,
na \
nryewoves O€ Kal Noyayol Tas yuvaiKas Kal TAS
"4 a) wf :
Ouyatépas trav IeAdAnvéwv tepriovtes HpmraCor,
a al /
Kal Ta Kpadvn Ta avT@V adalpovyTEs ExELVALS
/ an a \ nw
TepleTiOecay Tov undéva ANaBeEiv AdXov, adda TH
fe! / e/
paver Onrov elvat TOV decTrOTHV ExaoTNS. OVTW
d€ OraKxerpévors avtois Kal TavTa mpaTTovoLy
> / ew > \ / \
éEaidyns o”Apatos émimecwv TpoonyyédOn. Kal
I¢ - /
yevowevns éextrrntews, olay eixos é€v atakta Tot-
i. / a
avtTn, piv} TavtTas mvbéc Oat Tov KivdvVoY Ot TPa-
nr VIA 3 \
TOL Tepi Tas TUAAS TOIs Axalols Kal Ta TpOdoTEla
cuumecovtes Ehevyov On vevixnuévar, Kal Kate- 1042
, lA = / > /
TiptAacay éNavvomevol TpoTpoTdonyv aTropias
TOUS. auUYLoTapévous Kal tpocRonOodvtas.
a / a“
XXXII. ’Ev rovto 5€ 76 Tapayw pia Tov
> , ’ I. > \ > / 4,
aiyuareotov, Emiynbovs avopos évdoEou Ouyatnp,
, : “
avtn dé Kader Kal peyéGer cwHpaTtos EevTpETTNS,
Cclalg prdetes /, shay Wwe: /
eTuyxe ev €v TO lep@ KabeCouevn ths Aptéutoos,
> e \ € a
OU KATETTNOEV ALTHV O ETLAEKTAPXNS EA@V EAVTD
\ \ \ / ” be > } a i
Kal TrepLOeis THY TpLAOdiav, apyvw O€ Exdpapovca
2 mpos Tov OopvBov, ws éotn po THY Bupav Tod
¢ nr / ”
iepov Kal KaTéBrewWev eis TOUS wayopuevous avwbev
an a /
éyouca THY TpLropiay, avToIs TE TOs ToALTAaLS

72

ARATUS xxxr. 2-xxxn. 2

all in order that his forces might assemble and come
together from all quarters, but at once set out with
those he had against the enemy, whom the disorder
and wantonness attendant upon their success had
wholly weakened. For as soon as they had entered
the city, the common soldiers had scattered them-
selves among the houses, jostling and fighting with
one another over the booty, while the leaders and
captains were going about and seizing the wives and
daughters of the Pellenians, on whose heads they
put their own helmets, that no one else might seize
them, but that the helmet might show to whom each
woman belonged. But while they were in this
situation and thus engaged, word was suddenly
brought them that Aratus had attacked. Dismay
fell upon them, as was natural amid such disorder,
and before all had learned of the danger the fore-
most of them, engaging with the Achaeans at the
gates and in the suburbs, were already conquered
and in full flight, and being driven in headlong rout,
they filled with dismay those who were collecting
together and coming to their aid.

XXXII. In the midst of this confusion, one of the
captive women, daughter of Epigethes, a man of
distinction, and herself conspicuous for beauty and
stateliness of person, chanced to be sitting in the
sanctuary of Artemis, where she had been placed by
the captain of a picked corps, who had seized her for
his prize and set his three-crested helmet upon her
head. But suddenly she ran forth to view the
tumult, and as she stood in front of the gate of the
sanctuary and looked down upon the combatants
from on high, with the three-crested helmet on her
head, she seemed to the citizens themselves a vision

73

PLUTARCR’S LIVES

Geapa Te UVOTEPOY ) KaT av O pwr ov epavn, Kal
TOUS TONE [LOLS pacha Oetov opav doxovar ppixny
evéSanre kal OauBos, date wndéva tpéTmecOat Tpos
aXKNV.

Avtot bé [eddnvets Néyouat TO Bpétas tis
Geov TOV pev aNov amoxeta Bat Xpovov awavaTop,
OTav O€ cer v UT THs lepelas exhépntar, undéva
mpoo Bhemety évavtiov, aX amor peter Oat T av-
Tas: ov yap WWE pwTots povov opapa ppixtov
eivau Kal Xaner ov, ara Kal devdpa Tovelv apopa
Kal KapTrovs arrauBricKew, b2’ wap av Komitnrat.
ToUTO On Tore THY ‘épecay efeveyxapévnv Kal Tpé-
jTovoav adel KATA TOUS Aitw)ovs ay TT poo wmoy
expovas KaTao Tho aL Kal Tapered Bar Tov oye-
o Mov. o dé “Apatos ovdev év Tots Drop npac ty
el pnKe TOLOUTOD, arrAd not Tpewrdpevos TOUS
Alit@xXovs kal pevyouar TUVELT TET OY Els THY TOL
éEeXdoat Kata Kpatos, éwtakocious bé amoxKTel-
val. TO de Epyov év Tois peylorors dieBonOn, cal
TipavOns 6 Corypagos émoinoey éudavTixas TH
d:abécer TiHp paxny exouoay.

XXXIIT. Ov pay aXAa TOAN@Y evar Kal
duvacTav € emt TOUS “Axacovs cuviaTapeveov evOus
O “Apartos emparre iriav pos tovs AitwAous,
Kal Iluvtadéovre TO ™)eio Tov Aitodav Ouvapeven
TUvEpy@ Xpnodpevos ov povov eipnyny, ada Kal
oUMMaX Lay tots “Ayatois mpos tovs Aitwrovs
€TTOLNTE.

Tovs 6é ‘AOnvaious omovdd lov érevdepia at
61eBAOn KaL KAKOS NKOvoED vr Tov ‘Axara,
OTL oTrovdas TETTOLNMEVWY AVT@V Tpos TOs Make-
Sovas Kal avoyas ayovTwy éreyeipnoe Tov Tletparad
74

ARATUS xxx. 2—xxx1n. 2

of more than human majesty, while the enemy
thought they saw an apparition from heaven and
were struck with amazement and terror, so that not
a man of them thought of defending himself.

But the Pellenians themselves tell us that the
image of the goddess usually stands untouched, and
that when it is removed by the priestess and carried
forth from the temple, no man looks upon it, but all
turn their gaze away ; for not only to mankind is it
a grievous and terrible sight, but trees also, past
which it may be carried, become barren and cast
their fruit. This image, then, they say, the priestess
carried forth from the temple at this time, and by
ever turning it in the faces of the Aetolians robbed
them of their senses and took away their reason.
Aratus, however, in his Commentaries, makes no
mention of such a thing, but says that after routing
the Aetolians and bursting into the city with them
as they fled, he drove them out by main force, and
slew seven hundred of them. The action was ex-
tolled as among the greatest exploits, and Timanthes
the painter made a picture of the battle which in its
composition vividly pourtrayed the event.

XXXIII. Notwithstanding, since many peoples and
dynasts were combining against the Achaeans, Aratus
at once sought to make friends of the Aetolians, and
with the assistance of Pantaleon, their most in-
fluential man, not only made peace, but also an
alliance between them and the Achaeans.

But in his eagerness to set Athens free he incurred
the bitter reproaches of the Achaeans, because,
though they had made a truce and suspended hos-
tilities with the Macedonians, he attempted to seize

75

PLUTARCH’S LIVES

A > \ \ J / ’ Lad e
KaTadaBetv. avtos dé apvovpevos év Tois U7r0-
pvpacw ois atroNێXotTTeEv Epyivoy aitiatat, wed

A \ \ \ > , 5) a
3 ov Ta wept Tov AxpoxopivGov émpakev. éxeivov
\ O7 A a” rn
yap iota T@ Iletpate? rpocBadrovta Kat Ths KrL-
/
pakos avupvtpiBetons dtw@xopuevov dvouatery Kai
Kaneiv cvvexos “Apatov ®oTep TapovTa, Kal d1a-
guyely ovtws €EaTTatHcavTa Tovs TroAEmLoUS. Ov
\ o a a a
pny doxet TLGaves atrodoyeiabar. tov yap Epyi-
U /
vov, avOpwrov ids@tnv Kal Lvpov, am ovdevos hv
/ \ lal Z lal
ELKOTOS ETL VoUV BaréaOat THY THALKAUTHY TpPaky,
’ \ \ / el
el un Tov” Aparoy eiyev nyewova Kal map’ éxeivou
\ ,
Thv Ovvapuy Kal TOV KaLpov eiAnher Tpds THY érrl-
> / \ \ > \ ev > \
4 Oeow. €67)Awoe S€ Kal avTos o “Apatos ov dis
> \ , bY \ / ce? id /
ovde Tpls, AAA TOAAAKIS, WoTrEp ot Svaépwres,
/ a a \
emuverpnoas T@ Iletpate? nat mpos Tas Stayaptias
OUK aTroKa“oV, a\\a TO Tapa pLKpoyv adel Kal
/ ? / lal > / \ \
auveyyus atocparrcobar Tov éXridwy Tpds TO
appely avaxadovpevos. arak dé Kal TO oKédos
5) \ a
éoTace O1a Tov Opiaciov devywr: Kal Topas
yA \ / \ \ f
EkaBe todas Oepamrevopevos, Kal ToAvY ypovoy
/ al
év popetw KoptCouevos erroleito Tas oTpaTelas.
XXXIV. *Avtiyovou &€ amoPavovtos cai An-
/ \ / / ” lal
Entptov THv Bacirelav TaparaBovTos ETL wadrov
évéxetto tais "AOnvais nal 6Aws KaTeppover TOV
Makedovor. 810 Kal kpatnOévtos avtovd payn
\ / e \ / a /
mept PvrAakiav vTo Bidvos tod Anpuntpiov otpa-
TnYyoU, Kal OyoU yevouévou TOAAOU péV, ws
‘7s A ait / € \ \ 1043
€dXwKE, TOAAOV O€ ws TéEOYHKEV, O prev Tov Ile-
rn rn \
2 para dpovpav Aroyévns Ereuev eriatoAny evs

1 Antigonus Gonatas died in 239 B.c , and was succeeded
by his son Demetrius II., who reigned ten years,

76

ARATUS xxxill. 2-xxxIv. 2

the Peiraeus. He himself, however, in the Com-
mentaries which he left, lays the blame for this
attempt upon Erginus, with whose aid he had
effected the capture of Acrocorinthus. He says that
Erginus attacked the Peiraeus on his own private
account, and that when his scaling-ladder broke and
the enemy were pursuing him, he kept calling upon
Aratus by name, as if Aratus were there, and thus
deceived and made his escape from them. But this
defence does not seem to be convincing. For Erginus
was a private man and a Syrian, and there is no
likelihood that he would have conceived of so great an
undertaking if he had not been under the guidance
of Aratus and obtained from him the force and the
fitting time for the attack. And Aratus himself also
made this plain, since he assaulted the Peiraeus, not
twice or thrice, but many times, like a desperate
lover, and would not desist in spite of his failures,
but was roused to fresh courage by the very narrow-
ness of the slight margin by which he was dis-
appointed of his hopes. And once he actually put
his leg out of joint as he fled through the Thriasian
plain; and while he was under treatment for this,
the knife was often used upon him, and for a long
time he was carried in a litter upon his campaigns.
XXXIV. When Antigonus died and Demetrius
succeeded to the throne,! Aratus was all the more
bent upon getting Athens, and wholly despised the
Macedonians. And so, after he had been overcome
in a battle at Phylacia by Bithys the general of
Demetrius, and reports were rife, one that he had
been captured, and another that he was dead, Dio-
genes, the guardian of the Peiraeus, sent a letter to

77

3

PLUTARCH’S LIVES

KopwOov é&icotacAa tis Wodews KEAEVwV TODS
, Ui a
Ayatovs, érerdy Apatos aréBavev: éruxe 5é Trav
ypaumdtov KkouicbévTwv Tapav avtos ev KopivOe,
\ \ e a 4 \ lé \
kat dvatpiBynv ot Tov Atoyévous Kal yéXwTa ToNUY
/ > / > \ \, 3¢ \
TapacyovTes amnrrX\aynoav. autos dé 0 Bacireds
b] ‘4 ~ ” SM /
éx Maxedovias vadv éreurpev, ed’ 5 Kouta Onoetat
e a - he
mpos avtov o “Apatos Sedeuévos. macav oe
an aA
"A@nvaiot koupoTynta KoNakelas THs pos Maxedo-
€ 4 > / x4 an
vas uTepBarXovTes eaotehavynphopnaay OTE Tpa@ToOV
5) t , X QF AAS S \ 2Ar\. 3
nyyerOn teOvnKws. 610 Kal pos opyny evOus éx-
% fo
aTpatTevoas ém@ avTovs axpe THs ’Axadnpeias
fol ng \ > \ >O/7
mponrOev: celta meccGels ovdev HOixnoer.

Oi dé’ A@nvaior cunppovncavtes avTod THY ape-
THV, éTet Anuntplov TeXeuvTHTAaVTOS MpuNnoaY eri
\ > Zz »D LA b] / e U / - tins
THv ehevOepiav, exetvov exdXouv, Oo Oé, KaiTep éTE-
pov ev apyovtos tote Tav ’Ayaio@v, autos bé
appwaotia paxpa KrLYNpNS VIdpKXwV, Sues év

/ / ¢e / iol , \ \
popei@ KoptComevos vTInVTHTE TH WOAEL TPOS THY
: , \ > \ rn F nw . ad R
YXpeiav, Kal Tov etl THs Ppovpads Atoyévn ovverret-
cee r , A ‘ :f ‘
cev atrocovvat Tov Te Iletpara Kai trHv Movvvyiav
kal THY Larapiva Kal TO Lovmov Tots 'APnvaiors
el TEVTHKOVTA Kal EXATOV TAAXAVTOLS, WY AUTOS O
“Apatos elxoot TH TodEL TUVEBAXAETO. TpoTEYo-

r ¢ nr “

pnoav 6 evOdvs Adywwirar Kal “Epptoveis” tots
7 : a“ ef / fol ’ , > “
Ayatois, } te wreiatn THs ApKadias avtois cvv-
oT, ‘ , ‘ ’ t L ” ,
evTéXet. Kat Maxedovwv pev acyorov ovtav bra
TlLvas TpogolKous Kal Ou“opous Trodeuous, AiTw-
Nev o€ cUuLpaxovLTwY, éTicogW mEeyaAnY n 7AaV
"Ayatov €hapBave dvvaprs,
78:

ARATUS xxxiv. 2-5

Corinth ordering the Achaeans to quit the city, since
Aratus had been killed; but when the letter arrived
at Corinth, Aratus chanced to be there in person,
and so the messengers of Diogenes, after furnishing
much diversion and laughter, went away. Moreover,
the king himself sent a ship from Macedonia, on
which Aratus was to be brought to him in chains.
And the Athenians, carrying their flattery of the
Macedonians to the highest pitch of levity, crowned
themselves with garlands as soon as they heard that
Aratus was dead. Therefore he was wroth, and at
once made an expedition against them, and advanced
as far as the Academy; then he listened to their
entreaties and did them no harm.

So the Athenians came to recognize the excellence
of his character, and when, upon the death of
Demetrius,! they set out to regain their freedom,
they called upon him. Then Aratus, although
another was at that time general of the Achaeans,
and he himself was confined to his bed by a long
sickness, nevertheless was carried in a litter to help
the city in its time of need, and joined in persuading
Diogenes, the commander of the garrison, to give up
the Peiraeus, Munychia, Salamis, and Sunium to the
Athenians for a hundred and fifty talents, twenty of
which Aratus contributed himself. Moreover, Aegina
and Hermione at once came over to the Achaeans,
and the greater part of Arcadia joined their league.
And since the Macedonians were busy with certain
neighbouring and adjacent wars, and the Aetolians
were in alliance with the Achaeans, the power of
the Achaean League was greatly increased.

1 In 229 B.c. He was succeeded by Antigonus Doson, who
reigned nine years,

79

PLUTARCH’S LIVES

XXXV. ‘O dé “A patos eFepyatouevos THY Ta-
Aatav UToBecw, Kal duoavacxeT@v THY év “Apyet
Tupavvida yerTvaaav avtots, €me.We méutr@V TOV
“AptoTopaxov els pécov Oeivar Kal Tpocayaryety
tois Ayatots THY T ONLY, Kal en\ooavTa Av6.ddqv
eOvous TI MKOUTOU per’ evpypias Kal Tihs oTpa-
TnYyov elvat “aAXoV 7) Las TOAEWS KLYSUVEVOYTA
Kal pLocovpevoy TUpavvor. UTakovaavtos be TOU
"Apia Topaxou Kal KeNVTAVTOS avT@ TEVTHKOVTA
TahavTa Tépat TOV "Aparov, OT ws amarhagy
Kal Svardvantat TOUS Tap avT@ oT paTEvouEevous,
kal Tov Ypnudtev ropilomevov, 6 Avdiddns ert
oTpaTnyav Kal diroTipovpevos idvov avTodD ToXI-
Teva TODTO 1 pos TOUS ‘Axavods yeveo Oar, TOU
ev ‘Apdtou KATNYOPEL ™pos "Apia ropaxov ws
Suc pevars Kat adiahhaKTos ael 7 pos TOUS Tupav-
vous €yovTos, avT@® Oe Treicas THY Tpakw emi-
Tpéyat Tpoonyaye Tots “Axavois Tov avOpwrrov.
évOa 67 padiora pavepay émoinoav ot a vvedpot
TOV "AX aLdy THY Tpos TOV "Apatov evvolay Kal
TioTLV. avr ELTOvTOS pev yap avtod 60 opyny
amnracav Tovs Tepl TOV Aptotopaxov €mel Oe
ovptreca Beis maw auros npEaTo mept avTav dta-
héyerOau Taper, TavTa TAXEWS Kal TpoOupas
eynpicarto, Kal Tpooedes avo jev TOUS "Apyeious
Kal Prracious els THY ToTelay, €VvLAUT@ dé
vorepov Kal TOV “Apia Topaxov ethovTo oTpaTnyov.

‘O dé evnep@v Tapa tois “Ayatois Kal Bov)o-
pEevos eis thv Aakwvikny éuBareiv éxader Tov
“Aparov ef "AOnvav. o 6é eypape bev aUT@ THY
oTpatelav aTayopevwoy Kal! 7 Kreoméver Opdcos

1 «ai bracketed by Sint,?

80

ARATUS xxxv. 1-4

XXXV. And now Aratus, seeking to effect his
long-standing purpose, and impatient of the tyranny
so near the Achaeans in Argos, sent messengers and
tried to persuade Aristomachus to give his city free-
dom and attach it to the Achaean League, urging
him to imitate Lydiades and be general of so great
a nation with praise and honour, rather than tyrant
of a single city with peril and hatred. Aristomachus
consented, and told Aratus to send him fifty talents,
in order that he might disband and send away the
soldiers under him, and the money was being pro-
vided. Upon this, Lydiades, who was still general
and had an ambition that the Achaeans should regard
this transaction as his own work, denounced Aratus
to Aristomachus as a man who had always been an
implacable enemy of tyrants, and after persuading
Aristomachus to entrust the matter to himself,
brought him before the Achaean council. Then
the members of the council put into clearest light
their goodwil] towards Aratus and their confidence
in him. For when he angrily opposed the project,
they drove Aristomachus away; but when he had
been won over again, and came before them in
person, and began to argue for the project, they
speedily and readily adopted all his proposals,
admitted Argos and Phlius into the league, and a
year later! actually choose Aristomachus general.

Aristomachus, then, being in high favour with the
Achaeans, and wishing to invade Laconia, summoned
Aratus from Athens. Aratus wrote him a letter in
which he tried to dissuade him from the expedition,
and expressed unwillingness to involve the Achaeans
in hostilities with Cleomenes, who was daring and

1 In 227 B.c,

81

PLUTARCH’S LIVES

EXOVTL Kal TapaBorws avEavoueve oupTrEKEd Bar
TOUS “Axatovs un Bovropevos, Oppnpevov 6€ Tav-
TOS UmnKovae Kal Tapov cuvertparevey. ote On
Kal KwAVoas rept TO IladXavtiov Tod Kyeo-
pevous em LpavevTos avTots paynv ovvartrat TOV
‘ApioTopaxov vm0 Avéiddou katy yopyen, Kal
Tept THS otparnylas els ayava Kal avTuTapay-
yedtay avT@® KATATTAS expaTnoe Th YEtpotovia
kai To SwdéxaTov npeOn TTPATNYOS.

XXXVI. ’Ev tavtn 1H oTpatnyla Tept TO
Advxatov nt 7nGels ito TOD KXeopévous Eduye: Kai
mravn Geis VUKTOS eoke pev teOvavat Kal mad
ovTOs 0 AOYos KaT avTOU TOAUS eEepoitnaey els
TOUS “EXAyvas” avacwbeis 5€ Kal TOUS oTpaTLo-
Tas owayayav ovK hyanng ev acparas atrenbetv,
aXN apicta TO Kaip@ XPNTapEvos ovdevos T™poo-
SoxavTos ovde ovrAdoyiComévou TO HehAov eEaip-
vns €1éTETe Mavrivebor Tuppdxors ovot Tov
Knreopévous: kai Thy TOA EX@v hpoupay evéBare
Kal Tous peToiKous monriTas erroinaev aura, Kal
pLovos & viK@VTES OVK av padims Exxov EKTNTATO
VEVLEN[LEVOLS Tots "Ayatois.

Addis be TOV Aakebatpoviov éml Meyaanv
TOL TT PATEVTAVTOY BonOncas wKvee pev ape
paxobvTe T® Krcopéver AaBnv Tapac xe Kat
TOL Meyadorohiraus Brafouevous avTEtX ev, OUTE
ArRWS Mpos TAS KATA GTOMA paxas ev TEPUKWS
Kal TOTE evropevos Te TAO Kal Tos avopa
ToApnTHv Kal véov Hon TapaxpdavovTe TO Ovpo
Kal KeKoracpévn TH PiroTipla TUVETTHKwS, Kal

1 See the Cleomenes, iv. 3-4.
2226 B.c. Cf. the Cleomenes, v. * Cf. the Cleomenes, vi.

82

1044

ARATUS xxxv. 4-XxxvI. 3

growing marvellously in power; but, since Aristo-
machus was altogether insistent, Aratus obeyed
orders and accompanied the expedition in person.
It was at this time that he prevented Aristomachus
from joining battle when Cleomenes came upon them
at Pallantium,t and was denounced therefore by
Lydiades, with whom he came into contest and
competition for the office of general, winning the
vote and being chosen general for the twelfth time.

XXXVI. In the campaign of this year? he was
defeated by Cleomenes near Mount Lycaeum, and
took to flight; and, since he lost his way in the
night, he was thought to be dead, and once more
a story to this effect had wide currency among the
Greeks. But he escaped alive and rallied his soldiers,
and then was not content to come off safely, but
making the best use of his opportunity, when no
one expected or had any idea of what was to happen,
he suddenly made an assault upon Mantineia, which
was in alliance with Cleomenes; and having taken
the city, he set a garrison there, and made its alien
residents full citizens, thus acquiring single-handed
for the conquered Achaeans what they could not
easily have obtained as conquerors.

And again, when the Lacedaemonians made an
expedition against Megalopolis,* he went to the aid
of the city, but was loth to give Cleomenes a chance
for the hand-to-hand fighting which he desired, and
resisted the importunities of the Megalopolitans.
For he was never at any time well fitted by nature
for set battles, and at this time in particular he was
inferior in numbers, and was matched against a man
who was young and daring, while his own courage
was past its prime, and his ambition chastened. He

83

PLUTARCH’S LIVES

a aA a a a) > a > b ¢€
vouitwv hv dia Tod Todpav éxeivos e& ovy vmap-
yovtov extato So€av avT@ Kextnuéevo hudAaKxtéor
etvar 1a THS evAAPELas.

XXXVII. Od pny adda TOV Wirdv éxdpapor-
TW Kal WoapLévwv TOS Yraptidtas aypL ToD
\
oTpatoTédov Kal wept Tas oKNVaS SiacTrapévTOD,

e \ 7 »>O9 A J / > t | > S,

o wev “Apatos ovd’ &s érnyayev, adr’ ev péow
AaBaov yapabpav éréctnce Kal Katexw@AuvGE Sia-
rn \ € , e be 5 LO lo
Bhvat tovs omditas: o 5€ Avdiddns trepitrabav

, \
Tpos Ta ylyvoweva cal tov “Apatov Kaxilwv
aVEKANELTO TOUS imTEls WS aUTOV, aEL@V éripayi-
vat Tots StwKovot Kal un TpoésBat TO viknwa
lad \ fol
Unde €yKaTaXriTrEety AUTOV UTEP THS TaTploos ayo-
a \
vitopevov. Todr\r@v b€ cvatpadpévt@v Kal aya-
al rl \ >. Ff al val n ,
Gav émippwcbeis évéBare TO SeEt@ TOV ToAELiwY
\ , 207 eo = \
Kal tperdapevos ediwxev, UO Ovuod Kal didortt-
/
pias aTaplevTws erioTradGels els ywpia Koda
Kai pwecta Sévdpwv treputevpévov Kat tadpov
TAATELOY, Ev Ols E7TLOEu“EVoU TOD KXeEopmévous érrece
lal \ lal
NapTrpas aywvicdpevos TOV KAaNALOTOV TOV ayo-
An /
vov éti Ovpats THs matpioos. ot 5 adrrou hev-
yovTes els THY badayya Kal cuytTapdEavTes ToOvS
¢ © \ Qn
oTALTas OLOV TO GTPUTEvMA TIS HrTHS éevéeTTANCAD.
\ e
aitiav 5€ pweyadrnv o “Apatos éraBe SoEas mpoé-
c8at tov Avoidinv: Kal Braces bro Tav "Ayarav
ATEPYOMEVwV TPOS Opynv nKoAOVONGEY avTots Eis
Alyov. éxet d€ svvedOovtes eirnpicavto un &-
n /
Sovar xpnuata avT@ pndé pcPodhopous tpédery,
> ’ € A ee rd / al
aX’ avT@ Tropiferv, e+ S€ovTo TodEpety.
84

ARATUS xxxvi. 3-xxxvil. 3

also thought that the glory which his adversary was
trying to acquire by his daring and did not possess,
had already been acquired by himself and must be
preserved by his caution.

XXXVII. Nevertheless, his light infantry once
made a sally, drove the Spartans as far as to their
camp, and were scattered about among the tents.
Aratus, however, would not even then lead up his
men, but putting a ravine between himself and the
enemy, halted there, and would not suffer his men-
at-arms to cross it. Then Lydiades, distressed at
what was going on, and loading Aratus with re-
proaches, called his horsemen to him and exhorted
them to go to the help of the pursuers, and not to
let the victory slip out of their hands nor leave in the
lurch a commander who was fighting in behalf of his
native city. Many brave men gathering at his call,
he was emboldened to charge upon the right wing
of the enemy, which he routed and pursued. But
his ardour and ambition robbed him of discretion,
and he was drawn on into places that were intricate
and full of planted trees and broad trenches. Here
Cleomenes attacked him and he fell, after a brilliant
and most honourable combat at the gates of his
native city. The rest of his men fled to their main
line, threw the men-at-arms into confusion, and thus
infected the whole army with their defeat. Aratus
was severely blamed for this, being thought to have
betrayed Lydiades; and when the Achaeans left the
field in anger, they forced him to accompany them
to Aegium. Here they held an assembly, and voted
not to give him money and not to maintain mer-
cenaries for him; if he wanted to wage war, he must
provide the means himself.

85

PLUTARCH’S LIVES ;
XXXVIII. Ovrw dé mpornraxta Gels éBoudeu-

caTO pev evOvs amrobécba thy cppayisa Kal THY
oTpaTnyiay agetivat, oyerH@ bé XPne apevos TOTE
ev UTELELVE, Kal ™pos ‘Op xopevov eLayayov Tous
"Ayatous paynv ébeto pos Meyiotovour Tov
KnXecopévous ratpwor, év 7 KpaTicas Tplakoaious
pev amréxtetve, Covta bé€ Tov Meytotovovy suv-
éuBev. elwOws € otpatnyely wap éviavTor,
MS 1) Tages avT@ mepinrde, KaNOUpLEVOS €&w p0-
gato, Kat Tepdtevos npeOn oT pATHYOs. edoxer dé
ev T pos TOUS ox ous opyn Tpopaaes elvat
Aeyouern THS eEwpootas amtiGavos, aitia 5 adn-
Ons Ta Teper Tata TOUS ‘Axatovs, ovKéeO’ ws 7 po-
TEpOV aT péua Kal oxednv tov KvXeopuévous émtBai-
VOVTOS ovo euTrrEKOMEVOU Tals TOALTLKAIS apyais,
adn’ eel TOUS Epopous aTroKTEivas Kal THY YwpaVv
dvaSacdpevos Kal TONAOUS TOV HeTolK@y éuBa-
Awv els THY ToAtTelay oxen lax ov avuTrevO vvov,
evOds CTLKELMLEVOU TOLS “Axatois Kal THS Hryepovias
EauTov atvobvTos. 610 Kab péupovTar TOV "Apa-
Tov év caw peyaro Kal XELMOVE TOV T pay Lat ov
pepomevav GoTep KuBepyntnv adevta Kal ™ poé-
HEvoV ETEDY TOUS Olakas, Ore Kaas ele Kal cK ov-
Twv émictavTa cwbew TO Kolo" eb O aTeyyaKEl
Ta Tparypara Kal TY duvapuv TOV ‘Axatar, elEau
To Kreouéver, cal wn wad tHv UWedorovyncoy
éxBapRapaca ppovpais Maxedovwv, unde mANPa-
aa. tov ‘AxpoxopwOov “ld\upix@v OTr@Y Kai
Taratixar, noé ods avtos év Tats mpakeot KaTa-

1 Cf. the Cleomenes, xv. 1.
2 For the year 224 B Cc.
8 Cf. the Cleomenes, vili., xi.

86

1045

ARATUS xxxvir. 1-4

XXXVIII. Smarting under this insult, he resolved
to give up his seal at once, and resign the office of
general, but upon reflection he held on for the
present, and after leading the Achaeans forth to
Orchomenus, fought a battle there with Megistonoiis,
the stepfather of Cleomenes, in which he got the
upper hand, killing three hundred of the enemy and
taking Megistonoiis prisoner. But when, accustomed
as he was to be general every other year, his turn
came round again and he was invited to take the
office, he formally declined,1 and Timoxenus was
chosen general.2, Now the grounds usually given
for this refusal of Aratus, namely, his anger at the
people, were not thought to be convincing, and
the real reason for it was the situation of the
Achaeans. For the invasions of Cleomenes were no
longer quiet and restrained, as formerly, nor was he
fettered by the civil authorities, but after he had
killed the ephors, divided up the land, advanced
many resident aliens to the citizenship, and thus got
an irresponsible power,? he immediately pressed the
Achaeans hard, and demanded the supreme leader-
ship for himself. And therefore men blame Aratus,
because, when the ship of state was driving in a
great surge and storm, he forsook the pilot’s helm
and left it to another, although it had been well,
even if the people were unwilling, to remain at their
head and save them; and if he despaired of the
government and power of the Achaeans, he ought
to have yielded to Cleomenes, and not to have made
Peloponnesus quite barbarous again under Mace-
donian garrisons, nor to have filled Acrocorinthus
with [llyrian and Gallic arms, nor, in the case of

87

PLUTARCH’S LIVES

OTPATNY@V Kal KaTaTONLTEVopevos, év S€ Tots
UTouvnuact NoLdopay OeTEAEL, TOUTOUS eTayerOat
deoTOTas Talis TOAETL TUMPAaYoUS UToKOpLOopevor.
et 60€ KrXeopévns Hv, AeyéoOw yap ovTws, Tapdvo-
pos Kat Tupavvixos, adr “Hpakretdar tatépes
avT® Kal Yraptn tatpis, is Tov apavéctatov
aé.ov avti Tov Tp@Tov Maxedovwy nyepova Totel-
oat tous év Tut AOYO THY EAANVLKY TLOEWEVOUS
evyéverav. xKaitor Kreouévns yTer THY apynv
Tapa Tov AXal@v as TONG TrOLnTwY ayala TAS
TOAELS GVTL THS TLLHS KAL THS TpoTnyoptas éxelvys,
‘Avtiryovos 6€ Kal KATA yHY Kal KaTa Oddarray
avtoxpdtwp NYEHOV avayopevbels oux, UINKOUGE
Tm piv TOV pucBov avT@ THs HyEwovias opwororynOh-
vat TOV "A xpoxdpivOor, ATEXVOS Tov Aicwtovu pie
pene dpevos KUVnyov. ov yap TpoTepov emeBn Tots
‘Axatois deopevols Kal UToBarrovow autovs d1a
TeV m peo Bevov Kal Toy Wn proparev 7; 7 TH ppovpa
Kal Tots Opajpors @omEp Xaruvoupevous avacxé-
cOat. Kaitou Tacay 0 “A patos aginat paviny aTro-
oyeCopmevos THY avdyKny. Oo Toru Bcos dé avTov
eK TOXOV pyat Kal ™ po THS avayKns Upopwpe-
vov To Opacos TO TOU Krcopevous Kpuvpa To
“Aptiyovm diaréyer Gar, Kal Tous } MeyadoroNiras
mpoxabrévat deouévous AX aLBY émixanreloOat Tov
"Aptiyovov. ovTo. yap émélovTo 7@ TORE MED
partoTa, TUVEX OS ayovTos avrous Kal pépovTos
tov KXeopévous. opoiws d€ cal PvAapyos toro-

1 Histories, ii. 47, 4 ff.

83

ARATUS xxxvi. 4-8

men whom he was always defeating in the fields of
war and statesmanship and abusing in the pages
of his Commentaries, to have made these men lords
over the cities under the endearing name of allies.
And if Cleomenes was, as must be granted, lawless
and arbitrary, still, Heracleidae were his ancestors,
and Sparta was his native land, the meanest citizen
of which was more worthy than the foremost Mace-
donian to be made their leader by those who had
any regard for Greek nobility of birth. And yet
Cleomenes asked the Achaeans for the office, with
the promise that he would confer many benefits
upon their cities in return for that honour and its
title, whereas Antigonus, although he was proclaimed
leader with full powers by land and sea, would not
accept the office until Acrocorinthus had been
promised him as the pay for his leadership. In this
he acted just like Aesop’s hunter. For he would not
mount the Achaeans, although they prayed him to
do so and presented their backs to him by way of
embassies and decrees, until they consented to wear
the bit and bridle of the garrison they received and
the hostages they gave. And yet Aratus says every-
thing that he can say in explaining the necessity
that was upon him. Polybius, however, says! that
for a long time, and before the necessity arose,
Aratus mistrusted the daring temper of Cleomenes
and made secret overtures to Antigonus, besides
putting the Megalopolitans forward to beg the
Achaeans to call in Antigonus. For the Megalo-
politans were most oppressed by the war, since
Cleomenes was continually plundering their territory.
A similar account of these matters is given by
Phylarchus also, in whom, but for the testimony of

VOL. XI. D 89

PLUTARCH’S LIVES

pnKe TEpt TOUTWY, ® un TOV IloNvBiov papTtupovr-
ToS ov Tavu TL TLTTEVELY AELov WV. évOovaLa yap
éTav axpnra TOD Kreopevous, un evvotas, Kal
ka0atep év Sixkn TH ioropia T@ [eV AVTLOLK@Y
dtaterel, TO O€ cuvayopevan.

0 Aw ’AmréBahov 8 obv o ‘Axatol THY
Maptiverav, madi éXovTOs avTny Tod Kreope-
vous, Kal payn peyadryn mepl TO ‘“ExatouPBaov
nT rn Gevres ovUTM KaTeThaynoay OTE TE [LT ELD
evOrs éd yepovia TOV Krcopevn KANOUVTES els
Apyos. 0 6€’ "Aparos os no Gero Badifovta Kat
Tept Aépvay ovta peta Tis duvyapews, poBnbeis
dmeoTEANE Tm pea Bers TOUS a€.obvras @>$ Tapa
pirous Kal TULpaNXous aQUuTOV ipew peTa Tpl-
aKootwv, El O€ anvaTei, haBetv ounpous. TavTa
UBpw evar Kai Xevac pov avTod dyoas o
Kreopevns avetev een, ema ToNyDy yparpas TOUS
“AxXavois eyeAnuata TOANa KaTa TOV 'ApdTtou
3 Kal diaBoras éxovaay. eypage d€ KaKelvos ért-
TTONAS Kara TOU Kreouévous: Kal epepovro
Aovdoptat Kal Bracdnpiar HEX pL yabov Kul
YUVaLKov ddAmous KAKQOS AceyovT@y.

"Ex tovtov KNpUKa. _Teuyas 0 Kreonerns
TONE HLOV TMpoEpouvTa Tots ‘Axatots, puKpov ev
Ehabe THY 2xvovioy moh apracas 61a Tpodo-
alas, eyyudev 106 a amorT parels TlerAnjvn 7 pocéBa-
re Kal ToD oTparnyou TOV "Axara xrrexovT0s
EaXe Ty ONL. ohio | be borepov Kat Peveov
éraBe Kal Tlevrédevov. eit’ evOvds “Apyetou ™poo-
ex@pnoay auto ral Drrdcor ppoupav edéEavTo*
Kal ees ovdey ere Tov éemixtntov BéBaLov iy

1 %yyuev Bekker reads éxei@ev, with the Aldine.

v

go

ARATUS xxxvitt. 8—xxxIx. 4

Polybius, one should not put entire credence. For
goodwill makes his every mention of Cleomenes
ecstatic, and as if he were pleading in a court of
law, he is for ever accusing Aratus in his history,
and defending Cleomenes.

XXXIX. So, then, the Achaeans lost Mantineia,
which was taken again by Cleomenes, and after
being defeated in a great battle at Hecatombaeum
they were so dismayed that they sent at once and
invited Cleomenes to come to Argos and assume the
leadership. But Aratus, when he learned that
Cleomenes was on the way and at Lerna with his
forces, feared the issue, and sent an embassy to
demand that he should come with three hundred
men only, as to friends and allies, and that if he was
distrustful, he should accept hostages. Cleomenes
declared that he was insulted and mocked by this
demand, and retired with his army, after writing a
letter to the Achaeans which was full of bitter accu-
sations against Aratus. Aratus also wrote letters
against Cleomenes; and their mutual abuse and
defamation reached the point of maligning one
another's marriages and wives.

As a result of this, Cleomenes sent a herald to
declare war against the Achaeans, and almost
succeeded in seizing the city of Sicyon with the
help of traitors; he turned aside, however, when
close at hand, and assaulted and took the city of
Pellene, from which the Achaean commander fled.
And not long afterwards he took Pheneus also and
Penteleium. Then Argos went over to his side, and
Phlius received a garrison which he sent. Ina word,
not one of their acquisitions longer held firm to the

gI

N

3

PLUTARCH’S LIVES

Tots sAxavois, anrra GopuBos Tonos apvw Trept-
ELOTHKEL TOV “Aparov, opavra. THY Iledomovyncov
Kpadarvopevny Kal Tas TroAES eEavicTapévas UTO
TOV vewTepiCovTov Tavraxoler.

XL. "Hrpéper yap ovdév ovee € eoTepyev ETL TOLS
Tapodotn, adda Kal LKxvoviwv avtav cat Kopwy-
Giwv éyévovto Toot KaTapavels Ouerherywévor
T@® Knreoméver Kat madat ™ pos TO KoLWoV (diwv
émOupla SuvacTeL@v UTOUAWS exovTes. éml TOU-
TOUS é£ougiay avuTrevOuvoyv o “Apatos AaBov
Tous pev ev Luxvave SvepOappévous aT EKTELVE,
tous 6€ ev KopivOm teipmpevos avafnteiy Kat
korabay €Enyptaive TO TAHOOS HON vocody Kal
Bapuvopevov Thy UT0 Tots 'Axatois ToNTELaD.
cuvdpapovtes ovv els TO TOU ‘AToddwvOS tepov
HETET EMT OVTO TOV “Aparov, aveneiv 7) ovANaSetv
Tpo THS aToaTadcews éyvwxoTes. oO 5€ KE meV
autos épeXKopevos Tov immov ws ovK aTLaTaV
ov6e UTOTTTEVWY, AVATNONTAaVTwY O€ TTOAAM@Y Kal
Nodopoupevov aUuT@ Kal KaTNYOPOUVT OV ev TOS
KabecT@TL TO mporore Kal 7 oye Tpdos
EKENEVE kabicar Kal Ln Body a aTdKT@s éEoT@Tas,
anda, Kal TOUS mepl Oupas ovras elow Tapeevae
Kal Tare apa Neyo vmefrel Badnv ws Tapa

ts
4 o@owy TLL TOV immov. ovTws b€ UTEKOvS Kal

Tois UTavT@at TV KopwO0iwyv aBopuBas duare-

t \ 4 \ ie) , s
youevos Kal KeXevwv pos TO Amo\rXoviov Babi-
fev, ws érade ™AHo Lov THS axpas Yyevopevos,
avarndjaas éml tov immov Kal Kreomatpe TO
apxovTe Ths Ppouvpis SiaxeNevaoapevos eyKpaTas

* With this chapter cf. the Cleomenes, xvii.—xix. 1.
2 See chap. xli. 1.

g2

1046

ARATUS xxxix. 4—xL. 4

Achaeans, but a vast confusion suddenly encompassea
Aratus. Hesaw Peloponnesus shaking, and its cities
everywhere stirred to revolt by restless agitators.4
XL. For there was no quiet anywhere, and no
contentment with present conditions, but even
among the Sicyonians and Corinthians themselves
there were many who were known to have been in
conference with Cleomenes, men whom a desire for
private domination had long ago led into secret
hostility towards the common interests. For the
punishment of these men Aratus was clothed with
absolute power,? and seizing those in Sicyon who
were thus corrupted he put them to death; but
when he tried to seek out and chastise those in
Corinth, he roused the resentment of the populace
there, which was already disaffected and ill at ease
under the Achaean administration. So they as-
sembled hastily in the temple of Apollo and sent
for Aratus, determined to kill him or seize him, and
then to revolt. Ele came, accordingly, leading his
horse after him, as though he had no distrust or
suspicion, and when many sprang up and abused and
denounced him, with a composed countenance and
gentle words he bade them sit down and not stand
there shouting in disorderly fashion, but to admit
also those who were outside at the door; and as he
spoke, he withdrew slowly, as if he would hand his
horse over to somebody. Having thus slipped out
of the crowd, he conversed calmly with the
Corinthians who met him, bidding them go to the
temple of Apollo, and so, before his enemies were
aware of it, came nigh the citadel. Then he leaped
upon his horse, and after giving orders to Cleopater
the commander of the garrison in the citadel to guard

73

PLUTARCH’S LIVES

/ b MA ’ la} /
g@urdttav adinmevoey eis LKvova, TpidKovta
Lev AUTO OTPAaTLWTO@V éETOMévwv, TOV SE GAwV
éyxaTadiTovT@y Kal dvappvevTwv.

Aic@dpevoe & of KopivOtoe pet edtyov Thy
amoépaci avtod Kal diwtavtes, ws ov KaTéXa-
Bov, petenéuyavto tov Kreouévn cai mapédo-

Db)
cav iY TOALY OvdeY Olomévm AapBdvey Tap

n an 4 4
avT@Y TocoUTOV baov Sinpaptev apévtTwy “Apatov.
oUTOS MeV OV, TpocyEevopévwvy avT@ TaV THY

’ /
heyouéevny “Aktyy KaTotKovyT@Y Kal Tas TONES
4
éyYelpicadvTwy, aTecTavpou Kal TepieTelyice TOV
"A xpoxoptvOov. |

XLI. Té 5é ’Apat@ cuvArOov cis Yuxvdva THY
> a 5 / 1 \ / > /
Ayaov ov tmoddol* Kat yevopevns EexKdANoLas

y \
npeOn oTpaTnyos av’ToKpdTwp. Kal TEepLeaTHTaTo
dpoupav éx Tay éavTod TOMTOY, TPLaKoVTA jLev

a > a
étn Kal tpia emodTevpévos ev tois “Axatois,
Ud a €
mempwtevkas b€ Kal Suvvdue cat So&n tov “E)-
Anvov, TOTE Sé EpNwos Kal ATropos oY TET PLLpLEVOS,
a /
a@omep éml vavaylov ths tatpidos év TocovT@
/
gad@ Kal Kivdvvm Siapepomevos. Kal yap At-
twdol Seouévov PBonbeivy ameitavto, Kal THY
3 @ , / / ALS / 50
A@nvaiwy rodkw yapitt tov Apatov mpolupov
> € \ AW AD) / \ / /
ovcav of tepi Evpuxreidnv cat Mixiwva divexo-
Avcay. OvTwy 6é TO Aput@ Kal Xpnuatav év
, € VA
KopivO@ Kal oixias, 0 Knyeouévns tyato per

»> \ > \ A v 1d \
ovoevos ovde adAXoV elace, petaTreurapevos 5é
Tors dirovs avtod Kal tovs Storxntas éxédeve

1 9b woddol Ziegler, with S& and most good MSS.: of
moAnol.

94

ARATUS xu. 4-xuI. 2

it with a strong hand, he rode off to Sicyon, followed
by only thirty of his soldiers; the rest deserted him
and dispersed.

After a little while the Corinthians learned of his
flight and pursued him, but did not overtake him.
Then they sent for Cleomenes and delivered their
city into his hands,! although he thought that he had
gained by what they gave him far less than he had
lost by their letting Aratus get away. Cleomenes,
accordingly, after the accession to him of the
inhabitants of Acte, as the district is called, who
placed their cities in his hands, proceeded to run a
wall and palisade about Acrocorinthus.

XLI. But a few of the Achaeans came together
with Aratus at Sicyon; and in an assembly there
held he was chosen general with full powers. And
now he surrounded himself with a guard from among
his own citizens. For three-and-thirty years he had
directed public affairs among the Achaeans, and
had enjoyed more power and reputation than any
other Greek ; but now, abandoned by his allies and
helplessly crushed, he was like one drifting about in
great surge and peril on the wreck of his native city.
For the Aetolians refused him their aid when he
asked for it, and the Athenians, whom gratitude
made eager to help him, were prevented by Eury-
cleides and Micion.? As for the house and property
belonging to Aratus in Corinth, Cleomenes would
not touch them at all, nor permit anyone else to do
so, but sent for the friends and stewards of Aratus
and ordered them to administer and watch over

1 Karly in 223 B.c. The story is told very differently in
the Cleomenes. xix. 1 f.
* Two leading orators of the time.

95

PLUTARCH’S LIVES

s A >]
mavta dtoxeiv' Kal duraccew ws Apatw doyov
¢€ / 7Q7 “ \ > x v /
UpéEovtas: iia € pos avTOY ETEU Ee Tpimvnov
\ , \ \ ¢€
kal wad Meytotovouv Tov Tatpwov UTLaYVoU-
pevos ad\Aa TE TOAAA Kal dwdexa TdravTA
s ’ tA € , lol € /
cuvtakiy éviavatopr, brepBarropevos TO uroes
cal 3 lal lal
IlroXeuatiov: éxetvos yap && taXavta T@ Apato
2 Lon \ b] f b] “4 \ n ,’ A
KaT eviavTov améoTedrev. Etov 5é Tov “Ayatov
nr A ’ a
HYEMOV avayopevOnvat Kal KoOLYH pET aUTa@V
f \ ’ , a \ ’ The
duracoew tov “AxpoxopivOov. tod dé ‘Apatou
5) \ a
dysavTos ws ovK Exot TA TedypaTta, wadrAov de
nr , /
un’ avT@v éyxolTo, Kal KaTeipwvevoadbar 6d0-
b] x > \ \ eS / > ,
Eavtos, éuBarov evOds thy YKvoviav éropber
\ a / a
Kal KatépOerpe Kal mpocexabynto TH Tone TpeEts
an a lal > /
unvas, éyxaptepovvtos tov “Apatov kal d.a-
fal \ , / aA
mopouvtos et Oé£erar tov Avtiyovoy émi T@
a \ , , ” \ >
mapabovva, Tov “AxpoxopivGov' addws yap ovK
éBovreto Bonbeiv. —
XLII. Oc peéev obv ’Axatol cuvedrnrvOores els
7 > a \ v > 4 > \ /
Aiysov éxet Tov *"Apatov éxdXrovv. nv bé xivduvos,
lal lal y.
Tov KXeopévous pos TH TOkEL GTPATOTEdEVOYTOS,
ciedOetv. Kal KaTelyov of ToNtTal, deopevor Kal
\ n a / 5)
Tponcec0at TO TO"Aa TOV TrOAEULMY EyyUS BYTwY
ov hackovtess €EnpTnvtTo 6€ avTov Kai yuvaixes
> lal / y an nr
Hon Kal Taloes BoTrEP TATPOS KOLVOD Kal TwTHPOS
\ /
Teprexomevoe Kal SaxpvovTes. ov pny adda Oap-
\ 4 y
puvas Kal mapauvOnodpevos avtous é&tmmevcev
’ »: \ / ” i / ‘ \
éml tTHv Caddatrav, éywv déxa dirovs Kal Tov
1 dioixetv suggested by Sintenis, with comparison of
Cleomenes, xix. 3: movety,

96

1047

ARATUS xt. 2-X.Lil. 2

everything as though they are to render an account
to Aratus. Moreover, he privately sent Tripylus to
Aratus, and ED Megistonoiis, his stepfather,
promising to give him, besides many other things,
a yearly pension of twelve talents, thus doubling
the amount which Aratus received annually from
Ptolemy; for he sent six talents each year to
Aratus.1 Cleomenes demanded, however, that he
should be proclaimed leader of the Achaeans, and
together with them should have the keeping of
Acrocorinthus. Aratus made answer that he did not
control affairs, but rather was controlled by them;
whereupon Cleomenes, thinking himself mocked, at
once invaded the territory of Sicyon, ravaged and
laid it waste, and encamped before the city three
months. All this while Aratus held out patiently,
and debated with himself whether he should accept
Antigonus as an ally on condition of handing over
to him Acrocorinthus! for on any other terms
Antigonus was unwilling to give him help.?

XLIL. Accordingly, the Achaeans came together
at Aegium and invited Aratus thither. But there
was danger in his trying to get there, since Cleomenes
was encamped before Sicyon. Besides, the citizens
tried to detain him, beseeching him not to go and
refusing to let him expose himself while the enemy
were near; and presently the women and children
were clinging to him and tearfully embracing him
as a common father and preserver. Nevertheless,
after encouraging and comforting them, he rode out
to the sea, accompanied by ten friends and by his

1 Ptolemy III., surnamed Euergetes, king of Egypt 247—
222 B.C.

2 Cf. the Cleomenes, xix. 3 f.

97

3

to

3

PLUTARCRH’S LIVES

/ ”
viov On veaviay ovTa+ Kal TapopyovyTaV éxet
, b / > ” /
TAolwv, émuBavtes eis Aiytov mapexopicOncav
> \ \ > / bd] e r \ > ,
émil Thy éexkAnolav, év 7 Kadety tov *Avtiyovov
, ,
endicavto Kal tmapadidovas tov ’AxpoxoptvOov.
4 \ \ ad e\ wv \ ae oN \
émreurpe O€ Kal Tov viov “Apatos mpos avTOV peTa
A € ’ lal
TOV dAXwY ounpwv. ef ols ot KopivOr0r yareT os
hépovtes Ta TE XpHnpuata Sujpracay avTov Kai
\ ee 2 a / \ 5
Thy oixiav TO Kreopéver dwpeav Edwxar.,
XLII. Tod & ’Avteyovev mpociovtos Hdn peta
a“ / > \ \ /
Ths Suvdpews (Aye b€ wefovs Stopuvpiovs Make-
/ al vd
dovas, immeis 5€ ytdiovs Kal TpLaxociovs) aTnvTA
a lal e a
peta TeV Snuoupyov o “Apatos avT@® Kata
s \

@aratrav eis Unyds, Xab@v tors ToNrepious, ov
mavu tt Oappav tov *Avtiyovoy ovbé miatevwv
cal / v \ > / € \
tots Maxedoouw. der yap nvEnuévoy éavToy
é& oy éxelvous Kax@s éTroince Kal TpwTny eirAN-

a ld
pota peyiotny UTobecwv THs ToNLTELas THY TPS
’ / \ \ 4 > \ € lal >
Avtiyovoy Tov tradaov éyOpay. adda opay arra-
, , e
PaLTNTOV eTLKELMEVNY AVaYKNY Kal TOV KaLpoV, @
SovAevovaery of SoKxobyTEs apyev, Ex@pEL TPOS TO
A /
Secvov. 0 5€’Avtiyovos, Ws Tis aUT@ TpodLovTa
a” | by ” \ Net he Al ’ ,
tov Apatov éppage, Tovs pev adXAOVS HNoTagaToO
peTpiws Kal Kolva@s, éxetvov b€ Kal Tepl THY
TpaTny atavTnow édéEato TH Tih TEPLTTAS,
‘ R / b] \ b n a
Kal TaAXa TeELpwpEVvoS avdpos ayabod Kal vovv
lal , /,
Eyovtos évooTépw THs KpEelas TpoonyayeTo.
Kal yap jv o “Apatos ov povov év tpaypact
98

ARATUS xu. 2-xLin. 3

son, who was now a young man. Vessels were lying
at anchor off the shore, and upon these the party
were conveyed to Aegium, where the assembly was
sitting. Here it was voted to call in Antigonus and
hand over to him Acrocorinthus.1 Aratus even sent
his son to Antigonus with the other hostages. At
this the Corinthians were indignant ; they plundered
his property and made a present of his house to
Cleomenes.

XLII]. And now, as Antigonus was approaching
with his forces (he was followed by twenty thousand
Macedonian footmen and thirteen hundred horse),
Aratus, in company with his High Councillors,? went
by sea to meet him at Pegae, eluding the enemy.
He had no very great confidence in Antigonus, and
put no trust in the Macedonians. For he knew that
his own rise to power had been a consequence of the
harm he had done to them, and that he had found
the first and the chief basis for his conduct of affairs
in his hatred towards the former Antigonus.? But
seeing how inexorable was the necessity laid upon
him in the demands of the hour, to which those we
call rulers are slaves, he went on towards the dread
ordeal. But Antigonus, when he was told that
Aratus was coming to him, gave the rest of the party
an ordinary and moderate welcome; Aratus, however,
he received at this first meeting with superlative
honour, and afterwards, finding him to be a man of
worth and wisdom, drew him in closer intimacy to
himself. |

For Aratus was not only helpful in large under-

1 In the spring of 223 B.o. Cf. the Cleomenes, xix. 4.
* A body of ten men, chosen as admirers of the general.
* Antigonus Gonatas. See the note on xxxiv. 1.

99

or

PLUTARCH’S LIVES

peyanrols WpEdtpos, aXrXa Kal TXOAAS OvTt Baovrei
ouryyever Oar Tap ovTivoby eTriXapls. 610, KaiTrep
@v véos 0 ’AvTiyovos, @ @S KATEVONTE THY puow
TOU av dpos pn dev apyov ets pidiav BacittKkny
obcar, ov povov ‘Ayan, QXXrXa Kal Maxedovwy
TOV aU auto Tay TOY pariora ? XP@pLEvos
exelvep Seréder’ Kal TO onpetov amréBatvev Qs 0
Geos eri Tov lepav ederEe. Réyeras yap ov ™po
TodXod Ovovts T@ "Apatw dvo Xoras év Tate
pavijvas bea Tipeni} TEplexoMevas: Kal Tov
pavTw elite Os TAXU Tpos Ta éxOuara Kal
TON MLOTATA ouvErow els axpav pudiav. TOTE
pev ouv Ta prjveyKe TO pndev, ovde GXXwWS TOV
VELWY TlaTEDS L Lepots Kal Havrev uaa ty, aXNa TO
oyr po YPw@pLevos. émrel de 0 batepov ev x.wpoby-
TL TO TORE MED cuvayayov o ’Avtiyovos éotiagw
év Kopivde Kal TONAOUS Urrodexopmevos TOV “Apa-
TOV éemavw KaTEeKALVEV éavTod, Kal peTa pK pov
aitnaas wept Boratov BpOTne ev el OoKEel KaKElYm
Woxos elvat, Tov b€ Kal mavu peyoov dycavtos,
ex éNEUTE 7 poo xwpelv ey yuTépo Kal damridos KOpt-
aeions apuporepous O“ov TepLtéBarov ot aides,
Tote 61 Tov “Apatoy avauvncbévta TaY lepav
€xeivov yédws éXaBe, kai dunyeito TO Bacidret
TO onpélov Kal THY Tpoayopevolv. AAA TAUTA
ev ErrpaxOn ypovors VaTeEpov.

XLIYV. By Se Tats IInyats doves Kal AaBovres
Gpxous evdus eBabilov é emt TOUS ToNeplous. Kal
Tepl THY TOALY ayoves Hoav, ev Teppayuévou

1 ndvrwv uddiora Coraés and Ziegler, after Reiske: mdvra.

1900

ARATUS xuin. 3-x1Iiv. 1

takings, but also more acceptable than anyone else
as a companion in the king’s leisure hours. There-
fore, although Antigonus was young, as soon as he
perceived that Aratus was naturally well fitted to bea
king's friend, he continually treated him with greater
intimacy than anyone else, whether of the Achaeans,
or of the Macedonians in his following ; and thus the
omen proved true which the god had given to Aratus
in his sacrificial victims. For it is related that as he
was sacrificing a little while before this, a liver was
found which had two gall-bladders enclosed in a
single coil of fat; whereupon the seer had declared
that Aratus would soon enter into close friendship
with what he most hated and fought against. At the
time, then, Aratus paid no heed to the utterance,
since in general he put little faith in victims and
divinations, and trusted rather to his reasoning
powers. Later, however, when the war was going
on well, Antigonus gave a feast in Corinth, at which
he had many guests, and made Aratus recline just
above himself. After a little while the king called
for a coverlet, and asked Aratus if he too did not
think it cold ; and when Aratus replied that he was
very chilly, the king ordered him to come nearer; so
that the rug which the servants brought was thrown
over both of them together. Then, indeed, Aratus
called to mind his sacrificial victims and burst out
laughing, and told the king about the omen and the
seers prediction. But this took place at a later
time.

XLIV. At Pegae Antigonus and Aratus exchanged
oaths of fidelity, and straightway marched against
the enemy at Corinth. And there were conflicts
about the city, Cleomenes being well fortified, and

IOI

PLUTARCH’S LIVES

Tov Kyeopevous Kal TOV KoptvOtov apuvopevav
TwpoOvpws. év TovT@ dé “Apiotorédns oO “Apyetos
ptros év “Apdrov Sraméurerat Kpupa T pos
auTov, as aT OTTHTOV THY TONY, el oTpaTLOTas
exelvos EX@V éXOou. Tob dé “Apdatov dpacaytos
T@ Avtuyov Kat peTa XtMov Kal TevTaKociav
els ExiSavpov é& “IcOnod mrolo1s Kopuslouévou
Kata Tayos, of pev ’Apyeto. mpocEavactartes
emeDevTo Tois To} KAeouévous Kal xatéxreroav
els THY ax por od, 0 dé Kreonevns mud opevos 1048
Taira, Kal deloas pn KATATXOVTES OL TroNemLoL
To “Apyos atroxoaow avtov THs olxade cwTN-
plas, ex NUTrOY TOV “AxpoxopwOov ETL VUKTOS €Bon-
Oe. Kat mapehOov pev els “Apyos: EpOn Kab
T pom ny TWa TOV TrOAELioV eroinoen, odio dé
tatepov ‘Apdtov tpoodepouévov Kal tod Bact-
Aéws emihaivouévov peta THs Suvduews ar-
eXopnoev els Mavrivevay. eK TOUTOV TOS pev
“Axatots Tad at TOneELs amtacat Tpoaexopn-
aav, Avtiyovos 5€ Tov ’AxpoxopiwOov mapéhaBev,
“A patos dé oTpaTnyos aipeeis vr’ "Apyeiov
émeloey auTous "Avtiyove. Ta TE TOV TUpavvwY
Kal Ta TOV 7 poboT@y xpyuata Swpeav Sodvar.
TOV 6€ ‘A plo Topanov év Keyxpeats otpeBhocavres
a ep © Kal pdduara KAKOS Hyeovgev

"A patos, as dvOporov ov Tovnpor, anrra Kal
Kexonntior éxetvo Kal TET ELT LEVOV adeivar Thy
apxnv Kat tpocayayety tots Axatois Thy TodwW,
OUWS TEPLiOWY TApAaVO“wS aTrOAAUpPEVOD.

XLV. “Hén 6€ Kai rév adArAwv exeivw Tas
aitias émédepor, olov bt Thy pev KopivOiwy trodw

102

ARATUS xiv. 1-xLv. 1

the Corinthians defending themselves with ardour.
Meanwhile, however, Aristotle the Argive, who was
a friend of Aratus, sent secretly to him and promised
to bring his city to revolt from Cleomenes if Aratus
would come thither with soldiers. So Aratus, after
informing Antigonus, took fifteen hundred men and
sailed from the Isthmus to Epidaurus with all speed.!
But the Argives, revolting prematurely, attacked the
garrison of Cleomenes and shut them up in the
citadel, and Cleomenes, learning of this, and fearing
that if his enemies got possession of Argos they
would cut him off from a safe return home, abandoned
Acrocorinthus while it was still night and went to
their aid. He succeeded in getting into Argos first,
routing some of the enemy on the way; but shortly
afterwards Aratus came up, and Antigonus showed
himself with his forces, and Cleomenes therefore
retreated to Mantineia. Upon this the cities all
came over to the Achaeans again, Acrocorinthus was
handed over to Antigonus, and Aratus, having been
chosen general by the Argives, persuaded them to
make a present to Antigonus of the property of the
tyrants and of the traitors. As for Aristomachus,
he was tortured at Cenchreae and then thrown into
the sea; for which deed, more than any other, Aratus
was reproached, on the ground that he had allowed
a man to be lawlessly put to death who was not
wicked, but had coéperated with him, and at his
persuasion had renounced his power and attached
his city to the Achaean League.?

XLV. Presently, too, men began to blame Aratus
for whatever else was done, as, for instance, that the

1 Cf. the Cleomenes, xx. 3 f.
* Cf. chap. xxxv.

103

PLUTARCH’S LIVES

A , } \ EO ef , SS ,
yTtyove Swpeav Ebwkav, WoTED KMuUNnV THY TU
a \ > \ /, > lel
yovoav, Tov 'Opyopevov S€ cuvex@pynoayv avT@
diaptmadcavte. gdpovpav éuBarety Maxedovrny,
eWndhicavto dé dd\Xw pn ypadhew Baciret pnde
F \ ,
TpeaSevery mpos addov axkovtos ’Avtiyovov,
a \
2tpépe Te kat ptaGodoteiv nvayKxalovto Tous
Makedovas, Oucias 5€ Kat TouTas Kal ayevas
’"Avtiyove cuvetéXovr, apEapévwr Tov’ Apatou To-
n \ / A / \ ’ / € >
Nitav Kal deEauévwv TH TOAEL TOY AvTiyovoy UT
"Aoatov EeviCopevov, yTL@vTo mdavTwy éxetvor,
wyvoourTes OTL Tas Hvias éxelv@ TapacedwKws
\ ee ff A nr b] , > ,
Kal TH pun THs BacidrsxHs epedxopevos eEovatas
b \ s A , A 4 / b a
ovoevos Hv % povns havys Ett KUpLOS, eriapanry
\ if > 4 > A a a
3 THY Tappynolay Eyovons. Emel HavEepas ye TOAN
lal ~‘
TOV TpaTToMevwy éeXUTrEL TOV” ApaTov, WaTrEP TO
lal ¢ ; lal
TEepl TOV eiKovwnv' o yap Avtiryovos Tas mey TOV
, wv , / > /
év "Apyet Tupavvwy KxataBeBrAnpévas avértnoe,
\ \ al e / \ > , € /
tas 6€ TOV EXovTw@Y Tov AKpoKkoplvOov éEoT@aas
, / \ lal nr b] / \ \ \
aveT pee TAHV [LAS THS EXELVOU? Kal OANA TEPL
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4 toutwy denGeis 0” Apatos ot Eretcev. edoKer Sé
‘ \ \ M " > oF la) PY A
kat ta Tept Mavtiveray oby “EXdAnuikas d1@K7-
Oat Tois *Ayaois. Kpatyoavtes yap avtav ov
‘Avtuyovou tovs pev évdoEotatous Kal mpwTous
] / “ 2] BA ‘ \ ] /
a7véextewvayv, T@V & AAXAWY TOS peV aTrsdoVTO,
\ & ’ } / > / b] £6 1
tovs © eis Maxedoviay aréoteiiav év médais
lal lal ,
dedeuévous, traidas 8€ Kal yuvaixas nvdpatrob-
fal ,
gav7o, Tov b€ auvaxOévTos apyupiov TO TpLTOV
avtot dteihovto, Tas bé Svo0 polpas Everpav Tois
1 ey ré5ais Sint.*, followed by Ziegler: wéSas.

104

ARATUS xtv. 1-4

Achaeans made a present to Antigonus of the city
of Corinth, as if it had been an ordinary village;
that they allowed the king to plunder Orchomenus
and put a Macedonian garrison in it; that they
decreed not to write or send an embassy to any other
king against the wishes of Antigonus; that they
were forced to furnish supplies and pay for the
Macedonian troops; and that they celebrated sacri-
fices, processions, and games in honour of Antigonus,
the fellow-citizens of Aratus leading the way and
receiving Antigonus into their city, where he was the
guest of Aratus. For all these things men blamed
Aratus, not knowing that, since he had entrusted the
reins to the king and was dragged along in the wake
of the king's power, he was no longer master of
anything except his tongue, which it was dangerous
for lin to use with freedom, At any rate Aratus
was plainly annoyed at many acts of the king, and
especially at his treatment of the statues in Argos;
for those of the tyrants, which had been cast down,
Antigonus set up again, while those of the captors
of Acrocorinthus, which were standing, he threw
down, that of Aratus only excepted; and though
Aratus made many appeals to him in the matter, he
could not persuade him. It was thought also that the
treatment of Mantineia by the Achaeans was not
in accord with the Greek spirit. For after mastering
that city with the aid of Antigonus, they put to
death the leading and most noted citizens, and of
the rest, some they sold into slavery, while others
they sent off into Macedonia in chains, and made
slaves of their wives and children, dividing a third
of the money thus raised among themselves, and
giving the remaining two-thirds to the Macedonians.

105

5

6

Z

PLUTARCH’S LIVES

Maxeéoou, Kal Tatra Mev ETYE TOV TIS amuvns
vomov Kal yap el Sewvov avopas omopvrous Kal
ouryyevets ovUTw petaxetpicacbar bv opyny, GND’
év avayKats yAuKU yivetaL Kal oKdnpov,} KaTa
Lipovidyy, & WOT Ep anryobvTe TO Guy Kal prey-
paivoyTt Oeparretay Kal dvaTi\paow mpoo pe-
povror. Ta be pera. TavTa, mpaxOevra mepl Hy
TOAW OUT Els KaANV OUT Es dvarykatay éoTl
Gécbar TO ‘Apato Tpopacty. TOV yap "A yaov
THV TOM Tap “AvTuyovov dwpeay Aa Bovtwv Kat
KaTouKi ely eyvaKoror AUTOS olKLa TNS aipebeis
Kal OT PATNHYOS Ov eynpicato HNKETL Kaew
Mavtiverar, GX’ ‘Avtuyovesav, 6 0 Kal HEX pL vov
Kandettar. Kal Ooxel ds éxelvov 7 pev eparewn
Maprtivera ravtdracw éEarnridbar, diapéver Se
1) TOMS ETMVULOS TOV ATONETAaYT@V Kal aveXov-
TWY TOUS TONITAS.

XLVI. ’Ex TOUTOU Kreopuevns prev trneis
paxn peyarn Tepl Ledraciav éfehuirre THY
Laraprnv Kal an émevoev eis Alyumov, ’Avti-
yovos 6€ mavta Ta dikata Kat prravO para TO

“Apato TETOINK@S _avelevEev ets Makedoviar,
KaKEL Voo@Y On TOV d1ddoxov THs Bacvretas
Pidirrrop, ovUTw Tdvu petpaxtov OvTa, TELT OY
els Tlehomovynoov "Apaty padiara 7 poaexety
exehevoe kal bv éxewwou Tats Toheow euTuxety
Kal yvopicOnvat tois Axatois. Kal pevtor Kal

1 xa) oxAnpov with Bergk (Poet. Lyr. Gr. iii.* p. 530): nad
ob axAnpdv.

1 The repeated treacheries of the Mantineians towards the

Achaeans are related at length in Polybius, ii. 57 f.
2 Homer, Jliad, ii. 607.

106

1049

ARATUS xv. 4—xtvI. 2

It is true that this came under the law of reprisal ; ?
for though it is a terrible thing to treat men of the
same race and blood in this way, out of anger, still
“in dire stress even cruelty is sweet,’ as Simonides
says, when men, as it were, give satisfaction and heal-
ing care to a mind that is in anguish and inflamed.
But the subsequent treatment of the city by Aratus
was neither necessary nor honourable, and cannot
be excused. For after the Achaeans had received
the city from Antigonus as a present and had decided
to colonize it, Aratus himself was chosen to be the
founder of the new settlement, and being then
general, got a decree passed that the city should no
longer be called Mantineia, but Antigoneia, and this
is its name down to the present time. And so it was
due to Aratus that the name of “ lovely Mantineia” ?
was altogether extinguished, and the city continues
to bear the name of him who destroyed and slew its
former citizens.*

XLVI. After this, Cleomenes, having been de-
feated in a great battle at Sellasia,4 forsook Sparta
and sailed off to Egypt, and Antigonus, after having
accorded to Aratus fair and kindly treatment in every
way, led his army back to Macedonia. There, being
now a sick man, he sent Philip, his successor in the
kingdom, who was still a stripling, into the Pelopon-
nesus, and urged him to attach himself to Aratus
above all others, and through him to deal with the
cities and make the acquaintance of the Achaeans,

3 The old name of the city was restored by the Emperor

Hadrian. Pausanias, viii. 8. 12,
4 In 221 z.0., cf. the Cleomenes, xxviii. ff.

107

PLUTARCH’S LIVES

TaparaBov aur ov a) "A patos ovTas 51€OnKev Oaore
TONS fev EVVOLAS TPOS AUTOD, TOAANS é pos
Tas “EdAnvixas mpakers piroTiias Kai opuns
pectov eis Maxedoviay amoaoteivat.

XLVII. Terevtyjcavtos d€ “AvTuyovou KaTa-
ppovnaartes Aitwot TOV “Axara dua THV pgdu-
piav (€Ora dev tes yap G@ARoT plats cwler bat XEpat
Kal tots I Maxedoverv om ous aUTOUS UTETTANKOTES
ev apyig TOAAN Kal arakia dunyov) éméevTo
Tots KATA [lehondvvna ov Tpaypwace Kab Ty jeev
Tat péoy Kab Avpaiov AenrNaciav obo 7 ape pryov
€TFOL TAVTO, THY be Meconyny éuBarovres em op-
ovv. ep ois 0 "A patos aryavaKkT ov Kal TOV
oTpaTnyouvTa TOTE TOY “Ayaan pr pidge opav
oxvobyTa Kal ota piBovra TOV Ypovor, 40 n THS
oTparnyias aUT@ TEAEVTWONS, AUTOS 71 PNLEVOS
apxew ET €xelvov TmpoeérAaBev 1)pépats TEVTE THY
apynv évexa TOU BonOjoat Meconvios. Kal
cuvayayov TOUS ‘Axatovs Tols TE Tomar ayu-
pvdorous OVvTaS Kal Tais Stavotats EKNEAUMEVOUS
Tpos TOV ToAEu“ov HnTTaTaL Tept Kadvas: Kai
Ouyix@tepov éatpatnynxéevat dofas ovTws av
Tadw amnuprUvvon Kal mpojKxato Ta TpaypaTa
Kal Tas é€ATiOas, WATE TOAAAKIS AaBiy TOUS
Aitwrous TapacXovTas avexea Gut Kab Teplopav
OOTEP Ko walovTas év ™ JWedomorinjo@ peTa
TONS da enyelas kal Opaovtytos. ads odv
Tas Xetpas opeyovres els Makeéoviav € eTETTOVTO
Kal KaThyov én? tas “EXAnvKas mpakes Tov
Pirimrov, oxy xiota 61a THY Tpos TOV” Apatov

1 In 221 B.c. See the Cleomenes, xxx.
* In 220 B.c. See the Cleomenes, xxxiv. 1.

108

ARATUS xtvi. 2-xLvit. 4

And indeed Aratus did take the prince in hand, and
managed matters so as to send him back to Mace-
donia full of great goodwill towards his patron and
of ardour and ambition for the conduct of Hellenic
affairs.

XLVII. But upon the death of Antigonus! the
Aetolians, despising the Achaeans on account of their
slothful ways (for now that they were accustomed
to save themselves by other men’s prowess and had
taken shelter behind the Macedonian arms, they
were living in great inactivity and lack of discipline),
proceeded to interfere in the affairs of Pelopon-
nesus;? and after plundering the territories of
Patrae and Dyme on their way, they invaded
Messenia and ravaged it. At this Aratus was
incensed, and seeing that Timoxenus, who at that
time was general of the Achaeans, was hesitant and
dilatory, since his term of office was just about to
expire, he himself, having been chosen to succeed
Timoxenus, anticipated his term of office by five
days for the sake of giving aid to the Messenians.
And having assembled the Achaeans, who were
physically and mentally unfit for war, he met with
defeat at Caphyae. Then, being thought to have
conducted the campaign with too much ardour, his
purposes were once more blunted and he gave up
the cause and his hopes for lost, so that oftentimes,
when the Aetolians gave him an advantage, he
neglected it, and suffered them to revel, as it were,
in Peloponnesus, with great boldness and wanton-
ness. Once more,therefore,the Achaeans stretched
out their hands imploringly to Macedonia, and
brought Philip down to take part in Hellenic affairs,
above all things because his goodwill towards Aratus

109

PLUTARCH’S LIVES

A > a \ , ’ , > , 4
evvolay aUTOU Kai TloTLY éXTiCovTEs EVKOAW TrEpt
mavTa xpyncecOat Kai yetpor Gen.

, a nr
XLVIII. Kai tote tp@tov ’AwedXod Kai Meya-
Néov Kal TLYM@Y avALK@Y ANrAwWY dtaBadrXAOVTOV

\ Mv bd \ id s \
tov “Apatov avatreiabels o Bacidevs, Kal ovv-
apyatperidoas Tos a0 THs évavTias cTacews,
€oTrovoace tous ‘Ayatovs édécOat otpatnyov

b /
"Ernpatov. ws & €xeivov péev Katadpovovpévou
/ € \ cal ’ a a \ 7? /
Tedéws UTO TOV ‘Axaia@v, TOD dé ‘ApaTov Tap-
n / cal
aperovvTos éyiveTo TOY ypnoiuwy ovdév, EyV@
Stapaptadvwy Tov TavtTos 0 Pidimmos. Kal ava-
14 Ld 4 \ \ wv 4 - > /
Kpova apevos avis eri Tov "Apatov OXos Hv éxéivou,
Kal TOV TPAyLaTwY av’T@® Tpos Te SvVamW Kal
, Ul , a
mpos evdoktay éemididovtav éEnptnto Tov avédpos,
ws 60 éxelvoy evdoxipav kal av&opuevos. eddKet
te Taaiv 0 Apatos ov povoy dnmoxpatias, addXa
\ / ? \ 3 , € \
kal Baotreias ayabos eivat twatbaywyos: 7 yap
Cn \ an lal
Tpoaipects avtod Kat TO 7005 ws xXp@pua Tails
rn \
mpateat Tov Bacihéws éerepaiveto. Kai yap 1
\ , n
mpos Aaxedatpoviovs adpaptovtas peTpLoTns TOU
/ Vie \ an e / > *# 4
veavioxov Kal 7 mpos Kpitas opsrdta, dv’ hs 6Anv
na / > /
MpoonyayeTO THY VHoov nuépats OAlyals, H TE
/ fal
apos AitwAovs otpateia yevouevn Oavpactas
> \ > / \ lal / f >
évepyos evneOeias pev TH Pirirm@ dokav, evPov-
dias 6€ TH Apatow mpoceriOea. Kat dva tadTa
uadXov of Bacirixol POovodvtes, ws ovdev étrépat-
\ al
vov kpvda d:aBdadXovtes, avahavdov édoLdopobvTo
a \ ‘ / A
Kal Tpogéxpovoy avT@ Tapa Tovs ToToVs peEeTAa
1 Of. Polybius, v. 30.

1190

ARATUS xvii. 4-xLvill. 4

and his confidence in him led them to hope that
they would find him easy-tempered in all things and
manageable.

XLVIII. And now for the first time Apelles,
Megaleas, and sundry other courtiers made false
charges against Aratus to which the king listened,
and joining in the canvass made by those of the
opposite faction, he favoured the election of Epera-
tus as general of the Achaeans. But Eperatus
was altogether despised by the Achaeans,) and
as long as Aratus gave little heed to public matters
nothing went well. Philip therefore perceived that
he had been entirely wrong. So he reversed his
course, went back to Aratus, and was wholly his;
and since the progress of events now brought
him increased power and reputation, he depended
altogether upon Aratus, convinced that his repute
and strength were due to him. And all the world
thought that Aratus was a good guardian and tutor
for a kingdom no less than for a democracy; for
his principles and character were manifest, like
colour in a fabric, in the actions of the king. For
instance, the moderation of the young prince in
dealing with the offending Lacedaemonians, his
engaging behaviour towards the Cretans, by means
of which he won the whole island to obedience in
a few days, and the astonishingly vigorous conduct
of his campaign against the Aetolians, all added
to the reputation of Philip for taking good advice,
and to that of Aratus for giving “it. For this
reason, too, the royal courtiers were all the more
envious of him, and since they could accomplish
nothing by their secret calumnies, they took to
abusing and insulting him openly at their banquets,

III

PLUTARCH’S LIVES

TOANS acedyeias Kal Bwmoroyias: dtak bé rat
/ 4 > / ’ \ \ \
ALGors BadXXovtes atiovta els THY oKNVHY peETAa
\ A / ’ ¢
To Ocitvovy Karediw~av. éf’ olf 0 Widitr7r0s
> \ ’ \ \ bf \ tke / ¥
opy:aGeis evdus prev avrous éf)piwoey elxoct
/ e ‘ / x ,
TaravTos, vaTepov 5€ Nupaives Gat Ta TpayLaTa
fa) /
Kal TapatTew SoxovVTAaS aTrEKTELVED.
XLIX. Eset b€ tis tUyNs evpoovans ématpo-
fevos Tols mMpadypact TrodAas pev avédve Kai
/ 5) , ¢€ 2, 7 f \ \
peydras éerOupias, 7) O Eudutos Kaxia, Tov Tapa
dvow oxnpatiopov éxBialouévn kai avadvovoea,
KATA puikpov ameyuuvou Kal dréhavev avtTod TO
Cy A \ a7 \ , ”
7005, mpatov pev idta tov vewtepov “Aparov
> / n
noLKEL TEPL THY ‘yuvaixa Kal ToNLY ypovoy éddpy-
6 3 / Bal \ vs e ? > nr
avev eféeotios wv Kal Eevifouevos UT’ avTav:
” \ \ € \ ? /
émerta pos Tas EdXAnviKxas eEerpaxvveto TroXt-
/ \ \ > ” \ Wu >?
Teas Kal gavepos tv dn tov “Apatov arro-
\
cevouevos. apxny € Urowias Ta Meoonuiaka
\ n e
TApPETXE. TTATIATaYTWY yap avTa@Y Oo ev” ApaTos
vatéper BonOar, o dé Pir 7 Le a Wpo-
vatépes Bonbav, o dé Didsmiros juepa pia mp
> \ > \ / > \ >. /
Tepoy €\O@v eis THY TordW EVOLs OlaTpOY TLVa
/ b 3 r /
kat’ addiAwv cvéBare Tois avOpwrrots, dla pev
EpwTav TOs aTpaTnyous Tov Mecaonviwy Ei vopous
\ la) a > 4 27g/ \ /
KaTa TOV TOMMY OvK ExoVaL, dia 5é Wdadw
lal lal n al a
TOUS T@V TOAAMV TpoeaT@Tas Eb Yelpas KaTa
TOV TUpavvovvTwY ovK Eyovaw. €x dé TOUTOV
Gappijcavres of ev apxovtes erreAapBdvovtTo TOV
énuaywyav, éxeivor 6€ eta TOV TOAN@D ETTEN-

I1l2

1050

ARATUS xtvitt. 4-x1Ix. 3

with great wantonness and scurrility; and once
they actually pursued and threw stones at him as he
was going to his tent after supper. At this Philip
was enraged, and for the nonce fined them twenty
talents; afterwards, however, regarding them as a
noxious and confusing element in his affairs, he put
them to death.!

XLIX. But soon, as the king’s fortune flowed
smoothly on, he was lifted up by his success, and
developed many inordinate desires; his inherent
badness, too, forcing aside the unnatural restraints
of his assumed deportment and making its way to
the light, little by little laid bare and revealed his
true character. In the first place he inflicted a
private wrong upon the younger Aratus by corrupt-
ing his wife, and was for a long time undetected,
since he was a housemate and a guest of the family;
in the second place, he began to show hostility
towards the civil polities of the Greeks, and it was
presently clear that he was trying to shake off
Aratus. First grounds of suspicion were afforded by
his conduct at Messene. For there was factional
strife in the city, and Aratus was tardy in coming to
its aid, and Philip, who got to the city a day before
Aratus, at once goaded on the two parties against
one another. In private he asked the generals of
the Messenians if they had not laws to enforce
against the common people, and again in private he
asked the leaders of the common people if they had
not hands to lift against the tyrants. Upon this
the officials plucked up courage and tried to lay
hands upon the leaders of the people, and they,
coming to the attack at the head of their followers,

1 Cf. Polybius, v. 15 f.
113

to

PLUTARCH’S LIVES

Govtes Tovs Te &pxYovtTas améxTewav Kal ToY
GdAX@V OALyoV mOhElTOVTAS Staxooiwy.

L. Otro b¢ dervov epyov €Eerpyaopevou TOU
Prrirrrov, Kal ouyKpov'ovTos ert pLarXdov EavTois
tous Meoonvious, éredOwv o “Apatos avtos Te
dros Hv hépwv Papéws kal Tov viov éreTipovTa
TLUKpOS TO Diritt7@ kal NoLdopovpevoy OVK EKO-
Avoev. €d0KEL SE O Veavioxos épav TOU PiditTov:
Kal TOTE heyor’ ele Tpos aUTOV ws ovbe KANOS
ete paivorto Thy oyw avT@ Toratra dpacas,
arra TAVTWY alaxta Tos. 6 88 Didurrros eKELVO
pev ovdey avtette, KaiTrep émribofos OD, vm opyis
Kal TOAAAKIS eEvaxtijcas AE yovTos avrod, TOV
dé peo Butepov, QS EVNVOX®S Tpaws Ta hey Oevra
Kat TLS GV [ET pLos Kal TOMTLKOS THv pvaw, ay-
éo7N0 €V €K rob Geatpou THY deEvav éuBarov, Kal
T™ poonyev els TOV 10aparav 7@ TE Aut Ovcwv Kal
Becwprjowv TOV TOTTOD. éore yap ovx HyrTov evepKns
TOU "AxpoxopivOou, Kal AaBov poupav yiverat
Xarer os Kal dvaexBiaotos Tots maporxodaty.
avaBas 6€ Kai Ovaas, ws (POT nVvEyKED avuT@ Ta
omhdyxva tov Boos o paves, apporépars rais
xEpolv UToAaBov edeievue TO TE ‘Apate Ka To
Papio Anpntple, Tapa HEpos aTTOKALV@V els éxa-
Tepov Kal TuvOavopevos Th cabopaaw €v Tots
‘epois, KpaTouvtTa THS aKpas aurov TOUS Meoon-
vols arrodibovra. yeddoas ovr oO Ang ptos, * ‘Eu
per,” En, “« wavTews exers yuxny, apjnaes TOV
TOTO" el O€ Bactréws, apporéepov TOV KEpaTov
tov Bodv Kxabétes,” aivittopevos thv LeXomov-

1 A precinct of Zeus, on the summit of Mt. Ithome. Cf.
Pausanias, iv. 3. 9.

114

ARATUS xuix. 3-1. 4

stew the officials and nearly two hundred citizens
besides.
L. After this outrageous deed of Philip’s, and
while he was striving more than ever to set the
Messenians by the ears, Aratus reached the city.
He showed clearly that he was indignant himself, and
would not check his son when he bitterly reproached
and reviled Philip. Now, it would seem that the
young man was a lover of Philip; and so at this
time he told Philip, among other things, that he
no longer thought him fair to look upon, after so
foul a deed, but the most repulsive of men, Philip
made no answer to him, although it was expected
that he would, since in his anger he had many times
cried out savagely while the young man was speaking,
but as though he meekly submitted to what had
been said and was a person of moderation and not
above the ordinary citizen, he gave the elder Aratus
his hand, led him forth from the theatre, and brought
him to the Ithomatas,! in order to sacrifice to Zeus
and take a view of the place. For it is quite as well
walled in as Acrocorinthus, and with a garrison in it
is difficult of access and a hard place for its neigh-
bours to take by force. Thither Philip went up, and
offered. sacrifice, and when the seer brought him the
entrails of the ox, he took them in both hands and
showed them to Aratus and Demetrius of Pharos,
leaning towards each one in turn and asking them
what indications they saw in the omens; was he
to be master of the citadel, or to give it back to the
Messenians? Demetrius, with a laugh, replied: “ If
thou hast the spirit of a seer, thou wilt give up the
place; but if that of a king, thou wilt hold the ox by
both its horns,” speaking darkly of Peloponnesus,

[15

PLUTARCH’S LIVES:

VNTOV, ws, Eb mpoordBor TOV ‘opdray TO ’AKpo-
copie, TavTamacw er opevny bmoxeipiov Kai
tatrewnv. o 6€” Aparos emt ToAU pev novxate,
deopévou O€ Tob Didtmarov TO Patvopmevoy Aeyety,
“TTodva uév,” eltrev, “@ DiretrI1e, Kpnrav opm
Kat peydda, moddal 6é Botwrav axpat Kal
Poxéwv exTepUKaL THS ns’ etal 6€ Tov TroAXOL
Kat THs “Axapvavey tobTo pev xEpoaior, Todo
& évaXou Toot Gavpacras oxXupoTnTas EXovTes
aX’ ovdéva TOUTwY KaTeiAngas, Kal TavTes
Exova tos Tor ToLovat TO T poo Taga Omevoy. nora
yap eupvovtar TETPALS Kal Kpnpvav TEepléKXovTat,
Bactret bé TLITEDS Kal Xa puTos ia xuporepov
ovdev ovoé OXUpwTeEpov. TATA TOL TO Kpntexov
avoiryel Téhayos, Tatra THY Tedomovna ov. aro
TOUTWY OP“@pmEevos GU’ TOTOUTOS NALKiaY THY [eV
nYEH@n, TOV O€ KUpLos On cabéartnkas. eels
EéyovToS auTov Ta pev omhayxva TO pavret
TapeOwKev 0 Didurtos, éxeivoy Sé THS xeLpos
ETO TAT d[EVOS, “ Aedpo totvuy,” Epn, “ THY avTHY
odov lwuev” watrep éxBeBtacpévos UT avtod Kal
THY TOL adnpnuevos.

LI. ‘O 6€ ‘Apatos aTroppéwv On Tis avis eal
KAT miKpov éavTov avaKopmtlomevos éK Tis 1 pos
tov Pirurrov cuvnbeias, duaBaivovtos eis” Hres-
pov avtov Kal deouévov cuvotpatevelv, arreirato
Kal KaTéweive, dedtms avaTrrAnaOnvar S0Ens Tovn-
pas ag’ @V €KELVOS émparrev. érel dé Ts Teé vais
vm ‘Popatov atroNecas aloyioTa kal bXwWS aTrO-
TUY@Y Tats m pater éraviprOev els TleXorrovyn-
Gov, Kal Tous Meconvious avbus emexerpnoas
pevaxiFew Kai un AADwy Hodixer havepas Kal THY

116

1051

ARATUS .L. 4-11. 2

which, if Philip added the Ithomatas to Acrocorin-
thus, would be altogether subject and submissive to
him. Aratus held his peace for a long time, but
upon Philip’s asking him to express his opinion, said:
“There are many lofty hills in Crete, O Philip, and
many towering citadels in Boeotia and Phocis; in
Acarnania, too, I suppose, as well inland as on its
shores, there are many places which show an amazing
strength ; but not one of these dost thou occupy, and
yet all these peoples gladly do thy bidding. For it is
robbers that cling to cliffs and crags, but for a king
there is no stronger or more secure defence than
trust and gratitude. These open up for thee the
Cretan sea, these the Peloponnesus. Relying upon
these, young as thou art, thou hast already made
thyself leader here, and master there.’ While he
was yet speaking, Philip handed the entrails to the
seer, and drawing Aratus to him by the hand, said:
“Come hither, then, and Jet us take the same road,”
implying that he had been constrained by him and
made to give up the city.

LI. But Aratus presently began to withdraw from
the court and little by little to retire from his
intimacy with Philip. When the king was about
to cross into Epeirus! and asked him to join the ex-
pedition, he refused and remained at home, fearing
that he would be covered with ignominy by the
king’s proceedings. Philip lost his fleet most shame-
fully at the hands of the Romans, and after utter
failure in his undertakings, came back into Pelopon-
nesus. Here he tried once more to hoodwink the
Messenians, and after being detected in this, wronged

1 In 215 se. Philip had made an alliance with the
Carthaginians against the Romans.

117

PLUTARCH’S LIVES

, . € U
Yopav avtav éTop0a, Tavtdtacw o “Apatos
> , . \ j / \ > la ” \
arectpagn Kat due8rAHOn mpos avdtov, Hon Kal
TOV TEPL THY yuvalKwViTLY adixnudToV aiabo-
A ,
MEVOS Kal Hépwy aviap@s avtos, aToKpuTTOMEVOS
, ’ f ¢ A
dé Tov viovs eldévat yap vVBpiopévov Tepinv, AXXO
/ ] , ,
dé ovdév, apvvacbar pn Svvayévo. peyiornpy
yap 0 Dirurmos Soxet Kal mapadroywrtarny peta-
/
Barécat petaBornv, é€& nywépov Bactrdéas Kai
petpaxiov a@dpoves avnp acedyns Kal TUpavvos
, , , \ as > 5 A \
eFoXns yevouevos. TO O€ ovK HY dpa peTaBorr
/ > ’ DJ / > > / / \
ducews, adn’ émiderEis ev aveta Kaxias trodvy
f \ f > ,
xypovov dia PoBov ayvonletons.
LIT. “Ort yap Hv peprypévov aicyivy Kal bobo
i lal a
TO pos Tov “Apatov avtod maOos am apyis
cuvTeOpappévor, €dnr(woev ols ETpake Tepi avTor.
’ Led \ > “ ‘ y \ , x>O9
emlOup@v yap averetv Tov avdpa Kal voulfwv ovd
av édevepos Exelvou Cavtos civat, wy TL ye TUpav-
a 4 , \ > \ > /
vos i) Bactrevs, Bia pev ovdév érexeipnoe, Tav-
al na /
piwva dé TOV oTpAaTHYOY Tia Kal Pirwv éxéXevoev
aon TpoT@ TovTO Tpakal, uddLoTa bia hapyd-
Qn € \
K@V, QUTOU [7) TApOVTOS. Oo S€ TOLNTamMEvOS TOV
“A; 10 / > a] PS) 6 >
patov avvyiOn ddppaxov avT@ didwow, ovK
of0 Kai ahodpov, adda Tov Bépuas Te paraKas
TO TpBTOV ev TO oopart Kab Bijxa KLVOUVT@Y
ap Preiay, Elta obras KATA putx pov eis pOopay
TrepawovTav. ov pny €Xadeé ye Tov ~Aparov" arr’
@s avdev Hy Operos EXYXOVTL, THAwS Kal aLwTTH
To 7d00s, ws O71 TWA VogoV KoLWHY Kal avvnbn
voo@yv, SinvTrAE. WAnv évos ye TOV cuViOwv ev

118

ARATUS tit. 2-111. 3

them openly and ravaged their territory. Then
Aratus was altogether estranged and filled with dis-
trust of the king, being now aware also of the crime
committed against his domestic life. At this he was
sorely vexed himself, but kept it hidden from his son,
who could only know that he had been shamefully
abused, seeing that he was not able to avenge him-
self. For Philip would seem to have undergone a very
great and inexplicable change,!in that from a gentle
prince and chaste youth he became a lascivious man
and a pernicious tyrant. In fact, however, this was
not a change of nature, but a showing forth, in time
of security, of a baseness which his fears had long
led him to conceal.

LII. For that the feelings which he had cherished
from the beginning towards Aratus had an admix-
ture of shame and fear, was made plain by what he
did to himatthe last. For he desired to kill Aratus,
and thought he could not be a free man while Aratus
lived, much less a tyrant or a king. In a violent
way, however, he made no attempt upon him, but
ordered Taurion, one of his officers and friends, to do
this in a secret way, preferably by poison, when the
king was absent. So Taurion made an intimate
companion of Aratus, and gave him poison, not of a
sharp and violent sort, but one of those which first
induce gentle heats in the body, and a dull cough,
and then little by little bring on consumption. The
thing was not hidden from Aratus, but since it was
no use for him to convict the criminal, he calmly and
silently drank his cup of suffering to the dregs, as if
his sickness had been of a common and _ familiar
type. However, when one of his intimate com-

1 Cf. Polybius, vii. 13.
119

PLUTARCH’S LIVES

a , U i i, Ud
TO SwpuaTtiw TapovTos avaTTuaas diamov, OovTos
? / \ , 6c lal ” s. ee 3
exetvou Kat Oavudacavtos, “Tatra, elev, “@
a a 4
Keddror, erixyerpa ths Bacihuxhs ptrXtas.”

LIT. Ovtw d€ avtod teXevtHacavtos év Aiyio
TO éNMTAKALOEKATOV OTpAaTHYOUVYTOS, Kal TaV
4 nr / > a) / \
Ayaiov dtrotipoupéevmv exer yevéoOar tadas

al , a
Kal pynpata ™ pemovTa TO Bip TOU av6pos, Lukve-
vol gTuppopav €rrotovvTo un Tap avtois TeOHvar
TO oOma. Kal TOUS pev "Ayatovs érercay epreva,
vojou O€ dvTOs apyaiou pnoeva OarTecOa Teryar
Ud na a ,

€vTOS, LaYUpas TE TH vouw Setardatpovias Tpoc-

f ” ’ \ e \ rg >’ U
ovons, éweuav eis Aeddhovs urép TovTwY épnao-
pevor THv IIvOiav. 1 b€ avtois avatpet tov

\

Ypnopoy Tovee:

, 7]
Bovrevn, UKvev, Swadyptov aiev ’Aparov,
aup oain Oarin Te KaToLYomevolo avaKTos ;
ws To Bapvvopevoy TOS avéps kal To Bapivov
/ ” 9 *D / \ > A O\ /
yains €ot acé8nua Kat ovpavod noe Oadacons.

, \ A , ” 7, \ ,
Kouicbetons 5é Ths pavteias of te “Ayatot ovp-

b) /
TavTes HoOncav, Kai Suadhepovtws of YeKve@Evi0.
/ ~2 id \ \ / > \ ? r
ueTaPanrovTes Els €opTHnyv TO TréVOOS EVOUS EK TOD
Aiytov Tov vexpov éotepavapévor Kai NEevyerpo-

an \ ~ 9: \ /
VOUVTES UTO TalavwY Kal YopaV Eis THY TOALY

= Ul /

avnyov, Kat tomov é€eXopevot TepiomTov waTrEp
lel n f ‘
OLKLOTHV KAL TWTHPA THS TOAEWS EXNOEVTAV. KAL
- ral , , > al
Kadeitar pexpt vov Apatetov, kat Ovovaw avT@

—_—_

2 In 213 Bio.
120

ARATUS un. 3-11m. 4

panions who was with him in his chamber saw him
spit blood, and expressed surprise, “Such, my dear
Cephalo,” said Aratus, “are the wages of royal
friendship.”

LILI. And so he died,! at Aegium, while general
for the seventeenth time, and the Achaeans were
very desirous that he should have burial there and
memorials befitting his life. But the Sicyonians re-
garded it as a calamity that he should not be buried
in their city, and persuaded the Achaeans to sur-
render his body to them. They had, however, an
ancient law that no one should be buried inside the
city walls, and the law was supported by strong feel-
ings of superstition. So they sent to Delphi to get
advice in the matter from the Pythian priestess, and
she gave them the following oracular answer :—

“ Would’st thou, O Sicyon, pay Aratus lasting
honour for the lives he saved,
And join in pious funeral rites for thy departed
lord ?
Know that the place which vexes or is vexed by
him
Is sacrilegious, be it in earth or sky or sea.”
When the oracle was brought to them the Achaeans
were all delighted, and the Sicyonians, in particular,
changing their mourning into festival, at once put on
garlands and white raiment and brought the body of
Aratus from Aegium into their city, amid hymns of
praise and choral dances; and choosing out a com-
manding place, they buried him there, calling him
founder and saviour of the city. And the place is
called to this day Arateium, and yearly sacrifices are
made to Aratus there, one on the day when he

VOL XI. E tal

No

PLUTARCH’S LIVES

duciay, THY HED, y THY TOALY anirhage THS TU-
pavvidos pepa. TEMTTY Aaciov pnv0S, ov ’A@n-
vatou Kadovat “AvOeotnpiava, Kab THY Ouciav
exeivyy Lwrnpla T pogaryopevouat, Thy O€ TOU
vos év a. yever Oar TOV avopa. Siapynpovevovar,
THS pev ovuv T poTepas o tov Atos tov Lewrijpos
KATHPXETO OunToros, THS 5é Oeutépas 0 TOU
‘Apatou, oT poptov oux ONOAEUKOD, avra peoo-
Toppupov EX@V, MEN) 6€ 7O€ETO T POs KOdpav vo
TOV TEpl TOV Avovucor TEXVLT OV, Kal CUVETTOM-
TeveV O yupvactapxos 7 YOULEVOS TOY TE TALOwY
Kal TOV epi Bor, eita édpeitreto 1 Bovry orepa-
vnpopovaa Kal TOV adhov TOT OY c Bovdopevos.
@p éte OeiypaTa piKpa Tals Tpepaus exelvals
eEoovovpevor vapuaAdrrovaty* ai 6€ TrElta Tat
TOV TLOV umd xpovov Kai TpayyaTwy adrov
éxeAolTraaw.

LIV. ’A\Aa yap 0 pev mpea BuTEpoS ” "A patos
ovr Bi@car Kal TOLOUTOS ryevéo Oa Thy puow
taropeiTac’ Tov dé viov auTou pLa.pos @v pvoe
Kat peT @LOTNTOS UBpiaTs o O DidurTos ov Gava-
aipows, adda pavicots eféorn oe TOU hoya wow
papparors: Kal TapeTpEewev eis deuvas Kal adho-
KOTOUS émipopus, mpakewv aTOT OY Kal ovv ai-
ayy mavav ore piwy opeyouevor, OTE TOV
Oavatov auT@, KaLTeEp OvTL Vé@ Kal avOobvrt, pa)
auppopdv, adr’ amrohvawy KaK@Y Kal T@Tnpiay
ryevéo Gar. dixas ye ny oO Didumos ov HeumTrTas
Au Eeviw Kal piriw THs dvocvoupyias TavTyS
tivwy dreTédece. kataTonreundets pev yap vo
‘Pwpyaiwy énétpewer exeivous Ta Kal’ avror, €x-

I22

1052

ARATUS um. 4-1iv. 2

freed the city from its tyranny—the fifth day of the
month Daesius (which the Athenians call Anthes-
terion), which sacrifice has the name Soteria, and
one on the day of the month when, according to the
records, he was born. The first of these sacrifices
was performed by the priest of Zeus the Saviour;
the second by the priest of Aratus, who wore a
headband, not pure white but purple and white, and
hymns with accompaniment of lyre were sung by the
artists of Dionysus, and the gymnasiarch took part
in the procession, at the head of the boys and young
men of military age; then followed the councillors
wearing garlands, and all other citizens who desired.
Of these ceremonial rites the Sicyonians still
preserve slight traces, celebrated on the same days
of the year, but most of them, owing to the passage
of time and the pressure of other matters, have
lapsed.

LIV. Such was the life and such the nature of
the elder Aratus, as history tells us; and as for his
son, he was deprived of his reason by Philip, who
had an abominable nature and added savage cruelty
to his wanton exercise of power. He gave the
young man poisons which did not kill, but crazed,
and thus made him a prey to strange and dreadful
impulses, under which he grasped at absurd activities,
and experiences not only shameful but destructive,
so that death came to him, although he was young
and in the flower of his life, not as a calamity, but
as release from evils, and salvation. For this unholy
deed, however, Philip paid ample penalties to Zeus,
the guardian of hospitality and friendship, as long
as he lived. For after being subdued by the Romans
and putting his fortunes in their hands, he was

123

PLUTARCRH’S LIVES

Teg wV 6é THS adANS apxAs Kal Tas vais mAHv
TévTE TAGAS TPOeMEVOS Kal Xba T pogeKTigely
OmoXoyHnaAS TahavTa wat TOV VLOV omnpevdoovra
mapabovs ot’ oiktov étuye Maxedovias Kal Trav
ouVTEAOVYT@Y. aTroKTEiVwY bێ dei TOUS apiaToUS
Kal cuyyevertatous hpixns évérrAnoe Kal picous
dAnv THY Bactrelav mpos auTov. év dé povov év
TOTOUTOLS KAKOLS EUTUXN [LA KTNTG[LEVOS, VioV
apeTh Suapepovta, TOUTOV pbovy kal €nroTtuTria
THS Tapa "Popators TLUNS aveinre, Tepoet Se
Gatépo THY apxny Trapedwxen, ov ov yunovov,
GND’ UmoBAyTov eivai pac, éx Tva@awiov Tivos
dxeatpias yevopevov. TOUTOV Aipirtos éOptap-
Bevoe’ Kal KatéaT pewev evTavda THS ‘AvTiyovuKijs
Baocinreias 7 uy) d1adoxn. To 6€ ’Apatov yevos év TH
Luxvave cat TH Werrnvy dréperve cal’ nuas.

124

ARATUS tiv. 2-3

stripped of most of his dominions, surrendered all
his ships but five, agreed to pay a thousand talents
besides, gave up his son to serve as hostage, and
only out of pity obtained Macedonia and its tribu-
taries. But he was for ever putting to death the
noblest of his subjects and his nearest kin, and
thus filled his whole kingdom with horror and
hatred of him. One piece of good fortune only was
his, amid so many ills, and that was a son of sur-
passing excellence; but this son he killed, out of
envy and jealousy of the honour paid him by the
Romans, and left his kingdom to his other son,
Perseus, who was not legitimate, as we are told, but
supposititious, the child of a sempstress, Gnathaenion.!
This king graced the triumph of Aemilius, and with
him ended the royal line of the Antigonids ; whereas
the descendants of Aratus were living at Sicyon and
Pellene in my time.

1 See the Aemiliu. Paulus, viii. 6f. 3; xxxiv., xxxvi.

125

CAs ied UTR

Ais bers baodtaual notain
elyosind: Dageuqritos: nae

ARTAXERXES

APTOZEPZH>

1. “O pep TPOTOS ‘Apro&epéns, TOV €V Tlépoaus
Bacthéwy TpaoTnTL Kal peyarowuxig Tpwrevaas,
Maxpoxerp €TEKANELTO THY befiay perlova THs
er épas EXO, FépEou S€ hv vids: o b€ SevTEpos,
mepi ov Tdade ypagerat, Mvijpov emixdnbels eK
Ouyatpos Hv ExeivoU. Aapeiou yap Kal Uapucd-
TLOOS TALES € éyevovTo Tégoapes, T pea BUTaTOS pev
"A proképéns, peT exeivov dé Kipos, vEewrepor dé
TOUT@V ‘Ooravys Kal ‘OEdOpns. 0 pev od Kdpos
ato Kupov tod tradatod Ttovvopa éoxev, exetvo bé
a0 TOD HAtov yevécOar hact: Kidpov yap xareiv
Ilépcas tov jrLov. o O€ “AptoképEns ’Apaixas
mpotepov ékadeito’ Kaito. Acivwv dyoiv 6tt
"Odpons. adrra TOV Kryoiav, et Kal TANGA pudov
amiGavev Kal mapadopwv euBEBAnKev eis Ta
BiBra mavTooariy TuAalav, ovK elicos €oTLY
ayvoeiy Tovvoua Tod Bactiéws Tap @ diéTpiBe
Jeparevwv avTov Kal yvvaika Kal pnTépa Kai
mTatoas.

II. ‘O pev ody Kdpos é evTovov 7 Kab opodpov
ev0us €x TpoTns MALKiAS eixev, aTEpos dé 7 pqo-
TEpos eboKeL mepl TavTa Kal Tas oppais pvcet
parakwrepos elvat. yuvaixa d€ KadnV Kal aya-
Ov éEXaBe pev TOY yovéwy Kedevovtwv, épvrake

1 Artaxerxes I. 465-425 B.c. The parallel form Artaxerxes
has become fixed in English.

128

101%

ARTAXERXES

I. Tue first Artaxerxes,! preéminent among the
kings of Persia for gentleness and magnanimity, was
surnamed Longimanus, because his right hand was
longer than his left, and was the son of Xerxes;
the second Artaxerxes,” the subject of this Life, was
surnamed Memor, or Mindful, and was the grandson
of the first by his daughter Parysatis. For Dareius*
and Parysatis had four sons—an eldest, Artaxerxes,
and next to him Cyrus, and after these Ostanes and
Oxathres. Cyrus took his name from Cyrus of old,‘
who, as they say, was named from the sun; for
“Cyrus” is the Persian word for sun. Artaxerxes
was at first called Arsicas; although Deinon gives
the name as Oarses. But it is unlikely that Ctesias,
even if he has put into his work a perfect farrago
of extravagant and incredible tales, should be
ignorant of the name of the king at whose court
he lived as physician to the king’s wife and mother
and children.

II. Now Cyrus, from his very earliest years, was
high-strung and impetuous, but Artaxerxes seemed
gentler in everything and naturally milder in his
impulses. His wife,a beautiful and excellent woman,
he married in compliance with his parents’ bidding,

2 Artaxerxes II. 404-362 & c.
- 3 Duareius II. 424-404 2 c.
* Cyrus the Elder, 559-529 B.c,

PLUTARCH’S LIVES

d€ KWAVOVTWY’ TOV yap GbEXPoV AUTHS aTOKTELVAS
20 Bacireds éBovreveTo KaKelvnv avereiv, o Se
"Apoixas THS puntpos iKétns yevopuevos Kal ToAda
KATAKAAUTAS MOALS ETELTE [LNTE ATTOKTELVAL LATE
avtod dtactica THy avOpwTov. Sé pHTNP
UTApXe TOV Kopov warXov hirovoa Kai Bovropervy
Bactrevev éxetvov. 810 Kal Tov TaTtpos vodovn-
Tos Hon peTatreuTtos amo Oaddoons yEevopmevos.
mavtaTaci avéBatvev evEATLS WV, WS KATELPYA-
apevns éxeivns Siddoyov avtov amoderxyOjnvat Ths
3 apxis. Kal yap elyev evtrpeT Noyov 7 Ilapv-
ha \ =—_/ ¢ \ > /
catis, @ Kal RépEns 0 madaos éexpnoato, Anpa-
, Py / e rs / N ny , Ko
patou O1ddEavtos, ws’ Apotixay pev Lorwtn, Kipov
Sé Bacirevovts Aapeiw texetv.1 ov pny Erecer,
GA’ o mpecBvtepos atredeiyOy Bacireus, Apto-
/ a rf \ / A
EépEns petovopaabeis, Kipos dé Avétas catparns
Kat Tov émt Oadkdoons oTpaTnyos.
VII. "Oriya & votepoy 4 TeXevTHaar Aapeiov
J ce :
éEnracev eis Ilacapydébas 0 Bactrevs, OTs TEdE-
‘ 7 4 \ ie. € x n b] I a
abein thy Bacidtxny TereTHY vTO TV ev Llépoats
© , yy \ lal wn t Y A J ‘ lal
lepéwv. ate dé Peds ToreuiKns Lepov, nv AOnvav
2 av tis eikacerev. els TodTO Sel TOV..TENOVpEVOV
, \ \ 207 ’ , / b
Tape Oovta Thy pev ldiav amro0écbat oToXHY, ava-
aBetv &é hv Kipos 6 madaros epoper mpiv } Ba-
Hi , \ s +2 ’ PyILOF
aires yevéerOat, Kai cvKwy TaddOns Eupayovta
teppivOov Katatpayeiv Kal ToTHpLov exmety OEv-
yddaxtos. el d€ Tpos TOUTOLS ETEp ATTA SpwaiV,
a Me ad » la nr ’
3 ddnrov éoTi Tols dAAOUS. Tadta dpav AptoképEov
1 rexetv Bekker has réxot, after Coraés.
130

ARTAXERXES 11. 1-11. 3

and kept her in defiance of them; for after the king
had put her brother to death, he wished to kill her
also. But Arsicas, throwing himself at his mother’s
feet and supplicating her with many tears, at last
obtained her promise that his wife should neither
be killed nor separated from him. But the mother
had more love for Cyrus, and wished that he should
succeed to the throne. Therefore, when his father
was now lying sick, Cyrus was summoned home from
the sea-coast, and went up in full hope that by
his mother’s efforts he had been designated as suc-
cessor to the kingdom. For Parysatis had a specious
argument (the same that Xerxes the Elder employed
on the advice of Demaratus *), to the effect that she
had borne Arsicas to Dareius when he was in private
station, but Cyrus when he was a king. However,
she could not prevail, but the elder son was declared
king, under the new name of Artaxerxes, while
Cyrus remained satrap of Lydia and commander of
the forces in the maritime provinces.?

III. A little while after the death of Dareius, the
new king made an expedition to Pasargadae, that
he might receive the royal initiation at the hands
of the Persian priests. Here there is a sanctuary of
a warlike goddess whom one might conjecture to be
Athena. Into this sanctuary the candidate for initia-
tion must pass, and after laying aside his own proper
_ robe, must put on that which Cyrus the Elder used
to wear before he became king; then he must eat
of a cake of figs, chew some turpentine-wood, and
drink a cup of sour milk. Whatever else is done
besides this is unknown to outsiders. As Artaxerxes

1 See Herodotus, vii. 3.
* Cf. Xenophon, Anab. i. 1, 1 ff.

PLUTARCH’S LIVES

MEAAOVTOS apiKeTo Ticagepyns 7 pos avTov aywv
éva TOV lepewy, Os eV Taal Kupou THS vopulopevys
ayaryis emLaTATNS ryevomevos Kat dudakas paryevely
avTov ovdevos 7) iyrrov €O0KEL lleprav aviacbat [7
amodetx Pévtos éxeivou Bactrews* 610 Kal TioTLW
éxye KaTnyopav Kupou. Karn yopet dé @s pér-
AovTos evedpevety € év TO lep®, Kal érerdav exdvn rar
THY eo Oia 0 Bacirevs, éemitiOec@at Kal éla-
p Jeipew aUTOV. ol meV EK TAUTNS THS diaBoriis
THY oudhyyu yeverOar paciv, ol 6€ Kal Traped-
Geiv TOV Kopov els TO Lepov Kal mapacoljvas
KPUTTOMEVOV UTO TOU lepews. pédovTa dé avTov
70 amrodvia Ke 7; NTH Tepiaxovca Tals ay Ka-
als Kal Tols Bootpuxous mepiertEaca Kal gud
AaBotvoa Tov éexeivou TpaXnrov Tpos TOV aurips,
odupopevn To\rAa Kal TOT VLC LEV TapyTnT aro
Kal KaTeTEUNreD addus é7t Garattav, ouK aya-
TOVTA THV apxnv éxeivnv, ovoe pep evov THIS
drerews, aXXa THS TURN EDS, | Kal b2° opynv
oTrapyavra padXov 7 T poTepov emt thy Baoinsiav.

IV. "Evcos be pacw ouK apxovpevov ois eX ap
Bavey eis to xa” nyépav Seirvov aTooThvat
Bacirews, ebm NevyouTes. el yap aXXo pnoev,
ara eNTHP UTHXEs xpi Gas Kal AauBavew
oca Bovdotto TOV Auris mapexovoa Kal OLoovca.
paptupe’ b6€ TO TAOUTH Kal TO pra Pop optxov
TOARAX OGL Oud TOV girov Kal Eévwy avT@ Tapa-

Tpepopevor, @S Zevopav EL PNKED. iO poous pen.

yap ov cuvnyaryer’, TL THY TAPATKEVHY eT LK PUTTTO-

1 Anab. i. 1, 6-11,
132

101:

ARTAXERXES 111. 3-1v. 1

was about to perform these rites, Tissaphernes
brought to him a certain priest who had conducted
Cyrus through the customary discipline for boys, had
taught him the wisdom of the Magi, and was thought
to be more distressed than any one in Persia because
his pupil had not been declared king. For this
reason, too, his accusation against Cyrus won cre-
dence. And he accused him of planning to lie in
wait for the king in the sanctuary until he should
put off his garment, and then to fall upon him and
kill him. Some say that Cyrus was arrested in con-
sequence of this false charge, others that he actually
made his way into the sanctuary and hid himself
there, and was delivered into custody by the priest.
But now, as he was about to be put to death, his
mother clasped him in her arms, twined her tresses
about him, pressed his neck against her own, and
by much lamentation and entreaty prevailed upon
the king to spare him, and sent him back to the
sea-coast. Here he was not satisfied with the office
assigned to him, nor mindful of his release, but only
of his arrest; and his anger made him more eager
than before to secure the kingdom.

IV. Some say that he revolted from the king
because his allowance did not suffice for his daily
meals, which is absurd. For had no other resource
been his, still, his mother was resource enough, who
gave freely from her own wealth all that he wished
to take and use. And that he had wealth is proved
by the mercenary troops that were maintained for
him in many places by his friends and connections,
as Xenophon tells us.! For he did not bring these
together into one body, since he was still trying to
conceal his preparations, but in one place and another,

133

PLUTARCH’S LIVES

pevos, ada yobs 5é dANoOvs Eri TOAAALs Tpopacect
a 3 / \ 4 /
2 Eevoroyobvras eiye. Baciéws 6€ } TE pyTNP
a \ ¢€ / DS a \ a - a! > oN
Tapovaa Tas UTOWias adnpel, Kat Kipos autos det
Oepatreutixds eypade, TA per aiTovpevos Trap’
avtov, Ta d¢ Ticafépvous avtixatnyopay, was 6)
ampos éxeivov avT@ Cndov Kal ayavos OvTOS.
3 Hp d€ 715 Kal péd\rnows ev TH hvoe TOV Bact-
éws, emeixera hatvopévyn Tots ToAAOLs. ev apXh
la! > a
dé cal mavu Enrodv edoke thv “AptokepEov Tob
e X
Ou“wYU“OU TpacTHTAa, Hnolw TE EaUTOY TrAapéxwV
al /
évtuyxavedOat, kab tepl TO Tiway Kal yapiler Oar
\ ’ > / e / if \ /
To Kat akiav trepBddXwv, Koddzews O€ TaTNS
> n \ > , \ Cs / > sl nr
apaipav 7to épuBpifov Kal ndopuevov, ev b€ TO
déyerOar ydpitas oly HrTov Tots SidodawW 7H Tots
AauBdvovo év Te Siddvas hawopevos evyapts
\ / 2>Q. \ 9 id U
4 Kal diravOpmtros. ovdev yap Hv OUTWS pLKpPOV TE
a / ray \ - / > \
TaV dLd0pévev 0 pn TpoTedéEaTo TpoOvmws, adda
a / v
kal poav piav vreppuh peyeOer tpoceveyxavTos
in @) / \ > fa) (G \ \ N (0 29 >
ficou Tivos aut@, “Nn tov Mi@pay, eizrey,
“obtos 0 avnp Kal modwW av éx piKpas Tayv
(gua)
Tounoere pweyarnv tmratevbets.

V. "Emel 58 GdXwv ddrAa TpIThEpdvT@Y Kad
50 > \ v al a WY: bd \ n @ / ;
odov avtoupyos avOpwrros ovdev éTri Katpov POacas

Cal A n / \ a a

eupelvy TH ToTaL@ mpocédpaye Kal Taiv yepotv

a) ¢ / \ e

UTokaBwv tov vVdaTos mpoonveyxev, nobels o

ra) a \

"AproképEns diadny ereuev avt@ Kpvaohv Kat

yirtovs dapercovs. Evxretda 6€ re Adkwvt, rod-

\ lal ,

ha tappnotatoyévp mpos avtov avladds, éxé-
lek \ , cf “> ODE ae be °

Nevoev eltreiy TOV XLALapyov OTL “ Loi pev EFeoTuv

134

ARTAXERKXES wv. 1-v. 1

and on many pretexts, he kept recruiting-agents.
And as for the king’s suspicions, his mother, who
was at court, tried to remove them, and Cyrus him-
self would always write in a submissive vein, some-
times asking favours from him, and sometimes making
countercharges against Tissaphernes, as if his eager
contention were against him.

There was, too, a certain dilatoriness in the nature
of the king, which most people took for clemency.
Moreover, in the beginning he appeared to be
altogether emulous of the gentleness of the Arta-
xerxes whose name he bore, showing himself very
agreeable in intercourse, and bestowing greater
honours and favours than were really deserved, while
from all his punishments he took away the element
of insult or vindictive pleasure, and in his acceptance
and bestowal of favours appeared no less gracious
and kindly to the givers than to the recipients.
For there was no gift so small that he did not
accept it with alacrity; indeed, when a certain
Omisus brought him a single pomegranate of sur-
passing size, he said: “ By Mithra, this man would
speedily make a city great instead of small were he
entrusted with it.”’

V. Once when he was on a journey and various
people were presenting him with various things, a
labouring man, who could find nothing else at the
moment, ran to the river, and, taking some of the
water in his hands, offered it to him; at which
Artaxerxes was so pleased that he sent him a goblet
of gold and a thousand darics. To Eucleidas the
Lacedaemonian, who would often say bold and im-
pudent things to him, he sent this word by his
officer of the guard: “It is in thy power to say

135

PLUTARCH’S LIVES

elmrety @ Bovnet, €or b€ Kal Aéyety Kal Tovey.”
2 év 6€ Onpa TLL Pn pe8afov delEavtos QvuT@ Tov
Kavouv exo pevov, aparancer 6 te Oe? roveiv.
éxelvou O€ eimrovtos, “"AXXov avTos Evducat, TOD-
Tov 6€ éuol dos, oUTws érroincen, eitrav, “ Aidwpe
bev, @ Tnpi8ate, col TrovTov, Popeiv dé atayo-
pevo.” TOU 6€ TnptBalov mr ppovticavros (wv
14p ov Tovnpos, Um oxoudos d€ Kal Tapadeopos),
aXXa TOV TE xavduv evOus éxetvoy évduvTos Kal
dێpaia xpuca Kal yuvarKeta TOV Bactdunav TE pt-
Jeuevou, TUVTES MeV nN YavaKTOUY (ou yap €&nv), o
pévtor Bacirevs KateyéXace Kal cite: “ Aidwpi
gol Kal Ta Ypvaia dopety wS YyUVaLKL Kal THY
3 oTOANY WS HaLvouerer. Tpametns bé THs auras
pndevos HETEXOVTOS arr’ 7 LNT pos Baorréws yy)
yapeT hs yuvarkds, xabelouevov THS pev VI avron,
THs oe pNTpos vmep avr ov, ’"AptoképEns Kat tovs
abedgpors € éml THY aAUTHY exdrel Tpametay, ’‘Oorta-
vnv kat ‘OFaO pnp, vEewTépous évtas. év d€ Tots
padora Kexaplo wevny Owiy TapEtye Tols Ilép-
gals 1) THS yuvarKos Yrateipas dppapaga ryULLV?)
TOV TAPATETATUATOY del Tpopepopern Kal 61600-
ca Tais Onworiaw adomacacbat aur ay Kal Tpoo-
erbeiv, B0ev nyaTato Tois TOANOIs 7) Bacirera.
VI. Tov PEVTOL Kdpov ol vewTEpiaTal Kal Tov -
T pary Loves @S aptrpov avopa TH WUXI Kal
TORE MLK OV SuahepovTas Kal bir€ratpov @OVTO Ta
mpaypata Troeiv, Kal TO péyeOos THS NYyEwovias
Bactréws SeicOar ppovnpa cai pirotipmiav éxov-
2 T0S. ovy TTOV OvY Tols avw TLaTEevwY o Kiopos
} toils mepi abtov éreyeipes TH TrONeUM Kal

136

ARTAXERXES v. 1-v1. 2

what thou pleasest, but it is in mine both to say
and to do.’ Again, when he was hunting once
and Teribazus pointed out that the king’s coat
was rent, he asked him what was to be done. And
when Teribazus replied, “ Put on another for thyself,
but give this one to me,” the king did so, saying,
“T give this to thee, Teribazus, but I forbid thee to
wear it.” Teribazus gave no heed to this command
(being not a bad man, but rather light-headed and
witless), and at once put on the king’s coat, and
decked himself with golden necklaces and women’s
ornaments of royal splendour. Everybody was in-
dignant at this (for it was a forbidden thing) ;
but the king merely laughed, and said: “I permit
thee to wear the trinkets as a woman, and the
robe as a madman.” Again, no one shared the
table of a Persian king except his mother or his
wedded wife, the wife sitting below him, the mother
above him; but Artaxerxes invited to the same table
with him his brothers Ostanes and Oxathres, although
they were his juniors. But what gratified the Persians
most of all was the sight of his wife Stateira’s carriage,
which always appeared with its curtains up, and thus
permitted the women of the people to approach and
greet the queen. This made her beloved of the
common folk.

VI. Nevertheless, restless and factious men thought
that affairs demanded Cyrus, a man who had a
brilliant spirit, surpassing skill in war, and great love
for his friends ; and that the magnitude of the empire
required a king of lofty purpose and ambition. Ac-
cordingly, Cyrus relied quite as much upon the
people of the interior as upon those of his own
province and command, when he began the war.

E37

PLUTARCH’S LIVES

Aaxedatpoviots Eypade twapaxarav Bonbeiv Kai
cuvexTrépeTrety avdopas, ols ébyn Swcev, av pev
meCol Tapwotv, immous, av dé immeis, cvvwpidas:
éav O aypovs éywor, Kopas: eav dé K@pas, TONES:
pia Oov dé Tois oTpaTevopévors ovK apiOpov, adda
Hétpov écecOar. peyadnyopav dé epi avTod
\ an a“ nr
TONG Kai Kapdiay Ey Tov adedgod hopeiy Bapu-
/ \ a ca} \ / f
TEpav Kal PirOc opel “adv Kai wayevev BEXTLOY,
oivov O€ TAElova tive Kal pépew: éxeivov Oé
UTO deiAtas Kal paraxias év pev Tots KUYNyectots
Le > o > \ val 4 \ 3 \ fal
uncé ep’ trou, év 6€ Tots Kwdvvoig pndé ert Tod
Opovov cabjoba. Aaxedarpovior pev odv oxuvTd-
Anv mpos Kréapyov arréctetdav banpetetv Kipw
TavTa Kerevortes. O 5€ Kipos avéBaivev émi
fr / \ » 4
Baciéa BapBapixnv te TworAdnv éxov Svvaptv
\ Ul (A iz] e | / / \
cal piaOodpopous “EAdnvas oriryo Tpioextriov Kal
puplwy amrodéovtas, adXas em” adAaLS ToLoUpeEVOS
Tpopaces THs oTpateias. ov pnv Eade ye els
a /
ToAUY Ypovoy, adn Ke Bactret Ticadépyns
> / ‘\ \ 4 s \ /
auTayyehos Kai TodUs OopuBos eiye TA Bacirea,
THs te Ilapvcatidos thy mreiotny aitiay Tov
Todé“ov depouevns, kal tov dirwv avis év
€ / wv \ lal / a ee
uvTowlats dvTwy Kai SraBorais. pardvota dé jvia
tv Ilapicati 4 Xtatepa TO Todguw TepiTa-
Gotca nal Bodca, “Tlod viv ai miares éxeivat ;
nr \ € vA La ? / \ > /
mov 6€ at denoes, als éEeXoméevn Tov émeBovrev-
TAaVTA TH AdEAPO TrorELOU Kal KaKOv euTéeTANKAS
nuas ;” éx 6) TovTwY wLicotca THY YTdTELpay 7
Ilapvcatis, cal dioer BapvOvuos otca Kal Bap-

1 Cf. Xenophon, Anab. i. 1, 9; 2, 21; 4, 3.

138

1014

ARTAXERXES vi. 2-5

He also wrote to the Lacedaemonians, inviting them
to aid him and send him men, and promising that
he would give to those who came, if they were foot-
men, horses; if they were horsemen, chariots and
pairs; if they had farms, he would give them villages ;
if they had villages, cities; and the pay of the
soldiers should not be counted, but measured out.
Moreover, along with much high-sounding talk about
himself, he said he carried a sturdier heart than his
brother, was more of a philosopher, better versed in
the wisdom of the Magi, and could drink and carry
more wine than he. His brother, he said, was too
effeminate and cowardly either to sit his horse in a
hunt, or his throne in a time of peril. The Lacedae-
monians, accordingly, sent a dispatch-roll to Clearchus
ordering him to give Cyrus every assistance.1 So
Cyrus marched up against the king with a large
force of Barbarians and nearly thirteen thousand
Greek mercenaries,” alleging one pretext after
another for his expedition. But the real object of
it was not long concealed, for Tissaphernes went in
person to the king and informed him of it. Then
there was a great commotion at the court, Parysatis
being most blamed for the war, and her friends
undergoing suspicion and accusation. And above
all was she vexed by Stateira, who was greatly dis-
tressed at the war, and kept crying: “ Where now
are those pledges of thine? And where are the
entreaties by which thou didst rescue the man who
had plotted against the life of his brother, only to
involve us in war and calamity?” Therefore Pary-
satis hated Stateira, and being naturally of a harsh

2 Cf. Xenophon, Anab. i. 7, 10, where the force of Bar-
barians is said to have numbered one hundred thousand.

139

PLUTARCH’S LIVES

Bapos év opyats Kal pvnotkakiars, éreBovdevev

6 auTiy avereiy. érrei 6€ Actvwy pev ev TO TOAELO
auvTedeoO svat Thy emtBovrny eipnke, Krynaias oé
Uotepov, dv ode dyvoeiy TOV Xpovor elKos éore
TapovTa Tats mpakeow, oure EK@Y aitiay elyev EK
TOU Xpovov pETATTHO AL TO EPyovs @S empaxOn
Sunryouperos, ola Tag KEL TONAGKLS O oyos avrov
mpos TO pvOades Kal dpamatixoyv exTpeTromevos
TS adnGetas, TOUTO pev HY exelvos aTédwxe
Yopav éfev.

V{I. Kvpe d€ mpocovte Pijyat Kal Aoyou T™ poo
émimrov, @S OU paxerOar Bacrréws evOus éyva-
KOTOS OVOE cuvdpapety els XElpas avT@ oTevoorTos,
GX’ év Ilépoats brropévery axpe dv at duvapers
éxel Travtayobev ouvédhOwot. Kal yap tadpov
evupos opyulay déxa Kal Babos icwv él otadious
Sia Tov Tediov TeTpakocious evéBare? Kal TavTns
TE Tepietoe TOV Kodpov evTOS mapehOovra kat Ba-

2 Budavos auTns ov paKpav evo pmevor. TnpeBafov
6€, WS pact, TpPOTOV TONMNG AVTOS el recy as ov
bet duyonaxely ovee Myétas éxotavta Kal Ba-
BurXoevos dua t Kal Lovawy éviver Oar TH Hepotc:,
ToANaT Aagiay pev éyovta Suva TOV Tohepiov,
puptous 6€ catpatas Kal oTpaTn yous Kvpov kai
povetv Kal payer Ga BeXtiovas, W PUNE drayo-
vicac at THY TAXLOTHY.

3. Kal To pev rpwrov éEaibyns catapavels évevn-
KOVTa pLUpLdoL oTpaTOU OlaKExoopunmévals Aap-

1 Gua Bekker and Ziegler, after Corais: aAAd.

140

ARTAXERXES v1. 5-vi1. 3

temper and savage in her wrath and resentment, she
plotted to kill her. Deinon says that her plot was
carried out during the war. Ctesias, however, says
that it was accomplished afterwards, and neither is
it likely that he was ignorant of the time since he
was at the scene of action, nor had he any occasion,
in his narrative of the deed, to change the time of
it on purpose, however often his story turns aside
from the truth into fable and romance. I shall
therefore give the event the place which he has
assigned to it.

Vil. As Cyrus proceeded on his march, rumours
and reports kept coming to his ears that the king
had decided not to give battle at once, and was not
desirous of coming to close quarters with him, but
rather of waiting in Persia until his forces should
assemble there from all parts. For he had run a
trench, ten fathoms in width and as many in depth,
four hundred furlongs through the plain; and yet
he allowed Cyrus to cross this and to come within
a short distance of Babylon itself.2 And it was
Teribazus, as we are told, who first plucked up
courage to tell the king that he ought not to shun
a battle, nor to retire from Media and Babylon, as
well as Susa, and hide himself in Persia, when he
had a force many times as numerous as that of the
enemy, and countless satraps and generals who sur-
passed Cyrus in wisdom and military skill. The king
therefore determined to fight the issue out as soon
as possible.

So, to begin with, by his sudden appearance with
an army of nine hundred thousand men in brilliant

* See chap. xix.
* Cf. Xenophon, Anu. i. 7, 14-17.
141

PLUTARCH’S LIVES

T POS, TOUS ToNepLous GCUVTAKTOUS Kal avoTAoUsS
dua TO Oappeiv Kal Katagpovelv odormopobvras
e&émAnke kal cuvetdpakev, wate cvv BopvBe Kal
Bon TOMMY ports els Tag kabicracbat TOV
Kopov: émelTa Lyn Kal oxeony eT ayov Saipa
TOUS "EAAgoe THS evTagias Trapelxe, Kpavyas dra-
KTOUS Kal TKUPTNMAT A, Kal TONDY TAapayYov avTaV
Kal Ovag mac pov € ev mAnOeL TOTOUT@ T poo SeXope-
vos. ev 6€ Kal Kara Tous EXAnvas avréTage TOV

Sperravnpopev Ta popareorara Tpo THS EavTOU.

parayyos, @S mpl év Xepat yevéo Oar Staxorpovta
tas Takes Bia THS elo eAdoews.

VIII. THv 58 payny éxeivnv TOAGY pev amrny-
yedxoron, Eevopavros bé povovovxt Setkvvovros
Ove, Kal TOis Tpayuaclv, ws Ov YyEeyEevnpEevots,
aGAAa yLvoméevols, epiatavTos ael TOV axpoaTny
ena) Kal ouyxivduvevovta dua TH evdpyetay,
oUK €oTL vod EXOVTOS erreEnyeta au, Trg doa
Toy akiov ovyou TaphrOev elmreiv exeivov. 0 wev
oy TOTTOS, EV @ TapeTagarto, Kovvaka KareiTae
Kal Baud dvos amex EL oTadious TevTaKxogious.
Kipov 6€ mpo Tis paxns Kreapxou Tapaka-
ANovvTOS eforrea Dev TOV _HaXopmevoy elvat Kal pn
KLVOUVEVELY avTov el7rety pact, Has réyers, a
Kréapye ; ov Kedevels pe TOV Bacvreias operyo-
pevov avaktov eivat Bactreias ;” apaprovros be
Kvpov péya te Sdvat mpotreTas els péoa Ta
Seva kai wn duraEacbac Tov Kivduvov, ovy¥ TTOV
Hpaprtev, et 2) Kal parrov, Kréapyos avtitdkas

1 Anabd. i. 8,

142

1015

ARTAXERXES vii. 3-v111. 3

array, he so terrified and confounded the enemy, who
were marching along in loose order and without arms
because of their boldness and contempt for the king,
that Cyrus could with difficulty bring them into
battle array amid much tumult and shouting; and
again, by leading his forces up slowly and in silence,
he filled the Greeks with amazement at his good
discipline, since they had expected in so vast a host
random shouting, and leaping, with great confusion
and dissipation of their lines. Besides this, he did
well to craw up in front of his own line, and over
against the Greeks, the mightiest of his scythe-
bearing chariots, in order that by the force of their
charge they might cut to pieces the ranks of the
Greeks before they had come to close quarters.
VIII. Now, since many writers have reported to
us this battle, and since Xenophon! brings it all but
before our eyes, and by the vigour of his description
makes his reader always a participant in the emotions
and perils of the struggle, as though it belonged, not
to the past, but to the present, it would be folly to
describe it again, except so far as he has passed over .
things worthy of mention. The place, then, where
the armies were drawn up, is called Cunaxa, and it
is five hundred furlongs distant from Babylon. And
we are told that Cyrus, before the battle; when
Clearchus besought him to remain behind the com-
batants and not risk his life, replied : “‘ What sayest
thou, Clearchus? Dost thou bid me, who am reaching
out for a kingdom, to be unworthy of a kingdom?”’
It was a great mistake for Cyrus to plunge headlong
into the midst of the fray, instead of trying to avoid
its dangers; but it was no less a mistake, nay, even
a greater one, for Clearchus to refuse to array his

143

PLUTARCH’S LIVES

Kata Tov Baairiéa wn OerXnoas trovs “EXAnvas,
Gra tpocpiEtas TH ToTaud TO SeELov, ws [7
cuchwbein. Thy yap ac padevav e& dravTos d10-
KOVT@ Kal TRELTTOV Aoyov EXovtTa Tod pn dev
wabety olKou every TV KpaTiaTov. o O€ puptous
atadtous ato OaXacons év Om Nous avaBeBnas

pun devos dvaryKafovros, arr’ ores Kdpov eis tov
Opovoy cabion TOV Bacirevov, elta T Epa KOT ay
yopav Kai TaEw, ovK ad hs cwoele TOV yE“ova
Kal pia 8odornp, QXr év Tivt Gemevos éauTov
da paras paxetrar Kal’ novxiav, dp.0L0s mv UT
€ous TOV TapovT@v exBeBdyxore TOUS TEpl TOV
OXwV Aoryer Lous Kal T poiewevep THY TIS TTpATELAS
vm obecw. OTL yap ovdels av drréuerve TOV TETAY-
pévav Tept Baciréa tors “EXXnvas éutecortTas,
aclevtwyv & éxeivov kai Baciréws huyovtos 7
TETOVTOS UTAPXE Kvpo ViK@VTL cater Oar Kal
Bactrever, € EK TOV TET Pay LEVOY OApdov € éott. 610
THV Kredpxou padXov eva Bevay 7 7) TO TOU Kupou
Opacos aitatéov Os Ta Tpaypara kat Kopov
aroderacay, el 4p autos €aKOTrEeL Bactrevs
omov tdakas Tous “EXAnvas. aBraBeorarous XP
oeTaL TOhEmions, ovK av érépav efebpev THY
UTWTATW YWpav éavTOU Kal TOV TreEpt EavTOV, ap
hs ourTe vixn Geis auTos yobero kat Kodpos EbOn
KaTaKom els a) Xengapevos TL 7™) Kredpxou vin.
KaLTOL Kupos TO ouppepov ovK nyvonaen, arr
éxet KNéapyov éxéXeve TaTTecOar Kata pécov.
0 0 avT@® pérXeLv eimwy OTws E£et KaXLOTA, TO
wav dégOetpev,

144

ARTAXERXES vit. 3-7

Greeks over against the king, and to keep his right
wing close to the river, that he might not be sur-
rounded. For if he sought safety above everything
else and made it his chief object to avoid losses, it
had been best for him to stay at home. But he had
marched ten thousand furlongs up from the sea-coast
under arms, with no compulsion upon him, but in
order that he might place Cyrus upon the royal
throne; and then, in looking about for a place and
position which would enable him, not to save his
leader and employer, but to fight safely and as he
pleased, he was like one who, through fear of instant
peril, had cast aside the plans made for general
success and abandoned the object of the expedition.
For had the Greeks charged upon the forces arrayed
about the king, not a man of them would have stood
his ground ; and had these been routed and the king
either slain or put to flight, Cyrus would have won
by his victory, not only safety, but a kingdom. This
is clear from the course of the action. Therefore the
caution of Clearchus rather than the temerity of
Cyrus must be held responsible for the ruin of Cyrus
and his cause. For if the king himself had sought
out a place to array the Greeks in which their attack
would be least injurious to him, be could have found
no other than that which was most remote from
himself and his immediate following, since he himself
did not know that his forces had been defeated there,
and Cyrus could take no advantage at all of the
victory of Clearchus, because he was cut down too
soon. And yet Cyrus well knew what was for the
best, and ordered Clearchus to take his position
accordingly in the centre. But Clearchus, after
telling Cyrus he would see to it that the best was
done, ruined everything.

145

PLUTARCH’S LIVES

IX. Oc péev yap "EAXnves doov éBovXovTo Tovs
BapBdpovs évixwy Kal dv@xovtes él mreElorov
mponrGov' Kipw Sé yevvaiov immov, aatopov 6é
Kal UB protny €XavvorTt, Tlacakav Kaovpevor, @S
Kryoias dyatv, atebi racer 0 oO Kadouciwn a apxeov
“Aptayépons peya Boor, *°O 70 KaNALOTOY éVv
Tlépcats ovopa Kvpov KATALTXUVOY, dbdicorare
avdpav Kal adpovertare, KaKOUS pe “EXAnvas
EpX? KaKNY oOov ay ov emt Ta Ilepocav ayaba,
Seamrorny d€ geavTov kal adehov sta The dvat-
pycew, os cod pupiaxis pupious dovAOusS exel
Kpetocovas. auTixa 6€ Tetpaon’ Tporepov yap
aTronets evtavda THY ceauTov Kepadny i) Oed-
cacOat 70 Bactréws mpoowrrov. TAUTA ELT OV
éEnxovticev €r avtov. 0 6€ Owpaké crtEpeds
avTeoXe, Kal ovK eTpoOn bev O Kdpos, éxpadavd n
dé TAS TANYS toxupas ™pooTrerovens. amro-
aT pEepavTos dé TOV im Tov TOU “Aptayépoov Baro
0 Kdpos ¢ ETUXE, Kal oujAace Tapa Thy KAEciOa bia
TOU TpAaXTrOV THY ix pay.

Tov peév ovv ‘A praryépanv atoOavetr t ome TOU
Kupou oXEOOV aTranTES oporoyobce: Tept dé THs
avtov Kupov tereutis émel Revoha@v amras Kat
TUVTOMOS, ate 67 a) Tapav auras, elev, ovdEeV
lows Kwdrver Ta Acivmvos idia Kal madv Ta
Ktnotov Ove Oeiv.

X. Pynociv otv o pev Actvwv Ort Tov ’Apta-
YEprov TrecovTos eigehaoas Biatws 6 Kipos ets
Tovs “TpoTeTarypevous Tob Baorréws KaTéTpwoeV
avtovd Tov imov, o 8& ameppin’ TnpiBatou é

146

ARTAXERXES rx. 1-x. I

IX. For the Greeks were victorious to their hearts’
content over the Barbarians, and went forward a
very great distance in pursuit of them; but Cyrus,
riding a horse that was high-bred, but fierce and hard
to guide (his name was Pasacas, as Ctesias tells us),
was met in full course by Artagerses, commander of
the Cadusians, who cried with a loud voice: “O
thou who disgracest the name of Cyrus, that noblest
name among the Persians, thou most unjust and
senseless of men, thou art come with evil Greeks on
an evil journey after the good things of the Persians,
and thou hopest to slay thine own brother and thy
master, who hath a million servants that are better
men than thou. And thou shalt at once have proof
of this; for thou shalt lose thine own head here
before thou hast seen the face of the king.” With
these words he hurled his spear at Cyrus. But the
breastplate of Cyrus stoutly resisted, and its wearer
was not wounded, though he reeled under the shock
of the mighty blow. Then, as Artagerses turned his
horse away, Cyrus hurled his spear and hit him, and
drove its head through his neck past the collar-bone.

Thus Artagerses died at the hands of Cyrus, as
nearly all writers are agreed in saying; but as
regards the death of Cyrus himself, since Xenophon
makes simple and brief mention of it,! because he
was not present himself when it happened, there is
no objection perhaps to my recounting, first what
Deinon says about it, and then what Ctesias says.

X. Accordingly, Deinon says that after Artagerses
had fallen, Cyrus charged furiously into those drawn
up in front of the king, and wounded the king’s
horse, and that the king fell to the ground; but

lt Anab. I. viii. 26f.
147

PLUTARCH’S LIVES

avaBarovtos auTov é7’ adXov im7rov Taye Kal
el TOVTOS, 3 0 Baoired, peuvnoo TNS npepas
TAUTNS" ov yap akia r7iOns éoti,” marty 0 Kopos
evoelioas TO imme KatéBare Tov “Apro&epEnv.
mpos 5€ THY TpiTny eméhacw dueavarxetiaas 0 O
Bactrevs, Kal elmo 7 pos TOUS TapovTas @S
BéXtLov éote py Cnv, avteEjravve TO Kupo
TPOTETWS Kal aTrepiaKkéTTTWS els evavtia Bédn
depowévw. Kal Barres pev avTos axovtiw, Bar-
Novat SE Ol TrEpi avTOV. ‘TimTter dé Oo KUpos, os
prev EvloL N€yoval, TANYElS UO TOV Baciréws,
ws d€ Erepot tives, Kapos av@pwrov tatatavtos,
@ yépas edwKe THS. mpakews TAUTNS: 0 Bacvrevs
ahexTpudva xpucoiv emi Sopatos aet To TAS
Tafews €v tails otpateiats Kouifery’ Kal yap
avtous tovs Kapas anXextpvovas ot Lépca dia
Tovs Aodovs, ols Kocpodot Ta Kpadvyn, Tpoc-
nyopevov.

XI. ‘H &€ Krnoiov édunynois, ws émiTepovTt
TOANA TUYTOMWS aTayyEelAal, TOLAUTH Tis éoTL.
Kdpos atroxteivas Aptayépony tAavvev eis avToV
Bacthéa Tov introv, kat avTos Els ExEivov, aupo-
Tepot ctw. Paver dé Barwv ’Aptatos o Kvpou
diros Bactrea, Kal ouK eTPOE: Bactrevs be
adeis TO dopu Kupou pev ovK eTUXE, Laripépvyy
6€, TLaTOV avopa Kupe Kal yevvaiov, éBare Kat
améxtewe. Kipos & ém avtov éEaxovticas bia
Tod Owpaxos ETpwoe TO oTHOOS, Goov évddvat Svo
dakTUAOUS TO AKOVTLOV, TeaElV bE aurov UTO THs
TrNYTS aro ToD immov. puyiis d€ Kat Tapaxiis
TOV epi aUTOV yEevomevns, 0 ev avaoTas pet

148

1016

ARTAXERKXES x. 1-x1r. 2

Teribazus quickly mounted him upon another horse,
saying, “‘O king, remember this day, for it deserves
not to be forgotten ” ; whereupon Cyrus again plunged
in and dismounted Artaxerxes. But at his third
assault, the king, being enraged, and saying to those
who were with him that death was better, rode out
against Cyrus, who was rashly and impetuously
rushing upon the missiles of his opponents. The
king himself hit him with a spear, and he was hit by
the attendants of the king. Thus Cyrus fell, as some
say, by a wound at the hands of the king, but as
sundry others have it, from the blow of a Carian, who
was rewarded by the king for this exploit with the
privilege of always carrying a golden cock upon his
spear in front of the line during an expedition; for
the Persians call the Carians themselves cocks,
because of the crests with which they adorn their
helmets.

XI. But the narrative of Ctesias, to give it in a
much-abbreviated form, is something as follows
After he had slain Artagerses, Cyrus rode against
the king himself, and the king against him, both
without a word. But Ariaeus, the friend of Cyrus,
was beforehand in hurling his spear at the king,
though he did not wound him. And the king,
casting his spear at Cyrus, did not hit him, but
struck and killed Satiphernes, a trusted friend of
Cyrus and a man of noble birth. But Cyrus threw
his spear at the king and wounded him in the
breast through the cuirass, so that the weapon
sank in two fingers deep, and the king fell from
his horse with the blow. Amid the ensuing
confusion and flight of his immediate followers, the
king rose to his feet, and with a few companions

149

PLUTARCH’S LIVES

> / ‘ A
dXiywv, ev ols Kal Krynoias iv, Nopov Twa TAH-
ciov KatahaBwv jnovyale’ Kopov O€ Tots Tone-
/ > , ¢ ¢/ 2} / ¢€ \ nw
tors évetAovpevoy o immos eEéhepev UO Oupod
pakpayv, 7dn cKOTOUS GvTOS ayvoOvpEvoY UTO THY
/ \ A
Todeulwv Kal Enrovmevov UT TOV PiAwv. éTrat-
A / \ \ 3 ic n
popevos 66 TH Vikn Kal pecTOS BY oOpunS Kai
a /
Opacous dieEnravve Bodv, “'Ekioctacbe, mev-
49? nr \ \ / > a
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n ¢ , n
Bo@vtos, ot pev éElatavto mposKuvodYTEs, aTro-
/ p' fo] fol ig / a / \
mimter 6€ THS KEparis 7) TLdpa TOU Kupov. Kat
/
mapatpéxav veavias Ilépans dvopa MiOpidarns
> / / \ ‘ b) a x SN
axovti@ Padre TOV KpoTamov avTOV Tapa TOY
> / ? fal ¢ 7 \ \ a
opbarpov, ayvodyv datis ein. Todv b€ aiva Tov
tTpavpatos éxBarovTos ihuyyracas Kal Kapwlels
¢ al ” Vile \ (/ ¢ > > /
0 Kdpos émece. Kalo pev immos UTrexpuyav eTAa-
2 sie J / lal > / fee“
Cero, Tov O epitmetov midov aTroppvevTa AapBaver
a \ la s > / ~ /
tod Tov Kodpov Badovtos axoXovbos aipartos Trept-
\ \ lal b] n fal > /
mrew. Tov € Kipov éx ths mANYHs avahépovta
n 6 /
YareTas al worss evvodyot TiveEes OAiryoL TapoVTES
>] / > 27 (/ be Vé /
émexyeipouv én adXov imtoy avabéo Bat Kai cater.
a /
advvatas § éyovta cal d0 avtov mpoOvpovpevor
fal ® 4
Badilew troraBovtes yov, TO MEY T@maTL KapN-
n / ao
Bapotvta kal obaddopevov, olopevoy dé viKav
akovovta TaV hevyovTwY avakadovpévav Kipov
/ \ Oo Ps / b] be /
Baciréa cal deidecOar ceopevwv. ev 0€ TOVT@
/
Kavviot tives avOpwrot KaxoBvor Kat aropot Kai
val a n /
TaTelwa@av UToupynpatav &vexa TH TOD BacirEws
lal lal /
oTpaTla mapaxorovOobrtes EtTvXo cuvavapeyOev-
e < / n ‘ \ la ig be /
Tes Ss hirois Tols TEpt TOV Kodpov. ws o€ modus
150

ARTAXERXES x1. 2-6

among whom also was Ctesias, took possession of
a certain hill near by and remained there quietly ;
but Cyrus, enveloped by his enemies, was borne on
a long distance by his spirited horse, and since it
was now dark, his enemies did not recognize him
and his friends could not find him. But lifted up
by his victory, and full of impetuosity and confi-
dence, he rode on through his foes, crying out,
“Clear the way, ye beggars!’’ Thus he cried out
many times, in Persian, and they cleared the way,
and made him their obeisance. But the turban of
Cyrus fell from his head, and a young Persian,
Mithridates by name, running to his side, smote him
with his spear in the temple, near the eye, not
knowing who he was. Much blood gushed from
the wound, and Cyrus, stunned and giddy, fell to
the ground. His horse escaped and wandered
about the field, but the horse’s saddle-cloth, which
had slipped off, was captured by the attendant of
the man who had struck Cyrus, and it was soaked
with blood. Then, as Cyrus was slowly and with
difficulty recovering from the blow, a few eunuchs
who were at hand tried to put him upon another
horse and bring him to a place of safety. But since
he was unable to ride and desired to go on his own
feet, they supported him and led him along. His
head was heavy and he reeled to and fro, but he
thought he was victorious because he heard the
fugitives saluting Cyrus as king and begging him
to spare them. Meanwhile some Caunians—low
and poverty-stricken men who followed the king’s
army to do menial service—chanced to join the
party about Cyrus, supposing them to be friends.
But when at last they perceived that the tunics

151

PLUTARCH’S LIVES

a> Nail? / ca) a
cuveloov Ta éemiOwpakidsa oivixa, AevKOIs Ypw-
pévwv Tov BaciNikov aTdvTwV, éyvwoayv ToNXe-
tous Ovras. els odv éxelvwy éTOAUNTEY ayVOwV
A \ a / a \
éEoricOev Badreivy tov Kipov axovtiow. Tihs oé€
/ ¢
Tept Thy iyvuav drEBos avappayelons Tecwv o
a / / / x
Kodpos dua tates wpos tive ALO@ Tov TET peo LevOV
/ \" 3 / lal \
Kpotadov Kal utoOvncKet. Tovovtos pev o Krn-
a / /
alov Noyos, © KaGdTep auPret Evhidim ponrss
avaipav tov avOpwrov avnpnKev.
fal if e
XII. "Hd dé atdrod tePvnxotos ’Aptacupas o
/ > \ 4 7 /
Baciréws ofParpos éervyev inm@ tapeEeXavvor.
\ ? /
yvwpicas ovy Tovs Eevvovyous dAOpupopéevous
np@THoE TOV TLaTOTAaTOY avTav, ‘ Tiva Tod-
9 / / / Ry? & \
tov, @ Ilapiona, kNalers TapaxaOnpevos ;” 0 5€
imev: “‘Ovy opds, @ ’A jpa, Ko 0
el7rev vx opas, @ ’Aptacvpa, Kipov reOvn-
/ %”) / e / fal ‘
xoTa;” Oavyudcas otv o ’Aptacvpas TO ev
evvovyw OGappetvy trapexedevoato Kal pudaTTEW
/ \ \
Tov vexpov, autos 5é auVTeivas mpos Tov ’Apro-
i lal
EépEnv, aTeyvwxoTa pév 0n TA TPAaypaTa, KAKOS
\ fal / U /
dé kal TO copa Staxelwevov vo TE Oitns Kal
a / Yi / \
TOU TpavuaTos, xXalpwv ppale. ws avTos ida
/ al ¢ \ lal ¢
teOvnxota Kipov. o b€ mpatov pev evOvs dp-
ITA \ x » / ww
unaev autos lévat, Kal Tov “Aptacvpay aryeu
’ / ; X 4 oe) \ \ \ 9 ,
exé\evoev él TOY TOTOV" érrel O€ TrOAUS HY OOS
n c / \ , ¢ Ps 4 \ ,
tov EXAnvov cal poBos ws diwKovtwy Kal TavTa
/ /
Vik@VvT@Y Kal KpaTovvTwY, &dofe mrElovas TEmWaL
/
Tovs KaToopmévous' Kal Tpidxovta Aaprdbas
” > / > nm \ \ > /
éxovTes erréupOncav. avT@ dé puKpov atronel-
ral \ ral
movtt Tov TeOvdva dia TO Siphv LatiBaplavns

152

1017

ARTAXERXES x1. 6-xn. 3

over their breastplates were of a purple colour,
whereas all the king’s people wore white ones, they
knew that they were enemies. Accordingly, one
of them, not knowing who Cyrus was, ventured to
smite him from behind with his spear. The vein
in the ham of Cyrus was ruptured and he fell, and
at the same time struck his wounded temple against
a stone, and so died. Such is the story of Ctesias,
in which, as with a blunt sword, he is long in killing
Cyrus, but kills him at last.

XII. When Cyrus was now dead, Artasyras, the
king’s Eye,! chanced to pass by on horseback, and
recognizing the eunuchs as they lamented, he asked
the trustiest of them, ‘‘ Who is this man, Pariscas,
by whom thou sittest mourning?’’ And Pariscas
answered: “QO Artasyras, dost thou not see Cyrus
dead?”’ Astonished at this, then, Artasyras bade
the eunuch be of good courage and guard the dead
body, but he himself went in hot haste to Artaxerxes
(who had already given up his cause for lost, and
besides was physically in a wretched plight from
thirst and from his wound), and joyfully told him
that with his own eyes he had seen Cyrus dead.
At first the king promptly set out to go in person
to the place, and ordered Artasyras to conduct him
thither; but since there was much talk about the
Greeks, and it was feared that they were pursuing
and conquering and making themselves masters
everywhere, he decided to send a larger company
to see where Cyrus lay. So thirty men were sent,
with torches. Meanwhile, since the king was
almost dead with thirst, Satibarzanes the eunuch

1 A confidential officer of high rank, a Superintendent of
the Realm.

VOL. XI. 5 Was

PLUTARCH’S LIVES

0 _euvodyos meptOéwy ebnyret ToTOV" ov yap elye
TO Xwptov bop, ovee Hv eyyus TO oTpatorredoy.
pods ovv emiTuyyavet TOV Kavviwy éxeivwyv Tov
kako Biov EVOS év doKio pavrAw SeePOappevor
boop Kal movnpov EXOVTOS, 6cOV. OKT@ KOTUAAS*
Kat AaBov TOUTO Kab Kopicas T@ Racine Sidwaty.
exTrLOVTA dé amrav porno ev él a) Tavu dua ye-
paiver TO TOTOV. 0 6€ @ Moore TOUS Oeovs pnTeE
Olvov nO€WS OUTWS THTOTE TETTMKEVAL UNTE VOwP
70 Koupotatov Kal xadapwraron, “Qare,” éb7,

‘rov SdvTa aot TOUTO avOpwmov, av ey@ pt
Simba ent ioas cpeipacbar, Tovs Beovs evyouat
TOTAL MAaKapLOV Kal TAOVCLOV.”

XIII. "Ev dé ToUTM _Tpoo7avvov ol TpidKovTa
Aap pol Kal Teptxapets, avaryyéNovTes auto THY
aveNT LG TOV evTUXiar. 767 6e Kal me Tov
TUT PEXOVTOV 7 ay 7 pos avrov Kal TUT TOME:
vov eOappet, Kal KaréBawev amo Tob Aogou peri
TOAND TEPLAAWLTO[MEVOS. @s 0€ € emTeaTn TO vEK pO,
Kal Kara on Twa. vomov Hepa oy ” beEva YELP
aTEKOTN Kal 7 Kepams) TOU TWMATOS, exéheuoe
TV Kceparay avuT@ Kopig Ova Kal THS KOMNS
opakapevos ovens Babetas Kal ANacias émedetxvue
tois apdidokotow éts Kat ghevyovow. ot oe
eGavuatov Kal T pogeKvvouy, adore Taxv pupuddas
ema | Trepl avrov yevés Gat Kal cuvercehaoat TaALY
els TO o7Tparomedov- eFehn aiken 6€, @S 0 Krycias
puoi, emt THY paxny TET CAPUKOVTA upiacey.
oi 5é mrept Acivwva Kal Fevopavra TOAV TAELOvas
yevérOar Neyovor Tas pemaxnuevas. aptO pov be
vexpov o Krnaias évaxtoxidious avevexOhvai

154

ARTAXERXES xr. 3-xu. 3

ran about in quest of a drink for him; for the place
had no water, and the camp was far away. At last,
then, he came upon one of those low Caunians, who
had vile and polluted water in a wretched skin,
about two quarts in all: this he took, brought it to
the king, and gave it to him. After the king had
drunk it all off, the eunuch asked him if he was not
altogether disgusted with the drink. But the king
swore by the gods that he had never drunk wine,
or the lightest and purest water, with so much
pleasure. “Therefore,” said the king, “if I should
be unable to find and reward the man who gave
thee this drink, I pray the gods to make him rich
and happy.”

XIII. And now the thirty messengers came riding
up with joy and exultation in their faces, announcing
to the king his unexpected good fortune. Presently,
too, he was encouraged by the number of men who
flocked back to him and formed in battle array, and
so he came down from the hill under the light of
many torches. And after he had halted at the dead
body of Cyrus, and its right hand and head had been
cut off (in accordance with a law of the Persians),
he ordered the head to be brought to him; and
grasping it by the hair, which was long and bushy,
he showed it to those who were still wavering and
disposed to fly. These were amazed, and made
obeisance to the king, so that very soon seventy
thousand men were about him and marched back
with him to their camp. He had marched out to
the battle, as Ctesias says, with four hundred
thousand men. But Deinon and Xenophon say that
the army which fought under him was much larger.
As to the number of his dead, Ctesias says that it

155

PLUTARCH’S LIVES

onoe ™ pos TOV AproképEny, auT@ de Og mupiov
ovK eXAT TOUS havivat tovs KELILEVOUS. TAUTa meV
ovv éyet dtaudicBntnow* éxeivo S€ Tod Krynoiouv
AautTpov On Wetdoua, TO TeuPOHvar havas pos
tous” EXAnvas avtov peta Parivou tod Zaxvviov
Kat TLVWY AAAWY. Oo Yap Eevopav jmiatato
curdcatpiBovra Bacinret Kryotav’ HenvnTaL yap
avutov Kal Tos AiBrLous TOUTOLS - eEVTETUXNKOS
Ofpdos €oTLy" ovK adv ovyv é\Oovta Kal Aoyov
TOTOUTaY EpuNnvea yevomeEvoy TaphKEV avovupoD,
Panrivoy b€ tov ZaxvvO.ov wvouatev. adda dat-
woviws o Krncias, ws Eouxe, Pudorepos ov Kab
ovx HT TOV piAoAaK@Y Kal prrox€apxXos det TLAaS
év 7 Sunyrjo ee Xwpas EavT@ dldowauv, év als
yevouevos TOAAG Kal KAA eu“ noETAL KnXeapyou
kai THs AaKxecaipovos.

NIV. Mera 6é rv payny da@pa Kadota pev
éFérreuwe Kal wéyiaota TO Aptayépoou traloi Tod
mweacovtos uma Kupov, caras b€ Kai Krnotiav
Kal TOUS tAXOUS eTiunoe. TOV d€ Kavviov éxeivov
efaveupov, ds érédwxe TO ackiov, é& adofouv Kai
TEVNTOS EVTLLOV Kal TAOVGLOY ETTOLnGEV. HV O€ TES
eT LLEAELAL Kat mepl Tas THY efayaptovtav Oikat-
MTEL. "A pBaxnv pev yap TWa Mijbov € év TH Max
pos Kdpov puyovtTa Kai Twadw éKelvov TETOVTOS
peTacTavTa, SeltALaY KAL paraxiav KaTayvous, ov
mpoooclay ovde KakOvolay, €kéAEVTE YULVIV ava-
NaPovta tropynv mepiBadnv emi Tod Tpaynrov 6.’
nepas OANS ev ayopa Trepipepev. ETEpov SE Tpos

1. Anad, ii. 1, 7-23.

1018

ARTAXERXES xin. 3-x1Vv. 2

was reported to Artaxerxes as nine thousand, but
that he himself thought the slain no fewer than
twenty thousand. This matter, then, is in dispute.
But it is certainly a glaring falsehood on the part of
Ctesias to say that he was sent to the Greeks along
with Phalinus the Zacynthian and certain others.
For Xenophon knew that Ctesias was in attendance
upon the king, since he makes mention of him and
had evidently read his works; if, then, Ctesias had
come to the Greeks and served as an interpeter in
so momentous a colloquy, Xenophon would not
have left him nameless and named only Phalinus
the Zacynthian.t The truth is that Ctesias, being
prodigiously ambitious, as it would seem, and none
the less partial to Sparta and to Clearchus, always
allows considerable space in his narrative for himself,
and there he will say many fine things about
Clearchus and Sparta.

XIV. After the battle, the king sent the largest
and most beautiful gifts to the son of that Artagerses
who fell at the hands of Cyrus; he also gave gener-
ous rewards to Ctesias and others, and when he had
found out the Caunian who had given him the skin
of water, he raised him from obscurity and poverty
to honour and wealth. There was much watchful
care also in his punishment of those who had
gone wrong. For example, in the case of Arbaces, a
Mede, who had run away to Cyrus during the battle,
and, when Cyrus fell, had changed back again, the
king pronounced him guilty, not of treachery, nor
even of malice, but of cowardice and weakness, and
ordered him to take a naked harlot astride his neck
and carry her about in the market-place for a whole
day. And in the case of another man, who, besides

157

PLUTARCH’S LIVES

nw n / na / n
TO peTacTHvar Wevoapévov cataBanreiv dvo0 Tay
Toneuiwv, tpocétake Ovatreipar Tpiot PBedovats

\ a +7 \ \ A an
THY yA@TTaY. olopevos SE Kal Bovdopevos Soxeiv
Kai Néyetv TavTas avOpwTrovs ws AUTOS ATrEKTOVOL

n a /

Kopov, MiO@pidatn te TO Barovte tTp@Tw Kupov
> / a \ f ~ ley \ ,
éLémreuwe Opa Kal Eyer ExéXeucE TOUS SLdovTAs

Seger , an ¢ i. \ 247
ws “Tovtow oe tia o Bacidevs OTe Tov ediT-
metov Kupouv midov evpav aviyveycas’’ tod dé

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Kal avTov dwpeav aitodyTos, éxédevoev ELTrely TOUS
S:d0vtas OTL “Lol radta didwow Bacrevs evay-
a “ \
yedlov Seutepeia’ mpwtos yap “Aptacupas, met
> al \ \ \ Zz \ > / »
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Tov 6€ dOdLov Kapa xowvov tt mdBos €& aBeATEpias
\ a
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fal ¢ \ > / > > , \ /
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\ > / ” > 328 e /

po Gov evayyedtwy exXely, AA NyavaKTel papTupo-

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poito. tavta 5é axovcas 0 Baoiers ahodpa

9 \ ¥ \ b] / > : a
Ttapwkvvdn kal Thy Kepadny éxéNevoEVv ATTOTEMELY
tov avOpwTov. tapovaa 0 1 pwynTnp, “Mn ov

» ae a Le \ a rn a A
ye, eltrev, “ o0tTw Tov Kapa tovrov, ® Bacined,
Tov OAeOpov atradrAdéns, adda Tap éuod Tov
aEiov aodnpetat picOov wv Tora Déyeuv.”
> / \ a s »U7 3 \
émitpéwavtos b6€ Tov Baaiiéws ExedNEVTE TOUS
émi Tov Tinwpiav 1 Ilaptcatis ANaBovtas Toy
158

ARTAXERXES xtv. 2-5

going over to the enemy, had lyingly boasted. that
he had slain two of them, the king ordered that his
tongue should be pierced with three needles.
Moreover, believing, and wishing all men to think,
and say, that he had killed Cyrus with his own hand,
he sent gifts to Mithridates, the one who first hit
Cyrus, and ordered the bearers of the gifts to say:
“This is thy reward from the king because thou
didst find and bring to him the trappings of the
horse of Cyrus.’’ Again, when the Carian, from
whom Cyrus received the blow in the ham which
brought him down, asked that he also should receive
a gift, the king ordered its bearers to say: “The
king gives thee these things as a second prize for
good tidings; for Artasyras came first, and after him
thou didst come, with tidings of the death of Cyrus.”
Now, Mithridates went away without a _ word,
although he was vexed; but the wretched Carian, in
his folly, gave way to a common feeling. That is,
he was corrupted, it would seem, by the good things
which he had, and led by them to aspire at once to
things beyond his reach, so that he would not deign
to take the gifts as a reward for good tidings, but
was indignant, calling men to witness and crying in
loud tones that it was he himself, and no one else,
who had killed Cyrus, and that he was unjustly
robbed of his glory. When the king heard of this,
he was vehemently angry and gave orders that the
man should be beheaded. Whereupon the king’s
mother, who was present, said to him: “O King, do
not let this accursed Carian off so easily, but leave
him to me, and he shall receive the fitting reward
for his daring words.” So the king consigned the
man to Parysatis, who ordered the executioners to

159

PLUTARCH’S LIVES

avOpwrov ép nuépas déka otpeBrodr, eita ToUs
oplarpous é€opvéartas eis TA MTA Oepmov évTn-
KEL KANKOV Ews atroOavn.

XY. Kaxds dé am@deTto kal MiOpibarns per
OLyOV xpovov ék THS auris aBerrepias. ernbels
yap emt deitrvov év0a Kal Baciréws Kab THS bn
Tpos evvodxor TapHnoay, Hcev éoOnre Kal Xpr@
KEKOT UNMEVOS ols éXaBe Tapa Bacréws. ETEL O€
els TO Tively adixovTo, Néyer TPOS AVTOV O MéyL-
atov Ouvduevos Tov Iapvcdtisos edvovywv: ‘Os
Karnv pev eoOnTa col TAUTHY, @ MiOpidara, 0
Bactrevs dédexe, Kara dé oTpemTa Kal peda:
ToAXXoVU b€ aEvos 0 AKLWaKNS. 1) paxapoy ae Kal
mepipremrov ¢ aTact meToinKer. mon be peOvov
o McOpidatns, Tt 6€ tadta éotw,” elmer, “Oo
Lrapapicn ; Meufovey yap eyo Kal Kadhoveov
Bacirei THY nyepay éxeivnvy aktov éwavrov Tap-
éxyov.” Kal 0 Lrapapibns Enipedidoas, “ DOdvos
pev ovdeis, @ MiOpsduta,” eizrev: “ érret O€ hacu
“EAAnves olvov kai ddnOerapv eivat, TL NauTpOV, w
TAY, 7) Méya, TiNOV EvpeEly imToU TeEpippYevTA Kal
TOUTOV aveveyKely ; ” tavtTa Sé€ ovUK aryvowy TO
idnBes eheyer, ana Bovdopevos éxkaruyar T pos
TOUS TApovTas Umeniver TV KoupoTnta TOU dy-
Opemrou Aadov Kal axpatoos ryeryovoros bia Tov
oivov, €l7rev OvV fn) KaTaaXov: s§ ‘Tyeis peD, O Tt
Bovrecde, miXous evyeTe Kal prudpous: éy@ O€
buiy eyo Srappnony b1ré TAUTNS avn pho bac
Kdpov THS XELpOs. ov yap OS ‘Aptayépans nKOV-
Tiga KEvoY Kail padTaLov, AANA TOD pEev OPOadpod

160

ARTAXERXES xiv. 5—xv. 4

take him and rack him on the wheel for ten days,
then to gouge out his eyes, and finally to drop molten
brass into his ears until he died.

XV. Mithridates also came to a miserable end a
little while after, owing to the same folly. For
being invited to a banquet at which eunuchs of the
king and of the queen-mother were present, he
came decked out with raiment and gold which he
had received from the king. And when the company
were at their cups, the chief eunuch of Parysatis
said to him: “Mithridates, how beautiful this
raiment is which the king gave thee, and how
beautiful the collars and bracelets! Costly, too, is
thy scimitar. Verily the king has made thee happy
in the admiring eyes of all men.’” Then Mithridates,
now flushed with wine, replied: ‘‘Sparamizes, what
do these things amount to? Surely my services to
the king on that day were worthy of greater and
more beautiful gifts.” Here Sparamizes smiled at
him and said: “ There’s no grudging them to thee,
Mithridates; but since, according to the Greek
maxim, there is truth in wine, what great or brilliant
exploit was it, my good fellow, to find a horse’s
trappings that had slipped off, and bring them to the
king?’’ In saying this, Sparamizes was not ignor-
ant of the truth, but he wished to unveil Mithridates
to the company, and therefore slyly stirred up his
vanity when wine had made him talkative and
robbed him of self-control. Accordingly, Mithridates
threw away constraint and said: ‘“ Ye may talk as
ye please about horse-trappings and such nonsense ;
but I declare to you explicitly that Cyrus was slain
by this hand of mine; for I did not, like Artagerses,
make a futile and an idle cast of spear, but I

161

PLUTARCH’S LIVES

\ ¢ an \ / \ /
pLKpov Huaptov, Tov 5é KpoTagov Tuy Kat dtedd-
/ \ BA \ ys € oe) ,
cas KatéBadov Tov avdpas Kai TéOvnKev UT’ Eexel-
al / ” e \ = v \ /
vou Tov TpavuaTos. ol pev OvV AOL TO TEAOS
” A , \ \ , Cia
On ToD MiOpiddtov Kal THY KaKodatpoviay oparv-
? \ a yy ¢ Pi e n > / pedo)
TES ELS THY yRY Exuiyav: 0 6 éEgTLMY avTousS,

Sig! Sie A s , Py A ,
Tay, én, “ MiO@pidata, Tivapev év TH TapovTt
Kai €cOiwpev Tov Baciréws Saipova mpockvvody-

, \ / a rr al x7 ”
TES, NOyous Oé pElfous KAO pas Edowper.

XVI. ’Ex rovtov 7H pev Ilapvodtids ppater
TOV AOYyoV oO EvvoUXoS, exetvn 5é Bactret- Bacidevs
d€ nyavaxtnoev womep éFedeyKopevos Kal TO

/ \ e > , an /
KaNALoTOY Kal HOLOTOY aToAAVM@Y THS viKNs.
3 tf. \ / cf Lal \
éBovreTto yap BapBapovs aravtas tereiaOat Kai
“RK id > ad ? , \ nr

AAnvas @s ev Tals eEeXacEgL KaL TULTTAOKATS
} \ \ \ \ 3, 4 \ > , 4
ovs kal AaBav TAnynV éTP@ON pév AUTOS, Ex-
5. ie a oF = X 4
Teve 5€ éxelvov. €xédXevoev ovY Tov MiOpidatny
amoGavety cxapevbévta.
To b€ cxaghevOjvar TotovTov éatu’ axdpas dvo

memrounpévas epappolery adrndats NaBovTes, ets.

‘ cor , \ , PO
THY éETEpay KaTAKALVOVEL TOV KOoXaComEvOY UmTLOV*
eta THY éTépay érayovtes Kal auvappolorTes,
¢ \ a
@aoTe THY Keharny Kal Tas Yetpas éEw Kal ToOvS
\ lal lal
modas atrokauBavecOar, To 5é GAO GHpma Trav
> / 4 ? / a > , xv
atroxexpup0ar, did0acw écbiew To avOpaTro, Kav
un Oédn, TpocBialovtar KevTobvTes Ta dupaTa:
payouts 5é meeiy pwédXt Kal yadda oUYyKEKpapéevov
/ A fal
éyXéovoly els TO OTOMAa Kal KATA TOU TpoTwrTroU
7 \ \ .
KaTaxéovolv. Elta mpos Tov HALov del aTpépov-
oi évaytia Ta dupata, Kal pul@yv mpooKxadnpé-
162

1019

ARTAXERKXES xv. 4-xv1. 3

narrowly missed his eye, struck him in the temple,
pierced it, and brought the man down; and it was
of that wound that he died.” The rest of the com-
pany, then, who already saw the end of Mithridates
and his hapless fate, bowed their faces towards the
ground ; and their host said: “ My good Mithridates,
let us eat and drink now, revering the good genius
of the king, and let us waive discourse that is too
weighty for us.”

XVI. Afterwards the eunuch told the matter
to Parysatis, and she to the king; and the king
was incensed, as being openly convicted of false-
hood, and likely to forfeit the fairest and most
pleasing feature of his victory. For he wished that
all Barbarians and all Greeks should be fully
persuaded that when he and his brother had charged
and grappled with each other, he had given and
received a blow, being only wounded himself, but
killing his brother. He therefore gave orders that
Mithridates should be put to death by the torture
of the boats.

Now, this torture of the boats is as follows. Two
boats are taken, which are so made as to fit over one
another closely; in one of these the victim is laid,
flat upon his back; then the other is laid over the
first and carefully adjusted, so that the victim’s head,
hands, and feet are left projecting, while the rest of
his body is completely covered up. ‘Then they give
him food to eat, and if he refuse it, they force him to
take it by pricking his eyes. After he has eaten,
they give him a mixture of milk and honey to drink,
pouring it into his mouth, and also deluge his face
with it. Then they keep his eyes always turned
towards the sun, and a swarm of flies settles down

163

PLUTARCH’S LIVES:

vov wANGos Tay atoKpUTTEeTAL TO TPOGwTOP.
évtos 6€ ToLovYTOS boa ToLely avayKaioy éoTLW
éoOiovtas avOpwrous Kal tivovtas, evral Kal
ox@rnKkes UTO POopas Kat anredovos éx TOD
TEPLTT@UATOS avatéovaly, UP MV avadtaKeTat TO
Tapa Scadvopeveov els Ta évtTds. OTav yap Hoy
pavepos 7 TeOuNKaS O avO pomos, apatpeBetons
THS €TAV@ oKadys opaar THY bev capKa KaTED!)-
de mevny, Tept O€ Ta omrdyXva TOLOUTOV Onpiov
Expous ecOiovtoy Kat TpooTepuKoTwv. oUTWS
0 MiOpidarns értaxaidexa jpépas POetpopevos
mors amréOave.

XVII. Aowros 8 iy TH Tapvodrede OKOTOS O
Thy Keharny atroTe“@v Kal THY xeipa tod Kuvpou
MacaBurns, Bacihéws etvodyos. ws ody autos
ovoeuiav KaW éavtod AaBHnv Tapedioov, ToLtodToY
ériBovrns tpotrov 7 Ilaptcatis cuvéOnnev. av
Ta Te GAXa Oupdcodos yuvi Kai Sewn KuBeverv:
510 Kal Bacinet 70 Tov ToNEé“OU TOAAAKLS cup
exvBever peTa O€ TOV ToAEuLoVv Siarvleioa Tpos
AUTOV OUK epevye Tas prroppocvvas, ada Kal
ouverarte Kal TOV epwTiK@y exowvavel oupT par
tovca Kal Tapovoa, Kal bras puxpotaroy avTou
TH Lrareipa peTedidou xpiabac kal ouveivar,
picovoad Te "adLTTA TaVT@Y exElvnY Kal péyLoOTOV
avr) Bovropevn dwacbat. AaBodca $n ToTe TOV
“AprogepEnv epynpevov advew axXoXr7s ovens
MpovKareito Tepl Xthiwy Saperxav xuBedoar Kal
xuBevovta Treptetoe vito a Kal TO xpuatov anr-
édwxe. tmpootrooupevyn S5é aviacbas cal ptdovet-

164

ARTAXERXES xvi. 3-xvur. 3
upon his face and hides it completely. And since
inside the boats he does what must needs be done
when men eat and drink, worms and maggots seethe
up from the corruption and rottenness of the excre-
ment, devouring his body, and eating their way into
his vitals. For when at last the man is clearly dead
and the upper boat has been removed, his flesh is
seen to have been consumed away, while about his
entrails swarms of such animals as I have mentioned
are clinging fast and eating. In this way Mithridates
was slowly consumed for seventeen days, and at last
died.

XVII. And now there was one mark left for the
vengeance of Parysatis—the man who had cut off the
head and right hand of Cyrus, Masabates, an eunuch
of the king. Against this man, then, since he him-
self gave her no chance to get at him, Parysatis
concocted a plot of the following sort. She was in
general an ingenious woman, and greatly addicted
to playing at dice. For this reason she frequently
played at dice with the king before the war, and
after the war was over and she had been reconciled
with him, she did not try to avoid his friendly over-
tures, but actually joined in his diversions, and took
part in his amours by her codperation and presence,
and, in a word, left very little of the king for
Stateira’s use and society. For she hated Stateira
above all others, and wished to have the chief
influence herself. So, one day, finding Artaxerxes
trying to amuse himself in a vacant hour, she
challenged him to play at dice for a thousand darics,
allowed him to win the game, and paid the money
down. Then, pretending to be chagrined at her loss
and to seek revenye, she challenged the king to play

165

PLUTARCH’S LIVES

Kely exéNevaeED addus ef apxns TTeEpL evvovxXov
diaxuBedoar Kaelvos UTNKOUCE. TOLNTaMLEVOL be
cuvOnKkas mévte pev Exadtepov UTeEedeaBat TOUS

, ’ \ a a a bay e a
TLETOTUTOUS, Ex 6€ THY AOLT@Y OV AV O VIKOV

édntat, Sovvat Tov yTTwpEVOY, él TOUTOLS eKU-
Bevov. adodpa 67 yevouévn pos TO mpaypatt
Kal omovodcaca Tepl THY Tatolav, ev Sé THs
auth Kal Tov KUBwV TEToVYTMY, VLxnoaca AaLBa-
yeu TOV MacaBarnv- ov yap Hv év Tots vTeEnpn-
pévots. Kal mplv év vTowia yevér Oa Bacirea
TOU TpdypaTos eyYElplcaca Tots emt TOV THe
pudy mpocérakev éxdeipar CavrTa, Kal TO pev copa
TrAYLOY dua TpL@v oTavpaV ava Agar, TO bé dépua
yopis dvaTatTanevoat. yevopevary d€ TovTwY Kal
Bacthews Xarerras pépovTos Kal ma pofvvopevou
pos aura, eipovevouevn pera YEAOTOS, wank (55
dvs,” packer, “ el Kal paKap.os, él Xarerraivers
dla yépovta Trovnpov evvodxXov, ey@ be xLALous eK-
KuBevdetoa SaperKous olwT@ Kal atépyw. Baci-
Aevs pev ouv éh ols efnTatnOn HETAMED OpeVvOS
youxXLav NYE, 9) 9 O€ TATELPG Kal pos Taha
PAvEepwsS NVAVTLOUTO Kal TOUTOLS édUTVEpaLvEV, WS
avépas evvovyous Kal TLaTtoVvs Baotret dra Kipov
OUAS Kal Tapavo“es aTroAAVOVENS avTHS.
XVIII. ’Eel 6€ Kréapyov xal tovs addous
atpatnyous Ticadépyns é&nmratnoe Kai Tap-
eam ovenoev Opkwv yevopévwv Kal cvAAaBov av-
émrepn rev év medats dedepevous, den Orvat pnow
avTou TOV Kréapxov 0 Kryotas OT WS KTEVOS
eUTopna ele. TUXOVTA de Kal THMEAjOAVTE THY
Keparny noOnvat Te TH Ypela Kal TOV SaxTvAtov

166

1020

ARTAXERXES xvi. 3-xvmr. 1

a second game, with an eunuch for the stake, and
the king consented. They agreed that both might
reserve five of their most trusty eunuchs, but that
from the rest the loser must give whichever one the
winner might select, and on these conditions played
their game. Parysatis took the matter much to
heart and was in great earnest with her playing, and
since the dice also fell in her favour, she won the
game, and selected Masabates; for he was not among
those who had been excepted. And before the king
suspected her design, she put the eunuch in the
hands of the executioners, who were ordered to
flay him alive, to set up his body slantwise on
three stakes, and to nail up his skin to a fourth.
This was done, and when the king was bitterly
incensed at her, she said to him, with a mocking
laugh: ‘ What a blessed simpleton thou art, to be
incensed on account of a wretched old eunuch, when
I, who have diced away a thousand darics, accept my
loss without a word.” So the king, although sorry
that he had been deceived, kept quiet in the matter,
hut Stateira openly opposed Parysatis in other things,
and above all was angry with her because, for the
sake of Cyrus, she was cruelly and lawlessly putting
to death eunuchs and others who were faithful to
the king.

XVIII. Now, when Clearchus and his fellow-
generals had been completely deceived by Tissa-
phernes,! and, contrary to solemn oaths, had been
seized and sent up to the king in chains, Ctesias
tells us that he was asked by Clearchus to provide
him with a comb. Clearchus got the comb and
dressed his hair, and being pleased at the service

1 Cf. Xenophon, Azad. ii. 5.
167

w

PLUTARCH’S LIVES

avT@ dodvat avpuSorov purias mpos Tous ev
AaxeSaipove ouyyeveis Kal oiKetous” elvat dé
yruny ev TH opparyis« Kapvariéas 6 opXoupevas.
Ta O€ TepTroMEva outia, TO Kvredpyo TOUS ouv-
dedeuévous oTpaTiotas ad aipetaOar Kat Kat-
avanioKely, odirya T@ Kredpxoe d:60vTas aT avTov.
idcacOat 5€ Kal TovTO dyno o Krnoias, Tretova
TO Kredpyo méutrea Oat Siam pakdpevos, dia be
érepa Tols oTpaTLWTals did000at: Kal taita pev
Umoupynaat Kal Tapac xelv YapiTe Kal youn TAS
Tapucatiboos. TE [LTTOLLEVOU é€ Kad Hmepav TO
Kredpxe KWAHVOS TTL Tous cLTLOLS, Tmapaxanelv
avuTov Kal OiddoKety @S KP) jutK pov eis TO Kpéas
éuBarovra paxaiprov amroxpuyavTa meunrau Kat
pn mepridety éy TH Bacrréws @LOTNTL TO Tédos
avTOU YEevomevoyv? AUTOS be poPovpevos 1) eBedi-
oa. Bactréa dé TH per pntpl TaparToupery
pn KTELVAL TOV Kr€apxov oporoyhaar Kal omogau:
meraOevta 5é€ abOis v7o THS LraTeipas amoxreivat
ravtas tANY Mévwvos. éx dé TovTOV Thy Tlapv-
oat émtBoureda at TH Lrateipa Kal ovoKeud-
sacbat THY pappwaxetav KaT avr HS, OUK elkoTa
Neyor, ara Tmomhny anroylav eEXovTa THS aitias,
el Seivov Epyov oUTWS edpace Kal ma pexwOvvevoev
um Ilapvoares ova Kr€apxor, aveheiv TOApNoAaGa
THY yenotay Bactrhéws yuvatka Kal TEKV@V Kowa
vov él Bactdeta Tpepouevwv. adda TavTA pev
ouK adnhov ws eTLTpAyMoElTaL TH Kredpxou
pv. Kal yap avai peGevT@v noi tay atpa-
THYOV TOUS meV AXAOUS UTO KUVaY GTapaTTecOaL

168

ARTAXERXES xvi. 1-5

rendered, gave Ctesias his ring as a token of friend-
ship which he might show to his kindred and friends
in Sparta; and the device in the seal was a group of
dancing Caryatides. Moreover, as Ctesias says, the
provisions sent to Clearchus were seized by the
soldiers in captivity with him, who consumed them
freely and gave only a small part of them to Cle-
archus. This hardship also Ctesias says he remedied,
by getting more provisions sent to Clearchus, and a
separate supply given to the soldiers; and these
services he says he rendered and performed to please
Parysatis, and at her suggestion. He says further
that a flitch of bacon was sent to Clearchus every
day to supplement his rations, and that Clearchus
earnestly advised him that he ought to bury a small
knife in the meat and send it to him thus hidden
away, and not allow his fate to be determined by the
cruelty of the king; but he was afraid, and would
not consent to do this. The king, Ctesias says, at
the solicitation of his mother, agreed and swore not
to kill Clearchus; but he was won back again by
Stateira, and put all the generals to death except
Menon. It was because of this, Ctesias says, that
Parysatis plotted against the life of Stateira and
prepared the poison for her. But it is an unlikely
story, and one that gives an absurd motive for her
course, to say that Parysatis thus risked and wrought
a dreadful deed because of Clearchus, and dared to
kill the king’s lawful wife, who was the mother by
him of children reared for the throne. Nay, ft is
guite evident that he adds this sensational detail out
of regard for the memory of Clearchus. For he says
that after the generals had been put to death, the
rest of them were torn by dogs and birds, but that

169

PLUTARCH’S LIVES

xal opvéewv, TO 5€ Kredpyou vexp@ Ovedrav ave-
pov ys Oiva moddrnv hépovoeav éemiX@oat Kal
emixpuYat TO o@pa howikwy oé Two SiacTa-
pevTov odiy@ Xpovw Gavpacrov adoos avapivat
Kal KaTacKLacaL TOV TOTO, @oTE Kal Bactret
shoopa peTaperev, ws avopa Oeois pidov
av npnkote TOV Kréapxov.

XIX. ‘H & obv Iapvcatis, wicovs te pos TH
Lrdateipav €& apyhs Uroxetpévou Kat EnroTuTIas,
op@ca THY wev AUTHS SUvauLy aidoupéevou Baciréws
Kal TLL@VTOS OVaAaV, THY O ExELVNS EpwTL Kai TLTTEL
BéBatov Kai icyupav, érreBovrNevtev UTép TAY
peyioTwr, os ETO, TapaBarropevn. Geparraway
ele TlLoTHV Kal duvapevny Tap avry péytorov
dvopa Ti, hv o pev Acivov Urroupynaat TH
pappaxeia pnt, ovyyvavas dé povov adKxovaav o
Kryotas. tov d€ dovta To ddppaxov obtos pev
ovouate. BeXttapav, o d€ Acivwy Medavtav. €éx
dé THs Tpocbev UToWias Kai d:adopas apEduevar
maw els TO auto hoitav Kal GCUVOELTVELVY aXX1-
Aats, “ws TO dedtevar Kal gurarrecbar TOUS
avTots aitios Kai amo TOY avTay éxpavTo.
yiverat O€ puxpov ev Ilépcais opvibiov, @ TeEptT-
TWLATOS OVOEV EGTLY, GAN Grov SiadTrAEwWY TLLEATS
Ta evTos’ Kal vopifevao avéu@ Kal dp0c@ Tpépe-
abat TO Cdov: ovopaFerar b€ puvraxns. TOUTO
gycw o Kryoias pixpa jaxarpior KEY PLO MEV TO
happwakw Kata Jartepa THY Ilapvoativ Sratpodoar
expatar TO ETEpD pépet TO pappaxov: Kal TO pev
axpavtov Kat KaGapov eis 70 oTOpa Badodoay

170

ARTAXERKXES xvit. 5-xIx. 3

in the case of Clearchus, a blast of wind carried a
great mass of earth and heaped it in a mound which
covered his body; upon this some dates fell here
and there, and in a short time a wonderful grove of
trees sprang up and overshadowed the place, so that
even the king was sorely repentant, believing that in
Clearchus he had killed a man whom the gods loved.

XIX. Parysatis, accordingly, who from the outset
had a lurking hatred and jealousy of Stateira, saw
that her own influence with the king was based on
feelings of respect and honour, while that of Stateira
was grounded fast and strong in love and confidence ;
she therefore plotted against her life and played for
what she thought the highest stake. She had a
trusted maidservant named Gigis, who had most
influence with her and assisted her in preparing
the poison, according to Deinon, although Ctesias
says she was merely privy to the deed, and that
against her will. The poison was actually given by
a man named Belitaras, according to Ctesias; Deinon
gives his name as Melantas. After a period of dis-
sension and suspicion, the two women? had begun
again to meet and eat with one another, although
their mutual fear and caution led them to partake of
the same dishes served by the same hands. Now,
there is a little Persian bird which has no excrement,
but is all full of fat inside; and the creature is
thought to live upon air and dew; the name of it is
“rhyntaces.”” It was a bird of this species, according
to Ctesias, that Parysatis cut in two with a little
knife smeared with poison on one side, thus wiping
the poison off upon one part only of the bird; the
undefiled and wholesome part she then put into her

1 7.¢., Parysatis and Stateira.
171

PLUTARCH’S LIVES

auTny eae, dovvat 6e TH 7) UTaTELpa TO mepappary-
wLévov" © 6€ Acivev ov THY lapvcarw, aXXa Tov
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172

102]

ARTAXERXES xix. 3-xx. 1

own mouth and ate, but gave to Stateira the poisoned
part. Deinon, however, says it was not Parysatis,
but Melantas who cut the bird with the knife and
placed the flesh that was poisoned before Stateira.
Be that as it may, the woman died, in convulsions
and great suffering, and she comprehended the evil
that had befallen her, and brought the king to suspect
his mother, whose fierce and implacable nature he
knew. The king, therefore, at once set out upon the
inquest, arrested the servants and table-attendants
of his mother, and put them on the rack. Gigis,
however, Parysatis kept for a long time at home with
her, and would not give her up at the king’s demand.
But after a while Gigis herself begged to be dismissed
to her own home by night. The king learned of
this, set an ambush for her, seized her, and condemned
her to death. Now, the legal mode of death for
poisoners in Persia is as follows. There is a broad
stone, and on this the head of the culprit is placed ;
and then with another stone they smite and pound
until they crush the face and head to pulp. It was
in this manner, then, that Gigis died; but Parysatis
was not further rebuked or harmed by Artaxerxes,
except that he sent her off to Babylon, in accordance
with her wish, saying that as long as she lived he
himself would not see Babylon. Such was the state
of the king’s domestic affairs.

XX. Now, the king was no less eager to capture
the Greeks who had come up with Cyrus than he
had been to conquer Cyrus and preserve his throne.
Nevertheless, he could not capture them, but though
they had lost Cyrus their leader and their own com-
manders, they rescued themselves from his very
palace, as one might say, thus proving clearly to the

173

PLUTARCH’S LIVES

Kal arropyvarrtes Ta [lepody «al Baciréws mpay-
para xXpvoov évTa tTroNXvy Kal tpudnv Kal yer
vatkas, Ta d€ adda TUdoOV Kal adalovetay, Taca
pev 7) “EXXas eEePadppnoe Kal KaTeppovnoe TOV
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un viv ye Souretas éFerécOar tovs thy ’Aciav
KATOLKODVTAS “EXqvas pndé Tavoat TpoTn\ake-
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eira, Sia Aepxuddtbov trodenodvres, ovdey Oe
T PAT TOVTES akiohoyov, ‘Ayynatha@ TO Bactnei
Tov ™ OA€ MOV emérpewpay. o dé mrepawobels vavol
els "Aaciav evOvs hy évepyos kai dofapv ele peya-
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Tas ToNELS _adiotn: TOUT@Y be yevopeveov oUp-
ppovijcas o "Aproképéns o ov Tpomov autois €o7e
ToNeunTEéor, errepape T LmokpaTny Tov “Podzsov eis
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xivelv ert THY AaKkedaipova. tov dé Timoxparous
TavTa MWpaTTOVTOS Kal TaY peylicT@Y TOAEwY
vvLaTaMEVOV Kal THs Tedorovyn cou dvatapar-
TOMEDS, peteTrewTovTO TOV "Aynothaov éx Tis
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aTLOVTAa TPOS TOUS pirous eT ely Os Tpigpuptots
ro€orars éfeNavvolto THs *Acias wutro Bacrréas:
To yap Ilepotxov voprcpa tok€otny émianpov
elyev.

XXI. "EEéBare 5€ Kal Tijs Jararrns Aaxe-
Satpoviovs Kovwrt To ‘AOnvaip pera Papva-
Badbov otpatyya xpnoduevos. o yap Kovev

174

ARTAXERXES xx. 1—-xx1. 1

world that the empire of the Persians and their king
abounded in gold and luxury and women, but in all
else was anempty vaunt. Therefore all Greece took
heart and despised the Barbarians, and the Lacedae-
monians in particular thought it strange if now at
least they could not rescue the Greeks that dwelt in
Asia from servitude, and put a stop to their outrage-
ous treatment at the hands of the Persians. The
war they waged was at first conducted by Thimbron,
and then by Dercyllidas, but since they accomplished
nothing worthy of note, they at last put the conduct
of the war in the hands of their king, Agesilaiis.
He crossed over to Asia with a fleet, went to work
at once, won great fame, defeated Tissaphernes in a
pitched battle, and set the Greek cities in revolt.
This being the case, Artaxerxes considered how he
must carry on the war with Agesilaiis, and sent
Timocreon the Rhodian into Greece with a great
sum of money, bidding him use it for the corruption
of the most influential men in the cities there, and
for stirring up the Greeks to make war upon Sparta.
Timocrates did as he was bidden, the most important
cities conspired together against Sparta, Peloponnesus
was in a turmoil, and the Spartan magistrates sum-
moned Agesilaiis home from Asia. It was at this
time, as we are told, and as he was going home, that
Agesilaiis said to his friends; “The king has driven
me out of Asia with thirty thousand archers’’; for
the Persian coin has the figure of an archer stamped
upon it.}

XXI. The king also expelled the Lacedaemonians
from the sea, employing Conon the Athenian as his
commander along with Pharnabazus. For Conon

1 Cf. the Agesilaiis, xv. 6.
175

PLUTARCH'S :LIVES

duétpsBe ev ev Kitpw pera tv év Alyos tota-
pois vavpayiay, ov THY aoddrEeavy ayaTOv, AANA
THY Tov Tpayuatov petaBorgnv, woTrep év TTre-
Nayet TpoTnv, Teptwévov. opa@v dé Kal Tovs
EaUTOU AOyLT Movs SuUYdpEews KAL THY Bacvhéws
Suvapuy avdpos Eup povos deopev ny, émepurpev emrl-
oTony Bacvret epi ay dvevoeito. Kal TAUTNV
exéXevoe TOV KopifoyTa pddioTa péev atrodovvaL
bua Znvevos TOU Kpnros 7 [lodvKpirou Tou Mev-
daiov: TovTwY oy a O pev Znveov OPXNTTNS, 0
dé LloAvepitos iatpos* av dé ovTot pe) Tapadt,
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tov Kovwvos érectarpévors b7rws kal Krnoiav
amooTetkn TMpos avTov, was whEAL“oY OVTA Tals
él Oardoon mpdkeow. 0 6€ Ktyoias avrov ag’
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ylay auT@ TavTny.

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maoav opod Thy ‘KAXdSa pos avrov, @aoTe Kal
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atovsdaas Baciret oven pakaro Tas év ‘Agia
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avT@ KextioOae popov vroteneis, eipyvns ryevo-
pevns Tots “EAAnow, él det thy THs “EXXdOos
vBpw Kat mpodociav elpnuny Karely, Hs TWONEWOS
ovodels akNeéaTEpou tweyKe TéNOS TOis KpAaTNOEicL.

176

1022

ARTAXERXES xxr. 1-5

passed the time at Cyprus, after the sea-fight at
Aegospotami,! not satisfied with mere safety, but
awaiting a reversal in the course of affairs, as he would
a change of wind at sea. And seeing that his own
plans needed a military force, and the king’s force
needed a sagacious leader, he wrote a letter to the
king explaining his purposes. This letter he ordered
the bearer, if possible, to give the king by the hand
of Zeno the Cretan or Polycritus the Mendaean
(Zeno was a teacher of dancing, and Polycritus was
a physician); but if these were not at court, by the
hand of Ctesias the physician. And it is said that
Ctesias, on receiving the letter, added to the sug-
gestions which Conon made to the king a request
to send Ctesias also to him, as likely to be of service
in matters on the sea-coast. Ctesias, however, says
that the king of his own accord conferred upon him
this new duty,

But after Artaxerxes, by the sea-fight which
Pharnabazus and Conon won for him off Cnidus, had
stripped the Lacedaemonians of their power on the
sea, he brought the whole of Greece into dependence
upon him, so that he dictated to the Greeks the
celebrated peace called the Peace of Antalcidas.?
Now Antalcidas was a Spartan, son of Leon, and
acting in the interests of the king he induced the
Lacedaemonians to surrender to the king all the
Greek cities of Asia, and all the islands adjacent to
Asia, to possess them on payment of tribute; and
peace was thus established among the Greeks, if the
mockery and betrayal of Greece can be called peace,
a peace than which no war ever brought a more in-
glorious consummation to the defeated.

1 405xB.c. Cf. the Alcibiades xxxvii. 2.
* In 387 3.c. Cf. the Ayesilaiis, xxiii. | ff.

177

4

PLUTARCH’S LIVES

XXIT. Aco Kab Tous adAXous Lrapridtas ael
ASderXuTTOMEVOosS oO ‘Aprogép&ns, Kat vopitov, ws
poe Aciver, avO parov amravTov avaideatatous
elvat, Tov Avtadxidav Utepnydtneoev eis Tépoas
avaBavta. Kai tote \aBav &va tov avOwwav
arepavev Kal Bawpas els pupov TO TOAUTEAETTA-
TOV, amo Oelmvov emeupe TO ‘Avradkioas Kal
mavTes eOavpacav THY pirodpooiyny. iy "8é, ds
EOLKEV, ETLTNOELOS OUTOS evtpupnOivar Kal TOLOv-
TOV Na Bety oTepavon, eFopXnTapevos ev Meépoas
tov Aewviday cal tov Kad\uxpariday. o pev yap
"AynotXaos, ws eoixe, mpos Tov eitrovta, ‘Ded
THs ‘EXXdbos, Otrov undiGovew atv of Adxoves,”
“Ov padror,” eizrev, “of Mfjdou Aaxavifover ;’
Tov O€ pHuatos ) KouApoTns THY TOD mpaypaTos
aicyvvnY ovK adeirev, ALAA THY wey Hye“oviav
atwdecav év AevKTpols ay@vicadpEevoL KAKAS, 1)
dé Sofa THs Uraptns mpoaT@XeTo Tals oporo-
rylats éxeivats.

"A ey ovuyv émpw 7 Laraptn, Eévov

ype pev ovv empwtevev 7 pTn,
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dav: éret O€ ntTHOncav év AeveTpos, TaTrewa
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atAaov eis Aliyurrov é&étreuwWav,o 6é Avtanki-
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émrapKkécat Tots Maxebaipovios. 0 6 ovTws €&n-
béAnoe Kal mapeive Kab are ppupev autor, WOTE
KataPayta Kal xrevalouevov umo TOV exOpar,
poBovpevov dé Kat TOUS epopous, amoKaptepija ar.
"AvéB8n bé mpos tov Bactréa Kal “lopnvias o

178

ARTAXERXES xxi. 1-4

XXII. For this reason Artaxerxes, although he
always held other Spartans in abomination, and con-
sidered them, as Deinon tells us, the most shameless
of all mankind, showed great affection for Antalcidas
when he came up to Persia. On one occasion he
actually took a wreath of flowers, dipped it in the
most costly ointment, and sent it to Antalcidas after
supper; and all men wondered at the kindness.
But Antalcidas was a fit person, as it would seem, to
be exquisitely treated and to receive such a wreath,
now that he had danced away among the Persians
the fair fame of Leonidas and Callicratidas. For
Agesilaiis, as it would appear, when someone said
to him: ‘‘ Alas for Greece, now that the Spartans
are medizing,’ replied, “Are not the Medes the
rather spartanizing?’’ However, the wittiness of
the speech could not remove the shame of the deed,
and the Spartans lost their supremacy in the disastrous
battle of Leuctra,? though the glory of Sparta had
been lost before that by this treaty.

So long, then, as Sparta kept the first place in
Greece, Artaxerxes treated Antalcidas as his guest
and called him his friend; but after the Spartans
had been defeated at Leuctra, they fell so low as to
beg for money, and sent Agesilaiis to Egypt, while
Antalcidas went up to Artaxerxes to ask him to
supply the wants of the Lacedaemonians. The king,
however, so neglected and slighted and rejected him
that, when he came back home, being railed at by
his enemies, and being in fear of the ephors, he
starved himself to death.

Ismenias the Theban also, and Pelopidas, who had

1 Cf. the Pelopidas, xxx. 4.
7 In 371 B.c. Cf. the Agesilaiis, xxviii. 5.

179

PLUTARCH’S LIVES

@OnBaios «at UerXoridas 780 THY év Aevrpors
paxny VEVLKNKOS. aX’ OvTOS pev ovdev aia pov
émoinaer ‘Topnvias dé TpooKvyija at KENEVO [LEVOS
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TOS. Tepayopa 66 To “AOnvaiw dia Bndovprdos
TOU YpaU“Lpmaréews eloméwnpavte ypapario.ov a ar Op-
pytov noGels pupiouvs te Sapetxous &dwxe, Kal
yaXaKtos Boetov Seopévm Ov acbéverav oySon-
KOVTa Bods apenyer Oat mapnionroubouv' ere d¢
KrLVHY Kal TT P@LATO, Kal TOUS oT pwvyUyTas eT ep-
wev, @s ov penabnxotov “EXdAnvev vToctpev-
vuvat, Kal hopes Tovs KouiCovtas avTov péxpe
Gaducons paraKkas Exyovta. mtapovte dé detmvov
em éumreTO Aap poTaror, @aTe Kal Tov adehpov
Tov Baciréos, ‘Ooravny, arf Tipayopa,” ddvat,

weuvnoo TAUTNS THS Tpametns: ov yap émt e-
Kpots OUT OL KEkoo UNweVn Tapaxerrat. ; ToUTO
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Uropynors. Tiparyopov ev oby da THY Swpoco-
Kiav "AOnvaior Oavatov KaTéyoray.

XXIII. ‘O bé’ A profepEns év avtl TavTwy ay
ENUTEL TOUS "EXAnvas evppatve, Ticadépynv tov
ey Otarov autos Kal duo pevéotarov aToKTEiVvas.
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TONY xpovoy 0 Bacirevs, adda dupddayn TH
untpi Kal peteTrénato, vodv pév opav éyoucar

SC

' Cf. the Pelopidas, xxx. 1-3.
* Cf. the Pelopidas, xxx. 6f.
3 Cf. the Agesilaiis, x. 3 f.

180

1023

ARTAXERXES xxu. 4-xxu. 1

just been victorious in the battle of Leuctra, went
up to the king.t_ Pelopidas did nothing to disgrace
himself; but Ismenias, when ordered to make the
obeisance to the king, threw his ring down on the
ground in front of him, and then stooped and picked
it up, thus giving men to think that he was making
the obeisance. With Timagoras the Athenian, how-
ever, who sent to him by his secretary, Beluris, a
secret message in writing, the king was so pleased
that he gave him ten thousand darics, and eighty
milch cows to follow in his train because he was sick
and required cow's milk; and besides, he sent him a
couch, with bedding for it, and servants to make the
bed (on the ground that the Greeks had not learned
the art of making beds), and bearers to carry him
down to the sea-coast, enfeebled as he was. More-
over, during his presence at court, he used to send
him a most splendid supper, so that Ostanes, the
brother of the king, said: “Timagoras, remember
this table; it is no slight return which thou must
make for such an array.’’ Now this was a reproach
for his treachery rather than a reminder of the king’s
favour. At any rate, for his venality, Timagoras was
condemned to death by the Athenians.?

XXIII. But there was one thing by which
Artaxerxes gladdened the hearts of the Greeks, in
return for all the evils which he wrought them, and
that was his putting Tissaphernes to death, their
most hated and malicious enemy.* And he put him
to death in consequence of accusations against him
which were seconded by Parysatis. For the king
did not long persist in his wrath against his mother,
but was reconciled with her and summoned her to
court, since he saw that she had intellect and a lofty

131

PLUTARCH’S LIVES

Kal ppovnua Baciretas aEvov, aitias dé pndewras
ovons eum oo@y ére Ou Ay bmowovrat TuvorTes
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TO TE KAXAOS AUTHS Kal TO 700s, OS Bacidiens Kat
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emevoe Kal ynotav arrodetEat yuvaixa, YVatpev
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THS YAS aa pevos, d@pa te TH Oem TocavTa
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TAaVTOS WaTE TA pETAED TOD ‘epod Kal ToV Baot-
elwv éExxaldexa oTddia Ypvood Kal apyvpov Kai
Tmoppupas Kal inmov éeumrnoOjvat.
182

ARTAXERXES xxi. 1-5

spirit worthy of a queen, and since there was no
longer any ground for their suspecting and injuring
one another if they were together. After this she
consulted the king’s pleasure in all things, and by
approving of everything that he did, acquired
influence with him and achieved all her ends. She
perceived that the king was desperately in love with
one of his two daughters, Atossa, and that, chiefly on
his mother’s account, he was trying to conceal and
restrain his passion, although some say that he had .
already had secret intercourse with the girl. When,
accordingly, Parysatis became suspicious of the
matter, she showed the girl more affection than
before, and would speak to Artaxerxes in praise of
her beauty and her disposition, saying that she was
truly royal and magnificent. At last, then, she per-
suaded the king to marry the girl and proclaim her
his lawful wife, ignoring the opinions and laws of the
Greeks, and regarding himself as appointed by
Heaven to be a law unto the Persians and an
arbitrator of good and evil. Some, however, say,
and among them is Heracleides of Cymé, that
Artaxerxes married, not one of his daughters only,
but also a second, Amestris, of whom we shall speak
a little later.! Atossa, however, was so beloved by
her father as his consort, that when her body was
covered with leprosy he was not offended at this in
the least, but offered prayers to Hera in her behalf,
making his obeisance and clutching the earth before
this goddess as he did before no other; while his
satraps and friends, at his command, sent the goddess
so many gifts that the sixteen furlongs between her
sanctuary and the royal palace were filled with gold
and silver and purple and horses.
1 Chap. xxvii. 4.
183

PLUTARCH’S LIVES

XXIV. TloAe nov 6€ pos pev Aiyurrtious bia
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KATAVNAWKETAD.

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mpoTn ov avdpayabiav Traber yevopevos, TONNAKIS
dé arroppupels dia KoupoTnta Kal TOTE TaTeELva
TpatTov Kat TEPLOPWMEVOS, ETWOE Bactrea Kal
TOV oTpaTov. ovT@Y yap dvety ev tois Kadov-
ctols Bacvrewy, | ExaTEPOU bé Xepis oTparome-
Sevov7os, eVTUX@Y TO "AptoképEn Kat ppacas
mepl ov dtevoetto 7 paTTéLy, eBadiSev AUTOS: ™ pos
Tov éTEepov TOV Kabdovciwy, Kal Tpos TOV ETepov
K pupa, TOV viOov ET € TEV. éEntata oé Ex aT €pov
EXATEPOS, A€yov @S ATEPOS émrumrpea BeveTat Tpos
TOV ’Aproképinv piriav pove@ T™ pat Tov EauT@ kal
cuppaxiay: ovKody, éb coppovel, XY pivac T™ poTepov
evTUyXavELV éxelv@, avTOV b€ oupT pace a amavTa.
TOUTOLS érreta Onoav apporepot, Kal POdverv add1-

184

ARTAXERXES xxiv. 1-4

XXIV. In the war which Pharnabazus and
Iphicrates conducted for him against Egypt he was
unsuccessful, owing to the dissensions of these
commanders; against the Cadusians, therefore, he
made an expedition in person, with three hundred
thousand footmen and ten thousand horse. But the
country which he penetrated was rough and hard to
traverse, abounded in mists, and produced no grains,
although its pears and apples and other such tree-
fruits supported a warlike and courageous population.
Unawares, therefore, he became involved in great
distress and peril. For no food was to be got in the
country or imported from outside, and they could
only butcher their beasts of burden, so that an ass’s
head was scarcely to be bought for sixty drachmas.
Moreover, the royal banquets were abandoned ; and
of their horses only a few were left, the rest having
been consumed for food.

Here it was that Teribazus, a man whose bravery
often set him in a leading place, but whose levity as
often cast him down, so that at this time he was in
disgrace and overlooked, saved the king and his
army. For the Cadusians had two kings, and each
of them encamped separately. So Teribazus, after
an interview with Artaxerxes in which he told him
what he purposed to do, went himself to one of the
Cadusian kings, and sent his son secretly to the
other. Each envoy, then, deceived his man, telling
him that the other king was sending an embassy to
Artaxerxes to secure friendship and alliance for him-
self alone: he should, therefore, if he were wise,
have an interview with Artaxerxes before the other
did, and he himself would help him all he could.
Both kings were persuaded by this argument, and

VOL. XI. Gg 185

PLUTARCH’S LIVES

Nous vopiCovTes 0 ev TO Dy peBuden ouvéeTrepwe
mpéo Bets, O dé TO mad) Tod TypeBabou. Siar pe-
Bis be ryevomerns browiat Kal dra Borat KaTQ TOU
TnptBavov te ‘Aprofep&n ‘T poo emi Tov" avTos
dé Sucdipos elXe Kal psTev det TiaTevoas TO
PnpiBaco, Kal TOUS Plovodar eyxanely Ta pet ev.

5 émel 6€ KEV O TnpiBagos, 7) nKe 6¢ Kat 6 vidos avtov 102:
tous Kadouvciovs ayovres, éyévovto 6€ a7roveal
mpos aupotépous Kal eipryvyn, péyas Ov o Typi-
Bafos %6n Kal apt pos | aveGevryvue peTA Tod
Bacrrews, €m LOELKYUJLEVOU maoav THY deidav Kab
TI paraxiay ov Tpupns Kal TONUTENELAS, WOT Ep
ot Tool vouitovow, é exr/OVOY ovoar, anrra poxn-
pas pucews Kal aryevvovs Kab d0Fats movnpais

6 ETrOMEYNS. ove yap ypuaos ote Kavous ovTE O
TOV puplov Kal Ovo xeALov TANaVTOV TE PLKELLEVOS
aél TO Bactréws TWMATL KOO 10s éxeivov am éKe-
ue movely Kal Tahar wpety, aomep ou TUXOVTES,
anda THY Te dapétpav ev NpULevos Kal THY TENT HY
pépov AUTOS eBaoute TPOTOS odo0vs opervas kal
Tpooavrers, aToNT@Y TOV imtToVv, BOTE Tovs
adXous mrepovabat Kal cuverrixoupiler bar THY
€xeLVvOU m poOuuiay Kal popny op@vTas’ Kal yap
dtaxoclwy Kal TAELOVOV TTASLWY KATHVUEV 1ULEPAS
EKATTNS Topetav.

XXV. ’Enrei 5€ ets ot a0 wov KatéBn Bactdxov
mTapavelaous éxovTa Javpacrous Kal KeKoo Un [e-
vous Ovam per as év Ta mépeE adevdpe Kal Vir@
Xeopto, Kpvous dvtos,émérpewe TOUS TTPATLOT ALS eK
Tov Tapadeta ov Evriler bar Ta dévépa KOT TOVTAS,

» MITE TEVKNS pNnTe KUTApiTTOU PeLdopévous. OK-

186

ARTAXERXES xxiv. 4-xxv. 2

each thinking that he was anticipating the other, one
sent his envoys along with Teribazus, and the other
with the son of Teribazus. But matters were
delayed, and suspicions and calumnies against
Teribazus came to the ears of Artaxerxes ; he himself
also was ill at ease, and repented him of having put
confidence in Teribazus, and gave occasion to his
rivals to malign him. But at last Teribazus came,
and his son came too, both bringing their Cadusian
envoys, and a peace was ratified with both kings;
whereupon Teribazus, now a great and splendid
personage, set out for home with the king. And
the king now made it plain that cowardice and
effeminacy are not always due to luxury and ex-
travagance, as most people suppose, but to a base
and ignoble nature under the sway of evil doctrines.
For neither gold nor robe of state nor the twelve
thousand talents’ worth of adornment which always
enveloped the person of the king prevented him
from undergoing toils and hardships like an ordinary
soldier; nay, with his quiver girt upon him and his
shield on his arm he marched in person at the head
of his troops, over precipitous mountain roads,
abandoning his horse, so that the rest of the army
had wings given them and felt their. burdens
lightened when they saw his ardour and vigour;
for he made daily marches of two hundred furlongs
and more.

XXV. At length he came down to a royal halting-
place which had admirable parks in elaborate cultiva-
tion, although the region round about was bare and
treeless; and since it was cold, he gave permission to
his soldiers to cut the trees of the park for wood,
sparing neither pine nor cypress. And when they

187

PLUTARCH’S. LIVES

vovvtwy b€ Kal hedomevwr 61a Ta KAXAH KAL TA
f \ , — cy ,
peyéOn, NaBwv wédexvy avTos OEP HY méeytoToV
\ , rn a ” > \ 4
Kal KaAMLGTOV THY puTa@V Exo ev. €x Sé TOUTOU
/ a lal fal
EvrArCopevor Kai ToANA TUpa TroLoUYTES EVLAPwS
bd / > \ >’ \ \ \ ’ \
évuxTépevoav. ov “nV ANNA TOANOUS Kal ayalous
? \ ” / \ e a ,
anroBarwv dvipas, tmmous 5€ ouod TL mavTas
a , an
éravnrde. Kal do€as xatadpovetcbar Sia tHv
atvyiav Kal THy amotevéww THS oTpateras, ev
e / 5 \ , \ 4 \
UTowias lye TOUS TpwTOUS: Kal TOANOUS peEV
> / La ae, / , \ / ¢€ \
avnper Ou’ dpynv, Tretovas de HoBovmevos. 1 yap
"4 f a
Sechia hovixwtatoy éotiw év tais Tupavriow.
CF ‘\ \ Lal \ ? / e /
ikewy O€ xal Tpdov Kal aviTroTTtov 7 Pappadeo-
Tns. 610 Kal Tov Onpiwy Ta atTiGdcevTa Kai
nan nt a
SuvceEnuépwra odode cat Secdd, Ta O€ yevvaia
4 a) B.S \ “ > / \
TiagTEVOVTA pAAdXOV Oia TO Oappety ov hevyer TAs
diroppocvvas.
yy 4 3
XXVI. ‘O dé ’AptoképEns 75 mpeo Butepos av
naOdveto TOUS viods ay@va Tept THs BacideLas
> lal an Lal ¢
év tots hidous Kal toils Suvatois éxovTas. ot per
\ > , > ge/ € - > , e
yap evyvopoves nElovv, as éXaBev avTos, oUTwS
> a a / \ te ee? e be
atoduTrety mpecBeia Aapeim thy apy. 0 o€
, 3 > \ x \ / s \
vewratos Oxos ofs av kal Biaros eixe pev Kal
al > / Ud
TeV TEpl TO BacireLov OK OALyous OTOVOaCTAS,
» i \
irmile b€ padiota KatepydocoOat Tov Tatépa
n \
Sia ths "Atrooons. éxeivnv yap eOepdrevev ws
/ lal \
yapnoouevny Kal cupBacirevoovcay avT@ peta
lal , ef \
Tv TOD TaTpos TeAEUTHY. Hv b€ NOYOS OTL Kal
ra E n x ‘al
CHvtos éXavOavev avtTH TWANCLdLwV. adda TOUTO
188

ARTAXERXES xxv. 2-xxvi. 2

hesitated and were inclined to spare the trees on
account of their great size and beauty, he took an
axe himself and cut down the largest and most
beautiful tree. After this the men provided them-
selves with wood, and making many fires, passed the
night in comfort. Nevertheless, he lost many and
brave men, and almost all his horses before he
reached home. And now, thinking that his subjects
despised him because of the disastrous failure of his
expedition, he was suspicious of his chief men ; many
of these he put to death in anger, and more out of
fear. For it is cowardly fear in a tyrant that leads to
most bloodshed; but bold confidence makes him
gracious and mild and unsuspicious. So also among
wild beasts, those that are refractory and hardest to
tame are timorous and fearful, whereas the nobler
sorts are led by their courage to put more confidence
in men, and do not reject friendly advances.

XXVI. But Artaxerxes, being now advanced in
years, perceived that his sons were forming rival
parties among his friends and chief men with
reference to the royal succession. For the con-
servatives thought it right that, as he himself had
received the royal power by virtue of seniority, in
like manner he should leave it to Dareius. But his
youngest son, Ochus, who was of an impetuous and
violent disposition, not only had many adherents
among the courtiers, but hoped for most success in
winning over his father through the aid of Atossa.
For he sought to gain Atossa’s favour by promising
that she should be his wife and share the throne with
him after the death of his father. And there was a
report that even while his father was alive Ochus
had secret relations with Atossa. But Artaxerxes

189

PLUTARCH’S LIVES

pep Hyvonoey oA ptokepEns: Taxv 6¢ Bouhopevos
exKpovo au THS é€Xmidos TOV ‘Oxon, éT@s M1 Ta
avTa Kupw rorpnocavtos avTov TONELOL Kal
ayaves av0is KatadkaBwor thy Bactrelav, avé-
decEe tov Aapeiov Baciida TevtnKootov étos
yeyovora, Kal THY Kahoumevny Kitapw opOnv
pepe edaxe. vomou O€ avTOs ev Tépoaus Swpeav
aiteiv Tov avasderx Berra wal didovat TOV avadet-
Eavra wav TO aitnGev, awTrep 7 SUVATOV, ATNTEV
‘Agrragiav o 0 Aapetos THV adore, aTroviac bei-
cav uo Kupou, Tote 6€ TO Bacidel TaddaKev-
ouevnv. qv 6€ Dwxals to yevos an ‘lwvias,
edevlepwr yovewy Kat TEOpapmpmevn KoTpiws. é7reét
6€ Kupou Sesrvotytos cionxOn we? ETéepov yuvar-
KOV, ai pev adrAAaL Tapaxabefouevar tTpoorrai-

Covtos avTov Kai amtopuévov Kal CKOTTOVTOS OUK

anoas évedéyovto Tas hirodpootvas, éxeivyn dé
Tapa THY KXriVnV eloTHKEL oiwTn Kal Kupov
KaXovVTOS ovy UmHKoVEe: BovrAozévav Sé. TpoC-
aye Tov KaTevvacTar, ‘‘ Oiweketat pévtot Tov-
Tw,” eimrev, “Os Av E“ol MpoTayayn Tas YeElpas.”
edokev ody aYapls Tols Tapodaw Elval Kal aypot-
KOS. 0 be KGpos ja Gets eyehace, Kal €i7re T™ pos
TOV aryaryovr a. TAS yuvatxas, “Apa non cuvopas
OTL foe jLovny TAUTNY edeuOépav Kab dbuadBopov
Kes Kouitov ;” é€x O€ TovTOV mpoaelyev apEd-
pLevos auth, Kal pddicta tracy éotepke Kal
copy T PON"/OPEVTED. Eadrw o€ Kupou TETOVTOS
€V TH MAX Kab dvapmalopevou Tob oT paroTesov.

XXVIL. Tavrnv 6 Aapetos aitioas jviace Tov

1 Cf. Xenophon, Anas. i. 10.2; Plutarch, Pericles, xxiv. 7.

199

1028

ARTAXERXES xxvi. 2—-xxvil. 1

was ignorant of this; and wishing to shatter at once
the hopes of Ochus, that he might not venture upon
the same course as Cyrus and so involve the kingdom
anew in wars and contests, he proclaimed Dareius,
then fifty years of age, his successor to the throne, and
gave him permission to wear the upright “ kitanis,” as
the tiara was called. Now, there wasa custom among
the Persians that the one appointed to the royal
succession should ask a boon, and that the one who
appointed him should give whatever was asked, if it
was within his power. Accordingly, Dareius asked
for Aspasia, who had been the special favourite of
Cyrus, and was then a concubine of the king. She
was a native of Phocaea, in Ionia, born of free
parents, and fittingly educated. Once when Cyrus
was at supper she was led in to him along with other
women. The rest of the women took the seats given
them, and when Cyrus proceeded to sport and dally
and jest with them, showed no displeasure at his
friendly advances. But Aspasia stood by her couch
in silence, and would not obey when Cyrus called
her; and when his chamberlains would have led her
to him, she said: ‘“‘ Verily, whosoever lays his hands
upon me shall rue the day.’’ The guests therefore
thought her a graceless and rude creature. But
Cyrus was delighted, and laughed, and said to the
man who had brought the women: “Dost thou not
see at once that this is the only free and unperverted
woman thou hast brought me?” From this time on -
he was devoted to her, and loved her above all
women, and called her The Wise. She was taken
prisoner when Cyrus fell in the battle at Cunaxa and
his camp was plundered.!

XXVII. This was the woman for whom Dareius

Ig!

PLUTARCH’S LIVES

matepa Svatnra yap ta BapBapixa Sewas rept

TO akdXacTOV, WaTE 14 pMovoy TOY TpogEeAOovTA
U a

kal Ovyovta Traddaxhs Bacidéws, adda Kal TOV
, ,

év topeta tmpoetedPovta Kai uekeXacavTa Tas

> tA e

auakas ep als Koulfovtar, Oavatw Koralecbat.
\

Kaitot THY ev “AtTocaay elyev Epwte TroLnadpevos

yuvaika Tapa Tov vouor, €Enxovta S€ Kal TpLa-

KoolaL TapetpédhovTo KadAEt Siapépovaat Tan-

Aakides. ov pnv adda Kal aiTnOeis éxeivnv

érevOépav epnoev eivar Kai ANapPBavery éxéXevaoe
4 ¥ \ \ /

Bovropévnv, axovoay b€ py BiabeoOar. peta-
meupbeians dé THs “Acmacias Kai map’ édmidas
a / € , \ od ” \
tod Bacttéws éXomévns Tov Aapetov, E6wKe pév

e ’ > / r / \ \ ’ / ef
Um avddrKns Tov popsov, dovs 5é orjLyov baTepov
a A >
adetreTo. THS yap "Aptéusdsos THs év ’ExBarta-
b or a cy 6
vous, tv “Avaizi Karovow, téperav avédecEev
> / ef ¢ \ / \ 5 / lA
avutTnv, ras ayvn Stdyn Tov emirorrroy Biov,
2 A > / ? \ \ / \ x
OLOMEVOS OV YAAETHV, GAXG KAL PETPLAV TLVA Kal
cal , , / Vf " \
TALOLa peiywevny TavTny AnWerOat SiKny Tapa
o z
Tov mratdos. o & Hveyxev ov peTpis, elt EpwTe
nw ’ if \ , ” ig /
ths Aotactas wepitabns yeyoves, eite vBpicbat
és \ a
Kal Kexrevdo bat vouifav vo TOU TaTpOS.
AicOopevos & avdtov ottas Exovta Tnpi8afos
y ~ b] / ? Lal > / \
ére wadrrov e€eTpadyuvev, év Tols Exeivou TUMd@V
Ta Kal’ avtov. jv dé ToradtTa. mTAEoVwY ovaav
Bactrtet Buyatépwv wporoynoe PapraBalo pev
’ / , al € / § ‘
Arapuav dwoew yuvaica, Podoyourny d€ ‘Opovtn,
192

ARTAXERXES xxvii. 1-4

asked, and he gave offence thereby to his father; for
the Barbarian folk are terribly jealous in al] that
pertains to the pleasures of love, so that it is death
for a man, not only to come up and touch one of the
royal concubines, but even in journeying to go along
past the waggons on which they are conveyed. And
yet there was Atossa, whom the king passionately
loved and had made his wife contrary to the law, and
he kept three hundred and sixty concubines also,
who were of surpassing beauty. However, since he
had been asked for Aspasia, he said that she was
a free woman, and bade his son take her if she was
willing, but not to constrain her against her wishes.
So Aspasia was summoned, and contrary to the hopes
of the king, chose Dareius. And the king gave her
to Dareius under constraint of the custom that
prevailed, but a little while after he had given her,
he took her away again. That is, he appointed her
a priestess of the Artemis of Ecbatana, who bears the
name of Anaitis, in order that she might remain
chaste for the rest of her life, thinking that in this
way he would inflict a punishment upon his son
which was not grievous, but actually quite within
bounds and tinctured with pleasantry. The resent-
ment of Dareius, however, knew no bounds, either
because he was deeply stirred by his passion for
Aspasia, or because he thought that he had been
insulted and mocked by his father.

And now Teribazus, who became aware of the
prince’s feelings, sought to embitter him still more,
tinding in his grievance a counterpart of his own,
which was as follows. The king had _ several
daughters, and promised to give Apama in marriage
to Pharnabazus, Rhodogune to Orontes, and Amestris

193

PLUTARCH’S LIVES

TnpiBateo de "Aunortp. Kal Tots pev arrows
EOWKE, TpiBalov éé ewevoato yipas QvTOS THY
"A wnat pw, avT éxelvns dé TO TnpiBateo THY
VEWTATNV "“Atoooay éveyunoev. érrel b€ Kal Tav-
THV epac Gels eynper, @s elpNnTat, TAVTAT ATL
OuTHEvas 7 pos avTov 0 TnpiBatos EaXeV, ove
GAXwWS TTATLMOS WY 70 700s, GND’ GV OLAROS kal
Tapadopos. to Kal viv pev evnuepa@v Gpora
Tols mpwrTots, viv Oé TpoaKpovey Kal gKopaxeto-
Hevos ovdepiav epepev EMPEROS | petaBonrny, adda
Kal TLIL@ [LEVOS Ty. emrax.Ons UT XavvoTnTOS, Kal
TO KoNovopevov ov TaTELvov ovde NoUVXatov, ANAG
TpaKy Kal aryepeaxov exe.

XX VIII. Nop ovv Trl mp éyeveo TO veavlok@
7 poo Ketpwevos 0 TyptBatos Gel Kal Néyoov WS oddev
ovivno tw iu) Kirapts éEoT@Oa TEPL TH Keparh TOUS
vd aut av BH Entodvtas op9odc0ar Tots mpary-
pact, Kakelvoy aBérXtTepa dpovety, et, Tov pev
adeh pov dua THS yuvarkavitroos evOvopevou ToS
T paypact, TOU oe TaTpos OUTWS Emm nKTOV Gos
Kal aBéBavov EXOVTOS, olev au BeBasov auT@ THY
Ovadox ny UTapXeLy. 0 yap “EAAnvixod xXapw
yuvaiov TOV anrevaT ov €v Ilepoaus. revo dpevos
VOov ov ON TOV TLATOS €OTL Tas Trepl Tov peyi-
oTOY. _opororyias euTeda@aoeny. ov TavTo © elvat
TO #21) Tuxel "Ovo KaKELVep TO oTépecOar THs
Baoireiass °Oxov pev yap ovoéva KwAVEELY
tototny Biovv paKaptos, exelve@ 8 drrodedevrypevyp
Bacirei Bacirevery avayKeny 7) “mnde Civ eivat.

1 Chap. xxiii. 2 ff * Cf. chap, xxvi. 2.

194

ARTAXERXES xxvul. 4-xxvitl. 2

to Teribazus. He kept his promise to the other two,
but broke his word to Teribazus and married Amestris
himself, betrothing in her stead to Teribazus his
youngest daughter, Atossa. But soon he fell
enamoured of Atossa also and married her, as has
been said,} and then Teribazus became a downright
foe to him. Teribazus was at no time of a stable
disposition, but uneven and precipitate. And so,
when he would be at one time in highest favour,
and at another would find himself in disgrace and
spurned aside, he could not bear either change of
fortune with equanimity, but if he was held in
honour his vanity made him offensive, and when he
fell from favour he was not humble or quiet, but
harsh and ferocious. |

XXVIII. Accordingly, it was adding fire to fire
when Teribazus attached himself to the young prince
and was forever telling him that the tiara standing
upright on the head ? was of no use to those who did
not seek by their own efforts to stand upright in
affairs of state, and that he was very foolish if, when
his brother was insinuating himself into affairs of state
by way of the harem, and his father was of a nature
so fickle and insecure, he could suppose that the
succession to the throne was securely his. Surely he
whom regard for a Greek courtesan had led to violate
the inviolable custom of the Persians, could not be
trusted to abide by his agreements in the most
important matters. Moreover, he said it was not the ©
same thing for Ochus not to get the kingdom and
for Dareius to be deprived of it; for no one would
hinder Ochus from living happily in private station,
but Dareius had been declared king, and must needs
be king or not live at all.

195

3

3

PLUTARCiT’S LIVES

Kadonrou pév ovv 'cms, TO Lopoxreoyr,
Taxela TelOm TOV KAKaV odoLTOpeEr

rela yap TLS 1) Topela Kat KATAVTNS emt TO BovXo-
Hevov. BovXovrae 6€ of Tetorou Ta patra be
arretpiav TOV KadO@v Kal dyvouay: ov pay arra
TO _peyebos TO THS apXns Kat TO Tpos Tov’ OQyov
tov Aapeiov Sé0s Umea TO Ty piBateo Tap-
eiXe Kumpoyevera 6 ov wWapimayv avaitios, 7
77s “Aotracias adaipeos.

XXIX. ’Erédxev ody éavTov To Tryp Balto:
Kal TOAX@Y 760 TUVLTTAPEVOV, evvov xos ednXwoe
TO Baciret THY émtBoudyy Kat TOV TpoToy, ELOWS
axprBas OTL VUKTOS eyvoxacw év TO Garay
KATAKELMEVOV dva.petv avTov érevoenOovtes. aKou-
cavtt 6€ TO "AptokepEn kal TO Tapidety Kivdvvov
TuKoDTOY, apehnoarTa THS diaBorjjs, de:vov
éd0xel, Kal TO TicTevoat pnoEeros edéyyou yevo-
pévou Setvorepov. ottws ovv érroteL: TOV peev
evvovyov exely ous exéNEUTE Tapetvar Kat Tap-
axodovbetv, autos d€ TOU Jarapov Tov dmicbev
THS KALVNS Totxov exxowas Kal Oupdcas KaT-
exaduwev aviaia Tas dupas. evoTaa NS b€ THS
@pas Kal dpdcavros TOU evvouxou TOV KaLpov,
él THIS KALVNS Uméuerve Kal OUK efavéorn 1 po-
TEpov 1 TOV €T avTov €pXopeveoy Ta TporwTra
Kat voetv Kai yvopicar capas exaorov. @s O€
eldev €otragpévous Ta eyxerpioia Kai Tpoadepo-
pévous, TAY THY avrAaiav UTOhaBwY avexwpnoev

1 From an unknown play, Nauck, Tvrag. Grace. Frag.’,
p- 315.

196

102

ARTAXERXES xxviii. 3—Xx1Ix. 3

Now, perhaps it is generally true, as Sophocles
says,? that—

“‘Swiftly doth persuasion unto evil conduct make
its way’;

tor smooth and downward sloping is the passage to
what a man desires, and most men desire the bad
through inexperience and ignorance of the good.
However, it was the greatness of the empire and
the fear which Dareius felt towards Ochus that
paved the way for Teribazus although, since Aspasia
had been taken away, the Cyprus-born goddess
of love was not altogether without influence in the
case.

XXIX. Accordingly, Dareius put himself in the
hands of Teribazus ; and presently, when many were
in the conspiracy, an eunuch made known to the
king the plot and the manner of it, having accurate
knowledge that the conspirators had resolved to
enter the king’s chamber by night and kill him in
his bed. When Artaxerxes heard the eunuch’s
story, he thought it a grave matter to neglect the
information and ignore so great a peril, and a graver
still to believe it without any proof. He there-
fore acted on this wise. He charged the eunuch
to attend closely upon the conspirators ; meanwhile
he himself cut away the wall of his chamber behind
the bed, put a doorway there, and covered the door
with a hanging. Then, when the appointed hour
was at hand and the eunuch told him the exact time,
he kept his bed and did not rise from it until he saw
the faces of his assailants and recognised each man
clearly. But when he saw them advancing upon him
with drawn swords, he quickly drew aside the

197

PLUTARCH’S LIVES

> > > \ yy \ \ / b] ,
eis TO €vTOS oikKnua Kat Tas Buvpas émnppake
kpalov. opévtes ovv ot ohayeis vm autor,
/ \ , > / A \ a
mpdkavtes 5€ unOév, aTexwpovy puy7n dia Oupwr,
Kai Tous wept tov TnpiBalov éxéXevov aTroxwpelv
e \ ‘ e \ § 7
@s pavepovs yeyovoTas. ol wev ovv addot dtadv-
Gévtes Eduyov: 0 dé TnpiBafos cvAXNapBavopevos
\ > / a / / \
ToAXous améexTtetve TV Baciréws Sopupopay Kal
Boys axovtio mayyets Toppobey Emece. TO SE
Aapeiw peta TOV TéKVOY dvaxGevre xabioas TOUS
Bactrelovs Sixactds, ov Tapwv avtos, adr’
étépwy KaTnyopnodyvtwy, exéXevcev UTNpETAS THY
éxdatou ypawapévous atopaciw ws avTov érave-
an ’ e
veyxelv. atodnvauévav 5é mavtwy opolws Kal
a /, €
Kkatayvovtwy Tod Aapeiov Pavatoy, ot pev virnpé-
/ a) ek > 7 / b
Tat cudAaBovTes avTov els OiKNWa TANGLOY aT-
/ c \ / \ \ \ 54
nyayov, 0 6 Snuwos KANOels Ke pwev Evpov Exar,
@ Tas Kehadas atroTéuvovat Tov Kohalopévor,
3D \ es ap marl 9 t VANS) * \
idwy dé Tov Aapetov éEerAdyn Kal aveywper TPOS
iN / 5) / Se ae ee 19/2 ~ 9 Q\
tas Ovpas amoBréTav, @; ov dSuvynadpevos ovdE
a0 5 ep eS es edeh 3. t ge :
ToAunowVv avToxerp yevéoOar Baciréws. eEwOev
d an a ‘ / :
6€ THY OtxacTOV aTreLhovYTwMY Kal SiaKENEVOMEV OV
dvacTpéyras Kal Th éTépa xerph Opakdpevos THS
Kouns avTov Kal KaTayay@v aTéTene TO Eupo
Tov TpaXnrov. )
"Evo. bé pace THY Kplow yevea bar Be in ot:
avTov mapovtos, Tov S€ Aapetov, ws KaTedap-
Bavero Tots édXéyXots, Emi TTOMa TETOVTA SetoOat
Kai ixerevery: Tov € UT dpyns avacTavTa Kai
, si
CTATUPEVOV TOY AKLVAKNHY TUTTELY EWS ATTEKTELVEV"

198

ARTAXERXES xxix. 3-7

hanging, retired into the inner chamber, closed the
door with a slam, and raised a cry. The. murderers.
accordingly, having been seen by the king, and
having accomplished nothing, fled back through the
door by which they bad come, and told Teribazus
and his friends to be off since their plot was known.
The rest, then, were dispersed and fled; but Teri-
bazus slew many of the king’s guards as they sought
to arrest him, and at last was smitten by a spear at
long range, and fell. Dareius, together with his
children, was brought to the king, who consigned
him to the royal judges for trial. The king was not
present in person at the trial, but others brought in
the indictment. However, the king ordered clerks
to take down in writing the opinion of each judge
and bring them all to him. All the judges were of
one opinion and condemned Dareius to death, where-
upon the servants of the king seized him and led him
away into achamber near by, whither the executioner
was summoned. The executioner came, with a sharp
knife in his hand, wherewith the heads of condemned
persons are cut off; but when he saw Dareius, he
was confounded, and retired towards the door with
averted gaze, declaring that he could not and would ~
not take the life of a king. But since the judges
outside the door plied him with threats and com-
mands, he turned back, and with one hand clutching
Dareius by the hair, dragged him to the ground, and
cut off his head with the knife.

Some say, however, that the trial was held in the
presence of the king, and that Dareius, when he was
overwhelmed by the proofs, fell upon his face and
begged and sued for mercy; but Artaxerxes rose up
in anger, drew his scimitar, and smote him till he

199

bo

PLUVARCH’S LIVES

celta els THY aAVANY TpoeAMovta TOV “Hoy mpoc-
Kuvnoar nat eitrety’ “ Evd@paivecOe amiovtes, @
Iépoar, Kal éyeTe Tos adrols 6Tt Tols ADecpa
Kal Tapavoua Scavonbetoww 0 péyas “Opopatns
dixnv emitéOeckev.”

XXX. SH peév ody emiBouhn TOLOUTOY EayE
TEAOS. 0 6€ "OXos On pev my Tals edtrioe Aap-
Wpos vr THs "Atooons ET atpouevos, ete 5€ €go-
Betto Tov pev yynoiwy Tov UTOXOLTOV Apiaornpy,
TOV dé vob wy ’"Avoapunv. o pev yap ‘Aptaomns
ov ota TO mpea BuTepos elvat Tod “Qyou, mpdos
dé Kal am hoods Kal prravOpwros, nELovTO Bace-
Aevery UO THY Ilepcwv: o bé Apaoduns Kai vodv
éyery éOoxes Kal padioTa TO TaTpL TMpoagiArns

@v ovx éddvOave Tov "Qyov. émiBovrevwv odv.

? / \ \ v c n \ \
aupotépors cal Sorepos wv ouod Kal doviKos
eXpnoato TH "ev @LOTHTL THs pucews mpos Tov

‘Apoduny, Th O€ KaKxoupyia Kal dewornre _T pos:

Tov ‘Apidorny. imémeprpe yap ™ pos avuTov ev-
vouxous kal pirovs Baciréws arretdds Tivas del
Kal Aovyous poBepous amaryyérNovTas, @S TOU
TAT pos EYVOKOTOS AT OKTWVUELY auTov OLS Kal

épuBSpictws. of 6€ TadTa Kal’ nuépav expépe

Le ¢ > ‘ \ \ \ / \
SoxovvTes ws amroppynta, Kal Ta pev péddELV, TA

d€ 6c0v ovTw Tpacoew Baciréa déxyorTES, oVTws 10

elem Eav TOV dvO pwmov Kal TOTaAUTHY évéB8arov
TToLav aur Kal Tapaxny Kal dvoOupiay els TOUS
over povs, Gore pappaxov oxevdcavta Tov Oava-
oliuwv Kal mLovTa TOD chy aTrarhayhvat. nvo-
pevos 5€ 0 Baoireds TOV TpOTOV THS TedEUTHS,
€xelvov pev aTréxXavae, TY 8 altiay UrwTTeEvev.
éeéyyxew 5€ cal Cnreiv éEadvvara@v dia yhpas Ett
200

2

_

7

ARTAXERXES xxix. 7-xxx. 4

had killed him; then, going forth into court, he
made obeisance to the sun and said: ‘‘ Depart in Joy
and peace, ye Persians, and say to all whom ye meet
that those who contrived impious and unlawful
things have been punished by great Oromasdes.”
XXX. Such, then, was the end of the conspiracy.
And now Ochus was sanguine in the hopes with ~
which Atossa inspired him, but he was still afraid of
Ariaspes, the only legitimate son of the king remain-
ing,and also of Arsames among the illegitimate sons.
For Ariaspes, not because he was older than Ochus,
but because he was mild and straightforward and
humane, was deemed by the Persians worthy to be
their king; Arsames, however, was thought to have
wisdom, and the fact that he was especially dear to
his father was not unknown to Ochus. Accordingly,
he plotted against the lives of both, and being at
once wily and bloody-minded, he brought the cruelty
of his nature into play against Arsames, but his
villainy and craft against Ariaspes. For he secretly
sent to Ariaspes eunuchs and friends of the king,
who constantly brought him word of sundry threaten-
ing and terrifying utterances implying that his father
had determined to put him toa cruel and shameful
death. Since they pretended that these daily re-
ports of theirs were secrets of state, and declared,
now that the king was delaying in the matter, and
now that he was on the point of acting, they so
terrified the prince, and filled his mind with so great
trepidation, confusion, and despair, that he drank a
deadly poison which he had prepared, and thus rid
himself of life. When the king was informed of the
manner of his death, he bewailed his son. He also
suspected what had caused his death, but being

20!

PLUTARCH’S LIVES

fearrov nomwdleto tov “Apoauny, Kal dHros Hv
baddloTa TloTevwV éexeiv@ Kal Tmappnotalopevos.
cu € \ \ ? by | / \
oGev ot mepi tov "Qyov ovK aveBddXovto THV
mpakwv, adr “Apratnv viev TnpiBafov mapa-
i |
oxevadoartes aTéxtevay Ou éxervou TOV avOpwrTov.
> \ > ’ W.e¢ a nr i> / Ss
Hv pev ovv ert poms purxpas 0 AptoképEns bua To
ynpas non TOTE’ TpoomeEecovTOs Oé aVT@ TOU TreEpl
\ ’ 7 / by Ni ‘ >’ / > ’
tov Apodpunv madous ov0e ONLYyOV avTeoyvev, AAX
> \ € \ / \ , > /
evOus vo AUTNs Kal Evobuuias atecBécOn,
Biwacas pev evevnKovta Kal técoapa étn, Bact-
/ A
Nevoas O€ dvo Kal éEjxovta, SoEas 5é wpdos eivar
\ / > 4 \ \ ev 3
Kal giduT7Koos ovxy Hxicta d1a Tov viey ’Qyov
@moTnte Kai prarhovia mavtas UmepBadopmevor.

202

ARTAXERXES xxx. 4-5

unable by reason of his age to search out and
convict the guilty one, he was still more well-
affectioned towards Arsames, and clearly made him
his chief support and confidant. Wherefore Ochus
would not postpone his design, but set Arpates, a
son of Teribazus, to the task and by his hand slew
the prince. Now Artaxerxes, by reason of his age,
was already hovering between life and death; and
when the sad fate of Arsames came to his ears, he
could not hold out even a little while, but straight-
way expired of grief and despair. He had lived
ninety-four years, and had been king sixty-two, and
had the reputation of being gentle and fond of his
subjects; though this was chiefly due to his son
Ochus, who surpassed all men in cruelty and blood-
guiltiness.

203

ae bh ens REN

bas so Homedoad ob ‘Abc biyilee
-lloue MEW ithe diy: Ldtaniedsttaiah
carich gee f: jhuece ane

+ ae mips Jani > ‘ee ,

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ae i

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vers
fave

rAABA>

T. ‘O pev ’A@nvaios "Ipixpatns tov picbode-
pov n€iov oTpaTLwTny Kal pidomAovToy Eivat Kal
Ppirnoovov, Tas Tais émiOupiars yopnytayv émity-
TOV ayavitntat mapaBodwrepor, ol O€ TreioT ot,
cablarep éppwuévov o@pma, TO TT PATLOTLKOY a€vov-
cw da pnderore XpPomevov open ouycuwetoGar
Th Tov otpatnyov. d16 Kat Laddrov Aipirsov
Aéyovot THY ev Maxedovia Sivamuivy TaparaBovta
Nadas Kal TepLepylas, olov diac tpatnyovcay,

avaTTrEwY, Tapeyyunoas THY Xetpa movely ETOL--

pny Kal THY waxaLpay o€eiav éxaaTov, avT@ 5é
TOV ANNOY PEACE. O bé TIXatwv ovdév é epyov
opa@y apXovTos ayabov Kal otpatnyou otparias
j21) ca@ppovovons poe opoTabovans, GXXa THY
meOapxeKiy a aperny opoiws TH BacwrsKn vouifwv
puoews yevvaias Kal TpoPns prrocogpou deto Oat,
padiora TO TPAw Kal prravO por TO Gupoerdes
Kal Spactnprov EMPENOS AVAKEPAVVULEVNS, adda
TE maOn ToANa Kal Ta ‘Popaious TUL TETOVT a,
peta tHhv Népwvos terevTny exer paptupia Kal
mTapacelypata Tov undev elvar HoBEepwrepoy atrat-

1 With Plutarch’s Galba may be compared Suetonius,
Galba ; Dion Cassius, lxiv. 1-9; Tacitus, Hist. i. 1-45.

206

1053

GALBA!?

I. IpuHicrates the Athenian used to think that the
mercenary soldier might well be fond of wealth and
fond of pleasure, in order that his quest for the
means to gratify his desires might lead him to fight
with greater recklessness ; but most people think that
a body of soldiers, just like a natural body in full
vigour, ought to have no initiative of its own, but ©
should follow that of its commander. Wherefore
Paulus Aemilius, as we are told, finding that the army
which he had taken over in Macedonia was infected
with loquacity and meddlesomeness, as though they
were all generals, gave out word that each man
was to have his hand ready and his sword sharp,
but that he himself would look out for the rest.2
Moreover, Plato? sees that a good commander or
general can do nothing unless his army is amenable
and loyal; and he thinks that the quality of
obedience, like the quality characteristic of a king,
requires a noble nature ‘and a philosophic training,
which, above all things, blends harmoniously the
qualities of gentleness and humanity with ‘those of
high courage and aggressiveness. Many dire events,
and particularly those which.befell the Romans after
the death of Nero, bear witness to this, and show
plainly that an empire has-nothing more fearful to

* See the Aemilius, xiii. 4.

3 Cf. e.g. Republic 376 C:
207

PLUTARCH’S LIVES

SevTors X peo wevns Kal AXOyols oppats év Hyepovia
4 OTPAT WTLKTS Suva pens. Anpuaons fev yap
"A heb pte TENEUTHTAVTOS etxate tThv Maxe-
Sovwv otpatiayv éxteTudrAopéeve TO Kuerore,
ToAAAS KLVOUPEVHY CpwV KLIVNTELS ATAKTOUS Kal
mapadhopous: thy dé ‘Pwpatwv nyenoviay Guora
Tols AEyopuevois Peravixots maGect Kal KL) Mare
KaTedapBaver, els TroAXNa OlacTopevny pia Kal
Today oO ev avois cauTy cUmLTiTToVaaL, ovxX
ovTws vIrO prrapxias TOV dvaryopevopevay avTo-
K PATO; WV, WS piromouTias Kat axoXactas TOU
OTPATIWTLKOU bv adrdnov ooTEp Hous TOUS
Hryewovas éxxpovovtos. Katitor Acovvatos Pepaior
adptavta Bettarav béxa phvas, eita evOvs av-
aipeGévta, TOY TRayLKOV aveKddEeL TUPaVVOD,. ETTL-
TKOTTWY TO TaXOS THS peTAaBorNs. 1. bE..TaeV
Karoupov eo Tia, TO Tararvov, év éAdooovt xpo-
ve Tégoapas avtoxpdTopas bmedéEaro, TOV ev
elo aryovT@V @amep ba TKNVIS, Tov 0 eLayovrov.
GAN’ Iv ye TWapapvOia Tols KAKOS TagyYoveL ma
0 By Se Orjvae Stans eTEPAS €ml TOUS aittovs, aX’
opav auTous up cauT@v povevopevous, 7 parov be
Kal OLKaLOTaTAa TAVYT@Y TOV deheacavTa Kal O1-
ba€avta tocovtov éAmivew eri petaBoryn Kaica-
pus 6a0v autos UTécxeTO, KaXNLTTOV Epyov dia-
Barov T@ pc 86, THY ano Népwvos atoctaciav
mpodociav yevomevnv..

II. Nupditics yao LaBivos dv Erapyos, oT Ep
elpntat, peta TiyedX(Lvov Ths avrAts, éwel ta
Népwvos améyvwoto mavtdtac. Kal dros iv

2 An allusion to the provorb fA@ 6 haos exxpoverat,
208

GALBA 1, 3-01..1

show than a military force given over to untrained
and unreasoning impulses. Demades, indeed, after
Alexander had died, likened the Macedonian army
to the blinded Cyclops, observing the many random
and disorderly movements that it made; but the
Roman Empire was a prey to convulsions and dis-
asters like those caused by the Titans of mythology,
being torn into many fragments, and again in many
places collapsing upon itself, not so much through
the ambition of those who were proclaimed emperors,
as through the greed and licence of the soldiery,
which drove out one commander with another as nail
drives out nail.t And yet the Pheraean? who ruled
Thessaly for ten months and was then promptly killed,
was called the tragedy-tyrant by Dionysius, with
scornful reference to the quickness of the change.
But the house of the Caesars, the Palatium, in a
shorter time than this received four emperors, the
soldiery ushering one in and another out, as in play.
But the suffering people had one consolation at least in
the fact that they needed no other punishment of the
authors of their sufferings, but saw them slain by one
another's hands, and first and most righteously of all,
the man who ensnared the soldiery and taught them
to expect from the deposition of a Caesar all the good
things which he promised them, thus defiling a most
noble deed by the pay he offered for it, and turning
the revolt from Nero into treachery.

Il, It was Nymphidius Sabinus, prefect of the court
guard along with Tigellinus, as I have already stated,
_who, when Nero’s case was altogether desperate, and

* Alexander, tyrant of Pherae. See the Pelopidas, xxiv.-
XXXV.

* Probably in the lost Life of Nero.

209

PLUTARCH’S LIVES

arrobpacopuevos els Aiyunroy, & émeroe TO oTpaTiw-
TLKOD, @s PNKETE TApovTos, aNXn’ 180 mepevyoros,
avroxpaTopa P anBav avayopetoat, Kal dwpeay
UMETXETO KaT avdpa TOls aUALKOLS Kal oTparn-
ryeKols 7 poo ayopevop.evors dpaynas ETT AKLTX UNAS
TEVTAKOT Las, Tots O€ ExT Os oT par evopevors TevT-
KovTO Kal Ovaxocias ert XMAS, Ooov apa XaVvov
7 cuvayaryety pn) TAELOVa Hu planes KaKa Tapa
oXovTa Tac avO paras @ Ov Néepov TApET XE. TOU-
To yap evdus pev aT where Népova, MET odryov bé
ParBav: Tov pev yap ws Anyromevot 7 Tpo7KavTo,
Tov d€ pn AauUBdvovTEs aTréxTELVAD. . ita TOV
Too ob TOV ddoovra Entoovtes Eb Ono av éy Tals
aTooTacert Kal mposociars dvarwoavres avTous
}) TUXOVTES Ov HATIcaVv. Ta “ev ov KAO Exacta
TOV yevopmeveov arrayyénrew aK piB@s THs ™ pary-
parinys ioroptas éoTly, boa dé a&ta Aoryou TOIS
TOV Katoapov Epryats Kal mabeot cupTéeTToxKer,
OUOE EOL TPOTHKEL mapeGeiv.

Til. TarBas LovATiKLOs ¢ OTL ev LOLOTNS TAOV-
TLOTATOS AT AVTwY els TOV Kawcdpev Ta.pi) ev
oikov, OmoNoyetTat: peya dé é EXOV evyevelas akiw-
pa Tov Lepoviwv oixov, avTOS eppover petfov eri
TH Karhov cuyyevela, TpoTevaavTos _aydpos
apeTH Kat b0&n Tov Kad? éav Tov, él Ka TO dvva-
cbat parrov EXOD ETEPOLS TAPTKED. Hv O€ TL Ka
AiBia rh Kaioapos yuvarkt KaTa YéVvOS 7 poan)-
kav 0 VarBas, xa) Sea todT0 ArBias semparongors

1 Plutarch uses the Greek word drachma for the corre-
sponding Roman denarius, a silver coin about equivalent to

210

1054

GALBA wu. 1-11. 2

it was clear that he was going to run away to Egypt,
persuaded the soldiery, as though Nero were no
longer there but had already fled, to proclaim Galba
emperor, and promised as largess seventy-five hundred
drachmas apiece for the court, or praetorian, guards,
as they were called, and twelve hundred and fifty
drachmas! for those in service outside of Rome, a
sum which it was impossible to raise without in-
flicting ten thousand times more evils upon the
world than those inflicted by Nero, This promise
was at once the death of Nero, and soon afterwards
of Galba: the one the soldiers abandoned to his fate
in order to get their reward, the other they killed
because they did not get it. Then, in trying to find
someone who would give them as high a price, they
destroyed themselves in a succession of revolts and
treacheries before their expectations were satisfied.
Now, the accurate and circumstantial narration of
these events belongs to formal history; but it is my
duty also not to omit such incidents as are worthy
of mention in the deeds and fates of the Caesars. _.
III. That Sulpicius Galba was the richest. private
person who ever came to the imperial throne, is
generally admitted ; moreover,.his connection with
the noble house of the Servii gave him great prestige,
although he prided himself more on his relationship -
to Catulus, who was the foremost man in his time in
virtue and reputation, even if he gladly left to others
the exercise of greater power. Galba was also some-
how related to Livia, the wife of Augustus Caesar,
and therefore, at the instance of Livia, he was made

the franc. But a Roman writer would reckon by sestertii,
the sestertius being worth about a quarter of the denarius.

211

PLUTARCH’S LIVES

ons bratos é« IlaXatiov mpomfdOe. Réyeras de
Kal otpatevpatos év Teppavia cad@s apFar Kai
AtBins avOvTratos yevouevos abv OArLYOLS etraLtveE-
Ofvat. | 70 dé evKoNOY adTod Tis StaiThs Kal pet-
dwrov év SaTravais Kal amépittTov aitiav éoyev
aUTOKpaTOpOS yevouevou piKpodoyias, Hv Ewrov

twa dckav evtakias édepe Kat owppocryrne. |

érréudhOn S€ tro Népwvos “IBnpias apywv, ovTw
5 5 8 , > a Q \ ’ >] , /
edsdaypévou hoSeiabat tors ev akimpact peya-
Aous! TOV TokTMY. exeivo O€ Kal Pvaet SoKovv-
TL Tpaw yeyovévat tpoceTiVe Tiatiy evrAaBeEtas
\ n~
TO Yyhpas.
€ lal , nw
IV. ’Eqel? 5€, tov aditnpiov éTiTpOTAY OLAS
: \ ,
Kal aypiws Tas éemapyias éxeivo SvadhopovyTor,
6 A ra \
adro pev eryev ovdev BonGeiv, avT@ 5é€ TO Havepos
Elval TVVAAY@V KAL TUVAOLKOVPEVOS ALAS YE TAS
- a
avaTvony Tia Kat Tapapviiay tots Katabixalo-
pévors Kal mwAOUpEeVOLS Tapes ye’ Kai TOLNMATOV
eis Népwva yivouevev cal ToAdAayoD TEpipepome-
vov Kal Gopévwn, ovK Exw@AVEV OVSE TUVNYAVAKTEL
wn 4 / 5] ’ yy lal 5 an rd ‘
Tots émiTpoTrous: Ef ols Ett wadAOV HyaTaTO LTO
A ’ , \ \ io ” / ” ”
tav avOporev. kal yap Hv dn suv nO ns, ET 0s Gy door
> a \ b \ 4 > @ 3 / 27 > f
éxeivo Thy apyny éxwv ev & lovvios Odived.é éerrave-
otn Népwu, Varatias av otpatnyos. NéyeTat
pev ovv Kal Tpo THS Eupavods aTooTdcEws ypap-
pata pos avtov adinécbar Tapa Tod Odivertos,
Aw na s tal
01S MITE TLOTEDTAL NTE pHVTAL Kal KaTELTELD,
1 yneyddous Coraés and Bekker have peydaas, after Reiske,
2 érei Sint.” corrects to éxe? (there).

212

_

GALBA 111. 2-Iv. 2

consul! by the emperor. We are told also that he
commanded an army in Germany with distinction,
and that when he was pro-consul of Africa,? he won
such praise as few have done. But his simple and
contented way of living, the sparing hand with
which he dealt out money, always avoiding excess,
were counted unto him, when he became emperor,
as parsimony, so that the reputation which he bore
for moderation and self-restraint was an insipid
sort of thing. By Nero he was sent out as governor
of Spain,® before Nero had yet learned to he afraid
of citizens who were held in high esteem. Galba,
however, was thought to be of a gentle nature,
and his great age gave an added confidence that he
would always act with caution.

IV. But when, as the nefarious agents of Nero
savagely and cruelly harried the provinces, Galba
could help the people in no other way than by
making it plain that he shared in their distress and
sense of wrong, this somehow brought relief and
comfort to those who were being condemned in
court and sold into slavery. And when verses were
made about Nero, and men circulated and sang thein
freely, he did not put a stop to it nor share in the
displeasure of Nero’s agents; wherefore he was still
more beloved by the inhabitants. For he was by
this time well known to them, since it was in the
eighth year of his governorship that Junius Vindex,
a general in Gaul, revolted against Nero. It is said,
indeed, that even before the open rebellion Galba
received letters from Vindex, and that he neither
put any trust in them nor gave accusing information

1 Tn 33 A.D. 2 In 45 a.D. 3 In 61 a.p.

213

PLUTARCH’S LIVES

ws ETEpoL TOV HYyEMoVLKaY eTLaTOAAS avToOIS
ypadeioas éreurav pos Népwva cai dépOetpav
boov ér avTots TV m paki, nS DoTepov peTa-
TXOVTES Gpohoyne ay auTaV ovdev HTTOV 7 éKei-
vou Tpooorae ryeryoveva. GX érretd2) AapmTpas
TOV TOAEMOV ExPHvAS O OviwdE eypawpe TO TanBa
TapaKahayv dvadéfac Gar THY nyewoviay Kal
Tapacxely | €aUTOV ioxup@ ompate CntoovTe Ke-
paryy, Tats Tadatiacs b€xa pupiadas avopav
omic Levon EYovoais ddXNaS TE TAELOVAS oma au
Ouvapevars, mpovdnxe Bovrnpv tots pirors. BY ot pev
nEtouv Te puyLevely capadoxobvra Tiva Kiynow 1)
Peas Kat popav &£eu Tpos Tov / VEWT EPLO MOY" Tiros
dé Ovinios. 0 TOU oTparnyiKod Tar MATOS YELOY
avtots 1 elev" “<Q, Tan Ba, Tiva TpoTov Bov-
Nevede 5 PFO yap Cnretv Népovt el moro pevov-
Lev, OVK ON pevovT@v éoTiv. Ws oby UmapXOVTOS
ey pov Népwvos ou 87) TpoeTeov THY TOU Ovive:-
KOS prriay, 7 i kal KaTHYopnTEov evOus avTov Kat
TOAEMNT EOD, OT’ oe Bovnrerau ‘Popaious eyetv
dpxovra padXrov 7 Népwva TUpavvor.
"Ex TOUTOU Tpoypappare pev PS loge 0
[én Bas nuéepav €v H Tas KaTa pépos edevdepw-
ceis atmodacer Tots Seopévors, AaALA SE Kad prjyn
mpoextrecovuoga TAHO0s avOpeirwv nOporce mpo-
Ovpuwv emt TOV VEWTEPLTMLOV. OUK EpOn yoo
pavepos éml TOU Bnpwatos Yyevouevos, Kal TayTEs
auTov opopaves avToKpaTopa T poo elTrov. 0 Oe
TavTny pev evOds ov mpocedéEato THY Tpoc-
nyopiav, catnyopnaas b€ Tod Népwvos, Kai Tov
avynpnpévav avdpav vm avTod Tovs émipaverta-
1 aitois suggested by Sint.? for the airés of the MSS.
214

GALBA Iv. 2-v. 2

about them, although other provincial governors sent
to Nero the letters written to them, and thus did
all they could to ruin the enterprise of Vindex ; and
yet they afterwards took part in it, and thus confessed
that they had been false to themselves no less than
to Vindex. But after Vindex had openly declared
war, he wrote to Galba inviting him to assume the
imperial power, and thus to serve what was a vigorous
body in need of a head, meaning the Gallic provinces,
which already had a hundred thousand men under
arms, and could arm other thousands besides. Then
Galba took counsel with his friends. Some of these
thought it best for him to wait and see what move-
ment Rome would set on foot in response to the
revolution; but Titus Vinius, the captain of the
praetorian guard, said to them: “QO Galba, what
counsels are these? For to ask whether we shal!
remain faithful to Nero means that we are already
unfaithful. Assuming, then, that Nero is an enemy,
we surely must not reject the friendship of Vindex ;
or else we must at once denounce him and make
war upon him because he wishes the Romans to
have thee as their ruler rather than Nero as their
tyrant.” .

V. After this, Galba issued an edict appointing a
day on which he would grant individual manu-
missions to all who desired them, and gossip and
rumour flying all abroad brought together a multi-
tude of men who were eager for the revolution.
At any rate, no sooner was Galba seen upon the
tribunal than all with one voice hailed him as
emperor. However, he did not at once accept this
appellation, but after denouncing Nero, and bewailing
the most illustrious of the men who had been put to

215

3

PLUTARCH’S LIVES

TOUS odo pupapevos, @pooynoev emda ev TH
mar ptoe THY EaUTOU Tm povovar, OUTE Kaioap ovT
avToKpatop, oTpaTnyos 6€ cuyxAnTou Kal Sruou
‘Pwpaior ovo watomevos.

"Ore & dp0as o Ovive.§ Kal AEdoyes WEvOs
éEexaneiro TOV TarBav emt THV Hryepoviay, €Tl-
oTMTaTO peapTupe TO Népou. T poo ToLovpevos
14p éxelvou xatagpovely Kab Tap ovdev nryeta bat
ta L'adaTa@v, a apa TO mudécbar TH Tmepl TarBav
(é7 UXE 6€ AeRovpévos Kal apio rev) aveT pee THY
Tpamelav. ou pny adr TvYKAITOU Widisapevns
TOKE MLOV Tov Par8av autos Te Traifeww Kal Gpa-
cvvecOat TpO0s TOUS pirous Bovhopevos, ov hav-
Any Edn Tpoppnow cMTET TOKEVAL Noylo Lov deo-
pevep Xpnwarov avT@ Kal Ta pev Tadrarov, 6 oTay
UmoxelpLor YEVOVTAL, AadhupaywynoerOat, 7 5é
Tarsa Taper tly ovoia xphoGas Kat MoXely On
Tohepiov mepnvoros. OUTOS TE &y Ta Pan Ba m-
mpac Kel exéheve, kat dd Bas dxovoas, baa Né-
pwvos mv év "TBn pig. KnpvTT@Y EeUplaKe TOOLS
mpobuporépous @VvnTas.

VI. "Adio tapevev d€ TOAA@Y TOU Népwvos Kat
mavtev érieckas To VadBa mpoo TO emevary, {LOvos
KAw@sdzos Maxpose év AuBvn Kat Ovepyivtos ‘Poddos
ev Dararia tov I ‘epmaviKod oT PATEvHaTOS myou-
HEVOS avtol xa?’ EavTous em parrov, ov THY aura
alpeou eXOvTEs. GNX’ 0 bev Krdcos, év dprayais
7 pary wat ov ryeyovas Kal povors avopav be amornTa
Kal TeoveEiar, O7jAos nV ev TR pLNHTE KaTEX EL
pte adrévat THY apxny SivacOar Trepidbepopevos,
Ovepyinios bé TAY WaT OV eT LO TAT OV SuvvaTw@TaTov
moNRNUKLs AUTOV avayopevoYTwY avToKpdTopa Kal
216

GALBA v. 2-v1. 2

death by him, promised to devote his best powers to
the service of his country, taking as his title, not
Caesar, nor Emperor, but General of the Roman
Senate and People.

Now, that Vindex acted wisely and well in calling
upon Galba to be emperor, was convincingly proved
by Nero. For though he pretended to despise
Vindex and to regard matters in Gaul as of no
moment, as soon as he learned what Galba had done
—Nero had just taken his bath and was at breakfast
—he overturned his table. However, after the Senate
had voted Galba an enemy, Nero, with a desire to jest
and put on a bold countenance with his friends,
said that an excellent idea had occurred to him in
his need of money: the property of the Gauls would
not fall to him as spoil of war until after they should
be subdued ; but Galba’s estate was ready to be used
and sold at once, now that Galba had been declared
a public enemy. So he ordered the property of
Galba to be sold, and Galba, when he heard of it,
put up at public sale all that Nero owned in Spain,
and found many readier buyers.

VI. Many were now falling away from Nero, and
almost all of them attached themselves to Galba;
only Clodius Macer in Africa, and Verginius Rufus in
Gaul (where he commanded the German forces),
acted on their own account, though each took a
different course. Clodius, whose cruelty and greed
had led him into robberies and murders, was clearly
in a strait where he could neither retain nor give up
his command; while Verginius, who commanded the
strongest legions and was often saluted by them as
emperor and strongly urged to take the title, declared

VOL. XI H 217

PLUTARCH’S LIVES

Bralopévwr ovte avtos by ApWecbar THY HYyELO-
viav ovTE GAAw TEpLoWed Oat OidopevnD, Ov AVL 1)
TVYKANTOS ENT aL. TAUTA Tov TarBav ov peT-
plas eJopuBet TO 7 p@TOv" émel dé Ta Ovepyiviou
Kal Ovivd.xos oTpaTevmara, TpoTmov Twa Bia TOUS
nryEmovas, Oa7rep VLOXOUS KPATHO aL Xardevev jury
duvnbévtas, els paynv efeveyxovta peyadny ovp-
eppagav, Kat Ovivdsxos éavTov aveXovTos én
dug puptors Tadatav mecovot, oumrOe oryos @S
Bovdopever Tavtov él viKy TOT AUT) Tov Quep-

rybveov avadeEac Oat THY Hye woviay 7 may
peTaPadovpséevaov 7 pos Népova, ToTe 6) TavTa-
Tact TmepipoBos ryevopevos 0 ParBas eyparre TO.
Ovepywig, Tapakahov Kowomparyeiv kab dva-
puhaccew apa TH iyyepoviay Kal THY éXevPepiav
Pepators® avis dé pera TOV pirov els KXovviay,
TAnpexny TONY, dvaxwpnras év TO peravoeiv
Treph TOV yeryovoT@v Kal ToGetv THY “ounnjOn Kal
ovvTpopov arr parywoovuny MGAXOV H TPaTTELW. TL
TOV avaryKatav d1éT puBev.

VII. "Hv dé Bépos non, cal Bpaxv mpo oeirns HKev
aro ‘Pwpuns “IkeXos avnp amerevepos EBdopatos.
wuOdomevos 6€ Tov LadPav avarravecOar nal?
éauTov éBacute SUVYTOVMS eT TO S@marvov avtov,
Kai Bla TOV Oarapnr odor avoiEas Kal TapedOov
corr feyryetdev OTL Kal COvTOS €TL TOU Népwvos, ouK
ovTos O€ pavepod, TO oTpaTevpa Tp@Tov, eiTa 0
Ofmos Kall n TUYKAHTOS avToKparopa tov TarPav
avaryopeva eter, odiryov be UoTEpov aTayyerdein
EON KOS éxeivos' ov pnv avTos ye mlaoTEvoas
Edn Tots arraryyédovow, aryrAa éererbav TO
vexp@ Kal Keipwevov Oeacdpevos, oUTwWS éFed Oeiv.
218

GALBA vr. 2—viI. 2

that he would neither assume the imperial power
himself, nor allow it to be given to anyone else whom
the senate did not elect. These things greatly dis-
turbed Galba at first; but presently the armies of
Verginius and Vindex in a manner forced their
leaders, like charioteers who had lost control of the
reins, into the crash of a great battle, and Vindex,
after the loss of twenty thousand Gauls, died by his
own hand, and a report was current that all the
soldiers desired Verginius, in view of the great
victory he had won, to assume the imperial power,
or they would go back again to Nero. Then indeed
Galba was all alarm, and wrote to Verginius inviting
him to join in efforts for the preservation alike of
the empire and the freedom of the Romans. But
after this he retired with his friends to Clunia, a city
in Spain, and spent his time in repenting of what he
had done and in longing for his habitual and wonted
freedom from care, rather than in taking any of the
steps now made necessary.

VII. It was now summer,! and shortly before sun-
set there came from Rome a freedman named Icelus,
who had made the journey in seven days. Having
learned that Galba was reposing by himself, he went
in hot haste to his chamber, opened the door in spite
of the chamberlains, entered, and announced that
while Nero was still alive, but in hiding, that the army
first, and then the senate and people, had proclaimed
Galba emperor, and that a little while afterwards it
was reported that Nero was dead; Icelus himself,
however, as he said, had not believed the report, but
had gone and seen the dead body where it lay, and
then had set outon his journey. This announcement

1 Of 68 a.p.
219

PLUTARCR’S LIVES

3 TavTa aTayyeAXopeva NamTrpov Hpe Tov TarPar,
Kal cvvédpape TAOS avdpav él Ovpas exteBap- 1056
pnkotov um avtod BeBaiws. Kaito TO TaxXOS
Ww amiotov. adrXra Kal dvaiv nuépats totepov }
Ovivios Tiros * a7ro oTpatomédou pe? _ETep@v
aixeto Ta boavra TH TUYEAITD Kad exac Tov
atayyé\Xov. obtos pev odv eis Taw evtipov
T™ponx On: TO 8 arenevd ep daxtunious TE
xpuaods eeone Kal Mapxzavos 0 “IneXos 07
KaAOUMEVOS ELyE THY TPWTHV ev TOLS aTrehEevOEpats
Suva.

VU. ‘Ey dé ‘Poun Nupdidvos LaBivos, OUK
npepa Kal KATA pLKpOV, aAra curd Bdnv onod,
TwavTa mpaypata pépov TepujveyKev els EaUTOY,
ws TadBav pév ovta mpecBitnv Kal mors eis
‘Popny _efapKecovta popadny Koma Onvat bia
yipas’ Hv yap éeTav TpLov Kal EBdopnkovra: Ta
6€ avtToO. otpatevpata, Kal TadaL TpOsS aUTOV
evvows éyovTa Kal viv évos eEnprnueva Lovo, da
TO THS SwMpEas péyeBos EevepyeT nv exetvov Hyeta Gan,

2 ParBayv 5é Xpewperderny. evOus ovv Tuyedrivep
ev TO ouvapyovTL mpooeTakev atrobéa Bau TO
Eidos, Um oboxas 6¢ TOLOUMEVOS edeimuste TOUS
UTATLKOUS Kal TOUS TYE HOVLKOUS, ért TO Tadd Ba
mpootleis ¢ dvopa Tats KAT ET, € év TE TH OTpATO-
Ted ToNOUS Taper Kevace Aéyew @S Tew TEOV
€otl pos DadBav aiToupevous émapxov eloael
Nupdidvoy a avev ouvapXovTos.

3 “A 664 avyKAnTos eis TLunY ErpaTTev avTOv

1 torepoy supplied by Coraés, after Amyot.

GALBA vit. 2-virr. 3

highly elated Galba, and there came running to his
door a multitude of men who had gained complete
confidence as the result of Icelus’ report. And yet
the messenger’s speed was incredible. But two days
afterwards Titus Vinius with others came from the
camp and reported in detail the decrees of the senate.
Vinius, accordingly, was advanced to a position of
honour, and as for the freedman, he was allowed to
wear the gold ring, received the name of Marcianus
instead of Icelus, and had the chief influence among
the freedmen.

VIII. But at Rome Nymphidius Sabinus was
forcing the entire control of affairs into his own
hands, not slowly and little by little, but all at once.
He thought that Galba was an old man and would
hardly have the strength to be carried to Rome on a
litter, by reason of his age, for he was in his seventy-
third year ; moreover, he knew that the soldiery in
the city had long been well disposed towards him
and were now devoted to him alone, regarding him
as their benefactor because of the large gifts which
he promised, but Galba as their debtor. Straight-
way, therefore, he ordered his colleague Tigellinus
to lay down his sword, gave receptions at which he
banqueted men who had been consuls or in high
command (although he still affixed the name of
Galba to his invitations), and instigated many of the
soldiers to declare that a deputation ought to be sent
to Galba demanding that Nymphidius be made pre-
fect for life without a colleague.

Moreover, the senate did much to enhance his

2 Tiros after this name the words moAAa tay, deleted by
Coraés and Bekker, are retained by Sint.? with indication
of a lacuna (woAAa .. . TOY).

221

PLUTARCH’S LIVES

Kal dvvapwy, dvaxanodoa evepyer Ty Kal o UV Tpe-
xXouea Kal” 7pépav emt Ovpas Kal TavTos efapyew
Soypatos akwica Kal BeBasodr, ert TEpartepo
TOAMNS aviyev avTov, WoTE OriyoU YpoVvoV Tots
Oepatrevovor wn movov éTipOovov, adra Kat doPe-
pov elvat. TOV 6 Umdt@v oiKéras Onpoctous
T pox etpirapeveov Ta Soypara KoulCovtas T@ aUTO-
Kparopt, Kal Ta kadovpeva Oimhopata ceonpa-
omeva Sovtov, a _ywopitorres ol KaTa moh
aipXovTes ev Tals TOV OXNMET OV apoiBais emia
xuvovat Tas TpoTommas: TOV ypapnatnpoper, ov
METPLOS HyavaKTnoev 6Tt py) Tap avTov Kal
oppayica kat otpatiwmtas AaBovtes avérreurayay,
adr réyeTat Kal Bovrevoacbat Tepl TOV UTATwL,
eita THY opyny drodoynaapévors Kal deneiow
avnke. TO O€ one xaprlopevos ovK é€xwdveE TOV
Tapamtmrovra, TOV Népavos amotuuravitev.
Laikrov pev odv Tov povopaxov avopiace Népevos
EXKOMEVOLS vmoBahovres év aryopa due pOerpar,
"Atroviov 6€ Tia TOV RATIO pLKoV avatpévayres
awdtas AcOopopous € emnyayov, AXNous bé biéomra-
av TOAXOUS, évious pen dev abixobytas, @ Gore Kal
Mavpixov, avopa tov apictey Kai dvta Kal do-
KoovTa, T pos THY CUYKANTOV eltrety OTL hoBetTar
pry Taxv Népwva Ent iow.

. Otro dé mpooaywv 0 Nuppiszos é eyyuTépa
Tats Branco ove édevye L'aiou Katcapos vios
AéyerOat ToD peta TiPépiov dpEavTos. éyvaxer
yap 0 I'dios, ws ouxe, tiv Texodcav avToy Ett

1 Caligula.

222

GALBA vit. 3-1x. 1

honour and power, giving him the title of benefactor,
assembling daily at his door, and allowing him the
privilege of initiating and confirming all their
decrees. This raised him to a still higher pitch
of boldness, so that within a short time those who
paid court to him were filled, not only with jealousy,
but also with fear. When the consuls provided
public servants to carry the decrees of the senate to
the emperor, and gave to these the diplomas, as they
were called, sealed with their official seal (in order
that. the magistrates of the various cities, recognising
this, might expedite the supply of fresh vehicles for
the journey of the couriers), he was vexed beyond all
bounds because the decrees had not been sent under
his seal and in charge of his soldiers, nay, it is said
that he actually thought of proceeding against the
consuls, but put away his wrath when they excused
themselves and begged for forgiveness. Again, in
his desire to gratify the people, he would not
prevent them from beating to death any follower of
Nero who fell into their hands. Accordingly, they
cast Spiculus the gladiator under statues of Nero
that were being dragged about in the forum, and
killed him; Aponius, one of Nero’s informers, they
threw to the ground and dragged waggons laden
with stone over him; and many others, some of
whom had done no wrong, they tore in pieces, so
that Mauricus, who was justly deemed one of the
best men in Rome, told the senate that he was afraid
they would soon be searching for a Nero.

IX. Thus coming in his hopes nearer and nearer to
his goal, Nymphidius was not averse to having it said
that he was the son of the Caius Caesar! who succeeded
Tiberius. For Caius, as it would appear, while still

2223

PLUTARCH’S LIVES

, A > > la! \ Vv s ’ >
plerpadKtoy @v ovK aeLon THY Orv ovaar, ex 8
> I > Ie la / >
axeoTtpias ériputcbiov KaddXtiot@, Katoapos an-
edevbé : tAN’ Hv 4 apos Tai

po, yeyernuevnv. add Hv 4 mpos Taiov
“ , a ,
évtevéis avTns, @s Eoixe, vewTépa THS Nupdidiov
sar n a
yevétews, aitiay dé écyev €x Maptiavod Tov jo-
i n /
vowayou yeyovévat, THs Nupudidias épacbetons

x / > la) ss a bi , re if ,

61a 60€av avtod, Kal uardrov boxe. Kal’ opotoTnta
a ? / > , / b) ? e nr
THS lOéas éxeiv@ TpognKeEelv. ANN Opmoroyav ye
> n ,
Nupdidias eivas pntpos Epyov pev avtTov jovou
\ / b] val / ° \ > A
thy Népwvos émoretto KaTadvow, Abra S€ adTis
ov vouitwy ixava Kkaptovabat Tas Tyas Kal TA
Yenwata cal TO LTop@ Tov Népwvos cvyxabevoery,
ov evOvs aro THS Tupas ETL KaLtopévov Tov vexpod
, > Lal > n SJ 4 \
[LETATIEUWULEVOS EKELVOS EV YAMETHS ELYE TaEev Kat 1057
‘ \ A
llormaiav mpoonydpevev, éri thy diadoyny trap-

7 an ¢€ /
edveTo THS HyEmovias. Kal Ta wéev aUTOS ev Pawn
é1a Tov dirwv vepyaleto, Kal yuvatKav TIVwV

’ an \ a > la 4
auto kal cvykAnTLeKOY avdpav Kpuda cvAKapBa-

a f ,
vomevan, éva 5€ Tov hirov, Veddavon, ets 1 Bnpiav
éreuwWev KatacKeopevov.

X. Td 6 VarBa peta tiv Népwvos tedevt7y
éx@pe wavta. Ovepyivios 6é “Poddos aupiBoros
av éte ppovTioa Trapetye, un T@ Svvadpews TOAN HS

\ \
KAL PAYLMOTATHS ApYEw TpoTELANPas TO vEevLKNKE-
n td n
vat Ovivisra kal Kexetpdcbar péya pépos Ths
‘Pwpaiwr ijyepovias, ev cdXw yevopévnv atrocTa-
tTixk@ Vadatiav atacav, traxovcat Tois Tapa-

a \ \ w
KaXovow avTov éml THY apxXnV. oUvdEvos yap HY
v al »O\ i J / > \ 4 e ,
évoua petCov, ovde ceive Sofav ovdeis Oonv o Ovep-
224

GALBA ix. 1-x. 2

a young man, had been intimate with the mother of
Nymphidius, a woman of comely appearance and a
daughter of Callistus, Caesar's freedman, by a hired
sempstress. But this intimacy, as it would seem,
was later than the birth of Nymphidius, and it was
believed that he was a son of Martianus, the gladiator
(with whom Nymphidia fell in love on account of his
tame), and his resemblance to Martianus was thought
to favour this connection. But although he certainly
admitted that Nymphidia was his mother, he took to
himself sole credit for the overthrow of Nero, and
thinking himself insufficiently rewarded for this by
the honours and wealth which he enjoyed, and by
the company of Sporus, Nero’s favourite (whom he
had sent for at once, while Nero’s body was yet
burning on its pyre, and treated as his consort, and
addressed by the name of Poppaea), he aspired to
the succession in the empire. Some secret steps to
this end he himself took at Rome through the agency
of his friends, and certain women and men of sena-
torial rank secretly assisted him, and one of his
friends, Gellianus, he sent to Spain to keep an eye
upon matters there.

X. But everything went well with Galba after the
death of Nero. Verginius Rufus, it is true, who was
still hesitating, gave him anxiety. For besides com-
manding a large and most efficient army, Verginius
had the added prestige of his victory over Vindex
and his subjugation of all Gaul, which was a large
part of the Roman Empire and had been in the
throes of revolt. Galba therefore feared that Ver-
ginius might listen to those who invited him to take
the supreme power. Forno man’s name was greater
than that of Verginius, and no man had a reputation

225

PLUTARCH’S LIVES

rylvlos, @S peyioTn por? Tots ‘Popatov Tparywace
Tupavvidos ouod NareTHs kab ahaTiKav ToNé-
pov arrahhayh yevomevos. AX éKxeivos TOTE TOIS
€& apis €evov Royer pots epudatre 7 avy-
KANTO THY aipeow TOD AVTOKpPaTOpOS. KaiToL ba-
vepas YE. TIS Népavos TEAEUTHS YEevouevys 70 TE
TIO 0s €VEKELTO TO Ovepyvie Tad, Kab TOY
Xruapxeov TLS TOY év TH oKNVN oT ATapEVvos, TO
Ethos exéheve TOV Ovepyiviov SévecOar THD 1)'VE1L0-
yiav i TOV aidnpov. émel O€ Da Bros Ovadns
dpxov évos TayWatos OpKrooe TPOTOS els | arBar,
Kal ypaupara KEV GTO ‘Pans mept @y u} ouy-
KANTOS epnhicaro, Xaher os pev Kal Hors, ETELTE
&’ ov tous OT PATL@OTAS auToKpaTopa tov VarBay
aveitrely: Kal méwapavTos avrou duddoxov PrdKKov
‘Opde@vioy edeEaro. Kal mapadovs éxeivep TV
dura pu avTos aTHVTNTE TH Tarpa Tpocw xXo-
seh Kal cuvavéatpeper, OUTE opyns oure THAS
éiSijAou TuyxYavwv. altos O€ TOD pev AUTOS 0
Taras aidovpevos tov avopa, TOU 6€ of firor Kai
padiora Ovinios Tiros, vio pOovov TOV Ovepy-
viov olouevos ev Koovelv, rryvoet b€ Apa TH
Ovepywiov XPNETS Satwove cuvEepyov, non Tov
avopa TONE MOV Kab KAKOV, Oau TOUS adhous nYE-
povas KATETXEV, EKTOS els Biov akvpova Kat
ynpas elpnyns Kal nauxias peoTOV bmexr Oewevy.

XI. Pad Rav b€ repi NapBova, morw Varati-
KHV, Ol Tapa THS TVYKAnTOV Tpéa PELs EVTUNOVTES
naonalovtTo, Kal TapeKdXovy erripavyvat TO OHuo
moQobvtTt Taxéws. 0 O€ Tas TE AAAS TapeEtyxev
évtevEers Kal avvovatas avtois diravOpwrrovs Kal

226

GALBA x. 2-x1. 1

equal to his, since he had exercised the greatest in-
fluence in ridding the Roman state alike of a grievous
tyrant and of Gallic wars. But in the present crisis
he was true to his original resolves and maintained
the senate’s right to choose the emperor. And yet
when Nero’s death was known for certain, the mass
of his soldiery were insistent again with Verginius,
and one of the military tribunes in his tent drew his
sword and ordered Verginius to choose between
imperial power and the steel. But after Fabius
Valens, commander of a legion, had led off in taking
the oath of allegiance to Galba, and letters had come
from Rome telling of the senate’s decrees, he suc-
ceeded at last, though with the greatest difficulty,
in persuading his soldiers to declare Galba emperor ;
and when Galba sent Flaccus Hordeonius to succeed
him, Verginius received that officer, handed over his
army to him, and went himself to meet Galba as he
advanced, and turned back in his company without re-
ceiving any clear mark either of his anger or esteem.
This was due, in the one case, to Galba himself, who
had a wholesome respect for Verginius, and in the
other to Galba’s friends, especially Titus Vinius.
Vinius was jealous of Verginius, and thought to block
his career ; but without knowing it he was aiding the
man’s good genius, which was now removing him
from all the wars and miseries which encompassed
the other leaders, and bringing him into a calm
haven of life, and an old age full of peace and quiet.

XI. At Narbo, a city of Gaul, Galba was. met by
the deputies from the senate, who greeted him and
begged him to gratify speedily the eager desire of
the people to see him. In his general interviews
and meetings with them he was kind and unassuming,

227

PLUTARCH’S LIVES

Snpwotixds, Mpos TE TAS EoTLATELS TOX Is KaTa-
oKEUTS Kal Oeparetas Baoirinhs Tapovens, Hy ex
TOV Népavos ) Nupdtozos avT@ TpooeTenWev,
ovdevl YP@pLeEvos exewwr, anna Tots éavToo Taw,
eVOoKipel, peyahoppov avn p Kal KpelTT@V aTrét-
poxadias Parvopevos. TAXV pévToL TA yevvata
TavTa Kab aruda Kal TOALTLKA Snpayoyiav Ovivios
anopaivey Kal Kopypornta peyaddwv anatvovoay
auTny, emeloe Xpipact Té ypnabar tots Népwvos
Kal Trept Tas vmoboxas py peldec Oar TS Bacwnrs-
KS ToUTEELAS. Kal OWS aia Onow auTov Kara
ptxpov vo TH Ovwwiw yernoouévov tapeiyev oO
mT pec BUTS.

"XI. "Hy 6¢€ Ovivios dpyuptov bev eoNATOS Kal
Tap ovTivovv TT wv, évoyos 6€ Kal Tots epi
yuvatkas apapry pact. éts yap wv véos Kal
OT PATEVOMEVOS v6 Karfiot LW LaBive THY TparTny
oTparelay aKohaa Tov odoay THY yuvaixa Tod
'YELOVOS TapEecaonyaye vUKT@p Els TO oT patomedov
év eOnre I TPATLOT LRT Kab dted Derpev év Tots
dpxetors, & mpiyxitua Kadovar ‘Popaior. ert
TOUT@ O€ Daios Kaicap eonoev auTov: éxeivou Oé
amoBavovt0s evTUXIa NPNTaWEvos amrervOn. b€L-
mvov dé mapa Kravoie Katicape TOT pLov apyvpoby
Upetrero* mudopevos dé 0 Kaicap TH varepala
wan auTov ent deirvov exahecey, edOovre dé
éxédevoev exeivp pn dev apyupowy, ana, Kepduea
TavTa mpoapéperv Kal maparbevar TOUS vmnpéras.
TOUTO ev ovv bua THY Kaicapos peTpuoTnTa KO [LL-
K@Tepay yevopmerny yehoros, OvUK opyhs akévov &b0-
Eev: & 6é Tov Ladd Bav Exar bd’ avT@, Kal duvduevos

228

1058

GALBA x1. 1I-x1. 3

and when he entertained them, though there was an
abundance of royal furniture and service at his com-
mand, which Nymphidius had sent him from Nero's
palace, he used none of it, but only what was his
own, thus. winning a good repute, and showing him-
self a man of large mind who was superior to
vulgarity. Vinius, however, by declaring to him
that this dignified, simple, and unassuming course
was merely a flattery of the people and a refinement
of delicacy which thought itself unworthy of great
things, soon persuaded him to make use of Nero’s
riches, and in his receptions not to shrink from a
regal wealth of outlay. And in general the aged
man let it be seen little by little that he was going
to be under the direction of Vinius.

XII. Now Vinius was to the last degree and
beyond all compare a slave of money, and was also
addicted to loose conduct with women. For when
he was still a young man and was serving his first
campaign, under Calvisius Sabinus, he brought his
commander's wife, an unchaste woman, by night
into the camp in the garb of a soldier, and had
commerce with her in the general’s quarters (the
Romans call them “principia”’). For this offence
Caius Caesar put him in prison; but on the death of
the emperor he had the good fortune to be released.
While he was at supper with Claudius Caesar, he
purloined a silver drinking-cup, and Caesar, learning
of it, invited him to supper again the next day, and

when he came, ordered the attendants to set before)

him no silver plate at all, but only earthenware. This
misdeed, it is true, owing to the comic turn which
Caesar’s moderation took, was thought worthy of
laughter, not of anger; but what he did when he had

229

PLUTARCH’S LIVES

peyeorov err l XpHuacty, em parre, Tpayikav Tabav
Kal cuppopav peyahav Tois ev aitiav, tots be
Tpopacw Te eldest

XIII. ‘O yap Nupdidzos evOvs emraveNBovros
Tov Teddcavod ™ pos aQUTOV, Ov em eure TOU TarBa
TpOTrOV Twa KaTAOKOTOD, axovaas THS mev AVATS
Kal TOV Sopupopwn é emrapXov arrodedet yar Kop-
va vov Adkova, TO O€ cUuTay elvat TOD Owuviov
KpaTos, auT@ 6€ pndémore TOU Para oTHvae
TANT LOD eyyeyovévar poe evTuxeiv iota, TavT@V
avTov Upopwpévev Kal Svapvrdarrévten, e0o-
puByOn: Kat ouvayayov TOUS Hyenovas TOU oTpa-
TEUMATOS ep7 ParSav pEV auTOV €ivar mpeo Butny
eT LELKT} Kal péTptov, ehdxiora 6é Tots auTov
X pw wevov Aoylo Mots v0 Ovwiou Kal Adxavos
ovK ev Scoiceto Oar. amply ouv Aadeiv avTovs ip
eoxe TuyedrAivos ioxov év Tots Tpaypact KTNOa-
pEvOUS, TE LTT EOV elvan T™pos TOV Hyepova Tm péo Beus
amo orpatomébou TOUS diddfovras 6 OTL TOV pirov
Svo povous TOUTOUS amo Kevac auevos nto Tape-
oTaL Tact Kal moOewvorepos. émrei O€ TabTa eyo
OuK emresOev, arn’ aroTov edoxet Kal aXXOKOTOV
Hyyepova, Tpeautny, OomeEp apre ‘evo pevov é£ou-
clas peLpaxtov, ols XpHTETAL pirous U) Hn, pud ui-
Ceiv, éTépav odov TPATrOLEVOS éypade TO Para
Seder TOMEVOS, vov pev Os ibmovAa Kal petéwpa
ToAXNa Tis TOAEWS exovons, vov 5€ Krwcvov
Mexpov év AtBvn Ta ouTnya KATEXELV, avbes dé
Tapaxweiy Ta Deppavica TayHara, Kal Tept TOV
év Xupia cai lovdaia duvapewr 6pora ruvOaverOar.

230

GALBA x11. 3-xuI. 3
Galba under his control and was most influential with
him in financial matters, was partly a cause and partly
a pretext for tragic events and great calamities.
XIII. For Nymphidius, as soon as Gellianus had
come back to him, whom he had sent to be a sort of
spy upon Galba, heard that Cornelius Laco had been
appointed prefect of the praetorian guard, and that
Vinius was all powerful with Galba, while Gellianus
had never stood near him or seen him in private, but
had been looked upon with suspicion and distrust by
everyone. Nymphidius was therefore much disturbed,
and calling together the officers of the army, told
them that Galba himself was a well-meaning and
moderate old man, but did not follow his own
counsels in the least, and was badly directed by
Vinius and Laco. Therefore, before these men had
succeeded in secretly acquiring the power .which
Tigellinus had held, a deputation should be sent to
the emperor from the camp, to inform him that if
he would put away from his company of friends
only these two men, he would be more acceptable
and welcome to all on his arrival. But this speech
of Nymphidius did not convince bis hearers; nay,
they thought it a strange and unnatural thing to
dictate to an aged emperor, as if he had been a
youth just tasting power, what friends he was to
have or not to have. Nymphidius therefore took
another course, and wrote to Galba messages in-
tended to alarm him—now, that there was much
hidden distemper and unrest in the city, now, that
Clodius Macer was holding back the grain supplies in
Africa ; again, that the legions in Germany were
mutinous, and that like news came concerning the
forces in Syria and Judaea. But since Galba gave

231

PLUTARCH’S LIVES

4 tov 6€ TarBa pr) mavu tov vodv mpocéxovTos
> lal \ , By a ,
AUTO poe Tua TEVOVTOS eyVH TpoeTLXeLpely’ KALTOL
4, ” SY
Knrdzi0s Kédcos 'Avtioyevs, avnp Eudpwv, evvous
6é éxeiva Kal TLCTOS, AamTrNYyopEeve, A€ywVv OUK av
oiecOar piav év ‘Pon cvvorxiay Kaioapa mpoo-
evretv Nupdidiov. adda TOAXOL KATEYEXNOY, Kal
MiOpidatns 0 Wovtixos érisxont@v thy dada-

t \ ¢ , a nes a» \

KpoTnTa Kal puccoTyta Tov l'adBa viv Edy Tiva
A s ¢ yilS ? , \ an a

doxetv elvat Pwpators, opOevta d€ havetcbas tav

HuEp@V TOUTWY as KareiTat Kaicap, dve.dos.

s / / \

XIV. "Eédoev otyv mepi pécas vietas eis THY

TapeuBornvy TapayayovTas avadernviewy avTo-

. Kpatopa tov Nupdidvov. mpa@tos S€ TaV yYorI-

/
dpywv ’Avtwvios “Ovwpdtos éamépas yevomevns
>] a , \

ToUs Uh EAVT@ oTpaTiwTas cuvayayov éxakile
\ id , > / i be bd , > -) 4 ,
fev auTov, exaKife O€ ExELVOUS EV OALYO KpoVy

iu
TpoTas ToTaUTas TpETromévous KaT oVdéva oYE-
\ »>O\ WA b) , b] \ f ,
oL0V 0OvbE aipeciy ApwEewovaV, ara Saipovos TLVOS
‘ /
avTous €k mpobocias els mpodociay éXavvorTos.
rn /
2 Kal Ta pev TPa@TA Tpoddaces exyev TA NEpwvos
r U / LA
éyxAnuata: vov 6e LarPav tpodidovat, Tiva povov
a \ is A ,
LnTpos éyxaXrovvtas » ahayny yuvatKos, 7) ToLav
> / / A , lal b] ,
aidoupevous Oupérny 7) Tpaypoiav Tov avToKpato-
ral , .Y ( ¢
pos; ‘AX’ ovd€ Exelvov ei TOVTOLS UTEMELVapEV
a , /
éyeataditreiy, adda Nupdidim mevoOevtes Ott
al ar / / >
Tp@Tos Hnuas eyKaTéAiTE Kal Tépevyev Els
” / / ’
3 Aiyurtov. totepov ovv Népwvt LT'arBav eni-
, /
Ovcwpe0a, Kat tov x Nupudid/as eXopevor Kat-
\ ,
capa tov éx AtBias avédXwpev, ws Tov €& “Aypir-
232

GALBA xi. 4-xIv. 3

no heed to him whatever and put no confidence
in his reports, he determined not to wait before
making his attempt. And yet Clodius Celsus of
Antioch, a man of good sense, who was well-dis-
posed and faithful to him, tried to dissuade him,
saying that in his opinion not a single precinct in
Rome would give Nymphidius the title of Caesar.
But many ridiculed Galba, and especially Mithridates
of Pontus, who scoffed about his bald head and
wrinkled face, and said that now the Romans
thought him a great personage, but when they saw
him they would regard all the days in which he had
borne the title of Caesar as a disgrace to them.

XIV. It was decided, therefore, to bring Nym-
phidius into the camp about midnight and proclaim
him emperor. But when it was evening, the lead-
ing military tribune, Antonius Honoratus, calling
together the soldiers under his command, reviled
himself, and reviled them for changing about so
often in so short a time, not according to any plan
or choice of better things, but because some evil
spirit drove them from one treachery to another.
In the first instance, he said, they had an excuse in
the crimes of Nero; but now, if they were to betray
Galba, what charge of murdering his mother or
slaying his wife could they bring against him, or
what feelings of shame that their emperor should
appear in public as musician or tragic actor? ‘‘ Nay,
not even with these provocations would we consent
to abandon a Nero, but we had to be persuaded by
Nymphidius that Nero had first abandoned us and
fled to Egypt. Shall we, then, sacrifice Galba after
Nero, and choosing the son of Nymphidia as our
Caesar, shall we slay the scion of the house of Livia,

233

PLUTARCH’S LIVES

, 3
mivyns avelromev; 7) ToUT@ SiKnv. emOévtes Mv. 1059

dédpaxe, Tyuwpot uev Népwvos, adrBa dé pvrAakes
aya0ot Kat Tictol PavaOpev; ”
Li gi ee age r
Tatra N\éyovT, TO YALA pK TpodéHevTO TaVTES
Ol OTPATLM@TAL, Kal TOUS GANOUS TpOGLOVTES EupeE-
lol ,
VELV TAPEKANOUY TH TPOS TOV AVTOKPATOPA TLATEL’
: / a
Kal TOUS TAELouS peTéeoTHaav. apOelans dé Bojs,
€ a
elite Tetabeis 0 Nupdidcios, &s hacwv Evior, Kadetv
a /
aurov Hon To’S TTpaTLMTAS, el’TE TPOAAPeEtY oTrEv-
Z \ fa) 4 \ / c \ \
Swv to GopvBodyv étt Kal Statafov, vo pwr
A f ea
TOAA® Mpone, AGyov Twa Kopifov ev PiBrALo
Yr / A
yeypappévov vireo Keyyaviov. Bappwvos, ov éxpe-
r \ \
UENETHKEL TPOS TOS TTpaTLWTAS Eire. LOwV dé
KEKNELTMEVAS TOD OTpaToTédoVv Tas TUAAS Kal
\ \ / ‘ € / ” \
Tepl Ta TeLyn TOoAXOUS wTALTLEVOUS edELTE’ Kal
é / /
Tpoctwv npwta tL BovrAovTaL Kal TLVOS KEXEv-
; % a
cavtos év OmAoLS yeyovaclv. amavtwocns 6 avT@
2.4 ca) na
Tapa TavtTwr mds pwvis, LadBav avtoxpatopa
YLVOOKELY, KAKELVOS OMOTE YWPaV eTEVP> HEL Kal
TOUS érropévous éxéAeve. TOV 6€ Tapa Tas TUAS
nr /
TapéevT@Y avTov eciaedOeiv peT OALY@Y avTOS
, X
aKkovrivetar AOYXN' Kal TavTHY pev edeEaTO TPO
b] n al <9 ” x a ,
avtod Oupe@ Lewripsos, drwy Oé yupvois Erheoww
emipepomevov huyov Kat SiwyGeis €v olKnpate
oTpatiwtouv abattetat. Kal Tov vexpov els pécov
bg 4 \ / / / a
édxvaartes Kal TepiBarovtes KuyKkrAtoa Géapa Tots
/ -
Bovropévors peO” pépayv Tapéoxov.
¢ a ,
XV. Otte 6é trod Nupdidiov Kkataatpéewavtos
€ a a : ra)
0 LadSas ruOopevos, Kal TOY GUVM@pOTa@Y auTOD

234

GALBA xiv. 3-xv. I

as we have slain the son of Agrippina? Or, shall
we inflict punishment on Nymphidius for his evil
deeds, and thereby show ourselves avengers of Nero,
but true and faithful guardians of Galba?”

So spoke the tribune, and all his soldiers took his
side, and visiting their fellow-soldiers, exhorted them
to maintain their fidelity to the emperor; and they
brought over the greater part of them. But now
loud shouts arose, and Nymphidius, either because
he was convinced, as some say, that the soldiers
were already calling him, or because he was anxious
to win over betimes the element that was still
unruly and mutinous, came up in a glare of lights,
carrying in his hand a speech written out for him by
Cingonius Varro ; this he had got by heart to deliver
to the soldiers. But when he saw the gate of the
camp closed and a great number of men under arms
along the walls, he was struck with fear ; and drawing
near, he asked what they meant, and by whose
command they were under arms. One cry caine to
him from the lips of all, and this was that they
acknowledged Galba as emperor, whereupon he also,
as he joined them, shouted in approval, and bade his ©
followers do the same. But after the soldiers. at the
gate had permitted him to enter with a few followers,
alance was hurled at him. This weapon was
received in the shield which Septimius interposed,
but others assailed him, with drawn swords, where-
upon he fled, was pursued, and was cut down in a
soldier’s hut. His dead body was dragged forth,
surrounded with a paling, and exposed to public
view all day.

XV. Such was the violent end of Nymphidius, and
when Galba learned of it, he ordered sueh of his

235

PLUTARCH’S LIVES

Kerevoas amolaveiy Oaot pn OL avTav evOds
amébavor, év ols Hv Kat Kuyyeovtos 0 TOV oyou
ypavras Kal McOprdarns o Llovtexos, edofe M7)
VOML ws, €l KAL OLKALWS, pnde OnwoTLKas d avnpneevar
™ po Kpioews cvopas OUK donpous. ETEpoV yap
Hye ovias ox Ma Tpoa edéXovTo TAVTES, eCarraTw-
[EVOL oun 0as vmo TOV ev apyn heyopeva. érl
dé pardov jv lac ev avToUs avnp UmaTLKOS Kal
Népwv miatos atobavetv Kereva Gets, Iletpwvios
Toupmidtavos. Maxpov * yap év AtBin dra Tpe-
Bwviov! kal Povrijiov € év Teppavia dua Ovarevtos
avehov mpopaci eiyev €v OTAOLS Kal OT PATOTE-
Sots dvtas PoBnOjvar. Toupmidavov 6é, yépovta
yuuvov Kal advotAov, Aoyou petaraBeiv ovdev
éx@ohuen, él a8 ny emaryyeXAeT aL METPLOTHTA TOLS
Tpaypacw * epye purakew éwenrne.
aia per ovv ToLauTas Evet peurpers. évrel b€
T™ POoLwv ameixe THS TONEWS TEPL TEVTE Kal €lKOo’
aTadious, € eveTUYXavev aKor wig kat OopvBo TOV
€PET@Y THV OOOV TpoxaTeEXOVT@Y Kat TEpLKEX ULE-
vov Tavtax oben. oUTOL O€ Haav ods Eis év Taypa
0 Nepov cudoXioas at epnve TTpaTlwras: Kal
TOTE TA POVTES éxBeBarwoac bat Thy oTpatetay
OUT oO hvac Tots aTravT@a tw ovT axovacOjvat
Taplecay TOV avToKpaTopa, arn’ eGopuBouv Bon
onmela TO TAYpaTL Kal X@pav ACE AUUTESs €KELVOU
88 breptiOeuevou Kal wadw eitreiv® Kedevoavtos,

1 Maxpoy (as in xiii, 3), TpeBwvlov, suggested by Sint.? for
Maxpwva and TpeBwriavod of the MSS.
2 rpayuaow Sint.? has ypinpyaow (in his letters), after
Emporius.
3 addw eimeiv Bekker has mapelxew (yield), after Coraés.

236

GALBA xv. 1-4

fellow-conspirators as had not at once taken their
own lives to be put to death. Among these was
Cingonius, who wrote the speech for Nymphidius,
and Mithridates of Pontus. But it was held to be
illegal and despotic, even though just, to put to
death without a trial men who were not without
distinction. For everyone expected a different mode
of government, being thoroughly deceived, as is
usual, by assurances made in the beginning. And -
people took it still more amiss when Petronius
Turpilianus, a man of consular dignity who was
faithful to Nero, was ordered to take his own life.
For in having Macer taken off in Africa at the hands
of Trebonius, and Fonteius in Germany at the hands
of Valens, Galba could excuse himself with the fear
they inspired as commanders of armed forces. But
there was no reason why Turpilianus, a helpless old
man and unarmed, should not havea chance to defend
himself, if the emperor was really going to observe
that moderation in his dealings which he promised.
Such, then, was the censure to which these acts
exposed Galba. Moreover, when, in his approach to
the city, he was distant from it about five-and-
twenty furlongs, he fell in with a disorderly and
tumultuous crowd of seamen, who beset his way and
encompassed him on all sides. These were men
whom Nero had formed into a legion and given the
title of soldiers. And now they were there to
enforce their just rights as soldiers, and would not
suffer the emperor to be seen or heard by those who
came to meet him, but with tumultuous shouts
demanded standards for their legion and regular
quarters. When Galba put off their demand and
told them to renew it at another time, they declared

237

PLUTARCH’S LIVES

b] , al \ bd \ s /
apvncews oxXwa THY avaBorny elvar pacKovTes
NYAVAKTOUY Kal TapelTovTO mH herddpevor Bors.
,
éviwy dé Kal TAS waYalpas oTracapmévwr, éxédevoe
\ e n 3 a «2 ra € / e /
Tous Lrmets euParely autos o VadBas. wvréotn
\ ? eS) hae g ; ba ’ € \ 9Q\ bd f
dé ovdels éxeivwv, GAN of ev EevOs avatpaTertes,
e \ , , > \ >
at de hevyovtes duehPapncay, ov ypnotov ovdé
by a a ,
aistov Totovyvtes TO T'adSa Tov oliwvoy eiavovte
an la ‘
d:a modXod dhovov Kal vexp@v TocovTwpr els THY
‘ % 3 > , > nr Ul ,
TOW. GAN & Kal TLs avTOD KaTEppovet mpoTeE-
an ie b 4 / na
pov acBevods Kal yépovTos Opwévou, TOTE Tact
ppixwdns Kat poBepos éyéveto.
_ . nr . \
XVI. BovaAdpevos 5é tis wept Tas Swpeas dpe-
Tptas Kal ToduTEXEias TOU Népwvos amroderxvivat
a / an
peyadny petaBoryv, aotoyeiv éddxer Tod mTpé-
/ \ 3 / b] lol \
movtos. Kavov yap avAnoavtos avT® mapa 1060
“~ > , \ > ¢€ / > 4
éeirrvoy (axpoapa b€ Hv 0 Kavos evdoxipovpevor)
eTulvecas Kat amodeEapevos exédevcey avT@
KopioOnvar TO yAwWooOKOpOY: Kal KaBwY YpUToDSs
a la) ,

Tivas eTmédwKxe TH Kava, dnoas éx« Tov ldiwy, ovK
b an / / \ be \ a
2€x Tov Snpmociwy yapilecOat. Tas dé dwpeEds as

y tal \
Népwy &dwxe Tots wept oxnvnv Kal TaXalotpayr,
atratteta bar avvTOVvws KEAEVTAS TAY TOV OEKATOU
\ A i
Mépous, elTa puxpa Kal yAioxpa Kopslouevos
s tal n /
(avnrA@Keoay yap ol TAEicTOL TaVY AaBorTwDL,
a /
épnuepor Kal catupixol trois Biot avOpwrroc)
n / ¢ n
Tovs Mplauévous Tap avT@v 7 NaBoVTAas OTLODY
3 avetnte. kal wap éxeivwv é&érpatte. tod 8é
c Uj > \ ‘
mTpdypLatos Opov. ovK €xXOVTOS, ara Topp
, \ J ? \ >
VEMOMEVOU KAL TPOLoVTOS ETL TONNOUS, AUTOS peEV

238

GALBA xv. 4-xvI. 3

that the postponement was merely a way of refusing
their demands, and were incensed, and followed
along with unremitted shouts. Some actually
drew their swords, and then Galba ordered his
horsemen to charge upon them. Not a man of
them stood his ground, but some were done to -
death at once in the rout, and others as they fled,
nor was it a happy and auspicious omen that Galba
should enter the city through so much slaughter and
so many dead bodies. But whereas many had
before this despised him and looked upon him as a
weak old man, now all regarded him with shudder-
ing fear.

XVI, And now, in his desire to display a great
change from Nero’s immoderate and extravagant
manner of giving, he was thought to fall short of
what was fitting. For example, after Canus had
played on the flute for him at a banquet (now Canus -
was a performer of high repute), he was loud in his
praises and ordered his purse to be brought to him;
and taking from it a few gold pieces, he gave them
to Canus, with the remark that the gift was made
from his own, and not from the public moneys.
Again, he ordered that the gifts which Nero had
made to people of the theatre and palaestra should
be demanded back again with strictness, all but the
tenth part; and then, when he got only slight
and grudving returns (for most of the recipients had
squandered their largess, being men of a loose and
improvident way of living), he had a search made for
such as had bought or received anything whatsoever
from them, and tried to exact it from these. The
business had no limits, but was far extended and
affected many ; it gave the emperor himself a bad

239

PLUTARCH’S LIVES

ndoker, P¥ovov dé Kat piaos elyev Ovdivios, ws
a \ ” ee > / /
Tots pev AAXOLS ATTacWW avedEevOEpovy Trapéxwv
TOV nNYyE“ova Kal pLKpoNOYoV, avTOS Sé YpwpEVoS
/,
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€ \ \ ¢ ,
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> / / \ / 14
apyouevou Te TiGou Kal ArjyovTos KopécacBar

\ nm € \ eA c lal > a \ /
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\ / > , lal / ig cA \
tov LadPav éeverriptraTO THS TUYNS, @S Gua perv

apxouerns, dua S€ POivovens.

XVII. ‘O 6&& mpecBitns néiceito Ta per
mpata Tov Oviviov caxas dvorxodvTos, a b€ avTos
opOas mponpetto SvaB8addXovtos 7) KwAVOVTOS"

\ A a
olov iv TO Tepl Tas KoNdcELS TOV Nepwviavar.
> f \ \ , ? ees ed
ATEKTELVE YAP TOUS TovNpoUs, Ev ois HY 0“ HXLos
kat IloAvKXertos wai Iletivos nati IatpoBios.
o 6€ Shuos éxpote, cal du ayopas avTav «ayo-

VA 4 , \ \ 2 \ n /
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> a \ \ \ ye ae / \ /
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Nov Kal Tadaywyov THs TUpavvidos TiyedXivor.
> Vs \ e lal \ > lal
epOaxer 5€ 0 yevvaios TpoeirAndws appaBacr

s \ »>/ s \ /
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OTL fn TpoEedioov pndée euloes TOV nyewova

lal ” / yy be be a /
TOLOUTOV OVTA pLoovpmEVvOS, AXXO bé wNde Ev péya
cuvabienoas, atéGavev* 0 6€ Kal Toinoas aktov
Gavatov Népwva kal yevouevov TovodTov éyKa-
an / /
Tadkim@v Kal mpodovs tepinv, péya Sidaypa

1 Works and Days, 366.
240

GALBA xvi. 3-xvil. 3

name, and brought envy and _ hatred upon Vinius
as having made the emperor ungenerous and sordid
with everybody else, while he himself used money
lavishly, taking everything that was offered and
selling freely. For Hesiod} bids men to

“ Drink without stint at the beginning and end of
the cask,”

and so Vinius, seeing that Galba was old and feeble,
sated himself with the good fortune which he
thought was just beginning and at the same time
was soon to end.

XVII. But the aged emperor suffered injustice not
only when Vinius, as at first, administered affairs
badly, but also when he brought into odium or pre-
vented wise measures set on foot by Galba him-
self ; as, for instance, in the matter of punishing the
adherents of Nero. For Galba set out to kill the bad
ones, among whom were Helius and Polycleitus and
Petinus and Patrobius. And the people applauded
the act, and shouted, as the culprits were dragged
through the forum to their doom, that it was a
goodly procession indeed, and acceptable tothe gods,
but that gods and men alike demanded justice on
the tutor and teacher of the tyrant, namely, Tigel-
linus. That worthy minister, however, had won the
protection of Vinius betimes, by means of large
advances. Again, Turpilianus, who was hated merely
because he would not betray nor show hatred to
Nero in spite of all that emperor's crimes, but apart
from this had participated in no one serious offence,
was put to death; whereas the man who had made
Nero worthy of death, and betrayed and forsook him
when he had come to that pass, was left alive —a great

241

PLUTARCH’S LIVES

A be v - \ > / \
TOU pndev aTpaxtov eiva. Tapa Ovdwio pnde
pa a ny a > \ ef
avértiotov Tos didodow. ovddevds yap odTw

\ ¢ a lal
Oedpatos épacbeis 0 “Pwpaiwy dios ws Tov
al a /
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a / an
év wact Geatpos Kal otadtots aitovpevos éxetvor,
, n
ereTANYOn Staypadppate tov avtoxpdropos T1-
yeAXtvov pév ov todvy ett Biwoecbar ddcKor-
r \ ,
Tos xXpovov vTd POwwddos vorov SaTavepevor,
/
éxeivous S€ Tapaitoupévov pn Stayplaivery

5 noe Tupavyieny Tovey THY Hyewoviav. ayOo-

pévov O€ TOD Oypmou KaTayedovTes Oo ev Tiyed-
Nivos €Ovce cwTHpia Kal TapecKevace NapTrpav
éotiacw, 0 5€ Ovtivios avacras Tapa Tod avdTo-
kpatopos peta Settrvov exwmpacey ws éxeivor,
ayov Tv Ovyatépa xijpav otcav. Kal mpovmiev
o TuyedXivos auth mévte Kal elxoot pupiddas
apyupiov, Kal TaY Taddakidwv THY ayeap-
yodoav éxédevoe TOV TEpLOeEpatov KOaMoV adedo-
peevnv exeivn mepiaryar, wevrexaidexa puuptadwv
elvat NEeyOmevor. :

XVIII. *Ex 8& tovtov Kai ta perpiws mpat-
Tomeva StaBoryy elyev, @S TA Tpos TOS T'addtas
Oviviixe cuvapapévous. éddxovv yap ov dirav-
Opwrria ToD a’ToKpaTopos, dXAa wvovmEvoL Tapa
Ovuwiov tvyyavev avéceds te Sacpudv Kal
ToAltelas. ol pev ody TOANOL Sia TAaDTA pods
THY HyEeLoviay atnYPavovTo, Tovs dé oTpATLWTAS
Thy Swpeayv pry Kopsfomévous ev apyn pev és
Taphyev ws, eb Kal pn ToacovTOV, aX daov
242

GALBA xvil. 3-xvit1. 2

object-lesson to show that Vinius could do anything
and fulfil any expectation for those who gave him
enough. For there was no spectacle on which the
Roman people had so set their hearts as that of
Tigellinus dragged away to punishment, and in all
the theatres and circuses they would not cease
demanding him, until they were quelled by an edict
of the emperor in which he declared that Tigellinus
was wasting away with consumption and had not
much longer to live, and advised them not to
exasperate the government or force it to be tyrannical.
Then, in mockery of the dissatisfied people, Tigel-
linus offered sacrifices for his preservation and
prepared a splendid feast; and Vinius, rising from
beside the emperor, afterwards went to a drinking-
bout in Tigellinus’ house, leading his daughter, who
was a widow. Tigellinus pledged her health with
a gift of twenty-five myriads of money,! and ordered
the governess of his concubines to take the necklace
from her own neck and put it about hers. The
necklace was said to be worth fifteen myriads.
XVIII. After this, even the reasonable measures
of the emperor fell under censure, as, for instance,
his treatment of the Gauls who had conspired with
Vindex. For they were thought to have obtained their
remission of tribute and their civil rights, not through
the kindness of the emperor, but by purchase from
Vinius. Such were the reasons, then, why most of
the people hated the government; but the soldiers,
though they had not received their promised largess,
were led on at first by the hope that Galba would
give them, if not the whole of it, at least as much as

1 See the note on Chap. ii. 2.

243

PLUTARCH’S LIVES

Népwv EOWKED, drrobwa ovT0s. émrel dé peppopévous
aKovaas apne dovny nyewove peydro oT pe-
Tovoay, eiTrav elwévar KaTaneyer oTpaTLWTAS,

ovx ayopatlew, tuOopuévors TovTO Sevov eioHdOe 1061
picos Kal a@yptov mpos avtov. éddxer yap ovK
avTos amooTepely povos, aXXa vopobeTety Kai
drddoKew TOUS ed auTov avToKpaTopas.

3 “AAA TO pep ev ‘Poun tudo 9 mp éte Kivnua,
Kal TLS alows Gua T pos. TapovTa TOV Daa Sav
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Kal TO pndepwiay apxny eupavs) peraBonriis opa-
oGat TUVETTEAAE Kat ‘ouvexpuTrTev Abas ryé TOS
THY Ouvogpéveray avT@v. of O& mpoTepov wo
Ovepyiviw yevouevot, TOTe & OvTes Ud DrAdKKw
Tepl r eppaviar, peyahov ev a€vobytes avtous
bia THY payny Hv euaxecarto T pos Ovivérna,
pndevos b€ TUyYavorTeEs, aTrapnyopnrot Tots

4 dpyovow noav. avtov oé TOV Draxkov ig)
vy Tovov moddypas advvatov dvtTa TO copare
kal Tpayydtwv aepov é€v ovdevt AOYw TO
TapaTav em oLovyTo. Kat TOTE Oéas ovons, Kal
TOV Xededpxov Kal Noxayav TO ‘Popators ovvnbes
evTuXiav emreU XO UEVOV TO avTOKpATOpL larBa,
étebopuBnoav ol TOOL TO ™pPOTOV, elTa Tats
evyais émipevovTwy éxeivwv avtepwvovy “Ki
aévos.”

XIX. Toradta 6€ Erepa cai Tov vmo TeyedrAve@
TAY LAT OV UBpitovtwv TOANAKES, emeuTeTO Ypap-
pata TO Parbe Tapa TOV emLTpoTr@y: o 6é
poBnbeis @s 17) povoy Sta TO yhpas, ada Kal

1 +> wev Coraés and Bekker have ry uév, the correction of
Reiske.

244

GALBA xviti. 2—-xIx. I

Nero had given. When, however, Galba heard that
they were complaining, he spoke out as became a
great emperor, and declared that it was his custom
to enroll soldiers, not to buy them; whereupon they
began to cherish a dire and savage hatred towards
him. For they thought that he was not only
defrauding them himself, but laying down the law
and giving instructions for succeeding emperors.

But the agitation at Rome was still smouldering,
and at the same time a certain respect for Galba’s
presence blunted and delayed the spirit of revolu-
tion, and the absence of any manifest occasion for a
change repressed and kept under cover, somehow or
other, the resentment of the soldiers. But the
army which had formerly served under Verginius,
and was now serving under Flaccus in Germany,
thinking themselves deserving of great rewards on
account of the battle they had fought against
Vindex, and getting nothing, could not be appeased
by their officers. Of Flaccus himself, who was
physically incapacitated by an acute gout, and in-
experienced in the conduct of affairs, they made no
account whatever. And once at a spectacle, when
the military tribunes and centurions, after the Roman
custom, invoked health and happiness upon the
emperor Galba, the mass of the soldiery raised a
storm of dissent at first, and then, when the officers
persisted in their invocation, cried out in response,
“If he deserves it.”

XIX. The legions also that were under the
command of Tigellinus frequently behaved with
similar insolence, and letters on the subject were
sent to Galba by his agents. So the emperor, fear-
ing that it was not only his old age but also his

245

PLUTARCH’S LIVES

dla THY aTaldtav Katadpovovpevos, éBoudNeveTo
maida Oécbar TeV emibavay TiVa vEeavioKoY Kal
2 dsadoyov amosetEat THs apyns. hv d€ Madpxos
"Obwy, avnp yéver pev ovK adparvns, Tpudh b€ Kat
pirnsoviars ev vs ek maioav €v ONtYOLS ‘Popaiov
ovep Pappevos. Os dé Tov AnreEavépov * ‘Oxnpos
‘"EXEévns Tool NUKOMOLO, pendev exovTa ™ pos
5ofav adXo TeLVUVOY aro THS yuvarKos, ovopater
TONNAKLS, OUTWS Yeyovas meptBontos ev ‘Poun
dua Tov Tomzatas yapor, AS npa per 0 Népov
K peorrive cuvovens, ere 5’ aidovmevos THv éavTod
yuvaixa Kal Thy pntEepa poBovpevos UbnKe TOV
3 "O@wva TeLpOvTA THY Tlowmatay. hire b€ TO
‘Obou Kal oupBiati Ova Ty dowry EX P7TO,
Kal KOT TOLEVOS vr avtod TONNAKLS eS PLLK po-
Aoyiavy Kal avedevOepiay Eyatpe. evyerau dé
TOTE HUPD TOV TONUTEAWY Xploasrevov TOU
Népwvos cat tov "OGwva cataBpeavros, EKELVOS
TdNw 7H borepata dex ouevos avuTOV dua ToNAa-
yobev apryupovs Kal Vpvcovs mpoBanretw apve
cwrnvas, woTEp U wp TO peupov ex eovTas Kal
4 kataxhulovtas. ara THY ye Llommraiav T poLot-
xeveas TO Népaut, Kab diapJetpas Tats €ls
éxeivov edict, eT ELO EV aTOTTHVAL TOU avd pos.
er\Govans 6€ Tap avToV ws yapuETIs OVK HyaTTA
METEV OD, aX NTXANNE peTacsoovs, Ove AUTHS
ax Gopevns, é @s dace, TH EnroTu 7A THS llowmatas.

5 Kal yap aToKXElLTaL TOV Népwva NEeyETAL [7
Tapovtos TOD Olwvos, cite THs iSovHnsS abatpodca
TO TAopmlov, eite, WS Pacw éviot, Bapvvopéevyn

246

GALBA xix. 1-5

childlessness that brought him into contempt,
planned to adopt some young man of illustrious
family and appoint him his successor. Marcus Otho,
now, was a man of good lineage, but from his very
childhood corrupted by luxury and the pursuit of
pleasure as few Romans were. And as Homer often
calls Paris “the husband of fair-haired Helen,”
giving him a dignity borrowed from his wife, since
he had no other title to fame, so Otho was celebrated
at Rome for his marriage with Poppaea. With
Poppaea Nero was enamoured while she was the
wife of Crispinus, but since he respected his own
wife still and feared his mother, he put Otho up
to soliciting her favours for him. For because of
Otho’s lavish prodigality Nero made an intimate
friend of him, and was well pleased to be rallied by
him often for parsimony and meanness. Thus, we
are told that Nero once anointed himself with a
costly ointment and sprinkled a little of it upon
Otho; whereupon Otho, entertaining the emperor
in his turn on the following day, suddenly brought
into play gold and silver pipes on all sides of the
room, out of which the ointment gushed freely, like
so much water. But as for Poppaea, Otho corrupted
her with hopes of Nero’s favour and seduced her
first himself, and persuaded her to leave her husband.
However, after she had come to live with him as his
wife, he was not content to have only a share in her
favours, and was loth to give Nero a share, while
Poppaea herself, as we are told, was not displeased
at the rivalry between them. For it is said that she
would shut out Nero although Otho was not at
home; whether it was that she sought to keep his
pleasure in her from cloying, or whether, as some

247

PLUTARCH’S LIVES

tov Katcapos yapov, epaorh dé pun hevyouca
xphoOat dua TO prdaxohacrov. exevdvvevoer
obv 0 “Odav am oBaveiv Kab maparoyov mv ore
TV yuvaixa Kat adeh pry amoxrewas Oia TOV
Ilomtraias ydpov édeicato Tod "OBwvos.

X. Levéxay dé eixev eUvouv' KaKelvou Tov
Népwva reicavtos Kal TApalver avTos eferreupOn
Avottavav oT paTnyos emt Tov “Oxeavov. kai
Taper Xev EAUTOV OUK adxapw ovdé érrayOn Tots
UmNKooLs, elows Pvyas. UToKoplo“a Kal TapaKa-

2 Ava THY apy auT@ Sedouévnv. amrootavtos
oe Parpa TPOToS aire} T poceXwpnae TOV
Hyepoverv, Kal Pép@v daov elven € év eKTOMATL Kal
TpaTretars a dpryupov Kal xpucoy éd@xe KataKowat
ToLoupeve@ vomio pa, Kal TOV oikeT@v edwpycato 1062
tous elOicpévous Tept Slattay aAyemove Eupedas
Uroupyew. Kal Ta AdNAa TioTOs HY avTo, Kal
did0vs Teloav ovdevos ATTOV eboKEL TpayLaT@V
EW TELpOS evar’ Kai Badifovtt Tay odov atracav
ep’ TIE PAS ToANasS TUVOXOVMEVOS d1eTéhecen.
3 «vy 6€ TH TUVOdLA Kal TH ourneeia tov Oviviov
e£eOepdmevoer opidia Kab Saipous, padiora dé
TOV T P@TELOY ipcepevos avT@ TO YE per’ éxeivov
divacGat Su exeivov eixe BeBaias. T@® 5€ av-
emliPOov@ TEpLnV, TpoiKa OUUTPATT@V TATA TOIS
deopevors, Kal TapeX@v EAUTOV EVTPOTHYOpOV Kal
piravOpwrov a anTact. TreloTa 6€ Tots oT par LO
TiKOls cuveAduBave Kal mponye moddovs ed’

' avrg Coraés and Bekker, after Du Soul: airds.

.

1 Cf. Tacitus, Annals, xiii. 45 f,

248

GALBA xix. 5-xx. 3

say, she recoiled from a marriage with the emperor,
but was not averse to having him as a lover, out of
mere wantonness. Otho, accordingly, came into
peril of his life; and it was strange that although
his own wife and sister were put to death by Nero
on account of his marriage with Poppaea, Otho
himself was spared.+

XX. But Otho had the good will of Seneca, by
whose advice and persuasion Nero sent him out as
governor of Lusitania to the shores of the western
ocean. Here he made himself acceptable and
pleasing to his subjects, although he knew that his
office had been given him to disguise and mitigate
his banishment. When Galba revolted, Otho was
the first of the provincial governors to go over to
him, and bringing all the gold and silver that he had
in the shape of drinking-cups and tables, he gave it
to him for conversion into coin, presenting him also
with those of his servants who were qualified to give
suitable service for the table of an emperor. In
other ways he was trusted by Galba, and when put to
the test was thought to be inferior to none as a
man of affairs; and during the entire journey of the
emperor he would travel in the same carriage with
him for many days together. Moreover, amid the
intimacies of the common journey he paid court to
Vinius, both in person and by means of gifts, and,
above all else, by yielding to him the first place, he
got his aid in holding securely the place of influence
next to him. But in avoiding envy he was superior
to Vinius, for he gave his petitioners every aid with-
out any reward, and showed himself easy of access
and kindly to all men. But it was the soldiers whom
he was most ready to help, and he advanced many of

2
VOL. XI. I 49

PLUTARCH’S LIVES

HYEMOVIAS, TA MEY ALTOVpLEVOS ATO TOV avTOKpAG-
\ \ \ t B \ \ > /
4 Topos, Ta O€ TOY Ovtmov Kal Tos atreNevOEpous
a v V9 4 Ka \
mapakanov “Ixedkov kat “AciatiKoy* ovTo. yap
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€ \
ogaxis 6€ Tov LadBav ciotia, THY TapadpvdAdr-
Tovaav adel omeipav édéxale xpvcovv éxacT@
dltavéwwv, ois Teyudy avToVv edoKEr KATATTONLTEVO-
pevos Kal dnuaywy@v TO oTPAaTLWTLKOV.
> an
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\ / \ ” nn € ‘we
mepi Siadoyou tov "Obwva maperonyev o Ovivtos,
ovdé TOUTO Tpoika TpdocwY, ANN’ él yao TIS
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"OOwva taisa tod VarBa kal diddoyov amode-
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/ / ? "4 ,
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aXXrov avayopevOnvat. 7
XXII. KarartapPdaver & avtov éte péddovta

1 See the note on Chap. ii. 2.
250

GALBA xx. 3-Xxl. I

them to places of command, sometimes asking the
appointment from the emperor, and sometimes
getting the support of Vinius, and of the freedmen
Icelus and Asiaticus; for these were the most
influential men at court. And as often as_ he
entertained Galba, he would compliment the cohort
on duty for the day by giving each man a gold piece,
thus showing honour to the emperor, as it was
thought, while really scheming for the support A
favour of the soldiery.
XXI. So, then, while Galba was deliberating upon
a successor, Vinius suggested Otho. And yet not
even this was done for nothing, but as a return for
the marriage of his daughter. For it had been
agreed that Otho should marry her when he had
been adopted by Galba and declared his successor.
But Galba always-showed clearly.that he-placed—the
public good betore his private interests, and in the
present case that he aimed to adopt, not the man.
who was most agreeable to himself, but the one who
would be most serviceable to the Romans. And it
does not seem that he would have chosen Otho
merely as the heir of his own private fortune, since
he knew that he was unrestrained and extravagant
and immersed in debts amounting to five millions.!
Wherefore, after listening to Vinius calmly and
without a word, he postponed his decision. But he
appointed himself and Vinius consuls for the follow-
ing year, and it was expected that on their accession
to office he would declare his successor. And the
soldiery would have been glad that Otho, rather
than anyone else, should be so declared.
XXII. But while the emperor was hesitating
and deliberating, he was overtaken by the dis-

251

PLUTARCH’S LIVES

ral Bovrevopevor € exparyevTa Ta, Teppaverd. Kowy
yap ATAVTES Ol oT PATEVO{LEVOL Tov I’ arBav é éuicouv
OvK amodibovta THY Swpeav, idias O€ éxetvos mpo-
paces | € 7 OLOUYTO _Ovepyinov te Povdov atrepptip-
pévov atipos Kat Dararov Tovs TONEMNTAYTAS
avtois Swpeav TvYyXavovTas, boot 5é a) Tpoa-
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Yap elbevat Kal Teay reOvnedra Kal ‘yepaipery
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Sov 76n hoyou év TO oTpaToTrédep TEpLpepo perv ov
éemnrdev 1 vovpnvia TOU TpwToU BNVvos, Nv Ka-
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guvayayovtos avtTous émi Tov SpKov Ov Gos éotiv
duvvey UTrép TOD av’TOKPAaTOpOS, TAS peVv ELKOVAS
tov TdrBa mpocedOovtes avétpepav Kat Kat-
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Orjpou ‘Popaiwy dterAvOnaar. clr Tots myeHove-
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TdarBav, ard drws apxovta kal To apyecOat
dhevyovtes ; DPrAdKKxov pev ovv ‘Opdewviov ovdev
ado 7) oxiav ovta Vara kcal eidwrov éartéor,
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Oo THS érépas Deppavias NYOUMEVOS, Tat pos TE
TLUNTOD Kal Tpls UTATOU YEVOMEVOU Kal Kravoig 1063
Kaicaps tpotov tia cuvdapEavtos, avTos Te THY

1 See Chap. iv. 3.

252

GALBA xxi. 1-5

orders which broke out among the troops in
Germany. For the soldiers in all parts of the
empire had a common hatred of Galba because
he had not given them their usual largess, but
those in Germany made special excuses for them-
selves out of the fact that Verginius Rufus had been
cast off in dishonour; that the Gauls who had fought
against them were getting rewards, while all those
who had not joined Vindex were being punished;
and that to Vindex alone Galba showed gratitude
by honouring him when he was dead and giving him
the distinction of public obsequies, on the ground that
Vindex had proclaimed him emperor of the Romans,!
Such arguments as these were already circulating
openly in the camp, when the first day of the first
month came, which the Romans call the Calends of
January. On this day Flaccus assembled the soldiers
that they might take the customary oath of allegiance
to the emperor; but they overturned and pulled
down all the statues of Galba which they could find,
and after swearing allegiance to the senate and
people of Rome, went to their quarters. Then their
officers began to fear that their lawless spirit might
issue in revolt, and one of them made this speech :
“What is wrong with us, my fellow soldiers? We
are neither supporting the present emperor nor
setting up another. It is as though we were
averse, not to Galba, but to all rule and obedience.
Flaceus Hordeonius, indeed, who is nothing but a
shadow and image of Galba, we must ignore, but
there is Vitellius, who is only a day’s march distant
from us, and commands the forces in the other
Germany. His father was censor, thrice consul, and
in a manner the colleague of Claudius Caesar, and

253

PLUTARCH’S LIVES

AowSopoupevny vm evioy Teviay deiypa Aapumr pov
EXov XPNETOTNTOS Kal peyaroppoovyns. pepe,
ToUTOV ENopevor detEw ev avo pwmors maow OS
TAnpev Kal Avovravev apeivous éapev avto-
KpaTopa aipetaba.”

Tatra TOV meV HON TpoaltepEevav, TOV 8 ov
T POG LEMEVOV, els UmeEeOwv onpatopopos amrny-
etre TO OviteAX@ vUKTOS, E>TLMMéEvOV TONY
Tap auT@. Tod S&é Adyou SvattecdvTos els Ta
TT pAaTEvMaTa T PWTOS Paros Ovarns, TYE MOV
EVOS TAYWATOS, TH voTepaia peTa (TT E@Y TUXVOY
érdoas avToKpaTopa TOV Ovitedduov T POGELTED.
0 be Tas [Lev eum poo Bev 0 npéepas edoKel dim eiacbar
kat avadvecbat, TO péyebos THS apyns hoBov-
HEvOS, Tote 5€ dacty olvov SudTtewy ral Tpopijs
ovTa peonuBpwvijs m poe Oetv Kal UTaKovcal
Teppaveror ¢ évoua Oepévov are, 7} bé Kaisa pos
ov m poo beE devon. evOds 6€ Kal To peta PrAdKKov
oTpaTevua TOUS Karovs EXELVOUS wal LOnwoxpaTLKous
eis our KAT OV Opkous agevTes Wpooav OviterrAty
T@ AUTOKPAaTOpL ToOUmoeLy TO Tpooraccopevov.

XXUIT. Otto peév avnyopevOn OviTerXLos
abroxpdtwp év Teppavia. mud opevos be TOV €KEL
VEWTEPLT{LOV O Taras OUKETL THD elomoinow
aveBarnrero. yevor Kav 6€ TOY pirov évlous Mev
umép AodoBedXa, TOUS dé TAELaTOUS UTED "OPavos
apxarperalovtas, @ Ov ovdérepov edoxipatev avrTos,
apve pndev nore peremenyaro Hetcava,
Kpaooov Kal LxptBovias ExYOVOY, ovs Nepor
LYN PHKEL, veaviav év TH Tpos mT aoav aperny
ee TO KOoMLOY Kai avoTnpoV éppavesrara

254

GALBA xxl. 5-xXxIII. 2

Vitellius himself, in the poverty with which some
reproach him, affords a splendid proof of probity and
magnanimity. Come, let us choose him, and so show
the world that we know how to select an emperor
better than Iberians and Lusitanians.”’

While some of the soldiers were already for adopt-
ing this proposal and others for rejecting it, one
standard-bearer stole away and brought tidings of
the matter by night to Vitellius, as he was entertain-
ing many guests. The news spread swiftly to the
troops, and first Fabius Valens, commander of a
legion, rode up next day with a large body of horse-
men and saluted Vitellius as emperor. Hitherto
Vitellius had seemed to decline and avoid the
office, fearing the magnitude of it; but on this day,
as they say, being fortified with wine and a midday
meal, he came out to the soldiers and accepted the
title of Germanicus which they conferred upon him,
though he rejected that of Caesar. And straightway
the army with Flaccus also, casting aside those fine
and democratic oaths of theirs to support the senate,
took oath that they would obey the orders of
Vitellius the emperor. '

XXIII. Thus was Vitellius proclaimed emperor in
Germany ; and when Galba learned of the revolution
there he no longer deferred his act of adoption.
Knowing that some of his friends favoured the selec-
tion of Dolabella, and most of them that of Otho,
neither of whom was approved by himself, he
suddenly, and without any previous notice of his
intention, sent for Piso (whose parents, Crassus and
Scribonia, had been put to death by Nero), a young
man in whose predisposition to every virtue the traits
of gravity and decorum were most conspicuous ; then

255

PLUTARCH’S LIVES

éyovta’ Kal KkaTéBatvev eis TO oTpaTOTEdoD ExeEl-
vov atrobeiEwy Kaicapa Kat duddoxyov. Kaitou
peydrat pev evOds eEvovte Stognpiar TmapnKodov-
Jovy, apEapévou Sé Ta pev Aéyerv Ev TH TTPATO-
Téd@, TA 5€ AvayLVWoKELY, TOTaUTAaKLs EBpoVTHaE
Kal KaTHoTpawe, Kal ToTODTOS GuBpos Kal Codos
é£eyv0n eis TO OTpaTOTEdSOY Kal THY TOdLVY, WS
KATASNAOD Elvat 1) TPOTLeMEVOV [Nd ETrALVODY TO
Saipoviov yivopévny ovK én ayab@ thy elotroin-
ow. Hv 6€ Kal Ta TOV oTpaTLWTaV UToUAG Kai
oxvOpwra unde ToTe Swpeads avtois Sobeians.

Tod d€ Iletowvos of mapovtes COavpacayv TH
Te PwvH TEKpaLpopevolr Kal TO TpoTwT® TO THAL-
KavUTNVY Yap avEeuTAHKTHS, OV pV avatcOnTwsS
dexopevov, @aTrep av tov "OOwvos émedhaiveto
TOAAG onpela TH mophH Tixpas Kal adv opy7
THS edXmidos THY amroTevEww hépovTos, Hs TP@TOS
akimbeis Kal Tod TUxXEly éyyUTAaTM Yyevomevos TO
pn TvxXElv eTroLeiTO onpetov ExOous apa Kal KaKo-
voias Tov I'adXBa mpos adrov. dOev ode apoBos
Hv wept TOU péAXoVTOS, GAAa Kal Tov Ileicwva
dediws Kat Tov T'adBav mpoRadropevos Kai TO
Ovuwie yareTaivev amne TOAAOY TAD AY TANPNS.
ovde yap TO éAmibov éxdiTrEty OVSE aTrayopEedaaL
TAVTATAGLY ElWY OL TEPL AUTOY CYTES AEelL WaVTELS
Kai’ Xaddaiot, els Ta padrdtota bé Itorepaitos
ioyupiCopevos TH TpoErTrEeiy TOAAAKLS WS OUK
atroxtevet Népwv avtov, ad\rXa TO vn EeTat TPOTEPOS,
autos 6€ mepléotas Kal apEer Pwyaiwvr (éxeivo yap
256

GALBA xxi. 2-4

he went down to the camp to declare him Caesar
and heir to the throne. And yet as soon as he set
out, great signs from heaven accompanied him on his
way, and after he had begun to pronounce and read
his address to the soldiers, there were many peals
of thunder and flashes of lightning, and much dark-
ness and rain pervaded both the camp and the city,
so that it was plain that the act of adoption was
inauspicious and was not favoured or approved by the
heavenly powers. The soldiers also were secretly
disloyal and sullen, since not even then was their
largess given to them.

As for Piso, those who were present at the scene
and observed his voice and countenance were amazed
to see him receive so great a favour without great
emotion, though not without appreciation; whereas
in the outward aspect of Otho there were many
clear signs of the bitterness and anger with which
he took the disappointment of his hopes. He had
been the first to be thought worthy of the prize, and
had come very near attaining it, and his not attain-
ing it was regarded by him as a sign of ill-will and
hatred on Galba’s part towards him. Wherefore he
was not without apprehension for the future, and
fearing Piso, blaming Galba, and angry with Vinius,
he went away full of various passions. For the
soothsayers and Chaldaeans who were always about
him would not suffer him to abandon his hopes or
give up altogether, particularly Ptolemaeus, who
dwelt much upon his frequent prediction that Nero
would not kill Otho, but would die first himself, and
that Otho would survive him and be emperor of the
Romans (for now that he could point to the first
part of the prediction as true, he thought that Otho

237

PLUTARCH’S LIVES

arn Ges atrovelEas néiou unde TavTa anehnivety):
oux ewora. 6 of cuvayPopevoe Kpupa Kal oup-
eT LI TEVOVTES @S axXapiaTa meTrovG ort, Tela TOL
dé TOV mept TuyerXivov Kal Nupdidcov €v TLE
yeyovoTwy aTrEpptyjevor TOTE Kal TaTrelva Tpar-
TOVTES ep Get povro Tpos avTov Kal oumpyavaKrovy
Kal TmapwEvvov.

XXIV. "Ey dé TovToUs Overovpros | Kab BapBvos,
O ev onriay, 0 6€ TET oEpapLos: ovTo yap Ka-
NovVTAL OL Sraryyéhov Kal Siom Tn pov Umnperias
TeNovvTes. pe?” av "OBavos dmehevdepos Ovopa-
aT0S eTMLpoLT@y TOUS pev dpyupio, Tous O€ éATricL
d1ébO exper 76n cabpous é ovTas, Kal Seomévous 7 po-
pacews. ov yap HY mepav TET oapov Epyov
UryLaivovTos oTpatonédov peTacthoas TLOTUW, Ocal
petagy HS ELOTOLNTEWS EVEvOvTo Kal Tis opayys.
Extn yap avnpéOnoay, hv dyovor ‘Pwpaior mpo
Sexaont Karav0av PeSpovapiar.

‘Exeivn yap éwbev evOds 0 pev Ta Bas éQvev
év Tlaxatio TOV pirov TapovT@n, 0 de urns

‘Op Bptxtos apa, TO AaBeiy Els TAS Xéipas TOU

‘epetou Ta omhdyxva Kal mpootdeiv ov ou aivey-
poo, GNX avTiKpus épn onpera peyadns TAPANTs,
Kal pera dodov KivOuvov ex Kepanis e111 KEL LEVOV
TO avToKpaTopt, frovovovyi TOV "O8wva tov Oeov
xetpl AnTToV 7 a.paSLoovTos. Taphy yap oma Bev
tov. [dadBa, Kal T pOTEtXe Tols eyouévois Kal
Seuxvupéevous vo ToD OuBpixiov. GopuBovpévp

1 January 15th (4.p. xviii. Cal. Feb.), 68 4.p,

ae

258

1064

GALBA xxii. 4-xxIv. 3

should not despair of the second part). Above all,
Otho was encouraged by those who secretly shared
his resentment and chagrin on the ground that he
had been thanklessly treated. Moreover, most of
the adherents of Tigellinus and Nymphidius, men
who had once been in high honour, but were now —
cast aside and of no account, treacherously went over
to Otho, shared his resentment, and spurred him on
to action. é

XXIV. Among these were Veturius and Barbius,
the one an “ optio,” the other a “ tesserarius”’ (these
are the Roman names for scout and messenger). In
company with these Onomastus, a freedman of
Otho’s, went round corrupting the soldiers, some
with money, and others with fair promises. The
soldiers were already disaffected and wanted only a
pretext for treachery. For four days would not have
sufficed to change the allegiance of a loyal army, and |
only so many days intervened between the act of ~
adoption and the murder, since on the sixth day
after the adoption (the Romans call it the eighteenth
before the Calends of February +), Galba and Piso
were slain. _ or iy ;

On that day, shortly after dawn, Galba was
sacrificing in the Palatium in the presence of his
friends; and as soon as Umbricius, the officiating
priest, had taken the entrails of the victim im his
hands and inspected them, he declared not am-
biguously, but in so many words, that there were -
signs of a great commotion, and that peril mixed
with treachery hung over the emperor's head.
Thus the god all but delivered Otho over to arrest.
For Otho was standing behind Galba, and noted
what was said and pointed out by Umbricius. But

259

PLUTARCH’S LIVES

5€ avT® Kal ypoas apetBovt. mavtodamas bd
déovs Ttapactas ‘Ovopactos aedevOepos Kev
Eby Kal Trepiévety AUTOV oiKOL TOUS a4pXLTEKTOVAS.
nv S€ cvpBorov xatpod, mpos bv eer atavtiaas
tov “O@wva tois otpatiotais. eimav ody, Ott
Taratav éwvnuevos oixiav BovreTat Ta broTTa
SeiEas toils mwAntais, amArGe, eal Sia THs TiBe-
piov KaXoupévns oikias xataBas éBdd.bev eis
ayopav, ov xXpvaots elaotnKer Kiwy, eis bv al
TeTuNpevat THS ItaXias ool Taca TEeXEUTH@OL.

XXV. ’Evtaiéa rods mpwrovs éxdeEapévous
avTOV Kal TpocelTOVTas avToKpaTopa act pH
Tetous TpL@Vv Kal elkoor yevécOar. 810, KaiTeEp
OU KATA THY TOU C@pATOS padraklay Kal OnrUTHTA
TH Wuxn SvateOpvpupévos, adAXrXa itapos BY Tpods
Ta Oewdad Kat atpeTTos, amedeiMiacev. of 6
TApOVvTES OVK ElwY, GANA TOis Eiheat yupmvois
Teptiovtes avtov To dopelov éxédXevov aipecOar,
mapapbeyyopuévov TOANAKLS ATOAWAEVAL KAL TOUS
popetaghopous éemitaxyvvovtos. é&jKovoy yap évioL
Gavuafovtes pardrov 4 TapatTopevor dia THY
OMLYOTNTA TOY aTroTeTOApnpEvwv. hepomev@ Se
ovTw Ou’ ayopas annvrnoay ErEpoL TOTOUTOL, Kal
Twadw KaTa Tpels Kal TéTTApas AOL TpoceTeE-
Aalov. eita suvavéotpehov amavtTes avakanov-
pevor Kaicapa cal yupva ta Eibn rpoicxopevot.
Tav 5€ xikLdpywV o TY puraknvy eywv TOU
oTpatoT édov Maprians, as pact, ma TUVELOWS,
éxmrrayels 5€ TH ampocdoKyntm Kal hoBnOeis
260

GALBA xxiv. 3-xxv. 3

as he stood there in confusion and with a countenance
changing to all sorts of colours through fear, Ono-
mastus his freedman came up and told him that the
builders were come and were waiting for him at his
house. Now, this was a token that the time was at
hand when Otho was to meet the soldiers. With
the remark, then, that he had bought an old house
and wished to show its defects to the vendors, he
went away, and passing through what was called
the house of Tiberius, went down into the forum, to
where a gilded column stood, at which all the roads
that intersect Italy terminate.

XXV. Here, as we are told, the soldiers who first
welcomed him and saluted him as emperor were no
more than twenty-three. Therefore, although he
was not sunken in spirit to match the weakness and
effeminacy of his body, but was bold and adventurous
in presence of danger, he began to be afraid. The
soldiers who were there, however, would not suffer
him to desist, but surrounding his litter with their
swords drawn, ordered it to be taken up, while Otho
urged the bearers to hasten, saying to himself many
_times that he wasalost man. For he was overheard
by some of the bystanders, and they were astonished
rather than disturbed, owing to the small number of
those who had ventured upon the deed. But as he
was thus borne through the forum, he was met by as
many more soldiers, and others again kept joining
the party by threes and fours. ‘Then all crowded
around the litter, saluting Otho as emperor and
brandishing their drawn swords. At the camp,
Martialis, the military tribune in charge of the
watch at the time, who was not privy to the plot, as
they say, but was confounded by their unexpected

261

PLUTARCH’S LIVES

epicev eioed Gel. yevopev 6€ évTOS ovdels
avTéTEcev. ol yap ayvoodvtes Ta TparTopeva
Tols eldooe Kal cuverT@ow éx TaparKkevys €7r€-
plexopevor ead é&va Kal 600 otropdoes, U1rd Séous
TO TP@TOV, eita mea OévteEs émncorovOna av.

Eis 6¢ TO Tandriov evOvs ey amrnyyenn @
ParB¢ TAapovTos ert TOU Sbrou Kal TOV lepay év
Xepaly OVTWV, WaTE Kal TOUS Tavu ™ pos Ta
toabTa dvoTeOas Kal arevdrs eXovTas EKTANTTE-
o8at Kai Popa eey TO Oetov: oxdou € TavTooa-
TOU TUppeovTos é& ayopas, avT@ pev Ovintos Kal
Adkwy Kat Tov dmehevbépov eviot yupva Ta
Eidy TpoigX OMevoLt TApeaTHT ay, 0. 6¢ [leicwv
mpoehOav ToLs pudatrovar THY auhyy Sopupopous
eveTvyX ave. tou & ‘IdAvpexod Tdypatos év TH
Kaoupevy TacTaoL Bupavia otpatorredevovtos
aneotddn Mapios Kédoos, avnp ayabos, mpo-
weiter att

XXVI. Bovdevopevov dé rod T'arBa mpoerleiv,
kai Ovuviov pev OUK EDVTOS, Kédcovu 6€ kal Aa-
‘K@VOS TAPOPHLWVYTMV Kal a podporepov TOU Ovwiov

cabarTomevov, Opods buf Oe TOAUS @S avypn-

pévov tov O8wvas év TO oT paroTEese" Kal pera
pbx pov wobOn *lovAos “Atrios T@V OUK aon poy
€V TOUS Sopupopors OTPATEVOLEVOS: Yupve TD Ether
T poo PEepopevos Kal Bowv avnpnkéva tov Kaica-
pos TONEMLOV” WO c[LeVOS dé 61a. TOV TPOoeaTWTWY
éderEe TO ParBa TO Evpos pay weVvon. 0 dé
Breas m pos avtor, “ Tis oe, elarev, “éxéhevae 5”

rod 8 avOpwrov Hv TlotL eiTovTOS Kal TOV

262

1065

GALBA xxv. 3-xxvI. 2

appearance and terrified, permitted them to enter.
And after Otho was inside the camp, no one opposed
him. For those who were ignorant of what was
going on, scattered about as they were by ones and
twos, were designedly enveloped by those who knew
and were privy to the plot, and so gave in their
adherence, at first through fear, and then under
persuasion.

News of this was carried at once to Galba in the
Palatium and the priest was still standing there with
the entrails in his hands, so that even men who
were altogether indifferent and sceptical about such
matters were confounded and filled with wonder at
the divine portent. And now a motley crowd came
streaming out from the forum; Vinius and Laco
and- some of the freedmen stood at Galba’s side
brandishing their naked swords ; Piso went out and
held conference with the guards on duty in the
court ; and Marius Celsus, a man of worth, was sent
off to secure the allegiance of the Illyrian legion
encamped in what was called the Vipsanian portico.

XXVI. And now, as Galba purposed to go forth,
and Vinius would not permit it, while Celsus and
Laco urged it and vehemently chided Vinius, a
rumour spread insistently that Otho had been slain
in the camp; and after a little, Julius Atticus, “a
soldier of distinction among the guards, was seen ~
rushing up with his sword drawn, and crying out
that he had slain the enemy of Caesar; and forcing
his way through the crowd about Galba, he showed
him his sword all stained with blood. Then Galba
fixed his eyes upon him and said, “‘ Who gave thee
thy orders?’’ Whereupon the man replied that it
was his fidelity and the oath that he had sworn, at

263

PLUTARCH’S LIVES

bcd a v \ a / bd cal e
Spxov Ov Opoce, Kal TOV TANOoUsS ETtBoB@vTos ws
ev, kal xpoTodvTos, éuBas eis TO opetov éxopt-
fero TH TE Aut Odoat Kal havivar Tots ToriTais
’ ? f \ > \ > /
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@OTEP TpoTAia TYEVMATOS, aTHYTHTE SHUN Kpa-
teivy Tov "OPwva Tov otpatevpaTos. ola dé év
mrAnOEL TOTOUTM, TOV pev avacTtpépey, T@V dé
of lal \ lal A a
mpoiévat, Tav dé Oappetv, TaY dé amtaTteivy Bowv-
Tov, Kal Tod hopelov, kadatrep ev KAVdwUM, Sedpo
KaKel OLahepopuérov Kal tuKvov atrovevovTos, épai-
VOVTO Tp@Tov ines, eitTa oTAiTat Sta THs Llav-
Aov BaciduKs mpoo pepouevos, pid pavn pera
Bowyres éextrodwy taotacOar tov idtorTnv. Tov
Mev ovV TOAADY Spomos Hy, ov HuyH oKLdvauévor,
, \ \ a a
GX’ érl Tas oToas Kal Ta peTéwpa THs ayopas,
waottep Oéav xatadapBavovtwv. ‘Artidriov Sé
Bepyediwvos eixova TarX8a mpocovdicartos, ap-
XnY TOD Tokeuov Tolnodmevolr TEPLNKOVTLOAaY TO
hopeiov: ws 6 ovK Etuyov avTov, mMpocryov
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aUTOKpdTopos. €ELTa TupTTAEKOMEVWY AUTO
264

GALBA xxvi. 2-5

which the multitude cried out that he had done well,
and gave him their applause. Then Galba got into
his litter and was carried forth, wishing to sacrifice
to Jupiter and show himself to the citizens. But
when he was come into the forum, there met him,
like a change of wind, a report that Otho was master
of the army. Then, as might be expected in so
great a crowd, some cried out to him to turn back,
others to go forward ; some bade him to be of good
courage, others urged him to be cautious; and so,
while his litter was swept hither and thither, as in a
surging sea, and often threatened to capsize, there
came into view, first horsemen, and then men-at-
arms, charging through the basilica of Paulus, and
with one voice loudly ordering all private citizens
out of their way. The multitude, accordingly, took
to their heels, not scattering in flight, but seeking
the porticoes and eminences of the forum, as if to
get a view of a spectacle. Hostilities began with
the overthrow of a statue of Galba by Attilius
Vergilio, and then the soldiers hurled javelins at the
litter; and since they failed to strike it, they
advanced upon it with their swords drawn. No one
opposed them or tried to defend the emperor, except
one man, and he was the only one, among all the
thousands there on whom the sun looked down, who
was worthy of the Roman empire. This was Sem-
pronius Densus, a centurion, and though he had
received no special favours from Galba, yet in
defence of honour and the law he took his stand in
front of the litter. And first, lifting up the switch
with which centurions punish soldiers deserving of
stripes, he cried out to the assailants and ordered
them to spare the emperor. Then, as they came to

265

eo

PLUTARCH’S LIVES

oT ATE NEVOS 76 Eidos EVYATO ToNvY Ypovon,
éws TUPOels Tas iyvuas érrece.

ean Tov dé LarPap, i bickiBereds TOU
bopeiov_ mept Tov Koupriou Kahovpevov NaKKO?Y,
exxuhioGevra TeOw part o Levov ETUTTOV ed papiov-
TES. o O€ THY opayiy Tporelvas, “Apate,” elev,

‘el ToUTO TO Snnw ‘Pepatoy dpewvov €oTl.
TONNAS pev ouv EXaBe TANHYaS Els TE Ta oKEAN
Kal TOUS Bpaxiovas, anes page bé auror, @S OL
TrEla TOL NEyouct, Kapovpios Tus €k TOU TEVTEKAaL-
dexatouv Taypatos. éviot bé Tepévtiov, oi dé Acka-
viov iatopovary, oc 6€ PaBiov PaBovroyr, dv Kai
haci atoxowavta tiv Keparijy Kopite TO
iwatiw ovr\X\aBovta, ia THY WidoTnTa dSvoTrepi-
AnTTOV ovcay: eTEITA TOV OLY AVT@ KpUTTTELY
OvK €WYTWY, GAN exhavyn Taal ‘ToLeiy THY av-
Spayabiav, tepitetpavta rept hoyXny Kal
dvarrijhavra mpec Butov 7 poo wrrov, apXovros
TE Kogpiov Kal apylepews Kal UTaTou, Opope

Nw pel, aa Tep ai Bax Nt, TONNAKLS peraat pepo-

pevov, Kal KpadalvovTa THY AOYXAY aipate KaTap-
peomernu.

Tov & "O@wva, tis Keparhs Kopi Beions, ava-
Kparyew Aéyouawy: “ Oudév €ott TovTO, @ ovo Tpa-
TLOTAL, Ta Ilefowvos pot cehariv deifare.” eT
Odiryov dé KE Kopi Copevn’ Tpwbets yap epevyev
6 veavickos, Kal KaTaowy Beis t vo Movpkov Tivos
area payn T pos TO lep@ THS ‘Eotias. ameapar-
teTo O€ wal Odinos omoNoyav KOW@VOS yeryouévau
THs éml tov LVdaddrASav avvmpocias: éBoa yap
avroOvicKkew Tapa Tv “Obwvos yrounv. ad2Xa

266

GALBA xxvi. 5-xxvul. 4

close quarters with him, he drew his sword, and
fought them off a long time, until he fell with a
wound in the groin.

XXVII. The litter was upset at the place called
Lacus Curtius, and there Galba tumbled out and lay
in his corselet, while the soldiers ran up and struck
at him. But he merely presented his neck to their
swords, saying: “ Do your work, if this is better for
the Roman people.”’ So, then, after receiving many
wounds in his legs and arms, he was slain, as most
writers state, by a certain Camurius, of the fifteenth
legion. Some, however, ascribe his death to Teren-
tius, others to Lecanius, and others still to Fabius
Fabulus, who, they say, cut off Galba’s head and was
carrying it wrapped in his cloak, since its baldness
made it difficult to grasp ; then, since his companions
would not suffer him to hide his deed of valour, but
insisted on his displaying it to all eyes, he impaled
on his spear and thrust on high the head of an aged
man, who had been a temperate ruler, a high priest,
and a consul, and ran with it, like a bacchanal,}!
whirling about often, and brandishing the spear all
dripping with blood.

But Otho, as they say, when the head was brought
to him, cried out: “This is nothing, fellow-soldiers ;
show me the head of Piso.” And after a little it
was brought to him; for the young man had been
wounded and tried to escape, and a certain Murcus
ran him down and slew him at the temple of Vesta-
Vinius also was slain, and he admitted himself a
party to the conspiracy against Galba by crying out
that he was put to death contrary to the wishes ot

1 So the Bacchanals with the head of Pentheus (Euripides,
Bacchae, 1153 ff.).
267

PLUTARCH’S LIVES

yap Kal TOUTOU THY cepadny TOTEMOVTES Kal
Adxavos exopmioay mpos Tov ‘Obwva dwpeds ai-
5 TouvtTes. ws O€ dnaw Apyiroyos,

\
ETTA YAP VEXpHV TETOVTWY, OUS éuapapev
TOcty,
, A 3 ,
NiALOL hovnes eopev,

oUTWS TOTE TOAAOL Tod dovov pH ouvedarpa-
pevol, yetpas € cal Eidy Kkabaipdooovtes érre-
Seixvuvto Kal Swpeas WToUy BiBra d:d0vTes TO
“Oban, elxoal youv Kat éxaToy etpeOnaav
UoTEpov eK THV ypaupaTiov, ods o OvdiTérXLOs

6 avafntnaas aravras améxTewev. Ke O€ Kat
Mapuos KéXoos els THY mapenBorny. Kat TOd-
NOY aVTOD KaTNYyOpOUYTwY OTL TOUS TTpPATLOTAS
émeBe TO TarBa Bon Beir, Kal Tov mAnOous
amoxtwvbev Bodvros, "Obwr ovK €BovnerTo: po-
Bovpevos dé ay TiNeyey Ovx ovTws épn TAXEWS 1066
aTOKTEVvELV aro elvat yap a& det ™ poTepov é €xTTU-
Gécbat Tapa Tov avdpos. éxéXevcev odv SnoavTas
dvurdttev, Kal TapédwKe Tols wadtoTa TLoTeEV-
Omévots.

XXVIII. Evdvs 6é Boum OUVEKANELTO. Kal
kabamep addor ryeyovores 7) eay a@ddov ryeryovo-
TOY ovvehortes @pvvov Spxov vmép TOU "Odwvos,
Ov aUTOS omoras OUK eTnpnae Kat Kaicapa Kal
YeBacrov d avnyopevor, ETL TOV vexpav axepddov
év tais vratixais écOhow éppimpévarv él ths

2 ayopas. tais d€ Keparais ws ovdev eiyov ert
xpjcOa, THY pev Oluwiov TH Ovyatpi ducyiriwy

1 Bergk, Lyr. Gr. Frag. ii.‘ p. 398.
268

GALBA xxvii. 4-xxviIl. 2

Otho. However, they cut off his head, and Laco’s
too, and brought them to Otho, of whom they
demanded largess. And as Archilochus says! that,

“Only seven lay dead on the ground, where we
trod their bodies under foot. But we who slew are
a thousand,”

so in this case, many who had no part in the murder
smeared their hands and swords with blood and
showed them to Otho, as they presented him with
written petitions for largess, At any rate, a hundred
and twenty were afterwards discovered by means of
these petitions, all of whom were sought out and
put to death by Vitellius. Marius Celsus also came
into the camp. There many denounced him for
trying to persuade the soldiers to defend Galba, and
the majority clamoured for his death, but Otho
did not wish it; however, since he was afraid to
oppose them, he said he would not put Celsus to
death so quickly, since there were matters about
which he must first question him. He therefore
ordered that he be fettered and kept under guard,
and handed over to those in whom he put most
trust.

XXVIII. A senate was at once convened. And
as if they were now other men, or had other gods to
swear by, they united in swearing an oath to support
Otho—an oath which he himself had sworn in
support of Galba, but had not kept. Moreover,
they gave him the titles of Caesar and Augustus,
while the dead bodies, all headless in their consular
robes, were still strewn over the forum. And as for
the heads, when they had no further use for them,
that of Vinius they sold to his daughter for twenty-

269

PLUTARCH’S LIVES

Kal Tevtakoctwy Spayuav amésovto, tHy Se
Iletcwvos 1) yuvn éXaBev Ovepavia denOcica, thv
d€ LarBa tots HatpoBiov SovrAas édwpycavto.
NaBovtes Sé éxeivo. Kal mdavtTa TpOoTOY aixioa-
pevot kal KabuBpicavtes Eppiryav 7 Tovs UTO TeV
Kaicdpwv Koralopuévous Oavatodaw: o 6€ TOTS.
Sy , van) \ \ “ “ ,
Lecowpiovy KanretTat. TO d€ gaya Tov TarBa
IIpicxos “EXBids0s avetdeTto, Tod "OPwvos éru-
Tpéevravtos: eOawre O€ vuxTds “Apyeios amedev-,
Gepos. |
XXIX. Tovatra Ta Kata tov l'adBav, avopa.
pare revel pante TOUT@ TONY arronep evra
‘Popaior, omod oe TroUTe Kab yevel T pwrev-
cavTa TavtTwyv Tov Kal’ avToV, TévTE avTOKpa-
ne aryepoviats euBidcavra pera Tins Kal
d0Ens, OTE TH do&y ia Xov ) TH Ovvadpet Kxad-
edety Népova. TOV Yap | cuvemutiBewevor TOTE
Tous wey ovbels NELwae THS HryEpwovias, ot 5’ éav-
tovs amnkiwcav, TarBas 5€ nal krOels Kal
UTaKkovaas auToKpatwp Kat TH Ovivdsxos éptra-
pacywv dvowa ToApy, Kirnua Kal vEewTEpta pov
aUTOU AEyouevnv THY anogTacw éroinae TONE {LOY
eupuror, av6pos NYEMOVLKOV TUXOVOAaY. O0Ev ovX
EauT@ Ta Tpaypata AapBavew, ara Hahdov
EaUTOV olopevos did0vat Tos Tpdyparw, ape
Elov TOV VITO Toyeddivov Kal Nuppudion rer Oa~
TEULEVOV as Lentriov 7PXE kal PaBpixios Kat
Kdpsrros tav TOTE Pwpaiov. - UTEPELTrOWEVOS. €
TO yNpa, axXpt TOV Om ov Kal TOV oTpaTevpud-
Tov axpatos hv Kal apyatos abtoxpdtap, Ovwie
* Kaberciv Népwva. Ta&Y yap KT +A, Bekker, after Coraés :
kabeAwy Népwva TOV K.T.A.
270

GALBA xxvIll, 2—xxIx, 4

five hundred drachmas; that of Piso was given to
his wife Verania in answer to her prayers; and that
of Galba was bestowed upon the servants of Patrobius.
They took it, and after heaping all manner of insult
and outrage upon it, cast it into a place called
Sessorium, where those under condemnation of the
emperors are put to death. The body of Galba was
taken up by Priscus Helvidius, with the permission
of Otho; and it was buried at night by Argivus, a
freedman.

XXIX. Such were the fortunes of Galba, a man
surpassed by few Romans in lineage and wealth, and
both in wealth and lineage the foremost of his time.
During the reigns of five emperors he lived with
honour and high repute, so that it was by his
high repute, rather than by his military power,
that he overthrew Nero. For of his partners in
the task, some were by all men deemed unworthy
of the imperial dignity, and others deemed them-
selves unworthy. But to Galba the imperial title
was offered and by him it was accepted; and by
simply lending his name to the bold measures of
Vindex, he gave to his revolt (as his rebellious
agitation was called) the character of a civil war,
because it had acquired a man who was worthy to
rule. Wherefore, in the belief that he was not
seizing the conduct of affairs for himself, but rather
giving himself for the conduct of affairs, he set out
with the idea of commanding the petted creatures
of Tigellinus and Nymphidius as Scipio and Fabricius
and Camillus used to command the Romans of their
time. But being gradually weighed down by his
years, in arms and camps, indeed, he was an
“ jmperator”’ of a severe and ancient type; but

271

PLUTARCH’S LIVES

5 cal Adxwv Kai tois amedevOepos rdavta Ta
~ ,

Tpaywata Twrovdcr Tapéxwv éauTov, olov Népwv
Tapelye Tois amAnoToTATOLs, ovdéva TOOOdYTA
\ ’ , > 4 \ \ \ \
THY apxXnv, olKTeLoavtas S€ Tov’s oAXOUS ToD

vA J /
Oavatov améXTev.

272

GALBA xxix. 4

just as Nero put himself in the hands of his most
insatiate favourites, so Galba put himself in the
hands of Vinius and Laco and their freedmen, and
they made merchandise of everything, so that he
left behind him no one who wished him still in
power, but very many who were moved to pity at
his death,

273

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kat dvedéyOn hiravOporws, cal tapexddrece THs
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vawevov pnt avaicOntws, adda dyoavtos avto
TOU TpoTrov Sidovat TO eyKANMA TiaTLY, eyKEKNT-
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/ \ a
atrodederypevois vo Népwvos » T'ddBa maou
\ ,
eTHPNTE TAS UTaTEias. lepwovvais d€ Tovs Kad’
nAtKlav TponKkovtas %) Sofav exdcunoe. Tos be
émt Népwvos duyovar Kai xateNOodaw emi TarBa
TUYKANTLKOLS TaoW aTédmKey boa pn TET papeva
TOV KTNUdTwY éExadotou! ékevptoxev. OOEv ot
Tp@TOL Kal KpaTLaTOL TreppLKOTES TPOTEpOV ws

1 éxdorov Coraés and Bekker, after Stephanus, for the
éxaorov of the MSS.: éxdorwr.

276

1067

OTHO!

I. Ar daybreak the new emperor went forth to
the Capitol and sacrificed; then, having ordered
Marius Celsus to be brought to him, he greeted that
officer, conversed with him kindly, and urged him to
forget the cause of his imprisonment rather than
to remember his release. Celsus replied in a manner
that was neither ignoble nor ungrateful, saying that
the very charge made against him afforded proof of
his character, for the charge was that he had been
loyal to Galba, from whom he had received no
special favours. Both speakers were admired by
those who were present, and the soldiery gave their
approval. In the senate Otho spoke at length in a
kindly strain and like a popular leader. For part of
the time during which he himself was to have been
consul, he assigned the office to Verginius Rufus,
and all those who had been designated as future
consuls by Nero or Galba he confirmed in their
appointment. To the priesthoods he promoted those
who were preéminent in age or reputation. More-
over, to all the men of senatorial rank who had been
exiled under Nero and restored under Galba, he
restored whatever portions of each man’s property
he found to be unsold. Wherefore the citizens of
highest birth and greatest influence, who before this

1 With Plutarch’s Otho may be compared Suetonius, Otho ;
Dion Cassius, Ixiv. 1O—15; Tacitus, Hist. i. 46—ii. 49.

277

PLUTARCH’S LIVES

ovK avdpos, adrd Tivos 7) Lows ) madapvaiov
Saipovos advw Tols mpadypaciw émimEeTTTwxKOTOS,
nodtous éyévovto Talis éXmict mpos THY Hyewoviay
womep Staperolacar.
II. “Opod d€ “Pwpaious ravtas ovdév evppavev
b] x
oUTwS OVE @KELWTATO TPOS AUTOV ws TA TeEpi
Tuyerrivov. édernGer péev yap Hon Korabdouevos
> A a id a f a e / ? ,
avT® TO HORM THs KoNdoEws HV WS ypéos aTTEL
f / \ , b) ,
Snuootoy % TOS, Kal voonpmaciy avnKérTots
\
THpaTos, AVTAS TE TAS avooiouUs Kal appHToUS év
yuvarkl mopvas Kal axabdptois éyxudwdHoers,
als étt mpocéotraipe SvcOavatobvTos avTov To
‘ ,
akONacTOV éridpaTTouEvov, eoxXaTnY Tipmwpiav
€TolovvTo Kal TOAA@Y avtTakia Oavatov oi
a bee / \ \ \ ¢ \
awppovourtes. nvia d€ TOUS ToAAOUS OuwS TOV
HALov OpaVv peTa ToTovTOUVs Kal ToLoUTOVS Sv
lal >?
avTov ovy opavtTas. émeuwev obv em avToV 6
v > \ \ / ? 4 > a
O@wy eis tovs epi Zwoeccav aypovs: exe? yap
n VA U
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aT@Tépw. Kal Tov ye TEUPOevTa ypvaio TOAA@
melOe émeyelpnoe trapeivar: pn meroOevti Se
a 7 DHOY a > / Loe Per.
Sapa ev EOa@xev ovdev HTTov, ebejOn dé UTopetvar
v4 nv > UA \ f \ \ by 4
éws av arro-vpntar TO yévetov" Kat AaB@v avTos
/
éavTov éXaLpoTouncer. |
\ n \ ‘
Ill. Oita 6€ 76 Syuw thy Stxaroratny dori
bd \ € a : yre\ 2Q/ ” >. \
atooous 0 Kaicap, autos idias éyOpas ovdevi
TOTAPATAY EUVNTLKAKHTE, TOLS O€ TOAXOIS Yapt-
Comevos ove Ehevye TO TMpMTOv ev Tots Oeatpors
7 / /
Népwyv tpocayopeverOar' Kai Twwyr eixovas Ne-

278

OTHO 1. 3-111. 1

had felt a shuddering fear that it was not a man, but
some genius of retribution or avenging spirit, that
had suddenly fallen upon the state, became more
cheerful in their hopes for a government which wore
a face so smiling,

II. But nothing so gladdened all Romans alike,
and won their allegiance to the new emperor so
much, as his treatment of Tigellinus. Men were
not aware that Tigellinus was already punished by
his very fear of that punishment which the city was
demanding as a debt due to the public, and also by
incurable bodily diseases; and besides, there were
those unhallowed and unspeakable grovellings of his
among the vilest harlots, for which his lustful nature
still panted, clutching after them as his life painfully
ebbed away; these were looked upon by reasonable
men as extremest punishment and an equivalent of
many deaths. Nevertheless it vexed the common
people that he should see the light of day after so
many good men had been robbed of that light by
him. Accordingly, Otho sent a messenger to fetch
him from his country estate at Sinuessa ; for he was
staying there, where vessels lay at anchor, that he
might fly to more distant parts. He tried to bribe
the messenger with a large sum of money to let him
go, but failing in this, he made him gifts neverthe-
less, and begged him to wait till he had shaved;
and taking the razor he cut his own throat.

III. And now that the emperor had given the
people this most righteous gratification, he did not
remember his own private grievances against any
man soever, and in his desire to please the multitude
did not refuse at first to be hailed in the theatres
by the name of Nero, and when statues of Nero

279

PLUTARCH’S LIVES

pwvos es ToUpoaves Tpobeweveov ovK éxwXrvCE.
Kr0ovBtos 6é ‘ Podgos ets "1 Bnpiav gnot KomscOnvar
OThopara, ols é€xtréumovat TOvS YypappaTn-
popous, TO TOD Népavos Petrov dvoua mpoarye-
Ypappevov EXOVTA TO TOU "Odwvos. ov piv adda
TOUS TpWTOUS Kal KpaTlaTous aicOopevos émi
TOUTW Ovo xepativovtas € éemavoaro.

Tovatrny 88 THS nyew“ovias KaTdoTacl avT@
LauBavovons, Ob | pro Gop opor xarerrovs mapetxov
EAUTOUS, amuarety TapaKehevouevor Kal gvuAdt-
Teabat Kal Kohovety TOUS afcohoyous, elt’ and as
poBovpevor de’ evvorav, cite mpopdacer Ypwpevor
TAUTN TOD Taparrew Kal Tore wom otelD. Kpiori-
vov 8 TeuravTos auTou THY emTakaroenarny
otreipav ‘Qotias and€ovra, Kakelvou VUKTOS TL
ovaKevalouevov Kal Ta Orda Tais apatars é emere-
Gevtos, ou Opacvutaro. mavtes éBowy ovdev bytes
TOV Kpuorrivoy 7 nKew dtavoovpevor, aNXG hig avy-
KANToV é emrexerpely Tpaybact VEWTEPOLS, Kal Ta OTA
kata Kaicapos, ov Kaicape TmapaxopiverOat. ToD
bé AOvou TOAA@Y aT TOMEVOU Kal mapokvvorTos, ou
bev émedapBavorto TOV apatay, ol dé tovs éve-
oTapevous ExaTOVTApXas dvo Kal Tov Kpvorivoy
avToyv atréxtewvay, travtes d¢ StacKkevacapevor Kal
Tapaxarécarres adArous Katcape Bonbeiv ipav-
vov els thy “Paunv: nat TO opevor map aure
Sevmrveip oySorKovra TVYKANTLKOUS, epépovro 7 pos
Ta Bacinreva, viv Karpov elvat AevyouTes € év TAUT
mdvrTas avenety TOUS Kaicapos trodeutous. 1) pev
obv trods ws avtixa Stapraynoouévn OdpuBov

1 Of, Chap. viii 4
280

OTHO i. 1-5

were produced in public, he did not prevent it.
Moreover, Cluvius Rufus tells us that “ diplomas,” ?
such as couriers are provided with, were sent to
Spain, in which the cognomen of Nero was added to
the name of Otho. However, perceiving that the
men of highest birth and greatest influence were
displeased at this, Otho gave up the practice.

But while he was placing his government on this
basis, the paid soldiers began to make themselves
troublesome by urging him not to trust the influential
citizens, but to be on his guard against them and
restrict their power. It is uncertain whether their
goodwill led them to be really apprehensive for him,
or whether they used this pretext for raising dis-
turbance and war. And so, when the emperor sent
Crispinus to bring back the seventeenth legion from
Ostia, and while that officer was still getting the
baggage together at night and loading the arms
upon the waggons, the boldest of the soldiers all
began to cry out that Crispinus was come on no
good errand, and that the senate was attempting to
bring about a revolution, and that the transportation
of the arms was an act of hostility, not of service,
to the emperor. The notion prevailed with great
numbers and exasperated them; some attacked the
waggons, others killed two centurions who opposed
them, as well as Crispinus himself; and then the
whole body, putting themselves in array and exhort-
ing one another to go to the help of the emperor,
marched to Rome. Here, learning that eighty
senators were at supper with Otho, they rushed to
the palace, declaring that now was a good time to
take off all the emperor's enemies at one stroke.
Accordingly, the city was in great commotion,

VOL, XI. K Seer

PLUTARCH’S LIVES

elye mroAup, év 5€ Tots Bacirelors Hoav Svadpopat,
kal Tov Obwva dewn xaterduBavev aropia. do-

, \ «oN A 9 a 2 Nie \
Bovpevos yap Urrép THY avdpav avTos hv hoBepos
€xElVOLS, KAL TpOs AUTOY avNpTNMévous EOpa Tais
dwectv avavdous Kai Tepideeis, evious Kal peta
yuvatk@v HKovtas él TO Settrvov. apa dé ToS
émdpyous amtéaTeAne TOs oTpaTIMTaLs Staréye-

\ AA if iA \ \
cOat kat mTpatvew Kedevoas, dma O€ TOvS KEKAN-
pevous avopas avactncas Kal’ étépas Ovpas
WA \ Ns giao, e ’ \
apnke Kal pixpov EPOnoav vrexpuyortes, dia

a) / a
Tov ptcOopopwov wO0ovpévwy els TOV avdpava Kal

/ /

muvOavopéevwv Ti yeyovacw ot Katoapos oné-

, \ 2 b \ > \ a / X
plo. TOTE peV OV OpOOS aro Ths KALYNS TrOAANA

Md \ \ \ \ 4
mapnyopnaas Kat denbels Kal onde Oaxptvov de-
nw >
TAMEVOS MOALS aTréTrEurvev avTOUS’ THO VoTEpaia
Swpynodpevos atravtas Kat avdpa ytriats Kal d1a-
Koolats Kal TevTynKovTa Spaxpais eianrOev els TO
\ a
aoTpatoTedov, Kal TO wey WAHOOS emnvecev, ws
/ /
Mpos avTOV EvvouY Kal TpoOupmOV, OALyoUS 5é TLVAS
> F 32.459 a / e n /
ovx ér aya0e dyoas brotxoupeiv, dsaBarXovtas
avTOD THY peTpLOTNTAa Kal THY éxeivwY EvoTd-
Geav, j&iov cuvayavaKteivy Kat ouyKxovdtev.
,

eratvouvtwy S€ TuvT@V Kal KeAEVOYTwY, SVO jO-
vous waparaBov, ols ovbeis Ewedrev ayOecOar
KoracGeiow, amnr\rayn.

IV. Tatra of pev aya ovres non KaL TL-
atevovtes eOavpalov THY petaBoryy, oS dvary-
Kala TOALTEUUATA TpOS TOV Kalpov HyovVTO,
282

1068

OTHO 11. 5-1v. 1

expecting to be plundered at once; in the palace
there were runnings to and fro; and a dire per-
plexity fell upon Otho. For while he had fears
about the safety of his guests, he himself was an
object of fear to them, and he saw that they kept
their eyes fixed upon him in speechless terror, some
of them having even brought their wives with them
to the supper. But he sent the prefects of the
guard with orders to explain matters to the soldiers
and appease them, while at the same time he
dismissed his guests by another door; and they
barely succeeded in making their escape as the
soldiers, forcing their way through the guards into
the great hall, asked what was become of the
enemies of Caesar. In this crisis, then, Otho stood
up on his couch, and after many exhortations, and
entreaties, and not without plentiful tears, at last
succeeded in sending them away; but on the follow-
ing day, after making a gift of twelve hundred and
fifty drachmas to every man, he went into the camp.
There he commended the great body of the soldiers
for their goodwill and zeal in his service, but said
that there were a few of them who were intriguing
to no good purpose, thereby bringing his moderation
and their fidelity into disrepute, and he demanded
that they share his resentment against these and
assist him in punishing them. All his hearers
approving of this and bidding him to do as he
wished, he took two men only, at whose punishment
no one was likely to be distressed, and went away.
IV. Those who were already fond of Otho and
put confidence in him admired this change in his
behaviour, but others thought it a policy forced upon
him by the situation, wherein he courted popular

283

PLUTARCH’S LIVES

SnwaywyobdvtTos avtod Sua Tov ToAEMOV. On yap
nyyerreto BeBaiws Ovirérrios akiopa cal diva-
ply avToKpatTopos averAnpeas’ Kal mrTEepopopot
cuvexas epoitwy act TL Tpocywpelv éexeive ppd-
Covtes, érepor 5€1 ra Tlavvovina cat ta Aadpa-
Tika Kal Ta Tept Muciav orpatevpata SnrobvTes
cian \ Le e 4 wv \ \
2npnoOa. peta tTav nyenovav “OOwva. tayv Sé
adixeto kat Tapa Movxiavod ypdppata Kal Tapa
OQveorectavod dirta, Tov pev év Lupia, Tod Sé ev
*lovéaiapeyanras duvapes eyovtwov. wud’ ov érai-
/ ; V7 : ¥ / x ;
> lal
popevos éypawev OviteArio Tapawav otpaTio-
TiKa PpOVveEelv, OS KpnwaTa TWoAAA SwaovTos avTov
\ 4 > 2 , ean C4
kal Trodw, év 4 Biocetat padotov Kal HdioTopv
/ » Dias l4 > f A > A > a
3 Biov pe? novyias. avtéypave Se KaKeivos avT@
/ a n
KATELPWVEVOMEVOS TVXT TpOToV: Ex OE TOUTOV OLE-
peO.Copevoe ToANA BrAAThHLA Kal aoedXyi YNEVA-
b] / 4 > lal f > /
Covtes AAANXOLS Eypadgory, ov Wevdas pev, aVONTWS
dé Kal yedXotws Oatépov tov Erepov & mpoony
aupotépois oveidn NodopodvTos. aawTias yap
/ a
Kal paraxkias Kal aetpias modcuov Kal Tov
apocbev ert mevia ypea@v TANOGOUS Epyov Hv ElTreEiv
OTTOTEP@ [ELOY AUTOV METETTL.
4 Lnyuciwv 5€ Kal davtacpatwyv TOANOY eyo:
, \ \ BA / a) “ \ >
pévOVv, TA pev Gra hypas adeoToToUs Kal audi-
/ 4 > \ i 4 , > ,
Boxrous etyev, év 5€ KaritwrAt@ Nixns efpect@ans
dppate Tas nvias wavtes eldov apermévas ex TOV
YELpav, WoTrEP Kpateiv pi) Suvvapevns, Kal TOV év
pecotrotapia vyowm Laiov Kaicapos avépidyra
284

OTHO iv. 1-4

favour because of the war. For already there were
sure tidings that Vitellius had assumed the dignity
and power of emperor; and swift couriers were
continually coming with accounts of ever new
accessions to him, although others made it clear
that the armies in Pannonia, Dalmatia, and Mysia,
with their leaders, adhered to Otho. And quickly
there came also friendly letters from Mucianus and
Vespasian, who were at the head of large forces, the
one in Syria, the other in Judaea. Otho was elated
by these, and wrote to Vitellius advising him not to
have more than a soldier’s ambitions, in which case
he should be rewarded with a large sum of money,
and a city, where he could live in the utmost ease
and pleasure and be undisturbed. Vitellius also wrote
to Otho in reply, at first in a somewhat dissembling
manner; but afterwards both got excited and wrote
one another abusive letters filled with shameful
insults; not that either brought false charges, but it
was foolish and ridiculous for one to storm the other
with reproaches applicable to both. For as regards
prodigality, effeminacy, inexperience in war, and
multiplicity of debts incurred in a previous state of
poverty, it were hard to say which of them had the
advantage.

There were many reports of signs and apparitions,
most of which were of uncertain and dubious origin ;
but everybody saw that a Victory standing in a
chariot on the Capitol had dropped the reins from
her hands, as if she had not power to hold them,
and that the statue of Caius Caesar on the island in

1 $2 supplied by Sint.?, after Schaefer; Bekker assumes a
lacuna before €repou.

285

PLUTARCH’S LIVES

pajre oelo 00 yeryovoros fajre TVEUMATOS ag’ éo-
TEPAS petaatpadevta T pos Tas dvaTonas: 6 ) pace
oupPnvas Tept Tas nuEepas exelvas év ais ot Teph
OveoTecvavov eupavas non TOV T pay wat av ayTe-
NapPavovto. Kal TO Tmepl TOV OvpSpw 5é ovp-
TT OMA onpetov émoLovvTo ot TOXOL poxOnpov.
Ty ev yap apa Tept tv pddiora, ot ToTapot TAH-
Jovow, adr’ 0TH TogovTOs npOn mpotepor, ovee
aTwNETE TOTAUTA Kal , OuepGecpev, vrepyvGels Kat
KaTaKdvaas TONY HE pos THS TOS, meta Tov
dé év @ TOV err Tpacet d:aTrwXovat oirov, @S
Sewn aTroplav neEepav TUXVOYV Katacxely.

V. Eel 6€ Tas "Adrrecs KATEXOVTES 75n
TpoonyyENROvTO Kexivas cat Ovadns Ovitedrdto
oTPATNYOUVTES, ev ‘Poun AodoBernras, evTatpi-
ons avnp, imowiay mapelxe Tots Hea Bod opous
vewrepa ppoveiv. €xelVvOV MEV OV, ELTE AUTOV ELTE
adXov SedotKas, Els TONY ‘Axdveov Tapémeprpe Ta-
pabappuvas. KaTaneyov d€ TOV eV TéNeL oUVEKON-
plous érakev e€ ev Tovto.s Kal AevKiov TOV Ovireddiov
aberpov, oure T poo Geis ovdev oUTE adehov nS
ceive TEMS. ioxXupas dé Kal THs pnt pos emeje-
AnOn tod Oditedriov Kai THS YUVvarKkos, étTas
pon dev poBncovrat mep. autav. THs 5é ‘Paouns
puraka Praovov LaBivor, adehpov Oveomecva-
vou, KATETTNGED, elTe Kab TOUTO mpatas emt TUM
Népovos (map’ éxelvou yap elder THY apxnv
0 LaBivos, aethero dé TarxBas avrovr), ele panr-
Nov edvoray évedeixvuTo OveoTrectav@ Kal TioTLy
avEwv 2aPivov.

Adbtos pev obv ev Barkidr@, moder THs ‘Itadas

286

OTHO wv. 4-v. 3

the Tiber, without the occurrence of earthquake or
wind, had turned from west to east, which is said to
have happened during the time when Vespasian was
at last openly trying to seize the supreme power.
The behaviour of the Tiber, too, was regarded by
most people as a baleful sign. It was a time, to be
sure, when rivers are at their fullest, but the Tiber
had never before risen so high, nor caused so great
ruin and destruction. It overflowed its banks and
submerged a great part of the city, and especially
the grain-market, so that dire scarcity of food
prevailed for many days together.

V. And now, when word was brought to Rome
that Caecina and Valens, who were in command
with Vitellius, were in possession of the Alps, Dola-
bella, a man of noble family, was suspected by the
praetorian soldiers of revolutionary designs. Otho
therefore sent him away (through fear of him or of
someone else) to the town of Aquinum, with words
of encouragement. And in his selection of the men
in authority who were to accompany him on his
expedition he included also Lucius, the brother of
Vitellius, without either increasing or diminishing
his honours. He also took strong measures for the
safety of the wife and mother of Vitellius, that they
might have no fear for themselves. Moreover, he
appointed Flavius Sabinus, a brother of Vespasian,
prefect of the city, either because in this way also
he could honour the memory of Nero (for Nero had
bestowed the office upon Sabinus, but Galba had
deprived him of it), or rather because, by advancing
Sabinus, he could show how he favoured and trusted
Vespasian.

Well, then, Otho himself tarried behind at Brixil-

287

PLUTARCRH’S LIVES

mepl tov "Hocdavov atrereihOn, oTparnyous be
TOV Suvdpewr eferreuwe Mapuov te Kércov Kal
Lounteviov LlavXtvoy ért te V'adXov Kal L7roupt-
vay, avdpas évdo£ous, xpncac bar 6é py uv evras
éml TOV TpayuaTwY WS TponpodvTo Tols éav-
TOV OYLo LOLS 60’ arafiav’ Kal Opacurnra TOY
OTPATLOTOY. ov 4p n&iovv é Ere pov axovew, @S
Tap’ auTay TOU aUTOKpaTOpos TO apxew EXOVTOS.
Ay pev ovv ovdé TA TOV TONEMLOY bytatvovta
Tavtdtaciw ovde xerponOn toils nryewoowv, GAN
ELT ANKT OL Kal coBapa bua THY aura aitiay. ov
pay aXr enataigts eyrecpia rye mapiy TOU paxer Oar
5 Kal TO eave * €Oddes ovres OUK epevyov, ovTOL
dé pahaxol bev Hoa bm axons Kal d.airns
aTronepov, Theta Tov xpovov év Gedr pots Kal TaVvn-
yepece Kal mapa oKNVIY BeBuwxores, DBpe 5é
Kal KOMT emapiméxelv éBovdovto, T pooTronoa-
Bat Tas Aevroupyias OS KpelTToves atraktovvres,
oux ws advvatot héperv. 06€ Lrroupivas Tpoo Bra-
Fopevos avTovs exwvOuvevce puxpov édOovtas av-
erelty avtav. UBpews dé Kal Bracdnptas ovdewias
epetoarTo, mpooorny Kal Aupedva TOV Kaicapos
KaLp@V Kal Tpayparov A€yovTes. evto1 dé Kal
peOuabevtes 76 VUKTOS Bor emt THY oKNVNV
€boovov aitobyres: elvae yap avtots pos Kaicapa
Badiaréov, 6 OT WS exelvou KATHYOPNTOTW.

VI. ‘Ounce dé Ta Tpaypara Kal Lrroupivav é€v
T@ TapavTixa Aosdopia mept Idaxevtiav yevowevn
TOV TTPATLWTA@V. OL Yap Ovirerdtou TOS Telyer
mpoaBdrXovtes eyrevatov Tos "Obwvos éxtatas

1 +d «duvew Bekker, after Coraés : rod «duvew.

288

1069

OTHO v. 3-v1. 1

lum, a town of Italy on the river Po, but sent his
forces on under the command of Marius Celsus and
Suetonius Paulinus, besides Gallus and Spurina.
These were men of distinction, but were unable
to conduct the campaign according to their own
plans and wishes, owing to the disorderly and
arrogant spirit of their soldiers. For these would
not deign to obey other officers, since, as they said,
they had made the emperor their commander. It
is true that the enemy’s troops also were not
altogether in condition, nor under the control ot
their officers, but fierce and haughty, and for the
same reason. Nevertheless, they were certainly
experienced in fighting, and being accustomed to
hard labour, they did not shun it; whereas Otho’s
men were soft, owing to their lack of employment
and their unwarlike mode of life, having spent most
of their time at spectacles and festivals and plays,
and they wished to cloak their weakness with in-
solence and boasting, disdaining to perform the
services laid upon them because they were above
the work, not because they were unable to do it.
When Spurina tried to force them into obedience,
he came near being killed by them. They spared
him no abuse nor insolence, declaring that he was
betraying and ruining the opportunities and the
cause of Caesar. Nay, some of them who were
drunk came at night to his tent and demanded
money for a journey, for they must go, they said, to
Caesar, in order to denounce their commander.

VI. But Spurina and the emperor’s cause were
helped for the time by the abuse which his soldiers
received at Placentia. For when the troops of
Vitellius assaulted the walls, they railed at the

289

PLUTARCH’S LIVES

Tapa Tas émanr€es, oxnvixov’s Kal TuppiyioTas
cat Hv0iwv cat Ordvptriwy Oewpovs, Todémouv dé
Kal aT pateias amretpous Kal abedrous am oxanoby-
Tes, Kal peya ppovobvras emt TO YEpovTOS av-
om ou ceparny arrorepely, TOV T'adBav AevyovTes,
els 6€ ay@va Kal paynv avdpav ovK av expavas
kataBavtas. ovTw yap étapayOnoay vio Tov-
TwV TOV OvEelo@v Kal SieKanoay OoTE ™ poo meceiv
TO <roupiva, deopevoe Xpnolat Kat Tpoorarrev
avrois, ovdéva KivOuvoy oveé TOvoV dmroheyo-
pévous. iaxupas 6€ cvaTaons TeLXouaxias Kal
pnxavnwarov TOARGY mpocaxevtay € expan av
ol TOU Lrrovpiva, Kal pov@ TONA® Tovs evavtious
amoKpovadpuevor SueTHpnoav evdo£ov Tow Kal
trav Irad@p ovdenias ATTOV avOovcav.

"Hoav 6 Kal Ta Ada TOY OViTENNOV OTpaTN-
yav ot "Obwvos évtuyetvy advTrOTEpoL Kal TOrETL
kau (dvotats: éxeivov O€ Kexivas pev ouTe povny
ouUTE oX ipa SnmoriKos, arr étraxOns Kail addo-
KOTOS; TWOMATOS peyarou, Taratixas avaEupioe
Kal yelpiow éverKevacpévos, onuelors Kal dpxou-

t ‘Pawpaixois drareyouevos. Kal Ty yuvaica
rapén euro avT@ Noyadnv immeis OYoupéevnv
(wT @ KeKoo yn Levny ETLPAVAS. DaBrov be Ova-
evra TOV erepov oTpaTyyov ouTE aprrayal TOXE-
piv ovTe KAOTAal Kal SwpodoKkiar mapa cummed wv
éveTtipT Nag av xpnwarefopevor, arra Kal edoxer
dua TOUTO Bpadéws odevar vaoTephoar THS ™ pore-
pas paxns. ol dé TOV Kexivav aireavrat, orrev-

ovta THY viKny éavTov yevéoOar mpiv éxetvor

290

OTHO vr. 1-5

soldiers of Otho who manned the ramparts, calling
them actors, dancers, spectators at Pythian and
Olympian games, men who had never known or
seen a campaign or fighting, and thought highly of
themselves because they had cut off the head of a
defenceless old man (meaning Galba), but would not
openly enter a conflict and battle of men. Otho’s
soldiers were so disturbed by these reproaches, and
so inflamed, that they threw themselves at the feet
of Spurina, begging him to use them and command
them, and pleading excuse from no danger or toil.
And so, when a fierce assault was made upon the
walls and many siege-engines were brought to bear
upon them, Spurina’s men prevailed, repulsed their
opponents with great slaughter, and held safe a city
which was famous and more flourishing than any in
Italy.

In other ways, too, the generals of Vitellius were
more vexatious than those of Otho in their dealings
with both cities and private persons. One of them,
Caecina, had neither the speech nor the outward
appearance of a Roman citizen, but was offensive and
strange, a man of huge stature, who wore Gaulish
trousers and long sleeves, and conversed by signs
even with Roman officials. His wife, too, accompanied
him, with an escort of picked horsemen; she rode
a horse, and was conspicuously adorned. Fabius
Valens, the other general, was so rapacious that
neither what he plundered from the enemy nor
what he stole or received as gifts from the allies
could satisfy him. Indeed, it was thought that this
rapacity of his had delayed his march, so that he
was too late for the battle at Placentia. But some
blame Caecina, who, they say, was eager to win the

291

PLUTARCH’S LIVES

énbeip, adQots TE Hux porépous Te puter ety dwapty-
pact Kal paxny ov KaTa Kaupov ovde ryevvaiws
cuvaryar, pLKpou TavTa Ta Tpaypata diapbei-
pacav avtois.
VII. ‘Exret yap amroxpova Bels TAS Traxevrias
0 Kexivas emt Kpepovny Oppnoen, érépav ONLY
evdaiova Kal peyddny, TP@TOS ev "Avyt0s
Daddos T pos IT\axevtiav Lzoupiva BonOav, @s
nKovae KAO’ odov Tovs I1axevrivous TE puryeryove-
vat, xevOuvevely dé Tous év Kpepovn, pmetnyayev
excel TO oTpatevpa Kat KAaTETT pATOT EdEUTE TAN-
olov TOV TONE LOY" éretta Kal TOV dAdwY
EKATTOS éBon ber TO oTpPAaTnyD. tov Oé Kexiva
hoxtaavros cis Adova Yopia Kal vhwdy Todovs
om AiTas, imreis dé mpoefehdoat KeheVTaVTOS, Kav
cuvayaoty ot TohEpLoL Kara poi pov _avaxwpelv
Kal avahevyery, aX pe av UmayovTes OUTS euBa-
AwoLv AUTOS Els THY évédpay, eEnryyethav avto-
poroe TO KédXow. kal ovtos ev immedowv
ayabots dyteEehacas, mepuraywevans é Xpo-
pevos TH buoEer Kal THY evédpav TEpLaX@v Kal
ouvrapagas, exdnet Tous omditas €x TOU oTpaTO-
médov. Kal Soxova.y av émedOovtes év Katp@ pny-
déva LTEty T@Y TroAEuiwY, GANA TaY TO peETA
Kexiva oTpaTevpa ouvTpixrar Kal averetv emia mo
pevoe TOls im@mTEevoL’ vuvl be 0 Ilaviivos ove cal
se mpoo BonOynaas aitiav éayev évdeeaTEpov
bons oTpaTnyhoae bu evraBevay. ot 6é
SNS) TOV OTPATLWT@Y Kal Tpodociay éveKa-
Novy avT@, Kal Tapwkvvov tov "Obwva, peyadn-

292

1070

OTHO vi. 5-vir. 4

victory himself before Valens came, and so not only
made other minor mistakes, but also joined battle
inopportunely and without much spirit, thereby
almost ruining their whole enterprise.

VII. For when Caecina, repulsed from Placentia,
had set out to attack Cremona, another large and
prosperous city, first Annius Gallus, who was coming
to the help of Spurina at Placentia, hearing upon the
march that Placentia was safe, but that Cremona was
in peril, changed his course and led his army to
Cremona, where he encamped near the enemy; then
his colleagues! came one by one to his aid. Caecina
now placed a large body of men-at-arms in ambush
where the ground was rough and woody, and then
ordered his horsemen to ride towards the enemy,
and if they were attacked, to withdraw little by
little and retreat, until they had in this way drawn
their pursuers into the ambush. But deserters
brought word of all this to Celsus, who rode out
with good horsemen to meet the enemy, followed
up his pursuit with caution, surrounded the men in
ambush, and threw them into confusion. Then he
summoned his men-at-arms from the camp. And
apparently, if these had come up in time to the
support of the cavalry, not a man of the enemy
would have been left alive, but the whole army with
Caecina would have been crushed and slain. As it
was, however, Paulinus came to their aid too slowly
and too late, and incurred the charge of sullying his
reputation as a commander through excessive caution.
But most of the soldiers actually accused him of
treachery, and tried to incense Otho against him,

1 Celsus, Paulinus, and Spurina (v. 3), although Spurina is
not mentioned further.

293

PLUTARCH’S LIVES

yopovrTes @S vevixnKOTwWY avTaV, THS Sé viKNs
OUK éTl wav TpoEedOovaNsS Kakla TOV oTPATHYOV.
0 6€"OOwr oby obtas ériatevev adtois ws éBov-
AeTo uy Soxeivy atioteivy. ereuwWev odv TitLavor
éml Ta oTpatevpata Tov abeAdov Kal Ipoxrov
Tov émapyxov, ds elyev Epyw THY Tacay apyny,
mpooxnua dé Hv o Tettavos. ot d€ Tept Tov Kér-
cov Kai IlavXivoyv dddws epeidxovto cupBovrAwv
dvoua Kal dirwv, éE€ovaiav cal Svvaptv év rois
Tpaypace pnoepiay Exovtes. Hv dé OopuBadn
Kal Ta Tapa Tols ToAEulOS, wadLoTa Sé TOIsS LTO
T@ Ovddrevte Kat THs Tepi tiv évédpav pwaxns
atrayyenOetons exanétratvoy OTL wn TapeyévovTo
noe Huvvay avdp@v tocovtwy amobavovtav.
porss S€ Telcas Kal TapaLTnodpevos WpuNpLevous
avtous Bdadrew avéfevEe cai cuvire tois trepi
Kexivav.

VIII. “O 6€"O@wy trapayevopuevos eis Bytpiaxov
els TO otTpatotredoyv (€ote S€ Todiyyn TANatoV
Kpeuwvns to Bytpiaxov) eBoudXeveTo rept THs
paxns. Kal IIpoxrr@m pev edoxes cai Titiave,
TOV OTPATEVLATwWY OvTwWY TPOOLWwY Kal Tpocda-
Tou THS viKns, dtaywvicacBar Kal wn KaOjaOat
THvY akpnv auBdwUvovta THs Suvvayews Kal Tept-
pévovta OvitérAXLov adtov éx Taratias érenOeiv:
IlavXivos 6€ Tots pév moAreuions bn TavtTa we”
Ov paxyovvTa Tapetvat, Kal unoev evdeiv, “OOo
d€ THS NON Tapovons OvK eXATTOVA TpOTbOKLMOV
elvat Ouvvapiv éx« Muaias cai Ilavvovias, av tov
avuToU TreplmLévn KALPOV, GAXA Ly OTPaTHYH TpOS
TOV TOV TrOdEML@Y. ov yap auPduUTEpoLs YE KpP?)-

294

OTHO vu. 4-vu11. 3

loudly boasting that they had been victorious, but
that their victory was made incomplete by the
cowardice of their commanders. Otho did not
believe them, and yet wished to avoid the appear-
ance of disbelieving them. He therefore sent to
the armies his brother Titianus, and Proculus, the
prefect of the guards; of these two men Proculus
had the entire authority in reality, and Titianus
only in appearance. Celsus and Paulinus, too,
enjoyed the empty title of friends and counsellors,
but had no power or influence in the conduct of
affairs. There were disturbances also among the
enemy, and especially among the troops of Valens ;
for when these were told about the battle at the
ambuscade, they were enraged because they were
not present and had given no aid where so many
men had lost their lives. They actually began to
stone Valens, but he finally succeeded in pacifying
them, and then broke camp and joined Caecina.
VIII. Otho now came to the camp at Bedricum
(a little village near Cremona) and held a council of
war. Proculus and Titianus were of the opinion
that he ought to fight a decisive battle while his
armies were flushed with their recent victory, and
not sit there dulling the efficiency of his troops and
waiting for Vitellius to come in person from Gaul.
Paulinus, on the contrary, said that the enemy
already had all the resources with which they would
give battle, and lacked nothing, whereas, in the case
of Otho, a force as large as the one he already had
might be expected from Mysia and Pannonia, if he
would only wait for his own best opportunity and
conduct the campaign to suit that of the enemy.
For his men were now confident of success in spite

295

PLUTARCH’S LIVES

, val n A > 9 3 ,
aecOat ToTE Tols viv Oappodcw am’ éXaTTOVeD,
XN / \ > , 7
av mrElovas Tovs aywvilopevous TpocraBwour,
b] > > , 3 a \ \ \
GAN €K TEpLovalas aywvielcVar Kal ywpis 6é

/ \ \ m. \ > A ? > ,
ToUTOU THY SLaTpLBnV elvar TpOs avTa@Y év adOo-
vos TAaCLY OVTwWY, éKxelvols 5é TOV YpovoY aTroplay
Trapéfe TOV avayKatwy év Troreuia KabeCopévors.
Tavta réyovte LlavrAive Mdpios Kédaos éyéveto
aupwlngpos. “Avrros b€ Taddos od maphy per,
> » 3 / \ > > ¢ /
arr éGeparreveto TETTWOKS ab trou, ypapav-

\ ov > r 4 \ ,
tos 6€”"OOwvos atte avveBovrevce wy orEvdew,
arra thy éx« Mucias tepiévery Svvapw 76n Kad”
Car > > x > / / >’ ee /
odov ovcav. ov pny émeiGeTo ToVTOLS, AAA Expa-
THOAV Ol TPOS TIV WaYNVY TAapOpLaVTES.
>

IX. Adtias 6é wreloves ddXat UT’ adrArXwY Dé-

yovtat' mpodynrws S€ of oTpaTnytKol mpocayo-
, » /

pevomevot Kai Taki Exovtes Sopvpdopwyv, TOTE

nr a ,
aAXov adnOwihs yevouevot oTpateias Kal Tas év
€ , x \ / > /
Poun diatpiBas cal dtaitas atror€mwous Kal wavn-
yuptxas ToOobrTes, ovK Raoav KabexTol oevdovTES
El THY LAXNV, WS EvVOS EF erridpous avapTacdo-

\ rd / “ \ \ ia wv

fevol TOUS e€vayTious. dSoKel dé unde autos "Obwv
b] / 4 \ \ > / \ (7
eEavadépew Eti Tpos THY adnrOTNTA pHdE UTrO-
pévety andeta Kal waraKoTnTL Tovs TeEph TV Set-

a“ /, lal 4
vav oylopmovs, extrovovpevos Sé Tals dpovticr
omevoew éykaduwdpuevos, WaTEep ato Kpnuvod,
pcOeirat Ta Tpdyu“aTa pos TO GUVTVYOV. Kal
TovTO pev dinyeito Yexovvdos o pytwp éml Tov
, lal / av € / \ *”
ETLTTOA@Y yevouevos TOD Obwvos. étépwv Se Hv
296

1071

OTHO vii. 3-1x. 3

of their inferior numbers, and he would not find them
less keen after they had received reinforcements,
nay, their superiority would lead them to fight all the
better. And besides, delay was to their advantage,
since they had everything in abundance, while to the
enemy time would bring a scarcity of supplies, since
they were occupying a hostile country. So Paulinus
argued, and Marius Celsus voted with him. Annius
Gallus was not present, being under treatment for a
fall from his horse, but Otho asked his advice by
letter, and his counsel was not to hasten the battle,
but to await the forces from Mysia, which were
already on the march. Nevertheless, Otho would
not listen to these counsels, and the day was carried
by those who urged immediate battle.

IX. Various other reasons for this are given by
various writers; but manifestly the praetorian
soldiers, as they were called, who served as the
emperors guards, since they were now getting a
more generous taste of real military service and
longed for their accustomed life of diversion at
Rome in which festivals abounded and war was
unknown, could not be restrained, but were eager
for the battle, feeling sure that at the very first
onset they would overwhelm their opponents.
Moreover, it would seem that Otho himself could
not longer bear up against the uncertainty of the
issue, nor endure (so effeminate was he and so unused
to command) his own thoughts of the dire peril con-
fronting him ; but worn out by his anxieties, he veiled
his eyes, like one about to leap from a precipice, and
hastened to commit his cause to fortune. And this
is the account given by Secundus the rhetorician,
who was Otho’s secretary. But others would tell us

297

PLUTARCH’S LIVES

LK OUELY Oru Tols OT PATEvLAcLY auporépous mapt-
oTAaVTO oppal TONAL @S Els TAUTO cuvenbeiv: Kal
padaTa MeV aUTOUS opodppovrjcavras eK TOV ™a-
povTov IYEMOVLKAY éXéa Oar TOV apia Tov, ei dé Hn,
THY ouyKANTOV omod kadicaytas epeivar THY
aipeow éxelvn TOU avTOKpaTopoS. Kal OUK aTeEl-
KOS €oTl, uNdeTépoU TOTE TV TpoTayopevopéevav
AUTOKPATOPwV evOoKLMooVTOS, emomim rely ToLov-
TOUS dvaoyic pods Tots yn tous Kat dtaTrovots Kal
cwppovotar TOV TTPATLOTOD, ws éyOioTov ety
Kal O€LVvoV, & Tarat da LUAAav xkalt Mapuor, eita
Kaicapa Kal Tlourniov @KTELPOVTO Spares anr-
Arous kal TAT XOVTES Ol ToNtTaL, TavTa voV UTrO-
pevery 7 Oviterriw Latpapyias Kab oivophuyias
uP Tpvpns kal dxoracias "Obwvi THY aNYyEwWo-
viav Kopinynpua mpoGepevous. TAUT ovv UTo-
voovot Tovs Te Tept Tov Kédoov aia Gavopevous
euBanelv dratpiBnv, edmifovras avev BaXns Kal
TOVv@Y Kpionoecbar Ta T payHara, Kal Tous TEpt
Tov Obwva poBoupevous € emitaxovar THY paxny.
X. Avtos 6€ manu eis Bpifthdov dvexopnce,
Kal TOUTO TpocefapapTor, ouxX OTL jovov THY év
opOarpots avTov TAapovTos alsa Kal prroripiav
adpeihe TOV aywritopévwv, ada Kal TOS Eppw-
everTatous Kal TpoOupoTaToUs Ou avTOV iTTELs
Kal mrelovs arayayov pudaKiy Tov TWLATOS
@oTreEpeEl TTOMM MA - Ths Suva pews amreKxowe.
LuvéeBn 6¢ Tats NILE PALs exetvas Kal mepl TOV
‘Hptéavov ayava yevéobai, Tod juev Kexiva fev-
yvuvtos THY dtaBacw, Tov b€"OPwvos eipyovTar

298

OTHO rx. 3-x. 2

that both armies were strongly inclined to confer ;
and above all, if they could agree, to elect as
emperor the best of the commanders who were with
them, but if not, to convene the senate and commit
to it the choice of an emperor. And since neither
of the men who then had the title of emperor
enjoyed high repute, it is not unlikely that the
real soldiers, those who knew what hardship was and
had sense, should be led to reflect that it would be a
dreadful and most hateful thing if the evils which
the citizens had once to their sorrow inflicted
upon one another and suffered because of Sulla and
Marius, and again because of Caesar and Pompey,
should now be endured again only to make the
imperial power a means for providing for the glut-
tony and drunkenness of Vitellius or for the luxury
and licentiousness of Otho. It is suspected, then,
that Celsus was aware of these feelings, and there-
fore tried to interpose delay, hoping that the issue
would thus be decided without hardship and battle,
and that Otho, fearing this, hastened on the battle.

X. Otho himself returned to Brixillum, and in
this too he made a mistake, not only because he
took away from the combatants the respect and
ambition which his presence and oversight inspired,
but also because, by leading away as his bodyguard
of foot and horse the men who were most vigorous
and eager to please him, he cut away, as it were,
the head and front of his army.

During this time there was also a conflict at the
river Po, where Caecina tried to build a bridge
across the stream, and Otho’s soldiers attacked him

1 gréuwua Doehner’s correction of the vulgate tr: gaya,
adopted by Sint.?

299

PLUTARCH’S LIVES

Kab T POT HAXOMEvoV. w@s O€ ovdey émépavor,
évOemevov eis Ta Thoia dada Geiov Kai miT TNS
dvaT rev, dua TOD Topou Tred pa ™poomecov
apv@ TV Taper Kevac evnv UAH € err TOUS Tone pl-
ous eFeppimete. KaTrvov 6€ T PWTOV, ELTA AawT pas
proyos exer ovans, TAPATTOMEVOL Kal amomn-
davres els TOY ToTAapmory Tds TE vads aver peTrov
Kal Ta cw@pata Tois TrodEpiols peTa YéXWTOS
Ta peXov. oi 6€ Teppavoi Tots "OGwvos peovo-
pax ous Tept vnaiba Tod ToTamod Tpoomigarres
EXPATHTAY Kal duepGerpay aut ay OUK odiyous.

XI. Tevopevwr 6€ rovtwav, cai tov év Bntpiax@
oTpatiwTa@v Tov "Ofwvos éxpepomévwv pet opyis
eTL THY MAaYNV, Tponyayey avTovs o IIpoKAos éx
tov Bytpiaxod, Kal KateatpatoTédevoev. amo
TEVTNKOVTA oTALLWY OUTWS aTrEipws Kal KaTaYeE-
AdTTWS WATE, THS MeV Bpas eapiwwhs ovens, TOV
dé KUKAw@ Tediwy TOAAG VadpaTa Kal TOTapovs
devvdous EXOVTOY, datos omdver muelea Bar. TH
6€ t va Tepala Bovopevov m™poayeww emt TOUS TrOE-
pLLous OOOY OUK eda Tova oTadiov € EXATOV oO TrEpL
Tov Tavdivov ovK ely, GRD’ @ovTo deiy Tept-
péverv Kab pea ™ porrovely éauTous, pnde evOvds x
Topsias paxynv tiOecOar Tpods ESpas om Ato peE-
VOUS Kal TAPATET AY LEVOUS Kal HovxXiay, ev 00@
Xpove T poiagw avtol TOTAUTHY odop ava pre puy-
pevev vmotuyiov Kal axohovdwv. ovons O€ TrEpt
TOUTWY avTiNOyias €v TOls oTpaTHyols AOE
map "O@wvos immevs Tov KQROVHEVOV Nopuddov
ypaupara Kopiveov KehevovTa pn peévewv poe
diar pi Pew, Grr dryew evO0s emt Tous Toepous.
éxeivor ev ovv dpavtes exwpour, o be Kexivas
300

OTHO x. 2-xI. 3

and tried to prevent it. Not succeeding, Otho’s
men loaded their vessels with torchwood iull of
sulphur and pitch, and began to cross the river;
but a blast of wind suddenly smote the material
which they had prepared for use against the enemy,
and fanned it afire. First smoke arose from it, then
bright flames, so that the crews were confounded
and leaped overboard into the river, upsetting their
boats, and putting themselves at the mercy of a
jeering enemy. Moreover, the Germans attacked
Otho’s gladiators at an island in the river, over-
powered them and slew not a few of them.

XI. These disasters threw Otho’s soldiers at
Bedriacum into a rage for battle, and Proculus
therefore led them forth out of Bedriacum, and after
a march of fifty furlongs pitched his camp, but in a
manner so ignorant and ridiculous that his men were
troubled by lack of water, although it was the
spring of the year and the plains around abounded
in running streams and rivers that never dried up.
On the following day he proposed to make a march
of no less than a hundred furlongs and attack the
enemy, but Paulinus objected, and thought they
ought to wait and not tire themselves beforehand,
nor join battle immediately after a march with men
who had armed and arrayed themselves at their
leisure, while they themselves were advancing so
great a distance with all their beasts of burden and
camp-followers. While the generals were disputing
about the matter, there came from Otho a Numidian
courier with a letter which ordered them not to
wait or delay, but to march at once against the
enemy. Accordingly, they decamped and moved
forward, and Caecina, who was much disturbed on

301

PLUTARCR’S LIVES

TUOOMEVOS THY Epodov avr ay eGopuByOn, Kab Kara
amovony ATOMT OV Ta epya Kal TOV ToTamov
KEV Elg TO OTpaTOTTEdOV. @TALTMEéEvMOV dé dN
TOV TOAAOY, Kal TO cUVONAa TraparauBavorTwy
Tapa tod OvdXrertos, év dom thy Tdkw S1erdy-
Yave Ta Tdypwata, To’s apiotous TeV imTéwv
7 poeketreprav.

XII. ’Eutrimte: 5€ tots mpotetaypévors tev
” 2 / > 7 , , F
O@wvos é« 8 twos aitias d0£a Kal Adyos ws
petaBarovpévwy tov OvitedXX,ov otpatnyav
T pos aUuTOUS. aos ovv éyyUs HoaVv, noTdoavTo
pirtws cvaTpaToTas T poo ayopeva ayes. €xel-
vov b€ THY T poo aryopevowy OUK EUMEVOS, ara
peTa Ovpov Kat Pwvis ToreumiKys apenpapévor,
Tois pev adoracapévols aOupia, Tois 5é€ NoLtrois
UTOVOLA KATA TOV GoTATAaLévwY WS TpPOdLOOYTwY
TapéoTyn. Kal TovUTO Tp@Tov avTovs étdpakev
On TOV ToAE“iov ev YEepoly OvTwY. ElTa TAY
ddhov ovdey Hv KOT He yevomevov, ana ToXRny
pev atakiay ta a Kevopopa. TOLS paxopevors
éuTralopeva TApeLXe, TONAOUS dé Ta Xepia
Siacmacpous € €rroLet Tappov ¢ évta eoTa Kat Opvy-
HaTwV, a poBovpevor Kal Teptiovres nvaryKalovro
puponv KaL Kara pépn TOA gupTréKea Oat Tots
évavtiow. povat dé dvo Aeyewves (obTe yap Ta
taypata “Pwpaiot Kadrovow), érikrAnow 7 pev
OvitrerXiov “Apraé, n O€ “OP wvos Bon fos, els
meOtov efediEacar yoirov Kal avatentapévor,
VO pL pLov TLVa HaXnys oumTerovoat parayyndor,
éUaXOVTO mov ypovov. ot pev ovv ~OPwvos
dvdpes Hoa eUpworot kal ayaboi, moréuou 6é
Kal wayns TOTE TpwTOY Teipay NapBdvovTes* ot
302

107%

OTHO xt. 3-xu. 2

learning of their approach, hastily abandoned his
operations at the river and came to his camp.
There most of the soldiers had already armed them-
selves, and Valens was giving out the watchword to
them, and while the legions were taking up their
positions, the best of the cavalry were sent out in
advance.

XII. And now, for some reason, it was believed
and rumoured among Otho’s vanguard that the
generals of Vitellius would come over to their side.
Accordingly, when these drew near, Otho’s men
greeted them in a friendly fashion and called them
tellow-soldiers. ‘The enemy, however, returned the
salutation in no kindly spirit, but with anger and
hostile cries, so that those who had greeted them
were dejected, and were suspected of treachery by
the others on their side. This was the first thing
that threw Otho’s men into confusion, and at a
time when the enemy were close at hand. And
besides, nothing else was done properly, since the
baggage-train wandered about among the fighting
men and caused great disorder. Moreover, the line
of battle was often broken by the nature of the
ground, which was full of trenches and pits, and in
avoiding or going around these the men were com-
pelled to engage their opponents promiscuouly and
in many detachments. Only two legions (to use the
Roman word), that of Vitellius called “ Rapax’’ (or
Devourer) and that of Otho called “ Adiutrix’’ (or
Helper), got out into a treeless and extended plain,
engaged in full formation, and fought a regular
battle for a long time. Otho’s men were sturdy
and brave, but were now for the first time getting a
taste of war and fighting; those of Vitellius, on the

5°3

PLUTARCH’S LIVES

dé Oviteddiov morddr\Ov ayovov edbdes, Hdn bE
ynpacot Kal TapaxualovTes.

Oppajcartes oby ém aUTOUS Ob "Odwvos € ewoavTo
Kal TOV aeTOov adeihovro, TAVTas ono Tt TOUS
T pomayous amon reivavTes: ot d€ vo aioxuvns Kal
opyis eMTETOVTES avrots TOV TE mpeaBevTny TOU
TAYMATOS "Opdidiov extecvav Kal TONG TOV
onpetov ipracav. Tots dé povopayous eurretpiay
TE KAL Gdpaos & eve 7 pos TAS oupThoKas doxov-
ow érnyayev Ovapos 'AXdivos Tos Kadoumévous
BataBous. etal oe Teppavav immmets apirroL,
vio ov OLKODVTES ume tov “Pnvov TEpeppeopevny.
TOUTOUS OALyOL pev TOV Hovoudxev b UmeoTno ay, ot
dé TeloToe pevryovtes € éml TOV TOTAaMOV épmritrrou-
ow els ometpas TOV Tohe ploy avroO TeTaypévas,
vg’ Ov Gpvvowevor TAVTES MANS dtepOapnoay.
aicxiora dé Y@VLTAYTO TaVTOV ot oTpaTnycKol,
poe 6 dcop €v YEepot yever Oar TOUS évavTious vTr0-
petvarres, a\Xa Kal Tovs aNTTHTOUS eve poBov
Kal Tapaxis dverripm hacav pevyovTes be avTav.
ou pay anrra Toot ye TOV “Ob wvos VEVLKNKOTES
tous Kal” autovs éSidcavto Kal dveEéTrecov O1a
TOV TOAELLOY KPATOUVT@DY Els TO orparomesov.

XIII. Tav éé oTparny av OUTE TI podos OUTE
IlavXivos ouverceneiv eTOAUNOAY, GNX’ eféxdwav
poBovpevos TOUS oT pAaTLOTas non THY aitlay emt
TOUS oTpaTHyous TpéeTOVTAs. "Avvios 6€ Taddos
dverduBavev év TH ToAEL Kal mapepuOeiro TOUS
ex THS paxns (TUNE YVOMEVOUS, @S ayXopdarou
yeryevn evs kal roots KEKPATHKOTAS MEpece
Tay Toreuiwv. Madpsos d€ KédXoos tovds év Téder

304

OTHO xt. 3-x11. 2

other hand, had seen many battles and were used to
them, but they were now old and past their prime.

So Otho’s men charged upon them, drove them
back, and captured their eagle, killing nearly all
who stood in the first rank ; but the others, impelled
by shame and anger, fell upon their foes, slew
Orfidius, the commander of the legion, and seized
many of their standards. Against Otho’s gladiators,
too, who were supposed to have experience and
courage in close fighting, Alfenus Varus led up the
troops called Batavians. They are the best cavalry
of the Germans, and come from an island made by
the Rhine. A few of the gladiators withstood these,
but most of them fled towards the river, where they
encountered cohorts of the enemy in battle array,
and in defending themselves against these, were cut
off to a man. But the praetorian soldiers fought
more shamefully than any others. They did not
even wait for their opponents to come to close
quarters, but fled through the ranks of their still
unvanquished comrades, filling them with fear and
confusion. Notwithstanding all this, many of
Otho’s men conquered those who opposed them,
forced their way through the victorious enemy, and
regained their camp.

XIII. But as for their generals, neither Proculus
nor Paulinus ventured to enter the camp with them,
but turned aside through fear of the soldiers, who
were already laying the blame for their defeat upon
their commanders. But Annius Gallus received into
the town the soldiers who gathered there out of the
battle, and tried to encourage them. The battle
had been nearly equal, he said, and in many parts of
it they had overcome their enemies. Marius Celsus,

595

PLUTARCR’S LIVES

cuvayayov €xéXevoe cKOTEY TO KOLVOV, wS éTrl

cuupopa tTHdKavTn Kal hovw ToTOvVTM TONLTHYV

\ wv v > \ ? lé > > /

unde “Obwvos, eizrep avip ayabos éotiv, €O€Xd2)-

GovTos Ett TrELpac Bat THS TUYNS, OTTOU Kal Katwv
/ la)

Kal XKntiov, Kaicapt xpatobvte peta Papaadov
vs \ / >. 7 ” € \
etEat wn OednoavtTes, alTiav EYovol ws TOAXNOUS

A’ > \ bd > 4 ,
kal ayabovs avdpas év AtBin Tapavar@carTes
ovK avayKaiws, Kaimep aywrifopevor Trept THs
€ / > / \ \ ” \ id
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TUXN Tapéyovoa Tac éavTHy ev ovK apatpeitar

n al / a
Tov ayadov, TO Kav TTAigwow EvNOYLOTELV TpOS
Ta TVVTUYXaVoOVTA.

a / \
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/ ’
dé TEelpwmEvoL TOUS OTPAaTLMTAaS EWPwY ElpHVNS
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€ /
omovoias, ok KéXow cal Varrw Badifey rat
dtareyerOar Tots Tept Tov Kexivay cai Ovanevta.
Badilovar 5€ avtois amnvTnoay ExaTovTdpyal THY
pev Svvamw Hon KEexivnwéevyny NéyorTeEs epyoméevny
ért to Bytpiaxov, avtot 5é vo TaY oTpaTnyav
ameactadOat Tept omovoias. ématvécayTes ovdv OL
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pévot TpoTepoy imrmets TpoeEeNavvovTEs. ws OvV
/ \ / lal > \ /
mpoo.ovta Tov KéXcov Katetoor, evOus Bonoavtes
Opuncav émr avTov. ol O€ ExaTovTapyYal Tpo-
n 14 lal

éoTnoay aveipyorTes’ Kal TOV adNAWVY AOKXayav
306

OTHO xu. 2-5

moreover, assembled the officers and urged them to
consult the public good. In view of so great a
calamity, he said, and the slaughter of so many
citizens, not even Otho himself, if he were a good
man, would wish to make further trial of his fortune,
since even Cato and Scipio, by refusing to yield toa
victorious Caesar after Pharsalus, had incurred the
charge of needlessly squandering the lives of many
brave men in Africa, although their struggle was in
behalf of Roman freedom. For in general all men
alike are subject to the decrees of fortune, but of
one thing she cannot rob a good man, and that
is the privilege, in case of adversity, of taking
reasonable measures to correct the situation that
confronts him.

By this speech Celsus won over the officers. And
after they had sounded the soldiers and found them
desirous of peace, and when Titianus urged that an
embassy be sent in the interest of concord, Celsus
and Gallus decided to go and confer with Caecina
and Valens. But as they were on the way they
were met by some centurions of the enemy, who
said that their army was already in motion and was
on its way to Bedriacum, and that they themselves
had been sent out by their generals to treat for
concord. Accordingly, Celsus commended them,
and bade them turn back with him and go to meet
Caecina. But when they were near the army of
Caecina, Celsus ran risk of his life. For it chanced
that the horsemen who had formerly been worsted
by him at the ambush were riding on in advance.
So when they saw Celsus coming up, they forthwith
raised a shout and dashed against him. But the
centurions stood in front of him and kept them off;

3°97

PLUTARCH’S LIVES

peidea Bar Bowvtav ot mepl TOV Kexivay mu0o-
pevor Kal [mpoceddaavres THY aKoo wav TAXD TOV
imméewy émavoav, TOV 6é Kedoov doTracdpEvor
prroppoves éBadilov peT avr ay eis TO Bytpeaxov.
év 6 TOUT@ peTdvo.a Tetiavov eo xev extréwpavTa
TOUS mpéa Bets: Kat TOV OTPATLOT OV TOUS Opacvv-
omevous avs aveBiBater él Ta Telyn Kal TOUS
a&Aous TApEK are BonGeiv. TOU 6é Kexiva T poo-
eMaaavTos ae immo Kab THY beEvav OpéyovTos
ovoels area Ker, ann’ ou jev amo TOV TELY OY
nomavovto Tovs TTPATLOTAS, ot o€ Tas Tuas
avotEavtes éEnecayv Kal avepuiryvuvto Tots mpos-
nKOVoLW. NoiKes O€ ovdEis, GAA Kal diodpo-
avvat Kal deEt@oels oav, opooayv Oé mavTes Trepl
tov OviteAXiov Kal mpocex@pncar.

XIV. Ott@ pév of rreto TOL TOY Tapayevopme-
veov aTrayyehrovat yevéoOar TV Bax, ovoeé
avtol capes opmodoryobyTes eldévar TAKAO E éxaota
dia TH atakiay Kal TH avwpanriav. émor oé
Uatepov odevovTL dia TOD Tedtou MéotpLos PrAGpos,
avip UTATLKOS TOV TOTE ) KATA yapny, aN’
avayKn peta TOV “OOwvos yevopueveoy, veo dvTa
manaov émideEas Sunyeiro pEeTa THY paxny
émeNOwy idely vexp@v awpoVv THALKOVTOVY wWaTE
Tovs émiToAns anmtec0ar TOV aeTo@V. Kal THY
aitiav ébn Enrav ovTe avTos evpeiv ove Tap’
dddov tov tudécOa. OvnoKew bev yap Tapa
TOUS éupudious TONEMOUS, OTav Tporn yévnTa,
mAeLovas elxos €oTL, TO pndeva Cwrypelv, xpio Pas
yap ovK éoTe ToOIs dduoKopévols, % 8 él tocodTo

308

1073

OTHO xm. 5-xIv. 2

the other officers also shouted to the horsemen to
spare Celsus, and Caecina, hearing their cries, rode
up and speedily brought his horsemen to order.
Then he greeted Celsus in a friendly manner and
went on with him to Bedriacum. But meanwhile
Titianus had repented of having sent the embassy,
and after ordering the more resolute of the soldiers
back again upon the walls, he exhorted the rest to
go to their support. However, when Caecina rode
up on his horse and stretched out his hand to them,
not a man resisted further, but some greeted his
soldiers from the walls, while others, throwing
open the gates, went forth and mingled with the
advancing troops. There were no hostilities, on
the part of Otho’s men, but only friendly salutations
and greetings, and all took oath to support Vitellius
and went over to his side.

XIV. This is the account which most of the
participants give of the battle, although they them-
selves confess that they were ignorant of its details,
owing to the disorder and the unequal fortunes of the
several groups. Ata later time, when I was travelling
through the plain, Mestrius Florus, one of the men
of consular rank who were at that time with Otho
(by constraint, and not of their own will), pointed
out to me an ancient temple, and told me how, as
he came up to it after the battle, -he saw a heap of
dead bodies so high that those on top of it touched
the gable of the temple. The reason for this he
said he could neither discover himself nor learn
from anyone else. It is natural, indeed, that in
civil wars, when a rout takes place, more men
should be killed, because no quarter is given (there
being no use for prisoners); but why the dead

3°99

PLUTARCH’S LIVES

awpela Kal ovudopnois ovK exer THY aitiav
evovAhoyta Tov.

XV. Te 66 "Oba T™ p@TOV pev aaagns, OoTrEp
ele Teph TOV THALKOUT MD, Tporenere Aovyos"
évret O€ Kal TET PWMEVOL TWES HKOV ex THS paxns
aTraryyeNRovTes, TOUS pev pirous HTTOV av TIs
eOavpacev ovK e@vTas amrayopevey, ara Gappeiv
TAapakerevopevous, TO O€ TOY GTpaTLWTa@V TaOosS
anacay UTepéBare TiaTLVv. ws ovdeis aTHdOer,
ovde peTésTn pos Tos KpaTodYTas, Ovd wdON
To Kal’ avtov tnTov aneyvwopévou TOD 1yEMOVOS,
mavtTes © oparas él Ovpas AAOov, éxadrovv
avtoxpatopa, mtTpoeNMovtTos éyivovto mpoaTpo-
Taio, weTa Bons Kal iKkecias YeLp@v HrToVTO,
TpOooeTLT TOY, édaxpvov, édéovTO wH opas éyKaTa-
AuTrety, PI mpobobvat Tots ToNeptos, ara XphaFac
expe av eUTVEDTL Kab puxais Kal c@paci UTEp
auTov. TavTa opod TAVTES iKETEVOD. els 6é TOV
adavectépwy avateivas to Eidos Kal eitrwv,
‘Tot, Kaicap, ottws vumép cov mapatetay-
pévous Gravtas, améohakev éavtov.

"AdXa TOUTOV ovdev erréx hace TOV "O8eva,
pardpe@ dé Kal Kabert@re Tporwon@ TAVTAX OTE
Tas dypets Teplaryaryov, cs Tavryy,” elmev, “a
TUTTPATLOTAL, THY 7) We pay éxeiyns, €v 1 ME
7 p@Tov eTroungarte avToKpaTopa, HaKapiwTépay
HYOUMAaAL, TOLOUTOUS opav Umas Kal THALKOUTOV
aktovpevos. adda a petCovos aT-oo TEpEITE, Tou
KaNOS amobavetv Umép TocovT@Y Kal TOLOUT@Y
TOrTAY. el THS ‘Popator 7) nryewovias aEvos yéyova,
bet pe Tis enijs Wuxis vmep THS marpioos aeceiv.
oda Thy vixny Tots évayTiots OvTE BeBaiay ovTE
310

OTHO xiv. 2-xv. 4

bodies should be collected and heaped up in such a
manner is not easy to determine.

XV. To Otho there came at first, as is usual in
such catastrophes, an indistinct rumour of the
result; but presently some of his soldiers who had
been wounded came with direct tidings of the
battle. Here one cannot so much wonder that his
friends would not let him give up all for lost, and
exhorted him to be of good cheer; but the feelings
of his soldiers towards him passed all belief. Nota
man of them left him, or went over to the victorious
side, or was seen to despair of the emperor’s cause
and seek his own safety, but all alike came to his
door, called upon him as emperor, became his
humble suppliants when he appeared before them,
seized his hands with cries and prayers, fell down
before him, wept, begged him not to abandon them,
and not to betray them to their enemies, but to use
their lives and persons in his service as long as they
had breath. Such were their united supplications.
And one obscure soldier held up his sword, and with
the words “ Know, O Caesar, that all of us stand in
this fashion at thy side,” slew himself.

None of these things, however, broke Otho down,
but looking all around with a countenance composed
and cheerful, he said : ‘ This day, my fellow-soldiers,
I deem more blessed than that on which ye first
made me emperor, since I see you so devoted to me
and am judged worthy of so high honour at your
hands. But do not rob me of a greater blessed-
ness—that of dying nobly in behalf of fellow-citizens
so many and so good. If 1 was worthy to be Roman
emperor, 1 ought to give my life freely for my
country. I know that the victory of our adversaries

311

PLUTARCH’S LIVES

ioxupav ovcav. amaryyéXdovet THY éK Muatas
nuov Suvapuy ov TONA OY TEPGV odov améxely,
On cataBaivovoay € emi TOV "Adpitav. "Agia kal
Lupia Kal Aiyuros Kal Ta TohenodvTa ‘lovdaiors
oTpaTevpara, pel NUOV, 7 TE oUyKAnTOS map
ny Kal TeKVa TOV évavTiov Kal yuvaixes. aAN
OuUK éore 7 pos ’AvviBav ovoe I vppov ovee Kip-
Bpous 0 trode p05 U bmép THS ‘Tradas, aAXa Popatos
TONE MOUVTES duporepor THY marpioa Kal VIK@UTES
adicodpev Kal VUKO[EVOL. Kat yap TO dryaBov Tow
KpaTobuTos éxelvn KAKOV €oTL. Tua TEvoaTE Ton-
NaKes, OTL (Stvapar KaNXALOV atroMavely 7h dpxeuv.
ov yap ope Th THALKODTOV ‘Pepators _ dgeros
eromat KpaTnaas, WAiKov émuous éuauTov brrép
elpnuns Kal omovotas, Kal TOD bn mad npépav
TowavuTny éemdeivy tTHv Itadiav.”

XVI. Tovadra duanrex Gets, Kal T pos Tous évi-
orac0at Kal mapaxanreiy € emexerpodvTas dmuaxupt-
TAMEVOS, Tous Te pidous ewe hevev amarhatrecbat
KL TOV TUYKANTLKOY TOUS TapovTas: Tobs dé pA
Tapova éméoTeANe Kal ypdupata pos Tas
modes, OTrws TapakouicO@ow évTimes Kal peta
acpanrelas. mpooayouevos dé Tov adeddidody
Koxxniov, ETL melpakLoy OVTA|, Oappeiv mapekanet
Kal pn dedrévar OdirérAaov, ov Kal PaTépa. Kal
yeveay Kal yuvaika autos, @omep oiket@v Knd0-
pevos, OrahvrdEa. d1a TodTO yap ovde OécOar
maida Bovdopevos avon, arn dvaBanréo Bat THY
ela roinaw, éTws cvvapxot Kparioavros avToo,
py TporamonolTo TT ALTaVTOS: ‘’Exeivo 6é,”
elmev, ‘a Tal, Tapeyyu@pal oot TEeAEUTAIOD,

312

107

OTHO xv. 4—xvI. 2

is neither decisive nor assured. I have word that
our forces from Mysia are already approaching the
Adriatic, and are only a few days distant from us.
Asia, Syria, Egypt, and the armies fighting against
the Jews, are on our side; the senate, too, is with
us, as well as the wives and children of our
adversaries. Still, it is not to defend Italy against
Hannibal, or Pyrrhus, or the Cimbri, that our war is
waged, but both parties are waging war against
Romans, and we sin against our country whether we
conquer or are conquered. For the victor’s gain is
our country’s loss. Believe me when I insist that I
can die more honourably than I can reign. For I
do not see how my victory can be of so great
advantage to the Romans as my offering up my life
to secure peace and concord, and to prevent Italy
from beholding such a day again.”

XVI. So he spake, and after resisting firmly those
who tried to oppose and dissuade him, he ordered
his friends to depart, as well as the men of senatorial
rank who were present; to those who were absent
he sent the same command, and wrote to the cities
urging them to escort the travellers on their way
with honour and in safety. Then he sent for his
nephew Cocceius, who was still a youth, and bade
him be of good cheer and not fear Vitellius, whose
mother and wife and children he had kept safe and
cared for as though they were his own. He had
desired, he said, to make him his son, but had put
off the adoption, in order that the youth might share
his power after he had prevailed, and not perish with
him after he had failed. ‘And now, my boy,” he
said, “this is my last charge to thee; do not alto-

VOL. XI. zs 330

PLUTARCH’S LIVES

unre émehabéa au TAVTATATE pyre ayav pyn-
povevely OTL Kaicapa Oetov é EaXES.

Devonevos 6€ aro TOUT@Y pera px pov Hyeouce
OopuBov Kat Bors emt Ovpats. of yap otpatTiotat
TOV OV YKANTLKOY TOS aTrLOvGL Ounmrethouy amto-
apace, el eM Tapapevovaty, arra oixioovTat
TOV avToKpaTopa KATAXLTOVTES. TAALV ov ™ po-
nrvev vTep Tov avopov poBnbeis, Kat Tovs
oTpaTLwTas, ovKere SenTLxos ovde Tpaos, ara
TPAXUS opOeis, Kat per’ opyas. els To PopuBobv
pariata OiaBréWas, ameNOety érroincer elEavtas
Kal dvatpécavtas.

XVII. "Hén 6€ éorrépas ovons ediryce, Kal
TLV dXiyov datos, dveiv OVT@Y AUT@ Evpar,
ExaTépov KaTew“avOave TO odo Ma moh Xpovor,
Kal TO €TEpov dm edwxe, Oatepov &€ eis Tas ay Kddas
avakaBev Tous olKétas Tpooekanetro. Kal u-
Loppovovpuevos Srévepe TOV XPnHaT OV TO pev
TrEOV, TO O€ eXaTTOV, ovx oop dor plov
aderday, a\ia TO KAT afiav Kal TO péT pLov
emiped@s huvratTav. atrotéuas dé TovToUsS
On TO AOLTrOV avEeTTAavETO THS VUKTOS, WATE TOUS
Kkatevvactas aicQavecGat Babéws avtovd Kab-
evdovtos. GpOpov bé€ Karécas amerevOepov
TVVOLWOKNTE TA TEPL TOUS TUYKANTLKOUS, pabety
mpocétake: Kat muOomevos yeyovivat Tois ame

/ a oo 7 ee ¥ / » +
Nomevors wy Exactos expyntev, “ 16e roivuv, edn,
‘OU, KAL TOLEL TOis T7TPATLWOTALs EupaVh cEavToOr,
el un Oéreus KaKOS UT’ av’TaV atroOavely ws pmol
auutpaktas tov Oavatov.” é&eXOovtos 5é Tod
avOpwrov To Eihos troatHnaas opOov audorépats
Tals yepol, Kal Tepitec@v avwlev, doov anak
314

OTHO xvi. 2-xvil. 3

gether forget, and do not too well remember, that
thou hadst a Caesar for an uncle.”

This done, after a little he heard tumult and
shouting at his door. For as the men of senatorial
rank were departing, the soldiers threatened to kill
them if they did not remain, instead of forsaking
their emperor. Once more, then, he went forth,
since he feared for the men’s safety. He was no
longer gentle and suppliant, however, but stern of
countenance, and looking angrily round upon the
most turbulent of the soldiers, he made them go
away submissively and in fear.

XVII. It was now evening, and being thirsty, he
drank a little water. He had two swords, and after
examining the blade of each for a long time, he
laid one of them aside, but put the other under
his arm, and then called his servants. These he
addressed kindly, and distributed money to them,
more to one and less to another, not as though
lavish with what was no longer to be his, but with
strict regard to moderation and the claims of merit.
After sending the servants away, he betook himself
to rest for the remainder of the night, and slept so
soundly that his chamberlains heard his heavy breath-
ing. Just before dawn he called a freedman with
whom he had arranged for the departure of the
senators, and bade him learn how they fared. And
when he was told that all of them had what was
needful for their journey, “ Go thou, then,” he said
to the freedman, “and show thyself to the soldiers,
unless thou wishest them to put thee to a miserable
death for helping me to die.” Then, when the man
had gone out, with both hands he held his sword
upright beneath him, and fell upon it, giving but a

315

PLUTARCH’S LIVES

otevatat povoyv naVeto Tod Tovou Kal Tols €xTOS
b) ~ /
aic@now tTapéecyev. apapevwv Se Tov Taidwv
Y \
oluwyny evOvs adtav TO otpatoTedov Kal TP
/ a n
modu émretye KNaVO MOS Kal weTa Bohs of oTpati-
a U
@Tat eloeTrecoy ert Tas OUpas Kal w@AopVUporTo,
a a \
Tepimadovyres Kal NoLOOpOdYTES EavTOVS Wy hUAG-
Eavtas Tov avtoxpatopa pyndé KwAVCaYTaS aTo-
Gaveiy b7ép avTa@v. atréatn Sé ovdeis TOV KAT
> / > \ yy a / > \ ¥
AUTOV, €yyUS OVT@Y THY TrOAEMIWY, ANAA KOT [L1)-
\ lal
gaVvTes TO TOA Kal Tupay KaTacKEevaoayTEs
> / > n v4 e / € la
€EexouiCov év tots OtrAOLs of POadcavtes UTOdbVAL
\ la} \
Kal Bactdoat TO NéXOsS ériyavpovpevor. Tov be
rn A na /
aXXwv ol wey TO Tpavua TOD vexpod KaTEdirovY
/ n rn e \
TPOTTLTTOVTES, OL OE HaTOVTO TAY YeELpaY, oi SE
a a /
Tpooekuvouv Toppwbev. évioe dé TH TUPa NapTG-
/
das upévtes Eavtods aréchatay, ovdev éxdras
a ,
ovUTe metrovOoTes yYpnoToY ve Tod TEOYNKOTOS
lal nr /
ovTe Teloec Oar Sewov Ud TOD KpaTodVTOS SedL0-
> a fs, a
TES. GAN Eorxe pundevl TOY TwTOTE TUPaVYWY 7h
/ \
Baciéwy Sevvos ottTws épws eyyevéoBar Kal
a e a al A ¢
Tepiuavns Tov ape, ws éxeivor TOD apyerOa
Vv" £ Y o Bese 2, ¢ Ma
Kal UTraxovety "OPwvos npdcOncav: ovs ye my
, / ¢ LU 7 b) \ ,
amoGavovtos 6 1d0s mpovNLTrev, GAAA Trapemetvev
> > / 4 > / /
els avynKkeatov éyOos OviTEeNNiw TEAEUTHCAS.
lal lj
XVIII. Ta peév ody adda Katpov oiketov Exe
n I \ an A \ / Led
NeyOjvar: Kpvravtes bé TH yHR Ta relpava TOD
” ra) ” LQ / a EN a a
O@wvos ovte peyéOer onuatos ovT émuypadis
” \ / ,’ / , / * \
oyx@ Tov Taghov éetoinoay émipOovov. eidov dé
a f
ev BprEiAX@ yevouevos kal priya pétpiov Kab
316

1075

OTHO xvi. 3-xvil. 1

single groan as he felt the pang. The servants
outside heard his groan and raised a wailing cry, and
at once the whole camp and the city were filled
with lamentation. The soldiers, with loud cries,
burst in at the door, and then bewailed their
emperor, full of anguish, and reviling themselves
because they had not watched over him and pre-
vented him from dying in their behalf. Not one of
his followers went away, although the enemy were
near, but after attiring the body and preparing a
funeral pyre for it, they escorted it thither with
military honours, and full of exultation were those
who won the privilege of carrying the bier. Of the
rest, some embraced the emperor's body and kissed
his wound, others grasped his hands, and others still
made him their obeisance at a distance. There
were some, too, who first put their torches to the
pyre and then slew themselves, not, so far as could
be known, because they were either indebted to
the dead for favours, or fearful of punishment at
the hands of the victor. Nay, it would seem
that no king or tyrant was ever possessed by so
dire and frenzied a passion for ruling as was that
of these soldiers for being ruled and commanded
by Otho; not even after his death did their yearn-
ing for him leave them, nay, it abode with them
until it finally changed into an incurable hatred for
Vitellius.

XVIII. Well, then, the rest of the story is now in
place. ‘They buried the remains of Otho, and made
a tomb for them which neither by the great size of
its mound nor by the boastfulness of its inscription
could awaken jealousy. I saw it when I was at
Brixillum, It is a modest memorial] and the inscrip-

317

PLUTARCH’S LIVES

Thy éeTTLypadny oUTwS Exovaar, Ef petappacbein:
“ Andwoer? Mapxov "O8wvos.”

"Amébave b€"Obwr eT7 poev émTa Kal TpudKovTa
Biwcas, apéas &é Tpets pijvas, ATO TOV dé pay
xelpovas pe edt Tous TOV tov Biov avtod
WreyovTov TOUS émratvobyTas tov Gavatov. Biocas
yap ovdev érietxéatepov Népwvos amréBavev evye-

/
véoTEpor.

Oi dé TTPATLOTaL Tlodrtwvos Tov ETépov TOV
eTrapKev opvvew evOds els tov OvitérAXALov KEdEV-
TavTos édua Xeparvor™ Kal Tu opevor TOV auy-
KANTLK@Y évious ETL Tapetvar TOUS peev &ddoOUS
apncay, Ovepyivip dé ‘Povde@ mpayuata Tapel-
yov apa Tots OToLs eNOovtes € ert THY oiktay Kau
KaTAKaoovTes adOes Kal KEAEVOVTES apxev 7)
mpeo Bevew Umép avT@v. o 6é THY Hyewoviay
TT 00 LEVOV maparafeiv, VEVLKNKOT@Y ™ poTepov
pa Oernoas, mavixoy HryEtTo" mpea Bevew dé 7 pos
TOUS Teppavovs dedias, TOANG BeBracbar Tapa
yvounv vm avTov Soxobvtas, erable bv eTEpov
Oupav ext od@v Toimoas EQUTOD. @s O€ TOUTO
eyvooay ol oTPATLOT aL, Tous TE OpKoUS edeEavto
Kal Tots Tept Tov Kexivay mrpoaébevto cuyyvapns
TUXOVTES,

' Anddoes Bekker adopts Aaipooi, the correction of
Lobeck.

OTHO xvi. 1-4

tion on it, in translation, runs thus: “To the
memory of Marcus Otho.”

Otho died at the age of thirty-seven years, but he
had ruled only three months, and when he was gone,
those who applauded his death were no fewer or
less illustrious than those who blamed his life. For
though he lived no more decently than Nero, he
died more nobly.

As for his soldiers, when Pollio, their remaining
prefect,1 ordered them to swear allegiance at once
to Vitellius, they were incensed; and when they
learned that some of the senators were still there,
they let all of them go except Verginius Rufus,
and him they annoyed by going to his house in
military array and inviting him again,* and even
urging him, to assume the imperial power, or to go on
an embassy in their behalf. But Verginius thought
it would be madness for him to accept the imperial
dignity now, when they were defeated, after refusing
it before, when they were victorious, and as for
going on an embassy to the Germans, he feared to
do so, since they felt that he had often done them
violence beyond all reason; and so he stole away
unobserved by another door. When the soldiers
learned of this, they consented to take the oaths,
and joined the forces of Caeciua, thus obtaining
pardon.

1 The other was Proculus, (vii. 4 ; siii. 1).
2 See The Galba, vi. 3; x. 2ff,

319

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GENERAL INDEX TO ALL THE ‘LIVES’

The Roman numerals refer to the volume, the Arabic to the page.

Numbers

marked off by semicolons belong to lemmata omitted for the sake of brevity.

A name without a number following two or more with numbers indicates
uncertainty as to the identity of the person referred to.

Bergk is used for Bergk, Poetae Lyricit Graeci, 4th ed.; Kock for Kock,
Comicorum Atticorum Fragmenta; Nauck for Nauck, Tragicorum Graecorum

Fragmenta, 2nd ed.

ABANTES, Euboean tribe referred to
by Homer and Archilochus, I. 10
Abantidas, aimed at tyranny of
Sicyon, XI. 4; slain, 6

Abas, river where Pompey defeated
Albanians, V. 208

Aboeocritus, boeotarch defeated at
Chaeroneia by Aetolians, XI. 34

Abolus, river where Timoleon defeated
Mamercus, VI. 340

Abra, attendant of Pompeia, VII.
152, 464

Abriorix (Ambiorix) destroys army of
Titurius and Cotta, vir. 500

Abuletes, imprisoned by Alexander,
vil. 414

Abydos, scene of naval battle, Iv.
78

Academus, gave name to Academy,
1. 74

Academy, near Athens, XI. 78;
beautified by Cimon, Il. 446;
ravaged by Sulla, Iv. 362. See
also 1. 406

Academy, new, rep. by Philo, Cleito-
machus, Carneades, VII. 88, II. 606

Academy, old, rep. by Antiochus of
Ascalon, II. 606

Acamantis, tribe of Pericles, III. 6

Acanthians, their treasury, IV. 234,
280

Acarnania, overrun by Pericles, III.
60; given to Pyrrhus, Ix. 360

Acarnanians, defeated by Agesilaus,
Vv. 62; fight for Antigonus, x. 114
Acastus, son of Pelias, eaten by worms,
Iv. 440

Acca Larentia, wife of Faustulus, I.
100

Acerrae, city north of Po, V. 446

Acestodorus, quoted, II. 38

Achaeans, helped by Agesilaus, V. 62;
league against Philip, VII. 40;
league joined by Sicyon, XI. 20;
choose Aratus general, 34; alliance
with Alexander, 38; joined by
Corinth, 52; by Megara, Troezen,
Epidaurus, 54, 58; joined by
Cleonae, 64; ask aid of Sparta,
xX. 30; joined by Megalopolis,
XI. 68; allied with Aetolians, 74;
joined by Aegina, Hermione,
Arcadia, 78; by Argos and Phlius,
80; by Mantineia, 82; war with
Sparta, X. 54, 58, 62, 80, 84, XI. 86,
90; aided by Antigonus, xX. 266;
recover Argos, XI. 102; war with
Aetolians, X. 126, XI. 108; Philo-

poemen cavalry leader, X. 272;
invite Philip, xr. 108; defeat
Machanidas, xX. 280, 284; with

Romans against Nabis, 292 ; against
Philip, 334; exiles restored, II. 326.
See also X. 274, 314, 360, 370

Achaeans, Phthiotic, III. 56, Vv. 418,
450, X. 350

321

GENERAL INDEX TO ALL THE ‘LIVES’

Achaeans’ harbour, in Troad, II. 506

Achaicus, surname of Mummius,
Ix. 464

Acharnae, Attic deme, II. 66, 252

Acheloiis river, IIT. 60

Achillas, has Pompey killed, Vv. 316;
wars on Caesar, VII. 558; executed,
Vv. 324

Achilles, defeats Paris, I. 78; deified
in Epeirus, IX. 346; slain by Paris,
IV. 452

Achilles,
TX. 350

Achradina, strongest part of Syracuse,
v. 484, VI. 62, 66, 76, etc.

Acilius, friend of Brutus, VI. 176

Acilius, soldier of Caesar, VII. 478

Acilius, C., quoted, I. 158; interprets
Greek, II. 370

Acilius Glabrio, M’, defeats Antiochus,
etc., II. 334, 340, IV. 364, X. 366

Acontium, mountain in Greece, IV.
380, 388

Acrae, in Sicily, VI. 58

Acrillae,in Sicily, Vv. 482

Acrocorinthus, X. 82, 90, XI. 34, 36,
54, 76, 102

Acron, slain by Romulus, I. 134, 190,
Vv. 454

Acropolis of Athens, II. 28, 54, 416,
446, 612, III. 42, IX. 338

Acrotatus (1), son of Cleomenes,
father of Areus, xX. 10

Acrotatus (2), son of Areus, slain at
Megalopolis, IX. 434, x. 10

Acrurium, mountain in Svs VIII.
222

Actaeon (1), Plataean hero, Il. 246

Actaeon (2), torn to pieces by dogs,
VIII. 2

prtiering (8), torn to pieces by lovers,
Vill.

Acte, soins Cleomenes, XI. 94; Deme-
trius, Ix. 58

Actium sea-fight, IX. 278, VI. 246;
v. 174

Acuphis, made ruler by Alexander,
vi1. 390

Ada, queen of Caria, VII. 286

Adeimantus (1), Athenian archon,
11.16

Adeimantus (2), Athenian general at
Aegospotami,1v. 106

Adiabeui, support Tigranes, I. 652,
558

rescues infant Pyrrhus,

322

Adiutrix, legion of Otho, x1. 302

ee (1), loved by Apollo, I.

Admetus (2), king of Molossians,
shelters Themistocles, II. 64

Adonia festival, described, III. 256,
Iv. 48

Adramyttium, home of Xenocles,
VII. 90

Adranum, saved by Timoleon, VI. 286.
298

Adranus, god honoured in Sicily, V1,
286

Adrasteia, mountain range, II. 496

Adrastus, helped by Theseus, I. 66,
VII. 150

Adria, Tuscan city, 11. 128

Adria, northern sea, II. 128

Adria, where Philistus wrote history,
VI. 24

Adria? garrisoned by Antigonus, XI.
26

ane officer under Lucullus, II.

52

Adriatic sea, 11. 198

Adultery, unknown at Sparta, I. 252;
Solon’s law, 466

Aeacidae, II. 44; Ix. 432

Aeacides, father of Pyrrhus, Ix. 58,
346, 350

Aeacus, described, I. 20, VII. 224;
sanctuary at Aegina, 70

Aeantid tribe, lost. 52 at Plataea,
II. 272

Aedepsus hot springs, Iv. 408

Aediles, two kinds, 1X. 470; Iv. 158

Aedui, rebel against Caesar, VII. 506

Acgae (1), little Aeolic citadel, 1.

peee Ae garrisoned by Pyrrhus,
IX. 432

Aegean, made free sea by Cimon,
II. 428

Aegeid, Attic tribe, ut. 254, IV. 56

Aegeus, his history, I. 6, 24, 32, 44,
196, 200 --

Aegialia, littleisland, x. 118

Aegias, banker of Sicyon, xI. 40

as as Il. 44,- IV. 252,’ VII. 2, 64,
5 ;

Aeginetans, attacked by Athens,
11.10; 46; 52; 111. 84;.expelled by
Athenians, 98; 230; restored - by
Lysander, IV. 268; join Achaean
league, XI. 78

GENERAL INDEX TO ALL THE ‘LIVES’

Aegium, attached to Rome by Cato
Major, I1. 336; xX. 86; 106; XI. 84,

96; 120
Aegle, loved by Theseus, I. 40, 66
Aegospotami, Lysander defeats

Athenians, IV. 106, 254, 258,
x1. 176

Aegyptians, I. 318; months in year,
368; wheel, 356; revolt from
Persia, II. 84; send grain to Avhens,
III. 108

Aelia, wife of Sulla, Iv. 344

Aelii, their poverty, VI. 366, 432

Aelius, Sextus, consul with Flamini-
nus, X. 324

Aelius Tubero, married Aemilius
Paulus’ daughter, VI. 366, 426, 432

Aemilia (1), mother of Romulus by
Mars, I. 92

Aemilia Os wife of Scipio Magnus,
VI. 358

Aemilia (3), wife of Glabrio, then of
Pompey, IV. 432, V. 134

Aemilii, patrician family, I. 334,
VI. 358

Aemilius, common crier, VI. 454

Aemilius, M., elected consul, 17. 206

Aemilius Lepidus, M., stone bridge
over Tiber, 1.338; VI. 454

Aemilius Papus, Q., consul
Fabricius, 1x. 410

Aemilius Paulus, Lucius (1), death at
Cannae, III. 158 f., VI. 358

Aemilius Paulus, Lucius (2), son of
preceding, VI. "358; Re augur,
360; warin Spain, 362; divorces
Papiria, children, 364: subdues
Ligurians, 366; ” general against
Perseus, 378; victory at Pydna,
400f.; triumph, 440; two sons
die, 446; address to people, 448;
censor, 454; death, 456

Aemilius Scaurus, see *‘ Scaurus.”

Aenaria, island near Minturnae, IX.
566, 574

Aeneas, father of Romulus and
Aemilia, husband of Roma, I. 92;
descendants ruled in Alba, 96;
brought Palladium and Samo-
thracian images to Italy, Il. 144;
founded Lavinium, IV. 188

Aenus, Thracian city, VIII. 258

Aeolia, Nicogenes its wealthiest man,
Ir. 70

Aeolian, spoken in Phocis, 11. 408

with

Aequians, defeated by Postumius
Tiburtus, II. 96; war on Rome,
176, 182; Iv. 216

Aéropus (1), Macedonian, Ix. 46

AfonUs (2), friend of Pyrrhus, 1x.
6

Aeschines (1), of Lamptrae, plotted
with Persians, IT. 252
Aeschines (2), the Socratic, quoted,
II. 292, 117. 68, 92
Aeschines (3), orator, I. 430, VII. 8,
20, 30, 38, 52, 58
Seschiae (1), Kinsman of Timoleon,
VI. 270
Aeschylus (2), Argive, X1. 56
Aeschylus (3), defeated by Sophocles
diedin Sicily, 11. 430; VII. 242
Eleusinians, cited, 1.68
Persians (341-3), I1. 40
Prometheus Loosed (Nauck 68),
v. 116
Seven against Thebes (395 f, and
435), I. 4 (592 f.), 11. 220
Suppliants (226), 1. 116
— (Bergk, II.‘ 242), vir. 214
—(Nauck, 107), 1x. 84
Aesculapius, friend of Sophocles,
I. 320; temple in Epidaurus, v.
174

Aesion, on Attic orators, VII. 26
Aeson, Macedonian river near Pydna,
VI. 396

Aesop, talk with Solon, I. 482;
fables, I. 418, XI. 70, 88; V.
428

Aesop, tragedian imitated by Cicero
VII. 94

Aesuvian meadow, battle between
Tarquin and Romans, I. 522

Aethiopians, attacked by Perseus,
11. 410

Aethra, Theseus’ mother, I. 8, 12, 16;
carried off by Hector, etc., 78

Aetolians, defeat Athenians, III. 226;
destroy city of Oeniadae, alliance
with Antipater, VII. 366, XI. 8;
defeat. Boeotians at Chaeroneia, 34;
driven from Pellene by Aratus, 70,
X. 32; allied with Achaeans, x1. 74;
invade Laconia, xX. 88; war with
Demetrius, IX. 100; conquered,
364, XI. 94; war with Achaeans,
X. 126; defeat Aratus at Caphyae,
x1. 108; support Romans, x. 334,
338; at Cynoscephalae, 344; oppose

323

GENERAL INDEX TO ALL THE ‘LIVES’

Flamininus, 346 f.; join Antiochus,
362, 11. 340; Kill Nabis, xX. 296;
attacked by Acilius Glabrio and
Philip, 364

Aerés, title of tyrants, Il. 228,
Ix. 370

Afranius, Pompey’s legate in Spain,
VIII. 52; held “Armenia, Vv. 204;
defeats Parthians, 208; subdues
Arabians about Amanus, 216;
consul, 228; defeated by Caesar,
in Spain, 290, VII. 530, 542; v. 286;
defeated at Thapsus, VII. 566

Africa, governed by Sextilius, IX. 576 ;
secured for Sulla by Pompey, V. 140;
province of Pompey, VII. 512; of
Cassius, VI. 168

African war, II. 310

‘Africanus,’ Scipio’s surname, IX.
464

Agamemnon, sacrificed daughter, V.
14; ten years taking Troy, III. 82;
v.12; VIII. 2

Agariste, Pericles’ mother, III. 6

Agatharcus, with Zeuxis, 11. 40; with
Alcibiades, IV. 42

Agathocleia, Ptolemy’s mistress, X.
124

Agathocles, of Syracuse, gives
daughter Lanassa to Pyrrhus,
captures OCorcyra, IX. 368; nearly
takes Carthage, 388; 60; 386

Agathocles, Lysimachus’ son, IX. 76;
war on Demetrius, 116 f.

Agave, in ‘‘ Bacchae” of Euripides,
III. 420

Age, golden, II. 436

Ager Romanus, divided up by Numa,
I. 362

Agesias, of Acharnae, II. 252

Agesilaiis, Archidamus’ son, lineage
and character, V. 2, 36, 50, 64, 70,
I. 298, VI. 844, VIII. 152, x. 8;
king with Lysander’s help, V. 6,
Iv. 292; war on Persia, Vv. 12 f.,
Ir. 464, IV. 296 f., XI. 174; defeats
Tissaphernes, Vv. 24, XI. 174;
given control of navy, V. 26;
alliance with Cotys, 28; sets cities
in order, plans attack on Susa and
Ecbatana, recalled, 38, 416; defeats
Trallians, 42; invades Boeotia,
Coroneia battle, 44 f., suppresses
Lysander’s speech, 54, IV. 318;
attacks Corinth and Argos, V. 56;

324

seizes Heraeum, 58; defeats Acarna-
nians, 62; approves seizure of
Cadmeia, 66; invades Boeotia,
criticized, 72, 374, 1. 244; declares
war on Thebes, Leuctra, v. 78;
XI. 178; declines battle with
Epaminondas, V. 86; refuses peace
with Thebans, 94; goes to Egypt,
100; deserts Tachos for Nectana-
big, 106; death, 112
Sayings: I. 268, V. 58; Iv. 300,
V. 20; 32; 44; 64; 72; 104; 106;
110; XI. 174; 178
Agesilaiis, supports Agis, X. 14 20;
spoils Agis’ plans by avarice, 30,
saved by son Hippomedon,

Agesipolis, Pausanias’ son, succeeded
by Cleombrotus, V. 66, X. 8;
befriended by Agesilaiis, V. 54;
saves Epaminondas and Pelopidas
at Mantineia, 350

Agesipolis, Cleombrotus’ son, short
reign, X. 8

Agesistrata, Agis’ mother, x. 10;
supports son in reforms, 16; 42;
death, 46

Agiadae, royal line of Sparta, Iv. 302,

18, x. 8

Agias, wth younger Aristomachus
seizes Argos, XI. 66

Agiatis, Gylippus’ daughter, Agis’
wife, then Oleomenes’, xX. 50;
death, 98

Agis (1), son of Archidamus and
Lampido, brother of Agesilaiis and
king of Sparta, I. 296, V. 2; wife
Timaea corrupted by Alcibiades, 4,
8, Iv. 64; plots against Alcibiades,
66; from Deceleia besieges Athens,
252, 268; fined for omitting sacri-
fice, I. 238; gold and silver subvert
Lycurgus’ laws, 296, X. 12; when
dying acknowledges Leotychides as
his son, 1V. 292, V. 6

Agis (2), son of Archidamus IIT., slain
by Antipater at Megalopolis, v. 40,
vil. 58, X. 8

Agis (3), son of Eudamidas, 5th from
Agesilaiis, V. 112, X. 8; character,
10; seeks to restore Lycurgus’
constitution, 14f.; got “rhetra’”’
before senate, 16 ; “‘rhetra”’ rejected,
24; supplants ephors by others,
28; ruined by Agesilatis, 30, 34;

GENERAL INDEX TO

aids Achaeans against Aetolians,
30, XI. 70; slain by Leonidas, V
112, X. 42 f.; saying, 46

Agis, sayings, I. 264, 268

Agnus, Attic deme, L 26

Agrarian law of Licinius Stolo, 0. 194

Agraule, Attic deme, Il. 62, Iv. 60

Agraulus, young warriors’ oath in
sanctuary of, IV. 38

Agriculture of Cato Major, 0. 366,
378, 390

Agrigentum, supports Dion, VI. 56;
Neapolis in its territory, 102:
repeopled after Timoleon pacified
Sicily, 344; Ix. 416

Agrippa, M., Octavius’ friend, Ix. 214;
Cassius’ prosecutor, VI. 184; at
Actium, Ix. 284f.; married Marcel-
lus and Octavia’s daughter, then
Octavius’, 330

Agrippa Menenius, speech to plebs on
Mons Sacer, Iv. 130

Agrippina the Younger, had son
Lucius by Ahenobarbus, married
Claudius Caesar, Ix. 332; mother
of Nero, XI. 234

Agylaeus, Spartan ephor, X. 66

“* Agoge,”’ defined, V. 2, X. 72

Ahala, Servilius, slew Spurius Maelius,
VI. 126

Ahenobarbus, origin of name, VI. 420

Ahenobarbus, Cn. Domitius (1),
invaded Africa, V. 136; slain at
Utica by Pompey, 140

Ahenobarbus, Cn. Domitius (2), with

Antony t Parthians, Ix. 230;
264; deserts to Octavius and dies,
280

Ahenobarbus,

Cn. Domitius @),

married Agrippina, had son L.
Domitius, IX. 332.

Ahenobarbus, L. Domitius (1), pro-

consul of Hither Spain, slain by

Sertorius’ quaestor, VIII. 30

Ahenobarbus, L. Domitius (2), married
Porcia, sues for consulship, M1. 358,
426, Vv. 250, VOI. 332; yields
Corfinium to Caesar, VI. 526; in
Pompey’s camp, V. 290, 334, VI.
178, 544; led Pompey’s left at
Pharsalus, V. 294, VI. 548

Ahenobarbus, L. Domitius (3), married
Antony and Octavia’s daughter, Ix

"0332

Ahenobarbus, L. Domitius (4), son

ALL ‘THE LIVES’

of Cn. D. Ahenobarbus and Agrip
pina, adopted by Claudius, became
Emperor Nero, Ix. 332

Aias, Periboea’s son, I. 66; Eurysaces
and Philaeus’ father, 426, Iv. 2

Aidoneus, king of Molossians, had
wife Persephone, daughter Cora,
dog Cerberus, slew Peirithoiis,
imprisoned Theseus, I. 72, 80

Aigialia, see “‘ Aegialia,’’

Aigikoreis, original Attic tribe, why
so called, I. 468

Aigle, see “* Aegle.”

Atyos €dos, see ** Goat’s Marsh ”’

Aii Locutii ara, erected by Camillus.
Ir. 168

are Cyprian city renamed Soli, I.
AZ

Ajax, see “‘ Aias.”’

"Akeats, possibly related to “‘ancile,’’
I. 352

Alaleomenius, Boeotian for Maimac-
terion, II. 278

Alba, ruled by Aeneas’ descendants,
I. 96; 112; Romiilus king on death
of Numitor, 172; 11.130; vil. 582

a Ee its overflow a prodigy,
11.9

Alban mount, Vv. 494

Alban villa, Pompey’ Ss, V. 254, 324,
Vir. 160

Albanians, adjoin Iberians in Cau-

casus, II. 554, V. 204; crushed by
Pompey, 206 ty 230: conquered
by Canidius, Ix. 214

Albinius, sone a helps Vestals in
flight, 11. 144

Albinus, Postumius, wrote history’in
Greek, II. 336

Albinus, legate slain by Sulla’s
soldiers, IV. 342

Alcaeus, wrote epigram on defeat of
Philip at Cynoscephalae, X. 344

Aleaeus of Sardis, poisoned by
Mithridates, V. 212

Aleander, blinded Lycurgus in one
eye, pardoned by him, I. 234

Alcetas, Tharrhypas’ son, Arybas’
father, IX. 346

Alcetas, gets letter from Alexander
the Great, VII. 382; refuses to serve
under Eumenes, VIII. 90; wants
chief command under Eumenes, 102

Alcibiades, his family, guardians,
tutor, etc., I. 256, IV. 2, Ix. 296;

325

GENERAL INDEX TO

character, III. 236, 246, Iv. 4f., 38,
62, Viti. 150, an orator, III. 62,
lv. 24; favourite of Socrates, 8 f., 18;
of Timon, 42, Ix. 296; fought at
Potidaea, at Delium, Iv. 18;
married Hipparete, 20; victorious
in chariot races, 24, VII. 2;
enters public life, IV. 22, 28; with
Nicias effects ostracism of Hyper-
bolus, II. 232, tI. 246, Iv. 30;
upsets Peace of Nicias, II. 242,
Iv. 32; made general, allies Argos,
Mantinea, and Elis with Athens,
{II. 244, IV. 36; urges Sicilian
expedition, III. 250, Iv. 44;
general with Nicias and Lamachus
for Sicilian expedition, III. 252,
Iv. 46; accused of mutilating the
Hermae, IV. 48, 60; sails, takes
Rhegium, plans campaign, recalled,
III. 258, IV. 52, 58; saves Messana
from Athenians, escapes at Thurii,
58; flees to Sparta, 60; urges
sending Gylippus to Sicily and
fortifying Deceleia, 62; corrupts
Agis’ wife, Timaea, 64, Vv. 4;
flees to Tissaphernes, IV. 66, V. 6;
advises him in conduct of war,
Iv. 68, 240; opposed by Phrynichus,
70; made general by army at
Samos, 74; recalled from exile,
makes great change in situation,
wins naval battle off Abydos, 78,
238; imprisoned by Tissaphernes,
escapes, 80; captures Cyzicus, 82;
defeats Pharnabazus, takes Selym-
bria, 86; takes Byzantium, 90;
returns to Athens, | 92; attacks
Andros, leaves Antiochus over fleet
at Samos, 102, 242; fleet defeated
by Lysander, 104; deposed, warns
Athenian generals at Aegospotami,
106, 256; flees to Bithynia, 108;
then to Pharnabazus in Phrygia,
110; slain, 114; statue in forum
at Rome, I. 336. See also Il. 296;
III. 106

Sayings: IV. 6, 14, 16, 22, 34, 38,

6

, 60
Alcidamas, his rhetorical system
obtained by Demosthenes according
to Otesibius, VII. 12.
Alcimenes, Achaean noble, with
Dion’s expedition against Syracuse,
1. 48

326

ALL THE ‘LIVES’

Alcimus, the Epeirot, sturdiest man
under Demetrius, slain at Rhodes,
Ix. 50

Alcimus, place near Piraeus, II. 88

Alcmaeon, Amphiaraiis’ son, re-
sembled Orontes, the Persian, XI. 8

Alemaeon, Megacles’ father, I. 486;
led Amphictyons in defence of
Delphi, 430

Alcmaeon, Leobotes’ father, II. 62;
denounced Themistocles, 292

Alcmaeonidae, Athenian family, 1. 492

Alcman, lyric poet, Helots forbidden
to sing his songs, I. 290; eaten of
worms, IV. 440; Fragment 35
(Bergk 111.* 51) quoted, I. 272

Alcmene, Lysidice’s daughter, Pelop’s
granddaughter, Heracles’ mother,
I. 16; body disappeared like
Romulus’, 180; her monument at
Haliartus near Rhadamanthus’
tomb, Iv. 312

Alcmeon, see ** Alomaeon.”’

Alcyoneus, son of Antigonus, IX. 458 f.

Alea, name of Rhadamanthus’ tomb
at Haliartus, IV. 312

ppeeee pss city taken by Caesar,
VII.

Prien (1), see “ Paris.”

Alexander (2) the Macedonian, warned
Aristides of Mardonius’ plan, 11.
256; 448

Alexander (3), king of Macedonia, at
war with Ptolemy, v. 404; slain by
him, 406

Alexander (4), soldier of Alexander
the Great, VII. 390

Alexander (5), son of Alexander the
Great and Roxana, engaged to
Deidameia, Ix. 354

Alexander (6), son of Polysperchon,
married Cratesipolis, Ix. ;
approaches Athens with army,
VIII. 220

Alexander (7), son of Cassander,
expelled by his brother Antipater,
asks help of Demetrius and Pyrrhus,
IX. 86; given Antipater’s land by
Pyrrhus, 360; slain by Demetrius,
90, 340, 362

Alexander (8), son of Demetrius and
Deidameia, lived and died in Ligypt,
Ix. 134

Alexander (9), son of Pyrrhus and
Lanassa, Ix. 370

GENERAL INDEX TO

Alexander (10), tyrant of Corinth,
made alliance with Achaeans, XI.
38; poisoned by Antigonus, 36

Alexander (11), led Thracians at
Pydna, VI. 400

Alexander (12), 3rd son of Perseus,
his fate, VI. 452

Alexander (13), Polyhistor (?) taught
Crassus philosophy of Aristotle,
III. 320

Alexander (14), Strabo’s freedman,
stole public property, Vv. 122

Alexander (15), son of Antony and
Cleopatra, Ix. 218; given Armenia,
Media, and Parthia, 262

Alexander of Antioch, with Antony
against Parthians, Ix. 244, 248

Alexander the Great, lineage, VII. 224;
birth, 228; appearance, v. 118,
VII. 230; character, 232, 242, 284 f.,
338 f., IX. 152; teachers, VII. 236,
240, 286, 296; as regent subdued
Maedi, fought at Chaeroneia, 244;
quarrel] with father, 246; at 20
becomes king, 250; defeats Syrmus,
king of Triballi, 252; defeats
Thebans, 54, 254, vVul. 180f.,
TX. 140f.; by Greeks chosen
leader against Persians, VII. 258;
strength of his army, 260; battle of
Granicus, II. 138, VII. 262f.;
storms Halicarnassus and Miletus,
268; subdues Pisidia, Phrygia,
Paphlagonia, Cappadocia, cuts
Gordian knot, 272; treated for
illness by Philip the Acarnani
276; defeats Dareius at Issus
278 f.; takes Tyre, 292; takes Gaza,
296; founds Alexandria, visits
Temple of Ammon, 300f.; holds
contests of dithyrambic choruses
and tragedies, 308; rejects Dareius’
peace proposals, 310; defeats
Dareius at Arbela, 316f.; pro-
claimed king of Asia, 326; traverses
Babylonia, 328; takes Susa, 332;
ravages Persis, hears Dareius is
captured, sends Thessalians home,
348; takes Dareius’ camp, 350;
invades Hyrcania, V. 206, VII. 352;
invades Parthia, assumes barbaric
dress, 354; routs Scythians, 356;
attempts to mix Macedonians and
barbarians, marries Roxana, 358;
plotted against by Philotas and

ALL THE ‘LIVES’

others, 362f.; murders Cleitus.
368f.; prepares to invade India,
VI. 384, VII. 384; exchanges gifts
with Taxiles the Indian, massacres
Indian mercenaries, 390; conquers
Porus, 394f.; founds Bucephalia,
398; his men refuse to cross Ganges,
400; severely wounded in attacking
Malli, 402; pardons captured
gymnosophists, 404f.; reaching
ocean orders Nearchus to return by
sea with fleet, reaches Gedrosia,
410, VIII. 80; punishes erring
subordinates, VII. 414; reaches
Persia, 416; marries Statéira, 418;
reaches Ecbatana in Media where
Hephaestion dies, V. 428, VII. 424;
reaches Babylon, 426; dies of fever,
66, 432

See also 11. 248, V. 38, 232, VI.
372, 384, VII. 48, 58, 60, VIII. 80,
86, 182, 184, 190, Ix. 58, 64, 338,
X. 264, 382

Sayings: V. 40; VII. 232; 234;
236; 240; 246; 250; 252; 256, VIII.
184; VII. 258; 260; 262; 268; 280;
282; 284; 286; 288; 298; 306; 310;
320; 334; 3383; 340; 342; 346; 350;
370; 372; 378; 388 f.; 392; 394;
406: 426; 430

Alexander of Macedon, quoted, I. 12
Alexander of Myndus, quoted, IX.

506

Alexander of Pherae, humbled by

Pelopidas, V. 402f.; takes Pelo-
pidas prisoner, induced by Epami-
nondas to surrender him, 406; 412;

renews his oppressions, 418; 420:

defeated at Pharsalus by Pelopidas,
422; slain at instigation of wife,
430 £.; ruled Thessaly 10 months,
called tragedy-tyrant by Dionysius,

Alexandria, founded, VII. 298; great

aa ss destroyed, 560; vil. 320;
x. 122

Alexandrians, worship Cleomenes after

his death, x. 140;
IX. 202

liked Antony,

Alexandropolis, city repeopled and

renamed by Alexander, VII. 244

Alexas, the Laodicean, most influential

Greek with Antony, executed by
Octavius, IX. 302
Alexas .the Syrian ,Ix. 288

327

GENERAL INDEX TO ALL THE ‘LIVES’

Alexicrates, chief
Pyrrhus, 1X. 358

Alexippus, physician, cured Peucestas
of illness, VII. 346

Aliens at Athens, II. 2, Iv. 12

Allia, river flowing into Tiber, I1. 136

Allia, battle of, 1. 348, 11.134 f.

Alliance, see ‘‘ Treaty.”’

Allies, Athenian, continue to pay
assessments but stop military
service, II. 436. See also ‘“‘ Hel-
ee ” and ‘Delos, Confederacy
ts) ea?

Allobroges, their part in conspiracy
of Catiline, VII. 124

Alopece, deme of Lysander, II. 86;
of Aristides, 210; of Thucydides,
Ill. 32

Alopecus, hill near Haliartus, Iv. 318

Alphabet, that used after Hucleides,
II. 212

Alps, 11. 126; northern boundary of
Tuscany, 128; VI. 366

Alsaea, city seized by Cleomenes, X. 64

Alveus, Sciron’s son, slain at
Aphidnae, I. 76

Alycus, place in Megara, I. 76

Amantius, disgraces Caesar by greed,
VII. 562

Amanus, mountain in Cilicia, V. 216,
VII. 174, Ix. 122, 124

Amarsyas, father of Phereclus, I. 34

Amathusians, I. 42

Amazoneum, place at Athens, place
in Chalcis, I. 62

Amazons, war with Theseus, I. 58, 60,
62, 64, 190; attacked by Heracles,
11.544; their queen visits Alexander,
VII. 356; habits and country, V. 208

Ambiorix, see ‘‘ Abriorix.’’

Ambracia, 111. 57; given Pyrrhus by
Alexander, IX. 360; 368

Ambrones, ancestral name of Ligur-
jams, IX. 514; defeated Manlius
and Caepio, defeated by Romans
at Aquae Sextiae, 512 f.

Ambustus, Q. Fabius, one of three
sent to consult oracle at Delphi re
Alban lake, 11. 102; though
ambassador, fights Gauls, I. 348,
11.132; appointed military tribune,
134

cup-bearer to

Ameinias, the Deceleian, slays
Ariamnes, Xerxes’ brother, Il. 42;
rivals Aristides at Plataea, 388

328

Ameinias, the Phocian, Antigonus’
general, enters Sparta, Ix. 444

Ameria, Italian city, Ix. 508

Amestris, Artaxerxes’
married to father, XI. 192

Amfidius, Tullus, of Antium, plans
with Coriolanus war on Rome, IV.
170 f.; quoted, 172; advises
Volscians to summon Coriolanus,
182; becomes jealous, 192; causes
Coriolanus’ death, 214; slain by
Romans, 218

Amisus, rich city founded by Athens,
Il. 510, 5380; besieged, 514; sacked
by Lucullus, 526; restored by him,
530; V. 212; 222

Ammon, son of Zeus and Pasiphaé,
XI. 20; I. 462; 111. 254, 260; his
temple in Africa, IV. 288; 304; VII.
228; consulted by Alexander, 304;
424

Ammonius, philosopher, taught Plu-
tarch and his friend Themistocles.
II. 90

Amnaeus, Roman senator, VIII. 280

Amoebus, singer, XI. 38

Amompharetus (1), one of five
Spartan umpires re Salamis, I. 428

Amompharetus (2), Spartan at Plataea,
II. 264

Amorgus, Athenian naval defeat off,
Ix. 28

Amphares, compasses death of Agis,
his mother, and grandmother, xX. 40,
46, 48

Amphiaraiis, father of Alemaeon,
XI. 8; II. 220; his oracle, 270

Amphicrates, rhetorician, died at
court of Tigranes, II. 540

Amphictyons, persuaded by Solon,
wage war on Cirrha, I. 428; urged
by Sparta to exclude cities that did
not fight against Persia, II. 56; 336;
426; Iv. 362

Amphilochia, given
Alexander, Ix. 360

Amphipolis, won by Athenians, II.
426; Cleon and Brasidas fall in
battle there, I1I. 236; 242; v. 308;
VI. 416; 418

Amphissa, Philip successful there,
VII. 42; 1x. 198

Amphitheus, bribed by Persian money,
Iv. 308

Amphitrope, Diophantus’ deme, II, 294

daughter,

Pyrrhus_ by

GENERAL INDEX TO ALL THE ‘LIVES’

Ampbitzyon; Alcmene’s husband, Iv.
2

Amulius, descendant of Aeneas, dis-
possesses his brother Numitor,
exposes Ilia’s children, I. 96; father
of Ilia’s twins, 98, 102; slain by
Romulus and Remus, 112, 158, 188

Amycla, Alcibiades’ Spartan nurse,
I. 256, Iv. 2

Amyclas, father of Daphne according
to Phylarchus, x. 20

Amyntas, Macedonian, sent by Philip
on embassy to Thebes, VII. 42; in
exile advises Dareius not to attack
Alexander in narrow passes, 278

Amyntas, King of Lycaonia and
Galatia, sends army to Antony,
TX. 276; deserts to Octavius, 280

Anacharsis, meeting with Solon, bon
mot, I. 414

Anacreon of Teos, poet, III. 4, 78

Anaitis, name of Artemis of Ecbatana,
XI. 192

"Avaxes, derived from avdcyxeats, I. 352

“Avaxtes, Why kings so called, I. 78

Anaphlystus, Euthippus’ deme, II. 458

Anapus, river in Sicily, VI. 58, 312

“Avdoxertsy possibly related to
** ancile.”’

Anaxagoras of Clazomene, teacher of
Themistocles, 11.6; his philosophy,
influence on Pericles, 111. 10, 14, 16,
290, IV. 262; III. 20; 52; attacked
by Diopeithes’ bill, 92; saved from
ee ed by Pericles, 290;
saying,

Pee Fi Delphian, quoted, Iv.

280
Anaxarchus, sophist, Alexander’s
friend, VII. 244, 306, 374

Anaxenor, lute-player with Antony,
Ix. 186

Anaxidamus, of Chaeroneia, helps
Sulla, Iv. 382, 390

Anaxilas, one of five Spartan umpires
re Salamis, I. 428

Anaxilaiis, of Byzantium, tried at
Sparta for surrendering city and
acquitted, Iv. 90

Anaximenes, orator, says funeral
orations began with Solon, I. 526,
VII. 70

Anaxo, carried off by Theseus, I. 66,
196

Anazarbus, see ‘‘ Quinda.”’

Ancharia, Octavia’s mother, Ix. 206

Ancharius, of senatorial rank, slain
by Marius’ men, Ix. 584

Ancilia, story of, I. 350 f.

Ancus Martius, Numa’s grandson,
completed wooden bridge over
Tiber, I. 338; Iv. 118

Andocides, orator, II. 88; suspected
of mutilating Hermae and im-
prisoned, IIT. 254, Iv. 54 f.

*Avdpeca, Cretan name for gvgairia,
1. 236

Andrians, reply to Themistocles
asking money, II. 56

Androcleides (1), accused of being
bribed by Persia to oppose Spartans,
Iv. 308; outlawed from Thebes,
slain through Leontidas, v. 350 f.

Androcleides (2), helps rescue infant
Pyrrhus, Ix. 348

Androcleides, records saying of
Lysander, IV. 250
Androcleion, helps rescue infant

Pyrrhus, 1X. 348
Androcles, opponent of Alcibiades,
Iv. 48

Androcottus, subdued all India, vu.
400; his opinion of Alexander, 402

Androcrates, Plataean hero, his shrine,
II. 246 f.

Androcydes of Cyzicus, painter, v. 400

Androgeos, Minos’ son, his murder
led to invasion of Attica, 1.28 f., 190

Andromache, character in “Trojan

Women ”’ of Euripides, y. 414

Andromache, Dion’s sister, murdered
by Hicetas, VI. 120

Andromachus (1), Timaeus’ father,
welcomes Timoleon’s expedition,
VI. 284

Andromachus (2), betrays Romans to
Parthians, III. 406

Andron of Halicarnassus, cited, I. 56

Andronicus, the Rhodian, published
copies of works in Apellicon’s
library, Iv. 406

Andros, given 250 settlers by Pericles,
Ill. 34; people defeated by
Alcibiades, Iv. 102

Androtion, re Solon’s seisachtheia, I.
442; speech against by Demos-
thenes, VII. 36

Anecdotes, I. 262, 264, 268, 270, 276,
280, 290, 392, 412, 420, u. 232,
vy. 340, VII. 76, 90

329

GENERAL INDEX TO ALL THE ‘LIVES’

*Avéxadeyv, used for avw by Athenians,
I. 78; possibly related to “‘ ancile,”’
352

Ae used for ayw by Athenians,

17

Angelus, helps rescue infant Pyrrhus,
IX. 348

Anicius, L., captures Genthius, king
of Illyrians, with wife and children,
VI. 386

Anienus, ordered by Caesar to cut
a isthmus of Corinth, VII.

78

Animals, examples of Greek kindness
to, II. 316, III. 2, IV. 22, 24, v. 144,
148, 388, VII. 396

Anio river, I. 558; plebs seceded to it,
Iv. 128; battle of, 11. 198 f.

Annalius, L., senator, struck by
Crassus, III. 426

Annius, C., sent to Spain by: Sulla,
worsts Sertorius, VIII. 18

Annius, T., defeats Ti. Gracchus in
public debate, x. 178

Annius, soldier of Marius, slays M.
Antonius, IX. 588

Annius Gallus, see ‘‘ Gallus, Annius.’’

Antaeus, killed by Hercules, I. 22;
buried in city of Tingis, VIII. 24

Antagoras, the Chian, offends Pausan-
ias, joins Athenians, II. 284

Antalcidas, Spartan, Leon’s son, sent
to Tiribazus re peace, V. 62;

peace of, dictated by Artaxerxes, .

its terms, XI. 176; V. 416, XI. 178;
vy. 86; starved to death, xI. 178
Sayings: I. 244, V. 72, 374; 86

Antemnae, its people conquered by
Romulus and transferred to Rome,
I. 138; yields to Sulla, Iv. 422

Antenor, Epicharmus’ treatise dedi-
cated to him, I. 334

Anthedon, Boeotian city destroyed
by Sulla, Iv. 408

Anthemion, Anytus’ father, IV. 12,150

Anthemocritus, Athenian herald, 111.
86

Anthesterion, IV. 372, IX. 60 f.

Antho, Amulia’s daughter, intercedes
for Ilia, I. 96

Antias, Valerius, re Sabine girls
seized by Romans, I. 130; re books
put in Numa’s coffin, 380; version
of eer about L. Flamininus,
x. 374

33°

Antiates, most warlike of Volscians,
Iv. 136. See also “‘ Antium.”’

** Anticato,”? writen by Caesar, VII.
568

Anticleides, re queen of Amazons
VII. 356 :

Anticrates, Spartan, slew Epaminon-
das, Vv. 98

Anticyra, granary for Antony, IX.
294

Anticyra, prostitute of Demetrius,
Ix. 54
Antigenes the One-eyed, punished
by Alexander, VII. 420; leader of
_Silver-shields, envies Eumenes, VIII.
116; with Teutamus plots against
- Eumenes, 126
Antigenes, says queen of Amazons
came to see Alexander, VII. 356.
Antigenidas, re flute-playing, Ix. 4
Antigone of Pydna, reports Philotas’
words to Alexander, VII. 362
Antigone, Berenice’s daughter by
Philip, married to Pyrrhus, Ix.
ae 358; had son Ptolemy, 360,
6 J
Antigoneia, new name given Man-
tineia, XI. 106
“* Antigonids,’’ name of bowls, VI.-442
Antigonis, new tribe at Athens in
honour of Antigonus, IX. 26
Antigonus the One-eyed, general and
successor of Alexander, his children,
his career, VI. 372, VIII. 4, IX. 6, 8,
332, 334; VIII. 84; with Antipater
to conduct war against Eumenes,
102; defeats Eumenes at Orcynii,
104; 108; aspires to supreme power,
114; 120;122 ; defeated by Eumenes,
130; decides to execute Eumenes,
134; punishes Eumenes’ betrayers,
136; Ix. 10; sends son Demetrius
against Ptolemy, 12; 16; frees
Athens, 18; 24; asks Demetrius to
fight Ptolemy for Cyprus, 34; wins
Cyprus, 40; when 80 years old
attacks Ptolemy unsuccessfully,
42; defeated by league of other
kings and slain, 66, VIII. 210; his
royal line brought to end by
Aemilius Paulus, VI. 460 —
Sayings: I. 140, v. 340, 342,
VIII. 108, IX. 40, 366
Antigonus Doson, made regent, then
king by Macedonians, Iv. 142, VI.

GENERAL INDEX TO

372; crosses Geraneia with large
force, X. 92; garrisons Corinth,
X. 96, XI. 88, 98, 100, 102; takes
Tegea by siege and_ surprises
Orchomenos and Mantineia, x. 100,

XI. 104; advances to Argos, X.
106f.; defeats Cleomenes at
Sellasia, 112f., 266f.; offered

Philopoemen command, 270; 274;
takes Sparta, restores laws and
constitution, returns to Macedonia
and dies, 118; x1. 106

Antigonus Gonatas, Demetrius’ son,
had a son Demetrius, VI. 372; Ix.
134; defeats Boeotians, 98; tries to
liberate his father Demetrius, 128;
buries him, 132; defeated by
Pyrrhus, 430; 444; agrees to leave
Argos, 450; 452; defeats Pyrrhus,
who is slain, 460; XI. 8; 20; 32;
gets Acrocorinthus, 36; loses
Megara, 54; ally of Aristippus,
tyrant of Argos, 58; dies, 76

Sayings: IX. 430, XI. 32

Antigonus the Jew, beheaded by
Antony, Ix. 218

Antigonus, re Tarpeia’s father, I.
142

Antilibanus, Mount, Arabs dwell near
it, VII. 292

Antilochus, writes verses in honour of
Lysander, IV. 282

Antimachus of Colophon, defeated
in poetic contest by WNiceratus,
consoled by Plato, IV. 282; his
poetry seems laboured, VI. 346

Antimachus of Teos, epic poet, saw
eclipse on day Rome founded, I.
120

Antioch by Daphne in Syria, 11. 534,
V. 218, VIII. 262, Ix. 78

Antioch in Mygdonia, called Nisibis
by barbarians, captured by Lucul-
lus, II. 578

Antiochis, Aristides’ tribe, If. 210;
victorious in poetic contest, 212;
opposed Persian centre at Marathon,
224

Antiochus, sea captain, great favourite
of Alcibiades, IV. 22; defeated and
slain off Ephesus by Lysander,
102 f., 242, 454

Antiochus (Soter), son of Seleucus
and Apameia, Ix. 76; defeated by
Demetrius, 70; married his father’s

ALL THE ‘LIVES’

wife Stratonice, 92; made king of
Upper Asia by his father, 94

Antiochus the Great, not to be
compared with Xerxes, Il. 396;
spurred on by Hannibal, X. 346;
348; 354; won back most of
Seleucus Nicator’s dominions, II.
334; VI. 362; crosses to Greece,
joined by Aetolians, xX. 362;
defeated at Thermopylae, returns
to Asia, II. 336f., 388, Iv. 364,
X. 302, 364; in flight marries
Cleoptolemus’ daughter, 304, 366;
defeated in Phrygia by Scipio,
TI. 504, III. 398, xX. 378; terms of
peace, VI. 370

Antiochus of Ascalon, in treatise
*“‘Concerning Gods’’ mentions
battle of Taurus, 11. 564; led Old
Academy, friend of Lucullus, 606;
admired by M. Brutus, vi. 128;
his lectures attended by Cicero;
his philosophy, VII. 88, 90

Antiochus of Commagene, besieged
by Ventidius, comes to terms with
Antony, Ix. 212

Antiope, Amazon, seized by Theseus,
loved by Solofs, 1. 58, 62,196; had
son Elippolytus by Theseus, 64

Antiorus, Lycurgus’ son, I. 302

Antipater, Alexander’s general, his
surrender demanded by Thebans,
VII. 254; 280; defeated and slew
Agis in Arcadia, V. 40, X. 8; fearing
Alexander,. makes alliance with
Aetolians, VII. 366; rebelled ageinst
by Olympias and Cleopatra, 414;
suspected of poisoning Alexander,
436; besieged by Leosthenes in
Lamia, 66, VIII. 86,-196; with
Leonnatus defeated by Greeks in
Thessaly, 200; defeats Greeks at
Crannon, II. 138; advances on
Athens, VII. 70, VIII. 202f.; exe-
cutes Hypereides, Aristonicus, and
Himeraeus, VII. 70; gives Athenian
poor land in Thrace, VIII. 208; 210,
Vil. 218; sends soldiers to arrest
Demosthenes, 70 f.; 78; with
Craterus crosses to Asia against
Perdiccas, VIII. 90; 92; to help
Antigonus against Eumenes, 102;
married daughter Phila to Deme-
trius, IX. 32, 90, 334; before dying
appoints Polysperchon general-in-

33%

GENERAL INDEX TO ALL THE ‘LIVES’

chief, and Cassander chiliarch,
VIII. 216; died in Macedonia,
114

See also VII. 342, 382, 388, 422,
428

Sayings:
144; 212
Antipater, Cassander’s son, murders
his mother Thessalonice, expels his
brother Alexander, attacked by

Pyrrhus, IX. 86, 90, 360

Antipater of Tarsus, dedicated philo-
sophical treatises to Blossius, X.
162; his dying words, Ix. 596

Antipater of Tyre, Stoic philosopher,
friend of Cato the Younger, VIII.
244

Antiphanes, wrote farce ridiculing
Batalus, VII. 10; 24

Antiphates, rebuked by Themistocles,
II. 50

Antiphilus, Phocion’s successor,
est and slays Leonnatus, VIII.
198 f.

Antiphon, the Rhamnusian, slanders
Alcibiades, IV. 8; discredited,
III. 226; executed owing to Demos-
thenes, VII. 36; saying, Ix. 196

Antisthenes, says Amycla Alcibiades’
nurse, IV. 2

Sayings: I. 300, III. 4

Antistia (1), Appius Olaudius’ wife,
quoted, x. 150

Antistia (2), Antistius’ daughter,
married to Pompey, V. 126 ; divorced
by him, 134, Iv. 432

Antistius, praetor, gave Pompey
daughter in marriage, V. 124; slain
by Marius’ men, 136

Antistius (should be Appuleius) gives
Brutus 500,000 drachmas, VI. 180

Antium, Volscian town, its people
fight Romans, IV. 136; its land
raided by Coriolanus, 148; attacked
to distract plebs’ attention, 162 f.;
166; 214; vI.172

Anton, Hercules’ son, progenitor of
Antonii, Ix. 146

Antonia (1), C. Antonius’ daughter,
M. Antony’s wife, divorced by him,
1X. 156

Antonia (2), M. Antony and Octavia’s
daughter, wife of Domitius Aheno-
barbus, IX. 332

Antonia (3), M, Antony and Octavia’s

332

II. 390, IV. 224; VIII.

daughter, Drusus’ wife, Germani-
cus’ mother, IX. 332

Antonias, name of Cleopatra’s “* flag-
ship,’’ IX. 274

Antonii, descended from Anton,
Hercules’ son, IX. 146

Antonius, O. (1), consul with Cicero,
VII. 108, IX. 156; bribed by offer ot
province of Macedonia to support
Cicero, VII. 110; sent to fight
Catiline, 120; defeats Catiline, 136

Antonius, O. (2), praetor, Ix. 170;
captured and executed by order of
Brutus, 184, VI. 182 f., 186

Antonius, L., tribune of plebs, Ix.170;
fought against Octavius, fled from
Italy, 202

Antonius (Saturninus, L.) revolts
from Domitian, defeated, VI. 420

Antonius, M., supported Sulla, slain
by order of Marius, Ix. 138, 586

Antonius Creticus, M., M. Antony’s
father, brief account of, Ix. 138

Antonius, P., prosecuted by Greeks
before M. Lucuilus, praetor of
Macedonia, VII. 448

Antonius Honoratus, military tribune,
loyal to Galba, against Nymphidius,
XI. 232

Antonius, helps to murder Sertorius,
VIII. 72

Antonius, celebrated triumph, his
daughter captured by pirates,
v. 176

sarong. Mark (1), son of Antonius
Creticus and Julia, Ix. 138; cor-
rupted by Ourio and Clodius,
studied oratory in Greece, 140;
defeats and captures Aristobulus
in Syria, 142; supporting Ptolemy,
takes Pelusium, 144; appearance
and character, 144 f., 188 f.; joining
Caesar’s party, elected tribune of
plebs and augur, reads Oaesar’s
letters to senate, 148, V. 268, VII.
516; presents Caesar’ s pew pro-
posals, with Cassius flees to Caesar,
IX. 150, V. 270, VII. 518; disgraces
Oaesar by dissoluteness, 562, IX,
152, 158; captures Lissus, brings
troops from Italy to Caesar, 154,
vil. 536; led Caesar’s left at
Pharsalus, Vv. 294, IX. 156; marries
Fulvia, Clodius’ widow, 160; consul
with Caesar, 162; offered’ Caesar

GENERAL INDEX TO ALL THE ‘LIVES’

diadem, 164, VII. 584; Antony
spared by conspirators on plea of
Brutus, detained outside senate,
596, VI. 162f., IX. 166; proposes
amnesty on murder of Caesar,
pronounces funeral oration, 168,
VI. 166f., VII. 190; has rival in
Octavius, VI. 174, Vil. 192f., Ix.
170f.; attacked by Octavius at
Mutina, 174, VI. 452, VII. 198;
forms triumvirate with Octavius
and Lepidus, 200, VI. 186, Ix. 178;
proscribes Cicero, 180; defeats
Cassius atPhilippi, 182 f., VI. 216 f.;
gives Brutus burial, 246, 256, Ix.
184; levies money in Asia, 186;
meets Cleopatra, 194; divides
empire with Octavius, marries
Octavia, 204; learns of Ventidius’
victory over Parthians, 210; makes
peace with Antiochus of Com-
magene, 212; meets Octavius at
Tarentum, 216; increases Cleo-
patra’s territory, 218; begins war
against Parthians, 218; deserted
by Artavasdes, Armenian king, 224;
led by Phraates to retreat, 228;
crosses river Araxes into Armenia,
250; met by Cleopatra, 254;
Octavia reaches Athens on way to
him, 256; beguiled from wife by
Cleopatra, 258; drawn into war
with Octavius, 260f.; war against
Antony voted at Rome, 272;
Antony’s forces, 274f.; defeated
in naval battle off Actium, 282 f.,
1. 372; flees with Cleopatra to
Egypt, IX. 288; revels with Cleo-
patra, 300; hearing Cleopatra is
dead, falls upon his sword, 310;
left 7 children by his 3 wives, 330
See also V1. 140, 186, 190, 192,
210, 230, VII. 142, 188, 192
Sayings: IX. 148, 186, 304, 310
Antony (Julius Antonius), Fulvia’s
son, third in esteem of Octavius,
Ix. 330; marries Octavia and
Marcellus’ daughter, Agrippa’s
divorced wife, 332
Antyllius, Q., lictor slain in brawl,
X. 226f.; not murdered by C.
Gracchus, 248
Antyllus, Antony and Fulvia’s son,
Sig by Octavius, rx. 300, 318,
0

Anytus, Anthemion’s son, lover of
Alcibiades, Iv. 12; tried for
failure to relieve Pylos, first to bribe
jurors, 150

Aollius or Avillius,
Hersilia’s son, 1. 130

Aoiis, river in Greece, VII. 534

Apama (1), Artaxerxes’ daughter,
married Pharnabazus, x1. 192 f.

Apama (2), Artabazus’ daughter,
given in marriage to Ptolemy by
Alexander, VIII. 80

Apama (3), Antiochus’ mother by
Seleucus, Ix. 76

Fe eg to assemble the people,
I.

Apelles (1), painted Alexander of too
swarthy a colour, VII. 230; opinion
of Protogenes’ painting, Ix. 52;
gave talent to be admitted to
society of artists of Sicyon, x1. 28

Apelles (2), courtier of Philip, Anti-
gonus’ son, XI. 110

Apellicon, his library seized by Sulla,
etc., IV. 406

Apeimantus, admirer of Timon, Ix.
298

erga, harried by Macedonians,
xX. 364

— reached by Persian army,
II. 2

Aphidnae, Helen hidden there, I. 72 f.;
captured by Dioscuri, 76; 78; lost
to Athens under Theseus, 198

Aphidnus, Theseus’ friend, guarded
Helen, 1. 72; adopted Tyndaridae,

78

Aphrodite, Theseus’ guide to Crete,
why called ‘ Epitragia,’ I. 36;
“* April’’ derived from “* Aphrodite,”’
368, 11. 506; mother of Harmonia
by Ares, V. 386; abhors wars,
myrtle her plant, 496

Aphytae, city in Thrace, besieged by
Lysander, IV. 288

Apis, sacred bull, x. 128

Apollo, loved Phorbas, Hyacinthus,
Admetus, Hippolytus the Sicyonian,
I. 318; father of Syrus by Sinope,
11. 544; patron of Athens, flayed
flute-player, IV. 8; gave Cadmus
cow for guide, 382; temple of at
Actium plundered by pirates, V.174

Apollo, name of costly room of
Lucullus, II. 602

Romulus and

333

GENERAL INDEX TO ALL THE ‘LIVES’

Apollo the Laurel-bearer at Phlya,
11. 44

Apollo Lyceius, Ix. 450, 454

Apollo, Pythian, half property of
Thebans consecrated to him by
Sulla, Iv. 390 ; 420; gets golden bowl
from Romans, V. 456; Antony
plans to finish his temple, Ix. 186;
vouches for Lycurgus’ laws, X. 244

Apollo Tegyraeus, brief account of,
Vv. 378

Apollo Thurius, why so named,
Iv. 382

Apollocrates, eldest son of Dionysius
the Younger, put in command of
citadel of Syracuse, VI. 80; 116;
makes terms with Dio and leaves
Syracuse, 106

Apollodorus (1) of Phalerum, ardent
disciple of Socrates, VIII. 346

Apollodorus (2), used speeches written
for him by Demosthenes, VII. 36,
216

Apollodorus(3), commandant of Baby-
lon under Alexander, VII. 426

Apollodorus (4), proves Lycurgus lived
long before first Olympiad, I. 204

Apollodorus (5), the Sicilian, Oleo-
patra’s friend, VII. 558

Apollonia (1), in Illyria near Dyrrha-
chium, Iv. 408; taken by Caesar,
Vil. 532; Octavius studied there,
194, VI. 174, 1x. 170; favoured
Brutus, VI. 180 f.

Apollonia (2), on the river Rhyndacus,
11. 504

Apollonia (3), in Sicily, ruled by tyrant
Leptines, VI. 318

Apollonides (1), intimate
friend, Ix. 126

Apollonides (2), Stoic, with Cato at
Utica, VIII. 396, 402

Apollonius (1), Molon’s son, taught
Caesar and Cicero oratory, VII. 90,
446; quoted, 92

Apollonius (2), tyrant of Zenodotia
in Mesopotamia, III. 364

Apollophanes of Cyzicus, brings
Agesilaiisand Pharnabazus together,
Vv. 32

Apollothemis, says Lycurgus died in
Elis, 1. 302

Aponius, informer under Nero, XI.
222

Apothetae, at foot of Mt, Taygetus,

334

Dion’s

where Spartans exposed sick!+
children, I. 254 ;

Appian Way, see ‘‘ Way, Appian.”’

Appii, always belonged to party of
senate and nobles, VI. 454

Appius, governor of Sardinia, visits
Caesar at Luca, VII. 494; bring:
from Gaul Pompey’s troops lent
Caesar, V. 266

Appius, M., questioned by Cicero,
VII. 148

Appius Claudius (1), hostile to plebs,
supports Coriolanus, IV. 164

Appius Claudius (2), marries daughter
to Ti. Gracchus, X. 150; helps Ti.
Gracchus frame agrarian law, 164;
one of three to distribute public
land, 174

Appius Claudius (3), partisan of Sulla
defeated by Telesinus the Samnite,
Iv. 418

Appius Claudius Caecus, gave suffrage
to freedmen, I. 518; opposes peace
he Pyrrhus, speech quoted, Ix.

2 f.

Appius Claudius Pulcher (1), sent with
force to Syracuse, V. 466, 470;
when consul, helped take Capua,
111. 200

Appius Claudius Pulcher (2), candidate
for censor with Scipio Africanus
the Younger, VI. 452 f.; quoted, 454

Appius Clausus, Sabine, with 5000
families migrates to Rome, founder
of Claudian family, 1. 556 f.

Appius Clodius, brother of Lucullus’
wife, sent to Tigranes by Lucullus
with demand for surrender of
Mithridates, 11. 526, 534 f.

Appuleius, see ‘‘ Antistius.”’

April, origin of name, celebration cn
the Ist, I. 368

Apsephion, archon, names judges in
contest between Aeschylus and
Sophocles, Il. 428

Apsus river, described, x. 328

Aptera, place in Crete, 1x. 448

Apuleius, L., accuser of Camillus,
II. 122

Apulia, where Hannibal defeats and
slays proconsul Gnaeus Fulvius,
Vv. 502

Aquae Sextiae, scene of battle
between Romans and Teutones,
1x. 510

GENERAL INDEX TO ALL THE ‘LIVES’

Aqueducts, P. and Q. Marcius,
brought best supply of water to
Rome, Iv. 118

Aquillii, nephews of Collatinus the
consul, corrupted by Tarquin’s
envoys, I. 510 f.; condemned and
beheaded, 516 f.

Aquillius, tribune of plebs, supporter
of Cato the Younger, VIII. 338

Aquillius, M’., left in charge of army
by Marius, Ix. 498

Aquinius, M., called Adrastus by
Cicero, VII. 150

Aquinum, town, XI. 286

Aquinus, defeated by Sertorius, VIII.
36

Ara Aii Locutii, see “ Aii Locutii ara.”

Arabia, triumphed over by Lucullus,
Vv. 230; Ul. 382; traversed by
Antony, IX. 220

Arabia Nabataea, invaded by Deme-
trius, Ix. 16; part toward outer sea
given to Cleopatra, 218

Arabian Gulf, Ix. 296

Arabs, those about Mt. Antilibanus
attacked by Alexander, VII. 292;
nomadic A. moved to new localities
by Tigranes, 11.536; come from sea
of Babylonia to join Tigranes, 554;
kings of, offer Lucullus their
possessions, 568; slay Roman
fugitives after Carrhae, Til. 416;
those about Petra burn Cleopatra's
ships, Ix. 296

Arachosia, has Sibyrtius as governor,
VIII. 136

Aracus, appointed admiral to succeed
CaHicratidas, 1V. 248

Arar river, Tigurini crushed there by
Labienus, VII. 486; 504

Arateium, tomb of Aratus in Sicyon,
XI. 120

Araterium, place in Gargettus, I. 80

Aratus (1), on murder of father
Cleinias, escapes to Argos, XI. 4f.;
plots to overthrow tyrant Nicocles,
10; expels Nicocles, attaches city
to Achaean League, 20, X. 256;
his character, 276, XI. 22, 30f.;
gets 25.talents from Ptolemy, 24;
going to Egypt gets 150 talents
more, 30; courted by Antigonus,
32; as general of League, ravages
Locris and Calydonia, goes to help
Boeotians, 34; takes Acrocorinthus

from Antigonus, 40f., XxX. 82;
persuades Corinthians to join
Achaean League, XI. 52; tries to
free Argos from tyranny, 56f.;
brings Cleonaeinto Achaean League,
64; defeats and slays Aristippus,
tyrant of Argos, 66; brings
Megalopolis into League, 68; in
Aetolian war gets help from Sparta,
70, X. 32f.; defeats and drives
Aetolians out of Pellene, XI. 72 f.;
makes peace and alliance between
Achaeans and Aetolians, 74; tries
to seize the Peiraeus, 76

Defeated at Phylacia by Bithys,
Demetrius’ general, 76; persuades
Diogenes to give up the Peiraeus,
Munychia, Salamis, and Sunium
to Athenians for 150 talents, brings
Aegina, Hermione, and greater part
of Arcadia into League, 78; brings
Argos and Phlius into League, 80;
defeated by Cleomenes near Mt.
Lycaeum, captures Mantineia, 82,
X. 60; fails to support Lydiades,
who is defeated and slain by
Cleomenes, 62, XI. 84; defeats
Megistonoiis at Orchomenus, but
refuses re-election as general, 86,
X. 80; after defeat of Achaeans at
Hecatombaeum blocks peace with
Cleomenes, 86, XI. 90; punishes
disaffected at Sicyon, 92; loses
Corinth, 94, x. 90; at Aegium
secures vote of assembly to call in
Antigonus, 82, 92, XI. 98; sailing
to Epidaurus, helps recover Argos
from Oleomenes, 102, xX. 94;
criticised for concessions to Anti-
gonus, XI. 104: founds new settle-
ment at Mantineia, 106; defeated
by the Aetolians at Caphy ae, 108;
becomes estranged from Philip,

112f.; poisoned through plot of
Philip, 118; buried at Sicyon,
120 pa

See also X. 54, 58, 80, 274
Commentaries of Aratus cited,
X. 34, 84, 86, 90, XI. 74, 76, 88
Aratus (2), Aratus’ son, wronged by
Philip, XI. 112; poisoned by Philip,
Araxes river, Il. 554; tributary of
Cyrnus, V. 206; boundary between
Media and Parthia, Ix. 250; 256

335

GENERAL INDEX TO ALL THE ‘LIVES’

Arbacen. Metin neriat by Artaxerxes,

Ix. 156

Arbels, where Alexander defeated
Persians, 1. 138, VI. 316; ¥. 210

ia, 1. 244

Arcadians, acorn-eaters, IV. 122; have
four months, I. 368; lost large
territory to ‘Spartans led by Soiis,

Vv. 60; raided by Agesilaiis, 84;
opposed by Pelopidas and Ep
nondas at Mantineia, 350; detached
from Spartan confederacy, 396;

united into one power, 398; except
Mantineia, received into allegiance
by Demetrius, 3K. “QB;;)XooG6s
+9 = part join Achaean League,

:

i.
Arcesilaiis (2), Academic, X. 256, X1.10
Arcesilaiis (3), false friend of Agis, x. 40
Archagetai means “ Kings,”’ I. 222
Archedamus (Archedemus), penal
mocked Flamininus, xX. 390;
follower of Perseus, VI. 416
Archedemus, sent to invite Plato

Archelaiis (2), naturalist, possible
author of elegy addressed to Cimon,
It. 412, 416

Archelaiis (3), led Antigonus’ forces
in Corinth, defeated by Aratus,
zt; captured and dismissed,

2

Archelaiis (4), Mithridates’ general,
controlssea, his operations, IV. 358,
EX. 556; lies with fleet at Munychia.
Iv. 372, "54; sets out for Chaeroneia
378; defeated at Chaeroncia by
Sulla, 382f.; defeated at Orcho-
menus by Sulla, 392f., m. 504;
parleys with Salla near Delinm,
Iv. 396; meets Sulla at Philippi,
400f.; urges Lucullus to invade
Pontus, 11. 494; 498

Archelaiis (5), merchant of Delos,
arranges meeting between Sulla and

Mithridates’ general,
Tv. 396
Archelaiis (6), friend of M. Antony,

warred on by him, then given royal
burial, rx. 144

336

Archelaiis (7), king of
figh

Archestratus Q), choral poet in time
of Peloponnesian war, Il. 212;
saying re Alcibiades, Iv. 42, 284

Archestrataus (2), introduces Gecree to
denounce Phocion to Polysperchon,

Vv. 350 £.; with Leontidas,
made ruler of Thebes, 66; slain by
Pelopidas’ followers, 360 f.

Archias (2), hierophant at —
ee

tyrant, V. 364
Archias (3), the exile-hunter, arrests
Hypereid

330
Archi

woman, 4; saves Sparta at time of
earthquake, 454; tries to avoid war
with Athens, UI. 84; invades

his army in Italy, 11.138, x. 8
Archidamus (3),succeeded
follewed by Budamidas, X.

GENERAL INDEX TO ALL THE ‘LIVES’

defeated by
Mantineia, Ix. 84
Archidamus (4), Agis’ brother, escapes
after his death, X. 50; called from
Messene, made king, executed, 60
Archidamus (5), Aetolian, remains
with Perseus in his flight, VI. 416
“ Archilochi,’’ work of Cratinus, I. 434
Archilochus, loved by gods for sake
of Muses, I. 318, Im. 4; his tone
adopted by Oato the Younger in
iambics, VIII. 250 :
—— (Berg II. 383), 1.10
—— (Bergk II. 392), 111. 80
—— (Bergk 11. 383), vir. 160
—— (Bergk Il. 428 f ), rx. 520
—— (Bergk 11. 398), X1. 268
Archimedes, his geometry, mechanics,
defence of Syracuse, Vv. 470f.;
asked that cylinderenclosing sphere
with formula be placed on his
grave, 480; his death, 486
Archippe, Lysander’s daughter,
Themistocles’ wife, 11. 86
Archippus, quoted (Kock I. 688), Iv. 4
Architeles, Athenian, opposes Themis-
tocles at Artemisium, 11. 20
Archonides, Syracusan, VI. 88
Archons, in ancient times chosen
by lot; ex-archons promoted to
Areiopagus, III. 26; to be chosen
from all the people, 11. 280; Ix. 26
See also 11. 210, 214, 226, 228, 428,
vii. 58
Archytas, with Eudoxus, orginated
art of mechanics, Vv. 470; Pytha-
gorean; persuaded to assist in
bringing Plato to Sicily, VI. 36;
rescues Plato from peril, 40
i ex-harmost of Thebes,
executed by Spartans, Vv. 370
Arcturus, his rising cause of storm,

VI. 52

Ardea, led by Camillus, its people
defeat Gauls, 11. 150

Ardettus, place in Athens, I. 62

Areiopagus, Council of, established
by Solon. Its duties, I. 454, 464;
tried Peisistratus for murder, 494,
11. 30; attacked by Ephialtes, 436;
its power broken by Ephialtes,
450, I. 20, 26; to investigate
Harpalus matter, VII. 62; supports
Phocion, VUI. 178; induced by
Cicero to honour Cratippus, VII. 142

Demetrius near

Areius, philosopher, honoured in
Alexandria by Octavius, Ix. 316 f.
Ares, gave victory over Persians, II.
272; father of Harmonia, v. 386
Aretaeus, name of Dion’s son accord-
ing to Timaeus, VI. 68

Arete, daughter of Dionysius the
Elder and Aristomache, marries
Thearides, then Dion, her uncle,
Vi. 12; married to Timocrates, 42;
restored to Dion, 108; murdered
by Hicetas, 120 f., 340

Arethusa (1), in Macedonia, had tomb
of Antony, I. 302

Arethusa (2), given Monaeses by
Antony, Ix. 220

Areus, Spartan king, Acrotatus’ son,
ry oe. X. 10, IX. 434; 436;

> 3 452

Argas, nickname of Demosthenes,
VII.

Argileonis, Brasidas’ mother, replies
to Amphipolitans, I. 282

Arginusae, sea-fight of; Callicratidas
defeated, II. 108, Iv. 248

Argives, misgoverned, drove out
Kings, I. 226; defeated utterly by
Spartans, IV. 234; left in Amphic-
tyonic Alliance through Themis-
tocles in spite of Spartans, IJ. 56;
hated Sparta, urged by Alcibiades
to look to Athens, IV. 32; 292; make
alliance with Athens, III. 244, Iv.
36; after Mantineia crush attempt
of ‘‘The Thousand,”’ persuaded by
Themistocles to attach city com-
pletely to Athens, 38; on leit wing
at Coroneia, routed by Agesilaiis,
v. 46; hindered at Isthmian games
by Agesilaiis, 56; with Cleomenes
fight against Corinthians, VI. 268

Argivus, freedman, buried Galba by
night, XI. 270

Argo, commanded by Jason, I. 38

Argolis, overrun by Cleomenes, xX. 58

Argos, expelled King Gelanor, cap-
tured by Danaiis, Ix. 454; Il. 62;
v. 174; detached from Spartan
confederacy, 396; freed by Deme-
trius, IX. 58; XI. 6; Ix. 446; scene
of battle, where Pyrrhus is slain,
450 f.; under tyrant Aristomachus,
XI. 56; attacked by Aratus, 60f.;
seized by Agias and younger
Aristomachus, 66; joins Achaean

337

GENERAL INDEX TO ALL THE ‘LIVES’

League, 80, 102; Achaeans meet
there to confer with Cleomenes,
X. 84; joins Cleomenes, 88f.,
XI. 90; lost to Cleomenes, X. 96;
its land ravaged by him, 106;
recovered by Achaean League,
XI. 102

Ariadne, falls in love with, carried
off by Theseus, I. 36, 196; deserted
by Theseus, 66; various stories
about her, 40; honoured in festival
of Oschophoria, 50

Ariaeus, Cyrus’ friend, at Cunaxa,
XI. 148

Ariamnes (1), Xerxes’ brother, slain
at Salamis, II. 42

Ariamnes (2), Arab chieftain, treacher-
ously gives Crassus bad advice,
II. 374, 382

Ariarathes (1), king of Cappadocia,
to give place to Eumenes, VIII. 84;
captured, 88

Ariarathes (2), Mithridates’ son, over-
running Thrace and Macedonia,
IV. 358; poisoned by M., V. 212

Ariarathes (3), buys Mithridates’
sword-belt, V. 224

Ariaspes, Artaxerxes’ son, scared into
committing suicide, XI. 200

Arimanius, Persian god, Il. 76

Ariminum, v. 442; occupied by
Caesar, V. 272, VII. 520, VIII. 360

Arimnestus (1), "general of Plataeans,
interprets his dream to Aristides,
Il. 246

Arimnestus @. Spartan, slays Mar-
donius, II. 270

Ariobarzanes (1), Mithridates’ father,
Ix. 10

Ariobarzanes (2), reinstated as king
of Cappadocia by Sulla, Iv. 334 f.;
to receive Cappadocia again from
Mithridates, 398; 404

Ariobarzanes (3), king of Cappadocia,
to be supported by Cicero, VII.
172

Ariomandes, Gobryas’ son, leader of
Persian forces at Eurymedon,
It. 440

Atiovistus, defeated by Oaesar, escapes
across Rhine, VII. 486 f.

Ariphron, Xanthippus’ son, Pericles’
brother, Alcibiades’ guardian, Iv.
2,8

Aristaenus, Megalopolitan, general of

338

Achaeans, sent to prevent Philo-
poemen being exiled, x. 290; 304
Aristaeus, his disappearance like that
of Romulus, 1.178

Aristagoras, town-clerk of Cyzicus,
11. 500

Aristander of Telmessus, seer with
Philip, and then with Alexander,
VII. 226, 260, 294, 296, 316, 322,
368, 374

Aristeas, Argive, invites Pyrrhus to
Argos, IX. 446; admits him, 450

Aristides (1), Lysimachus’ son, his
family and position, I1. 210 f., 390f.;
his political principles; opposed
Themistocles, 8, 214, 436; character,
8, 216f., 250, 260, 436; fought
brilliantly at Marathon, 224;
ostracized, 16, 32, 230, 248;
supports Themistocles at Salamis,
36 f. 234,; condemns Themistocles’
plan to break bridge of boats, 238;
leads Athenians at Plataea, 244 f.;
proposes decree to assembled
Greeks re war against Persians,
278; proposes decree to make
government democratic, 280; con-
demns Themistocles’ plan to burn
Greek naval station, 56, 282; by
tact and diplomacy steals leader-
ship from Spartans, 282, 420;
chosen by allies to levy assessment
upon them, 286 f.; his death, 294,
Ill. 18; leaves family in poverty,
296, 392. See also Il. 58, 418,
Iv. 228

Sayings: II. 44, 218, 220, 222,

236, 242, 250, 288

Aristides (2), Xenophilus’ son, II. 212

Aristides (3), Locrian, companion of
Plato, VI. 274

Aristides (4), author of ‘* Milesiaca,’’
Ill. 418

Aristion, tyrant at Athens, 1. 338,

II. 530; character and acts;
besieged by Sulla, Iv. 366; forced
to surrender by Ourio, 372;

poisoned by Sulla, 400

Aristippus (1) of Cyrene, quoted re
Dionysius, VI. 38; re Plato and
Dionysius, 40

Aristippus (2) of Argos, has feud with
Aristeas, IX. 446

Aristippus, succeeds Aristomachus as
tyrant of Argos; prosecutes

GENERAL INDEX TO ALL THE ‘LIVES’

Achaeans for attack in time of
peace, XI. 58; 60; fights with
Aratus at Chares’ river, 62 f.;
defeated and slain, 64 f.

Aristoboule, name given by Themis-
tocles to temple of Artemis built
by him, II. 60

Aristobulus (1) of Alexandreia, cited
re Demosthenes, Vil. 56; re Alex-
ander, 260, 268, 272, 284, 356, 432

Aristobulus (2), king of Jews, taken
by Pompey, V. 216; led in his
triumph, 230; having caused Jews
to revolt, defeated and taken with
his son by Antony, Ix. 142

Aristocleitus, father of Lysander of
the Heracleidae, IV. 234

Aristocrates (1), speech against, by
Demosthenes, VII. 32

Aristocrates (2), cited re Lycurgus,
I. 216, 302; re Philopoemen, x. 302

Aristocrates (3), rhetorician with
Antony, Ix. 294

Aristocritus, sent to Philip by
Pixodarus to arrange a marriage,
VII. 248

Aristodemus (1), ancestor of Lycurgus,
1.206; V.52

Aristodemus (2) of Miletus, courtier
+ Antigonus and Demetrius, Ix. 20,
3

Arsitodemus (3), tyrant, defeats and
slays Acrotatus at Megalopolis,
x.10; killed through plotting of
Ecdemus and Megalophanes, 256

Aristodicus of Tanagra, murders
Ephialtes, 11. 32

Aristogeiton (1), his granddaughter
given dowry by Athenians, II. 298

Aristogeiton (2), public informer at
Athens, VIII. 166; speech against
him delivered by Demosthenes
himself, VII. 36; VIII. 168

Aristomache, Dion’s sister, Dionysius
the Elder’s wife, VI.6; her children,
12; 108; drowned by order of
Hicetas, 122

Aristomachus (1), exile from Sicyon,
friend of Aratus, x1. 10

Aristomachus (2), tyrant of Argos,
killed by — succeeded by
Aristippus

Aristomachus “, with Agias seizes
Argos, XI. 66; resigns and is made
general of Achaean League, XI. 80 f.,

xX. 58; tortured at Cenchreae and
drowned, XI. 102
Aristomenes, thrice offered sacrifice
for 100 Spartans slain, I. 168; said
by Messenians to “have ’slain
Theopompus, Spartan king, x. 48
Ariston (1), helps Peisistratus become
tyrant, I. 490
Ariston (2), Corinthian captain, by
ruse defeats Athenians under
Menander and Euthydemus, III. 280
Ariston (3), captain of Paeonians,
rewarded by Alexander, VII. 338
Ariston (4) of Ohios, cited, 11. 354,
VII. 24, 74
mee (5) of Ceos, philosopher, cited,
II
Pecciislew (1) of Marathon, executed
by Antipater, VII. 70
Aristonicus (2), son of harpist’s
daughter, used reputed connexion
with Eumenes to fill all Asia with
wars and rebellions, x. 384
Aristonicus (3), joined in Asia by
Blossius, X. 194
Aristonicus (4), Mithridates’ admiral,
taken by Lucullus, II. 504
Aristonous, harper, his encounter
with Lysander, IV. 282
Aristophanes (1) :—
Acharnians, 524 f., 111. 88
Babylonians (Kock I. 408), 111. 76
Birds, 638 f., 111. 254
Farmers (Kock I. 416), 111. 234
Frogs, 1425, 1431-1432, Iv. 40
Knights, 358, II. 222; 382, 1x.
28; 815, 11. 54
Lysistrata, 1137 £., 11. 464
Wasps, 44f., Iv. 4
Aristophanes (2), ous of Alexander’s
bodyguards, VII.
Aristophon (1), painted Nemea with
Alcibiades in her arms, IV. 42
Aristophon (2), archon, VII. 583; VIII.
160

Aristotle (1), native of Stageira,
tutored Alexander, VII. 240; 242;
introduced Alexander to works of
Theodectas, 272; thought Callis-
thenes able speaker, but lacking in
common sense, 380; related to
Callisthenes, hated by Alexander,
384; said to have counselled
Antipater to poison Alexander,
436; had gift of persuasion accord-

339

GENERAL INDEX TO ALL THE ‘LIVES’

ing to Antipater, II. 390, IV. 224;
called river of liquid gold by Cicero,
VII. 140; abused by Timaeus, III.
210; his writings in library of
Apellicon the Teian; seized by
Sulla and sent to Rome, Iv. 406
Statements: Theseus gave up
absolute rule, 1. 54; Lycurgus and
Iphitus established Olympic truce,
204; Why 28 members in Council
of Elders at Sparta, 220; Crannon
a river and Babyca a bridge, 222;
Kpurreta one of Lycurgus’ institu-
tions, 288; Ephors on coming into
office declared formal war on
Helots, 290; Honours’ paid
Lycurgus less than deserved, 300;
Solon supported Delphian oracle,
428; Tables of law at Athens were
called kvpBes, 472; Ashes of
Solon scattered onisland of Salamis,
498; Lucius saved Rome from
Gauls, 11. 148; Pythocleides was
Pericles’ music teacher, III. 10;
(should be Plato, Alcibiades, 1.118c) 5
Pericles defeated by Melissus in
sea-fight, 76; Athenians not brutal
to Samians, 78; Ephors having
entered upon office, bid all men to
shave moustaches and obey laws,
xX. 66
Constitution of Athens, (25. 4),
IW. 32s (@75..3); TIS 25274),
Ill. 26; (28. 5), 111. 212
Constitution of Bottiaea (Athen-
ians were not put to death by
Minos, but made slaves, etc.), I. 30
Iliad of the Casket, edition
carricd by Alexander, VII. 242, 298
On Nobility of Birth? (Myrto,
granddaughter of Aristides, wife of
Socrates ?), II. 296
On the Soul, occasion of its being
written, VI. 46
Fragment 56 (Rose), V. 346; 97,
V. 384; 556,1.6
Politics (11. 6. 8), 1. 244
Problems, (30. 1), IV. 236
Aristotle (2), logician, with Deinias,
slays Abantidas, XI. 6
Aristotle (3), causes revolt against
Cleomenes in Argos, X. 94, XI. 102
Aristoxenus, musician, says Lycurgus
died in Crete, I. 302; falsely says
Myrto, granddaughter of Aristides,

340

was wife of Socrates, II. 296; VI.
294; his memoirs tell of Alexander’s
person, VII. 232

Aristratus, tyrant of Sicyon, painted
by Melanthus and Apelles, XI. 28

Aristus, brother of Antiochus of
ae friend of M. Brutus, VI.
2

Armenia, attacked by Perseus, Il.
410; disturbed by Neopotolemus,
VIII. 88; ruled by Tigranes, II. 512;
Lesser A. occupied by Lucullus,
526; 536; invaded by Lucullus,
548; conquered by Lucullus, 140,
572, 111.370 ; people of, join Tigranes,

II. 554; nature of ground and
weather, 576, 590; Lucullus’
trophies there, 592; added to

Pompey’s sway by Manilian Law,
v. 190; invaded by Pompey on
invitation of young Tigranes, 202,
VII. 106; left in charge of Afranius
by Pompey, Vv. 204; 208; 216;
triumphed over by Pompey, 230;
conquered by Canidius, IX. 214;

traversed by Antony, 220
Armilustrium, on Aventine, has grave
of Tatius, 1. 164
Army, Roman, its armour and

weapons improved by Oamillus,
II. 198; its weapons, 558 f.

Arnaces, royal eunuch, sent with
message from ‘Themistocles to
Xerxes, II. 46, 240

Arpates, Teribazus’ son, slays Arsames,
XI. 202

Arpinum, Cicero had country-seat
there, VII. 100; rx. 468

Arrhenides, father of Callicles, V1I. 62

Arrhidaeus, Philip’s son, to marry
Pixodarus’ daughter, VII. 248;
drugged by Olympias, 436; orders
Eumenes to wage war on Antigonus,
VIII. 116

Arrius, Q., brings news of Catiline’s
army, VII. 118

Arron, Tuscan, led Gauls into Italy,
Ir. 126 f.

Arruntius, led Octavius’ centre at
Actium, IX. 288

Arsaces, Parthian king, sends message
to Crassus, III. 366; V.314. See also
** Hyrodes.”’

Arsacidae, Parthian royal line, III.
420

GENERAL INDEX TO ALL THE ‘LIVES’

Arsames, illegitimate son of Artaxer-
xes, slain by Arpates, XI. 200 f.

Arsania river, battle of, between
Lucullus and Armenians, II. 574 f.

Arsian grove, scene of battle between
Tarquin and Romans, I. 522

Arsicas, name of Artaxerxes II. at
first, XI. 128

Arsis river, where Pompey defeats
Carbo’s cavalry, V. 130

Artabanus, gives audience to Themis-
tocles, II. 72

Artabazes (Artabazus), comes to
Crassus’ camp with 6000 horsemen,
111. 370; seized by Antony because
deserted in Media by him, Ix. 340.
See also ‘* Artavasdes.”’

Artabazus (1), with 40,000, escaped at
Plataea, II. 272

Artabazus (2), father of Pharnabazus,
vu. 96; of Barsine, 80, VII. 284

Artagerses, commander of Cadusians,
slain at Cunaxa by Cyrus, XI. 146f.,
156

Artasyras, the King’s Eye, discovers
and reports death of Oyrus, XI. 152,

158
Artavasdes (Artabazes) king of
Armenia, punished by Hyrodes,

III. 376; sends message to Crassus,
380; reconciled to Hyrodes, 420;
deserts Antony, IX. 224; robbed
Antony of victory, led in triumph
at Alexandria, 252; wrote tragedies
orations, histories, III. 420

Artaxas, king of Armenia, induced
by Hannibal to build Artaxata
and make it Armenian capital, II.
572

Artaxata, royal city of Tigranes,
attacked by Lucullus, I. 572; left
antaken, 578

Artaxerxes(1),surnamed Longimanus,
Xerxes’ son, XI. 128; received
Themistocles, I1. 72, 76 f.

Artaxerxes (2), son of Dareius and
Parysatis, grandson of Artaxerxes
I., XI. 128; in danger from his
brother Cyrus, 132 f.; his character,
134; rebelled against by Oyrus,
136 f.; warned by Tissaphernes of
Cyrus’ intention, 138; urged by
Teribazus to fight, 140; battle of
Cunaxa, 142f.; death of Cyrus,
148f.; Olearchus and his fellow-

generals seized and slain, 166f.;
A. fails to capture Greeks, who had
come with Cyrus, 172; attacked
by Agesilaiis, drives Spartans from
Asia and the sea by bribery, 174 f.;
dictates Peace of Antalcidas, 176;
refuses Spartans money aiter
Leuctra, 178; puts Tissaphernes to
death, 180; marries his daughter
Atossa, 182; fails in war against
Egyptians, and against Cadusians,
184f.; proclaims Dareius his suc-
cessor, 190; makes an enemy of
Teribazus, 194; is plotted against
by Teribazus and Dareius, 194 f.;
has Dareius executed, 198f.; on
learning of death of his sons
Ariaspes and Arsames through his
son Ochus, he dies, ninety-four
years old, 200f. See also Vv. 416
Sayings: XI. 134, 136

1 husband of Xerxes’ sister,
It.
Artemidorus (1), guided Lucullus to
position above Mithridates, II. 516
Artemidorus (2), Cnidian philosohper,
gives Caesar a written warning,
VII. 594

Artemis, temple of, built by Themis-
tocles and named Aristoboule,
on 60; temple of, named Proseoea,

Se of Ecbatana, called Anaitis,

xI. 192

Artemis, Ephesian, temple of, burned,
VII. 230

Artemis Eucleia, temple of, had tomb
of Euchidas, IT. 276

Artemis Orthia, temple of, in Sparta,
I. 72; youths flogged to death at
her altar, 262

Artemis, Persia, highly honoured by
barbarians beyond Euphrates, 11.
548

Artemis of Colophon, at banquet. of
Alexander, VII. 372

Artemis of Priapus, II. 510

Artemisia, fights for Xerxes at
Salamis, II. 18 f., 42

Artemisium, location and description,
II. 22° Iv. 2

Artemisius, Macedonian name_ of
month, VII. 264

Artemon Periphoretus, engineer, told
of in brief, 111. 78

341

GENERAL INDEX TO ALL THE ‘LIVES’

Arthmiadas, chief helper of Lycurgus,
I. 218

Arthmius of Zeleia, disfranchised for
offering gold of Medes to Greeks,
11.18

Artisans, list of kinds at Athens,
Til. 38

Artorius, M., Octavius’ friend, VI.
218

Arts, compared with senses, IX. 2

Aruns (1), Lars Porsena’s son, urges
father to make peace with Romans,
I. 550; rescues Roman maidens,
552

Aruns (2), Tarquin’s son, and Brutus,
the consul, slay each other, I. 522

Arverni, with Carnuntini (Carnutes),
lead revolt against Caesar, VII. 504 f.

Arybas, son of Alcetas, and father by
Troas of Aeacides, Ix. 346

Arymbas, brother of Olympias, wife
of Philip of Macedon, VII. 226

As, current copper coin in time of
Camillus, II. 124

Asbolomeni, name of
descendants, II. 408

Ascalis, son of Iphtha, Maurusian,
defeated by Sertorius, VIII. 22

Ascalon, Antiochus of, see ‘* Antio-
chus of Ascalon.”’

Asclepiades (1), Hipparchus’ son,
reports death of Alexander, VIII.
194

Asclepiades(2), answered by Didymus,
1. 404

Damon’s

Asclepias, temple of, at Epidaurus,
plundered by pirates, V. 174

Asculum (1) taken by Strabo, v. 124

Asculum (2) battle of, Ix. 412 f.

Asia (1), separated from Asia by
isthmus 300 furlongs long, Ix. 296;
set in order by Agesilatis, V. 38;
cleared of Persians by Cimon, II.
438; VII. 264; wrestedfrom Romans
by Mithridates; 150,000 Romans
massacred in one day, IV. 358, 404;
398; fined 20,000 talents by Sulla,
II. 532, Iv. 406; its state after 2nd
Mithridatic war; relieved by
Lucullus, 11. 532, VII. 90; 180;
decreed province of ‘Trebonius,
VI. 168; being subdued by Par-
thians under Labienus, Ix. 204

Asia (2), Themistocles’ youngest child,
reared by Phrasicles, II. 88

342

Asiatic style of oratory, popular in
Autony’s time, rx. 140

Asiaticus, Galba’s freedman, helped
Otho, XI. 250

Asinaria, Syracusan festival to cele-
brate capture of Nicias, III. 304

Asinarus river, where Nicias made last
stand, II. 302

Asinius, Antony’s friend, Ix, 156

Aslnius Pollio, accompanies Caesar
over the Rubicon, VII. 522; sent
against Cato in Sicily, VIII. 362;
with Caesar at Pharsalus, Vv. 304;
with Caesar in Africa, VII. 566;
cited, 552, v. 304

Asopian plain, I. 424

Asopis, Sinope’s mother, II. 544

Asopus river, Persians encamped by
it before Plataea, II. 244, 256

Aspasia (1), Milesian, Axiochus’
daughter, herrelations with Pericles,
III. 68; tried for impiety, begged
off by Pericles, 92

Aspasia (2), Phocaean, Hermotinus’
daughter, Oyrus’ special favourite,
Artaxerxes’ concubine, made
priestess of Artemis of Ecbatana,
Ill. 72, XI. 190 f.

Aspendus, city in Asia, IV. 76

Aspetus, name of Achilles in Epeirote
tongue, Ix. 346

Asphalius, name of Neptune, why
given, I. 86. }

Aspis, strong position in Argos, IX.
450, 452, x. 88

Assessment, of Hellenes by Aristides,
II. 286, 386; paid by Athenian
allies, 438; 130,000 onlistsat Rome,
widows and orphans’ excused,
I. 534; revised by censors, II. 346;
that of Cato the Elder, 354

Assian plain, where Archelaiis en-
camped, Iv. 380

Assus river, empties into Cephisus,
Iv. 378; crossed by Sulla, 380

Assyrians, settled in Tigranocerta,
II. 552; 111. 382

Asteria, Salaminian, wooed by Cimon,
II. 416

Asteropus, ephor, first to extend
power of office, x. 70

Astronomy, Anaxagoras’ account of
heavenly bodies, Iv. 262; Vv. 12;
more exact science in Plutarch’s
time, II. 274. See also “* Meteor.”’

GENERAL INDEX TO ALL THE ‘LIVES’

Astura, place of Cicero’s on sea-coast,
VII. 202
Astyochus, admiral opposed to
Athenians, Iv. 70 f.
Astypaleia, Cleomedes of, see ‘* Cleo-
medes of Astypaleia.”’
Astyphilus of Posidonia, interprets
Cimon’s dream, II. 460
Asylum, God of, 1. 114
Ateius, tribune of plebs, tries to keep
Crassus from leaving city on
Parthian expedition, III. 362
Ateius, M., first of Sulla’s men to
mount wall of Athens, Iv. 368
Athamania, in Greece, traversed by
Caesar, V. 286
Athamanians, plundered by Mace-
donians, X. 364
Athanis, cited, VI. 318, 350
Athena, temple of, at Athens, I. 430;
patroness of Athens, II. 28, Iv. 8;
Il. 28, 30; by showing olive-tree,
won against Poseidon, II. 54; her
temple at Plataea restored, 276;
502; statue of her by Pheidias,
iI. 40, 44, 88 £.; Plynteria of, when
celebrated, IV. 98; 368; Ix. 54; her
precinct at Belbina commands
entrance into Laconia, xX. 56
Athena of the Brazen House, X. 26, 36
Athena Hygieia, statue of her set up
by Pericles, 111. 44
Athena Itonis (Itonia), temple of,
Vv. 50, Ix. 432
fr Optilitis, given temple by
Lycurgus, I. 236
Athena Syllania, 1. 220
Athenians—Rites, customs, etc.;
rites in memory of Salamis taken
by Solon, 1. 426; bury dead facing
west, 428: fond of euphemisms,
442; great enemies of wolves, 468;
oath of young warriors, IV. 38;
Adonia festival, 48; rites on
March Ist in memory of deluge, 372
Laws, etc.: laws re idleness, I.
280, 450, 464, 494; archons at first
chosen by lot, Il. 26; ostracism,
Ii. 234, 111. 246 6 law re citizen-
ship, 106 f.; law re divorce, Iv. 20
Tribes named from occupations,
I. 468; taught Greeks to sow grain
and kindle fire, 11. 434; pay tribute
to Minos, I. 28; assembled into one
city by Theseus, 50f.; divided

into three classes, 54: attacked by
Megarians, and lose Nisaea and
Salamis, 432; Hill-men, Plain-men,
and Shore-men dispute re form of
government, 434; debts cancelled
by Solon, 442; A. given laws by
Solon, 448f.; made subject to
Peisistratus, 488 f.

Burn Sardis, fight at Marathon,
Il. 224f.; fight at Salamis, 40f.,
236f.; tempted by Xerxes to
cease struggle, 240; fight at
Plataea, 248f.; fortify city, 52 f.;
win allies from Spartans through
Aristides, 282f.; send aid to
Corcyra against Corinth, III. 82;
besiege Potidaea, 84; attacked by
Spartans under Archidamus, 94;
afflicted by pestilence, 98; make
peace with Spartans through Nicias,
236; enter on Sicilian expedition,
250f., Iv. 44f.; suffer disaster in
Sicily, 111. 302 f.; Alcibiades begins
to help Athenians again, IV. 70;
defeated by Lysander at Aegos-
potami, and forced to surrender
their city, 106f., 264f.; accept
Lysander’s terms, 270; ruled by
Thirty Tyrants, 274; expel the
Thirty, 290; grateful to Thebans
for help, v. 354

Embroiled with Sparta through
Pelopidas, 372; aroused by Demos-
thenes to unite with Thebans
against Philip, vII. 42; defeated
(at Chaeroneia) by Philip, 46;
asked by Alexander to surrender
Demosthenes and certain others,
56; placate Alexander through
Phocion, VIII. 182; besiege Anti-
pater in Lamia, v1.66; threatened
by Antipater’s army, VIII. 202;
accept his terms, 204, 11. 140; turn
against Phocion, VIII. 220;
governed for Demetrius the Phaler-
ean for Cassander, Ix. 18; freed
by Demetrius Poliorcetes, 20;
highly honour Demetrius, 24f.;
freed from Cassander’s siege by
Demetrius, 52; revolt from Deme-
trius, and are besieged by him,
114; assisted by Aratus in regaining
freedom, XI. 78; send Carneades
and Diogenes to Kome to beg
cancellation of fine of 500 talents,

343

GENERAL INDEX TO ALL THE ‘LIVES’

11.368; besieged by Sulla, Iv. 360 f.;
their city captured, 368f.;
especially loved Octavia, Ix. 266
Athenodorus (1) of Imbros, released
from prison by Alexander at
Phocion’s request, VIII. 186
Athenodorus (2), actor, fined by
Athenians, when Alexander pays

fine, VII. 308
Athenodorus (3) Cordylion, Stoic
philosopher, at Pergamum, won

over by Cato the Younger, VIII.
256, 268

Athenodorus (4), Sandon’s son, wrote
book, addressed to Octavia, I.
548

Athenophanes, Athenian, makes
experiment with naphtha, VII. 328

Athens, made metropolis by Theseus,
I. 4, 52; had perpetual fire, that
went out in tyranny of Aristion,
338; very poor in time of 2nd
Persian war, Il. 242; fortified under
Themistocles, 11. 52; beautified by
Cimon, 446; adorned by Pericles,
III. 34; enriched with holidays and
public festivals by Pericles, 198;
down to time of Oaesars greatly
outshone Rome in great public
works, temples, etc., I11.204; taken
by Lysander, who tore down long
walls, Iv. 108, 270; her walls
rebuilt by money from Pharnabazus,
Vv. 62; spared by Alexander, VII.
256; entered by Pyrrhus, 1x. 378;
captured by Sulla, Iv. 344, 370;
visited by Cato the Elder, 11. 336;
given 50 talents by Pompey, V. 224;
visited by Cicero, VII.88; welcomes
Brutus, VI. 176

Athletic training, III. 174, X. 260, X1.6

Athos, mountain, to be made into
statue of Alexander, VII. 426

Atilia, Serranus’ daughter, Cato’s
wife, divorced for unseemly conduct,
VIII. 28, 250, 254

Atilius (M. Atilius Regulus), 11. 386

Atilius, M., consul with T. Manlius,
when temple of Janus was closed,
1. 372

Atilius Vergilio, overthrows Galba’s
statue, XI. 264

Atillius, friend of Brutus, V1. 212

Atiso river, bridged by Lutatius
Catulus, Ix. 524; 526

344

Atlantic Islands, called Islands of the
Blest, described, VIII. 20
Atlantic Ocean, V. 214, VII. 498, VIII.

20
Atlantis, the lost, story of, heard from
Egyptian priests by Solon, who
tried to put it in poetry, I. 476, 494;
stor of, left unfinished by Plato,
96

Atlas, reputed father of Pasiphaé, x.
20

Atossa, daughter of Artaxerxes,
married by him, XI. 182, 194;
urges Ochus to remove his rivals,
200

Atreus, part of, acted by Aesop,
VII. 94

Atridae, II. 424

Atropatena, ravaged by Antony,
IX. 222
Atropateni, routed by Lucullus,
II. 574

Attaleia, city in Pamphylia, v. 312

Attalus (1), uncle of Cleopatra, wife
of Philip, VII. 246; offends
Pausanias, 250; 382

Attalus (2), king, supports Flamininus’
appeal to Thebans, dies of stroke,
X. 338, 11.140, 1x. 274

Attalus (3) Philometer, grew poisonous
plants, Ix. 46; made Roman
people his heir, x. 176

Attia (Atia), daughter of Caesar’s
sister, mother of young Caesar,
VII. 196, Ix. 206

“ Attic History,’’ by Ister, 1. 78

Attica, mostly unfruitful and worth-
less; manufacturing encouraged by
Solon, I. 464, 468; invaded by
Mardonius, II. 242; often invaded
by Spartans, I. 74; invaded by
Archidamus, III. 94; invaded
by Sphodrias at night, Vv. 374;
freed from Cassander, Ix. 52;
invaded by Aratus, XI. 54

Atticus, gets letter from Brutus,
VI. 190

Atticus, Julius, praetorian, claims
to have slain Otho, x1. 262

Attis, two of the name, one a Syrian,
the other an Arcadian; both killed
by wild boar, VIII. 2; story of,
among Phrygians resembles that
about Numa and Hgeria, I. 316

Attius, Tullus, see ‘‘ Tullus Attius.’’

GENERAL INDEX TO

Attius Varus, made governor of
Libya by Pompey, with Scipio
and Juba after Pharsalus, VIII. 372

Aixpav Avots, possibly connected
with “ ancile.”’

Aufidius, in conspiracy against
Sertorius, VIII. 68, 74

Aufidus, river in Italy, 111. 160

Augur, defined, Vv. 438, VI. 360;
Cicero augur in place of younger
Crassus, VII. 172; Antony with
help of Curio, rx. 148; Ti. Gracchus,
x. 150

August, month originally called Sex-
tilis, I. 370, Ix. 534

Augustus Caesar (Octavius), son of
Octavius and Attia, made heir and
adopted son in Caesar’s will, VII.
196, Ix. 162, 206; quarrelling with
Antony about inheritance, he
supports Cicero, VI. 174, VII. 194,
Ix. 170f.; fights at Mutina, VI.
184, vil. 198; becomes consul,
forms triumvirate with Antony
and Lepidus, VI. 186, VII. 200, 600,
Ix. 178; indicts Brutus and Cassius
for murder, VI. 184;. marries
Clodia, Fulvia’s daughter, Ix. 180;
with Antony wars on Brutus and
Cassius in Macedonia, VI. 208 f.,
vii. 606, IX. 182f.; after Philippi
returnsillto Rome, 184; reconciled
to Antony, divides empire with
him and Lepidus, 202f.; makes
peace with Sextus Pompeius, 206;
renews peace with Antony at
Tarentum, 214f.; makes war on
Pompeius, 216, 262; finds cause
of complaint in Antony, 256, 260 f.;
disturbed by Antony’s preparations
and unrest in Italy, 268; reads
Antony’s will, 270; has war
declared, 272; crosses Ionian sea
and occupies Torune in Epeirus,
278; wins at Actium, 284f.; after
receiving surrender of Antony’s
land forces, makes settlement with
Greeks, 292f.; offers to spare
Cleopatra, recalled to Italy, 304;
next year takes Pelusium, defeats
Antony, 306 f.; learns of Antony’s
death, 314; enters Alexandria,
316; executes Antyllus, Antony’s
son, 318; interviews Cleopatra,
320f.; orders Oleopatra buried

VOL, XI,

ALL THE ‘LIVES’

with Antony, 330; becomes consul
with Cicero’s son as colleague,
VII. 208; has doors of Janus’
temple closed, I. 372
His Memoirs, addressed to
Agrippa and Maecenas, cited, Vv.
520, VI. 184, 218, VII. 214, rx. 182,
292
Sayings: VI. 256, VII. 208, rx. 318

Aulis, where Agesilaitis is hindered
in sacrifice, IV. 308, Vv. 14 f.

Aurelia, J., Caesar’s mother, VII.
152, 462

Aurelius, C., effects reconciliation
of Pompey and Crassus, Vv. 170,
III. 350

Aurelius, Q., slain in Sulla’s pro-
scription, IV. 428

Autocleides, his ‘‘ Exegetics’’ cited,
IIT. 292

Autoleon, king of Paeonians, Ix. 368

Autolycus (1), founder of Sinope,
etc., 11.542 f.

Autolycus (2), athlete, executed by
the Thirty, Iv. 274

Automatia, worshipped by Timoleon,
VI. 346

Auximum, Pompey levies troops
from there, V. 128

Aventine hill, 1. 154, 164, 358, x. 230

Avillius, later name of Aollius, 1. 130

Axiochus, Aspasia’s father, 111. 68

Axius river, Ix. 104

Axius, suspected father of Crassus’
son, VII. 144

“Afoves, wooden tablets on which
Solon’s laws were written, I. 472

Babyca, in Plutarch’s time called
Cheimarrus; a bridge according to
Aristotle, I. 222; Vv. 382

Babylon, visited by Alexander, VII.
426; Vil. 84; XI. 140

Babylonia, sea of, 11. 554; has fiery
soil, III. 332; submits to Alexander,
VII. 328; invaded by Demetrius,
x16

‘“* Bacchae,”’ of Euripides, sung before
Hyrodes, lI. 420

Bacchiadae, fled from Corinth to
Lacedaemon, IV. 234

Bacchides, eunuch of Mithridates,
II. 524

Bacchus, see “* Dionysus.”

mM 345

GENERAL INDEX TO ALL THE ‘LIVES’

“«Bacchylides,”’ Frag. 29 (Jebb, Bacch.
p. 423), I. 320

Bachelors, Thales of Miletus one,
I. 416; penalized by Lycurgus,
248; forced by Camillus to marry
widows, II. 96

Bactria, 111. 360, 434

Bactrian cavalry, attack Macedonians,
vil. 320

Baculus, from Baxrypia, is @ rod in
lictor’s bundle, I. 172

Baebius, M., consul with P. Cornelius
about 400 years after Nuna, I. 380

Baetica, named from river Baetis,
VIII. 20; governed by Fufidius, 30

Baetis river, II. 330; empties into
Atlantic, VIII.20; 30

Bagoas, had house at Susa, VII. 342

Bagoas, favourite of Alexander, VII.
412

Baiae, had warm baths, Ix. 554

Balbus, sent by Sulla, attacks
Telesinus, IV. 418

Balbus, Cornelius, flatterer of Caesar,
VII. 582

Balbus, Postumius, son-in-law of
Publicola, I. 560

Balissus, stream crossed by Crassus’
army, III. 384

Balte, nymph, reputed mother of
Epimenides of Phaestus, I. 432

Bambyce, earlier name of Hierapolis,
Ix. 220

Bandius, see ‘‘ Bantius.”’

Bantia, Italian city, v. 514

Bantius, Lucius, won to Romans
by Marcellus, Vv. 458

Barbius, supports Otho, xT. 258

Barca (1), saying re Hannibal, III.
168

Barca (2), invites Oato and Munatius
to supper, VIII. 326

Bardyaei, slave bodyguard of Marius,
Ix. 584, 590

Bardyllis, marries daughter Bircenna
to Pyrrhus, 1x. 368

Bargylia, city freed by Lentulus,
X. 354

Barsine (1), Artabazus’ daughter,
taken as mistress by Alexander,
VII. 284, VIII. 80

Barsine (2), Artabazus’ daughter,
given by Alexander to Eumenes,
vit. 80

Basilica (Pauli Aemilii), built by

346

(Lucius Aemilius) Paulus, VII. 514,
XI. 264

Basilica Porcia, erected in forum
by Cato the Elder, 11. 356; tribunes
of plebs transacted business there,
VIII. 246

Basillus, L., sent by Sulla to seize
city-gate of Rome, IV. 354

Bastarnae, see “‘ Bisternae.’’

Bataces, priest of Great Mother at
Pessinus, IX. 508

Batalus, nickname of Demosthenes,
vir. 10

Bathycles, left beaker at Delphi, 1. 414

Baton, of Sinope, cited, X. 34

Bean, white, its use, III. 76

Bedriacum, Otho’s soldiers there,
XI. 300, 306

Bedricum (Bedriacum), little village
near Cremona, XI. 294

Bees, bred in putrefying oxen, X. 140

Beetles, bred in putrefying oxen, X.
140

Belaeus, furnishes ship for Marius’
flight, Ix. 574

Belbina, had pretinct of Athena, X. 56

Belgae, V. 246; occupied one third
of Gaul; utterly defeated by Caesar,
vil. 490 f.

Belitaras, said to have given poison
to Statira, x1. 170

Bellinus, Roman praetor, taken by
pirates, V. 176

Bellona, temple of, IV. 348, 424, VII.
112

Beluris, secretary, XI. 180

Belus, temple of, at Susa, VII. 274

Beneventum, Pyrrhus defeated near
it by M’. Curius, Ix. 426

Bequest, Cicero received one of
90,000 denarii, VII. 100

Berenice (1), Ptolemy’s wife, Anti-
gone’s mother; courted by Pyrrhus,
IX. 354

Berenice (2) of Chios, Mithridates’
wife, strangled, II. 526

Berenicis, city on peninsula of
Epeirus, built by Pyrrhus, Ix. 360

Beroea, taken by Pyrrhus, Ix. 110,
374; Pompey’s headquarters, V. 280)

Berytus, city of Phoenicia, Ix. 254

Bessus, seizes Dareius, VII. 248;
executed by Alexander, 252

Bestia, failed against Jugurtha, Lx.
482

GENERAL INDEX TO ALL THE ‘LIVES’

Bestia (L. Calpurnius), opposes Cicero,
vir. 138

Beverage, water used by Cato the
Elder on campaigns, II. 306

Bias, declined golden tripod, I. 412

Bibulus, L. Calpurnius (1), husband
of Porcia, by whom he had two
sons, VIII. 292 f.; as consul opposes
Oaesar’s measures, 310, V. 236;
overawed by Caesar’s supporters,
238, VIII. 312; remained at home
for last eight months of his consul-
ship, V. 240, Vit. 474; proposes
Pompey be made sole consul, V.
528, VIII. 350; made admiral by
a de 366; wages war on

jo |

rs

Bibulus, L. Calpurnius (2), Porcia’s
son, tells of incident in his mother’s
life, VI. 152, 176

Bibulus, Publicius, tribune of plebs,
denounces Marcellus, V. 510.

Billeting, Sulla billets soldiers on
people of Asia, IV. 406

Biot mapdddnr, of Plutarch,
mentioned, I. 2

Bion, cited re Amazons, I. 58

Bircenna, Bardyllis’ daughter, married
to Pyrrhus, Ix. 368

Bisaltae, Thracian people to whom
Pyrrhus sent 1000 settlers, III. 34

Bisanthe, in Thrace, Iv. 106

Bisternae, Gallic people along Danube,
stirred up by Pyrrhus, VI. 376;
send 20,000 men to aid Pyrrhus;
on account of his stinginess they
return, 382

Bithynia, Iv. 80; surrenders to
Alcibiades property of Chal-
cedonians, 86, I. 326; ruled by

- Prusias, X. 378; conquered by
Mithridates, IV. 358; 398; II. 490;
invaded by Mithridates, 492; 502;
510; vill. 66; held by Glabrio,
given to Pompey by the Manilian
law, V.190; occupied by Pharnaces,
Vil. 560; decreed province of
Cimber, VI. 168

Bithys, general of Demetrius IL,
defeats Aratus at Phylacia, x1. 76

Bito, named by Solon as happy man,
I. 480

Blossius of OCumae, philosopher,
friend of Antipater of Tarsus, said

to have incited Ti. Gracchus to

agrarian reform, xX. 162, 186;
pardoned, joined Aristonicus in
Asia, committed suicide, 192

Bocchoris, his judgment in case of
Thonis, Ix. 66

Bocchus (1), king of Numidia, won
over by Sulla, ‘surrenders J ugurtha
to Romans, IV. 328, 332, Ix. 484;
called ally of Roman people, and
set up trophies on Capitol, Iv. 336,
TX, 552

Bocchus (2), king of Libya, supports
Antony, Ix. 276

Boedromia, Athenian celebration, 1. 62

Boedromion, Athenian month, I. 62,
11.138, 140, 274, VII. 68

Boeorix, challenges Marius to set
place and day for battle, rx. 530

Boeotarchs, laws re their laying down
command, Vv. 396 f.; Vir. 44

Boeotia, settled by Opheltas and his
subjects, 11. 404; at Ceressus con-
quered Lattamyas and Thessalians,
138; formed terminus of medising
part of Greece, 18; traversed by
Xerxes, 234; 240: gave divine
honours to Eucleia, 278; Ill. 56;
invaded by Tolmides, 58; ” defeated
Athens at Coroneia, III. "58, Iv. 2,
y, 50; IV. 292; displeased by Peace

f Nicias, Ill. 240; allied with

Soiree Ill. 242, Iv. 32; defeated
Athenians, 11. 284; Iv. 90; favoured
Athenian refugees, ' 308; magistrates
stop sacrifice of Agesilaiis at Aulis,
Iv. 308, V. 16; often invaded by
Agesilaiis, 2 244, vy. 46, 72; invaded
by Cleombrotus, Vv. 66, 372; had
territorial dispute with Athenians,
vill. 164; defeated by Athenians
under Leosthenes, 196; allied with
Demetrius, IX. 52; restless under
Demetrius, 96f.; defeated at
Chaeroneia by Aetolians, xI. 34;
besieged Megara, x. 286; joined
Romans, 338; scene of fighting
between Sulla and generals of
Mithridates, IX. 578; occupied
by Dorylaiis, Iv. 390; 11. 494

Boii, northern people, I. 142

Bola, Latin city, taken by Volscians
under Coriolanus, IV. 186

Bona Dea, who she was; how
worshipped, VII. 128, 152, 462

Bononia, meeting of Octavianns,

347

GENERAL INDEX TO ALL THE ‘LIVES’

Antony, and Lepidus near it,
VII. 200

Borysthenis, Sphaerus of, X. 52

Bosporus, held by son of Mithridates,
IV. 358; Vv. 196; controlled by
Mithridates, 214

Bosporus, possible route of Amazons,
1.60; V. 206

“ Bottiaea, constitution of,’’ by
Aristotle, I. 30

Bottiaeans of Thrace, descendants of
first-born of Cretans, once sent to
Delphi, 1. 30

Boukatios, first month of Theban year,
Vv. 398

Boulimia, a disease, theory as to its
cause, VI. 180

Boys, Roman, how educated, I. 396

Boys, Spartan, how educated, I. 254 f.,
396

Brachyllas, Theban, X. 336

Brasidas, son of Argileonis, I. 282;
honoured by Chalcidians, 298;
slain at Amphipolis, IIT. 236; IV.
234; 280

Brauron, place in Attica where son
of Ajax resided, I. 428

Brazen House, see ‘* Athena of,”
and XaAkiotkos.

Brennus, king of Gauls, recognizing
Q. Ambustus, stops battle, and
marches against Rome, II. 132;
enters Rome by Colline gate, 146;
surrounds Capitol with a guard,
148; agrees to leave country on
payment of 1000 gold lbs., 164;
defeated by Camillus, 166f.;
quoted at length, 130; 158; says
** vae victis,’’ 164

Bribery, in elections at Rome began
long after time of Coriolanus, at
Athens Anytus first to bribe jurors,
Iv. 150; Demosthenes bribed,
VII. 30; XI. 242

Pride, Roman, had hair parted with
spear, I. 134

Bridge over Tiber, details concerning,
I. 336

Briges, Brutus’ name for his camp
servants, VI. 226

Britanni, Caesar’s expedition against
them, V. 246, VII. 498

Britomartus, king of Gauls, slain
by Claudius Marcellus, I. 138, V.
450

348

Brixillum, Italian town on the Po,
XI. 298

Bronze-shields, in Perseus’
at Pydna, VI. 402; Iv. 888

Brundisium, II. 342, Iv. 408; occupied
by Pompey, V. 278; 284; vir. 164;
180; 186; Ix. 214; station of
Octavius’ fleet, Ix. 278

Bruttians, attacked by ‘Thurians,
VI. 298; slay disgraced mercenaries
of Timoleon, 332; III. 182; put to
the sword by Fabius, 184

Bruttius Sura, defeats Archelatis
thrice at Chaeroneia, Iv. 360

Brutus (1), a steward, ancestor of
M. Brutus according to some,
VI. 126

Brutus (2), son of the tyrannicide,
VI. 154

Brutus, Junius, leader in secession
of plebs, one of first tribunes,
Iv. 130

Brutus, D. Junius (Gallaecus), tri-
umphed over Lusitanians, x. 194

Brutus Albinus, D. Junius, friend of
Caesar, IX. 162; joins conspiracy
to murder Oaesar, VI. 150, VII.592f.;
596; given province of Cisalpine
care VI. 168; his death avenged,

6

Brutus, L. Junius, assisted by Publi-
cola, drove out kings, I. 504f.,
vil. 584; 1. 506; his sons plot to
restore Tarquins, 508; has his sons
executed, 514; slays Aruns in
battle, and is slain by him, 522;
ancestor of Brutus, the tyrannicide,
vi. 126,144; quoted, 1.514

Brutus, M. Junius (1), praetor, sent to
forbid Sulla advancing, Iv. 350

Brutus, M. Junius (2), defeated by
Pompey, V. 128f.; father of the
tyrannicide; holds Cisalpine Gaul
for Lepidus, surrenders to Pompey
at Mutina, executed by Geminius,
152 f.

Brutus, M. Junius (3), his lineage,
VI. 126 f.; studied philosophy and
rhetoric, 2 f., 128 f.; sent to Cyprus
with Cato, his uncle, 130, VIII. 322;
joins Pompey’s party VI. 132 f., v.
282; pardoned by Caesar after
Pharsalus, VI. 136, VII. 552; put
in charge of Cisalpine Gaul by
Caesar, VI. 138; made praetor,

army

GENERAL INDEX TO ALL THE ‘LIVES’

140, vil. 574; led to conspire
against Caesar, Vi. 144f.; lets
Porcia, his wife, into the secret,
152f.; helps murder Caesar, 162,
VII. 188, 598f., Ix. 164; has
Antony spared, VI. 164, Ix. 166;
addresses the people, VI. 166, VI.
600; withdraws from Rome, 604,
VI. 172, Ix. 170; rebukes Cicero
for supporting Octavius, 174, VII.
196, 220; sails for Athens, VI.
176; convicted of murder of Caesar,
184; meets Cassius at Smyrna,
188; exacts money of the Lycians,
192f.; quarrels with Cassius at
Sardis, 200 f.; sees a phantom at
night, 204, VII. 606; defeats
Octavius at Philippi, VI. 218f.,
Vil. 606, Ix. 182; learns of defeat
and death of Cassius, VI. 224;
fights again, VI. 234f.; slays
himself, 244, VII. 608; statue of
him at Milan, VI. 256.
See also V. 154, Vil. 190, 586,
Vii. 410, Ix. 168
Sayings and letters: VI. 130,

146, 148, 174, 176, 178, 204, 206,
214 'f., 224, 228, 242, 244

Brutus, T. Junius, son of M. J. Brutus
and Vitellia, plots to restore
Tarquins, I. 508f.; executed by
his father’s order, 514

Brutus, Ti. Junius, son of M. J. Brutus
and Vitellia, plots to restore
Tarquins, I. 508 f.; executed by his
father’s order, 514

** Brutus,’’ account of Caesar’s murder
by Empylus, VI. 128 f.

Bubulcus, Roman surname, I. 532

Bucephalas, horse tamed by Alex-
ander, VII. 236, 322, 352, 398

Bucephalia, city on banks of Hydaspes
built by Alexander in memory of
Bucephalas, VII. 398

Bulla, its meaning and use, I. 152,
VIII. 38

Busiris, sacrificed by Hercules, I. 22

Butas, Cato the Younger’s chief agent
in public matters, VIII. 404; wrote
in elegiac verse expianations of
Roman customs, I. 158

Butes, Persian general, sets fire to
Eion in Thrace, killing himself,
II, 422

Buthrotum, town in Epirus, V1. 182

Bylilis, town in Hlyrium, Vi. 182

Byzantium, Il. 56, 288; freed of
Pausanias by the allies, 11. 420 f.;
Athenians capture Persians there,
430; revolts from Athens, retaken
by Alcibiades, Iv. 88f.; attacked
by Philip, saved by Athenians,
Vil. 40, 244, VIII. 174; governed by
Cato, VII. 170, VIII. 318; VII. 142

Cabeiri, gods in Samothrace, Vv. 520

Cabira, II. 512; Mithridates makes
stand there, 514; taken by
Lucullus, 524

Cadmeia (1), sister of Neoptolemus,
IX. 358

Oadmeia (2), citadel, I. 66; seized by
Phoebidas in time of peace, V. 64;
382; VII. 254

Cadmus, given cow as guide by Apollo,
Vi

eee attacked by Artaxerxes,

184

Caecias, a Spanish wind from north,
viit. 44

Caecilia (1), daughter of Metellus, the
pontifex maximus, wife of Sulla,
Iv. 342

Caecilia (2), mother of Lucullus, I1. 470

Caecilius, wished to denounce Verres,
VII. 98

Caecilius (Calactinus), made com-
parison of Demosthenes and Cicero,
VII. 6

Caecilius Metellus, see
Caecilius.””

Caecina, Vitellius’ general, occupying
Alps, XI. 286; repulsed from
Placentia, 290; defeated before
Cremona, 292; defeats Otho’s
men, 300 f.

Caecus, Roman name, IV. 144

Caedicius, M., reports hearing super-
natural voice, II. 126, 168

Caelius, orator, VII.174; defended by
Cicero, 212

Caeninenses, Sabine people, defeated
and settled at Rome by Romulus,
I. 136

Caenum, fortress of Mithridates, Vv. 212

Caepio (Servilius), engaged to Julia;
losing her, promised Pompey’s
daughter, V. 238, vil. 474

Caepio, Q. Servilius (1), defeated by

349

** Metellus,

GENERAL INDEX TO ALL THE ‘LIVES’

Cimbri, 11. 140, 560, VIII. 6, Ix. 504,
512

Caepio, Q. Servilius (2), beloved
brother of Cato the Younger, VIII.
236, 238, 244; military tribune in
Servile war, 252; died at Aenus
in Thrace, 258

Caesar, exchanges words with Sulla,
IV. 334

Oaesar, C. Julius (1) in danger from
Sulla, vII. 442; captured by pirates,
444; studies under Apollonius at
Rhodes, 446; wins popularity as an
advocate at Rome, 448; elected
military tribune, 450; went to
Spain as quaestor under Vetus, a
praetor, 452; revives party of
Marius, 454; elected pontifex maxi-
mus, 456; suspected of being
implicated in Catiline’s conspiracy,
458; divorces Pompeia, 462 f.;
receives Spain as province, has to
borrow from Crassus, 466 f.; elected
consul, 472; gets many popular
laws passed in spite of opposition
of his colleague Bibulus, 472 f.;
betroths his daughter Julia to
Pompey, 474; subdues Gaul, 476 f.;
meeting Pompey, Crassus and
others at Luca, arranges to have
his command in Gaul continued
for five more years, 494; repels
German invasion, and invades
Germany, 496f.; invades Britain,
498; loses by death his daughter
Julia, Pompey’s wife, 500; sup-
presses revolt of Gaul, 502 f.; takes
Alesia, 506 f.

Becomes estranged from Pompey,
510; is not allowed to stand for
consulship in his absence, 512 f.;
invades Italy, 520f.; is deserted
by Labienus, 526; enters Rome,
528; overcomes Afraniusand Varro,
Pompey’s legates in Spain, 530;
crosses to Greece, 532 f.; defeated
by Pompey, 536; defeats Pompey
at Pharsalus, 546f.; reaches
Alexandria just after Pompey’s
death, 554; wages war in Egypt,
556 f.; defeats Pharnaces at Zela,
560; returns to Rome, 6562;
defeats Pompeians at Thapsus,
566; celebrates an Egyptian, a
Pontic, and an African triumph,

35°

570; defeats Pompey’s sons at
Munda, 572; appointed dictator
for life, 574; by clemency tries to
disarm opposition, 574f.; plants
colonies of veterans at Oarthage
and Corinth, 576; plans new
enterprises, 576 f.; adjusts calendar,
578; arouses hatred by desire to
be king, 580f.; refuses diadem
offered by Antony, 584; is con-
spired against by Brutus, Cassius,
and others, 586f.; assassinated,
596; his body burned in forum, 602 ;
56 years old at death, 604

See also Ill. 334, 354, 356, 360,
390, 434, Vv. 178, 232, 236, 238, 240,
248, 264, 268, 272, 276 f., 280, 284,
292, 324, VI. 132, 134, 136, 138 f.,
150, 162, 168, 180, vir. 132 f., 138,
146, 152, 156, 158, 176, 178 f., 186,
188, 194, 196, VIII. 288, 296f.,
310 f., 316, 332, 346, 354, 358 f.,
et 378, 408, Ix. 148, 150 f., 160 f.,

By ee mentioned, VII. 556,

His speeches and poems, YII.
444

Anti-Oato, VII. 182, 446, 568,
VIII. 324, 362, 366
Commentaries, VII. 496
Unnamed works, V. 280, 296, 524
Sayings: III. 332, Vv. 272, VI.
138, 140, 142, VII. 182, 456, 466,
468, 476, 486, 522, 530, 534, 538,
548, 552, 566, 568, 588, 590, 598
Caesar, OC. Julius (2), his relations
with Nymphidia, XI. 224; puts
T. Vinius in prison, 228; son of
Germanicus, killed, IX. 832. See
also I. 140, 154
Caesar, Claudius, punishes Vinius
mildly for theft, xI. 228
Caesar, Lucius (1), kinsman of the
great Caesar, VIII. 396
Caesar, Lucius (2), Antony’s ancle,
given up to Octavius, VII. 200, Ix.
178; rescued by his sister, 180
Caesarion, son of Caesar and Cleo-
patra, VII. 560, Ix. 260, 300;
executed by Octavius, 320
eat Cicero had lands there, VII.
4
Caius, foster brother of Mithridates,
V. 224

GENERAL INDEX TO ALL THE ‘LIVES’

“* Caius,’’ name called out at sacrifice
to Romulus, I. 184

Calanus, gymnosophist, meets Alex-
ander and Onesicritus, VII. 244,
408; has himself burned on funeral
pyre, 416

Calauria (1), has temple of Poseidon,
Vv. 174, VII. 70, 76; scene of Demos-
thenes’ death, VIII. 210

Calauria (2), place in Sicily, VI. 336

“Cale,”? Indian word of salutation,
ViI. 408

Calendar, renaming and numbering
of days of month by Solon, I. 474;
adjusted by Numa, 366; adjusted
by Caesar, VII. 578; I1. 274

Calends, Roman name for Ist day of
month, XI. 252; of March, very
nearly same as Ist of Anthesterion,
Iv. 370; Vil. 84

Calenus, took Megara, VI. 142; held
15 cohorts for Caesar at Athens
and Megara, VII. 544

Callaeci, in Spain, conquered by
Caesar, VII. 468

Callaeschrus, father of Critias, IV. 96

Calliades, Athenian, defeated by
Chalcidians in Thrace, III. 226

Callias (1), the Torchbearer, steals
gold at Marathon, Il. 226; when
prosecuted, helped by Aristides,
his kinsman, II. 290; ambassador
to Persian king, honoured by
Athenians, 446

Callias (2), the Rich, son of Hippo-
nicus, III. 70; said to have married
Elpinice, I1. 414; said to have
given Hipparete to Alcibiades as
wife, IV. 20

Callias (3), the Syracusan, said by
Ctesibius to have given Demos-
thenes the rhetorical systems of
Isocrates and Alcidamas, VII. 12

Callibius, made harmost at Athens
by Lysander, IV. 274

Callicles, son of Arrhenides, VII. 62

Callicles, money-lender at Athens,

VIII. 162
Spartan, slain at

Callicrates (1),
Plataea, IT. 266

Callicrates (2), with Ictinus architect
of Parthenon, III. 40

Callicrates (3), Syracusan, slain by
Lamachus, III. 270

Callicrates (4), descendant of Anti-

ces contemporary of Plutarch,
v.

Callicratidas, succeeds Lysander in
Asia, rebuffed by Cyrus, Iv. 244;
defeated in sea-fight at Arginusae,
248; I. 298, XI. 178

a hill at Thermopylae, II.

Callimachus (1), rivalled Aristides for
2nd place at Plataea, II. 386

Callimachus (2), prolongs defence of
Amisus, II. 528; defender of
Nisibis, taken by Lucullus, 578

Callimachus (3), of Alexandria, cited,
Ill. 246, Iv. 444, VII. 378

Callimedon, Athenian orator, joins
party of Antipater, VII. 66; op-
poses Phocion, VIII. 206; flees
from Athens, 220; condemned in
absentia by Athenians, 228

** Callinicus,’’ a cognomen or epithet,
IV. 142, 1x. 464

Calliphon, exile, begs Sulla to spare
Athens, Iv. 370

Callipides, tragic actor, rebuffed by
Agesilatis, V. 58; Iv. 92

Calippus, host of Dion in Athens,
VI. 323; accompanies Dion to
Sicily, 60, 118; slew Dion, and
got possession of Syracuse, exe-
cuted by Leptines and Polysper-
chon, III. 260, VI. 114, 286, 462

Callisthenes (1), Athenian orator, his
surrender demanded by Alexander,
Vil. 56

Callisthenes (2), philosopher, relative
of Aristotle; his experience with
Alexander, VII. 252f., Iv. 440;
cited, II. 138, 296, 440, 444, Vv.
46, 380, VII. 302, 322

Callisthenes (3), freedman of Lucul-
lus, II. 608

Callistratus (1), orator, gave Demos-
thenes first notion of becoming
orator, VII. 10; 32

Callistratus (2), *Mithridates’ private
secretary, II. 522

Callistus, Caligula’s freedman, Nym-
phidia’s father, XI. 224

Calpurnia, Piso’s daughter, J. Caesar’s
wife, V. 238, VII. 474; 590; put
most of Caesar’s treasure in charge
of Antony, Ix. 170

Calpurnii, descended from Calpus,
I. 376

351

GENERAL INDEX TO ALL THE ‘LIVES’

Calpurnius Lanarius, murdered Julius
Salinator, VIII. 18

Calpurnius Piso, see ‘‘ Piso, Calpur-
nius.”’

Calpus, son of Numa, ancestor of
OCalpurnii, I. 376

Calvinus, Gnaeus Domitius, consul,
Vv. 256; commanded centre for
Caesar at Pharsalus, V. 294, VII.
546; defeated by Pharnaces, flees
from Pontus, 560

Calvinus, Lucius (should be Gnaeus
Domitius), V. 294

Calvisius (Statianus, O.), companion
of Octavianus, accuses Antony for
treatment of Cleopatra, IX. 270

Oalydonia, ravaged by Aratus, XI. 34

Calydonian boar, slain by Meleager
and Theseus, I. 66

Camarinaeans, join Dion, VI. 58

Cambyses, said to have lost 50,000
men in desert sand, VII. 302

Camels, first seen by Romans at
battle of Rhyndacus according to
Sallust, 11. 504

Cameria, people of, attack Romans,
are defeated; made colony, I. 166

Camerinum, 1000 of its men made
citizens by Marius for bravery,
Ix. 540

‘‘Camillus,’’ meaning of word and
relation to Greek, 1. 330, Ix. 464

Camillus, Furius, the offices he held,
Il. 94; defeats Falerians and
Capenates, 98; appointed dictator,
defeats Faliscans and Capenates,
104; takes Veii, 106; celebrates
splendid triumph, arouses oppo-
sition, 110; besieges Falerii, 116 f.;
arouses opposition by opposing law
for division of city, goes into exile,
122; is fined 15,000 asses in
absentia, 124; leading Ardeans,
defeats band of Gauls, 152; ap-
pointed dictator to drive out
Gauls, 156; routs the Gauls with
slaughter, 166

Opposes moving citizens to Veili,

170; appointed dictator for war
against Aequians, Volscians, and
Latins, 176; utterly defeats Latins
and Volscians, 180; captures city
of Aequians, brings Volscians to
terms, 182; recaptures Sutrium,
184; opposed by Marcus Manlius,

352

made military tribune, 186; helps
in conviction of Manlius, 188;
with Lucius Furius leads an army
against Praenestines and Volscians,
defeats them, 190f.; cows the
Tusculans, 192f.; made dictator
fifth time to fight Gauls, 198;
defeats the Gauls, 200f.; captures
Velitrae, 202; dies of plague, 206.
See also 1. 184, 111. 124
His words quoted, I1. 106, 118
Campania, III. 134; its cities subdued
pene We Maximus, 200; Vil. 94;

Campanians, desert Timocrates and
return home, VI. 58

Campi Philippi, scene of battle where
Brutus and Oassius were defeated,
VI. 210

ae Martius, 11. 196, V. 254, VII.

Camulatus, soldier, deserts Brutus,
VI. 236

Camurius, soldier, said to have slain
Galba, XI. 266

Canethus, father of Sciron, I. 56

Canicius, C., commands part of slaves,
defeated by Crassus, III. 346

Canidius (1), tribune of people,
proposes that Pompey reconcile
Ptolemy to people of Alexandria,
Vv. 244; Cato’s friend, sent to
Cyprus in advance, VIII. 320, 322,
324; sent by Cato to take charge
of Ptolemy’s treasures, and then
discarded, VI. 130

Canidius (2), Antony’s general, con-
quered Armenia, and kings of
Iberians and Albanians, Ix. 214;
234; 264; leads Antony’s land
forces at Actium, IX. 280, 284;
ordered by Antony to retire with
army through Macedonia into Asia,
290; deserts his army by night,
292; 300

Caninius Revilius, consul for one day,
VII. 576

Cannae, battle of, 111. 146, 160, V.
456, 500

Canobie shore, I. 476

Oanobic mouth of Nile, vir. 298

ye 8 city in Egypt, IX. 338, x.

32

Cantharus, harbour of, near Athens,
VIII. 208

GENERAL INDEX TO

Cnnnlels., vestal appointed by Numa,
I. 34

Canus, famous fluter, XI. 238

Canusium, refuge of Roman fugi-
tives from Cannae, V. 456; scene
of battle between Marcellus and
Hannibal, 506

Canutius, Greek actor, VI. 172

Capaneus, character in play of
Euripides, v. 346

Capenates, defeated by Camillus, II.
98, 104, 130

Caphis, Phocian, sent by Sulla to get
treasures of Delphi, IV. 362; leads
Hortensius and army safely to
Sulla, 374

Conbigad (1), Aratus’ friend, XI.
12

Caphisias (2), famous fluter, Ix. 366

Caphyae, seized by Aratus, X. 58;
scene of Aratus’ defeat by Aeto-
lians, XI. 108

Capito, Fonteius, sent to bring
Cleopatra to Syria, ix. 216

Capitol, fortress of early Rome,
guarded by Tarpeius, betrayed to
Sabines by Tarpeia, I. 140; 170;
fortified by Romans against Gauls,
350, II. 142, 111. 168; I. 536; re-
ceived from Tarentum colossal
statue of Heracles, had equestrian
statue of Fabius Maximus in
bronze, III. 184; burned in Sulla’s
time, IV. 412

Capitoline Hill, called Tarpeius for a
time, I. 144, 328; steepest at
Carmental gate, II. 156; scaled by
Gauls, but saved by sacred geese,
160

Capitolinus (C. Scantilius), colleague
of Marcellus in aedileship, V. 438

Capitolinus, Q., made dictator, casts
Manlius into prison, II. 186

Cappadocia, subdued by Alexander,
VII. 272; assigned to Eumenes,
VIII. 84; governed by Eumenes,
86; visited by Marius, Ix. 548;
Sulla sent there, IV. 334; conquered
by Mithridates, 358; 398; II. 486;
Vill. 66; ravaged by Tigranes,
II. 586; robbed and plundered by
Lucullus, Ill. 370; added to
Pompey’s sway by Manilian law,
Vv. 190; trumphed over by Pom-
pey, V. 230, VII. 172; occupied by

ALL THE ‘LIVES’

Pharnaces, 560; ruled by Arche-
laiis, IX. 276

Cappadocians, II. 514; some trans-
planted to Tigranocerta, 552

“* Caprarius,’’ derived from ‘‘ capra,’’
I. 532

Capratine Nones, see ‘‘ Nones Capra-
tine.”’

Capua, went over to Hannibal, III.
168; reduced by fFulvius and
Appius,. 200; X. 214; Norbanus
shut up there by Sulla, Iv. 412

*‘Carabus,’’ surname of Callimedon,
VIII. 206

Caranus, ancestor of Alexander the
Great, VII. 224

Carbo, Gnaeus Papirius (1), defeated
by Cimbri and Teutones, Ix. 504

Carbo, Gnaeus Papirius (2), perse-
cutes Sulla’s supporters in latter’s
absence, IV. 396; succeeds Cinna,
Vv. 126; unsuccessfully opposes
Sulla’s advance on Rome, VIII. 14;
his cavalry routed by Pompey at
river Arsis, V. 130; abandons his
own army and sails off to Libya,
Iv. 418; executed by Pompey,
V. 136; consul thrice, 138; VI. 190;
his remark re Sulla, Iv. 414

“* Carcer,’’ name of a Roman prison,
VI. 450

Cardia, home of Eumenes as a boy,
Vill. 178

Caria, received colony brought by
Ioxus and Ornytus, I. 18; has
panthers, VII. 174; money to pay
fleet levied from it by Alcibiades,
Iv. 102; touched by Aratus, XI.
26

Carians, called cocks by Persians,
XI. 148

Carinas, general of Carbo’s faction,
advances against Pompey, V. 128

Carmania, traversed by Alexander in
7 days, VII. 412

Carmenta, who or what she was,
I. 156

Carmental gate, where Capitoline is
steepest, II. 156

Carmentalia, feast for mothers; why
so called, I. 156

Oarneades, founder of New Academy,
II. 606, VII. 88; sent to Rome as
ambassador, attracts Roman youth
by his eloquence, II. 368

353

GENERAL INDEX TO: ALL THE <LIVES’

Carneius, Syracusan month, same as
Athenian Metageitnion, II. 304

Carnuntini (Carnutes) with Arverni
lead revolt against Caesar, VII. 504

Oarrhae, near scene of Crassus’ de-
feat, III. 394, 402-408

Carthage, III. 62, Iv. 44; danger to
Syracuse, VI. 14; nearly taken by
Agathocles, IX. 388; 111.190; de-
stroyed by Scipio the Younger,
II. 380, 596, V. 484, VI. 414, x. 246;
colony founded there by C. Grac-
chus, 218; I1. 578; v. 140; restored
as colony by Caesar, VII. 576

Carthage, New, refuge of Sertorius,
Vir. 18

Carthaginians, III. 250, VI. 280;
come to Sicily with large armament,
286 f., 302; admitted to Syracuse
by Hicetas, 302; assemble great
force to invade ’Sicily, 316; de-
feated by Timoleon at river Grime-
sus, Il. 138, VI. 320-322, 324,
S50 x El: 140; made peace with
Timoleon, VI. 340; refused peace by
Pyrrbus “unless "they abandoned
Sicily, IX. 420, 422; attack Pyrrhus
in the strait, 424: at war with
Masinissa, II. 380; Ul. 162; driven
from Spain by Scipio, 190

Carvilius, Spurius, first in Rome
to divorce wife, I. 198, 394
Caryatides, dancing, on ring of

Clearchus, XI. 168

Carystus, city in Euboea, VI. 178

Casca, P., one of Caesar’s murderers,
VI. 156, 162, VII. 596; with Brutus
at Philippi, VI. 228

Casilinum, city and district on border
of Campania, III. 134 ©

Casinum, town in Latium, III. 134

Caspian sea, Albanians lived by it,
Il. 554; Ill. 428; receives river
Oyrnus, v. 206 f.; "vit. 352

Cassander, brother of Pleistarchus
and Phila, 1x. 76f.; father of
Philip, 86; husband’ of Thessa-
lonice, father of Antipater and
Alexander, 360

Oassander, Antipater’s son offends
Alexander, vil. 428f.; appointed
chiliarch by Antipater before dying ;
becoming rebellious, sends Nicanor
to replace Menyllus in Athens,
vill. 216; put Demades and his

354

son to death, 214, VII. 78; quarrels
with Polysperchon after death oi
Alexander, VIII. 114, 216; enemy
of Aeacides, offers 200 talents for
infant Pyrrhus, IX. 350; 18; 22;
VII. 32; Ix. 40; driven out of
Attica by Demetrius, 52; 90

Cassandra, Priam’s daughter, x. 20

Cassandreia, VII. 56; thither fled
Demetrius after loss of Macedonia,
Ix. 112

Cassius, C. Longinus (1), governor of
Cisalpine Gaul, defeated by Spar-
tacus, III. 340

Cassius, O. Longinus (2), of school of
Epicurus, VI. 206; husband of
Junia, Brutus’ sister, rival of Brutus
for office of city praetor, 140, VII.
574, 586f.; with Crassus on
Parthian expedition, III. 370, 374,
380, 384, 402, 406, 408, vi. 140;
plans Caesar’s murder, 126, 136,
140, 142f., 156; murders Caesar,
v. 154, vi. 160, VII. 188, 596, Ix.
164; 168, VI. 168; prosecuted by
M. ‘Agrippa for murder of Oaesar
and condemned, 184; meets Brutus
at Smyrna, 186; takes Rhodes,
192; 198; quarrels with Brutus
at Sardis, 200, 210; 212; defeated
at Philippi, slays himself, 224, VII.
604, Ix. 182 f.

Quoted : VI. 144, 146, 192, 206,

214, 224

Cassius, Q. Longinus, with Antony
flees to Caesar, Ix. 150

Cassius Scaeva, soldier of Caesar's
at battle of Dyrrhachium, VII. 480

Castor, hymn played to him as
Lacedaemonians marched to battle,
I. 274;. like Pollux in sculpture,
and yet different, x. 146. See also
** Dioscuri’’ and ‘“‘ Tyndaridae.’’

Castulo, city of the Dereibextans,
VIII.

Castus, commands part of slaves,
defeated by Crassus, III. 346

Catana, in Sicily, 111. 162, 264, 266,
~ 52, V. 520, VI. 122, 290, 304,
42

Cataonia, district in Cappadocia, Ix.
120

Catiline, Lucius, his character and
acts, defeated for consulship, VII,
106 f., IV. 430; his -conspiracy.

GENERAL INDEX TO ALL THE ‘LIVES’

VII. 456 f., VIII. 286 f.; Crassus and
Caesar inculpated by Cicero, III.
352; defeated and slain by Anto-
nius, VII. 136. See also Vi. 134f.,
vil. 116, 152
‘“‘Cato,’’ a 3rd Roman name, IX.
464
“‘Cato,’”’ work written by Cicero,
VII. 446, 568
Cato, grandfather of Cato the Elder,
II. 302
Cato, M. Porcius (1), father of Cato
the Elder, II. 302
Cato, M. Porcius (2), the Elder,
lineage, appearance, character, II.
302 f.; served under Fabius Maxi-
mus at capture of Tarentum, 308;
enters public life at Rome, 310;
goes to Africa as Scipio’s quaestor,
objects to his extravagance, 310 f.;
his manner of life, 312f.; his
oratory, 320f.; elected consul
with Valerius Flaccus, wins suc-
cesses in Hither Spain, 330f.;
celebrates triumph, 334; _ serves
under M’. Acilius against Antiochus
the Great, 334; busy in prosecu-
tions, 342 f.; his activity as censor,
346f.; erected Basilica Porcia,
356; a good family man, 360f.;
his treatment of his slaves, 314f.,
364f.; goes into business, 366 f.;
opposes: Greek learning, 368f.;
marries again late in life, 374;
composed speeches, histories, and
a book on farming, 378; brought
about destruction of Carthage,
380f.; died, leaving son Salonius,
384
See also VIII. 236, 246, X. 372 f.
His writings cited: II. 302,
304, 308, 314, 318, 330, 342, 352,
358, 360, 364, 366, 370; book of
recipes, 372, 376; speeches, his-
tories, work on farming, 378
Sayings: I. 306, Iv. 132; II.
322-328; 332; 344; 358; 374; 376;
382; 384; Vv. 340
Cato, M. Porcius (3), Licinianus, son
of Cato the Elder, fought brilliantly
at Pydna, married Tertia, daughter
of Aemilius Paulus, Il. 362 f., 374,
vi. 366, 410; died, Il. 374, 376
Oato, M. Porcius (4), Salonius (Salo-
nianus), son of Oato the Elder and

Salonia, 11. 376; father of Marcus,
died in praetorship, 384 :

Cato, M. Porcius (5), grandson of
Cato the Elder, It. 384

Cato, M. Porcius (6), son of Salonius,
became consul, grandfather of Cato
the philosopher, I. 384

Cato, M. Porcius (7), the Younger,
his lineage and character as a boy,
VIII. 236-244; studies Stoic philo-
sophy with Antipater the Tyrian,
244; his first speech in the forum,
246; his manner of life, 248f.;
marries Atilia, daughter of Ser-
ranus, 250; takes part in Servile
war, 252; goes to Macedonia as
military tribune, 254; wins Atheno-
dorus the Stoic, 256; makes tour
of Asia, 260f.; serves as quaestor,
268-278; opposes Olodius, 278;
prosecutes Murena for bribery,
284; advocates death penalty for
Catilinarian conspirators, 286f.;
unfortunate with women of his
household, 290 f.; opposes Metellus
and Pompey, 296f.; rejects mar-
riage alliance with Pompey, 306 f.;
opposes Pompey and Caesar, 310 f.;
is sent to Oyprus and court of
Ptolemy, 318f.; returns success-
ful, 326 f.

Opposes Cicero’s proposal to
make invalid acts of Clodius as
tribune, 330; supports Lucius
Domitius for consul against Pompey
and Crassus, 332; fails to be elected
praetor, 336; opposes Crassus and
Pompey, 338; is elected praetor,
340; approves of Pompey being
made sole consul, 350; fails to be
elected consul, 356; proposes that
Caesar be surrendered to the
Germans, 358; joins Pompey at
Dyrrhachium, is sent to Asia, 364;
arouses Pompey’s soldiers by his
speech, 368; joins Sextus Pompeius
in Libya, 370; meets Juba, 372;
strengthens Utica for defence, 376 ;
receives news of Thapsus, 378;
helps fugitives leave Utica, 394;
refuses to ask mercy of Caesar,
396; commits suicide, 406

See also i. 384, 606, 608, III.
334, 354, 358, 426, 430, 434, v.
218, 228, 236, 238, 240, 250, 256,

355

Sj

GENERAL INDEX TO ALL THE ‘LIVES’

264, 272, 274, 282, 288, VI. 128,
130, 134, VII. 132 f., 138, 168, 170,
176, 180, 212, 458, 460, 472, 474,
496, 512, 540, 562, 568, VIII. 150f.,
1x. 150

Sayings: II. 600, VIII. 246, 254,
262, 264, 290, 308, 318, 324, 342,
346, 354, 358, 360, 392, 394, 396,
398, 400 f.

Cato, M. Porcius (8), son of Cato the
Younger, pardoned by Caesar, slain
at Philippi, VIII. 408 f., VI. 236 f.

Catulus, Q. Lutatius (1), consul with
Marius in latter’s 4th consulship,
Ix. 500f.; gives important tasks
to Sulla, Iv. 332; forced to retreat
by Cimbri, 1x. 522f.; joined by
Marius, 526; led centre at Vercel-
lae, 530; wrote of Vercellae, 534 f.;
triumphs with Marius, 538; com-
mits suicide, 590

Catulus, Q. Lutatius (2), elected
consul with Lepidus, Iv. 434, VY.
150 f.; won war against Lepidus
according to Lucullus, 196; conse-
crated 2nd temple of Jupiter
Capitolinus, I. 540; Vv. 156; op-
poses Gabinian law, 178; opposes
Manilian law, 192; when censor
reproved by Cato, VIII. 270; VII.
132; 456; attacks Caesar’s proposal
re Catilinarian conspirators, 458;
ancestor of S. Galba, XI. 210;
quoted, VII. 156, 454. See also Il.
354

* Catulus,’’ illustrious Roman name,
VII. 82

**Catus,’’ means wise and prudent,
II. 302

Caucasus mountains, II. 512, Vv. 204,
208

bs caps city in Italy, II. 182, VI.

6

Caunians, how some escaped pirates,
Ill. 308; in army of Artaxerxes
tae Cyrus was slain, XI. 150, 154,

Caunus, city in Caria, 1x. 124

Cebalinus, reveals plot of Limnus to
Alexander, VII. 364

Cecrops, I. 196

Celaenae, in Phrygia, VIII. 102, rx. 16

“‘ Celer,’? why surname of a Metellus,
1. 118, Iv. 142

Celer, companion of Romulus, slew

356

Remus according to one account,
FE. 1G

Celer, Q. Caecilius Metellus, how he
got. surname ‘“ Celer,’’ I. 118, Iv.
142; put in charge of outside
affairs by Cicero during trouble
with Catiline, VII. 118; husband of
Clodia, 154

Celeres, origin of name, I. 116;
attendants of Romulus, 170; dis-
banded by Numa, 328

Celsus, Clodius, of Antioch, friend
of Nymphidius, xI. 232

Celsus, Marius, faithful to Galba,
spared by Otho, x1. 268; 276; in
command of part of Otho’s forces,
288; outgenerals Caecina at battle
of Cremona, 292, 294, 298, 304f.,
306 f.

Celtiberians, neighbours of Gauls,
Il. 126; receive 200 talents to
become Cato the Elder’s allies,
II. 330; . warred on by Scipio
Africanus, IX. 468; those in
ta defeated by Sertorius, VIII.

Celtorians, neighbours of Gauls, II.
126

Cenchreae, harbour-town of Corinth,
where Thebans defeat Athenians,
vy. 398; captured by Demetrius,
IX. 54, XI. 52; 64; 102

Censor, his powers and duties, Il.
346, VI. 454; Camillus censor, II.
96; Cato the Elder and Valerius
Flaccus, 310, 350; Crassus and
Lutatius Catulus, III. 352; Oen-
sorinus twice, IV. 118; Gellius and
Lentulus, Vv. 168; Aemilius Paulus
and Marcius Philippus, VI. 454;
Lutatius Catulus, VIII. 270; ‘Ti.
Gracchus the Elder, xX. 144;
Flamininus and M, Olaudius Mer-
cellus, 372; Cato the Elder, 374

Censorinus (1), twice censor, intro-
duced law forbidding this, Iv.
118

Censorinus (2), O. Marcius, brings
suit against Sulla for bribery, IV.
336

Censorinus (3), accompanies Orassus
against Parthians, III. 390, 396

Censorinus (4), L. Marcius, left in
charge of Greece by Antony, IX.
186

GENERAL INDEX TO ALL THE ‘LIVES’

Census, at Athens, I. 450, 111. 108; at
Rome, VI. 454, VII. 570

Centaurs, begotten of cloud by
Ixion, X. 2; at war with Lapithae,
I. 66 f., 190

Ceos, island, 11. 8; has small part
called Iulis, VII. 2; sends settlers
to Gela, VI. 344

Cephalo, friend of Aratus, x1. 118 f.

Cephalus, summoned from Corinth
by Timoleon to establish civil
polity of Syracuse, VI. 320

Cephisodorus, friend of Pelopidas,
slain by Leontidas, V. 368

Cephisodotus, sculptor, related to
Phocion, VIII. 188

Cephisus river, receives river Assus,
IV. 378, 382, 392, VII. 44, 244

Ceramicus, II. 416, IV. 368, 370,
VIII. 224.

Ceraunian mountains, VIII. 210

Cerberus, Aidoneus’ dog, killed Peiri-
thoiis, I. 72; delivered to Heracles
by Cora, III. 210

—— island off Africa, VI. 52, Ix.

7

Cercyon, Arcadian, slain by Theseus,
I. 22, 66

Cereatae, see ‘‘ Cirrhaeton.”’

Ceres, I. 162; festival of, 111. 170

Ceressus, where Thebans defeated
pagar and Thessalians, II.

Cethegus, a D> deposed from
priesthood, Vv.

Cethegus, eins (2), companion
of younger Marius, IX. 574; in
control of Rome, induced to help
Lucullus get province of Cilicia,
II. 486 f.; takes part in conspiracy
of Catiline, vir. 120, 124, 126, 458,
“re 286; executed, VII. 134f.,

5

Chabrias, Athenian, father of Ctesip-
pus, VII. 36; his character; won
sea-fight off Naxos, II. 138, VIII.
156-160; commands fleet under
Tachos the Egyptian, v. 104

Chaeron (1), son of Thuro, founded
Chaeroneia, IV. 382

Chaeron (2), of Megalopolis, sent to
Delphi by Philip of Macedon, VII.
228

Chaerondas, archonship of, VII. 58

Chaeroneia, founded by Chaeron, IV.

382; settled by people from
Thessaly led by Peripolitas, 11
404; 1.64; Plutarch’s native town,
vil. 44; Philip defeats Greeks
there, Il. 138, V. 384, VII. 46f.,
244; Aetolians defeat Boeotians,
xI. 34; Bruttius Sura repulses
Archelaiis, IV. 360; 378; 382; Sulla
defeats Mithridates’ generals, II.
480, 504, Iv. 382 f.; 11. 406

Chaeroneians, fight for Sulla at battle
of Chaeroneia, IV. 384

Chalcaspides, in Mithridates’ army,
Iv.378. Seealso‘* Bronze-shields.”’

Chalcedon, attacked by Alcibiades,
Iv. 84f.; handed over to Athens
by Pharnabazus, 88; II. 492, 496;
Cotta besieged there, 494

Chalcidians, I. 298; their Hippobotae
banished by Pericles, III. 66;
defeat Calliades and Xenophon,
Athenian generals in Thrace, 226;
X. 366 f.

Chalcidice, VII. 20

Chalcis, city in Euboea, Iv. 388, 390,
302, 354, X. 354, 366 f.

Chalcodon, Elphenor’s father, I. 80;
chapel of, in Athens, 62

Chaldaeans, II. 510; subdued by
Lucullus, 526; Ix. 582; XI. 256

XaAxiorxos, temple of Athena at
Sparta, I. 218, xX. 26, 36

Chalkous, an Athenian thief, VII. 28

Chameleon, cannot turn white, Iv. 62

Chaonians, under command of
Ptolemy, Ix. 440

Characitani, Spanish people, defeated
by Sertorius, VIII. 42 f.

Chares (1), Athenian, v. 344, VII.
214, vill. 154; fails at Hellespont,
174: defeated Persians, XI. 34

Chares (2), of Mitylené, cited, VII.
280, 294, 356, 380, 384, 418, VIII.
184

Chares river, scene of battle between
Aratus and Aristippus, XI. 62

Charicles (1), mentioned by comic
poet Telecleides, III. 220

Charicles (2), son-in-law of Phocion,
intimate with Harpalus, brought to
trial, VIII. 192 f.; 220; condemned
to death in absentia by Athenians,
228

Chariclo, wife of Sciron, mother of
Peleus and Telamon, I. 20

357

GENERAL INDEX TO ALL THE ‘LIVES’

Charidemus, VIII. 4; proposed for
general at Athens after Chaeroneia,
178, 182, VII. 56

Charilaiis, posthumous son of Poly-
dectes, brother of lLycurgus, I.
210 f., X. 250, I. 218; concurred in
measures of Lycurgus, xX. 70;
quoted, I. 266

Charillus, see “‘ Charilatis.”’

Charimenes, seer, joins plot to kill

Aristomachus, tyrant of Argos,
XI. 56
Charinus, proposes decree against

Megarians, III. 86

Oharmion, waiting-woman of Cleo-
patra, IX. 274, 326 f.

Charmus, boy lover of Peisistratus,
I. 406

Charon (1), Theban, conspirator with
Pelopidas, vV. 354, 360f., 366;
elected boeotarch, 370; led Theban
cavalry at Plataea, 400

= (2), of Lampsacus, cited, II.

Ohardibae: what they were, rx. 170

Charops, son of Machatas, xX. 330

Cheileos, Arcadian, helps Themisto-
cles, 11. 18

Cheimarrus, see ‘‘ Babyca.”’

“ Cheirons,”’ see ‘* Cratinus.”’

Chelidonian isles, I1. 440; western
limit for Persian navy after Eury-
medon, 444

Chersonese, Thracian, conquered by
Cimon and turned over to Athens,
II. 446; received 1000 settlers from
Pericles, III. 34, 58, VIII. 174;
ravaged by Demetrius, X. 74; Il.
482

Chersonese, Syrian, Demetrius ban-
ished there, Ix. 128, 132

Chians, offer leadership to Aristides,
Il. 284, 440, Iv. 26; revolt from
Athens, 66

Chilo, slave and school-teacher of
Cato the Elder, II. 360

Chilonis (1), daughter of Leotychides,
wife of Cleonymus, Ix. 434, 438

Chilonis (2), daughter of Leonidas,
wife of Cleombrotus, X. 36 f.

Chios, Chabrias died there, VIII. 156;

- II. 478

Chlidon, Theban, Vv. 358

Ohoeac, month in Egyptian calendar,
I. 122

358

Choerilus, poet in retinue of Lysander,
IV. 280 f.

Cholargus, deme of Pericles, III. 6;
of amiggrcada 40; of Hipparchus,
25

Choregus, Themistocles won as c.
with Phrynichus as poet, II. 16;
Aristides victorious as, 212; kings
of Cyprus act as, VII. 308

Chorus, dithyrambic, VII. 308

‘* Chreocopidae,’”” name given Solon’s
friends for sharp practice, I. 446

Chrysa, place at Athens, I. 62

Chrysantes, character in Xenophon
(Cyrop. Iv. 1, 3), v. 528

Chrysermus, father of a_ certain
Ptolemy, xX. 130

Chrysippus, cited, XI. 2

Chrysis, mistress of Demetrius, Ix. 54

Chrysogonus (1), Pythian victor,
Iv. 92

Chrysogonus (2), freedman of Sulla,
accuses Roscius of murder, VII.
86 f.

Chthonian Earth, temple of, at
Hermione, plundered by pirates,
v. 174

Cicer, Latin for chick-pea, VII. 82

Cicero, how first bearer of name got
it, VII. 82

Cicero, M. Tullius (1), his race and
name, VII. 82; studied until Sulla
became master, 86; defended
Roscius, heard Antiochus of Asca-
lon, 88f.; studied oratory with
Xenocles, Dionysius, Apollonius;
philosophy with Poseidonius, 90 f.:
weak in delivery at first, 92;
quaestor in Sicily, 82, 94; prose-
cuted Verres, 98f.; his wife and
property, 100; courted by the
great, elected praetor, 102; defends
Manlius, 104

Elected consul to oppose Cati-
line, 106; wins Antonius’ support
by giving him province of Mace-
donia, secures defeat of bill to
appoint decemvirs, 110f.; secures
defeat of Catiline for consul, 114 f.;
given by senate unlimited power
to preserve state, 118, III. 354 f.;
his life threatened by Marcius and
Cethegus, he denounces Catiline
in senate, and latter leaves city,
VII. 120; has to deal with Lentulus

GENERAL INDEX TO ALL THE ‘LIVES’

and other plotters in city, 122 f.;
reveals to senate evidence against
Lentulus and others, 126f.; hears
' Silvanus, Caesar, Cato and "others,
speak in senate regarding punish-
ment of conspirators, 130 f., 456 f.,
Vill. 290; has Lentulus and Cethe-
gus executed, Vil. 134, Ix. 140;
called father of his country, becomes
vainglorious, I. 596, VI. 138 f.
Hated by Clodius and others,
150f.; driven into exile, 156f.,
- It. 608, V. 234, 240, VIII. 318;
with help of Pompey is recalled,
Vil. 168, Vv. 244; in attempting to
annul acts of Clodius as tribune, is
opposed by Cato, Vil. 168, VIII.
330; defends Milo for killing
Clodius, VII. 170; elected augur,
given Cilicia as province, 172
on return attempts to reconcile
Pompey and Caesar, 174, 518,
Vy. 270; joins Pompey in Greece,
vu. 176, VY. 282; offered command
of Pompey’ s fleet after Pharsalus,
refuses, VII. 180, VITI.370; received
kindly by Caesar, VII. 182; retires
to study philosophy and write;
proposes honours for Caesar, 184,
574; plans writing history of
Rome, divorces Terentia, 186;
not informed of plot to murder
Caesar, 188, VI..148
After murder of Caesar, proposes
amnesty in senate, VII. 190; fears
Antony, 192; helps Octavius get
support of senate and people, 194,
Ix. 172; rebuked by Brutus for
supporting Octavius, VI. 174, VII.
196; has Antony driven out of
city, and Octavius given power
of praetor, 198, Ix. 174; betrayed
- by Octavius and proscribed, VI.
186,.VII. 200, Ix. 178; slain, 180,
Vir. 206
See also V. 274, VI. 172, 184,
VII. 82, 448, VIII. 310, 314, Ix. 158
Letters cited :
Ad Att. (m1. 1. 98), vim. 150;
(VII. 11), V. 280; (VIII. 7. 2),
vii. 176

Ad Fam, (II. 10. 2f. and 11.
2), VII. 174

To Gorgias, VII. 142

To Herodes, VII. 142

a lors of Byzantium, Vil.

Unidentified : letters, Vv. 226,

Vir. 140, 184
Other works cited :—

Acad. Prior. 11. (Lucullus), 11.
606 ; (11. 38. 119), viz. 140

Brutus (31. 121), vir. 140

Cato, VII. 446, 568

De Consulatu Suo, Ill. 352,
VII. 460

De Divinatione (1. 26, 56), x
198; (1. 46. 103), vr. 380

De Senectute (12. 42), II. 352,
X. 374

In Catil. (1. 5. 10), vir. 120

piri (Cy 2 4 Pan at 2

Philipp., vir. 206; (11. 22. 55),
Ix. 150, 158

>
Philosophical dialogues, VII.
184, 210
Pontius Glaucus, VII. 84
Pro Caelio (12. 28), VII. 212
Pro Milone, VII. 172
Pro Murena, vil. 170, 212,
VIII. 284
Pro Plancio, VII. 94 f.
Sayings: II. 602, vi. 98f., 104,
134, 140, 144f., 156, 178f., 450,
580, VIII. 248
Cicero, M. Tullius (2), son of the
orator, joins Brutus’ forces, VI.
178, VII. 198; defeats C. Antonius,
V1. 182; chosen colleague in consul-
ship by Octavianus, VII. 208
Cicero, Q. Tullius, brother of the
orator, VII. 130, 166; attacked by
Gauls, rescued by Caesar, 502;
with his son. proscribed and exe-
cuted, 202
Cilicia, 11. 84, Iv. 252; allotted to
Pleistarchus, Cassander’s brother,
IX. 76; occupied by Demetrius, 78;
invaded by Seleucus, 120; governed
by Octavius, who dies and is suc-
ceeded by Lucullus, Il. 486 f., 544;
taken from Tigranes by Lucullus,
Vv. 202; 182; given Pompey by
Manilian law, 190, 230; governed
by Cicero, VII. 172; Ix. 218;
276

Cilicians, join Sertorius, VIII. 18, 22

Cilician ships, defeated by Cimon,
II, 462

359

GENERAL INDEX TO ALL THE ‘LIVES’

Cilles, Ptolemy’s general, defeated
by Demetrius, Ix. 14

Cimber, Tillius, petitions Caesar,
VII. 596

Cimbri, invade Italy, and destroy

Caepio’s army, II. 140, 560,
VIII. 6, IX. 488; 496; 502; force
Catulus to retreat, 526; defeated

by Marius at Vercellae, 530, Il.
596, VII. 454
Cimmerians, said to be same as
Cimbri, Ix. 490
Cimon (1), grandfather of the famous
Cimon, dubbed Coalemus, IT. 412
Cimon (2), compared with Lucullus,
11. 410; his family and character,
412f.; his appearance; serves
with distinction against Persians,
418f., 282; takes command of
allies, captures Eion from Persians,
422; seized Scyros, found Theseus’
bones, 426 f., I. 84: very generous
to citizens, Il. 432 f.; incorruptible,
popular with allies, "436 £.; cleared
Asia of Persian arms from Ionia
to Pamphylia, 438f.; defeats
Persians at Eurymedon, 440 f.;
makes Persia accept humiliating
peace, 444
Beautifies Athens, 446; ac-
quitted on charge of being bribed
by Alexander, King of Macedonia,
448, 111. 30; popular with Sparta,
II. 452, 56; ostracized for helping
Sparta, 456, 111. 26; recalled, 28,
ll. 458; sails against Egypt and
Cyprus, 460f.; dies besieging
Citium, 464, III. 32
See also 11. 14, 66, 84, 244, 292,
316, II. 14, 18, 26, 82, 198, 204,
VII. 32.
Sayings: II. 436, 452, 456
Cimonian funeral monuments, II.

466
Cineas (1), father of Thallus, VIII.
172

Cineas (2), Thessalian, pupil of
Demosthenes; urges Pyrrhus not
to go to aid of Tarentum, IX. 384;
sent to ‘Tarentum with 3000
soldiers, 388, 392; sent by Pyrrhus
on embassy to Rome, 402; 406;
408; sent on second embassy to
Rome, 412; sent ahead to Sicily,
418

360

Cingonius | Varro, see ‘“‘ Varro, Cin-
gonius.

Cinna, L. Cornelius (1), father of
Cornelia, once supreme at Rome,
VII. 122, 442; bribes L. Terentius
to slay Pompey, v. 122, 124;
permitted by Sulla to be elected
consul, IV. 356; supports Marius,
VIII. 10; defeated by Octavius in
the forum, 12, Ix. 578; joined by
Marius, 580; enters Rome with
bodyguard, 584; drives Crassus to
Spain, III. 322; assassinated
Octavius, IV. 364; 396; IX. 586;
has Bardyaei slain, 590, VI. 190;
slain by centurion, V. 126, VIII.
12 f:, 111.326

Cinna, L. Cornelius (2), cowed when
he starts to denounce Oaesar, VI.
166, 170, VII. 602; gives Brutus
500 horsemen, VI. 180

Cinna, poet, friend of Caesar, killed
in mistake by mob, VI. 170 ,VII. 602

Circe, mother of Romanus by Odys-
seus, I. 92

Circeii, Roman colony, surrenders to
Coriolanus, IV. 184, Ix. 562

Circeium, promontory of Latium, VII.
202, 578

Circus Maximus, has altar of god
Consus hid underground, I. 128,
154

Circus Flaminius, 11. 592, v. 510, x.
322

Cirrha, I. 302;
Delphi, 428

Cirrhaeton (Cereatae ?), village in terri-
tory of Arpinum, IX. 468

Cissus, announces absconding of
Harpalus to Alexander, VII. 346

Cissusa, spring where infant Dionysus
bathed, Iv. 312

Cithaeron, mountain, had cave of
Sphragitic nymphs, II. 246, 248,
252, IV. 310, VII. 56

Cithaeronian Hera, II. 246

Citiaeans, VII. 322

Citium, besieged by Cimon who died
there, II. 464, 466, X. 52

Cius, revenue of, offered Phocion by
Alexander, VIII. 186

Clarius, river in Cyprus, I. 476

Claros, sanctuary of, Vv. 174

Clastidium, battle of, in which
Marcellus routs Gaesatae, V. 448

outraged oracle of

GENERAL INDEX TO ALL THE ‘LIVES’

Claudia, daughter of Appius Claudius,
wife of Ti. Gracchus, x. 150

Claudian family, descended from
Appius Clausus, a Sabine, I. 558

“‘ Claudius,’’ surname from physical
characteristic, Iv. 144

Claudius, Appius, see
Claudius.”

Claudius, M., father of M. Olaudius
Marcellus, V. 436

Claudius Caesar (Ti. Claudius Drusus
Nero Germanicus), son of Drusus
and Antonia, became emperor,
married Agrippina and adopted hrr
son L. Domitius, giving him name
Nero Germanicus, IX. 332, XI. 228,
252

Claudius Marcellus, see ‘* Marcellus,
Claudius.”’

Clausus, Appius, see
Clausus.”’

Clazomenae, III. 254, IV. 80

Cleaenetus, Cleomedon’s son, dis-
graced himself, Ix. 56

Cleander, of Mantineia, reared Philo-
poemen, X. 256

Cleandridas, father of Gylippus, III.
66; bribed by Pericles, 64

Cleanthes (1), cited, Iv. 14

Cleanthes (2), freedman and physician
of Cato the Younger, VIII. 404

Clearchus (1), Macedonian, sent on
embassy to Thebes, VII. 42

Clearchus (2), ordered by Spartans
to help Cyrus, XI. 138; fought at
Cunaxa, 142f.; seized and exe-
cuted by Artaxerxes, 166 f.

Cleidemus, cited, I. 38, 62, 11. 30, 272

Cleinias (1), friend of Solon, 1. 444

Cleinias (2), father of Alcibiades,
fought at Artemisium, slain at
Coroneia, IV. 2, 60

Cleinias (3), chief magistrate of
Sicyon, father of Aratus, slain by
Abantidas, xI. 4

Oleisthenes, grandfather of Agariste,
expelled Peisistratidae, established
constitution, II. 214, 450, 111. 6

Cleitarchus, cited, II. 72, VII. 356

Cleitomachus, teacher of Philo the
Academic, VII. 86, 90

Cleitor, woman of, wife of Cimon,
II. 450

Cleitorians, outwitted by Solis, I.
208

“ Appius

“ Appius

Cleitus (1), saves Alexander’s life at
battle of Granicus, VII. 266;
murdered by Alexander, 258, 368-
374

Cleitus (2), brings Phocion and his
party to Athens for trial, VII.
224

Cleitus (3), Brutus’ servant, refuses
to slay him, VI. 242

Clemency, temple of, decreed, VII.
574

Cleobis, named by Solon as happy
man, I. 480

Cleocritus, Corinthian, at battle of
Salamis, II. 236; 274

Cleodaeus, son of Hyllus, father of
Lanassa, IX. 346

Oleomantis, Lacedaemonian, sooth-
sayer with Alexander, VII. 368

Cleombrotus (1), younger brother of
Agesipolis, succeeds to throne of
Sparta, X. 8; sent into Boeotia
with army, V. 66, 370; sent again,
78; defeated and slain at Leuctra,
78, 394, IV. 452, x. 48

Cleombrotus (2), son-in-law of Leo-
nidas, made king of Sparta, x. 26;
with Agis replaces ephors, 28;
pardoned by Leonidas, 36—40

Cleomedes, of Astypaleia, disappeared
like Romulus, I. 180

Cleomedon, father of Cleaenetus, rx.

56

Cleomenes (1), one of 5 Spartan
arbitrators, I. 428

Cleomenes (2), son of Cleombrotnus,
king of Sparta after his brother
Agesipolis, had 2 sons, Acrotatus
and Cleonymus, X. 8 f.

Cleomenes (3), son of Leonidas,
marries Agiatis, widow of Agis,
xX. 50; studies philosophy with
Sphaerus of Borysthenis, succeeds
Leonidas as king, 52; decides to
change order of things, 54; sent
by ephors to occupy precinct of
Athena at Belbina, 56; defeats
Aratus near Mt. Lycaeum, 58, XI.
82; defeats Aratus and Lydiades
at Megalopolis, 82 f., x. 60f.; has
ephors slain, 66, XI. 86; restores
constitution of Lycurgus, X. 68 f.

Devastates land of Megalopolis,
74: his manner of life, 76 f.; takes
Mantineia, defeats Achaeans at

361

GENERAL INDEX TO ALL THE ‘LIVES’

Dyme, 78f., XI. 90; demands
leadership of Achaeans, Ree SOit. §
repeats demand at 2nd conference,
is insulted by Aratus, 84f., XI.
$0; takes Argos, xX. 88, xI. 90;
joined by Cleonae, Phlius and other
cities, X. 90; gets Corinth, 90, XI.
92f.; repeats demand for leader-
ship of Achaeans, promises Aratus
yearly pension of 12 talents, 96,
xX. 92; checks Antigonus, 92;
loses Corinth and Argos, 96, XI.
102; takes Megalopolis, x. 102,
264: defeated by Antigonus at
Sellasia, goes to Egypt, 112-122,
XI. 106; put in detention, x. 130;
breaks out of prison, 134; slays
himself; had been king of "Sparta

16 years, 136
His words quoted: xX. 56, 72,
78, 104, 116, 120, 128, 134
Cleomenes (4), Athenian orator, IV.

Cleon (1), attacks Pericles, III. 96,
102; opposed by Nicias, 212; his
methods, 214, 222, x. 148; his
connection with Pylos affair, ItI.
230f., 234; slain at Amphipolis,
236; "aped ‘later by Stratocles, Ix.
26; ” quoted, III. 232

Cleon (2) of Halicarnassus, his speech
on changing the constitution of
Sparta memorized by Lysander,
Iv. 302,318, v.54

Cleon (3) of Sicyon, murdered, XI. 4

Cleonae, taken by Corinth, II. 456;
scene of Hypereides’ execution,
vil. 70, VIII. 210; brought into
Achaean League by Aratus, XI.
64; goes over to Cleomenes, x. 90 .

Cleonaeans, with Argives fight. Corin-

_ thians, Il. 268

Cleonice, of Byzantium,
Pausanias, II. 420

Cleonides, Ptolemy’s general, offered
bribe by Demetrius to free Sicyon
and Corinth, Ix. 34

Oleonymus (1), son of Sphodrias,
intercedes for his father, v. 70;
slain at Leuctra, 80

Cleonymus (2), the Agiad, father of
Leonidas, did not become king of
Sparta, x. 8f.; scared from Thebes
by Demetrius, IX. 96; invites
Pyrrhus to attack Sparta, 404 f,

362

slain by

Cleopater, Achaean commander of
the Acrocorinthus, XI. 92

Cleopatra (1), niece of Attalus, married
to Philip, Vil. 246, 250, 296; rebels
-against Antipater and takes Mace-
donia to rule, 414

Cleopatra (2), by letter invited Leon-
natus to claim Macedonia, VIII. 86,

102
Cleopatra (3), daughter of Mithridates,
wife of Tigranes, II. 540
Cleopatra (4), banished by Potheinus,
recalled by Oaesar, me she
captivates, VII. 556f., 160;
summoned to Cilicia by Pay:
captivates him, 190f.; called to
Syria by Antony, given Phoenicia,
Coele Syria, Cyprus, large part of
Cilicia, balsam-producing part of
Judaea, part of Arabia Nabataea
sloping toward outer sea, 216f.;
had two children. by Antony,
Alexander and Cleopatra, 218;
sent back to Egypt by Antony,
220; draws Antony back to
Alexandria, 258; declared Queen
of Egypt, Cyprus, Libya, and Coele
Syria by Antony, to share her
throne with Caesarion,.260; pre-
vails upon Antony to let her
accompany him to war, 264;
honoured by Athenians, 268; drives
Titius and Plancus to Octavius,
268; given the libraries of Per-
famum by Antony, 270; estranges
Geminius, M. Silanus, and Dellius,
friends of Antony, 272
Induces Antony to wage war on
sea, 276, 280; with 60 ships flees
for Peloponnesus, followed by
. Antony, 288; sent ahead into
Egypt from Paraetonium, 294;
tries to escape with ships into Red
Sea, 296; holds revel with Antony,
tests different poisons, 300; asks
of Octavius Egypt for her children,
302; promised reasonable treat-
ment if she casts out Antony, 304;
allows Antony to execute wife and
. children of Seleucus, has tomb
erected near temple of Isis, 306;
hauls dying Antony into her tomb,
taken by Proculeius, 312f.; holds
parley with Octavius, 320 f.; com-
mits suicide and is buried beside

GENERAL INDEX TO ALL THE ‘LIVES’

Antony in royal state, 324; 39
when she died, had been queen
22 years, shared her power with
Antony more than 14, 330

Sayings: 202, 272, 278, 322,
324 f.

Cleopatra (5), daughter of Antony
and Cleopatra, given in marriage
at egg tie to King Juba, Ix. 218,

Cleophanes, with Phocion in battle
near Tamynae, VIII. 172

Cleophantus, son of Themistocles and
Archippe, II. 86

Cleoptolemus, his daughter married
to Antiochus, xX. 366

Cleora, wife of Agesilaiis, V. 52

Clepsydra, Ix. 212

Clientes, means dependants; their
relation to patrons, I. 126

Clitarchus, see ‘‘ Cleitarchus.”’

Clodia (1), sister of Clodius, wife of
Metellus Celer, and called Quadran-
taria, vir. 154

Clodia (2), sister of Clodius, 11. 582;
divorced from Lucullus, 594

Clodia (3), daughter of Fulvia, to be
married to Octavius, Ix. 180

Clodius (1), praetor, defeated by
Spartacus, III. 338

Clodius (2), his ‘‘An Examination
of Chronology ’’ cited, I. 306

i (3), soldier of Lepidus, Ix.

76

IPE; deserter in Brutus’ camp, VI.
234

Clodius, Appius, see “P. Clodius
Pulcher.”’

Clodius Celsus, see “* Celsus, Clodius.”’

Clodius Macer, governor of Africa,
does not join Galba, x1. 216, 230;
slain by Trebonius at the order of
Galba, 236

Clodius Pulcher, P., brother-in-law
of Lucullus, serves under him in
Asia, I1. 534; demands Mithridates
from Tigranes, and is refused, 536;
secretly incites the soldiers against
him, 582; rx. 140; helped Cicero
in Catiline affair, VII. 152; com-
mits sacrilege against Bona Dea, is
brought to trial, is witnessed against
by Cicero, is acquitted, 150f.,
462f.; elected tribune, drives
Cicero into banishment, 150, 156 f.,

162, 168, 476, V: 234, 240, VIII.
316; burns down Cicero’s villas,
attacks Pompey, sends Cato on
mission to Cyprus, vY. 240 f.,
VII. 166, VIII. 318; attacks Cato
after his return from Cyprus,
Vill. 344; brings charge against
Cicero for destroying records of
tribunes, VII. 168; slain by Milo,
170; his funeral, VI.170. See also
VuI. 278, 310

Cloelia, Roman maiden, her adven-
ture, I. 552

Cloelia (2), 3rd wife of Sulla, divorced,
Iv. 344

Cloelius, general of Carbo’s faction,
advances against Pompey, V. 128

Clothes, see ‘* Dress.’’

Clubs, political, encouraged by Ly-
sander in Asia, IV. 244; 266; 290

Clunia, city in Spain, xI. 218

Clusium, besieged by Gauls, gets help
of Rome, I. 348, II. 128

Cluvius Rufus, cited, x1. 280

Cnacion, later called Oenus, river at
Sparta, I. 222, v. 382

Cnidus, 11. 440; near it Pharnabazus
and Conon defeat Peisander in
naval battle, V. 46, XI. 176; II. 478:
given freedom by Caesar, VII. 554

*‘Coalemus,’’? nickname of Cimon’s
grandfather, II. 412

Coans, fish up golden tripod, to be
given to wisest man, I. 412; join
Lucullus, 11. 478

Cocceius, Otho’s nephew, XI. 312

Coele Syria, given Cleopatra by
Antony, IX. 216

Ooelius, led left wing for Antony at
Actium, Ix. 284

Coenus, ordered by Alexander to
attack Porus’ right wing, VII. 396

Coinage, Solon made mina have 100
instead of 73 drachmas, I. 444;
purchasing power of drachma in
Solon’s time, 466; prices in Solon’s
time compared with those of
Plutarch’s time, 468; IV. 276;
Lycurgus replaces gold and silver
currency by iron, I. 228f., 11. 390,
IV. 276, 284; price of sheep and
oxen in early Roman Republic,
I. 530, 532; value of Greek and
Roman coins compared, II. 124,
II. 130, Iv. 326; Persian coin has

363

GENERAL INDEX TO ALL THE ‘LIVES’

figure of archer on it, v. 40, XI.
174

Colchis, I. 66, 11. 514, Vv. 190, 202;
invaded by Pompey, 206; 230

Colias, cape where Athenian women
sacrificed to Demeter, I. 422

Collatinus, Tarquinius, see
quinius Collatinus.”’

Colline gate, where unchaste Vestals
were buried alive, I. 342; gave
ee entrance to Rome, II.
146

Collytus, Attic deme, VII. 28

Oolonis, village, threatened by
Messenians, xX. 308

Colony, to Caria by Ioxus and
Ornytus, I. 18; of Athenians to
the Chersonese, to Naxos, Andros,
Thrace, Thurii, 111.34, 58; to Sinope,
62; to Hestiaea, 66; to Syracuse
from Asia and Corinth, Vi. 316; to
Agrigentum and Gela from Velia
and Ceos, 344; to Velitrae by
Romans, IV. 144; to Tarentum
and Oapua proposed by O. Grac-
chus, X. 214; to Carthage by
O. Gracchus, 220, 226

Colophonians, freed from Epigonus
by Lucullus, 11. 478

Collytus, in Athens, VII. 28

Comeas, archon at Athens, I. 496

Comet, after Caesar's murder, VII.
604

Comedy, Greek, from it conclude
Greek doors opened outwards, I.
5545 II. 596

Comic poets, II. 8, 44, 50, Iv. 24,
28

“ Tar-

Cominius, consul, invests Corioli, Iv.
132; 140

Cominius, Pontius, carries message
through Gauls to Capitol, 11. 154 f.

Comitium surrounded by circular
trench, I. 118; derived from coire,
150

Commagene, V. 230, IX. 276

Commentaries, of Aratus, XI. 6, 74,
76, 88; of J. Oaesar, VII. 496

Communism, of age of Cronos, Il.

6

43

Commissioners, ten, sent to organize
Pontus, II. 588; xX. 348

Concord, temple of, vowed by
Oamillus, 11. 204; built by consul
Opimius, X. 238; vir. 126

364

Confederacy of Delos, treasury moved
to Athens, III. 34

Connidas, tutor of Theseus, I. 10

Conon (1), friend of Solon, 1. 444

Conon (2), father of Timotheus, Iv.
338; escapes from Aegospotami to
Evagoras in Cyprus, IV. 108; 260;
XI. 176; with Pharnabazus defeats
Peisander off Cnidus, v. 46, XI.
176f.; ravages coast of Laconia,
Vv. 62

Conopion, burned body of Phocion,
VIII. 230

Considius, aged senator, VII. 476

Consta, P., summoned as witness by
Cicero, VII. 148

Consualia, Roman festival, held
August 18th, I. 134

Consuls: M’. Acilius, xX. 364; M.
Aemilius and L. Sextus (lst
plebeian), I1, 206; Amtony, VII.
190, 584, Ix. 170; Antony and
Caesar, VI. 164; M. Atilius and
T. Manlius, X. 864; Brutus and
Collatinus, Ist consuls, I. 504;
Caesar, III. 354, VII. 562; 3rd time
with Lepidus, Ix. 160; 4th time,
vil. 570; 5th time with Antony,
Ix. 162; Oaesar and Bibulus, v.
236, VII. 472; Caesar and Servilius
Isauricus, 532; Camillus, not once,
i. 94; Carbo, thrice, Vv. 138;
Cato Major and Valerius Flaccus,
II. 310, 330; Catulus and Marius,
Iv. 332; Cicero and O. Antonius,
VII. 108, Ix. 156; Cinna, IV. 356;
Cominius, Iv. 132; Cotta, 1x. 470;
Crassus and O. Scipio, III. 192;
L. Domitius, Vim1.30; Gn. Domitius
and Messala, V. 256; Fabius
Maximus, 5 times, II. 174, 188,
VI. 366; Fabius, son of Fabius
Maximus, III. 186; O. Fabricius
and Q. Aemilius, Ix. 410;
Fannius, X. 214; Flaccus, 11. 582,
Iv. 390; Fulvius Flaccus, xX. 238;
C. Flaminius, Ill. 122; Flaminius
and Furius, v. 442; T. Flamininus,
X. 296; T. Flamininus and Sextus
Aelius, X. 324; Fulvius and
Appius, III. 200; Gabinius and
Piso, VII. 160; S. Galba, XI. 210;
Gellius and Lentulus, 111. 340; Ti.
Gracchus, twice, X. 144; Hirtius
and Pansa, VI. 452, VII. 190,

GENERAL INDEX TO ALL THE ‘LIVES’

Ix. 174; M. Horatius, 5th man
elected, I. 534; Hostilius, VI.
376; Laevinus, Ix. 392; Lentulus,
V. 270, VII. 166, 518, Ix. 150; M.
Lepidus, IV. 434, Vv. 150; Lucullus
and M. Cotta, Il. 484, Vv. 162;
Lucretius, 4th time, I. 534; OC.
Mancinus, X. 152; Manius, xX.
304; Marcellus, Vv. 464, xX. 324;
3rd time, V. 466; 4th time, 496;
5th time, 512; Marcellus, 5 times,
Ill. 174, V. 436, 442, X. 372; Mar-
cellus and Gnaeus Oornelius, V.
446; OC. Marcellus, V. 268, VII.
514, Ix. 148; Marius, Ix. 482,
486; lst time, IV. 328; 2nd and
3rd times, 330, Ix. 492, 498; 4th
time with Lutatius Catulus, 500;
Sth time, 522; 6th time, 542;
7th time, 590; younger Marius,
Vill. 14; Maximus, VII. 576;
Cornelius Merula with Octavius,
Ix. 578; Caecilius Metellus, Ix.
476; L. Murena and Silanus,
VIII. 284; Norbanus, Iv. 410;
Octavius and Cinna, VIII. 10, Ix.
578; Octavius Caesar, VI. 184;
with Cicero’s son, VII. 208; Opi-
mius, X. 226; Orestes, 198;
Paulus, V. 268, VII. 514; Aemilius
Paulus, twice, VI. 366; Aemilius
Paulus, son of preceding, 366;
2nd time, 378; Philippus, VIII.
330; Piso, V. 182; Piso and
Gabinius, 240, VII. 474, VIII. 316;
Pompeius, IV. 350; Pompey and
Crassus, III. 350, V. 166, 250, VIII.
334; Pompey, sole consul, V.
258, VII. 512, VIII. 350; Valerius
Publicola, I. 518; 2nd time with
T. Lucretius, 542; 3rd time, 546;
4th time, 556; L. Quintius (Flami-
ninus), Il. 350; Caninius Revilius,
vil. 576; Rufinus, Iv. 324; Mucius
Scaevola, X. 162; Cornelius Scipio
(Africanus Major), III. 190; Scipio
(Africanus Minor), Ix. 492; Scipio
(Asiaticus), IV. 414, V. 130; Metellus
Scipio with Pompey, 262; Scipio
Nasica and O. Marcius, 444; Ti.
Sempronius, 444, II. 334; Silanus
and Murena, Vil. 116; Spinther,
Vv. 244; Sulla and Q. Pompeius,
Iv. 342; M. Valerius and Postumius
Tubertus, 1.554; Valerius Corvinus,

many times, IX. 542; Terentius
Varro and Aemilius Paulus, III.
158 f.

‘* Consuls’? means counsellors, I. 128

Consulship, arrogant powers taken
away by Publicola, I. 568; III.
186; why candidates wear toga
without tunic, Iv. 148; given to
Marius absent, Ix. 492

Consus, god of counsel; his altar in
Circus Maximus, I. 128

Contributions, Il. 482, 532, 111. 36,
Iv. 22

Copillus, chief of Tectosages, cap-
tured by Sulla, Iv. 330

Coponius, commander of garrison at
Carrhae, III. 404

Cora, daughter of Aidoneus and
Phersephone, I. 72

Cora, temple of, near Hysiae at foot
of Cithaeron, Il. 248; goddess of
Syracuse, delivered Cerberus into
Heracles’ hands, 111. 210; goddess
of Eleusis, IV. 60

Coracesium, promontory in Cilicia,
v. 184

Corcyne, nurse, accompanied Ariadne

to Naxos, I. 42

Corcyra, Il. 64; aided by Athens,
Ill. 82, 84; in league against
Philip, vil. 40, VI. 278; captured
by Agathocles, Ix. 368; garrisoned
He pa 3723 VI. 448; VIII.
37

Corduba, Vil. 482

Cordylion, surname of Athenodorus
the Stoic, VIII. 256

Coreia, festival of Persephone, VI.
118

Corfinium, surrenders to Caesar, YII.
526

Corfinius, refurnished Pompey’s house,
vil. 562. See also ‘* Cornificius.”’

Corinth, I. 56, 412, Il. 16, 274, 64,
456; at war with Corcyra, III. 82,
84; its territory raided by Nicias,
228; displeased by Peace of Nicias,
240, Iv. 48, 292; battle of, v. 40,
44; captured by Agesilaiis and
Teleutias, 56; in league against
Philip, vil. 40; sends Timoleon to
Sicily, VI. 266; 268; 270; 276;
sends Timoleonreinforcements, 298;
304; 308; 312; sends colonists to
Syracuse, 314; 332; freed by

365

GENERAL INDEX TO ALL THE ‘LIVES’

Demetrius, IX. 58; X. 10; XI. 20;
joins Achaean League, 52; 56;
joins Cleomenes, X. 90, XI. 94;
garrisoned by Antigonus, 96; pro-
claimed free by Flamininus, X.
350, 358; brought over to Rome
by Cato the Elder, Il. 336; taken
by Mummius, Ill. 430, Ix. 464, xX.
316; restored by Caesar, VII.
576

Coriolanus, O. Marcius, his family
and character, IV. 118f.; fought
against Tarquin when a boy, 122;
takes Corioli, 132f.; helps the
consul rout the Volscians, 136 f.;
is named Coriolanus, 140; opposes
the plebs, runs for consul, not
elected, 148 f.; opposes distributing
corn gratis, 154f.; is denounced
by the tribunes, 156 f.; condemned
by the tribunes to be cast from
Tarpeian rock, is rescued, 160 f.;
is tried before the people and
condemned to perpetual banish-
ment, 166 f.

Goes to the Volscians, 170; is
appointed general with Tullus for
war on Rome, raids Roman land,
182f.; takes Circeil, ravages land
of Latins, takes Bola, 186; be-
sieges Lavinium, marches against
Rome, 188; gives terms of peace
to Roman embassy, 190; with-
draws and attacks allies of Rome,
192; returns to attack Rome, 194;
spares Rome and withdraws at the
intercession of his mother, 208;
hated by Tullus and asked to give
an account of his administration,
214; slain by a party of Volscians,
216

His words given: 136, 140, 166,
172 f., 208

Corioli, captured from the Volscians,
Iv. 132

Cornelia (1), daughter of Scipio, wife
of Ti. Gracchus the Elder, refused
hand of Ptolemy; mother of the
Gracchi, X. 146 f., 152; 162; 206;
said to have helped C. ‘Gracchus in
his seditious measures, 226; her
life after death of O Gracchus,
240; Ix. 556

Cornelia (2), daughter of Metellus
Scipio, married Publius, son of

366

Crassus, then Pompey; her accom-
plishments, V. 260, 286; learns of
disaster at Pharsalus, flees with
her husband, 310; sees Pompey
murdered, receives remains of
Pompey, buries them at Alban
villa, 320 f.

Cornelia (3), daughter of Cinna, wife
of Caesar, VII. 442, 450; had
daughter by Caesar who married
Pompey, 452

Cornellii, three fated to become
ee at Rome, VII. 122, Ix.

Cornelius, leader of party of Sulla’s
men, spares Caesar for 2 talents,
VII. 444

Cornelius, C., acquaintance of Livy,
augurs Caesar’s victory at Phar-
salus, VII. 554

Oornelius, Gnaeus, appointed col-
league in consulship by Marcellus,
Vv. 446, 448

Cornelius, P., with M. Baebius con-
= Fg 400 years after Numa,

. 380

Cornelins Cethegus, see ‘‘ Cethegus,
Cornelius.”’

Cornelius Cossus, won spolia opima
from Tolumnius the Tuscan, I. 138,
Vv. 454

Cornelius Laco, prefect of praetorian
guard under Galba, XI. 230; slain
by Otho’s soldiers, 268

Cornelius Merula, consul with
Octavius, replacing Cinna, Ix. 578

Cornelius Nepos, cited, II. 608, Vv.
520, X. 194

Cornel-tree,
I. 154

Cornificius, L., prosecutor of Brutus,

the sacred, story of,

VI. 184
Cornificius, Q., has 2 legions for
Caesar, VII. 544

Cornutus, rescued from Marius by
slaves, IX. 586

Coroebus, began sanctuary of mys-
teries at Hleusis, III. 40

Coroneia, battle of, Athenians under
Tolmides defeated by Boeotians,
Ill. 58, IV. 2; battle of, between
Agesilatis and Thebans, vy. 40,
46

Corrhagus (Corrhaeus), Stratonice’s
father, 1X. 6

GENERAL INDEX TO ALI. THE ‘LIVES’

Corrhagus, son of Demetrius and
Eurydice, Ix. 134

Corsica, sea about it cleared of
pirates by Pompey, V. 182

Corvinus, Valerius, 6 times consul
like Marius, Ix. 542

Corynetes, slain by Theseus, I. 188.
See also ‘* Periphetes.”

Cos, people of, join Lucullus, 1.
474

yen ne Etruria, colonized by Rome,

xX. 324

Cosconius, slain by Caesar’s mutinous
soldiers, VII. 560

Cosis, brother of Albanian king, slain
by Pompey, V. 208

Cossaeans, slaughtered by Alexander,
VII. 424

Cossinius, praetor, slain, and his
camp captured by Spartacus, III.
358 -

Cossus, Cornelius, see ‘‘ Cornelius
Cossus.”’
Cossus, Licinius, sent to consult

oracle of Delphi re Alban lake, II.
102 ~

Cost, of clothing, II. 314; of fish, 322;
of public works, 356

**Cothurnus,’”’ nickname of There-
menes, III. 212

Cotta, defeated by Sertorius in sea-
fight, VIII. 30

Ootta, Caesar’s legate, destroyed with
army by Gauls, VII. 500

Cotta, L. (1), opposes Marius, Ix.
470

Cotta, L. (2), censor, very fond of
wine, VII. 150

Cotta, M., consnl with Lucullus, II.
484; sent with ships to guard
Propontis and Bithynia, 490; de-
feated by Mithridates, is besieged
in Chalcedon, 494

Cotylon, Varius, intimate of Antony,
left with 6 legions to guard geal,
1x. 178

Cotys, king of Paphlagonians, mikes
alliance with Agesilaiis, Vv. 28

Council of Elders, established by
Lycurgus, I. 218

Council of 500, at Athens, I1. 458

Courts of justice, transferred again
to knights by Pompey, V. 168

Crane, dance instituted by Theseus,
still kept up by Delians, I. 44

Craneion, suburb of Corinth, - VII.
258

Crannon, battle of, Greeks defeated
aaa II. 138, VII. 68, VIII.

Crassianus, C. (Crastinus or Cras-
sinius), centurion of Caesar, slain
at Pharsalus, V. 300, VII. 548

Crassus (1), Scipio’s colleague in
consulship, urged by Fabius Maxi-
mus to thwart Scipio; was pontifex
maximus, III. 192

es (2), brother of Licinia, x.

2

Crassus (3), husband of Scribonia,
father of Piso, executed by Nero,
XI. 254

Crassus (4), son of the triumvir,
resembled Axius, VII. 144

Crassus, M., his family, 111. 314; his
avarice and wealth, 316f.; gener-
ous, eloquent, kindly, 320; escaped
when Cinna and Marius prevailed,
322; joins Sulla and raises force,
326f.; rival of Pompey, 328;
victorious when Sulla is defeated,
320, Iv. 416, 420f.; lent Caesar
large sum, Ill. 332f., VII. 468;
chosen to conduct war against
Spartacus, III. 340; disciplines
troops when his legate Mummius
is defeated, 342; defeats parts of
Spartacus’ force, 344, 346, Vv. 164,
196; defeats Spartacus again, II.
348

Elected consul with Pompey,

quarrels with him, 350, Vv. 168,
VIII. 334; inactive as censor,
accused by Cicero of being in
Catilinarian conspiracy, III. 352,
VII. 116, 158; reconciled to Cicero,
168, 111. 354; forms triumvirate
with Pompey and Caesar, 354f.,
vil. 470; has understanding with
Caesar and Pompey at Luca, III.

- 356, VII. 494, VIII. 332; through
violence is elected consul with
Pompey, gets province of Syria,
III. 360, VIII. 334; crosses to the
east, takes Zenodotia, III. 364;
receives embassy from Hyrodes,
368; encouraged by Artabazes,
king of Armenia, 370; duped by
Ariamnesg, 374; opposed by Surena,
376 f.; gets discouraging message

367

GENERAL INDEX TO ALL THE ‘LIVES’

from Artabazes, 380; defeated by
Parthians, 382f.; leaves Carrhae
by night, 408; forced to go with
the Parthians, 412; is slain, 416,
V. 254, VII. 510

See also 11. 592, 596, 606, V. 226,
Vil. 102, 144, 146

Quoted : III. 318, te 352, V. 170,
364, 368, 374, 398,

Crassus, P. (1), vette maximus,
helps Ti. Gracchus draw up his
agrarian law, X. 162; father-in-
law of C. Gracchus, elected land
commissioner in place of Ti.
Gracchus, 194

Crassus, P. (2), son of M. Crassus,
admirer of Cicero, III. 354, v. 260,
VII. 168; came from Caesar in
Gaul with 1000 troopers for his
father, Ill. 366, 384; slain at
Carrhae, 390, 400, V. 310, VII.
172

Crastinus, see ‘* Crassianus.”’

Craterus (1), husband of Phila, Ix.
32; VII. 344; wounded by Perdic-
cas, 346; quarrels with Hephaes-
tion, 360, 362, 382, sent back to
Macedonia by Alexander, VIII.
186; defeats Greeks at Crannon,
and crosses to Asia to overthrow
Perdiccas, VII. 68, VIII. 90, 200;
VII. 70; VIII. 92; sends Antipater
into Cilicia, advances against
Eumenes, is defeated and dies,
VIII. 94 f., Ix. 32

Craterus, the Macedonian, collected
various decrees, Il. 444; cited,
294

Crates, philosopher, induces Deme-
trius to raise siege of Athens, IX.
116

Cratesicleia, mother of Cleomenes,
assists him, marries Aristonoiis, X.
60; goes as hostage to Egypt, 98;
executed by Ptolemy, xX. 136

Cratesipolis, wife of Alexander, son
of Folsnperclgns visits Demetrius,
IX. 22

Cratinus, comic poet, cited :—

Archilochi (Kock I. 11), 11. 434

Cheirons (Kock I. 86), I11. 8, 70

Nemesis (Kock 1. 49), 11. 8; (94),
I. 472; (100), III. 42

Cratippus, y. 310; received Roman
citizenship from Caesar at Cicero’s

368

request, VII. 142; his lectures
attended by Brutus, VI. 176
Craugis, Philopoemen’s father, xX. 256
Cremation, alive, VII. 416 f.
Cremona, battle of, Caecina worsted
by Otho’s men, XI. 292
Creobylus, see ‘* Crobylus.””
— (1), father of Menoeceus, Y.

C— (2), character in tragedy, VII.

Creophylus, posterity of, in Ionia
preserved poems of Homer, I. 214
Cretan, civilization, simple and severe,
I. 214; government, mixture of
democracy and royalty, VI. 112;

javelin, x. 444

Cretans, once sent offering of first-
born to Delphi, some of Athenian
descent, etc., I. 30; submit to
Philip, son of Antigonus, XI. 110;
serve with Aemilius Paulus, vi.
392, 416; won over by Lucullus,
Il. 474

Crete, visited by Lycurgus, I. 212;
worst nest of pirates after Cilicia,
cleared of them by Metellus, v.
188; decreed province of Brutus,
VI. 168; xX. 288 f.

“Creticus,”” surname of Antonius,
father of M. Antony, Ix. 138

Crimesus river, in Sicily, VI. 322;
battle of, 324 f.

Crispinus (), consul with Marcellus,
slain by Hannibal in ambush, Vv.
516

a gee (2), Poppaea’s husband, Xt.
246; slain by Otho’s soldiers, 280

Critias, son of Callaeschrus, moved
decree for recall of Alcibiades, IV.
96; one of Thirty Tyrants, II.
434; cited, I. 230, II. 434, 454
(Bergk Il. 279 f.), IV. 96

Crito, borrowed 70 minas from
Socrates, II. 214

Critolaidas, one of 5 arbiters in dis-
pute between Athenians and Megar-
ians, I. 428

Critolalis, cited, 111. 20

Crobylus (1), cited, vir. 40

Crobylus (2), beautiful boy, VII. 286

Croesus, sent bowl to Delphi, I. 414;
had interview with Solon, 478;
etoated and spared by Oyrus,
484

GENERAL INDEX TO ALL THE ‘LIVES’

Crommyonian sow, called Phaea,
slain by Theseus, I. 18

Cronos, age of, II. 286, 436

Croton, I. 178; given portion of
spoil from Arbela by Alexander,
VII. 328

Crustumerium, its people defeated
nt to Rome by Romulus,
EE

Ctesias, physician with Artaxerxes
I, XI. 128 ; describes death of Cyrus
at Ounaxa, 148f.; rewarded by
Artaxerxes, 156; tells anecdote
about Clearchus and himself, 166 f.;
sent to help Conon, 176
eee 140, 146, 148f., 154f.,

Ctesibius, cited by Hermippus, VII. 12

Ctesiphon, brought to trial in matter
of the crown, VII. 58

Ctesippus, son of Chabrias, VII. 36;
helped by Phocion, VIII. 158

Ctesium, city in Scyros, I. 426

Culeo, Terentius, forces Flamininus
and Marcellus, the censors to receive
into citizenship all offered if of free
parents, X. 372

Culleo, vainly urges Pompey to
divorce Julia, V. 242

Cumae, Blossius of, x. 160

Cunaxa, 500 furlongs from Babylon;
battle of, XI. 142 f.

Cures, of the Sabines, native city of
Numa Pompilius; from it ‘‘ Qui-
rites’ derived, I. 314

“Cures, a new,’’ term applied to
Epimenides of Crete, I. 432

Curiae, named after 30 seized Sabine
maidens, I. 130, 152

Curio (1), Sulla’s legate, besieges
Aristion in the acropolis and forces
him to surrender, IV. 372

Curio (2), Cato’s friend, VIII. 266;
aedile with Favonius, 348, Ix. 140

Curio (3), rescues Caesar in Catilin-
arian trouble, VII. 460; bought by
Caesar, acts for him in Rome,
Vv. 268, vil. 514f., Ix. 140, 148;
driven from senate by Lentulus,
VI. 518

Curius, M’., I1. 324, 386, 394; hero
of 3 triumphs, drove Pyrrhus from
Italy, 306; defeated Pyrrhus at
Beneventum, Ix. 426; quoted, II.
306

Curtius, Sabine, caught in bog hence-
i called ‘‘lacus Curtius,”’ I.
44
Custom, of boiling all sorts of pulse
together on 7th of Pyanepsion,
I. 46; Spartans brought bodies of
kings home for burial, v. 112
Cyanean isles, western limit for
Persian navy, Il. 444
Cybernesia, celebrated in honour of
of Nausithoiis and Phaeax, I. 34
Cybisthus, son of Solon’s sister,
adopted by him, I. 418
Cychreus, father-in-law of Sciron, I.
20; hero sacrificed to by Solon,
4

42

Cyclades, being subjugated by Arche
latis, IV. 358

Colo cave of, II. 326; blinded, x1.
20

Cycnus, slain by Hercules, I. 22

Cydnus river, in Asia, VII. 274, Ix.
192

Cyinda, see ‘* Quinda.”’

Cyllarabis (Cylarabis, Cyllarabium),
gymnasium just outside of Argos,
IX. 452, X. 86, 110

Cylon, his murder caused pollution
and strife, 1.430; Athenians ordered
by Spartans to drive out this
pollution, 111. 94

Cyme, where Themistocles landed in
Asia, I. 68; VII. 586

Cynageirus, rivalled Aristides for
2nd place at Plataea, II. 388

Cynisca, Agesilatis’ sister, enters
chariot at Olympian contests, V. 52

Cynosarges, asium of Hercules
outside Athens, frequented by
aliens, II. 2

Cynoscephalae, Amazons’ graves there,
1. 64; Pelopidas defeats Alexander
of Pherae there and is himself slain,
vy. 422; Flamininus defeats Philip
of Macedon there, VI. 372, X. 340

Cynossema, promontory of Salamis,
origin of name, II. 30 f., 318

Cypris, I. 478

Cyprus, has grove of Ariadne Aphro--
dite, I. 42; visited by Solon, 476;
Il. 84; 442; 460; scene of Cimon’s
death, 462 f., 111.32; 74; surrenders
to Alexander, VII. 292; 308; Ix.12;
won from Ptolemy by Demetrius,
IX. 34f.; 11.478; administered by

369

GENERAL INDEX TO ALL THE ‘LIVES’

Cato, V. 240, 316, VII.170, VIII. 346;
given to Cleopatra, Ix. 218

Cypselus, Periander’s father, XI. 8 -

Oyrene, set in order by Ecdemus and
Megalophanes, X. 256; ruled by
son of Demetrius and Ptolemais,
Ix. 134; given fixed constitution
by Lucullus, Il. 474; received
Cato, closed gates to Labienus,
Vill. 370f.; western terminus of
Antony’s empire, IX. 276

Cyrnus river, its source, tributary,
and mouth, V. 206

Cyrrhestica, in Asia, Ix. 122, 212

‘*Cyrus,’”’ Persian word for sun, XI.
128

Cyrus the Elder, named from sun,
XI.128; 130; defeated and spared
Solon, I. 484; his tomb visited by
Alexander VII. 416, Ix. 152

Cyrus the Younger, son of Dareius

‘and Parysatis, XI. 128; 190, III. 72;
receives Lysander at Sardis, IV.
240; 246; asks Sparta to send
Lysander again, 248; promises
Lysander anything he wants, 252;
280; remained satrap of Lydia
and commander of the king’s forces
in maritime provinces on death of
Dareius, XI. 130; accused of plot
against life of Artaxerxes, pardoned

by latter, 132; makes secret
preparations, 132f.; gets aid of
Spartans, marches against the

king, is slain at Cunaxa, 136f.,,
IV. 452; quoted, xI. 142

Cythera, captured by Nicias, III.
228; 430; Vv. 86; x. 118

Cytheris, actress, favourite of Antony,
TX. 158

Cyzicus, sends embassy to Sparta
supported by Pharnabazus, IV. 66;
taken by Athenians, 82; besieged
by Mithridates, relieved by Lucul-
lus, II. 498, 504; VI. 186

Dactyli, Idaean, played tricks like

’ those of Picus and Faunus, I.
360

Daedalus, son of Merope, pursued
by Minos, fled to Athens, protected
by Theseus, I. 38

Daesius, month in which Macedonian
kings were wont to take the field,

379

VII. 264; 4323; Sicyonian month,
same as Anthesterion, XI. 122

Daimachus, Plataean, cited re Solon,
1.572; his treatise ‘‘ On Religion ”’
cited, IV. 262

Dalmatia, armies there faithful to
Otho, XI. 284

Damagoras, commands Rhodian gal-
ley, II. 482

Damascus, VII. 280

Damastes (1), surnamed Procrustes,
slain by Theseus, I. 22

Damastes (2), cited, 11. 138

Damippus, Spartan, captured by
Marcellus, V. 482

Damochares, plots against Agis, X.
40; helps execute him, 44

Damocleides, prominent Theban,
takes part in expulsion of Spartans
at Thebes, V. 356; with Pelopidas
on Leontidas and Hypates, v.

66

Damocrates (1), Plataean hero, II.
246

pee (2), Spartan exile, quoted,
xX. 56

Damon (1), Pericles’ music teacher,
ostracized, II. 214, 111. 10, 226

Damon (2), Macedonian soldier of
Alexander, VII. 286

Damon (3), Peripolitas, of Chaeroneia,
story of his life, 11. 404f.; his
descendants called Asbolomeni, 408

Damonides, of deme Oa, advises
Pericles, III. 26

Damophantus, leader of Eleian
ebb / slain by Philopoemen, xX.

72

Damoteles, betrays Oleomenes at
Sellasia, x. 114

Damurias river, where Timoleon
defeated Hicetas, VI. 336

Danaiis, captured Argos, Ix. 454

Dandamis, gymnosophist, meets One-
sicritus, VII. 408; 244

Dandarians, barbarian people dwell-
ing about Lake Maeotis, II. 518

Danube river, Bisternae settled along
it, VI. 376; scene of battle between
Alexander and Syrmus, king of
Triballi, VII. 252; regions along it
subdued by Tiberius Sempronius,
II. 334

Daochus, Thessalian, sent by Philip
on embassy to Thebes, VII. 42

Deceleia,

GENERAL INDEX TO

Daphne, daughter of Amyclas, the
same as Pasiphaé according to
Phylarchus, x. 20

Daphne, grove near Antioch, II. 534
Dardanians, defeated by Perseus,
VI. 376

Dardanus, in Troad, meeting-place
of Mithridates and Sulla, Iv. 402
Dardanus (1), founded Troy, I. 144
Dardanus (2), shield-bearer of Brutus,
VI. 242

Dareius (1), sent Datis to subdue
Hellenes, 11. 10, 224

Dareius (2), father of Artaxerxes,

Cyrus, Ostanes, and Oxathres by
Parysatis, xI. 128
Dareius (3), his generals defeated at
the river Granicus, VII. 262f.;
encouraged by Alexander’s long
delay in Cilicia, 274; defeated by
Alexander, 278; makes proposal
to Alexander, 310; marches against
with a million men, 314;
escapes from rout of Arbela, 324;
vy. 40; seized by Bessus, dies in
presence of Polystratus, 348; body
sent to his mother, 350; quoted,
310 f., 350 f.

Dareius (4), oldest son of Artaxerxes

II., proclaimed successor to the
throne, XI. 188f.; plots death of
Artaxerxes, is detected and put to
death, 196 f.

Daric, Persian coin, IV. 240

Darius, see ‘* Dareius.”’

Dascylitis, lake near Cyzicus, II. 500
Dassaretis, in Illyria, x. 330

Datis, sent by Darius to subdue

Hellenes, II. 224

Daunians, sape5 Pyrrhus’ baggage
at Asculum, Ix. 416

Day, white, II. 78
Debts, cancelled in Athens by Solon,

sf 442, 570; debtor class cham-
pioned by . Manlius, Il. 186;
Vil. 418; IV. 348; I1. 532; VII. 452;
470; 556; Ix. 140

Decadarchies, instituted in Asia by

Lysander, IV. 242, 266, 268
fortified on advice
Alcibiades, Iv. 62; 98; 252

of

Dechas, death chamber of prison at

Sparta, x. 44
Decimation, what it is, Ix. 226; III.
342

ALL THE “LIVES?

Decrees, II. 18, 204, 244, 280, 444,
458, Ill. 28, 68, 84, 88, 210, 252,
Iv. 42, 96, 254, 270, 318, V. 354,
vi. 10, Vil. 48, 68, 146, 168, VIII.
222, 230, IX. 32

Deianeira, III. 70

perp (1), married Peirithoiis, 1.

Deidameia (2), daughter of Aeacides,
sister of Pyrrhus, wife of Deme-
trius, IX. 58, 348, 354; mother of
Alexander, 134; 72; dies, 78, 362

Deidius, brings in head of elder of
Pompey’s sons, VII. 572

a Bes father of Autolycus, II.
5

Deinarchus (1), Corinthian, denounced
Demades to Oassander, VII. 78;
put to death by Polysperchon,
VIII. 222

Deinarchus (2), served under Timo-
leon in Sicily, VI. 312, 320

Deinias, with Aristotle the logician,
tag Abantidas, XI. 6; cited,

Deinocrates, Messenian, induces Mes-
sene to revolt from Achaean league,
captures Philopoemen, xX. 306, 370;
executes Philopoemen, commits
suicide, 314

Deinomache, daughter of Megacles,
mother of Alcibiades, Iv. 2

Deinon, cited, VII. 332, XI. 128, 140,
146 f., 154, 170, 172, 178

Deioneus, son of Hurytus the Oechal-
ian, I. 18

Deipnophoroi, women who took part
in procession of Oschophoria; why
so called, 1. 50

Deirades, Athenian deme, Iv. 70

Deiotarus, Galatian, guest-friend of
Cato’s father, welcomes Cato, who
refuses his gifts and leaves soon,
Vill. 260f.; meets Crassus, II.
364; flees with ig ye v. 308;
deserts to Octavius, Ix. 280

AcxaBovoy (ten oxen), origin of term
as referring to money, I. 54

Delium, has temple of Apollo, Iv.
396; "battle of, Athenians defeated,
18, 316, III. 226

Dellius, sent by Antony to bring
Cleopatra to him in Cilicia, Ix.
190 f.; 272

Delos, island, athletic contests insti-

371

GENERAL INDEX TO ALL THE ‘LIVES’

tuted there by Theseus, I. 44;
Confederacy of, II. 290; III. 216
Delos, mountain near temple of
Apollo Tegyraeus, V. 378

Delphi, visited by Lycurgus, I. 216;
has perpetual fire, that went out
3 times, 338; where 7 wise men
once met, 412; had golden tripod
and bowl sent by Croesus, 414;
its records cited, 430, 472; had
treasury of Acanthians, Iv. 234;
280; 11.114; seized by men led
by ’Philomelus and Onomarchus
VI. 334; 428

Delphi, oracle of, 1.52; told Theseus
to found city where he found
himself full of sorrow, 60, 82;
180; 216; 220; 294; 318; 424; 428;
4385 Il. 28; 102; 246; VII. 260; XI.

120’

Delphians, freed from Phocians by
Spartans, II. 456; dispossessed of
sanctuary at Delphi by Spartans,
restored by Athenians, III. 62

Delphinium, contains enclosure where
house of Aegeus stood, I. 24, 34

Demades, his character "and ability,
VII. 20, 24, 30, VIII. 144; moves
that ‘Athenians take part in con-
gress proposed by Philip, VIII.
180; induces Alexander to forgo
demand for surrender of Demos-
thenes and others, VII. 56; moves
sentence of death on Demosthenes,
70, VIII. 202; executed by COas-
sander, 212, VII. 78

Sayings: Draco’s laws written
in blood, I. 450, VII. 28, 30, VIII.
144, 194, xX. 110, XI. 208

Demaenetus, popular leader at Syra-
cuse, attacks Timoleon, VI. 348

Demaratus (1), father of Tarquin,
I. 138, 536

Demaratus (2), Spartan, wishes to
wear tiara upright like Persian
kings, I1. 80; XI. 130

Demaratus (3), Corinthian, rebukes
Philip, VII. 246, 336; dies after
seeing Alexander on throne of
Dareius, 384; cited, v. 38

Demaratus (4), Rhodian, his release
secured by Phocion from Alexander,
VIII. 186

Demaratus, saying, I. 268

Demaretus, with Deinarchus brought

372

Timoleon’s 2nd reinforcement from
Corinth, led part of troops against
Hicetas, VI. 312, 320; commands
etre at battle of river Crimesus,
26

Demariste, Timoleon’s mother, VI.
266, 272

Demeas, son of Demades, executed by
Cassander, VIII. 214

Demeter, sacrifice to, at Sparta
12th day after death of kinsman, I.
286, 422; goddess of Eleusis, Iv.
60, II. 246; temple of, near Hysiae
at foot of Cithaeron, 248

** Demetria,”’ new name of festival
Dionysia, 1x. 28

Demetrias, city settled by Demetrius
from small villages about Iolcus,
IX. 134; Filamininus ordered to
keep it garrisoned, X. 348; had
great store of arms for Parthian
war, VI. 180

** Demetrias,’’ new name of Sicyon,
Ix. 58

Demetrias, new tribe at Athens in
honour of Demetrius, Ix. 26

‘* Demetrias,’” new name for “ Old
and New,” last day of month, Ix.
28

“* Demetrion,’’ new name of month
Mounychion, Ix. 28

Demetrius (1), herald of Syracuse,
VI. 354

Demetrius (2), surnamed Pheido, in
retinue of Alexander, VII. 382

Demetrius (3), brother of Antigonus,
by some said to be the father of
Demetrius Poliorcetes, IX. 6

Demetrius (4), Poliorcetes, character
and lineage, IX. 6f., VIII. 134;
when 22 defeated by Ptolemy at
Gaza, IX. 12; defeats Cilles,
Ptolemy’s general, 14; raids Naba-
taean Arabs, invades Babylonia,
16; frees Athens of Demetrius
Pharlereus, 18f.; frees Megara,
22; takes Munychia and razes
fortress, restores to Athens ancient
form of government, 24f.; marries
Turydicé, had married Phila, 32 f.;
defeats Menelaiis and Ptolemy at
Cyprus, 34f.; saluted as king with
his father, 40

Fond of building ships and

engines of war, 46; takes Rhodes,

GENERAL INDEX TO ALL THE ‘LIVES’

48f.; rescues Athens from Cas-
sander, 52f.; drives his enemies
out of the Peloponnesus, pro-
claimed Commander-in-Chief of the
Greeks, 58; defeated with his
father at Ipsus by rival kings,
68 f., 380; is warned off by Athens,
72; ravages hersonesus, 74;
marries his daughter Stratonicé to
Seleucus, takes possession of Cilicia,
78; drives Lachares from Athens,
80 be: defeats Sparta twice, 84;
has Alexander slain and becomes
king of Macedonia, 88f., 360f.;

gets Thessaly, occupies "Boeotia,
96; conquers Aetolia and ravages
Epeirus, 100, 364; very ill at
Pella, drives Pyrrhus out of
Macedonia, 106, 370; is attacked
by Seleucus, Ptolemy, and Lysi-
machus, deserted by his army
loses Macedonia and flees to
Cassandreia, 110 f., 374 f.

Sails for Asia to wrest Caria and
Lydia from Lysimachus, marries
Ptolemais, 116, 378; withdraws
to Taurus mountains, 120; is
successful against Seleucus, but
falls sick and is deserted by most
of his men, 122; surrenders to
Seleucus, 126; is carried a prisoner
to the Syrian Chersonese; died in
his 55th year, 132; the children
he left, 134

See also VI. 32, IX. 354, 372
Demetrius (5), the Phalerean, brother
of Himeraeus, VII. 70; had pension
given to 2 descendants of Aristides,
11.296; ruled Athens for Cassander,
expelled by Demetrius and given
safe conduct to Thebes, Ix. 18 f.;
condemned to death in absentia by
the Athenians, VIII. 226

Cited: I. 276, 466 (his ‘* Socra-
tes’), 11. 210, 212, 214, 226, 296,
VII. 22, 24, 26, 34
Demetrius (6), the Thin, son of
Demetrius Poliorcetes, Ix. 134
Demetrius (7), son of Demetrius
Poliorcetes and Ptolemais, ruled
Cyrené, Ix. 134
Demetrius (8), son of Antigonus
Gonatas, marries Nicaea to help
his father get the Acrocorinthus,
xI. 36; his general Bithys defeats

Aratus, 76; after short rule died,
leaving a son Philip in his boyhood,
VI. 372

Demetrius (9), son of Philip, sent to
Rome as hostage, X. 346; executed
by his father on false charge

rought by his brother Perseus,

VI. 374

Demetrius (10), of Pharos, x1. 114

Demetrius (11), the Magnesian, cited,
viI. 36, 68, 70

Demetrius (12), the Peripatetic, with
Cato at Utica, VIII. 396, 402

Demetrius (13), freedman of Pompey.
Vv. 120, 216, 264

Demetrius (14), attendant of Cassius,
VI. 226

Demo, surnamed Mania, mistress of
Demetrius, IX. 54, 64

Demochares (1), of Leuconoé, relative
of Demosthenes, cited, VII. 74;
bon mot re Stratocles, exiled for it,
Ix. 56

Demochares (2), of a called
Demetrius “‘ Fable,”’ Ix.

pemncops beautiful Mthendan youth,
Ix. 56

Democracy, favoured by maritime
empire, II. 54; gains control at
Athens, 450

Democrates, lover of Alcibiades, Iv. 8

Democritus, as to what we ought to
pray for, VI. 260

Ajpor, play of Eupolis, 111. 8

Demoleon, accompanied Autolycus,
Il. 544

Demon, cited, I. 36, 50

Demon of Paeonia, VII. 56; cousin
of Demosthenes, brings in decree
recalling him from exile, 68

Demonax, messenger of Archelatis
to people of Cyzicus, II. 498

Demophilus, accuser of Phocion, slain
by his son, VIII. 232

Demophon (Demophoén), son of
Theseus, and Antiope, I. 64; had
son Munychus from Laodicé, 78:
founded city in Cyprus near river
Clarius, 476

Demopolis, son of Themistocles, 11. 88

Demosthenes (1), Athenian general,
defeated in Aetolia, III. 226; forti-
fied Pylos, 230; 278; arrives in
Sicily with large force, makes night
attack on Epipolae and is defeated,

373

GENERAL INDEX TO ALL THE ‘LIVES’

284, 286; with his force captured
by Syracusans, 300; executed by
orders of Syracusans, 306; Iv. 2

Demosthenes (2), father of the orator,
called the Cutler owing to his
business, VII. 8, 48

Demosthenes (3), his parents and
race, VII. 8; left by his father at
age of 7 with estate of 15 talents,
wronged by his guardians, 8;
inspired by Callistratus to become
an orator, 10f.; brings suit against
his guardians, 14; encouraged by
Eunomus and Satyrus, 16; trains
diligently in private, 16f.; did not
speak off-hand, 20; copied Pericles
in some things, 22; overcame
indistinctness and lisping by re-
citing speeches with pebbles in his
mouth, 26; humorous in extempore
rejoinders, 28

After outbreak of Phocian war
entered public life with credit,
28f.; was not a time server, but
capable of being bribed, 34;
prosecuted Antiphon and Theoris
and had them executed, 36; wrote
speeches for others, 36; persistent
opponent of Philip, 38; incited
Athenians to drive Macedonians
out of Euboea, and to other acts
against Philip, 40; after Philip
took Elateia and occupied Phocis,
D. advised the people to cling to
Thebes, 42; arouses the allies to
fight Philip, but was not brave at
battle of Chaeroneia, 46 f.
Rejoices publicly on death of

Philip, 52; gets the Greeks to form
a league once more, and raises
opposition to Alexander, 54; after
destruction of Thebes his surrender
is demanded by Alexander, but he
is pardoned at intercession of
Demades, 56 f., VIIT. 182; supports
Agis the Spartan in his uprising,
VII. 58; successfully defends Ctesi-
phon against Aeschines, 58; accepts
bribe from Harpalus, 60; is con-
demned to pay fine of 50 talents
and imprisoned, escapes to Aegina,
64; on death of Alexander, sup-
ports rising against Antipater, 66;
recalled from exile, 68; after defeat
of Greeks at Crannon, escapes from

374

Athens, 70, VIII. 202; his surrender
demanded by Antipater, 204: con-
demned to death on motion of
Demades, VII. 70; dies by taking
poison in temple of Poseidon at
Calauria, 70 f., VIII. 210 ; ishonoured
after death by the Athenians, vir.
76; Plutarch’s ‘‘ Life of Demos-
thenes’’ drawn from what written
or oral sources he could find, 6,
78, I. 64
See also Il. 308, VII. 56, 92, 142,
VIII. 156, 160, 164, 178, rx. 384
Sayings: VII.20; 24, vill. 156;
A 26; 28; 38; 56; 64; 68;
Orations mentioned or cited :—
Against Androtion, VII. 36
Against Aristocrates, 32, 36
Against Aristogeiton, 36
Against Meidias, 28, Iv. 24
Against Timocrates, VII. 36
Concerning Halonnesus, 24
For the Immunities, 32, 36
For Phormion, 36
On the Crown (171f.), 8;
(132 £.), 34; 32; 38
On the False Embassy, 38
Philippics, 32
**Demosthenes, Roman,’”’ term ap-
plied to Cato the Elder, 11. 312
Demestratus, moved that generals
on Sicilian expedition have full
powers, III. 252, Iv. 46
Denarius, its value, why so called,
Ir. 124
Densus, Sempronius, only centurion
to defend Galba, XI. 264
Dercetaeus, one of Antony’s body.
guard, Ix. 314
Dercyllidas, Spartan general, being a
bachelor, snubbed by young man,
I. 248; waged war on Persians, XI.

Dercyllus, Athenian general, attempts
to arrest Nicanor, VIII. 218

“De Senectute,’’ by Cicero, II. 352,
X. 374

Deucalion (1), with Pyrrha said by
some to have established sanctuary
at Dodona and dwelt among
Molossians, IX. 346

Deucalion (2), son of ‘Minos, de-
manded surrender of Daedalus;
slain by Theseus, I. 38

GENERAL INDEX TO ALL THE ‘LIVES’

Dexithea, mother of Romulus by
Aeneas, I. 92

Dexoiis, slew Megacles, companion of
Pyrrhus, Ix. 398

‘‘Diadematus,’’ surname of one of
the Metelli; why given, Iv. 142

Diagoras, Olympian victor, V. 428

Dialectics, Latin terms for it pro-
vided by Cicero, VII. 184

Diamperes, gate of Argos, Ix. 450

Diana, temple of, at Rome, X. 234

Dicaearchia, opposing factions in it
reconciled by Sulla, and code of
laws prescribed, Iv. 440

Dicaearchus, I. 44, 74, V. 52

Dicomes, king of Getae, promised to
help Antony, Ix. 280

Dictator, what he was, how ap-
pointed, etymology of the name,
Il. 134, 170, in. 126, v. 504; for-
bidden by ancient law to use horse
in the field, 111. 126; Ix. 156

Dictators: Fabius Buteo, 2nd dic-
tator with M. Junius, III. 146;
Caesar, VII. 130, 532, Ix. 156:
2nd time, VII. 562; Camillus, I.
104; 2nd time, 158, 170; 3rd time,
180; 4th time, 194; 5th time, 94,
198: Quintus Capitolinus, 186;
Fabius Maximus, III. 126 f.; Quin-
tus Fulvius, v. 504; M. ‘Junius,
III. 146; Minucius, Vv. 446; alia,
Ale 430; Postumius Tubertus, I.

Dieting, praetor, sends Sertorius as
military tribune to Spain, VIII. 6
Didyma, plundered by pirates, v. 174
Didymus, grammarian, made reply
to Asclepiades re Solon’s tables of
law, I. 404

** Dies Alliensis,”” named from disaster
at river Allia, 11. 136, 140

Dies nefasti, some examples of, II.
136, 560

Dieutychidas, cited, I. 206

Dindymene, mother of the gods,
warns Themistocles, II. 82

Dinon, see ‘‘ Deinon.”’

Diocleides, informer against Alci-
biades, IV. 54

Diocles (1), ruler of Megarians, lost
Eleusis to Theseus, I. 20

Diocles (2), son of Themistocles,
adopted by his’ grandfather
Lysander, II. 88

Diocles (3), Syrian, helps Aratus
yr he a the Acrocorinthus, XI.
40 f.

Diocles (4), of Peparethus, source for
Fabius Pictor, gives most generally
accepted story of Romulus. and
founding of Rome, I. 96; _ first
nc pablee “Founding of Rome, ad

ean (1), the Topographer, cited,
I. 84; ‘On Tombs,”’ II. 88; 450

Diodorus (2), son of Sophax, Libyan
king, had army of Olbianians and
Mycenaeans, VIII. 24

Diogeiton, Theban leader against
Alexander of Pherae after death
of Pelopidas, V. 430

Diogenes (1), of Sinope, has verbal
encounter with Dionysius the
Younger, VI. 296; his reply to
Alexander, VII. 258; had Onesi-
critus as a follower, 408

Diogenes (2), guardian of Peiraeus,
XI. 76; bribed to give up Peiraeus,
Munychia, Salamis, and Sunium
to Athenians, 78

Diogenes (3), Stoic, sent by Athens as
ambassador to Rome, II. 368

Diogenes (4), step-son of Archelatis,
fell at Orchomenus, IV. 394

Diogenes, adopted Lycurgus’ design
for a civil polity, 1. 300; cited,
Ill. 148

Diomedes (1), son of eo sent
Romus from Troy, I

Diomedes (2), friend oe Alcibiades,
shabbily treated by him, Iv. 26

Dion, disciple of Plato, vI. 2, 8f.,
II. 212; brother of Aristomache,
loved and trusted by Dionysius
the Elder, VI. 6f.; impresses
Dionysius the Younger, 12f.;
envied by the other courtiers, 14 f.;
attempts to interest Dionysius in
liberal studies, 18f.; joins in
inviting Plato to Sicily, 22; op-
posed by Philistus and others,
24f.; expelled from Syracuse, 30;
studies with Plato in the Academy
at Athens, 32; made citizen of
Sparta, 34; has his income stopped
by Dionysius, 36; his estate con-
fiscated by Dionysius, 40; becomes
altogether hostile to him, 42

Plans war, 44; not deterred by

375

GENERAL INDEX TO ALL THE ‘LIVES’

eclipse of moon sails with expe-
dition against Dionysius, 48f.,
11. 290; reaches Pachynus, head-
land of Sicily, vi. 52; lands and
is entertained at Minoa, 54; joined
by men of Agrigentum and Gela,
56; joined by Camarinaeans, 58;
enters Syracuse, and issues pro-
clamation, takes Epipolae and
walls off the acropolis, 60f.;
negotiates with Dionysius, 62 f.;
repulses attack from the citadel,
64f.; is suspected by Syracusans,
68f.; opposed by Heracleides,
70f.; in vain slandered by Sosis,
72£.; receives offer of surrender
from Dionysius, 78

Opposed by Hippo and Hera-
cleides, 80; retires from Syracuse
to Leontini, 84; is summoned
from Leontini to rescue Syracuse,
88; drives troops of Apollocrates
back into the acropolis, 94 f.;
pardons Heracleides and Theo-
dotes, 98; opposes redistribution
of land and houses, 102; is defeated
by Pharax at WNeapolis, 102;
hurries back to Syracuse and fore-
stalls Heracleides and Gaesylus,
104; receives surrender of acro-
polis from Apollocrates, 106; takes
back his wife Arete, 108; lives
simply but through haughtiness
becomes unpopular, is opposed by
Heracleides once more, 110f.;
allows Heracleides to be murdered,
112, 312; is plotted against and
murdered by Calippus, 114 f., 262,
T1I. 260

See also 11. 212, V1. 248, 460

Quoted: VI. 12, 36, 90
Dionassa, 2nd wife of Eunomus,
mother of Lycurgus, I. 206
Dionysia, festival, called Demetria
in honour of Demetrius, Ix. 28
Dionysius (1), the Elder, very sus-
picious, kept his son shut up, VI.
18; composed lyric poems and
tragedies, 296; account of women
he married and early troubles, 6;
pardoned frankness of his sister
Theste, 44; banished Philistus,
24; executed children of Aristides
the Locrian, 274; aided by the
Spartans, Vv. 420; honours and

376

trusts Dion, hears Plato and is
angered, VI. 6f.; sends Plato
away, requests Pollis to kill or sell
him, 10; his children and death,
12; his funeral, v. 428

See also I. 458, IV. 236

Quoted: vi. 10, 12, 16

Dionysius (2), the Younger, son of
Doris, VI. 6; married Sophrosyne,
12; offered help against Carthage
by Dion, 14; kept secluded by his
father, 18; urged by Dion to invite
Plato to Sicily, 20; invites Plato
to Sicily, recalls Philistus from
exile, 22; becoming suspicious,
sends Dion to Italy; finally sends
Plato away, 30; ally of Sparta
against Thebes, 34; jealous of
Dion, confiscates his property;
induces Plato to come to Sicily
again, then dismisses him, 36;
absent when Dion’s’ expedition
arrives, returns to Syracuse, negoti-
ates with Dion and the Syracusans,
then suddenly attacks, 54f.; is
driven back to the acropolis, 64;
sends letter to Dion, 68; offers to
surrender conditionally; being re-
fused, sails away, leaving citadel
in charge of his son, 80, 262, 340,
It. 290; in 10th year of his exile
drives out Nisaeus, and becomes
tyrant of Syracuse once more, VI.
262; defeated by Hicetas and shut
up in acropolis, 280; surrenders to
Timoleon; spends rest of his life
in Corinth, 290

Quoted : 26, 40, 294 f.

Dionysius (3), Colophonian, his pic-
tures seem forced and laboured,
VI. 346

Dionysius (4), sent from Corinth to
establish civil polity of Syracuse,
VI. 320

Dionysius (5), Messenian, executed by
Alexander, VII. 428

Dionysius (6), Syrian, brother of
Diocles and Erginus, x1. 44

Dionysius (7), Chalcus, his poems
extant; founded Thurii, 111. 224

Dionysius (8), Magnesian, taught
Cicero oratory, VII. 90

Dionysius (9), of Halicarnassus, cited,
I. 138; (“Antiq. Rom.” 8, 2), Iv.
220; 1x. 400; 414

Dioscuri

GENERAL INDEX TO

Dionysius, pattern deity of Deme-
trius, Ix. 8; cited, xI. 208
Dionysodorus, of Troezen,
xi.

ie married one of the two
Ariadnes, and begot Staphylus,
I. 42; with Ariadne honoured in
festival of Oschophoria, 50, 11. 114;
378; 408; 410; 462; ITI. 216; benefi-
cent deeds of, "Iv. 308; mortal who
became immortal, v. 378; called
Euius and Thriambus by’ Greeks,
496; orgies of, practised by Mace-
donian women, VII. 226, 258; had
Gynaeceia as one of his mothers,
462; his figure in ‘‘ Battle of the
Giants”? at Athens blown down,
Ix. 274

Dionysus Carnivorous, receives sacri-
fice of 3 Persian youths before
Salamis, II. 40, 238, Vv. 392
“Dionysus, New,’’ term Antony
applied to himself, Ix. 274
Diophanes (1), general of Achaean
League, invades Laconia, x. 300;
kept out of Sparta by Philopoemen,
390; 368

Diophanes (2), rhetorician, exile from
Mitylene, said to have urged Ti,
Gracchus to attempt agrarian re-
form, X. 160; executed after death
of Ti. Gracchus, 192

Diophantus, of deme Amphitropé,
said to have prosecuted Aristides
for taking bribe, II. 294

Diopeithes (1), introduced bill for
impeachment of those not believing
in gods, III. 92

Diopeithes (2), cites oracle neni
claims of Agesilalis to throne, IV
294, Vv. 6

Diopeithes @, Athenian general, VII.
214, vir. 160

Dioscorides, writer of treatise on
Spartan civic polity, cited, I. 236,

v. 98

daridae, Castor and
Pollux) demanded their sister Helen
of Theseus, I. 70; stormed Aphidnae,
then received into Athens, 74;
initiated into Eleusinian mysteries;
adopted by Aphidnus, honoured
as gods and called Anakes, 76, 352;
appeared on Lysander’s ship, Iv.
260; golden stars of, set up at

cited,

VOL. XL

ALL THE ‘LIVES’

Delphi by Lysander, disappear be-
fore Leuctra, 280; sacrificed to by
Alexander, VII. 368; called princes
of Sparta, X. 358; seen in Rome
after defeat of Tarquins, VI. 420;
seen in forum after battle of Lake
Regillus; Ides of July conse-
crated to them, IV. 124; temple of,
in Samothrace, VI. 418; in forum
at Rome by fountain, Iv. 124, 350,
VIII. 298; decorated by Caecilius
Metellus, Vv. 120

Diphilus (1), priest of Saviour-gods
at Athens, Ix. 114

Diphilus (2), (Kock 11. 576), 111. 208

Diphridas, ephor of Sparta, orders
Agesilaiis to invade Boeotia im-
mediately, Vv. 44

Diploma, what it was, XI. 222, 280

Dipylum, originally called Thriasian
gates, III. 86, IV. 370

Disaster, natural, ancient deluge,
Iv. 372; at Alban lake, II. 98

Diseases: gout, its symptoms, IV.
408; ulceration of bowels and
being eaten by worms, afflicted
Sulla and others, 438; boulimia,
theories as to cause of, VI. 180;
cataract, endured by Timoleon,
350; quinsy, VII. 62; epileptic fits,
of Caesar, 482; pleurisy of Marius,
Ix. 592

Dithyrambic chorus, VII. 308

Dium, city where Alexander met
Demetrius, Ix, 86

Divorce, Hipparete applies for one
from Alcibiades, IV. 20; decrees of
Romulus concerning, I. 160; none
at Rome for 230 years, 198; of
Cloelia by Sulla, 1v. 344; of Clodia
and Servilia by Lucullus, II. 594;
of Antistia by Pompey, V. 134; of
Mucia by Pompey, 226; of Papiria
by Aemilius Paulus, VI VI. 366

Docimus, strives for chief command
under Eumenes, VIII. 102

Dodona, sanctuary there, said to
have been established by Deucalion
= Pyrrha, IX. 3463 IV. 304; VIII.
2

Dodonaean Zeus, oracle of, II. 76

Doe, white, of Sertorius, VIII. 28, 54

Dog, of Xanthippus, had tomb av
Salamis, I1. 30, 460

Dolabella (1), Gn. Cornelius, Sulla’s

yn 3a

GENERAL INDEX TO ALL THE ‘LIVES’

legate, Iv. 414, 420; had naval
command, which Sulla tried to
take away from him, 448; im-
Copsags by Caesar, acquitted, VII.
44

Dolabella (2), P. Cornelius, disgraces
Caesar by his madness, VII. 562;
introduces law for abolition of
debts, opposed by Antony, Ix.
156 f., 160; objected to by Antony
as colleague in consulship, 162; VI.
130; accused of plotting against
Caesar, 140, VII. 588, Ix. 164;
went to Syria without Cicero, VII.
190; VI. 180

Dolabella (3), P. Cornelius, acts for
Caesar Augustus, Ix. 324

Dolabella (4), favoured for emperor
by some, XI. 254; sent away by
Otho to Aquinum, 286

Doliola, name given place in temple
of Quirinus where jars of Vestals
were buried, II. 144

Dolo, what it is, xX. 168

Dolopians, inhospitable and savage,
refused to give up bones of Theseus,
I. 82; driven from Scyros by
Cimon, who sent bones of Theseus
to Athens, II. 428; harried by
Macedonians, X. 364

Domitian, changed names September
and October to Germanicus and
Domitianus, I. 370; built 4th
temple of Jupiter Capitolinus,
540 f.; learns of the defeat of the
rebel Antonius, VI. 420 f.

Domitius, see ‘‘ Ahenobarbus”’ and
“* Calvinus.”’

Doors, of house of M. Valerius alone
opened outwards. Greek doors all
did, 1. 554

Dorians, in Asia, IIT. 56

Doris, raided by Xerxes, II. 26

Doris, Locrian, wife of Dionysius
the Elder, VI. 6; had 3 children,
12

Dorylatis, general of Mithridates,
lands at Chalcis, occupies Boeotia,
is worsted in skirmish with Sulla
near Tilphossium, IV. 390; slain
in mutiny, II. 522.

‘ Doson,” surname given Antigonus
in mockery, IV. 142, VI. 372

Dowry, ‘Terentia brought Cicero
100,000 denarii, VII. 100

378

“Drachma,” original meaning of,
Iv. 278; 1. 510

Draco, laws of, repealed by Solon
except one relating to homicide,
I. 448; said lesser crimes deserved
death, and for greater ones no
heavier penalty could be found,
450; 454

Dracontides, moves a bill that
Pericles deposit his accounts of
public moneys with the prytanes,
ete., III. 92

Dramatic artists, assembled at Samos
by Sulla, Ix. 266

Dramatic tetralogy, had farcical
appendage, III. 14

Dreams, II. 460, 500, 502, 506, 542,
544, 111. 8, 44, 350, Iv. 112, 176,
288, 352, 414, 440, v. 14, 170, 198,
292, 306, 390, 392, VI. 4, 116, 170,
206, 218, 234, 276, VII. 72, 84, 194,
226, 292, 368, 544, 590, 602, VIII.
94, IX. 10, 68, 172, 374, 442, x.
64, 198

Dress, II. 518, 536, IV. 236, 376, IX.
98, 262

Dromichaetes, treated Lysimachus,
his captive, humanely, Ix. 132

Dromocleides, Sphettian, Ix. 32;
proposes that Piraeus and Munychia
be handed over to Demetrius, 84

Drusus (1) Livius, criticizes C. Grac-
chus, X. 148; tribune, tries to
weaken O. Gracchus, 214; 220

Drusus (2) Livius, uncle on mother’s
side, reared Oato the Younger, his
brother Caepio, sister Porcia, half-
sister Servilia, VIII. 236, 238

Drusus (3), son of Livia, step-son of
Octavius, married to Antonia,
progenitor of Germanicus and
Claudius, IX. 332

Dryad, VII. 462

Duris, Samian, descendant of Alci-
biades, IV. 92; credibility as
historian attacked by Plutarch,
Ill. 78

Cited: 11. 78, Iv. 92, 280, V.

6, Vil. 46, 56, 260, 356, VIII. 78,
152, 184

Dyme, city of Achaean League, XI.
24; Achaeans defeated there by
Cleomenes, X. 80; XI. 108; given to
pirates as residence by Pompey,
v. 186

GENERAL INDEX TO ALL THE ‘LIVES’

Dyrrhachium, Iv. 408; Vil. 164; Vv.
278; Caesar driven from it by
Pompey, VII. 480; 180

Earthquake, at Sparta, I. 292, II.
452, Iv. 66; at Athens, III. 244;
during battle of lake Thrasymené,
124; vil. 164

Eebatana, in Media, Vv. 38, 416, VIZ.
34, 424, x1. 192

Ecdelus, Areadian of Megalopolis,
friend of Aratus, XI. 10, 16

Ecdemus, Megalopolitan, "made tutor
of Philopoemen : his career, X. 256

Echecrates, prophet-priest of oracle
of agg of Apollo Tegyraeus, V.
37

Echecratides, sophist, liberated by
Alexander on request of Phocion,
Vill. 186

“*Echedemia,” early name _ . of
Academy; named after Echedemus,
I. 74

Echedemus, in army of Dioscuri,
gave name Echedemia to what
was afterwards called Academy,
I. 76

Echidna, fabled serpent, 111. 418

Eclipses, I. 120, 111. 288 f., 290, 292,
V. 46, 420, VI. 40, 48, 56, 400, VII.
316

Ecnomum, in Sicily, v1. 56

Economy, domestic, taught by Cato
the Elder, 11. 390

Si father of Mandrocleidas,

14

Reprepes, by eat cut out 2 of 9 lute-
strings of Phrynis, the musician,
x. 24

Ecregma, in Egypt, Ix. 142

Edessa, in Macedonia, Ix. 106, 370;
where Lysimachus attacked Pyr-
rhus, 380

“* Editia,’’ possibly at base of “ phi-
ditia,”’ 1. 236

Edonian women, about Mt. Haemus,
VI1. 228

Education, Spartan, I. 244f., 396,
Vv 2; Athenian, Iv. 8, 16; 11. 118;
Roman, I. 396; Cato the Elder’s
education of his son, II. 360;
Aemilius Paulus’ education of his
children, VI. 370; of Spanish boys
by Sertorius, VIII. 38; III. 318

Egeria, goddess, consorted with Numa
Pompilius, I. 316, 332; 350; 360

Egestaeans, descendants of Trojans,
“aided by "Athenians, III. 210; 250

Egypt, revolts against Persia with
Athenian aid, II. 84; 460f.; 11.
62; XI. 184; II. 474f.; VII. 180

Egyptians, think Lycurgus visited
them and copied some features of
his constitution from them, I. 214;
318; Ix. 142

= Eight, ” as first cube and double
first square, represents power of
Poseidon, I. 86

Eion, city on banks of Strymon,
taken from Persians by Cimon and
the land given Athenians, II. 422 f.

Eirens, young men at Sparta, 20
years old, 2 years out of class of
boys; their duties, I. 258

Eiresione, what it is, I. 46

“ExarouBovov, (100 oxen), origin of
term as referring to money, I. 54

Elaea, its revenue offered Phocion
by Alexander, VIII. 186; 11. 484

Elaeus, in Chersonese, IV. 254

Elatea, plains of, Iv. 374

Elateia, surprised by Philip, vir. 42;
VHI. 222

Elatus, first ephor, in reign of Theo-
pompus, I. 224

Elea (Velia), on coast of Italy, vI
176, 456

Eleans(Eleians), secede from Lacedae-
monians, and make alliance with
Athens, III. 244, Iv. 36; xX. 56;
helped by Cleomenes, 58: have
Langon restored to them by
Cleomenes, 80

** Electra,’’ of Euripides (v. 167 f.),
cited, IV. 272

“Elegies,” of Critias (Bergk II.
279 f.), cited, IV. 96

Eleius, twin son of Cimon and woman
of Arcadia, II. 450, II. 82

Elephants, VII. 296; ‘used by Pyrrhus
in Italy, 1x. 414, 428; used by
Hannibal and routed, Vv. 508

Elephenor, son of Chalcodon, accom-
ost by sons of Theseus to Ilium,

. 80f.

Eleusis, taken by Theseus from the
Megarians, I. 20, 68, 70, II. 42,
246; sanctuary ‘of mysteries at;
by whom built, III. 40, 86; - mysteries

379

GENERAL INDEX TO ALL THE ‘LIVES’

of, profaned by Alcibiades, it is
charged, IV. 48; festal rites of,
described; celebrated by Alci-
biades, 98; V. 374; captured by
Demetrius, IX. 80

Eleutherae, I. 68

Eleutheria, celebrated at Plataea
every 4th year, Il. 278

Elimiae, battle of; Hostilius repulsed
by Perseus, VI. 376

Elis, detached from Spartan con-
federacy by Thebes, V. 396

Elpinicé, Cimon’s sister, her tomb,
II. 412; scandal about her, 414,
450; gets Pericles not to press
charge of treason against Cimon,
448, IIT. 30; quoted, 80

Elymaeans, kings of, send ambas-
sadors to Pompey, V. 208

Elysian Field, of which Homer sang,
believed to be the Atlantic Islands,
VIII. 22

Emathion, father of Diomedes, I. 92

Embalming, Agesilaiis’ body enclosed
in melted wax instead of honey,
Vv. 112; 222

Embassies: III. 216, 242, 244, 250,
Iv. 34, 66, 144, 180, 194, 238, 248,
V. 416, VI. 386, VII. 38, 40, 42, 56,
IX. 406

Embezzlement, II. 220, 111. 90

Empedocles, on effect of love and
hate, Ix. 12

Empylus, rhetorician and housemate
of M. Brutus; wrote account of
Oaesar’s murder called ‘‘ Brutus,”’
VI. 130

Enarsphorus, son of MHippocoén,
sought to carry off Helen when still
a child, I. 72

Endeis, daughter of Sciron and
Chariclo, mother of Peleus and
Telamon, I. 20

Endymion, story of, among Arcadians,
resembles that about Numa and
Egeria, I. 316

Engyium, city of Sicily, brief descrip-
tion and history of, Vv. 488

Enna, city of Sicily, v. 488

Enyalius, temple of, on Salamis,
erected by Solon, I. 426

Epaminondas, his family, poverty,
character, generalship, II. 212, V.
346 f., VI. 344f., VIII. 150; saves
life of Pelopidas at Mantineia, v.

380

350; suffered by Spartans toremain
in Thebes when other popular
leaders were outlawed, 352; urges
Theban youth to vie with Spartans
in wrestling, 356; comes to aid of
Theban exiles with armed follow-
ing, 368; introduces Pelopidas and
hiscompanionsto Theban assembly,
370; decides to fight Cleombrotus,
388; his tactics at Leuctra, 394;
as boeotarch with Pelopidas invades
Peloponnesus, defeats Athenians
while returning, brought to trial
for prolonging command, acquitted,
396; opposed politically by Mene-
cleidas, 400; with allies ravages
Laconia, and challenges Agesilaiis
to battle, 84; busy in Pelopon-
nesus, 404; sent to Thessaly, rescues
Pelopidas and Ismenias, 414;
builds Messene, repulsed by Agesi-
laiis before Sparta, slain at Manti-
neia, 94, IV. 452; buried at public
expense, III. 196; vV. 78.
See also Il. 324, 394, IV. 228, xX.
260, 292, XI. 42
Quoted; I. 242, Iv. 126, V. 76,

348, 492

Epaphroditus, freedman of Octavius
Oaesar, IX. 316

“ Epaphroditus,”’ official title adopted
ot raga in writing to Greeks, IV.
4

Eperatus, general of Achaeans, XI.
110

Ephesians, honour Alcibiades, IV. 26;
defeat Athenians under Thrasyllus
84; made prosperous by Lysander ;
headquarters of Persian generals,
238; Ix. 270

Ephesus, naval battle near it won by
Lysander over Athenians under
Antiochus, IV. 104, 2423 xX. 382;
II. 542; 550; assembly point for
Antony’s navy, IX. 264

Ephetai, Draco addresses himself to
them in cases of homicide, I. 454

Ephialtes (1), in trying to dethrone
Council of Areiopagus, opposed by
Cimon, II. 436; 444; acting for
Pericles, broke power of Council of
Areiopagus, 450, Il]. 20; 26; I1.
454; his character, career, manner
of death, 30 f.

Ephialtes (2), Athenian leader whose

GENERAL INDEX TO ALL THE ‘LIVES’

surrender was demanded by Alex-
ander, VII. 56

Ephialtes, put in fetters by Alexander
for announcing the absconding of
Harpalus, VII. 346

Ephors, established as curb upon
oligarchy at Sparta 100 years after
Lycurgus in reign of Theopompus, I.
224; 290; 296; bribed by Themis-
tocles, Il. 52, 244, 420; hold office
for year only, V. 8, 10; how their
power increased, X. 70

Fphorus, cited, Il. 72, 138, 440, 442,
Im. 78, Iv. 94, 304, 318, Vv. 380,
VI. 76, 78, 270

Epicharmus, comic poet of school of
Pythagoras, I. 334; cited, 334,
542

Epicles, of Hermione, harpist, 11.14

Epicrates (1), of deme Acharnae, II.
66

Epicrates (2), shield-bearer of Tima-
goras, V. 418

Epicurus (1), ‘one of Phocion’s
accusers, VIII. 232

Epicurus (2), 11. 612, VI. 206, VII. 596;
during siege of Athens maintained
lives of associates by distributing
beans, Ix. 82, 408

Epicydes, son of Euphemides, popular
leader bought off by Themistocles,
11.16

Epicydidas, br ngs message to Ages-
ilatis, v. 38

Epidamnus, VI. 180.

Epidaurus, besieged by Pericles, III.
102; joined Achaean league, XI.
54; taken over by Cleomenes, X.
90, 94; sacred treasures, of, used by
Sulla, rv. 362; temple of Asclepias
there, Vv. 174

Epigethes, prominent citizen of
Pellené, XI. 72

Epigonus, nt of Colophon, arrested
by Lucullus, 11. 478

Epilycus, Tisander’s father, II. 104

Epimenides, of Phaestus, considered
by some one of 7 wise men, I. 432

Epipolae, part of city of Syracuse, ITI.
266, 284, VI. 58, 62

Epirus, I. 72, 11. 64, IX, 346; Pyrrhus
put on its throne by Glaucias, 352,
356; devoted to Pyrrhus, 358;
plundered by Demetrius, 100, 430,
X. 328; overrun by Romans, X. 332;

pillaged by troops of Aemilius
Paulus, VI. 432

Epitadeus, ephor, introduced law
permitting man to give or will his
estate to whomsoever he wished,
x.12

Epitaph, of Abrotonon, mother of
Themistocles, 11.2 ; 276; of Timon,
IX. 298f.

Epitimus, Pharsalian, 111. 104

‘** Epitragia,’”’ why a surname of
Aphrodité, I. 36

Epixyes, satrap of Upper Phrygia,
plots to kill Themistocles, 11. 82

Epoptae, Iv. 60.
‘* Epoptic,’’ term applied to secret
philosophical teachings, V1. 240
Erasistratus (1), father of Phaeax,
Iv. 28

Erasistratus (2), son of Phaeax, cited,
v. 40

Erasistratus (3), physician at court of
Seleucus, Ix. 92

Eratosthenes, cited, I. 204; (On
Wealth) 11. 74; Vil. 22, 74, 228, 314

Erechtheus, ancestor of Theseus on
father’s side, 1.6; father of Meropé,
grandfather of Daedalus, 38, 72

Eresos, Phanias of, 1. 496

Eretria, Plutarch expelled from it by
Phocion, VIII. 172

Ergadeis, one of 4 original tribes of
Attica; why so called, I. 468

Erginus, Syrian, helped Aratus take
Acrocorinthus, helped in attempt
on Peiraeus, XI. 40, 76

Ergoteles, waits to seize Themistocles
when he lands in Asia, II. 68

Erianthus, Theban, Iv. 272

eet served under Sulla, Iv. 378,

84

Erigius, friend of Alexander in his
youth, banished by Philip, vii. 248

Erinyes, shrine of, at Athens, I. 430

Eros, Anthony’s slave, refuses to kill
him, Ix. 310

Erycina, in Sicily, rx. 574

Eryx, taken by Pyrrhus, Ix. 418

Esquiline hill, a city-gate of Rome
upon it, IV. 354

Estate, of Demosthenes, father of the
orator, VII. 8; of Aemilius Paulus,
VI. 458

Eteocles, Spartan, re Lysander, Iv.
284

381

GENERAL INDEX TO ALL THE ‘LIVES’

Iitesian winds, VI. 48

** Hthics,’"” book by Theophrastus,
Im. 110

Etruria, pacified by Marcellus, v.
512 ; its cities give C. Scipio money
for war in Africa, I. 192; vu. 106

Etymocles, friend of Agesilaiis, vy. 70

Eva, its meaning, V. 494

Euboea, governed by tyrant Tyn-
nondas, I. 438; siezed by Athens,
Ill. 20, 56; reinvaded and subdued
by Pericles, 66, 200; occupied by
Archelaiis, VI. 358; brought under
sway of tyrants by Philip, freed by
Athens, VII. 40

Euboeans, fearing abandonment, send
Pelagon with large sums of money
to Themistocles, II. 20; Ill. 64;
proclaimed free by Flamininus at
Isthmian games, X. 350

Eubulus, Athenian, orator merely,
VIII. 160

Euchidas, fetched fire from Delphi to
Plataea in one day, 1000 furlongs,
II. 276

Kucleia, who she was, II. 278

Tucleidas (1), Spartan at court of
Artaxerxes II., XI. 134f .

Eucleidas (2), brother of Cleomenes,
chosen as colleague in kingship by
him, X. 74, 248; commanded a
wing at Sellasia, 114; defeated and
slain, 116, 268

Eucleides qa), new alphabet used after
his archonship, IT. 212

Eucleides (2), sent by Timoleon to
receive surrender of acropolis from
Dionysius, VI. 290

Euctus, Perseus’ treasurer, slain by
him, VI. 416

““ Eudaemon,’’ surname of 2nd Battus
Iv. 142

Eudamidas (1), younger son of Archi-
damus, succeeded his brother Agis
to throne of Sparta, x

Eudamidas (2), succeeded Archi-
damus, succeeded by Agis as king
of Sparta, x. 8

Eudamus, master of elephants under
Eumenes, VIII. 128

Eudemus (1), Cyprian, urges Dion to
free Sicily. On death of Eudemus
Aristotle wrote dialogue ‘* On the
Soul,’’ v1. 46

Eudemus (2), of Pergamum, brought

382

will of Attalus Philometor to Rome,

x. 176

Eudoxus, with Archytas, originates
mechanics and uses it in geometrical
problems, Vv. 470

‘* Huergetes,’’ surname, its origin, IV.
142

** Euius,’’ name for Dionysus, V. 496
Euius, flute-player of Alexander, VIII.
80

Eulaeus, Perseus’ treasurer, slain by
him, VI. 416

Eumelus, father of Xenagoras, VI.
394

Eumenes (1), of Cardia, his family;
advanced by Philip, then by
Alexander, VIII. 78; often quarrels
with Alexander and Hephaestion,
80 f.; given satrapy of Cappadocia,
Paphlagonia, and southern coast of
Euxineas far as Trapezus, 84; helped
by Perdiccas to master his satrapy,
sent by Perdiccas to pacify Armenia,
88; appointed, “commander of
forces in Armenia and Cappadocia,
defeats Neoptolemus, 90; rejects
overtures of Antipater and Craterus,
92; defeats and slays them, 96f.;
winters at Oelaenae, 102; defeated
through treachery by Antigonus at
Orcynii, 104; takes refuge in Nora,
108

Besieged by Antigonus in Nora,
110f.; takes oath of fealty to
Antigonus with alteration, then
flees, 114f.; receives letters from
Macedonia ordering him to wage
war on Antigonus, 116; prevents
Antigonus with loss from crossing
the river Pasitigris, 120; though
sick deters Antigonus from attack-
‘ing, 122; though warned of plot
against his life, still fights Anti-
gonus with partial success, 126 f.;
taken prisoner by the Silver-
‘shields, his own men, and given to
Antigonus, 130f., who finally has
him executed, 136; 4.
Quoted, 102, 108, 132, 134

Eumenes (2), received at Rome with
extravagant honours by senate, II.
324; xX. 384

Eumenes, IX. 274

Eumenides, shrine of, in Athens, 1,
62

GENERAL INDEX TO ALL THE ‘LIVES’

Eumolpidae, Athenian family, Iv. 60,
96

Eumolpus, Iv. 368

Euneos, Athenian, brother of Thoas
and Solois, with former made
president and law-giver of Pytho-
polis by Theseus, I. 58 f.

Eunomus (1), genealogy, relation to
Lycurgus, I. 206

Eunomus (2), Thriasian, upbraids
Demosthenes, VII. 16

Eunus, runaway slave who headed
Servile war in Sicily eaten of worms,
Iv. 440

Euphemides,
Epicydes, II. 1

Euphorion, tather of Solon according
to Philocles, 1. 404

Euphranor, engineer, exile from
Syracuse, made ladders for Aratus,
p-6 Op 7

Euphrantides, seer, advises sacrific-
= 3 sons of Sandaucé, II. 38,
9

Euphrates, crossed by Clodius, II.
534, 546, 548, 590,; crossed by
Crassus, III. 364, 372

Euphronius, teacher of Antony and
Cleopatra’schildren,sent by them on
embassy to Osesar Octavius, IX.
302

Eupolemus, son of Hicetas, captured
and executed, VI. 338

Eupolia (1), daughter of Melesippidas
wife of Archidamus, mother of
Agesilaiis V. 2

ae (2), daughter of Agesilaiis, Y.
2

Eupolis, cited :—
Cities (Kock I. 315), 11. 450
Demes (Kock I. 280), I. 83
eae Iv. 28; (282), . m1.

Maricas (Kock I. 308), m1. 220
Euripides, died and buried at Arethusa
in Macedonia; his tomb struck
by lightning, I. 302; knowledge
of his poetry saved some Athenian
prisoners at Syracuse, III. 308;
Alexander of Pherae greatly affected
by “‘ Trojan Women,”’’ y. 414; some
of his plays sent to Alexander,
Vil. 242; ‘* Bacchae” being given
before Hyrodes when head of
Crassus is brought in, II. 420

a father of

Plays cited :—

Andromaché (587 f.), 1.392 ; (683),
VII. 372

Bacchae (4f.), rx. 114; (8), I.
404% (260), VII. 378; (310.),
x. 168; (1170-72), m1. 420;
(1179), 422

Electra (167), Iv. 272

Epinikion (Bergk 11. 266), IV.. 26

Epitaph (Bergk II. 265), III. 268

See also tv. 4, VII. 2

Erechtheus Nauck (474), III. 238

Hercules Furens (173 f.), VIII. 362

Iphigeneia at Aulis (445 f.), III.

et
Licymnius (Nauck 507), Vv. 492
Medeia (215), VI. a (334), 249
Orestes (129), Iv. 6
Phoenissae (68), ef 3703; (396),
34; (517f.), 386; (524f.), III.
434; (532 f.), IV. 332
Suppliants (653 f.), 1. 66; (863),
V. 346; (1213), 68
Trojan Women (766), V. 38
Unidentified (Nauck 473), II.
414; (474), IIT. 238; (652), VII.
378: (CTT); ¥ 308; (679), we
168, Vv. 528, IX. 336; (680), 1
28, 464
Eurctas river, supplied rushes for
pallet-beds of Spartan boys, I. 258;
Vv. 50; crossed by Thebans under
Epaminondas, V. 88, 396; 382
Eurybiades, Spartan, humoured and
bribed by Themistocles at Artemis-
ium, II. 20; wishes to abandon
Salamis, 234; worsted in wordy
encounter with Themistocles, 32;
given ist prize for valour by
Spartans, 48
Eurycleidas, messenger of Cleomenes,
x. 64
Eurycleides, with Micion prevents
Athenians from helping Aratus, XI
94
Eurycles (1), his proposal as to treat-
ment of the captive Athenians
adopted by Syracusans, III. 304
Eurycles (2), Laconian, son of
Lachares, pursues Antony’s ship
at Actium, Ix. 288
Eurydicé (1), sister of Phila, wife of
Ptolemy, gives daughter Ptolemais
in marriage to Demetrius, Ix. 116
Eurydicé (2), widow of Opheltas,

383

GENERAL INDEX TO ALL THE ‘LIVES’

descendant of ancient Miltiades,

married by Demetrius, IX. 32;
mother of Corrhagus, 134
Eurylochus, of Aegae, soldier of

Alexander, VII. 346

Eurymedon, battles of, 37. 440

Eurymedon, brings Nicias money from
Athens, III. 278

Eurypon, Spartan king, gave name to
royal line because popular, I. 208

Eurypontids, a house of the Hera-
cleidae, royal line at Sparta, I. 208,
Iv. 300, 318, v. 328; Agis one, x. 8

Euryptolemus, father of Isodicé,
Il. 416; son of Megacles, 452;
kinsman of Pericles, 111. 18; of
Alcibiades, IV. 94

Eurysaces, son of Ajax, with his
brother Philaeus became Athenian
citizen and made over Salamis to
Athens, I. 426; founder of Alci-
biades’ family, IV. 2

Euterpé, Carian, wife of Neocles and
mother of Themistocles according
to Phanias, II. 2

Euthippus, of Anaphlystus, friend of
Cimon, slain at Tanagra, II. 458

Euthydemus, collcague of Nicias, III.
278; with Menander defeated by
Syracusans, 280

Euthymus, Leucadian, defeated by
Gisco, VI. 334; Hicetas’ master of
horse, captured and executed, 338

Euthynus, Thespian according to
Callisthenes, warns Agesilaiis, V. 96.

Eutychus, his name of good omen to
Octavian, IX. 284

Euxine sea, expedition to, by Pericles,
I1I. 60; northern limit of Eumenes’
territory, VIII. 84; 11.482 ; boundary
of territory of Iberians, V. 204; 206

Evalcus, Spartan, slain by Pyrrhus, Ix.

448

Evander (1) Arcadian, husband of
Carmenta or Nicostraté, I. 156;
came to Italy, 124

Evander (2), Cretan, remains with
Perseus in his flight, VI. 416

Evander’s hill, near Messené, X. 308

Evangelus (1), Pericles’ steward, most
economical, III. 52

Evangelus (2), his ‘ Tactics ’* studied
by Philopoemen, xX. 264

Evanthes, Samian, cited, I. 430

Exathres, brother of Dareius, admitted

384

as companion of Alexander, VII.
352

Execestides, father of Solon, descended
from Solon, I. 404

** Exegetics,’ work of Autocleides, III.
292

Exhibitions, choral and gymnastic,
given by Nicias to win favour, III.
214

Expedition, Sicilian, 111. 250f., Iv.
44f

4 f.
Exports, from Athens, I. 470

Fabia, sister of Terentia, Cicero’s wife,
slandered by Clodius, VIII. 278

Fabii, origin of the family, 111. 118;
3 men of, sent as ambassadors to
Gauls, denounced by the [etiales,
mee f.; 300 of,slain by Tuscans,

Fabius (1), founder of family of Fabii,
Il. 118

Fabius (2), pontifex maximus, with
the other priests and aged ex-
cones refuses to leave Rome, II.

46

Fabius (3), great-grandfather of
Fabius Cunctator, 5 times consul,
served as legate under his son when
latter was consul, III. 188

Fabius (4), son of preceding, consul,
celebrated triumph, III. 188

Fabius (5), pro-praetor, sent grain
from Spain to Rome, xX. 210

Fabius (6), Lucullus’ legate, defeated
by Mithridates, II. 584

Fabius Ambustus, see ‘*‘ Ambustus,
Q. Fabius.”’

Fabius Buteo, dictator with Marcus
Junius after Cannae, III. 146

Fabius Fabulus, said to have slain
Galba, XI. 266

Fabius Maximus (1) Cunctator Verru-
cosus, his family and character, III.
TIS ts; his 1st consulship
triumphs over Ligurians, 120; after
defeat of Romans at lake Thrasy-
mené appointed dictator, appoints
M. Minucius master of horse, 126;
follows Hannibal but avoids battle,
130f.; pens Hannibal up in
district of Casilinum, 134; lets
Hannibal escape, 138; denounced
at Rome for his tactics, 140;

GENERAL INDEX TO ALL THE ‘LIVES’

ransoms prisoners at his own
expense, 142; has to share power
of dictatorship with Minucius, 146;
rescues Minucius from disaster,
who resigns his equality of com-
mand, 152f.; lays down his
dictatorship, 158; urges Aemilius
Paulus the consul to be cautious,

160
Calms the citizens after Cannae,

170; is put in command with
Claudius Marcellus, 172; consul
5 times, escapes Hannibal’s trap,
174f.; believes in treating dis-
affection mildly, 176f.; recaptures
Tarentum, 180f.; incurs reproach
of perfidy and cruelty, 184; is
honoured by his son being made
consul, 186; opposes Scipio and
his policy, 190f.; died at about
time Hannibal set sail from Italy,
196
See also 11. 308, III. 6, V. 456, 492,
500, 506, VII. 478
Quoted : 111.134, 152, 160, 178, 184,
186, 492

Fabius Maximus (2) son of preceding,
made consul, corrects his father,
Im. 186; died in consulship before
his father, 120, 190

Fabius Maximus (3), son of Aemilius
Paulus and Papiria, VI. 364, 366;
seizes pass through Perrhaebia,
392; received all of his father’s
estate, 458

Fabius Valens, commander of a legion
under Verginius Rufus, takes oath
of allegiance to Galba, XI. 226;
slew Fonteius in Germany by order
of Galba, 236; first to salute
Vitellius as emperor, 254; in
possession of Alps, 286; his
character, 290 f., 294

Fabius Pictor, kinsman of Fabius
Cunctator, sent to consult oracle of
Delphi after Cannae, III. 170 f;
follows Diocles of Peparethus in his
account of Romulus and founding
of Rome, I. 96; cited, I. 96, 112,
126

Fables related: 11. 50, IV. 130, v. 102,
vil. 56, VIII. 162

Fabricius, C., explains defeat at
Heraclela, 1x.400 ; heads embassy to
Pyrrhus re exchange of prisoners,

406, made consul, warns Pyrrhus
of plot to poison him, 410, x. 378;
II. 386; 394; quoted Ix. 408

Fabulus, Fabius, see ‘* Fabius
Fabulus.”’

“* Faenum habet in cornu,” origin and
significance of saying, III. 334

Faith, see ‘‘ Fides.’’

Falerians, with Capenates, utterly
defeated by Camillus, II. 98; con-
quered by Camillus, 104; attacked
by Romans under Camillus, make
peace with Rome, 116 f., 130

Falerii, attacked by Romans on
account of insult to tribune
Genucius, X. 204; besieged by
Camillus, 11. 116; induced to yield
by his treatment of traitorous
schoolmaster, 120, 111. 122

Faliscans, see ‘* Falerians.’’

Famine, in Citium, 11.466; in Athens,
Iv. 270; 366, in Rome, I. 546

Fannia, divorced from Titinnius,
befriends Marius, Ix. 570

Fannius, C., says Ti. Gracchus with
himself first to scale wallof Carthage
X. 152, elected consul, 212; 222

pp epithet applied to Apollo,
xX. 35

Fasces, what they were, I. 172;
carried before Vestals in public,
342; 528

Father, his right to sell sons curtailed
by Numa, I. 366

Faunus, demi-god, once haunted
Aventine, I. 158, 358; husband of
—— according to Romans, VII.

6

Fausta, twin daughter of Sulla and
Metella, IV. 434

Faustulus, servant of Amulius, ex-
posed children of Ilia, 1. 96; reared
llia’s twins, 102; 108; slain with
Remus, 116

Faustus, twin son of Sulla and Metella,
Iv. 434; thrashed by Cassius, VI.
144; married Pompey’s daughter,
V. 238, 326, VII. 474; Vv. 224;
placarded his household goods for
sale, VII. 150

Favonius, Cato’s friend, last to take
oath to uphold Caesar’s land law,
VIII. 314; Vil. 496; 542; elected
aedile, VIII. 348; V. 274, VII. 524;
vy. 290, 334; on board ship acts as

385

GENERAL INDEX TO ALL THE ‘LIVES’

Pompey’s valet, 306; not informed
of conspiracy to murder Caesar,
VI. 148f.; reconciles Brutus and
Cassius at Sardis, 200

Fear, temple to, at Sparta, x. 66;
signs of, XI. 68

‘* Febrata,’’ ancient name of day of
feast of Lupercalia, 1. 156

February, means purification, I. 156,
370; intercalary month called
Mercedinus by Romans, 366

Fees, for public services introduced by
Pericles, III. 24; none charged by
Cato the Elder, I1. 304

‘* Felix,” title adopted by Sulla, Iv.
434

Fenestella, cited, III. 326

Ferentine gate, 1. 166

Festival, of Adonis, described, III.
256, Iv. 48; of Ceres, 111. -170;
Coreia, VI. 118; Dionysiac, VII.
308, IX. 28; Hyacinthia, at Sparta,
ir 244; Lupercalia, VII. 584;
Lysandreia of Samians, IV. 280; of
The Pitchers, 1x. 298; Saturnalia,
license of slaves then, IV. 386;
Thesmophoria, V. 352; IV. 390

Fetiales, priests established by Numa,
their duties, I. 346, II. 132

Fever-few, grew on acropolis at
Athens, IV. 366

Fidenae, people of, defeated by Romu-
lus and taken to Rome, I. 138, 164;
attacked by Veii, 168; 560 f.

Fidentia, battle there between Sulla’s
and Marius’ men, IV. 412

Fides, temple to, erected by Numa,
I. 362

Fimbria, assassinated Flaccus, Iv.
364, 402, 11. 490; defeated Mithri-
dates by land, asked Sulla to cut

_ him off by sea, 478 f. VIII. 64, X.
384; when his soldiers go over to
Sulla, commits suicide, IV. 404; II.
582 f.; quoted, 480

Fines: II, 412, 414, 111. 64, 78, 102,
226, IV. 320, 406, v. 4, 10, 98, 204,
412, VI. 198, vi. 64, 100.

Fire, perpetual, in Greece entrusted
to widows past age of marrying;
how rekindled if extinguished, I.
338f.; in Rome entrusted to
Vestals, 338; appointed by Numa
to be worshipped as first cause of al]
things, II. 142

386

Firmum, soldiers from, under Cato
ad Elder at Thermopylae, II.
33

‘Vive Thousand,” at Athens, on
getting control are remiss in waging
war on Sparta, IV. 74

Flaccus, Fulvius, see
Flaccus.”’

Flaccus, Hordeonius, sent by Galba
to succeed Verginius Rufus, XI.
226; 2445 252.

Flaccus, Valerius (1) induced Cato
the Elder to enter public life,
consul and censor with him, II.
310, 330, 350; made chief senator
by Cato, 350

Flaccus, Valerius (2) consul with
Marius in his 6th consulship, Ix.
542; chosen consul (with Cinna),
crossing Ionian sea against Sulla,
Iv. 390; slain by his soldiers
instigated by Fimbria, 11. 582, Iv.
364, 402

Flamen Quirinalis, added as priest of
Romulus by Numa Pompilius, 1.
328

Flamens, named from their caps called
pilamenat, I. 328, V. 446

Flamininus, L. Quintius, naval com-
mander on his brother’s expedition
to Greece, X. 328; expelled from
senate by Cato the Elder, II. 350 f.,
X372 £.

Flamininus, T. Quintius, statue of him
at Rome, his disposition, X. 322;
served as military tribune under
Marcellus against Hannibal; consul
before 30, and assigned to war
against Philip, 324; crosses at
once to Epirus and relieves Publius
Villius, 328; learning of secret path,
forces the heights held by Philip,
330f.; joined by Thessaly and
Achaeans, 334; joined by rest of
Greece, 336; is given extension of
command, 338; defeats Philip at
Cynoscephalae, 340 f., IV. 364, VI.
372, X. 292; is vexed by Aetolians,
X. 344; restores Macedonia to
Philip on terms, 346; proclaims
freedom to the Greeks at the
Isthmian games, 350

Begins war with Nabis, tyrant of
Sparta, and then makes peace with
him, 358, 296; jealous of Philopoe-

* Fulvius

GENERAL INDEX TO ALL THE ‘LIVES’

men, honoured by Achaeans and
given Roman prisoners sold as
slaves by Hannibal, 360; spoils of
war shown at Rome, 362; made
lieutenant of Manius Acilius in war
against Antiochus, 364; intercedes
with Manius for Naupactus,
Aetolians, and COhalcidians, 366;
highly honoured by Chalcidians and
other Greeks, 368; made censor
with son of Marcellus, makes
Scipio Dean of Senate, quarrels
with Cato, 372 f., 11. 356; censured
for his persecution of Hannibal, x.
378 f.

See also 11. 336, 386, X. 300, 306,
316

Sayings: X. 258 f., 370 f.

Flaminius, circus of, decorated by
Lucullus, II. 592

Flaminius, C., routs Insubres after
receiving senate’s message of recall,
v. 442; appointed master of horse
by Minucius, 446; defeated and
slain by Hannibal at Thrasymené,
In. 122

Flavius (1), military tribune under
Marcellus, put elephant to flight,
v. 508.

Flavius (2), tribune, deprived of
office for taking royal diadems off
Caesar’s statues, VII. 584

Flavius, C., Brutus’ chief of engineers,
slain at Pharsalus, VI. 240 f.

Flavius Gallus, efficient officer under
Antony, worsted by Parthians, Ix.
234

Flavius Sabinus, Vespasian’s brother,
made prefect of city by Nero, later
by Otho, XI. 286

Flora, courtesan, her relations with
Pompey, V. 118, 252

Florus, Mestrius, shows battlefield of
— and Vitellius to Plutarch, XI.
308 f.

** Fodii,’’ original form of ‘“‘ Fabii”’
according to some, III. 118

Fonteius, slain in Germany by Valens
by order of Galba, XI. 236

Fonteius Capito, see
Fonteius.”’

Forgery, by Hannibal, 111. 176

Fortune, temple of, beyond Tiber in
Plutarch’s time, VI. 168

Fortune, Women’s, temple of, erected

“ Capito,

by senate after Coriolanus spared
city, Iv. 210

Forum Romanum, originally valley of
slime there, I. 144; contained
Basilica Porcia, II. 356; V. 442

Fossae Cluiliae, 5 miles from Rome,
Iv. 188.

“Four Hundred,’ see
Thousand.”

Fregellae, V. 516; conspiracy there,
xX. 202

Frentanian, Ix. 398

Fufidius, creature of Sulla’s, Iv. 426;
governor of Baetica, routed by
Sertorius, VIII. 30

Fulcinia, mother of C. Marius, Ix. 466

“ Fulvia,’’ basilica in Rome, replaced
by Paulus the consul, VII. 514

Fulvia (1) reveals plot for his murder
to Cicero, VII. 120

Fulvia (2), widow of Clodius, married
to Antony, Ix. 160; had daughter
Clodia, 180; quarrelled with L.
Antonius, then with him fought
Octavius and was defeated, 196,
202; 198; died at Sicyon, 204; had
son Antony, 266, 330

Fulvius, tribune, opposes T. Flami-
ninus’ candidacy for consulship,
X. 324

Fulvius Flaccus, Gn., defeated and
slain in Apulia by Hannibal, v. 502

Fulvius Flaccus, M., implores Ti.
Gracchus to submit question of
agrarian law to senate, xX. 170;
186f.; questions Scipio about death
of Ti. Gracchus, 196; friend of C.
Gracchus, his character and deeds,
attacked by Livius Drusus, sus-
pected of death of Scipio, commis-
sioner with C. Gracchus for distri-
bution of public land, 218 f.; 220;
urges C. Gracchus to resist consul
Opimius, 226; with his partisans
seizes Aventine hill, 230, 232; slain
with his elder son, 234, 236 f.; had
been consul and celebrated triumph
over Gauls, 230, 238

Fulvius Flaccus, Q., consul with
Appius, reduced Capua, III. 200;
vy. 504

Funeral rites, Greek: regulations of
Solon, I. 432, 462, 524; 11.278; at
Sparta, V. 112; VI. 3523 VI. 424

Funeral rites, Roman: regulations of

387

“* Five

GENERAL INDEX TO ALL THE

Numa, I. 346; origin of custom of
funeral oration, 524; 564; one to
be pronounced over woman’s body,
11. 114; 111. 190

“ Furcifer, ” origin and meaning of
term, Iv. 178

Furies, grove of, X. 236

Furii, first made conspicuous by
Camillus, II. 96

Furius (1), consul with Flaminius,
leads forces against Insubrians,
recalled, v. 442

Furius (2), legate of praetor Varinus,
routed by Spartacus, ITI. 338

Furius, L., son of Camillus, 11. 182;
colleague of Camillus in war with
Praenestians and Volscians, 190;
192

Furnius, ablest orator in Rome, Ix.
270

Gabené, has winter-quarters of
Eumenes’ men, VIII. 124

Gabii, where Romulus and Remus
were educated, I. 102

Gabinian way, Brennus defeated
beside it by Camillus, 11. 166

Gabinius, A. (1), military tribune
under Sulla at Chaeroneia, IV. 378

Gabinius, A. (2), intimate of Pompey,
proposes law giving him almost
unlimited power to wage war on
pirates, V. 176; consul with Piso,
240, VIII. 216; had law written out
to depose Piso from consulship, Vv.
182; gets province of Syria with
help of Clodius, VII. 156; 160; takes
M. Antony as commander ‘of the
horse to Syria with him, reluctant
to help Ptolemy recover Egypt,
1x. 142; ordered by Caesar to bring
his troops with all speed to
Macedonia, 154

Gaesatae, V. 440; defeated at Clasti-
dium by Marcellus, 446

Gaesylus, Spartan, reconciles Dion
and Heracleides, VI. 104

“Galata,” later name of Mt. Acrurium.
VIII. 222

Galatia, visited by Marius, Ix. 548;
taken from Tigranes by Lucullus,
11. 510, Vv. 202; added to Pompey’s
sway by Manilian law, 190; IX.
276

288

‘LIVES’

Galatians, baggage carriers
Lucullus, It. 510

Galba, slain by Caesar’s mutinous
soldiers, VII. 562 :

Galba, OC. Sulpicius (1), Sulla’s legate
at Chaeroneia, IV. 384

Galba, O. Sulpicius (2), cited, 1. 142

Galba, Ser. Sulpicius (1), opposed,
triumph of Aemilius Paulus, VI.
434, 438; impeached by Cato the
Elder, 11. 344; 386

Galba, Ser. Sulpicius (2), proclaimed
emperor on persuasion of Nym-
phidius Sabinus, xI. 208f.; his
wealth and family, 210; career and
popularity under Nero, 212; in-
vited by Vindex to assume the
imperial power, 214; joined by
nearly all, 216; invites Verginius
to join in’ preserving empire, 218;
informed he has been proclaimed
emperor by army,senate and people,
218; secretly opposed by Nym-
phidius, 220f.; fears Verginius,
224; comes under influence of
Vinius, 228; orders fellow-con-
spirators of Nymphidius to be
executed, 236; becoming un-
popular owing to severity and
greed, 236f.; censured even for
reasonable measures, 242 f.;
appoints Vinius and himself con-
suls, 250; hated by soldiers for his
stinginess, 252

On learning that Vitellius had

been proclaimed emperor in
Germany adopts Piso as _ his
successor, 256; warned by priest
Umbricius of treachery, 258; in-
formed that Otho has been’ pro-
claimed emperor, 262; slain by
soldiers, 266; buried Be Argivus, a
freedman, 270; recapitulation, 270 ;
quoted, 266. "See also 286

Galepsus, near Amphipolis, v1. 416

Galley, thirty-oared of Theseus, pre-
served till time of Demetrius
Phalereus,I. 48. Seealso ‘* Ships.”

Gallia Narbonensis, VIII. 32

Galloscythians, term applied to whole
pia of Cimbri and Teutones, Ix.
488

Gallus, Annius, commands part of
eae forces, XI. 288; 292; 296;

with

GENERAL INDEX TO ALL THE ‘LIVES’

Gallus, C. Cornelius, sent by Octavius
ha help take Cleopatra alive, Ix.
6
Gallus, Flavius, see “‘ Flavius Gallus.”
Games: funeral games instituted by
Minos, I. 30; gymmopaediae at
Sparta, Vv. 80; 56; 252; Isthmian,
VI. 3223 X. 350: *Nemean, parsley
used for wreath, VI; 322; x. 88;
284; 354; XI. 64: Olympic, IV. 24:
Mocs VII. 230; Pythian, v.50; Ix.
Gandarites, people of India, vir. 400
Ganges, its width and depth, vII. 400
Gardens, of Lucullus, II. 598
Gargettus, has place called Araterion,
80

I;

Garland, of oak leaves given by
Romans to one who saves life of
citizen, IV. 122

Gates, Dipylon, Piraic, Sacred, of
Athens, IV. 370

Gaugamela, means camel’s house;
actual site of battle of Arbela, VI
316

Gaul, its extent, Ix. 488; given as
province to Caesar for 5 years, V.
240, Vil. 474; given to Caesar for
5 more years, III. 360, V. 250, VII.
494; pacified by Verginius Rufus,
XI. 224

Gaul, Cisalpine, separated from Italy
by Rubicon, Vil. 490; invaded by
Cimbri and Teutones, who rout
Romans, VIII. 6; Il. 484; revolts,
VII. 106; 110; held by Brutus for
Lepidus, Vs 152; governed by
Cassius, III. 340: governed by
Brutus, VI. 138; decreed province
of Brutus Albinus, 168

Gaul, Transalpine, Cimbri and Teu-
tones defeat many large Roman
armies there, Ix. 490

Gauls, of Celtic stock, early migrations
and settlements, I. 408, IT. 126, 404,
IX. 488; attracted to Italy by love
of wine, II. 126, VI. 368; besiege
Clusium, If. 128; on recognizing
Fabius Ambustus, Roman am-
bassador among their foes, march
on Rome, 132, I. 348; defeat
Romans at battle of Allia, 160,
11.136; sack Rome, I. 142, 184, 350,
II. 148, v. 440; defeated by
Ardeans led by Camillus, 11. 150;

fail to take Capitol on account of
geese, 158; suffering from plague,
come to agreement with besieged
on Capitol, 162; cut to pieces by
Camillus, 166; in 2nd march on
Rome defeated by Camillus at the
Anio, 198. Clodius in his ‘An
Examination of Chronology’’ says
ancient records lost when Gauls
sacked Rome, I. 306.

Destroy Ptolemy Ceraunus and
his army, IX. 416; 426; 430f.;
fight Rome after lst Punic war, V.
436, 440 f.; defeated by Flaminius,
442, 111.122; 3343 11.560; 11. 392;
rise against Caesar, are subdued,
VII. 502; XI. 242

Gaza, principal city of Syria, taken
by Alexander, VII. 296; Ix. 12

Gedrosia, in Persia, VII. 410 f.

Geese, sacred, give alarm on Capitol,
II. 160

Gegania, one of two first Vestals
appointed by Numa, I. 340; 394

Gela, Aeschylus’ grave near, I. 430,
VI. 56; repeopled after Timoleon
pacified Sicily, 344

Gelae, neighbours of Albani and
Amazons, V. 208

Gelanor, king of Argos, expelled by
faction, Ix. 454

Geleontes, one of 4 original Attic
tribes, why so called, I. 468

Gellianus, friend of Nymphidius
Sabinus, XI. 224; 230

Gellius, L., consul, crushed Germans
in Spartacus’ forces, III. 3403 VIIr.
252; censor, V. 170; opposed
Caesar’s agrarian law, VII. 146

Gellius, M., VII. 150

Gelon (1), tyrant of Syracuse, VI. 12;
defeated Carthaginians at Himera
318; sends grain to Rome, Iv. 154

oh >» plots against Pyrrhus, Ix

56 f.

Geminius (1), of Terraeina, enemy of
Marius, IX. 562, 568

Geminius (2), Pompey’ s friend, v.118;
by his orders slays Brutus the
Elder, Vv. 154

Geminius (3), Antony’s friend, 1x. 272

Genthius, king of Illyrians, VI. 376;
bribed by Perseus to imprison
Roman embassy, taken by L.
Anicius, 386

389

GENERAL INDEX

Genucius, tribune of people, insulted
by Falerians, x. 204

Geometricians, VI. 26; cited, 394

pipers studied by Archimedes, V

7

Geradas, Spartan, re adultery at
Sparta, I. 252

Geraestus, near Aulis, v. 14

Gerandas, Spartan, slain in skirmish
with Thebans, v. 402

Geraneian range, in Greece, X. 92,
x1. 70

Gergithus, its revenue offered Phocion
by Alexander, VIII. 186

“‘Germanicus,” title accepted by
Vitellius, x1. 254

Germanicus, descended from Drusus
= Antonia, had son Caius, IX.

2

Germanicus Nero, see ‘“‘Nero (Ger-
manicus.’”’

Germans, under Ariovistus, crushed
by Caesar, VII. 488 f.; Ix. 488

*“‘Germanus,”’ earlier name of Ker-
malus, I. 98

Germany, ravaged for 18 days by
Caesar, VII. 498

Gerontes, appointed at Sparta by
Lycurgus himself, afterwards
elected, I. 282

Getae, Dicomes their king, Ix. 280

ae : 11.406, 420, VI. 206, 234, VII.
606

Giants, Battle of, group of figures at
Athens, Ix. 274

Gifts: I1. 482, 530, 566, 594, IIT. 26,
108, 316, 350, Iv. 154, 436, Vv. 112,
230, VII. 562, Ix. 146

Gigis, maidservant of Parysatis,
executed by Artaxerxes, XI. 170 f.

Gisco (1), assists Hicetas and Ma-
mercus, VI. 334; defeated by Timo-
leon, 340

Gisco (2), with Hannibal, III. 162

Glabrio, M’. Acilius (1), see ‘‘ Acilius
Glabrio.””

Glabrio, M’. Acilius (2), his wife
Aemilia taken from him by ee
and given to Pompey, Iv. 432,
134; had province of Bithynia, V
190°

Glaucia, helps Marius oppose Metellus,
Ix. 542; drives him from Rome,
Iv. 446

Glaucias, king of Illyrians, befriends

399

TO

ALL THE ‘LIVES’

infant Pyrrhus, restores him to his
father’s throne, Ix. 350 f.

Glaucippus, son of Hypereides, spoke
against Phocion, VIII. 152

Glaucus (1), Corinthian, ally of
Trojans, VI. 2

Glaucus (2), Hephaestion’s physician,
crucified by Alexander, VII. 424

Glaucus (3), son of Polymedes, dis-
tinguishes himself under Phocion,
VIII. 172

Glaucus (4), physician, warns Dellius
ee Cleopatra's plot against him, Ix.

QGlycon, moves Menon the informer be
given immunity from taxation, III.
90

Gnathaemion, Argive sempstress,
mother of Perseus, VI. 374, XI. 124
Goat’s Marsh, where Romulus dis-
at (Vat E! 176, 186, 308, 11. 180:

. 184

Ghaitadas father of Ariomandes, II.
440

Gold, withdrawn from currency by
Lycurgus, I. 228; scarce in Rome in
Camillus’ time, 11. 114

Gomphi, city of Thessaly, taken by
Caesar, VII. 542

*‘Gonatas,’ surname of Antigonus,
VI. 372

Gongylius, reaches Syracuse from
Corinth, tells of Gylippus coming;
slain, Il. 274 f.

Gordium, home of ancient Midas,
taken by Alexander, VII. 272

Gordius, driven out "ot Cappadocia
by Sulla, Iv. 334

Gordyaean mountains, VII. 316

Gordyené, Zarbienus, king of, II. 534,
568, 584; invaded by Parthian
king, relieved by Afranius, v. 208

Gordyeni, some moved to Tigranocerta
by Tigranes, 11. 552; join Tigranes
with their hosts, 554; join Lucullus ;
the reason, 568

Gorgias (1) Leontine, cited, 11. 434

Gorgias (2), officer under. Eumenes,
VIII. 98

Gorgias (3) rhetorician, censured by
Cicero, VII. 142

Gorgidas, with armed following helps
Theban exiles, V. 368, 370;
boeotarch with Pelopidas, 372 ;
first formed sacred band, 382; 386

GENERAL INDEX TO ALL THE ‘LIVES’

Bas Leonidas’ wife, quoted, I.
46

Gorgoleon, Spartan polemarch, slain
in battle with Thebans at Tegyra,
v. 380

Gorgon, her head lost from image of
goddess, II. 30

Gorgus, sailing from Ceos, repeopled
Gela, VI. 344

** Gorpiaeus,”’
Cyprus, I. 42

Gortynians, in Crete, aided by Areus,
1x. 436; helped in war by Philopoe-
men, X. 288 f.

Gouras, Tigranes’ brother, nominal
defender of Nisibis, captured by
Lucullus, 11. 578

Gracchus, Ti. Sempronius (1) married
Cornelia, daughter of Scipio
Africanus, X. 144, 146, 152; father
of Ti. and C. Gracchus, twice
consul, censor, had 2 triumphs,
144; subdued many of Spaniards,
but made peace with Numantines,
154; when consul named Scipio
Nasica and O. Marcius his suc-
cessors, then found he had made
mistake in taking auspices, V. 444;
died leaving wife with 12 children,
xX. 146

Gracchus, Ti. Sempronius (2) sun of
Ti. Gracchus and Cornelia, (laughter
of Scipio, brother of C. Gracchus,

name of month in

X. 144; contrasted with his
brother, 146f.; made augur,
becomes son-in-law of Appius

Claudius, 150; served with the
younger Scipio in taking Carthage,
as quaestor served under consul CO.
Mancinus against Numantia, 152 f.;
why he began to agitate for his
agrarian laws, 158f.; advised by
Crassus, pontifex maximus, Mucius
Scaevola, jurist, and Appius
Claudius, 162 f.; his bill vetoed by
Octavius another tribune, intro-
duces one more severe, ordering
wrongdoers to vacate without
compensation illegally acquired
land, 166; his life in danger, 168;
illegally has Octavius removed from
office, 170f.; agrarian bill
becoming law, is chosen with
Appius Claudius and his brother to
survey and distribute the public

land, 174; proposes that money
willed Rome by king Attalus be
given citizens who received public
land to aid them in stocking their
farms, 176; defends his course in
respect to Octavius, 178 f.; stands
for tribune for following year, 182;
warned by Fulvius Flaccus of plan
to kill him, 188; slain by mob of
opponents, 190; his body thrown
into river, his friends banished or
executed, 192. See also 198
Gracchus, O. Sempronius (1), son of
elder Ti. Gracchus and Cornelia,
X. 144; Quoted, 164, 180
Gracchus, C. Sepronius (2),son of elder
Ti. Gracchus and Cornelia, X. 144;
9 years younger than his brother,
150,198; reared with brother by his
mother, 146; contrasted with his
brother, 6,146; while serving under
Scipio against Numantia, appointed
one of 3 men to administer agrarian
law of Ti. Gracchus, 174; married
Licinia, 194; 196; goes as quaestor
with consul Orestes to Sardinia, 198 ;
canyasses for tribuneship, 202;
elected 4th, introduces 2 laws, Ist,
that magistrate deprived of office
should not be allowed to hold
office again, 2nd, that magistrate
banishing citizen without trial
should be prosecuted, 204f.; pro-
poses 5 laws to gratify people
and overthrow senate, 206f.;
becomes very powerful, his further
measures and activities, 208f.;
gets C. Fannius elected consul, is
made tribune again, 214; outbid
by colleague Livius Drusus, 214 f.;
sails off to found colony at Carthage,
meanwhile further undermined by
Drusus, 218; returns in 70 days,
220; changes his residence from
Palatine to near forum, opposed
by consul Fannius, 222; not
elected tribune 3rd time, 224; many
of his laws to be revoked by consul
Opimius and followers, 216; dis-
tressed by murder of consul’s
servant Antyllius, 226; warned of
danger by his wife, 232; prevented
from slaying himself by 2 com-
panions, flees, 234; slain, his body
thrown into the Tiber, his property

39!

GENERAL INDEX TO ALL THE ‘LIVES’

confiscated, 236; his memory
honoured by the people, 238
Wrote pamphlet explaining what
induced Ti. Gracchus to undertake
agrarian reform, 162, quoted, 204 f.
Gracinus, one of conspirators against
Sertorius, VIII. 68
Granicus, river, where Alexander
defeats Persians, II. 138, VII. 264;
where Lucullus defeats Mithridates,
11. 504
Granius (1) Marius’ step-son, IX. 560;
er ae Marius in flight, 564,
57
Granius (2), magistrate of Dicaearchia,
ordered strangled by Sulla, Iv. 442
Granius Petro, quaestor in Caesar’s
army, taken by Scipio, kills
himself, v1. 480
anes for festivals, by Pericles, I1!.

Great Mother, prophesies victory for
Romans against Cimbri and Teu-
tones, Ix. 508

Greece, invaded by Darius’ forces
under Datis, Il. 224; invaded by
Xerxes, 18, 234; invaded by
Antiochus the Great, 334; toured
by Aemilius Paulus after Pydna,
VI. 428; its sacred treasures taken
by Sulla, Iv. 362; Pompey’s great
force there, V. 280

Greek, understood by Cato the Elder,
II. 336; spoken fluently by Lucullus
11. 470

Greek culture, opposed by Cato the
Elder, 11. 370

Greek words, once numerous in Latin,
vy. 454

Greeks, defeat Persians at Marathon,
Salamis, Plataea, Mycale, Arbela,
II. 10, 40, 138, 264, VII. 136; are
medising, II. 18, 268: saved by
Themistocles, 20; pay war con-
tribution fixed by Aristides at 460
talents, 286; under leadership of
Cimon, 420; defeated by Persians
in Egypt, 618; have no success
against Persians after Cimon, 464;
their peace disturbed by Alcibiades,
Iv. 32f.; despised Persians after
return of 10,000, XI. 172 f.; have
Peace of Antalcidas dictated to
them by Persian king, 176;
honoured Dion, VI. 34; defeated

392

by Philip at Chaeroneia, II. 138,
Vil. 48f.; 250f.; united against
Alexander by Demosthenes, 54;
proclaim Alexander leader against
Persia, 258; crushed at Crannon by
Antipater and Craterus, 68, II. 138,
VIII. 200; subjugated by Cassander
and Ptolemy; Antigonus and
Demetrius attempt to free them,
Ix. 18f.; tempted to revolt by
Ptolemy, governed by Demetrius’
son, 108f.; helped by Pyrrhus
against Demetrius, 378; had little
contact with Romans up to time of
Flamininus, X. 326; 334, 336, pro-
claimed free by Flamininus at
Isthmian games, 296, 350, 386;
welcomed at Lucullus’ house in
Rome, II. 604; treated well by
Antony, Ix. 184
Greeks and their generals

criticized, X. 352f., 386f.; their
opinions and laws opposed to
father marrying daughter, XI. 182

Greeks, Asiatic, some moved from
Cilicia and Cappadocia to Mesopo-
tamia by Tigranes, Il. 536; many
transplanted from Cilicia to Tigra-
nocerta, 552; sent from Tigrano-
Pre to their homes by Lucullus,

Greeks, Italian, fight battle at river
air VI. 420; invite Pyrrhus, Ix.

4

Greeks, Sicilian, send to Corinth for
help and get Timoleon, VI. 264;
freed from Oarthaginians by
Timoleon, 332

‘‘Grypus,’’ cognomen or epithet, Ix.
464

Gulf, Arabian, see ‘* Arabian Gulf.”

QGyarta, large rich tract in territory of
Syracuse, VI. 80

Gylippus (1), comes from Sparta to
aid Syracuse, Ill. 272, IV. 62, VI.
104; in first battle defeated by
Athenians, next day defeats them,
Ill. 276; captures Plemmyrium
with large stores and moneys, 278;
282; 296; receivesproposal of truce
from Nicias, 300; slays or captures
Athenian force, spares Nicias, 302 ;
is refused request to be allowed to
take Athenian generals captive to
Sparta, 3043 Ill. 66; 1.298; son of

GENERAL INDEX TO ALL THE ‘LIVES’

Cleandridas, banished for abstract-
ing 30 talents from 1000 sent by
Lysander to Sparta, III. 66, 306, IV.

274 f., VI. 460

Gylippus (2), father of Agiatis, x. 50

Gylon, father of Demosthenes’
mother, banished on charge of
treason, VII. 8

Gymnasium, at Athens, near it

Theseus buried, I. 84.
Gymnopaediae, at Sparta, I. 248, V.
80

Gymnosophists, said to have been
consulted by Alexander, I. 216;
caused Alexander much trouble
Vil. 404 f.; 408

Gynaeceia, same as Roman “ Bona
Dea,’’ mother of Midas according
to Phrygians, VII. 128, 462

Gythium, Cleomenes puts to sea from
it, X.116; relieved by Philopoemen,
294

Habrotonon, Thracian, mother of
Themistocles, II. 2, 8

Hades, 11. 372

Haemon, afterwards called Thermo-
don, flows past Heracleum, I. 64,
VII. 46

Hagnon (1), father of Theramenes,
Ill. 212, Iv. 270; amends bill of
Dracontides, III. 92

Hagnon (2), Teian, with Alexander,
VII. 286; 342; 382

Hagnonides, public informer, VIII.
210; denounces Phocion as traitor,
220; 222; 226; executed by
Athenians, 232

Hagnothemis, cited, VII. 436

Hair, sheared on fore part of head by
Theseus, Abantes, Mysians, I. 10;
shaved off by Argives, worn long
by Spartans, IV. 234

Halae, burial place of Timon, Ix. 298;
destroyed by Sulla, Iv. 408

Haliartus, tomb of Rhadamanthus
near it; Lysander routed and slain
there, IV. 312, 452; Halicarnassus,
in Caria, native city of Euterpé, II.
2; stormed by Alexander, VII. 268;
besieged by Ptolemy, relieved by
Demetrius, Ix. 18

Halimus, deme of Thucydides, I1.
412

Halonnesus, speech on, by Demos-
thenes, VII. 24

Hamilear, with Hasdrubal, com-
Mander of Carthaginian forces
defeated by Timoleon at river
Crimesus, VI. 320

Hamilcar Barcas, II. 324

Hannibal, invaded Italy, 111. 122, V.
456; defeats Flaminius at lake
Thrasymené in Tuscany, III. 124;
tries to force Fabius to fight, 132;
escapes from Fabius’ trap by ruse,
136, 200; spares Fabius’ fields to
bring odium upon him, 140; traps
Minucius, retires when Fabius
comes to rescue, 150f.; destroys
Roman army at Cannae, 162f.;
refuses to attack Rome; how helped
by Cannae, 168; defeated by
Marcellus at Nola, V. 462; 464; 500;
slew Gn. Fulvius the proconsul and
most of his army in Apulia, 502;
fights drawn battle with Marcellus
near Numistro, 502; fights battles
with Marcellus near Canusium,
506f.; worn out with fighting
Marcellus, afraid of Fabius, 111.174;
loses Tarentum to Fabius, begins to
realize insufficiency of his forces.
186; traps and slays the consuls
Marcellus and Crispinus, V. 518;
recalled to Carthage, defeated by
Scipio, 40, 11, 398, 111. 192, x. 144,
328; stirs up Antiochus against
Rome, 346 ; after defeat of Antiochus
goes to Artaxas the Armenian and
supervises building of city Artaxata,
11.572; flees to Prusias in Bithynia,
commits suicide, X. 378 f.

See also 1. 162, 11. 304, 334, III. 6,
176, V. 344, 524, 528, VIII. 4, X. 384,
Quoted: Ill. 154, 162f.; 186, vy.
458, 506 f., 520, Ix. 366, x. 380

Hanno, Carthaginian admiral, vi. 306

Harmony, goddess, born of Ares and
Aphrodité, Vv. 386

Harmost, left in each city by Lysander,
Iv. 266; Callibius the Spartan in
Acropolis, 274; Sphodrias, at
Thespiae, V. 66; 370

Harpalus (1), banished by Philip,
honoured afterwards by Alexander,
Vil. 250; appointed governor of
Babylonia by Alexander, 332; sent
books to Alexander, 242; ab-

393

GENERAL INDEX TO ALL THE ‘LIVES’

sconded, 346; tried to _ bribe
Phocion, VIII. 190, bribed Demo-
sthenes, sent from city, VII. 60,
216

Harpalus (2), served with Aemilius
Paulus against Perseus, VI. 392

Hasdrubal (1), see ‘‘ Hamilcar.”’

Hasdrubal (2), conquered in Spain by
Scipio, x. 328

Heads of the Great Syrtis, v1. 54

Health, temple of, had statue in
honour of Cato the Elder, II. 356

$s Ne wool name given Apollo, xX.
3

Hecalé, honoured for her hospitality
by Theseus, I. 26

Hecalesia, sacrifice to Zeus Hecalus
in honour of Hecalé, 1. 26

** Hecaliné,”’ diminutive of Hecalé, I,
26

Hecataeus (1) sophist, what Archi-
damidas said about him, I. 266

Hecataeus (2), tyrant of Cardia, urges
Leonnatus to go to aid of Antipater,
distrusts Eumenes, VIII. 86

YP Te (3) of Eretria, cited, VII.

6

Hecatombaeon, Athenian month, I.
52, 84; same as Boeotian Hippo-
dromius, II. 138; V. 78; same as
Macedonian Loiis, VII. 228 f.

Hecatombaeum, near Dymé, x. 80

er ier part of Syracuse, VI.
9

Hectemorioi, or Thetes, Athenians
age paid a sixth of increase as rent,
I. 436

Hector, captured and_ plundered
Troezen, carried off Aethra, I. 78;
Vv. 188; Spartan youth closely
resembled him, x1. 8

Hecuba, V. 414

Hedylium, mountain, Iv. 378 f.

Hegemon, accompanies Phocion to
Polysperchon, VIII.224; condemned
to death with Phocion, 228

Hegesias, cited, VII. 230

Hegesipylé, Thracian, wife of Miltiades,
mother of Cimon, II. 412

Hegestratus, Athenian archon, I. 496

Helen, rape of, by Theseus led to war
in Attica and Theseus’ banishment
and death, 1. 66, 196; different
accounts of rape of, 70; on way to
Troy threw golden tripod into sea,

394

which fished up was offered as prize
to wisest man, I. 412

Helenus, son of Pyrrhus and Bircenna
Ix. 370, 454; found and sent back
to Epeirus by Alyoneus, 460

Heliaea, in Athens, VIII. 178

Helicon (1) of Cyzicus, friend of Plato,
predicted eclipse of sun, VI. 40

Helicon (2), made belt for Alexander,
VII. 322

Helicon, mountain, Iv. 318, Vv. 48

Helicus, x. 102

Heliopolis, Psenophis of, I. 476

Helius, adherent of Nero, executed
by Galba, x1. 240

Hellas, came into closer relations with
Persia after time of Themistocles,
11.80. See also “Greeks.”

Hellanicus (1), cited : 1. 32, 56, 58, 60,
70, Iv. 54

Hellanicus (2), sent by Syracusans to
implore help of Dion, VI. 88

Hellenes, see ‘‘ Greeks.”’

Hellenic Council, 11. 274, 278

Hellespont, 11. 240, 506, III. 56;
Philip driven from it by Phocion,
VIII. 174 f.

Helots, made slaves by Spartans
under Solis, I. 206; tilled ground for
Spartans, 278; slain by young men
of ‘‘ krupteia,’’ 288, 290; treated
very harshly, 386; did all business,
prepared and cooked meals, etc,
388; 464; revolt from Sparta at
time of great earthquake, I. 292, Il.
454f.; many desert from Agesilaiis
to enemy, V. 90; those who could
pay 5 Attic minas freed by Cleo-
menes; 2000 armed in Macedonian
fashion, x. 100

Helvetii, defeated by Caesar and forced
to return home, VII. 486

Helvia, Cicero’s mother, VII. 82

Helvidius Priscus, took up Galba’s
body, XI. 270

Henioché, daughter of Pittheus, wife of
Canethus, mother of Sciron, I. 56

Hephaestion, friend of Alexander,
VII. 340, 346; followed Alexander
in adopting barbarian mode of life,
quarrels with Craterus, 360; 382;
quarrels with Eumenes, VIII. 78 f.;
dies at Ecbatana to great grief of
Alexander, splendidly buried, 82,
V. 428, VII. 424

GENERAL INDEX TO ALL THE ‘LIVES’

Heptashalown, place at Athens, IY.

6

Hera, statue of, at Argos, III. 4; 70;
attacked by Ixion, x. 2; festival of,
among Samians to be called Lysan-
dreia, Iv. 280; temple of, I. 482;
temples of, at Samos, Argos,
Lacinium, plundered by pirates, V.
174; temple of, at Corinth, seized
by Aratus, XI. 54

Hera, Cithaeronian, II. 246, 266

“ Heracleia,’’ name of precincts dedi-
cated to Herakles by Theseus, I. 80

Heracleia, taken by Demetrius, Ix. 52

Heracleia, sacked by M’. Acilius, xX.
364

Heracleia, in Pontus, ghost-oracle of,
II. 422; reached by Mithridates,
508

Heracleia, in Italy, battle between
Pyrrhus and Laevinus near it, Ix.
394

Heracleidae, how maintained by
Athenians, I. 48; included Spartan
kings, 206; united with Dorians
and came into Peloponnesus, but
only 2 houses, Eurypontidae and
Agiadae, furnished kings, Iv. 300;
234; Ix. 464

Heracleides (1), Syracusan boy, brings
on sea, fight, III, 292

Heracleides (2), Syracusan, Dion
accused of plotting with him
against Dionysius, VI. 24; returns
from Peloponnesus to Syracuse;
brief account of him; becomes rival
of Dion, 70; though admiral, fails
to prevent Dionysius sailing away,
supports popular proposals, 80;
elected general, 82; recalls Dion,
94; pardoned by Dion, 100;
appointed admiral, renews his
machinations against Dion, 102;
prevented from occupying Syracuse
by Dion, takes fp Gaesylus the
Spartan, 104; reconciled to Dion
by Gaesylus, 106; again plots
against Dion, who has him slain,

112
Heracleides (3), of Cymé, cited, XI.
2

18

Heracleides (4), Ponticus cited: I.
404, 466, 494, 496, II. 72, 146, III.
102, VII. 298

Heracleitus: (Frag. 74, Bywater 30),

I. 182; (Frag. 105, Bywater 41),
Iv. 170; (Frag. 116, Bywater 45),
214, 11. 136

Heracleium, II. 38, 111. 294, VI. 392,
IX. 274

Heracles (1), destroyed some powerful
wicked men in Hellas, cowed others;
after he slew Iphitus and went to
Lydia, old villainies burst forth
anew, but Lydia got peace and
security, I. 14, 296; kinsman of
Theseus, 16; sacrificed Busiris,
wrestled Antaeus to death, slew
Cycnus, dashed out ‘Termerus’
brains, 22; instituted Olympian
games in honour of Zeus, 56; ac-
companied by Theseus in campaign
against Amazons, 58, 544; slew
Antiopé and her Amazons, 64; 68;
initiated into Eleusinian mysteries
at instigation of Theseus, 70; 78;
secured Theseus’ release from
Aidoneus, 80; father of Telephus,
92; ancestor 11th removed from
Lycurgus, 206, 446; If. 2; had
daughter Eucleia by Myrto, 278;
410; statue of, removed from Taren-
tum and set up in Capitolat Rome by
Fabius Maximus, III. 184; 210; had
tendency to melancholy according
to Aristotle, IV. 236; V. 380; said
to have loved Tolaiis, 384; father
of Macaria, 390; ancestor of
Alexander, VII. 224; took Ilium,
VIII. 2; had son Sophax by Tinga,
settled Olbianians and Mycenaeans
about city of Tinga, 24; had son
Anton, Ix. 146; shown in paintings
with Omphalé taking away his
club and lion’s skin, 336

Heracles (2), son of Alexander by
Barsiné, VIII. 80

“* Heracles, bowl of,’’ VII. 432 ‘

Heraea, IV. 294; city belonging to
Acaaean league, — seized by
Cleomenes, X. 64

** Heraea,’’ Greek for ‘‘ Junonia,” xX.
220

Heraeum, II. 266; at Corinth, seized
by Agesilaiis, V. 58; x. 94; 110

Heralds, at Rome, I. 354

Hercules, I 114; became father of
Ist Fabius, 11. 118; 350

Hercynii, inland limit of Cimmerians,
Ix. 490

395

GENERAL INDEX TO ALL THE ‘LIVES’

Hereas, Megarian, cited, I. 40, 76, 428

Herennius, C., reluctant to witness
against Marius, Ix. 472; with
Perpenna defeated by Pompey, V.
158

Herennius, centurion, kills Cicero, VII.
206

Herippidas, Vv. 28; harmost in
Thebes, executed by Spartans, 370

Hermae, of stone, dedicated by
Cimon, II. 424

Hermae, mutilation of, 111. 210, 254,
Iv. 48, 52

Hermaeus, priest with Mithridates’
army, II. 522

Hermagoras, rhetorician, opposed by
Poseidonius at Rhodes, Vv. 224

Hermes, to east of Delphinium at
Athens, called Hermes at Aegeus’
gate, I. 24

““Hermes of Andocides,’”? why so
called, III. 254, Iv. 56

Hermes Terrestrial, 11. 280

Herminius, helped Horatius defend
the bridge, I. 544

Hermioné, joins Achaean league, XI.
78; taken by Cleomenes, xX. 90;
had temple of Chthonian Earth,
Vv. 174; purple came from there,
VII. 332; Epicles of, 11. 14

Hermippus (1), comic poet, prosecutes
Aspasia for impiety, III. 92;
(Kock I. 236 f.), cited, 96

Hermippus (2), cited: 1. 218, 278,
poet 418, 430, VII. 12, 26, 70, 74,

Hermocrates, Syracusan, his daughter
married Dionysius the Elder, YI.
6; son of Hermon, destined to
cause most of Athenian reverses,
III. 210; 296; 304; his saying re
Nicias, 264

Hermolaiis, plots against Alexander,
is executed, VII. 382

Hermon (1), father of Hermocrates,
III. 210

Hermon (2),slew Phrynichus, crowned
by Athenians, Iv. 74

Hermotimus, Phocaean,
Milto, I1I.. 72

Hermus, left by Theseus as one of
governors of Pythopolis, I. 60

Hermus, on road from Athens to
Fleusis, has tomb of Pythonicé,
VIII. 192

396

father of

Hero, niece of Aristotle, mother of
Callisthenes, VII. 384

Herod, Jew, sends army to Antony,
IX. 276; deserts to Octavius, 300,
302

Herodes, urged by Cicero to study
philosophy with Cratippus, VII. 142

Herodorus Ponticus, cited I, 58,
66, 70, 114

Herodotus (1), story about him among
Bithynians resembles that about
Numa and Kgeria, 1. 316

Herodotus (2), cited: (VIII. 3), 11.
56; (5), 203 (93), 46; (1x. 46), 258;
(64), 388; (85), 272

Herophytus, Samian, not so shrewd
as Cimon, II. 43

Herostratus, sent into Macedonia by
Brutus to win over commanders of
armies there, VI. 178

Hersilia, only married Sabine woman
seized, married to Hostilius or to
Romulus, I. 130, 146; appealed for
reconciliation between Romans and
Sabines, 150

Hesiod, loved by gods for sake of
Muses, I. 318; verse expunged from
his poems by Peisistratus, 40;
rebuked for calling some days good
and others bad, 11. 136. Works and
Days (309), 11. 390; (311), I. 408;
(366), XI. 240; (370) quoted and
ascribed to Pittheus on authority of
Aristotle, I. 6; calls Minos “ most
royal,’’ 30

Hestia, goddess, forbids Tarchetius
murdering his daughter, I. 94

Hestiaea, II. 22

Hestiaeans, expelled from
country by Pericles, ITI. 66

Hesuchia, priestess of Athena at
Clazomenae, III. 254

Hexapyla, of Syracuse, cut through
by Marcellus, v. 482

Hicetas, of Leontini, chosen general
by Syracusans, secretly negotiates
with Carthaginians, VI. 264; 276;
defeats Dionysius, shuts him up in
acropolis, orders Carthaginians to
prevent Timoleon from landing,
280; 284; defeated by Timoleon,
288 ; continues siege of acropolis of
Syracuse, tries to have Timoleon
assassinated, 298; summons to his
aid Mago, 302, 304; his fofces in

their

GENERAL INDEX TO ALL THE ‘LIVES’

Syracuse defeated and driven out
by Timoleon, 312; compelled to
forsake cause of Carthage, demolish
his citadels and live as private
person at Leontini, 318 ; invades
territory of Syracuse, defeated and
executed, 334f.; had murdered
Andromaché and Areté, 122, 340

Hidrieus, Carian, gets letter from
Agesilaiis, Vv. 36

Hiempsal, king of Numidia, rx. 574,
576; given Iarbas’ kingdom by
Pompey, V. 142

Hierapolis, 111. 366; formerly called
Bambycé, given Monaeses by
Antony, Ix. 220

Hiero (1), tyrant of Sicily, refused
Themistocles his daughter’s hand,
II. 66 ‘

Hiero (2), intimate friend of Nicias,
III. 224

Hiero (3), king of Syracuse, receives
gifts from Romans, Vv. 456; had per-
suaded Archimedes to make prac-
tical application of his geometry,
470

Hieronymus (1), historian, sent by
Antigonus to make treaty with
Eumenes, VII. 114; left as governor
of Boeotians by Demetrius, Ix. 96;
cited, 400, 414

Hieronymus (2), Rhodian philosopher,
cited, 11.296; V. 36

Hieronymus (3), tyrant of Syracuse,
dies, V. 466

Hieronymus (4), of Carrhae, urges P.

to escape to Ichnae, III.

394

Hill-men, at Athens, favoured
democracy, I. 434; led by Peisis-
tratus, 486

Himera, river in Sicily where Gelon
defeated Carthaginians, VI. 318

Himera, Sicilian city, pardoned by
Pompey, V. 140

eraeus, brother of Demetrius the

Phalerean, executed by Antipater,
Vil. 70

Hippada Telountes, Athenians able
to keep horse or getting 300
measures yearly, Solon’s 2nd class,
I. 450

Hipparchus (1) of Cholargus, kinsman
of Peisistratus, first man ostracized,
III. 250

Hipparchus (2), father of Asclepiades,
VIII. 194

Hipparchus (3), son of Theophilus,
first freedman to desert Antony for
Octavius, IX. 292; 304

Hipparchus (4) Spartan, father of
Aristocrates the writer, I. 216, 302

Hippareté, daughter of Hipponicus,
wife of Alcibiades, applied for
divorce, IV. 20

Hipparinus (1), father of Aristomache,
once colleague of Dionysius the
Elder, VI. 6

Hipparinus (2), Dion’s son, called
Aretaeus according to Timaeus, VI.

68

Hippias (1), sophist of Elis, published
list of victors at Olympic games, I.
308; cited, 276

Hippias (2), one of 3 young men
fleeing with infant Pyrrhus, Ix.
348

eos (3), mime with Antony, Ix.

5

Hippikon, distance of 4 furlongs, I.
468

Hippitas, lame friend of Cleomenes in
Egypt, X. 134, 136

Hippo, tyrant of Messana, VI. 80;
shelters Mamercus, caught and
executed, 342

Hippobotae, wealthy class of Chal-
cidians, banished by Pericles, III. 66

Hippoclus, father of Pelopidas, Vv. 346

Hippocoén, father of Enarsphorus, I.
72

Hippocrates (1) mathematician, en-
gaged in trade, I. 408

Hippocrates (2), physician, consulted
by Persian king, his reply, Il. 372

Hippocrates (3), father of Peisistratus,
I. 490

Hippocrates (4), general when 1000
Athenians lost at Delium, III. 226
Hippocrates (5), Spartan governor of
Chalcedon, defeated and slain by
Alcibiades, IV. 86

Hippocrates (6), commander of—
Syracusans, seizes city and defies
Marcellus, V. 468; his camp at
Acrillae captured by Marcellus, v.
482

Hippodrome, at Rome, I. 102

Hippodromius, Boeotian month, same
as Athenian Hecatombaeon, II. 138

397

GENERAL INDEX TO ALL THE ‘LIVES’

Hippolyta, not Antiopé, said by
Cleidemus to have been the name of
the Amazon whom Theseus married,
I. 62

Hippolytus (1), or Demophodn, son of
Theseus and Antiopé, I. 64

Hippolytus (2), Sicyonian, loved by
Apollo, I, 318

Hippomachus, trainer, his saying, VI.
2

Hippomedon, son of Agesilaiis, urges
father to support Agis, X.14; saves
father, 36

Hipponicus (1), friend of Solon, I.

444

iipeertions (2), father of Callias the
Rich by wife who later married
Pericles, II. 70; gave Alcibiades
his daughter Hippareté to wife, IV.
18 f.

Hipponium, city of Lucania, later
called Vibo, VII 162

Hipposthenides, Theban, one of con-
spirators assisting Pelopidas, V.
356

Hirtius, consul elect with Pansa,
keeps Cicero at Rome to support
them, VI. 452, VII. 190; with Pansa
defeats Antony at Mutina but is
himself slain, 198, 1x. 174

History of Rome, written by Cato the
Elder for his son, II. 362; planned
by Cicero, VII. 186

Histories of Rutilius, v. 212

‘t — age,’ its meaning, I. 356, IV.
17

Homer, poems of, preserved among
posterity of Creophylus in Ionia,
first made really known by Lycur-
gus, I. 214; said by Timaeus to
have met the elder Lycurgus,
204; “Od.” XI. 631 inserted by
Peisistratus, 40; ‘‘II.”’ 11. 557f.
inserted by Solon according to most
writers, 426; 11. 424; 11. 172; his
view as to man’s responsibility for
his actions, IV. 196; used by
teachers, 16; always brings his
boldest and most valiant heroes
into battle well armed, V. 342; his
poetry characterized, VI.346; Alex-
ander considered Iliad viaticum of
military art, had -Aristotle’s re-
eension called Iliad of the Casket,
Vil. 242; 298; H,said to have been

398

Horcomosium,

born at Ios, and to have died at
Smyrna, VIII. 4; Ix. 420; 490;
studied by Philopoemen, X. 264;
XI. 246
Iliad, (1. 188 f.) Iv. 198, (238 f.)
IX. 106, (259) VI. 202, (491 f.) Ix.
382, X. 128, (11. 204) Ix. 320, (363)
v. 384, (547) I. 54, (557f.) 426,
(607) XI. 106, (aIl. 144) 1. 78, (172)
X. 68, (IV. 175) V. 40, (431) xX. 68,
(V. 340) VII. 306, (VI. 161 f.) Iv. 176,
(429f.) VI. 176, (491) 176, (Ix.
438f.) X. 256, (XI. 544) vy. 302,
(XII. 243) Ix. 442, (xIV. 86f.)
436, (KV. 189) 254, (XVI. 849). VI.
178, (XIX. 15 f.) x. 280, (Xx. 467)
VII. 28, (XX1. 107) 380, (XXII. 207)
V. 188, (XXIII. 296 f.) 24, (XXIV. 162)
IX. 192, (525 f.) VI. 446, (630) 260.
Odyssey (I. 47) X. 196, (IV. 230)
III. 236, (246) Iv. 172, (354 f.) Vir.
298, (VII. 75f.) v.12, (IX. 299)
IV. 198, (339) IV. 196, (494) VIII.
180, (XI. 14f.) 1x. 490, (XII. 428)
VI. 38, (XIV. 162) I. 474, (222 f.) 11.
392, (XVIII. 158) Iv. 196, (xIx. 179)
1. 32, IX. 106, (307) I. 474
Verse not now in poems, IV. 196
Homoloichus, Chaeroneian, assists
Sulla, Iv. 382, 390
Honoratus, Antonius, see ‘‘ Antonius
Honoratus.”’
Honour and Virtue, temple to, by
Marcellus, Vv. 512
‘‘ Hoplias,’’ former name of stream
Hoplites, Iv. 316
Hoplitai, one of 4 original Attic
tribes, composed of warriors, I. 468
Hoplites, stream near Haliartus, or,
as some say, Coroneia, IV. 316
Horatius Cocles, helped by Herminius
and Lartius, saves Rome by holding
bridge, I. 544
Horatius Flaccus, “‘ Epist.’’ I. 6. 45 f£.,
cited, II. 598
Horatius, M., elected consul to
succeed Lucretius, I. 534; quarrels
with Publicola about consecration
of temple to Jupiter Capitolinus,

538
place at Athens,
adjoining Theseum, I. 64
Hinvlereting Placcus, see ‘‘ Placcus,
Hordeonius.”’
* Horns,”’ place in Megara, II, 38

GENERAL INDEX TO

Hortensius, Q. Hortatus (1) orator,
brother of Valeria, Iv. 436; legate
of Sulla in Greece, IV. 374, 384, 386;
appeared for Verres, VII. 98; sur-
passed Cicero at trial of Licinius
Murena, 170; admirer of Cato,
takes Cato’s wife Marcia, VIII.292 f.;
made her his heir, 362; II. 472
Hortensius, Q. Hortatus (2) delivered
up Macedonia to Brutus, VI. 180;
ordered to kill O. Antonius, and
after Philippi slain on his tomb by
Antony, 186, Ix. 184
Hostilius (1) Sabine, husband of
Hersilia, grandfather of Hostilius
who was king after Numa, fell in
battle between Romans and Sabines,
1. 130, 146

Hostilius (2), Tullus, king after Numa,
his character and death, I. 146,
382

Hostilius Mancinus, Aulus, consul,
repulsed by Perseus at Elimiae,
VI. 376

Hostius, L., first parricide at Rome,
I. 162

“ House of Hermes,” place in Pytho-
polis, 1. 60

“ House of Tiberius,’’ place in Rome,
x1. 260

Houses, of Cato the Elder, did not
have plastered walls, II. 314
Hyacinthia, festival celebrated at
Sparta, I. 244

Hyacinthus, loved by Apollo, 1. 318

Hybla, in Sicily, attacked by Nicias,
Ill. 262

Hybreas, rebukes Antony in behalf of
Asia, Ix. 188

Hyccara, barbarian fastness in Sicily,
overthrown by Nicias, III. 262

Hydaspes, river in India, VII. 394
Hydra,

“cutting off its heads,”
proverbial expression, X. 244

Hydrus, 1. 444
Hyllus, father of Cleodaeus, Ix. 346

“* Hymenaeus,” nuptial cry of Greeks,
1. 132

Hypates, one of Theban tyrants, slain

by Pelopidas’ band of conspirators,
4 A .

Hyperbatas, Theban general, x. 80

Hyperbolus, of deme Perithoedae, last

man ostracised, II. 252, ITI. 248, IV.
28

ALL THE ‘LIVES’

Hyperboraeans, army of, captured
Rome, II. 146

Hypereides, denounced Demosthenes,
but admitted him to be man of
mark, VII.30,32; father of Glaucip-
pus, VIII. 152; 160; his surrender
demanded by Alexander, 182; 196;
leaves Athens in advance of Anti-
pater, 202; hissurrender demanded
by Antipater, 204; executed by
Antipater at Cleonae, 210, VII. 70;
quoted, VIII. 168

Hypsaeus, Publius Plautius, with
Scipio and Milo, candidate for con-
sulship, VIII. 350; when on trial,
appeals to Pompey in vain, V. 262

Hypsechidas, one of 5 Spartan arbiters
in dispute between Athens and
Megara, I. 428

Hypsicrateia, concubine of Mithri-
dates, v. 200

** Hypsicrates,’’ pet name of Hypsi-
crateia, Vv. 200

Hypsion, Plataean hero, II. 246

Hyrcania, invaded by Alexander,
Vil. 352; left by him in haste, v.
206; III. 3763; 434

Hyrcanian sea, reached by Alexander,
VII. 352; 11. 590; V. 208; 214

Hyrodes (also called Arsaces, q. W.),
driven from Parthia, restored, by
Surena, III. 378; having divided his
forces, he himself attacks Armenia
to punish Artavasdes, and sends
Surena to attack Crassus, 376;
informed of Crassus’ death, 416;
becomes reconciled to Artavasdes,
the Armenian king, acquainted with
Greek language and literature, 420;
his general Pharnapates defeated
by Ventidius, Ix. 210; his son
Pacorus defeated and slain by
Ventidius, 212, II. 422; strangled
by his son Phraates, 422, Ix. 218

Hysiae, at foot of Mt. Cithaeron, near
it temple of Eleusinian Demeter
and Cora, II. 248

Taccheium, the so-called, 11. 296

Iacchus, escorted from Athens tc
Eleusis on 20th of Boedromion, II.
140, IV. 98, VIII. 206

Ialysus, story of, painted by Pro-
togenes the Caunian; what Apelles

399

GENERAL INDEX TO ALL THE ‘LIVES’

said of it; destroyed in fire at
Rome, IX. 50 f.

Ialysus, native city of Timocreon, II.
58

Jampsas, see ‘‘ Hiempsal.’’

Iapygia, VI. 52, 76

Iapygian promontory, on coast of
Italy, Ix. 390

Iarbas, king, confederate of Domitius,
captured and his kingdom given to
Hiempsal, v. 144

Iberia, visited by Lycurgus according
to Aristocrates, I. 216

Iberia, triumphed over by Pompey,
Vv. 230.

Tberians (1), of Spain, used by Cartha-
ginians in their battles, VI. 330;
mixed with Ligurians, 368; mourn
death of Aemilius Paulus, 456;
their sons educated at Osca by
Sertorius, 36; 56; some killed by
Sertorius, others sold into slavery,
68; after murder of Sertorius
submit to Pompey, 72

Iberians (2), neighbours of Albanians,
11.554; some as lancersin Tigranes’
army, 574; one of 2 greatest
peoples about Caucasus Mts. ; extent
of territory, V. 204; short account
of; defeated by Pompey, 206; 212;
conquered by Oanidius, Antony’ 3
general, Ix. 214

Iberian mountains, source of Cyrnus
river, V. 206

Ibycus, calls Spartan maids ‘* phaino-
merides,’’ I. 390

Icelus, freedman, announces Nero’s
death to Galba, given name
apuanues XI. 218 f.; helped Otho,
2

Ichnae, city not far from Carrhae,
espoused Roman cause, III. 394

Ichneumon, found in Asia, VII. 346

Ictinus, with Oallicrates, architect of
Parthenon, II. 40

Ida, mountain, VIII. 192

Idaeus, secretary of Agesilaiis, v. 34

Idas, with Lynceus, carried off Helen
according to some, I. 70

Idomeneus, cited: 11. 214, 222, 242,
re 30, 102, VII. 38, 656, VIII.

‘Iépaé, title of tyrants, IT. 228

Ietae, place in Sicily, v1. 334

Ignatius, with 300 horsemen reaches

400

Carrhae with news of battle, then
rides on to Zeugma, III. 402

Ilia (or Rhea, or Silvia) Numitor’s
daughter, made Vestal virgin, de-
livered of twins, imprisoned by
Amulius, I. 96; said Mars father of
her babes, but Amulius was real
father, 98

Ilia, first wife of Sulla, to whom she
bore a daughter, Iv. 344

Tliad, see ‘* Homer.”’

Ilicium, from ‘Aews, place where
Numa met Jupiter, I. 360

Ilium, taken in Thargelion according
to Ephorus, Callisthenes, Damastes,
and Phylarchus, 11. 138; thrice
taken, VIII. 2f.; Alexander sacri-
fices to Athena there, VII. 262; II
502; 506

Illyrians, conquered by Parmenio at
time of Alexander’s birth, VII. 230;
ravage Macedonia, xX. 112: Glaucias
their king, IX. 350; fight against
Cleomenes at Sellasia, X.114; 268;
VI. 376

Illyricum, decreed to Oaesar for 5
years, V. 240

Impeachment, of Servilius the augur
by Lucullus, 11. 470

Inauguration, of Roman kings, I.
326 f.; of Persian kings, XI. 130

India, visited by Lycurgus according
to Aristocrates, I. 216; invaded by
Alexander, V1. 884, VII. 384; Vv. 298;
VI. 254

Indian, in retinue of Augustus,
burned himself to death as Calanus
did, VII. 418

Indian Ocean, IIT. 428

Indian war, of Alexander, VII. 384 f.

“‘Indian’s Tomb,” at Athens in
Plutarch’s time, VII. 418

Indians, Macedonian troops refuse to
follow Alexander against them, VII.
258

Inferno of Homer, I. 40

Ino, 11. 104

Inscriptions: I. 16, 24, 210; to mark
battlefield of Plataea, 272; 276; in
honour of Oato the Elder, 356; 424;
by Nicias on stone at Delos, In. 218;
IV.234; V.184; VI.394; on pedestal
of Demosthenes’ statue, VII. 76;
268; on tomb of Cyrus, 416; on
tomb of Timon the misanthrope,

GENERAL INDEX TO ALL THE ‘LIVES’

IX.298; 432 ; X.358; 368; inhonour
“a Aratus, XI XI. 32; on Otho’ s tomb,

Insteius, M., with M. Octavius, led
— for Antony at Actium, Ix.

Insubrians, their race and home; call
Gaesatae to their aid and wage war
on Rome, v. 440; routed by
Flaminius, 442; stirred up by
Gaesatae, again make war on
Rome, 446; submit to Rome, 452

Insurrection, Servile, m1. 334 f.

See also *‘ Spartacus.”’

‘* Inter duos pontes,’’ what it was and
how formed, I. 520

Interest, rate of in Asia, regulated by
Lucullus, 11. 532

Interregnum, description of the one
after death of Romulus, I. 312

Investments, Cato the Elder’s, 11. 366

Iolas, son of Antipater and his chief
cupbearer; feared by Alexander,
VII. 428; believed to have poisoned
Alexander, 434

Iolaiis, said to have been beloved by
Hercules, Vv. 384

Iolcus, villages about it furnished
settlers for new city Demetrias, Ix.
134

Ion (1), of Chios, poet, when youth,
came from Chios to Athens, II. 430.

QOited : (Bergk 1. 254) I. 40; IL

418; 430; 456; m1.14; 82; VII. 6

Ion (2), delivers Perseus’ children to
Romans,

territory on pillarset up by Theseus
on the Isthmus, I. 56

Ionia, 111.82 ; 11.438; almost allstirred
to revolt by Alcibiades, IV. 66; VII.
60

Ionian civilization, extravagant and
luxurious, I. 214

Ionian, Salamis so called in certain
oracles, I. 428

Ionian sea, VI. 448, VII. 532, rx. 390

Ionians, implored by Themistocles to
help Greeks against Xerxes, II, 26;
448+ III. 56

Iopé, daughter of Iphicles, married by
Theseus, I. 66

Iophon, son of Peisistratus and
Timonassa, II. 376

Ios, where Homer was born, VIII. 4

Ioxids, colony of in Caria, founded by
Ioxus and Ornytus, burns neither
asparagus-thorn nor rush on
account of vow made by Periguné,
1.18

Ioxus, son of Melanippus, grandson of
Theseus and Periguné, with
Ornytus led colony into Caria, 1. 18

Iphicles, father of Iopé, I. 66

Iphicrates, Athenian, best type of
mercenary soldier, XI. 206; cuts
Spartan division to pieces, Vv. 60;
conducts umsuccessful war for
Artaxerxes against Egypt because
of quarrelling with Pharnabazus,
XI. 184; cited, v. 342

Iphitus, with Lycurgus established
Olympian truce, I, 204, 278; slain
by Hercules, 14

Iphtha, father of Ascalis, VIII. 22

Ipsus, battle of, in which Antigonus
was defeated and slain by the allied
kings, IX. 80, 354

Iras, waiting woman of Cleopatra,
IX. 274, 326

Isaeus, Demosthenes’ guide in public
speaking, VII. 12

Isauricus, P. Servilius, candidate for
pontifex maximus, defeated b

Vil. 456; consul wit

Isias, lands
Timoleon’s troops, VI. 312

Isidas, son of Phoebidas, brave in
defence of Sparta, V. 96

Isidorus (Isodorus) naval commander
of Mithridates, slain near Lemnos
by Lucullus, II. 506

Isis, temple of, near Cleopatra’s tomb
and monument, Ix. 306

“Isis, New,’’ title given Cleopatra,
262

Islands, Atlantic, called Islands of the
Blest ; their character, VIII. 20

Ismenias (1), Theban, taught the
flute, III. 4, Ix. 4

Ismenias (2), with Androcleides led
Theban democratic party to which
Pelopidas belonged, hated by
Spartans, V. 350; carried to Sparta

and executed, 352

Ismenias (3), accompanied Pelopidas
on embassy to Persian king, XI.
178; on embassy to Thessaly, V.
406; rescued by 5 Soe ay 414

401

part of

GENERAL INDEX TO ALL THE ‘LIVES’

Ismenus, sanctuary of, had oracle, IV.
316

Isocrates, charged fee of 10 minas, too
much for Demosthenes to pay, VII.
12; Orat. 12, ‘‘ De bigis,’’ written
for son of Alcibiades, IV. 26;
criticized by Cato the Elder, It.
372

Isodicé, daughter of Huryptolemus,
granddaughter of Megacles, wife of
Cimon, II. 416, 452

Isodorus, see “* Isidorus.”’

Isomantus, stream formerly called
Hoplites, Iv. 316

Issorium, stronghold in Sparta where
temple of Artemis stood, seized by
200 mutineers, recovered through a
ruse by Agesilatis, V. 88

Issus, battle of, Alexander defeats
Dareius, VII. 290, 322

Ister, “‘ Attic History,’’ Bk 13, cited,
I. 78, VII. 356

Isthmian games, instituted in honour
of Poseidon by Theseus, I. 56;
victor to receive 100 drachmas
according to Solon’s regulation,
466; victor’s wreath at first of
parsley, afterwards of pine, VI.
322f.; freedom of Greece pro-
claimed at games by Flamininus,
X. 350; V. 56

Isthmus of Corinth, unites Greek
continent, XI. 36; wall proposed
there to block Persians, 11. 26; 48;
Greeks assembled there vote to
join Alexander against Persians,
VII. 258; 1x.58; temple of Poseidon
there, V. 174; Oaesar proposed to
dig through it; had put Anienus in
charge, VII. 578

Isthmus between Libya and Asia, 300
furlongs in width, Ix. 296

Isthmus at Rhegium, blocked by wall
and ditch 300 furlongs long by
Crassus, Ill. 344

Italia, Themistocles’ daughter,
marricd Panthoides the Chian, II.

88

Italian allies, expelled from Rome, x.
222; strive for Roman citizenship,
VIII. 238

Italus, father of Roma by Leucaria, I.
92

Italy, separated from Oisalpine Gaul
by Rubicon, v11. 490; distracted by

402

pestilence, I. 350; first invasion of,
by Gauls, Il. 126f.; invaded by
Pyrrhus, IX. 390 f.; returned to by
Pyrrhus from Sicily, 424; subdued
by Romans soon after Beneventum,
428; invaded by Hannibal, rit, 122,
v. 456; overrun by Hannibal, 168,
Il. 304; invaded by Cimbri and
Teutones, IX. 488; mastered by
Caesarin60 days, V. 280; entrusted
to Antony, Ix. 152

Ithagenes, father of Melissus the
philosopher, III. 74

Ithomatas, place walled in and
garrisoned like the Acrocorinthus,
XI. 114

Ithomé, stronghold of Messenians and
Helots in revolt against Sparta, II.
456; peopled with Messenians by
Thebans, V. 398

Itonis (Itonia) see ‘* Athena Itonis.’’

Iulis, small part of Ceos, bred good
actors and poets, VII. 2

Ixion, embraced cloud instead of
Hera and begat Centaurs, x. 2

Janiculum, held 2 stone coffins, one
with body of Numa, the other with
sacred books he had written, I.
378; occupied by Marius, 1x. 580

January, changed from 11th to Ist
month by Numa, I. 366; by many
said to have been put in calendar
by him, 368; named from Janus,
370; nearly same as Athenian
Poseideon, VII. 532

January Calends, first day of Roman
year, XI. 492, 590

Janus, account of; why 2 faces; his
temple at Rome, when closed, I.
372; double doors of temple opened
after Numa’s death. 398

Jason (1), commander of Argo, sailed
about, clearing sea of pirates, I. 38;
helped at Colchis by Theseus, 66,
Ir. 410

Jason (2), father of Thebé; friend of
Pelopidas, v. 410

Jason (3), tragic actor in retinue of
Hyrodes, Ill. 420

Jews, stirred to revolt by Aristobulus,
Ix. 142

Journals, with particulars of Alex-
ander’s last illness, VII, 432

GENERAL INDEX TO ALL THE ‘LIVES’

Jove, Olympian, Iv. 380

Juba (1), king, aids Cato and Scipio in
Africa, VII. 562; VIII.372; 374; his
camp sacked by Caesar, VII. 566;
escaped from Thapsus with few
followers, VIII. 378; hidden in
mountain with few men, sends
letter to Cato, 384, 386

Juba (2), son of preceding, led in
Caesar’s triumph; became one of
most learned historians of Hellas,
vil. 570; #=married Cleopatra,
Cleopatra’s daughter, Ix. 330.

Cited: 1. 130, 132, 142, 330, 352,

Iv. 380, v. 524

Judaea, subdued by Pompey and its
king imprisoned, V. 216; 230;
pacified by Antony, Ix. 142;
balsam-producing part given to
Cleopatra, 218

Jugurtha, the Numidian, bribed
Opimius, X. 238; Ix. 478; son-in-
law of Bocchus, surrendered to
Sulla, 484, Iv. 328; led in triumph,
died in prison, Ix. 494

Julia (1), sister of Oaesar’s father, wife
of Marius the Elder, mother of
Marius the Younger, VII. 442, Ix.
474; Caesar delivers funeral oration
over her in forum, VII. 450

Julia (2), of house of Oaesars, wife of
Antonius Creticus, mother of M.
Antony, after death of A. C.
married Cornelius Lentulus, IX.
138; 180

Julia (3), daughter of Caesar, be-
trothed to Caepio, married to
Pompey, V. 238, 298, VII. 474, VIII.
310; great love between her and
Pompey, buried in Campus
Martius, her death removes check
on rivalry between Pompey and
Caesar, V. 252, Vil. 500; 570

Julia (4), daughter of Augustus,
married first to Marcellus, then to
Agrippa, Ix. 330 f.

Julius, censor, died, 11. 124

Julius Proculus, see ‘‘ Proculus,
Julius.”
Julius Salinator, see ‘‘ Salinator,
Julius.”

July, named from J. Oaesar, originally
called Quintilis, 1. 370

June, derived from
* junior,’ 1. 370

‘*Juno” or

Junia, sister of Brutus, wife of Cassius
vi. 140

Junius, governor of Asia, VII. 446

= M., dictator after Cannae, III.

Junius Silanus, see “‘ Silanus, Junius.”

Juno, temple of, in citadel of Veii, 11.

106; image of, transferred to
Rome, 108; temple of, on Capi-
toline, 160

Juno of Hierapolis, Iv. 366

Juno Quiritis, her statue leans upon a
spear, I. 182

Junonia, in Greek Heraea; colony
founded on site of Carthage by C.
Gracchus, X. 220

Jupiter, received dedication of Capitol
from Tarquin, I. 144; story of his
conversation with Numa, 360;
garland of oak leaves sacred to him,
Iv. 122; 176

Jupiter Capitolinus, temple of, built
by Tarquin the Proud; story of the
terra cotta chariot for the roof, I.
5343; history of temple, 536 f.

Jupiter Feretrius, origin of the term,
I. ame f., V. 454; 450; temple of,
45

Jupiter Stesius or Stator, origin and
meaning of the term, I. 146; his
temple at beginning of Sacra Via as
you go up Palatine Hill, viz. 120

Jus trium liberorum, what it was, I.
342

Justice, seated beside Zeus, VII. 376;
Spartan idea of, v. 106

Kaéécxos, its meaning, I. 240

Kannathron, what it is, V. 52

Kexaddic@ar, its meaning, I. 240

Keraton, sort of altar about which the
“‘Crane’’ was danced by Theseus,
1. 44

Képavvos, title of tyrants, I1. 228

Kermalus, once called Germanus,
place where trough containing
llia’s twins landed, 1.98

Kitaris, Persian for tiara, x1. 190

Klaria, Spartan for mortgages, x. 30

Klodones, women devoted to Orphic
rites and orgies of Dionysus, VII.
226

Kothon, Laconian drinking-cup, its
description, I, 230

403

GENERAL INDEX TO ALL THE ‘LIVES’

Krupteia, at Sparta, its nature; said
by Aristotle to have been an
institution of Lycurgue, I. 288

KvuBepvjova, see “* Cybernesia.”’

Kurbeis, what they were, I. 472, 572

Labeo, Q. Antistius, informed of
conspiracy to murder Caesar, VI.
150; Brutus’ legate, slain at
Pharsalus, 240

Labienus, T., Caesar’s legate, crushes
Tigurini at river Arar, VII. 486;
deserts Caesar for Pompey, V. 282,
VII. 526; commander of Pompey’s
cavalry, V. 292; not admitted to
Cyrené, VIII. 370; quoted, VII. 180

Labienus, Q., son of preceding,
Parthian commander-in-chief, Ix.
196; subduing Asia from Euphrates,
and Syria as far as Lydia and Ionia,
204; slain by Ventidius, 210

Labyrinth, Cretan, lair of Minotaur, I.
28; a dungeon according to
Philochorus, 30; its intricate wind-
ings traversed by Theseus by means
of thread given by Ariadne, 36;
scene of battle between Theseus
and Deucalion, 40; dance imitating
its windings still performed by
Delians, 44

Laccopluti, nickname given by comic
poets to descendants of Callias, II,
226

Lacedaemonius, son of Cimon and
woman of Arcadia, III, 82; sent
with 10 ships to aid Corcyra, 82

Lacetanians, Spanish tribe, subdued
by Cato the Elder, I1. 332

Lachares (1), becomes tyrant of
Athens, IX. 80; flees when
Demetrius blockades city, 82

Lachares (2), father of TEurycles,
executed by Antony on charge of
robbery, 290

Lachartus, Corinthian,
Cimon, II. 456

Laciadae, deme of Miltiades, 11. 412;
of Cimon, 432; of Thessalus, IV.
60

Lacinium, temple of Hera at, v. 174

Laco, Cornelius, appointed prefect of
praetorian guard under Galba, XI.
230; 262; slain by Otho’s men,
268; 272

404

upbraids

Laconia, its coasts ravaged by Nicias,
III. 230; by Conon and Pharna-
bazus, V. 62; most of it detached
from Spartan confederacy, 396;
invaded by Demetrius, Ix. 84; by
Aetolia and 50,000 slaves taken, x.
3 110; invaded by T. Flamininus,

“‘ Laconistes,’’ nickname of Archi-
biades, VIII. 166

Laconizers, II. 456, 458

Lacratidas (1), public prosecutor of
Pericles according to Heracleides
Ponticus, I11. 102

Lacratidas (2) Spartan ephor, Iv. 320

Lacritus, rhetorician, teacher of
Archias according to Hermippus,
VII. 70

** Lacus Curtius,”’ origin of the name,
I. 144, x1. 266

Ladder, so-called, road along coast of
Pamphylia, VII. 272

Laelius, reproached Cicero for not
opposing Caesar, VII. 220

Laelius, in army of Lepidus, 1x. 176

Laelius, O., friend of Scipio, attempted
agrarian reform, x. 160; 250

Laena, priestly mantle, derived from
Greek ‘“‘ chlaina,’’ I. 330

Laértes, “‘ to live life of,’’ VII. 184

Laevinus, consul, defeated by
Pyrrhus at Heracleia, 1x. 392 f.,
398; not deposed by Romans after
Heracleia, 400

Lais, courtesan, sold when girl from
Hyccara and brought to Pelopon-
nesus, III. 262, Iv. 114

Laius, Theban king, v. 386

Lamachus (1), Iv. 2; good soldier but
lacked authority and _ prestige
because of poverty, 58; left by
Pericles to help Sinopeans against
Timesileos, 111. 60; elected general
with Nicias and Alcibiades for
Sicilian expedition, 252, Iv. 46, 52;
urges battle close to Syracuse, III.
258, 260; slain by Callicrates before
Syracuse, 270

Lamachus (2), Myrinaean, wrote
encomium on Kings Philip and
Alexander; effectually answered
by Demosthenes, VII. 20

Lamia, in booty captured from
Ptolemy by Demetrius at Salamis,
IX, 36; 44; 54; 60; exacted money

GENERAL INDEX TO ALL THE ‘LIVES’

from Athenians on her own account,
62; anecdotes about her, 64f.,
336

Lamia, Antipater besieged there by
Leosthenes, VII. 66, VIIT. 86, Ix. 346

Lampido, wife of Archidamus, mother
of Agis, V. 2

Lampon, Athenian seer, 111. 14

Lamponius, Lucanian, with Telesinus
nearly overthrew Sulla at gates of
Rome, IV. 418, 454

a ae Plutarch’s grandfather, Ix.
19

Lampsacus, 1. 80, Iv. 106; with help
of Storax taken by Lysander, IV.
254

Lamptrae, Aeschines of, II. 252;
Philomelus of, VIII. 220

Lanassa (1), daughter of Cleodaeus,
wife of Neoptolemus and mother of
Pyrrhus, IX. 346

Lanassa (2), daughter of Agathocles of
Syracuse marries Pyrrhus with city
of Corcyra as dowry, IX. 368; leaves
Pyrrhus and marries Demetrius,
372

Langobritae, attacked by Metellus,
saved by Sertorius, VIII. 34

Langon, cleared of Achaean garrison
and restored to Eleians, x. 80

Language, Carian, II. 270

Laodicé, mother of Munychus by
Demopho#én, I. 78, II. 414

Laomedon (1), king "of Soe wronged
Heracles, M1. 210, VIII. 2

Laomedon (2), Orchomenian, how he
became great long-distance runner,
Vil. 14

Laomedon (3), gave dinner to Cimon
and others, II. 430

Laphystius, popular leader at
Syracuse, attacks Timoleon, VI.
348

Lapithae, aided by Theseus, fight
Centaurs, I. 66, 70

Larentalia, festival in honour of Acca
Larentia, I. 100

Larentia (1), see ‘* Acca Larentia.”’

Larentia (2), why honoured, I. 100

Largess of grain, given poor on
suggestion of Cato, VIII. 296

(1), imprisons Agesilaiis’ 2

ambassadors, Xenocles and Scythes,
v. 42; taken by Epaminondas, 404;
306 ; VI. 136; Ix. 90

tecisss { os given Monaeses by Antony,
oe

eee river, Achaeans fight
Aetolians and Eleians there, X. 272

Lars Porsena, of Clusium, attacks
Rome, then withdraws, I. 542 f.:
father of Aruns, 550; bronze
statue of, near senate-house, 554

Lartius, helps Horatius defend the
bridge, I. 544

Lartius, T., left by the consul Comi-
nius in charge of the siege of Corioli,
Iv. 132; 138

Larymna, of Boeotia, destroyed by
Sulla, Iv. 408

Lathyras, surname of Ptolemy, Iv.

Latin festival, added by vote of
people, II. 204

Latins, especially honour woodpecker,
I. 98; made alliance with Romulus,
164; with Sabines wage war on
Rome, are defeated, 556f.; their
country devastated by Coriolanus,
Rome refusing help, Iv. 186; with
Volscians and Aequians invade
Roman territory, I1. 176; defeated
by Camillus, 180; invited to
participate in Roman franchise by
O. Gracchus, X. 214

Latinus, son of Telemachus, father of
Romulus by Roma according to one
account, I. 92

Latinus, T., story of his dream in
which Jupiter supetet, Iv. 176

Lattamyas, with Thessalians
oneness by Boeotians at Ceressus,
II. 1

Laughter, statue of, erected by
Lycurgus, I. 280; temple of, at
Sparta, xX. 66

Laurentum, people of, slay Tatius, 1
162 f.; plague at, 166

Laureium, silver mines at, the revenue
shared among Athenians, I. 10, III.
218

Lauron, in Spain, captured by
Sertorius in spite of Pompey, V. 158,
VIII. 48

Laverna, IV. 340

Lavicum, captured by Volscians under
Coriolanus, IV. 186

Lavinia, mother of Aemilia by
Aeneas, I. 92

Lavinium, I. 162; founded by Aeneas

405

GENERAL INDEX TO ALL THE ‘LIVES’

contained sacred symbols of Roman
ancestral gods, besieged by Vol-
scians, IV. 188
Law of nations, violated by Roman
ambassador, II. 132
Lebadeia, sacked by Lysander, Iv. 310;
sacked and despoiled of oracle by
Mithridates, 376
Lecanius, said to have slain Galba, XI.
266
Lechaeum, harbour at Corinth, seized
by Aratus, XI. 54; x. 92
in Troad, II. 480
Leges, neighbours of Albani and
Amazons, V. 208
Legion, what it was; why so called,
I. 122; enlarged, 150 f.
“ Legs,”’ name of long walls of Athens,
II. 446
Leibethra, image of Orpheus there,
VII. 260
** Leiton,’’ means public hall, 1. 172
Lemnos, II. 298, Il. 72, 74; naval
battle near it between Lucullus and
Mithridates, II. 506
Lentuli, the two, taken on board ship
with Pompey in his flight after
Pharsalus, V. 306
Lentulus, sent to Asia by Flamininus
to free Bargylia, xX. 354
Lentulus (Dolabella), 3rd husband of
Cicero’s daughter, VII.188. Seealso
“ Dolabella (2), P. Cornelius.”’
Lentulus Batiatus, had school of
gladiators at Capua, III. 334
Lentulus, Cornelius, offers consul
Paulus his horse in rout at Cannae,
III. 166
Lentulus Clodianus, Gn. Cornelius,
‘consul with Gellius, defeated by
Spartacus, 111. 340; censor with
Gellius, Vv. 168
Lentulus Crus, L. Cornelius, opposes
Caesar bitterly, Vv. 272, VII. 512,
518, 524; drives Antony from
senate, Ix. 150; lands in Egypt and
is slain, V. 324
Lentulus Spinther, L. Cornelius, con-
sul, V. 244; with Pompey’s army
in Thessaly, V. 290, VII. 178, 544;
falsely claimed share in murder of
Caesar; executed by Antony and
Octavius, 600
Lentulus Sura, P. Cornelius, his
character and career, leads Catiline’s

406

followers left in Rome, VII. 122,
458, VIII. 286; convicted, gives up
office of praetor and is arrested,
VII. 128; executed, 134, 136, 140,
158, VIII. 296, Ix. 138

oe acre entertains Caesar, VII.
4

Leobates, Alcmeon’s son, of deme
Agraulé, accused Themistocles of
treason, II. 62

Leochares, moulded some of figures
‘in hunting scene dedicated by
Craterus, VII. 344

Leocrates, Athenian general, re-
strained by Aristides, Il. 274; If1.
52; 198

Leon (1), Spartan, father of Antal-
cidas, XI. 176

Leon (2), of Byzantium, companion of
Phocion in the Academy, VIII. 176;
quoted, III. 288

Leonidas (1), brother of Polydectes’
widow, attacks Lycurgus, I. 212

Leonidas (2), slain at Artemisium by
Xerxes’ army, II. 24, V. 392, XI.
178; quoted, x. 52

Leonidas (3), son of Cleonymus, an
Agiad, 8th in descent from the
Pausanias who defeated Mardonius
at Plataea, xX. 8; becomes king, is
unacceptable to people, 10;
opposes Agis, 18, 22; indicted by
Lysander and deposed, 24, 28;
brought back from Tegea, pardons
Cleombrotus, 36; expels ephors,
plots against life of Agis, 40; slays
Leonidas for attempting to restore
ae constitution, 42, v. 112;
x.4

Leonidas (4), kinsman of Olympias,
tutor of Alexander, VII. 236, 286,
298

Leonidas, Gorgo’s husband, quoted,
266

Leonnatus (1), sent by Alexander to
reassure female relatives of Alex-
ander, VII. 282; 342; to help
Eumenes, joined by MHecataeus,
plots against Perdiccas, VIII. 84;
defeated and slain by Greeks, 200

Leonnatus (2), Macedonian, saves life
of Pyrrhus, Ix. 396 f.

Leontidas, with Archias and Philip
persuades Phoebidas to seize
Cadmeia, V. 350; with Archias

GENERAL INDEX TO ALL THE ‘LIVES’

made ruler of Thebes by Spartans,
66, 352; how slain, 368

Leontini, with Egesta sends embassy
to Athens to urge Sicilian expedition
III. 250; 260; VI. 58; receives Dion
kindly, 84; 264; its territory
invaded by Timoleon, 338; Ix. 416;
taken by Marcellus, V. 468

Leontis, Athenian tribe, 11.2; opposed
ae Persian centre at Marathon,
2

ee village in Asia, II.

2

Leos, of Agnus, betrayed Pallantidae
to Theseus, I. 26

Leosthenes, Athenian, general] merely,
VII. 214, ITI. 160; _ besieged
Antipater in Lamia, VI. 274, VIL.
66, VIII. 196 f., 220, Ix. 346

Leotychides (1), the Elder, his question
about square trees, I. 242; 11. 58

Leotychides (2), son of Timaea and
Alcibiades, refused royal succession,
Iv. 64, 292, V. 6, 8, 326; father of
Chilonis, Ix. 434

Lepida, married Metellus Scipio,
VIII. 250
Lepidus, M. Aemilius (1), see

“* Aemilius Lepidus, M.”’

Lepidus, M. Aemilius (2), chosen consul
with support of Pompey, tried to
deprive Sulla’s body of usual
burial honours, driven by Pompey
from Italy to Sardinia where he
died, Iv. 434f., 442, v. 150f., 154,
196, 326

Lepidus, M. Aemilius (3), when
praetor, entrusted with Rome by
Caesar, IX. 152; consul with
Caesar in latter’s 3rd consulship,
160, vir. 590, 600, VI. 168, Ix. 168,
174; forms triumvirate’ with
Octavius and Antony, VI. 186, VII.
200, Ix. 178; in command of Rome
when Octavius and Antony went to
fight Brutus and Cassius, 182;
permitted to have Africa, 204

(Lepidus?) Paulus, Aemilius, pro-
scribed by his brother the triumvir,
1x. 178

Leptines (1), brother of Dionysius the
Elder, VI. 18; gave one of his 2
daughters to Philistus, 24; 298

Leptines (2), with Polysperchon puts
Callippus to death, VI.122; tyrant

of Apollonia,surrenders and is sent
to Corinth by Timoleon, 318

Lerna, X. 80, XI. 90

Lernaean hydra, Ix. 406

Lesbians, offer leadership to Aristides,
11. 284; Iv. 26; 66

Lesbos, III. 56; captured by Paches,
226; V. 286

Leschai, I. 280

Lesche, place at Sparta, I. 254

— Il. 58; delivered of Apollo, v.
37

Leucadia, colonized by Corinth, VI.
294; VI. 278; in league against
Philip, VII. 40

Leucaria, mother of Roma by Italus,
I. 92

Leucas, to be colony of Corinth and
Corcyra in common, II. 64; V. 174

Leucaspides, class of troops serving
Antigonus, x. 100

Leucon, Plataean hero, IT. 246

Leucothea, almost identical
Mater Matuta, I1. 104

Leuctra (1), battle at, Thebans defeat
Spartans, Cleombrotus_ killed, 1.
300, II. 138, Iv. 126, 280, 452, v.
40, 78, 376, 394, 400, 414, X. 48, x1.
178; plan of, has tombs of
daughters of Scedasus; 2 other
Leuctras, V. 390

Leuctra (2), stronghold of Megalo-
polis, occupied by Cleomenes, xX. 60

“ Leuctridae,’’ name given daughters
of Scedasus, V. 390

Leucus river,ran through plain at
Pydna, VI. 396; 410

Libitina (or Proserpina, or Venus)
presides over services for dead. I,
346

Libo, L. Scribonius, blockading
harbour of Brundisium, beaten off
by Antony, Ix. 154

Library, of Lucullus, II. 604

Libya, I. 216, Il. 474, 11. 144, 190,
250, Iv. 44, 324, 328, vI. 310, VIII.
372, Bocchus, king of, IX. 276;
separated from Asia by isthmus
300 furlongs long, 296; 306; x. 122

Libyans, used by Carthaginians in
their battles, VI. 330

Libyan sea, proposed by Pyrrhus as
boundary between Carthaginians
and Greeks, Ix. 420; cleared of
pirates by Pompey, v. 182

with

407

GENERAL INDEX TO ALL THE ‘LIVES’

Libys, Lysander’s father, x. 14

Libyssa, village, in Bithynia, x. 380

Lichas, Spartan, famous for hospi-
tality, II. 434

Licinia (1), daughter of P. Crassus,
wife of ©. Gracchus, x. 194;
deprived of her marriage portion,
236; quoted, 230

Licinia (2), vestal, her name con-
my with that of Crassus, III.
314

Licinius, trusty servant of C. Gracchus,
X. 148, 234

Licinius, P., first to invade Macedonia,
defeated by Perseus, VI. 376

Licinius Macer, see ‘‘ Macer, Licinius.”’

Licinius Philonicus, Roman of humble
birth, VI. 454

Licinius Stolo, see ‘* Stolo, Licinius.’’

Lictores, attended Romulus, their
duties, derivation of word, I. 172;
number of, VI. 362. See also
“* fasces.””

Licymnius, his tomb in Argos, IX. 458

“Life of Caecilius Metellus,”’ cited,
IX. 546

Ligarius (CO. or Q.?) pardoned by
Oaesar, VII. 182; friend of Brutus,
joins conspiracy to murder Caesar,
VI. 148

Liguria, traversed by Cimbri and
Teutones, Ix. 302

Ligurians, defeated by Fabius
Maximus, III. 120; also called
Ligustines, brief account of them,
subdued by Aemilius Paulus, VI.
366 f.; 402; 458; call themselves
Ambrones by descent, defeat
Ambrones at Aquae Sextiae, Ix.
514

Lilybaeum, Carthaginians land there,
VI. 320

Limnaeus, slain defending Alexander,
Vil. 404

Limnus, Macedonian from Chalaestra,
conspires against Alexander and is
killed, VII. 364

Lindus, Marcellus dedicated treasures
from Syracuse there, Vv. 520

Lingones, their territory crossed by
Caesar, VII. 506

Lion’s Head, village where Themis-
tocles was to be murdered, II. 82

Liparian galleys, capture Roman
envoys on way to Delphi, II. 114

408

Liris, river, IX. 566
Lissus, Pompeian,
Antony, Ix. 154
Lists of citizens, arranged by censors,
II. 346

Literature, loved by Lucullus, II. 472

“* Litores,’’ original form of *‘ lictores,”’
1.172

Lituus, crooked staff used in augury,
carried by Romulus; preserved on
Palatine, lost at time of Gallic
invasion, found afterwards, I. 160;
its use, II. 174

Livia, wife of Augustus Caesar;
related to Sulpicius Galba, XI. 210;
IX. 322; 330

Livius, M., lost Tarentum to Hannibal,
III. 186

Livius Drusus, see ‘‘ Drusus, Livius.’’

Livius Postumius, led Latins against
Rome after Gauls left, 1. 184

Livy, of Patavium, historian, VII. 554

Cited : (V. 22) 11. 108, (XXIII. 16.

15) V. 462, (XXVII. 2) V. 502, (27)
520, (XXXIX. 5) X. 378, 380, (42)
Ha hi 564; 576; IV. 342; VII 554;

Locri Speen: favoured Hannibal,
v. 514

Locrians, give divine honours to
Eucleia, II. 278; proclaimed free at
er games by Flamininus, x.

50

Locrians, Ozolian, III. 56

Locris, invaded by Orchomenians, VY.
376; ravaged by Aratus, XI. 34

Lollius, M., colleague of Cato as
quaestor, VIII. 272

**Longimanus,’’ surname of Arta-
xerxes I., XI. 128

“Long Walls,’ of Athens, called
“legs,’’ begun by Cimon at his own
expense, II. 446

Lotis, Macedonian for month Hecatom-
baeon, VII. 228

Love, signs of, IX. 92; statue of, in
Academy, dedicated by Peisi-
stratus, 1. 406

Luca, where Caesar, Pompey, and
Crassus met, IIT. 356, V. 248, VII.
494

Lucania, VI. 176, VIT. 162, Ix. 384, 394

Lucanians, Mamercus planned to
bring them against Timoleon, VI.
342; those joining Pyrrhus after

captured by

GENERAL INDEX TO ALL THE ‘LIVES’

Heracleia are censured, Ix. 400;
inveterate foes of Rome, IV. 420
Lucerenses, one of the 3 divisions of
Roman people in time of Romulus;

derived from “ lucus,’’ I. 152

Lucilius, tribune, advises Pompey be
made tribune and is attacked by
Cato, V. 256

Lucilius, comrade of Brutus, saves
him from capture at Philippi, VI.
238; becomes a friend of Antony,
Ix. 294

Lucinus, Sextus, thrown down
Tarpeian rock by orders of Marius,
Ix. 590

Lucius (1), see ‘* Furius, L.”’

Lucius (2), brother of Scipio Africanus
Maior, expelled from equestrian
order by Cato the Elder, II. 354

Lucius (3), brother of Valens, sent
away by Otho with Dolabella, x1.
286

“* Lucius,’’ name called out on way to
sacrifice to Romulus, I. 184

Lucretia (1), wife of Numa, mother of
Pompilia, 1. 376

Lucretia (2), suffered violence, com-
mitted suicide, I. 502, 534

Lucretius (1), father of Lucretia,
elected consul with Publicola, died
soon after, I. 534

Lucretius (2) T., chosen consul as
colleague to Publicola, I. 542;
attacks and routs Sabine cavalry,
560

Lucretius (3), invited first to express
opinion re moving to Veii, 11. 170

Lucretius Ofella, urged to raise siege
of the younger Marius at Praeneste,
Iv. 422; candidate for consulship

+ Sulla’s wishes, murdered by
his orders, 432; 448

Lucullea, festivals in honour of
Lucullus in Asia, II. 542

Lucullean money, used widely and
for long time, 11. 474

Luculli, the two, absent in Servile
war, III. 432; vil. 478

Lucullus, L. Licinius, his family and
accomplishments, Sulla’s memoirs
dedicated to him, Il. 470f., 484;
wrote Greek history of Marsic war,
472; favoured and employed by
Sulla, 474f.; commissioned by
Sulla to collect the 20,000 talents

VOL. XI.

exacted from Asia and re-coin it,
482; appointed guardian of Sulla’s
son; consul with M. Cotta, gets
province of Cisalpine Gaul, 484;
has money sent to Pompey in Spain,
486, V. 162; with help of Praecia
and Cethegus gets province of
Cilicia and Mithridatic war, I1. 488;
advances against Mithridates, 494;
comes to relief of Cyzicus, 498; cuts
to pieces part of Mithridates’ forces
at river Rhyndacus, another part
at river Granicus, relieves Cyzicus,
504; refuses senate’s vote of 3000
talents for ships, 508; invades
Mithridates’ country by way of
Bithynia and Galatia, 510; leaves
Murena in charge of siege of Amisus,
514; inflicts severe losses upon
Mithridates, who flees, 520; found
great treasure in Cabira and other
places captured, 524; subdued
Chaldaeans and Tibareni, occupied
Lesser Armenia, 526; takes Amisus,
which is sacked and burned by the
soldiers, 528; frees cities of Asia of
their financial oppression, 532;
gives processions, festivals, etc.
in cities of Asia, 542; leaving
Sornatius as guardian of Pontus,
sets out for 2nd war, crosses
Euphrates, 546: crosses Tigris and
enters Armenia, 548; defeats
Tigranes and invests Tigranocerta,
552; utterly defeats Tigranes’
great army near Tigranocerta,
140, 556f.; takes Tigranocerta,
566; honours memory of Zarbienus,
king of the Gordyeni, 568; decides
to attack Parthia, but his soldiers
refuse,570; plundered Armenia and
merched against Artaxata, royal
residence of Tigranes, 572; defeats
Tigranes at the river Arsania, 574;
purposes to advance farther but
the troops object, 578

Begins to fail because of mutinous
army, 578 f.; is also secretly under-
mined by P. Clodius, 582; cannot
zet army to march against Tigranes
or against Mithridates, who had
come back into Pontus from
Armenia, 584; is superseded by
Pompey, meets him in Galatia, but
comes to no agreement with him,

Oo 4°9

GENERAL INDEX TO ALL THE ‘LIVES’

588 f., Vv. 190 f.; failed because he
could not win the affection of his
soldiers, II. 590; on return to
Rome is attacked by Memmius and
has difficulty in getting a triumph,
592, VIII. 304; divorces Clodia,
marries Servilia, sister of Cato,
divorces her, II. 594; retires from
public life, 596; his extravagance
and luxury, 598 f., Ix. 556; threw
his libraries open to all; fond of all
philosophy, but favoured the Old
Academy, Il. 604f.; still supports
his political friends at times and
opposes Pompey, 606, VIII. 308;
opposes measures of Caesar the
consul, 310, II. 608; retires even
more from public life, loses his mind
in old age, 376, 608; buried on his
estate at Tusculum, 610
See also 11. 406, 408, 410, 111. 370,
398, Iv. 412, V. 192, 202, 216, 234,
238, 240, VII. 1541, 162, x. 384
zidane II. 512, 548, 562, 598,
2

Lucullus, M. Licinius, loved by his
brother Lucius, elected aedile with
him, II. 472f.; as Sulla’s legate
defeats 50 cohorts of enemy at
Fidentia, Iv. 412; when praetor of
Macedonia tries P. Antonius for
corruption, VII. 448; absent from
Servile war, [II. 432; prosecuted
for his acts as quaestor under Sulla,
bat acquitted, 11. 592; died soon
after his brother, 610

Lucumo, wealthy Tuscan who
wronged his guardian Arron, Il.
126

‘‘Lupa,’”’ means both she-wolf and
courtezan, and may mean latter in
reference to Romulus’ nurse, I. 100

Lupercalia, derivation of word;
origin and nature of festival held in
February, I. 156 f., 370, VII, 584;
called Lycaea in Greek, Ix. 164

Luperci, what they do at the Luper-
calia, I. 156, Ix. 164

Lusitanians, triumphed over by
Brutus, xX. 194; organized by
Sertorius, VIII, 24f.; conquered by
Caesar, VIT. 470

Lusius, O., serves under his uncle
Marius; slain by Trebonius, Ix.
498

410

“‘Tiycaea,”’ related in meaning to
Lupercalia, I. 156, VII. 584, x. 164

Lycaeum, Mt., where Cleomenes
defeated Aratus, X. 58, XI. 82

Lycaonia, I1. 544; added to Pompey’s
sway by the Manilian law, v. 190;
Amyntas king of, Ix. 276

Lyceum, at Athens, I. 62; ravaged
by Sulla, Iv. 362

Lycians, refuse Brutus’ demand for
money, VI. 192; forced to give 160
talents, 198

Lycomedes (1), king of Scyros, asked
to restore lands to Theseus, mur-
dered him, I. 82, II. 428

Lycomedes (2), Athenian captain,
first to capture Fersian ship at
Salamis, I. 44

Lycomidae, Themistocles connected
with family of, II. 4

Lycon (1), Syracusan, supplies sword
for murdering Dion, VI. 120

Lycon (2), of Scarpheia, actor, begs
10 talents of Alexander, VII. 310

** Lycophon,’’ used in pallet-beds of
Shy ies boys in winter for warmth,
I. 25

Lycophron (1), Athenian general, slain
in battle with Nicias, III. 228

Lycophron (2), brother of Hebé, he!ps
slay Alexander of Pherae, V. 430 f.

Lycortas,chosen general by Messenians
to avenge death of Philopoemen, x.
314

Lycurgidae, anniversaries of death of
Lycurgus, I. 302

Lycurgus (1), when he lived, I. 204;
his lineage, 206; after death of
Polydectes became king of Sparta
for short time, 208; resigning
kingship makes himself guardian
of his brother’s son, the new king,
210; accused of desiring the king's
death, goes abroad and studies
various forms of government, 212;
on returning to Sparta undertakes
to change the existing order of
things entirely, 216; his most
important innovation was the
institution of a senate or Council of
Elders, 218; gets oraclefrom Delphi
to lend sanction to his work, 220;
(ephors introduced later to curb the
oligarchical element), 224; as 2nd
measure redistributes the land, 226 ;

GENERAL INDEX TO ALL THE ‘LIVES’

next divides up the movable
property, withdraws all gold and
silver money and introduces iron
currency, 228, IV. 276; banishes
unnecessary arts, I. 230; intro-
duces conimon messes, 232

Attacked by wealthy citizens and
blinded in one eye by Alcander,
234; boys came to the public
messes, 238; put none of his laws
into writing, 240; forbade extra-
vagance and making frequent
expeditions against the same
enemy, 242; carefully regulated
marriages and births, 244; put
public stigma upon confirmed
bachelors, 248; his system of
training for boys and youths,
256f.; examples of Spartan wit
and brevity of speech, 266f.;
Spartan training in music and
poetry, 270; their life in time of
war, 274 f.; ” Lycurgus said to have
been an experienced warrior, 276;
training of Spartans lasted until
full maturity, 278; Lycurgus
trained citizens to have neither wish
nor ability to live for themselves;
how senators were elected, 282;
regulations as to burial, 286;
travel and presence of foreigners
forbidden; what the “ krupteia’”’
was; treatment of Helots, 288 f.;
bound citizens by oath to observe
his laws until he returned, then
consulted the oracle at Delphi and
starved himself to death, 292 f.; in
reign of Agis gold and silver crept
into Sparta, 296; Lycurgus’ design
for a civil polity adopted by Plato,
Diogenes, and Zeno, 300; the place
of his death, 302

See also 1, 320, 446, II. 214, 390,
Iv. 234, Vv. 72, X. 12, 68, 244, 250

Sayings: I. 210, 266

os (2), led Plain-men at Athens,

Pe nol (3) of Byzantium, with
Anaxilaiis and others, agreed to
surrender the city to Alcibiades if
it were not plundered, Iv. 90

—— (4), Athenian orator, VIII.

160; his surrender demanded by
Alexander, 182, VII. 56; VIII. 166;
X. 356; quoted, m1. 424

Lycus, place to north of Greece, x.
330

Lycus river (1), in Asia Minor, II. 514,
Ix. 118

Lycus river (2), in Sicily, v1. 340

Lydia, obtained peace and ioe
through Heracles, I. 14; II. 432
invaded by Agesilaiis, v. 24

Lydiades, tyrant of Megalopolis,
resigns, makes city a member. of
Achaean league, tries to rival
Aratus, XI. 69, 80; attacks
Cleomenes at Megalopolis and is
slain, 84, xX. 62

“‘Lydians, procession of,’’ a rite at
Sparta, II. 266

Lygdamis, said by some to have led

erians into Asia, Ix. 490

Lynceus (1), with Idas said to have
carried off Helen, I. 70

Lynceus (2), Samian, cited, Ix, 62 f.

Lysander (1), father of Archippé,
adopted Diocles, 11. 86

Lysander (2), statue of him at Delphi,
his appearance, lineage, training and
character, IV. 234f.; put in com-
mand of fleet after Athenian
disaster in Sicily, 238; visits Cyrus
at Sardis to accuse Tissaphernes of
slackness, and gets 10,000 daries to
increase pay of his sailors 1 obol a
day, 102, 240; defeats Antochius,
Alcibiades’ pilot, off Samos, 104,242;
organizes oligarchic political clubs
in cities of Asia, is succeeded by
Callicratidas, 244; returns as vice-
admiral under Aracus, 248; un-
scrupulous and subtle, deceives
democracy of Miletus, 250;
promised every assistance by
Cyrus, 252 ; storms Lampsacus, 254;
defeats Athenians at Aegospotami,
258 f.; slew 3000 prisoners includ-
ing the admirals, 108, 260f£.;
establishes oligarchies in the cities,
266 f.; takes Athens, imposes harsh
terms, 270 f.; establishes 30 rulers
in Athens and 10 in the Piraeus,
garrisons the acropolis, 110, 274

Annoys leading men by his

ambition, 282; recalled by ephors,
284; released by ephors, sets sail
to meet strong opposition, 290;
persuades Agesilaiis to claim
throne, 292, v. 4f.; gets Agesilaiis

411

GENERAL INDEX TO ALL THE ‘LIVES’

appointed general for war against
barbarians, and goes along as one
of 30 counsellors, 12f., IV. 296;
thrust aside by Agesilatis, 298, V.
18; sent as ambassador to Helles-
pont, induces Spithridates to revolt
from Pharnabazus, returns to
Sparta without honour, plans
revolution, 20, 52, Iv. 300f.;
memorizes speech written by Cleon
the MHalicarnassian to persuade
citizens, 302; his plot spoiled by
cowardice of one of his co-workers,
306; plunged Hellas into the
Boeotian war, 308; took Orcho-
menus, 310; defeated and slain by
Thebans near Haliartus, 312; his
speech on the constitution dis-
covered by Agesilaiis but not
published, 318, v. 54; honoured
highly after death, Iv. 320
See also 1. 298, II. 306, IV.
112
Quoted: IV. 250, 252, 292, 300

Lysander (3), son of Libys, supports
Agis in his attempted reforms, x. 14;
elected by help of Agis, introduces
bill to relieve debtors and divide
land, but the bill is defeated, 18;
indicts Leonidas and has him de-
posed from kingship, 26 f.; indicted
for violating law, 28, 30

“‘Lysandreia,’’ name given their
festival of Hera by Samians in
honour of Lysander, Iv. 280

Lysandridas, of Megalopolis, captured
by Cleomenes, driven out of Messene
by Philopoemen, x. 104

Lysanoridas, harmost in Thebes;
being heavily fined, left Pelopon-
nesus, V. 370

Lysias, orator, Cato the Elder’s model,
say some, II. 320

Lysicles, sheep-dealer, lived with
Aspasia after death of Pericles, III.
70

Lysidicé, daughter of Pelops and Hip-
podameia, sister of Pittheus, mother
of Alemene, I. 16

Lysimachus (1), father of Aristides the
Just, of tribe Antiochis, of deme
Alopecé, II. 8, 210, 290, 418

Lysimachus (2), son of Aristides, had
daughter Polycrité; given pension,
II. 296

412

Lysimachus (3), grandson of Aristides

very poor, II. 296

Lysimachus (4), Acarnanian, tutor of

Alexander, VII. 236; saved from
death by him, 294

Lysimachus (5), king after Alexander,

VI1.3563; 382; Ix. 30; begins to wear
diadem, 40; 48; 60; 64; histerritory
ravaged by Demetrius, 74; father
of Agathocles, marries one daughter
of Ptolemy and takes another for
his son, 76; deprived Demetrius of
his cities in Asia, 86; 360; taken
prisoner by Dromichaetes, then
liberated, 98; leagued with Seleucus
and Ptolemy against Demetrius,
invades Macedonia from Thrace,
108, 374; divides Macedonia with
Pyrrhus, 112, 378f.; attacks Pyr-
rhus at Edessa and gains Macedonia,
380; 116; offers Seleucus large sum
to put Demetrius to death, 130; 338

Lysimachus (6), companion of Pyr-

rhus, IX. 442

Lysippus (1), his statues well repre-

sent Alexander, VII. 230; 268; 344

Lysippus (2), general of Achaeans, x.
286

Macaria, daughter of Hercules, sacri-

ficed, V. 390

Macedonia, 11. 448; entered by Pelo-

pidas, scene of war between Ptolemy
and Alexander, king of Macedonia,
v. 404; 1x. 106; invaded by Lysi-
machus and Pyrrhus, 108, 370;
divided between Pyrrhus and Lysi-
machus, 112, 378; deserts Pyrrhus
for Lysimachus, 380; invaded by
Pyrrhus, 430; ravaged by bar-
barians, who are utterly defeated by
Antigonus, xX. 118; invaded by
Sulpicius and Villius late in season,
xX. 326; Greeks freed from it, VI.
370; returned to Philip, x. 346;
invaded by P. Licinius, vi. 376; in
reign of Perseus subdued by
Romans, 414 f., X.134; being over-
run by Ariarathes, IV. 358; pro-
vince of, voted to Antonius, VIT.110;
voted to Piso, 156; delivered up to
Brutus by Hortensius, VI. 180

Macedonian garri:on, attacked by

Thebans, VII. 54

GENERAL INDEX TO

Macedonian king, lets Agesilaiis pass
through territory as friend, V. 42
Macedonians, I. 12; Greeks aroused
against them by Demosthenes, VII.
40 f.; 398; after Cassander’s death
ruled by his son Philip, Ix. 86; pro-
claim Demetrius king, 90; 366;
proclaim Pyrrhus king, 376; driven
from Peloponnesus by Aratus, X.
82; expelled from Athens, XI. 78;
harried by Illyrians, call Antigonus
home, X. 112; call in Antigonus,
cousin of Demetrius and make him
first regent and then king, VI. 372;
Greeks freed from by Romans, II.
234; submit to Aemilius Paulus and
are to pay 100 talents tribute, VI.
418, 428; 458

“* Macedonicus,’’ surname of Metellus,
Ix. 464

Macer, Clodius, see ‘* Clodius Macer.”’

Macer, Licinius, convicted of fraud and
died, VII. 102

“‘ Machaeriones,’”’ name given des-
cendants of Anticrates who slew
Epaminondas, V. 98

Machanidas, tyrant of Sparta, de-
feated and slain by Achaeans under
Philopoemen, x. 280; succeeded by
Nabis as tyrant of Sparta, 286

Machares, son of Mithridates, held
Bosporus, asks to be Rome’s
friend, II. 544

Machatas, father of Charops who
was leading man in Epirus and well-
disposed to Romans, X. 330

Machinery, stage, referred to, IV. 302

Macrinus, cognomen or epithet, Ix.
464

Maecenas, Memoirs of Caesar Augustus
addressed to him and Agrippa, VII.
214, Ix. 214

Maedi, subdued by Alexander, VII.
244; their country ravaged by
Sulla, Iv. 402

Maedica, force of Bisternae encamp
there, VI. 382

Maelius, Spurius, slain by Servilius
Ahala, VI. 126

Maeotic Lake (Lake Maeotis) I. 518,
IV. 358, V. 206, Ix. 488

Magaeus, brother of Pharnabazus,
ordered to kill Alcibiades, Iv. 112

Magas, brother of Ptolemy IV., X. 124

Magi, XI. 182, 138

ALL THE ‘LIVES’

Magnesia, given Themistocles for
bread, II. 80, 82, 84; Themistocles
died there, 86, 88, 90

Magnesia, Dionysius of, VII. 90

Magnesia, visited by Titus, X. 354

Magnesian lore, exposition of, heard by
Themistocles, II. 80

Magnesians, have garrisons put over
them by Alexander of Pherae, vy.
418; freed by him under compulsion
430; proclaimed free at Isthmian
games by Flamininus, x. 350; 364

Mago, Carthaginian, summoned for
help by Hicetas, occupies Syracuse
with fleet and army, VI. 302, 304;
frightened, sails off to Libya, 310;
commits suicide, 314

Maia, mother of Mercury, I. 370

Maimacterion, Athenian month, same
as Boeotian Alalcomenius, II. 278

Malaca, plundered by Crassus, III. 326

Malchus, sends army to Alexander
from Arabia, IX. 276

Malcitas, leader of Thebans against
Alexander of Pherae after death of
Pelopidas, V. 430

Malea, cape, IV. 358, X. 20, XI. 26

Maliac gulf, III. 56

Malli, people of India, attacked by
Alexander who was_ severely
wounded, VII. 402 f., 414

Mamercii, descended from Mamercus,
I. 376

Mamercus (1), son of Pythagoras, I.
334; surnamed Aemilius, founded
Aemilian family according to some,
VI. 358

Mamercus (2), one of Numa’s 4 sons,
named after son of Pythagoras, I.
334, 376

Mamercus (3), tyrant of Catana, be-
comes ally of Timoleon, VI. 290;
forms alliance with Carthaginians,
334; writer of poems and tragedies,
336; defeated at river Abolus, 340;
tried and condemned at Syracuse
and crucified, 342, 350

Mamertines, called in by some Sicilian
cities owing to hatred of Pyrrhus,
IX. 422, 424; barbarians about
Messana, conquered by Pyrrhus,
420; harshly treated by Pompey, V.
136

Mamurius, Veterius, copied accur-
ately the sacred shield, I. 350; re-

413

GENERAL INDEX TO ALL THE ‘LIVES'

warded by having his name men-
tioned in a song of the Salii, 354

Mancinus, C., Roman consul, defeated
several times in war against Nu-
mantia and forced to make truce
with enemy, X. 152; to be delivered
up in bonds and unarmed to
Numantines, 158

Mandrocleidas (1), Spartan, sent as
ambassador to Pyrrhus, IX. 436

Mandrocleidas (2), son of Ecphanes,
supports Agis in his attempted
reforms, X. 14, 20; indicted for
violating law by proposing abolition
of debts and distribution of land,
persuades 2 kings to act together
and disregard ephors, 28

Mandurium, in Italy, where Messa-
pians slew Archidamus, X. 8

“* Mania,’’ surname of Demo, IX. 64

Manilius (1), expelled from senate by
Cato the Elder for embracing his
wife in the presence of his daughter,
II. 352

Manilius (2), tribune, proposes law
giving Pompey charge of war
against Mithridates, v.190; brought
before Cicero a praetor on charge of
fraudulent accounting ; defended by
him, VII. 104

“‘ Manipularis,’’ derived from Mani-
pulus, I. 110

“* Manipulus,”’ origin of the word, I.
110

Manius Curius, see ‘* Curius, M.”’

Manius (1), consul, after defeating
Antiochus, asked Achaeans to per-
mit exiles from Sparta to return
home, X. 306; opposed consider-
ably by Philopoemen, 316. Seealso
** Acilius Glabrio, M.”’

Manius (2), tribune. opposes T. Flami-
ninus’ candidacy for consulship, x.
324

** Manlius,’’ name common to family,
1X. 464

Manlius (1), implores Ti. Gracchus to
submit question of agrarian law to
senate, X. 170

Manlius (2), brought into plot against
Sertorius, VIII. 68, 70, 74

Manlius, C., served with distinction
under Sulla, led veterans in support
of Catiline, VII. 114, 118, 120

Manlius, L. (1), expert mountain-

414

climber helps Cato the Elder at
Thermopylae, II. 338

Manlius, L. (2), came from Gallia
Ps aos 397 to help Metellus, vim.

2

Manlius, T., in his consulship temple
of Janus closed, I. 372

Manlius Capitolinus, M., repulses
attack of Gauls on the Capitol, I.
160 f.; supports the poor, is con-
demned and thrown from the
Capitol, 188

Manlius Maximus, Gn., defeated by the
Ambrones, IX. 512

Mantineia, not received into allegiance
by Demetrius, IX. 58, XI. 58; ally
of Cleomenes, captured by Aratus,
joins Achaean league, 82, xX. 60;
freed of Achaean garrison and
restored to its own laws and con-
stitution by Cleomenes, 78, XI. 90;
captured by Achaeans with aid of
Antigonus and its inhabitants sold
into slavery, founded anew and
name changed to Antigoneia, 104 f.,
xX. 100, 256, 280

Mantineia, battle of, Thebans defeat
Spartans, but Epaminondas is
slain, V. 92, 98, 348; 2nd battle of,
Demetrius routs Archidamus, IX.
84; 3rd_ battle of, Philopoemen
defeats Machanidas, x. 282

Mantineians, secede from Sparta and
make alliance with Athens, III. 244,
Iv. 36; revolt from Thebes, helped
by Spartans, v. 94

Manumission among the Romans, X.
362

Marathon, I. 68; named from Mara-
thus, 74f.; Aristonicus of, VII. 70;
battle of, Greeks under Miltiades
defeat Persians, I. 82, II. 10, 138,
224, 226, 386, 396, 418, x1. 34

Marathonian bull, sacrificed to Del-
phinian Apollo by Theseus, I. 26

Marathus, Arcadian in army of Dios-
curi, gave name Marathon to town-
ship, I. 74

Marcellinus, asks Pompey and Crassus
if they intend to be candidates for
consulship, II. 358, V. 248

** Marcellus,’’ means martial, V. 436;
3rd Roman name, IX. 464

Marcellus, quaestor with Cato the
Younger, VIII. 276

GENERAL INDEX TO ALL THE ‘LIVES’

Marcellus, C. Claudius (1), consul,
votes Caesar be declared public
enemy unless he lays down arms, Y.
268, Vil. 512f.; asks Pompey to
prepare defence against Caesar, V.
270, Ix. 148; vil. 194; had 2
daughters and 1 son by Octavia,
sister of Augustus, V. 522, Ix. 330;
died, 206; quoted, v. 270

Marcellus, C. Claudius (2), son of
C. Marcellus and Octavia, sister of
Augustus, married daughter of
Augustus and died during aedile-
ship, V. 522; made both son and
son-in-law of Augustus, Ix. 330

Marcellus, M. Claudius (1), father of
the following Marcellus, v. 436

Marcellus, M. Claudius (2), 5 times
consul, III. 174, V. 436, 522; mighty
warrior, made curule aedile and
augur, 438; appointed consul by
the ‘“‘interreges,” appoints Gn.
Cornelius his colleague; wishes war
with Gauls continued, 446; slays
Britomartus, king of Gauls, winning
“‘spolia opima,’’ 450, I. 138; takes
Mediolanum, grants Gauls equitable
peace, is given triumph, Vv. 454;
after Cannae takes the lead in
fighting Hannibal, 456 f., 111. 172 f.;
surprises Hannibal at Nola, V. 462;
made consul 2nd time, defeats
Hannibal near Nola, 464; consul for
3rd time, sailed to Sicily, 466;
storms Leontini, 468; captures
Megara and Syracuse, 482 f.; re-
grets death of Archimedes, 486;
humane and just in treating
Sicilians, 488, I. 184; brought
back beautiful works of art, 184,
v. 492.

Consul 4th time, is accused by
Syracusans of having treated their
city with undue severity,is acquitted,
496f.; moves against Hannibal,
500; fights several engagements
with varying success, 502 f.; spends
summer at Sinuessa recuperating bis
soldiers, 510; consul 5th time,
calms Etruria, 512; ambushed and
slain with his colleague Crispinus
by Hannibal, 516f., X. 324; his
memorials, 520f.; compared with
Pelopidas, 522 f.

Quoted: v. 450, 478

Marcellus, M. Claudius (3), son of
preceding, V. 438; censor with T.
Flamininus, expels 4 men from
senate, X. 372

Marcellus, M. Claudius (4),serves under
Marius against Teutones, rx. 518

Marcellus, M. Claudius (5), with 2
others comes to consul Cicero at
midnight to warn of plot, vir. 116

March, used to be first month;
consecrate to Mars, I. 368; why
moved by Numa, 370

Marcia, daughter of Philippus, married
to Cato, then to Hortensius, VII.
292, 326; left widow by Hortensius,
again married to Cato, 362

Marcianus, see Icelus.”’

Marcii, patrician house at Rome, had
many distinguished sons, Iv. 118
Marcius (1), urged Numa to accept
kingship of Rome, I. 324; father of
Marcius who married Pompilia,
Numa’s daughter; rival of Hostilius
for throne after Numa, defeated,

starved himself to death, 378

Marcius (2), son of preceding, hus-
band of Pompilia and father of
Ancus Martius, I. 378

Marcius (3), with Cethegus ordered to
kill Cicero, v1. 120

Marcius (4), recently come from Rome
to Pompey’s camp, quoted, VII. 180

Marcius, mountain where Romans
meds besieged by Latins, II. 176,

Marcius, Ancus, son of Marcius and
Pompilia, Numa’s daughter, 5
years old when Numa died, suc-
ceeded Tullus Hostilius to throne,
I. 378, IV. 118; completed wooden
bridge over Tiber, I. 338

Marcius, O., consul with Scipio Nasica,
not duly appointed and recalled, v.
444

Marcius, P., with Q. Marcius brought
best and most abundant supply of
water to Rome, Iv. 118

Marcius, Q., see preceding.

Marcius Censorinus, see ‘‘Cen-
sorinus.””

Marcius Rex, husband of Tertia,
sister of Clodius, vir. 154

Marcus, brother of Valerius, see
“‘ Valerius, M.”’

“ Marcus,’’ name called out by people

415

GENERAL INDEX TO ALL THE ‘LIVES’

as they went to sacrifice to Mars, I.
184

“ Marcus,”’ praenomen of Camillus, II.
148

Mardian, a certain, acts as adviser and
guide to Antony, IX. 230

Mardian mounted archers in Tigranes’
army, II. 574

Mardion, eunuch of Cleopatra’s, IX.
274

Mardonius, left behind by Xerxes to
block pursuit, I1. 12f., 46; left
behind with 300,000, threatens Hel-
lenes and tempts Athenians, 240;
invades Attica 2nd time, 242;
repulsed with help of Athenians,
252; decides to cross Asopus and
attack Athenians unexpectedly,
256, 260, 264; defeated and slain at
Plataea, 226, 270, X. 8; quoted, II.
240

Margianian steel, 111. 386

‘* Margites,”’ epithet applied to Alex-
ander by Demosthenes, VII. 54

Marian canal, Ix. 502

‘‘ Marian mule,”’ origin of the term,
Ix. 494

Marica, grove near Minturnae, Ix. 572

“* Maricas,’’ play of Eupolis, 111. 220

Marius, father of the famous Marius,
IX. 466

Marius, C. (1), about his name, IX.
464; appearance, early training,
family, 466; saw first service with
Scipio Africanus in siege of Nu-
mantia, 468; makes his mark as
tribune of the people, 470; defeated
for aedile, elected praetor, 472; re-
ceives province of Farther Spain,
marries Julia, aunt of J. Caesar, 474;
serves with distinction in Africa
under Caecilius Metellus against
Jugurtha, 476; returns to Rome
and is elected consul for war
against Jugurtha, 480 f.; succeeds
Metellus in Africa, but Sulla, his
ee gets Jugurtha, 484, Iv. 330

El consul in his absence

for war against Cimbri and
Teutones, Ix. 486, 492; celebrates
triumph over Jugurtha, 492f.;
drills his army and wins their
respect, 494f.; elected consul 3rd
time, 498; elected 4th time with
Lutatius Catulus, 500; confronted

416

by Teutones and Ambrones, 502 f.;
follows the barbarians to Aquae
Sextiae, 510; cuts the Ambrones to
pieces, 514; utterly defeats the
Teutones, 518f.; receives news of
being elected consul for 5th time,
522 ; agrees with Boeorix, king ofthe
Cimbri, to fight on plain of Vercellae
3rd day following, 530; utterly de-
feats the Cimbri, 536

Elected consul 6th time through
bribery, supports Saturninus in
many of his misdeeds, 542; when
Metelius is recalled from exile sets
sail for Cappadocia and Galatia
hoping for war against Mithridates,
548; on returning finds a rival in
Sulla, 550; loses prestige in Social
war, 552; by striving to get ap-
pointed to war against Mithridates
brings on civil strife, 536 f.; gets
appointed but Sulla refuses to hand
over his troops and drives Marius
from Rome, 560; is captured and
taken to Minturnae, 568; frightens
barbarian sent in to slay him, 572;
is put aboard ship and sails to
Africa, 574; is warned off by
Sextilius the governor, rejoined by
his son, 576; gathers a force and
returns, 578 £5 enters Rome with
Cinna and puts many to death, 584
f.; kills Mareus Antonius the orator,
586, IX. 138; elected consul 7th
time, 590; dies of pleurisy, 592,
596.

See also 11. 484, 596, III. 322, Iv.
328, 336, 344, 348, 350, 352, 354,
454, V. 140, VI. 190, VII. 442, 450,
478, VIII. 6, 10, 14, X. 384,

Quoted : Ul. 318, Ix. 550, 554,
572, 576

Marius, O. (2), son of Julia, VII. 442;
escapes to Africa, Ix. 560; goes to
Hiempsal to ask help, 574: escapes
from him and with his father crosses
to island of Cercina, 576; assumes
consulship and is very cruel to his
opponents, 596, VIII. 14; defeated
with Norbanus by Sulla near Capua,
Iv. 410; defeated at Signia, flees to
Praeneste, 416; besieged at Prae-
neste by Ofella, 418, 422, v. 146;
slew himself, IV. 428, Ix. 598

Marius, M. (1), sent by Sertorius to

GENERAL INDEX TO ALL THE ‘LIVES’

Mithridates from Spain with an
army, advances against Lucullus,
Il, 494, VII. 66; captured and exe-
cuted by Lucullus, 11. 506

ara M. (2), slain by Catiline, Iv.
4

Marius Celsus, see ‘‘ Celsus, Marius.’’

Marphadates, royal host of Cato the
Younger’s son in Cappadocia, VIII.
408

Marriage, among Athenians as regu-
lated by Solon, I. 456 f.; would-be
brides and bridegrooms sacrifice
to Eucleia, 11. 278, 296; libations
at wedding feast at Athens, 111.18;
why Romans called ‘‘ Talasius ’’ or
“Talasio’’ at weddings, I. 130f.,
Vv. 124f.; marriages reviewed by
censors, II. 346; laws concerning,
introduced by Sulla, Iv. 450;
regulations of Numa and Lycurgus
compared, 1.390; marriage as regu-
lated by Spartans, 248; penalty at
Sparta for not marrying, marrying
late, or marrying badly, IV. 320;
marriage with one who had proved
cowardly in battle considered dis-
grace at Sparta, V. 82, Ix. 206

Marrucinians, repulsed at Pydna, VI.
406

Mars, father of Romulus by Aemilia
according to some, I. 92; field of,
dedicated, 520; shrine of, burned
and demolished by barbarians, kept
letters of Romulus uninjured, I1.
174, Iv.390. See also ‘* Enyalius.”’

** Mars,’’ name applied to spear con-
secrated in the Regia, I. 182

Marsi, persuaded by Sulla to become
friends and allies of Rome, IV.
330

Marsic war, Greek history of, by
Lucullus, 11. 472, VII. 86, VIII. 8

Marsyas (1), slain by Dionysius the
Elder, V1. 20

Marsyas (2), cited, VII. 42

Martha, Syrian woman used as pro-
phetess by Marius, Ix. 506

Martialis, military tribune, lets Otho’s
men into camp, XI. 262

Martianus, gladiator, reputed father
of Nymphidius Sabinus, XI. 224

Marvel, raven stunned by shouting, V.
180 f

Maryllus, tribune removed from office

for taking diadems off Oaesar’s
statues, VII. 684

Masabates, eunuch of Artaxerxes, had
cut off hands and head of Cyrus,
tortured and executed, XI. 164 f.

Masinissa, friend of Romans, at war
with Carthage, I1. 380

Masistius, commander of Persian
cavalry in Mardonius’ army, slain
by Athenians, 11.254

Maso, of consular rank, father of
Papiria who married Aemilius
Paulus, VI. 364

Massalia (Marseilles), founded by
Protis, 2 merchant, I. 408 ; people of,
fence vineyards with bones of thosa
slain at Aquae Sextiae, Ix. 520

Master of Horse, his powers, Ix. 156

Mater Matuta, Camillus vows a temple
to her; her rites almost identical
with Leucothea’s, II. 104

Mathematicians, teaching as to
course of sun, VIII. 148

Matronalia, festival for women, why
instituted, I. 154

Mauricus, noble Roman of Galba’s
time, XI. 222

Maurusians, in Africa, attack Ser-
torius, VIII.18; helped by Sertorius,
22; slay some of his murderers, 74

Maxims, those of Fabius Maximus re-
gs those of Thucydides, III.

2

Maximus, consul in Caesar’s time, VII.
576

‘* Maximus,” bestowed as title upon
Valerius and Fabius Rullus, v. 146

May, named from Maia, mother of
Mercury, to whom it is sacred, or
from “* maior,’’ I. 370

Mazaeus, Persian general in battle of
Arbela, VII. 320; his son offered a
second province by Alexander, 342

Mechanical contrivances, II. 500;
siege works employed by Calli-
machus, II. 528; engines of war,
592; engine of artillery used by
Marcellus, Y. 470; engines used by
ArchimeGes, 474; engines used by
Demetrius, IX. 48 f.

Mechanics, brief history of, Vv. 470

Medea, fled from Corinth; living
with'!Aegeus, tried to poison Theseus,
I. 22f.; naphtha said to be the
drug she used, VII. 330

417

GENERAL INDEX TO

Medes, attacked by Perseus, II. 410;
invasion of, 416; flight of, from
Hellas, 418; defeated at Mycale,
Vi. 420; 11. 514; join Tigranes, 554,
558; king of, sends ambassadors to
Pompey, V. 208; king of, quarrels
with Phraortes the Parthian, in-
vites Antony to come to his help,
IX. 254; 276

Media, XJ. 140; eastern boundary of
Lucullus’. conquests, II. 618;
triumphed over by Pompey, V. 230

Mediolanum, captured by Marcellus,
V. 4525 VII. 484

Mediterranean sea, divided by Pompey
into 13 districts for war on pirates,
Vv. 182

Medius (1), in retinue of Alexander,
VII. 432

Medius (2), friend of Antigonus, Ix.
42

Megabacchus, serves with Crassus in
Parthia, III. 390; commits suicide
with P. Crassus, 396

Megabates, son of . Spithridates,
favourite of Agesilaiis, Vv. 28

Megabyzus, getsletter from Alexander,
VII. 348

Megacles (1), persuaded Cylon and
followers to stand trial and then
murdered then, 1. 430

Megacles (2), son of Alcmaeon, led
Shore-men, I. 486; with rest of
Alemaeonidae flees from Athens,
492

Megacles (3), father of Euryptolemus,
who was father of Isodicé, wife of
Cimon, Tl. 416, 452

Megacles (4), father of Deinomaché the
mother of Alcibiades, Iv. 2

Megacles (5), Dion’s brother, VI. 60

Megacles (6), friend of Pyrrhus, slain
by Dexolis, Ix. 398

Megaleas, courtier of Philip, son of
Antigonus, XI. 110

Megalophanes, of Megalopolis, made
tutor of Philopoemen; his career,
X. 256

Megalopolis, in Arcadia, Leuctra near
it, V. 390; Chaeron of, VII. 228;
1x. 434; xX. 8,10, 74, 100, 256, 288 f.,
xI.68; attacked by Spartans under
Cleomenes, 82 f.

Megara (1), annexed to Attica by
Theseus, I. 54; attacked by Corinth,

418

ALL THE ‘LIVES’

II. 456; garrisoned by Cassander,|
taken and freed by Demetrius, Ix. '
22; seceded from Antigonus and
joined Achaean league, XI. 44;
besieged by Boeotians, xX. 286;
taken by Calenus, VI. 142, VII. 544.

Megara (2), Macedonian town, IX. 348

Megara (3), in Sicily, taken by Marcel-
lus, V. 482

Megarians, lost Eleusis to Theseus, I.
20; 64; at war with Athens over
Salamis, 420, 572; how outwitted
by Solon, 422f.; during quarrel
between Megacles and Cylon fac-
tions recover Nisaea and Salamis,
432; bury dead facing east, 428;
hard pressed by Persian cavalry,
succcured by Athenians, IT. 252;
revolt to Spartans, III. 64; com-
plain to Sparta that Athenians keep
them from market-places and har-
bours over which they have con-
trol, 84; decree of Athens against,
cause of Peloponnesian war, 84f.;
88; shut up in their city and island
of Minoa seized by Nicias, 228; Iv.
90; in leagne against Philip, VII.
40; helped by Athens, VIII. 176

Megarid, Pegae in it, III. 60; razed by
Pericles, 98

Megellus, with Pheristus repeoples
Agrigentum, VI. 344

Megistonoiis, husband of Oratesicleia,
convinced by Cleomenes that ephors
must be removed and property
divided to give Sparta supremacy
in Greece, X. 62; stepfather of
Cleomenes, places his property in
the common stock, 72; 90; 94; de-
feated by Aratus at Orchomenus,

XI. 86; 96
Meidias (1), Demosthenes spoke
against him, Iv. 24, VII. 28

Meidias (2), exile, begs Sulla to spare
Athens, IV. 370

Melanippus, son of Theseus and Peri-
guné, father of Ioxus, 1. 18

Melanopus, unlike Demosthenes in
character, quoted, VII. 30 f.

Melanthius (1), poems of, II. 412;
cited (Nauck 473), 414

Melanthius (2), choregus,
VIII. 188

Melanthus, flourished in time of
Philip of Macedon, his painting of

quoted,

“ Melleirens,

GENERAL INDEX TO

tyrant Aristratus saved at inter-
cession of Nealces, XI. 28

Melas, river, in plain about Orcho-
menus, IV. 392; spreads out into
marshes and lakes, Vv. 378
Meleager, helped by Theseus in slaying
Calydonian boar, I. 66

Melesias, father of Thucydides, III,
22, 212

Melesippidas, father of Eupolia, v. 2
Melians, attacked by Nicias, III. 430;
chief blame for execution of grown
men of Melos rests upon Alcibiades,
Iv. 42; restored to their homes by
Lysander, 270

Meliboea, how treated by Alexander
of Pherae, V. 412

Melicertes, games at Isthmus in honour
of, at night, I. 56

Melissus, son of Ithagenes, physicist,
defeated Pericles at siege of Samos
and was defeated by him, Il. 6,
Ill. 74 f.

Melité, in Attica, residence of son of
Ajax, 1. 428; Themistocles had house
there, IJ. 60; Phocion had house
there, VIII. 186

Meliteia, city of, Iv. 390

Mellaria, in Spain, VIII. 30

> name given oldest of
boys at Sparta, I. 258

Melon, prominent Athenian exile who
with Pelopidas and others takes
part in expulsion of Spartans at
Thebes, V. 356, 366, 368; elected
boeotarch, assaults acropolis, 370;
400; magistrate with Pelopidas,
urges Sphodrias to seize the
Piraeus, V. 68

Melos, see ‘* Melians.”’

Memmius, C., prosecutes M. Lucullus
and opposes giving him a triumph,
then prosecutes his brother Lucius,
II. 592, vill. 304; forced by Cato
to desist, 306; said Cato spent his
entire nights drinking, 248
Memmius, L., Pompey’s brother-in-
law, left as governor of Sicily by
Pompey, V. 140; slain in battle with
Sertorius, VIII. b4

Memnon, commander of Dareius on
sea-board, dies, VII. 272; Barsiné
his widow, 284

“Memor,’”’ surname of Artaxerxes
Il., XI. 128

ALL THE < LIVES’

a not visited by Lucullus, 11.

Menenide2 (1), appointed colleague of
Nicias for Sicilian expedition, il,
278; defeated by Syracusans, 280:
one of Athenian generals at Aegos-
potami, Iv. 106

Menander (2), companion of Alex-
ander, executed for disobedience,
VII. 386

Menander (3), in command of Anti-
gonus’ baggage, escapes, VIII. 106

—a (4), (Kock 240), cited, VII.

70

Menander (5), general of Mithridates,
routed by Sornatius, II. 520

Menas, corsair under Sextus Pompeius,
Ix. 206

Mendé, IIT. 434

Mendes, in Egypt, V. 106

Menecleidas, opposes Epaminondas
and Pelopidas to his own discomfi-
ture, v. 400 f.

Menecrates (1), physician, reproved
by Agesilaiis, Vv. 58

Menecrates (2), naval commander
under Sextus Pompeius, 1X. 206

Menecrates (3), author of history of
Bithynian city of Nicaea, cited, 1.58

Menedemus, chamberlain of Lucullus,
Ir. 518

Menelaiis, brother of Ptolemy, de-
feated in Cyprus by Demetrius, Ix,
34; surrenders Salamis to Deme-
tri rius, 38

Menelaiis’ Harbour, place on coast of
of Libya where Agesilaiis died,
Va. FIZ

Menemachus, general of Mithridates,
defeated by Adrian, TI. 520

Menenius Agrippa, entreats plebs to
return and tells fable of the belly and
its members, IV. 130

Menesthes, grandson of Scirus of
Salamis, one of victims sent to Crete
with Theseus, I. 34

Menestheus (1), son of Peteos, grand-
son of Orneus, stirred up Athenians
against Theseus, I. 72; succeeded
Theseus as king, led men from
Eion against Troy and died there,
82, 11. 424

Menestheus (2), Athenian general, 111,
160

** Menexenus,’’ work of Plato, 111. 70

419

GENERAL INDEX TO

Meninx, island touched at by Marius,
Ix. 574

Menippus (1), friend of Pericles and
colleague in generalship, I1l. 44

Menippus (2), Carian, taught Cicero
oratory, VII. 90

Menoeceus, son of Creon, sacrificed in
ancient times, V. 390

Menoetius, father of Myrto, II. 278

Menon (1), assistant of Pheidias,
charges him with embezzlement and
is rewarded, III. 90

Menon (2), father of Theano, a
priestess, IV. 60

Menon (3), Greek general with Cyrus,
spared by Artaxerxes, XI. 168

Menon (4), Thessalian, led Greek
cavalry when Leonnatus was de-
feated and slain, VIII.200; father of
Phthia, won high repute in Lamian
war, IX. 346

Mentor, friend of Eumenes, VIII. 80

Menyllus, friend of Phocion, com-
mands Macedonian garrison in
Athens, VIII. 206, 212

Mercedinus, intercalary month of
22 days inserted by Numa every
other year after February, I. 366

Mercedonius, intercalary month at
Rome, VII. 580

Merchants, held in honour by Greeks,
I. 408

Mercury, son of Maia, 1. 370

**Meriones,’’ name appearing on
spears and bronze helmets in temple
in Engyium in Sicily, v. 488

Meropé, daughter of Erechtheus,
mother of Daedalus, I. 38

Mesopotamia, raided by Demetrius,
1X. 16; filled with Greeks by Tig-
ranes, II. 536; 570; triumphed over
by Pompey, V. 230; many cities in
it join Crassus, Ill. 364; 368; 372;
1x. 196

Messala, father of Valeria, IV. 436

Messala, M. Valerius, consul with
Domitius, V. 256

Messala Corvinus, M. Valerius, fought
under Cassius at Philippi, VI. 216;
228; fought for Octavius at Actium,
244; reply to Augustus, 246.

Cited : 214, 220, 226

Messalae, trace descent to Publicola,
I. 566

Messana, saved from Athenians by

420

ALL THE ‘LIVES’

Alcibiades, Iv. 568; attacked by
Calippus, VI. 122; occupied by
Timoleon, 308; freed of tyrant
Hippo, 342; v. 136

Messapians, offer help to Pyrrhus ship-
wrecked, IX. 392; slay Archidamus
at Mandurium, xX. 8

Messené, rebuilt by Epaminondas, y.
94, 418; attacked by Demetrius,
IX. 80; X. 102, 266; XI.112; 116f.:
seized by Nabis, tyrant of Sparta,
freed by Philopoemen, X. 286, 390;
306; 388; 314

Messenia, V. 330; ravaged by Aetol-
ians, XI. 108

Messenians, I. 168; 226; rose against
Sparta after great earthquake,
292, I1. 456; restored by Thebans,
Vv. 398; 100; x. 48

Mestrius Florus, see ‘‘ Florus, Mes-
trius.’’

Metageitnion, full moon of, nearly
coincides with Ides of September,
I. 538; called by Boeotians Pane-
mus, not favourable to Greeks, II.
138 f.; called Carneius by Syracu-
sans, III. 304; VII. 68

Metagenes, of deme Xypeté, com-
pleted sanctuary of mysteries at
Eleusis, 111. 40

Metapontum, in Italy, 111. 174

Metella, wife of Sulla, had great in-
fluence, IV. 344; 366; 396; bears
twins Faustus and Fausta to Sulla,
434; approves marriage of Pompey
to Aemilia, her daughter by Scaurus,
V. 134; IV. 4363 VIII. 242

Metellus, Iv. 228

Metellus, O., interpellates Sulla, Iv.
426

Metellus, Q., upbraids Ti. Gracchus,
x. 176

Metellus Celer, Q. Caecilius, see ‘* Oeler,
Q. Caecilius Metellus.’”’

Metellus Creticus, L. Caecilius, tries to
prevent Caesar from taking money
from public treasury, V. 276, VII.
528

Metellus Creticus, Q. Oaecilius,
captures pirates in Crete, V. 186

Metellus Delmaticus, L. Oaecilius,
helps Marius get elected tribune,
ordered to prison by him, IX. 468 f.;
decorated temple of Castor and
Pollux, Vv. 120,

GENERAL INDEX TO

Metellus Macedonicus, Q. Caecilius,
robbed of Corinth by Mummius,
Ill. 430; Ix. 464

Metellus Nepos, Q. Caecilius, elected
tribune with Cato, opposes Cicero,
is opposed by Cato, VII. 138, VIII.
280 £.; proposes law giving Pompey
supreme power, 296 f.; retires to
Asia, 304; proconsul of Spain, visits
Caesar at Luca, VII. 494; exchanges
words with Cicero, 146

Metellus Numidicus, Q. Caecilius,
uncle on mother’s side of Lucullus,
II. 470; Iv. 446; appointed general
for Jugurthine war, takes Marius as
Legate, intrigued against by him,
IX. 476f., 480, 484; feared by
Marius and caused to lose election
for consul, 540; through duplicity
of Marius is banished, studies
philosophy at Rhodes, 540 f., 582 f.,
vVitl. 312; recalled from exile, Ix.
548; quoted 546

Metellus Pius, Q. Caecilius, son of
Metellus Numidicus, rx. 480; M1.
326; IV. 418; 340; V. 132; opposes
Sertorius in Spain with indifferent
success, V. 156, 196, VIII. 4, 32, 46,
50, 54, 58, 72; is pontifex maximus,
Iv. 342, VII. 456; 478; 376; 488
Meteorites, fell at Aegospotami; dis-
cussion of them, IV. 262

ManeT Tot seized by Cleomenes, xX.

Metilius, tribune of people, opposes
Fabius Maximus, III. 140, 144
Metoecia, festival instituted by
Theseus, to be held on 10th of He-
catombaeon, I, 52

Meton, astrologer, foresees disaster in
Sicilian expedition, I!T. 256, Iv. 44;
Meton, citizen of Tarentum, op-
poses inviting Pyrrhus, Ix. 382
Metrobius (1), public scribe in “* Archi-
lochi,”’ of Cratinus, IT. 434
Metrobius (2), actor, liked by Sulla,
IV. 328, 438

Metrodorus (1), of Scepsis, incurs
Mithridates’ anger and is murdered,
11. 538

Metrodorns (2), dancer, in Antony’s

train, Ix. 186

Micion (1), devastating sea-coast of
Athens, defeated and slain by
Vbocion, VIIT. 200

ALL THE ‘LIVES’

Micion (2), with Eurycleides prevents
Athenians from helping Aratus, XI.
94

Micipsa, king in Africa, x. 200

Midas, I. 542; Gordium his home, VII.
272; son of Gynaeceia according to
Phrygians, 462; xX. 380

Mieza, place in Macedonia, VII. 240

** Milesiaca,’’ obscene work by Aris-
tides, 111. 418

Milesians, some quarrel with Coans
over golden tripod, I. 412: fight
with Samians for Priené, Ill. 68,
72 f.; their popular leaders deceived
and slain by Lysander, IV. 250, 282

Milesian wool, Iv. 62

Miletus, stormed by Alexander, vu,
268; 1X 116

Milo, general under Perseus, VI. 394

Milo Papianus, T. Annius, with Scipio
and Hypsaeus candidate for con-
sulship, VIII. 350; tribune, pro-
secutes Clodius for violence, VII.
166; kills Clodius, v11. 170

Miltas, Thessalian seer, joins Dion's
party, VI. 46; interprets omen of
eclipse, VI. 48 f.

Miltiades, father of Cimon by Hege-
sipyle, 11. 412; chief of 19 Athenian
generals at Marathon with Aristides
next, 10f., 224; 388; of deme
Laciadae, fined 50 talents, died in
prison, 294, 412; 416; 426

Milto, Phocaean, daughter of Hermo-
timus, account of her, 111. 72

Mimallones, Macedonian women de-
voted to Orphic rites and orgies of
Dionysus, VII. 226

Mimnermus, addressed in verse by
Solon, I. 566

Mina, made to consist of 100 drachmas
instead of 73 by Solon, I. 444

Minas, corsair, served under Sextus
Pompeius, IX. 206 f.

Mindarus, Spartan admiral, defeated
off Abydos by Athenians with help
of Alcibiades, Iv. 78; slain at
Cyzicus, 82

Minerva, statue of, dedicated in the
Capitol by Cicero, VII. 162

Minoa, island seized by Nicias, Itt.
228, 430

Minoa, place in Sicily, V1. 54

Minos, king of Crete, invaded Attica
on account of murder of Androgeos,

421

GENERAL INDEX TO ALL THE ‘LIVES’

I. 28, 30; was king and lawgiver,
had Rhadamanthus, as judge under
him, 32; 36; 38; 320; 11.372

Minotaur, part bull and part man, said
to have destroyed youths and
maidens sent as tribute, 1.28; slain
by Theseus, 36

Mint, managed by Lucullus, 11. 474

Minturnae, Italian city, Ix. 564; 568;
its magistrates finally send Marius
on his way, 572

Minucius, C., supports Brutus and
advises not to give the exiled
Tarquins their property, I. 508

Minucius, M., one of the first 2
quaestors appointed, I. 534

Minucius Rufus, M., made Master of
Horse by Fabius Maximus, III. 126;
132; in Fabius’ absence wins suc-
cess over Hannibal, is given equal
authority, is defeated by Hannibal,
rescued by I'abius, 142 f., 202, 204;
appointed dictator, then deposed on
account of bad omen, V. 446;
quoted, III. 154

Minucius Thermus, supports Cato his
colleague against Metellus Nepos,
VIII. 298 f.

Miracles, discussion of, II. 108 f., Iv.
210 f.

Misenum, mole of, scene of meeting
between Octavius, Antony, and
Sextus Pompeius, IX. 206; is a
promontory, 554, x. 240

Mistletoe, used for making bird-lime,
Iv. 124

Mithras, rites of, celebrated at
Olympia by pirates, V. 174; XI.
134

Mithridates (1), young Persian, wounds
Cyrus at Cunaxa, XI.150; rewarded
by Artaxerxes, 158; executed by
him, 160 f.

Mithridates (2), son of Ariobarzanes,
founded line of Pontic kings, IX.
10

Mithridates (3), had son Pharnaces,
VII. 560; interviewed by Marius,
TX. 550; had 150,000 Romans
butchered in one day, IV. 404; war
with, IX. 554f.; to be checked by
Sulla, Iv. 334, 342; his early succes-
ses and only slight reverses, 358 f.;
ravages Boeotia, Ix. 578; his general
Archelaiis defeated at Chaeroneia,

422

Iv. 382f.; again ravages Qreece
390; his terms of agreement with
Sulla, 398, 400, 402; 454; vitr. 10,
Ix. 590 f., X. 3843; besieged by
Fimbria, let escape by Lucullus, It.
478, 480, 482, 488; in 2nd war with
reorganized army invades Bithynia,
Il. 490; makes alliance with Ser-
torius and receives army from Spain,
494, VIII. 62; besieges Cyzicus by
land and sea, II. 496; suffers de-
feats at rivers Rhyndacus and
Granicus at hands of Lucullus, 504;
flees to Heracleia, 508; is father-in-
law of Tigranes, 512; defeats
Romans at Cabira, 514; is defeated
and flees, 520f.; escapes to Tig-
ranes in Armenia, 526; demanded
of Tigranes by Clodius, 536; 538;
IV. 412; 11.5443; 552; with Tigranes
begins to assemble fresh forces, 566 ;
defeats I'abius and Triarius, 584,
Vv. 216; defeated by Pompey near
the Euphrates, 198; 204; among
peoples of Bosporus, pursued by
Pompey, 206, 210; documents of
his found in fortress of Caenum and
read by Pompey, 212; ends life,
222, 11.618; quoted, VIII. 64
Mithridates (4), cousin of Monaeses,
warns Antony, IX. 244; 248
Mithridates (5), king of Commagené
fights under Antony, IX. 276
Mithridates (6), of Pontus, ridicules
Galba to Nymphidius Sabinus, X1.
232; executed by Galba, 236
Mithrobarzanes, general of Tigranes,
Rerepeett and slain by Lucullus, 11,
55
Mithropaustes, the Persian king’s
cousin, rebukes Demaratus the
Spartan, 11. 80
Mitylené, ruled by tyrant Pittacus, I.
438; exiled Diophanes, xX. 160;
revolts and is subdued by Lucullus,
Il. 482; freed by Pompey for sake
of Theophanes, V. 224; 308; 310
Mnasitheus, helps Aratus drive
Nicocles from Corinth, x1. 16
‘‘Mnemon,”’ cognomen or epithet, Ix.

464
Mnesiphilus, Phrearrhian, teacher of
Themistocles, precursor of sophists,

II. 6
Mnesiptolema, daughter of Themis-

** Moon,”’

GENERAL INDEX TO

tocles, made priestess of Dindy-
mené, II. 82; married Archeptolis
her half-brother, 88
Mnestra, woed by Cimon, II. 416
Moerocles, Athenian orator, VII. 32;
his surrender demanded by Alex-
ander, 56
Molon, father of Apollonius the
rhetorician, VII. 90, 446
Molossians, had king Aidoneus, I. 72;
had ki Admetus, II. 64; had
Pyrrhus as Ist king after the flood,
IX. 346; expel Aeacides and bring
to power sons of Neoptolemus, 348;
drive out Pyrrhus and put Neopto-
lemus on throne, 354
Molossus, succeeds Phocion in com-
mand, is captured by the enemy,
Vill. 174
Molpadia, said to have slain Antiopé
or Hippolyta, I. 62
Molus, river at foot of Thurium, Iv.
382; 390
Monaeses, Parthian, fled to Antony,
sent back to Phraates by him, Ix.
220, 244
Moneta, temple of, built on site of
Tatius’ house, I. 152; built on site
- Eger Capitolinus’ house, II,
1
Money-lenders at Rome, their op-
pression, IV. 126; greatly afflicted
Bithynia, driven out by Lucullus,
11. 492; plunder Asia, 532

Monimé, Milesian, wife of Mithridates,

forced by him to commit suicide,
II. 524; her correspondence with
Mithridates, v. 212

Month, naming and numbering of its
days by Solon, I. 474; Sabines
adopted their months from Romans,
154; Numa’s arrangements of
months, 366

Moon, eclipse of, II. 288; shortly
before battle of Arbela, VII. 316;
before Pydna, VI. 398

surname of Cleopatra,
daughter of Antony and Cleopatra,
TX. 218

Mora, military unit of Spartans, its
strength, V. 380

Moschian Mts., on border of Iberians,

v. 204

Mothakes, Helots raised with Spartans

xX. 64

ALL THE ‘LIVES’

Mother of the Gods, had shrine at
Pessinus, IX. 508; 550

Mothers, goddesses of city of Engyium
in Sicily v. 488 f.

Mothoné, seaport above Malea, XI.
26

Mt. Lycaeum, see ‘* Lycaeum, Mt.’’

Mounychion, see “* Munychion.”’

Mourning at Rome, periods of, regu-
lated by Numa, I. 346, Iv. 216

Mucia, divorced by Pompey, V. 226

Mucianus, commander in _ Syria,
friendly to Otho, x1. 284

Mucius (1), client of Ti. Gracchus,
elected tribune in place of M.
Antonius, X. 174, 186

M — (2), jurist, eaten of worms, IV.
4

Mucius (3), father-in-law of younger
Marius, Ix. 560

Mucius Scaevola, O., his experiences
with Porsena, I. 546 f.; quoted, 548

Mucius Scaevola, P., jurist, helped Ti.
Gracchus draw up his agrarian law,
x. 162 f.

Mucius Scaevola, Q., statesman and
leader of senate, helped Cicero
to acquaintance with law, VII. 86

Mummius, Crassus’ legate, defeated
by Spartacus, III. 342

Mummius, C., sent by Sulla to seize
city-gate and walls on Esquiline hill,
Iv. 354

Mummius, L., took Corinth, had no
cognomen, got surname Achaicus,
Ill. 439, Ix. 464; x. 316

Munatius (1), defended by Cicero,
shows ingratitude, v1. 144

Munatius (2), friend of Cato the
Younger VIII. 254; 300; brings
Pompey’s proposal of marriage
alliance to Cato, 306, 308; greatly
angered by Cato’s lack of trust in
him, published treatise on Cato,
322 f.; in Bruttium receives under
his protection Cato’s younger son,
360; cited, 292, 324 f.

Munatius Plancus, L., spoke in favour
of amnesty after murder of Caesar,
v1. 166; joins Antony, rx.176; flees
to Caesar, tells of Antony’s will,
268

Munatius Plancus Bursa, T., convicted
in spite of Pompey’s support, V. 262,
VIII., 352

423

GENERAL INDEX TO ALL THE ‘LIVES’

Munda, battle of; sons of Pompey
defeated, VII. 572

Mundus, trench about Comitium, I.
118

Munychia, in Athens, criticized by
Epimenides of Phaestus, I. 434;
entered by Macedonian garrison,
VII. 70; garrisoned by Cassander,
Ix. 18, 20; captured and dis-
mantled by Demetrius, 24; 84; XI.
78; Iv. 372

Munychion, Athenian month, I. 36;
IV. 272; VIII. 230; changed to
Demetrion in honour of Demetrius,
Ix. 28

Munychus, son of Demophoén and
Laodicé, legend of, 1. 78

Murcus, slew Piso, XI. 266

Murena, L. Licinius (1), serves under
Sulla in Greece, IV. 380; given left
wing by Sulla at Chaeroneia, 384,
388

Murena, L. Licinius (2), left by Lucul-
lus in charge of siege of Amisus, IT.
514; gives freedom to Tyrannio the
grammarian, 530; 6552; left in
charge of siege of Tigranocerta, 556 ;
elected consul with Silanus, VII. 116;
brought to trial by Cato, defended
by Cicero and Hortensius, 170, 212,
VIII. 284, 286; supports Cato, 302,

Musaeus, Fragment 21 (Kinkel, Zp.
Graec. Frag., p. 229), cited, IX.
564

Muses, Spartan king would sacrifice to
them before battle, I. 272; credited
with oracular teaching of Numa,
332; with Egeria give Numa ac-
count of bronze buckler fallen from
heaven, 350

Museum, at Athens, battle with
Amazons near it, I. 60; garrisoned
by Demetrius, IX. 84; one near
Thurium, Iv. 382

Music, flute-playing held ignoble by
Alcibiades, while lyre became a
gentleman, IV. 6

‘‘Muthos,’”’ nickname of Demetrius,
IX. 64

Mutina, in Gaul, where Pompey be-
sieged Brutus, father of the con-
spirator, V. 154; where the con-
suls Tlirtius and Pansa defeated
Antony but were themselves slain,
1X. 174

424

Mutiny of Lucullus’ troops, II. 570,
576 f., 584

Mycalé, where Greeks under Xanthip-
pus defeated Persians, II. 138, ITI,
6, VI. 420

Mycenae, VIII. 24; XI. 66

Mygdonia, described; invaded by
Lucullus, 11, 578

Mylae, town in Sicily, VI. 350

Mylasa, city in Asia, its revenue
offered Phocion by Alexander, VIII.
186

Myron (1), of Phlva, prosecuted family
of Megacles, I. 432

Myron (2), general under Mithridates,
defeated by Adrian, II. 520

Myronides, with Cimon and Xanthip-
pus an envey to Sparta, II. 244;
general with Aristides and Leocrates
at Plataea, 274; 111.52; 198; char-
acter in ‘‘ Demes ”’ of Eupolis, 70

Myrtilus (1), mentions Spartan vouth
who closely resembled Hector, XI.
8

Myrtilus (2), cup-bearer of Pyrrhus
informs him of plot against his life,
IX. 356

Myrtle, Aphrodite’s plant, v. 496

Myrto (1), daughter of Menoetius and
sister of Patroclus, had daughter
Eucleia by Heracles, If. 278

Myrto (2), granddaughter of Aristides,
false story about her, II. 296

Mysia, XI. 284

Mystae, initiates in mysteries of
Eleusis, Iv. 48, 60, VIII. 208

Mysteries, Eleusinian, at Athens, when
held, 11. 140, vIiT. 158, 206; out-
rage upon, charged against Alcibi-
acles, IV. 48, 52, 60, VI. 316; Deme-
trius initiated; the grades and
times, Ix. 60; celebrated by
Voconius, Il. 508

Myus, city in Asia, given Themistocles
by Persian king to supply meat, II.
80

Nabataeansg, V. 292

Nabis, successor of Machanidas as
tyrant of Sparta, seized Messené,
frightened away by Philopoemen,
X. 286, 310, 390; at war with
Achaeans and Romans, defeats
Philopoemen in naval battle, 292;

GENERAL INDEX TO ALL THE ‘LIVES’

routed by Philopoemen, 294; at-
tacked by Flamininus who soon
made peace with him, 358 ; treacher-
ously slain by Aetolians, 296

Nakedness, Roman vs. Greek custom,
II. 362

Names, Roman, of persons, discussed,
IX. 464

Naphtha, its properties shown to
Alexander; theory as to its origin,
VII. 328

Naples, V. 264, VII. 100

Narbo, city of Gaul, XI. 226

Narbonensis, Gallia, VIII. 32

Narnia, colonists sent to it, X. 324

‘* Narrow,’’ name of a place, VI. 208

Narthacium, mountain near Pharsalus.
v. 44

Nasica, P. Cornelius Scipio, very large
holder of public land, bitter hater
of Ti. Gracchus X. 174; leads mob
against Ti. Gracchus, who with more
than 300 others was slain, 190;
interrogates Blossius, 192; hated
by people; though pontifex maxi-
mus, fled from Italy and committed
suicide, 194

Natural philosophy, its advantages,
111. 14

Naucrates, persuades Lycians to
revolt from Brutus, VI. 192

Naupactus, besieged by M.’ Acilius, X.
364

Nauplia, Pyrrhus pitches his camp
near it, Ix. 450

Nausicrates, rhetorician, cited, 11. 466

Nausithotis, given as pilot to Theseus,
I. 34

Naxians, their account of Ariadne and
Theseus, I. 42

Naxos, 11.68; sea-fight off Naxos, won
by Athenians, 138, VIII. 156; III. 34;
218; 266

Nealces, friend of Aratus, tries to save
picture of Aristratus, XI. 28

Neander, one of 3 young men who
fled with the infant Pyrrhus, Ix.
348

Neanthes, of Cyzicus, cited, 11. 2, 80

Neapolis (1), Vv. 458; Lucullus had
palaces there, II. 598, 612

Neapolis (2), in territory of Agrigen-
tum, VI. 102

Neapolis (3), a part of Syracuse, V. 484

Neapolitans, V. 264

Nearchus (1), banished by Philip,
honoured afterwards by Alexander,
VII. 250; made admiral of fleet by
Alexander, 410; meets Alexander
at Gedrosia, 414; after sailing
through ocean into Euphrates, joins
Alexander, 426; 432; 434

Nearchus (2), Cretan, pleads with
Antigonus for life of Eumenes, VIII,
134

Nearchus (3), Pythagorean, lodged
Cato the Elder, 11. 318

Nectanabis, cousin of Tachos,
revolts from him and is made king
by the Egyptians, is joined by
Agesilaiis, v. 104 f.; having ousted
Tachos, is himself opposed by a
rival from Mendes, 106; distrusts
Agesilaiis, retires into fortified city,
routs opponents with help of Age-
silaiis, dismisses him with gifts,
108 f.

Neleus, of Scepsis, to whom Theo-
gen bequeathed his books, Iv.
406

Nemes, where Athenians under
Pericles defeated Sicyonians, II.
60; painted by Aristophon with
Alcibiades in her arms, IV. 42 ; XI.14

Nemean games, see ‘‘ Games Nemean.”’

** Nemesis,’’ play of Cratinus, lI. 8

Neochorus, of Haliartus, slew Ly-
sander, IV. 316

Neocles (1), father of Themistocles,
II. 2, 6, 214

Neocles (2), son of Themistocles, 11. 88

Neon (1), commander of Corinthians
in acropolis of Syracuse, captures
the Achradina, VI. 304

Neon (2), Boeotian, remains with
Porsena in his flight, VI. 416

Neoptolemus (1), son of Achilles. after
time of Deucalion took possession of
country of Molossians and left line
1x. 346; ancestor of Alexander on
his mother’s side, VII. 224

Neoptolemus (2), brother of Arybas
and uncle of Aeacides, Ix. 348

Neoptolemus (3), made king of
Molossians in place of Pyrrhus, Ix.
354; shares kingdom with Pyrrhus
who finally slays him, 356 f.

Neoptolemus (4), commander of
Alexander’s Shield-bearers, VII.
78; 88; bid by Perdiccas to take

425

GENERAL INDEX TO ALL THE ‘LIVES’

orders from Eumenes, plans
treachery, is defeated by Eumenes,
flees to Craterus and Antipater, 90;
defeated and slain by Eumenes in
personal combat, 92 f.

Neoptolemus (5), satrap of Mithri-
dates, Ix. 556; defeated off Tenedos
by Lucullus, tI. 482

Nepos, see ‘‘ Metellus Nepos.’’

Nepos, Oornelius, see ‘‘ Cornelius
Nepos.”’

“‘Nero,”’ title given Otho by the
people, XI. 278 f.

Nero Germanicus, son of Agrippina
and Ahenobarbus, adopted by
Claudius, became emperor, killed
his mother, 5th in descent from
Antony, IX. 332, XI. 206; ruined by
Nymphidius Sabinus and Tigellinus,
210, 240; his relations with Otho
and Poppaea, 246 f.; gave gifts to
theatrical people, 238; executed
Crassus and Scribonia, Piso’s
parents, 254; proclaimed Greeks
free at Isthmian games at Corinth,
X. 358; sent Galba out as governor
of Spain, Junius Vindex, general
in Gaul, revolts, 212; denounced by
Galba, 214; alarmed on learning of
Galba’s revolt, sells his property,
218s announced as dead by Icelus,

Nervii, defeated by Caesar, VII. 492

Nestor, of Homer, v. 384

News, quick transmission of, Iv. 124,
VI. 418, 438

Nicaea, Bithynian city, history of, by
Menecrates, I. 58

Niceaa, widow of Alexander, tyrant of
Corinth, married to Demetrius,
loses Acrocorinthus, XI. 36 f.

Nicagoras (1), of Troezen, introduces
bill to support Athenian families
fleeing from Persians before battle
of Salamis, II. 30

Nicagoras (2), Messenian, secret enemy
of Cleomenes, arouses Ptolemy’s
suspicion and hate of him, xX. 128

Nicanor (1), sent by Oassander to
replace Menyllus in command of
garrison at Athens, induced by
Phocian to be mild to Athenians,
VIII. 216; escapes from Athens and
plans hostilities, 218

Nicanor (2), sent by Antigonus to

426

receive Humenes as a prisoner, VIII.
‘130

Nicarchus, great-grandfather of
Plutarch, Ix. 294

Nicator, title of tyrants, II. 228

Niceratus (1), father of Nicias, 111. 212,
220, Iv. 28

Niceratus (2), poet of Heracleia, given
crown over Antimachus of Colo-
phon, Iv. 282

Nicias (1), son of Niceratus, becomes
a leader after death of Pericles, 111,
212; sought by expenditure of
money to win favour, 214f.; very
pious and superstitious, had large
interests in silver mines of Laurium,
218; timid and retiring, 220 f.;
helped by his dependent Hiero, 224;
as general made safety his chicf
aim, and so was successful for most
part, 226; some of his minor suc-
cesses, 228; discredited by Cleon’s
success on Sphacteria, 234; brought
about the ‘‘ Peace of Nicias’’; its
terms, 240, Iv. 32; fails on embassy
to Sparta, III. 244; arranges with
Alcibiades his rival to have Hyper-
bolus banished, 248

Opposes expedition to Sicily,

250; after being elected Ist of 3
generals for Sicily still vainly op-
poses the expedition, 252, 430;
after recall of Alcibiades from
expedition discourages troops by
inaction, 258; at end of summer
sails against Syracuse and wins a
success, 262 f.; winters at Naxos,
266; in spring seized Epipolae, de-
feated Syracusans, and nearly
circumvallated the city, 268f.; on
death of Lamachus is sole general
and in great hopes, 270; disregards
approach of Glyippus, 272; is de-
feated by Glyippus, who ran a cross
wall to intersect the besiegers’ wall
of enclosure, 276; repulses Gylippus
on the water, but loses Plemmyrium,
278; is reinforced by Demosthenes,
who is defeated and urges return,
280 f.; is about to change base
when halted by eclipse of moon,
288 f.; is defeated on the water,
292; is defeated on the water again
so that he cannot retire by sea,
294 f.; delays retiring by land until

GENERAL INDEX TO ALL THE ‘LIVES’

Syracusans block all the routes,
296 f.; conducts retreat for
successive days until Demosthenes
and his detachment is captured,
300; is captured at river Asinarus
and most of his men are slain, 302;
suffers death, 306, 310
See also I11. 430, Iv. 28, 30, 46, 52
Quoted : IIT. 302

Nicias (2), friend of Agesilaiis, V. 36

Nicias (3), steward of Ptolemy’s
household, has freedom given him
by senate, VIII. 330

Nicias (4), of Engyium, induced
Marcellus to spare his city, Vv. 490

Nicocles (1), Athenian, VIII. 182; con-
demned to death with Phocion, 228,
230

Nicocles (2), became tyrant of Sicyon,
nearly lost city to Aetolians, XI. 8;
his spies deceived by Aratus, 12;
escapes from Sicyon, 20, x. 256

Nicocreon, king of Salamis, com-
petes as choregus against Pasicrates
of Soli, VII. 308

Nicodemus (1), lame and blind man,
Vv. 348

Nicodemus (2), Messenian, supported
now Cassander now Demetrius, VII,
32

Nicogenes, wealthiest man in Aeolia,
knew and sheltered Themistocles,
11. 70, 76

Nicolaiis, philosopher, cited, VI. 240

Nicomaché, daughter of Themistocles,

- given in marriage by her brother to
Phrasicles, II. 88

Nicomachus (1), brother of Cebalinus,
reveals plot of Limnus to Alexander,
VII. 364

Nicomachus (2), _ his
characterized, V1. 346

Nicomachus (3), of Carrhae, urges P.
Crassus to escape to Ichnae, Il. 394

Nicomedeia, city in Bithynia, II. 508

Nicomedes (), son-in-law of Themi-
stocles, II. 88

Nicomedes (2), to receive Bithynia
again from Mithridates, IV. 398;
reconciled to Mithridates by Sulla,
404; visited by Caesar, VII. 444

Nicon’ 1), servant of Craterus, ar-
rested by Peucestas, VI. 348

Nicon (2), an elephant, Ix. 456

Nicon (3), an ass, IX. 284

paintings

Niconides, Thessalian, made wonder-
ful siege-engines, II. 500

Nicopolis, city on Actium, Ix. 278

Nicopolis, wealthy woman, made Sulla
her heir, Iv. 328

** Nicostraté,’’ other name of Car
menta, wife of Evander, I. 156

“* Niger,’’ Roman surname, IV. 142

Niger, friend of Antony, brings mes-
sage from Octavia to him, Ix.
256

Nigidius, P., advises Cicero to put
conspirators to death, VII. 130

Niphates, VII. 316

Nisaea, taken by Megara from Athens,
I. 4323 III. 228; sea-port of Megara,
enclosed by wall and connected
by walls with Megara, VIII. 178

Nisaean horse, Ix. 374

Nisaeus, driven from Syracuse by
Dionysius the Younger, VI. 262

Nisibis, city in Mygdonia, called
Antioch by Greeks, taken by Lucul-
lus, II. 578, 592

Nola, V. 458; battle of, Marcellus de-
feats Hannibal, 462; defeats him
again, 464; Iv. 350

Nonacris, cliff there had poisonous
water, VII. 436

Nones Oapratine, day on which
Romulus disappeared; reason for
name, I. 182, 186, 308, 11.178

Nonius (1), rival candidate for tribune
ship, slain by Saturninus, Ix. 542

Nonius (2), nephew of Sulla, Iv. 356

Nonnius, in Pompey’s camp, VII.

180

Nora, stronghold on confines of
Lycaonia and Cappadocia, VIII. 108

Norbanus, encamped at Narrows near
Symbolum, nearly captured with
his army by Brutus and Cassius, VI.
208

Norbanus, O., consul, with Marius the
Younger defeated by Sulla and shut
up in Capua, Iv. 410 f., v1iI. 14

Noricum, traversed by Cimbri, Ix.
502

‘‘Nous,”’ term applied to Anaxagoras
of Clazomenage, III. 10

** Novi homines,’” what they were, II.
302

Novum Comum, colony established
by Caesar in Gaul, VII. 512

Numa Pompilius, when he lived; said

427

GENERAL INDEX TO ALL THE ‘LIVES’

to have been friend of Pythagoras,
1. 306; of Sabine descent, 308;
nominated king by the Romans,
312; came from Cures, was son of
Pompon, 314; married Tatia, was
fond of country life, 316; in 40th
year invited to become king, 320;
declines, 322; accepts and goes to
Rome, 326; disbands the body of
300 called ‘‘Celeres,’’ appoints
Flamen Quirinalis, 328; proceeds
to make the city more gentle and
just, 330; claimed the nymph
Egeriaioved him, 316, 332; possibly
influenced by Pythagoras, 334;
instituted the Pontifices, 336;
credited with consecration of the
Vestal virgins, 160, 338, Il. 142;
their number, duties, privileges,
the punishment for unchastity,
340 f.; said to have built temple
of Vesta, 344; fixed 10 months as
longest period for mourning, 346,
Iv. 216; established the Salii, the
Fetiales, and many other orders of
priests, I. 346; reason for establish-
ing Salii, 350. Built the Regia and
had another house on the Quirinal,
354; gave many precepts resembl-
ing those of Pythagoreans, 356;
story of his conversation with
Jupiter, 358; first to build temples
to Faith and Terminus, 362;
divided people into groups accord-
ing to trades or arts, 364; amended
law permitting fathers to sell sons,
adjusted calendar, 366, VII. 580;
built temple of Janus, 372; varying
accounts of his marriages and off-
spring, 376; succeeded by Hosti-
lius; his obsequies, 146, 378;
quoted, 322
See also 1. 154, Iv. 178, V. 454, VI.

358, VIII. 152

Numantia, defeats Mancinus, makes
truce owing to Ti. Gracchus, xX. 154,
246; taken and destroyed by Scipio
Africanus Minor, II. 596, VI. 414,
IX. 468, 494, x. 158, 174°

Numerius Cus "friend of Marius, Ix.
560

Numerius (2), friend of Pompey, V.
280

Numidia, king of, captured by Scipio
Africanus, I1I.194; Bocchus king of,

425

Iv. 328; Hiempsal king of, Ix. 574;
subdued by Pompey, V. 144

Numidians, used by Carthaginians in
their armies, VI. 330; in army of
Hannibal, III. 152; v. 464; 520; rout
Caesar’s cavalry, VII. 564

Numistro, city in Lucania, V. 502

Numitor, chose kingdom in prefer-
ence to gold and silver, but was
dispossessed by his brother Amulius ;
had daughter Ilia, or Rhea, or Silvia,
I. 96; his experience with Romulus
and Remus, his daughter’s children,
102 f.; died in Alba, 172

Nundinae, market-day coming every
9 days, IV. 162

Nurses, Spartan, I. 254, Iv. 2

Nussa (Nursia) Sabine city, home
town of Sertorius, VIII. 4

Nymphaeum (1), sacred precinct near
Apollonia; story of satyr caught
there, Iv. 408

Nymphaeum (2), sacred precinct fre-
quented by Aristotle, VII. 240

Nymphidia, daughter of Callistus and
mother of Nymphidius Sabinus,
XI. 224

Nymphidius Sabinus, prefect of court

guard with Tigellinus; by offer of

bribe gets soldiers to proclaim Galba

emperor, XI. 208f.; orders Tigel-

linus to give up his command and

aspires to imperial position, 220 f.;

says he is son of CO. Caesar who

succeeded Tiberius; believed to be

son of Martianus a gladiator, XI.

222 f.; tries to be made emperor

and is slain, 230f.; his adherents

went over to Galba, 258

Nympholepti,’’ term applied to

natives of Cithaeron with oracular

power, II. 246

Nymphs, Sphragitic, had cave on peak
of Cithaeron, IT. 246, 272

Nypsius, Neapolitan, puts into
Syracuse with food and money for
beleaguered garrison of Dionysius,
is defeated by Syracusans, then by
surprise attack takes city, is de-
feated bv Dion, VI. 86 f.

Nysa, citadel in India, attacked by
Alexander, VII. 390

Nysaeus, see “ Nisaeus.’’

Nyssa, sister of Mithridates, captured
by Lucullus, 11, 524

GENERAL INDEX TO ALL THE

Oa, Attic deme, III. 26

“* Oarses,’’ name of Artaxerxes Mne-
mon at first according to Deinon,
x1. 128

Oath, Athenian, what it is, Iv. 38

Oath, the great, how taken, VI. 118

Obai, subdivisions of Spartan people
made by Lycurgus, I. 220

Obolus, its original meaning, IV. 278

Ocean, nothern, Ix. 488

Ochus, youngest son of Artaxerxes,
rival of Dareius for throne, XI. 188;
removes his two remaining rivals
Ariaspes and Arsames, 200, 202;
did not once come into Persia to
prey giving money to women, VII.

6

Octavia, sister of Octavius Caesar,
daughter of Ancharia, married first
to QO. Marcellus, on his death to
Antony, Ix. 206; mother of Mar-
cellus by OC. Marcellus, dedicated
library in honour of her son, V. 522;
Ix. 210; bore 2 daughters to Antony,
reconciles Octavius and Antony,
214; gets 20 vessels for her brother,
1000 troops for her husband, 216;
on way to Antony, is stopped at
Athens by letters from him, 256;
returns from Athens, lives in her
husband’s house, 260; ejected from
Antony’s house in Rome, takes all
his children with her except eldest
son by Fulvia, 266f.; reared 6 of
Antony’s children with her own,
330; her daughters and whom they
married, 332; had book addressed
to her by Athenodorus, I. 548

Octavius (1), governor of Cilicia, dies,
II. 486

Octavius (2), legate of Crassus, II
402, 408, 412; attempting to rescue
Crassus, is slain, 414

Octavius (3), reputed to be of African
descent, VII. 146

Octavius, C. (1), father of young

> VII. 196

Octavius, Grid2); falsely claimed to
have been one of Caesar’s murderers,
executed by Antony and young
Caesar, VII. 600

Octavius, Gn. (1), admiral under
Aemilius Paulus, anchors off Samo-
thrace to prevent escape of Perseus,
VI. 422

Octavius Gn. (2), ¢
colleague Cinna
puts Cornelius Me
VIII. 10, 1X. 578 f.;
on approach of M
582, IV. 364; IX.

Octavius, L., sent by Pompey to
Crete to succ..ed Metellus in fighting
pirates, v. 188

Octavius, M. (1), tribune of people,
opposes Ti., Gracchus’ agrarian law,
X. 166f.; ejected from office on
peopoenl of Ti. Gracchus, 170;

Octavius, M. (2), with 2 legions en-
camped near Utica, asks Cato which
of them is to command in province,
VIII. 394; with M. Insteius com-
manded centre for Antony at
Actium, Ix. 284

Octavius Cacsar, see
Caesar.”’

October, called Domitianus by Domi-
tian for short time, I. 370

Odeum, built by Pericles, 111. 42

Odysseus, father of Romanus by

cé, I. 92; consulted shades of
dead, (x. 490; 11.3265 ¥.12

§ Odyssey,” see “* Homer.”

Oedipus, fountain of, Iv. 390

Oenanthé, had great influence in
government under Ptolemy IV., X.
124

Oenarus, priest of Dionysus, lived with
Ariadne, I. 40

Oeneid, Attic tribe, IT. 458

Oeniadae, 111. 60; their city de-
stroyed by Aetolians, VI1. 366

Oenopion, son of Theseus by Ariadne
according to Ion of Chios, I. 40

Oenus, at first called Cnacion, river
at Sparta, I. 222

Oetaeans, III. 56

Ofella, Lucretius, see
Ofella.”’

Oil, its action, Il. 392; spring of,
discovered, VII. 388

Olbianians, VII. 24

Olbius, paedagogue of children of
Nicogenes, 13. 70

Oligarchy, II. 54, 266 f.

“ Oligoi,’? conservative party at
Athens, IIT. 32

Oligyrtus, its garrison expelled from
Phlius by Cleomenes, x. 110

* Augustus

** Lucretius

429

GENERAL INDEX TO ALL THE ‘LIVES’

“Olive,” name of spring where
Apollo was born, V. 378

Olizon, opposite Artemisium, II. 22

Olocrus, mountain near Pydna, VI.
408

Olorus (1), Thracian king, father of
Hegesipyle, 11. 412 ;

Olorus (2), father of Thucydides the
historian, descended from preceding
II. 412

Olthacus, Dandarian prince, under-
takes to assassinate Lucullus, but
fails, 11. 518

Olympia, IT. 14; 68; 316; its sacred
treasures used by Sulla, Iv. 362;

VII. 20

Olympiad, 176th, II. 484

“ Olympian,’’ surname of Pericles;
how acquired, Il. 22, 112

Olympias, sister of Arymbas, married
Philip of Macedon, VII. 226; de-
voted Bacchanté, kept great tame
serpents, 228; spurred Alexander
on to quarrel with his father, estab-
lished by berson Alexanderin Epirus,
246; blamed for urging Pausanias to
slay Philip, 250; 296; 340; rebels
against Antipater and takes Epirus
to rule, 414; put many to death,
believed Iolas to have poisoned
Alexander, 436; drugged Arrhi-
daeus and ruined his mind, 438;
invited Eumenes to come and take
charge of Alexander’s little son,
VIII. 116; 1x. 50

Olympic games, instituted by
Heracles in honour of Zeus, I. 56;
Athenian victor got 500 drachmas
by Solon’s regulation, 466, II. 296.
See also *‘ Games.””

Olympic truce, said to have been
established by Lycurgus and
Iphitus, 1. 204, 276 f.

Olympieium, in Athens, unfinished, 1.
496; near Syracuse, III. 266

Olympiodorus, with 300 Athenians
sent to aid of Megarians at Plataea,
Il. 254

Olympus, Cleopatra’s physician,
published history of her last days,
Ix. 320

Olympus, town where pirates offered
sacrifice, V. 174

Olympus, mountain, VI. 386; its
height, 394

430

Olynthus, VII. 20

Omens: II. 34, 40, 44, 106, 108, 124,
172, 174, 462, 496, 502, 548, 560,
590, 11. 14, 100, 122, 124, 208, 218,
244, 256, 288, 294, 336, 362, 366,
372, 382, IV. 46, 98, 174, 210, 260,
280, 340, 346, 358, 372, 410, Vv. 68,
78, 194, 294, 442, 464, 512, 516, VI.
50, 62, 82, 150, 156, 178, 208, 210,
234, 278, 322, 380, 398 f., 418, VII.
130, 164, 226, 230, 260, 270, 296,
300, 386, 426, 546, 554, 588, 604,
VIII. 208, IX. 28, 70, 210, 274, 284,
308, 362, 450, 506, 564, 570, Xx. 26,
144, 184, 220, 340, XI. 100, 256,
284 f.

Omisus, commended by Artaxerxes
II., XI: 134

Omphalé, house of, had Hercules as
slave, 1.145 Ill. 70; IX. 336

Onatius Aurelius, see ‘* Aurelius, C.’’

Oneian hills, X. 92

Onesicritus, philosopher of school of
Diogenes the Cynic; his experiences
with gymmnosophists, VII. 408;
appointed chief pilot of fleet by
Alexander, 410

Cited : 242, 260, 356, 394, 398

Onomarchus (1), one of party that
seized Delphi and _ plundered
sanctuary, VI. 334

Onomarchus (2), keeper of Humenes
for Antigonus, VIII. 134

Onomastus, freedman of Otho, XI. 258

Ophelas, ruler of Cyrené, first husband
of Eurydicé, 1x. 32

Opheltas, with his subjects conducted
from Thessaly to Boeotia by Peri-
politas, 11. 404

‘‘Opima,’’ why term was applied to
** spolia,’’ 1. 138

Opimius, L., failed to get elected con-
sul when Fannius was supported
by ©. Gracchus, X. 222; elected
consul, 226; given full power to act
against C. Gracchus, 228; refuses
C. Gracchus’ terms of peace, 232;
attacks party of Fulvius, 234; first
consul to exercise power of dictator,
convicted of fraud and spent his
last days in infamy, 238

Oplax, Frentanian, slain by Pyrrhus,
Ix. 398

Oppius, O., friend of Caesar, cited, v.
138; vil. 484

GENERAL INDEX TO ALL THE ‘LIVES’

Optio,” latin for scout, XI. 258

Opuntians, surrender voluntarily to
Flamininus, xX. 334

Oracles, anonymous: IV. 294, 304,

| on V. 6, VII. 46, 564, IX. 452, x.

Oracle of Apollo, I. 6, 36, II. 276, IV.
122, vil. 44, 46, 50, 92, 228, VIII. 162

| See also ** Delphi, oracle of.”’

Oracle from Sibylline books, yII. 44

Oracles of Ammon, Amphiaraiis,
Dodona, Heracleia, Ismenus, see
“ Ammon, etc.’’

Oracle from Lebadeia and cave of
Trophonius, It. 270, Iv. 380

Oration, funeral, delivered by Publi-
cola in honour of Brutus earlier than
any among Greeks, I. 524; by
Pericles over those who fell at
Samos, III. 80; of Fabius Maximus
on the death of his son preserved,
120, 190

Orations: I. 106, 322, 324, 11. 106,
236, 250, 290, 510f., ITI. 160, 398,
412, Iv. 96, 130,154 f., 172, 200 f.,204,
206 f., Y. 498, VI. 90, 168, 388, 426,
438, 448, VII. 314, 458, VIII. 42, 66,
132, 154, IX. 282, 404, x. 38, 72, 80,
118 f., 164, 204, 230, 234

Oratory, Asiatic, characterized, IX.
140

Orchalides, hill afterwards called
Alopecus; its location, Iv. 318
Orchomenians, have left wing of
Agesilaiis’ army at Coroneia;
routed by Thebans, V. 46
Orchomenians, treated severely by
Thebans, V. 522; 11. 408
Orchomenus (1), secretly attacked by
Aratus, X. 56; 64; Aratus defeated
Megistonoiis, stepfather of Cleo-
menes there, XI, 86; surprised and
plundered by Antigonus, 104, xX.
100; 110
Orchomenus (2), taken by Lysander,
Iv. 310; espoused cause of Spar-
tans; Pelopidas attempts to sur-
prise it, V. 376; Sulla defeated
Archelatis, Mithridates’ general
there, 11. 480, 504, IV. 392 f., 408
Orcynii, in Cappadocia; Antigonus
defeated Eumenes there, VIII. 104
Oreites, their country traversed by
Alexander in 60 days, vil. 410
Oresteion, city in Arcadia, 11. 244

Orestes, consul, took C. Gracchus as
quaestor to Sardinia, x. 198

Oreus, Roman fleet off it defeated by
Perseus, VI. 376

Orexartes, river crossed by Alexander
VII. 356

Orfidius, commander of legion
“* Adiutrix ’’ for Otho, slain, XI. 304.

Oricum, VI. 434; Vv. 284; taken by
Caesar, VII. 532

pigs sees defeated by Sertorius, VIII.

ie grandfather of Menestheus, I.
Cantus alan just outside Corinth,

xz

Ornytus, with Ioxus led colony into
Caria, I. 18

Oroandes, Cretan, sails off leaving
Perseus behind, VI. 422

Orobazus, Parthian, ambassador from
king Arsaces to Sulla, executed on
return, IV. 334

Oromasdes (Oromazdes) Persian god,
Vil. 312, x1. 200

Orontes, Persian, closely resembled
Ppainersr. son of Amphiaraiis, XI.

Orontes, Persian, married Rhodo-
ae daughter of Artaxerxes, XI.
2

Oropus, the affair of, VII. 10; brings
suit against Athens, IT. 368

Orphans, made subject to taxation by
Camillus, II. 96

Orpheus, Plato banters followers of,
II. 612; image of him at Leibethra,
VII. 260

Orphie rites, VIT. 226

Orsodates, rebellious barbarian shot
by Alexander, VII. 386

“ Orthagoras,’’ name of Corinthian
seer and friend of Timoleon accord-
ine. to Ephorus and Timaeus, VI.
27

Orthopagus, peak of hill Thurium near
Chaeroneia, IV. 382

Oryssus of Aptera in Crete, slays
Ptolemy, son of Pyrrhus, Ix. 448

Osca, Spanish city where Sertorius
had noble Spanish boys educated,
VIII. 36, 68 :

Oschophoria, Athenian festival in-
stituted by Theseus in honour of
Dionysus and Ariadne, 1. 46, 48 f.

431

GENERAL INDEX TO ALL THE ‘LIVES’

Ostanes, son of Dareius and Parysatis,
a sap of Artaxerxes, XI. 128, 136,
180

Ostia, VII. 578, Ix. 560; seized by
Marius, 580

Ostracism, its nature and purpose,
II. 214, 230f., 111. 28, 246, Iv. 30;
Hipparchus of Cholargus, Ist man
to be ostracized, 111. 250; Hyper-
bolus, last man, 246; 202; 226; II.
16; 62; 210; 456

Otacilius, brother of Marcellus, saved
by him in battle in Sicily, Vv. 438

Otho, M. (1), praetor, was first to give
specialseats to knights at spectacles,
Vil. 112

Otho, M. (2), married Poppaea.
Galba minded to declare him his
successor, XI. 246f.; first of pro-
vincial governors to go over to
Galba, 248; plots against Galba and
is proclaimed emperor by the
soldiers, 256 f.; given titles of Caesar
and Augustus, 268

His first acts as emperor, 276 f.;

at first does not refuse name Nero,
278; troubled by suspicions his
paid soldiers had of influential
citizens, 280 f.; hears that Vitellius
has assumed imperial power, 284;
learning that Caecina and Valens,
generals of Vitellius, are in posses-
sion of the Alps, takes the field, 286 ;
stops at Brixillum and sends his
army forward, 288; his general
Spurina repels assault on Placentia,
290; his general Celsus defeats
Oaecina near Cremona, 292; Otho
comes to the camp near Oremona
and holds council of war, 294;
decides on early battle and returns
himself to Brixillum, 298; his army
defeated by that of Vitellius, 302 f.;
learns of defeat and resolves to die,
310 f.; after making some disposi-
tions falls upon his sword, 312 f.;
gets modest burial, 316; his troops
swear allegiance to Vitellius, 318

Otryae, place in Phrygia, 11. 496

**Oulamos,”’ as constituted by Lycur-
— was 50 horsemen in square
ormation, I. 276

Outer sea, IX. 488

Ovatio, meaning of the word, des-
cription of the thing, Vv. 494; cele-

432

brated by Crassus for Servile war,
TIT. 350

*Ovicula,’”’ surname of Fabius
Maximus in childhood, 111. 118

Oxathres, son of Dareius and Pary-
satis, brother of Artaxerxes
Mnemon, XI. 128, 136

Oxus, river in Asia, has very soft
water, VII. 388

Oxyartes, son of Abuletes, slain by
Alexander, VI1. 388, 414

Paccianus, sent to Africa by Sulla to
help Ascalis, slain by Sertorius,
VIIT. 22

Paccianus, O., taken prisoner at
Carrhae, III. 416

Paccus, attendant of Cato the Elder in
Spain, II. 332

Paches, Athenian, captor of Lesbos,
committed suicide, II. 294, 111. 226

Pachynus, headland of Sicily, vr. 52

Pacorus, son of Hyrodes, marries sister
of Artavasdes, III. 420; defeated
ny slain by Ventidius, III. 422, 1x.

Paeania, deme of Demosthenes, VII.
48; of Demon, 68

Paedaretus, Spartan, rejoiced because
300 better than himself, I. 282

Bir er directed boys at Sparta,
1.2

Paeon, Amathusian, cited, I. 42

Paeonia, V. 220

Paeonians, ruled by Autoleon, Ix. 368;
VI. 402

Pagasae, fleet of Greeks wintered there
after Xerxes fled, 11. 54

‘* Pagi,”’ divisions of Roman territory
made by Numa, I. 362

Painting, by Protogenes the Caunian,
illustrating story of Ialysus, rx. 50;
of Hercules and Omphalé, 336; of
tyrant Aristratus by Melanthus,
x1. 28

Palaescepsis, city given Themistocles
by Persian king for his support, II.

80

Palatine, settled by Trojan exiles
I. 90, 146, 154, 160, 552, 554, VII.
100, 120, 134, 172

Palatium, XI. 262

Palestine, triumphed over by Pompey,
Y. 230

GENERAL INDEX TO ALL THE ‘LIVES’

Palladium, in Athens, I. 62; on
Athenian acropolis, dedicatory offer-
ing of Nicias, 111. 214; at Delphi,
dedicated by Athens, III. 254

pei re of Troy, in temple of Vesta,
II.

Pallantidae, I. 8; make war on
Theseus; betrayed by Leos, are
defeated, 24

Pallantium, where Aratus prevents
Aristomachus joining battle with
Cleomenes, X. 58, XI. 82

Pallas, had 50 sons, I. 8

Pallené, township of, why it has no
intermarriage with township of
Agnus, I. 26

** Palm,”’ name of spring in Boeotia
where Apollo was born, V. 378

Palm, custom of giving it to victors
begun by Theseus, I. 44

Palm-tree, bronze, erected on Delos
by Nicias in honour of Apollo, It.
216 f£.

Palus Maeotis, Vil. 352. See also
** Maeotic Lake.”’

Pammenes, kept Philip as hostage in
Thebes, V. 404 f.; quoted, 382

Pamphilus, painter, some of his works
collected by Aratus and sent to
Ptolemy, XI. 28

Pamphylia, 11. 440, Vv. 312

Pan, loved Pindar and his verses,
I. 318; 11. 246

Panactum, not restored to Athens with
walls intact, Ill. 242, IV. 32;
garrisoned by Cassander, reduced
by Demetrius and restored to
Athens, Ix. 54

Panaetius (1),
trireme, II. 38

Panaetius (2), cited, 11. 212f., 296,
416, VII. 32

Panathenaic festival, instituted by
Theseus, I. 52; musical contests
added by Pericles, III. 42

Pandion, adopted Theseus, I. 24

Pandosia, city in Italy, rx. 394

‘“‘Panemus,”’ Bocotian name for
Metageitnion, II. 138, 274

Pannonia, armies there faithful to
Otho, XI. 284

Panopé, city destroyed by hosts of
Mithridates, IV. 376

Panopeans, Lysander buried in their
soil, Iv. 314

commands Taenian

Panopeus, father of Aiglé, 1. 40, 66
Pans, resemble Picus and Faunus, I.
358

Pansa, consul with Hirtius, begs Cicero
to stay at Rome, agreeing to put
down Antony, VII. 190; VI. 452;
wages war on Antony and is slain
with Hirtius, at Mutina, vil. 198,
1x. 174

Pantaleon, most influential Aetolian,
XI. 74

Pantauchus, general of Demetrius,
defeated in Aetolia by Pyrrhus, Ix.
100, 364

Panteus, general under Cleomenes in
capture of Megalopolis, x. 102;
dies with Cleomenes in Egypt, 126:
his wife executed by Ptolemy, 138

Panthers, VII. 174

Panthoidas, Spartan harmost, slain
at Tanagra, V. 376

Panthoides, Chian,
Themistocles, 11. 88

Paphlagonia, subdued by Alexander,
VII. 272; VIII. 84; Iv. 398; 11. 580;
triumphed over by Pompey, V. 230;
ruled by Philadelphus, Ix. 276

Papiria, Maso’s daughter, first wife of
Aemilius Paulus, mother of Scipio
and Fabius Maximus, VI. 364

pe oo M., slain by a Gaul,
14

son-in-law of

Pappus, source of Hermippus’ story
of Demosthenes’ death, VII, 74

Paraetonium, Ix. 294

Paralus, son of Pericles and his first
wife, 11. 70; last of Pericles’
legitimate sons to die, 111. 106

Paralus, Athenian ship, escaped from
Aegospotami, IV. 260

Parapotamii, Boeotian city on the
river Assus, in ruins in Sulla’s time,
Iv. 378

“ Parasitein,’’ practice of eating at the
public table in the townhall, regu-
lated by Solon, 1. 472

Parauaea, in Macedonia, given
Pyrrhus by Alexander, Ux. 360

Parilia, pastoral festival on April 21st,
celebrated even before founding of
Rome, I. 120; 156

Paris, defeated by Achilles and
Patroclus in Thessaly, I. 78; slew
Achilles at gates, TV. 452; his lyre,
VII. 62; TX. 338

433

GENERAL INDEX TO ALL THE ‘LIVES’

Pariscas, eunuch of Cyrus the Younger
xI. 152

Parma, embassy from, acts as arbi-
trator in dispute between Marius
and Catulus, IX. 536

gneye natural philosopher, 111.
1

Parmenio, conquered Illyrians at time
of birth of Alexander, VII. 230;
father of Philotas, 248; 264; 276;
284; 316 f.; 318 f.; 326; 342; exe-
cuted by Alexander, 366

Parnassus, 1Y. 374

Parrhasius, made
Theseus, I. 10

Parricide, no penalty for, ordained by
Theseus, I. 162

Parsley, its use, VI. 322 f.

Parthenon, built in Pericles’ time;
Oallicrates and Ictinus the archi-
tects, III., 40, Ix. 54

Parthia, invaded by Alexander, VII.
3543 11.592 ; 111.370; V.314; VI.254

eee arrows, II. 592, III. 388, 390 f.
4

likenesses of

Parthians, send friendly embassy to
Sulla, Iv. 334; their power humbled
by Tigranes, 11. 536; Lucullus plans
to invade their country, 570; 590;
refer to Pompey settlement of
territorial quarrel with Armenians,
v. 216; Ateius, tribune of the
people, tries to stop Crassus’ ex-
pedition against them, III. 362;
send embassy to Crassus, 368;
confront Crassus; their manner of
fighting, 386 f.; defeat and slay P.
Orassus and his force, 390f., VII.
172; defeat Orassus’ main force,
Ill, 398 f., VII. 172; warred
on by Bibulus, 1x. 148; threaten
Mesopotamia and Syria, 196; under
Labienus subduing Asia, 204; de-
feated by Ventidius, 210; harass
Antony’s army, 232 f.; 334; 46

Parysatis, daughter of Artaxerxes
I., wife of Dareius, mother of
Artaxerxes II., Cyrus, Ostanes,
Oxathres, XI. 128; favours Cyrus’
claim to the throne, 130; intercedes
for his life, 132; blamed for revolt
of Cyrus, plots death of Stateira,
138 f.; savagely punishes Carian
who killed Cyrus, 158 f.; 162; bas
revenge on Masabates who cut off

434

head and hand of Cyrus, 164f.;
tries to save Greek generals, 168;
poisons Stateira, 170 f.; sent off to
Babylon by Artaxerxes, 172; re-
stored to favour, causes death of
Tissaphernes, approves Artaxerxes’
marriage to Atossa, his own
daughter, 180 f.

Pasacas, horse ridden by Cyrus at
Cunaxa, XI. 146

Pasargadae, where Persian king was
inducted by priests, XI. 130

Paseas, father of Abantidas, XI. 4;
became tyrant of Sicyon; slain by
Nicocles, 8

Pasicrates, king of Soli, choregus
competing against Nicocreon, king
of Salamis, VII. 308

Pasiphaé, accused of too great inti-
macy with Taurus, I. 36; had
temple and oracle at Thalamae, xX.
20; had precinct at Sparta, 64

oe dialogue of his cited, II.
21

Pasitigris river, VIII. 120

Passaro, place in Molossian land, Ix.
356

Pataecus, boasted he had Aesop’s soul ;
cited, I. 418

Patara, city, surrenders to Brutus,
VI. 198

Patareans, VI. 130

Patavium, VII. 554

“Pater patriae,’’ title conferred on
Cicero by the people, VII. 138

Patrae, its citizens persuaded by
Alcibiades to attach their city to sea
by long walls, IV. 38; 1X.22; X1.108;
brought over to Rome by Cato the
Elder, II. 336; Ix. 274

“‘ Patres conscripti,’’ name given by
Romans to senators, I. 124

Patricians, 100 in number chosen from
people by Romulus; who they were
and why so called, I. 122 f.; 100
Sabines elected to their numbers,
150; those of Romans and
Sabines united, 152; lost much
power under Romulus; suspected
when he disappeared, 172, 308;
150 in number when Romulus died,
312; accuse people of driving out
Coriolanus unjustly, Iv. 184; for
bidden to have house on Oapitoline,
II. 188; one censor a patrician, 346

GENERAL INDEX TO ALL THE ‘LIVES’

Patrobius, adherent of Nero, executed
by Galba, x1. 240; 270

Patrocles, advises Seleucus not to
allow Demetrius to remain in
country, Ix. 118f.

Patroclus, with Achilles defeated Paris
in Thessaly, I. 78; brother of
Myrto, II. 278

ere came to Italy with Evander, I,

24

** Patronatus,’’ supposed to be de-
rived from “* Patron,’’ I. 124

Patronis, town in Greece, IV. 374

Patrons, protectors, their relation to
their clients, I. 126, Ix. 472

Paulinus, Suetonius, in command of
part of Otho’s forces, XI. 288; too
slow at battle of Cremona, 292; lost
oo power to Proculus, XI. 294; 296;

04

Paulus, L, Aemilius (1), consul with
Varro, III. 160; slain at Cannae,
111.166; VI.358; quoted, III. 166

Paulus, L. Aemilius (2), took over
army in Macedonia, XI. 206; father
of Scipio the Younger, subdued
Perseus, II. 346, 362, IV. 364, XI,
124; father of Tertia, and of Scipio
the Younger, Il. 364. See also
“* Aemilius Paulus, L.’’ No. 2.

Paulus, L. Aemilius (3), when consul
bought by Caesar for 1500 talents,
with which he built the Basilica in
the forum, V. 268, v1I. 514; brother
of Lepidus the triumvir, proscribed
by him, VII. 200, rx. 178

Pausanias (1), father of Pleistoanax,
I. 268, X. 8; commander of all
Hellenic forces against Mardonius,
joins Aristides, 11. 238, 252, 256, 258,
264; at prayer before battle, 266;
defeats Mardonius at Plataea, 58,
268 f., X. 8; rapacious and severe
toward allies, alienates them, II,
282f.; has treasonable corres-
pondence with Persians, 418; driven
from Byzantium by allies, 422;
makes treasonable proposals to
Themistocles, discovered and put
to death, 62 f.

Pausanias (2), forms juncture with
Agis and Lysander before Athens,
Iv. 268; frustrates Lysander’s
scheme to get pretext for taking
Athens 2nd time, 290; sent with

army against Boeotia, 310; comes
to Haliartus and asks for body of
Lysander, makes truce, 314; flees
to Tegea where he dies, 318; was
son of Pleistoanax, succeeded by
his elder son Agesipolis, x. 8

Pausanias (3), slew Philip of Macedon,
VII. 250; 52

Pausanias (4), physician, gets letter
from Alexander, VII. 346

Pausanias (5), acting for Seleucus,
seizes Demetrius and conducts him
to the Syrian Chersonese, Ix. 128

Peace, altar of, built by Athenians to
commemorate Eurymedon, II. 446;
of Antalcidas, V. 62, XI. 176; be-
tween Octavius and Antony, IX.
204, 216; between Greeks, V. 98;
of Nicias, III. 240, IV. 32; between
Philip and Romans, xX. 346; be-
tween Sextus Pompeius, Antony,
and Octavius, Ix. 206 f.; between
Sulla and Archelaiis, IV. 398;
between Timoleon and the Cartha-
ginians, VI. 340

**Peculium,’’ derived from “‘ pecus,’’
I. 532

Pedalium, place in the Chersonese,
tI. 544

Pedicularis morbus, IV. 438

Pedum, Latin city taken by Volscians
under Coriolanus, IV. 186

Pegae, in Megarid, III. 60, XI. 98, 100

Peiraic gate, at Athens, I. 62, IV. 370

Peirithotis, becomes friend of The-
seus, marries Deidameia, I. 68;
helps Theseus carry off Helen from
Sparta; is seized by Aidoneus, king
of Molossians and killed, 72

Peisianacteum, later called Painted
Colonnade, adorned by Polygnotus,
II. 414

Peisander (1), sent to Athens to change
form of government, IV. 74

Peisander (2), put in charge of navy
by Agesilaiis, V. 26; defeated off
Cnidus by Pharnabazus and Conon,
v. 46

he a expelled by Cleisthenes,
III.

“ Peisistratidae, new,’’? name given
Pericles and his associates by comic
poets, IIT. 50

Peisistratus, related to Solon and great
friend of his at first, I. 404, 406; of

435

GENERAL INDEX TO

township Philaidae, 428; son of
Hippocrates, 490; supported Solon
in war on Salamis, 422; leading the
Hill-men becomes tyrant of Athens
in spite of Solon’s opposition, 486 f.,
572; courts Solon and retains most
of his laws, made law that those
maimed in war should be maintained
at public expense, 494; expunged
verse from Hesiod and inserted one
in Inferno of Homer, 40; married
Timonassa of Argolis and begot
Iophon and Thessalus, II. 376; III,
16; saying of his, II. 376

Pelagon, Huboean, II. 20

Pelasgians, said to have settled city
and called it Rome, I. 90

Peleus, son of Aeacus and Endetis, I. 20

“Peleus,’? name given Philip by
Lysimachus, Alexander’s tutor, VII.
236

_ Pelias, father of Acastus, Iv. 440

Pelignians, repulsed at Pydna, VI. 406

Pella, city of Macedonia, VI. 416

Pella, L., ex-praetor, condemned by
Brutus for embezzlement, VI. 202

Pellené, X. 18; seized by Aetolians,
freed by Aratus, XI. 70; stormed by
Cleomenes, 90, X. 86

Pelopidae, Ix. 464

Pelopidas, his character and career,
v. 344; his family and wealth, was
friend of Epaminondas, 436 f.;
saved by Epaminondas in battle
with Spartans against Arcadians at
Mantineia, 348; arouses Theban
exiles to attempt liberation of
Thebes, 354; leads band of exiles to
Thebes and slays Theban tyrants,
356 f.; elected boeotarch, drives
Spartans from acropolis, 370; with
Gorgias devises scheme to embroil
Athens with Sparta, 372; wins dis-
tinction in battles with Spartans,
especially at Tegyra, 376 f., 380, 386

First to side with Fpaminondas

to give battle to Cleombrotus, 388 ;
before Leuctra has strange dream,
390, 392; with his band of 300 turns
the tide at Leuctra, 394f.; boeo-
tarch with Epaminondas invades
Peloponnesus, detaches most of
Spartan allies, takes many cities,
ravages Spartan land, 396 f.; re-
stored Messenia and settled Ithomé,

430

ALL THE ‘LIVES’

tried for his life on return, 398 f.;
goes to help Thessalians against
Alexander of Pherae, 402f.; goes
to Macedonia and acts as arbiter be-
tween Ptolemy and Alexander, king
of the Macedonians, brings Philip
and others as hostages to Thebes,
404; goes once more to help Thes-
salians against Alexander of Pherae,
and to deal with Ptolemy who had
killed the king of Macedonia, 406;
is taken prisoner along with
Ismenias by Alexander of Pherae,
408; visited by Thebé, wife of
Alexander, 410; with Ismenias is
recovered by Epaminondas and
brought home, is sent on embassy to
Persian king, 414, xI. 178 f.; highly
honoured by Artaxerxes, who grants
all his demands, 416; sent once
more to help Thessalians against
Alexander of Pherae, 420; attacks
him at Cynoscephalae and is slain,
422 f.; bitterly mourned and given
ee funeral by Thessalians,
426 £,
See also 11. 212, VI. 344, XI. 34
Quoted : V. 388, 410, 422

Peloponnesian war, its causes, III,
82 f., 202; its course, 94f., 226 f.,
IV. 42 f., 238 f,

Peloponnesians, their character, II.
414; attack Pylos, and 400 Spar-
tans are cut off on island of Sphac-
teria, I1I. 230; Iv. 90; defeated by
Athenians off Arginusae islands, III.
108

Peloponnesus, I. 72, 11. 26, 460, III. 56;
ravaged first by Tolmides, then by
Pericles, 60; ravaged by Athenians,
98; invaded by Thebans under
Epaminondas and Pelopidas, V. 396;
invaded by Demetrius, Ix. 58; by
Pyrrhus, 434; freed from Macedon-
ians by Aratus, X. 82; XI. 923 II.
474

Pelops (1), strongest of kings in
Peloponnesus, ancestor of Theseus
on his mother’s side, I. 6; father of
Lysidicé and Pittheus by Hippo-
dameia, 16

Pelops (2), of Byzantium, Ay angry
letter from Cicero, VII. 142

Pelusium, in Ngypt, taken by Antony,
Ix. 142 f.; by Octavius Caesar, 806

GENERAL INDEX TO

Peneius river, in volume and speed
equalled by Apsus, Xx. 328
Penelopé, wife of Lysimachus, rx 60
Pensions, given to descendants of
Aristides by Athens and by Deme-
trius, II, 296

Pentakosiomedimnoi, those with 500
measures yearly increase; highest
class in Solon’s scheme, I. 450, II.
210, 386

Pentapyla, part of Syracuse, VI. 62
Penteleium, won over by Cleomenes,
X. 86, x1. 90

Pentheus, character in ‘‘ Bacchae ”’ of
Euripides, tI. 420

“People’s Flight,’’ name of day on
which Romulus disappeared, I. 182
Peparethus, Diocles of, I. 96

Percoté, city given by Persian king to
help support Themistocles, II. 80
Perdiccas (1), in Thrace, IT. 428
Perdiccas (2), with Alexander on his
expedition, VII. 262; advanced to
Hephaestion’s place after his death,
VIII. 78; accomplice of Roxana
in murdering Stateira; in great
authority after Alexander’s death,
vil. 436; urged by Demades to
seize Macedonia and deliver Greeks,
78; informed of designs of Leon-
natus by Eumenes, makes him
satrap of Cappadocia, sends him
back from Cilicia to reduce Armenia
to obedience, VIII. 86 f.; 90; slain
in mutiny in Egypt, 190

Pergamenians, VI. 130
Pergamum, X.

194; occupied by
Mithridates, Iv. 358; 11.478; home
of Athenodorus; its libraries given

to Cleopatra, Ix. 270

Pergamus, district of, in Crete, I. 302

Tlept atri@v ‘Pwyaikay, work by
Plutarch, 11. 140

Periander, son of Cypselus, XI. 8;
arranged joint conference and

banquct for 7 wise men at Corinth,
1. 412; 432

ITepi BactAetas, work by Theophrastus,
11. 68

Periboea, mother of Aias, married by
Theseus, I. 66

Pericleidas, goes to Athens to get aid
for Sparta against Helots and
Messenians, II. 454

Pericles, his family and physical

ALL THE ‘LIVES’

deformity, 117. 6 f.; had Damon as
teacher in music, 8, 11. 214; studied
with Zeno the Eleatic and Anaxa-
goras the Clazomenian, IIT. 10; as
a young man reluctant to face the
people 16; joined the party of the
people and shunned society, 18;
excelled as an orator, 20 f.; aristo-
cratic rather than democratic in
administration, 24; opposes Cimon
and the Council of the Areiopagus,
26; has Cimon recalled from banish-
ment, 28, 11. 458; made lenient to
Cimon by Elpinicé, Cimon’s sister,
448, 111.30; opposed by Thucydides
of Alopecé, leader of the ** Good and
True,’’ 32; catered to the people,
sent out numerous colonies, aderned
Athens with public works, 34 f.;
had Pheidias as general overseer of
these works, 40; has musical con-
test added to Panathenaic festival
42; denounced by Thucydides for
lavish expenditure, 46; with banish-
ment of Thucydides has a free
hand, 46f.; untainted by cor-
ruption; invites all Greek states
to send deputies to a council] at
Athens to deliberate on various
questions, 54f.; led successful ex-
pedition to the Chersonesus, 58;
other achievements, 60 f.; right in
seeking to confine power of Athen-
ians within lesser Greece; bribes
Cleandridas to have Spartan army
withdrawn from Attica, 64; subdued
cities in Euboea, 66; gets decree
passed for expedition against
Samians; his relations with Aspa-
sia, 68f.; conducts war against
Samians, 72 f.; receives surrender
of Samians, 78

When Peloponnesian war was
imminent, persuaded people to send
aid to Corcyraeans in their war
against Corinth, 82; accused of thus
furnishing enemies pretext for
war, 84; hold responsible for war,
86, 240; secures acquittal of
Aspasia, 92; refuses tolet Athenians
attack invading army of Archi-
damus, 94f,; sends 100 ships to
ravage the Peloponnesus, parcels
out Aegina among the citizens,
razes the Megarid, 98; blamed for

437

GENERAL INDEX TO ALL THE <¢ LIVES’

the plague, 100, 226; fails in ex-
pedition against Epidaurus and is
fined, his domestic troubles, 102 f.;
recalled to conduct of affairs, 106;
asks suspension of law about
children born out of wedlock; what
this law was, 106 f.; his dying
words, 110; an appreciation of
him, 112 f.

See also 1. 256, II. 6, 286, 292, 294,
324, 444, 450, III. 212, 214, 290,
IV. 2, VII. 22, 32, VIII. 160

Sayings : III. 24, 36, 46, 58, 80,
110, Iv. 8

[lepi evyevetas, possibly work of
Aristotle, 11. 296

Ilepit evoeBeias,
machus, IV. 264

[Iepit jucpav, treatise by Plutarch,
It. 138

treatise by Dai-

Periguné, daughter of Sinis, bore
Melanippus to Theseus, afterwards
lived with Deioneus, son of Eurytus,
L138

Ilepi pvnudctwy, work by Diodorus
the topographer, II. 88

Perinthus, attacked by Philip, saved
by Athenians, VII. 40, VIII. 174;
besieged by Alexander, VII. 420

Perioeci, received 30,000 lots of
Laconian land in redistribution of
Lycurgus, I. 228; attack Sparta, II.
454

Peripatetics, older, had no wide or ex-
act acquaintances with writings of
Aristotle and Theophrastus, Iv. 406

Periphemus, hero to whom Solon
sacrificed, I. 424
Periphetes, Club-bearer, slain by

Theseus, I. 16

“‘ Periphoretus,’”? surname of the
engineer Artemon, III. 78

Ilepi wAovrov, work by Eratosthenes,
Il. 74

Peripolitas, seer, conducted King
Opheltas from Thessaly to Boeotia ;
his posterity, 11. 404

Ilepi Wux7s, treatise by Heracleides
Ponticus, II. 146

TeprcnvAaniey aly rites performed by

reeks, I. 160

Peritas, favourite dog of Alexander,
VII.398 ;

Tlept Gem, treatise by Antiochus the
philosopher, IJ. 564

438

Perithoedae, deme of Hyperbolus, III.
248, IV. 28

Ilepi zat gevyous of Isocrates, cited
Iv. 26

Perpenna Vento, M., abandons Sicily
to Pompey, V. 156; came to Spain
to fight Metellus, is forced to join
Sertorius, VIII. 38f.; with Heren-
nius defeated by Pompey, V. 158;
defeated, captured, and executed
by Pompey, 164, VIII. 72 f.; quoted,

Perrhaebia, VI. 392; proclaimed free
at Isthmian games by Flamininus,
x. 350

Persaeus, philosopher, commanded
Acrocorinthus for Antigonus, XI.
38; on its capture escaped to
onchange anecdote about him,

2

Persephoné, festival of; black heifer
sacrificed, II. 500

Perseus (1), his deeds against Aethio-
pians, Medes, Armenians, II. 410

Perseus (2), son of Philip, succeeds him
to throne of Macedonia; said to
have been really son of Gnathaenion,
an Argive semptress, VI. 374, XI.
124; wages war on Romans, Il. 362,
vi. 370; his lineage and events
prior to his accession, 372 f., Ix.
134; in spite of his mean and
ignoble character wins successes
against Romans, VI.374f.; through
avarice loses the help of the Bis-
ternae, 382; basely betrays Gen-
thius the Illyrian king; had 4000
cavalry and nearly 49,000 heavy-
armed infantry, 386; taken in the
rear by Scipio Nasica, 394: retires
to Pydna and prepares for battle,
396; is defeated by Romans under
Aemilius Paulus, 400 f.; flees from
Pydna to Pella, 414f.; flees with
his treasure from Pella to Amphi-
polis, from there to Galepsus, then
sails across to Samothrace and takes
refuge in temple of the Dioscuri,
416 f.; is left in the lurch by the
Cretan Croandes, who sails off with
his treasure, 422; surrenders to the
Romans, 424, Il. 346; is led with
his children in triumph of Aemilius
Paulus, VI. 442 f.; the manner of
his death, 450

GENERAL INDEX TO ALL THE ‘LIVES’

Persians, invaded Greece, II. 404;
defeated by Greeks at Marathon
Plataea, Mycalé, Arbela, 138, 224,
IlI. 6; came into closer relations
with Greeks after time of 'Themis-
tocles, I1. 80; defeated by Cimon on
banks of Strymon, 422; 438f.; de-
feated at the Eurymedon, 442 f.;
446; 464; defeated large forces of
Greeks in Egypt, 618 ; 620; attacked
by Agesilaiis, 464; send money to
Demosthenes to aid in struggle
against Philip, VII. 48; defeated
by Alexander at river Granicus, II.
138, VII. 262; some of their women
marry Alexander’s Macedonians,
418; guard their women very
jealously, 11.72; XI. 154

“‘ Persians’? of Timotheus, opening
verse, X. 284

Persis, invaded and ravaged by
Alexander, VII. 334; VIII. 120

Pessinus, place in Asia Minor, VIII.
268, Ix. 508

Pestilence, in Rome in time of
Romulus, 1. 166; swept Rome and
Italy in time of Numa, 350; at
Citium, 11. 466; at Velitrae, Iv. 144;
at Athens, 01.98f., 226 f.; at Rome,
Il. 162, 206; in Demetrius’ army,
Ix. 118

Petelia, hill of, Hannibal slays 2500
Romans there, V. 514; mountains
of, III. 346

Peteline Grove, scene of final trial of
Manlius, 11. 188

Peteos, father of Menestheus, I. 72

Peticius, takes Pompey, the two
Lentuli, Favonius, and Deiotarus
on board his ship, V. 306 f.

Petilius, praetor, read Numa’s books,
which were then burned in Comi-
tium, I. 380

Petillius, supported by Cato the Elder,
prosecutes Scipio the Great, Il. 344

Petinus, adherent of Nero, executed
by Galba, x1. 240

Petra, in northern Greece, VI. 392

Petra, city in Arabia Petraea, Vv. 220,
IX. 296

Petrachus, the so-called, near Thurium
in Boeotia, LV. 382

Petro, Granius, see ‘‘ Granius Petro.”

Petronius, in army of Crassus at
Carrhae, I11. 412; legionary tribune,

neil in attempt to save Crassus,

Petronius Turpilianus, of consular
rank, ordered by Galba to take his
own life, XI. 236, 240

Peucestas, with Alexander on his
expedition, VII. 346f.; saves
Alexander, 404; friend of Eumenes,
with other satraps joins him, VIII
118; rejected by soldiers in favour
of Eumenes, 120f.; 124; fought
ignobly for Eumenes_ against
Antigonus, 130

Phaea, the Crommyonian sow, or, as
some say, a female robber called
sow because of her life and manners,
slain by Theseus, I. 18 f.

Phaeax (1), said to have been Theseus’
mek-ous man on his trip to Crete, I.

cbgeas (2), father of Erasistratus, v.
4

Phaeax (3), son of Erasistratus, able
opponent of Alcibiades, Iv. 28; he,
not Nicias, striving with Alcibiades
when Hyperbolus was _ banished
according to Theophrastus, 30, II.
250; his speech ‘* Against Alcibi-
ades ”’ cited, Iv. 28

Phaedimus, warns Eumenes of plots
against his life, VIII. 128

Phaedo, archonship of, I. 82

Phaedra, wife of Theseus, met with
calamities, I. 64

Phaenareté, wife of Samon, Ix. 358

Phaenippus, archon eponymous in
year of Marathon, II. 228

‘‘ Phaenomernies,’’ term applied to
Spartan maidens, I. 248, 390

Phaestus, Epimenides of, I. 432

Phaéthon, first king of Thesprotians
and Molossians after the flood;
came into Epeirus with Pelasgus,
Ix, 346

Phalanx, its strength and weakness,
X. 342; VI. 402, 406

Phalerum, had temple of Scirus and
memorial chapels for Nausithoiis
and Phaeax,I. 34; haven of, II. 34;
210; had tomb of Aristides, 296

Phalinus, Zacynthian, sent by Arta-
xerxes after Cunaxa to parley with
Greeks, XI. 156

Phallus, phantom of, in home of
Tarchetius, king of Albans, I. 94

439

GENERAL INDEX TO ALL THE ‘LIVES’

Phanias, Lesbian of Eresos, philo-
sopher and historian, II. 40; cited:
I. 436, 496, II. 2, 20 f., 40, 74, 80

Phanodemus, cited: II. 38, 442, 464

Pharax, Spartan, emissary between
Dionysius and Heracleides, defeats
Dion at Neapolis, VI. 102, 286; 462

Pharmacusa, island near which Caesar
was captured by pirates, VII. 444

Pharmuthi, Egyptian month, I. 122

Pharnabazus (1), IV. 66; assists

Spartans at naval battle of Abydos,
80; defeated at Cyzicus by Alcibi-
ades, 80f.; defeated by Thrasyllus
and Alcibiades, 84; attempts to
raise siege of Chalcedon, put to
flight by Alcibiades, 86; makes
peace with Athenian generals on
conditions, 88; visited by Alcibi-
ades in Phrygia, 110; bidden by
Lysander to kill Alcibiades, 112 f.,
300; denounces Lysander to Sparta,
284 f.; V. 20; his province ravaged
by Agesilaiis, 28; has conference
with him, 32f.; defeats and slays
Peisander off Cnidus, 46, XI. 176;
with Conon ravages coasts of
Laconia, furnished money for re-
building walls of Athens, V. 62;
quarrels with Iphicrates and so
conducts unsuccessful war against
Egypt for Artaxerxes, XI. 184;
quoted: v. 32 f.

Pharnabazus (2), son of Artabazus,
commands foreign horse under
Eumenesg, VIII. 96

Pharnaces, son of Mithridates, revolts
and thus drives his father to suicide,
submits to Pompey and sends him
gifts, V. 222; defeats Domitius and
drives him from Pontus, occupies
Bithynia and Cappadocia, defeated
at Zela by Caesar and driven from
Pontus, VII. 560

Pharnacia, hiding place of Mithri-
dates’ women-folk, II. 524

Pharnapates, most capable general of
Hyrodes, slain by Ventidius, 1x.
210

21

Pharos, visited by Alexander and
made site of Alexandria, VII. 298 f.;
560; IX. 296

Pharsalia, plain of, v. 292

Pharsalians, proud of cavalry, routed
by Age. ilaiis, V. 44

440

Pharsalus, occupied by Alexander of
Pherae, V. 408, 4225; battle of,
Caesar defeats Pompey, v. 292 f.,
VI. 134, 136, VII, 180, 182, 546f.,
Ix. 156

Pharygae, village of Phocis at foot of
Mt. Acrurium, VIII. 222

Phaselis, Hellenic city, joins Cimon
against Persians, 11. 440; VII. 272

Phasis, 11. 580; northern boundary of
Lucullus’ conquests, 618; river in
Colchis, V. 206

Phayllus, athlete of Croton, in
Median wars fitted out ship at his
own expense and sailed to Salamis,
honoured in remembrance by Alex-
ander, VII. 328

Phegaea, Attic deme, Iv. 60

Pheidias, 111. 4; general manager and
overseer of public works under
Pericles, 111.40; made golden image
of Athena, became involved in
scandal, 44; charged with em-
bezzlement, dies in prison, 88;
moulded Zeus of Homer according
to Aemilius Paulus, v1. 428

& Se ”» surname of Demetrius, VII.

2

Pheneus, captured by Cleomenes, x.
86, XI. 90

Pherae (1), ruled by Alexander, Vv
402, 406

Pherae (2), Achaean city, menaced by
Cleomenes, X. 78

Pheraean, the, see ‘‘ Alexander of
Pherae.’”’

Phereboea, married by Theseus, I. 66

Pherecles, approaches priestesses of
Dodona for Lysander, Iv. 304

Phereclus, son of Amarsyas, accord-
ing to Simonides was pilot of ship
bearing Theseus and other victims
to Crete, I. 34

Pherecydes (1), though foreigner,
honoured at Sparta, X. 24; lyric
poet, eaten of worms and died,
Iv. 440

Pherecydes (2), cited, I. 36, 58

Pherecydes, wise man, put to death by
Spartans and his skin preserved,
v. 390

Pherendates, commander of Persian
infantry at Eurymedon according
to Ephorus, II. 440

Pherenicus, outlawed from Thebes by

GENERAL INDEX TO ALL THE ‘LIVES’

Spartans holding the Cadmeia, v.
352; 356

Pheristus, with Megellus, repeoples
Agrigentum, VI. 344

Phersephoné, wife of Aidoneus, I.

72

Phiditia, Spartan for public messes;
etymology of the word, I. 236, V. 54

Phila, daughter of Antipater, wife
first of Craterus then of Demetrius,
IX. 32f., 50, 334; 64; mother of
Antigonus and Stratonicé, 76 f.,
90, 134; had sister Eurydicé, 116;
commits suicide, 112

“* Philadelphus,’’ Greek surname from
a special excellence, Iv. 142

Philadelphus, king of Paphlagonia,
fights under Antony, Ix. 276

Philaeus, son of Ajax, became
Athenian citizen and made over
Salamis to Athens, I. 426

Philagrus, teacher of Metellus Nepos,
ViI. 148

Philaidae, Attic township to which
Peisistratus belonged; named after
Philaeus, son of Ajax, I. 428

Philargyrus, freedman of Cato the
Younger, VIII. 328

Philarus, stream joined by Hoplites,
in Boeotia, IV. 316

Philetas, poet, III. 4

Philides, horse-breeder, 11. 14

Philinna, mother of Arrhidaeus by
Philip of Macedon, VII. 436

Philip, with Archias and Leontidas
persuades Phoebidas to seize Cad-
meia, VY. 350f.; polemarch at
Thebes, 354; slain, 366

Philip of Macedon, his character, VII.
232, 234, vill. 4; progenitor of
Perseus, VI. 384; brought as
hostage to Thebes by Pelopidas,
v. 404f.; married Olympias, sister
of Arymbas, VII. 226; took Poti-
daea, 230; made Euboea submit
toits tyrants, 40, VIII.170; leaving
Alexander as regent, made expedi-
tion against Byzantium, VII. 244,
vill. 174; expelled from Hellespont
through Phocion, 176; his successes
in regard to Amphissa, Elateia, and
Phocis, VII. 42; defeats Greeks at
Chaeroneia, II. 138, VII. 48, 244,
VIII. 178; proclaimed commander-
in-chief of Greeks, rx. 58; marries

VOL, XI.

Cleopatra; VII. 246; 1X. 338; slain,
VII. 50, VIII. 180
See also VI. 296, VII. 30, 38, 42,
228, 236, 240, 246, 248, 250, VII.
78, XI. 52
Quoted: III. 4, V. 386, VI. 296,
VII. 236
Philip, companion of Alexander, made
eg of large territory in India, V1).
9
Philip, the Acharnanian, cures Alex-
ander, VII. 276
Philip (Arrhidaeus), see Arrhidaeus.
Philip, father of Antigonus, Ix. 6
Philip, son of Antigonus and Strato-
nicé, younger than his brother
Demetrius, died early, Ix. 6, 54
Philip, eldest son of Cassander, after
latter’s death reigned over Mace-
donians short time, then died,
leaving two brothers, Antipater and
Alexander, IX. 86
Philip, had daughter Antigoné by
Berenicé, Ix. 356
Philip, successor of Antigonus Doson,
sent into Peloponnesus by latter,
XI. 106; supports Aratus as general
of Achaeans, wins obedience of
Cretans quickly, conducts vigorous
campaign against Aetolians, 110;
put to death courtiers for attacking
Aratus, sets Messenians by the ears,
112; lost his fleet to Romans,
ravaged territory of Messenians,
116; got Taurion to poison Aratus,
118; at war with Rome, x. 324;
faces Publius Villius, 328; driven
from mountains along Apsus by
Flamininus, 330; 334: meets
Flamininus, but refuses his terms,
336; sends unsuccessful embassy
to Rome, 338; defeated by
Flamininus at Cynoscephalae, II.
350, VI. 372, X. 292, 340, 386; 344;
terms of peace with Rome, 346,
362, XI. 122; left kingdom to his
son Perseus, 124, IT. 334
See also 1X. 8, X. 274, 286, 348,
388
Quoted: xX. 344f., x1. 36
Philip, freedman of Pompey, Vv. 320
Philip (L. Marcius), married mother
of young Caesar, negotiates with
Cicero, VII. 194
Philip, the Chalcidian, cited, VII. 356

Pp 44!

GENERAL INDEX TO ALL THE ‘LIVES’

Philip of Theangela, cited, VII. 356
Philippi, Iv. 402; battle of, vi. 178,
186, 208, 212
Philippics, mame given Cicero’s
errs against Antony, VII. 142,
6
Philippides, enemy of Stratocles, Ix.

Philippides (Kock 111. 308), 1x. 30,
62

Philippus, L., moves that Pompey be
sent against Sertorius, V. 118, 156
Philippus, Marcius, censor with Aemi-
lius Paulus, VI. 456

Philippus, gives his daughter Marcia
first to Cato, then to Hortensius,
VIII. 292; consul, 330

Philistus, his language corrected by
Timaeus,TII.210; recalled from exile
by Dionysius, the Younger, VI. 22 f.;
advises Dionysius to banish Dion,
28, 38; in wait for Dion’s fleet at
Iapygia, 52; defeated and slain
by Syracusans, 76; his books sent
to Alexander, VIT. 242.

Cited: III. 276, 306, V. 428, VI.

298

Phillidas, contrives to be appointed
secretary to Archias and Philip, the
polemarchs, V. 354; helps exiles
killtyrants and drive Spartans from
Thebes, 360

Philo, arsenal of, burned by -Sulla,
Iv. 372

Philo, represented doctrines of Car-
neades, founder of New Academy, II.
606; disciple of Cleitomachus, his
lectures attended by Cicero, VII. 86;

90

Philo, the Theban, cited, VII. 356

Philoboetus, hill in plains of Elatea,
Iv. 374

Philochorus, cited, 1. 28, 30, 34, 36,
58, 68, 80, I1I. 292

Philocles, one of Athenian commanders
at Aegospotami, Iv. 254; executed
by Lysander, 264; 454

Philocles, cited by Didymus, I. 404

Philocrates, member of embassy of ten
sent to Philip, V11. 38

Philocrates, servant of O. Gracchus,
slays his master and then himself,
X. 236

Philoctetes, once ruled territory about
Olizon, 11. 22 f.

442

Philoctetes, character in play of same
name, I. 460
** Philoctetes,” play of uncertain
peers) (Nauck 841), cited, I.
6

Philocyprus, one of kings of Oyprus,
loved Solon greatly, named new
city Soli in his honour, I. 476.

Philologus, freedman of Q. Cicero,
betrayed Cicero to his murderer,
punished by Pomponia, VII. 206

Philombrotus, succeeded by Solon as
archon, I. 436

Philomelus, Phocian, one of party
that seized Delphi and plundered
sanctuary, VI. 334

Philoneicus, Thessalian, offered Buce-
phalus to Philip for 13 talents, VII.
236

Philonicus, Licinius, see ‘* Licinius
Philonicus.”’

Philopoemen, son of Craugis, reared
first by Cleander, then by Ecdemus
and Megalophanes, X. 256; his
appearance, 258; his character,
260; youthful activities and train-
ing, 262f.; stoutly resists Cleo-
menes when latter seized Megalo-
polis at night, 264; persuades
Megalopolitans to refuse COleomenes’
offer to restore their city, 104, 266;
distinguishes himself in battle at
Sellasia, 266; refuses service under
Antigonus, 270; serves with credit
in Crete, is made commander of
Achaean cavalry, defeats Aetolians
and Eleians at river Larissus, 272;
makes Achaeans independent of
foreign protectors, changes armour
and drill of troops, 276; defeats
Machanidas, tyrant of Sparta at
Mantineia, 280; honoured at
Nemean games, 284

His life attempted by Philip of
Macedon, rescues Messene from
Nabis, 286; serves with distinction
as general of the Gortynians in
Crete, 288; saved by Achaeans
from being’ exiled by his native
city, 290; chosen general against
Nabis, defeated in naval battle,
292; defeats Nabis, 294; gives
secret umbrage to Flamininus, 296,
360; brings Sparta into Achaean
league, 296; shuts out Flamininus

N

GENERAL INDEX TO ALL THE ‘LIVES’

and Diophanes from Sparta and
brings it back again into the league,
300; as general of Achaean league,
tore down walls of Sparta, annexed
it to Megalopolis, and abolished
constitution of Lycurgus, 302;
defeats Deinocrates, who had in-
duced Messené to revolt from
Achaean league, but is taken
prisoner, 310; drinks poison sent
in by Deinocrates and dies, 314;
his death avenged, his funeral, 314
See also 368, X1. 54
fp areag X. 258, 290, 304, 306,
a
Philosophers, their definition of love,
I. 190; fared ill until Plato came,
Ill. 290; troubled Alexander in
India, many hanged by him, vi.
392; assist Dio, VI. 46; 294; those
at Athens treated with munificence
by Pompey, V. 224; howspeculative
philosopher differs from statesman,
III. 54
Philosophy, higher, influence on
Pericles, I11. 12; effect of its lack,
XI. 24; 11. 472
Philosophy, natural, removes super-
stition, T11. 14; Latin terms of,
provided by Cicero, VII. 184
Philostephanus, cited, I. 276
Philostratus, philosopher, honoured
by Cato in Sicily, VIII. 374; par-
doned by Octavius, Ix. 318
Philotas, son of Parmenio and friend
of Alexander, VII. 248; 254; 316;
342; suspected of plotting against
Alexander, is put to death, 360
Philotas, physician of Amphissa, his
anecdote about Antony, Ix. 198
Philotis, or Tutula, serving-maid,
proposes and carries out ruse to
defeat Latins, 1. 184, I1. 176
Philoxenus, son of Ptolemy, given as
hostage to Pelopidas, v. 406
Philoxenus, dithyrambic poems of,
sent to Alexander, VII. 242
Philoxenus, commander of Alexander’s
forces on sea-board, VII. 284.
Phlius, attacked by Agesilaiis in
interests of its tyrants, V. 66; joins
Achaean league, XI. 80; joins
Cleomenes, X. 90, XI. 90; garrison
of Oligyrtus expelled from it by
Oleomenes, xX. 110

Phlogidas, Spartan, opposed to gold

and silver coinage, IV. 276

Phlogius, accompanied Autolycus,

II. 544

Phlya, native place of Myron, I. 432;

had chapel shrine belonging to
Lycomidae, which was burned by
barbarians, restored by Themis-
tocles, II. 4; had temple of Apollo
the Laurel-bearer, 44

®6Bos, sacrificed to by Theseus, 1. 62;

by Alexander, VII. 316. See also
oe Fear.’’

Phocaea, IV. 242
Phocians, hid in caves near Tithora

on advance of Xerxes, IV. 374;
forced by Spartans to free Del-
phians, 11. 456; driven from sanc-
tuary at Delphi by Spartans and
Delphians, reinstated, III. 62;
denounced Thebans to Alexander,
VII. 254; proclaimed free at
Sorsgra games by Flamininus, x.

Phocion, his lineage, pupil of Plato,

then of Xenocrates, VIII. 152; his
character and power as speaker,
154, VII. 24, 34; attached himself
to Chabrias, distinguished himself
in sea-fight off Naxos, VIII. 156;
strove to be both orator and states-
man, his policies, 160; sent with
small force to Eretria to oppose
Philip, 170; sent to help allies
on the Hellespont, 174; expels
Philip from Hellespont, brings help
to Megara, 176; put in charge of
Athens after Chaeroneia, opposes
rejoicing at Philip’s death and
opposition to Alexander, 180;
persuades Alexander to turn his
arms against the Barbarians and
becomes his friend, 182; vexes
Alexander by refusing his gift, 184,
vit. 340; his domestic life, vi11.
188; advises Athenians to accede
to Alexander’s request for triremes,
190; resists Harpalus’ attempts to
bribe him, 192; tries to restrain
people when news of Alexander's
death is brought, 194

Opposes Leosthenes, 194, V1. 274;
successfully opposes sending expedi-
tion against Boeotians, VIII. 198;
defeated Micion and his Mace-

443

GENERAL itNDEX TO

donians, 200; as envoy persuades
Antipater not to invade Attica,
202; with other ambassadors sent
to meet Antipater at Thebes, 204;
induces Antipater to exempt many
from exile, 210; refuses gift of
money from Menyllus, 212, x1. 42;
persuades Antipater not to exact
moneys due from city, VIII. 214;
refuses to arrest Nicanor, Cas-
sander’s general, 218; deposed
from command, 220; sets out with
Deinarchus and others to meet
Polysperchon, 222; taken back to
Athens by Cleitus, virtually under
sentence of death, 224; condemned
to death by Athenian assembly,
228; drinks the hemlock, 230;
his burial, his death avenged, 232
Sayings: 154, 158, 162, 164f.,
174, 178f., 190 f., 212, 226, 228 f.,
4

x;

Phocis, raided by Xerxes, II. 26; 408;
I1I. 56; 1v.310; occupied by Philip,
VII. 42

Phocus, son of Phocion, victor as
vaulting rider of horses, sent by
his father to Sparta for training,
VIII. 188 £.; 212; 228; takes ven-
geance on Epicurus and Demo-
philus for his father’s death, 232

Phoebidas, seized Cadmeia in time of
peace, V. 64, 350; slain at Thespiae
by Thebans, 376

Phoebis, sent by Cleomenes to slay
ephors, X. 64

Phoenicia, Iv. 252; with exception
of Tyre, surrenders to Alexander,
VII. 292; 308; its cities subdued
by Tigranes, II. 534; V. 196; taken
from Tigranes by Lucullus, 202;
triumphed over by Pompey, 230;
oes to Oleopatra by Antony, Ix.
216 f.

Phoenician ships, 11. 440, 444, 462,
Iv. 70, 76

Phoenicians, send ships to aid of
Samians, III. 74; routed in Sicily
by Pyrrhus and their territory
subdued, Ix. 418; call the cow
* thor,’’ IV. 382

Phoenix, reared Achilles, x. 256

Phoenix, name which lLysimachus,
tutor of Alexander, gave himself,
VII. 236

444

ALL THE ‘LIVES’

Phoenix, his surrender demanded of
Thebans by Alexander, VII. 252

Phoenix, of Tenedos, commands
foreign horse under Eumenes, VIII.
96

“‘ Phoenix,’? name of fount where
Apollo was born, V. 378

Phorbas, father of Dexithea, I. 92;
loved by Apollo, 318

Phormio, Athenian general, IV. 2

Phormio, prosecuted by Apollodorus,
used speech written for him by
Demosthenes, VII. 36, 216

Phraata, large city besieged by
Antony, IX. 222, 226, 252

Phraates, Parthian, demands Tigranes
of Pompey on plea that he is his
son-in-law, and that Euphrates be
adopted as boundary between his
empire and that of the Romans,
v. 204

Phraates, put his father Hyrodes to
death and seized kingdom, III. 422,
TX,1218

Phraortes, Parthian, quarrels with
king of the Medes, Ix. 254

Phrasicles, nephew of Themistocles
and husband of his daughter Nico-
maché, took charge of Asia the
youngest, II. 88

Phrixus, Spartan, Vv. 90

Phrygia, II. 432; plundered by
Agesilaus, V. 22; subdued by
Alexander, VII. 272; 1x. 116;

Antiochus in battle there, x. 378;
added to Pompey’s sway by
Manilian law, Vv. 190

Phrygia, Upper, has Hpixyes as satrap,
II. 82

Phrygians, claim Bona or Gynaeceia,
and say she was mother of Midas,
VII. 462

Phrynichus (1), won in tragedy, Il.
16

Unidentified play cited (Kock I.

385), III. 222, Iv. 54

Phrynichus (2), Athenian general at
Samos, opposes return of Alcibiades
from exile, betrayed and denounced
by Alcibiades, slain by Hermon,
IV. 70:f

Phrynis, musician, had two of his nine
lute-strings cut out by the ephor
Ectrepes, xX. 24

Phthia, wife of Admetus, said to have

GENERAL INDEX TO ALL THE ‘LIVES’

suggested form of supplication to
him, II. 66

Phthia, daughter of Menon, the Thes-
salian, married Aeacides and be-
came mother of Defdameia, Troas,
and Pyrrhus, IX. 346

Phthiotis, Achaeans of, have garrisons
put over them by Alexander of
Pherae, V. 418; freed by Thebans,
430; xX. 350

@vAa, subdivision of Spartans made
by Lycurgus, I. 220

Phylacia, in battle there Bithys,
general of Demetrius, defeats
Aratus, XI. 76

Phylacion, mistress of Stratocles, Ix.
26

Phylarchus, his story about Themi-
stocles fabricated, 11. 88; great
admirer of Cleomenes, XI. 88

Cited: II. 88, 138, VII. 66, Ix.
438, X. 20, 60, 114, 118, x1. 88

Phylé, in Attica, Iv. 290, 310, Ix. 54,

442

Phytalidae, men of race of, purified
‘Theseus from bloodshed and feasted
him, I. 22; superintended con-
tributions toward a sacrifice to
Theseus, 50

Picenum, III. 340, Vv. 126 f., 442

Pictae, deputation reaches Sulla
there, IV. 352

Pictor, see ‘‘ Fabius Pictor.’’

Picus, demi-god, once haunted Aven-
tine, etc., 1. 358

Pierio, said by some to have com-
posed verses sung at banquet of
Alexander, VII. 368

Pigres, general, said by Eumenes to
be coming against him, VIII. 94

‘* Pilamenai,’’ connected with ‘‘ fiam-
ines,’’ I. 328

Pillars of Hercules, 111. 250, VI. 310,
368

Pinarii, descended from Pinus, son of
Numa, I. 376

Pinarius, husband of Thalaea, I. 394

Pinarus, river, VII. 278

Pindar (in passage not extant) says
son of Theseus and Antiopé called
Demophooén, I. 64; he and his
verses loved by Pan, 318; his
descendants spared by Alexander,
VII. 254

Pyth. (2, 1f.), V. 492, (8, 44f.) X].2

Frg 77 (Bergk I§. p. 414) Ir. 22;

Frg 131 (p. 444) 1. 180; Frg 169
(p. 458) Ix. 104; Frg 199 (p. 466)
I. 272; Frg 205 (p. 469) Ix. 544;
Frg 206 (p. 469) 111.208; Frg 232
(p. 476) V. 516

Pindarus, freedman, slays Cassius, VI.
234, Ix. 184

Pinus, son of Numa, ancestor ob
Pinarii, 1. 376

Piracy, ships engaged in it not
collected by Lucullus, 11. 478

Piraeus, equipped and connected with
Athens, II. 52; tomb of Themis-
tocles near it, 88; entered by
Lysander, IV. 270; VII. 2; 68;
handed over to Demetrius, Ix. 84;
captured by Sulla, Iv. 360, 372, 452;
unsuccessfully attacked by Aratus,
guarded by Diogenes, X1.76; given
up to Athenians by Diogenes, 78

Piraic gate, see ‘‘ Peiraic gate.”’

Pirates, driven from Scyros by Lucul-
lus, II. 426; attack Lucullus on
way to Egypt, 476; save Mithri-
dates, 508; Cilician pirates make
bargain with Spartacus, then dis-
appoint him, III. 342; their de-
predations in Pompey’s time, Vv.
172f.; by Gabinian law Pompey
sent against them, 178f.; subdued
by Pompey, 182

Pirithoiis, see ‘‘ Peiritholis.’’

Pisa, statue of Zeus at, III. 4

Pisandrus, Plataean hero, II. 246

Pisaurum, city near Adriatic, colonized
by Antony, swallowed by chasms
in earth, 1x. 274

Pisis, of Thespiae, urges Boeotians to
revolt, spared by Demetrius and
made polemarch of Thespiae, Ix.

6

9

Pisidians,seeking toslay Themistocles,
are captured, Il. 82; overpowered
by Alexander, VII. 272

Piso, O., historian, cited, 1. 378, Ix.
594

Piso, O. Calpurnius, consul, interferes
with Pompey in his war on pirates
and comes near losing consulship,
Vv. 182; makes report on Catiline’s
conspiracy, VII.126; 456

Piso, L. Oalpurnius, marries his
daughter to Cacsar and is made
consul, Y. 238, 240, VII. 474, VIIT.

445

GENERAL INDEX TO ALL THE ‘LIVES’

306, 316; gets province of Mace-
donia with support of Clodius,
VII. 156; advises Cicero to leave
country, 160f.; urges Caesar to
tage settlement with Pompey,
5

Piso Caesoninus, L. Calpurnius, sup-
ported for consul by Pompey, Vv.
228; assists Curioin taking opinion
of senate, 268

Piso Frugi, O. Calpurnius, Cicero’s
son-in-law, goes to Pompey to beg
aid for Cicero, VII.160; 188

Piso Frugi Licinianus, L. Calpurnius,
son of Crassus and Scribonia, pro-
claimed his successor by Galba, XI.
254f.; slain, 258, 266, 270

Pissouthnes, Persian satrap, aids
Samians, III. 72

Pitané, fortress of Mithridates, 11.
478

Pittacus, tyrant of Mitylené, 1. 438

Pittheus, son of Pelops, grandfather
of Theseus, founded Troezen, etc.,
I. 6; persuaded Aegeus to take
his daughter Aethra, 8; spread
report that Poseidon was father of
Theseus, 12; father of Henioché,
grandfather of Sciron, 56

Pityussa, island off Spain, attacked
by Sertorius, VIII. 18

Pixodarus, satrap of Caria, hopes to
marry his daughter to Arrhidaeus
or Alexander, VII. 248

Placentia, held by Otho’s troops, XI.
288 f.

Plague, see ‘‘ Pestilence.”’

Plain-men, at Athens, favoured olig-
archy, I. 434; headed by Lycurgus,
486

Plancus, L. Munatius, speaks in
favour of amnesty after Caesar’s
murder, VI. 166; joins Antony,
IX. 176; abused by Cleopatra,
deserts to Octavianus, 268

Plancus, T. Munatius, on trial, sup-
ported by Pompey, V. 262

Plataea, Daimachus of, 1.572; heroes
of, II. 246; meeting place of
ay council, 11. 274, 278; Iv.
31

Plataea, battle of, Greeks defeat
Persians, II. 46, 138, 214, 226, 238,
386, 396, x. 8; Thebans defeat
Spartans, V. 376, 400

446

Plataeans, had general Arimnestus,
II. 246; vote to move boundary
toward Attica, rewarded by Alex-
ander, 248, VII. 326; Il. 274; 278;
denounced Thebans to Alexander,
VII. 254

Plato, philosopher, adopted Lycurgus’
design for a civil polity, 1. 300;
thought earth in secondary space,
344; sold oil in Egypt to make
expenses, 408; says Solon aban-
doned work on story of lost
Atlantis on account of old age,
494; began story of lost Atlantis,
496; gave performance of singing
and dancing boys, II. 212, VI. 34;
asked to write for Cyrene, makes
oracular reply, II. 474; abused
by Timaeus, I1I. 210; brought
philosophy into good repute, 290;
had tendency to melancholy
according to Aristotle, Iv. 236;
admired poetry of Antimachus of
Colophon, 282; opposed use of
mechanical illustrations to assist
geometry, V. 470f.; had Dion as
immediate disciple, VI. 2; how
treated in Sicily by Dionysius the
Elder, 8; how by Dionysius the
Younger, 26; kept Dion with him
in the Academy, 32; his last visit
to Syracuse, 36; wrote letter to
Dionysius the Younger about treat-
ment of Dion’s wife, 42; refuses to
help Dion in war against Dionysius
the Younger, 44; 110; censures
Dion for choosing men who proved
his ruin, 252; dead when Dionysius
came to Corinth, 296; taught
Demosthenes according to Her-
mippus, VII. 12; praised by Cicero,
140; VIII. 152; says great natures
exhibit great vices as well as great
virtues, IX. 4; 78; his advice to
Xenocrates, 466; his death-bed
words, 594

Alcibiades, (112) Iv. 2, (1226) I.
256

Epistles, VI. 252; Epist. 1v. (320)
VI. 110, (ad fin.) Iv. 152, 224,
VI. 16

Epist. VII. (327) VI. 8, (328) 22,
(346) 36, (349f.) 40

Gorgias (464) 1x. 200, (518f, 526)
11. 292

GENERAL INDEX TO ALL THE ‘LIVES’

Laws (630d) 1. 288, (691e) 1. 218,
330, (692a) I. 224, (706b) II. 12,
X. 292

Menexenus, III. 70
Meno (93) II. 86
On the Soul, read by Cato just
before his death, v11I. 400
Phaedrus (254a) IX. 216, (255)
Iv. 12, (270a) If. 22, (271c)
111. 48
Phaedo (68d) 1. 188
Republic (363) 11. 612, (376c) XI.
206, (426e) xX. 244, (458d) I.
248, (473d) VII. 216, (475b) 84,
(487e) I. 374, (557d) VI. 112,
(562c) TI1. 20
Symposium (179a) Vv. 384, (215)
II. 320
Timaeus (37c) I. 292
Plato, comic poet, IX. 296; (Kock I.
651) 11. 90; (Kock I. 654) III. 248,
Iv. 30; (Kock 1. 655) 111. 10
Plebeians, their complaints about
money-lenders, and secession, IV.
126; unrest among them after
Volscian war owing to scarcity of
food and money, 144; angry when
Coriolanus and other senators
oppose free distribution of grain
sent by Syracuse, 154; 184: get
permission to elect one of consuls
from their own body, II. 202, 204;
one censor plebeian, 346
Pleistarchus, brother of Cassander,
receives Cilicia after defeat of
Antigonus, goes to see Seleucus,
Ix. 76
Pleistinus, brother of Faustulus, fell
in battle between Romulus and
Remus, I. 116
Pleistoanax, king of Sparta, son of
Pausanias, father of Pausanias,
X. 8; invades Attica, but is bribed
to withdraw, fined and goes into
exile, 111.64; Saying, I. 268
Plemmyrium, captured from Athen-
ians by Gylippus, III. 278
Plotius, accused Licinia the Vestal
and Crassus, III. 314
Plutarch, Eretrian, asks help of Athens
against Philip, defeated and driven
from Eretria by Phocion, VIII.
phy (io &
Plutarch, our, had intimate friend,
Themistocles of Athens, attended

school of Ammonius, the philoso-
pher, II. 90; native of Chaeroneia,
VII. 44; Iv. 378f.; visits Rome and
acquires the language, VII. 4; saw
marble statue of Marius at Ravenna
in Gaul, Ix. 466; visited scene of
battle between Otho and Vitellius,
XI. 308; saw tomb of Otho at
Brixillum, 316
Works cited :—

Life of Aratus, X. 276; of
Demosthenes and Cicero in
5th book, VII. 6; of Dion in
12th book, vi. 6; of Lys-
ander, III. 66; of Metellus,
IX. 546; of Pericles and
Fabius Maximus, III. 6; of
Timoleon, VI. 122

On Days, II. 138

Roman Questions, II. 140

Sayings: I. 180, 362, 376, 396,
398, 418, 460, 570, 11. 110, 228, 316,
392 f., 398, 410, 490, 111. 2f., 14,
54, 112, 152, 202, 214, 318, 386
426, 428, 434, 436, Iv. 120, 212
252, 446 f., 450, v. 106, 312, 344,
VII. 44, VIII. 344, IX. 476f., 520,
596, X. 2, 52, 168, 240, 248f.,
278 f., 352, 384f., XI. 4, 24, 106,
186 f., 196

Pluto, sacrificed to, by Publicola, I.
556

5

Plutus, blind and lifeless at Sparta,
1.232

Plynteria, see ‘* Athena.’’

Pnyx, at Athens, had bema, It. 54;
I. 60 f.; 111. 232

Po, river, V. 446; crossed by Marius,
IX. 526; battle there between
Caecina and Otho’s men, XI. 298 f.

Poets, nameless, cited, 11. 222; 420;
460; 472; 506; (Kock 111. 493), 111.
432; Iv.10, V. 414; Iv. 326; (Nauck?
921), 454; (Bergk I1I*. 622), v. 38;
(Kock Itt. 484), 254; (Kock 11. 80.
128), VII. 22; (Nauck® 911), 150;
378; (Nauck? 921), rx. 318

Polemarchs, at Sparta fine Agis, I.
238; at Athens chosen by lot, III.
26; at Thebes, V. 66, 354

Polemon, strives for chief command
under Eumenes, VIII. 102

Polemon, cited, I. 190

Polemon, topographer, cited, x1. 28

Polemon, king, taken prisoner by

447

GENERAL INDEX TO ALL THE ‘LIVES’

Parthians, Ix. 224; sent army from
Pontus to Antony, 276

‘* Poliorketes,’’ title of tyrants, II.
228; surname of Demetrius, IX.
106

Pollichus, goes to rescue his nephew
Heracleides, I11. 292

Pollio, sole remaining prefect of
Otho’s soldiers, orders them to
swear allegiance to Vitellius, x1.318

Pollio, Asinius, see ‘* Asinius Pollio.”’

Pollis, Spartan, sold Plato as slave
in Aegina, v1. 10

Pollux, | see “‘Castor’’ and “ Dios-
euri.’

Polus, Aeginetan, pupil of Archias,
vil. 70

Polyaenus, fought always at side of
Philopoemen, X. 282

Polyalces, ambassador from Sparta
to Athens, III. 86

Polyarchus, Aeginetan, charges Athen-
ians with fortifying their city, I1. 52

Polybius, son of Achaean general
Lycortas, friend of Philopoemen,
x. 314f.; gets Scipio’s aid in
securing return of Achaean exiles,
II. 326; vi. 134

Cited: I1. 330, Vv. 380, 524, VI.
404, x. 152, 300
Histories (11. 47, 4f.) x1. 88,

(11. 64, 1) x. 106, (11. 65, 2 & 7)
114, (XXIX) VI. 392, 394

Polycleitus (1), made statue of Hera
at Argos, III. 4

Polycleitus (2), cited, VII. 356

Polycleitus (3), adherent of Nero,
executed by Galba, xI. 240

Polycrates (1), tyrant, III. 76;
imitated by Lysander in his dis-
regard for oaths, IV. 252

Polycrates (2), descendant of Aratus
and friend of Plutarch, x1. 2 f.

Relycestes (3), son of Polycrates,

Polyoratidas, one of embassy sent to
generals of Persian king, quoted,
I. 282

Polycrité, daughter of Lysimachus,
voted public maintenance, II. 296

Polycritus, physician at court of
Artaxerxes, XI. 176

Polydectes, half-brother of Lycurgus,
I. 206; died soon after ascending
throne, leaving it to Lycurgus,

448

208; had posthumous son Chari-
laiis, 1.210; his widow plots against
Lycurgus, 2

Polydorus, king of Sparta, with his
colleague Theopompus inserted
clause in rhetra of Lycurgus, |.
222; said to have added some lots
a distributed by Lycurgus,
22

Polyeuctus (1), son of Themistocles
and Archippé, II. 86

Polyeuctus (2), Sphettian, contrasts
Demosthenes and Phocion as
speakers, VII. 24, VIII. 154; VII. 32;
counsels Athenians to go to war
with Philip, vi1r. 164; demanded
by Alexander, VII. 56

Polygnotus, painter,
with Elpinicé, 11. 414

Polygnotus, tower of, X1. 12 f.

Polyidus, Plataean hero, II. 246

Polymachus, of Pella, executed by
Alexander for rifling tomb of
Cyrus, VII. 416

Folymedens father of Glaucus, VIII.

172

his relations

Polyphron, uncle of Alexander of
Pherae, slain by him, v. 412

Polysperchon, with Leptines s, puts
Callipus to death, v1. 122

Polysperchon, appointed general-in-
chief by Antipater before dying,
VIII. 216; quarrels with Cassander
after death of Antipater, 114;
orders Eumenes to wage war on
Antigonus and take 500 talents of
treasure at Quinda, 116; plots
against Phocion, 216; father of
Alexander, 220, Ix. 22; has Dein-
archus of Corinth executed, refuses
to hear Phocion, VIII. 222; good
general according to Pyrrhus, Ix.
366

Polystratus, witnesses death of
Dareius, VII. 350

Polyxenus, husband of Thesté, became
enemy of Dionysius the Elder, VI.
42

Polyzelus, Rhodian, cited, 1. 446

Pomaxathres, Parthian, slew Crassus,
III. 416, 422

Pomentinum, city of Italy with
marshes near it, VII. 578

“* Pomerium,”’ its etymology, 1. 118

Pompaedius Silo, leader of Latin

GENERAL INDEX TO ALL THE ‘LIVES’

allies in their effort to obtain
Roman citizenship, VIII. 238;
challenged Marius to battle, rx. 554

Pompeia, Osaesar’s third wife, VII.
452; loved by Clodius, 462;
divorced by Caesar, 152, 466

** Pompeii,’’ name common to family,
Ix. 464

Pompeii, Cicero had farm near it,
vir. 100

Pompeius, neighbour of Ti. Gracchus,
said Eudemus of Pergamum gave
Ti. Gracchus royal diadem and
purple robe, xX. 176

Pompeius, Aulus, tribune of people,
called Bataces impostor and died
within week, Ix. 508

Pompeius, Gnaeus, elder son of
Pompey, sent to Syria by his father
to raise a fleet, V. 278; enraged at
Cicero after Pharsalus, VII. 180,
Vill. 370; enamoured of Cleopatra,
rx. 192

Pompcius, Sextus, younger son of
Pompey, tells Cato of Pompey’s
death, VIII. 370; supported by
Spain, 382; holding Sicily and
ravaging Italy, makes peace with
Octavius and Antony, Ix. 206;
attacked by Octavius, 216; driven
from Sicily by him, 262

Pompeius Rufus, Q., consul with Sulla,
Iv. 342; his son slain by Sulpicius’
mob, escapes himself, 350

Pompeius Sextus Strabo, Gnaeus,
father of Pompey, ablesoldier, hated
for his greed, V. 116; arrayed
against Cinna, saved from mu-
tinous troops by his son, 122

Pompey, son of Strabo, loved by
people, his character, v. 116f.;
saved his father Strabo from
mutinous soldiers, tried for theft
of public property on his father’s
death, 122; wins favour with his
judge, the praetor Antistius, be-
comes engaged to his daughter,
is acquitted, 124; married Antistia,
126; when 23 raises force pre-
paratory to joining Sulla, 128;
defeats various enemies, 130; is
saluted as ‘‘ Imperator’’ by Sulla,
sent to Gaul to help Metellus,
132; divorces Antistia and marries
Aemilia, step-daughter of Sulla,

134; sent against Marians in
Sicily, executes Carbo and 4
Valerius, 136f.; sent by Sulla
against Domitius in Africa, 140;
defeats and slays Domitius, 142;
captures Iampsas and gives his
kingdom to Hiempsal, subdues
Africa within 40 days, 144; on
his return greeted as ‘‘ Magnus’”’
by Sulla, 146; allowed to have
triumph, 148

Is left out of Sulla’s will,
appointed general against Lepidus,
152; has Brutus, father of the
Brutus who killed Caesar, slain,
154; goes to Spain to help Metellus
against Sertorius, 156; fights drawn
battle with him, 160; after death
of Sertorius completely defeats
Perpenna, 162; returning from
Spain defeats remnant of Spar-
tacus’ force, 164; receives 2nd
triumph and consulship, 166; in
constant collision with his colleague
Crassus, 168; given command
against pirates by Gabinian law,
176f.; clears Tyrrhenian and
Libyan seas and sea about Sar-
dinia, Corsica, and Sicily in 40
days, 182; drives all piracy from
the sea in less than 3 months, 186;
treats Metellus in Crete unfairly,
188; given command against
Mithridates by Manilian law, 190 f.;
meets Lucullus in Galatia, 194;
defeats Mithridates near Euphrates
river, 200; invades Armenia, 202;
defeats Albanians and Iberians
about Caucasus mountains, 206 f.;
in fortress of Caenum found and
read private documents of Mithri-
dates, 212; marches toward Petra,
220; receives news of death of
Mithridates, 222; while returning
visits Athens and donates 50
talents toward its restoration, 224;
divorces Mucia, disbands his army,
226

Attempts to win Cato by mar-
riage alliance, 228; celebrates
triumph, 230; begins to lose
reputation from this time, 232;
refuses to help Cicero threatened
with exile, 234; lends his support
to Caesar the consul and marries

449

GENERAL INDEX TO ALL THE ‘LIVES’

his daughter Julia, 236f.; with
Caesar’s help gets his enactments
ratified which Lucullus contested,
238; opposed by Clodius, 240;
assists in recall of Cicero and by
him is reconciled to senate, 242 f.;
is given direction of navigation and
agriculture, 244; secures abund-
ance of grain for the city, 246;
has understanding with Caesar
and Crassus at Luca, 248; elected
consul with Crassus, with his help
introduces laws giving Caesar his
provinces for 5 more years, giving
Crassus Syria and the expedition
against the Parthians, and giving
himself Africa, both Spains, and
4 legions, 250

Loses his wife Julia, learns of
Crassus’ death, 254; elected sole
consul, 258; marries Oornelia,
daughter of Metellus Scipio, 260;
is to retain his provinces another
4 years and receive 1000 talents
yearly to maintain his soldiers, 262;
demands his 2 legions back from
Caesar, recovers from dangerous
illness, 264; receives his 2 legions
from Caesar, becomes filled with
confidence in his power to suppress
Caesar, 266; is commanded by
the consuls to levy recruits but
has difficulty in securing them, 270;
issues edict recognizing state of
civil war and ordering all the
senators to follow him, 276; crosses
from Brundisium to Dyrrhachium,
278; gathers great force and has
irresistible navy, 280; refuses
Caesar’s offer of peace, routs his
army but fails to take advantage
of the victory, 284; pursues Caesar,
288; is forced by his friends to
offer battle to Caesar, 290; is
defeated by Caesar at Pharsalus,
292f.; flees from the field of
battle, 304; is joined by his wife
Cornelia, 310; sails to Pelusium in
Egypt, 316; is murdered by
Ptolemy’s agents, 322; his death
avenged by Caesar, 324

See also 11. 140, 472, 484f., 582, -

$88 f., 594 f., 606, IIT. 328 f., 348 £.,
428 f.. Iv. 418, 430 f., 442, 448, VI.
132, 136, 190, 198, 252, VII. 102f.,

450

114, 124, 158, 160, 166, 170, 176 f.,
194, 468, 472f., 478, 494, 500f.,
510, 514 f., 524, 528, 538f., 548 f.,
VIII. 4, 32, 48f., 58, 72, 140, 264,
306 f., 332 f., 340, 344 f., 352, 366 f.,
382, IX. 148, 152, 160, 180
Quoted : II. 600, Vv. 120, 136, 164,

192, 304, 310

Pompilia, only daughter of Numa and
aay I. 376; married Marcius,

Pompon (1), father of Numa Pom-
pilius, I. 314

Pompon (2), son of Numa, ancestor
of Pomponii, I. 376

Pomponia, wife of Q. Cicero, inflicts
terrible punishment upon Philo-
logus, VII. 208

Pomponii, descended from Pompon,
son of Numa, I. 376

Pomponius (1), praetor, announces
defeat at Thrasymené, II1. 126

Pomponius (2), companion of C.
Gracchus, killed at wooden bridge,
X. 234

Fon ee (3), spared by Mithridates,
11.51

Pontic kings, line of, founded by
Mithridates, ended by Romans, IX.
12

Pontifex Maximus, his duties, I. 338,
342t.; Antony, IX. 208; Caesar,
VII.456; P. Licinius Crassus Dives,
TITS). 1925 ers L. Crassus Dives
Mucianus, X. 162; Metellus Pius,
IV. 342, VII. 456; Hasica, x. 194

Pontifices, ascribed to Numa, why
so called, 1. 336; their duties, 346

Pontius, his servant gives inspired
message to Sulla, Iv. 412

Pontius Cominius, see ‘* Cominius,
Pontius.”’

‘Pontius Qlaucus,’’ poem by Cicero
when a boy, VII. 84

Pontus, 11. 294; held by son of
Mithridates, IV. 358; 11.494; 508;
ravaged by Lucullus, 510; invaded
by Lucullus again, 542; men sent
from Rome to regulate its affairs,
586; invaded by Pompey, VII.
106; triumpbed over by Pompey,
v. 230; freed of Romans by Phar-
naces, freed of Pharnaces by Caesar,
VII. 560

Popilius, O., defeated by Caesar as

GENERAL INDEX TO ALL THE ‘LIVES’

candidate for military tribuneship,
VII. 450

Popilius Laenas, alarms Brutus and
Cassius by his words, v1. 158

Popillius, as praetor had banished
friends of Ti. Gracchus, flees from
Italy, Xx. 206

Popillius, military tribune, once when
charged with parricide defended by
Cicero, is one of his assassins, VII.
204 f.

Poppaea, wife of Crispinus, her acts,
XI. 246 f.

** Poppaea,’’ name given Sporus by
Nymphidius Sabinus, x1. 224

“* Populus,’” name given to those not
in the legions, I. 122

Porcia (1), sister of Cato the Younger,
wife of Lucius Domitius, VIII. 236,
332

Porcia (2), daughter of Cato the
Younger and wife of Bibulus, to
whom she bore 2 sons, VIII. 292;
mother of Bibulus, VI. 176; cousin
and wife of Brutus, insists upon
sharing his secret, 152, VIII. 410;
vI. 158; manner and time of her
death, 246

“ Porcius,’’ derived from “‘ porcus,’’
I. 532

Porsena, Lars, declares war on Rome
when she refuses to restore Tarquin
to throne, I. 542; checked at
bridge by Horatius and his 2 com-
panions, 544; releases Mucius,
who tried to kill him, 546 f.; makes
peace with Rome on conditions,
550; honours Cloelia, 552; in
retiring left his supplies behind for
Romans, 554, 574; bronze statue
of him near senate-house, 554

Porsena’s goods cried first, I. 554

Porus, Indian king, defeated and
captured by Alexander, restored
to his kingdom and given title of
satrap, VII. 394 f.; quoted, 398

Poseideon, Athenian month, corre-
sponds nearly to January, VII. 532

Poseidon, patron god of Troezen,
reputed father of Theseus, I. 12;
Isthmian games in his honour
instituted by Theseus, 56; honoured
on 8th day of every month, 84;
called Securer and LHarth-stayer,
86; contends with Athena for

Athens, I1. 54; v. 8; temples of,
at the Isthmus, at Taenarum, at
Calauria, plundered by pirates,
174; VII. 70; X. 36
Poseidonius, tells of his discourse at
Rhodes before Pompey against
Hermagoras the rhetorician, V. 224;
wrote history of Perseus in several]
books, excuses king for retiring
from battle of Pydna, VI. 404f.;
taught Cicero philosophy, VII. 90
Cited: vV. 436, 458, 488f., 520,
VI. 128, 412, IX. 464, 592 f.
Posidonia, Astyphilus of, 11. 460
Postuma, daughter of Sulla and
Valeria, why the name, Iv. 442
Postumius, soothsayer, tells Sulla the
omens are good, IV. 352
Postumius, Livius, led Latin army
against Rome, I. 184
Postumius, Spurius,
Gracchus, X. 162
Postumius Tubertus (1), made consul
along with M. Valerius, I. 554
Postumius Tubertus (2), as dictator
fought Aequians and Volscians, 11.
96

rival of Ti.

Postumus, surname of child born after
father’s death, IV. 142

Potamon, Lesbian, according to
Sotion told of Alexander founding
city in memory of his dog Peritas,
VII. 398

Potamus, place in Attica, 11. 298

Potheinus, eunuch, managed Ptolemy’s
affairs, called council of influential
men to decide on fate of Pompey,
Vv. 316, Vil. 556; drove out Cleo-
patra, plotted against Caesar, 556;
put to death by Caesar, 558, Vv. 324

Potheinus, official under Cleopatra,
IX. 274

Potidaea, colony of Oorinth, revolts
from Athens, III. 84; campaign
against, IV. 18; taken by Philip
at time of Alexander’s birth, VII.
230

Potitus, Valerius, sent to consult
oracle at Delphi about Alban lake,
II. 102

Praecia, controls Cethegus and thus
secures Cilicia for Lucullus, 11. 488

Praeneste, IV. 416; younger Marius
besieged there, 418; its inhabitants
slaughtered by Sulla, 428, 1x. 598

451

GENERAL INDEX TO ALL THE <LIVES’

Praenestines, with Volscians make
war on Rome, II. 190

Praesii, their kings said to be waiting
for Alexander on banks of Ganges
with large forces, revere altars left
by him, vii. 400

Praetor, in Macedonia in time of
Lucullus, but Greece had none yet,
11. 408; usually granted accused
10 days in which to make defence,
VII. 104

Praetors: O. Antonius, Ix. 170;
Antistius, V. 124; Brutus and
Cassius, VII. 574; Brutus and
Servilius, Iv. 350; O. Caesar, VII.
138, 462, VIII. 298; Cato the
Younger, 340; Oicero, VII. 102;
Clodius, III. 336; Didius, in Spain,
VIII. 6; Oornelius Lentulus 2nd
time, VII. 122, 126; Lepidus, Ix.
152; M, Lucullus, of Macedonia,
vi1.448; Marius, rx. 472; M. Otho,
VII. 112; Aemilius Paulus with 12
lictors, VI. 362; Petilius, I. 380;
Pomponius, 111. 126; Rubrius, VIII.
254; Salonius, 11. 384; Sulla, Iv.
334; ©. Sulpicius, vi1. 126; P.
Varinus, 111. 338; Vatinius, v. 250;
O. Vergilius, VII. 164; Verres, 98;
Vetus, in Spain, 452

Pranichus, poet, VII. 368

Praxagoras, advises Neapolitans to
offer sacrifices for Pompey’s re-
covery, V. 264

Praxiergidae, celebrate the rites of
the Plynteria of Athene, Iv. 98

Prayer, Pythagoreans do not allow
men to offer it cursorily, I. 354;
after praying Roman turned to
right, 11. 106

Priapus, Artemis of, 11. 510

Prices, 11. 510, IV. 366, IX. 242, X.
148, 360 f., XI. 184

Priené, bone of contention between
Samians and Milesians, Ill. 72;
assigned by Antony as place for
dramatic artists to dwell in, 1x.
266

Priestess, Pythian, Iv. 304

Prima, daughter of Hersilia and
Romulus, 1. 130

“ Principia,’ Roman word for
general’s quarters, XI. 228

* Priscus,’’ original cognomen of
Cato the Elder, 11. 302

452

Priscus, Helvidius, see ‘* Helvidius
Priscus.’’
Prisoners, exchange of, between

Fabius and Hannibal, 111. 140
Proauga, daughter of Agesilaiis, V. 52
Procles, Spartan king, son of Aristo-

demus and father of Soiis, v. 52
Proconnesus, Aristeas of, 1. 178
Procrustes, slain by Theseus, 1.188 .
Proculeius, bidden by Octavius to get

Cleopatra alive, does so by ruse

1x. 314
Proculus, prefect of guards sent by

Otho to army with full authority,

XI. 294; leads troops out of

Bedriacum for battle, 300; 304
** Proculus,’’ surname of child born

in absence of father from home,

Tv. 142

Proculus, Julius, by his story of seeing
Romulus ascending to heaven quiets
people, I. 176, 310; favourite of
Romans, sent to invite Numa to
accept the throne, 320

Prodigies: I. 166, 176f., 180, 308,
534, 11. 98, 126, 168, 452, 460f.,
496, 500, 548, III. 14, 100, 122f.,
244, 254, 288, 372f., Iv. 48, 210,
260 f., 340, 344, Vv. 180, 420, 442,
612, 516, VI. 48f., 82, 210f., 234,
276 f., 290, 398, 418, VII. 130, 164,
204, 260, 300 f., 324, 386 f., 588 f.,
604 f., VIII. 208, Ix. 274, 308, 450,
508, 572, X. 140, 184f., 220, 352,
x1. 100

“ Prodikol,’’ name given by Spartans
to guardians of fatherless kings,
I. 210

Promachus, won prize by drinking 4
pitchers of wine, VII. 418

“‘Promanteia,’” meaning of word,
secured for Athenians by Pericles,
Ill. 64

Promathion, compiler of history of
Italy, cited, I. 96

Property, Ill. 204, 218, 316, Iv. 12,
280, v. 50, 120

Frophantus, brother of Oleinias, x1. 6

Propontis, to be guarded by Cotta,
I1. 490

Propylaea, of acropolis, Mnesicles its
architect, III. 42 f.

Proscription, ITI. 330, Iv. 426 f.

Proseoea, temple of Artemis, II. 24

Proserpina, possibly same as Libitina,

GENERAL INDEX TO ALL THE ‘LIVES’

I. 346; VI. 118; 276. See also
*“‘Cora’’ and ‘* Persephoné.’’

Prosper, see “* Eutychus.”’

IIpos_ tovs = Eraipous,
Andocides, II. 88

Protagoras, in discussion with Peri-
cles, 111. 104; exiled, 290

Proteas, boon companion, forgiven
by Alexander, vil. 340

Prothoiis, opposes expedition against
Thebes, V. 78

Prothytes, her surrender demanded
of Thebans by Alexander, VII.
252

Protis, merchant, popular with Gauls,
founded Marseilles, I. 408

Protogenes, Caunian, made painting
for Rhodians illustrating story of
Ialysus, captured by Demetrius,
Ix. 50

Protus, Dion’s pilot, v1. 52

Proverbs : I. 66, I1. 540, III. 238, 246,
IV. 64, 286, 448, v. 318, VI. 322,
416, VII. 6, 318, VIII. 102, x. 110,
244, XI. 2, 160, 194, 208

Provinces, extravagance of governors,
11. 320; 484; 488

Proxenus, Macedonian, uncovers
spring of oily liquid nearriver Oxus,
Vil. 386 f.

Prusias, in Bithynia, harboured Han-
nibal, asked by Flamininus to give
him up, xX. 378

Prytaneium, I. 456; in Plutarch’s
time preserved some of Solon’s
tables of law, 1. 472; VII. 76

Prytanes, I. 456

Prytanis, father of Lycurgus and
Enunomus, I. 206

Psammon, philosopher, heard by
Alexander in Egypt, VII. 304

Psenophis, of Heliopolis, learned
Egyptian priest with whom Solon
studied, I. 476

Psiltucis (or Scillustis) island in
Indian ocean marking limit of
Alexander’s expedition, VII. 410

Psyché, wife of Marphadates, VIII.
408

speech of

Psylli, Libyan people who charmed
snakes, VIII. 372

Psyttalcia, small island in front of
Salamis, 11. 238

Ptoeodorus, Megarian, visited by
Dion, VI. 24

Ptolemacus (1), eunuch of Mithridates
Il. 522

Ptolemueus (2), encourages Otho by
his prediction, XI. 256

Ptolemais, daughter of Ptolemy and
Eurydicé, married to Demetrius,
Ix. 78, 116; mother of ruler of
Cyrené, 134

Ptolemy (1), at war with Alexander,
king of Macedonia, slew him and
succeeded to throne, made peace
with Pelopidas, v. 404 f.

Ptolemy (2), nephew of Antigonua,
eoren as hostage to Eumenes, VIII.
108 f.

Ptolemy (3), son of Pyrrhus and Anti-
goné, IX. 360, 368; repulsed by
Acrotatus, 440; slain in battle by
Oryssus, 446 f.

Ptolemy (4), son of Chrysermus.
friend of King Ptolemy but
treacherous toward Cleomenes, xX.
130; slain by Cleomenes, 134

Ptolemy (5), in charge of Alexandria
under King Ptolemy, slain by
Cleomenes, X. 134

Ptolemy (6), king of Cyprus, opposed
By Cato, slew himself, VI. 130, vm.

22

Ptolemy (7), son of Antony and
Cleopatra, given Phoenicia, Syria,
and Cilicia, Ix. 262

Ptolemy Auletes, flees from Egypt,
seeks Roman aid, V. 244f.; re-
ceives kindness from Pompey, 314;
disregards Cato’s advice not to go
to Rome, VIII.320; bribes Gabinius

. to help him recover Egypt, 1X. 142;
prevented by Antony from putting
people of Pelusium to death, 144

Ptolemy Ceraunus, with army perished
at hands of Gauls, Ix. 416

Ptolemy Dionysius, indebted to Pom-
pey, V. 314; makes war on his
sister at Pelusium, 316; defeated
by Osaesar, disappears, 324

Ptolemy Euergetes, x. 16; made ally
of Achaeans, XI. 54; sent Aratus
6 talents a year, 96, X. 92; 98f.;
receives Cleomenes kindly, gives
him pension of 24 talents, dies
before sending him back to Sparta,
122; 274

Ptolemy Lathyrus, gives royal wel-
come to Lucullus, but out of fear

453

GENERAL INDEX TO

of Mithridates abandons alliance
with Rome, II. 476; IV. 142

Ptolemy Philadelphus, to help Aratus
get back to Sicyon, XI. 10; re-
ceives paintings from him, 28;
gives Aratus 150 talents for Sicyon,
30, 32 f.

Ptolemy Philometor (?) x. 146

Ptolemy Philopator, his character and
treatment of Cleomenes, xX. 124 f.3
128; has Cleomenes imprisoned,
130; 132; has mother and children
of Oleomenes executed, 136; 140;
290; built a ship with 40 banks
of oars, 1X. 108

Ptolemy Soter, son of Lagus, com-
panion of Alexander, banished
from Macedonia by Philip, VII.
250; received Apama, sister of
Barsiné, from Alexander, VIII. 80;
threatened with attack by Per-
diccas, 90; defeated Demetrius in
Syria near Gaza, his general Cilles
defeated by Demetrius, 1x. 12 f.;
had more than one wife, 338;
besieged Halicarnassus, with Cas-
sander had subdued all Greece, 18;
defeated by Demetrius in Cyprus,
36 f., 336; given title of king, 40,
VII. 336; unsuccessfully attacked
by Antigonus and Demetrius, Ix.
42; 60; marries one daughter to
Lysimachus and one to the latter’s
son Agathocles, 76; marries his
daughter Ptolemais to Demetrius
and makes peace with him, 78, 116,
354; marries his daughter Anti-
goné to Pyrrhus, his hostage, 356;
sends 150 ships to assist Athenians
against Demetrius, 82, 360; takes
Cyprus, excepting Salamis, from
Demetrius, 86; 360; leagued with
Seleucus and Lysimachus against
Demetrius, sails to solicit Greek
cities to revolt, 108 f., 374

Cited: VII. 356

Ptoiim, mountain near temple of
Apollo Tegyraeus, V. 378

Publicius Bibulus, tribune of the
plebs, impeaches Marcellus but
fails, V. 510

Public land, allotment of, by Pericles,
III. 24

Publicola, L. Gellius, with Antony
had right wing at Actium, IX. 284 f.

454

ALL THE ‘LIVES’

Pablicola, P. Valerius, his lineage,

his eloquence and wealth, I. 502;
disappointed at not being elected
as one of first two consuls, with-
draws from public life, 504; takes
oath not to submit to Tarquins,
506; brings to justice two sons of
Brutus, the consul, for conspiracy
to restore Tarquins, 508f.; pro-
tects Vindicius, who revealed the
plot to him, 516; elected consul,
has Vindicius rewarded, 518; cele-
brates triumph over Tuscans, first
consul to drive into city on a
four-horse chariot, 138, 524; takes
measures to remove his unpopu-
larity with the people, 526 f.; uses
his sole authority to have various
important measures passed, 530 f.;
has first Lucretius, then M. Hora-
tius as his colleague in consulship,
534; is anxious to dedicate new
temple of Jupiter Capitolinus, 536
Chosen consul 2nd time with
T. Lucretius as his colleague to
resist Lars Porsena, 542; is
wounded in battle with Porsena,
proposes honour for Horatius
Cocles, 544; consul 3rd time, defeats
Tuscan army, 546; makes Porsena
arbitrator in dispute with Tarquin
and concludes peace with him,
548 f.; sends Cloelia and the other
maidens back to Porsena, 550;
advises and assists consuls in
repelling. attack of Sabines, 554;
consul 4th time, induces Appius
Clausus, a Sabine to move with
many friends to Rome, 556f.;
defeats Sabines, 560; celebrates
triumph and dies, 562, Iv. 200
Quoted: I. 558

Publicolae, trace descent to Valerius

Publicola, I. 566

Publius, stole Mithridates’ sword-belt,

punished by Pharnaces, v. 224

Publius Silo, see “* Pompaedius Silo.”
Pulytion, played part of Torch-bearer

when Alcibiades profaned mysteries,
Iv. 48, 60

Punishment, Il. 282, 516 f., 532, 111.

342

Puteoli, see ‘‘ Dicaearchia.’’
Pyanepsion, month of, I. 46, 84, VII.

70, 76

GENERAL INDEX TO ALL THE ‘LIVES’

Pydna, II. 68, VI. 396; battle of, 398 f.

pole minstrel at Nemean games,
x

Pylagorae, delegates to Amphictyonic
conventions, II. 56

Pylius, adopted Hercules, I. 78

Pylos, fortified by Demosthenes,
attacked by Peloponnesians, III.
230, 232; Spartans captured there,
234, 238, 244, Iv. 32

Pyramia, in district of Thyreatis; near
it Danaiis first landed in country,
Ix. 454

Pyrenees, II. 126

Pyrilampes, comrade of Hercules, III.
44

Pyrrha, wife of Deucalion, rx. 346

Pyrrhidae, line of kings descended
from Neoptolemus, Ix. 346

** Pyrrhus,’’ surname of Neoptolemus,
Ix. 346

Pyrrhus, son of Neoptolemua and
Lanassa, IX. 346

Pyrrhus, son of Aeacides and Phthia,
his lineage, Ix. 346f.; as infant
given asylum by Glaucias, king of
Illyrians, 348f.; when 12 years
old restored to throne of Epeirus
by Glaucias, when 17 driven from
throne, joins Demetrius, fights at
Ipsus, 352f.; goes to Egypt as
hostage for Demetrius, 354; mar-
ries Antigoné, daughter of Berenicé,
returns to Epeirus, 356; slays
Neoptolemus, who shared throne,
adds to his territory, 360; quarrels
. with Demetrius, 362; defeats his
general Pantauchus, 100 f., 364;
his ranking as a general, 102, 366,
X. 382; marries several wives
after death of Antigoné, IX. 368;
overran Macedonia, 370; makes
agreement with Demetrius, 372;
takes Beroea, 110, 374; proclaimed
king of Macedonia, 112, 376; enters
Athens, 378: driven from Mace-
donia by Lysimachus, 380

Invited to Italy by Tarentines,

384; sends Cineas ahead to Taren-
tum with 3000 soldiers, then
crosses himself, 388; defeats the
Romans at Heracleia, 394 f.; sends
Cineas to Rome with proposals
of peace, 402; tries to corrupt
Fabricius, 406; warned by Fabri-

cius of danger from poison, 410:
sends Cineas again to negotiate
peace, defeats Romans at Asculum,
412f.; invited to Sicily, defeats
Carthaginians, 418; puts to death
Thoenon, a Syracusan who had
invited him to Sicily and incurs
bitter hatred, 422; returns te
Italy, 424; defeated by Romans
at Beneventum, 426

Returns to Epeirus and defeats
Antigonus in Macedonia, 430:
invited by Cleonymus to attack
Sparta, 434f.; repulsed from
Sparta, 436 f.: loses his son
Ptolemy, 448;° enters Argos by
night, is slain in street fighting,
450 f,

See also, 11. 306, IX. 58, 74, 86,
98, 106, x. 380

Sayings: 1x. 370; 374; 386f.;
ee, X. 3343 1x.396; 416; 424; 432;
436

Pythagoras (1), Olympic victor, said

to have helped Numa arrange
government of Rome, I. 306

Pythagoras (2), said to have been

intimate friend of Numa, said to
have lived 5 generations after him,
I. 306; why supposed to have
influenced Numa, marvels told of
him, 332; said first principle of
being beyond sense or feeling, said
to have been Roman citizen, 334;
his statue in forum at Rome, 336;
380; educator of Numa and father
of Mamercus, VI. 358

Pythagoras (3), seer, questioned by

Alexander, VII. 426

Pythagorean philosophers, in Sicily,

invite Plato, VI. 22

Pythagoreans, place element fire in

centre of universe and call it
Vesta and Unit, I. 344; their pre-
cepts enumerated and compared
with Numa’s, 354f.; why they
do not entrust their precepts to
writing, 380

Pytheas, verbal encounter with

Demosthenes, VIT. 18, 210; Athen-
ian orator, joins party of Antipater,
663 VIII. 190

Pythian games, list of victors at, by

Aristotle,1.428; Iv.282; conducted
by Demetrius at Athens, Ix. 100

455

GENERAL INDEX TO ALL THE ‘LIVES’

Pythian priestess,
Lysander, IV. 304

Pythium, VI. 392 f.

Pythocleides, Pericles’ music teacher,
111. 10

Pythocles (1), condemned to death
with Phocion, VIII. 228

Pythocles (2), son of Polycrates, XI. 4

Pythodorus (1), waiting to seize
Themistocles, II. 68

Pythodorus (2), torch-bearer, opposes
initiating Demetrius into mysteries
irregularly, Ix. 60

Pytholaiis, Phebe’s brother, helps
slay Alexander of Pherae, v. 430

Python, story of, associated with
birth of Apollo near temple of
Apollo Tegyraeus, V. 378

Python, of Byzantium, answered by
Demosthenes, VII. 20

Python, with Seleucus sent to temple
of Serapis to ask whether Alexander
should be brought thither, V11. 434

Python, flute-player, Ix. 366

Pythonicé, mistress of Harpalus, her
tomb built by Charicles, vill. 192

Pythopolis, founded by Theseus where
colle, his friend, was drowned, I.

approached by

Quadrans, to be contributed by each
citizen toward expense of Pub-
licola’s funeral, 1. 562; smallest
copper coin, VII. 154

Quadrantia, nickname of Clodia, VII.
154

Quadrants, of Archimedes, V. 486

Quaestors, introduced by Publicola,
I. 532, 568

Cato the Elder, 11. 310; Cato
the Younger, VIII. 268; Cicero,
VII. 82, 94; Ti Gracchus, X. 152;
Granius Petro, viI. 480; Cornelius
Lentulus, 122; M. Lollius, VIII.
272; Marcellus, 276; Sertorius,
8; Sulla, Iv. 328; Titius, x. 234;
P. Veturius and M. Minucius, I
534

Quinda, treasure there, VIII. 116, 1x. 76

Quinsy, VII. 62

Quintilis, original name of July, I.
174, 370, 11. 178, Iv. 412

Quintio, freedman of Cato the Elder,
I1. 366

456

Quintius, L., see ‘‘ Flamininus, L.
Quintius.”’

Quintus, officer of Crassus, defeated
by Spartacus, III. 346

Quintus, L., popular leader, quieted
by Lucullus, 11. 486; when praetor
attacks Lucullus, 580

Quirinalis, hill at Rome, named after
Quirinus, I. 182; site of Numa’s
palace, 354

Quirinus, name of Romulus deified,
I. 178, 182, 310; temple of, II.
144

* Quiris,’’ ancient word for spear or
spear-head, I. 182

** Quirites,’’ derived from ‘‘ Cures,”
I. 160, 314

“ Quiritis,’’ epithet applied to Juno,
I. 182

Quotations, anonymous: 1. 48; 76;
78; 238; 240; 246; 248; 268; 270;
272; 284; 290; 374; .460; II. 12;
126; 220; 260; 280; 304; 460; 472;
In. 20; 34 £.; 122: 196; 212; 368;
428; IV. 10, vy. 414; IV. 64; 84;
280; 288; 326; 454; Vv. 102; 340;
430: VI. 144; "354; VII. 62: 150;
VIII. 188; IX. 592; X1.2

Rain shower,
xX. 228

Ramnenses, named from Romulus,
one of 3 Roman tribes, I. 152

Ransom, 250 drachmas per man, III.
142

Rapax, legion of Vitellius, x1. 302

Rations, Cato the Elder took 3 Attic
bushels per month for himself and
retinue, II. 318

Ratumena, gate of Rome, I. 536

Ravenna, in Gaul, has marble statue
of Marius, Ix. 466

Records, of prenene, II. 226; of
Sparta, V. 5

Recreation, of on the Hlder, 11. 378

Red Sea, II. 618, V. 214, 1X. 296

Regia, I. 146, 182; built by Numa
near temple of Vesta, I. 354

Regillus, lake, battle of, Iv. 122

Remonia, burial place of Remus, I.
118

dissolves assembly,

Remonium, afterwards called Rig-
narium, precinct on Aventine, laid
out by Remus, I. 114

Was

GENERAL INDEX TO ALL THE ‘LIVES’

Remus, account of his birth and early
life, I. 102 f.; handed over to Numi-
tor, believed to be child of Faustulus
and Larentia, 106; laid out pre-
cinct on Aventine, first called Remo-
nium, afterwards Rignarium, 114;
slain by Romulus, or by Celer, 116,
194; with his foster-fathers buried
in the Remonia, 118

Rent, of public land, forced up by
vate the Elder when censor, I.

56

Revenue, Athenian, from silver mines
at Laureium, 0.10; embezzlement
of, by Themistocles and others
shown by Aristides, H. 220f.;
revenues from campaign given
Athens by Cimon, 432; how farmers
of, were held up by Alcibiades once,
Ty. 14; great revenue required on
account of Rome’s wars, Il. 96;
public revenues at Rome, 50,000,000
drachmas from taxes, 85,000,000
more added by Pompey, Vv. 230

Revolt, of Thasians from Athens, I.
446; of Helots, 454

Rex, Marcius, had Tertia, sister of
Clodius to wife, VII. 154

Rhadamanthus, judge under Minos,
1. 32; believed to have once dwelt
near Haliartus; husband of Alc-
mené after death of Amphitryon,
Iv. 312

Rhamnus, Micion lands there, VI.
200; captured by Demetrius, Ix.
80; II. 226

Rhamuus, freedman of Antony, takes
oath to slay his master ii asked,
Ix. 248

Rhea (1), see “* Ilia.’’

Rhea (2), mother of Sertorius, greatly
loved by him, VII. 6, 62 f.

Rhegium, in Italy, taken by Alci-
biades, Iv. 52; helps Timoleon out-
wit Carthaginians, VI. 282; 306;
its garrison ordered by Fabius to
overrun Bruttium and take Cau-
lonia by storm, II. 182

Rheneia, island very near Delos, II.
216

Rhetoric, value of, exemplified by
Pericles, 1. 48f.; taught by Aes-
chines in Rhodes and Ionia, yO. 60

Rhetra, meaning of term, I. 220, 244;
224; 240; 242; v. 72

Rhine, vit. 490; bridged and crossed
by Caesar, 498

Rhipaean mountains,
Gauls, I. 126

Rhodes, ll. 56; Aeschines taught
Rhetoric there, Vil. 60; gave Alex-
ander belt made by Helicon, vil.
322; ally of Ptolemy, warred on
by Demetrius, Ix. 48; makes terms
with Demetrius, 52; gave Lucullus
ships, Il. 478; visited by Caesar
for study, VU. 446; visited by Pom-
pey, V. 224; visited by Cicero, Vv.
90, 174; lost its fleet, 178; taken
by Cassius, VI. 192

Rhodoguné, daughter of Artaxerxes,
married to Orontes, xI. 192

Rhoemetalces, Thracian,
words regarding him, I. 140

Rhoesaces (1), story of his experience
with Cimon, Il. 436

Rhoesaces (2), Persian commander,
slain by Alexander, VII. 266

Rhoeteium, x. 102

Rhomboid, in Megara, I. 64

Rhone, canal run along its mouth by
Marius, Ix. 500

“ Rhopoperperethras,’’ name given
Demosthenes by one of Comic poets,
Vil. 22

Rhosus, scene of meeting between
Seleucus and Demetrius, Ix. 76

Rhus, in Megara, I. 64

Rhyndacus, river, defeat of part of
Mithridates’ forces by Lucullus
there, I. 504

Te ehentri a little Persian bird, XI.
17

Riddle, many owls sleeping under
tiling, Iv. 276

Right, of selling children restricted by
Numa, I. 366; of appeal by defend-
ant to people introduced by Publi-
cola, of appeal by defendant to
jurors introduced by Solon, 568; of
three children, see ‘‘ Jus trium libe-
rorum.”

Rignarium, see ‘‘ Remonium.”’

Rites, at Sparta in commemoration
of incident at Plataea, Il. 266; per-
formed by Athenians in month
Anthesterion in commemoration of
the deluge, 1V. 372; Orphic, prac-
tised by Macedonian women, VI.
226f.; of Mithras, celebrated at

457

crossed by

Caesar’s

GENERAL INDEX TO ALL THE ‘LIVES’

Olympia by pirates, Vv. 174; care
with which Romans performed
sacred rites, Iv. 180; mysterious
rites at Rome in month of Novem-
ver, V. 442. See also “ Funeral
rites ’’ and “‘ Marriage.’’

Roads, built by C. Gracchus, X. 212;
of Italy, all end at gilded column
in Forum, XI. 260

koma (1), woman who gave her name
to city, I. 90; married Latinus, son
of Telemachus, and bore him Romu-
lus, 92

Roma (2), daughter of Italus and
Leucaria, or of Telephus, son of
Heracles, married Aeneas, or Asca-
nius, and gave her name to city,
I, 92

Roma Quadrata, built by Romulus,

rg BE

Romans, why they honour second
Larentia, I. 100; waged war on
Sabines, 132; style of armour
adopted from Sabines, 154; feared
by neighbours, 168; nominated the
Sabine, Numa Pompilius, as king,
312; distracted by pestilence, 350;
increased in power after forsaking
institutions of Numa, 398; con-
quered Tarquins and Latins, VI.
420; afflicted by famine, I. 546;
defeat Sabines and Latins, 556 f.;
could not by its vote enact a law
without a previous decree of Senate,
Iv. 188; agree to pay 1000 lbs. of
gold to get rid of Gauls, 1. 164;
wish to move to Veii, but finally
decide to stay where they are, 170f.;
at war with Tarentum, IX. 382;
under Laevinus defeated by Pyrrhus
near Heracleia, 394f.; refuse to
make peace with Pyrrhus, 412;
lose 6000 men at Asculum according
to Hieronymus, 414; after Bene-
ventum get control of Italy and
Sicily, 428; wage war on Ligurians,
Im. 120; wage war on Gauls, V. 440;
bury alive 2 Greeks and 2 Gauls in
Forum, 442; send bowl to Delphi
to celebrate victory over Gauls, 456;
refuse to ransom prisoners after
Cannae, and banish those who fled
to Sicily, 466f.; with Achaeans
wage war on Nabis, X. 292; defeat
Antiochus, then give closer atten-

458

tion to affairs of Greece, VI. 362,
X. 302, 364; character changed by
conquests, I. 314; at war with
Philip V., X. 324; wage war with
Perseus, subdue Macedonia, VI. 370,
IX. 134; VI. 452; registered by
Aemilius Paulus and Marcius Philip-
pus, the censors, 454; how they
punished those who accepted terms
from the enemy, X. 156f.; how
they treated the land question,
158f.; had army under Caepio
destroyed by Oimbri, 0. 140; sum-
mon Marius to take command
against Cimbri and Teutones, Ix.
492; 150,000 massacred by Mithri-
dates in one day, Iv. 404; defeated
at river Lycus by Mithridates, Il.
514; under Lucullus conquer Ti-
granes and the Armenians, 1. 140;
end line of Pontic kings, Ix. 12;
divided into 3 powerful parties, I.
334; ready for revolution, VI. 108;
defeated by Parthians, 172; defeat
Pacorus, son of Hyrodes, or Arsaces,
I. 422; subject to many dire
events after death of Nero, XI. 206

Romanus, son of Odysseus and Circe,
colonized Rome, I. 92

Rome, various theories as to origin
of name,I.90; founded by Romulus
on April 21st, I. 4, 120, 122, 314;
a sanctuary for fugitives, called
sanctuary of God of Asylum, made
in it by Romulus and Remus, I.
114; how marked out, 118; grew
because she incorporated with her-
self those she conquered, I. 136;
plague and dread portents at, 166;
receives grain, part bought in Italy,
part sent as gift from Syracuse, Iv.
154; menaced by Volscians under
Ooriolanus, 188; 7 large cities cap-
tured from it by Volscians under
Coriolanus, 192; again menaced by
Coriolanus and Volscians, 194; how
saved by Volumnia, mother of
Ooriolanus, Iv. 200 f.; captured by
Gauls, then attacked by Latins
under Livius Postumius and saved
by strategy of Philotis, or Tutola,
I. 184f., 306, O. 146f., V. 440;
delivered by Camillus, I. 164 f.;
rebuilt within year, 174; struggle
there between Sullan and Marian

GENERAL INDEX TO ALL THE ‘LIVES’

factions concerning Mithridatic war,
IV. 348, IX. 558; great changes in
government of, introduced by Sulla,
Iv. 434; captured twice by Sulla, Iv.
452; occupied by Caesar, Ix. 152;
entrusted to Lepidus by the trium-
virs, Ix. 182; outshone by Athens
in great public works, temples, etc.
down to time of Caesars, I. 204;
required monarchy to heal its ills,
VI. 250; history of, planned by
Cicero, VII. 186
Romis, tyrant of Latins, drove out
oe and founded Rome, I.
Romulus, varying accounts of his
lineage, I. 92 f.; twin son of Ilia,
Rhea, or Silvia, 96; exposed near
river, 98; reared by Faustulus,
swineherd of Amulius, 102; with
his brother Remus, attacks and
slays Amulius, 112; builds Roma
Quadrata, 114; slays his brother
Remus, as some say, 116; buries
Remus in the Remonia, marks out
the city, 118; founded Rome on
April 21st, 120; divides men of
military age into companies, each
consisting of 3000 footmen and 300
horsemen, 122; appointed 100 of
most eminent to be councillors, call-
ing. the individuals ‘“‘ patricians’”’
and their body a “‘senate’’; called
nobles ‘*‘ patrons’? and commonalty
“clients,’’ rape of Sabine women,
126; origin of nuptial cry “ Tala-
sius, ‘a 132; slew Acron, king of the
Caeninenses, routed his army, and
took his city, 134 f., Vv. 454; mean-
ing of ‘‘ spolia opima,’’ I. 138,
Attacked by Sabines under Ta-
tius, who is admitted to citadel by
Tarpeia, 140; fights Sabines with
varying fortune, 144 f.; led to make
peace by the ravished daughters of
the Sabines, 146f.; Sabines to
dwell with Romans and Tatius to
be king with Romulus, 150; 100
Sabines added by election to the
patricians and legions enlarged to
6000 footmen and 600 horsemen,
people arranged in three bodies,
Rammnenses, Tatienses, Lucerenses,
152; Romulus adopted oblong
shields of Sabines, 154; said to

have introduced consecration of fire
and to have appointed holy virgins,
called Vestals, to guard it, was a
diviner, enacted law concerning
divorce, 160; buried Tatius, who
was slain by friends of murdered
ambassadors, but makes no attempt
to bring murderers to justice, 162 f.,
322; took Fidenae and made it
colony of Rome, 164; captured
Cameria, transferred half of sur-
vivors to Rome and sent colonists
to Cameria, 166; defeats Veientes
in two battles, 168; celebrates
triumph, becomes haughty in bear-
ing, had about him young men
called Celeres, and Lictores, 170 f.;
of his own motion divided territory
acquired in war among his soldiers,
and gave back their hostages to
Veientes without consent of patri-
cians, disappeared unaccountably
short time after, conjectures as to
manner of his death, 174f., 308,
I. 180, V. 178; Julius Proculus, a
patrician, said he saw Romulus as
a deity and received a meassge for
the Romans from him, the people
pray to him under name Quirinus,
I. 178; died 54 years of age and in
38th year of his reign, 186

Romus (1), sent from ‘Troy by Dio-
medes, son of Emathion, founded
Rome, I. 92

Romus (2), brought to Italy with his
brother Romulus, I. 92; named
from “‘ ruma,’’ a teat, 102.’ See also
“ Remus.”’

Roscii, two brothers with Crassus at
Carrhae, I. 414.

Roscius, comedian, had influence on
Sulla in his latter days, Iv. 438;
imitated by Cicero, VII. 94

Roscius, attacks Chrysogonus and is
accused by him of murder, defended
by Cicero and acquitted, vu. 88

Roscius, ‘had Milesiaca” of Aristides
in his baggage at battle of Carrhae,
I. 418

Roscius Otho, L., opposes Gabinian
law, V. 180; introduced law giving
knights separate seats at spectacles,
vii. 112

Roxana, married by Alexander, VI.
358; mother of Alexander, Ix. 354;

459

GENERAL INDEX TO ALL THE ‘LIVES’

murders Stateira and her sister, VI,
436

Roxana, sister of Mithridates, put to
death at his orders, I. 524

Roxanes, chiliarch, his angry words
to Themistocles, I. 78

Rubicon, separates Italy from Cis-
alpine Gaul, Vil. 490; crossed by
Caesar, 522, V. 272

Rubrius, tribune, brings in bill for
colony on site of Carthage, xX. 218

Rubrius, praetor in Macedonia, had
Cato the Younger under him, VII.
254

Rubrius, M., with Cato at Utica, VIII.
386

Rufinus, ancestor of Sulla, was consul,
expelled from senate, IV. 324

‘‘ Rufus,’’ concerning the name, IV.
142

Rufus, L., gave Ti. Gracchus second
blow, xX. 190

Rutus, Virginius, see “‘ Virginius Ru-
fas.”

Rullus, Fabius, received title Maxi-
mus for expelling descendants of
freedmen from senate, VY. 148, II.
118

*“ Ruma,’’ ancient Roman name for
teat, I. 98

Rumilia, goddess who presided over
rearing of young children, I. 98

*‘ Ruminalis,’? name of fig-tree near
which twins of Ilia grounded; ety-
mology of word, I. 98

Rutilius Rufus, P., legate of Caecilius
Metellus in Africa, Ix. 484; accused
falsely by Theophanes; his his-
tories, V. 212; cited, Ix. 540f.

Sabaco, Cassius, friend of Marius, ex-
pelled from senate, Ix. 472

Sabbas, induced by Gymnosophists to
revolt from Alexander, VU. 404 f.

Sabines, attacked by Romulus wan-
tonly, I. 126f.; their daughters
seized by Romans, 128; wage war
on Romans, 132; Lacedaemonian
colonists, lived in unwalled villages,
134, 308; under Tatius march on
Rome, treacherously admitted into
citadel by Tarpeia, 140; challenged
to battle by Romulus, 144; repulsed
to Regia and temple of Vesta, 146;

460

make peace, adopt Roman months,
154; quarrel with Romans as to
appointment of king on death of
Romulus, 310; waged war on Tar-
quin, son of Demaratus, 556; in-
vaded Roman territory, 554; with
Latins wage war on Rome and are
defeated, 556 f.; campaign against
them undertaken on understanding
that creditors would deal gently
with debtors, IV. 126

Sabine women, rape of, was act of
necessity, I. 112; when and why
carried out, 126 f.; rape took place
on August 18th, 134; separate com-
batants and bring peace, 146 f.;
quoted, 148 f.; terms of peace, 150;
pee concessions from Romans,

52

Sabinus, friend of Cicero, prosecuted
by Munatius, vm. 144

Sabinus, Calvisius, Roman general,
XI. 228

Sabinus, Nymphidius, see ‘‘ Nymphi-
dius Sabinus.”’

Sacred band of Thebans, account of
it, V. 382

Sacred gate, at Athens, Iv. 370

Sacred mount, where plebeians seceded
to, beside river Anio, Iv. 128

Sacrifice, of hair to god at Delphi by
youth in Theseus’ time, I. 10;
human sacrifice by Greeks before
Salamis, 0. 38 f.; sacrifice by Aean-
tid tribe of Athens to Sphragitic
nymphs, 272; vowed by Fabius
Maximus, 1. 130; human sacrifice,
vy. 390f.; 11 heifers sacrificed to
the moon, 20 oxen to Hercules, by
Aemilius Paulus, VI. 400

Saculio, buffoon, executed after Phi-
lippi, VI. 228 f.

Sadalas, king of Thrace, with Antony
at Actium, IX. 276

Sagra river, battle of, fought by Italian
Greeks, VI. 420

Saguntum, battle in the plains of,
between Sertorius and Metellus,
vil. 54

Sais, learned men of, gave Solon story
mn lost Atlantis, I. 494; Sonchis of,

76

Salaminian state-galley, for special
occasions, I. 20; sent to bring
Alcibiades home, Iv. 58.

ee

GENERAL INDEX TO ALL THE

Salamis, bone of contention between

' Athens and Megara, I. 420; re-
covered from Athens by Megara,
432; received ashes of Solon, 498;
572; scene of defeat of Xerxes by
Athenians, I. 12, 28, 38, 138, 242,
388, 396, 416, 418; overrun by
Lysander, IV. 252; plundered by
Aratus, XI. 54; given up to Athe-
nians by Diogenes, XI. 78

Salamis, in Cyprus, Nicocreon, king
of, vl. 308; where Demetrius de-
feated Ptolemy in sea-fight, Ix.
36 f.; mother and children of Deme-
trius besieged there by Ptolemy, 86

‘* Salamis,’’ title of poem by Solon,
I, 422

Salii, priests established by Numa, I.
346; to guard bronze buckler that
fell from heaven, 350

Salinae, town in Italy, M1. 338

Salinator, Julius, sent with 6000 men
by Sertorius to bar passage of
Pyrenees, killed by Calpurnius La-
narius, VII. 18

Salius, from Samothrace or Mantinea,
did not give his name to Salii, I.
352

Sallust, cited, m1. 504; 580; Iv. 450

Salonius, married his young daughter
to Oato the Elder in latter’s old
age, 0. 376

Salonius, son of Cato the Elder and
grandson of Salonius, I. 376; son
of Cato by 2nd wife, had son Marcus,
died in praetorship, 384

Salvenius, legionary soldier, brings
Sulla oracle about affairs in Italy,
iv. 380

Salvius, commanded Pelignians at
Pydna, VI. 406

Salvius, centurion, helps murder Pom-
pey, V. 318, 322

Samaena, species of war-ship, III. 76

Sambuca, of Marcellus, described, V.
470; crushed by Archimedes’ en-
gines, 474, 478

Samians, attacked by Athens for not
desisting from war against Milesians,
01.68; fighting Milesians for Priene,
defeated by Pericles, who set up
democracy, 72; defeated by Peri-
cles off island of Tragia, defeat
Athenians, 74; their general Melis-
sus defeated by Pericles, 76, Il, 6;

‘LIVES’

surrender to Pericles after 8 months

Il. 78; driven out and their cities
handed over to men they had
banished, IV. 268: vote that their

festival be called Lysandreia, 280;

qaceesee in letter by Brutus, VI.
3

Samnites, joining Pyrrhus after Hera-
cleia, are censured, Ix. 400; worsted
by Romans, invite Pyrrhus back
from Sicily, 422; discouraged by
many defeats at hands of Romans,
do not join Pyrrhus in large num-
bers, 426; their ambassadors found
Manius Curius in his cottage cooking
turnips, 0. 306; their cities which
had revolted, taken by Marcellus,
vy. 502; spared Roman generals, xX.
ot inveterate foes of Rome, IV.
42

a husband of Phaenareté, Ix.

35

Samos, siege of, I. 6, I. 68, 200;
Athenian fleet there, Iv. 70, 74, 104,
242; siege of, V. 344; attacked by
Lucullus, 0. 478; temple of Hera
there, V. 174; festivities held there
by Antony and Cleopatra, Ix. 264 f.

Samosata, in Syria, besieged by Ven-
tidius, Ix. 212

Samothrace, Vv. 520; Perseus takes
refuge there after Pydna, VI. 418;
422; 0.508; plundered by pirates,
Vv. 174

Samothracian images, in temple of
Vesta, brought to Troy by Dar-
danus, carried to Italy by Aeneas,
I. 144

Sandaucé, sister of Kerxes, wife of
Artayctus, her three sons sacrificed
to Dionysius Carnivorous by the
Greeks, Il. 38, 238

Sandon, father of Athenodorus, I, 548

Sapha, place in Asia where Amphi-
crates is buried, Il. 542

‘* Sapiens,’’ its meaning, X. 160

“‘ Sardians for sale,’’ called by herald
at Rome in celebrating victory, I.
170

Sardinia, x. 198 f.; province of Cato
the Elder, 0. 318; v. 154

Sardis, I. 170; visited by Solon, 478;
u. 80; 82f.; burned by Athenians,
224; Oyrus meets Lysander there,
Iv, 240; 252; submits to Alex-

491

GENERAL INDEX TO ALL THE ‘LIVES’

ander, VU. 262 f.; taken by Deme-
trius, Ix. 116; meeting-place of
Brutus and Cassius, VI. 200

Sarmentus, favourite of Octavius
Caesar, IX. 272

Sarpedon, tutor of Cato the Younger,
VII. 238; 242

Satibarzanes, eunuch of Artaxerxes
IL. XI: 152

Satiphernes, friend of Cyrus, slain by
Artaxerxes at Cunaxa, XI. 148

Satricum, captured by Tuscans, re-
captured by Camillus, I. 192

Saturn, temple of, made public trea-
sury by Publicola, I. 532, x. 168

Saturnalia, slaves then feasted with
masters as Numa ordained, I. 386,
Tv. 386; the time fixed for carrying
out Lentulus’ plot, vi. 124

Saturnian age, when there was neither
slave nor master, I. 386

Saturninus, L., tribune of people, sup-
ports Marius for fourth consulship,
Ix. 498 f.; slew Nonius, rival for
tribuneship, introduced agrarian law
with clause requiring senators to
take oath not to oppose what people
voted, Ix. 542; gets all senators
to take oath except Marius, helps
Marius oppose Metellus, 544, Iv.
446; pitted against nobles by
Marius, IX. 548

Satyreius, P., gave Ti. Gracchus the
first blow, Xx. 190

ee resemble Picus and Faunus,
I. 35

Satyrus, seer who helped slay Timo-
phanes according to Theopompus,
VI. 270

Satyrus, actor, points out Demos-
thenes’ weaknesses to him, VII. 16.
Saviour-gods,’’ honorary title given
Antigonus and Demetrius by Athe-
nians, IX. 26

Sayings, anonymous, I. 502; Iv. 3863
V. 86; VI. 384

Scaeva, Cassius, see “‘ Cassius Scaeva.”

“ Scaevola,’’ means left-handed, I. 548

Scaevola, Mucius, see ‘‘ Mucius Scae-
vo : ya?

Scalae Caci, beside dwelling of Romu-
lus, near descent into Circus Maxi-
mus from Palatine, I. 152

mae ke deme of Alcibiades, IV.

462

Scandeia, IT. 454

Scarpheia, Lycon of, v1. 310

Scaurus, illustrious Roman name, VI.

2

Scaurus, M. Aemilius, father of Aemilia
by Metella, Iv. 432, v. 134

Scedasus, slays himself when his
daughters are ravished, v. 390

Scellius, companion of Antony in
flight from Actium, Ix. 288

Scepsis, Metrodorus of, O. 538 f.;
Neleus of, Iv. 406

*‘ Schinocephalus,’’ name applied to
Pericles by Comic poets, I. 8

“‘ Schinus,’’ name for squill at times,

Im. 8

Schoolmaster of Falerii, punished by
Camillus, I. 118

Sciathus, Il. 20

Scillustis, island in Indian ocean
reached by Alexander, vi. 410

Scionaeans, restored to their homes
by Lysander, Iv. 270

Scipio, Gnaeus Cornelius, son of P.
Cornelius Nasica, father-in-law of
Pompey, sent to Syria with his
father to raise fleet, V. 278

Scipio Asiaticus, L. Cornelius (1), 0.
388; conquered Antiochus, 504, Mm.
398; ambassador with Flamininus
to Prusias to demand death of
Hannibal, X. 386; brother of Scipio
the Great, condemned to pay fine,
Il. 344; expelled from equestrian
order by Cato, 354

Scipio Asiaticus, L, Cornelius (2), out-
witted by Sulla, loses all his men
to him, Iv. 414, v. 130 vi. 14

Scipio, P. Cornelius, made master of
horse by Camillus, I. 104

Scipio Africanus, P. Cornelius, son of
Africanus Major, adopted younger
son of Aemilius Paulus and Papiria,
VI. 366

Scipio Africanus Major, P. Cornelius,
opposed by Cato the Elder, his
quaestor, for extravagance on his
campaign in Africa, 0. 310 f.; con-
quered Carthaginians in Spain,
made consul in spite of Fabius
Maximus’ opposition, crossed to
Africa and defeated Hannibal, M1.
190 f., 202, VI. 2, X. 144, 328;
382; surnamed Africanus, IX. 464;
succeeded Cato the Elder in Spain,

GENERAL INDEX TO ALL THE ‘LIVES’

outwitted by him, Il. 332; opposed
politically by Cato the Elder, 346,
386, 398; made princeps senatus
by Flamininus, X. 372; because of
attacks turned back upon people,
11. 376; his brother Lucius expelled
from senate by Cato, I. 354; had
Aemilia to wife, VI. 358; his son
adopted the son of Aemilius Paulus
and gave him the name Scipio, 366;
father-in-law of Scipio Nasica Cor-
culum, 392; inferior to Caesar as
general, VII. 478; second only to
Pyrrhus as general in opinion of
Hannibal, Ix. 366

Scipio Aemilianus Africanus Minor, P.
Cornelius, son of Aemilius Paulus,
grandson of Scipio the Great by
adoption, contemporary of Cato the
Elder, 0. 346, 364, VI. 364, 566,
446, 458; asked Cato the Elder’s
aid in behalf of the Achaean exiles,
U1. 326; consul contrary to the laws,
Ix. 492; I. 384; at Pydna, took
Carthage and Numantia, 596, VI.
412 f.; reproached with aristocratic
leaning of his father Aemilius
Paulus, VI. 452; supported by com-
mon people for censorship, 454;
destroyed Carthage, VIII. 2; be-
sieged Numantia, IX. 468, 494f.;
married daughter of Ti. Gracchus
the Elder and Cornelia, x. 146, 152;
most influential man at Rome,
blamed for not saving Mancinus,
was waging war on Numantia when
Ti. Gracchus began to agitate for
agrarian laws, 158; had C. Gracchus
under him when besieging Numan-
tia, 174; nearly lost popularity by
expressing disapproval of Ti. Grac-
chus and his measures, 194 f.; had
friend Laelius, VII. 252, x. 160;
died undersuspicious circumstances,
I. 174, X. 218 £.

Scipio Nasica, P. Cornelius (Scipio
Metellus) with two others came to
Cicero at midnight to warn of plot,
vo. 116; father-in-law of Pompey,
saved from trial by him, Vv. 260,

326; with Hypsaeus and Milo can.
didates for consulship, VII. 350;

chosen by Pompey as his colleague
in consulship, V. 262; opposes com-
promise with Caesar, VU. 516 f.;

with his son Gnaeus sent to Syria
to raise fleet, V. 278; 288; in Mace-
donia, to be attacked by Caesar,
vu. 540; disputed with Domitius
and Spinther over Caesar’s office of
Pontifex Maximus, VI. 544; v. 290;
said to have hid away greater part
of treasure he brought from Asia,
336; commanded centre at Phar-
salus for Pompey, opposed to Lucius
Calvinus, Vv. 294, Vil. 548; VII.
250; Vil. 480; quarrels with Varus,
well received by Juba, takes com-
mand of forces as proconsul, VII.
372; VI. 138; escapes from Thapsus
with few followers, VI. 374 f., VIL.
562, 570; VIO. 384 f.

Scipio Nasica Corculum, son-in-law of
Scipio Africanus, given task of
seizing pass through Perrhaebia, VI.
392; at battle of Pydna, 394, 398,
402; 424; says 80 Romans slain
at Pydna, 412; consul, with C.
Marcius, laid down office on account
of mistake in auspices, V. 444;
ping destruction of Carthage, I.
382

Scipio Nasica Serapio, large holder of
public land, opposed Ti. Gracchus
bitterly, xX. 174; leads attack
against Ti. Gracchus, 188 f.; hated
by people; though pontifex maxi-
mus, fied from Italy and committed
suicide, 194

Scipio Sallustio, of family of Africani,
put in forefront of battles in Africa
by Caesar, VII. 564

fap = hag promontory of Salamis, I.

sciraphidas, declared Spartans should
not receive gold and silver coinage,
Iv. 276

Sciron, son-in-law of Cychreus, father-
in-law of Aeacus, grandfather of
Peleus and Telamon, slain by The-
seus; disagreement as to his charac-
ter, I. 20, 188; son of Canethus
and Henioché, daughter of Pittheus ;
Isthmian games in his honour
according to some, 56; father of
Alycus, 76

Scirophorion, Athenian month, Vv.
78

Scirus, of Salamis, according to Philo-
chorus furnished pilot and look-out

: 463

GENERAL INDEX TO ALL THE ‘LIVES’

man to Theseus; temple to him at
Phalerum, I. 34

Scopadae, wealth of, I. 434

Scopas, Thessalian, his remark about
happiness, 1. 354

Scorpion, engine devised by Archi-
medes for short-range work, V. 476

Scotussa, town in Thessaly, I. 64;
how treated by Alexander of Pherae,
v. 412; where Flamininus defeated
Philip, VI. 372, X. 338; V. 292, VI.
546

Scribonia, wife of Crassus, mother of
Piso, executed by Nero, Xt. 254

Scrophas, quaestor under Crassus, de-
feated by Orassus, Il. 346

Scyros, isle of, I. 80; inhabited by
Dolopians, ruled by Lycomedes, 82;
seized by Cimon, settled by Athe-
nians, Il. 426; has grave of Theseus,
428

Scytalé (1), described, Iv. 284 f.; 112

Scytalé (2), fabled serpent, M1. 418

Scythes, ambassador of Agesilaiis,
imprisoned in Larissa, V. 42

Scythes, servant of Pompey, V. 320

Scythia, V. 220; 298

Scythia, Pontic, neighbour of Gaul,
Ix. 488

Scythians, how they wear their hair,
mr. 386; shoot as they flee even
better than Parthians, 388; twang
their bows in midst of their drink-
ing, Ix. 44; mingle with Gauls from
Pontic Scythia eastward, 488;
routed by Alexander, VII. 356

Sea, Ionian, boundary between Octa-
vius and Antony, Ix. 204

Sea, outer, Ix. 488

Secundus, rhetorician, Otho’s secre-
tary, XI. 296

Sedition, at Athens, I. 436; 486; at
Sparta, V. 88; of Messenians, XI.
112; at Rome, first to end in blood-
shed since expulsion of kings, xX.
190; 234; caused by Cinna, Ix.
578; caused by Marius, IV. 344

Seers, M1. 370.

“* Seisactheia,’’ term applied to can-
cellation of debts under Solon, I.
442, 448

“ Seismatias,’’ name of tomb of Spar-
tan youth crushed in earthquake,
I. 454

Seleucia, on the Tigris, 0. 540; always

404

hostile to Parthians, I. 366; 368;
374; captured for Hyrodes by
Surena, 378; 418

“* Seleucid,’’ name of a costly kind of
bowl, VI. 442

Seleucus, rumoured to have surren-
dered Pelusium with consent of
Cleopatra, Ix. 306; steward of Cleo-
patra, 322

Seleucus Nicator, helped by Alex-
ander, VII. 348; 400; 434; expelled
from Babylonia by Antigonus, re-
covered it and set out on expedition
to India and Mount Caucasus, Ix.
16; begins to wear diadem, 40; 60;
defeats Antigonus and Demetrius,
70; had son Antiochus by Apama,
the Persian, marries Stratonicé,
daughter of Demetrius and Phila,
76; makes friendship between De-
metrius and Ptolemy, demands
Cilicia of Demetrius, and on being
refused that, Tyre and Sidon, had
domain from India to Syrian sea,
78; leagues with Ptolemy and Lysi-
machus against Demetrius, 108;
arranged engagement between De-
metrius and Ptolemais, 116;
marches into Cilicia with large force,
118; repulsed by Demetrius, 120;
122; seizes Demetrius and banishes
him to Syrian Chersonese, 126; X.
16; most of his former dominions
won back by Antiochus the Great,
Il. 334

Sellasia, x. 20; 102; Cleomenes de-
feated there, 112, XI. 106; passes
and heights there occupied by Spar-
tans, X. 266

Selymbria, captured by Alcibiades, Iv.
86

Sempronius Densus, see ‘* Densus,
Sempronius.”’

Sempronius, Tiberius, consul, assisted
by Cato the Elder in subduing
regions in Thrace and on Danube,
ll. 334; see also ‘‘ Gracchus, Ti.
Sempronius (1).”’

Senate at Athens, created new by
Solon, I. 568; its number increased
from 500 to 600, Ix. 26

Senate, at Rome, instituted by Romu-
lus, means council of elders, I. 1243
150 in number, 150, 312; that of
Romans and Sabines united, 152;

Ae

GENERAL INDEX

accused of changing government to
oligarchy on death of Romulus, 312;
had 164 new members added by
Publicola, 530, 568; sent ambassy
to Delphi to consult oracle about
Alban lake, I. 102; Iv. 126; its
decree necessary before people could
enact law, 188; 190; permits ple-
beians to elect one consul from their
number, 0. 204; likened by Cineas
to council of kings, Ix. 406; X. 338;
sent 10 commissioners to Flamininus
in Greece, X. 348; I. 324; 332;
insults Ti. Gracchus, X. 174; 194;
198; Iv. 350; Ix. 584; I. 594;
Vv. 258; 282; VI. 168; 172; 184;
vi. 118; 120; 126; 168; 198;
494; Ix.148 f.; 156 f.; 168; 172 f£.;
272
Senate, at Sparta, instituted by Ly-
curgus, manner of election, I. 218,
282; why number was fixed at 28,
220
Senate, of 300 Romans at Utica, won
in speech by Oato, VI. 378 f.; dis-
trusted by Oato, refuses to oppose
Caesar, 386
Senate, of Sertorius, VII 60
coe ultima, VI. 118; xX.
Seneca, persuades Nero to send Otho
out as governor of Lusitania, x1. 248
Senecio, Socius (or Sosius), friend of
Plutarch, I. 2, VI. 2, VIL. 2, 78
Senones, neighbours of Gauls, I. 126
Senses, how different from arts, Ix. 2
Sentius, praetor of Macedonia, Iv. 360
September, Ides of, nearly coincide
with full moon of Attic Metageit-
nion, I. 538; called Germanicus for
a short time by Domitian, 370
Septempagium, a territory of Veii
surrendered to Rome, I. 170
Septimius (1), once tribune of Pom-
pey’s, helps murder him, V. 318 f.
Septimius (2), defends N ymphidius
Sabinus, XI, 234
Septimuleius, brought head of O.
Gracchus to Opimius, xX. 236
Sequani, capture kings of Teutones in
Alps, Ix. 528; have Caesar’s forces
among them for winter, VU. 490;
remain faithful to Rome, 506
Serapion, given gifts by Alexander,
Vil. 340

TO ALL THE ‘LIVES’

Serapis, said by Dionysius to have
freed him from chains and bid him
sit on Alexander’s throne, VI. 428

Serbonian marshes, called blasts of
Typhon by Egyptians, appear to
7 residual arm of Red Sea, Ix.

42

Sergius, a mime, had great influence
with Antony, rx. 158

Seriphian, the, his encounter with
Themistocles, I. 50

Serpent, why associated with heroes,
X. 140; omen of it, 144

Serranus, father of Atilia, VII. 250

Sertorius, Q., subduer of Spain, had
no cognomen, Ix. 464; one-eyed,
belonged to family of some pro-
minence in Sabine city of Nussa,
vin. 4; reared by his widowed
mother Rhea, served against Cimbri
and Teutones under Caepio and then
Marius, sent out as military tribune
to Spain by Didius the praetor, 6;
saves Roman soldiers in Castulo,
appointed quaestor of Cisalpine
Gaul, 8; opposed by Sulla in elec-
tion for tribuneship, joins Cinna, 10;
disapproved of the severity of
Marius and Cinna, had Marius’
body-guardsslain,14; goesto Spain
and wins over the Barbarians, 16;
sent Julius Salinator with 6000 men
to bar passage of Pyrenees, crossed
to Africa and returned, 18; re-
turned to Maurusia in Africa to
fight against Ascalis, defeated Asca-
lis and Paccianus, 22

Invited by Lusitanians to be
their leader, 24; organizes them
and subdues neighbouring parts of
Spain, 26; uses white doe to im-
press Spaniards, 28; defeats all
Loman generals sent against him
including Metellus, 30f.; intro-
duces Roman arms, signals, and
formations, educates Spanish boys
of highest birth at Osca, 36f.;
joined by Perpenna with 53 cohorts,
40; forces the surrender of the
Characitani, 42; opposed by Pom-
pey, 46; takes Lauron in spite of
Pompey, 48; fights drawn battle
with Pompey, 52; defeated by
Metellus but gets new forces, 56;
gave name of senate to senators

405

GENERAL INDEX TO ALL THE ‘LIVES’

who fled from Rome to him, 60;
makes treaty with Mithridates, 66;
plotted against hy Perpenna and
others, 68; murdered by Antonius
and others, 72

488; 494; Vv.

See also Il. 486;

146; 156; Ix. 590
Quoted: ViIl.12; 42; 48; 52; 64

Servii, Galba one of, x1. 210

Servile war (War of Spartacus), I
334 f., V. 164, VIII. 252

Servile war, in Sicily, M1. 342, Iv. 440

Servile war at Sparta, I. 292, II. 456

Servilia (1), mother of Brutus, de-
scended from Servilius Ahala, VI.
126; half-sister of Cato the
Younger, daughter of his mother,
128, VII. 236; wife of Silanus, 284;
had intrigue with Caesar, 290, VI.
134 f£.: received ashes of Brutus, 246

Servilia (2), sister of Cato, divorced
by Lucullus, 1. 594, VIM. 292, 304:
with her young son by Lucullus
taken to Asia by Cato, attacked by
Caesar on this score, 366

Servilii, Marcus Brutus one on his
mother’s side, VI. 586

Servilius, meets Pompey with fleet at
river Phasis at head of fleet with
which he guarded Euxine, ¥. 206

Servilius, C., augur, accused L. Lucullus
of peculation, impeached by the son
L. Lucullus, 1. 470

Servilius, M., supports granting of
triumph to Aemilius Paulus, VI. 436

Servilius, praetor, sent to forbid Sulla
advancing, IV. 350

Servilius Vatia Isauricus, P. (1),
general of Sulla, enjoys successes,
Iv. 418; v. 150

Servilius Vatia Isauricus, P. (2), see
“‘ Tsauricus, P. Servilius.’’

Servius (1), added 2 more Vestals to
first 4, I. 340

Servius (2), Sulla’s candidate, rejected
by people, Iv. 356

Servius Galba, see ‘* Galba, Ser. Sul-
picius (1).”’

Sessorium, place of execution, XI. 270

Sestius, P., given province of Cilicia,
accompanied by M. Brutus, vi. 132

Sestos, many barbarian prisoners cap-
tured there by Athenians and their
allies, 0. 430; Iv. 106f.; 254;
taken from Athenians by Lysander

466

and divided among his boatswains
and pilots, 268

Setia, VIL. 578

Seuthas, servant of Aratus, x1. 10

Sextilius, legate of Luculius, attacked
by Mithrobarzanes, whom he de-
feats, Il. 550; attacks and routs
Arabs, 552

Sextilius, praetor, with lictors seized
by pirates, V. 176

Sextilius, P., governor of Africa, orders
Marius not to set foot in Africa,
Ix. 574

Sextilis, former name of month
August, I. 134, 370, Ix. 534

Sextius (Sextus), Lucius, first plebeian
elected consul, I. 206

Sextius, P., retained Cicero as an
advocate, VII. 148

Sextius Sulla, Carthaginian, contem-
porary of Plutarch, his explanation
of origin of nuptial cry “‘ Talasius,’’
I. 132

Sextus, nephew of Pompey, VII. 242

She-wolf, suckled children of Ilia, con-
sidered sacred to Mars, 1. 98

Ships, number at Salamis, 0. 40; 1.
76; size of those built by Deme-
trius and Ptolemy Philopator, Ix.
108

Shore-men at Athens, favoured com-
promise, I. 434; led by Megacles,
son of Alemaeon, 486

Sibyl, oracle of, quoted, I. 54

Sibylline books, I. 556; D1. 128; v.
442; VII. 44; "122: 580

Sibyrtius, palaestra of, Iv. 8

Sibyrtius, governor of Arachosia,
ordered to wear out the Silver-
shields, VII. 136

Sicels, negotiate with Nicias, M1. 266

Sicilian grease, II. 208

Sicilians, honoured Gylippus, I. 298;
came to hate Pyrrhus, Ix. 422

Sicily, 0. 430; M1. 62; Athenian ex-
pedition to, I. 250 ey LVer ae ToS
state of, after death of Dion and
before expedition of Timoleon, VI.
262; Timoleon’s expedition to,
284f.; receives colonists from
Corinth and other places, 316, 344;
wealthy, populous, and in faction
after departure of Agathocles, Ix.
386; Pyrrhus’ expedition to, 416;
subdued by Romans soon after

GENERAL INDEX TO ALL THE ‘LIVES’

Beneventum, 428; its conquest
attempted by Carthaginians, op-
posed by Marcellus, V. 466; secured
for Sulla by Pompey, 136; 182;
Cicero quaestor of, VI. 94; allotted
to Cato as province, VII. 362; taken
from Sextus Pompeius by Octavius,
IX. 262

Sicinius Vellutus, with Junius Brutus,
leader in secession, with him one
of first 2 tribunes of the plebs, Iv.
130; opposes plan of colony at
Velitrae and of new war with Volsci,
opposed by Coriolanus, 146; 160 f.

Sicinnius, said Crassus had hay on his
horn, I. 334

Sicinnus, Persian slave of Themistocles
and paedagogue of his children,
takes message from him to Xerxes,

I. 36

Sicyon, X. 84; bit of its history, X1.
4; freed of tyrant Nicocles by
Aratus, X. 256, xI. 14; though
Dorian attached to Achaean league
by Aratus, 20; its best paintings
in time of Aratus, 28; almost cap-
tured by Cleomenes, 90; its terri-
tory ravaged by Cleomenes, X. 92;
freed by Demetrius, Ix. 58

Sicvonians, defeated by Pericles at
Nemea, II. 60; bury Aratus in
their city, XI. 120f.; persuaded to
move their city by Demetrius, who
gave it new name Demetrius, Ix.
58; pronounced judgment against
Athenians in their suit with people
of Oropus, Il. 368

Sidon, demanded of Demetrius by
Seleucus, Ix. 78; 254

Siege-engines, of Niconides the Thes-
salian, 0.500; employed by Pericles
in Samian war, I. 78; those of
Athenians set on fire, 270; those
of Sulla called for operation of
10,000 pairs of mules, 1V. 360

Sigliuria, built by Publicola, I. 542

Signia, younger Marius defeated there
by Sulla, iv. 414 f.

Silanio, made likenesses of Theseus,
1. 10

Silanus, Decimus Junius, vu. 116;
husband of Servilia, Cato’s sister,
vill. 284; reports what Cethegus
was heard to say, VU. 126; urges
putting conspirators to death, 130;

vin. 286; recanted and said he
meant imprisonment, 288, VI. 132

Silanus, M., friend of Antony, driven
off by Cleopatra’s flatterers, Ix. 272

Silenus, claimed to be child of Apollo
and woman in Pontus, was to be
used by Lysander in his scheme for
Sane succession at Sparta, Iv.

6

Silicius, P., proscribed, VI. 186

Sillaces, sent against Crassus, II. 376;
casts head of Crassus into Parthian
banqueting hall, 420

ere ompaedius, see ‘* Pompaedius

o.”’

Silvia, see ‘* Tlia.’’

Silvium, where Sulla was met by ser-
vant of Pontus, Iv. 412

Simaetha, female character in Aristo-
phanes’ Acharnians, I. 88

Simmias (1), public prosecutor of
Pericles according to Theophrastus,
Im. 102

Simmias (2), fought always by side
of Philopoemen, X. 282

Simonides, of Ceos, says Lycurgus not
son of Eunomus but that both were
sons of Prytanis, I. 206; that
Themistocles had chapel of Lyco-
midae at Phlya restored at his own
expense, I. 4; 16; V. 23; VI. 348;
XI. 106.

Cited: (Frg. 193, Bergk) I. 20;
(Frg. 54, Bergk 413) 34; (Bergk
Im’. p. 423) O. 44; (Bergk Mm. p.
516) v. 342; (Bergk mf‘. p. 412)
VI. 2

Simylus, poet, cited, I. 142

Sinis, the Pine-bender, father of Peri-
guné, slain on Isthmus by Theseus,
I. 16, 66, 188; son of Canethus and
Henioché; Isthmian games in his
honour according to some, 56

Sinnaca, hilly country, refuge for
Octavius and about 5000 men, IL
408

Sinopé, founded by Autolycus, 1. 542;
taken from Syrians by him, 544;
600 Athenian colonists sent there
by Pericles, MI. 62; besieged and
captured by Lucullus, O. 6542;
Mithridates’ body sent there, V. 222;
Diogenes of, VII. 258

Sinopé, daughter of Asopis, mother
of Syrus, ll. 544

467

GENERAL INDEX TO ALL THE ‘LIVES’

Sinopians, assisted against Timesileos
by Pericles, I. 60

Sinora, place where Mithridates had
money and treasures, V. 200

Sinuessa, Marcellus recuperates his
soldiers there, V. 510; country seat
of Tigellinus there, XI. 278

Sippius, celebrated for luxury and

eminacy, VIII. 244

Siren, v. 480

Siris, river in Italy, Ix. 394

Sisenna, historian, I. 472

Sisimithres, his citadel captured by
Alexander, VII. 388

Skapté Hylé, in Thrace, Thucydides
murdered there, IT. 412

Slaves, treated kindly by Romans of
Ooriolanus’ time, Iv. 176 f.; brought
in by rich to till land in Italy, x.
160; how treated by Cato the Elder,
Il. 316, 364; Ix. 584; 0. 484; VIM.
386; how treated by Spartans, I.
288 f., x. 100; 0. 536; mz. 108

Smyrna, VI. 188; where Homer died,
vil. 4

Socles, Paeanian, at battle of Salamis,
I. 42

Socrates, the sage, not poor according
to Demetrius of Phalerum, I. 214;
falsely said to have lived in wedlock
with Myrto, 296; said he heard
Pericles introduce measure regard-
ing the long wall, I. 42; with his
disciples came to hear Aspasia, 68;
his favour contributed to reputation
of Alcibiades, Iv. 2; his love for
Alcibiades and influence upon him,
8 f., 14; saves Alcibiades’ life at
Potidaea, defended by Alcibiades in
rout at Delium, 18; disapproved
of Sicilian expedition, 44, M1. 256;
had tendency to melancholy accord-
ing to Aristotle, Iv. 236; lost his
life for philosophy, II. 290; his fate
like that of Phocion, VIN. 232; I.
320; 360; Cato the Elder’s opinion
of him, 370; had ardent disciple
Apollodorus of Phalerum, VII. 346;
work on him by Demetrius of
Phalerum, UO. 210; by Panaetius,
296

“Socrates,” work by Demetrius of
Phalerum, U. 210

“‘Socrates,’’ work by Panaetius, I. 296

Soli (1), new city of Philocyprus,

468

named in honour of Solon, I. 478;
Pasicrates king of, VII. 308

Soli (2), city in Cilicia, besieged by
Demetrius, IX. 48; devastated by
Tigranes, king of Armenia, restored
by Pompey and ex-pirates settled
there, Vv. 186

Solofs, friend of Theseus, in love with
Antiopé, in despair drowned him-
self, I. 58

Solols, river in Bithynia, named in
memory of Theseus’ friend, I. 60

Solon, son of Execestides and a cousin
of mother of Peisistratus, I. 404;
when young man embarked in com-
merce and travelled, 406; composed
poetry at first with no serious end
in view, in philosophy studied chiefly
political ethics, in physics is simple
and antiquated, 410; met the other
wise men at Delphi and again at
Corinth, 412; meets Anacharsis and
Thales, 414f.; wrests island of
Salamis from Megarians, 420 f.;
successfully supports the claim of
Athens to Salamis before board of 5
arbiters, 426 f.; arouses Athenians
to support Delphians against people
of Cirrha, 428; brings peace be-
tween the descendants of followers
of Oylon and those of Megacles, 430

Ohosen archon and made mediator

between rich and poor, 436; re-
jected position of tyrant but yet
showed firmness, 440; cancelled all
debts and forbade lending money
on person of borrower, 442; pleased
neither party by this arrangement,
yet appointed to reform constitution
and make new laws, repealed laws
of Draco, 448; divided people into
4 classes according to property,
450; gave every citizen privilege
of entering suit in behalf of one
who had suffered wrong, 452; after
establishing council of the Areio-
pagus, if it did not exist in Draco’s
time, he set up council of 400, 454;
made law disfranchising man who
in time of faction took neither side;
laws regarding marriage, 456 f.;
forbade speaking ill of dead, or of
living in temples, courts-of-law,
public offices, and at festivals, 460;
permitted man having no children

ANS = ee

GENERAL INDEX TO ALL THE ‘LIVES’

to will property to whom he pleased,
regulated public appearances of
women, their mourning and festi-
vals, 462; enacted law that no son
not taught a trade should be com-
pelled to support his father, ordered
council of Areiopagus to chastise
the idle, 464; his laws concerning
women absurd, 466; made laws
concerning public wells, planting of
trees, digging of trenches, setting
out hives of bees, exporting pro-
ducts of soil, concerning naturalized
citizens, 468 f.; regulated practice
of eating at public table in town
hall, 472

All his laws were to have force
for 100 years, 472; arranged calen-
dar of the month, 474; sailed to
Egypt, then to Cyprus, 476; inter-
viewed Croesus, 478 f.; met Aesop
at his court, 484; returned to
Athens, endeavoured to reconcile
opposing factions, 486; tried to turn
Peisistratus from his design of be-
coming tyrant, reproved Thespis for
telling lies in his play, 488; opposed
Peisistratus, 490; became Pgisis-
tratus’ counsellor, began work on
story of lost Atlantis, then aban-
doned it, 494; died in archonship
of Hegestratus, 496

See also VII. 160.

Quoted: (Frg. 1, Bergk m‘.) 1
422; (Frg. 5) 452; {Frg. 6) 570;
(Frg. 7) 476; (Frg. 9) 410; (Frg.
11. vv. 1-4) 492; gz. 11. vv. ri
5, & 6) 490; (Frg. 12) 410; (Frg.
13. Vv. 7£.) 408, 566; (Fre. 15)
408; (Frg. 18) 406, 496; (Frg. 19)
478: (Frg. 21) 566; (Fre. 24) 406;
(Fre. 26) 496; (Fre. 28) 476; Fre.
31) 410; (Fre. 32) 440; (Fre. 33)
440; (Fre. 34, vy. 4f.) 448; (ire.
36. ‘4 £.) 444; (Frg. 36. vv. 9-12)
444; (Frg. 36. v. 14) 442

See also I. 438; 454; 484: 488;
490; 492; 494.

Solon, "of Plataea, joins party of Athe-
nians going to Polysperchon, VII.
222

Solonium, farmstead of Marius, Ix. 560

Sonchis, of Sais, learned Egyptian
priest with whom Solon studied, I.
476

Bec penT ans always about Otho, x1
256

Sophanes, rivalled Aristides for 2nd
place at Plataea, 11. 388; Deceleian,
opposes crown for Miltiades, 426

Sophax, son of Hercules and Tinga,
became king of country about Tin-
gis, had son Diodorus, VII. 24

Sophené, Il. 548; its people join
Lucullus, 568; taken from Tigranes
by Lucullus, v. 202

“* Sophia,’’ meant simply cleverness in
politics and practical sagacity, I. 6

** Sophists,’’ origin of term, 11.6; none
visited Sparta, I. 230

Sophocles, in his first plays defeated
Aeschylus, Cimon and his fellow-
generals being judges, Hl. 428;
general with Pericles on naval ex-
pedition, MI. 24; general with
Nicias, 262; had friendship of
Aesculapius, and when dead another
deity procured fitting burial for
him, I. 320; his tragedies sent to
Alexander, VII. 242

Antigone (563 f.), quoted, VIII. 144
Oedipus Coloneus (1 f.) Ix. 118
Oedipus Rex (4) Ix. 186
Trachiniae (441 f.) I. 404
Teena ae (Nauck, p. 270), VI.

Cie. 788, Nauck) I. 392;
(Nauck, p. 249) x. 2; (Nanck,
p. 315) Vil. 240, 1X..112 f., x.
Ship (Nauck, p. 316) V. 320, VI.
Sophrosyné, daughter of Diony~ius the
Elder and Aristomache, married
Dionysius the Younger, Vi. 12
Sorex, archmime, had great influence
with Sulla in his latter days, IV
438
Sornatius, routs Menander, general of
Mithridates, 0. 520; left as guar-
dian of Pontus, 544 f.; 570; 584
Sosibius (1), cited, I. 280
Sosibius (2), most influential of Pto~-
lemy’s followers, X. 124; Ptolemy’s
prime minister, fears Cleomenes,
126; plots against him, 130
Sosigenes, companion of Demetrius,
IX. 124
Sosis, fails in attempt to bring odium
upon Dion and is put to death, VI. 72
Sosistratus, prominent Syracusan, one

469

GENERAL INDEX TO ALL THE ‘LIVES’

of first to invite Pyrrhus to Sicily,
IX. 422

Sosius, see ‘‘ Senecio, Socius (or So-
sius).””

Soso, sister of Abantidas and wife of
Prophantus, befriends Aratus, XI. 6

Sossius, Antony’s general, effected
much in Syria, Ix. 214

** Soter,’’ name given for exploit, Iv.
142

Soteria, sacrifice to celebrate freeing
of Sicyon from its tyrants, XI. 122

Sotion, cited, VII. 398

Soiis, his genealogy, did not give his
name to Spartan royal line, under
him Spartans made Helots their
slaves and conquered land from
Arcadians, outwitted Cleitorians, I.
206 f.

Sousamithras, uncle of Pharnabazus,
ordered to kill Alcibiades, Iv. 112
Spain, cleared of Carthaginians by O.
Scipio and won over to Rome, Il.
190; pacified by Aemilius Paulus,
VI. 362 f.; invaded by Oimbri and
Teutones, Ix. 496; occupied by
Sertorius, VI. 16; seat of war
between Rome and Sertorius, I.
486; subdued by Sertorius, Ix. 464;
v. 214; allotted to Caesar as pro-
vince, VII. 466; allotted to Pompey,
I. 360; Vil. 512; gone over to

younger Pompey, VIII. 382 :

Spain, Farther, allotted to Marius,
who cleared out the robbers, Ix. 474

Spain, Hither, allotted to Cato the
Elder, who subdues Lacetanians, is
succeeded by Scipio the Great, Il.
330 £.

Spaniards, M1. 140; their horsemen
desert to Marcellus, V. 464; treated
well by Sertorius, VMI. 16; love
Sertorius, their children of noblest
birth educated by Sertorius at Osca,
36 f.; these children slain or sold
into slavery by Sertorius, 68

Spanish wars, VI. 362; VII. 6; 30,
Il, 486; VI. 530

Spanus, plebeian living in Spain, gave
Sertorius white doe, VIII. 28 :

Sparamizes, chief eunuch of Parysatis,
traps Mithridates, x1. 160 :

Sparta, 1. 72; toit Aethra was carried
off, 78; suffered long time from
lawlessness and confusion, 208;

470

rules for its assembly laid down by
Lycurgus, 222; its land redistri-
buted by Lycurgus, 226; movable
property distributed by Lycurgus,
228; useless arts banished from it
by Lycurgus, 230; 234; sons there
not regarded as property of father
but of state, 252; observed laws
of Lycurgus for 500 years down to
time of Agis when gold and silver
money came in, 296: visited by
Themistocles, If. 52; 240; lost her
prestige owing to Pausanias, 420;
shaken by earthquake, 452; Greeks
meet there to arrange peace, V. 76 f.;
after Leuctra, 80; repulses Epami-
nondas, 96; near it Demetrius wins
battle, Ix. 84; umsuccessfully at-
tacked by Pyrrhus, 436; degene-
rated down to time of Agis and
Cleomenes, X. 8, 12; sends Agis
with army to aid Achaeans, 30 f.;
mistress of Peloponnesus, 244; her
laws and constitution restored by
Antigonus, 118; forced and per-
suaded into Achaean league, 296 f.;
her walls torn down and constitu-
tion destroyed by Philopoemen,
388; her gates closed by Philopoe-
men against Diophanes and Flami-
ninus, 390; offered his soldiers for
plunder by Brutus, VI. 230; why
she fell according to Plutarch, v.
92; her government a mixture of
democracy and royalty, VI. 112;
had temples of Death, Laughter,
and Fear, xX. 66

Spartacus, Thracian, chosen one of 3
leaders by escaped gladiators, his
exploits and death, IIs. 336 f.

Spartacus, war of, see ‘‘ Servile war.”’

Spartan records, V. 52

Spartans, I. 74; 278, Vv. 74; knew
how to obey, I. 298; on forsaking
precepts of Lycurgus sank from
highest to lowest place, 398; arbi-
ters in dispute between Athenians
and Megarians, 426; I. 18; 240;
send 5000 men by night to assist-
ance of Athenians, 244; at battle
of Plataea, 264; quarrel with Athe-
nians over meed of valour after
Plataea, 274; stopped sending out
generals after snub to Pausanias,
286; dislike Themistocles and

GENERAL INDEX TO ALL THE ‘LIVES’

favour Cimon, 56, 452; attacked
by Perioeci, Helots and Messenians,
send to Athens for aid which Cimon
brings, 454 f.; free Delphians from
Phocians, defeat Athenians at Ta-
nagra, 456, I. 28; annoyed at
increasing power of Athenians, 54;
oppose Panhellenic congress pro-
posed by Pericles, 56; restore sanc-
tuary to Delphians, 62; under
Pleistoanax invade Attica, 64; make
peace with Athens for 30 years, 68;
receive complaints about Athens
from Oorinth, Megara, and Aegina,
84; send embassy to Athens to
arrange Megarian matter, 86; under
Archidamus invade Attica, 94;
routed by Nicias when he ravaged
coasts of Laconia, 230; have some
men captured by Oleon on island
of Sphacteria, 234, iv. 32; send
ambassadors to Athens to treat all
issues, Il. 242; defeat Argives,
Mantineans, and Eleans at Man-
tinea, IV. 36, V. 92; help Chians in
revolt from Athens, Iv. 66; defeated
by Athenians off Abydos, 78; accuse
Tissaphernes to Persian king, de-
feated by Alcibiades at Cyzicus and
lose town, 80f.; defeat Athenians
at Ephesus, 104; defeat Athenians
at Aegospotami, 254; appoint Ly-
sander to take command upon the
sea, 238; under Oallicratidas de-
feated at Arginusae, appoint Aracus
admiral and Lysander vice-admiral
with real power, 248; reverse
arrangement of Lysander concern-
ing Sestos and restore Sestians, 268 ;
decree that Athenians tear down
Peiraeus and long walls, 270; 284;
308

Order Olearchus to help Cyrus,
XI. 138f.; wage war on Persians,
172 f.; send Lysander, then Pau-
sanias against Thebans, TV. 310;
defeated by Iphicrates, V. 60; de-
feated at Onidus and driven off the
sea by Artaxerxes, accept peace of
Antalcidas, 62, x1. 174 f.; deprive
Phoebidas of his command and yet
hold Cadmeia, V. 66, 352; 370;
defeated for first time in pitched
battle by Thebans under Pelopidas
at Tegyra, 76, 344, 376, 382; under

Cleombrotus invade Boeotia, 66,
372, 388; under Cleombrotus de-
feated by Thebans at Leuctra, 78,
XI. 178; V. 84; defeat Arcadians
in tearless battle, 92; defeated by
Thebans at Mantinea, 94, 350; send
generals and governors to aid Diony-
sius, tyrant in Sicily, 420, vi. 34;
defeated by Thebans at Mantinea,
Vv. 94, 350; 98; under Agis crushed
by Alexander, VI. 58; their debts
cancelled by Agis, X. 30; 56; lost
2000 at Philippi, vI. 218

See also, I. 206; 396; TV. 62;
are Ix. 4; X. 74; 300; 302; XI.

Sparto, Boeotian, defeated Athenians
and slew Tolmides, their general,
Im. 58, Vv. 50 ~

Sparton, of Rhodes, his release secured
oon Alexander by Phocion, VII.

6

Spercheius, I. 78

Speusippus, most intimate friend of
Dion at Athens, VI. 34; urges Dion
to free Sicily, 44; 76

Sphacteria, island on which 400 Spar-
tans were cut off, I. 230, Iv. 32

Sphaerus, of Borysthenis, disciple of
Zeno, taught philosophy to Cleo-
menes, X. 52; assisted Cleomenes
in restoring ancient discipline, 72;
cited, I. 220

Sphines, see ‘* Calanus.’’

Sphodrias, harmost of Thespiae, at-
tempts to seize the Peiraeus, ac
quitted by help of Agesilalis, v.
66 f., 326, 372

Sphragitic nymphs, see ‘‘ Nymphs,
Sphragitic.”’

Spiculus, gladiator of Nero’s, slain in
forum, XI. 222

Spinning, to be only task of Roman
matrons, I. 132, 150

Spinther (1), see ‘‘ Lentulus Spinther,
L. Cornelius.”’

Spinther (2), P. Cornelius Lentulus,
accused of engineering Pompey’s
appointment as “‘ praefectus anno-
nae,’’ V. 244; 290; 306

Spithridates (1), induced by Lysander
to revolt from Pharnabazus, Iy. 300,
v. 20; father of Megabates, seizes
camp of Pharnabazus; offended,
goes off to Sardis, Vv. 28

471

GENERAL INDEX TO ALL THE ‘LIVES’

Spithridates (2), Persian commander,
slain by Oleitus, VII. 266, 370

Spolia Ya to whom granted, I. 138,
Vv. 454

Sporus, Nero’s favourite, taken by
Nymphidius Sabinus, XI. 224

Springs, flowing, theories as to source
of their water, VI. 390

Spurina, in command of part of Otho’s
forces, XI. 288, 292

Stageira, native city of Aristotle,
restored by Philip, who had de-
stroyed it, VI. 240

Staphylus, son of Ariadne by Theseus
according to some, I. 40; according
to others, son of Dionysus and one
of 2 Ariadnes, 42

Stasicrates, artist, popular with Alex-
ander, VII. 424

Stasinus, of Oyprus (Kinkel, Zp.
Graec. Frag. I. p. 30) X. 68

Stateira (1), wife of Artaxerxes IT.,
XI. 136; induces Artaxerxes to put
Greek generals to death, therefore
plotted against and poisoned by
Parysatis, 138 f., 166, 168, 170 f.

Stateira (2), sister and wife of Dareius,
captured by Alexander, dies in
child-birth, VII. 310 f.

Stateira (3), daughter of Dareius,
married to Alexander, VO. 418;
murdered by Roxana, 436

Stateira (4), unmarried sister of
Mithridates, at his order takes
poison, I. 524

Statianus, left in guard of wagons by
Antony, surrounded and slain by
Parthians, Ix. 222

Statilius, Epicurean, not informed of
plot to murder Caesar, VI. 148

Statues, I. 184; 216; Iv. 234; VI.
126; 164; 318; x. 322

Statyllius, hater of Oaesar, remained
with Cato, vq. 394f.; served under
ioe slain at Philippi, 410, V1.
949

Stenography, introduced by Cicero,
Vill. 290

Stephanus (1), prosecuted by Apollo-
dorus, his speech written by Demo-
sthenes, VII. 36

Stephanus (2), graceful singer, badly
burned by naphtha, vi. 330

Steps of Fair Shore, see ‘‘ Scalae Caci.’’

Stertinius, sent by Flamininus to

472

Thrace to deliver cities and islands
there from Philip’s garrisons, X. 354
Stesilaiis, of Oeos, loved by both
Aristides and Themistocles, I. 8, 216
Stesimbrotus, Thasian, nearly con-
temporary with Cimon, I. 412
Cited: 11.6; 12; 66; 414; 448;
450; 452; 01.24; 44f.; 74; 104

Sthenis (1), founder of Sinopé, made
statue of Autolycus, IL. 542

Sthenis (2), of Himera, intercedes for
city, V. 138

Stilbides, freed Nicias from many oi
his superstitions, 11. 290

Stilpon, philosopher of Megara,
brusque with Demetrius, Ix. 22

Steiris, Thrasybulus of, Iv. 76

Stiris, in Phocis, I. 406 f.

Stoics, followed by Antiochus of Asca-
lon, VO. 90

Stolo, Licinius, leads demand that one
consul be plebeian, M. 194; made
master of horse to dictator, his law
passed, fined himself for having too
much land, 196

Stone, herald’s, at Athens, I. 472;
certain one when rubbed gave off
colour and odour of saffron, I. 24;
one of vast size fell at Aegospotami,
Iv. 262

Storax-shrub, Oretan, Iv. 312

Strabo, philosopher, his ‘‘ Historical
Commentaries’’ cited, I, 564; VI.
588; cited, Iv. 408

Strabo, Pompeius, see ‘* Pompeius
Sextus Strabo, Gnaeus,’’

Strato, present at death of Brutus,
fights at Actium for Octavius, V1.
244

Stratocles, invented extravagant
honours for Antigonus and Deme-
trius, account of him, IX. 26f.;
56 f.; proposes temporarily chang-
ing names of months to permit
pnittatnag Demetrius into mysteries,
60 f.

Stratonicé (1), daughter of Corrhagus,
wife of Antigonus, mother of Deme-
trius and Philip, Ix. 6

Stratonicé (2), daughter of Demetrius
and Phila, wife of Seleucus, Lx. 76;
when already mother of boy by
Seleucus, became wife of Antiochus,
son of Seleucus, 92; 128f.3; sister
of Antigonus, 134

GENERAL INDEX TO ALL THE ‘LIVES’

Sinton itt. concubine of Mithridates,

V. 21

ar ar his jest about Sparta, 1

9

Stroebus, told Aristotle about Calli-
sthenes’ experience with Alexander,
vi. 380

Strymon, river in Thrace with city
Eion on its banks, I. 422 f.

Stymphaea, in Macedonia, given Pyr-
rhus by Alexander, Ix. 360

Sucro, Spanish river, where Pompey
and Sertorius fight drawn battle, Vv.
158, vu. 50

Suetonius Paulinus, see “* Paulinus,
Suetonius.”’

Suevi, V. 246; VIZ. 498

Sugambri, shelter remnants of Usi-
pites and Tencteri, VI. 496

“* Suillius,’’ Roman surname, I. 532

“Sulla,” ‘a cognomen or epithet, IX.
464

Sulla, L. Cornelius, his family, early
life, personal appearance, IV. 324f.;
when quaestor under Marius gets
Jugurtha from Bocchus, 328f.;
wins other successes under Marius
and arouses his envy, 330f.; ran
for city praetorship, defeated, 332;
elected praetor, after praetorship
drove out Gordius and restored
Ariobarzanes as king of Ne gy ca
334; quarrels with Marius again,
336; did good service in Social war,
338: consul with Q. Pompeius,
married Caecilia, daughter of Metel-
lus, the Pontifex Maximus, 342;
contends with Marius to be ap-
pointed to the Mithridatic war, 344;
pursued to house of Marius, forced
to rescind decree for suspension of
public business, escapes to the army,
begins march against Rome, 350;
bursts into Rome, summons senate,
and has sentence of death passed
on Marius, Sulpicius, and a few
others, 354; sets out against Mithri-
dates, 358; besieges and captures
Athens, 360f., 344; captures the
Peiraeus, 372; transfers his army
from Athens to Boeotia, is joined
by Hortensius, 374; defeats Arche-
latis at Chaeroneia, 382 f.; defeats
him at Orchomenus, 392 f.; meets
Archelatis near Delium and arranges

VOL, XI.

terms of peace with Mithridates,
396; receives ambassadors from
Mithridates, who objects to some
of the terms, 400; meets Mithri-
dates at Dardanus, makes him
accept the terms, reconciles him
with Ariobarzanes and Nicomedes,
wins over Fimbria’s soldiers, 404;
lays fine of 20,000 talents upon
Asia, at Athens seizes the library
of Apellicon, 406; takes the hot
waters at Aedepsus, prepares to
cross to Brundisium, 408

Lands at Tarentum, 410; defeats
Norbanus, 412; wins the troops of
Scipio the consul from him, 414;
defeats Marius, 416; defeats Tele-
sinus the Samnite, 418; had 6000
people of Antemnae massacred in
the circus, 422; busies himself with
slaughter, 424f.; executed 12,000
at Praeneste, 428; proclaims him-
self dictator, bestows gifts on low
favourites, 430; celebrates costly
triumph and recounts his achieve-
ments to the people, 432; conse-
crates tenth of all his substance to
Hercules and feasts people sump-
tuously, loses his wife Metella, 436;
marries Valeria, 438; eaten of
worms, dies, 440 f.; is honourably
cg pong reas

See also 540; I. 470; 474;
480; 482; 484: 528; 610; I. 316:
326: 330; v. 126; 130 f.; 144 f.;
vu. "86 f.;) 106 f.; "114; 122: 442:
446; 478; Vil. 4; 105. 14° 18:
242; Ix. 138; 484; 552; 558 f.:
578; 590 f.; 598; x. 384

Quoted: im. 328; Iv. 368; 394;
398; 400; 402; 420: 434; 4650;
y. 150

His ‘‘Memoirs’’ dedicated to
Lucullus, 0. 484; cited: 544; Iv.
340; 368; 370; 380; 400; "412;
440; Ix. 530; 534

Sulla, Sextius, see “‘ Sextius Sulla.”
Sulpicius, O0., praetor, found huge

store of i a in house of Cethe-
gus, VII. 126

Sepia, Q., deposed from priesthood
446
Sulpicius Galba, O., see “ Galba, C.

Sulpicius.’’

Sulpicius Galba, P., invaded Mace-

Q 473

GENERAL INDEX TO ALL THE ‘LIVES’

donia late in season and wasted
time, X. 326

Sulpicius Galba, Servius, see ‘* Galba,
Ser. Suflpicius.”’

Sulpicius Longus, Q., military tribune,
met Brennus and agreed that
Romans pay 1000 lbs. gold to get
rid of Gauls, 0. 164

Sulpicius Rufus, P., allied with Marius,
deposed Pompeius and transferred
Mithridatic expedition from Sulla
to Marius, IV. 348 f., Ix. 554, 558;
slain, Ivy. 356

Sulpicius Rufus, Servius, interrex,
declares Pompey sole consul, V. 258;
rival with Oato the Younger for
consulship, VIII. 354

** Sun,’’ surname of Alexander, son of
Antony and Cleopatra, Ix. 218

Sun, its course according to the
mathematicians, Vl. 148

Sun-dial, set up in Syracuse by Diony-
sius the Younger, VI. 62

Sunium, given up to Athenians by
Diogenes, XI. 78

Superstitions: x. 140; XI. 74

Supplication, method of, I. 66, Sv.
172, Ix. 350

“ Sura,’’ Latin word for leg, surname
of Cornelius Lentulus, how he got
it, VIL. 122

Sura, Bruttius, see ‘‘ Bruttius Sura.’’

Sura, P. Cor. Lentulus, see ‘‘ Lentulus
Sura, P. Cor.’’

Surena, early career, sent against
Romans, Il. 376f.; deceives Ro-
mans, 384f.; personal appearance,
386; defeats Orassus at Carrhae,
388 f.; gets Orassus into his power
by treachery, 404; sends head and
hand of Orassus to Hyrodes in
Armenia, 416; put to death by
Hyrodes, 422; quoted, 410; 414

Surgery: V. 74; Lx. 476

Surnames, among Greeks and Ro-
mans, whence derived, I. 532, Iv. 142

Susa, V. 38; 416; vil. 34; entered
by Alexander, 332; 418; x1. 140

Svocira, instituted by Lycurgus, I.
232; details concerning, 236

Sutrium, besieged by Tuscans, I. 176;
lost and recovered in one day, 182 f.

Sybaris, in Italy, its site colonized by
Athenians and named Thurii, I.
34; 418; v. 340

474

Sybaris, daughter of Themistocles,
married Nicomedes the Athenian,
Il. 88

Sycophants, etymology of word, I.
470; set upon Rhoesaces, I. 436;
their influence upon Nicias, Il. 222

Symbolum, city, VI. 208

Synalus, Carthaginian, welcomes Dion
at Minoa, VI. 54

Syracusans, wronged allies of Athens,
Iv. 44; Il. 210; defeated by Nicias,
264; burn Athenian camp at
Catana, 266; 270; despair of their
city, 274; 282; defeat Athenians
in great sea fight, 292f.; sent
Gylippus away on account of his
greed, VI. 460, MM. 304f.; maltreat
first wife of Dionysius the Elder,
VI. 6; from country join Dion, 58;
make Dion and Megacles generals
with absolute power, 60f.; with
Dion’s help repel attack by Diony-
sius the Younger from the acropolis,
64f.; reward Dion’s mercenaries,
68; defeat and slay Philistus, 76;
80; elect Heracleides and 24 others
generals, 82; attack Dion but are
easily routed, 84; 86; summon
Dion, who saves them, 88f.; dis-
charge fleet, 106; put themselves
under protection of Hicetas of Leon-
tini, 264; put wives, daughters, and
friends of Hicetas to death, 340;
put Mamercus to death, 342; re-
ward Timoleon, 346, 350; besieged
by Marcellus, Vv. 474 f.; taken with
great booty, 484 f.; accuse’ Mar-
cellus before senate at Rome, be-
come reconciled to him, 496 f.”

Syracuse, IV. 62; siege of, I. 268 f.;
290; Il. 212; seized by Oallippus,
I. 260; VI. 120; its state before
expedition of Timoleon, 262; its
acropolis surrendered to Timoleon,
290, 298; freed by Timoleon, 310f.;
its citadel destroyed by Timoleon,
given new colonists by him, 312 f.;
its territory invaded by Hicetas,
336; base for Agathocles in attack-
ing Carthage, Ix. 388; 416; in
confusion after death of tyrant

Hieronymus, V. 466; besieged and-

captured by Marcellus, 468 f.
Syria, VI. 370; taken from Tigranes
by Lucullus, V. 202; 214; declared

“
1S

GENERAL INDEX TO ALL THE ‘LIVES’

Roman province by Pompey, 216;
triumphed over by Pompey, 230;
278; the province of, voted to
Gabinius with support "of Clodius,
vill. 156; governed by Dolabella,
190; allotted to Crassus, I. 360;
366; threatened by Parthians, Is.
196; 214

Syrians, those who lost Sinopé de-
scended from Syrus, son of Apollo,
= Sinopé, daughter of Asopis, U

Syrmus, king of Triballi, defeated by
Alexander, VI. 252

Syrtis, Great, VI. 54

er son of Apollo and Sinopé, nm.

Tachos, Egyptian, gets services of
esilatis, V. 100 f.; sails against

Egyptians, 104; deserted by Agesi-
laiis for N’ ectanabis, flees, 106

Tacita, Muse especially honoured by
Numa, I. 332

“* Tactics,’’ of Evangelus, studied by
Philopoemen, xX, 264

Taenarum, V. 174; VI. 210; Ix, 290

Taenarus, X. 98

Tagonius, river in Spain, vill. 42

Talasius, or Talasio, explanation of
use of word in marriage ceremony,
I. 130 f., v. 124

Talaura, reached by Lucullus, 0. 526

Tamynae, in Eretria, VIII. 170

Tanagra, battle between Athenians
and Spartans, I. 458, MW. 28;
Thebans defeat Spartans, V. 376

Tanusius, cited, VIL. 496

Taphosiris, where Antony and Oleo-
patra played, Ix. 338

Tarantines, in army of Achaeans, X
280. See ‘* Tarentines.”’

Tarchetius, story of how Romulus and
Remus were born of his daughter’s
maid, I. 94

Tarcondemus, king of Upper Cilicia,
fights under Antony, Ix. 276

Tarentines, invite Pyrrhus to come to
their help against Romans, Ix. 384;
invite him back from Sicily, 422;
many of them slain and 30,000 sold
into slavery, Il. 184

Tarentum, Ix. 382; 392; garrisoned
by Pyrrhus before he left for Sicily,

418; entered by Pyrrhus once more
with 20,000 foot and 3000 horse,
426; Vv. 506; lost by treachery,
recovered by Fabius Maximus, I.
178 f., 200; governed by T. Flami-
ninus, X. 324; I. 342; xX. 214; Iv.
410; where Octavius ‘and Antony
make peaceful agreement, IX. 216;
station of Octavius’ fleet, 278

Tarpeia (1), one of first Vestals ap-
pointed by Numa, I. 340

Tarpeia (2), daughter of Tarpeius,
betrayed citadel to Sabines, crushed
by shields piled upon her, I. 140;
wrongly called daughter of Tatius,
142; buried on Capitol, 144

s Tarpeian Hill,’”? name of Capitol in
Numa’s time, I. 328. See also
** Tarpeius.’”

Tarpeian Rock, cliff on Capitol from
which malefactors were hurled, I.
144; Iv. 324; rx. 590

Tarpeius, captain of guard on Capitol,
had daughter Tarpeia, I, 140; con-
victed of treason by Romulus, 142

‘* Tarpeius,’’ former name of Capitol,
named from Tarpeia, I. 144

Tarquin, son of Demaratus, first to
ride in chariot in his triumphal
procession, I. 138; vowed temple
of Jupiter Capitolinus, I. 144, 536

Tarquin, the Proud, son or grandson
of Tarquin who vowed to build
temple of Jupiter Capitolinus, 1.
536; acted as tyrant, 502, 530;
built temple of Jupiter Capitolinus,
had Tuscan craftsmen place chariot
of terra-cotta on roof, 534 f., 540;
driven out by Brutus, 504; sent
envoys with letters to Rome to
make overtures, 506; property of
his family confiscated and a field
dedicated to Mars, 518 f.; helped
by Tuscans, attacks Rome and is
defeated, 522: assisted by Lars
Porsena of Clusium, attacks Rome
but withdraws without capturing
it, 542; helped by Latins but
defeated, Iv. 122, VI. 420

Tarquinia, Vestal, devoted a field and
honoured by permission to marry,
I. 520

Tarquinius Collatinus, elected as Bru-
tus’ colleague, I. 504; advocated
giving banished Tarquins their

475

GENERAL INDEX TO ALL THE ‘LIVES’

moneys and effects, denounced by
Brutus, 506; uncle of the Aquillii
and Vitellii, 508; 516; withdraws
from city, 518

Tarquins, opposed by Junius Brutus,
VI. 126

Tarracina, see ‘‘ Terracina.”’

Tarrutius, made second Larentia his
wife, I. 102

Tarsus, under Seleucus, Ix. 118; Anti-
pater of, X. 162

Tarutius, philosopher and mathema-
tician, companion of Varro, calcu-
lated exact time of Romulus’ birth,
I. 120

Tatia, daughter of Tatius, wife of
Numa, preferred quiet life, died 13
years after marriage, I. 316; mother
of Pompilia, 376

Tatienses, one of 3 divisions of Roman
people, named from Tatius, I. 152

Tatius, made general of Sabines, I.
140; accepts Romulus’ challenge to
battle, 144; to be joint king and
general with Romulus, 150; at
first sat apart with his 100 coun-
cillors, dwelt near site of temple of
Moneta, 152; gave his daughter
Tatia in marriage to Numa, 316;
his death, 162, 166

Taureas, struck by Alcibiades, Iv. 42

Taurion, officer and friend of Philip,
poisons Aratus, XI. 118 f.

Tauromenium, in Sicily, ruled by
Andromachus, welcomes Timoleon’s
expedition, VI. 284

Taurus, chief general of Minos, victor
in first funeral games in honour of
Androgeos, treated Athenian youth
cruelly, I. 30; worsted by Theseus,
3

Taurus, Statilius, commanded Octa-
vius’ land forces at Actium, Ix, 284

Taurus, mountain range, I. 548; 552;
battle of, 556; 572; 578; citadels
of pirates near, V. 184; VI. 370

Taxes, those levied by Aristides, I.
286; orphans taxed by Camillus,
96; those on wealth increased by
Oato the Elder, 354; nospecial ones
at Rome until consulship of Hirtius
and Pansa, VI. 452; inhabitants of
Asia have one-third remitted by
Caesar, VII. 554; amount levied for
war with Antony, Ix. 268

476

Tax-gatherers, greatly afflict Asia,
checked by Lucullus, 1. 492; 532
Taxiles (1), ruled realm in India larger
than Egypt, wins friendship of
Alexander, VII. 390; 408

Taxiles (2), general of Mithridates,
comes from Thrace and Macedonia,
summons Archelaiis to join him, Iv.
372; 388; 0. 554; quoted, 558

Taygetus, shaken by earthquake, u.
452; V. 416; x.18

ee sur servant of Aratus, XI. 10;
16; 42

Tectosages, Copillus their chieftain,
Iv. 33

Tegea, I. 72; Iv. 318; v.94; X. 28;
36; 56; taken by Antigonus, 100
Tegeans, dispute with Athenians about
position in line at Plataea, Il. 248;
272

Tegyra, where Thebans defeat Spar-
tans in pitched battle for first time,
V. 76, 376, 382, 386

Teireos, eunuch, tells Dareios of death
of his wife, VI. 310

Telamon, son of Endeis the daughter
of Sciron and Chariclo, I. 20

Telamon, in Tyrrhenia, landing-place
of Marius, IX. 578

Telecleides (1), Comic poet, cited
— I. p. 219) IM. 220; (p. 220)

ix

8, 5

Telecleides (2), urges Timoleon to be
brave, VI. 276

Telemachus, sent by Timoleon to
receive surrender of acropolis of
Syracuse, VI. 290

Telephus, son of Hercules, father of
Roma, I. 92

Teles, mentioned in verse of Her-
mippus, I. 96

Telesides, sent by Syracusans to im-
plore help of Dion, VI. 88

Telesinus, Samnite, nearly overthrew
Sulla at gates of Rome, Iv. 418; 454

Telesippa, free-born woman with army
of Alexander, VII. 346

Telestus, his dithyrambic poems sent
to Alexander, VII. 242

Teleutias, half-brother of Agesilatis on
his mother’s side, appointed ad
miral, seizes ships and dockyards
of Corinthians, V. 56

Tellus, quoted by Solon as happier
than Oroesus, I. 480, 564

GENERAL INDEX TO ALL THE ‘LIVES’

Tellus, temple of, IV. 354; VI. 166

Telmessus, Aristander of, VI. 22

Tementid gate, of Syracuse, VI. 60

Tempe, vale of, occupied by army led
by Themistocles, 0. 18; v. 306;
compared with valley of Apsus river,
Xx. 328

Tencteri, see ‘‘ Tenteritae.”’
Tenedos, near it naval battle between
Lucullus and Neoptolemus, 1. 480
Tenian trireme, deserts from Persians
to Greeks, I. 38

Tensa, sacred chariot, Iv. 180

Tenteritae (Tencteri), defeated by
Oaesar, VII. 496

Teratius, ordered by Tarchetius to
destroy twins born to handmaid,
leaves them at river-side, I. 94

Terentia, wife of Cicero, VI. 100, VI.
280; her character, takes message
of Vestal virgins to Cicero, VI. 130;
hates Clodius, is jealous of Clodia,
154; divorced by Cicero, 186

Terentius, soldier, said to have slain
Galba, XI. 266

Terentius, L., tentmate of Pompey,
bribed to kill him, y. 122

Terentius Culeo, see ‘‘ Quleo, Teren-

ae aa Varro, see “ Varro, Teren-

ius.”’

Teribazus, father of Arpates, XI. 202;
courtier of Artaxerxes, 136; advises
Artaxerxes to fight at once, 140;
gives him new mount at OCunaxa,
148; saves him from Cadusians,
184f.; angry at Artaxerxes, seeks
to embitter Dareius against him,
192 f.; slain, 198

“‘Termerian mischief,’? named from
Termerus, who killed opponents by
dashing his skull against theirs, 1.
22

Termerus, slain by Herakles, I. 22

Terminus, Roman god, temple to him
by Numa, I. 362

Terpander, though foreigner honoured
at Sparta, X. 24; cited, I. 272

Terracina, VI. 578; IX. 562; 568

Tertia (1), daughter of Aemilius Paulus
and sister of younger Scipio, married
son of Cato the Elder, ll. 364, VI.
378

Tertia (2), sister of Clodius, wife of
Marcius Rex, VU. 154

“‘ Tesserarius,’’ Latin for messenger,
XI. 258

bis pa military, described, Lx. 240,

Tethys, in Tuscany, oracle of; its
message to Tarchetius, I. 94

Tetrapolis, in Attica, relieved of Mara-
thonian bull by Theseus, I. 26

Teucer, informer against Alcibiades,
Iv. 54

Teutamus, commander of Silver-
shields, envious of Eumenes, who
works on his superstition, vm. 116;
with Antigenes plots against life of
Eumenes, 126, plots to surrender
Eumenes to Antigonus, 130

Teutones, invade Gaul and rout
Romans, VI. 6; with Cimbri
invade Italy; details about them,
Ix. 488; flow into Spain, 496;
separating from Cimbri, march
through Liguria against Marius,
502; defeated by Marius at Aquae
Sextiae, 510; their kings captured
by Sequani among Alps, 528

Thais, Athenian, mistress of Ptolemy,
proposes to Alexander burning
house of Xerxes, VII. 336

Thalaea, wife of Pinarius, first woman
to quarrel with her mother-in-law
Gegania in reign of Tarquin the
Proud, I. 394

Hhalamee, had temple of Pasiphaé,
x. 2

Thales (1), lyric poet of Crete, per-
suaded by Lycurgus to go to Sparta
on a mission, I. 212; though
foreigner honoured at Sparta, x. 24

Thales (2), engaged in trade, I. 408;
only wise man who carried his
speculations beyond realm of prac-
tical, 410; declined golden tripod,
412; proves desirability of bachelor-
dom to Solon, 416; adopted Cybis-
thus, his sister’s son, 418; foresaw
where market-place of Miletus
would be and asked to be buried
there, 434

Thallus, son of Cineas, distinguishes
himself under Phocion, VIII. 172

Thapsacus, vessels of every sort built
for Alexander there, VII. 414

Thapsus (1), near Syracuse, Ill. 266

Thapsus (2), battle of, VI. 566, VII.
378

477

GENERAL INDEX TO

Thargelia, her political influence, II.
8

6

Thargelion, month of, 11. 138; Iv. 98

Tharrhypas, father of Alcetas, intro-
duced Greek customs and letters in
Epeirus, Ix. 346

Thasian marble, VII. 258

Thasian sea, VI. 208

Thasians, in revolt from Athens, con-
quered by Cimon, their lands and
gold mines given Athens, I. 446

Thasos, Stesimbrotus of, II. 46

Theagenes, brother of Timocleia, fell
at Chaeroneia, VII. 256

Theano, priestess, daughter of Menon,
refused to curse Alcibiades, Iv. 60

Thearidas, citizen of Megalopolis, cap-
tured by Cleomenes, X. 104, 264 f.

Thearides, brother of Dionysius the
Elder, married Areté, VI. 12

Theatre, Pompey’s, opened by him,
Vy. 252; of Marcellus, dedicated by
his mother Octavia, 522; one built
by Cleomenes in territory of Megalo-
polis and contest instituted for
prize of 40 minas, X. 74

Thebans, not defeated by Theseus but
persuaded to a truce, I. 68; retained
in Amphictyonic Council through
Themistocles, 0. 56; give informa-
tion to Mardonius, 260; did most
of fighting for medizing Greeks,
routed by Athenians at Plataea,
270; suspected by Spartans after
Mantineia, Vv. 350; pass decree per-
mitting Athenians to go through
Boeotia to expel tyrants at Athens,
354; slay Lysander and repulse
Spartans before Haliartus, IV. 362;
engaged in Boeotian war, 308; rout
Orchomenians at Coroneia, V. 46;
enslaved by Archias and Leontidas,
352; defeat Spartans for first time
in pitched battle under Epaminon-
das at Tegyra, 76; defeat Spartans
at Plataea, Thespiae, Tanagra, and
Tegyra, 374 f., 380; under Epami-
nondas defeat Spartans at Leuctra,
78; ravage Laconia, 84f.; defeat
Athenians at Oenchreae, 398; send
army to free Pelopidas from Alex-
ander of Pherae, 408; treat Orcho-
menians severely, 522; send Pelo-
pidas as ambassador to Persian king,
414; send Pelopidas to assist cities

478

ALL THE ‘LIVES’

of Thessaly against Alexander of
Pherae, 420; send expedition under
Malcitas and Diogeiton to avenge
death of Pelopidas and impose
severe terms upon Alexander, 430;
fight battle of Mantinea,96; brought
into league against Philip, vi. 40 f.;
attack Macedonian garrison, 54;
given ancient form of government
by Demetrius, Ix. 114; insympathy
with Macedonians through Brachyl-
las but won over by Flamininus,
X. 336; deprived of half their terri-
tory by Sulla, Iv. 390

Thebé, daughter of Jason, wife of
Alexander of Pherae, visits Pelo-
pidas in prison and conceives great
hatred for her husband, Vv. 410;
420; has her husband slain, 430

Thebes, I. 68; V. 42; 350; 66; 354;
mother-city of Agesilaus’ royal line,
330; taken and razed by Alexander,
I. 140, Vil. 56, 252; Iv. 390

Themis, seated beside Zeus, VI. 376

Themiscyra, near river Thermodon,
m1. 510

Themistocles, son of Neocles, of ob-
scure family, 0. 2; his character
while yet a boy, 4; his teachers, 6;
early interested in public life, always
opponent of Aristides, 8; even as
young man very ambitious, pro-
poses that revenue from silver mines
at Laurium be used for triremes,
10; made Athenians sailors instead
of soldiers, 12; very ambitious, 14;
made general when Persian invasion
threatened, 16; his preparatory
measures, 18; surrenders his com-
mand to Eurybiades to secure har-
mony, 20; writes on stones appeals
to Ionians with Xerxes’ forces, 24;
induces people to abandon Athens
and trust to their ships, 28; speaks
against Eurybiades’ proposal to sail
to the Isthmus, 32; by a ruse forces
Greeks to remain at Salamis, 36;
sacrifices 3 royal prisoners, 38;
at the battle of Salamis, 40;
sounds Aristides, 44; by a ruse gets
Xerxes to return to Asia, 46; highly
honoured for his services, 48

Rebuilds and fortifies Athens,

keeps Spartans from preventing the
work, equips the Piraeus, 52; in-

GENERAL INDEX TO ALL THE ‘LIVES’

creases privileges of common people,
54; opposes Spartan proposal to
exclude from Amphictyonic Alliance
all cities which had not taken part
in fighting against the Mede, wins
hatred of allies by trying to exact
money from them, 56; assailed by
Timocreon, the lyric poet of Rhodes,
58; offends his fellow-citizens, 60;
ostracized, indicted for treason, 62;
crossed to Corcyra, then fled to
Epirus, 64; fled to Aegae, sent on
his way by Nicogenes, 70; inter-
views Persian king, 72f.; wins
favour with him, 78; three cities
given him for bread, wine, and
meat, 80; escapes from treacherous
attacks on his life, 82; lived in
honour at Magnesia, 84; committed
suicide in his sixty-fifth year, left
3 sons, 86; had splendid tomb in
market-place of Magnesia, 88

See aso 0. 214 f.; 216 f.; 222 f.;
230; 234f.; 280; 288; 292f.;
324; 386f.; 398; 416f.; 426;

430: 436; 462; II. 18; 430; V.

392; VOI. 152; xX. 380.
Quoted: 1.14; 0. 6; 10; 16;
32; 34; 44f.; 50 f.; 56 £.: 60;

74 £5 80; 216; ” 236; 322
Themistocles, of. Athens, descendant
of famous Themistocles, Plutarch’s

intimate friend, 0. 90

Theocritus, seer, points out victim to
Pelopidas, V. 394

Theodectas, citizen of Phaselis, his
memory "honoured by Alexander,
VII. 272

Theodorus (1), played part of herald
in profanation of Eleusinian mys-
teries, Iv. 48, 60

Theodorus (2), Athenian high priest,
Iv. 96

Theodorus (3), of Tarentum, contem-
porary of Alexander, VII. 284

Theodorus (4), the Atheist, quoted,
VU. 232

Theodorus (5), tutor of Antyllus,
crucified, Ix. 319

Theodotes, with whom Dion was
accused of plotting to overthrow
government, VI. 24; uncle of Hera-
cleides, 94; pardoned by Dion, 98

Theodotus (1), seer, prevents Pyrrhus
taking oath, Ix. 362

Theodotus (2), of Chios, teacher of
rhetoric, advises Pompey’s death,
Vv. 316; shows Pompey’s head to
Caesar, VII. 554; escapes Caesar’s
vengeance, put to death by M.
Brutus, V. 324

Theogeiton, Magarian, speaks in Hel-
lenic council, I. 274

Theomnestus, Academic, his lectures
attended by Brutus at Athens, VI
17

6

Theophanes, Lesbian, V. 224; prefect
of engineers in Pompey’s camp, VU
178; said to have persuaded Pto-
lemy to abandon Egypt, Vv. 246;
thinks Egypt a better refuge than
Parthia for Pompey, 314, 318;
cited, 212

Theophilus (1), made Alexander a
helmet, VII. 322

Theophilus (2), father of Hipparchus,
Antony’s steward in Corinth, Ix. 292

Theophrastus (1), bequeathed his
books to Neleus of Scepsis, his
treatises in library of Apellicon
the Teian, Iv. 406; praised by
Cicero, vu. 140

Cited: I. 232; 414; 494; (On

Royalty) Tl. 68; 288f.; O1. 66;
102; (Ethics) 110; 240; 250; Iv.
24; 266; 284; v. 4; 102; Vi.
24; 40; 232; vi. 34; 324; x. 4

Theophrastus (2), officer of Antigonus,
slain by Aratus, XI. 52

Theopompus (1), king of Sparta, in
his reign first ephors appointed, I.
224

Theopompus (2), king of Sparta, said
by Messenians to have been sl
in battle by Aristomenes, x. 48

Theopompus (3), comic poet, cited,
Iv. 268

Theopompus (4), Theban associated
with Pelopidas in expulsion of
Spartans at Thebes, V. 356

Theopompus (5), Spartan polemarch,
slain at Tegyra, V. 380

Theopompus (6), cited: I. 224; I.
52; 68; 84; Iv. 94; 276; 318;
v. 26; 86; 90; vI. 50; 270; vu.
8; 30; 34; 42; 50: 62.

Theopompus (1), collector of fables,
shown favour by Oaesar, VI.
554

Theopompus, king of Sparta, with king

479

GENERAL INDEX TO ALL THE ‘LIVES’

Polydorus inserted clause in a
rhetra, I. 222; quoted, 268; 298
Theoris, priestess, her death brought
about by Demosthenes, VII. 36

Theorus, ridiculed by Aristophanes,
Tv. 4

Theramenes, one of 3 best citizens of
Athens, flouted as alien from Ceos
and dubbed ‘‘ Cothurnus,’’ Il. 212;
Iv. 2; helped Alcibiades defeat
Byzantians, 90; advises acceptance
of Spartan decree, 270

Thermodon, river, later called Hae-
mon, I. 64; I. 510; in country of
Amazons, Y. 208; discussion as to
what it is as mentioned in oracle,
vil. 46

Thermopylae, death of Leonidas there,
ll. 24; defeat of Antiochus the
Great by Romans there, 336 f., 388,
X. 364; V. 46; VI. 252; Ix. b2

Thermus, Minucius, see ‘ Minucius
Thermus.”

Thersippus, Athenian, contemporary
of Solon, I. 494

Therycion, sent by Cleomenes to slay
ephors, X. 64; commits suicide,
118 f.

Therycleian bowls, VI. 442; xX. 278

Thesaurus, subterranean chamber at
Messene, X. 310

Theseia, place at Delphi said to be
named after Theseus, I. 10

Theseia, precincts at Athens renamed
Heracleia by Theseus, I. 80

Theseid, author of, wrote “‘ Insurrec-
tion of the Amazons,’’ which is pure
fable, I. 64

Se iii tonsure named after Theseus,

1

Theseum, I. 64

Theseus, compared with Romulus,
founded Athens, I. 4; his lineage,
6; son of Aegeus and Aethra, 8;
reared by Pittheus, visited Delphi
on coming of age, 10; vigorous,
brave, and intelligent as a young
man, told truth about his birth,
decides to go to Athens by land,
12; is kinsman of Heracles, whom
he greatly admired, slew Periphetes
and Sinis, 16 f.; begot Melanippus
by Periguné, slew Crommyonian
sow, 18; slew Sciron, 20; killed
Cerecyon and Procrustes, arrived at

480

Athens, 22; acknowledged as his
son by Aegeus, 24; slew party of
Pallantidae in ambush, mastered
Marathonian bull, 26; volunteers
to go to Crete as one of the tribute
of youths, 32; on reaching Crete
got from Ariadne the thread which
guided him through the labyrinth,
slew the Minotaur, sailed off with
Ariadne, 36; other stories about
Theseus and Ariadne, 38 f.; forgot
to hoist white sail as he drew near
Attica, 44; buries his father, 46
Instituted festival of Oschophoria,
48; settled residents of Attica in
one city, named it Athens, insti-
tuted the Metoecia, 52; invited
new settlers, classified them, coined
money, 54; attached Megara to
Attica, set up pillar on the Isthmus,
instituted games there, 56; voyaged
into Euxine with Heracles against
Amazons, received Antiopé as re-
ward of his valour, 58; waged war
with Amazons at Athens, 60 f.;
makes treaty of peace with them,
62; after death of Antiopé married
Phaedra, 64; other stories of his
matriages, said to have aided Lapi-
thae against Centaurs, 66; became
friend of Peirithotis, invited to
latter’s wedding, 68; took part in
rape of Helen, 70; imprisoned by
Aidoneus, 72; warred on by Tynda-
ridae, 74f.; released by Aidoneus
at intercession of Heracles, finding
Athens unfriendly, sailed off to
Scyros, 80; slain by king Lyco-
medes, afterwards honoured by
Athenians as demigod, 82; his body
brought to Athens by Cimon and
ego near gymnasium of Ptolemy,
4,0
Pete festival of, V. 352; VII.
76

Thesmophoroi, VI. 118

Thesmothetai, took oath to keep
statues of Solon, I. 472; IM. 26

Thespiae, had Spartan harmost Spho-
drias, V. 66; 372; 374; Thebans
defeat Spartans there and slay
Phoebidas, 376; IX. 96

Thespis, develops "tragedy and acts in
his own plays, reproved by Solon,
I, 488

GENERAL INDEX TO ALL THE ‘LIVES’

Thesprotians, had Phaéthon as first
King after the flood, Ix. 346

Thessalian cavalry, of Pyrrhus, Ix. 400

Thessalian cities, a number destroyed
by Alexander of Pherae, V. 418

Thessalian merchants, robbed by
Dolopians of Scyros, I. 426

Thessalians, conquered at Ceressus by
Boeotians, I. 138; took no part
in fighting against the Mede, 56:
448; I. 56; their country ravaged
by Agesilaiis, V. 42; freed from
tyranny of Alexander of Pherae by
Pelopidas, 402; 406; give splendid
funeral to Pelopidas, 424; receive
back from Alexander the cities
taken away, 430; proclaimed free
at Isthmian games by Flamininus,
X. 350; given their freedom by
Caesar, VII. 554

Thessalonica, VI. 230; VII. 258

Thessalonicé, murdered by her son
Antipater, Ix. 86, 360

Thessalus, son of Peisistratus and
Timonassa, I. 376

Thessalus, son of Cimon, ll. 452; I.
82; brings charge of profanation
of mysteries against Alcibiades, Iv.
50, 60

Thessalus, tragic actor, sent to Pixo-
darus in Caria by Alexander, vi.
248; assigned as actor to Nicocreon,
defeated by Athenodorus, 308

Thessaly, I. 64; medizes, 1.18; tra-
versed by Xerxes, 234; 240; 404;
ruled 10 months by Alexander of
Pherae, XI. 208; mastered by De-
metrius, IX. 96; overrun by Pyr-
rhus, 98, 362; 380; Philip crushed
there, VI. 370; X. 334; entered
by Flamininus, 338; Iv. 360; V.
286

Theste, how treated by her brother
Dionysius the Elder, V1. 42 f.

Thetes, or Hectemorioi, tilled lands
for rich, paying one-sixth of in-
crease, or pledged their persons for
debt, I. 436; lowest property class
at Athens, 450; supported Peisis-
tratus, 486

Thetis, temple of, V. 422

Thimbron, Spartan general in com-
mand against Persians, XI. 174

Thirty tyrants, set up in Athens by
Lysander, IV. 110f., 274; over-

thrown by Athenians from Phyle,
Tv. 290

Thoas, one of 3 brothers on expedition
with Theseus, I. 58

Thoenon, prominent Syracusan, one
of first to invite Pyrrhus to Sicily,
executed by him, Ix. 422

Thonis, courtezan, IX. 66

a aes Phoenician word for cow, IV.

2

Thoranius, sent out by Metellus, slain
by Sertorius, VII. 30

Thorax (1), helps Lysander storm
Lampsacus, IV. 254; executed for
having money in his private posses-
sion, 284

Thorax (2), remains by dead body of
Antigonus, Ix. 72

Therein in Egyptian calendar,
1 PB

Thrace, gold mines of, 0. 412; Per-
sians driven ‘out of it by Cimon,
422; 1000 settlers sent there by
Pericles, I. 34; 56; 228; regions
there subdued by Ti. Sempronius,
Il. 334; being overrun by Aria-
rathes, IV. 358; Sadalas, king of,
Ix. 276

ia, village near COyzicus, I.

Thracians, checked in their inroads
into Chersonesus, II. 58; Iv. 106;
in army of Aemilius Paulus, VI. 392;
400; in army of Lucullus, 1. 560;
VI. 228

Thrascea, authority for story about
Marcia and Cato, VIII. 292: chiefly
followed Munatius’ treatise on Cato,
324

Thraso, father of Thrasybulus, Iv. 104

Thrasybulus, son of Thraso, denounces
Alcibiades at Athens, Iv. 104

Thrasybulus, son of Lycus, Iv. 2;
helps Alcibiades at Samos, 76;
occupied Phyle, assisted by The-
bans, 310; sallied from Thebes and
overthrew tyrants at Athens, V. 354,
370, XI. 34; assisted Thebans
against Spartans, Iv. 314

Thrasydaeus, sent by Philip on em-
bassy to Thebes, VII. 42

Thrasyllus, repulsed at Ephesus, with
Alcibiades’ aid defeats Pharnabazus,
Iv. 84

Thrasymené, lake in Tuscany, where

481

GENERAL INDEX TO ALL THE ‘LIVES’

Hannibal defeated Flaminius, M1.
124

“‘ Threskeuein,’’ means celebrating ex-
travagant and superstitious cere-
monies, VI. 228

“‘Thriambus,’’ name for Dionysus, V.
496

Thriasian gates,
Dipylum, OI. 86

Thriasian plain, I. 42; Vv. 68; 356;
XI. 76

Thucydides, son of Melesias, leader of
the ‘* Good and True,”’ for long time
opponent of Pericles, Il. 22, 32,
212; ostracized, 16, 46, 202, 248;
saying about Pericles, 22

Thucydides, historian, son of Olorus,
how connected with family of
Cimon, had gold mines in Thrace,
died in Skapté Hylé, 0. 412; served
as model in oratory for Cato the
Elder, 308; I. 78; his power as
a writer, 208; 210; IV. 54; VIL.
32

Cited: (1.18. 3) v.14; (1. 127.

1) mi. '94;" C.. 137) 1. 68,°72; (a.
39. 1) I. 288; (i. 65. 8) I. 50;
(Ol. 65. 9) 24; (Iv. 80) I. 290; (V.
45) Iv. 220; (Vv. 64-75) V. 92; (VI.
15. 4) Iv. 16; (VI. 16. 2) 24; (vu.
36-41) I. 280; (vu. 50. 4) 218;
(vi. 86. 2) 306; (VII. 73. 3) Iv.
28; (VI. 76. 4) I. 82; U1. 276

Thudippus, condemned to death with
Phocion, VII. 228 '

Thurii, settled by Athenian colonists
on site of Sybaris, D1. 34; founded
by Dionysius Chalcus, 224; Iv. 58;
its people attack Bruttiang, VI. 298 ;
vu. 70 3

Thurium, conical-shaped hill, later
called Orthopagus, in Boeotia, Iv.
382; 384; 390

Thuro, mother of Chaeron, IV. 382

Thyateira, IV. 404

Thyestes, VI. 94

Thymoetadae, township of, where part
of Theseus’ fleet was built, I, 38

Thyrea, captured from Aeginetans, I.
230

afterwards called

Thyreatis, Ix. 454

Thyrsus, freedman of Octavius, flogged
by Antony, Ix. 304

Tibareni, desert of, 1.510; 514; sub-
dued by Lucullus, 526

482

Tiber, river, I. 90; H. 136; island in,
XI. 286

Tiberius, see ‘‘ Brutus, Ti. Junius.”’

Tidius Sextius, joins Pompey in Mace-
donia, V. 282

Tifatum, mountain in Campania, Iv.
410

Tigellinus, with Nymphidius Sabinus
by offer of bribe gets soldiers to
proclaim Galba emperor, XI. 208 f.;
220; 230; tutor and teacher of
Nero, bribes Vinius and escapes
vengeance, 240 f.; 244; his adhe-
rents went over to Galba, 258; cuts
his throat, 278

Tigranes, king of Armenia, I. 498;
son-in-law of Mithridates, his power,
512; asked to surrender Mithri-
dates, 526; 534; his character and
career, 536; 538; 590; attacked
by Lucullus, 542; 544; warred on
by Lucullus, 546f.; defeated at
Tigranocerta, 550 f.; 562f.; asked
by king of Parthians to give Meso-
potamia as price of alliance, 570;
attacked by Lucullus again, 572;
defeated by him, 574f.; 584; 140,
Il. 398, Iv. 412; V. 202; ravaged
Cappadocia, I. 586; Vv. 186; offers
100 talents for person of Mithri-
dates, receives diadem back from
Pompey on condition that he pay
6000 talents, 202, 0. 618; quoted,
558

Tigranes, the Younger, in revolt from
his father, invites Pompey to invade
Armenia, VY. 202; dissatisfied with
Pompey’s offer of Sophené, put in
chains for triumph, demanded back
by Phraates, 204; led in Pompey’s
triumph, 230; taken from Pompey
by Clodius, 240

Tigranocerta, its inhabitants, besieged
by Lucullus, 0. 552; captured and
its transplanted inhabitants sent to
their own cities, 566; 592

Tigris, Seleucia on it, 1. 540; 548

eet defeated by Lucullus, vi.
484

Tilphossium, skirmish near it between
Sulla and Dorylaiis, Iv. 392

Timaea, wife of Agis, Spartan king,
scree by Alcibiades, IV. 64, 292,
v. 4f.

Timacus (1), historian, son of Andro-

GENERAL INDEX

machus, ruler of Tauromenium, VI.
284; criticized for slandering Philis-
tus, 78; hoped to surpass Thucy-
dides but failed, I. 208 f.

Cited: I. 204; 302; I. 210;
274; 3065 VI. 12; 28; 68; 76;
270; 344; 460

Timaeus (2), advises Andocides, his
fellow-prisoner, to turn State’s evi-
dence in matter of Hermae, IV. 56

Timagenes, introduced Alexas to An-
tony, IX. 302; cited, v. 244 f.

Timagoras, Athenian ambassador,
bribed by Artaxerxes, executed by
Athenians, V. 418, xI. 180

Timandra, courtezan, buried Alci-
biades, Iv. 112

Timanthes, friend of Aratus, XI. 26;
painted battle between Achaeans
and Aetolians, 74

Timesileos, tyrant of Sinopé, driven
out with aid of Athenians, II. 60 f.

Timesitheus, general of Liparians,
secures release of Roman envoys,
honoured by Rome, Il. 116

Timocleia, sister of Theagenes, spared
by Alexander, VU. 254 f.

Timocleides, chosen chief magistrate
of Sicyon, died, x1. 4

Timocrates (1), Rhodian, sent by
Artaxerxes to bribe influentia
Greeks, XI. 174

Timocrates (2), friend of Dionysius the
Younger, given Areté as wife, VI.
42; 56; deserted by Leontines and
Campanians, 58; flees from Syra-
cuse, 60

Timocrates, speech against, written by
Demosthenes for another to deliver,
Vu. 36 ;

Timocreon, lyric poet of Rhodes, his
attack on Themistocles quoted, sent
into exile on charge of medizing,
I. 58

Timodemus, father of Timoleon, VI.
266, 354 :

Timolaiis, guest-friend of Philopoe-
men, X. 298 :

Timoleon, Corinthian, VI. 262; family
and character, 266 f.; rescues his
brother Timophanes in battle, 268;
causes his death for being tyrant,
270; gave up all public life, 272;
lived retired nearly 20 years, 274;
nominated general for expedition to

TO

ALL THE ‘LIVES’

Syracuse, 276; sets sail, 278;
escapes Carthaginians at Rhegium
by a ruse, 282; puts in at Tauro-
menium in Sicily, 284; welcomed
by none except people of Adranum,
286; defeats Hicetas before Adra-
num, 288; joined by other cities,
receives surrender of Dionysius,
290; receives reinforcements from
Corinth, 298; escapes assassination,
300; sends grain to Syracuse from
Catana, 304; occupies Messana,
then marches against Syracuse, 308;
drives Hicetas from Syracuse, 312;
invites new settlers to Syracuse,
314; divides land among them, pro-
ceeds to free other cities, 318;
marches to river Crimesus against
Carthaginians, 322; defeats them,
324f.; returns to Syracuse, 332
Defeats Hicetas, 336f.; takes
Hicetas prisoner, 338; defeats Ma-
mercus near river Abolus, 340;
receives surrender of Mamercus,
342; assists new colonists, 344;
ascribes all his successes to fortune,
346; attacked by two popular
leaders at Syracuse, 348; loses his
sight, 350; dies, 352; quoted, 348
See also 122; 1. 138.

Timolonteum, gymnasium in honour
of Timoleon, VI. 354

Timon, misanthrope, his words to
Alcibiades, IV, 42; account of him,
Ix. 296 f.

Timon, Phliasian: cited, 1. 332; m.
10; (Sali) VI. 34

Timonassa, of Argolis, married Peisis-
tratus, I. 376

“‘Timoneum,’”” name of Antony’s
dwelling on Pharos, Ix. 300

Timonides, Leucadian, urges Dion to
free Sicily, VI. 46; put in command
of mercenaries by Dion, 66; cited,
68; 76

Timophanes, brother of Timoleon,
slain at his instigation, VI. 268 f.

Timotheus (1), son of Conon, his saying
about fortune, banished, Iv. 338;
right in his criticism of Chares, v.
344; VI. 344; prosecuted for debt
by Apollodorus, VII. 36

Timotheus (2), X. 24; cited: (Bergk
m*, p. 622) v. 38, Ix. 104; (Per-
sians, opening verse) X. 284

483

GENERAL INDEX TO ALL THE ‘LIVES’

Timotheus (3), Macedonian soldier,
V1. 286

Timoxenus, X. 94; chosen general by
Achaean league in place of Aratus,
XI. 86; 108

Tinga, wife of Antacus, bore Sophax
to Heracles, VII. 24

Tingis, city, sheltered Ascalis, forced
to surrender, VII. 24

Tiribazus, approached by Antalcidas
regarding peace, V. 62

Tiro, Cicero’s freedman, cited, VU.
186; 208

Tisamenus, prophesies to Pausanias
and the Hellenic army, 0. 244

Tisander, son of Epilycus, father of
wife of Xanthippus, M1. 104

Tisaphernes, see “* Tissaphernes.”’

Tisias, plaintiff against Alcibiades in
“‘ De Bigis *’ of Isocrates, Iv. 28

Tisiphonus, brother of Phebé, helped
slay Alexander of Pherae, V. 430

Tissaphernes, satrap, Iv. 64; advised
by Alcibiades to give little help to
Spartans, IV. 68; 76; imprisons
Alcibiades at Sardis, 80; accused
to Oyrus by Lysander, 240; reveals
plot of Cyrus against Artaxerxes,
XI. 132, 138; seizes Clearchus and
the other Greek generals, 166;
makes treaty with Agesilaiis, in
which he promised to make Greek
cities free and independent of the
King, then declares war, V. 20f.;
defeated by Agesilaiis, executed by
Tithraustes, 24 f., x1. 180

Tithora, fortress near Parnassus, IV.374

Tithraustes, commander of Persian
fleet at Eurymedon according to
Ephorus, Hl. 440; sent by Persian
king, beheads Tissaphernes, V. 26

Titianus, sent to armies with apparent
authority, XI. 294; 306

Titinius, sent by Cassius to recon-
noitre, slays himself, VI. 222 f.

Titinnius, divorced Fannia, Ix. 570

Titius, Q., brought Sulla message from
Trophonius, Iv. 380

Titius, M., quaestor, Ix. 234; friend
of Antony, flees to Octavius, 268

Titus, son of Brutus, see ‘‘ Brutus, T.
Junius.”’

Titus, of Croton, intercepted with
letters from Lentulus to Catiline,
Vil. 126

484

Titus Lartius, see ‘‘ Lartius, T.’’

Titus Latinus, see ‘‘ Latinus, T.’’

Tityus, giant, story of, associated with
birth of Apollo near temple of Apollo
Tegyraeus, V. 378

Toga, why sole garment of candidates
for consulship, Iv. 148

Toga praetexta, to be worn by children
of Sabine women, I. 152

Tolerium, Latin city, captured by
Volscians under Coriolanus, Iv. 186

Tolmaeus, father of Tolmides, M1. 58

Tolmides, son of Tolmaeus, ravaged
seashore of Peloponnesus, III. 60;
against Pericles’ advice leads ex-
pedition into Boeotia and is slain,
58, 204: 198

Tolumnius, Tuscan, slain and de-
spoiled by Cornelius Cossus, I. 138,
Vv. 454

Tomb, of Publicola, within city near
Velia, I. 564

* Torquatus,’’ cognomen or epithet,
Ix. 464

Torquatus, Iv. 420

Torquatus, M., inflicted death upon
his son for disobedience, II. 146

Torture, of the boats, its nature, XI.
162 f.

Toruné, in Epirus, seized by Octavius,
Ix. 278

Trachis, I. 70

Trade, that of Ephesus revived by
Lysander, IV. 238

Tragedy, developed by Thespis at
Athens, I. 488; Themi-tocles won
as choregus with it, 0. 14; 28;
closes with farce, I. 422; actor
who takes part of messenger or
servant is in high repute, Iv. 296;
Vv. 58; VI. 308

Tragia, in battle off it Pericles defeats
Samians, I. 74

Tragic actor, dress of, IV. 92

Tragic contest, judges of, appointed
by lot, but once Cimon and fellow-
generals appointed by the Archon
gave decision to Sophocles against
Aeschylus, Il. 428

Tragiscus, Cretan, slays tyrant Aris-
tippus, XI. 66

Tralles, Jason of, Ml. 420; Caesar’s
statue in temple of Victory there,
vu. 554

Trallians, demand pay for passage of

GENERAL INDEX TO ALL THE ‘LIVES’

Agesilatis’ army and are routed, V.
42

Translations, literal from Greek among
Cato the Elder’s maxims and pro-
verbs, 1. 308

Trapezus, limit of Eumenes’ territory,
Vill. 84

Trasimenus, see ‘‘ Thrasymene.”’

Treasury, of Confederacy of Delos,
moved to Athens, Ul. 34f.; that
at Rome received 20,000 talents
from Pompey, V. 230

Treaties: I. 550; U. 120; 380f.;
444; 460; 482; 1.28; 68; 240f.;
IV. 32; 36; 86f.; 180; 220; 398;
V. 225 28; 62; 76; 98f.; 206;
372 f.; 406; 416; VI. 340; 368f.;
vu. 40; 54

Treatment, of sick, Cato the Elder’s,
I. 372

Trebatius Testa, C., companion of
Caesar, writes Cicero, VII. 176

Trebellius, L., advises Antony to
oppose law for cancellation of debts,
Ix. 156

Trebia, river, battle of, Hannibal vic-
torious, 1. 122 f.

= Q), slew ©. Lusius, i.
49

Trebonius (2), slew Clodius Macer in
Africa by order of Galba, XI. 236
Trebonius, O., tribune, proposes laws

for assignment of provinces to
triumvirate, gets it passed in spite
of Oato, Vv. 250, VII. 338; in con-
spiracy against Caesar, Ix. 166, VI.
162; given province of Asia, 168
Trees, Persians’ love for, XI. 186 f.
of Chaeroneians for murder of
Roman soldiers, 0. 408; of Cimon
for sparing Macedonia, 448
Triarius, defeated by Mithridates, I.
584, Vv. 216
Triballi, defeated by Alexander, VI.
252

Tribes, three at Rome, I. 152; two at
Rome, 310, 364; thirty-five at
Rome, X. 172; four at Athens, I.
468

Tribunate, Coriolanus charged with
trying to take it from people, Iv.
166; overthrown by Sulla, restored
by Pompey, V. 166 f.

Tribunes, military, preferred by people
to consuls, I. 94; Oamillus one 2nd

time, 98; Camillus appointed with
5 others, 116; Sertorius one, VII. 6

Tribunes, of people, 5 in number to
be appointed to protect those need-
ing succour, Junius Brutus and
Sicinius Vellutus first to be chosen,
Iv. 130; enjoy immunity of person
and remain in power when dictator
is appointed, II. 146, IX. 156; Iv.
156; 166; urge bill for division of
people, 0. 110, 116; 580.

Antony, one, VI. 204, Ix. 148,
152; L. Antonius, 170; Aquillius,
Vill. 338; Publicius Bibulus, v. 510;
Junius Brutus & Sicinius Vellutus,
lst tribunes, Iv. 130; Canidius, Vv.
244; Cato the Younger, VI. 138;
P. Olodius, Vv. 234, VO. 156, 476,
vill. 316; Curio, vil. 514; Dola-
bella, Ix. 156; Livius Drusus & C.
Gracchus, X. 214; Flavius & Maryl-
lus, VI. 584; Fulvius & Manius, x.
324; Genucius, 204; O. Gracchus,
204, 2nd time, 214; Ti. Gracchus,
160; Lucilius, V. 256; Marius, Ix.
468; Metellus & Bestia, VI. 138;
Metellus, V. 276, VII. 530, VII. 296;
Metilius, MI. 146; Annius Milo, vu.
166; Minucius Thermus, VII. 298;
Mucius, X.:74; M. Octavius, 166;
Aulus Pompeius, Ix. 508; Rubrius
& Livius Drusus, X. 218; L. Satur-
ninus, Ix. 498, 542; P. Satyreius,
X. 190; Sulpicius, Iv. 348, Ix. 554;
Terentius Culeo, x. 372; Trebonius,
V. 250; Virginius, Iv. 358

“Tribunus,’’ derived from ‘‘tres”’
because of 3 divisions of people at
Rome, I. 152

Tribus, each had 10 phratries, 1. 152.
See also *‘ Tribes.”’

“ Tribus,’’ derived from “‘ tres.”’

Tribute, I. 28 f.; VI. 430

Triopium, I. 440

Tripod, of Seven wise men, I, 412

Tripods, choregic, on temple dedicated
by Nicias in precinct of Dionysus,
Im. 214

Tripylus, friend of Oleomenes, XI. 96

Triremes, Athenian, their design im-
proved by Cimon, I. 440

Tritaea, city of Achaean league, x.
84, XI. 24

Tritymallus, Messenian, xX. 92

Triumph, origin of, I. 136; explana-

485

GENERAL INDEX TO ALL THE ‘LIVES’

tion of difference between major and
minor, V. 494; of Aemilius Paulus
over Perseus, VI. 440; of Antonius,
v. 176; of Caesar over Egypt,
Pontus, Africa, VI. 570; over sons
of Pompey, 572; of Camillus, Il.
94, 110, 184; of Cato the Elder,
334; of Catulus with Marius, Ix.
538; voted Cicero by senate, VIL.
174; of Fabius Maximus over Ligu-
rians, I. 120; after recapture of
Tarentum, 186; of great-grand-
father of Fabius, 188; of grand-
father of Fabius, 188; of Flami-
ninus, X. 362; of Flaminius, V. 444;
of Lucullus, 0. 592; of Marcellus,
Vv. 452, 494; first of Marius, Ix.
492; of Octavius Caesar, Ix. 328;
of Pompey, V. 150, 166, 230, Mm.
350, 352, 428; of Publicola, I. 524,
562; of Romulus, 136, 170; of L.
Scipio, 0. 354; of Surena, II. 416;
of Sulla, Iv. 432; of M. Valerius,
brother of Publicola, I. 554; of
Ventidius, Ix. 214

Triumvirate, of Caesar, Pompey, and
Crassus, Il. 354, VIL. 494, VIII. 332;
of Antony, Octavius, and Lepidus,
vil. 200, Ix. 180; they divide the
world, 204

Troad, Il. 480; 506

Troas (1), mother of Aeacides by
Arybas, Ix. 346

Troas (2), daughter of Aeacides and
Phthia, Ix. 348

Troezen, founded by Pittheus, I. 6;
home of Theseus, 188; I. 28; Vi.
64; joined Achaean league, XI. 54;
taken over by Cleomenes, x. 90

Troglodytes, their language under-
stood by Cleopatra, Ix. 196

* Troja,’’ sacred equestrian game, VIII.
242

Trojan women, painted by Polygnotus
in Peisanacteum, Il. 414

“Trojan women,’’ of Euripides, wit-
nessed by Alexander of Pherae, V.
414

Trophonius, oracle of, I. 270; Iv. 380

Trophy, of Romulus, I. 136; I. 228

Troy, founded by Dardanus, Il. 144;
taken on 24th of Thargelion, 138;
424; destroyed by Heracles on
account of wrong done him by
Laomedon, III. 210

486

Tubero, Stoic, called Lucullus Xerxes
in a toga, Il. 598

Tubero, Q. Aelius, see ‘‘ Aelius Tu-
bero.”’

Tubertus, Postumius, see ‘‘ Postumius
Tubertus.”’

Tuder, Umbrian city, captured by
Crassus, II. 328; Ix. 508

Tuditanus, cited, X. 362

Tullia, daughter of Cicero, dies at
home of Lentulus, her 2nd husband,
VII. 188

Tullius Cimber, took part in murder
of Cicero, VI. 162; given province
of Bithynia, 168

Tullus, friend of Cicero, VII. 154

Tullus, L. Volcatius, reproaches Pom-
pey, V. 274

—_ ,Amfidius, see “* Amfidius, Tul-

us,

Tullus Attius, king of Volscians, waged
war on Romans, said to be ancestor
of Cicero, VI. 82. See also *‘ Tuilus
Amfidius.”’

ee! Hostilius, see “‘ Hostilius, Tul-
us.

Turia, battle near it by Sertorius
against Pompey and Metellus, VII.
50

Turpilianus, Petronius, see ‘* Petronius
Turpilianus.”’

Turpillius, guest-friend of Metellus,
executed on false charge of treach-
ery, Ix. 478

Tuscans, passed from Thessaly into
Lydia, and thence into Italy, driven
from Latium by Romis, I. 92;
colonists from Sardis, 170; driven
by Gauls from country stretching
from Alps to both seas, I. 128, Ix.
488; defeated with great slaughter
by Romulus at Fidenae, I. 168;
defeated while assisting Tarquinius
Superbus in his attempt to regain
throne, 522; routed by Publicola,
546; cut to pieces 300 of Fabii,
Il. 136; besiege Sutrium, 176; cap-
ture Satricum, expelled same day
by Camillus, 192
Il. 128; VI. 368. See also ‘‘ Tyr-
rhenian sea.”’

Tuscan wise men, claimed there were
8 ages in all, IV. 346

Tuscany, I. 90; men from, prescribed

Tuscan sea,’’ name of southern sea, -

GENERAL INDEX TO ALL THE ‘LIVES’

religious details regarding building
of Rome, 118; Veii bulwark of, 0.
96; ancient Tuscany described,
128; 01.62; ravaged by Hannibal,
122; its dearth of free inhabitants
and great number of barbarian
slaves, X. 162

Tusculum, people of, planning revolt,
cowed by Camillus, receive rights
of Roman citizenship, 0.192; Cato
the Elder’s family from there, 302;
598; 610; V. 290, VI. 542; 184

Tutula, see ** Philotis.””

a Tyche,” name of part of Syracuse,
as

“Tycho,’’ name given his spear by
Alexander of Pherae, v. 412

Tydeus, Athenian general, defeated by
a at Aegospotami, Iv. 106,

Tyndareus, father of Helen, entrusted
her to Theseus, I. 70

Tyndaridae, why called ‘* Anakes,”’ I.
78. See also ** Dioscuri.”’

a naa tyrant of Euboea, I.

“Typhon, blasts of,’’ eg ey name
re Serbonian marshes, Ix Aaa er Ve
9

Tyrannio, grammarian, arranged
books ‘in Apellicon’s library and
gave copies to Andronicus the
Rhodian, Iv. 406; given by Lucullus
to Murena, who freed him, I. 530

Tyrants, some titles of, 1 228

Tyre, besieged by Alexander for 7
months and finally taken, VU. 292;
demanded of Demetrius by Seleu-
cus, Ix. 78

Tyrrhenia, see “‘ Tuscany.’’

Tyrrhenians, dispossessed of best part
of Italy by, Gauls, Ix. 488. See also

“* Tuscans,”’

Tyrrhenian sea, cleared of pirates by
Pompey, V. 182. See also ‘‘ Tuscan
sea.”

Tyrtaeus, X. 52; cited, 1. 224

Law Samian, oe i ae

ysses, same eS Odysseus, V.

Umbria, 11. 328 é

Umbricius, priest, XI. 258

Usipes, or Usipites, defeated by
Oaesar, VII. 496

Utica, V. 140; 144; held by Cato, vm
568: its people give Cato splendid
burial, VIO. 406

Vaccaei, have Pompey wintering
among them, VII. 58

** Vae victis,”’s caid by Brennus, I. 164

Vaga, large city in Africa in charge

of Turpillius, entered by Jugurtha,

Ix. 478

Vagises, Parthian envoy, his words to
Crassus, II. 368

Valens, Fabius, see ‘‘ Fabius Valens.”’

Valentia, where Pompey defeated
Herennius and Perpenna, VY. 158

Valeria, sister of Publicola, beseeches
Volumnia, mother of Coriolanus to
sppenl to him to save Rome, IV

Valeria, daughter of Publicola, one of
10 maidens sent as hostages to Lars
Porsena, escapes, I. 550 f.; said by
some to be represented by eques-
trian statue, 552

Valeria, sister of Hortensius the orator
and daughter of Messala, married
Sulla, Iv. 436; Ee birth to
daughter Postuma, 442

Yale trace descent from Publicola,
I. 566

Valerius, made Romans and Sabines
one people, ancestor of P. Valerius
Publicola, I. 502

Valerius, Q., executed by Pompey, Vv.

8
Valerius Antias, see ‘* Antias, Vale-

Valerius Flaccus, see ‘‘ Flaccus, Vale-
rius.’

Valerius Leo, see ‘‘ Leo, Valerius.”

Valerius Maximus (1), M., brother of
Publicola, seized letters of Tarquin’s
conspirators, I. 512; 538; made
consul with Tubertus, won 2 battles,
got triumphs and home on Palatine,
554; on vote of senate is to guar-
antee that wealthy creditors will
deal gently with debtors, Iv. 126;
received title Maximus for recon-
ciling people with senate, Vv. 146

Valerius Maximus (2), cited, V. 520;
VI. 246

Valerius Potitus, see ‘‘ Potitus, Vale-
rius.’

487

GENERAL INDEX TO

Valerius Publicola, see ‘* Publicola, P.
Valerius.’’

Varguntius, legate of Crassus, slain
by Parthians, mI. 404

Varinus, P., praetor, defeated re-
peatedly by Spartacus, II. 338

Varius Cotylon, friend of Antony, left
with 6 legions to guard Gaul, IX.
178

Varro, C. Terentius, elected consul,
his character, MI. 158; defeated at
Cannae, 160 f.; welcomed at Rome
after Cannae by all, 172

Varro, M. Terentius, Roman philo-
sopher and historian, gave Tarutius
task of calculating precise time of
Romulus’ birth, I. 120; Pompey’s
legate in Spain, loses his forces to
Caesar, VII. 530; cited, I. 138

Varro, Cingonius, composed speech for
Nymphidius Sabinus, XI. 234;
ordered executed by Galba, 236

Varus, Alfenus, general of Vitellius,
XI. 304

Varus, Attius, see *‘ Attius Varus.”’

Vatinius, P., proclaimed praetor in-
stead of Cato, V. 250; vi. 102;
sought reconciliation with Cicero,
vil. 146; in Epidamnus and Apol-
lonia, VI. 180

Vedius, slain by people of Picenum
for attacking Pompey, V. 128

“* Veientani,’’ name for people of Veii,
I. 96

Veii, Tuscan city, begins war with
Rome by deman Fidenae, is
defeated and makes treaty of friend-
ship for 100 years, I. 170; how
induced to give up terra-cotta
chariot, 536; siege of, 1. 96 f.; man
of, seized and forced to reveal secret
oracles concerning city, 100 f.; cap-
ture and sack of, 104; shelters
fugitives from battle of Allia, 136

Velabrum, spot where one Larentia is
buried and the other disappeared;
two etymologies of word, I. 102

Velesus, with Proculus announces to
Numa that Romans invite him to
be their king, I. 320

Velia (1), on Palatine, held mansion
of Publicola, I. 526; Publicola
buried near it, 564

Velia (2), in Italy, VI. 344; 456

Velitrae, people of, offer city to

488

ALL THE ‘LIVES’

Romans, Iv. 144;
Camillus, 11. 202
Vellutus, Sicinius, see ‘‘ Sicinius Vel-
lutus.”’
Ventidii, two brothers ordered out of
Auximum by Pompey, V. 128
Ventidius Bassus, P., defeats Par-
thians, slays Labienus and Pharna-
pates, routs and slays Pacorus,
besieges city of Samosata, Ix, 208 f.;
enjoys triumph over Parthians, 214
Vento, see ‘‘ Perpenna Vento, M.’’
Venus, identified with Libitina, I. 346;
regarded by some as natural cause
which supplies from moisture seeds
of everything, I. 366; Iv. 390;
Venus Victrix, ancestress of Caesar’s
race, V. 292; VII. 248; of Paphos,
320; Ix. 192
Venusia, refuge of Varro after COannae,
Ill. 166; V. 514
Verania, wife of Piso, XI. 270
Vercellae, battle of, Ix. 530
Vercingetorix, see **‘ Vergentorix.”’
Verenia, one of first two Vestals ap-
pointed by Numa, I. 340

captured by

Vergentorix, leads revolt against
Caesar, VII. 504; surrenders to
Caesar, 510

Vergilia, taken by Volumnia to camp
of Volscians, IV. 202

Vergilio, Attilius, overthrows statue
of Galba, XI. 264

Vergilius, O., praetor of Sicily, writes
to Cicero to keep away, VII. 164

Verginius, tribune of the people, ap-
pointed by Cinna to impeach Sulla,
Iv. 358

Verginius Rufus, in Gaul, does not
join Galba, XI. 216f.; gets his
troops to swear allegiance to Galba,
224 f.; his army, 244; made consul
by Otho, 276; 318

ae ba its meaning in Latin, Vu.
9

Verres, prosecuted by Cicero, con-
victed, VI. 98 f.

“‘Verrucosus,’’ surname of Fabius
Maximus from wart on lip, M1. 118

Vespasian, built 3rd temple of Jupiter
Capitolinus, I. 540; commander in
Judaea, friendly to Otho, XI. 284;
tried to seize supreme power, 286

Vesta, temple of, I. 146; why built,
circular by Numa, name ie by

Vettius,

Vibius,

Vibo,

GENERAL INDEX TO

Pythagoreans to fire at centre of
universe, 344; temple of, near
Regia, 354; fire of, its nature ;
temple of, said to contain Palladium
of Troy, Il. 142 f.

Vestals, law ordained death for one
guilty of unchastity, I. 96; intro-
duced by Romulus to guard sacred
fire, 160; consecrated by Numa,
account of them, 338; get holy
water from spot where shield fell,
350; in flight from Gauls carry off
sacred fire, I. 142 f.; 362; I. 172;
Ix. 182.

Veto, of tribune, prevails over his
colleagues, X. 166

Vettius (1), friend of C. Gracchus,

ably defended at court by him, xX.
198

Vettius (2), accused of plotting against
life of Pompey at instigation of
Lucullus, 1. 608

Spurius, interrex, put accept-
ance of Numa Pompilius as king
to vote of people, I. 326

Veturius, deserted to Otho, x1. 258
Veturius, C., condemned to death for

refusing to make way for tribune
in forum, X. 204

Veturius, P., one of first two quaes-

tors, I. 534

Veturius Mamurius, see ‘* Mamurius,
Veturius.”’

Vetus, praetor in Spain, VI, 452

Via Nova, 0. 126

Via Sacra, I. 552; Vil. 134

Sicilian, made prefect of
engineers by Cicero, will not receive
him in his house, VI. 162

Vibius Paciacus, helps young Orassus

in his concealment, II. 322 f.

city of Lucania, previously
called Hipponium, vu. 162

Vibullius, friend of Pompey, sent by
Caesar to Pompey with peace pro-
posals, V. 284

Vica Pota, temple of, stands where
Publicola had his house built, I. 528
“ Vici,’’ name given villages surround-
ing ‘Rome, Il. 594

Victory, goddess, IV. 390; VI. 278
Villius, C., supporter of Ti. Gracchus,
put to death, X. 192

Villius, P., invaded Macedonia late in
season and wasted time, X. 326;

ALL THE ‘LIVES’

encamped over against Philip, 328;
sailed to confer with Antiochus
about freedom of Greeks under his
sway, 354

Vindex, Junius, general in Gaul, re-
volts from Nero and asks Galba to
become emperor, XI, 212f., 242,
270; defeated by Verginius, com-
mits suicide, 218; 252

Vindicius, slave, learns of conspiracy
of Vitellii and Aquillii and reveals
it to Publicola, I. 510; rewarded
for revealing plot, 518

** Vindicta,’’ derived from ‘‘ Vindi-
cius,’’ I. 518

Vinius, T., captain of Galba’s prae-
torian guard, urges him to revolt
against Nero, XI. 214; reports to
Galba decrees of senate, 220;
jealous of Verginius Rufus, 226;
persuades Galba to make use of
Nero’s riches, his character, his acts
ruin Galba, 228, 272, 230, 240 f.;
250; 262; party to conspiracy
against Galba, also slain, 266; 268

Vipsanian portico, XI. 262

Virginius, see ‘* Verginius.

Virtue and Honour, temple to, by
Marcellus, V. 512

“* Virtus,’’ its meaning, Iv. 120

Vitellii, corrupted by Tarquin’s en-
voys, won over two of Brutus’ sons
to Ln plot to bring back Tarquins,
1. 5

Vitellius, A., proclaimed emperor in
Germany, XI. 252 f.; put to death
120 who claimed part in death of
Galba and his adherents, 268: cor-
responds with Otho, 284; his wife
and mother cared for by Otho, 286;
joined by Otho’s troops, 308; 312;
I. 540

Vitellius, L., brother of the emperor,
X1. 286

‘‘ Vixerunt,’’ word used of those dead,
vil. 134

Voconius, sent by Lucullus with fleet
to intercept Mithridates, is too late,
TI. 508

Voconius, had three very ugly daugh-
ters, VII. 150

Volscians, defeated and Corioli cap-
tured, . 132; 2nd war against
them planned, ‘146: send embassy
to Rome demanding back captured

480

GENERAL INDEX TO ALL THE

territory and cities, 180; through
Coriolanus demand restitution of
cities and territories torn from them
and equal civic rights, 190; with-
draw from before Rome, 210; after
death of Coriolanus quarrel with
Aequians, defeated in battle by
Romans, become her subjects,
216 f.; defeated by the dictator
Postumius Tubertus, I. 96; with
Aequians and Latins invade Roman
territory, 176; defeated by Camil-
lus, 180; 182; make war on Rome,
aaa had king Tullus Attius, VI.
2

Volumnia, greatly loved by her son
Coriolanus, IV. 126; persuades him
to spare Rome, 200f.; quoted,
202 f.

Volumnius, actor, put to death after
Philippi, VI. 228

Volumnius, P., philosopher,
Brutus at Philippi, 234, 240 f.

** Vopiscus,’’ surname of surviving
twin, Iv. 142

Votive offerings, M1. 210

Vows, bv Fabius Maximus, I. 130

Vulcan, temple of, 1. 166; 174; con-
tained bronze statue of Horatius,
546

Vultures, why used chiefly by Romans
for auguries, why liked by Hercules,
I. 114

Vulturnus, river in district of Casili-
num, II. 134

with

Wages, paid by Lysander and Alcf-
biades respectively, Iv. 102, 240 f.
Waggons, four-wheeled, used by Per-
sians in conveying their women

folk, 0. 70 f.

Wall, long, at Athens, measure for,
introduced by Pericles, M1. 42; at
Argos, built on advice of Alcibiades,
Iv. 38; I. 248; at Rome, course
of, how marked ‘out, Laas

Wars: between Achaeans and Aeto-
lians, XI. 70 f.; between Achaeans
and Eleians, x. “en between Agesi-
laiis and Persia, 0. 464f., V. 22;
of Antony and Caesar against
Brutus and Cassius, IX. 182 f.; be-
tween Antony and Octavius, VI. 452,
vil. 198; of Asiatic cities against

490

‘LIVES’

Persia, IV. 296; between Athens
and Aegina, I. 10f., VI. 10; be-
tween Athens and Philip, VI. 178f.;
between Athens and Samos, I. 68,
72£.; Boeotian war (usually called
Corinthian) Iv. 308 f.; of Caesar in
Egypt, VI. 556; between Carthage
and Masinissa, D. 380; between
Carthage and Rome, 382: between
Coreyraeans and Corinthians, M1.
82; between Demetrius and Rho-
dians, Ix. 48; between Egypt and
Persia, I. 84f.; XI. 184: between
Eumenes and Antigonus, VI. 102 f.;
between Greeks and Persians under
Xerxes, I. 16; Hellenic wars,
stopped by Themistocles, 18; Ju-
gurthine, Iv. 328; Lamian, VI. 66,
Vil. 194, Ix. 346; between Macha-
nidas and Achaeans, X. 280; Marsic
or Social, I. 474, Iv. 336 f., VIL. 86,
Vu. 8, IX. 552; between Megalo-
polis and Nabis, tyrant of Sparta,
X. 288; between Octavius and
Antony, Ix. 264f.; Parthian, I
364f.; Ix. 190, 218f.; Pelopon-
nesian, Il. 212, I. 82 f., 240, 244 f.,
Iv. 238, X. 112; Phocian, vo. 28,
42; against pirates, conducted by
Pompey, V. 180f.; between Pompey
and Caesar, VII. 520f.; between
Achaeans and Romans, X. 292;

between Romans sand Acquians,
Volscians, Latins, and

176 f.; of Rome "in Africa, 310 E:
of Rome with Antiochus the Great,
334, 388, VI. 362, X. 302, 362 f.;
of Rome with Carthage, I. 382; of
Rome with Cimbri and Teutones,
Vill. 6; between Romans and Oar-
thaginians for Sicily, Vv. 436, 440;
of Rome with Falerians and Oape-
nates, I. 98; between Romans and
Faliscans, 116; between Romans
and Gauls, 198f.; of Rome with
Hannibal, 398, M1. 120f., v. 436;
of Rome with Ligurians, I. 120;
of Rome against Mithridates, 1. 474,
488, Iv. 344f., 358, Vv. 196 f., Ix.
554; of Rome against Numantia,
x. 152 f. ; of Rome with Perseus,
vI. 370f.; with Philip, 370, x.
324 f.; with Praenestines and Vol-
scians, I. 190; with Sabines and
Latins, I. 556; with Spaniards, x.

LE

GENERAL INDEX TO ALL THE ‘LIVES’

154; with Tarentum, IX. 382; with
Tigranes, I. 542, 546 f.; with Vol-
scians, 1V. 132, 170 f.; with Veii,
Il. 96f.; Sacred war, I. 62 f.;
Sertorian, I. 486, V. 156 f.; Sicilian,
Ix. 280; Social war in Greece, VI.
40; Spanish (Hither Spain) 1.
330 f., 388; between Sparta and
Persia, V. 12f.; between Sparta
and other Greeks, 38; between
Sparta and Thebes, 58f., 372 f.;
of Spartacus, Il. 334 f.

Wasps, bred in putrefying horses, X.
140

Rotem in bronze, at Sardis,
O. 84

Water supply, of Rome, private tap-
Ping stopped, I. 356

Way, Appian, Caesar as curator spent
large sums of his own money on it,
Vil. 452

Wealth, Roman, consisted in flocks
and herds chiefly, I. 532; that of
Veii great, 0. 96 f.; much gold and
silver imported from Athens to
Sparta by Lysander, Iv. 236

Weapons, Il. 560; Ix. 530

“White day,’’ origin of expression,
I. 78

White village, little place between
Berytus and Sidon, Ix. 254

Widows, at Rome, penalty for early
remarriage, I. 346; Il. 96; not per-
mitted to remarry until husband
had been dead 10 months, Ix. 206

Wills, Solon’s law concerning, I. 460;
Iv. 20; Roman soldiers made un-
written ones just before battle, 136 ;
will of Caesar, VI. 168; of Antony,
Ix. 268 f.

Wine, how introduced to Gauls, 0.
126

Women, regulations of Lycurgus and
Numa concerning them compared,
I. 390 f.; Roman women, character
and customs, 392; regulations of
Solon concerning them, 462; 522;
556; 564f.; 11.52; Persian women
watched very carefully by their
husbands, 70; Roman women re-
warded by being given eulogy at
their funerals, 114; 178; 296 f.;
their power in Rome, 322; Cato
the Elder’s opinion of man who
struck wife or child, 360; 364; 414;

4165 “L123; 378: .418: iv2!20;
how honoured at Rome when Corio-
lanus’ mother saved city, 210; holy
women of Germans, VI. 488; VII.
292; Ix. 338; Roman woman had
no praenomen, 464; Spartan women
ruled their husbands, possessed
greater part of wealth in time of
Agis, X. 18

Women’s Fortune, temple of, erected
at Rome, Iv. 210

Woodpecker, especially honoured by
reer considered sacred to Mars,
I. 9

Wool, Milesian, rv. 62

Xanthians, ignore M. Brutus, meet
with disaster, VI. 130

Xanthippides, archon in year of Mar-
donius’ defeat, I. 226

Xanthippus (1), father of Pericles and
Ariphron, IV. 2; gave burial to dog
that followed him to Salamis, 1.
30, 318; 58; with Cimon and
Myronides envoy to Sparta, 244;
father of Pericles by Agaristé, con-
quered Persians at Mycalé, m1. 6

Xanthippus (2), son of Pericles and
his lst wife, M1. 70; eldest son of
Pericles, had feud with his father,
died during plague, 104

Xanthus, city in Lycia, vo. 270;
besieged by Brutus and destroyed,
VI. 194

Xanthus, flute-player, Ix. 186

Xenagoras, son of Eumelus, measured
height of Mt. Olympus, VI. 394

Xenarchus, author, m1. 208

Xenares, friend of Cleomenes, does
not encourage him to copy Agis, xX.
54

Xenocles (1) of deme Cholargus, set
on high lantern over shrine of sanc-
tuary of mysteries at Eleusis, M1.
4

0
Xenocles (2) ambassador of Agesilalis,
imprisoned in Larissa, V. 42
Xenocles (3) exile from Sicyon, helps
Aratus in plot to return, XI. 10
Xenocles (4) of Adramyttium, taught
Cicero oratory, VII. 90
Xenocrates, Il. 612; received gift of
50 talents from Alexander, VII. 244;
had Phocion as pupil in the Aca-

491

GENERAL INDEX TO ALL THE ‘LIVES’

demy, VI. 152; philosopher, as
ambassador not successful with
Antipater, 204; paid resident alien
tax, 212; morose in disposition,
advised by Plato to sacrifice to
Muses, Ix. 466; anecdote about
him, =. 356

Xenodochus, of Cardia, with Alex-
ander, VII. 370

Xenophantus, celebrated flute-player,
Ix. 132

Xenophilus (1), father of victorious
choregus named Aristides, I. 212

Xenophilus (2), robber captain, hires
out a few soldiers to Aratus, XI. 12

Xenophon (1), Athenian, defeated by
Chalcidians in Thrace, I. 226

Xenophon (2), fought on side of Agesi-
laiis at Coroneia, V. 46; philosopher,
in train of Agesilaiis, ordered to
rear his sons at Sparta, 52; with
Ten Thousand marched from sea to
Babylon and back, V. 22, Ix. 242;
Iv. 94; V. 330; XI. 142

Ages. (VI. 4) Vv. 8

Anab. (1. 6-11) X21. 132; (1. 8. 26)
146; (1. 1. 7-23) 156

Cyrop. (IV. 1. 3) V. 528

Hell. (ml. 4. 17) V. 492; (VI. 5.
12-14) 96

Reip. Lac. (X. 8) I. 206

Symp. referred to, IV. 274; (1. 1)
y. 80
See also X1. 154.

Xerxes, father of Artaxerxes, XI. 128;
had sister Sandaucé, . 238;
marched through Thessaly and
Boeotia against Attica, 234; forces
pass of Thermopylae, 24; induced
to fight by message from Themis-
tocles, 86; defeated by Greeks at
Salamis, 12, 38; induced to retreat
to Asia by ruse of Themistocles,
44f., 240; left Mardonius behind
to obstruct pursuit, 12, 240; set
200 talents upon head of Themis-
tocles, 70; met him, 74f.; 86;
396; defeated by Cimon at Eury-
medon, 438f.; made treaty with
Greeks after Eurymedon, 444; Iv.
374; V. 42; statue of him left lying
by Alexander, VI. 334; XI. 130;
quoted, I. 76

Xypeté, Attic deme, Metagenes of, I.
40

492

Year, how computed by early Romans,
Greeks, Egyptians, and others, I.
366 f.; method of designating,
changed at Athens, IX. 26; great
year, IV. 346

pthc : s, actual assassins of Dion,

VI. :

Zacynthus, island of, rendezvous of
Dion’s supporters, II. 290, VI. 46;
x. 370

Zaleucus, had frequent audiences of
Deity, I. 320

Zarbienus, king of Gordyeni, secretly
arranged alliance with Lucullus
through Clodius, betrayed and exe-
cuted, Il. 534, 568

Zaretra, fortress in Euboea, occupied
by Phocion, VIII. 172

Zela, battle of, VII. 560

Zeleia, Arthmius of, 1. 18

Zeno (1), Eleatic, teacher of Pericles
in natural philosophy and eristic,
mm. 10; defended Pericles against
charge of conceit, 14

Zeno (2) of Citium, adopted Lycurgus’
design for a civil polity, I. 300;
followed by Sphaerus, X. 52; quoted,
VI. 154; XI. 52

Zeno (3) Cretan, teacher of dancing,
x1. 176

Zenodotia, in Mesopotamia, taken by
Crassus, I. 364

Zenodotus, of Troezen, cited, I. 130

Zeugitae, class at Athens with yearly
See of 200 measures, I. 450, I.
386

Zeugma, place where Crassus crossed
Euphrates, Ml. 372; 404

Zeus, Olympian games in honour of,
instituted by Hercules, I. 56; I.
246; 280; statue of, at Pisa, M1.
4; procession in honour of, at
Athens, VII. 230

Zeus Areius, sacrificed to at Passaro,
Ix. 356

Zeus, Dodonaean, oracle of, I. 76

pao aaiimgir 6 II, 272, 274, 276,
27

Zeus Hecalus, named from Hecalé who
entertained Theseus, I. 26

Zeus, Olympian, II. 260, Iv. 390

Zeus, Soter, 0. 246, VII. 68, XI. 122

Zeus, Syllanius, 1. 220

GENERAL INDEX TO ALL THE ‘LIVES’

Zeuxidamus, father of Archidamus, 1. Zopyrus, soldier of Antigonus, slew

452, Vv. 2 Pyrrhus, Ix. 458
Zeuxis, quoted, M1. 40 Zoroaster, had frequent audience with
Zoilus, put coats of mail made by Deity, I. 320

him to severe test, Ix. 50 Zosimé, wife of Tigranes, led in Pom-
Zopytus, slave, tutor of Alcibiades, 1. pey’s triumph, Vv. 230

256, IV. 2

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Prato: CratryLus, PARMENIDES, GREATER Hippras, LESSER
Hirrras. H. N. Fowler.

Prato: EutrHyrHro, ApoLocy, Criro, PHAEDO, PHAEDRUS.
H. N. Fowler.

Prato: LAcHEs, ProTacoras, MENO, EurHyDEMus. W.R.M.
Lamb.

Prato: Laws. Rev. R.G. Bury. 2 Vols.
Prato: Lysis, Sympostum, Goreras. W.R. M. Lamb.
Puato: Repusiic. Paul Shorey. 2 Vols.

PLato: STATESMAN, PHitEBus. H.N.Fowler; Ion. W.R.M.
Lamb.

PxLato: THEAETETUS and Sopuist. H. N. Fowler.

Prato: TIMArEus, Critias, CLITrOPHO, MENEXENUS, EPISTULAE.
Rev. R. G. Bury.

PrurarcH: Moraria. 15 Vols. Vols. I1—V. F. C. Babbitt.
Vol. VI. W.C. Helmbold. Vol. VII. P. H. De Lacy and
B. Einarson. Vol. IX. E. L. Minar, Jr., F. H. Sandbach,
W. C. Helmbold. Vol. X. H.N. Fowler. Vol. XII. H.
Cherniss and W. C. Helmbold.

PrurarcH: THE PARALLEL Lives. B. Perrin. 11 Vols.
Potypius. W.R. Paton. 6 Vols.

Procorius: History oF THE Wars. H. B. Dewing. 7 Vols.
ProLteMy: TETRABIBLOS. Cf. MANETHO.

Quintus SMyRNnaEvus. A.S. Way. Verse trans.

Sextus Emprricus. Rev. R.G. Bury. 4 Vols.

SopHoctes. F. Storr. 2 Vols. Verse trans.

SrraBo: GEOGRAPHY. Horace L. Jones. 8 Vols.

THEOPHRASTUS: CHARACTERS. J. M. Edmonds. HeEropsrs,
ete. A. D. Knox.

THEOPHRASTUS: ENQuiry Into PiLants. Sir Arthur Hort,
Bart. 2 Vols.

Tuucypipes. C.F.Smith. 4 Vols.

TryYPHIODORUS. Cf. OPPIAN.

XENOPHON: CYROPAEDIA. Walter Miller. 2 Vols.

XENOPHON: HELLENICA, ANABASIS, APOLOGY, and SyMPOsIUM.
C. L. Brownson and O. J. Todd. 3 Vols.

XENOPHON: MEMORABILIA and OEconomicus. E.C. Marchant.

XENOPHON: Scripra Minors. E, C. Marchant.

IN PREPARATION

Greek Authors

ARISTOTLE: History or ANIMALS. A. L. Peck.
Pitotinus: A. H. Armstrong.

Latin Authors

BABRIUS AND PHAEDRUS. Ben E. Perry.

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