•
UC-NRLF
III I Illl
SB 35
IN MEMORIAM
FLOR1AN CAJORI
PHILLIPS-LOOMIS MATHEMATICAL SERIES
ELEMENTS OF TRIGONOMETRY
PLANE AND SPHERICAL
BY
ANDREW W. PHILLIPS, PH.D.
AM>
WENDELL M. STRONG, PH.D.
VALK UN1VKRSITV
NEW YORK AND LONDON
HARPER & BROTHERS PUBLISHERS
1899
THE PHILLIPS-LOOMIS MATHEMATICAL SERIES.
ELEMENTS OF TRIGONOMETRY, Plane and Spherical. By
ANDREW W. PHILLIPS, Ph.D., and WENDELL M. STRONG, Ph.D., Yale
University. Crown 8vo, Half Leather.
ELEMENTS OF GEOMETRY. By ANDREW W. PHILLIPS, Ph.D.,
and IRVING FISHER, Ph.D., Professors in Yale University. Crown
8vo, Half Leather, $1 75. [By mail, $1 92.]
ABRIDGED GEOMETRY. By ANDREW W. PHILLIPS, Ph.D., and
IRVING FISHER, Ph.D. Crown 8vo, Half Leather, $1 25. [By
mail, $1 40.]
PLANE GEOMETRY. By ANDREW W. PHILLIPS, Ph.D., and IRVING
FISHEK, Ph.D. Crown 8vo, Cloth, 80 cents. [By mail, 90 cents.]
LOGARITHMIC AND TRIGONOMETRIC TABLES. Five- Place
and Four-Place. By ANDREW W. PHILLIPS, Ph.D., and WKNDKI.I.
M. STRONG, Ph.D., Yale University. Crown 8vo.
LOGARITHMS OF NUMBERS. Five- Figure Table to Accompany
the "Elements of Geometry," by ANDREW W. PHILLIPS, Ph.D., and
IKVING FISHER, Ph.D., Professors in Yale University. Crown 8vo,
Cloth, 30 cents. [By mail, 35 cents.]
NEW YORK AND LONDON :
HARPER & BROTHERS, PUBLISHERS.
Copyright, 1898, by HARPER & BROTHERS.
All rights reserved.
PREFACE
IN this work the trigonometric functions are defined as
ratios, but their representation by lines is also introduced at
the beginning, because certain parts of the subject can be
treated more simply by the line method, or by a combination
of the two methods, than by the ratio method alone.
Attention is called to the following features of the book :
The simplicity and directness of the treatment of both
the Plane and Spherical Trigonometry.
The emphasis given to the formulas essential to the solu-
tion of triangles.
The large number of exercises.
The graphical representation of the trigonometric, inverse
trigonometric, and hyperbolic functions.
The use of photo-engravings of models in the Spherical
Trigonometry.
The recognition of the rigorous ideas of modern math-
ematics in dealing with the fundamental series of trigo-
nometry.
The natural treatment of the complex number and the
hyperbolic functions.
The graphical solution of spherical triangles.
Our grateful acknowledgments are due to our colleague,
Professor James Pierpont, for valuable suggestions regard-
ing the construction of Chapter VI.
We are also indebted to Dr. George T. Sellew for making
the collection of miscellaneous exercises.
ANDREW W. PHILLIPS,
WENDELL M. STRONG.
YALE UNIVERSITY, December, 1808.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
PLANE TRIGONOMETRY
CHAPTER I
THE TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS
PAGE
Angles i
Definitions of the Trigonometric Functions 4
Signs of the Trigonometric Functions .8
Relations of the Functions 10
Functions of an Acute Angle of a Right Triangle 13
Functions of Complementary Angles 14
Functions of o°, 90°, 1 80°, 270°, 360° 15
Functions of the Supplement of an Angle 16
Functions of 45°, 30°, 60° 17
Functions of ( — .r), (180°— .r), (i8o°+.r), (360°— .r) 18
Functions of (90°— y), (90° +j), (270°— y\ (270°+^) 20
CHAPTER II
THE RIGHT TRIANGLE
Solution of Right Triangles 22
Solution of Oblique Triangles by the Aid of Right Triangles . . 28
CHAPTER III
TRIGONOMETRIC ANALYSIS
Proof of Fundamental Formulas (i i)- (14) 32
Tangent of the Sum and Difference of Two Angles 36
Functions of Twice an Angle 36
Functions of Half an Angle 36
Formulas for the Sums and Differences of Functions 37
The Inverse Trigonometric Functions 39
vi TABLE OF CONTENTS
CHAPTER IV
THE OBLIQUE TRIANGLE
PAGE
Derivation of Formulas 41
Formulas for the Area of a Triangle 44
The Ambiguous Case 45
The Solution of a Triangle :
(i.) Given a Side and Two Angles 46
(2.) Given Two Sides and the Angle Opposite One of Them . 46
(3.) Given Two Sides and the Included Angle 48
(4.) Given the Three Sides 49
Exercises 50
CHAPTER V
CIRCULAR MEASURE— GRAPHICAL REPRESENTATION
Circular Measure 55
Periodicity of the Trigonometric Functions 57
Graphical Representation 58
CHAPTER VI
COMPUTATION OF LOGARITHMS AND OF THE TRIGONOMETRIC FUNC-
TIONS—DE MOIVRE'S THEOREM— HYPERBOLIC FUNCTIONS
Fundamental Series 63
Computation of Logarithms 64
Computation of Trigonometric Functions 68
De Moivre's Theorem 70
The Roots of Unity 72
The Hyperbolic Functions 73
CHAPTER VII
MISCELLANEOUS EXERCISES
Relations of Functions . . • 7§
Right Triangles 80
Isosceles Triangles and Regular Polygons 83
Trigonometric Identities and Equations 84
Oblique Triangles 88
TABLE OF CONTENTS vii
SPHERICAL TRIGONOMETRY
CHAPTER VIII
RIGHT AND QUADRANTAL TRIANGLES
PAGE
Derivation of Formulas for Right Triangles 93
Napier's Rules 94
Ambiguous Case 97
Quadrantal Triangles 98
CHAPTER IX
OBLIQUE-ANGLED TRIANGLES
Derivation of Formulas 100
Formulas for Logarithmic Computation 101
The Six Cases and Examples 104
Ambiguous Cases 106
Area of the Spherical Triangle 108
CHAPTER X
APPLICATIONS TO THE CELESTIAL AND TERRESTRIAL SPHERES
Astronomical Problems no
Geographical Problems 113
CHAPTER XI
GRAPHICAL SOLUTION OF A SPHERICAL TRIANGLE 115
CHAPTER XII
RECAPITULATION OF FORMULAS 119
APPENDIX
RELATION OF THE PLANE, SPHERICAL, AND PSEUDO-SPHERICAL
TRIGONOMETRIES 125
ANSWERS TO EXERCISES 129
PLANE TRIGONOMETRY
CHAPTER I
THE TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS
ANGLES
1. In Trigonometry the size of an angle is measured by
the amount one side of the angle has revolved from the
position of the other side to reach its final position.
Thus, if the hand of a clock makes one-fourth of a rev-
olution, the angle through which it turns is one right angle ;
if it makes one-half a revolution, the angle is two right an-
gles; if one revolution, the angle is four right angles; if one
and one-half revolutions, the angle is six right angles, etc.
O'
B
FIG. 2
FIG. 3
The amount the side OB has rotated from OA to reach its final position
may or may not be equal to the inclination of the lines. In Fig. i it is equal
to this inclination ; in Fig. 4 it is not.
Two angles may have the same sides and yet be different. In Fig. 2
I
PLANE TRIGONOME TR 1 '
and Fig. 4 the positions of the sides of the angles are the same ; yet in
Fig. 2 the angle is two right angles, in Fig. 4 it is six right angles. The
addition of any number of complete revolutions to an angle does not change
the position of its sides.
Question. — Through how many right angles does the hour-hand
of a clock revolve in 6^ hours? the minute-hand ?
Question. — If the fly-wheel of an engine makes 100 revolutions per
minute, through how many right angles does it revolve in i second ?
Initial line
RIGHT ANGLES
Initial line
5} RIGHT ANGLES
Def. — The first side of the angle — that is, the side from
which the revolution is measured — is the initial line; the
second side is the terminal line.
Def. — If the direction of the revolution is opposite to that
of the hands of a clock, the angle is positive; if the same
as that of the hands of a clock, the angle is negative.
Initial line
Initial Line
POSITIVE ANGLE
NEGATIVE ANGLE
The angles we have employed as illustrations— those described
by the hands of a clock— are all negative angles.
2. Angles are usually measured in degrees, minutes, and
seconds. A degree is one-ninetieth of a right angle, a min-
ute is one-sixtieth of a degree, a second is one-sixtieth of a
minute.
THE TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS
The symbols indicating degrees, minutes, and seconds are ° ' ";
thus, twenty-six degrees, forty-three minutes, and ten seconds is
written 26° 43' 10".
3. The plane about the vertex of an angle is divided into
four quadrants, as shown in the figure; the first quadrant
begins at the initial line.
in
IV
THE FOUR QUADRANTS
II
III
ANGLE IN 1ST QUADRANT
ANGLE IN 2D QUADRANT
ANGLE IN 3D QUADRANT
ANGLE IN 4TH QUADRANT
An angle is said to be in a certain quadrant if its terminali
line is in that quadrant.
EXERCISES
4. (i.) Express 2\ right angles in degrees, minutes, and seconds^
In what quadrant is the angle?
(2.) What angle less than 360° has the same initial and terminal
lines as an angle of 745°?
(3.) What positive angles less than 720° have the same sides as am
angle of —73°?
(4.) In what quadrant is an angle of —890°?
4 PLANE TRIGONOMETRY
DEFINITIONS OF THE TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS
5. The trigonometric functions are numbers, and are de-
fined as the ratios of lines.
Let the angle A OP be so placed that the initial line is
horizontal, and from Py any point of the terminal line, draw
PS perpendicular to the initial line.
S A
ANGLE IN THE 1ST QUADRANT
ANGLE IN THE 2D QUADRANT
ANGLH IN THE 30 QUADRANT
Denote the angle A OP by x.
SP
ANGLE IN THE 4TH QUADRANT
- = sine of x (written sin^r).
= cosine of x (written cos^r).
THE TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS
SP
-y^ — tangent of x (written tan x).
— — )= cotangent of x (written cot x).
OP
— „
OP
= secant of x (written sec^r).
= cosecant of x (written csc^r).
To the above may be added the versed sine (written versin) and coversed
sine (written coversin), which are defined as follows :
versiii x = i - cos a?; coversiii x = i — sin x.
The values of the sine, cosine, etc., do not depend upon
what point of the terminal line is taken as P, but upon the
angle.
S S'
S'S
x
For the triangles OSP and OS'P' being similar, the ratio of any
two sides of OS'P' is equal to the ratio of the corresponding sides
of OSP.
Def. — The sine, cosine, tangent, cotangent, secant, and
cosecant of an angle are the trigonometric functions
of the angle, and depend for their value on the angle
alone.
0. A line may by its length and direction represent a
number; the magnitude of the number is expressed by the
Icngtli of the line ; the number is positive or negative ac-
cording to the direction of the line.
PLANE TRIGONOMETRY
7. In § 5, if the denominators of the several ratios be
taken equal to unity, the trigonometric functions will be rep-
resented by lines.
SP SP
Thus, sin^r= -~p= -— = SP— the number represented by
the line, that is, the ratio of the line to its unit of length.
Hence SP may represent the sine of x.
In a similar manner the other trigonometric functions
may be represented by lines.
In the following figures a circle of unit radius is described
about the vertex O of the angle A OP, this angle being de-
noted by x. Then from § 5 it follows that
FIG. a
Cot
C Cot B
FIG. 3
FIG 4
THE TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS 7
SP represents the sine of x.
OS represents the co§iiie of x.
A T represents the tangent of x.
BC represents the cotangent of x.
0/^represents the secant of x.
OC represents the co§ecant of x.
For the sake of brevity, the lines SP, OS, etc., of the preceding figures are
often spoken of as the sine, cosine, etc.
Hence, we may also define the trigonometric functions
in general terms as follows :
If a circle of unit radius is described about the vertex of
an angle,
(r.) The iine of the angle is represented by the perpendicular
upon the initial line from the intersection of the terminal line with
the circumference.
(2.) The cosine of the angle is represented by the segment of the
initial line extending from the vertex to the sine.
(3.) The tangent of the angle is represented by a line tangent to
the circle at the beginning of the first quadrant, and extending from
the point of tangency to the terminal line.
(4.) The cotangent of the angle is represented by a line tangent
to the circle at the beginning of the second quadrant, and extending
from the point of tangency to the terminal line.
(5.) The secant of the angle is represented by the segment of the
terminal line extending from the vertex to the tangent.
(6.) The cosecant of the angle is represented by the segment of
the terminal line extending from the vertex to the cotangent.
The definitions in § 5 are called the ratio definitions of the trigonometric-
functions, and those in § 7 the line definitions. The introduction of two
definitions for the same thing should not embarrass the student. We have
shown that they are equivalent. In some cases it is convenient to use the
first definition, and in other cases the second, as the student will observe
in the course of this study. It is therefore important that he should be-
come familiar with the use of both.
8
PLANE TRIGONOMETRY '
SIGNS OF THE TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS
8. Lines are regarded as positive or negative according
to their directions. Thus, in the figures of § 5, OS is posi-
tive if it extends to the rigJit of O along the initial line,
negative if it extends to the left ; SP \s positive if it extends
upward from OA, negative if it extends downward. OP, the
terminal line, is always positive.
The above determines, from § 5, the signs of the trigono-
metric functions, since it shows the signs of the two terms
of each ratio.
By the line definitions the signs may be determined di-
rectly. The sine and tangent are positive if measured up-
ward from OA, and negative if measured downward.
The cosine and cotangent are positive if measured to the
right from OB, and negative if measured to the left.
B Cot + Cot- B
TIG. 3
FIG. 4
THE TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS
The secant and cosecant are positive if measured in the
same direction as the terminal line, OP\ negative if measured
in the opposite direction.
The signs of the functions of angles in the different quadrants are as follows :
Quadrant
I
II
Ill
IV
Sine and cosecant
+
+
+
-
-
Cosine and secant
-
-
+
Tangent and cotangent
+
-
+
-
f>. It is evident that the values of the functions of an
angle depend only upon the position of the sides of the
angle. If two angles differ by 360°, or any multiple of 360°,
the position of the sides is the same, hence the values of
the functions are the same.
C cot B
Thus in Fig. i the angle is 120°, in Fig. 2 the angle is 840°, yet
the lines which represent the functions are the same for both angles.
EXERCISE
Determine, by drawing the necessary figures, the sign of tan 1000°;
cos 810°; sin 760°; cot —70°; cos — 550°; tan —560°; sec 300°; cot
1560°; sin 130°; cos 260°; tan 310°.
10
PLANE TRIGONOMETRY
RELATIONS OF THE FUNCTIONS
10. By § 5, whatever may be the length of OP, we have
SP
OS
OP smjr' OP °*x' n^'
SP
—
OS
OP
We have, then, from Figs. 2 and 3,
SP _ _ sinx
OS- -
OS COS X
- — f*Ol JC — -
SP~ "
or
Multiplying (i) by (2),
tana?
i
cot x
Again, from Figs. 2 and 3,
OP
tan x
_
co*x*
OP 1
— = C§C X = — - .
SP sin a?
From Figs. 2 and 3, OS2-f SP*= OP\
or
and
Also, O
or I iKtan2o?=r sec2.x;
OP
B Cot
sin'2jf = i — cos2jr ; cos9 x= i — sin2 jr.
*=OT\ and
FIG. 3
(0
(2)
(3)
(4)
(5)
(6)
(7)
(8)
THE TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS u
The angle x has been taken in the first quadrant ; the
results are, however, true for any angle. The proof is the
same for angles in other quadrants, except that SP be-
comes negative in the third and fourth quadrants, and OS
in the second and third.
EXERCISES
11. (i.) Prove cos-r sec.i-= i.
(2.) Prove sin^r cscx = i.
(3.) Prove tan x cos x — sin x.
(4.) Prove sin x \f \ — cos'- x = i — cos2.r.
(5.) Prove tan x + cot .r — - - l- --
sin.r cos.r
(6.) Prove sin4.r — Cos4.r = i — 2 cos'.r.
(7.) Prove — = sin.r.
cot-r sec.r
(8.) Prove tan x sin .r -h cosx = sec;tr.
12. The formulas (i)-(8) of § 10 are algebraic equations
connecting the different functions of the same angle. If
the value of one of the functions of an angle is given, we
can substitute this value in one of the equations and solve
to find another of the functions. Repeating the process, we
find a third function, etc.
In solving equation (6), (7), or (8) a square root is extracted;
unless something is given which determines whether to choose the
positive or negative square root, we get two values for some of
the functions. The reason for this is that there are two angles
less than 360° for which a function has a given value.
EXERCISES
13. (i.) Given x less than 90° and sin.r = ^; find all the other
functions of x.
Solution. —
=r rb \/ i — 1—
Since x is less than 90°, we kno\v that cosx is positive.
12 PLANE TRIGONOMETRY
Hence cosx= +
$•3
----
2
(2.) Given tan.r = — £ and .r in quadrant IV; find sin x and cos jr.
Solution, —
_ _ ,
COS.T ~
hence 3 sin .*•=: — COSJF,
sin2.* + cos2.* = i ;
hence 10 sin2jr = i ;
(3.) Given sin( — 30°) = — \\ find the other functions of — 30°.
(4.) Given x in quadrant III and sin^r = — £; find all the other
functions of x.
(5.) Given y in quadrant IV and sin/=z — |, find all the other
functions of y.
(6.) Given cos 6o° = £; find all the other functions of 60°.
(7.) Given sin o°=:o; find coso° and tano°.
(8.) Given tans'rrjand z in quadrant I; find the other functions
of JT.
(9.) Given cot45°= i ; find all the other functions of 45°.
(10.) Given tan/=£\/5 and cos^> negative; find all the other
functions of y.
(ii.) Given cot 30°= \/3 i fi°d tne other functions of 30°.
(12.) Given 2 sin-r=i — cos^r and x in quadrant II; find sin^r
and cos jr.
(13.) Given tan.r4-cot;r = 3 and x in quadrant I ; find sin jr. i
THE TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS 13
FUNCTIONS OF AN ACUTE ANGLE OF A RIGHT TRIANGLE
14. The functions of an acute angle of a right triangle
can be expressed as ratios of the sides of the triangle.
Remark. — Triangles are usually lettered, as in Fig. 2, the capital
letters denoting the angles, the corresponding small letters the sides
opposite.
In the right triangle ABC, by § 5,
BC a
15. From § 14, for an acute angle of a right triangle, we have
side opposite angle
sme = -- s-s- - ^— ;
hypotenuse
side adjacent to angle
cosine = - — ^ - £—',
hypotenuse
tangent = . sjde opposite angle
side adjacent to angle
side adjacent to angle
cotangent = — —, — - — '— •
side opposite angle
PLANE TRIGONOMETRY
FUNCTIONS OF COMPLEMENTARY ANGLES
16* From § 14, we have
sin ^L = cos^
(o)
tan A = cot B = cot (9O° - A) 5
cot A = tan B = tan (9O° — A).
Because of this relation the sine and cosine are called co-func-
tions of each other, and the tangent and cotangent are called co-
functions of each other.
The results of this article may be stated thus:
A function of an acute angle is equal to the co-function of
its complementary angle.
Ths values of the functions of the different angles are given in " Trigo-
nometric Tables." By the use of the principle just proved, each function
of an angle between 45° and 90° can be found as a function of an angle less
than 45°. Consequently, the tables need to be constructed for angles up to
45° only. The tables are so arranged that a number in them can be read
either as a function of an angle less than 45° or as the co-function of the
complement of this angle.
EXERCISES
17. (i.) Express as functions of an angle less than 45°:
sin 70° ; cos 89° 30' ; tan 63° ;
cos66°; cot47°; sin72°39'.
(2.) cosjr = sin ix ; find x.
(3.) tan x = cot 3-r ; find x.
(4.) sin 2^r = cos3-r ; find x.
(5.) cot(3O° — x) = tan(3o°-J- $x) ; find x.
(6.) A, B, and C are the angles of a triangle; prove that
Hint. — A+B + C=\ So0.
THE TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS
FUNCTIONS OF O°, 90°, l8o°, 270°, AND 360°
18. As the angle x decreases towards o° (Fig. i), sin* de-
creases and cos* increases. When OP comes into coincidence
with OA, SP becomes o, and OS becomes OA( = i).
Ik-nee sino° = o. coso°=i.
FIG. 3
FIG. 4
As the angle x increases towards 90° (Fig. 2), sin* increases
and cos* decreases. When OP comes into coincidence with OB,
SP becomes OB(—\) and OS becomes o.
Hence sinQO0^!, cosgo^o.
As the angle x decreases towards o° (Fig. 3), tan* decreases
and cot* increases. When OP comes into coincidence with OA,
^/"becomes o and BC has increased without limit.
Hence tano°r=o, coto°=:oo.
As the angle x increases towards 90° (Fig. 4), tan* increases
and cot* decreases. When OP comes into coincidence with OB,
AT has increased without limit, and BC—o.
Hence
Remark. — liy coto°=co we mean that as the angle approaches indefinitely
near to o° its cotangent increases so as to become greater than any finite quan-
tity we may choose. The symbol co does not denote a definite number, but
simply that the number is indefinitely great.
i6
PLANE TRIGONOMETRY
Tn every case where a trigonometric function becomes indefinitely
great it is in a positive sense if the angle approaches the limiting
value from one side, in a negative sense if the angle approaches the
limiting value from the other side. Thus cot o° = -|- oo if the angle
decreases to o°, but cot o°= — oo if the angle increases from a nega-
tive angle to o°. We shall not often need to distinguish between
H-oo and —oo, and shall in general denote either by the symbol oo.
By a similar method the functions of 180°, 270°, and 360° may be
deduced. The results of this article are shown in the following table :
Angle
0°
90°
1 80°
270°
3600
sin
0
I
0
— I
0
cos
i
0
-I
O
I
tan
o
oo
o
00
o
cot
00
O
CO
0
00
19. It may now be stated that, as an angle varies, its sine and cosine
can take on "values from — / to -\- r only, its tangent and cotangent all
values from — oo to -\- oo , its secant and cosecant all values from — oo
to -j- oo , except those between — / and -f- /.
FUNCTIONS OF THE SUPPLEMENT OF AN ANGLE
20. Suppose the triangle OPS (Fig. i) equal to the tri-
angle OP'S ' (Fig. 2), then SP=S'Pf and OS=OS', and the
angle AOP' (Fig. 2) is equal to the supplement of A OP
(Fig. i). Also, in the triangle AOP' (Fig. 3), angle AOP'
= angle AOP' (Fig. 2).
V
8' O
FIG. 2
FIG. 3
THE TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS
It follows from §§ 5 and 8 that
§in(l§O°— x) = §in
C0§ (1§O°— 05) = — C ,
tan (1§0° - x) = - tan x ; '
cot (1§O°— a?) = — cot x.
The results of this article may be stated thus :
The sine of an angle is equal to the sine of its supplement,
and the cosine, tangent, and cotangent are each equal to minus
the same functions of its supplement.
The principle just proved is of great importance in the solution of tri-
angles which contain an obtuse angle.
FUNCTIONS OF 45°, 30°, AND 60°
21. In the right triangle OSP (Fig. i) angle O = angle P = 4$°*
and OP— i.
Hence OS = SP = i \/2.
Therefore sin 45° = 00545° = £1/2; §§14,16
tan 45° = cot 45°= i.
P
8
FIG. I
c
O
FIG. 2
In equilateral triangle 0/^4 (Fig. 2) the sides are of unit length
PS bisects angle OP A, is perpendicular to OA, and bisects OA.
Hence, in the right triangle OPS, OS = %, SP = ^\/^.
Therefore sin 30° = cos 60° = i; §14
cos 30° = sin 60° = i \/3 I
tan 30° = cot 60° = J y'3 ;
cot 30° = tan 60° = \/3-
2
1 8 PLANE TRIGONOMETRY
22. The following values should be remembered :
Angle
0°
30°
45°
60°
90°
sin
0
i
iv/2
iVi
I
cos
i
4V5
4^2
k
0
EXERCISES
Prove that if x = 30°,
(i.) sin 2x = 2 sin^r COS.T;
(2.) cos 3* = 4 cos3 .r — 3 cos x ;
(3.) cos 2;r =r cos'2 ;r — sin2.r;
(4.) sin 3-r= 3 sin x cos2-r — sin3.r;
2 tan JT
(5.) tan2;r = — — .
i — tan-jir
(6.) Prove that the equations of exercises i and 3 are cor-
rect if .r = 450.
(7) Prove that the equations of exercises (2) and (4) are cor-
rect if .r=i200.
The following three articles, §§ 23-25, are inserted for
completeness. They include the functions of (90— ;r) and
(180— x\ which, on account of their great importance, were
treated separately in §§ 16 and 20.
FUNCTIONS OF (—x), (l8o°— x\ (l8o° + ;r), (360° -*)
23. The line representing any function — as sine, cosine, etc.
— of each of these angles has the same length as the line repre-
senting the same function of x.
Thus in Figs. 2 and 3, triangle OS'P' — triangle OSP, hence SP-^S'P',
THE TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS
FIG. 3
FIG. 4
In Figs, i and 4, triangle OSP' — triangle OSP, hence SP'=SF.
In Figs, i, 2, and 4, triangle OA T = triangle OA T, hence A T ' = A T.
In Figs, i, 2, and 4, triangle 0/?C' = triangle OBC. hence BC'=BC.
Therefore any function of each of the angles ( — x\ (180°— x),
(i8o°-f •*), (360° —x\ is equal in numerical value to the same function
of x. Its sign, however, depends on the direction of the line repre-
senting it.
Putting in the correct sign, we obtain the following table:
sin (— x] — — sin x
cos (— x) = cos*
tan(— *) = — tan*
cot ( — x) — — cot x
sin (180° + *)= —sin*
cos (180° + *)= — cos*
tanCi8o°-f*) = tan*
cot (180° + *) = cot*
sin ( 1 80° — *) = sin *
cos (180° — *) — — cos*
tan(i8o° — *) — — tan*
cot (180° - *) = - cot*
sin (360° — *) = — sin *
cos (360° — *) — cos*
tan (360° — *) = — tan *
cot (360° — *) = - cot *
20
PLANE TRIGONOMETRY
FUNCTIONS OF (9O° -7), (9O° +j), (270° -y\ (270° +J/)
£4. The line representing the sine of each of these angles is
of the same length as the line representing the' cosine of y; the
cosine, tangent, or cotangent, respectively, are of the same length
as the sine, cotangent, and tangent of y.
FIG. 3
For
Triangle OS'P' = triangle OSP, hence S'P' = OS, and OS' = SP.
Triangle OA T' — triangle OBC, hence A T' = BC.
Triangle OBC — triangle OA T, hence BC — AT.
Therefore any function of. each of the angles (90° —y\ (90° -\-y\
(270°—^), (270°+^), is equal in numerical value to the co-function
THE TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS 21
of y. Its sign, however, depends on Ihe direction of the line repre-
senting it.
Putting in the correct sign, we .obtain the following table :
sin (90° — y) = cos v sin (90° -f y) = cosy
cos (90° — y) — sin r cos (90° + y) = — sinjv
tan (90° — r) = cot v tan (90° +}')= — cot v
cot (90° —y) —- tan y cot (90° + y) = — tan y
sin (270° —}')= — cosy sin (270° +/) = — cosy
cos (270° — y) — — sin y cos (270° +^) = siny
tan (270° — .r) = cot y tan (270° +y) = — coty
cot (270° - y) = tan r cot (270° + r) = — tan v
25. Either of the two preceding articles enables us directly to-
express the functions of any angle, positive or negative, in terms-
of the functions of a positive angle less than 90°.
Thus, sin 21 2° — sin (180°+ 32°)= —sin 32°;
cos 260° = cos (270°— 10°) = — sin 10°.
•
EXERCISES
(i.) What angles less than 360° have the sine equal to — %\/2? the-
tangent equal to \/3 ?
(2.) For what values of .r less than 720° is sin.r = .Jy^?
(3.) Find the sine and cosine of —30°; 765°; 120°; 210°.
(4.) Find the functions of 405°; 600°; 1125°; —45°; 225°.
(5.) Find the functions of —120°; —225°; —420°; 3270°.
(6.) Express as functions of an angle less than 45° the functions of
233°: -197°: 894°.
(7.) Express as functions of an angle between 45° and 90°, sin 267°;.
tan ( — 254°); cos 950°.
(8.) Given cos 164° = — .96, rind sin 196°.
(9.) Simplify cos (90° + ,r) cos (2 70° — .r) — sin(i8o° — jr)sin(36o° — x)..
(10.) Simplifysin('8o°--'')tan(9o° + .r)+ . . '. .
y sm (270° — x} sin2 (270° — x)
(u.) Express the functions of (.r — 90°) in terms of functions of x.
CHAPTER II
THE RIGHT TRIANGLE
27. To solve a triangle is to find the parts not given.
A triangle can be solved if three parts, at least one of
which is a side, are given. A right triangle has one angle,
the right angle, always given ; hence a right triangle can
be solved if two sides, or one side and an acute angle, are
also given.
The parts of the right triangle not given are found by
the use of the following formulas:
opposite side adjacent side
(i) sine =-~ — ; (2) cosine =—r — ; § 14
hypotenuse hypotenuse
(3) tangent^
opposite side
(4) cotangent =
_ adjacent side ^
16
adjacent side ' opposite side '
To solve, select a formula in which two given parts enter; substituting
in this the given values, a third part is found. Continue this method till
all the parts are found.
In a given problem there are several ways of solving the triangle ; choose
the shortest.
EXAMPLE
The hypotenuse of a right triangle is 47.653, a side is
21.34; find the remaining parts and the area.
THE RIGHT TRIANGLE
SOLUTION WITHOUT LOGARITHMS
The functions of angles are given
in the table of
Natural Functions."
21-34
sin A =-=
f 47.653
47.653)21.3400^4478
190612
227880
190612
372680
333571
391090
381224
9866
sin A = .4478
.4 = 26° 36'
b—c cos A
=47- 653 x -8942
47.653
.8942
95306
190612
428877
381224
42.6113126
* =42.61 f
= (90° -26° 36' 1 = 63° 24
. 34x42.61
21-34
42.61
2134
12804
SOLUTION EMPLOYING LOGARITHMS
It is usually better to solve triangles
by the use of logarithms.
The logarithms of the functions are
given in the tables of " Logarithms of
Functions." *
*
sin A = -
c
log sin A = log a — log c
log 21. 34 =1.32919
log 47. 653 = 1.67809
--- sub.
log sin .4=9.65110— 10
A = 26° 36' 14"
cos A=-
log b = log c + log cos A
log 47- 653 = 1-67809
log cos 26° 36' 14" =9.95140— 10
log £=1.62949
£=42.608
J£=(9o°-26° 36' I4")=63° 23' 46"
area = \ab
1 og area = log 4 + log a + log b
log ^ = 9.69897 -10
Iog2i. 34=1. 32919
log 42 608 = i . 62949
log area=2. 65765
2)909.2974
454.6487
area =4 54- 6
* In this solution the five-place table of the " Logarithms of Functions" is
used.
t No more decimal places are retained, because the figures in them are not
accurate ; this is due to the fact that the table of " Natural Functions" is only
four- place.
PLANE TRIGONOMETRY
CHECK ON THE CORRECTNESS OF THE WORK
= 90.263 x 5.043
90.263
5-Q43
270789
361052
45I3I5Q
a* = 455. 196309
Extracting the square root, a =
21.34, which proves the solution cor-
rect.
a = c- -l>i = (c + b)(c - l>)
= 90.261 x 5.045
log 90.261 = 1.95550
log 5.045 = 0.70286
2)2.65836
log 21. 34 = 1.32918
a = 21.34, which proves the solu-
tion correct.
Remark. — The results obtained in the solution of the preceding
exercise without logarithms are less accurate than those obtained in
the solution by the use of logarithms ; the cause of this is that four-
place tables have been used in the former method, five place in the
latter.
EXERCISES
28. (i.) In a right triangle £ = 96.42, c= 114.81 ; find a and A.
(2.) The hypotenuse of a right triangle is 28.453, a side is 18.197;
find the remaining parts.
(3.) Given the hypotenuse of a right triangle = 747.24, an acute
angle =23° 45' ; find the remaining parts.
(4.) Given a side of a right triangle = 37.234, the angle opposite
= 54° 27'; find the remaining parts and the area.
. — .(5.) Given a side of a right triangle = 1.1293, the angle adjacent
= 74° 13' 27"; find the remaining parts and the area.
(6.) In a right triangle A = 1 5° 22' 1 1 ", c — .01 793 ; find b.
(7.) In a right triangle £ = 71° 34' 53", £ = 896.33; find a.
(8.) In a right triangle c = 3729.4, £ = 2869.1 ; find A.
(9.) In a right triangle a — 1247, b— 1988 ; find c.
(lo.) In a right triangle (7 = 8.6432, £ = 4.7815; find B.
The angle of elevation or depression of an object is the
angle a line from the point of observation to the object
makes with the horizontal.
THE RIGHT TRIANGLE
Thus angle x (Fig. i) is the angle of elevation of P if O is the point of
observation ; angle y (Fig. 2) is the angle of depression of P if O is the
point of observation.
(n.) At a horizontal distance of 253 ft. from the base of a tower the
angle of elevation of the top is 60° 20' ; find the height of the tower.
(12.) From the top of a vertical cliff 85 ft. high the angle of depres-
sion of a buoy is 24° 31' 22"; find the distance of the buoy from the
foot of the cliff.
(13.) A vertical pole 31 f t. h igh casts a horizontal shadow 45 ft. long ;
find the angle of elevation of the sun above the horizon.
(14.) From the top of a tower 115 ft. high the angle of depression
of an object on a level road leading away from the tower is 22° 13' 44";
find the distance of the object from the top of the tower.
(15.) A rope 324 ft. long is attached to the top of a building, and
the inclination of the rope to the horizontal, when taut, is observed
to be 47° 21' 17"; find the height of the building.
(16.) A light- house is 150 ft. high. How far is an object on the
surface of the water visible from the top?
[Take the radius of the earth as 3960 miles.]
(17.) Three buoys are at the vertices of a right triangle; one side
of the triangle is 17,894 ft., the angle adjacent to it is 57° 23' 46".
Find the length of a course around the three buoys.
(i 8.) The angle of elevation of the top of a tower observed from a
point at a horizontal distance of 897.3 ft. from the base is 10° 27' 42" ;
find the height of the tower.
(19.) A ladder 42^ ft. long leans against the side of a building; its
foot is 25! ft. from the building. What angle does it make with the
ground ?
(20.) Two buildings are on opposite sides of a street 120 ft. broad.
S'.Z'b
i
26
PLANE TRIGONOMETRY
The height of the first is 55 ft. ; the angle of elevation of the top of
the second, observed from the edge of the roof of the first, is 26° 37'.
Find the height of the second building.
A -(21.) A mark on a flag-pole is known to be 53 ft. 7 in. above the
j ground. This mark is observed from a certain point, and its angle.
of elevation is found to be 25° 34'. The angle of elevation of the top
of the pole is then measured, and found to be 34° 17'. Find the
height of the pole.
(22.) The equal sides of an isosceles triangle are each 7 in. long ; the
base is 9 in. long. Find the angles of the triangle.
b = 9
Hint. — Draw the perpendicular BD. BD bisects the base, and also the
angle ABC.
In the right triangle ABD, AB—-] in., AD—\\ in., hence ABD can
be solved.
Angle C= angle A, angle ABC— 2 angle ABD.
(23.) Given the equal sides of an isosceles triangle each 13.44 in.,
and the equal angles are each 63° 21' 42"; find the remaining parts
and the area.
(24.) The equal sides of an isosceles triangle are each 377.22 in.,
the angle between them is 19° 55' 32". Find the base and the area
of the triangle.
JL (25.) If a chord of a circle is 1 8 ft. long, and it subtends at the centre
an angle of 45° 31' 10" , find the radius of the circle.
(26.) The base of a wedge is 3.92 in., and its sides are each 13.25 in.
long; find the angle at its vertex.
THE RIGHT TRIANGLE
27
(27.) The angle between the legs of a pair of dividers is 64° 45', the
legs are 5 in. long; find the distance between the points.
(28.) A field is in the form of an isosceles triangle, the base of the
triangle is 1793.2 ft. ; the angles adjacent to the base are each 53° 27'
^49". Find the area of the field.
6 (29.) A house has a gable roof. The width of the house is 30 ft.,
the height to the eaves 25! ft., the height to the ridge-pole 33! ft.
Find the length of the rafters and the area of an end of the house.
^ (30.) The length of one side of a regular pentagon is 29.25 in. ; find
the radius, the apothem, and the area of the pentagon.
b
Hint. — The pentagon is divided into 5 equal isosceles triangles by its radii.
Let AOB be one of these triangles. ^#=29.25 in.; angle AOB=\ of
36o° = 72°. Find, by the methods previously given, OA, OD, and the area
of the triangle A OB.
These are the radius of the pentagon, the. apothem of the pentagon, and
\ the area of the pentagon respectively.
(31.) The apothem of a regular dodecagon is 2 ; find the perimeter.
0(32.) A tower is octagonal ; the perimeter of the octagon is 153.7 ft.
Find the area of the base of the tower.
(33.) A fence extends about a field which is in the form of a regular
polygon of 7 sides; the radius of the polygon is 6283.4 ft. Find the
length of the fence.
(34.) The length of a side of a regular hexagon inscribed in a circle
is 3.27 ft. ; find the perimeter of a regular decagon inscribed in the
same circle.
(35.) The area of a field in the form of a regular polygon of 9 sides
is 483930 sq. ft. ; find the length of the fence about it.
28
PLANE TRIGONOMETRY
SOLUTION OF OBLIQUE TRIANGLES BY THE AID OF
RIGHT TRIANGLES
29. Oblique triangles can always be solved by the aid of
right triangles without the use of special formulas ; the
method is frequently, however, quite awkward ; hence, in a
later chapter, formulas are deduced which render the solu-
tion more simple.
The following exercises illustrate the solution by means
of right triangles :
(i.) In an oblique triangle ^ = 3.72, ^ = 47° 52', £'=109° 10'; find
the remaining parts.
The given parts are a side and two angles.
C
Hint.— A = [i&o°-(B+C)],
Draw the perpendicular CD.
Solve the right triangle BCD.
Having thus found CD, solve the right triangle A CD,
(2.) In an oblique triangle a = 89.7, c— 125.3, B= 39° 8'; find the
remaining parts.
The given parts are two sides and the included angle.
125.3
THE RIGHT TRIANGLE
29
'ii/.— Draw the perpendicular CD.
Solve the right triangle CBD.
Having thus found CD and AD(=c-DB), solve the right triangle ACD.
(3.) In an oblique triangle a = 3.67, b — 5.81, A = 27° 23'; find the
remaining parts.
The given parts are two sides and an anglt opposite one of
them.
C
B'
B
Either of the triangles ACB, ACB' contains the given parts, and
is a solution.
There are two solutions when the side opposite the given angle is
less than the other given side and greater than the perpendicular,
CD, from the extremity of that side to the base.*
Hint.— Solve the right triangle ACD.
Having thus found CD, solve the right triangle CDB (or CDB'\
(4.) The sides of an oblique triangle are 0 = 34.2, £ = 38 A ^- = 55. 12;
find the angles.
The given parts are the three sides.
c =55.12 0
* A discussion of this case is contained in a later chapter on the solution
of oblique triangles.
Hint.—
Hence
PLANE TRIGONOMETRY
a* - ^ = CF? - #• -(c- X}*
In each of the right triangles A CD and BCD the hypotenuse and a side
are now known ; hence these triangles can be solved.
"jsi (5-) Two trees, A and B, are on opposite sides of a pond. The
distance of A from a point C is 297.6 ft., the distance of B from C is
8644 ft., the angle ACS is 87° 43' 12". Find the distance AB.
(6.) To determine the distance of a ship A from a point B on
shore, a line, EC, 800 ft. long, is measured on shore ; the angles, ABC
and ACS, are found to be 67° 43' and 74° 21' 16" respectively. What
is the distance of the ship from the point B?
j^ (7.) A light-house 92 ft. high stands on top of a hill; the distance
from its base to a point at the water's edge is 297.25 ft. ; observed
from this point the angle of elevation of the top is 46° 33' 15". Find
the length of a line from the top of the light-house to the point.
(8.) The sides of a triangular field are 534 ft., 679.47 ft., 474.5 ft.
What are the angles and the area of the field ?
(9.) A certain point is at a horizontal distance of 117^ ft. from a
river, and is u ft. above the river; observed from this point the angle
of depression of the farther bank is i° 12'. What is the width of the river?
(10.) In a quadrilateral ABCD,AB= 1.41, BC— 1.05, CD = 1.76, DA
= 1.93, angle ^=75° 21'; find the other angles of the quadrilateral.
\
n Q . i o
• THE RIGHT TRIANGLE 31
Hint. — Draw the diagonal DB.
In the triangle ABD two sides and an included angle are given, hence the
triangle can be solved.
The solution of triangle ABD gives DB.
I laving found DB, there are three sides of the triangle DBC known, hence
the triangle can be solved.
(ii.) In a quadrilateral ABCD, AB=\2.i, AD = 9.7, angle A —
47° 18', angle 71 = 64° 49'» angle D= 100°; find the remaining sides
Hint.— Solve triangle ABD to find BD.
*h
CHAPTER III
TRIGONOMETRIC ANALYSIS
30. In this chapter we shall prove the following funda-
mental formulas, and shall derive other important formulas
from them :
§in (x + y) = §in x co§ y + cos x §in y,
§in(a?-2/) = §in« co§i/ - cosx siiii/,
cos (x + y] = cos a? cos?/ -sin as §iny,
cos (a? — y) =
(12)
(13)
(14)
PROOF OF FORMULAS (l l)-(l4)
31. Let angle AOQ= AT, angle QOP=y; then angle
The angles * and j are each acute and positive, and in Fig. i
(•'*'+ y) i§ less tn^n 90°, in Fig. 2 (.r-f-j) is greater than 90°.
In both figures the circle is a unit circle, and SP is perpendicular to
OA ; hence SP= sin (x +y), OS= cos (x + y).
TRIGONOMETRIC ANALYSIS 33
Draw DP perpendicular to OQ ;
then DP=siny, OD = cosy,
angle SPD = angle AOQ = x.
(Their sides being perpendicular.)
Draw DE perpendicular to OA, DH perpendicular to SP.
Sin (x +/) = SP= ED + PIP.
cos/.
(For OED being a right triangle, -- = sin.r.)
HP '= (cos x) x DP—CQsx sin/.
HP
(For HPD being a right triangle, - = cos jr.)
Therefore, §in(a? + 2/) = §in.r co§?y 4- cosx siny. (u)
Cos O +/) = (95 = OE - HD. *
= (cos x) x (9Z> = cos x cos/.
(For OED being a right triangle. — ~- = cos jr.)
(For PHD being a right triangle, = sin x.)
Therefore, cos (x + y] = co§x eos?/-§in^ §in//. (13)
5^. The preceding formulas have been proved only for
the case when x and y are each acute and positive. The
proof can, however, readily be extended to include all values
of x and y.
Let/ be acute, and let x be an angle in the second quad-
lant ; then x = (90° 4- xr) where x' is acute.
sin (x -f-/) = sin (90° + x' +y)
= cos(X+/) §24
= cosx' cos/ — sin x' sin/
= sin (90° + x') cos/ + cos (90° 4- x') sin / § 24
•=smx cos/4- cos x sin/.
* If (x +,r) is greater than 90°, OS is negative.
34 PLANE TRIGONOMETRY
Thus the formula has been extended to the case where
one of the angles is obtuse and less than 180°. In a
similar way the formula for cos(x+y) is extended to this
case.
By continuing this method both formulas are proved to
be true for all positive values of x and y.
Any negative angle y is equal to a positive angle y' , minus
some multiple of 360°. The functions of y are equal to
those of y', and the functions of (x-\-y) are equal to those
of
Therefore, the formulas being true for \x -\-y'), are true for
A repetition of this reasoning shows that the formulas are
true when both angles, x and y, are negative.
33. Substituting the angle —y for y in formula (11), it
becomes
s\n(x—y) — s'mx cos(— 7) + cos;r sin (—y).
But cos( — y) = cosy, and sin(— y)— — s\ny. §23.
Therefore, sin (a? — ?/) = §in.x COST/ — cosx *m //. (12)
Substituting (—y) for y in formula (13), it becomes
cos (x—y) — cos x cos ( —y) — sin x sin (—y),
Therefore, cos (a? - y) = cos x cosy + sii»a? siny.* (14)
EXERCISES
34. (i.) Prove geometrically where .r and j are acute and positive :
cos^y — cos^r sinj/,
n,r sinj.
* Formulas (12) and (14) are proved geometrically in § 34. The geometric
proof is complicated by the fact that OD and DP are functions of — y, while
the functions of y are what we use.
TRIGONOMETRIC ANALYSIS
.Q
0,4— -x— ,H
35
Hint.— Angle AOQ-x, angle POQ=y, and angle A OP— (x-y).
Draw /'/) perpendicular to 6>().
Then DP= sin (—;•) = —sin r ; but Z>/* is negative, therefore PD taken
as positive is equal to sin y:
OD=cof,( — ji')=cos y,
Angle HTD — angle AOQ=Jc. their sides being perpendicular.
Draw DI1 perpendicular to SP, DE perpendicular to OA.
sin(x-y)=SP=£D-P//.
From right triangle OED, £D.=(^'mx)x OJr)=sinx cos jr.
From right triangle DHP, P//=(cosx)x PZ)=cosx sin y.
Therefore, . sin (.*•—;')= sin x cos;/ — cos x sin; .
From right triangle 0&D, OE = (cos x)x 0£>=cosx cosjj'.
From right triangle DHP, SJ//=(sin x) x PD = ^\\\x sin;'.
Therefore, cos(.r— _j')=cos x cosj' + sin.r sin;'.
(2.) Find the sine and cosine of (45°+, r), (30°— x\ (6o°-f-,r), in terms-
of sin^r and cos.r.
(3.) Given sin.r=$, sin/ = ^, ,\- and y acute; find sin(,r+j) and
sin(.r— y).
(4.) Find the sine and cosine of 75° from the functions of 30° and 45°.
Hint.— 75°=(45° + 30°).
(5.) Find the sine and cosine of 15° from the functions of 30° and 45°.
(6.) Given x and y, each in the second quadrant, sin x = $, siny = ^ ;
find sin (x-\-y) and cos(.r — y}.
(7.) By means of the above formulas express the sine and cosine of.
(180° — .r), (i8o°-|-,r), (270°— .r), (270°+ •*), in terms of sin^r and cos-r,
(8.) Prove sin (6o°-f 45°) + cos (60° + 45°) = cos 45°.
(9.) Given sin 45° = ^^/I, cos 45°— £ \/2 ; find sin 90° and cos 90°.
(10.) Prove that sin (60° -f- x) — sin (60° — .r) =
36 PLANE TRIGONOMETRY
TANGENT OF THE SUM AND DIFFERENCE OF TWO ANGLES
_ sin(^r-f-j) sin;r cosj^-f-cos^r sinj/
~~ cos(jr+7)~cos^ cosj — sin x si ny
Dividing each term of both numerator and denominator
of the right-hand side of this equation by COSJT cosj, and
remembering that --- = tan, we have
cos
tan x + tan y
In a similar way, dividing formula (12) by formula (14), we
.obtain
tana? - tan?/
»> = !+ tan*
FUNCTIONS OF TWICE AN ANGLE
36. An important special case of formulas (n), (13), and
(15) is when y~x\ we then obtain the functions of 2x in
terms of the functions of x.
From (n), sin (*?+.*)= sin* cos^-hcos^r sin jr.
Hence §in 2a? = 2 §in x co§ x. (17)
From (13), co§2x = co§2a?-§in2x. (18)
Since cos2^r= i — sin8 JIT* and sinajr= I — cos2.r,
we derive from equation (18),
cos 2^-=: I— 2sin2^r, (19)
and cos2;r = 2 cos2^r— I. (20)
From (15), tanto = >,lf..
FUNCTIONS OF HALF AN ANGLE
57. Equations (19) and (20) are true for any angle; there-
fore for the angle \x.
From(i9), cos;r= I — 2 sin2^;
TRIGONOMETRIC ANALYSIS 37
I — COS.T
or
therefore, sin £* = ±\~ • (22)
From (20), cos.r = 2 cos2 4* — I ;
i -f cos^r
or cos -£.*::= --- ;
therefore, cos-^^rfcy — *j~±-. (23)
Dividing (22) by (23), we obtain
(24)
cos a?
FORMULAS FOR SUMS AND DIFFERENCES OF FUNCTIONS
38. From formulas (u)-(i4), we obtain
sin (x + /)-!- sin (x — j/) = 2sin^r cos}' ;
sin (irH-^)— .sin (^ — j/) = 2cos;tr sinj' ;
cos (x 4-7) + cos (*—}') = 2 COS.T cosj ;
cos (x +y) — cos (x — y) — — 2sin^r sinj/.
Let n - (x +/) and v — (x —y] ;
then x = %(2i + ii), y — %(u — v).
Substituting in the above equations, we obtain
sin ?f + sinr = 2 sin-|(«e +v)cos^(u — v); (25)
siiifr - sin r = 2cos-|(/e + t')sin^(M — r); (26)
cos M + c*o« r= 2 co*lr(u+v) cos|-(?« — f) ; (27)
cos!/-cost'=-28iii-J(w + v) §in-J(i«-f). (28)
Dividing (25) by (26),
§in t « 4- sinv
sin M- sin v
, ,
EXERCISES
,'i,9. Express in terms of functions of x, by means of the formulas
of this chapter,
38 PLANE TRIGONOMETRY
(i.) Tan(i8o° — .r); tan ( 1 80° -f x\
(2.) The functions of (x — 180°).
(3.) Sin (.r — 90°) and cos (^ — 90°).
(4.) Sin (.r — 270°), and cos (x— 270°).
(5.) The sine and cosine of (45°— x); of (45°+.*).
(6.) Given tan 45°= i, tan 30° ^ £ -^3; find tan 75°; tan 15°.
cot./- cot*/-l
(7.) Prove cot (05-1- y) — - - —. (30)
Hint. — Divide formula (13) by formula (n).
COt.X COt 91 + 1
(8.) Prove cot (x-y) = - - . (31)
cot y- cot a?
(9.) Prove cos (30 +y) — cos (30° —y) = — sin y.
(10.) ProVe sin ^x = 3 sin. r — 4 sin3.*-.
/#»/. — Sin 3-r=sin (x+2x).
(n.) Prove cos 3* = 4 cosfc— 3 cos x.
(12.) If x and y are acute and tan-r = £, tanj/ = J, prove that
(i 3.) Prove that tan (.r-|~45°) = —
i — tan x
(14.) Given siny=§ and y acute; find sin \y, cos^y, and tan \y.
(15.) Given cos^r=:— | and x in quadrant II; find sin 2x and
cos 2.r.
(16.) Given cos 45° — i \/2 ; find the functions of 22!°.
(17.) Given tan.r = 2 and .r acute ; find tan \x.
(i 8.) Given cos 30° = | -^3 ; find the functions of 15°.
(19.) Given cos9o° = o; find the functions of 45°.
•*> (20.) Find sin §x in terms of sin x.
(21.) Find COS5-T in terms of COS.T.
(22.) Prove sin(.r-j- y -j-2-) — sin x cosy cos 5- -(-cos ,r sin v coss'-J-cos.r
cosy sin z — sin x sin/ sin^.
Hint. — Sin (x+y + z)— sin (x+y) co$s + cos(.*+j') sin 2.
(23.) Given tan 2^ = 3 tan.r; find x.
^ (24.) Prove sin 32° -|- sin 28° = cos 2°.
(25.) Prove tan x -\- cot x — 2 esc 2x.
(26.) Prove (sin!.r-|-cos£..r)a=: i -)-sin^r.
(27.) Prove (sin \x - cos l.r)- = i - sin x.
TRIGONOMETRIC ANALYSIS 39
^(28.) Prove cos 2.v = cos*.r — sin4.r.
(29.) Prove tan (45° -f x} -f tan (45° — .r) = 2 sec 2x.
2 tan -r
< (30.) Prove sin2.r = —
-f tan2*'
i — tan'.r
(31.) Prove cos 2.1- =
i -h tan-. r
I 4- sin 2x /tan .r-f- i\'
(32^ Prove — - ) •
i —sin 2.x Vtan.r— i/
cin r
(33.) Prove tan|.r =
-|- cos .r
sin JT
, (34.) Prove coti.r=I-_c—.
cos x — cosy
(35.) Express as a product .*
cos x -f- cos_y
COSJT — cos r _— 2 sin •!(«*•+_;') sin^(jr
COS a + COS/ 2 COS \ (x •+• 1') COS ^ (x —
= -tan^(j:+;') tani(jr-.v).
tan ,r -f tan y
/ (36.) Express as a product : .
cot x + cot/
cos (.1- 4- y)
(37.) Prove i — tan x tan y =: - — .
' -
Till: TXVKRSE TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS
40. Dcf. — The expressions sin— ^, cos-^tan-'tf, etc., de-
note respectively an angle whose sine is a, an angle whose
cosine is a, an angle whose tangent is <7, etc. They are
called the inverse sine of a, the inverse cosine of <?, the
inverse tangent of a, etc., and are the inverse trigono-
metric functions.
Sin-'tf is an angle whose sine is equal to a, and hence de-
notes, not a single definite angle, but each and every angle
whose sine is a.
* Since quantities cannot be added or subtracted by the ordinary operations
with logarithms, an expression must be reduced to a form in which no addition
or subtraction is required, to be convenient for logarithmic computation.
40 PLANE TRIGONOMETRY
Thus, if sin*=£, jr=3o0, 150°, (30° + 360°), etc.,
and sin- 4=30°, 150°, (3O° + 36o°), etc.
Remark. — The sine or cosine of an angle cannot be less than — i
or greater than -|- i; hence sin"1^ and cos~'# have no meaning unless
a is between — i and -f i. In a similar manner we see that sec-'tf
and csc~la have no meaning if a is between — i and -j- *•
EXERCISES
41. (i.) Find the following angles in degrees:
sin~I|-v/2, tan~T(— *)» sin~T(— £).
cos-1!, cos-1!,
(2.) If x — cot-^, find tan x.
(3.) If x = sin-xf , find cos x and tan x.
(4.) Find sin (tan-'i \/3)-
(5.) Find sin(cos-T£).
(6.) Find cot (tan-1 yS).
(7.) Given sin-'fl = 2 cos-1*?, and both angles acute ; find a.
(8.) Given sin"1^ = cos-I^ ; find the values of sin"1^ less than 360°.
(9.) Given tan~xi =-}tan-fo, and both angles less than 360°; find
the angles.
(lo.) Given sin"1^ — cos-V? and sin-^ + cos-1^ = 450°; find sin~V?.
(n.) Prove sin (cos~Vz) = ± \/i—a*.
Hint. — Let jc=cos-1^ ; then a = cos jc,
sin x= ± y I — COS'JJT = ± y I — </2.
(12.) Prove tan^an-^r+tan-1^)^:
r.-b
(13.) Prove tan(tan-rrt — tan-l^)=— — — T-
(14.) Prove cos(2 cos-I^) = 2^2 — i.
(15.) Prove sin (2 cos—1rt) = ± 2a y/i — a".
2(7
(16.) Prove tan (2 tan-1 a)= --- —•
*
(17.) Prove cos(2tan-I<7)=
(i 8.) Prove sin(sin~Irt + cos-1^) = ab±.y/(\ — a*}(\ —
CHAPTER IV
THE OBLIQUE TRIANGLE
DERIVATION OF FORMULAS
42. The formulas derived in this and the succeeding
articles reduce the solution of the oblique triangle to its
simplest form.
c C C
FIG. 3
Draw the perpendicular CD. Let CD=/i,
Then - — sin ^4;
o
and
(In Fig. 2 -=sin(i8o°-X)=--sin^)
h
- — sin B.
(In Fig. 3 -=
(32)
By division we obtain,
a _ sin A
b ~ silTI* "
Remark. — This formula expresses the fact that the ratio of two sides of an
oblique triangle is equal to the ratio of the sines of the angles opposite, and
does not in any respect depend upon which side has been taken as the base.
Hence if the letters are advanced one step, as shown in the figure, we obtain,
as another form of the same formula,
42 PLANE TRIGONOMETRY
b _ sin/?
Repeating the process, \ve obtain
c sin C
;,=^A' &
The same procedure may be applied to all the formulas for the solution of
oblique triangles. Henceforth only one expression of each formula will lie given.
Formula (32) is used for the solution of triangles in which
a side and two angles, or two sides and an angle, opposite one
of them are given.
43. We obtain from formula (32) by division and compo-
sition, a — b sin^— sin/?
_
a + b ~ sin A + sin B '
By formula (29), denoting the angles by A and B, in-
stead of u and z/,
sin A -sin.#tan-J(^ — B)
Therefore, ~~ - ~-| -^ — ' ^ (33)
This formula is used for the solution of triangles in which
two sides and the included angle are given.
44. Whether A is acute or obtuse, we have ^
C C
FIG.
(If A is acute (Fig. i),AD = bco*A, DH — AB - AD — c - b cos,-/, CD —
bs\nA. UA is obtuse (Fig. 2), AD — ^cos (180°-^) = - ^cos^, DB—AB
, CD— b sin(i8o°— A)- b sin^.)
THE OBLIQUE TRIANGLE 43
— r — 2 be cosA+b* (cos* A +sinM).
Therefore, a2— 62+c2- 2bc co§ A. (34)
This formula is used in deriving formula (37).
// is also used in the solution without logarithms of tri-
angles of which two sides and the included angle or three
sides are given.
45. From formula (34), cos^ = — — 7 —
From formula (22), § 37,
2 sin24/2 = i— cos^4 = I c ~a .
2 be
Hence 2 sin2 ±A =
2 be
(b-_c
~~2bc
2bc
Let J==?±|.±f, then (a-6 + c) = 2(s-d), and (a + b-c)
Substituting, 2 s\n*±A = -
Hence sin^^j = .A^)(S- *\* (35)
V be
From formula (23), § 37,
2 COS' =
bc
* In extracting the root the plus sign is chosen because it is known that
sin A ,/ is positive.
44 PLANE TRIGONOMETRY
Hence cos^A
Dividing (35) by (36), we obtain
tan I A =. \/(s~~ b^~
* \/ \
s {s — a)
(36)
(37)
Let
tan i ^ = - ~
s—a
(38)
Formulas (37) and (38) are used to find the angles of a tri-
angle when tJie three sides are given.
FORMULAS FOR THE AREA OF A TRIANGLE
40. Denote the area by S.
C
D
FIG. I
(In Fig. i, CD=as,\\\B\ in Fig. 2, CD - « sin (180°-^) = asm£.)
In Figs. I and 2, S=$c.CD.
Hence /S'^-JacsinB. (39)
From formula (17),
sinZ? = 2 sin $ cosZ?.
THE OBLIQUE TRIANGLE 45
Substituting for sinj/? and cos^fi the values found in
formulas (35) and (36), we obtain
sin£ = —\ /s(s-a)(s-b}(s-e).
ac*
Therefore, S=*/s(8 — a)(s—b)(s— c). (40)
This formula may also be written,
S=sK. (41)
Formula (39) is used to find the area of a triangle when
two sides and the included angle are knoivn; formula (40) or
formula (41), when the three sides are known.
THE AMBIGUOUS CASE
47» The given parts are two sides, and the angle opposite
one of them.
Let these parts be denoted by a, b, A.
C
If a is less than b and greater than the perpendicular CD
(Fig. i), there are the two triangles ACB and ACS', which
contain the given parts, or, in other words, there are two
solutions.
If a is greater than b (Fig. 2), there is one solution.
If a is equal to the perpendicular CD, there is one solu-
tion, the right triangle A CD.
46 PLANE TRIGONOMETRY
If the given value of a is less than CD, evidently there
can be no triangle containing the given parts.
Since CD=t>sinA, there is no solution when «< bs\\\A ; there is one
solution, the right triangle A CD when a=bs\\\A; there are two solutions
when a <! b and > fisinA.
48. CASE I. — Given a side and two angles.
EXAMPLE
Given a = 36.738, A = 36° 55' 54", B = 72° 5' 56",
C=i8o° — (A + £)= 180°— 109° i' 50" = 70° 58' 10".
To find c.
c sin C
a sin A
= 1.56512
log sin £=9.97559 — 10
colog sin A =0.22 1 23
log r= i. 76194
^•=57.80
To find b.
a sin /4
log rt = i. 56512
log sin .#=9.97845 —
colog sin A =o. 221 23
log 0=1.76480
^ = 58.184
Determine b from r, C, and B by the formula
This check is long, but is quite certain to reveal an error. A check which is
shorter, but less sure, is
b _ sin B
c sin C
Solve the following triangles :
(i.) Given a — 567.25, A — \\° 15', ^ — 47° 12'.
O (2.) Given ^ = 783.29, A = Si° 52', ^ — 42° 27'.
. (3.) Given c= 1125.2, A = 79° 15', ^=55° n'.
(4.) Given ^=15.346, B=it° 51', Cr=580 10'.
(5.) Given a = 5301. 5, ^4 =69° 44', C=4\° 18'.
(6.) Given £=1002.1, ^=48° 59', € = 76° 3'.
t/f>. CASE II. — Given two sides of a triangle and tlie angle
opposite one of them.
THE OBLIQUE TRIANGLE
47
EXAMPLE
Given a = 23.203, b — 35.121, A = 36° 8' 10".
C
To find B and B '.
sin A a
log <$=i. 5.1556
log sin ,4=9.77064—10
colog rz = 8. 6344 5 — 10
log sin #=9.95065 — 10
£=63° 12'
To find C and' C'.
C = i8o°-(/f +£)=So° 39' 50'
') = 2703- 50"
To find c and c .
c sin C
log 11=1.36555
log sin (7=9.99421 — 10
colog sin A =0.22936
log f=i. 58912
^=38.825
log a = i. 36555
log sin C' =9.65800 — 10
colog sin A =0.22936
log c' = i. 25291
^' = 17.902
Check.
Determine b from c, C, and B by the formula
b — a tan4(/?-
tan
This check is long, but is quite certain to reveal an error. A check which is
shorter, but less sure, is
c sin 6"
(i.) How many solutions are there in each of the following?
(i.) A = $o°, a = i$, 6 = 20-,
(2.) A = 30°, a = TO, £ = 20;
(3.) ^ = 30°, a =8, 6 = 20;
(4.) £ = 37° 23', a = 9.1, 6 = 7.$.
v\
48
PLANE TRIGONOMETRY
Solve the following triangles, finding all possible solutions :
7X2.) Given A = 147° 12', a = 0.63735, £ = 0.34312.
(3.) Given A= 24° 31', a = 1.7424, £ = 0.96245.
(4.) Given A= 21° 21', a = 45.693, £ = 56.723.
(5.)Giveny? = 61° 16', # = 9.5124, £ = 12.752.
(6.) Given C= 22° 32', a =0.78727, £ = 0.47311.
£0. CASE III. — Given two sides and the included angle.
Given ^ = 41.003,
parts and the area.
EXAMPLE
' = 48.718, C — 68° 33' 58"; find the remaining
To find A and B.
tan|(Z? — A) _b — a
~~
b-a = 7.715
b + rt = 89.721
log (£-«) = 0.88734
colog (b + a) = 8.04710—10
log tan£(£ + ^) = o. 16639
log tan %(B — A ) = 9. 10083 — 10
-^^ 7° ii' 20"
— ^>2Q 54' 21"
=48° 31' 41"
r _ sin C
a sin A
loga= 1.61281
log sin C= 9. 96888 -10
colog sin A = o. 12535
log<r= 1.70704
c- 50.938
To find the area.
S = \ab sin C
= 9-69897 -10
= 1.61281
= 1.68769
log sin C= 9. 96888 — 10
log S= 2.96835
S= 929.72
Check.
sin C c
siii~5 ~ 7
log sin B = 9.94951 — 10
log c = 1.70704
coiog b — 8.31231 — 10
log sin C — 9.96886 — 10
THE OBLIQUE TRIANGLE 49
Solve the following triangles, and also find their areas :
/(7J Given A= 41° 15', £=0.14726, f =0.10971. Q)
— \^2.) Given C= 58° 47', £=11.726, #=16.147.
(3.) Given £= 49° 50', # = 103 74, ^=99.975.
1 (4.) Given A= 33° 31', £=0.32041, ^=0.9203.
(5.) Given C=i28° 7', £=17.738, #=60.571.
51. CASE IV. — Given the three sides.
EXAMPLE
Given # = 32.456, £ = 41.724, ^ = 53.987 ; find the angles and area.
^ = 64.084
(.»• — </) = 3i.628
(s — ^ = 22.360
log A'= i. 02349
-r)- 10.097
*- / (J - </JU -
A \
- u)(s - <>)(* - 0
log (.f — rt) = 1.50007
lug (-f — ^) =1.34947
log (s — r)=i. 00419
colog j = 8. 19325 — 10
2)2.0461*8
log A'=i.o2349
To find A.
K
s — a
log A'= i. 02 349
log (s-a) = 1.50007
sub.
log tan|^=g. 52342 -10
A^ = i8° 27' 23"
^=36° 54 4""
log (/-/;) = 1.34947
sub.
log tan ^ .#=9.67402 - i o
•§^=25° 16' 16"
^=50° 32' 32"
C*
log A'= i. 02349
log (j-<-)= 1.00419
sub.
log tan£C=o.oi93O
|(7=46° 16' 22"
C=92° 32' 44"
Find the angles and areas of the following triangles:
(i.) Given # = 38.516, £=44.873, ^=14.517.
„ (2.) Given # = 2.1158, £=3.5854, ^=3.5679.
* C could be found from (A +J9)=(i8o°- C), but for the sake of the check it
is worked out independently.
4
Check.
50 PLANE TRIGONOMETRY
(3.) Given ^=82.818. £=99.871, ^=36.363.
(4.) Given ^ = 36.789, £=i 1.698, ^=33.328.
(5.) Given a — i 13.03, £=131.17, c — \ 14.29.
(6.) Given a= .9763, £=1.2489, <• = 1.6543.
EXERCISES
52. (i.) A tree, A, is observed from two points, B and C, 1863 ft.
apart on a straight road. The angle BCA is 36° 43', and the angle
CBA is 57° 21'. Find the distance of the tree from the nearer
point.
(2.) Two houses, A and B, are 3876 yards apart. How far is a third
house, C, from A, if the angles ABC and J5AC are 49° 17' and 58° 18'
respectively ?
(3.) A triangular lot has one side 285.4 ft. long. The angles adja-
cent to this side are 41° 22' and 31° 19'. Find the length of a fence
around it, and its area.
(4.) The two diagonals of a parallelogram are 8 and 10, and the
angle between them is 53° 8' ; find the sides of the parallelogram.
(5.) Two mountains, A and B, are 9 and 13 miles from a town, C;
the angle ACB is 71° 36' 37". Find the distance between the moun-
tains.
(6.) Two buoys are 2789 ft. apart, and a boat is 4325 ft. from the
nearer buoy. The angle between the lines from the buoys to the
boat is 1 6° 13'. How far is the boat from the farther buoy? Are
there two solutions ?
(7.) Given a = 64.256, r= 19.278, C=i6° 19' 11"; find the differ-
ence in the areas of the two triangles which have these parts.
(8.) A prop 13 ft. long is placed 6 ft. from the base of an embank-
ment, and reaches 8 ft. up its face; find the slope of the embank-
ment.
(9.) The bounding lines of a township form a triangle of which the
sides are 8.943 miles, 7.2415 miles, and 10.817 miles; find the area
of the township.
(10.) Prove that the diameter of a circle circumscribed about a
triangle is equal to any side of the triangle divided by the sine of the
angle opposite.
' - i -J / - "' Srf!
'° *~^t b
THE OBLIQUE TRIANGLE
Hint. — By Geometry, angle A OB =2C.
Draw OD perpendicular to AB.
Angle DOB=%AOB=C.
DB=r sin DOB=r sin C.
Hence c=2rs'mC,
c
or 2r=~— ;.
sine
(ii.) The distances AB, BC, and AC, between three cities, A, Bt
and Care i$ miles, 14 miles, and 17 miles respectively. Straight rail-
roads run from A to B and C. What angle do they make ?
(12.) A balloon is directly over a straight road, and between two
points on the road from which it is observed. The points are 15847
ft. apart, and the angles of elevation are found to be 49° 12' and
53° 29' respectively. Find the distance of the balloon from each of
the points.
(13.) To find the distance from a point A to a point B on the op-
posite side of a river, a line, AC, and the angles CAB and ACB were
measured and found to be 315.32 ft., 58° 43', and 57° 13' respectively.
Find the distance AB.
(14.) A building 50 ft. high is situated on the slope of a hill. From
a point 200 ft. away the building subtends an angle of 12° 13'. Find
the distance from this point to the top of the building.
(15.) Prove that the area of a quadrilateral is equal to one-half
the product of the diagonals by the sine of the angle between
them.
(16.) From points A and B, at the bow and stern of a ship respec-
tively, the foremast, C, of another ship is observed. The points A
and B are 300 ft. apart; the angles ABC and BAC are found to be
tftr)
'
52 PLANE TRIGONOMETRY
65° 31' and 1 10° 46' respectively. What is the distance between the
points A and C of the two ships ?
(17.) Two steamers leave the same port at the same time ; one sails,
directly northwest, 12 miles an hour; the other 17 miles an hour, in
a direction 67° south of west. How far apart will they be at the end
of three hours ?
(i 8.) Two stakes, A and />, are on opposite sides of a stream; a
third stake, C, is set 92 ft. from A ; the angles ACB and CAB are
found to be 50° 3' 5" and 61° 18' 20" respectively. How long is a
rope connecting A and Z??
(19.) To find the distance between two inaccessible mountain-tops,
A and B, of practically the same height, two points, C and D, are
taken one mile apart. The angle CDA is found to be 88° 34', the
angle DC A is 63° 8', the angle CDB is 64° 27', the angle DCB is 87° 9'.
What is the distance?
(20.) Two islands, B and C, are distant 5 and V3 miles respectively
from a light-house, A, and the angle BAC is 33°"/>ff; find the dis-
tance between the islands.
(21.) Two points, A and B, are visible from a third point C, but
not from each other; the distances AC, BC, and the angle ACB were
measured, and found to be 1321 ft., 1287 ft., and 61° 22' respectively.
Find the distance AB. \ ^ 1 »^
(22.) Of three mountains, A, B, and C, B is directly north of C 5
miles, A is 8 miles from C and 1 1 from B. How far is A south of B ?
(23.) From a position 215.75 ft. from one end of a building and
198.25 ft. from the other end, the building subtends an angle of
53° 37' 28"; find its length.
(24.) If the sides of a triangle are 372.15, 427.82, and 404.17 ; find
the cosine of the smallest angle.
(25.) From a point 3 miles from one end of an island and 7 miles
from the other end, the island subtends an angle of 33° 55' 15'''; find
the length of the island.
(26.) A point is 13581 in. from one end of a wall 12342 in. long, and
10025 in- from tne other end. What angle does the wall subtend at
this point?
(27.) A straight road ascends a hill a distance of 213.2 ft., and is in-
THE OBLIQUE TRIANGLE 53
clined 12° 2' to the horizontal; a tree at the bottom of the hill
subtends at the top an angle of 10° 5' 16". Find the height of the
tree.
(28.) Two straight roads cross at an angle of 37° 50' at the point A ;
^ miles distant on one road is the town B, and 5 miles distant on the
other is the town C. How far are B and C apart ?
(29.) Two stations, A and B, on opposite sides of a mountain, are
both visible from a third station, C\ AC =11.5 miles, BC = 9.4 miles,
and the angle ACB—^cp $1'. Find the distance from A to B.
(30.) To obtain the distance of a battery, A, from a point, B, of the
enemy's lines, a point, C, 372.7 yards distant from A is taken ; the an-
gles ACB and CAB are measured and found to be j$ 53' and 74° 35'
respectively. What is the distance ABt
(31.) A town, B, is 14 miles due west of another town, A. A third
town, C, is 19 miles from A and 17 miles from B. How far is C west
of A?
(32.) Two towns, A and B, are on opposite sides of a lake. A is
18 miles from a third town, C, and B is 13 miles from C; the angle
ACB is 13° 17'. Find the distance between the towns A and B.
(33.) At a point in a level plane the angle of elevation of the top
of a hill is 39° 51', and at a point in the same direct line from the hill,
but 217.2 feet farther away, the angle of elevation is 2&J 53'. Find
the height of the hill above the plane.
(34.) It is required to find the distance between two inaccessi-
ble points, A and B. Two stations, C and D, 2547 ft. apart, are
chosen and the angles are measured ; they are ACB=2j° 21', BCD
=33° 14', £DA = i8° 17', and ADC=$i° 23'. Find the distance from.
A to B.
(35-) Two trains leave the same station at the same time on straight
tracks inclined to each other 21° 12'. If their average speeds are 40
and -^Smiles an hour, how far apart will they be at the end of the first
fifteen minutes?
(36.) A ship, A, is seen from a light-house, B\ to determine its dis-
tance a point, C, 300 ft. from the light-house is taken and the angles
BCA and CBA measured. If £CA = io8° 34' and CBA=6$Q 27', what-
is the distance of the ship from the light-house?
54
PLANE TRIGONOMETRY
(37.) Prove that the radius of the inscribed circle of a triangle is
equal to a sin-|Z>' sin^Csec^.
Hint. — Draw OB, OC, and the perpendicular OD.
OB and OC bisect the angles B and C respectively, and OD—r.
sm
Hence
sin \ /J sin -^ C sin ^ A' sin \ C
sin ^ v9 sin •
-
cos-i/4
= a sin
sm i c sec
CHAPTER V
CIRCULAR MEASURE— GRAPHICAL REPRESENTATION
CIRCULAR MEASURE
53. The length of the semicircumference of a circle is
irR (77 = 3.14159 + ); the angle the semicircumference sub-
tends at the centre of the circle is 180°. Hence an arc
whose length is equal to the radius will subtend the angle
1 80°
— ; this angle is the unit angle of circular measure,
and is called a radian.
7T R
If the radius of the circle is unity, an arc of unit length
subtends a radian ; hence in the unit circle the length of an
arc represents the circular measure of the angle it subtends.
Thus, if the length of an arc is , it subtends the angle - radians.
Since one radian =
1 80
we have
00° — radians,
2
= 7r radians,
56 PLANE TRIGONOMETRY
270°= - radians,
360° — 2?r radians/etc.
The value of a radian in degrees and of a degree in radians are :
i radian = 57.29578°,
= 57° 17' 45".
1°=:. 0174533 radian.
In the use of the circular measure it is customary to omit the word radian ;
thus we write - , TT, etc., denoting - radians, TT radians, etc. On the other
hand, the symbols ° are always printed if an angle is measured in degrees,
minutes, and seconds ; hence there is no confusion between tlie systems.
EXERCISES
(i.) Express in circular measure 30°, 45°, 60°, 120°, 135°, 720°, 990°.
(Take ^=3.1416.)
(2.) Express in degrees, minutes, and seconds the angles -^, — , - ,-.
8 10 2 4
(3.) What is the circular measure of the angle subtended by an arc
of length 2.7 in., if the radius of the circle is 2 in.? if the radius is
5 in. ?
<T4. The following important relations exist between the
circular measure x of an angle and the sine and tangent of
the angle.
(i .) If x is less than — , sin x < x < tan x.
O S
Draw a circle of unit radius.
By Geometry, SP<arcAP<AT.
Hence sin x <x < tan^r.
CIRCULAR MEASURE 57
sin x tan x
(2.) As x approaches the limit o, — — and — — approach
& Jv
the limit i.
Dividing sin x < x < tan x by sin x, we obtain
,
I <- - <
sinjr cos^r
sin 4: cos JIT
Inverting, i>~ — > •
*-v 1
As x approaches the limit o, COS.T approaches the length
of the radius, that is, i, as a limit.
Therefore, - - approaches the limit I.
sin x
Dividing i > — - > cos^r by cos;r, we obtain
Jv
i tan x
COS X X
As x approaches the limit o, cos;r approaches the limit I ;
hence approaches the limit I.
cos-r
Therefore, - approaches the limit I.
PERIODICITY OF THE TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS
o&» The sine of an angle x is the same as the sine of
(^+360°), (x + 720°), etc.— that is, of (>+2;/7r), where n is
any integer.
The sine is therefore said to be a periodic* function, hav-
ing the period 360°, or 2?r.
The same is true of the cosine, secant, and cosecant.
* If a function, denoted by /(.*)> of a variable jc, is such that f(x + k}=f(x}
for every value of x, k being a constant, the function f(x) is periodic; if k is
the least constant which possesses this property, k is the period of /(.r).
58 PLANE TRIGONOMETRY
The tangent of an angle x is the same as the tangent of
(x+ 180°), (^4-360°), etc.— that is, of (x + ntr\ where n is any
integer.
The tangent is therefore a periodic function, having the
period 1 80°, or TT.
The same is true of the cotangent.
GRAPHICAL REPRESENTATION
36. On the line OX lay off the distance OA(=x) to rep-
resent the circular measure of the angle x. At the point A
erect a perpendicular equal to sin x. If perpendiculars are
thus erected for each value of x> the curve passing through
their extremities is called the sine curve.
If sin* is negative, the perpendicular is drawn downward.
In a similar manner the cosine, tangent, cotangent, secant,
and cosecant curves can be constructed.
Sine Curve
-1
Cosine Curve
GRAPHICAL REPRESENTA TION
59
TangentCurve
.0
Cotangent Curve
6o
PLANE TRIGONOMETRY
0
3/27T
SECANT CURVE
If the distances on OX are measured from O' instead of
O, we obtain from the secant curve the cosecant curve.
In the construction of the inverse curves the number is
represented by the distance to the right or left from O\
the circular measure of the angle by the length of the per-
pendicular erected.
All of the preceding curves, except the tangent and co-
tangent curves, have a period of 2?r along the line OX; that
is, the curve extended in either direction is of the same
form in each case between 2?r and 477% 4?r and 6?r, — 27r and
o, etc., as between o and 2?r, while the corresponding inverse
curves repeat along the vertical line in the same period.
The period of the tangent and cotangent curves is TT.
GRAPHICAL REPRESENTATION
61
-i o +1
INVERSE SINE CURVE
-1
INVERSE COSINE CURVE
J L
-3 -2 -1 0 +1 + 2 +3
INVERSE TANGENT CURVE
62
PLANE TRIGONOMETRY
87T
-3
+ 3
INVERSE SHCANT
CHAPTER VI
COMPUTATION OF LOGARITHMS AND OF THE TRIG-
ONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS -DE MOIVRE'S THEOREM
—HYPERBOLIC FUNCTIONS
*7f. A convenient method of calculating logarithms and
the trigonometric functions is to use infinite series. In
work? on the Differential Calculus it is shown that
= x-~2+i-j-+ • • • d)
nf*$ OT^ ZM*^
= x -_+__-+...* (2)
/y»2 /y^ /y»6
l-4jj + il-^!+ . (3)
Another development which we shall use later is
or or^ or^ Gt*^
e*=:1 + l! + 2! + 3! + 4!+- (4)
where c— 2. 7 18281 8 ... is the base of the Naperian system
of logarithms.
58. The series (i) converges only for values of x which satisfy the
inequality — I<JT^I. The series (2), (3), and (4) converge for all
finite values of .r.
It is to be noted that the logarithm in (i) is the Naperian, and the
angle x in (2) and (3) is expressed in circular measure.
* 3! denotes 1x2x3; 4] denotes 1x2x3x4, etc.
64 PLANE TRIGONOMETRY
COMPUTATION OF LOGARITHMS
59. We first recall from Algebra the definition and some
of the principal theorems of logarithms.
The logarithm to the base a of the number m is the number .r
\vhich satisfies the equation,
This is written x =
The logarithm of the product of two numbers is equal to the sum
of the logarithms of the numbers.
T h us 1 og^ m 11 = \oga m +'1 oga n.
The logarithm of the quotient of two numbers is equal to the log-
arithm of the dividend minus the logarithm of the divisor.
in
Thus l°£<z — — 1°R«;;/ — l°gtf;z-
n
The logarithm of the power of a number is equal to the logarithm
of the number multiplied by the exponent.
Thus log^ m*=p \oga m.
To obtain the logarithm of a number to any base a from its Na-
perian logarithm, we have
log in
log* m = = Ma log, m,
tog, a
where Mrt= — — ; Ma is called the modulus of the system.
6*0. We proceed now to the computation of logarithms.
The series (i) enables us to compute directly the Naperian
logarithms of positive numbers not greater than 2.
Example.— To compute log*- to five places of decimals.
Substitute - for x in (i):
2/22 2 3 2' 4 2
If the result is to be correct to five places of decimals, we must take enough
terms so that the remainder shall not affect the fifth decimal place. Now we
COMPUTATION OF LOGARITHMS
know by Algebra that in a series of which the terms are each less in numerical
value than the preceding, and are also alternately positive and negative, the re-
mainder is less in numerical value than its first term. Hence we need to take
enough terms to know that the first term neglected would not affect the fifth
place.
Positive terms
2
=0.5000000
I
1
= .0416667
3
2
j
I
= .0062500
5
2
I
1
•=. .OOIIl6l
7
21
i
1
—
= .0002170
9
2
i
I
= .OOOO444
1 1
-
i
I
= .0000094
13
2
.5493036
Negative terms
i
I
2
2* ~~
3.1250000
I
4
I
' 21™
.0156250
I
6
I
.0026042
i
8
I
.0004883
i
T
• — =
.0000977
10
2
I
I
12
*2" =
.OOOO2O3
I
I
14
'2"=
.0000044
.1438399
Subtracting the sum of the negative from the sum of the positive terms, we
obtain
lo&^= -4054637-
Denote the sum of the remaining terms of the series by. R. Then, by Alge-
bra,
< .0000021.
The error caused by retaining no more decimal places in the computation is
less than .0000006. Hence the total error is less than .0000027. Therefore
the result is correct to five decimal places.
61. As remarked, the series (i) does not enable us to
calculate directly the logarithms of numbers greater than 2,
but it can be readily transformed into a series which gives
us the logarithm of any positive number.
Replacing x by — x in (i), we obtain
5
66 PLANE TRIGONOMETRY
x* x3 x*
log, (i -*)=-* --_-_-
This series converges for — i <•*<*•
Subtracting this from (i), we obtain
*v\
.,j-H =2(^f+I+7V"-)' (s)
4 f I
/ which converges for — i < x < i .
Putting y=[- -), we see that j passes from o to oo as x
\i x/
passes from — i to -f-i ; hence, if we make this substitution in
(c), we get a
which converges for all positive values of j, and therefore enables
us to compute the Naperian logarithm of any number.
From (5) we can get another series which is useful : put
i i4-x y+i
x— - ; then, as— -=-=- - , equation (5) gives us
which converges for all positive values of y. Hence,
This series gives us log,(jy-f-i), when log,^ is known. It con-
verges more rapidly than (6), when y is greater than 2, and hence
should be used under these circumstances.
62. To construct a table we need to compute directly
only the logarithms of prime numbers, since the others can
be obtained by the relation
log ,ry = \og ;r + log y.
i-
i
COMPUTATION OF LOGARITHMS
67
Thus, to obtain the logarithms of the integers up to 10,
we need to compute by series only the logarithms of the
numbers 2, 3, 5, and 7.
(For 4=22, 6=2 . 3, 8 = 2*, 9=32, 10=2 . 5, and log 1=0.)
In this case we are computing the logarithms of successive integers, and
should therefore use (7).
6Yf. Example. — Compute the Naperian logarithms of 2, 3, 4, and 5.
.j
3 3 33 5
^.<..l+i.l9+. \
3s 7 37 9 39 /
-=-3333333
.=. 0008230
l-. ^=. 0000653
1.1^.0000056
.3465729
2
Denote the sum of the remaining
terms of this series by A'.
Then, by Algebra,
or A" < .000000573.
The error caused by not retaining
more places of decimals in the pre-
ceding column is less than .0000005.
Hence, the total error is less than
.00000165.
log, 2 = .693 1458
Remark. — We should get the same series if we were to use (6).
- = .2000000
\ ' ^ = .0026667
6
- • —=.0000018
7 5'
.2027325
2
.4054650
Add log, 2= .6931458
log, 3 = 1.0986108
AX- •
or A* < .00000006.
Noting the errors in the pre-
ceding column and in log, 2, we
see that the total error is less than
;OOOOO2I7.
68 PLANE TRIGONOMETRY
Remark. — If we were to use (6) to compute log, 3, we should have
This series converges much more slowly than the above, since its
terms are multiples of powers of \, while the terms of the above are
the same multiples of powers of \. Thus, we should be obliged to
use eight instead of four terms to have the result correct to five
places.
log, 4 = 2 log, 2 = 1.3862916.
or log, 5 = 1.60944.
64. Proceeding in like manner, we may calculate any number of
logarithms.
The following table gives the Naperian logarithms of the first ten
integers :
log* J — -ooooo
log, 2= .69315
log, 3 = 1.09861
log* 4 =1.38629
= 1.60944
log, 6= 1.79176
log, 7 = I-94591
log, 8 = 2.07944
log, 9 = 2. 19722
log, 10 = 2.30259
The common logarithm of any number may be found by multiply-
ing its Naperian logarithm by M10=. 43429448. § 59
Thus loglo 5 = log, 5 X 43429448 = .69897.
65. Remark. — If a table of logarithms were to be computed, the
theory of interpolation and other special devices would be employed.
COMPUTATION OF TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS
c. sin^r cos^r
f>6. Since tan;tr= , cot;r= — , etc., the computa-
COS.T sin x
tion of all the trigonometric functions depends upon that of
the sine and cosine ; thus the developments (2) and (3) suf-
fice for all the trigonometric functions. Further, since the
^
COMPUTATION OF SINES AND COSINES 69
sine or cosine of any angle is a sine or cosine of an angle
p-, it is never necessary to take x greater than - in the
^4 4
series (2) and (3). § 16
Since - =0.785398 .,.<—, these series converge rapidly; in fact,
4 10
— = .000003 does not affect the fifth decimal place, and — the
9! 11!
seventh.
67. Remark. — In the systematic computation of tables we should
not calculate the functions of each angle from the series independent-
ly. We should rather make use of the formulas (25) and (27) of § 38,
thus obtaining
sinw.r = 2 cos.r sin (n — i)^r — sin (n — 2) x,
cos nx = 2 cos x cos (n — i ) x — cos (;/ — 2) x.
If our tables are to be at intervals of i', we should calculate the
sine and cosine of i' by the series. The above expressions then en-
able us to find successively the sine and cosine of 2', 3', 4', etc., till we
have the sine and cosine of all angles up to 30° at intervals of i'.
To obtain the sine and cosine of angles from 30° to 45° we should
make use of these results by means of the formulas
sin (30°+ y) =cosy — sin (30°— y),
cos (3o°-f-_y) = cos (30°—^) — sin y.
68. To employ series (2) and (3) in computing the sine
and cosine we must first convert the angle into circular
measure.
To do this we recall that
i° = . 017453293, i ' = .0002908882, i " = . 000004848 1 37.
Example. — To compute the sine and cosine of 12° 15' 39".
1 2°= .209439516
15' =.004363323
39" = .000189076
12° 15' 39" = .213991915 in circular measure.
PLANE TRIGONOMETRY
x-. 2139919
(
= . 0000037
.2139956
X*
subtract — = .0016332
Correct to five decimal places.
cos*=i H —
2! 4!
1 = 1.0000000
— = .0000874
4 !
1.0000874
subtract — -= .0228963
cos.r= .9771911
Correct to five decimal places.
DE MOIVRE'S THEOREM
00. In Algebra we learn that the complex number
(8)
may be represented graphically thus :
Y
Take two lines, OX and OY, at right angles to each other.
To the number a will correspond the point A, whose dis-
tances from the two lines of reference are ft and a re-
spectively.
This geometrical representation shows at once that we
can also write a in the form
a=r (cos $+4 sin 3). (9)
7O. From Algebra we recall the definition of the sum of the
complex numbers a — a + //3 and b=y + il-, namely
Subtraction is defined as the inverse of addition, so that
a — b^a — y-M'()3 — c).
DE MOIVRE'S THEOREM 71
Multiplication is most conveniently defined when a and b are
written in form (9). If
a — r (cos-$-M sin £) and d~s (cos^-f / sin^),
their product is defined by the equation
ab — rs [cos (3 + 0)-|-/ sin (£-r-0)]- • (IO)
Division is defined as the inverse of multiplication, so that
Finally, we recall that in an equation between complex numbers,
•+173=7+13,
we have «=y, /3 = S. (n)
*7 71. Consider the different powers of the complex number
# = cos $+*' sin $.
By (10) we have
*a = (cos $ + / sin S) (cos $+/ sin $),
= cos 2-S + / sin 2-$.
jc3=A:2 . ^ = (cos 2^+1 sin 2$) (cos $+*' sin 3),
=cos3^-|-/ sin 3^.
And, in general, for any integer n,
*«=:(cos 3+t sin ^)"=cos n$+i sin n§.
From this equation we have De Moivre's Theorem, which
is expressed by the formula
(12)
72. An interesting application of De Moivre's Theorem
is the expansion of sin nx and cos nx in terms of sin x and
COS.T. Expanding the left-hand side of (12) by the bino-
mial theorem, and substituting x for 3-, we have
cosnx-\-i sin nx=cosnx+n cos*"1 x (i sin x) -f - j — cosw~2^
(• sin*)' + — f*=!l£=!> co8—«*(isin*)' + . . .
72 PLANE TRIGONOMETRY
or
cosnx + i sinnx=(cosnx — j — - cosw~2^ sin2*-}- . . .)
[// (n— i) (n — 2)
n cos""1 x smx — cosw 3 x sin x+ ....
Equating real and imaginary parts, as in (11), we have
cosnx=cosnx cosn~2x sin'2#-f- ; . . (13)
sin//*— ncosn lxs'mx— - cos*"3* sin3 x+. . . (14)
Example. — n = 5.
cos 5-r = cos6 x — 10 cos3.*- sin2^r-f-5 cos^r sin*,r.
sin 5_r= 5 cos*,r sin or— 10 cos2 x sin3 x + sin* x.
THE ROOTS OF UNITY
73. We find another application of De Moivre's Theorem
in obtaining the roots of unity. The #th roots of unity are
by definition the roots of the equation
xn—\.
Every equation has n roots and no more ; hence, if we
can find n distinct numbers which satisfy this equation we
shall have all the #th. roots of unity.
Consider the // numbers
2?rr 2irr
xr = cos \-t sin ,
n n
r=o, i, 2, ... n— i.
Geometrically these numbers are represented by the n
vertices of a regular polygon. They are, therefore, all dif-
ferent. We shall see now that they are precisely the ;/th
roots of unity.
In fact, we have by (12),
* — ( cos — • — \-i sin ) ,
\ ;/ n )
THE ROOTS OF UNITY
(2Ttr\ . . . / 2:rr\
n . - )-f-j sin [«.— -),
« / V « /
73
sin 27T/-,
= 1+*'. 0 = 1.
Therefore xr is one of the roots of unity.
Thus the cube roots of unity are represented by the points A, P,
and Q of the following figure. In the figure OA = i, angle AOP =
— = i2o°, angle AOQ = — = 240°; that is, the circumference is di-
vided into three equal parts by the points A, P, and Q. Then OD =4,
and DP — DQ = ^^/^. Hence we see from the method of represent-
ing a complex number given above that A represents -\-i,P represents
;, Q represents —£ — /'•
P.
EXERCISES
74. (i.) Express sin 4* and cos 4* in terms of sin x and cos*.
(2.) Express sin 6.r and cos 6* in terms of sin x and cos*.
(3.) Find the six 6th roots of unity.
(4.) Find the five 5th roots of unity.
THE HYPERBOLIC FUNCTIONS
75. The hyperbolic functions are defined by the equations
§inha?=— ~ — , (15)
(16)
cosh x = —
in which sinh* and cosh* denote the hyperbolic sine and
74 PLANE TRIGONOMETRY
hyperbolic cosine of x respectively. These functions are
called the hyperbolic sine and cosine on account of their
relation to the hyperbola analogous to the relation of the
sine and cosine to the circle. A natural and convenient
way to arrive at the hyperbolic functions and to study their
properties is by using complex numbers in the following
manner. The series (2), (3), and (4) give the value of sin x,
cos^r, and e* for every real value of x. These series also
serve to define sin^r, cos^r, and ex for complex values of x.
In the more advanced parts of Algebra it is shown that
the following fundamental formulas which we have proved
only for a real variable,
sin (x+y) = s\nx cosjy-}- cos x sin y, (17)
cos (x+y) — CQSx cos^— sin* sinj, (18)
e*+*=e*e", (19)
hold unchanged when the variable is complex.
This fact enables us to calculate with ease sin^r, COS.T, and
ex for any complex value of the variable.
In so doing we are led directly to the hyperbolic func-
tions. At the same time a relation between the trigono-
metric and hyperbolic functions is established by means of
which the formulas of Chapter III. can be converted into
corresponding formulas for the hyperbolic functions.
Taking x and y real and replacing y in (17), (18), and (19) by
*>, we get
sin (aF+/y) = sina: cos/y-f cos* sin iy,
cos (x+iy)=cos x cos iy— sin x sin iy,
Thus the calculation of these functions when the variable
is complex is made to depend upon the case where the vari-
able is a pure imaginary.
HYPERBOLIC FUNCTIONS 75
If we replace x by ix in series (4) we obtain
V
3! 5! 7!
A comparison with series (2) and (3) shows that these two
series are cos^r and sin^r respectively; hence the important
formula due to Euler —
This enables us to calculate ?* from sin^r and cos;r when
ix is a pure imaginary ; that is, when x is real.
To find sin ix and cosix replace x in (20) by ix\ we obtain
e—*=cosix+t sin ix. (21)
Again replacing x by —ix in (20), we obtain
e* = cos ix — i sin ix. (22)
The sum and difference of (21) and (22) give
cos ix = == cosh a?, (23 )
(24)
If we compute the value of e* by the aid of series (4) for
a succession of values of x, we find that sinh^r and cosher
are represented by the curves on page 76.
The system of formulas belonging to the hyperbolic func-
tions is obtained from those of the trigonometric functions
by using (23) and (24). This shows that for every formula
in analytic trigonometry there exists a corresponding for-
mula in hyperbolic trigonometry which we get by this sub-
76
PLANE TRIGONOMETRY
stitution. In the examples which follow, this method is
used to obtain important formulas in hyperbolic trigonome-
try.
Replacing x by — ix in (23) and (24), we get
-• (25)
-» (26)
which are formulas frequently used.
Example.— sinh (jr -}- j) = — / sin / (
= — i [sin ix cos /p + cos ix sin /y],
= — / [/' sinh .r cosh^/ + / cosh x sinhj],
= sinh x cosh_y + cosh x sinh y.
Example. — sinh x -\- sinh_y = — /(sin ix -\- sin iy),
— — i 2 sin £ i(x -\-y} cos ^ i (x— y\
= 2 sinh £ (jr +7) cosh ^ (x—y).
sinh
HYPERBOLIC FUNCTIONS 77
EXERCISES
70. (i.) Prove sinho=o, cosho=i.
(2.) Prove sinh £TT/ = /, cosh^7r/=o.
(3.) Prove sinh TT/ = O, cosh7i7 = — i.
Prove that
(4.) si n (*— /,r) = — sin ix.
( 5 .) cos (— ix) = cos /Jr.
(6.) sinh(— x) = — sinh x.
(7.) cosh( — x} = cosher.
Remark.— The hyperbolic tangent, cotangent, secant, and cosecant
are defined by
sinhjr cosher
tanh-r =
cosher smh^r
sech-r = — \ — , eschar = •
t \^*3\-,LM. ** ^— . .
cosher sinner
Prove that
(8.) tan (tx) — i tanh x.
(9.) coth ( — x} = — coth x.
(10.) sech (— .r) = sech x.
(n.) coshajr — sinh3jr=:i.
(12.) sech a.r-f- tan ha.r= i.
(13.) coth'.r — csch'jr = i .
(14.) sinh(.i- — y) = sinh^r cosh y — cosher sinh^.
(15.) cosh(.i- — _y) = cosher coshj — sinhjr
(,6.) coshi.r=v/l
(17.) sinhw — sinhr/ = 2 cosh \(u + v) sinh \ (u — v).
(i 8.) cosh u -\- cosh v = 2 cosh %(u-\-v) cosh \(u^v).
(19.) cosh u — cosh v = 2 sin h^(#-f-?/) sinh %(u — z/).
CHAPTER VII
MISCELLANEOUS EXERCISES
RELATION OF FUNCTIONS
77. Prove the following :
(i.) cos^r = sin^r cot-r.
(2.) CSC.T tan x = sec x.
(3.) (tan x -|- cot x) s\nx cos^r=:i.
(4.) (sec/ — tan /) (sec y -f tan /) = i .
(5.) (CSC 2 — COt 2) (CSC 2 -f- COt z) = I .
(6.) cos2/ + (tan / — cot/) sin/ cos y = sin2/.
(7.) cos4.r — sin4* -{-1=2 cos2,r.
.) (sinj/ — cos/)2 = 1 — 2 sin j cos/.
— sin^r COSJT).
. cot x-\- tan y
(10.) - — -• - — = cot. r tan y.
tan ^- + cot/
\-<n.) cos2/ — sin2/ = 2 cos2/— i.
(12.) i — tan4^r = 2 sec2^r — sec*;r.
(i 3-) - - 5— = tan jr.
sm^r cot2^:
(14.) sec2/ esc2/ = tan2/ -f- cot2/ +2.
.) cot/ — esc/ sec/ (i — 2 sin2/) = tan/.
, / I \2 I — COS.?
(16.) H — — cot 2^) =
Vsin« / i 4- cos z
I +cos/ sin3/
(i 8.) i+
(19.) — - -- sin3.r = (cos-r — sin x) (i-|-sin.r cos,r).
(20.) (sin,r cos/-f-cos.r sin/)2-j-(cos.r cos/ — sin .r si
MISCELLANEOUS EXERCISES 79
(21.) (a cos.r — b sin .r)2 -(-(,* sin x + b cos.r)2 = &*+&*.
-> ' ^ 4tan2j
— sin2jf ~ (i— tan2;/)2'
Find an angle not greater than 90° which satisfies each of the fol-
lowing equations:
(23.) 4 cos x = 3 sec .r.
(24.) sin^^cscj — f.
(25.) \/2 sin.r — tan.r = o.
(26.) 2 cos.r— \/3 cot.r = o.
(27.) tan j + cot j — 2 = 0.
(28.) 2 sin'-/ — 2 = — \/2 cosj.
(29.) 3 tan2.r — i =4 sin2.r.
(30.) cos2.r-|-2 sina.r — -| sin.r = o.
(31.) csc.r = §tan.r.
(32.) sec .r -(- tan .r — ± \/3-
(33.) tan .r + 2 v/3 cos.r = o.
(34.) 3 sin.r — 2 cos2.r=o.
Express the following in terms of the functions of angles less
than 45°:
(35.) sin 92°.
(36.) cos 1 27°.
(37.) tan 320°.
(38.) cot 350°.
(39.) sin 2f>5 .
(40.) tan 171°.
(41.) Given sin .r = $ and x in quadrant II; find all the other
functions of x.
(42.) Given cos.n= — f and x in quadrant III; find all the other
functions of x.
(43.) Given tan.r = | and x in quadrant III; find all the other
functions of x.
.'44.) Given cot,r = — £ and x in quadrant IV; find all the other
functions of x.
8o PLANE TRIGONOMETRY
In what quadrants must the angles lie which satisfy each of the
following equations :
(45.) sin^r cos.*' — i\/3.
(46.) sec.r tan .*• = 2-^/3.
(47.) tanjj/ + -y/20 cos}> = o. -
(48.) cos x cot x = £.
Find all the values of y less than 360° which will satisfy the fol-
lowing equations :
(49.) tanj-f-2 sinj = o.
(50.) (i -f- tan x) (i — 2 sin x] = o.
(51.) sin^r COS.T (i + 2 cos-r)=o.
Prove the following:
(52.) cos 780° = £.
(53.) sin 1485° = i\/2.
(54.) cos 2550° = ^ -y/3-
(55.) sin (— 3000°) = — cos 30°.
(56.) cos 1 300° = — cos 40°**
(57.) Find the value of a sin 90° + b tano°-\-a cos 180°.
(58.) Find the value of a sin 30° + ^ tan 45° -\-a cos 60° -\-b tan 135°.
(59.) Find the value of (a — b) tan 225° + £ cos 180° — a sin 270°.
(60.) Find the value of (a sin 45°+^ cos 45°) (a sin 135° + ^ sin 225°).
RIGHT TRIANGLES
7£. In the following problems the planes on which distances are measured
are understood to be horizontal unless otherwise stated.
(i.) The angle of elevation of the top of the tower from a point
1 121 ft. from its base is observed to be 15° 17'; find the height of
the tower.
(2.) A tree, 77 ft. high, stands on the bank of a river ; at a point on
the other bank just opposite the tree the angle of elevation of the
top of the tree is found to be 5° if 37". Find the breadth of the
MISCELLANEOUS EXERCISES 81
(3.) What angle will a ladder 42 ft. long make with the ground if its
foot is 25 ft. from the base of the building against which it is placed ?
(4.) When the altitude of the sun is 33° 22', what is the height of a
tree which casts a shadow 75 ft. ?
(5.) Two towns are 3 miles apart. The angle of depression of one,
from a balloon directly above the other, is observed to be 8° 15'.
How high is the balloon ?
(6.) From a point 197 ft. from the base of a tower the angle of ele-
vation was found to be 46° 45' 54" ; find the height of the tower.
(7.) A man 5 ft. 10 in. high stands at a distance of 4 ft. 7 in. from
a lamp-post, and casts a shadow 18 ft. long; find the height of the
lamp-post.
(8.) The shadow of a building 101.3 ft- high is found to be 131.5
ft. long; find the elevation of the sun at that time.
(9.) A rope 112 ft. long is attached to the top of a building and
reaches the ground, making an angle of 77° 20' with the ground ;
find the height of the building.
(10.) A house is 130 ft. above the water, on the banks of a river;
from a point just opposite on the other «eank the angle of elevation
of the house is 14° 30' 21". Find the width of the river.
(u.) From the top of a headland, 1217.8 ft. above the level of the
sea, the angle of depression of a dock was observed to be 10° 9' 13" ;
find the distance from the foot of the headland to the dock.
(12.) 1121.5 ft. from the base of a tower its angle of elevation is
found to be n° 3' 5 "; find the height of the tower.
(13.) One bank of a river is 94.73 ft. vertically above the water, and
subtends an angle of 10° 54' 13" from a point directly opposite at the
water's edge; find the width of the river.
(14.) The shadow of a vertical cliff 113 ft. high just reaches a boat
on the sea 93 ft. from its base ; find the altitude of the sun.
(15.) A rope, 38 ft. long, just reached the ground when fastened to
the top of a tree 29 ft. high. What angle does it make with the
ground ?
(16:) A tree is broken by the wind. Its top strikes the ground 15
ft. from the foot of the tree, and makes an angle of 42° 28' with the
ground. Find the height of the tree before it was broken.
6
82 PLANE TRIGONOMETRY
(17.) The pole of a circular tent is 18 ft. high, and the ropes reach-
ing from its top to stakes in the ground are 37 ft. long; find the
distance from the foot of the pole to one of the stakes, and the angle
between the ground and the ropes.
(i 8.) A ship is sailing southwest at the rate of 8 miles an hour.
At what rate is it moving south ?
(19.) A building is 121 ft. high. From a point directly across the
street its angle of elevation is 65° 3'. Find the width of the street.
(20.) From the top of a building 52 ft. high the angle of elevation
of another building 112 ft. high is 30° 12'. How far are the buildings
apart ?
(21.) A window in a house is 24 ft. from the ground. What is the
inclination of a ladder placed 8 ft. from the side of the building and
reaching the window ?
(22.) Given that the sun's distance from the earth is 92,000,000
miles, and its apparent semidiameter is 16' 2" ; find its diameter.
(23.) Given that the radius of the earth is 3963 miles, and that it
subtends an angle of 57' 2" at the moon; find the distance of the
•moon from the earth.
(24.) Given that when the moon's distance from the earth is 238885
miles, its apparent semidiameter is 15' 34"; find its diameter in miles.
(25.) Given that the radius of the earth is 3963 miles, and that it
subtends an angle of 9" at the sun ; find the distance of the sun
from the earth.
(26.) A light-house is 57 ft. high ; the angles of elevation of the top
and bottom of it, as seen from a ship, are 5° 3' 20" and 4° 28' 8". Find
the distance of its base above the sea-level.
(27.) At a certain point the angle of elevation of a tower was ob-
served to be 53° 51' 1 6", and at a point 302 ft. farther away in the
same straight line it was 9° 52' 10"; find the height of the tower.
(28.) A tree stands at a distance from a straight road and between
two mile-stones. At one mile-stone the line to the tree is observed
to make an angle of 25° 15' with the road, and at the other an angle
of 45° 17'. Find the distance of the tree from the road.
(29.) From the top of a light-house, 225 ft. above the level of the
sea, the angle of depression of two ships are 17° 21' 50" and 13° 50' 22",
MISCELLANEOUS EXERCISES 83
and the line joining the ships passes directly beneath the light-house ;
find the distance between the two ships.
ISOSCELES TRIANGLES AND REGULAR POLYGONS
S^-
79. (i.) The area of a regular dodecagon is 37.52 ft.; find its
apothem.
(2.) The perimeter of a regular polygon of 1 1 sides is 23.47 ft. ; find-
the radius of the circumscribing circle.
(3.) A regular decagon is circumscribed about a circle whose radius
is 3.147 ft. ; find its perimeter.
(4.) The side of a regular decagon is 23.41 ft. ; find the radius of
the inscribed circle.
(5.) The perimeter of an equilateral triangle is 17.2 ft.; find the
area of the inscribed circle.
(6.) The area of a regular octagon is 2478 sq. in. ; find its pe-
rimeter.
(7.) The area of a regular pentagon is 32.57 sq. ft. ; find the radius
of the inscribed circle.
(8.) The angle between the legs of a pair of dividers is 43°, and the
legs are 7 in. long ; find the distance between the points.
(9.) A building is 37.54 ft. wide, and the slope of the roof is 43° 36' ;
find the length of the rafters.
(10.) The radius of a circle is 12732, and the length of a chord is
18321 ; find the angle the chord subtends at the centre.
(u.) If the radius of a circle is taken as unity, what is the length
of a chord which subtends an angle of 77° 17' 40"?
(12.) What angle at the centre of a circle does a chord which is ^
of the radius subtend ?
(13.) What is the radius of a circle if a chord 11223 ft. subtends an
angle of 59° 50' 52"?
(14.) Two light-houses at the mouth of a harbor are each 2 miles
from the wharf. A person on the wharf finds the angle between the
lines to the light-houses to be 17° 32'. Find the distance between the
two light-houses.
(15.) The side of a regular pentagon is 2; find the radius of the
inscribed circle.
84 PLANE TRIGONOMETRY
(i 6.) The perimeter of a regular heptagon inscribed in a circle is
12 ; find the radius of the circle.
(17.) The radius of a circle inscribed in an octagon is 3; find the
perimeter of the octagon.
(18.) A regular polygon of 9 sides is inscribed in a circle of unit
radius; find the radius of the inscribed circle.
(19.) Find the perimeter of a regular decagon circumscribed about
a unit circle.
(20.) Find the area of a regular hexagon circumscribed about a
unit circle.
r (21.) Find the perimeter of a polygon of 11 sides inscribed in a
\ unit circle.
(22.) The perimeter of a dodecagon is 30; find its area.
(23.) The area of a regular polygon of 11 sides is 18; find its pe-
rimeter.
TRIGONOMETRIC IDENTITIES AND EQUATIONS
8O. Prove the following :
(i.) sin
sin 2x -f- si
(4.) cos2/ tan2/ -f sin2/ cot8/ = I.
(5.) -. — = cot x cot y cot z — cot x — cot y — cot z.
sin* sin/ sin z
(6.) cos2 (x —y) — sin2 (x +/) = cos 2 x cos 2/.
. sin jr-4-siny
(7.) - — — = — cot i (x — y).
cos x — cos y
. cosx — sec^r
sin 2x
(o.) cot;r = —
i — cos 2x
I — COS 2/
(10.) tan y = — — — •
i + cos 2/
(11.) cot x — tan .r = 2 cot 2x. v,
/
MISCELLANEOUS EXERCISES 85
(12.) tan^.r + 2 sin2 ^,r cot.r
tan x ± tan /
(n.) - — — = dbsm^r sec.r tan/.
cot .r± cot/
(14.) sin .r — 2 sin3 ,r = sin x cos 2.r.
(15.) 4 sin/ sin (60° — /) sin (60° -(-/) = sin 3/.
suy(,-tan^)/ _1_ _ - ' = si
sec2/ Vcos/ — sin/ cos/+sin/
(17.) i + tan/ tan £/=
(1 8.) sin 4^r = 4 sin.r cos3 ^r — 4 cos^r si
(20.) tan 50° 4- cot 50° — 2 sec 10°.
(21.) cos (x + 45°) 4- sin (x — 45°) = o.
tan^r
(22.)
i — cot 2x tan x
(23.) ( i — tan2 x) sin x cos .r = cos 2.r yj
— cos 2x
-f COS 2X '
-= ec
' cos/ — sin/
(25.) sin (*+/) cos,r— cos(.r+/) sin^r = si
(26.) cos (.r — /) sin/ + sin (x — /) cos/ = sin JJT.
. sin(jr— /) sin(/— g) , sin (g — JT) _
(27 ) - _ _i_ - -- --4- — — — u.
COSX COS/ COS/ COS.? COS 2 COSX
sin£+sirL2£ = co
cos .r — cos 2.r
(29.) 2 sin2 ,r sina/-h 2 cos2 x cos2/ = i + cos 2x cos 2/.
(30.) sin 60° 4- sin 30° = 2 sin 45° cos 15°.
tan (,r-/) + tan/
u '; i— tan (.r—,/) tan/
sin/ tan i/
(33.) sin^r+sin 2.r = 2 sin
sin x 4- sin/ _
cos .*• — cos/ sn/ — sn x
(36.) 2 tan 2/ = tan(45°+/) — tan (45°— /).
86 PLANE TRIGONOMETRY
tan2.r4-tan.r _sin3.r
tan 2 x — tan x ~ sin^r
(38.)
i — 3 tan2/
(39.) sin 60° 4- sin 20° = 2 sin 40° cos 20°.
(40.) sin 40° — sin 10° = 2 cos 2 5° sin 15°.
(41.) cos ix — cos4-r = 2 sin yc sin x.
(42.) tan 15° = 2— v/3-
(43.) (\/i 4sin.r — \/i — sin.r)2=4 sin2
(44.) "V/i H-sin^r--'i — sin^)2 = 4 cos
, ... N siii4.r
(46.) . * = 2 COS 2.T.
(47.) sin 50° — sin7o°-f-sinio° = o.
f.Q\ I? IT ^TT . IT
(40-) cos -- cos- = 2 sin —sin — •
3 J2 12 12
sin 750 - sin 1 5° /f
y cos75°4-cosi5° V '
(51.) tan8£.r(i+cota£.r)3= --—
(52.) tan 7 5° = 2
(53.) sin 3^- -f- sin 5.1- = 2 sin 4^- cos^r.
(54.) cos 5-r -f- cos 9-r = 2 cos 7-r cos 2^r.
~ 1
(55.) sin 1 5° =
\/2
(56.) - - =tan;r.
cos 3-r + cos ^*
(57.) sin 5j = 5 sinj — 20 sin3/-}- 16 sin5/.
(58.) cos5/ = 5 cosj — 20 cos3/ + 16 cos5/.
(60.)
(6 1 .) cos 3^- -f- cos 5a- -}- cos 7* + cos 1 5^- = 4 cos 4^ cos 5 ^r cos £>x
(62.) sin2 \x (cot \. i- — i)2= i — sin.r.
— sin \r
MISCELLANEOUS EXERCISES 87
sin2 \x (c
(63.)
(64.)
4
(65.)
cos .r — sin.r 2
(66.) cosj + cos I1 2O —y} + cos ( 1 2
x si 113.1-
(67.) . =2 cos2.r+ 1.
sin.r
(68)
.
cos 3-r 4- 3 cos x
(64.) sin.r(i-|-tan.r)4-cos.r(i 4-cot.r) = esc ^ + sec ^r.
cos3.r — sin3.r
(sin y — sinj)(cos4_y — cos6y)
i — cos.r
4cos.r
, ,
(70.) —- — - 2- = 2.
sin.r cos.r
s i H- sin a- 4- cos. r
(71.) - — =cotfr.
i +sm.r — cos.r
cos (4-r — 27) 4- cos (4.T —
Sin.r + sin3.r + sin5.r4-sin7.r = ^
cos .r -f- cos 3.r -|- cos $.r 4- cos 7.1-
If A, B, and C are the angles of a triangle, prove the following
(74.) sin2^4-|-sin2/>'4-sin2C = 4 sin A s\n£ sinC
(75.) sin 2^f + sin 27)' — sin 2(7 = 4 cos^4 cos# sinC.
(76.) sinM4-sin2/»'-f-sin2C=2 + 2 cos A cos B cos C
(77.) tan ^ -f tan B 4- tan C = tan A tan ^ tan C.
Solve the following equations for values of x less than 360°.
(78.) cos 2.r 4- cos x = — i .
(79.) sin.r4-sin7.r
(80.) cos^" — sin2.r —
(8 1.) cos.r — sin3^r — cos2.i- = o.
(82.) sin^a- — 2 sin2,r r=o.
(83.) sin 2.r — cos 2.r — sin x + cos x = o.
(84.) sin (60° — .r) - sin (60° + x) = + i y
(85.) sin (30° 4- -r) — cos (60° + x) = — | ^
88 PLANE TRIGONOMETRY
(86.) esc x = i + cot x.
(87.) cos T.X = cos 2.r.
(88.) 2 sin_y=sin 2y.
(89.) sin $y -\- sin 2y -\- s'my = o.
(90.) sina.r + 5 cos'.r = 3.
(91.) tan(45° —
OBLIQUE TRIANGLES
81. (i.) It is required to find the distance between two points, A
and JB.on opposite sides of a river. A line, AC, and the angles BAG
and ACB are measured and found to be 2483 ft., 61° 25', and 52° 17'
respectively.
°(2.) A straight road leads from a town A to a town B, 12 miles
distant ; another road, making an angle of 77° with the first, goes from
A to a town C, 7 miles distant. How far are the towns B and C apart ?
In order to determine the distance of a fort, A, from a battery,
B, a line, BC, one-half mile long, is measured, and the angles ABC
and ACB are observed to be 75° 18' and 78° 21' respectively. Find
the distance AB.
(4.) Two houses, A and B, are 1728 ft. apart. Find the distance of
a third house, C, from A if BAC=tf° 51 'and ABC= 57° 23'.
(5.) In order to determine the distance of a bluff, A, from 'a house,
B, in a plane, a line, BC, was measured and found to be 1281 yards,
also the angles ABC and BCA 65° 31' and 70° 2' respectively. Find
the distance AB.
(6.) Two towns, 3 miles apart, are on opposite sides of a balloon.
The angles of elevation of the balloon are found to be 13° 19' and
20° 3'. Find the distance of the balloon from the nearer town.
(7.) It is required to find the distance between two posts, A and B,
which are separated by a swamp. A point C is 1272.5 ft. from A, and
2012.4 ft- from B. The angle ACB is 41° 9' 1 i".
(8.) Two stakes, A and B, are on opposite sides of a stream ; a
third point, C, is so situated that the distances AC and BC can be
found, and are 431.27 yards and 601.72 yards respectively. The angle
ACB is 39° 53' 13". Find the distance between the stakes A and B.
MISCELLANEOUS EXERCISES 89
(9.) Two light-houses, A and B, are 11 miles apart. A ship, C, is
observed from them to make the angles BAC =31° 13' 31" and ABC
= 21° 46' 8". Find the distance of the ship from A.
(10.) Two islands, A and B, are 6103 ft. apart. Find the distance
from A to a ship, C, if the angle ABC is 37° 25' and BAC is 40° 32'.
(u.) In ascending a cliff towards a light-house at its summit, the
light-house subtends at one point an angle of 21° 22'. At a point
55 ft. farther up it subtends an angle of 40° 27'. If the light-house
is 58 ft. high, how far is this last point from its foot?
(12.) The distances of two islands from a buoy are 3 and 4 miles
respectively. The islands are 2 miles apart. Find the angle sub-
tended by the islands at the buoy.
^•(13.) The sides of a triangle are 151.45, 191.32, and 250.91. Find
the length of the perpendicular from the largest angle upon the
opposite side.
** (14.) A tree stands on a hill, and the angle between the slope of the
hill and the tree is 110° 23'. At a point 85.6 ft. down the hill the
tree subtends an angle of 22° 22'. Find the height of the tree.
! (15.; A light-house 54 ft. high is built upon a rock. From the top
of the light-house the angle of depression of a boat is 19° 10', and
from its base the angle of depression of the boat is 12° 22'. Find the
height of the rock on which the light-house stands.
(16.) Three towns, A, B, and C, are connected by straight roads.
A£ = 4 miles, BC= 5 miles, and AC= 7 miles. Find the angle made
by the roads AB and BC.
(17.) Two buoys, A and B, are one-half mile apart. Find the dis-
tance from A to a point C on the shore if the angles ABC and BAC
are 77° 7' and 67° 17' respectively.
(i 8.) The top of a tower is 175 ft. above the level of a bay. From
its top the angles of depression of the shores of the bay in a certain
direction are 57° 16' and 15° 2'. Find the distance across the bay.
(19.) The lengths of two sides of a triangle are \/2 and -v/3- The
angle between them is 45°. Find the remaining side.
(20.) The sides of a parallelogram are 172.43 and 101.31, and the
angle included by them is 61° 16'. Find the two diagonals.
(21.) A tree 41 ft. high stands at the top of a hill which slopes
X
X
90 PLANE TRIGONOMETRY
10° 12' to the horizontal. At a certain point down the hill the tree
subtends an angle of 28° 29'. Find the distance from this point to
the toot of the tree.
(22.) A plane is inclined to the horizontal at an angle of 7° 33'. At
a certain point on the plane a flag-pole subtends an angle 20° 3', and at
a point 50 ft. nearer the pole an angle of 40° 35'. Find the height of
the pole.
(23.) The angle of elevation of an inaccessible tower, situated in a
plane, is 53° 19'. At a point 227 ft. farther from the tower the angle
of elevation is 22° 41'. Find the height of the tower.
(24.) A house stands on a hill which slopes 12° 1 8' to the horizontal.
75 ft. from the house down the hill the house subtends an angle of
32° 5'. Find the height of the house.
(25.) From one bank of a river the angle of elevation of a tree on
the opposite bank is 28° 31'. From a point 139.4 ft. farther away in a
direct line its angle of elevation is 19° 10'. Find the width of the river.
(26.) From the foot of a hill in a plane" the angle of elevation of
the top of the hill is 21° 7'. After going directly away 211 ft. farther,
the angle of elevation is 18° 37'. Find the height of the hill.
(27.) A monument at the top of a hill is 153.2 ft. high. At a point
321.4 ft. down the hill the monument subtends an angle of 11° 13'.
Find the distance from this point to the top of the monument.
(28.) A building is situated on the top of a hill which is inclined
10° 12' to the horizontal. At a certain distance up the hill the angle
of elevation of the top of the building is 20° 55', and 115.3 ft- farther
down the hill the angle of elevation is 15° 10'. Find the height of
.the building.
(29.) A cloud, C, is observed from two points, A and J3, 2874 ft.
apart, the line AB being directly beneath the cloud. At A, the angle
of elevation of the cloud is 77° 19', and the angle CAB is 51° 18'.
The angle ABC is found to be 60° 45'. Find the height of the cloud
above A.
(30.) Two observers, A and B, are on a straight road, 675.4 ft. apart,
directly beneath a balloon, C. The angles ABC and BAC are 34° 42'
and 41° 15' respectively. Find the distance of the balloon from the
first observer.
MISCELLANEOUS EXERCISES 91
(31.) A man on the opposite side of a river from two objects, A
and B, wishes to obtain their distance apart. He measures the dis-
tance CD = 357 ft., and the angles ACB=2^> 33', BCD = 38° 52', ADB
= 54° 10', and ADC =34° n'. Find the distance AB.
i (32.) A cliff is 327 ft. above the sea-level. From the top of the
cliff the angles of depression of two ships are 15° 11' and 13° 13'.
From the bottom of the cliff the angle subtended by the ships are
122° 39'. How far are the ships apart ?
(33.) A man standing on an inclined plane 112 ft. from the bottom
observed the angle subtended by a building at the bottom to be 33°
52'. The inclination of the plane to the horizontal is 18° 51'. Find
the height of the building.
(34) Two boats, A and B, are 451.35 ft. apart. The angle of ele-
vation of the top of a light-house, as observed from A, is 33° if.
The base of the light-house, C, is level with the water; the angles
ABC and CAB are 12° 31' and 137° 22' respectively. Find the height
of the light-house.
(35.) From a window directly opposite the bottom of a steeple the
angle of elevation of the top of the steeple is 29° 21'. From another
window, 20 ft. vertically below the first, the angle of elevation is 39° 3'.
Find the height of the steeple.
(36.) A dock is i mile from one end of a breakwater, and i£ miles
from the other end. At the dock the breakwater subtends an angle
of 31° n'. Find the length of the breakwater in feet.
(37.) A straight road ascending a hill is 1022 ft. long. The hill
rises i ft. in every 4. A tower at the top of the hill subtends an
angle of 7° 19' at the bottom. Find the height of the tower.
(38.) A tower, 192 ft. high, rises vertically from one corner of a
triangular yard. From its top the angles of depression of the other
corners are 58° 4' and 17° 49'. The side opposite the tower subtends
from the top of the tower an angle of 75° 15'. Find the length of
this side.
(39.) There are two columns left standing upright in a certain ruins ;
the one is 66 ft. above the plain, and the other 48. In a straight line.,
between them stands an ancient statue, the head of which is 100' ft.
from the summit of the higher, and 84 ft. from the top of the lower
92 PLANE TRIGONOMETRY
column, the base of which measures just 74 ft. to the centre of the
figure's base. Required the distance between the tops of the two
columns.
(40.) Two sides of a triangle are in the ratio of 1 1 to 9, and the
opposite angles have the ratio of 3 to i. What are these angles ?
(41.) The diagonals of a parallelogram are 12432 and 8413, and the
angle between them is 78° 44' ; find its area.
(42.) One side of a triangle is 1012.6 and two angles are 52° 21' and
57° 32' ; find its area.
(43.) Two sides of a triangle are 218.12 and 123.72, and the included
angle is 59° 10' ; find its area.
(44.) Two angles of a triangle are 35° 15' and 47° 18', and one side
is 2104.7 I find its area.
(45.) The three sides of a triangle are 1.2371, 1.4713, and 2.0721;
find the area.
(46.) Two sides of a triangle are 168.12 and 179.21, and the included
angle is 41° 14' ; find its area.
(47.) The three sides of a triangle are 51 ft., 48.12 ft., and 32.2 ft. ;
find the area.
(48.) Two sides of a triangle are 1 1 1 . 1 8 and 121.21, and the included
angle is 27° 50' ; find its area.
(49.) The diagonals of a parallelogram are 37 and 51, and they form
an angle of 65° ; find its area.
(50.) If the diagonals of a quadrilateral are 34 and 56, and if they
intersect at an angle of 67°, what is the area ?
SPHERICAL TRIGONOMETRY
CHAPTER VIII
RIGHT AND QUADRANTAL TRIANGLES
RIGHT TRIANGLES
82. Let O be the centre of a sphere of unit radius, and
ABC a right spherical triangle, right angled at A, formed by
the intersection of the three planes A OC, AOB, and BOC
with the surface of the sphere. Suppose the planes DAC"
and BEC passed through the points A and B respectively,
and perpendicular to the line OC. The plane angles DC" A
and BC'E each measure the angle C of the spherical tri-
angle, and the sides of the spherical triangle a, b, c have the
same numerical measure as BOC, AOC, and AOB respec-
94 SPHERICAL TRIGONOMETRY
tively, then, AD = ta.nc, BE — s\\\c, BC1 = sma,
cos6, OE = cosc, AC" = sin b.
In the two similar triangles OEC' and OAC" ',
OA i . cos b ' '
•- LOS 6* LOS 6.
V)
In the triangle BC' E,
^.n BE Qr ^.n
sin^r v
(2)
^C?"0
In the triangle DAC" ,
sin a
DA or
tan ^
(3)
(4)
Combining formulas (2) and (3) with
., tan $
(i).
rrb^
tan a
Again, if AB were made the base of the right spherical
triangle ABC, we should have
sinj5=£^- (5)
4-i, •> A
(6)
£r (7)
From the foregoing equations we may also obtain by
combinations,
cos/?=sin C cos^. (8)
cosC— sin B cose. (9)
cos # = cot B cot £7. (10)
NAPIER'S RULES OF CIRCULAR PARTS
S3. The above ten formulas are sufficient to solve all
cases of right spherical triangles. They may, however, be
RIGHT AND QUADRANTAL TRIANGLES
95
expressed as two simple rules, called, after their inventor,
Napier's rules.
The two sides adjacent to the right angle, the complement
of the hypotenuse, and the complements of the oblique an-
gles are called the circular parts.
The right angle is not one of the circular parts.
comp B
comp
comp C
Thus there are fire circular parts — namely, />, c, comprt, comp/?, compC
Any one of the five parts may be called the middle part, then the two parts next
to it are called adjacent parts, and the remaining two parts are called the oppo-
site parts.
Thus if c is taken for the middle part, comp/? and b are adjacent parts, and
comptf and comp C are opposite parts.
The ten formulas may be written and grouped as follows :
ist Group.
sin comp C = tan comprt tan b.
sin comp /?= tan compi? tan c.
MII comp a = tan comp/? tan comp C.
sin c = tan comp B tan b.
sin
b =tan comp C tan r.
zd Group.
sin comp rt=r cos l> cos c.
sin b = cos comp a cos comp B.
sin r=cos comprt cos comp C.
sin comp j9=cos comp C cos £.
sin comp f=cos comp/? cose-.
Napier's rules may be stated :
I. The sine of the middle part is equal to the product of
the tangents of- the adjacent parts.
II. The sine of the middle part is equal to the product of
the cosines of the opposite parts.
96
SPHERICAL TRIGONOMETRY
84. In the right spherical triangles considered in this work, each
side is taken less than a semicircumference, and each angle less than
two right angles.
In the solution of the triangles, it is to be observed,
(i.) If the two sides about the right angle are both less or both
greater than 90°, the hypotenuse is less than 90°; if one side is less
and the other greater than 90°, the hypotenuse is greater than 90°.
(2.) An angle and the side opposite are either both less or both
greater than 90°.
EXAMPLE
85. Given # = 63° 56', £ = 40° o', to find c, B, and C.
To find c.
cotnp a is the middle part.
c and b are the opposite parts,
sin comp a=cos b cos c,
cos 0=cos b cos c.
cos a
cos c = -•
cos b
log cos 0=9.64288
colog cos £=0.11575
log cos ^-=9.75863
'=54° 59 47"
To find C.
comp C is the middle part.
comp a, and b are adjacent parts.
sin comp C=tan comp a tan£,
cos C= cot a tan£.
log cot a= 9. 68946
log tan £=9 92381
9-61327
C=65° 45' 58"
To find B.
l> is the middle part.
comp a and comp B are the opposite
parts.
sin £=cos comp a cos comp B,
or sin £=sin a sin B.
• sin b
log sin £=9.80807
colog sin rt=o. 04659
log sin £=9. 85466
^ = 45° 41 '28"
Check.
Use the three parts originally required.
comp C is the middle part.
comp.# and c are opposite parts.
sin comp C=cosc cos comp B,
or cos C=cos c sin B,
log cos £-=9.75863
log sin B=<). 85466
log cos (7=9.61329
C=6$° 45' 54"
RIGHT AND QUADRANTAL TRIANGLES 97
AMBIGUOUS CASE
86. When a side about the right angle and the angle opposite
this side are given, there are two solutions, as illustrated by the fol-
lowing figure. Since the solution gives the values of each part in
terms of the sine, the results are not only the values of a, b, B, but
1 8o°— rt, 180°— b, 1 8o°— #.
Given c = 26° 4'.
To find a, a', b, b' and B, B', using Napier's rules.
To find B and B '.
sin comp C= cos comp B cose,
cos C=sin B cos c,
cos C
~~ cos c
log cos C=g. 90796
colog cos £-=0.04659
log sin ^ = 9.95455
B= 64° 14' 30"
r = i8o°-£=ii5° 45' 30"
To find b and b' .
sin £=tan c tan comp C,
sin £=tan c cot C
log tan ^-=9.68946
log cot 67=0.13874
log sin £=9.82820
b— 42° 19' 17"
£=137° 40' 43"
To find a and a'.
sin £-=cos comp a cos Comp C,
sin c=sin a sin (7,
sin c
or
or
log sin £- = 9.64288
colog sin (7=0.23078
log sin 0=9.87366
a= 48° 22' 55"-
fl' = i8o°-a=i3i°37' 5" +
'Discrepancy due to omitted decimals.)
Check.
sin £=cos comp a cos comp /?,
or sin £=sin a sin ^.
log sin a or a'=g. 87366
log sin # or .#'=9.95455
log sin £=9.82821
£= 42° 19' 21"
39"
98 SPHERICAL TRIGONOMETRY
QUADRANTAL TRIANGLES
87. Def. — A quadrantal triangle is a spherical triangle
one side of which is a quadrant.
A quadrantal triangle may be solved by Napier's rules for
right spherical triangles as follows :
By making use of the polar triangle where
C=i8o° — ^ <r=i8o°— C'
we see that the polar triangle of the quadrantal triangle is
a right triangle which can be solved by Napier's rules.
Whence we may at once derive the required parts of the
quadrantal triangle.
EXAMPLE
Given A = 1 36° 4'. B = 1 40° o'. a — 90° o'.
The corresponding parts of the polar triangle are
a' =^3° 56', V = 40° o', A' = 90°.
By Napier's rules we find
B' = 45° 41 ' 28", C' = 65° 45' 58", c - 54° 59' 47" ;
whence, by applying to these parts the rule of polar triangles, we
obtain
b— 134° 18' 32", c= 114° 14' 2", C=i25°o' 13".
EXERCISES
88. (i.) In the right-angled spherical triangle ABC, the side a=
63° 56', and the side £ = 40°. Required the other side, c, and the
angles B and C.
(2.) In a right-angled triangle ABC, the hypotenuse a = 91° 42', and
the angle ^ = 95° 6'. Required the remaining parts.
(3.) In the right-angled triangle ABC, the side b = 2.6° 4', and the
angle ^ = 36°. Required the remaining parts.
- (4.) In the right-angled spherical triangle ABC, the side c = 54° 30',
and the angle £ = 44° 50'. Required the remaining parts.
Why is not the result ambiguous in this case?
RIGHT AND QUADRANTAL TRIANGLES 99
(5.) In the right-angled spherical triangle ABC, the side £ = 55° 28',
and the side ^ = 63° 15'. Required the remaining parts.
(6.) In the right-angled spherical triangle ABC, the angle B = 69°
20', and the angle C = 58° 16'. Required the remaining parts.
(7.) In the spherical triangle ABC, the side # = 90°, the angle C=
42° 10', and the angle ^ = 115° 20'. Required the remaining parts.
Hint. — The angle A of the polar triangle is a right angle.
(8.) In the spherical triangle ABC, the side £ = 90°, the angle C=
69° 13' 46", and the angle A = 72° 12' 4". Required the remaining
parts.
(9.) In the right-angled spherical triangle ABC, the angle C=23°
27' 42", and the side b— 10° 39' 40". Required the angle B and the
sides a and c.
(10.) In the right spherical triangle ABC, the angle £ = 47° 54' 20",
and the angle C=6i° 50' 29". Required the sides.
CHAPTER IX
OBLIQUE-ANGLED TRIANGLES
89. Let O be the centre of a sphere of unit radius, and
ABC an oblique-angled spherical triangle formed by the
three planes AOB, BOC, and AOC. Suppose the plane
AED passed through the point A perpendicular to AO, in-
tersecting the planes A OB, BOC, and AOC, in AE, ED,
and AD respectively. Then AD=tan b, AE-tan c, OD—
In the triangle EOD,
ED'2 = seca£ + secV — 2 sec b sec c cos a.
In the triangle AED,
ED'* = tan2^ -f tanV — 2 tan b tan c cos A.
Subtracting these two equations and remembering that
sec2^ — tan2£=i, we have
0 = 2 — 2 sec£ seer cos#-|-2 tan£ tanr cos A.
Reducing, we have
co§c+§in&
(i)
OBLIQUE-ANGLED TRIANGLES 101
If we make b and c in turn the base of the triangle, we obtain in a
similar way,
cos £ = cos £• cos#-|-sin<: sin a cos B,
and cos<r = cosd! cos/^ + sin<7 s\nb cosC.
Remark. — In this group of formulas the second may be obtained
from the first, and the third from the second, by advancing one letter
in the cycle as shown in the figure ; thus, writing b for
a, c for b, a for c, B for A, C for B, and A for C. The
same principle will apply in all the formulas of Oblique-
Angled Spherical Triangles, and only the first one of
each group will be given in the text.
90. By making use of the polar triangle where
we may obtain a second group of formulas.
Substituting these values of a, b, c, and A in (i), and remembering
that cos ( 1 80° — A) — — cos A and sin (i So0— A) r= sin A, we have
cos^4' = — cos^'cosC'-fsin^' sin C' cosa'.
Since this is true for any triangle, we may omit the accents and
write,
cos A = - cos B cos C + sin B sin C cos a. (2)
FORMULAS FOR LOGARITHMIC COMPUTATION
. Formula (i), cos a = cos b cose + sin & sin c cos A,
cos a — cos^ cos*:
gives cos A —
sne
By § 36, cos^ = i — 2 sin2-J^
cos a — cos^
Whence i —
or sin2 £ A —
sin b sin c
' sin c—cosa
2 sin b sine
102 SPHERICAL TRIGONOMETRY
— c] — cos a
2 sin b sin c
sin sin
sin b sin c • (38)
Putting
c a + b—c , a — b-\-c
-=s, then - — =s— c, and - — =^— b,
we
/sm(s
have sin-J^f=\/- <—.
V si
. . .
sin b sin c
Since, also, cos A — i+ 2 cos*$A,
we have, similarly,
/sin s s\n(s — a]
= V - — — i A
v -
sin b sine
/Ii
Hence
By a like process, formula (2) reduces to
% , —cosScos(S-A) ,
tania^W- ^- (TI)
. If, in formula I, we advance one letter, we have
/sin (s — c) sin (s—a)
=\/- • f L\ •
v situ sin (s— -b)
And dividing tan^A by tan^^, and reducing, we obtain
tan^A sin(s — b)
tan \B~ sin (j— tf) '
By composition and division,
tan %A-\- tan \B sin (j— ^) + sin(^— a)
tan ^ A— tan ^^ ~~ sin (j— b) — sin (j— «)'
§§ 30» 38, this becomes I?1
§in ^(A— B)~~ tan ^ (a — b)'
OBLIQUE-ANGLED TRIANGLES 103
Multiplying tanf A by tan£#, and reducing, we obtain
tan \A tan -J B sin (s— c)
i sin s
By division and composition, and by §§ 30, 38, this be-
comes
tanjc
co»-^(A — B) tan -J- (a + b) '
Proceeding in a similar way with formula II, we obtain
s!n-J-(a + 6)_ cot-J-C ,_,,
*in%(a — b)~ tan%(A — &)'
cow 4- (« -f 6) cot -J C
And ~- -.- = ^-A — ~. (VI)
9»9. In the spherical triangle yi ^{7, suppose C7? drawn per-
pendicularly to ABt then, by the formulas for right spher-
ical triangles,
In triangle A CD, sin / = sin b sin A.
In triangle BCD, sin p~ sin # sin B.
Whence sin a sin /?=sin b sin ^4,
sin a §in 6
Remark.— If (A + B)>i8o°, then
1 80°, then (a
, and if (A-hB)<
104
SPHERICAL TRIGONOMETRY
94. All cases of oblique-angled triangles may be solved
by applying one or more of the formulas I, II, III, IV, V,
VI, VII, as shown in the following cases.
CASES
(i.) Given three sides, to find the angles.
Apply formula I. Check : apply V or VI.
(2.) Given three angles, to find the sides.
Apply formula II. Check : apply III or I V.
(3.) Given two sides and the included angle.
Apply V and Vl\ and VII. Check : apply III or I V.
(4.) Given two angles and included side.
Apply III and I V, and VI L Check : apply V or VI.
(5.) Given two angles and an opposite side.
Apply VII, V, and III. Check : apply IV.
(6.) Given two sides and an opposite angle.
Apply VII, V, and IV. Check : apply III.
EXAMPLE— CASE (l)
95. Given a = 81° 10' b = 60° 20'
To find A, B, and C.
a— 81° 10'
b — 60° 20'
C =:II20 25'
<r=ii2°25'
j = i26° 57' 30"
s-a=45° 47' 30"
^-^=66° 37' 30"
j-^^i4°32' 30"
log sin .f =9. 90259
log sin(.r — ^0=9.85540
log sin (s — £)=9. 96281
log sin (j— ^=9.39982
To find
sin s sin(s — <i)
log sin (s — ^=9.9628 1
log sin(j-<r)=9.39982
colog sin s=o. 14460
colog sin (s— a)=o.ogi4i
2) I Q .60464
log tan £.4:= 9.80232
^=32° 23' 19"
^ = 64° 46' 38"
ur
OBLIQUE-ANGLED TRIANGLES
105
To find B.
tan A B= * /?
V
— b]
log sin(j— a)=
log sin (s— ^=9.39982
colog sin .r= 0.0974 1
colog sin(j — b) =0.03719
2)19.38982
logtan£#= 9.69491
To find C.
/
V
_ sin (j — 0)
sin s sin(j— c)
log sin (s—a)=g. 85540
log sin (s — ^=9.9628 1
colog sin j-=o. 09741
colog sin (s— r) =0.600 1 8
2)20.51580
log tan£ (7= 10.25790
K= 6l° 5' 32"
(7=122° II' 4"
,
Formula V, cot A C=
sin a
A =64° 46' 38"
.£= 52° 42' 12"
fl=8i° 10'
b =60° 20'
=141° 30' ; £(a+£)=70° 45'
a — b— 20° 50'; \(a — ^)=io° 25'
A-B=i2° 4' 26"
4—B)— 6° 2' 13"
log tan ^(A— ^=9.02430
log sin 4r(rt-f-/>)=9 97501
colog sin $(a — ^=0.74279
cot£ (7=9.74210
£ C- 61° 5' 32"
(7=122° II' 4"
EXAMPLE— CASE (3)
96. Given a = 78° 15' £ = 56° 20' C=I2O°
To find ^4, B, and r.
log sin £(a+ ^=9.96498
log cos £ (a + ^=9.58663
log si n^(« — ^=9.27897
log cos £ (a — ^=9.99201
log cot £(7= 9. 76144
+ £)=67° 17' 30
-3)= 10° 57' 30
To fin
Formula V/may be written
cosA(r7 — ^) cot
COS (7<
log COS^(fl! — ^)= 9.99201
log cot £ C= 9. 76 1 44
colog cos £ (« + b) — 0.41337
log tan $(A + 5) = 10. 16682
±(A-B)= 6° 47' 4"
A =62° 31' 40"
^=48° 57' 32"-
To find$(A-B\
Formula V^ may be written
sjnj>-^
log sin 1(^ — ^=9.27897
log cot£ (7=9.76144
colog sin£(rt +^)=o. 03502
io6
SPHERICAL TRIGONOMETRY
To find c.
From Formula VII, sin c=
sin b sin C
sin B
log sin£ =9.92027
log sin £=9.93753'
colog sin 2? =0.12249
log sin ^=9. 98029
<r=io7°8'
Check.
Formula III may be written
_ sin % (A + B} tan £ (a - b}
log sin %(A + B) = 9.91725
log tan \ (a — b) = 9.28696
colog sin %(A—B) — 0.92762
log tan £ r== 10. 1 3 1 83
\c= 53° 33' 56"-
^=107° 7' 51" —
(Discrepancy due to omitted decimals )
AMBIGUOUS CASES
97. (i.) Two sides and an angle opposite one of them are the
given parts.
If the side opposite the given angle differs from po° more than the
other given side, the given angle and the side opposite being either both
less or both greater than 90°, there are two solutions.
(2.) Two angles anc} a side opposite one of them are the given parts.
If the angle opposite the given side differs from 90° more than the
other given angle, the given side and the angle opposite being either
both less or both greater than 90°, there are two solutions.
Remark. — There is no solution if, in either of the formulas.
sin B=
sin A sin b
sin b sin A
sin a sin B
the numerator of the fraction is greater than the denominator.
OBLIQUE-ANGLED TRIANGLES
107
cos /-.
Formula V may be written
cot A C- s
EXAMPLE — CASE (6)
98. Given #=40° 16' £=47°44' ^=52° 30'
To find B, B', C, C, and ct c'.
To find B and B'.
Formula VII may be written
„ sin^4 sin/'
sm B= : .
sin a
log sin ^=9. 89947
log sin ^=9. 86924
colog sin fl=o. 1 8953
log sin jB=g. 95824
B= 65° 16' 30"
B' = 114° 43' 30"
To find c.
Formula IV may be written
tan£r=
log CO!
log tan £ (« + />) =9. 98484
colog cos $(A—B)= 0.002 70
log tan £ i'=g. 70080
£<r=26° 39' 42"
'=53° 19' 24"
To find c.
log tan |(^ + /')=9. 98484
colog cos £ (A— B') =0.06745
log tan ££•' =9.09860
*<•'= 7° 9' 9"
sin£(rt — b)
^)= 9.84177
log tan£(.4— -5)= 9.04901 n
colog sin £(rt — <£)= 1.1863311
log cot $C= 10.0771 1
^C=39o56'24"
C=79° 52' 48"
To find C,
logsin£(rt + £)= 9.84177
log tai4 (.4 -.#')= 9.7815311
colog sin ^ (a — ti\— 1. 18633 n
log cot \ C = 10. 80963
lc= 8° 48' 41"
Check.
Formula III may be written
sin B sin c
sin b= - . _ •
smC
log sin £=9. 95824
log sine =9. 904 1 8
colog sin C*=o. 00682
log sin ^=9.86924
^=47° 44'
<r' = i4° 18' 18"
EXERCISES
99. (i.) In the spherical triangle ABC, the side ^ = 124° 53', the
side b = 31° 19', and the angle A = 16° 26'. Find the other parts.
(2.) In the oblique-angled spherical triangle ABC, angle A = 128°
45', angie C= 30° 35', and the angle ,5 = 68° 50'. Find the other parts.
* The letter " n" indicates that these quantities are negative.
lo8 SPHERICAL TRIGONOMETRY
(3.) In the spherical triangle ABC, the side ^ = 78° 15', £=56° 20',
and A = 120°. Required the other parts.
(4.) In the spherical triangle ABC, the angle ,4 = 125° 20', the an-
gle (7 = 48° 30', and the side ^ = 83° 13'. Required the remaining
parts.
(5.) In the spherical triangle ABC, the side ^ = 40° 35', £ = 39° 10',
and a = 71° 15'. Required the angles.
(6.) In the spherical triangle ABC, the angle A = 109° 55', B— \ 16°
38', and C= 120° 43'. Required the sides.
(7.) In the spherical triangle ABC, the angle ^ = 130° 5' 22", the
angle C= 36° 45' 28", and the side £ = 44° 13' 45". Required the re-
maining parts.
(8.) In the spherical triangle ABC, the angle ^ = 33° 15' 7", B =
3l0 34' 38", and C= 161° 25' 17". Required the sides.
(9.) In the spherical triangle ABC, the side <r=ii2° 22' 58", £ =
52° 39' 4", and a = 89° 16' 53". Required the angles.
(10.) In the spherical triangle ABC, the side ^ = 76° 35' 36", b =
50° 10' 30", and the angle ^ = 34° 15' 3". Required the remaining
parts.
AREA OF THE SPHERICAL TRIANGLE
100. It is proved in geometry that the area of a spherical
triangle is equal to its spherical excess, that is,
area = (A + B + C— 2 rt. angles) X area of the tri-rectangular triangle,
where A, B, and C are the angles of the spherical triangle.
Hence
area _A+£-\-C— 180°
surface of sphere "~ 720°
The surface of the sphere is 477^, therefore
A + B+ C-180°\
The following formula, called Lhuilier's theorem, simpli-
fies the derivation of (A +jB+C—i8o°) where the three
OBLIQUE-ANGLED TRIANGLES 109
sides of the spherical triangle are given ; in it a, b, and c
denote the sides of the triangle, and 2s=
tan /- _ y'tan i s tan i (s-a) tan i(s-6) tan i (s-cj.
EXERCISES
(i.) The angles of a spherical triangle are, ^=63°, £=84° 21',
C=79°; the radius of the sphere is 10 in. What is the area of the
triangle ?
(2.) The sides of a spherical triangle are, a = 6.47 in., £ = 8.39 in.,
^ = 9.43 in.; the radius of the sphere is 25 in. What is the area of
the triangle ?
(3.) In a spherical triangle, ^ = 75° 16', ^ = 39° 20', c = 26 in.; the
radius of the sphere is 14 in. Find the area of the triangle.
(4.) In a spherical triangle, a = 441 miles, ^ = 287 miles, C = 38° 21';
the radius of the sphere is 3960 miles. Find the area of the triangle.
CHAPTER X
APPLICATIONS TO THE CELESTIAL AND TERRES-
TRIAL SPHERES
ASTRONOMICAL PROBLEMS
101. An observer at any place on the earth's surface
finds himself seemingly at the centre of a sphere, one-half
of which is the sky above him. This sphere is called the
celestial sphere, and upon its surface appear all the heavenly
bodies. The entire sphere seems to turn completely around
once in 23 hours and 56 minutes, as on an axis. The im-
aginary axis is the axis of the earth indefinitely produced.
The points in which it pierces the celestial sphere appear
stationary, and are called the north and south poles of the
heavens. The North Star (Polaris) marks very nearly (with-
in i° 16') the position of the north pole. As the observer
travels towards the north he finds that the north pole of the
heavens appears higher and higher up in the sky, and that
its height above the horizon, measured in degrees, corre-
sponds to the latitude of the place of observation.
The fixed stars and nebulae preserve the same relative
positions to each other. The sun, moon, planets, and com-
ets change their positions with respect to the fixed stars
continually, the sun appearing to move eastward among
the stars about a degree a day, and the moon about thir-
teen times as far.
AP PLICA TIONS 1 1 1
The zenith is the point on the celestial sphere directly
overhead.
The horizon is the great circle everywhere 90° from the
zenith.
The celestial equator is the great circle in which the
plane of the earth's equator if extended would cut the ce-
lestial sphere.
The ecliptic is the path on the celestial sphere described
by the sun in its apparent eastward motion among the stars.
The ecliptic is a great circle inclined to the plane of the
equator at an angle of approximately 23^°.
The poles of the equator are the points where the axis
of the earth if produced would pierce the celestial sphere,
and are each 90° from the equator.
The poles of the ecliptic are each 90° from the ecliptic.
The equinoxes are the points where the celestial equa-
tor and ecliptic intersect ; that which the sun crosses when
coming north being called the vernal equinox, and that
which it crosses when going south the autumnal equinox.
The declination of a heavenly body is its distance, meas-
ured in degrees, north or south of the celestial equator.
The right ascension of a heavenly body is the distance,
measured in degrees eastward on the celestial equator, from
the vernal equinox to the great circle passing through the
poles of the equator and this body.
The celestial latitude of a heavenly body is the dis-
tance from the ecliptic measured in degrees on the great
circle passing through the pole of the ecliptic and the
body.
The celestial longitude of a heavenly body is the dis-
tance, measured in degrees eastward on the ecliptic, from
112 SPHERICAL TRIGONOMETRY
the vernal equinox to the great circle passing through the
pole of the ecliptic and the body.
EXERCISES
(i.) The right ascension of a given star is 25° 35', and its decima-
tion is -f-(north) 63° 26'. Assuming the angle between the celestial
equator and the ecliptic to be 23° 27', find the celestial latitude and
celestial longitude.
In this figure AB is the celestial equator, AC the ecliptic, P the pole of
the equator, P' the pole of the ecliptic. ' S is the position of the star, and
the lines SB and SC are drawn through P and P' perpendicular to AB and
AC. AB is the right ascension and BS the declination of the star, while
AC is the longitude and SC the latitude of the star.
In the spherical triangle P'PS, it will be seen that P'S is the comple-
ment of the celestial latitude, PS the complement of the declination, and
P'PS is 90° plus the right ascension. It is to be noted that A is the ver-
nal equinox.
(2.) The declination of the sun on December 2ist is — (south)
23° 27'. At what time will the sun rise as seen from a place whose
latitude is 41° 18' north ?
The arc ZS which is the distance from the zenith to the centre of the sun
when the sun's upper rim is on the horizon is 90° 50'. The 50' is made up
of the sun's semi-diameter of 16', plus the correction for refraction of 34'.
AP PLICA TIONS 1 1 3
(3.) The declination of the sun on December 2ist is — (south)
23° 27'. At what time would the sun set as seen from a place in lati-
tude 50° 35' north ?
SUNRISE SUNSET
In these figures P is the pole of the equator, Z the zenith, EQ the celes-
tial equator. ASh the declination of the sun, ZS=qcP 50', PS—goP + dec-
lination, PZ= 90° -latitude. The problem is to find the angle SPZ. An
angle of 15° at the pole corresponds to I hour of time.
GEOGRAPHICAL PROBLEMS
102. The meridian of a place is the great circle passing
through the place and the poles of the earth.
The latitude of a place is the arc of the meridian of the
place extending from the equator to the place.
Latitude is measured north and south of the equator from o° to 90°.
The longitude of a place is the arc of the equator extend-
ing from the zero meridian to the meridian of the place.
The meridian of the Greenwich Observatory is usually taken
as the zero meridian.
Longitude is measured east or west from o° to 180°.
The longitude of a place is also the angle between the zero meridian and
the meridian of the place.
ii4 SPHERICAL TRIGONOMETRY
In the following problems one minute is taken equal to one geo-
graphical mile.
(i.) Required the distance in geographical miles between two
places, D and E, on the earth's surface. The longitude of D is 60°
15' E., and the latitude 20° 10' N. The longitude of E is 115° 20' E.,
and the latitude 37° 20' N.
In this figure A C represents the equator of the earth, P the north pole,
and A the intersection of the meridian of Greenwich with the equator. PB
and PC represent meridians drawn through D and E respectively. Then
AB is the longitude and BD the latitude of D ; AC the longitude and CE
the latitude of E.
(2.) Required the distance from New York, latitude 40° 43' N.,
longitude 74° o' W., to San Francisco, latitude 37° 48' N., longitude
122° 28' W., on the shortest route.
(3.) Required the distance from Sandy Hook, latitude 40° 28' N.,
longitude 74° i' W., to Madeira, in latitude 32° 28' N., longitude 16° 55,
W., on the shortest route.
(4.) Required the distance from San Francisco, latitude 37° 48'
N., longitude 122° 28' W., to Batavia in Java, latitude 6° 9' S., longi-
tude 1 06° 53' E., on the shortest route.
(5.) Required the distance from San Francisco, latitude 37° 48'
N., longitude 122° 28' W., to Valparaiso, latitude 33° 2' S., longitude
71° 41' W., on the shortest route.
CHAPTER XI
GRAPHICAL SOLUTION OF A SPHERICAL TRIANGLE
J.03. The given parts of a spherical triangle may be laid
off, and then the required parts may be measured, by making
use of a globe fitted to a hemispherical cup.
The sides of the spherical triangle are arcs of great circles,
and may be drawn on the globe with a pencil, using the
rim of the cup, which is a great circle, as a ruler. The rim
of the cup is graduated from o° to 1 80° in both directions.
The angle of a spherical triangle may be measured on a
great circle drawn on the sphere at a distance of 90° from
the vertex of the angle.*
CASE I. Given the sides a, b, and c of a spherical triangle,
to determine the angles A , B, and C.
Place the globe in the cup, and draw upon it a line equal
to the number of degrees in the side c, using the rim of the
cup as a ruler. Mark the extremities of this line A and B.
With A and B as centres, and b and a respectively as radii,
draw with the dividers two arcs intersecting at C (Fig. i).
Then, placing the globe in the cup so that the points A and
C shall rest on the rim, draw the line AC=b, and in the
same way draw BC=a.
To measure the angle A place the arc AB in coincidence
* Slated globes, three inches in diameter, made of papier-mache, and held
in metal hemispherical cups, are manufactured for the use of students of
spherical trigonometry at a small cost.
Ii6 SPHERICAL TRIGONOMETRY
with the rim of the cup, and make AE equal to 90°. Also
make AF in AC produced equal to 90°. Then place the
globe in the cup so that E and F shall be in the rim, and
note the measure of the arc EF. This is the measure of the
angle A. In the same way the angles B and C can be de-
termined.
CASE II. Given the angles A, B, and C, to find the sides
a, b, and c.
Subtract A, B, and C each from 180°, to obtain the sides
a1 ', b' , and c' of the polar triangle. Construct this polar tri-
angle according to the method employed in Case I. Mark
its vertices A', B' , and C '. With each of these vertices as
a centre, and a radius equal to 90°, describe arcs with the di-
viders. The points of intersection of these arcs will be the
vertices A, £, and C of the given triangle. The sides of
this triangle a, b, and c can then be measured on the rim
of the cup.
GRAPHICAL SOLUTION
117
CASE III. Given two sides, b and c, and the included angle
A, to find B, C, and a.
Lay off (Fig. 3) the line AB equal to c, and mark the
point D in AB produced, so that AD equals 90°. With the
dividers mark another point, F3 at a distance of 90° from A.
Turn the globe in the cup till D and Fare both in the rim,
and make DE equal to the number of degrees in the angle A.
With A and E in the rim of the cup, draw the line AC equal
to' the number of degrees in the side b. Join C and B. The
required parts of the triangle can then be measured.
FIG. 3
FIG. 4
CASE IV. Given the angles A and B and the included side
c, to find a, b, and C.
Lay off the line AB equal to c. Then construct the given
angles at A and B, as in Case III., and extend their sides to
intersect at C.
CASE V. Given the sides b, a, and the angle A opposite one
of these sides, to find c, B, and C. (Ambiguous case.)
Ii8 SPHERICAL TRIGONOMETRY
Lay off (Fig. 4) AC equal to b, and construct the angle A
as in Case III. Take c in the dividers as a radius, and with
C as a centre describe arcs cutting the other side of the tri-
angle in B and B' , and measure the remaining parts of the
two triangles.
If the arc described with C as a centre does not cut the other side of the
triangle, there is no solution. If tangent, there is one solution.
CASE VI. Given the angles A, B, and the side a opposite
one of the angles.
Construct the polar triangle of the given triangle by
Case V. ; then construct the original triangle as in Case II.,
and measure the parts required.
The constructions given above include all cases of right and quadrantal
triangles.
CHAPTER XII
RECAPITULATION OF FORMULAS
ELEMENTARY RELATIONS (§ IO)
sin x * COSJT
tan x = - , cot x = — - ,
COSJT sinx
i i
sec x = -- , esc x =
cos.r
tan x cot x = i ,
sin3 x -\- cos2 x=. i,
i + cot2 x = csca x.
RIGHT TRIANGLES (§§ 14 AND 2 7)
cos A = - , cos B = - ,
|, tan # = -,
cot A = - , cot B = -, ,
a b
where c=. hypotenuse, a and b sides about the right angle; A and B
the acute angles opposite a and £.
FUNCTIONS OF TWO ANGLES (§§ 30-34)
sin (x-\-y)=.s\nx cos^-j-cos^r sinj,
sin (x— y) = sinx cos y — cos x siny,
cos (x -\-y) = cos x cosy — sin x siny,
cos (.r— j) = cos.r cosj-j-sin^r si
120 RECAPITULATION OF FORMULAS
tan (.r-h)/)=-
i — tan^r
tan x — tan y
tan (.r— y) = — — —
i-f tan^r tanj/
cot^r cot/— i
cot^r cot y+ i
cot (.r — /)= — — .
cot/ — cot x
FUNCTIONS OF TWICE AN ANGLE (§ 36)
sin 2x = 2 sin^r cos,r,
= 2 cos2.r — i,
2 tan .r
tan 2x =
cot 2;r =
i — tan x
cot'.r— i
2 cot x
FUNCTIONS OF HALF AN ANGLE (§ 37)
cos
i — cos x
SUMS AND DIFFERENCES OF FUNCTIONS (§ 38)
sin // -f~ sin ^ = 2 sin ^ (« -+- v) cos ^ (« — T/),
sin u — sin7/ = 2 cos^(« + z/) sin \(u — v\
COS U -f- COS W = 2 COS £ (« + 7/) COS £ (« — 2/),
cos u — cos ?/ = — 2 sin $ (w + v) sin £ (w — v).
sin u -f sin y _ tan \ (u -f ^)
sin u — sin v ~~ tan \ (u — v] '
RECAPITULATION OF FORMULAS 121
OBLIQUE TRIANGLES (§§ 42-45)
a_sin A a__s'mA b sin B
6~sinL" £~s'mC' <r~sinC'
a — ^tan|(^~ £)
tan£C' =
'.'—*)
a+fi+c '
where s=
where AT=
AREA OF A TRIANGLE (§ 46)
=|rtr sin ^. 5"=^ sin C 5=^ sin ^4.
LOGARITHMIC, COSINE, SINE, AND EXPONENTIAL SERIES
(§58)
=*- +~+> etc>
122 RECAPITULATION OF FORMULAS
,.
r2 r3 x*
^=i+.r+- + _+-+,etc.
DE MOIVRE'S THEOREM (§ 71)
- ~ * - cosw~3 ^ sin3^+, etc.
(« — i )
cos «.r rr >z cos .r -- - — ? — - CO8* jr sin2^-f, etc.
HYPERBOLIC FUNCTIONS (§ 75)
ex-e~x
.
cos /.r = — =cosh jr.
2
SPHERICAL TRIANGLES
RIGHT AND QUADRANTAL TRIANGLES (§§ 83, 87)
Use Napier's rules.
OBLIQUE TRIANGLES (§§ 89-93)
cos a =. cos b cos c -j- sin b sin c cos ^4.
cos A = — cos # cos C-\- sin ^ sin C cos #.
sin s sin (.$• — a)
RECAPITULATION OF FORMULAS 123
•v;
tan | a -cos cos -
cos (S—£) cos(S-C)
tan c
sn ^ —
cos (y — ) tan
sin $(a-\-&) cot ^
sini(« — b) tani(A —
cos$(a-\-t>)_ cotj C
cos £ (# — ^)~"tan £ (A-\-£)'
s\na __ sin If
sin A ! ~sin B'
AREA OF SPHERICAL TRIANGLES (§ lOl)
tan (*' —
\ 4
APPENDIX
RELATIONS OF THE PLANE, SPHERICAL, AND PSEUDO-
SPHERICAL TRIGONOMETRIES
We have up to the present considered the trigonometries
which deal with figures on a plane or spherical surface. A
characteristic feature of these two surfaces is that the curv-
ature of the plane is zero, while that of the sphere is a posi-
tive constant p. If the radius of the sphere is increased in-
definitely, its surface approaches the plane as a limit while
its curvature p approaches o.
-In works on absolute geometry it is shown that there ex-
ists a surface which has a constant negative curvature : it is
called a pseudo-sphere, and the trigonometry upon it pseudo-
spherical trigonometry.
We observe that as p passes continuously from positive
to negative values, we pass from the sphere through the
plane to the pseudo-sphere. Thus the formulas of plane
trigonometry are the limiting cases of those of either of the
two other trigonometries.
In the treatment of spherical trigonometry the radius of
the sphere has been taken as unity. If, however, the radius
of the sphere is r, and a, b, and c denote the lengths of the
sides of the spherical triangle, the formulas are changed, in
that a is replaced by -, b by -, and c by - ; thus,
126
APPENDIX
becomes
. „ sin^r
sin C= —
sin a
. c
sin-
r
. a
sm-
r
The formulas for pseudo-spherical trigonometry are the
same as the formulas of spherical trigonometry, except that
the hyperbolic functions of -, -, and - are substituted for
the trigonometric.
Thus, corresponding to the above formula of spherical
trigonometry, is the formula
sin C =
of pseudo-spherical trigonometry.
The pseudo-sphere is generated by revolving the curve whose equation is
r-\- vr't — x1
y=r log
*A>
about its y axis. The radius of the base of the pseudo-sphere is r.
APPENDIX 127
Hence the formulas of plane trigonometry can be derived
from the formulas of either spherical or pseudo- spherical
trigonometry by expressing the functions in series and al-
lowing r to increase without limit.
Example.— Show that if r is increased indefinitely the following
corresponding formulas for the spherical and pseudo-spherical right
triangle
a be
cos = cos - cos - » (i)
, a i b 1 c
cosh - = cosh- cosh-, (2)
r r r
reduce to the corresponding formula for a plane right triangle; that
is, to
a>=F+c\ (3)
Substituting the series cos -, etc., in equation (i), we obtain
I rt! , 1 a4 , I If I S i A4
'-i! 7< +4-, S + ' ' • = '- T\ ?" 7 + r, ?+ ' ' ' ^
Substituting in equation (2) the series for cosh - , etc. , which we obtain from
cosh x = - , we have
Cancelling i in equations (4) and (5), multiplying by r2, and, finally, allowing
r to increase without limit, we get from either equation
EXERCISES
Derive each of the following formulas of plane trigonometry from
the corresponding formula of spherical trigonometry, and also from
the corresponding formula of pseudo-spherical trigonometry.
123 APPENDIX
Right triangles ; A = right angle.
(i.) Plane, sin C=^
sin c
Spherical, sin C = -
sin a
Pseudo-spherical, sin C= . h '
Oblique Triangles.
(2.) Plane, # 2 =£2 + <r2 — 2 be cos A
Spherical, cos a = cos £ cos c-\- sin £ sin <r cos A
Pseudo-spherical, cosh # = cosh b cosh <: -J- sinh b sinh ^ cos A.
(3.) Plane, S=Vs (s-a) (j- J) (j-f).
Spherical,
(^ + 3+ C- .800) = i ^ £ tan (J-.^ ^ ^a-g ^ ^^-^
4 * r r y y
Pseudo-spherical,
(s-a) , (s-6)
i_2 tanh ^ 1— -i tanh | L-
§ 4 (page 3).
(i.) 192° 51' 25f .
Quadrant III.
(2.) 25°.
(3-) 287°, 647^.
(4.) Quadrant III.
§ 9 (page 9).
tan 1000° is negative,
cos 8 10° is o.
sin 760° is positive,
cot — 70° is negative,
cos — 550° is negative,
tan — 560° is negative,
sec 300° is positive,
cot 1560° is negative,
sin 130° is positive,
cos 260° is negative,
tan 310° is negative.
§ 13 (page n).
(3.) cos — 30° = ^ v/3-
tan -3o° = -iy'3.
COt — 30° = — v/3,
sec-3op=§yg;
CSC —30°= — 2.
(4.) cos.r= -§ v/2,
tan x = i v/2,
COt X = 2 V/2,
sec.r = — I v/2,
esc .r = — 3.
9
ANSWERS TO EXERCISES
(5-)
cot y = — §, sec y = J,
(6.) sin 60° = £ v/3.
tan 60° = v/3,
cot 60° = i ^3.
sec 60° = 2,
esc 60° = f v/3.
(7-) cos o° = i , tan o° = o.
(8.) sin 2 = |, cos ,3- = !,
esc ^ = f .
(9.) sin 45° = cos 45° = | -/2,
tan 45°= i,
sec 45° = esc 45° = v/2.
(10.) sin^ = — £ v/5, cosj/ = — f,
cot_>/ = f v/5, sec j = — |,
(11.) sin3o° = i co
tan 30° = i- v/3,
sec 30° = | v/3,
CSC 30° = 2.
(12.)
=— f.
§ 17 (page 14).
(i .) sin 70° = cos 20°,
cos 60° = sin 30°,
cos 89° 31'= sin 29',
cot 47°= tan 43°,
'3°
ANSWERS TO EXERCISES
tan 63°= cot 27°,
sin 72° 39'= cos 17° 21'.
(2.) .r = 300.
(3.) * = 22°30'.
(4.).r=i8°.
(5.) jr=is°.
§ 25 (page 21).
(i.) 225° and 315°,
60° and 240°.
(2.) 60°, 120°, 420°, 480°.
(3.) sin-3o°=-i
cos — 30°=^ -v/3,
sin 765°= cos 765 = £ -v/2,
sin 1 20°= £ -v/3,
cos 1 20° = — |,
sin 210°= — ^,
cos 2io°=— £ -y/3-
(4.) The functions of 405° are
equal to the functions of 45°.
sin 6oo°= — |- \/3»
cos6oo°=— i
tan 600° = -Y/3.
cot 6oo°=£ -v/3,
sec 6oo°= —2,
esc 6oo°= — f -v/3.
The functions of 1125° are
equal to the functions of 45°
sin — 45° = — ItV*.
cos- 45°= i -v/2,
tan — 45°= cot — 45°= — i ,
sec — 45°=-v/2,
csc — 45°= — -v/2.
sin 225°= cos 225°= — £ V2
tan 225°= cot. 225°= i,
sec 225°= esc 225°= — v/2.
(5.) The functions of — 120° are
the same as those of 600°
given in (4).
sin — 225° = £ 1/2,
cos — 225° = — £ -v/2,
tan — 225°= cot — 225°= — i,
sec — 225°= — "v/2,
esc — 225°= -v/2,
sin — 420° = — £ \/3,
cos — 420° =\,
tan — 420° = — y^
cot— 420°=— iVi
sec — 420° = 2,
csc-42o° = -t-v/3^
The functions of 3270° are
equal to the functions of 30°.
(6.) sin 233° = — cos 37°,
cos 233° — — sin 37°,
tan 233° — cot 37°,
cot 233° = tan 37°,
sec 233° = — esc 37°,
esc 233° = — sec 37°.
sin — 1 97° = sin 17°,
cos — 1 97° = — cos 1 7°,
tan — 197° = — tan 17°,
cot— 197° = — cot 17°,
sec — 1 97° = — sec 17°,
esc— 1 97° = esc 17°.
sin 894° = sin 6°,
cos 894° = — cos 6°,
tan 894° = — tan 6°,
cot 894° = — cot 6°,
sec 894° = — sec 6°,
esc 894° = esc 6°.
(7.) sin 267°=:— sin 87°,
tan — 254° = — tan 74°,
cos 950° = — cos 50°.
(8.) —0.28.
ANSWERS TO EXERCISES
(9.) 2 sin2 x.
(10.) i -f-seca x.
(ii.) sin (*— 90°)= — cos. r,
cos(.r — ooc) = sin-r,
tan (JT — 90°) = — cot x,
cot (JT — 90°) = — tan x,
sec (x — 90°) = esc x,
esc (.r — 90°) = — sec x.
$ 28 (page 24).
(I.) a =62.324,
^ = 32° 52' 40".
(2.) £ = 21.874,
^ = 39° 45' 28",
#=50° 14' 32".
(3.) <* = 300.95.
£ = 683.96,
£ = 66° 15'.
(4.) £ = 26.608,
*• = 45-763.
^ = 35° 33'-
area = 495. 34.
(5.) £ = 3-9973-
? = 4.1537,
^ = 1 5° 46' 33".
area = 2. 257.
(6.) £ = 0.01729.
(7.) <* = 298.5.
(8.) ^ = 39° 42' 24".
(9.) ^- = 2346.7.
(10.) # = 28° 57' 8".
(if.) 444.16 ft.
(12.) 186.32 ft.
(i 3.) 34° 33' 44".
114.) 303.99 ft.
(15.) 238.33 ft.
(16.) 15 miles (about).
(17.) 79,079 ft.
(18.) 165.68 ft.
(I9-) 53° 33'-
(20.) 115.136 ft.
(21.) 76.355 ft.
(22.) £ = 80° 32",
A = C = 49° 59' 44".
(23.) #=53°i6'36",
£= 12.0518 in.,
area = 72. 392 sq. in.
(24.) £= 130.52 in.,
area = 24246 sq. in.
(25.) 23.263 ft.
(26.) 1 7° 48".
(27.) 5.3546 in.
(28.) 1084950 sq. ft.
(29.) 17 ft., 885 sq. ft.
(30.) radius = 24.882 in.,
apothem = 20. 1 3 in.,
area= 1472 sq. in.
(31.) 12.861.
(32.) 1782.3 sq. ft.
(33.) 38168 ft.
(34.) 20.21 ft.
(35.) 2518.2 ft.
§ 29 (page 28).
(I.) ^ = 22° 58',
£ = 7.07,
c = 9.0046.
(2.) £ = 79-435.
A = 45° 27' 14",
C = 95° 24' 46".
(3.) ^^ = 7.6745,
^#' = 2.6435,
^ = 46° 43' 50",
2? ' = 133° 16' 10",
ACB^ 105° 53' 10",
ACB' = 19° 20' 50".
(4.) ^ = 37° 53'-
# = 43° 52' 25",
132
ANSWERS TO EXERCISES
C = 98-14' 35"-
(5.) 902.94.
(6.) 1253.2 ft.
(7.) 357-224 ft.
(8.) ^ = 44° 2' 9".
^ = 51° 28' ii",
C = 84° 29' 40",
area = 126100 sq. ft.
(9.) 407.89 ft.
(io.) B=i2\° 7' 16",
C = 92° 20' 38",
D = J\° n' 6".
(11.) #^ = 6.6885,
v 3V/5 + :
cos (* —y) — 2JL5 —
§ 39 (Page 37).
(5.) sin (45°-*) =
£ 1/2 (cos * — sin *),
cos (45°—*)=:
1 1/2 (cos * + sin*),
sin (45°+*) =
1/2 (cos* + sin*),
§ 34 (page 34).
(2.) sin (45°+ x) =
£l/2 (cos * + sin*),
cos (45°+ f) =
4 I/2 (cos .r — sin*),
sin (30°—*) =
£ (cos*— 1/3 sin*),
cos (30°— *)_ =
i (VX3 cos * + sin*), |
sin (6o°+*)_=
$ (y'3 cos* -f- sin*),
cos (60°+*) =
£ (cos* — -y/3 sin*).
(3.) sin(*+y)=ff,
sin *— ) = -
(4.) sin 75° =
cos 7 5° =
(.5-) sin 15°=
4
1/6+ 1/2"
(15.) sin 2* = — ff,
cos 2* = — T/5.
(i 6.) sin 22|° = 2 -1/2.
(170
cos i5 =
ANSWERS TO EXERCISES
133
tan i5° = 2 — v/3,
cot 15° = 2-f- V^.
sec 1 5° = 2^/2 — \/3,
CSC I5° = 2*/2 + -v/3.
(20.) sin 5.r =
5 sin .r — 20 sin3 .r
+ 1 6 sin5.r.
(21.) cos 5_r =
5 cos x — 20 cos3 x
4- 1 6 cos5 ,r.
(23.) The values of .r <3oo° are
o°, 30°, 1 50°, 1 80°, 210°, 330°.
(36.) tan,v tan^/.
§ 41 (page 40).
(i.) sin-«i ^2=45°. i
45°+ 360°, etc.,
cos- i £ = 60°, 300°, etc.,
tan-' (—0= 1 35°. 3 1 5°. etc.,
cos — 1 i =0°, 360°, etc.,
sin -i (— |) = 210°, 330°, etc.
(2.) tan,r = 3-
(3.) cos.r = d
(5.) sin (cos-1 $) = ±jj.
(6.) cot (tan- 1 3V) =17.
(7.) « = i\/3.
(8.) 45°, 225°.
(9.) ,r = 45°,_y =180°.
(10.) sin — Irt = 225°.
§ 48 (page 46).
(i.) C=i2i°33',
^ = 2133.5,
c = 2477.8.
(2.) C=55°4i',
^ = 534.05,
^- = 653.52.
(3.) C=45°34/,
a= 1548.1,
(4.) ^ = 105° 59',
a =54.018,
^• = 47.738.
(5.) ^ = 68° 58',
^ = 5274.9,
£• = 3730.
(6.) ^ = 54° 58'.
a = 923.4,
c= 1 187.7-
§ 49 (page 47).
(i.) (I.) Two solutions.
(2.) One solution, a right tri-
angle.
(3.) One solution..
(4.) Two solutions.
(2.) Z?=i6°57'2i",
C= 1 5° 50' 39"'.
£•=1:0.32122.
(3.) £- = 2.5719,
B=IT° 15' i",
C=i42° 1 3' 59".
(4.) £- = 93-59. c' = 54-069,
B = 26° 52' 7", B'= 1 33° 7' 53",
C = i3i°46/53",C/=25°3i/7'/.
(5.) No solution.
(6.) £= 1.0916, ^'=0.36276,
B = 1 1 7° 50' 44", B'= 1 7° 5' 1 6".
§ 50 (page 48).
(i.) a = 0.0971,
#=90° 35' 36",
5 = 0.0053261.
134
ANSIVERS TO EXERCISES
(2.) C — 14.211,
^ = 48° 44' 32",
A = 76° 20' 5",
C= 95° 1 5' 56",
£ = 44° 52' 55"
5 = 0.60709.
5 = 80.962.
(3.) £ = 85.892,
§ 52 (page 50).
A = 67° 2l'42",
(i.) 1116.6 ft.
C = 62°48' 18",
5=3962.8.
(4.) « = 0.6767,
(2.) 308 1. 8 yards.
(3-) 638.34 ft.,
14653 sq. ft.
5= 15° 9' 2l",
(4.) 4.1 and 8.1.
C= 131° 19' 39",
(5.) 13.27 miles.
5=0.08141.
(6.) 6667 ft. One solution.
(5.) <: = 72.87,
(7.) 121.97.
^ = 40° 50' 32",
(8.) 44° 2' 56".
^=11° 2' 28",
5 = 422.65.
(9.) 32.151 sq. miles.
(11.) 54° 29' 12".
(12.) a = 12296 ft.,
§ 51 (page 49).
r= 13055 ft.
(i.) ,4 = 55° 20' 42",
^=106° 35' 36",
C=i8°3'42",
5=267.92.
(2.) A = 34° 24' 26",
B = 73° H' 56",
C=72°20' 36",
5=3.6143.
(13.) 294.77 ft.
(14.) 222.1 ft.
(16.) 42Q2J^ftr 4- '
(17.) 72.613 miles,
(i 8.) 50.977 ft.
(19.) 0.85872 miles.
(20.) 2.98 miles.
(21.) 1393.9 ^.
(22.) 8.2 miles.
(3.) /* = 52° 20' 24",
B= 107° 19' 14",
(23.) 187.39 ft.
(24.) 0.6011.
C = 20° 20' 24",
(25.) 4.8112 miles.
k
5= 1437.5.
(4.) A =97° 48',
(26.) 60° 51' 8".
#=l8°2I 48",
(27.) 37.365 ft.
C=63° 50' 12",
(28.) 3.2103 miles.
5=193.13.
(29.) 10.532 miles.
(5.) A = 54° 20' 16",
(30.) 851.22 yards.
B = 70° 27' 46",
(31.) 9.5722 miles.
C=54°72',
(32.) 6.1271 miles.
5 = 6090.
(33.) 280.47 ft.
(6.) A = 35° 59' 30",
(34-) 123.33 ft.
ANSWERS TO EXERCISES
135
(35-) 4-8ii2 miles.
(36.) 2666.1 ft.
* 53 (page 56).
(i.) 30° = 0.5236,
45° = 0.7854,
60° = 1.0472,
I 20 = 2.0944,
135°= 2.3562,
720°= 12.5664,
990° =17.2788.
<2.) I = 22° 30',
1O
| = 28^ 38' 53",
} = 100° 16' 4".
(3.) 1.35,0.54.
§ 74 (page 73).
(i.) sin 4,1- = 4 cos3. i~ sin x
— 4 cos.r sin3^-,
cos 4,1- = cos4 x
— 6 cos2 x sin2 x -j- sin4 x.
(2.) sin 6x = 6 cos5 .r sin .r
— 20 cos3 a- sin3.r
-|-6 cos.r sin5^-,
cos 6x = cos6 .r
— 15 cos*.r sin2^-
-|- 1 5 cos1' x sin4 x — sin6 x.
1 1 \ i- v 1 I „• V 3
(3-)-ro— '• -ri = \ -r z — >
(4.) .r0=i, ^ = o. 3090+ / 0.951 1,
-fa = — 0.8090 -|- /' 0.5878,
.r3 = — 0.8090 — / 0.5878.
.r4 = o. 3090 — / 0.951 1.
§ 77 (page 78).
(23.) .r = 3o°.
(24.) ^ = 30°.
(25.) x = o° or 45°.
(26.) A- = 6o°.
(27.)_y = 45°.
(28.) j = 45°-
(29.) -r = 45°.
(30.) .r = 3o°.
(31.) ^- = 60°.
(32.) ^- = 30°.
(33.) No angle < 90°.
(34.) jr = 3o-.
(35.) sin 92° = cos 2°.
(36.) cos 127° = — sin 37°.
(37.) tan 320° = — tan 40°.
(38.) cot 350° = — cot ioj.
(39.) sin 265° = — cos 5°.
(40.) tan 171°= -tan 9°.
(41.) cos.r= -
tan. r ^ —
esc -r —
(42.)
(43.) sin.r = —
cos x-~
cot .1- = f , sec .r = —
136
ANSWERS TO EXERCISES
(44.) sin,r = — 7^- -v/74.
= — f, sec jt- =
(45.) Quadrant II or IV.
(46.) Quadrant I or II.
(47.) Quadrant III or IV.
(48.) Quadrant I or II.
(49.) .r = o°, 120°, 1 80°, 240°.
(50.) .r = 3o°, 135°, 150°, 315°.
(51.) ,r = o°, 90°, 120°, 1 80°, 240
270°.
(57-) o.
(58.) a.
(59.) 2 (<*—£).
(60.) i(fl'-J9).
§ 78 (page 80).
(i.) 306.32 ft.
(2.) 831.06 ft.
(3.) 53° 28' 14".
(4.) 49.39 ft.
(5.) 0.43498 mile.
(6.) 209.53 ft.
(7.) 7-3188 ft-
(8.) 37° 36' 30".
(9.) 109,28 ft.
(10.) 502.46 ft.
(u.) 6799.8ft.
(12.) 219.05 ft.
(13.) 49i.76ft.
(14.) 50° 32' 44".
(15.) 49° 44' 38".
(i 6.) 34-063 ft.
(17.) 32.326 ft., 29° 6' 35".
(18.) 5.6569 miles an hour.
(19.) 56.295 ft.
(20.) 103.09 ft.
(21.) 71° 33' 54".
(22.) 858,160 miles.
(23.) 238,850 miles.
(24.) 2163.4 miles.
(25.) 90,824,000 miles.
(26.) 432.08 ft.
(27.) 60.191 ft.
(28.) 0.32149 mile.
(29.) 193.77 ft.
§ 79 (page 83).
(i.) 3416 ft.
(2.) 3.7865 ft.
(3.) 20.45 ft-
(4.) 36.024^.
(5.) 8.6058 sq. ft.
(6.) 181.23 in.
(70 2-9943 ft.
(8.) 5.1311 in.
(9.) 25.92 ft.
(io.) 92° i' 24",
(11.) 1.2491.
(12.) 33° 12' 4".
(13.) 11248 ft.
(14.) 0.60965 miles.
(15.) 1.3764.
(16.) 1.9755-
(17.) 19.882.
(i 8.) 0.9397.
(19.) 6.4984.
(20.) 3.4641.
(21.) 6.1981.
(22.) 6.9978.
(23.) 15.25.
§ 80 (page 84).
(78.) X — OO°, I 20°, 2400, 270°.
(79.) ,r = o°, 20°, 45°, 90°, 100°,
I35C, 140°, 1 80°, 220°,
225°, 260°, 270°, 315°,
340°.
ANSWERS TO EXERCISES
137
(8o.) ^- = 0°, 30°, 90°, 150°, 1 80°,
(24.) 55.74 ft.
270°.
(25.) 247.52 ft.
(8 1.) _r = o°, 45°, 120°, 240°, 225°,
(26.) 556.34 ft.
270°.
(27.) 465.72 ft.
(82.) ;r = o0, 90°, 1 80°, 270°.
(28.) 109.22 ft.
(83.) .r = 0°, 90°, 210°, 330°.
(29.) 2639.4 ft.
(84.) ^- = 240°, 300°.
(30.) 396- 54 ft.
(85.) x = 2ioP, 330°-
(31.) 287.75 ft.
(86.) x = o°, 90°.
(32.) 2280.6 ft.
.(87.) ;r = o°, 1 80°.
(33.) 64.62 ft.
(88.) * = o°, 1 80°.
(34.) 127.98 ft.
(89.) ^ = 0°, 90°, 120°, 1 80°, 240°, (35.) 45-l83 ft-
270°.
(36.) 4365-2 ft.
(90.) ^- = 450,1350,2250,3150.
(37.) 140.17 ft.
(91.) ^ = 30°, 150°, 210°, 330°.
(38.) 610.45 ft-
(39.) 1 56.66 ft.
§ 81 (page 88).
(40.) 41° 48' 39" and 125° 25
(i.) 2145.1 ft.
(41.) 51,288,000.
(2.) 12.458 miles.
(42.) 366680.
(3.) 1.1033 miles.
(43-) U586.
(4.) 1508.4 ft.
(44.) 947460.
(5-) I7I9-3 yards.
(45.) 0.89782.
(6.) 1.2564 miles.
(46.) 9929-3-
(7.) 1346.3^.
(47.) 7 5 1. 62 sq.ft.
(8.) 387.1 yards.
(48.) 3H5-9-
(9.) 5.1083 miles.
(49.) 855.1.
(10.) 3791-8 ft.
(50.) 876.34.
(u.) 4.4152 ft-
(12.) 28° 57' 20".
§ 88 (page 98).
(13.) 115.27.
(i.) ^=54° 59' 47",
(14.) 44.358 ft.
^ = 45° 41 '28",
(15.) 92.258 ft.
s~* /* o p> ' rR''
(16.) 101° 32' 16".
(2.) C=7i° 36' 47".
(17.) 0.83732 mile.
^ = 95° 22';
(18.) 539.1 ft.
c = 7i° 32' 14",
(19.) 1.239.
(3.) C=64° 1 4' 30",
(20.) 152.31 and 238.3.
C'— 115° 45' 3° .
(21.) 68.673 ft-
.00 ^^' rr"
a m 4^ 22 55 >
(22.) 32.071 ft.
*' = i3i°37' 5".
(23.) 13778ft.
^=42° 19' 17".
57'
1 38
ANSWERS TO EXERCfSES
c = 137° 40 43"
(4.) C- 65° 49' 54"
a = 63° 10' 6",
£ = 38° 59' 12".
(5.) a = 7S° 13' i",
^=58° 25' 46",
(6.) a = 76° 30' 37",
£ = 65° 28' 58,"
<r = 55° 47' 44".
3'
(8.)
(9-)
, = 64° 36' 39",
= 47° 57' 45"
'-96° 1 3' 23",
= 73° 1 7' 29",
= 70° 8' 38".
= 66° 58',
(10.) tf = 6i°4' 55",
b = 40° 30' 22",
<r=5o° 30' 32".
§ 99 (page 107).
(2.) a
b
(3-) a
(4.) B
131° 36' 36",
116° 36' 38",
29° 1 1' 42".
107° 7' 45",
48° 57' 29",
62° 31 '40".
62° 54' 43",
114° 30' 26",
= 56° 39' 10".
a=
(5.) ^ = 130° 35' 56",
^ = 30° 25' 34",
C = 3i° 26' 32",
(6.) ^=98° 21' 22",
b-=. 109° 50' 8",
*•= 115° 13' 4".
(7.) B = y.° 26' 9'',
a= 84° 14' 32",
^ = 51° 6' 12".
(8.) tf-8o° 5' 8",
£ — 70° 10' 36",
r = i45°5'2".
(9.) .4=70° 39' 4",
# = 48° 36' 2",
C=ii9° 15' 2".
(10.) a = 40° o' 12",
^ = 42° 15' ii",
C=i2i° 36' 19".
§ 100 (page 109).
(i.) 80.895 sq- in-
(2.) 26.869 sq. in.
(3,) 158.41 sq. in.
(4.) 39990 sq. miles.
§ 101 (page 112).
(i.) 5C = 48° 2' 43",
^=52° 53' 9".
(2.) 7 : 24 A.M.
(3.) 4 P.M.
§ 102 (page 114).
(I.) 3029^ miles.
(2.) 2229.8 miles.
(3.) 2748.5 miles.
(4.) 7516.3 miles.
(5.) 5108.9 miles.
THE END
LOGARITHMIC
AND
TRIGONOMETRIC TABLES
FIVE-PLACE AND FOUR-PLACE
PHILLIPS-LOOMIS MATHEMATICAL SERIES
LOGARITHMIC
AND
TRIGONOMETRIC TABLES
FIVE-PLACE AND FOUR-PLACE
BY
ANDREW W. PHILLIPS, PH.D.
AM)
WENDELL M. STRONG, PH.D.
YALE UNIVERSITY
NEW YORK AND LONDON
HARPER & BROTHERS PUBLISHERS
1899
THE PHILLIPS-LOOMIS MATHEMATICAL SERIES.
ELEMENTS OF TRIGONOMETRY, Plane and Spherical. By
ANDREW W. PHILLIPS, Ph.D., and WENDELL M. STRONG, Ph.D., Yale
University. Crown 8vo, Cloth.
ELEMENTS OF GEOMETRY. By ANDREW W. PHILLIPS, Ph.D.,
and IRVING FISHER, Ph.D., Professors in Yale University. Crown
8vo, Half Leather, $1 75. [By mail, $1 92.]
ABRIDGED GEOMETRY. By ANDREW W. PHILLIPS, Ph.D., and
IRVING FISHER, Ph.D. Crown 8vo, Half Leather, $1 25. [By
mail, $1 40.]
PLANE GEOMETRY. By ANDREW W. PHILLIPS, Ph.D., and IRVING
FISHER, Ph.D. Crown 8vo, Cloth, 80 cents. {By mail, 90 cents.]
LOGARITHMIC AND TRIGONOMETRIC TABLES. Five Place
and Four- Place. By ANDREW W. PHILLIPS, Ph.D., and WENDELL
M. STRONG, Ph.D., Yale University. Crown 8vo.
LOGARITHMS OF NUMBERS. Five-Figure Table to Accompany
the "Elements of Geometry," by ANDREW W. PHILLIPS, Ph.D., and
IRVING FISHER, Ph.D., Professors in Yale University. Crown 8vo,
Cloth, 30 cents. [By mail, 35 cents.]
NEW YORK AND LONDON :
HARPER & BROTHERS, PUBLISHERS.
Copyright, 1898, by HARPER & BROTHERS.
All rights reserved.
CONTENTS
TABLE pAGE
INTRODUCTION TO THE TABLES v
I. FIVE-PLACE LOGARITHMS OF NUMBERS i
II. FIVE -PLACE LOGARITHMS OF THE TRIGONOMETRIC
FUNCTIONS TO EVERY MINUTE 29
III. FIVE-PLACE LOGARITHMS OF THE SINE AND TANGENT
OF SMALL ANGLES 121
IV. FOUR-PLACE NAPERIAN LOGARITHMS 131
V. FOUR-PLACE LOGARITHMS OF NUMBERS 135
VI. FOUR -PLACE LOGARITHMS OF THE TRIGONOMETRIC
FUNCTIONS TO EVERY TEN MINUTES 139
VII. FOUR -PLACE NATURAL TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS
TO EVERY TEN MINUTES 149
VIII. SQUARES AND SQUARE ROOTS OF NUMBERS 159
IX. THE HYPERBOLIC AND EXPONENTIAL FUNCTIONS OF
NUMBERS FROM o TO 2.5 AT INTERVALS OF .1 . . 160
X. CONSTANTS— MEASURES AND WEIGHTS AND OTHER
CONSTANTS . 161
INTRODUCTION TO THE TABLES
COMMON LOGARITHMS.
1. The common logarithm of a number is the index of
the power to which 10 must be raised to give the number.
Thus, log IOG = 2, because 100 = io2
log i =o, " i =10°
log .1 = — i, .1 = io-I
log 3 =47712, " 3 =io-47m
In general, log m — x if ;;/ = io*.
2. To multiply two numbers, add their logarithms. The
result is the logarithm of the product.
Proof. — Ifaw = io* so that log m = x,
and n = io> " " log n =y,
then mn = io*+*" " log mn = x+y.
Hence log mn = \ogrn -f log n.
3. To divide one number by another, subtract the loga-
rithm of the divisor from the logarithm of the dividend.
The result is the logarithm of the quotient.
Proof.— — = •
Hence log^~ =x~?
4. To raise a number to a power, multiply the logarithm
of the number by the index of the power. The result is the
logarithm of the power.
vi INTRODUCTION TO THE TABLES.
Proof. — ma = ( i ox)a = i o-ax ;
Hence \ogma = ax = a logm.
5. To extract a root of a number, divide the logarithm of
the number by the index of the root. The result is the loga-
ritJini of the root.
Proof.— "Im =-. * Ao* = 10*.
*v^>s A. / "" ~ 7 »
b b
6*. Restatement of laws :
log nin = log in + log n ;
log— = logm — logn ;
log ma = a log m ;
7. Most numbers are not integral powers of 10; hence
most logarithms are of decimal form.
Thus, log 2. 2 — .34242, Iog4 =1.60206.
S. If a logarithm is negative, it is expressed for conven-
ience as a negative integer plus a positive decimal.
The logarithm of a number less than I is negative.
The negative integer is usually expressed in the form
9—10, 8— 10, etc.
Thus, Iog.2i544 = — i -f .33333, written 9-33333 - 10 :
Iog.o2i544 = — 2 -h. 33333, " 8.33333—10;
log .0021 544 = — 3 + .33333, " 7-33333 ~ 10.
Remark. — In some books the negative integer is written i, 2, etc.,
instead of 9— 10, 8— 10, etc.
The integral part of a logarithm is the characteristic;
the decimal part is the mantissa.
Thus, log 2 1 5.44 = 2. 33333 ; the characteristic is -f- 2 ; the mantissa
COMMON LOGARITHMS. vii
is +-33333: log .021544=8.33333— 10 ; the characteristic is 8— 10
= — 2 ; the mantissa is -f .33333.
9. It is evident that the larger a number the larger its logarithm.
Hence the logarithm of any number
between i and 10 is o -f- a mantissa,
10 " 100 " i+" "
.1 " i "-i+"
.01 " .1 " — 2-f" " etc.
We have, then, the following rule for obtaining the characteristic :
10. Count the number of places the first left-hand digit of
the number is removed from the unit's place.
If this digit is' to the left of the unit's place, the result is the
required characteristic.
If this digit is to the rig/it of the unit's place, the result
taken with a minus sign is the required characteristic.
If this digit is in the unit' s place, t/ic characteristic is zero.
Thus the characteristic of the logarithm of 21550 is 4
" " " ' " 21.55 •• i
2.155 " o
' -2155 "—i
" " " " " » " .02155 " -2
11. The logarithms of numbers which differ only in the
position of the decimal point have the same mantissa.
For to change the position of the decimal point is to multiply or
divide by an integral power of 10; that is, an integer is added to or
subtracted from the logarithm, and consequently only the character-
istic is changed.
Thus, log 2 1 544 =3-33333
log 2.1544 =0.33333
log .21544 =9.33333-10
log .021544 = 8.33333-10
Therefore, in finding the mantissa of the logarithm of a
number the decimal point may be disregarded. The man-
tissa is found from the tables of logarithms.
viii INTRODUCTION TO THE TABLES.
USE OF THE TABLE OF LOGARITHMS OF NUMBERS.
(TABLE i.)
12. To find the logarithm of a number.
Look in the column at the head of which is " N " for the
first three figures of the number, and in the line with "N" for
the fourth figure. In the line opposite the first three figures
and in the column under the fourth is the desired mantissa.
Only the last three figures of the mantissa are found thus; the
first two must be taken from the first column ; they are found either
in the same line or in the first line above which gives the whole man-
tissa, except when a * occurs. If a * precedes the last three figures of
the mantissa the first two are found in the following line :
The characteristic is obtained by § 10.
Example. — To find the logarithm of 105400.
The characteristic = 5. § 10
The mantissa = .02284 (opposite 103 and under 4 in the tables) ;
Hence log 105400 = 5.02284.
13. If there are five or more figures in a number the
figures beyond the fourth are treated as a decimal. The
corresponding mantissa is between two successive mantissas
of the tables.
Example. — To find the logarithm of 10543.
The characteristic = 4. § 10
The mantissa is not in the tables, but is between the mantissa of
1055 = .02325
and the mantissa of 1054 = .02284
Their difference = 41
Hence an increase of one in the fourth figure of the number pro-
duces an increase of 41 in the mantissa. Then an increase of .3 must
produce an increase of 41 X .3 in the mantissa.
41 X. 3 = 12.3 = 12 nearly.
Hence the mantissa of 10543=1.02284-}- 12 = .02296.
Therefore log 10543= 4.02296.
LOGARITHMS OF NUMBERS. ix
An easy method of multiplying 41 by .3 is to use the table of pro-
portional parts at the bottom of the page in the tables.
Under 41 and opposite 3 is 12. 3 (=41 X-3).
14. Figures beyond the fifth are usually omitted in the
use of a five -place table, as their retention does not add
much to the accuracy of the result. For the fifth figure,
however, we choose the one which gives most nearly the
true value of the number.
Thus, if the number is 157.032, we use 157.03;
" 157.036, " " 157.04;
" " " " 157.035. " " 157-04.
13. To find a number from its logarithm.
The process is the reverse of finding the logarithm from
the number; it is illustrated by the following examples:
Find the number of which 9.12872 — 10 is the logarithm.
Since the characteristic = — i, the decimal point will be before the
first figure of the number.
.12872 is opposite 134 and under 5 in the tables.
Hence .12872 = the mantissa of 1345,
and 9.12872— 10 = log. 1 345.
Find the number of which 9.12895 — 10 is the logarithm.
The mantissa .12895 is not i" the tables, but is
between .12905 = mantissa of 1346
and .12872= " " 1345.
.00033 = tne difference.
.12895 — mantissa given,
.12872 = mantissa of 1345, the smaller number,
23 = the difference.
Change §§ into a decimal. The first figure of this decimal will be
the figure in the fifth place of the number.
§f = .7 nearly.
Hence 9.12895 — 10 — log. 13457.
x INTRODUCTION TO THE TABLES.
An easy method of changing §§ into a decimal is to use the table
of proportional parts.
Under 33 is found 23.1 (= 23 nearly), which is opposite 7.
Hence H = -7 nearly.
The process we have employed in finding the logarithm
of a number of more than four figures, or the number corre-
sponding to a mantissa not given in the table, is called in-
terpolation.
EXAMPLES FOR THE USE OF LOGARITHMS.
16. Multiply 5789.2 by .018315.
tog 5789.2 = 3.76262
log .018315 =8.26281 — 10
2.02543 = log 106.03
Multiply 9.8764 by .10013.
log 9.8764 = 0.99460
log. 10013 = 9.00056— 10
9.99516 — 10 = log .98892
Find the value of 3.1416 X 7638.6 x .017829.
log 3.1416=0.49715
log 7638.6 = 3.88302
log .017829 = 8.251 13— 10
2.631 30 = log 427. 86
Divide 81.321 by 3.1416.
Iog8i.3i2 = 1.91021
log 3. 141 6 = 0.497 1 5
1.41306 =log 25.886
Find the value of (2.1345)'.
log 2. 1 345 =0.32930
5
1.64650 = log 44.310
Find the value ofy/.oio2i.
log .01021 = 8.00903 — 10
= 28.00903 — 30
28.00003 — 30
^ — ^-=9.33634 -10 = log. 21694
LOGARITHMS OF TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS, xi
17. The logarithm of — is called the cologarithm of m,
and is obtained by subtracting logm from zero.
Thus, if log m = 9.76423— 10, cologw =0.23577.
It is frequently shorter to add cologm than to subtract
logm when we wish to divide by a number m.
The following example illustrates this :
Find the value of 57fX42'24.
644.32
log 57. 98= 1.76328
log 42. 24= 1.62572
colog 644.32 = 7.19090— 10
0.57990 = log 3.801
USE OF THE TABLE OF LOGARITHMS OF TRIGONOMETRIC
FUNCTIONS. (TABLE n.)
18. For an angle less than 45°, the degrees are at the
head of the page, the minutes in the column at the left, and
"L. Sin.," "L. Tang.," etc., at the head of the correspond-
ing columns. For angles between 45° and 90°, the degrees
are at the foot of the page, the minutes in the column at
the right, and " L. Sin.," " L. Tang.," etc., at the foot of the
corresponding columns.
The characteristic is printed 10 too large where it would
otherwise be negative. Hence, in using this table, — 10 is
to be supplied, except for the cotangent of angles less than
45° and the tangent of angles from 45° to 90°.
EXAMPLES.
log sin 15° 25' = 9.42461 — 10.
log tan 28° 1 7' = 9.73084— 10.
log cos 62° 14' = 9.66827 — 10.
log cot 25° 34' = 0.3 2020.
xii INTRODUCTION TO THE TABLES.
19. If the given angle contains seconds, we may reduce
the seconds to a decimal of a minute and proceed as in
finding the logarithms of numbers. It must be remem-
bered, however, that log cos and log cot decrease as the
angle increases.
In practice we remember that 6" is one-tenth of a minute, and di-
vide the number of seconds by 6", then use the table of proportional
parts at the bottom of the page.
EXAMPLES.
Find log sin 28° 14' 36" (=log sin 28° 14.6').
log sin 28° 1 5' — log sin 28° 14' = 23 (found in column "d.")
log sin 28° 14' = 9.67492 — 10
23 X. 6 = 13.8= 14 nearly
log sin 28° 14' 36" = 9.67506— 10
Find log cos 39° 17' 22" (=log cos 39° 17.3!').
log cos 39° 1 7' = 9.8887 5— 10
log cos 39° 17' 22" = 9.88871 — 10
Find log tan 51° 27' 44" (=log tan 51° 27.7^').
log tan 51° 27' = .09862
log tan 51° 27' 44" = .0988 1
Find log cot 67° i8'46".
log cot 67° 1 8' =9.62150 — 10
6X.= 28
Hence log cot 67° 18' 46" = 9.62122 — 10
20. The 'process of finding an angle, if its logarithmic
sine or tangent, etc., is given, is the reverse of the pre-
ceding.
EXPLANATION OF THE TABLES. xiii
EXAMPLES.
Given log sin x = 9.67433 — 10 ; find x,
log sin 28° ii' = 9.6742 1 — 10
log sin ,r — log sin 28° ii' = 12
and log sin 28° 12' — log sin 28° H' = 24
Hence .r = 28° 1 1' 30" (££ of if being 30").
Find the angle whose log 005 = 9.88231 — 10.
log cos 40° 1 8' = 9.88234— 10.
60" x ft= 16".
Hence log cos 40° 18' 1 6" = 9.88231 — 10.
Find the angle whose log tan =0.17844.
log tan 56° 27 =0.17839.
6o"x&=u".
Hence ' log tan 56° 27' ii" = 0.17844.
Find the angle whose log cot = 9.87432 — 10.
log cot 53° 10' = 9.87448 — 10.
6o"xi£=37"-
Hence log cot 53° 10' 37" = 9.87432— 10.
EXPLANATION OF THE TABLES.
21. A dash above the terminal 5 of a mantissa, as 5, de-
notes that the true value is less than 5.
Thus, log 389 = 2.5899496 to seven places, but to five places
log 389 = 2.58995.
Tables I and II have already been explained.
TABLE III.
22. The logarithmic sine and tangent cannot be obtained
very accurately from Table II if the angle contains seconds
and is less than 2°.
Table III is to be used when greater accuracy in the sine
or tangent of a small angle is desired than can be obtained
xivr INTRODUCTION TO THE TABLES.
by the use of Table II. It is to be noted that the first page
of Table III gives the sine and tangent to every second for
angles less than 8'.
TABLE IV.
23. Naperian or "natural" logarithms are logarithms to
the base e ( = 2.71828 + ). The whole logarithm is given,
since the integral part cannot be supplied by inspection, as
with common logarithms.
TABLES V AND VI.
24. Four-place logarithms and logarithmic functions are
used instead of five-place if the results are sufficiently ac-
curate for the purpose in view.
In Table VI both the degrees and minutes are in the col-
umns at the sides of the page, otherwise this table does not
differ in form from Table II.
TABLE VII.
23. This table is identical with Table VI in form, but
gives the trigonometric functions themselves, instead of
their logarithms.
TABLES VIII, IX, X.
26. These tables require no explanation.
TABLE I
FIVE-PLACE LOGARITHMS
OF NUMBERS
100-130
N
O
1
2
3
4
5
O
7
8
9
100
oo ooo
o43
o87
i3o
i73
2I7
260
3o3
346
389
IOI
432
475
5i8
56i
6o4
647
689
732
775
817
102
860
9o3
945
988
*o3o
*072
*ii5
*i57
io3
01
284
326
368
4io
452
494
536
578
620
662
104
7o3
745
787
828
87o
912
953
995-
*o36
*o78
io5
02
119
1 60
202
243
284
325
366
407.
449
490
106
53i
572
612
653
694
735
776
816
857
898
107
938
979
'9
*o6o
*IOO
*i4i
*i8i
*222
*262
*302
108
o3
342
383
423
463
5o3
543
583
623
663
7o3
109
743
782
822
862
902
94 1
98i
*O2I
*o6o
*IOO
110
o4 1 3g
i79
218
258
297
336
376
415
454
493
1 1 1
532
57i
610
650
689
727
766
8o5
844
883
I 12
922
961
999
*o38,
*°77
*n5
*i54
*I92
*23l
*269
n3
o5
3o8
346
385
423
46 1
500
538
576
6i4
652
ii
4
690
729
767
805
843
881
9i8
956
994
*032
ii
5
06 070
1 08
i45
i83
221
258
296
333
37i
4o8
116
446
483
521
558
595
633
67o
7°7
744
78i
117
819
856
893
93o
967
*oo4
*o4i
*o78
*ii5
*i5i
1x8
07
188
225
262
298
335
372
4o8
445
482
5i8
119
555
59i
628
664
7oo
737
773
809
846
882
120
918
954
99°
*027
*o63
*°99
*i35
*i7i
*2O7
*a43
121
08
279
3i4
35o
386
422
458
493
529
565
600
122
636
672
707
743
778
8i4
849
884
92O
^955
123
991
*O26
*o6i
"096
*l32
*i67.
*2O2
*237
*272
124
09
342
377
4l2
447
482
617
552
587
621
656
125
691
726
760
796
83o
864
899
934
968
*oo3
126
10
o37
O72
1 06
i4o
175
209
243
278
3l2
346
I27
38o
4i5
449
483
5i7
55i
585
619
653
687
128
•721
755
789
823
857
890
924
958
992
*025
I29
ii
o5g
093
126
1 60
i93
227
261
294
327
36i
130
394
428
46 1
494
528
56i
594
628
661
694
N
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
PP
44
43 42
41 40 39
38 37 36
i
4.4
4.3 4.2
i
4.i
4.o
3.9
i
3.8
3.7
3.6
2
8.8
8.6 8.4
2
8.2
8.0
7-8
2
7.6
7-4
7-2
3
13.2
12.9 12.6
3
12.3
I2.O
n.7
3
n.4
ii. i
10.8
4
17.6
1-7.2 16.8
4
16.4
16.0
i5.6
4
15.2
1 4.8
i4.4
5
22. 0
21.5 21. 0
5
20. 5
20. o
i9.5
5
19.0
i8.5
18.0
6
26.4
25.8 25.2
6
24.6
24.0
23.4
6
22.8
22.2
21.6
7
3o.8
3o.i 29.4
7
28.7
28.0
27.3
7
26.6
25.9
25.2
8
35.2
34.4 33.6
8
32.8
32.0
3l.2
8
3o.4
29.6
28.8
9
39.6
9
36. 9
36.o
35.i
9
34.2
32.4
13O— 16O
N
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
130
1 1
394
428
46i
494
528
56i
594
628
661
694
i3
i
727
76o
793
826
860
893
926
959
992
*O24
I 32
12 057
090
123
i56
189
222
254
287
320
352
i33
385
4i8
45o
483
5i6
548
58 1
6i3
646
678
1 34
710
743
775
808
840
872
9°5
937
969
*OOI
i35
i3
o33
066
098
i3o
162
i94
226
258
290
322
1 36
354
386
4i8
45o
48 1
5i3
545
577
6o9
64o
i37
672
704
735
767
799
83o
862
893
925
956
1 38
988
*c
'9
*o5i
*082
*n4
*i4g
*i76
*208
*270
139
i4
3oi
333
364
395
426
457
489
52O
55i
582
140
6i3
644
675
7o6
737
768
799
829
860
89i
U
i
922
953
983
*oi4
+045
*o76
*io6
*i37
*i68
*i98
142
i5
229
259
290
320
35i
38i
412
442
473
5o3
M
3
534
564
594
625
655
685
7i5
746
776
806
i44
836
866
897
927
957
987
*OI7
*o47
*077
*IO7
i45
16
i37
167
i97
227
256
286
3i6
346
376
4o6
i46
435
465
495
524
554
584
6i3
643
673
702
i47
732
761
7<
pi
820
850
879
909
938
967
997
i48
i7
026
o56
085
n4
i43
i73
202
23l
260
289
149
3i9
348
377
4o6
435
464
493
522
•55i
58o
150
609
638
667
696
725
754
782
811
84o
869
i5
i
898
926
955
984
*oi3
*o4i
"070
*o99
*I27
*i56
i52
18
1 84
2l3
241
270
298
327
355
384
4l2
44 1
i53
469
498
526
554
583
611
639
6t>7
696
724
1 54
752
780
808
837
865
893
921
949
977
*oo5
i55
19 o33
06 1
o89
117
i45
i73
201
229
257
285
i56
312
34o
368
396
424
45i
479
5o7
535
562
i57
590
618
645
673
700
728
756
783
811
838
1 58
866
893
921
948
9-76
*oo3
*o3o
*o58
*o85
*II2
i59
20
i4o
167
i94
222
249
276
3o3
33o
358
385
160
412
439
466
493
520
548
575
602
629
656
N
O
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
PP
35
34
33
32 31 30 29 28 27
i
3.5
3.4
3.3
i
3.c
3.1
3.o i 2.9
2.8
2.7
2
7.0
6.8
6.6
2
6.4
6^2
6.0 2 5.8
5.6
5.4
3
io.5
IO.2
9-9
3
9.6
9-3
9.0 3 8.7
8.4
8.1
4
i4.o
i3.6
13.2
4
12.8
12.4
12. o 4 ii. 6
I 1. 2
10.8
5
i7.5
I7.0
i6.5
5
16.0
i5.5
i5.o $ i4.5
i4.o
i3.5
6
21. 0
20.4
19.8
6
19.2
18.6
18.0 6 17.4
16.8
16.2
7
24.5
.23.8
23.1
7
22.4
21,7
21. o 7 20. 3
19.6
18.9
8
28.0
27.2
26.4
8
25.6
24.8
24.0 8 23.2
22.4
21.6
°
3i.5
29.7
9
s8.8
57.9
27.0 9 26.1
25.2
24.3
16O-190
N
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
160
20 4l2
439
466
493
520
548
575
602
629
656
161
683
710
737
763
79°
817
844
871
898
925
162
952
978
*oo5
*032
*o59
*o85
*II2
*:39
*i65
*I92
i63
21
219
245
272
299
325
352
378
405
43i
458
1 64
484
5u
537
564
59o
617
643
669
696
722
i65
748
775
801
827
854
880
906
932
958
985
166
22
on
037
o63
089
u5
i4i
167
i $4
220
246
167
272
298
324
350
376
4oi
427
453
479
5o5
168
53i
557
583
608
634
660
686
712
737
763
169
7%
8i4
84o
866
891
917
943
968
994
*oi9
170
23 045
070
096
121
i47
172
198
223
249
274
171
3oo
325
35o
376
4oi
426
452
477
502
5a8
172
553
578
6o3
629
654
679
704
729
754
779
i73
805
83o
855
880
9°5
93o
955
980
*oo5
*o3o
1 74
24
055
080
105
i3o
155
180
204
229
254
379
i75
3o4
329
353
378
4o3
428
452
477
502
537
176
55i
576
601
625
650
674
699
724,
,748
773
177
797
822
846
871
895
920
944
969
993"
*oi8
178
25
042
066
091
n5
i39
1 64
188
212
237
261
179
285
3io
334
358
382
4o6
43i
455
479
5o3
180
527
55i
575
600
624
648
672
696
720
744
181
768
792
816
84o
864
888
912
935
959
983
182
26
007
o3i
055
079
1 02
126
i5o
1 74
198
221
i83
245
269
293
3i6
34o
364
387
4n
435
458
1 84
482
5o5
529
553
576
600
€23
647
670
694
i85
717
74i
764
788
811
834
858
881
9°5
928
186
95i
975
998
*02I
*o45
*o68
*09i
*u4
*i38
*i6i
187
27
1 84
207
23l
254
277
3oo
323
346
37o
393
1 88
4i6
439
462
485
5o8
53i
554
577
600
623
189
646
669
692
7i5
738
761
784
807
83o
85a
190
875
898
921
944
967
989
*OI2
*o35
*o58
*o8i
N
O
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8 9
PP 27
26
25
24 23 22
21 20 19
i
2-7
2.6
2.5
:
2.4
2.3
2.2
i
2.1
2.O
1.9
2
5.4
5.2
5.o
2
4.8
4.6
4.4
2
4.2
4.o
3.8
3
8.1
7.8
7-5
3
7.2
6.9
6.6
3
6.3
6.0
5-7
4
10.8
10.4
IO.O
4
9.6
9.2
8.8
4
8.4
8.0
7.6
5
i3.5
i3.o
12.5
5
12.0
ii.5
n.o
5
io.5
IO.O
9-5
6
16.2
i5.6
i5.o
6
i44
i3.8
13.2
6
12.6
I2*.0
n.4
7
18.9
18.2
i7.5
7
16.8
16.1
i5.4
7
i4.7
i4.o
i3.3
8
21.6
20.8
20. o
8
19.2
18.4
17.6
8
16.8
16.0
15.2
9
24.3
23.4
22.5
9
21.6
20.7
19.8
9
18.9
18.0 17.1
190-230
N
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
190
27876
898
921
944
967
989
*OI2
*o35
*o58
*o8i
191
28 io3
126
149
171
194
2I7
240
262
285
3o7
192
33o
353
375
398
421
443
466
488
5n
533
i93
556
578
601
623
646
668
691
7i3
735
758
194
780
8o3
825
847
87o
892
914
937
959
98i
i95
29 oo3
026
o48
O7O
092
115
i37
i59
181
203
196
226
248
270
292
3i4
336
358
38o
4o3
425
197
447
469
491
5i3
53s
557
579
601
623
645
198
667
688
710
732
754
776
798
820
842
863
199
885
9°7
929
95i
973
994
*oi6
*o38
*o6o
*o8i
200
3o io3
125
i46
1 68
190
211
233
255
276
298
201
32O
34 1
363
384
4o6
428
449
47i
492
5i4
202
535
557
578
600
621
643
664
685
707
728
203
750
771
792
8i4
835
856
878
899
920
942
2O4
963
984
*oo6
*027
*o48
*o69
*O9i
*II2
*i33
*i54
205
3i i75
197
218
239
260
281
302
323
345
366
206
387
4o8
429
450
47i
492
5i3
534
555
576
207
597
618
639
660
681
702
723
744
765
785
208
806
827
848
869
890
911
93i
962
973
994
209
32 015
o35
o56
077
098
118
i39
160
181
2OI
210
222
243
263
284
305
325
346
366
387
4o8
211
428
449
469
49o
5io
53i
552
572
593
6i3
212
634
654
675
695
7i5
736
756
777
797
818
2l3
838
858
879
899
919
94o
96o
980
*OOI
*O2I
2l4
33o4i
062
082
102
122
i43
i63
i83
203
224
2l5
244
264
284
3o4
325
345
36s
385
4o5
425
216
445
465
486
5o6
52.6
546
566
586
606
626
217
646
666
686
706
726
746
766
786
806
826
218
846
866
885
906
925
945
965
985
*oo5
*O25
219
34o44
o64
o84
io4
124
i43
i63
i83
203
223
220
242
262
282
3oi
321
34i
36i
38o
4oo
420
221
439
459
4?9
498
5i8
537
557
577
596
616
222
635
655
674
694
7i3
733
753
772
792
811
223
83o
850
869
889
908
928
947
967
986
*oo5
224
35 025
o44
o64
o83
102
122
i4i
1 60
1 80
I99
225
218
238
257
276
295
315
334
353
372
392
226
4n
43o
449
468
488
5o7
526
545
564
583
227
6o3
622
64i
660
679
698
717
736
755
774
228
793
8i3
832
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889
908
927
946
965
229
984
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230
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165
170
176
182
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209
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221
226
232
237
243
248
254
260
781
265
271
276
282
287
293
298
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321
326
332
337
343
348
354
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376
382
387
393
398
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801
807
812
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1
2
3
4
5
6
7
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185
190
196
201
206
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222
228
233
238
243
249
254
259
265
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275
281
286
291
297
302
307
312
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339
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350
355
36o
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376
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38i
387
392
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200
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258
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3
4
5
6
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2
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616
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717
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777
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812
817
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5o3 5o7
5l2
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527
532
537
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882
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567
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576
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596
601
606
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621
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660
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675
680
685
689
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694
699
7o4 7°9
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724
729
734
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753
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763
768
773
778
783
787
887
792
797
802
807
812
817
822
827
832
836
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84i
846
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861
866
871
876
880
885
889
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900
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910
9*5
919
924
929
934
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978
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89O— 93O
N
O
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a
3
4
5
6
7
8
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94939
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959
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105
109
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894
1 34
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168
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177
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182
187
192
197
202
207
211
216
221
226
896
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236
240
245
25o
255
260
265
270
274
897
279
284
289
294
299
3o3
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323
898
328
332
337
342
347
352
357
36i
366
37i
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38i
386
390
395
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900
424
429
434
439
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458
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472
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492
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535
54o
545
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554
559
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574
578
583
588
593
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602
607
612
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617
622
626
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636
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655
660
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670
674
679
684
689
694
698
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718
722
727
732
737
742
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761
756
907
761
766
770
775
78o
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794
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8o4
908
809
8i3
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828
832
837
842
847
852
909
856
861
866
871
875
880
885
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911
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166
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199
204
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2l3
218
223
227
232
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237
242
246
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256
261
265
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275
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284
289
294
298
3o3
3o8
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3i7
322
327
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332
336
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346
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355
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365
369
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920
379
384
388
393
398
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4o7
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421
921
426
43i
435
44o
445
450
454
459
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468
922
473
478
483
487
492
497
5oi
5o6
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923
52O
525
53o
534
539
544
548
553
558
562
924
567
572
577
58i
586
59i
595
600
605
609
925
6i4
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624
628
633
638
642
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652
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661
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67o
675
680
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689
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7o3
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722
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774
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872
876
881
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4
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6
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3
4
5
6
7
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881
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160
165
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1 74
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188
192
19-7
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206
211
216
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220
225
230
234
239
243
248
253
257
262
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267
271
276
280
285
290
294
299
3o4
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322
327
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336
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345
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359
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368
373
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382
387
391
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200
2O4
209
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218
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960
227
232
236
241
245
250
254
259
263
268
N
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3.2
9
4.5 9
3.6
26
960-1OOO
N
0
1
ti
3
4
5
6
7
8 9
960
98227
232
236
24 1
245
250
254
259
263
268
961
962
963
964
965
966
967
968
969
970
971
972
973
974
975
976
977
978
979
980
272
3i8
363
4o8
453
498
543
588
632
277
322
367
412
457
5O2
547
592
637
281
327
372
4i7
462
507
55b
597
64 1
286
33i
376
421
466
5n
556
601
646
29O
336
38i
426
47i
5i6
56i
6o5
65o
295
34o
385
43o
475
520
565
610
655
299
345
390
435
48o
525
57o
6i4
659
3o4
349
394
439
484
529
574
619
664
3o8
354
399
444
489
534
5-79
623
668
3i3
358
4o3
448
493
538
583
628
673
677
682
686
691
695
700
704
709
7i3
717
722
76.7
in
856
900
945
989
99 o34
078
726
771
816
860
9°5
949
994
o38
o83
73i
776
820
865
909
954
998
o43
087
735
780
825
869
914
958
*oo3
047
092
74o
784
829
874
918
963
*oo7
052
096
744
789
834
878
923
967
*OI2
o56
IOO
749
793
838
883
927
972
*oi6
06 1
105
753
798
843
887
932
976
*02I
065
109
758
802
847
892
936
981
*025
069
n4
762
807
85 1
896
94i
985
*029
074
118
123
127
i3i
i36
i4<>
i45
1 49
1 54
i58
162
981
982
983
984
985
986
987
988
989
990
991
992
993
994
995
996
997
998
999
1000
167
21 I
255
3oo
344
388
432
476
52O
171
216
260
3o4
348
392
436
48o
524
176
220
264
3o8
352
396
44 1
484
528
180
224
269
3i3
357
4oi
44s
489
533
185
229
273
3i7
36i
4o5
449
493
537
189
233
277
322
366
4io
454
498
542
I93
238
282
326
37o
4i4
458
502
546
198
242
286
33o
374
419
463
5o6
55o
202
247
291
335
379
423
467
5n
555
207
25l
295
339
383
427
47i
5i5
559
564
568
572
577
58i
585
590
594
599
6o3
607
65i
695
739
782
826
870
9i3
957
612
656
699
743
787
83o
874
917
961
616
660
704
747
791
835
878
922
965
621
664
708
752
795
839
883
926
97°
625
669
712
756
800
843
887
93o
974
629
673
717
760
8o4
848
891
935
978
634
677
721
765
808
852
896
939
983
638
682
726
769
8:3
856
9oo
944
987
642
686
73o
774
817
861
9o4
948
99i
647
691
734
778
822
865
909
952
996
00 OOO
oo4
009
oi3
017
022
026
o3o
o3§
o39
X
O
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
27
TABLE II
FIVE -PL ACE LOGARITHMS
OF THE
TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS
TO EVERY MINUTE
0°.
L. Sin.
d.
L. Tang.
d.
L. Cotg.
L.
Cos.
0
—
—
—
0 . OO OOO
60
I
6.46 373
30103
6.46 373
3.53627
O.OO OOO
59
2
3
6.94085
17609
6.76476
6.94085
30103
17609
3.23 524
3.o59i5
O.OO OOO
0.00 000
58
57
4
7.06679
12494
9691
7.06 579
12494
nfinr
2.9
3421
O.OO OOO
56
5
7.16 270
7018
7.16 270
909
2.8
373o
O.OO OOO
55
6
7.24 188
7910
7.24 188
791?
2.75 812
O.OO OOO
54
6694
6694
7
7.30882
7.30882
c8oo
2.69 1 1 8
O.OO OOO
53
8
7.36682
7.36682
2.633:8
O.OO OOO
52
9
7-4i 797
5"5
7-4i 797
5"5
2.58 2o3
O.OO OOO
5i
10
7.46373
7.46 373
457°
2.53 627
O.OO OOO
50
1 1
7.5o 5i2
4J39
7.5o 5i2
4139
2.49488
O.OO OOO
49
12
i3
7.54 291
7.57 767
3476
7.54 291
7.57767
3476
2.45 709
2.42 233
O.OO OOO
O.OO OOO
48
47
i4
i5
7.60985
7.63 982
3218
2997
7.60 986
7.63 982
3219
2996
2. Sg Ol4
2.36 018
0.00 000
O.OO OOO
46
45
16
7.66784
7.66785
2803
2.332:5
O.OO OOO
44
2633
263
1
17
7-69417
2483
7.69418
2482
2.3o 582
9-99999
43
18
7.71 900
7-74248
2348
7.71 900
7.74248
2348
2.28 :oo
2.25 752
9-99999
9-99999
42
4i
20
7.76475
2227
7.76476
2.23 524
9-99999
40
21
7-7*
J 594
7.78595
2.2: 405
9-99999
39
22
7.80615
7.80 6i5
2.:9385
9-99999
38
23
7.82545
1930
7.82546
*93
2.:7 454
9-99999
37
1848
184
1
24
7.84393
7-84394
2.: 5 606
9 -.99 999
36
25
7.8(
5 166
7.86167
2.:3833
9-99999
35
26
7.87870
1704
7.87871
1704
2.:2 :29
9-99999
34
1639
i63(
1
27
28
7«89 509
7.91 088
1579
7.89 5io
7.91 089
1579
2. :o 49o
2.08 9: i
9-99999
9-99999
33
32
29
7.92 612
1524
7.92 6i3
152-
\
2.07 387
9-99 99s
3:
30
7.94 o84
7.94 086
1
2.o5 9:4
9-99998
30
L. Cos.
d.
L. Cotg. d.
L. Tang.
L. Sin.
'
89° 3O .
PP
9691
4576
2997
2483
2119
I848
1704
1579
1472
.1
969
458
300
.x
248
212
185
.!
170
158
*47
.2
1938
.2
497"
424
37°
.2
341
316
294
•3
2907
1372
899
•3
745
636
554
•3
5"
474
442
•4
3876
1830
"99
•4
993
848
739
•4
682
632
589
5
4846
2288
1498
•5
1242
1060
924
•5
8.S2
789
736
.6
2646
1798
.6
i49p
I27I
1109
.6
IO22
947
883
•7
6784
3203
2098
• 7
1738
M83
1294
.7
"93
1105
1030
.8
7753
3661
2398
.8
1986
l695
1478
.8
1263
1178
4118 2697
1663
1421
1325
O° 3O .
L. Sin.
d.
L. Tang.
d.
L. Cotg.
L.
Cos.
30
7 . 94 o84
7.94 086
2.o5 914
9.99998
30
3i
32
7.95 5o8
7.96 887
1424
1379
7.96 5io
7.96 889
1424
1379
2.04 490
2.O3 III
9.99998
9.99998
29
28
33
7.98 223
133°
7-9*
1 225
2.01 775
9.99998
27
1297
129;
34
7.99 520
7.99 522
1259
2.OO 478
9.99998
26
35
36
8.00 779
8. 02 002
1223
1190
8.00 781
8.02 004
1223
1190
I.992I9
1.97996
9.99998
9.99998
25
24
37
8.o3 192
1158
8.o3 194
1159
I .96 806
9-99 997
23
38
8.o4 35o
1128
8.04353
i .96 647
9-99997
22
39
8.o5
478
8.o548i
i . 94 5 1 9
9-99997
21
40
8.06 578
8.06 58i
1.93419
9-99997
20
4i
8.07 650
1046
8.07 653
1047
1.92 347
9-99997
I9
42
8.08 696
8.08 700
i .91 3oo
9-99997
18
43
8.09 718
8.09 722
1022
i .90 278
9-99997
17
999
998
44
8. 10 717
976
8. 10 720
i .89 280
9.99996
16
45
8. ii
693
8. ii
696
1.88 3o4
9.99996
i5
46
8.12
647
954
8.12 65 1
955
1.87 349
9.99996
i4
47
8.i3 58i
934
8.i3 585
934
1.86415
9.99996
i3
48
8.i4
495
8. 1 4 500
i.85 5oo
9.99996
12
49
8.16391
896
8.i5395
895
0_0
i.84 605
9.99996
II
50
8.16268
877
8.16273
i. 83 727
9.99995
10
5i
8.17 128
840
8.17 i33
843
i .82 867
9.99996
9
52
8.17 971
8.17976
828
i .82 024
9-99 995
8
53
8.18 798
27
812
8.18 8o4
812
i .81 196
9-99995
7
54
55
' 8.19 610
8. 20 407
797
8.19 616
8.2o4i3
797
_0_
i. 80 384
1.79687
9-99995
9.99994
6
5
56
8.21
189
782
8.21 196
702
1.78 805
9.99994
4
57
8.21
968
769
8.21 964
769
7rA
1.78036
9.99994
3
58
8.22 713
755
8.22 720
1.77 280
9.99994
2
59
8.23456
743
8.23462
742
1.76 538
9-99 994
I
60
8.24 186
730
8.24 192
73°
1.75808
9.99993
0
L. Cos. d.
L. Cotg.
d.
L, Tang.
L.
Sin.
'
89°.
PP 1379
1223
IIOO
999
914
860
812
769
730
r
138
122
no
.1
IOO
9*
86
i
81
77
73
.2
276
245
220
.2
200
183
172
2
162
146
•3
414
367
330
•3
300
274
258
3
244
231
219
• 4
552
489
440
•4
400
366
344
4
325
308
292
690
612
500
457
430
5
406
tf-5
365
.6
827
734
660
.6
599
548
6
487
461
438
•7
96s
856
770
7
699
640
602
7
568
538
5"
.8
1103
978
880
.8
799
73i
688
8
650
615
584
uoi 990
9
899 823
774
9 731
692
657
3 1
1°.
,
L. Sin.
d.
L. Tang.
d.
L. Cotg.
L.
Cos.
0
8.24 186
8.24 192
i.75 808
9.99993
60
I
8.24903
717
706
8.24 910
710
706
i .75 090
9.99 993
59
2
8.25 609
8.25 616
1.74384
9.99 993
58
3
8.26 3o4
095
684
8.26 3i2
2J
1.73688
9.99993
5?
4
8.26 988
673
8.26 996
671
1.73 oo4
9.99992
56
5
8.27 661
8.27 669
i .72 33i
9.99 992
55
6
8.28 324
663
8.28 332
663
1.71 668
9.99992
54
7
8.28977
653
8.28 986
64?
1.71 oi4
9.99992
53
8
8 .29 621
8 .29 629
1.70 37i
9.99992
52
9
8.3o 255
°34
8.3o 263
634
i.69737
9-99991
5i
10
8,3o 879
024
616
8.3o888
625
i .69 112
9-99 991
50
n
8.3i
495
608
8.3i 5o5
17
607
i.68495
9-99 991
49
12
8.32 io3
8.32 112
1.67888
9.99990
48
:3
8.32 702
599
8.32 711
599
1.67 289
9-9999°
47
14
8.33 292
59°
8.33 3o2
^
1.66698
9.99990
46
i5
8.33875
8.33 886
5 4
i .66 1 14
9.99990
45
16
8.3445o
568
8.3446r
575
568
i.65539
9.99989
44
17
8.35oi8
560
8.35 029
i .64 971
9.99989
43
18
8.35 578
8.35 590
5
i .64 4io
9.99989
42
19
8.36 i3i
553
8.36 i43
553
i.63857
9-99 989
4i
20
8. 36 678
8. 36 689
M°
i.63 3n
9.99 988
40
21
8.37 217
533
8.37 229
54°
i .62 771
9-99988
39
22
8.37750
526
8.37 762
1.62 238
9.99988
38
23
8.38 276
520
8.38 289
527
520
i .61 711
9.99987
3?
24
8.38 796
514
8.38 809
i .61 191
9.99987
36
25
8.39 3io
8.39 323
i .60 677
9.99987
35
26
8. 398i8
SOB
8.39832
s°9
i. 60 168
9.99986
34
27
8.4o 320
502
406
8.4o 334
502
406
1.59666
9.99986
33
28
8.4o 816
8.4o83o
i .5
9 170
9.99 986
32
29
8.4i 307
491
8.4i 32i
491
i.5
8679
9.99 985
3i
30
8.4i 792
485
8.4i 807
486
i.58 i93
9.99985
30
L. Cos.
d.
L. Cotg. d.
L. Tang.
L.
Sin.
'
88° 30 .
PP
706
663
634
599
575
553
533
SM
496
.!
70.6
66.3
63.4
.1
59-9
57-5
55-3
.!
53-3
51-4
49-6
.2
141.2
132.6
126.8
.2
119.8
115.0
1 10. 6
.2
106.6
102.8
99.2
•3
211. 8
198.9
190.2
•3
179.7
172-5
165.9
•3
159-9
I54-2
148.8
•4
282.4
265.2
253-6
•4
239.6
230.0
221.2
•4
213.2
205.6
198.4
• 5
353-°
33I-5
317-°
t e
299-5
287.5
276.5
• 5
266.5
257.0
248.0
.6
423.6
397-8
380.4
6
359-4
345-0
33^.8
.6
319.8
308.4
297.6
• 7
494.2
464.1
443-8
•7
4r9-3
402.5
387.1
.7
373-1
359-8
347-2
.8
564.8
53°- 4
507.2
.8
479-2
460.0
442-4
.8
426.4
411.2
396.8
.9 635.4
596.7 ' 570.6
539.1 5T7-5
497 -J
•9 479-7
446.4
32
>
L. Sin.
d.
L. Tang.
d.
L. Cotg.
L.
Cos.
30
8.4i 792
8.4i 807
i .5s i93
9.99985
30
3i
32
8.42 272
8.42 746
480
474
8.42 287
8.42 762
475
i.577i3
1.57 238
9.99985
9.99 984
29
28
33
8.43 216
470
464
8.43 232
470
464
i.56 768
9.99984
27
34
35
8.43 680
8.44 i39
459
8. 43 696
8.44 i56
460
i.56 3o4
i.55 844
9.99984
9.99 983
26
25
36
8 .44 594
455
8.446u
455
i.55389
9.99983
24
37
38
8.45 o44
8.45489
45<>
445
8.45o6i
8.45 507
450
446
1.54939
1.54493
9.99983
9.99982
23
22
39
8.45 930
441
8.45 948
44'
i.54o52
9.99982
21
40
8.46 366
430
8.46385
437
i.536i5
9.99982
20
4i
8.46 799
433
8.46817
432
428
i.53 i83
9.99 981
19
42
8.47 226
8.47 245
1.52 755
9.99981
18
43
8.47650
424
8.47 669
424
i.52 33i
9.99981
'7
419
4*
44
45
8.48 069
8.48485
416
8.48 089
8.485o5
416
i . 5i 911
i.5i 495
9.99980
9.99980
16
i5
46
8.48896
411
408
8.4*
J 917
412
408
j.5i o83
9.99979
i4
47
8.49 3o4
8.49 325
i 5o 675
9.99979
i3
48
8.49 708
404
8.49 729
i .5o 271
9.99979
12
49
8.5o 1 08
400
8.5o i3o
401
i .49 870
9.99 978
I I
50
8.5o 5o4
39°
8.5o 527
397
i .49 473
9.99978
10
5i
8.5o 897
393
8.5o 920
393
i .49 080
9.99977
9
52
8.5i
287
-Of:
8.5i 3io
-Of.
i .48 690
9.99977
8
53
8.5i
673
330
382
8.5i 696
300
383
i.48 3o4
9 99977
7
54
8.52 o55
8.52 079
180
i .47 921
9.99976
6
55
8.52434
8.52459
i.4754i
9.99976
5
56
8.52 810
376
8.52 835
376
1.47 i65
9.99975
4
373
37:
57
8.53 i83
060
8.53 208
i .46 792
9-99975
3
58
8.53 552
8.53 578
i .46 422
9.99974
2
59
8.53 919
367
8. 53 945
367
,6,
i.46o55
9.99974
I
60
8.54 282
8.54 3o8
i .45 692
9-99 974
0
L. Cos. d.
L. Cotg.
d.
L. Tang.
L.
Sin.
!
88°.
PP
470
455
441
424
4o8
396
386
376
367
.!
47.0
45-5
44.1
.1
42.4
40.8
39-6 -i
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308.8
300.8
293-6
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409. 5 396. 9
381.6 367.2
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338.4
33°-3
33
2°.
/
L.
Sin.
d.
L. Tang.
d.
L. Cotg.
L.
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0
8.54282
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8.54 3o8
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9.99974
60
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8.54642
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8.54669
358
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8.55 027
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346
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8.56 773
344
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9.99 97o
53
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8.67 o84
8.57 n4
1.42 886
9.99 9-70
52
9
8.57 421
337
8.57452
338
1.42 548
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8.57757
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8.57788
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50
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8.58 121
333
33°
I .4l 879
9.99968
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8.584i9
8.58747
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8.60 384
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8.61 282
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8.61 3i9
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9.99963
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22
8.61 589
8.61 626
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38
23
8.61 894
8.61 931
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9.99962
37
302
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1
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8.62 196
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8.62234
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9.99962
36
25
8.62 497
8.62 535
1.37465
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26
8.62795
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8.62 834
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1.37 166
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27
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8.63 091
8.63 385
296
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8.63426
297
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8. 63 968
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8.64 009
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L.
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Sin.
'
87° 3O'.
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360
350
34°
33°
320
310
300
290
285
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35
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33
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248
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30
8.63 968
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8.66 269
278
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23
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8.66 497
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8.70 962
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4
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8.71 i5i
8.71 208
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8.71 880
8.71 940
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L.
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87°.
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280
275
270
265
260
255
250
245
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26.5
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192.5
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178-5
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0
8.71 880
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239
238
237
235
234
232
232
230
229
228
226
226
224
223
222
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216
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213
212
211
210
209
208
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241
239
239
237
236
234
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232
231
229
229
227
226
225
224
222
222
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216
215
214
213
211
211
210
209
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2
3
4
5
6
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8. 72359
8.72 597
8.72 834
8.73069
8.73 3o3
8.73 535
8.73 767
8.73 997
8.72 181
8.72 420
8.72 659
8.72 896
8.73i32
8.73366
8.73 600
8.73832
8 . 74 06-3
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1.27 58o
1.27 34 i
1.27 io4
1.26868
1.26634
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1.26 168
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9.99939
9.99938
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9.99936
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59
58
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56
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54
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8.74 226
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8.74 680
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8.76oi5
8.76234
8.74 52i
8. 74748
8.74974
8.75 199
8.75 423
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8.75867
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8.76 3o6
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1.24 577
1.24355
1.24 i33
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9.99933
9.99932
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9.99931
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8.7645i
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40
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27
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8. 76 883
8.77097
8.77 3io
8.77 522
8.77943
8.78 i52
8.78 36o
8.76 742
8.76958
8.77173
8.77387
8.77 600
8.77 811
8.78 022
8.78232
8.7844i
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I .22 827
1.22 6l3
I .22 400
I .22 189
I .21 978
I. 21 768
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9.99926
9.99925
9.99924
9.99923
9.99923
9.99922
9.99921
9.99920
9.99 920
39
38
37
36
35
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33
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8.78 568
8.78 649
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80
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238
234
229
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225
220
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208
204
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187.2
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40.8
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30
8.78 568
8.78 649
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8.78 774
8.78 855
206
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1.21 145
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29
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26
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8.79789
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86°.
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0
8.84358
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1 66
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1. 12 047
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1. 1 1 880
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8.88 287
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9.99871
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8.8
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27
8.88 980
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8.89 in
163
1.10889
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28
8.8
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8.89 274
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9.99868
32
29
8.89 3o4
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163
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30
8.89464
8.89 598
I.I0402
9.99 866
30
L.
Cos.
d.
L. Cotg.
d.
L. Tang.
L.
Sin.
9
85° 30 .
PP
181
179
177
175
173
171
1 68
166 164
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18.1
17.9
17.7
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17-5
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17.1 ; i
16.8
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33.6
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51.3 3
50.4
49.8 49.2
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72.4
71.6
70.8
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68.4 4
67.2
66.4 65.6
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88.5
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86. S
85-5 ' 5
84.0
83.0 82.0
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108.6
107.4
106.3
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105.0
103.8
102.6 | 6
100.8
99.6 98.4
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126.7
125-3
123.9
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121. 1
119.7 • .7
117.6
116.2 114.8
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143.2
141.6
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138.4
136.8 : .8
134-4
132.8 131.2
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162.9
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38
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30
8.89464
8.89 598
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9.99 866
30
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159
8.89 760
8.89 92o
162
160
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10 080
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28
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8.9o 080
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1.09 443
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15
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37
38
8.9o 674
8.9o 730
156
8.90715
8.90872
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1.09 285
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9.99859
9.99 858
23
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8.91 029
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21
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8.91 185
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1.08 8 1 5
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8.9i 655
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8.92 56 1
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8.92 716
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8.92866
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8.93885
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8.94 049
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8.94 o3o
8.94 195
i.o5 805
9.99 834
0
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L. Cotg.
d.
L. Tang.
L
Sin.
'
85°.
PP
162
160
159
157
155
153
151
149
147
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89.4
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104.3
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8 .94 o3o
8.94 195
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8.94485
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8.95 344
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8.96 i43
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8.96 325
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39
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8.97 285
1-36
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8.98 358
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30
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84° 3O .
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145
143
141
139
138
136
135
133
131
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d.
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30
8.98 157
8.98 358
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30
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28
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27
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8.99 i45
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25
24
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8.99275
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8.99 322
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8.99 534
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127
127
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128
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8.99919
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9.00 174
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9-99 768
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84°.
PP
13°
129
128
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122
121
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25.8
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24.2
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38.7
38.4
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36-9
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51.6
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48.4
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64.0
63.0
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61.5
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78.0
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76.8
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73-8
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72.6
72.0
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89.6
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88.2
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86.1
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84.7
84.0
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100.8
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112.5
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110.7
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97.6
109.8
108.9
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d,
L.
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0
9.01 923
9.02 162
0.97 838
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60
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120
9.02 283
121
0.97 717
9.99760
59
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58
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30
L.
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83?° 30 .
PP
121
120
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117
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72.6
72.0
71.4
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70.8
70.2
69.6
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69.0
68.4
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84.0
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82.6
81.9
81.2
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79.8
79.1
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96.8
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91.2
90.4
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107.1 .9
106.2
105.1
104.4
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101.7
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L.
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109
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9.09 019
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9.99 642
9.99 64o
9.99 638
9.99 637
9 .99 635
9.99 633
9.99 632
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9.99 629
39
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37
36
35
34
33
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6
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9. 19 o33
9. 19 56i
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0.80439
9
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5
56
9.19 1 13
80
9.19 643
82
0.80 357
9
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4
57
9. 19 193
80
9.19 725
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O.8o 275
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3
58
9.19 273
9.19 807
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93
9.99 466
2
59
9.19353
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9. 19 889
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9
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60
9.19433
9.19 971
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9
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0
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L. Cos.
d.
L. Cotg.
d.
L. Tang.
L. Sin.
81°.
PP
86
85
84
83
82
81
80
8.6
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8.3
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33-6
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32.8
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32.0
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41.0
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58.8
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58.1
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68.0
67.2
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66.4
65.6
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64.8
64.0
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9
72.9
72.0
47
9°.
I
L. Sin.
d.
L. Tang.
d.
L. Cotg.
L. Cos.
0
9.19 433
9. 19 971
0.80 029
9
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60
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9,19 5i3
9.20 o53
82
81
0.79 947
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9.19 592
9.20 1 34
0.79 866
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58
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9. 19 672
79
9.20 216
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0.79 784
9
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9.19 761
9.20 297
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0.79 703
9
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9.19 83o
9.20 378
0.79 622
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55
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9.19909
79
9.20 459
0.79 54i
9
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54
79
81
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9.20 54o
0.79 46o
9
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53
8
9.20 067
9.20 621
0.79 379
9
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9
9.20 i45
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9.20 701
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°-79 299
9
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9.20 223
9.20 782
0.79 218
9
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50
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9.20 3o2
79
78
9.20 862
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0.79 i38
9
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49
12
9.20 38o
9.20 942
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9
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48
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9.20458
7°
77
9.21 022
80
0.78 978
9
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47
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9.20 535
78
9.21 102
80
0.78 898
9
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46
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9.20 6i3
9.21 l82
0.78 818
9
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45
16
9.20 691
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9.21 26l
79
80
0.78739
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44
17
9.20 768
9.21 34i
0.78 659
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43
18
9.20 845
9.21 420
0.78 58o
9
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42
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9.20 922
77
9.21 499
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0.78 5oi
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9.20999
9.21 578
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40
21
9.21 076
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9.21 657
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22
9.21 i53
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9.21 736
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0.78 264
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23
9.21 229
77
9.21 8i4
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79
0.78 186
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37
24
9.21 3o6
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9.21 893
78
0.78 107
9
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36
25
9.21 382
9.21 971
0.78 029
9
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35
26
9.21 458
76
9 . 22 o4g
7°
78
o.7795i
9
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34
27
9.21 534
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9-22 127
78
0.77873
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33
28
9,21 610
9-22 2O5
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32
29
9.21 685
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9.22 283
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0.77 717
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30
9.21 76
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9.22 36i
0.77 639
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30
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L. Cotg. d.
L. Tang.
L. Sin.
8O° 3O .
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79
78
77
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56.7
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61.6
60.8
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72.9
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,
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30
9.21 761
9.22 36i
0.77 639
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9.21 836
75
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9.22 438
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0.77 562
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9.21 912
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0.77 407
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9.22 062
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9.22 670
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35
9.22 187
9.22 747
0.77 253
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9.22 211
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9.22 824
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0.77 176
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9.22 286
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0.77099
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9.22 36i
9.22 977
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0.77 O23
9
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22
39
9.22435
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9.23 o54
77
0.76 946
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21
40
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9.23 i3o
0.76 870
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20
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9.22 583
74
74
9.23 206
70
0.76 794
9
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19
42
9.22 657
9.23 283
0.76 717
9
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18
43
9.22 731
74
74
9.23 SSg
7°
76
0.76641
9
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17
44
9.22 805
9.23435
0.76 565
9
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16
45
9.22 878
9.23 5io
0.76 490
9
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46
9.22 952
74
9.23 586
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9
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9.23 O25
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9.23 661
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76
0.76 339
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9.23 098
9.23 737
0.76 263
9
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12
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9.23 171
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9.23 812
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0.76 188
9
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50
9.23 244
9.23 887
0.76 1 13
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10
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9.33317
73
9.23 962
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0.76 o38
9
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9
52
9.23 390
9. 24 037
0.75 963
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8
53
9.23462
72
73
9.24 112
74
0.75888
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54
9.23535
9.24 186
0.75 8i4
9
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6
55
9.23 607
9.24 261
0.75 739
9
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5
56
9.23 679
72
9.24335
74
0.75 665
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4
73
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57
9.23 752
9.24 4io
0.75 590
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3
58
9.23 823
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59
9.23 895
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9.24558
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0.75 442
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60
9.23 967
9.24 632
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0
L. Cos.
d.
L. Cotg.
d.
L. Tang.
L. Sin.
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80°.
PP 77
76
75
74
73
72
71
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7-5
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3°-4
30.0
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29.6
29.2
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28.8
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38-0
37-5
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37-°
36.5
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d.
L.
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L. Cotg.
L. Cos.
d.
0
9.23 967
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24 632
74
73
74
73
74
73
73
73
73
73
72
73
72
73
72
72
72
72
72
71
72
71
72
71
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0.75 368
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335
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2
3
4
5
6
7
8
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9.24 no
9.24 181
9.24253
9.24 324
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9.24466
9.24536
9.24 607
71
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71
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2
3
2
2
3
2
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59
58
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56
55
54
53
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9.24818
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9.25 028
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9.25 168
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70
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70
70
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25 582
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299
297
294
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9.25 376
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0.73 914
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21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
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9.25445
9.25 5i4
9.25 583
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9.25 721
9.25 790
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288
285
283
281
278
276
274
271
269
39
38
37
36
35
34
33
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30
9. 26 o63
9-
26 797
0.73 2o3
9.99
267
30
L. Cos.
d.
L.
Cotg.
d.
L. Tang.
L. Sin.
d.
79° 30'.
PP
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74
73 72
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70
69
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14.6 14.4
21.9 21.6
29.2 28.8
36.5 36.0
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58.4 57.6
65.7 64.8
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28.4
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42.6
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56.0
6.9
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27.2 1.2
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30
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36
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0.72 852
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70
0.72 782
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9.26 538
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L.
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79°.
PP
70
69
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L. Cotg.
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0
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67
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0.71 135
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50
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9.39467
9.39 5i7
9.39 566
9.39615
9.39 664
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9.39 762
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49
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9.98 295
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9
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o.54 298
9.98 288
3
I
60
9-44
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44
9
.45750
4°
0.54 25o
9.98
284
0
L. Cos.
d.
L
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d.
L. Tang.
L. Sin.
d.
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74°
.
PP
49
48 47
46
45
44
4
3
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4-9
4-8 4-7
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L. Cotg.
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0
9.44 o34
9.45 750
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9
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60
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9.44078
9.45 797
47
0.54 203
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59
2
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3
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6
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9.46 319
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9
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4
46
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45
16
9.44733
44
9-46 507
47
0.53493
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3
44
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9-44 776
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4
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4
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9.46 928
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33
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32
29
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43
9-47
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o.52 886
9
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30
9.45334
42
9.47 160
46
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9
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30
L. Cos.
d.
L. Cotg.
d.
L. Tang.
L.Sin. Id.
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73° 3D .
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48
47
46
45
44
43
42
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L. Sin.
d.
L. Tang. d.
L. Cotg.
L. Cos.
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30
9.45 344
9.47 160
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9
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30
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42
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9.47 253
47
46
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9.48 534
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0
L. Cos.
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L. Cotg.
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L, Tang.
L. Sin.
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73°.
PP
47
46
45
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43
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L. Cos.
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0
9 .46 594
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45
45
45
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3
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5
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9.46 676
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9.46 882
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41
41
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40
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40
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9.48 579
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1.6 1.2
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17° 30
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9-97
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10
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9
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0.49 211
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9
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9
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9-97
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8
53
9.48
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39
9
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0.49 o38
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39
9
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0.48 995
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4
57
9-48
881
39
9
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43
0.48952
9-97
833
4
4
3
58
9-48
920
9
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o.48 908
9-97
820
2
59
9-48
959
39
9
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43
0.48865
9-97
825
I
60
g.48
998
39
9
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43
o.48 822
9-97
821
0
L. Cos. d.
L
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L. Sin. d.
f
72°
PP
44
43
42
*
40
39
5 4
,
4-4
4-3
4.2
.1
4.1
4.0
3-9
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0.5 0.4
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8.8
8.6
8.4
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8.2
8.0
7.8
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13.2
12.9
12.6
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11.7
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17.2
16.8
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20.5
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26.4
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24.6
24.0
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3.0 2.4
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30.8
30.1
29.4
• 7
28.7
28.0
27-3
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3-5 2.8
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35-2
34-4
33-6
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32-8
32.0
31.2
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4.0 3.2
9 39-6
38-7 37- 8
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36.0
35- x
4-5 3-6
65
18C
L. Sin.
! d.
L. Tang.
d.
L. Cotg.
L. Cos.
d.
0
9.48 998
9-5i 178
40
0.48 822
9
97821
60
I
9.49 037
39
9-51 221
43
0.48 779
9
97817
59
2
9.49 076
9.61 264
o.48 736
9
97812
58
3
9.49 115
39
38
9. 5 1 3o6
43
o.48 694
9
97 808
4
57
4
9.49 i53
9.5i 349
43
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9
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9.49 192
9.5i 392
o.48 608
9
97 800
55
6
9.49 23i
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9.5i4
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o.48 565
9
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4
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38
43
4
7
9.49 269
9.51478
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0.48 522
9
97792
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8
9.49 3o8
9.5i 5-
20
o.4848o
9
97788
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9
9.49 347
39
9.5i 563
43
0.48437
9
97784
4
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10
9.49 385
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9. 5 1 606
o.48 3g4
9
97779
50
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9.49 424
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9.61 648
0.48352
9
97775
49
12
9.49 462
3
9.5i 691
o.48 309
9
97 771
48
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9.49 5oo
38
9.5i 734
43
o.48 266
9
97 767
4
47
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9.49 539
39
,0
9.61 776
42
0.48 224
9
97763
4
46
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9.49 577
3°
9-5i 819
0.48 181
9
97 759
45
16
9.49 6 1 5
38
9-5i 861
42
o.48 139
9
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5
44
17
9.49654
39
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9-5i 903
42
0.48 097
9
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4
43
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9.49692
9. 5 1 946
o.48o54
9
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42
19
9.49 73o
38
9.5i 9!
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42
O.48 012
9
97 742
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20
9.49 768
38
9.52 o3i
43
0.47 969
9
97738
40
21
9.49806
38
-0
9.52 073
42
0.47 927
9
97734
4
39
22
9.49844
3°
9.52 1 15
0.47885
9
97 729
38
23
9.49882
38
9.52 157
42
0.47843
9
97725
4
37
24
9.49920
38
_0
9.52 200
43
42
O.47 8OO
9
97 721
4
36
25
9.49958
3°
9.52 242
0.47758
9
97 7*7
35
26
9.49996
38
9.52 284
42
0.47 716
9
97 7i3
4
34
27
9.5o o3^
38
9.52 326
42
42
0.47 674
9
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5
33
28
9.5o 072
3°
9.52 368
0.47 632
9
97 7°4
32
29
9.5o 1 10
38
9.524
10
42
0.47 590
9
97 700
4
3i
30
9.5o i48
38
9.52 452
0.47548
9
97696
4
30
L. Cos.
d.
L. Cotg.
d.
L. Tang.
L. Sin.
d.
71° 3D.
PP
43
42
39
38
5
4
.1
4-3
4.2
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3-9
3-8
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8.6
8.4
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12.6
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11.7
11.4
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21.5
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29.4
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3-5
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31.2
30.4
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4.0
3-2
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38.7
37-8
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4-5 3-6
66
18° 3O
L. Sin.
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L. Tang.
d.
L. Cotg.
L. Cos.
d.
30
9. 5o i48
9.52 452
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47548
9.97696
30
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9.5o i85
38
9.52
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29
32
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26
35
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36
9-5o 374
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24
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42
37
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23
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9.52
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22
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9-5o486
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21
40
9.5o 523
37
9.52
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47 i3o
9-97
653
20
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9.5o 56i
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9.52
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19
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9.52
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47 047
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18
43
9.5o635
37
9.52 995
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0.47 005
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5
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9.5o 673
38
9.53 037
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9.97636
4
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9-5o 710
9.53078
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9-97
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9.53
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42
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9.50896
38
9.53
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9.5o933
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9.53
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9.5o 970
37
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9.53 409
41
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36
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46550
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37
9.53
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5
56
9.5i 117
37
9.53
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46 467
9-97
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57
9.5i i54
37
9.53
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41
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4
3
58
9-5i 191
37
9.53
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2
59
9-5i 227
36
9.53
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46 344
9-97
671
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60
9. 5 1 264
37
9.53
697
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46 3o3
9-97
567
0
L. Cos.
d.
L. Cotg.
d. j L.
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d.
71°.
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38
37
36
5
4
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28.7
26.6
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3-5
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32.8
30.4
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28.8
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36.9 34.2
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4-5
67
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,
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d.
L. Tang.
d.
L
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L. Cos. d.
0
9.5i 264
9.53 697
0
46 3o3
9-97
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9.5i 3oi
37
9.53738
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46 262
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5
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9.5i 774
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9-54
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45 691
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45 569
9-97
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9.5i95
5
36
9-54
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4°
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45 529
9-97
484
4
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20
9.5i99i
3°
9-54
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41
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45488
9-97479
40
21
9.52 027
36
9-54
552
4°
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45448
9-97475
4
39
22
9.52 o63
9-54
593
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45407
9-97
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38
23
9.52 099
3°
9.54633
40
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45 367
9-97
466
4
37
36
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5
24
9.52 i3
5
16
9-54
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45 327
9-97
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36
25
9.52 171
9-54
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45 286
9-97
457
35
26
9.52 207
36
9-54
4°
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45 246
9-97
453
4
34
27
9.52 242
35
16
9-54
794
40
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45 206
9-97
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5
33
28
9.52 278
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45 i65
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32
29
9.52 3i4
36
9.54
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40
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45 125
9-97
439
b
3i
30
9.52 350
36
9.54
915
4°
0.
45 o85
9-97
435
30
L. Cos.
d.
L. Cotg.
d.
L.
Tang.
L. Sin.
d.
7O° 3D .
PF
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40
37
36
35
5 4
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3-7
3-6
3-5
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32.0
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28.0
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36.0 33.3
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31-5
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68
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d.
L. Tang.
d.
L
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L. Cos.
d.
30
9.52 350
35
36
35
36
35
36
35
36
35
36
35
35
36
35
35
35
35
35
35
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40
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40
40
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40
40
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40
40
40
39
40
40
40
39
40
40
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40
39
40
39
40
39
40
39
39
40
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45o85
9.97435
5
4
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4
5
4
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4
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32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
9.52 385
9.52 421
9.52456
9.52 492
9.52 527
9.52 563
9.52 598
9.52634
9.52 669
9.54905
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45 045
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9.97 399
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29
28
27
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24
23
22
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9.52 705
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42
43
44
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9.52 740
9.52 775
9.52 811
9.52 846
9.52 881
9.52 916
9.52 gSi
9.52 986
9.53 021
9-55355
9.55395
9.55434
9.55474
9.555i4
9.55554
9.55593
9.55633
9.55673
0.44645
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0.44566
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o.44 407
o.44 367
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9-97
9-97
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9-97
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376
372
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363
358
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52
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55
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57
58
59
9.53 092
9.53 126
9.53 161
9-53 196
9.53 23i
9-53 266
9.53 3oi
9.53 336
9.53 37o
3°
34
35
35
35
35
35
35
34
9.55 752
9-55 791
9. 5583i
9-55 870
9. 55 910
9-55 949
9.55 989
9.56 028
9.56 067
o.44 248
o.44 209
0.44 169
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o.44 090
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o.43 972
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9-97
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9-97
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335
33i
326
322
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5
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9
8
7
6
5
4
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60
9.534o5
35
9.56
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299
0
L.Cos. d.
L. Cotg.
d.
L.
Tang.
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d.
/
70°.
PP 40
39
36
35
34
.1
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3-5 2.8
4-0 3-2
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69
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L. Sin.
d.
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L.
Cotg.
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0
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9.57
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9.54433
34
9.57
274
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42 726
9-97
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30
L. Cos.
d.
L. Cotg. d.
L. Tang.
L.Sin.
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69° 3O .
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39
38
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27.2
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4.0
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70
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L. Tang. d.
L.
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L. Cos.
d.
30
9.54433
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9.55 367
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9.55 4oo
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9.58
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9.55433
33
9.584i8
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4i 582
9-97
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0
L. Cos.
d.
L. Cotg.
d.
L.
Tang.
L.Sin.
d.
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69°.
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38
37
34
33
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3-8
3-7
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26.6
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3-5 2.8
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26.4
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4.0 3.2
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34-2 33-3
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29.7
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4-5 3-6
71
21°.
1
L. Sin.
d.
L. Tang.
d.
L. Cotg.
L. Cos.
d.
0
9.55433
33
33
33
32
33
33
33
32
33
9.584i8
37
38
38
38
37
38
37
38
38
37
38
37
38
37
37
38
37
38
37
37
37
38
37
37
37
37
38
37
37
37
o.4i 582
9.97 oi5
5
5
4
5
5
5
5
5
5
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4
5
5
5
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5
5
4
5
5
5
5
5
5
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2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
9.55466
9.55499
9.55532
9. 55 564
9.55597
9.55 63o
9.55663
9.55695
9.55 728
9.58 455
9.58493
9. 5853i
9.58 569
9.58 606
9.58 644
9.58 681
9 58 719
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o.4i 469
o.4i 43i
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o.4r 356
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9.55826
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9-55 891
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9.55988
9.56 02 1
9.56o53
33
32
33
32
33
32
33
32
32
33
32
32
33
32
32
32
32
32
33
9.58832
9.58869
9-58 907
9.58944
9.58 981
9.59 019
9.59 o56
9.59 094
9.59 i3i
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o.4i o56
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9.96 962
9.96957
9.96 952
9.96947
9.96 942
9.96937
9.96 932
9.96927
9 . 96 922
49
48
47
46
45
44
43
42
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9-56o85
9.59 168
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9.96917
40
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
9,56 118
9.56 iScf
9-56 182
9.56 215
9.56 247
9.56 279
9. 563u
9. 56 343
9.56 375
9.59 2o5
9.59 243
9.59 280
9-59 317
9.59 354
9.59 391
9.59 429
9.59 466
9.59 5o3
o.4o 795
o.4o 757
o.4o 720
o.4o683
o.4o646
o.4o 609
o.4o 571
o.4o534
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9.96 912
9.96907
9.96 903
9.96 898
9.96 893
9.96 888
9.96 883
9.96 878
9.96 873
39
38
37
36
35
34
33
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3i
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9.56 4o8
9.59^540
o.4o 46o
9.96 868
30
L. Cos.
d.
L. Cotg.
d.
L. Tang.
L. Sin.
d.
68° 30'.
PP
.1
.2
•3
•4
• 7
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—
38
37
33
32
5
4
11.4
15-2
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22.8
26.6
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0.8
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1.6
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72
21° 3O
L. Sin.
d.
L. Tang. d.
L. Cotg.
L. Cos.
d.
30
9.564o8
32
32
32
32
32
31
32
32
32
9. 59 54o
37
37
37
37
37
37
37
36
37
37
37
37
36
37
37
37
36
37
37
36
37
36
37
36
37
36
37
36
37
36
o.4o 46o
9
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5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
6
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5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
30
3i
32
33
34
35
36
38
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9-56 44o
9.56 472
9.565o4
9.56536
9.56 568
9. 56 599
9. 5663i
9.56663
9-56 695
9.59 577
9.59 6i4
9.59 65i
9.59 688
9-59 725
9.59 762
9.59799
9.59835
9.59 872
0.40 423
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o.4o 349
o.4o 3i2
o.4o 275
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9.96 863
9.96 858
9.96853
9.96848
9.96 843
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9.96833
9.96 828
9.96 823
29
28
27
26
25
24
23
22
21
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9.56 727
9.59909
o.4o 091
9
96 818
20
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42
43
44
45
46
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48
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9.56 759
9-56 790
9.56822
9.56854
9.56886
9.56917
9-j>6 949
9.56 980
9.57 012
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32
32
32
32
9.59 946
9.59 983
9 .60 019
9-6oo56
9.60 i3o
9.60 166
9.60 2o3
9.60 240
o.4o o54
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0.39 981
0.39 944
0.39 907
0.39 870
0.39834
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0.39 760
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9.60 276
0.39 724
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52
53
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55
56
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58
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9.57075
9.57 107
9.57 i38
9.57 169
9.57 2OI
9.57 232
9,57 264
9.57 326
32
32
3'
32
3'
9.60 3 1 3
9.60 349
9.60 386
9.60 422
9.60 459
9.60 495
9.60 532
9.60 568
9.60 605
0.39 687
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0.39 578
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9.57358
9 .60 64 1
0.39 359
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96 717
0
L. Cos.
d.
L. Cotg.
d.
L. Tang.
L.Sin. d.
68°.
PP
.1
.2
•3
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37
36
32
31
2
3
4
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6
5
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0
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9.96
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9. 57 885
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9.96 608
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22
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61 9n
28
9.66 o38
o.33 962
9.95873
25
36
9
61 939
27
9.66 071
33
o.33 929
9.95 868
6
24
37
9
61 966
28
9.66 10^
34
o.33 896
9.95 862
6
23
38
9
61 994
9. 66 1 38
o.33 862
9.95 856
22
39
9
62 021
27
28
9.66 171
33
o.33 829
9.95 85o
5
21
40
9
62 o49
9.66 204
o.33 796
9.95 844
20
4i
9
62 076
28
9. 66 238
34
o.33 762
9.95 839
6
,9
42
9
62 io4
9.66 271
o.33 729
9.95 833
18
43
9
62 i3i
28
9.66 3o4
33
33
o.33 696
9.95 827
6
17
44
9
62 i59
27
9.66 337
0.33663
9.95 821
g
16
45
9
62 186
28
9.66 371
o.33 629
9.95 8i5
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46
9
62 214
9.66 4o4
33
o.33 596
9.95 810
5
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27
33
47
9
62 241
27
9. 66 437
o.33 563
9.95 8o4
f,
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48
9
62 268
9.66 470
33
o.33 53o
9.95 798
12
49
9
62 296
9.665o3
33
0.33497
9.95792
6
II
50
9
62 323
9.66 537
34
0.33463
9.95 786
6
10
5i
9
62 35o
27
9.66 570
33
33
o.3343o
9.95 780
s
9
52
9
62377
9.66 6o3
o.33 397
9-95 775
g
8
53
9
62 405
9. 66 636
33
o.33 364
9.95 769
7
27
33
54
9
62432
9.66 669
o.33 33i
9.95763
6
6
55
9
62 459
9.66 702
o.33 298
9.95 757
6
5
56
9
62486
27
9.66 735
33
o.33 265
9.95 75i
4
57
9
62 5i3
27
28
9.66 768
33
o.33 232
9.95 745
6
3
58
9
62 54 1
9.66 801
o.33 199
9-9
5 739
5
2
59
9
62 568
27
9. 66 834
33
o.33 166
9.95733
I
60
9
62 595
27
9.66 867
33
o.33 1 33
9.95 728
0
L. Cos.
d.
L. Cotg.
d.
L. Tang.
L.
Sin.
d.
65°.
PP
34
33
28
27
6 5
,
3-4
3-3 -i
2.8
2-7
.,
0.6 0.5
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6.8
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1-2 I.O
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9-9 3
8.4
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1.8 1.5
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3.0 2.5
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16.8
6.2
6
3-6 3-°
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23-8
23-1 -7
19,6
8.9
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4-2 3-5
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27.2
26.4 8
22.4
1.6
8
4.8 4.0
25.2 4.3
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5-4 4-5
79
25°.
/
L. Sin.
d.
L. Tang.
d.
L.Cotg.
L.
Cos. d.
0
9
.62695
9.66 867
o.33 i33
9.96 728
g
60
I
9
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27
9.66 900
33
o.33 100
9.96 722
6
59
2
9
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9.66933
0.33067
9.96 716
58
3
9
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27
9.66 966
33
o.33 o34
9.96 710
6
57
4
9
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27
9.66999
33
o.33 ooi
9.96 704
6
56
5
9
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9.67 o32
0.32 968
9.96 698
55
6
9
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9.67 065
o.32 935
9.96 692
54
27
33
6
7
9
.62 784
9.67 098
33
o.32 902
9.96 686
6
53
8
9
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9.67i3
[
0.32 869
9.96 680
52
9
9
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27
9.67 i63
32
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9.96 674
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10
9
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9.67 196
33
o.32 8o4
9.96 668
50
1 1
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26
9.67 229
33
o.32 771
9.96 663
6
49
12
9
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9.67 262
o.32 738
9.96 667
48
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27
9.67295
32
o.32 706
9.96 65i
6
47
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9
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27
9.67327
33
o.32 673
9-95645
6
46
16
9
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9.67 36o
o.32 64o
9.96 639
45
16
9
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27
26
9.6739
3
33
o.32 607
9.96 633
6
44
17
9
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27
9.67 42<
5
32
o.32 674
9.96 627
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43
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9
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9.67458
0.32 542
9.96 621
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9
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27
9.67 491
33
o.32 609
9.96615
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20
9
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„/:
9.67 624
o.32 476
9.96 609
40
21
9
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27
9.67 556
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9.96 6o3
6
39
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9.67 689
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9.96 697
38
23
9
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27
26
9.67 622
33
32
o.32 378
9.96691
6
37
24
9
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9.67 654
33
o.32 346
9.96685
36
26
9
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9.67 687
o.32 3i3
9.96 679
35
26
9
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9.67 719
32
0.32 28l
9.96673
34
27
33
6
27
9
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26
9.67 762
0.32 248
9.96667
6
33
28
9
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9.67785
0.32 2l5
9.96 56i
32
29
9
.63 372
27
9.67 817
32
o.32 i83
9.95555
3i
30
9
.63 398
9.67 850
33
o.32 i5o
9.96 549
30
L. Cos.
d.
L. Cotg.
d.
L. Tang.
L.
Sin. d.
64° 30 .
PP
33
32
37
26
6
5
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3-3
3-2
. .1
2-7
2.6
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0.6
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6.6
6.4
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5-2
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1.2
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9.6
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7.8
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10.8
10.4
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2-4
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16.5
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13-5
13.0
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3-°
2-5
6
19.8
19.2
6
16.2
15.6
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3-6
3-°
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23-1
22.4
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18.9
18.2
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4.2
3-5
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26.4
25-6
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21.6
20.8
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4.8
4.0
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24.3 23.4
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80
25° 3D
'
L. Sin.
d.
L. Tang.
d.
L. Cotg.
L. Cos.
d.
30
9
63 398
9.67 850
o.32 i5o
9.95 549
30
3i
9
63425
26
9.67 882
32
o.32 118
9.95543
29
32
9
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9.67 915
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9.95537
28
33
9
63478
27
9.67947
32
o.32 o53
9.9553i
6
27
34
35
9
9
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26
27
9.67-980
9.68 012
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32
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9.95525
9.95 5i9
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6
26
25
36
9
63 557
9.68044
32
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3 5i3
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24
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9
63583
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9.68 077
33
o.3i 923
9.95 507
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23
38
9
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9.68 109
o.3i 891
9.95 5oo
22
39
9
63636
26
9.68 142
33
o.3i 858
9.95 494
6
21
40
9
63 662
9.68 174
32
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9.95488
20
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9
63 689
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33
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9.95 482
6
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9
63 715
26
9.68 239
o.3i 761
9.95 476
18
43
9
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9.68 271
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9.95470
17
26
32
6
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9
63 767
27
9.68 3o3
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9.95464
6
16
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9
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9.68 336
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9.95458
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9
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32
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9.95 452
6
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9
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26
9.68 4oo
o.3i 600
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6
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9
63872
9.68 432
32
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9.95 44o
12
49
9
63898
9.68 465
33
o.3i 535
9.95434
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50
9
63 924
26
9.68 497
32
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9.95427
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9
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9. 63 976
26
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9.95 4i5
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9.64 002
26
9.68593
32
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6
7
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9
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9.95 4o3
6
6
55
9
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9.68 658
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9.95 397
5
56
9
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9.68 690
32
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9.95 39i
4
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9
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26
26
9.68 722
32
o.3i 278
9.95 384
7
6
3
58
9
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9.68 754
o.3i 246
9.95378
2
59
9
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9.68 786
32
o.3i 214
9.95372
g
I
60
9
.64 1 84
9.68 818
32
o.3i 182
9.95 366
0
L. Cos.
d.
L. Cotg.
d.
L. Tang.
L.
Sin.
d.
'
64°.
PP
33
32
27
26
7
6
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3-3
3-2
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2.7
2.6 .1
0.7
0.6
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6.6
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9.9
9.6
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2.8
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3-5
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21.6
20.8 .8
5-6
4.8
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29.7 28.8
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24-3 23-4 -9
6.3 5-4
81
26°.
/
L. Sin.
d.
L. Tang.
d.
L. Cotg.
L.
Cos.
d.
0
9.64 1 84
26
9.68 818
o.3i 182
9.95 366
60
I
9.64 210
26
9.68 85o
32
o.3i 150
9.95 36o
6
59
2
9. 64 236
26
9.68 882
o.3i 118
9.95354
58
3
9.64 262
26
9.68 914
32
32
o.3i 086
9.95 348
7
57
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9.64 288
25
9.68 946
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9.95 34i
6
56
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9.64 3i3
26
9.68 978
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9.95335
55
6
9.64 339
26
9.69 oio
32
32
o.3o 990
9.95 329
6
54
7
9
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26
9.69 042
0.30958
9.95 323
6
53
8
9
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26
9.69074
o.3o 926
9.95 3i7
52
9
9
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9.69 106
32
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9.95 3io
7
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10
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26
9.69 1 38
32
o. 3o862
9.95 3o4
50
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9
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26
9.69 170
32
o.3o 83o
9.95 298
6
49
12
9
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9.69 202
o.3o 798
9.95 292
48
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25
9.69 234
32
o.3o 766
9.95 286
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26
26
9.69 266
32
o.3o 734
9.95 279
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6
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9.69 298
o.3o 702
9.95 273
45
16
9
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25
9.69 329
31
o.3o 671
9.95 267
44
17
9
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26
9.69 36i
32
o.3o 6
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9.95 261
b
43
18
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9.6939
3
32
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9.95 254
42
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26
9.69425
32
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9.95 248
6
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20
9
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25
9.69 457
32
o.3o 543
9.95 242
40
21
9
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9.69 488
31
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9.95 236
39
22
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9.69 52O
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9.95 229
38
23
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9.69 552
32
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9.95 223
37
25
32
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24
9
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9.69 584
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9.95 2I7
36
25
9
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9.69 6i5
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9.95 211
35
26
9
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25
26
9.69 647
32
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9.95 2O4
7
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34
27
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9.69679
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9.95 198
6
33
28
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9.69 710
o.3o 290
9.95 192
32
29
9
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25
9.69 742
32
o.3o 258
9.95 i85
7
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30
9
.64953
9.69 774
32
o.3o 226
9.95 179
30
L. Cos.
d.
L. Cotg. d.
L. Tang.
L.
Sin.
d.
'
63° 3D'.
PP
32
31
26
25
7
6
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3-2
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2.6
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0.7
0.6
2
6.4
6.2
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2
1.4
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7.8
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12.8
12.4
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10.4
10. 0
4
2.8
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16.0
5
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12.5
3.5
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6
19.2
18.6
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15.0
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4.2
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22.4
21.7
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18.2
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4-9
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24.8
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20.8
20.0
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23.4 22.5
6.3 5-4
82
26° 3O .
L. Sin. d.
L. Tang.
d.
L.
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L. Cos.
d.
30
9.64 953
9.69
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9.95
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9.64 978
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29
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29 879
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9.65 6o5
25
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9.65 655
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9.65 705
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32
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9.94988
0
L. Cos.
d.
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L.
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L. Sin.
d.
f
63°.
PP
32
31
26
25
24
7 6
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3.2
3-1
2.6
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2.4
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9.66 44i
9.71
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L.
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9.66441
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24
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30
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31
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31
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9.67 066
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9.67 1 13
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9.72 293
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9
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62°.
PP
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2
3
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31
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85
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L. Cotg.
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0
9
67 161
9.72 567
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30
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30
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30
30
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30
30
3i
30
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30
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30
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30
3°
30
30
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3°
3°
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3°
3°
0.27 433
9.94 593
6
60
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2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
9.67 185
9.67 208
9.67 232
9.67 256
9.67 280
9.67 3o3
9.67327
9.67 35o
9-67 374
23
24
24
24
23
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23
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9.72 598
9.72 628
9.72 65g
9.72 689
9.72 720
9.72 750
9.72 780
9.72 811
9.72 84i
0.27 402
0.27 372
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0.27 280
0.27 250
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9-94 587
9.94 58o
9.94573
9.94 567
9.94 56o
9.94553
9.94 546
9.94 54o
9.94533
7
7
6
7
7
7
6
7
7
7
6
7
7
7
7
6
7
7
7
7
6
7
7
7
7
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7
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59
58
57
56
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24
23
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23
24
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9.72 902
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9.72 963
9.72 993
9.73 023
9.73054
9.73 o84
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49
48
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46
45
44
43
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9.73 175
0.26 825
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21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
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24
23
23
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23
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9.73 205
9.73 235
9.73 265
9.73 295
9.73 326
9. 73356
9.73 386
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0.26 795
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0.26735
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9.94445
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9-94431
9.94 424
9.94417
9.94 4 10
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39
38
37
36
35
34
33
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9.73476
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9.94 390
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24
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9.67866
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30
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30
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30
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30
30
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30
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29
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0.26
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9.94
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7
7
7
7
7
6
7
7
7
7
7
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7
7
7
7
6
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7
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7
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7
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32
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34
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9.67 890
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9.67 936
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23
23
23
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9.735o7
9.73537
9.73567
9-73597
9.73627
9.73657
9.73 687
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0.26 373
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9.94 369
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29
28
27
26
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23
22
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9.68098
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42
43
44
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9.68 121
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23
23
23
23
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9.73807
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9.73 867
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9.73927
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9.94 293
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7
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2
3
4
5
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8
9
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23
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9.94 i33
9.94 126
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59
58
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20
9
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9.74969
o.25 o3i
9.94 o4i
7
40
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
9.69 o32
9.69 o55
9.69077
9.69 100
9.69 122
9.69 i44
9.69 167
9.69 189
9.69212
23
22
23
22
22
23
22
23
9.74998
9.75 028
9.75 o58
9.76087
9.75 117
9.75 i46
9.75 176
9.75 2o5
9.75235
O.25 OO2
0.24 972
0.24 942
0.24 9i3
0.24883
0.24854
0.24824
0.24795
0.24 765
9.94 o34
9.94 027
9.94 020
9.94 OI2
9.94 oo5
9.93998
9.93991
9.93 984
9.93 977
7
7
8
7
7
7
7
7
7
39
38
37
36
35
34
33
32
3i
30
9
.69234
9.75 264
0.24 736
9-93 970
30
L. Cos.
d.
L. Cotg.
d.
L. Tang.
L.
Sin.
d.
'
60° 30 .
PP
.2
•3
• 4
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30
39
23
22
.1
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• 3
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8
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0.7
1.4
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88
29° 30 .
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L. Sin.
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L. Cotg.
L. Cos.
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30
9
69 234
22
23
22
22
22
23
22
22
22
9.76 264
30
29
3°
29
29
3°
29
3°
29
29
3°
29
3°
29
29
30
29
29
29
3°
29
29
29
3°
29
29
29
30
29
29
0.24 736
9.93970
30
3i
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
9
9
9
9
9
9
9
9
9
69 256
69 279
69 3oi
69 323
69 345
69 368
69 Sgo
69 412
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9.75 294
9.75 323
9.75 353
9.75382
9.75 4n
9.75441
9.75470
9.75 500
9.75 529
0.24 706
0.24 677
0.24 647
0.24 618
0.24 589
0.24 559
0.24 53o
0.24 5oo
0.24 471
9.93 963
9.93955
9.93 948
9.93 941
9.93 934
9.93927
9.93 920
9.939i2
9.93 9o5
8
7
7
7
7
7
8
7
7
7
7
8
7
7
7
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7
7
7
8
7
7
8
7
7
7
8
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29
28
27
26
25
24
23
22
21
40
9
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9.75558
0.24 442
9.93 898
20
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42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
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9
9
9
9
9
9
9
9
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69 5oi
69 523
69 545
69 567
69 589
69 61 1
69 633
69 655
22
22
22
22
22
22
22
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9.75 588
9.75617
9.75 647
9.75676
9.75 705
9-75735
9.75 764
9<75 793
9.75 822
0.24 4i2
0.24383
0.24353
0.24 324
0.24 295
0.24 265
0.24 236
0.24 207
0.24 178
9.93 891
9.93 884
9.93 876
9.93 869
9.93 862
9. 93855
9-93847
9.93 84o
9.93 833
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9.75 852
0.24 i48
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53
54
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56
57
58
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9.69699
9.69721
9.69 743
9.69 765
9.69787
9.69 809
9.69 83i
9.69853
9.69875
22
22
22
22
22
22
22
22
9.75 881
9.75 910
9.75 939
9.75969
9.75998
9.76027
9.76 o56
9. 76 086
9.76 115
0.24 119
0.24 090
0.24 061
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0.24 002
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0.23 944
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0.23885
9.93 819
9.93 81 1
9.93 8o4
9.93 797
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9-93775
9.93 768
9.93 760
9
8
7
6
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60
9
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9.76 i44
0.23856
9.93 753
0
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6O°.
PP
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30
29
23
22
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9.93
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9.93
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9.7o 547
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22 985
9.93
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30
L. Cos.
d.
L. Cotg.
d.
L.
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d.
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59° 3O .
PP 30
29
28
22
21
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2.8
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30° 30
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L. Tang.
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d.
30
3i
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
9-
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9-77 015
29
29
28
29
29
29
29
29
28
29
29
29
29
28
29
29
29
28
29
29
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29
29
29
28
29
28
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29
28
0.22 985
9.93 532
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70 61 1
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70 718
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21
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21
21
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21
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9.77 101
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9.77 i59
9.77 1 88
9.77217
9.77 246
9-77 274
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0.22 783
0.22 754
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9.93525
9.93517
9.93 5io
9.93 5o2
9.93495
9.93487
9.93480
9.93 472
9.93 465
8
7
8
7
8
7
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29
28
27
26
25
24
23
22
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40
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70 761
9.773o3
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9.93457
7
8
7
8
7
8
7
8
7
8
7
8
7
8
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7
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20
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42
43
44
45
46
47
48
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9
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9
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9
9
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70 782
70 8o3
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70 846
70 867
70 888
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21
21
22
21
21
21
22
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9. 77 332
9.77 36i
9.77 390
9.77418
9.77447
9.77476
9.77 505
9.77533
9.77 562
O.22 668
O.22 639
0.22 6lO
O.22 582
0.22 553
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O.22 4g5
0.22 467
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9.93450
9.93 442
9.93435
9.93427
9.93 420
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9.93405
9.93 397
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1 8
16
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21
21
21
22
21
21
21
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9-77 59i
0.22 409
9.93 382
10
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52
53
54
55
56
57
58
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9
9
9
9
9
9
9
9
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71 oi5
71 o36
71 o58
71 079
71 100
71 121
71 142
71 i63
9-77 619
9.77 648
9.77 677
9.77 706
9.77 734
9.77763
9.77 791
9.77820
9.77 849
O.22 38l
0.22 352
0.22 323
O.22 294
O.22 266
0.22 237
O.22 209
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9.93375
9.93367
9.93 36o
9.93 352
9.93344
9.93337
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9.93 322
9.93 3i4
9
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7
6
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0
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59°.
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.1
2
3
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39
28
22
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31°.
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L. Sin. d.
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0
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9.78732
O.2I 268
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30
L. Cos.
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29
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30
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28
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28
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O.2I 268
9.93077
8
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21
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9.79 326
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9.80 701
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9.80 731
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9.92 i5o
9.92 176
9.92 202
9.92 227
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9.92 356
0.07 850
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37
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4-4
5-5
6.6
7-7
8.8
9.9
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2.0
3-o
4.0
5-o
6.0
7.0
8.0
41°.
>
L. Sin. d.
L. Tang. d.
L. Cotg.
L. Cos.
d.
0
9.81 694
9.93 916
26
0.06 084
9.87778
60
I
9.81 709
14
9.93 942
25
0.06 o58
9.87767
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2
9.81 723
9.93967
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0.06 o33
9.87756
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3
9.81 738
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0.06 007
9.87745
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4
9.81 752
15
9 . 94 o 1 8
26
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9.87734
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9.81 767
9.94 o44
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9.87723
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6
9.81 781
15
9.94069
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o.o5 931
9.87712
54
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9.81796
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9.94095
25
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9.87 701
53
8
9.81 810
9.94 I2O
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o.o5 880
9.87 690
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9.81 825
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9.81 839
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9-94 171
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26
o.o5 829
9.87668
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9.81 854
9.94197
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9.87657
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12
9.81 868
9.94 222
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9.87 646
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9.81 882
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9.94 248
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9.94 273
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o.o5 727
9.87624
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9-94299
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9.87613
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16
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9.94324
26
o.o5 676
9.87 601
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17
9
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9.94350
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o.o5 65o
9.87590
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9.94375
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9-87579
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9 . 94 4o i
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9.87 568
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9.94 452
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9.87 546
39
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9.94477
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9.87535
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9.94 5o3
o.o5 497
9.87 524
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15
25
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9.94 528
26
o.o5 472
9.87613
12
36
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9.94554
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9.87 5oi
35
26
9
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9.94579
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9.87490
34
15
25
27
9
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9 . 94 6o4
26
o.o5 396
9.87479
II
33
28
9
.82 098
9.94 63o
o.o5 370
9.87468
32
29
9
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14
9.94655
26
o.o5 34s
9-87457
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30
9
.82 126
9.94 681
o.o5 319
9.87446
30
L. Cos. d.
L. Cotg.
d.
L. Tang.
L.
Sin.
d.
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48° 30 .
PP
26
35
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9.6
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13.5 12.6
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L. Sin.
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L. Cotg.
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30
9.82 126
9.94 68 1
o.o5 319
9- 87 446
30
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9.82 i4i
9.94 706
25
26
o.o5 294
9.87434
12
29
32
9.82 155
9.94732
o.o5 268
9.87423
28
33
9.82 169
15
9.94757
25
26
o.o5 243
9.87412
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34
9.82 1 84
9.94 783
o.o5 217
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26
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9.82 198
9.94 808
o.o5 192
9.87 390
25
36
9.82 212'
14
9. 94834
o.o5 1 66
9.87 378
12
24
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9.82 226
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9-9485
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9.87367
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9.82 240
9.94884
o.o5 116
9.87 356
22
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9.82 255
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9.94 910
o.o5 090
9.87345
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21
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9.82 269
9.94935
26
o.o5 065
9.87334
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9.82 283
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9.94961
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9.87 322
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9.82 297
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9.95 088
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9.87 232
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9.95 190
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9.87 1 64
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9.95 342
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9.87 i53
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9.95 393
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o.o4 582
9.87 119
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9.95 444
o.o4556
9.87 107
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L. Cos.
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L. Cotg.
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48°.
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26
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0
9.82 55i
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9.95 444
25
26
25
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25
26
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26
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0.04 556
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2
3
4
5
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9.82 565
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9.82 593
9.82 607
9.82 621
9.82635
9.82 649
9.82663
9.82 677
9.95 469
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9.95 52O
9.95545
9.9557i
9.95 596
9.95 622
9-95 647
9.95 672
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0.04455
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9.87 085
9.87073
9.87062
9.87 o5o
9.87 039
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58
57
56
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9.95 723
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9.95 799
9.95825
9.95 85o
9.95875
9.95 901
9.95 926
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0.04 252
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9.86 970
9.86959
9.86 947
9.86936
9.86 924
9.86 913
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12
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12
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12
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12
49
48
47
46
45
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43
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9-95952
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9.86 879
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21
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24
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26
27
28
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9.96 129
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9.96 180
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o.o3 998
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9.86 867
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9.86832
9.86 821
9.86 809
9.86 798
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9.86775
12
12
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12
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39
38
37
36
35
34
33
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30
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9.86 763
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L. COS.
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L.
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12
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12
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29
28
27
26
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23
22
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9.86635
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9.86 612
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9.86 128
9.86 116
9.86 io4
9.86 092
9.86 080
9.86 068
12
12
12
12
12
12
12
12
12
39
38
37
36
35
34
33
32
3r
30
9
.83 781
9-97 725
O.02 275
9.86 o56
30
L. Cos.
d.
L. Cotg.
d.
L. Tang.
L.
Sin.
d.
'
46° 30 .
PP
i
2
3
4
5
6
• 7
.8
•9
26
25
14
13
.1
.2
•3
•4
• 5
.6
.7
.8
12
ii
2.6
%
10.4
13.0
15-6
18.2
20.8
23.4
2-5
5-o
7-5
IO.O
12.5
15-0
17-5
20. o
.2
•3
•4
:I
•7
.8
•9
a
4.2
5.6
7.0
8.4
9.8
II. 2
12.6
1.3
2.6
3-9
5-2
6.5
7.8
9.1
10.4
11.7
1.2
2-4
3-6
4.8
6.0
7-2
8.4
9.6
10.8
1. 1
2.2
3-3
4-4
II
7-7
8.8
Q.Q
n6
43° 3O
I
L. Sin.
d.
L. Tang.
d.
L. Cotg.
L. Cos.
d.
30
9
83 781
9-97725
25
26
25
25
25
26
25
25
26
25
25
26
25
25
25
26
25
25
26
25
25
25
26
25
25
26
25
25
25
26
O.O2 275
9-
86o56
30
3i
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
9. 83 795
9. 83 808
9.83 821
9.83834
9.83 848
9-83 861
9.83 874
9.83 887
9-83 901
13
13
13
13
13
9.97750
9.97 776
9.97 801
9.97 826
9.97 85i
9.97877
9.97902
9.97927
9.97953
0.02 250
O.O2 224
O.O2 199
O.O2 174
O.O2 iJcj
O.O2 123
O.O2 098
O.O2 O73
0.02 o47
000 000 OOO
86o44
86o32
86 020
86 008
85 996
85 984
85 972
85 960
85 948
12
12
12
12
12
12
12
12
29
28
27
26
25
24
23
22
21
40
9
83 9i4
13
9.97 978
0.02 022
9
85936
20
4i
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
9
9
9
9
9
9
9
9
9
83 927
83 940
83 954
83 967
83 980
83 993
84 006
84 020
84o33
13
14
13
13
9.98 oo3
9.98 029
9.98 o54
9.98079
9.98 io4
9.98 i3o
9.98 i55
9.98 180
9.98 206
o.oi 997
o.oi 971
o.oi 946
o.oi 921
o.oi 896
o.oi 870
o.oi 845
o.oi 820
o.oi 794
ooo ooo ooo
85 924
85 912
85 900
85888
85 876
85 864
8585i
85839
85827
12
12
12
12
12
'3
12
12
12
12
12
12
13
12
12
12
12
12
13
'9
18
17
16
i5
i4
i3
12
I I
50
9
84 o46
9.98 23i
o.oi 769
9
85 8i5
10
9
8
7
6
5
4
3
2
I
5i
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
9.84059
9.84 072
9.84 o85
9.84 098
9.84 112
9.84 125
9.84 1 38
9.84 1 5 1
9.84 1 64
13
'3
'3
'3
'3
9.98 256
9.98 281
9.98 307
9.98 332
9.98357
9. 98 383
9.98408
9.98433
9.98 458
o.oi 744
o.oi 719
o.oi 693
o.oi 668
o.oi 643
o.oi 617
o.oi 592
o.oi 567
O.OI 542
9
9
9
9
9
9
9
9
858o3
8579i
85779
85 766
85754
85 742
8573o
85 718
85 706
60
9
.84177
9. 98 484
o.oi 5i6
9
85693
0
L. Cos. d.
L. Cotg. d.
L. Tang.
L. Sin.
d.
f
46°.
PP
.1
.2
•3
•4
•5
.6
•7
.8
26
25
.2
•3
•4
14
13
12
2.6
S-2
7.8
10.4
13.0
15-6
18.2
20.8
23-4
2-5
5-o
7-5
10.0
12.5
15.0
17-5
20. o
1.4
2.8
4-2
5.6
7.0
8.4
9.8
II. 2
1.3
2.6
3-9
5-2
6-5
7.8
9.1
10.4
11.7
.1
.2
•3
•4
•7
.8
1.2
2-4
3-6
4.8
6.0
7-2
8.4
9.6
10.8
117
44°.
/
L. Sin.
d.
L. Tang.
d.
L. Cotg.
L. Cos. d.
0
9
84i?7
13
9.98 484
o.oi 5i6
9-
85 693
60
!
9
84 190
13
9.9
8 509
25
o.oi 491
9
8568i
12
59
2
9
842o3
9.98534
o.oi 466
9
85 669
58
3
9
84216
9.98 56o
o.oi 44o
9
85 657
57
J3
25
4
9
84 229
13
9.9
858s
25
o.oi 4i5
9
85 645
13
56
5
9
84242
9.98 610
o.oi 390
9
85 632
55
6
9
.84255
M
9. 98 635
25
26
o.oi 365
9
85 620
12
54
7
9.84 269
1-3
9.98 661
25
O.OI 339
9
85 608
12
53
8
9
.84282
9.98 686
o.oi 3i4
9
85 596
52
9
9
.84295
J3
9.98 711
25
_fC
o.oi 289
9
85583
J3
5i
10
9
.843o8
9.98 737
o.oi 263
9
8557i
50
ii
9
.84 3ai
13
9.98 762
25
o.oi 238
9
85 559
49
12
9
.84334
9.98787
O.OI 2l3
9
85 547
48
i3
9
.84347
13
9.98 812
25
26
o.oi 188
9
85534
I3
12
47
i4
9
.8436o
13
9.98838
o.oi 162
9
85 522
46
i5
9
.84373
9.9
8 863
25
o.oi 137
9
85 5io
45
16
9
.84 385
9.98 888
25
O.OI 112
9
.85497
*3
44
i?
9
.84398
*3
13
9.98 913
25
26
o.oi 087
9
.85485
12
43
18
9
.844ii
9.98939
o.oi 06 i
9
.85473
42
'9
9
.84424
9.98 964
25
o.oi o36
9
.85 46o
J3
4i
20
9
.84437
9.98989
25
„/:
O.OI OI I
9
85448
40
21
9
.8445o
I3
9.99015
25
o.oo 985
9
.85436
39
22
9
.84463
9.99 o4o
o.oo 960
9
.85423
38
23
9
.84476
9.99 o65
25
o.oo 935
9
.854ii
37
X3
25
12
24
25
9
9
.84489
.84 5o2
13
9.99090
9.99 1 1 6
26
o . oo 910
0.00884
9
9
.85 399
.85386
13
36
35
26
9
.845i5
9.99 i4i
25
o.oo 859
9
.85374
34
27
9
.84528
*3
9.99 1 66
25
o.oo 834
9
.8536i
*3
33
28
9
.8454o
9.99 191
o.oo 809
9
.85349
32
29
9
.84553
'3
9.99 217
o.oo 783
9
.85 337
12
3f
30
9
.84566
9.99 242
25
o.oo 758
9
.85 324
J3
30
L. Cos. d.
L. Cotgr.
d.
L. Tang.
L. Sin. d.
/
45° 30 .
PP
26
«5
M
13
12
.1
2.6
2-5
.1
1-4
1.3
.1
1.2
.2
5-2
5-o
.2
2.8
2.6
.2
2.4
•3
7.8
7-5
• 3
4.2
3-9
•3
3-6
•4
10.4
10.0
•4
5-6
5-2
•4
4-8
•5
13.0
12.5
•5
7.0
6.5
.5
6.0
.6
15-6
15.0
.6
8.4
7.8
.6
7.2
•7
18.2
17.5
• 7
9-8
9-1
•7
8.4
.8
20.8
20.0
.8
II. 2
10.4
.8
9.6
•9
23.4 22.5
.9 12.6
"7
.9 10.8
118
44° 3O
/
L. Sin.
d.
L. Tang.
d.
L. Cotg.
L. Cos.
d.
30
9
.84 566
13
*3
i3
13
12
13
»3
13
r3
12
»3
13
'3
12
13
»3
»3
f2
*3
'3
'3
12
13
*3
12
'3
13
12
'3
9.99 242
25
26
25
25
25
26
25
25
25
26
25
25
25
26
25
25
26
25
25
25
26
25
35
25
26
25
25
25
26
25
o.oo 758
9
.85 324
30
3 1
32
33
34
35
36
3?
38
39
9
9
9
9
9
9
9
9
9
.84579
.84 592
.84 605
.846i8
.8463o
.84643
.84656
.84669
.84682
9.99 267
9 99 293
9.99 3i8
9.99 343
9.99 368
9.99394
9.99419
9.99 444
9.99469
o.oo 733
o.oo 707
o.oo 682
o.oo 657
o.oo 632
o.oo 606
o.oo 58 1
o.oo 556
o.oo 53i
9
9
9
9
9
9
9
9
9
.853i2
.85 299
.85 287
.85274
.85 262
.85 250
.85 237 -
.85 225'
.85 212
*3
12
13
12
12
»3
-12
»3
29
28
27
26
25
24
23
22
21
40
9
.84 694
9.99495
o.oo 5o5
9
.85 200
20
4i
42
43
44
45
46
4?
48
49
9.84 707
9.84 720
9.84733
9-84745
9. 84 758
9-84 771
9.84784
9.84 796
9.84 809
9.99 52O
9.99 545
9.99 570
9.99 596
9.99 621
9.99 646
9.99672
9.99697
9.99722
o.oo 48o
o.oo 455
o.oo 43o
o . oo 4o4
o.oo 379
o.oo 354
O.OO 328
o.oo 3o3
o.oo 278
9
9
9
9
9
9
9
9
9
.85 187
.85175
.85 162
.85 150
.85 i37
.85 125
.85 112
.85 100
.85087
13
12
13
12
13
12
13
12
*3
;89
17
16
i5
i4
i3
12
I I
50
9
.84 822
9.99 747
o.oo 253
9
.85 074
10
5i
52
53
54
55
56
5?
58
59
9
9
9
9
9
9
9
9
9
.84835
.84847
.8486o
.84873
.84885
.84898
.84911
.84923
.84936
9-99773
9.99798
9.99 823
9.99848
9.99874
9.99899
9.99924
9.99949
9-99975
o.oo 227
O.OO 2O2
o.oo 177
O.OO I 52
o.oo 126
O.OO IOI
o.oo 076
o.oo o5i
O.OO O25
9
9
9
9
9
9
9
9
9
.85 062
.85 049
.85o37
.85o24
.85 012
.84 999
.84986
.84974
.84961
»3
12
13
12
»3
13
12
13
9
8
7
6
5
4
3
2
I
60
9
.84949
r3
0.00 OOO
0.00 OOO
9
.84949
0
L. Cos.
d.
L. Cotg.
d.
L. Tang.
L. Sin.
d.
'
45°.
PP
.2
•3
•4
:!
:l
•9
26
25
. i
.2
-3
•4
:I
•9
14
13
.1
.2
•3
•4
• 5
.6
•7
.8
•9
12
2.6
5-2
7.8
10.4
13.0
15-6
18.2
20.8
23-4
2.5
5-o
7-5
IO.O
12.5
15.0
17-5
20. o
22-5
a
4.2
5.6
7.0
8.4
9.8
II. 2
12.6
i-3
2.6
3-9
5-2
6-5
7.8
9.1
10.4
11.7
1.2
2-4
3-6
4.8
6.0
7-2
8.4
9.6
10.8
119
TABLE III
FIVE-PLACE LOGARITHMS
OF THE
SINE AND TANGENT OF
SMALL ANGLES
THE SINE AND TANGENT TO EVERY SECOND FROM O° TO 8' J TO EVERY
TEN SECONDS FROM O° TO 2°.
THE COSINE AND COTANGENT TO EVERY SECOND FROM 90° TO 89°
52' ; TO EVERY TEN SECONDS FROM 90° TO 88°.
0°.
FUNCTIONS OF SMALL ANGLES
LOGARITHMIC SINE AND TANGENT.
0"
1"
2"
3"
4"
5"
6"
7"
8"
9"
10"
0 o
10
20
5- 68557
98660
68557
72697
*°°779
98660
76476
$02800
#16270
79952
*0473Q
,28763
83170
1*06579
#38454
86167
#08351
#46373
88969
#IO°55
*53o°7
91602
,11694
#58866
94085
#13273
#63982
96433
**4797
*68557
98660
^16270
50
40
30
30
40
5°
6. 16270
28763
38454
29836
39315
19072
30882
40158
20409
3i904
40985
21705
32903
41797
22964
33879
42594
24188
34833
43376
25378
35767
44145
26536
36682
44900
27664
37577
45643
28763
38454
46373
20
IO
o 59
t o
IO
20
6.46373
6. 5 3067
8866
7090
3683
9406
7797
4291
9939
8492
4890
#0465
9»75
548i
#0985
ft9
6064
**499
•ss
*2007
*"6s
7207
*2509
*'8f
7767
*3°o6
*2442
8320
*3496
*3°67
8866
*39g2
50
40
3°
30
40
50
6.63982
* 8F
6.72697
4462
8990
3090
4936
9418
3479
5406
9841
3865
5870
#0261
4248
633°
^0676
4627
678!
*io88
5003
7235
*i496
5376
7680
*i90Q
5746
8121
*23°o
6112
8557
#2697
6476
20
10
o 58
2 o
10
20
6476
9952
6.83170
6836
*028§
3479
7»93
*o6i§
3786
7548
*°943
4091
7900
*i268
4394
8248
*i59'
4694
8595
*i9"
4993
8938
*2230
5289
9278
*2545
5584
9616
+2859
5876
9952
*3I7°
6167
50
40
30
30
40
So
6167
896g
6.9 1602
6455
9240
1857
6742
9509
2110
7027
9776
2362
73io
#0042
2612
759i
#0306
2861
7870
*o568
3109
8l47
*0829
3355
8423
*io88
3599
8697
**346
3843
8969
^1602
4085
20
IO
o 57
3 o
10
20
4085
6433
8660
4325
6661
8877
4565
6888
9°93
4803
7113
93°7
5039
7338
9520
5275
7561
9733
55°9
7783
9944
5742
8004
*°i55
5973
8224
#0364
6204
8443
*0572
6433
8660
*0779
50
40
30
3°
40
50
7.00779
2800
4730
0986
2997
49'9
1191
3193
5106
1395
3388
5293
1599
3582
5479
1801
3776
5664
2003
3968
5849
2203
4160
6032
2403
4351
6215
2602
454i
6397
2800
473°
6579
20
IO
o 58
4 o
10
20
6579
8351
7. 1 0055
6759
8525
O222
s
7118
8870
0553
7296
9041
0718
7474
9211
0882
7651
9381
1046
7827
955i
1209
8003
9719
1371
8177
9887
1533
8351
*°°55
1694
50
4°
30
3°
40
5°
1694
3273
4797
1854
3428
4947
2014
3582
5096
2174
3736
5244
2333
3889
5392
2491
4042
5540
2648
4194
5687
2805
4346
5833
2962
4497
5979
3»8
4647
6125
3273
4797
6270
20
IO
o 55
5 o
IO
20
7.16270
7694
9072
6414
7834
9208
6558
7973
9343
6702
8112
9478
6845
8250
9612
6987
8389
9746
7130
8526
9879
7271
8663
#OOI2
7413
8800
*oi45
7553
8937
#0277
7694
9072
#0409
50
40
30
30
4°
5"
7.20409
1705
2964
0540
1833
3088
°67i
1960
3212
0802
2087
3335
0932
2213
3458
1062
2339
358o
1191
2465
3702
I320
2590
3824
1449
2715
3946
1577
2840
4067
i705
2964
4188
20
IO
o 54
6 "
10
20
4188
5378
6536
4308
5495
6650
4428
5612
6764
4548
5728
6877
4668
6991
4787
596i
7104
4906
6076
7216
5024
6192
7329
SH2
6307
744 >
5260
6421
7552
5378
6536
7664
50
40
3°
3°
40
So
7 o
IO
20
i
7775
8872
9942
7886
8980
*°°47
7997
9088
#0152
8107
9196
*0257
8217
9303
*0362
8327
9410
+0467
8437
9517
*°571
8546
9623
*o675
8655
9730
*°779
8763
9836
#0882
20
IO
o 53
7.30882
1904
2903
0986
2005
3001
1089
2106
3100
1191
2206
3*98
1294
2306
3296
1396
2406
3393
1498
2506
349 »
1600
2606
3588
1702
2705
3685
1803
2804
3782
1904
2903
3879
50
40
30
3°
40
50
•M
3879
4833
5767
««M^^M»
10"
3975
•— «•
4071
5022
5952
4167
5"6
6044
m^—m—i
4263
5209
6i35
— «^—
4359
5303
6227
4454
5396
6318
«__«
4549
5489
6409
4644
5582
6500
4739
5675
6591
— —
4833
5767
6682
— —
20
IO
o 52
•^•—
9"
8"
7"
6"
5"
4"
3"
2"
1"
0"
LOGARITHMIC COSINE AND COTANGENT.
89C
FUNCTIONS OF SMALL ANGLES.
'
L. Sin. L. Tang.
L. Sin.
L. Tang.
0 o
IO
20
3o
4o
5o
5.68557
5.98 660
6. 16 270
6.28 763
6.38454
5.68557
5.98 660
6. 16 270
6.28763
6.38454
o 60
5o
4o
3o
20
10
73o
4o
5o
7. 33 879
7.34833
7.35767
7. 33 879
7.34833
7.35767
3o
20
IO
8 o
IO
20
3o
4o
5o
7.36 682
7.37577
7.38454
7.393i4
7.40 1 58
7.40985
7.36682
7.37577
7-38455
7-393i5
7.40 i58
7.40985
o 52
5o
4o
3o
20
IO
1 o
IO
20
3o
4o
5o
6.46 373
6.53o67
6.58866
6. 63 982
6.68557
6.72 697
6.46 373
6.53o67
6.58866
6. 63 982
6.68557
6.72 697
o 59
5o
4o
3o
20
IO
9 o
10
20
3o
4o
5o
7-4i 797
7.42 594
7.43376
7.44 i4s
7.44 900
7.45643
7-4i 797
7.42 594
7.43376
7.44i45
7-44 900
7.45643
o 51
5o
4o
3o
20
IO
2 o
IO
20
3o
4o
5o
6.76476
6.79952
6.83 170
6.86 167
6.88 969
6.91 602
6.76476
6.79 952
6.83 170
6.86 167
6.88 969
6.91 602
o 58
5o
4o
3o
20
10
10 o
IO
20
3o
4o
5o
7.46373
7.47 090
7.47797
7.48491
7.49 175
7.49849
7.46373
7.47091
7.47797
7.48492
7.49 176
7.49 849
o 50
5o
4o
3o
20
10
3 o
10
20
3o
4o
5o
6.94085
6.96433
6.98 660
7.00779
7.02 800
7.04 73o
6.94085
6.96433
6.98 660
7.00779
7.02 800
7.04 73o
o 57
5o
4o
3o
20
10
11 o
IO
20
3o
4o
5o
7-5o 5i2
7-5i 165
7.5i 808
7.52 442
7.53067
7.53683
7«5o 5i2
7.5i i65
7. 5 1 809
7.52443
7.53 067
7.53683
o 49
5o
4o
3o
20
10
4 o
10
20
3o
4o
5o
7.o6579
7.o835i
7.10 o5s
7.11 694
7.i3273
7.14 797
7.06 579
7. 08 352
7.10 o55
7.11 694
7.i3273
7.14797
o 56
5o
4o
3o
20
10
12 o
10
20
3o
4o
5o
7.54 291
7.54890
7.5548i
7.56 o64
7.56639
7.57 206
7.54 291
7.54 890
7.5548i
7.56o64
7.56639
7.57207
o 48
5o
4o
3o
20
IO
5 o
IO
20
3o
4o
5o
7. 16 270
7- 1?694
7. 19 072
7.20 409
7.21 7o5
7.22 964
7. 16 270
7.17694
7.19073
7.20 409
7.21 705
7.22 964
o 55
5o
4o
3o
20
10
13 o
IO
20
3o
4o
5o
7.57767
7.58 320
7-58866
7.59 4o6
7.59939
7.60 465
7.57767
7.58 320
7.58867
7.59 4o6
7.59939
7.60466
o 47
5o
4o
3o
20
10
6 o
10
20
3o
4o
5o
7.24 188
7.25 378
7.26 536
7.27 664
7.28763
7.29 836
7.24 188
7.25 378
7.26536
7.27 664
7.28764
7.29 836
o 54
5o
4o
3o
20
10
14 o
10
20
3o
4o
5o
7.60985
7.61 499
7.62 007
7.62 5og
7.63 006
7.63496
7.60 986
7.61 500
7.62 008
7.62 5io
7. 63 006
7-63 497
o 46
5o
4o
3o
20
IO
7 o
IO
20
3o
7.3o 882
7.3i 904
7.32 go3
7. 33 879
7.30882
7. 3 1 904
7 . 32 go3
7. 33 879
o 53
5o
4o
3o52
15 o
7.63 982
7.63 982
o 45
L. Cos.
L. Cotg.
a i
L. Cos.
L. Cotg.
n ,
123
89°.
FUNCTIONS OF SMALL ANGLES.
0°.
r rt
L. Sin.
L. Tang.
, „
L. Sin.
L. Tang.
15 o
10
20
3o
4o
5o
7.63 9»2
7-64461
7.64936
7.654o6
7.65 870
7.6633o
7.63 982
7.64462
7.64937
7.65 4o6
7.65871
7.6633o
o 45
5o
4o
3o
20
10
22 3o
4o
5o
7 .81 591
7.81 911
7.82 229
7.81 59i
7.81 912
7.82 23o
3o
20
IO
23 o
IO
20
3o
4o
5o
7.82 545
7.82 859
7. 83 i7o
7.83479
7.83786
7.84 091
7.82 546
7.82860
7.83 171
7.8348o
7. 83 787
7 .84 092
o 37
5o
4o
3o
20
10
16 o
10
20
3o
4o
5o
7.66 784
7.67235
7.67 680
7.68 121
7.68557
7.68 989
7.66785
7.67235
7.67680
7.68 121
7.68558
7.68 990
o 44
5o
4o
3o
20
IO
24 o
IO
20
3o
4o
5o
7.84 393
7-84694
7.84 992
7.85 289
7.85583
7.85876
7-84394
7.84695
7.84993
7.85 290
7.85 584
7. 85 877
o 36
5o
4o
3o
20
IO
17 o
IO
20
3o
4o
5o
7-69417
7.69 84i
7. 70 261
7.70676
7.71 088
7-71 496
7.69418
7.69 842
7.70 261
7.70677
7.71 088
7-71 496
o 43
5o
4o
3o
20
10
25 o
IO
20
3o
4o
5o
7.86 166
7. 86 455
7 86 741
7.87 026
7.87 309
7.87590
7.86 167
7.86456
7.86743
7.87027
7.87310
7.8759i
o 35
5o
4o
3o
20
IO
18 o
10
20
3o
4o
5o
7.71 900
7.72 3oo
7.72697
7.73090
7.73479
7-73865
7.71 900
7,72 3oi
7.72697
7.73 090
7.7348o
7.73866
o 42
5o
4o
3o
20
10
26 o
10
20
3o
4o
5o
7.87870
7.88 147
7-88423
7.88697
7.88 969
7.89 24o
7.8787i
7.88 i48
7.88424
7.88 698
7.88 970
7.89 241
o 34
5o
4o
3o
20
IO
19 o
10
20
3o
4o
5o
7.74248
7-74627
7.75 oo3
7.75376
7.75745
7.76 112
7.74248
7.74628
7.75 oo4
7.75377
7.75746
•7.76 n3
o 41
5o
4o
3o
20
10
27 o
IO
20
3o
4o
5o
7.89 509
7.89776
7.90 o4 1
7.90 3o5
7.90 568
7.90 829
7.89 5io
7.89777
7.90043
7.90307
7.90 569
7.90 83o
o 33
5o
4o
3o
20
10
20 o
IO
20
3o
4o
5o
7.76475
7. 76 836
7-77 193
7-77548
7.77899
7.78248
7.76476
7.76837
7«77 i94
7.77549
7.77900
7.78 249
o 40
5o
4o
3o
20
IO
28 o
IO
20
3o
4o
5o
7.91 088
7.91 346
7.91 602
7.9i857
•7.92 1 10
7.92 362
7.91 o89
7.91347
7.9,1 6o3
7.91 858
7.92 in
7.92 363
o 32
5o
4o
3o
20
10
21 o
10
20
3o
4o
5o
7.78594
7.78938
7.79278
7.79616
7.79952
7.80284
7.78595
7.78938
7.79279
7.79617
7.79952
7.80285
o 39
5o
4o
3o
20
10
29 o
IO
20
3o
4o
5o
7.92 612
7.92 861
7.93 108
7.93354
7.93599
7.93 842
7.92 6i3
7.92 862
7.93 no
7.93 356
7.93 601
7-93844
o 31
5o
4o
3o
20
10
22 o
IO
20
3o
7.80615
7.80 942
7.81 268
.81 591
7.8o6i5
7.80943
7.81 269
7.81 591
o 38
5o
4o
3o37
30 o
7.94 o84
7.94 086
o 30
L. Cos. L. Cotg.
" '
L. Cos. i L. Cotg.
// /
89°.
FUNCTIONS OP SMALL ANGLES.
0°.
, "
L. Sin.
L. Tang.
, „
L. Sin.
L. Tang.
30 o
10
20
7.94 o84
7.94325
7.94564
7.94086
7.94 326
7.94 566
o 30
5o
4o
37 3o
4o
5o
8.o3775
8.o3 967
8.o4 1 59
8.o3777
8.o3 97o
8.o4 162
3o
20
10
3o
4o
5o
7.94 802
7.96 o39
7.96 274
7.94804
7.96 o4o
7.95 276
3o
20
10
38 o
IO
20
8.o435o
8.o4 54o
8.o4 729
8.o4353
8.o4543
8.o4732
o 22
5o
4o
31 o
10
20
7.96 5o8
7.9574i
7.95 973
7.95 5io
7.95743
7.95974
o 29
5o
4o
3o
4o
5o
8.o4 918
8.o5 io5
8.o5 292
8.o4 921
8.o5 108
8.o5 295
3o
20
IO
3o
4o
5o
7.96 2o3
7.96 432
7.96 660
7.96 205
7.96434
7.96 662
3o
20
10
39 o
IO
20
8.05478
8.o5663
8.o5848
8.o548i
8.o5666
8.o585i
o 21
5o
4o
32 o
10
20
7.96887
7.97 n3
7.97337
7.96889
7-97 n4
7.97339
o 28
5o
4o
3o
4o
5o
8.o6o3i
8.06214
8.06 396
8.o6o34
8.06 217
3.o6 399
3o
20
10
3o
4o
5o
7.97660
7-97 782
7.98 oo3
7.97662
7.97 784
7.98 oo5
3o
20
10
40 o
IO
20
8.06678
8.o6758
8.o6938
8.o658i
8.06 761
8.06 94 1
o 20
5o
4o
33 o
10
20
7.98 223
7.98442
7.98 660
7.98 225
7.98444
7.98 662
o 27
5o
4o
3o
4o
5o
8.07 117
8.07 296
8.07473
8.07 I2O
8.07 298
8.o7476
3o
20
IO
3o
4o
5o
7.98 876
7.99 092
7.99 3o6
7.98 878
7.99 094
7.99 3o8
3o
20
IO
41 o
IO
20
8.07 650
8.07 826
8.08 002
8. 07 653
8.07 829
8.08 005
o 19
5o
4o
34 o
10
20
7.99 620
7.99 732
7.99943
7.99 522
7.99 734
7.99 946
o 26
5o
4o
3o
4o
5o
8.08 176
8.o835o
8.08 624
8.08 1 80
8.08 354
8.08 627
3o
20
IO
3o
4o
5o
8.00 1 54
8.00 363
8.00 571
8.00 1 56
8.oo365
8.00 574
3o
20
10
42 o
IO
20
8.08696
8.08868
8.09 o4o
8 .08 700
8.08 872
8.09043
o 18
5o
4o
35 o
10
20
8.00 779
8.00 985
8.01 190
8.00 781
8.00987
8.01 193
o 25
5o
4o
3o
4o
5o
8.09 2IO
8.09 38o
8.09 650
8.09 214
8.09 384
8. 09 553
3o
20
10
3o
4o
5o
8.01 395
8.01 598
8.01 801
8.01 397
8.01 600
8.01 8o3
3o
20
10
43 o
IO
20
8.09 718
8.09 886
8.ioo54
8.09 722
8.09 890
8. 10 067
o 17
5o
4o
36 o
10
20
8.02 OO2
8.02 203
8. 02 402
8. 02 oo4
8. 02 2o5
8.02 405
o 24
5o
4o
3o
4o
5o
8. 10 220
8.io386
8.10 552
8. 10 224
8.10 390
8.io555
3o
20
IO
3o
4o
5o
8. 02 601
8. 02 799
8.02 996
8.02 6o4
8.02 801
8.02 998
3o
20
10
44 o
10
20
8.10 717
8.10 881
8 . 1 1 o44
8. 10 720
8.io884
8. 1 1 o48
o 16
5o
4o
37 o
10
20
8.o3 192
8.o3 387
8.o3 58i
8.o3 194
8.o339o
8.o3 584
o 23
5o
4o
3o
4o
5o
8. 1 1 207
8. 1 1 370
8. ii 53i
8. I I 211
8. ii 373
8. ii 535
3o
20
IO
3o
8.03775
8.o3777
3o22
45 o
8. 1 1 693
8. ii 696
3 15
L. Cos.
L. Cotg.
" '
L. Cos.
L. Cotg.
" '
125
89°.
FUNCTIONS OP SMALL ANGLES.
/ //
L. Sin.
L. Tang.
/ tr
L. Sin. L.Tang.
45 o
10
20
3o
4o
5o
8.11 693
8. ii 853
8.i2oi3
8. 12 172
8.i233i
8.12489
8. n 696
8. ii 857
8.12 017
8.12 176
8.12335
8.12493
o 15
5o
4o
3o
20
10
52 3o
4o
5o
8.18 387
8.18 524
8.18662
8.18 392
8.18 53o
8.18667
3o
20
IO
53 o
10
20
3o
4o
5o
8.18 798
8.18 935
8.19 071
8.19 206
8.i934i
8.19476
8.18 8o4
8.18 940
8.19076
8. 19 212
8.19347
8.19481
o 7
5o
4o
3o
20
IO
46 o
10
20
3o
4o
5o
8.12 647
8.12 8o4
8.12 961
8.i3 117
8.i3 272
8.13427
8.12 65i
8.12 808
8.12 965
8.i3 121
8.i3276
8.i343i
o 14
5o
4o
3o
20
IO
54 o
10
20
3o
4o
5o
8.19610
8.19744
8.19877
8.20 OIO
8.20 i43
8. 20 275
8.19616
8.19 749
8.19 883
8. 20 016
8. 20 149
8.20 281
o 6
5o
4o
3o
20
IO
47 o
10
20
3o
4o
5o
8.i3 58i
8.i3735
8.13888
8.i4o4i
8.i4 193
8.i4344
8.i3 585
8.i3 739
8.i3 892
8.14045
8.i4 197
8.i4348
o 13
5o
4o
3o
20
IO
55 o
IO
20
3o
4o
5o
8.20 407
8.20538
8.20 669
8.20 800
8.20 930
8.21 060
8.20 4i3
8.20 544
8.20675
8.20806
8.20936
8.21 066
o 5
5o
4o
3o
20
10
48 o
10
20
3o
4o
5o
8.14496
8.i4646
8.i4 796
8.i4945
8. 1 5 094
8.i5243
8.i4 500
8.i465o
8.i48oo
8. i4 950
8. 1 5 099
8.i5 247
o 12
5o
4o
3o
20
IO
56 o
IO
20
3o
4o
5o
8.21 189
8.21 319
8.21 447
8.21 576
8.21 7o3
8.21 83i
8.21 195
8.21 324
8.21 453
8.21 58i
8.21 709
8.21 837
o 4
5o
4o
3o
20
IO
49 o
10
20
3o
4o
5o
8.i5 39i
8.15538
8.15685
8.i5832
8.i5978
8.l6 123
8.i5 395
8.15543
8.i5 690
8.i5836
8.i5 982
8.16 128
o 11
5o
4o
3o
20
IO
57 o
IO
20
3o
4o
5o
8.21 958
8.22 085
8.22 211
8.22 337
8.22463
8.22 588
8.21 964
8.22 091
8.22 217
8.22 343
8.22 469
8.22 595
o 3
5o
4o
3o
20
IO
50 o
10
20
3o
4o
5o
8.16 268
8.i64i3
8.i6557
8.16 700
8.i6843
8.16986
8.16 273
8.16417
8.i656i
8.16 705
8.i6848
8. 16 991
o 10
5o
4o
3o
20
10
58 o
IO
20
3o
4o
5o
8.22 713
8.22838
8.22 962
8. 23 086
8.23 210
8.23 333
8.22 720
8.22844
8.22968
8.23 092
8.232i6
8.23 339
o 2
5o
4o
3o
20
IO
51 o
10
20
3o
4o
5o
8.17 128
8.17 270
8. 17 4i i
8.17 552
8. 17 692
8.17882
8.17 i33
8.17275
8.17416
8.17557
8.17697
8.i7837
o 9
5o
4o
3o
20
IO
59 o
10
20
3o
4o
5o
8.23456
8.23578
8.23 700
8.23 822
8.23944
8.24065
8.23462
8.23 585
8.23 707
8.23 829
8.23 950
8.24 071
o 1
5o
4o
3o
20
10
52 o
10
20
3o
8.17971
8.18 no
8.18 249
8. T* 3s7
8.17976
8.18 ii5
8.18254
8.18 392
o 8
5o
4o
3o 7
60 o
8.24 186
8.24 192
o 0
L. Cos. L. Cotg1.
" '
L. Cos.
L. Cotg".
" '
126
89°.
FUNCTIONS OF SMALL ANGLES.
1°.
/ II
L. Sin.
L.Tang.
r ti
L. Sin.
L. Tang.
0 o
10
20
8.24 186
8.243o6
8.24426
8.24 192
8.243i3
8.24433
o 60
5o
4o
7 Jo
4o
5o
8.29 3oo
8.29 407
8.29 5i4
8.29 309
8.29416
8.29 523
3o
20
IO
3o
4o
5o
8.24546
8.24665
8.24785
8.24553
8.24 672
8.24 791
3o
20
10
8 o
IO
20
8.29 621
8.29727
8. 29 833
8.29 629
8.29 736
8.29842
o 52
5o
4o
1 o
10
20
8.24903
8.25 022
8.25 i4o
8.24 910
8.25 029
8.25 i47
o 59
5o
4o
3o
4o
5o
8.29939
8-.3oo44
8.3o 150
8.29 947
8.3oo53
8.3o i58
3o
20
10
3o
4o
5o
8.25258
8.25 375
8.25493
8.25265
8.25 382
8.25 500
3o
20
10
9 o
IO
20
8.30255
8.3o359
8.3o464
8.3o263
8.3o368
8.3o473
o 51
5o
4o
2 o
10
20
8.25 609
8.25 726
8.25842
8.25 616
8.25 733
8.25849
o 58
5o
4o
3o
4o
5o
8.3o568
8.30672
8.30776
8.3o577
8.3o68i
8.30785
3o
20
IO
3o
4o
5o
8.25958
8.26074
8.26 189
8.25965
8.26081
8.26 196
3o
20
10
10 o
IO
20
8.30879
8.3o983
8.3i 086
8.3o888
8.3o 992
8.3i 095
o 50
5o
4o
3 o
10
20
8.263o4
8.26419
8.26533
8.26 3i2
8.26426
8.2654i
0 57
5o
4o
3o
4o
5o
8.3i 188
8.3i 291
8.3i 393
8. 3 1 198
8. 3 1 3oo
8. 3 1 4o3
3o
20
10
3o
4o
5o
8.26648
8.26 761
8.26875
8.26655
8.26 769
8.26882
3o
20
10
11 o
10
20
8.3i 4g5
8.3i 597
8.3i 699
8.3i 505
8.3i 606
8.3i 708
o 49
5o
4o
4 o
10
20
8.26988
8.27 101
8.27 214
8.26 996
8.27 109
8.27 221
o 56
5o
4o
3o
4o
5o
8.3i 800
8.3i 901
8.32 002
8. 3 1 809
8.3i 911
8.32 012
3o
20
IO
3o
4o
5o
8.27 326
8. 27 438
8.27 550
8.27334
8.27446
8.27558
3o
20
IO
12 o
10
20
8.32 io3
8.32 2o3
8.32 3o3
8.32 112
8.32213
8.32 3i3
o 48
5o
4o
5 o
10
20
8.27 661
8.27773
8.27883
8.27 669
8.27 780
8.27 891
o 55
5o
4o
3o
4o
5o
8.324o3
8.325o3
8.32 602
8.324i3
8.32 5i3
8.32612
3o
20
1C
3o
4o
5o
8.27 994
8.28 104
8.28 215
8.28002
8.28 112
8.28 223
3o
20
IO
13 o
10
20
8.32 702
8.32 801
8.32 899
8.32 711
8.32811
8.32 909
o 47
5o
4o
6 o
10
20
8.28324
8.28434
8.28 543
8.28 332
8.28442
8.2855i
o 54
5o
4o
3o
4o
5o
8.32 998
8. 33 096
8.33 195
8.33 008
8.33 106
8.33205
3o
20
IO
3o
4o
5o
8.28652
8.28 761
8.28 869
8.28660
8.28 769
8.28 877
3o
20
10
14 o
10
20
8.33292
8. 3339o
8.33488
8.33 3o2
8.334oo
8.33498
o 46
5o
4o
7 o
10
20
8.28977
8.29085
8.29 193
8.28 986
8.29 094
8.29 2OI
o 53
5o
4o
3o
4o
5o
8.33 585
8.33682
8.33779
8.33 595
8. 33 692
8.33789
3o
20
10
3o
8 . 29 3oo
8.29 3og
3o52
15 o
33875
8.33886
o 45
L. Cos.
L. cotg.
" '
L. Cos.
L. Cotg.
FUNCTIONS OP SMALL ANGLES
1°.
/ tr
L. Sin.
L. Tang.
, „
L. Sin.
L. Tang.
15 o
10
20
8.33876
8.33972
8.34068
8.33 886
8.33982
8.34078
o 45
5o
4o
22 3o
4o
5o
8.38 oi4
8.38 101
8.38 189
8.38 026
8.38 n4
8.38 202
3o
20
10
3o
4o
5o
8.34 i64
8.34260
8.34355
8.34174
8.34270
8.34366
3o
20
10
23 o
10
20
8.38 276
8.38363
8.3845o
8.38289
8.38376
8.38463
o 37
5o
4o
16 o
10
eo
8.3445o
8.34546
8.3464o
8.3446i
8.34556
8.3465i
o 44
5o
4o
3o
4o
5o
8.38 537
8.38 624
8.38 710
8.38 550
8.38636
8.38 723
3o
20
10
3o
4o
5o
8.34735
8.3483o
8.34924
8.34746
8.3484o
8.34935
3o
20
10
24 o
10
20
8.38 796
8.38882
8.38,968
8.38 809
8.38895
8.38981
o 36
5o
4o
17 o
I O
20
8.35oi8
8.35 112
8.35206
8.35 029
8.35 123
8.35217
o 43
5o
4o
3o
4o
5o
8.39 o54
8.39 1 39
8.39 225
8.39067
8.39 i53
8.39238
3o
20
IO
3o
4o
5o
8.35 299
8. 35392
8.35485
8.353io
8.354o3
8.35497
3o
20
10
25 o
10
20
8.39 3io
8.39395
8.39480
8.39323
8.39408
8.39493
o 35
5o
4o
18 o
10
20
8.35578
8. 35 671
8.35764
8.35 590
8.35682
8.35775
o 42
5o
4o
3o
4o
5o
8.39565
8.39 649
8.39734
8.39578
8.39663
8.39747
3o
20
IO
3o
4o
5o
8.35856
8.35948
8.36 o4o
8.35867
8.35959
8.36o5i
3o
20
10
26 o
IO
20
8.39818
8.3g 902
8.39986
8.39832
8.39 916
8.4o ooo
o 34
5o
4o
19 o
10
20
8.36 i3i
8.36223
8.363i4
8.36 i43
8.3623s
8.36326
o 41
5o
4o
3o
4o
5o
8.4o 070
8.4o i53
8.40237
8.4oo83
8.4o i67
8.4o25i
3o
20
IO
3o
4o
5o
8.364o5
8.36496
8.36587
8.36417
8.365o8
8.36 599
3o
20
IO
27 o
10
20
8.4o 320
8.4o4o3
8.4o486
8.4o334
8.4o4i7
8.4o 500
o 33
5o
4o
20 o
10
20
8.36678
8.36768
8.36858
8.36 689
8.36 780
8.36870
o 40
5o
4o
3o
4o
5o
8.40669
8.4o65i
8.40734
8.4o583
8.4o665
8.4o 748
3o
20
IO
3o
4o
5o
8.36948
8.37038
8.37 128
8.36 960
8.37050
8.37 i4o
3o
20
IO
28 o
IO
20
8.40816
8.40898
8.40980
8.4o83o
8.40913
8.4o 995
o 32
5o
4o
21 o
10
20
8.37217
8.37 3o6
8.37395
8.37 229
8.373i8
8.374o8
o 39
5o
4o
3o
4o
5o
8.4i 062
8.4i 1 44
8.4i 225
8.4i o77
8.4i i58
8.4i 240
3o
20
10
3o
4o
5o
8.37484
8.37 573
8.37662
8. 37497
8.37585
8.37674
3o
20
10
29 o
IO
20
8.4i 307
8.4i 388
8.4i 469
8.4i 32i
8.4i4o3
8.4i484
o 31
5o
4o
22 o
10
20
8.37750
8.37838
8.37 926
8.37762
8.3785o
8.37938
o 38
5o
4o
3o
4o
5o
8.4i 55o
8.4i 63i
8.4i 711
8.4i 565
8.4i 646
8.4i 726
3o
20
IO
3o
8.38oi4
8.38026
3o37
30 o
Mi 792
Mi 8o7
o'30
L. Cos.
L. Cotg.
n ,
L. Cos.
L. Cotg.
' "
128
88°.
FUNCTIONS OF SMALL ANGLES.
1°.
/ "
L. Sin. L.Tang.
/ ft
L. Sin. L.Tang.
30 o
10
20
3o
4o
5o
8.4i 79-
8.4i 872
8.4i 962
8.42 o32
8.42 112
8.42 192
8.4i 807
8.4i 887
8.4i 967
8.42 o48
8.42 127
8.42 207
o 30
5o
4o
3o
20
10
37 3o
4o
5o
8.45 267
8.4534i
8.454i5
8.45 285
8.45 359
8.45433
3o
20
IO
38 o
IO
20
3o
4o
5o
8.45489
8.45563
8.45637
8. 45 710
8. 45 784
8.45857
8. 455o7
8.4558i
8.45655
8.45728
8.45 802
8.45875
o 22
5o
4o
3o
20
IO
31 o
10
20
3o
4o
5o
8.42 272
8.4235i
8.4243o
8.42 5io
8.42689
8.42667
8.42 287
8.42 366
8.42446
8.42625
8.42 6o4
8.42683
o 29
5o
4o
3o
20
10
39 o
IO
20
3o
4o
5o
8.45 930
8.46oo3
8.46076
8.46 149
8.46 222
8.46 294
8.45948
8.46 021
8.46094
8.46 167
8.46 240
8.46 3i2
oSl
5o
4o
3o
20
10
32 o
10
20
3o
4o
5o
8.42 746
8.42825
8.42903
8.42982
8.43 060
8.43 i38
8.42 762
8.42 84o
8.42 919
8.42 997
8.43075
8.43x54
o 28
5o
4o
3o
20
10
40 o
10
20
3o
4o
5o
8.46 366
8.46439
8.465n
8.46583
8.4665s
8.46727
8.46 385
8.46457
8.46529
8.46602
8.46674
8. 46 745
o 20
5o
4o
3o
20
10
33 o
10
20
3o
4o
5o
8.43 2ltJ
8.43293
8. 4337i
8.43448
8.43526
8.436o3
8.43232
8.43 3o9
8. 43387
8.43464
8.43542
8.436i9
o 27
5o
4o
3o
20
10
41 o
IO
20
3o
4o
5o
8.46 799
8.46870
8.46942
8.47oi3
8.47084
8.47 i55
8.46817
8.46889
8.46960
8.47o3a
8.47 io3
8.47 i?4
o 19
5o
4o
3o
20
10
34 o
10
20
3o
4o
5o
8.4^680
8.43757
8.43834
8.43910
8.43987
8.44o63
8.43 696
8.43773
8.4385o
8.43 927
8.44oo3
8. 44 080
o 26
5o
4o
3o
20
10
42 o
IO
20
3o
4o
5o
8.47226
8.47297
8.47368
8.47439
8.47 509
8.47 58o
8.47245
8.473i6
8.47387
8.47458
8.47528
8.47 599
o 18
5o
4o
3o
20
10
35 o
10
20
3o
4o
5o
8.44 139
8.44216
8.44292
8.44367
8.44443
8.445i9
8.44 1 56
8.44232
8.443o8
8.44384
8.4446o
8.44536
o 25
5o
4o
3o
20
IO
43 o
IO
20
3o
4o
5o
8.47 650
8.47 720
8.47 790
8.47 860
8.47 930
8.48 ooo
8.47 669
8.47 74o
8.47810
8.47 880
8.4795°
8.48 020
o 17
5o
4o
3o
20
10
36 o
10
20
3o
4o
5o
8.44594
8.44669
8.44745
8.44820
8.44895
8.44969
8.446n
8.44686
8.44762
8.44837
8.44912
8.44987
o 24
5o
4o
3o
20
IO
44 o
IO
20
3o
4o
5o
8.48 069
8.48 i39
8.48 208
8.48 278
8.48 347
8.484i6
8.48090
8.48 i59
8.48 228
8.48 298
8.48 367
8.48436
o 16
5o
4o
3o
20
10
37 o
10
20
3o
8.45o44
8.45 119
8.45 193
8.45 -j-;-
8.45 061
8.45 i36
8.45 210
8.45 285
o 23
5o
4o
3o22
45 o
J. 48 485
M8 5o5
o 15
L. Cos. L. Cotg.
" '
L. Cos.
L. Cotg.
" '
88°.
129
FUNCTIONS OF SMALL ANGLES
1°.
, „
L. Sin.
L. Tang.
, „
L.Sin.
L. Tang.
45 o
10
20
8.48 485
8.48 554
8.48622
8.48 5o5
8.48574
8.48643
o 15
5o
4o
52 3d
4o
5o
8.5i 48o
8.5i 544
8. 5 1 609
8.5i 5o3
8.5i 568
8.5i 632
3o
20
IO
3o
4o
5o
8.48 691
8.48 760
8.48828
8.48 711
8.48 780
8.48849
3o
20
IO
53 o
10
20
8.5i 673
8.5i 737
8.5i 801
8.5i 696
8.5i 760
8;5l 824
o 7
5o
4o
46 o
10
20
8.. 48 896
8.48 965
8.49033
8.48917
8.48985
8.49.053
o 14
5o
4o
3o
4o
5o
8.5; 864
8.5i 928
8.5i 992
8.5i 888
8.5i 952
8.52 oi5
3o
20
IO
3o
4o
5o
8.49 101
8.49 169
8.49236
8.49 121
8.49 189
8.49257
3o
20
10
54 o
IO
20
8.52o55
8.52 119
8.52 182
8 . 52 079
8.52 i43
8.52 206
o 6
5o
4o
47 o
10
20
8.49 3o4
8.49372
8.49439
8.49325
8.49 393
8.49460
o 13
5o
4o
3o
4o
5o
8.52245
8.523o8
8.5237i
8.52 269
8.52 332
8.52 396
3o
20
10
3o
4o
5o
8.49 5o6
8.49574
8.49641
8.49528
8.49 595
8.49 662
3o
20
10
55 o
IO
20
8.52434
8.52 497
8.52 56o
8.52 459
8.52 522
8.52 584
o 5
5o
4o
48 o
10
20
8.49 708
8.49775
8.49842
8.49 729
8.49 796
8.49863
o 12
5o
4o
3o
4o
5o
8.52623
8.52685
8.52748
8.52647
8.52 710
8.52 772
3o
20
10
3o
4o
5o
8.49908
8.49975
8.5oo42
8.49930
8.49997
8.5oo63
3o
20
10
56 o
IO
20
8.52 810
8.52872
8.52935
8.52 835
8.52897
8.52 960
o 4
5o
4o
49 o
10
20
8.5o 108
8.5o i74
8.5o24i
8.5o i3o
8.5o 196
8.50263
o 11
5o
4o
3o
4o
5o
8.52 997
8.53o59
8.53 121
8.53022
8.53o84
8.53 i46
3o
20
10
3o
4o
5o
8.5o 307
8.5o373
8.5o439
8.5o329
8.50395
8.5o46i
3o
20
IO
57 o
IO
20
8.53 i83
8.53245
8.533o6
8.53 208
8.53 270
8.53 332
o 3
5o
4o
50 o
10
20
8.5o 5o4
8.5o 570
8.5o636
8.5o527
8.5o593
8.5o658
o 10
5o
4o
3o
4o
5o
8.53368
8.53429
8.53491
8.53 393
8.53455
8.535i6
3o
20
IO
3o
4o
5o
8.5o 701
8.5o 767
8.5o832
8.5o 724
8.5o 789
8.5o855
3o
20
10
58 o
IO
20
8.53552
8.536i4
8. 53 675
8.53578
8.53639
8.53 700
o 2
5o
4o
51 o
10
20
8.50897
8.5o963
8.5i 028
8.5o 920
8.5o985
8.5i o5o
o 9
5o
4o
3o
4o
5o
8.53736
8.53797
8.53858
8.53762
8.53823
8.53884
3o
20
10
3o
4o
5o
8.5i 092
8.5i i57
8.5l 222
8.5i u5
8.5i 180
8.5i 245
3o
20
10
59 o
10
20
8.53919
8. 53 979
8 . 54 o4o
8.53945
8.54oo5
8. 54 066
o 1
5o
4o
52 o
10
20
8.5i 287
8.5i 35i
8.5i 4i6
8.5i 3io
8.5i 374
8.5i 439
o 8
5o
4o
3o
4o
5o
8.54 ioi
8.54 161
8.54 222
8.54 127
8.54 187
8. 54 s48
3o
20
10
3o
8.5i 48o
.5i 5o3
3o 7
60 o
8.542*
8.54 3o8
> 0
L. Cos.
L. Cotg.
,, *
L.Cos.
L. Cotg.
'
130
88°.
TABLE IV
FOUR-PLACE
NAPERIAN LOGARITHMS
NAPERIAN LOGARITHMS.
LOGARITHMS OF POWERS OF 10.
Num.
Log.
Num.
Log.
10
2.3O26
. i
3~.6974
IOO
4.6o52
.01
5.3948
1000
6.9078
.001
7.0922
IOOOO
9.2103
.0001
^.7897
IOOOOO
1 1 .5129
.00001
72.4871
IOOOOOO
i3.8i55
.00000 I
a. 1845
IOOOOOOO
16.1181
.000000 I
17.8819
IOOOOOOOO
18.4207
.00000001
19.5793
I OOOOOOOOO
20.7233
.00000000 1
21 .2767
Num.
Log.
Num.
Log.
LOGARITHMS OF NUMBERS FROM i TO 10.
N
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
1.0
o.oooo
OIOO
0198
0296
0392
o488
o583
o677
0770
0862
.1
.2
.3
0.0953
0.1823
0.2624
io44
1906
2700
n33
1989
2776
1222
2070
2852
i3io
2l5l
2927
1398
223l
3ooi
i484
23ll
3o75
i57o
2390
3i48
i655
2469
3221
i74o
2546
3293
.4
.5
.6
0.3365
o.4o55
0.4700
3436
4l2I
4762
35o7
4i87
4824
3577
4253
4886
3646
43i8
4947
37i6
4383
5oo8
3784
4447
5o68
3853
45n
5i28
392O
4574
5i88
3988
4637
5247
• 7
.8
•9
o.53o6
o.5878
0.6419
5365
5933
6471
5423
5988
6523
548i
6o43
6575
5539
6098
6627
5596
6i52
6678
5653
6206
6-729
57io
6259
678o
5766
63i3
683i
5822
6366
6881
2.0
0.6931
6981
7o3i
7080
7129
7178
•722-7
7275
7324
7372
N
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
NAPERIAN LOGARITHMS.
N
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
2.0
2.1
2.2
2.3
0.6931
6981
7o3i
7080
7129
7178
7227
7275
7324
7372
0.7419
o.7885
0.8329
7467
793°
8372
75i4
7975
84i6
756i
8020
8459
7608
8o65
85o2
7655
8109
8544
77OI
8i54
8587
7747
8198
8629
7793
8242
8671
7839
8286
87i3
2.4
2.5
2.6
o.8755
0.9163
o.9555
8796
9203
9^94
8838
9243
9632
8879
9282
967o
8920
9822
9708
8961
936i
9746
9002
9400
9783
9042
9439
982I
9o83
9478
9858
9I23
95i7
9895
2.7
2.8
2.9
3.0
3.i
3.2
3.3
0.9933
1.0296
1.0647
9969
o332
0682
6006
0367
0716
6o43
o4o3
0750
6080
o438
0784
61 16
o473
0818
Ol52
o5o8
o852
018,8
o543
0886
0225
o578
o9i9
6260
o6i3
o953
1.0986
1019
io53
1086
1119
n5i
n84
1217
I249
1282
I.i3i4
i.i632
i.i939
1 346
i663
1969
i378
1694
2000
i4io
1725
2o3o
1 442
i756
2060
i474
i787
2090
i5o6
181-7
21 19
i537
1 848
2l49
i569
1878
2179
1600
I9o9
2208
3.4
3.5
3.6
1.2238
1.2528
1.2809
2267
2556
2837
2296
2585
2865
2326
26i3
2892
2355
2641
2920
2384
2669
2947
24i3
2698
29-75
2442
2726
3002
2470
2754
3o29
2499
2782
3o56
3.7
3.8
3.9
4.0
4.i
4.2
4.3
i.3o83
i.335o
i.36io
3uo
3376
3635
3i37
34o3
366i
3i64
3429
3686
3i9i
3455
3712
3218
348 1
3737
3244
35o7
3762
3271
3533
3788
3297
3558
38i3
3324
3584
3838
1.3863
3888
3913
3938
3962
3987
4012
4o36
4o6i
4o85
i.4no
i.435i
1.4586
4i34
4375
4609
4i59
4398
4633
4i83
4422
4656
4207
4446
4679
423i
4469
4702
4255
4493
472D
4279
45i6
4748
43o3
454o
477<>
4327
4563
4793
4.4
4.5
4.6
i.48i6
i.5o4i
1.5261
4839
5o63
5282
486i
5o85
53o4
4884
5107
5326
4907
5129
5347
4929
5i5i
5369
49^1
5i73
5390
4974
5i95
54i2
4996
5217
5433
5oi9
5239
5454
4-7
4.8
4-9
5.0
5.i
5.2
5.3
1.5476
1.5686
1.5892
5497
57o7
SgiS
55i8
5728
5933
5539
5748
5953
556o
5769
5974
558i
579o
5994
56o2
58io
6oi4
5623
583i
6o34
5644
585i
6o54
5665
5872
6o74
1.609^
6n4
6i34
6i54
6i74
6194
6214
6233
6253
6273
1.6292
i.6487
1.6677
63i2
65o6
6696
6332
6525
67i5
635i
6544
6734
637i
6563
6752
63go
6582
6771
6409
6601
6-790
6429
6620
6808
6448
6639
6827
6467
6658
6845
5.4
5.5
5.6
1.6864
1.7047
1.7228
6882
7066
7246
6901
7o84
7263
6919
7102
7281
6938
7120
7299
6956
7i38
73i7
6974
7i56
7334
6993
7i74
7352
7011
7I92
737o
•7029
721O
7387
5-7
5.8
5.9
6.0
i.74o5
1.7579
i.775o
7422
7596
7766
744o
76i3
7783
7457
763o
7800
7475
7647
7817
74g2
7664
7834
75o9
768i
785i
7527
7699
7867
7544
77i6
7884
756i
7733
79oi
1.7918
7934
7951
7967
7984
8001
8017
8o34
8o5o
8066
0
1
2 3
4
5
6
7
8
9
i33
NAPERIAN LOGARITHMS.
N
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
6.0
1.7918
7934
795i
7967
79»4
8001
8017
8o34
8o5o
8066
6.1
6.2
6.3
i.8o83
.8245
.84o5
8099
8262
8421
8116
8278
8437
8i32
8294
8453
8i48
83io
8469
8i65
8326
8485
8181
8342
85oo
8i97
8358
85i6
82i3
8374
8532
8229
839o
8547
6.4
6.5
6.6
.8563
.8718
.8871
8579
8733
8886
8594
8749
89oi
8610
8764
89i6
8625
8779
8931
864i
8795
8946
8656
8810
896i
8672
8825
8976
8687
884o
899i
87o3
8856
9oo6
6.7
6.8
6.9
.9021
.9169
.93i5
9o36
9184
933o
9o5i
9i99
9344
9o66
92l3
9359
9081
9228
9373
9o95
9242
9387
9i 10
9257
9402
9I25
9272
94i6
9i4o
9286
943o
9i55
93oi
9445
7.0
.9459
9473
9488
95o2
95i6
953o
9544
9559
9573
9587
7-i
7.2
7.3
.9601
.974i
.9879
96i5
9755
9892
9629
9769
99o6
9643
978a
9920
9657
9796
9933
967i
98io
9947
9685
9824
996i
9699
9838
9974
97i3
985i
9988
9727
9865
OOOI
7-4
7.5
7-6
2. 001 5
2.0149
2.0281
0028
0162
0295
0042
0176
o3o8
oo55
oi89
0321
0069
O2O2
o334
0082
02 1 5
o347
oo96
O229
o36o
oio9
0242
o373
OI22
0255
o386
oi36
0268
o399
7-7
7.8
7-9
2.0412
2.o54i
2.0669
o425
o554
0681
o438
0567
o694
o45i
o58o
0707
o464
0592
0719
o477
o6o5
0732
o49o
0618
o744
o5o3
o63i
o757
o5i6
o643
o769
o528
o656
0-782
8.0
2.0794
0807
o8i9
o832
o844
o857
o869
0882
o894
o9o6
8.1
8.2
8.3
2 .0919
2.I04I
2.u63
ogSi
io54
1175
o943
1066
1187
o956
1078
1199
0968
1090
I2II
o98o
1 1 02
1223
0992
1 1 14
1235
ioo5
1126
I247
IOI7
n38
1258
IO29
i i5o
I27O
8.4
8.5
8.6
2.1282
2.l4oi
2.i5i8
1294
1412
1529
i3o6
1424
i54i
i3i8
i436
i552
i33o
1 448
1 564
1 342
i459
1576
i353
i47i
i587
i365
i483
i599
i377
i494
1610
i389
i5o6
1622
8.7
8.8
8.9
2.i633
2.1748
2.1861
1 645
1759
1872
i656
1770
i883
1668
1782
1894
1679
i793
I9o5
i69i
1804
I9i7
1702
i8i5
I928
I7i3
182-7
i939
I725
i838
i95o
i736
1849
1961
9.0
2. 1972
i983
i994
2006
2017
2028
2o39
2o5o
2061
2072
9.1
9.2
9.3
2.2083
2.2192
2.23OO
2094
22O3
23ll
2IO5
22l4
2322
21 16
2225
2332
2127
2235
2343
2i38
2246
2354
2148
2257
2364
2l59
2268
2375
2I7O
2279
2386
2181
2289
2396
9.4
9.5
9.6
2.24O7
2.25l3
2.2618
2418
2523
2628
2428
2534
2638
2439
2544
2649
245o
2555
2659
2460
2565
2670
247r
2576
2680
2481
2586
269O
2492
2597
2701
2502
2607
2711
9-7
9.8
9.9
2.2721
2.2824
2.2925
2732
2834
2935
2742
2844
2946
2752
2854
2g56
2762
2865
2966
2773
2875
2976
2783
2885
2986
2?93
2895
2996
28o3
29o5
3oo6
28l4
29l5
3oi6
10.0
2.3026
3i26
3224
3322
34i8
35i4
36o9
37o3
3796
3888
N
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
1 34
TABLE V
FOUR-PLACE LOGARITHMS
OF NUMBERS
FOUR-PLACE LOGARITHMS.
N
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
"IT
oooo
o43
086
128
170
212
•B^^^^B
253
•BBBMH
294
334
~
1 1
4i4
453
492
53i
569
607
645
682
719
755
12
792
828
864
899
934
969
100^
ro38
1072
1 106
i3
ii39
I73
206
239
271
3o3
335
367
399
43o
i4
46i
492
523
553
584
6i4
644
673
7o3
732
i5
1761
79°
818
847
875
903
93i
959
987
2OI,
16
20
4i
068
o95
122
1 48
i75
2OI
227
253
279
ll
3o4
33o
355
38o
4o5
43o
455
48o
5o4
529
18
553
577
60 1
625
648
672
695
718
742
765
'9
788
810
833
856
878
900
923
945
967
989
20
3oio
032
o54
o75
o96
118
i39
1 60
181
201
21
222
243
263
284
3o4
324
345
365
385
4o4
22
424
444
464
483
5o2
522
54 1
56o
579
598
23
617
636
655
674
692
7'
I
729
747
766
784
24
802
820
838
856
874
892
9°9
927
945
962
25
3979
997
4or4
4o3i
4o48
4o65
4082
4o99
4n6
4i33
26
4i5o
1 66
i83
200
216
232
249
265
281
298
27
3i4
33o
346
362
378
393
4o9
425
44o
456
28
472
487
502
5i8
533
548
564
579
594
6o9
29
624
639
654
669
683
698
7i3
728
742
757
30
477i
786
800
8i4
829
843
857
87,
886
9oo
3i
9i4
928
942
955
969
983
997
5oi i
5o24
5o38
32
5o5i
o65
o79
092
io5
n9
i3a
i45
i59
I72
33
1 85
198
21 I
224
237
25o
263
276
289
302
34
3i5
328
34o
353
366
378
39i
4o3
4i6
428
35
544 1
453
465
478
490
502
5i4
527
539
55i
36
563
575
587
599
611
623
635
647
658
67o
37
682
694
7o5
717
729
74o
752
763
775
786
38
798
8o9
821
832
843
855
866
877
888
899
39
911
922
933
944
955
966
977
988
999
6010
40
••••••i
6021
•MM^^^M
o3i
••••••
042
••HM^M
o53
••••Mi
o64
o75
o85
o96
IO7
117
N
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
PP
38
32
28
35
22
21
19
18
17
16
.1
.2
7-6
1!
> 5-6
5-o
.2
4-4
4-2
3-8
.2
3-6
3-4
3-2
•3
11.4
9.e
8.4
7-5
•3
6.6
6-3
5-7
•3
5-4
4.8
•4
»5-2
I2.i
II.2
IO.O
•4
8.8
8.4
7.6
•4
7.2
6.8
6.4
• 5
19.0
j6.c
> 14.0
12.5
•5
I.O
10.5
9-5
•5
9.0
8-5
8.0
6
22.8
19.2
16.8
15.0
.6
3-2
12.6
11.4
.6
10.8
10.2
9.6
•7
26.6
22.4
19.6
J7-5
• 7
5-4
'4-7
'3-3
• 7
12.6
ii. 9
II. 2
.8
30-4
25.6
22.4
20.0
.8
7.6
1 6.' 8
'5-2
.8
14.4
13-6
12.8
•9 34-2
28.8 25.2 22.5
•9
9.8 18.9
J5- 3 '4-4
1 36
FOUR-PLACE LOGARITHMS.
N
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
40
6021
o3i
042
o53
064
M^M
07
HIM
5
o85
••— ^—
096
I07
117
4i
128
1 38
i49
160
I70
180
191
201
212
222
42
232
243
253
263
274
284
294
3o4
3i4
325
43
335
345
355
365
375
385
395
4o5
4i5
425
44
435
444
454
464
474
484
493
5o3
5x3
522
45
6532
542
55i
56i
57i
58o
59o
599
6o9
618
46
628
637
646
656
665
675
684
693
702
712
47
721
73o
739
749
758
767
776
785
794
8o3
48
812
821
83o
839
848
857
866
875
884
893
49
902
911
92O
928
937
946
955
964
972
981
50
6990
998
7oo7
7016
7024
7o33
7042
7o5o
7°59
7o67
5i
7076
o84
o93
IOI
I IO
118
126
i35
i43
152
52
1 60
168
I77
i85
i93
202
210
218
226
235
53
243
25l
269
267
275
284
292
3oo
3o8
3i6
54
324
332
34o
348
356
364
372
38o
388
396
55
74o4
4l2
4i9
427
435
443
45i
459
466
474
56
482
490
497
5o5
5i3
52O
528
536
543
55i
57
559
566
574
582
589
597
6o4
612
6i9
627
58
634
642
649
657
664
672
679
686
694
701
59
709
716
723
73i
738
745
752
760
767
774
60
7782
789
796
8o3
810
818
825
832
839
846
61
853
860
868
875
882
88
9
896
9o3
9io
917
62
924
93i
938
945
952
959
966
973
98o
987
63
993
8000
8oo7
8oi4
802 1
8028
8o35
8o4i
8o48
8o55
64
8062
o69
o75
082
089
o96
102
io9
116
122
65
8l29
i36
149
i56
162
i69
176
182
189
66
i95
202
209
2l5
222
228
235
2
4r
248
254
67
261
267
274
280
287
293
299
3o6
3l2
319
68
325
33i
338
344
35i
357
363
37o
376
382
69
388
395
4oi
4o7
4i4
420
426
432
439
445
70
45i
457
463
4?o
476
482
488
••^•••v
494
•i^^M 1
5oo
••^^•V
5o6
N
0
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
PP
15
14 13
12
IO
9
8
7
6
.,
1.5
1.4 1.3
1.2
.!
i.i
I.O
0.9
.1
0.8
0.7
0.6
.2
3-o
2.8 2.6
2.4
.2
2.2
2.0
1.8
.2
1.6
1.4
1.2
•3
4-5
4-2 3-9
3-6
• 3
3-3
3-°
2.7
•3
2.4
2,1
1.8
•4
6.0
5-6 5-2
4-8
• 4
4-4
4.0
3-6
•4
3-2
2.8
2.4
•5
7-5
7.0 6.5
6.0
•5
5-o
4-5
• 5
4.0
3-5
3-o
.6
9.0
8.4 7-8
7.2
.6
6.6
6.0
5-4
.6
4.8
4.2
3-6
• 7
10.5
9.8 9.1
8.4
•7
7-7
7.0
6-3
•7
5-6
4-9
4.2
.8
I2.O
1 1. 2 10.4
9.6
.8
8.8
8.0
7.2
8
6.4
5-6
4.8
•9 i3-5
126 11.7 10.8 .9 9.9
i37
FOUR-PLACE LOGARITHMS.
N
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
70
845i
~
463
470
476
482
488
494
5oo
5o6
71
5i3
5i9
525
53i
537
543
549
555
56i
567
72
573
579
585
5oi
597
6o3
6o9
6i5
621
627
73
633
639
645
65i
657
663
669
675
681
686
74
692
698
704
710
716
722
727
733
739
745
75
875!
756
762
768
774
779
785
79i
797
802
76
808
8i4
820
825
83i
837
842
848
854
859
77
865
871
876
882
887
893
899
9o4
9io
9i5
78
92I
927
932
938
943
949
954
96o
965
971
79
976
982
987
993
998
9oo4
9oo9
9oi5
9O2O
9025
80
9o3i
o36
042
047
o53
o58
o63
o69
o74
079
81
o85
o9o
o96
IOI
106
112
117
122
128
i33
82
1 38
i43
i49
1 54
i59
i65
170
i75
180
186
83
|9I
i96
2OI
206
212
2I7
222
227
232
238
84
243
248
253
258
263
269
274
279
284
289
85
9294
299
3o4
3o9
3i5
320
325
33o
335
34o
86
345
35o
355
36o
365
37o
375
38o
385
390
87
39!
j
4oo
4o5
4io
4i5
420
425
43o
435
44o
88
445
45o
455
46o
465
469
474
479
484
489
89
494
499
5o4
5o9
5i3
5i8
523
528
533
538
90
9542
547
552
557
562
566
57i
576
58i
586
91
59(
)
595
600
6o5
6o9
6i4
6i9
624
628
633
92
63(
J
643
647
652
657
661
666
671
675
680
93
685
689
694
699
7o3
7o8
7i3
717
722
727
94
73i
736
74 1
745
75o
754
759
763
768
773
95
9777
782
786
79i
795
800
8o5
8o9
8i4
818
96
823
827
832
836
84 1
845
85o
854
859
863
97
868
872
877
881
886
89o
894
899
-9o3
9o8
98
9I2
9i7
081
926
9
3o
934
939
943
948
952
99
956
96i
965
969
974
978
983
987
99i
996
100
oooo
oo4
oo9
oi3
OI7
022
026
o3o
o35
o4o
N
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
PP
7
6
5
4
.1
0.7
0.6
.1 0.5
0.4
.2
M
12
.2 1.0
0.8
•3
2.1
i 8
•3 *-5
1.2
.4
2.8
2.4
.4 2.0
1.6
• 5
3-5
3 o
• 3 2.5
2.O
.6
4.2
3-6
.6 3.0
2.4
• 7
4-9
4.2
•7 3-5
2.8
.8
5-6
4.8
.8 4-0
3-2
-9
5-4
•9 4-5 3-6
i38
TABLE VI
FOUR-PLACE LOGARITHMS
OF THE
TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS
TO EVERY TEN MINUTES
POUR-PLACE LOGARITHMIC FUNCTIONS.
O '
L. Sin.
d.
L.Tang.
d.
L. Cotg.
L. Cos.
d.
0 o
10
20
3o
4o
5o
7
7
8
8
.4637
.7648
.9408
.o658
.1627
son
1760
1250
969
792
669
580
5"
458
4i3
578
3011
1761
i249
969
792
670
580
5"
457
4i5
378
348
322
300
281
263
249
235
223
213
202
194
l85
I78
I7I
l65
158
»54
I48
2.5363
2.2352
2.0591
1.9342
i.8373
o.oooo
0 . OOOO
o.oooo
o.oooo
o.oooo
o.oooo
0
o
o
0
0
I
0
0
o
0
I
0
I
0
o
I
0
I
I
I
o 90
5o
4o
3o
20
10
7.4637
7.7648
7-9409
8.o658
8.1627
1 o
10
20
3o
4o
5o
8
8
8
8
8
8
.2419
.3o88
.3668
.4179
.4637
.5o5o
8.2419
8.3089
8.3669
8.4i8i
8.4638
8.5o53
i.758i
i .691 i
i. 633 i
1.5819
1.5362
i .4947
9-9999
0.9999
9.9999
9.9999
9.9998
9.9998
o 89
5o
4o
3o
20
IO
2 o
10
20
3o
4o
5o
8
8
8
8
8
8
.5428
.5776
.6097
.6397
.6677
.6940
348
321
300
280
263
248
235
222
212
2O2
I92
8.543i
8.5779
8.6101
8.64oi
8.6682
8.6945
.4569
.4221
.3899
.3599
.33i8
.3o55
9-9997
9-9997
9.9996
9.9996
9.9995
9-999^
o 88
5o
4o
3o
20
IO
3 o
10
20
3o
4o
5o
8
8
8
8
8
8
.7188
.7423
.7645
.7867
.8069
.8261
8.7194
8.7429
8.7652
8.7865
8.8067
8.8261
.2806
.2571
.2348
.2i35
.i933
.1739
9-9994
9.9993
9.9993
9.9992
9.9991
9-999°
o 87
5o
4o
3o
20
IO
4 o
IO
20
3o
4o
5o
8
8
8
8
8
8
.8436
.86i3
.8783
.8946
.9104
.9266
185
I77
170
l63
158
IS2
M7
8.8446
8.8624
8.8795
8.8960
8.9118
8.92-72
.i554
.1376
.1205
. io4o
.0882
.0728
9.9989
9.9989
9.9988
9.9987
9.9986
9.9985
0
I
o 86
5o
4o
3o
20
10
5
0
8.9403
8.9420
i.o58o
9.9983
o 85
L
. Cos.
d.
L. Cotg.
d.
L. Tang.
L.Sin.
d.
' O
PP
.2
•3
•4
:I
1
348
300
263
2
3
4
I
I
235
213
185
.i
.2
•3
•4
J
:!
171
158 147
S3
104.4
139.2
174.0
208.8
»j
g
9o
120
150
1 80
210
240
26.3
52-6
78.9
105.2
i3i-5
157-8
184.,
210.4
•
23-5
47.0
70.5
94.0
117.5
141.0
164.5
i88.c
21.3
42. c
63-9
85.2
106.5
127.1
149.1
170.4
18.5
37-o
55-5
74.0
92-5
III.O
129.5
148.0
166.5
17.1
34-2
5i-3
68.4
85-5
102.6
119.7
136.8
15.8 14.7
31.6 29.4
47-4 44-i
63.2 58.8
79-o 73-5
94.8 88.2
no. 6 102.9
126.4 117-6
142.2 i32-3
POUR-PLACE LOGARITHMIC FUNCTIONS.
O '
L. Sin.
d.
L. Tang.
d.
L. Cotg.
L. Cos.
d.
5 o
IO
20
3o
4o
5o
8.9403
8.9545
8.9682
8.9816
8.9945
9.0070
142
137
'34
129
125
122
"5
"3
109
107
104
102
99
97
95
93
89
87
85
84
82
80
79
78
76
75
73
73
8.9420
8.9563
8.9701
8.9836
8.9966
9.0093
143
138
135
130
127
123
120
"4
in
1 08
105
104
101
98
97
94
93
89
87
86
84
82
81
80
78
77
76
74
i.o58o
1.0437
1.0299
i.oi64
i.oo34
0.9907
9.9983.
9.9982
9.998i
9.998o
9-9979
9-9977
2
I
I
2
I
I
2
I
2
2
I
2
2
o 85
5o
3o
20
IO
6 o
IO
20
3o
4o
5o
9.0192
9.081 i
9.0426
9.0539
9.0648
9.0755
9.0216
9.o336
9.o453
9.0667
9.0678
9.0786
0.9784
0.9664
0.9547
0.9433
0.9322
0.9214
9-9976
9-9975
9-9973
9.9972
9.9971
9.9969
o 84
5o
4o
3o
20
10
7 o
IO
20
3o
4o
5o
9.0859
9.0961
9. 1060
9.n57
9-1252
9.i345
9.0891
9.o995
9. 1096
9.1194
9.1291
9. i 385
0.9109
0.9005
0.8904
0.8806
0.8709
o.86i5
9.9968
9.9966
9.9964
9.9963
9.9961
9.9959
o 83
5o
4o
3o
20
IO
8 o
IO
20
3o
4o
5o
9.i436
9. 1612
9.1697
9.1781
9.i863
9.1478
9.1569
9.i658
9.1745
9.i83i
9.i9i5
0.8522
o.843i
0.8342
0.8255
0.8169
o.8o85
9.9958
9.9956
9.9954
9.9952
9.995o
9.9948
I
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
o 82
5o
4o
3o
20
10
9 o
IO
20
3o
4o
5o
9.1943
9.2022
9.2100
9.2176
9.2324
9-1997
9.2O78
9.2i58
9.2236
9.23i3
9.2889
o.8oo3
0.7922
0.7842
0.7764
0.7687
0.7611
9.9946
9.9944
9.9942
9.9940
9.9938
9 . 9936
o 81
5o
4o
20
IO
10 o
9.2397
9.2463
o.7537
9.9934
o 80
L. Cos.
d.
L. Cotg.
d.
L. Tang.
L. Sin.
d.
' o
PP 138
"5
"7
.1
.2
•3
•4
•9
104 97
89
.1
.2
•3
•4
I
84
78 73
' I3'J
27. o
•3 4'-4
•4 55-2
• 5 69.0
.6 82.8
.7 96.6
.8 110.4
.9 124.2
12.5
25.0
37-5
50.0
62.5
75-°
87-5
1OO.O
112.5
11.7
23-4
46.8
58.5
70.2
8..g
93.6
105-3
10.4 9.7
20.8 19.4
31.2 29.1
41.6 38.8
52-0 48.5
62.4 58.2
72.8 67.9
83.2 77.6
93.6 87.3
8.9
17.8
26.7
35-6
44-5
53-4
62.3
71.2
80. i
25-2
33-6
42.0
50.4
58.8
67.2
7-8 7-3
15.0 14.6
23.4 21.9
31.2 29.2
39-o 36.5
46.8 43.8
54-6 51.1
62.4 58.4
70. 2 65. 7
i4r
FOUR-PLACE LOGARITHMIC FUNCTIONS.
O '
L. Sin.
d.
L. Tang.
d.
L. Cotg.
L. Cos.
d.
10 o
10
20
3o
4o
5o
9
9
9
9
9
9
.2397
.2468
.2538
.2606
.2674
.2740
71
7o
68
68
66
9. 2463
9.2536
9 .2609,
9.2680
9.2750
9.2819
73
73
7i
70
69
68
66
67
65
64
63
63
61
61
61
59
59
58
57
57
56
55
55
54
53
53
53
5»
52
5i
0.7537
0.7464
o.739i
0.7320
0.7250
0.7181
9.9934
9.993i
9.9929
9.9927
9.9924
9.9922
3
2
2
3
2
o 80
5o
4o
3o
20
10
11 o
IO
20
3o
4o
5o
9
9
9
9
9
9
.2806
.2870
.2934
.2997
.3o58
.3119
64
64
63
61
61
9.2887
9.2953
9.3o2o
9.3o85
9.3i49
9.32I2
0.7113
0.7047
0.6980
o.69i5
o.685i
0.6788
9.9919
9.9917
9.9914
9.9912
9.9909
9.9907
3
2
3
2
3
2
o 79
5o
4o
3o
20
IO
12 o
10
20
3o
4o
5o
9
9
9
9
9
9
•3i79
.3238
.3296
.3353
.34io
.3466
59
58
57
57
56
9.3275
9.3336
9.3397
9.3458
9.35 i 7
9.3576
0.6725
0.6664
o.66o3
O.6542
0.6483
0.6424
9.9904
9.9901
9.9899
9.9896
9.9893
9.9890
3
3
2
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
4
3
3
4
o 78
5o
4o
3o
20
10
13 o
10
20
3o
4o
5o
9.352i
9.3575
9.3629
9.3682
9.3734
9.3786
55
54
54
53
52
52
5i
5°
50
49
49
48
47
9.3634
9.369i
9.3748
9.38o4
9.3859
9.39i4
0.6366
o.63o9
0.6252
o.6i96
o.6i4i
0.6086
9.9887
9.9884
9.9881
9.9878
9.9875
9.9872
o 77
5o
4o
3o
20
10
14 o
10
20
3o
4o
5o
9.3837
9.3887
9.3937
9.3986
9.4o35
9.4o83
9.3968
9.4021
9.4o74
9.4127
9.4178
9.4a3o
o.6o32
o.5979
o.5926
0.5873
0.5822
0.5770
9.9869
9.9866
9.9863
9.9859
9.9856
9.9853
o 76
5o
4o
3o
20
IO
15
0
9.4i3o
9.4281
o.57i9
9.9849
o 75
L. Cos.
d.
L. Cotg.
d.
L. Tang.
L. Sin.
d.
' o
PP
.2
•3
•4
:l
7i
68
66
.1
.2
•3
•4
:!
:i
•9
64 61 58
.1
.2
•3
•4
:!
:i
55
53 5i
7-1
14.2
21.3
28.4
33
Si
6.8
13-6
20.4
27.2
34-o
40.8
47.6
54-4
61.2
6.6
!|!
26.4
33-o
39-6
46.2
52.8
59-4
6.4 6.1 5.8
12.8 12.2 II. 6
19.2 l8.3 17.4
25.6 24.4 23.2
32.0 30.5 29.0
38.4 36.6 34.8
44.8 42.7 40.6
51.2 48.8 46.4
57- 6 54-9 52-2
5-5
II. 0
16.5
22.0
27-5
33-o
38.5
44.0
49-5
5-3 5-i
10.6 10.2
iS-9 '5-3
21.2 20.4
26.5 25.5
31.8 30.6
37- * 35^7
42.4 40.8
47-7 45-9
142
FOUR-PLACE LOGARITHMIC FUNCTIONS.
O '
L. Sin.
d.
L. Tang.
d.
L. Cotg.
L.
Cos.
d.
15 o
10
20
3o
4o
5o
9.4i3o
9.4177
9.4223
9.4269'
9.43i4
9.4359
47
46
46
45
45
44
44
44
42
43
42
4i
41
4i
40
40
40
39
39
38
38
37
38
36
37
36
36
35
36
35
9.4281
9.433i
9.438i
9.443o
9.4479
9.4527
50
50
49
49
48
48
47
47
47
46
46
45
45
' 45
44
44
44
43
43
42
42
42
42
4i
4*
40
40
40
40
40
o.57i9
0.5669
0.5619
0.5570
0.5521
0.5473
9.9849
9.9846
9.9843
9.9839
9.9836
9.9832
3
3
4
3
4
o 75
5o
4o
3o
20
IO
16 o
10
20
3o
4o
5o
9.44o3
9-4447
9.4491
9.4533
9.4576
9.4618
9.4575
9.4622
9.4669
9.4716
9.4762
9.4808
o.5425
0.5378
o.533i
0.5284
0.5238
0.5192
9.9828
9.9825
9.9821
9.9817
9.9814
9.9810
3
4
4
3
4
o 74
5o
4o
3o
20
IO
17 o
IO
20
3o
4o
5o
9-4659
9.4700
9.4741
9.4781
9.4821
9.4861
9.4853
9.4898
9.4943
9.4987
9-5o3i
9.5075
o.5i47
O. 5 I 02
o.5o57
o.5oi3
0.4969
0.4925
9.9806
9.9802
9.9798
9.9794
9.9790
9.9786
4
4
4
4
4
4
o 73
5o
4o
3o
20
IO
18 o
10
20
3o
4o
5o
9.4900
9.4939
9.4977
9. 5oi5
9-5o52
9.5090
9.5u8
9«5i6i
9.52o3
9.5245
9.5287
9.5329
0.4882
0.4839
0.4797
o.4755
o.47i3
0.4671
9.9782
9.9778
9-9774
9-977°
9.9765
9-976*
4
4
4
4
5
4
o 72
5o
4o
3o
20
IO
19 o
IO
20
3o
4o
5o
9.5126
9.5i63
9.5199
9.5235
9.5270
9.53o6
9.5370
9.54n
9.545i
9.5491
9.553i
9.5571 ,
o.463o
0.4589
0.4549
0.4509
0.4469
0.4429
9.9757
9.9752
9-9748
9.9743
9.9739
9.9734
5
4
5
4
5
o 71
5o
4o
3o
20
10
20
0
9.534i
9.56n
0.4389
9.973o
o 70
L. Cos.
d.
L. Cotg.
d.
L. Tang.
L. Sin.
d.
' O
PP
2
3
4
5
.6
• 7
.8
•9
49 47
45
.1
.2
«3
•4
• 5
.6
44
43
41
.1
.2
• 3
•4
5
6
!
40
38
36
4-9 4-7
9.8 9.4
14.7 14.1
19.6 18.8
24-5 23.5
29.4 28.2
34-3 32.9
39-2 37-6
44- 1 42.3
4-5
9.0
13-5
18.0
22.5
27.0
3'- 5
30.0
4°-5
ti
13-2
17.6
22. 0
26.4
30.8
35-2
tl
12.9
17.2
21.5
25.8
30.1
34-4
38.7
t:
12.3
i6.4
20.5
24.6
28.7
32.8
4.0
8.0
12.0
16.0
20.0
24.0
28.0
32.0
36.0
3-8
7-6
11.4
15-2
19.0
22.8
26.6
30-4
34-2
3-6
7-2
10.8
14.4
18.0
21.6
25.2
28.8
32-4
i43
POUR-PLACE LOGARITHMIC FUNCTIONS.
O '
L. Sin.
d.
L. Tang.
d.
L. Cotg.
L.
Cos.
d.
20 o
10
20
3o
4o
5o
9.534i
9.5375
9.5409
9.5443
9.5477
9.55io
34
34
34
34
33
33
33
33
32
32
3»
32
3i
3»
3<>
3*
3°
3°
29
3°
29
29
29
28
28
28
28
28
27
27
9«56i i
9.565o
9. 5689
9.5727
9.5766
9.58o4
39
39
38
39
38
38
37
38
37
37
37
36
36
36
36
36
35
36
35
34
35
34
35
34
34
33
34
33
34
•
33
o.4389
o.435o
o.43n
0.4273
0.4234
o.4i96
9.973o
9.9725
9.9721
9.9716
9.9711
9.9706
5
4
5
5
5
o 70
5o
4o
3o
20
10
21 o
10
20
3o
4o
5o
9.5543
9.5576
9.5609
9.564i
9.5673
9.5704
9-5842
9.5879
9.5917
9.5954
9.599i
9.6028
o.4i58
0.4 I 21
o.4o83
o.4o46
o.4oo9
o.3972
9.9702
9.9697
9.9692
9.9687
9.9682
9.9677
5
5
5
5
5
o 69
5o
4o
3o
20
IO
22 o
10
20
3o
4o
5o
9.5736
9.5767
9.5798
9.5828
9.5859
9.5889
9.6064
9.6100
9.6i36
9.6172
9.6208
9.6243
o.3936
o.39oo
0.3864
0.3828
o.3792
o.3757
9.9672
9.9667
9.9661
9.9656
9.9651
9.9646
5
6
5
5
5
o 68
5o
4o
3o
20
IO
23 o
10
20
3o
4o
5o
9.5919
9.5948
9.5978
9.6007
9.6o36
9.6o65
9.6279
9.63i4
9.6348
9. 6383
9.6417
9. 6452
0.3721
0.3686
0.3652
0.3617
0.3583
0.3548
9.9640
9.9635
9.9629
9.9624
9.9618
9.9613
5
6
5
6
5
o 67
5o
4o
3o
20
10
24 o
IO
20
3o
4o
5o
9.6093
9.6121
9.6149
9.6177
9.6205
9.6232
9.6486
9.6520
9. 6553
9.6587
9.662o
9.6654
o.35i4
o.348o
0.3447
o.34i3
o.338o
0.3346
9.9607
9.9602
9.9596
9.9590
9.9584
9.9579
5
6
6
6
5
o 66
5o
4o
3o
20
10
25
0
9.6259
9.6687
o.33i3
9.9573
o 65
L. Cos.
d.
L.Cotg.
d.
L. Tang.
L. Sin.
d.
' 0
PP
. i
.2
•3
•4
• 7
.8
•9
39
37
35
,i
.2
•3
•4
•5
.6
1
•9
34
33
32
2
3
4
1
31
3°
29
1:1
11.7
15-6
'9-5
23-4
27-3
3' ?
35-i
3-7
7-4
n. i
14.8
18.5
22.2
25-9
29.6
3-5
7.0
10.5
14.0
17-5
21.0
24-5
28.0
3'-5
U
10.2
I3.6
17.0
20.4
23.8
27.2
30.6
U
9-9
III
19.8
23.1
26.4
20. 7
E
9.6
12.8
16.0
19.2
22.4
25.6
n
9-3
12.4
;i:i
£J
27.9
3-o
6.0
9.0
12.0
15-0
18.0
21.0
24.0
I1
8.7
ii. 6
i4-5
17-4
20.3
23.2
26.1
1 44
FOUR-PLACE LOGARITHMIC FUNCTIONS.
0 '
L. Sin.
d.
L.Tang.
d.
L. Cotg.
L.
Cos.
d.
25 o
10
20
3o
4o
5o
9
9
9
9
9
9
.6269
.6286
.63i3
.634o
.6366
.6392
27
27
27
26
26
26
26
26
25
26
25
9.6687
9.6720
9.6762
9.6786
9.6817
9.6860
33
32
33
32
33
32
32
32
31
32
32
31
3»
30
30
3*
30
30
30
29
30
29
30
29
29
o.33i3
0.3280
0.3248
o.32i5
o.3i83
o.3i5o
9.9673
9.9667
9.9661
9.9666
9.9549
9.9643
6
6
6
6
6
o 65
5o
4o
3o
20
10
26 o
10
20
3o
4o
5o
9
9
9
9
9
9
.64i8
.6444
.6470
.6496
.6621
.6546
9.6882
9.6914
9.6946
9.6977
9.7009
9.7040
o.3n8
o.3o86
o.3o54
o.3o23
0.2991
0.2960
9.9537
9.953o
9.9524
9.9618
9.9612
9.9606
7
6
6
6
7
o 64
5o
4o
3o
20
10
27 o
10
20
3o
4o
5o
9
9
9
9
9
9
.6670
.6696
.6620
.6644
.6668
.6692
24
25
25
24
24
24
9.7072
9.7103
9 . 7 i 34
9.7166
9.7i96
9.7226
0.2928
0.2897
0.2866
0.2835
0.2804
0.2774
9.9499
9.9492
9.9486
9.9479
9.9473
9.9466
7
6
7
6
7
o 63
5o
4°
3o
20
10
28 o
10
20
3o
4o
5o
9
9
9
9
9
9
.6716
.6740
.6763
.6787
.6810
.6833
24
23
24
23
23
9-7257
9.7287
9.7317
9.7348
9.7408
o.2743
0.2713
0.2683
0.2662
0.2622
0.2692
9.9459
9.9453
9.9446
9.9439
9.9432
9.9426
6
7
7
7
7
o 62
5o
4o
3o
20
10
29 o
10
20
3o
4o
5o
9
9
9
9
9
9
.6856
.6878
.6901
.6923
.6946
.6968
22
23
22
23
22
9.7438
9.7467
9.7497
9.7626
9.7666
9.7585
0.2662
0.2533
o.25o3
0.2444
0.24 i 5
9.9418
9.9411
9 . 94o4
9.9397
9.9390
9.9383
7
7
7
7
7
o 61
5o
4o
3o
20
10
30
0
9
.6990
9.7614
0.2386
9.9375
o 60
L
. Cos.
d.
L. Cotg.
d.
L.Tang.
L. Sin.
d.
' O
PP
.2
•3
•4
:J
•9
28
27
26
.1
.2
•3
•4
:i
25
24 23
.1
22
7
6
2.8
5-6
8.4
II. 2
14.0
16.8
19.6
22.4
2-7
ti
10.8
13-5
16.2
18.9
21.6
24-3
2.6
10.4
13.0
15.6
18.2
20.8
23-4
2-5
7-5
10.0
12.5
15-0
17-5
20.0
22-5
2.4 2.3
4.8 4.6
7.2 6.9
9.6 9.2
12.0 II.5
14.4 13.8 :
16.8 16.1 i
19.2 18.4
21.6 20.7
2.2
n
8.8
II.O
13-2
19.8
0.7
1.4
2.1
2.8
3-5
4.2
4.9
5-6
6-3
0.6
1.2
1.8
2-4
5-4
i45
FOUR-PLACE LOGARITHMIC FUNCTIONS
o
r
L. Sin.
d.
L. Tang.
d.
L.Cotg.
L. Cos.
d.
30 o
10
20
3o
4o
5o
9.6990
9.7OI2
9.7088
9.7O55
9.7076
9.7097
22
21
22
21
21
21
21
21
21
20
21
20
20
20
20
20
20
19
19
20
19
18
18
18
18
9-76i4
9.7644
9-7673
9-77°i
9-773o
9.7759
30
29
28
29
29
0.2886
0.2356
0.2827
0.2299
0.2270
O.224l
9.9375
9.9868
9.9861
9.9353
9.9346
9-9338
7
7
8
7
8
o 60
5o
4o
3o
20
10
31 o
10
20
3o
4o
5o
9.7II8
9.7160
9.7181
9.7201
9. 7222
9.7788
9.7816
9.7845
9.7878
9.7902
9.7980
29
28
29
28
29
28
28
28
28
28
28
27
28
28
27
28
27
28
27
27
27
27
27
27
O.22I2
0.2184
o.2i55
0.2127
0.2098
0.2070
9.933i
9.9323
9.9815
9.9808
9.9800
9.9292
7
8
8
7
8
8
o 59
5o
4o
3o
20
10
32 o
10
20
3o
4o
5o
9.7242
9.7262
9.7282
9.7802
9.7822
9.7342
9.7958
9.7986
9.8014
9.8042
9.8070
9.8097
O.2O42
O.2OI4
0.1986
0.1958
o. 1980
o. 1908
9.9284
9.9268
9.9260
9.9252
9.9244
8
8
8
8
8
o 58
5o
4o
3o
20
10
33 o
10
20
3o
4o
5o
9.736i
9.738o
9 . 74oo
9.7419
9. 7438
9.7457
9.8125
9.8i53
9.8180
9.8208
9.8235
9.8268
0.1875
0.1847
o. 1820
0.1792
o. 1765
o.i737
9.9286
9.9228
9.9219
9.9211
9.9208
9.9194
8
9
8
8
9
o 57
5o
4o
3o
20
10
34 o
10
20
3o
4o
5o
9.7476
9.7494
9.75i3
9.753i
9.755o
9.7568
9.8290
9.83i7
9. 8344
9.837i
9.8898
9.8425
0. I7IO
0.1688
o.i656
o. 1629
o. 1602
o. i575
9.9186
9.91-77
9.9169
9.9160
9.9i5i
9.9142
9
8
9
9
9
8
o 56
5o
4o
3o
20
IO
35
0
9.7586
9.8452
27
o.i548
9.9184
o 55
L. Cos.
d.
L. Cotg.
d.
L. Tang.
L.Sin.
d.
' O
PP
2
3
4
j
29 28
27
.2
•3
•4
• 5
.6
•9
22
21
20
.2
•3
•4
19
8 7
2.9 2.8
5-8 5-6
8.7 8.4
II. 6 II. 2
14-5 14-0
17.4 16.8
20.3 19.6
23.2 22.4
26.1 25.2
2.7
10.8
16.2
18.9
21.6
24-3
2.2
a
8.8
II. 0
13-2
\7'.6
IQ.8
2.1
8-4
10.5
12.6
i6!8
18.9
2.0
4-0
6.0
8.0
10.0
12. 0
14.0
16.0
18.0
'•9
3-8
5-7
7.6
9-5
11.4
13-3
15-2
0.8 0.7
1.6 1.4
2.4 2.1
3-2 2.8
4-° 3-5
4.8 4.2
5-6 4-9
6.4 5.6
i46
POUR PLACE LOGARITHMIC FUNCTIONS.
O I
L. Sin.
d.
L.Tang.
d.
L. Cotg
L. Cos.
d.
35 o
10
20
3o
4o
5o
9.7686
9.7604
9.7622
9.7640
9.7667
9.7676
18
18
18
18
18
'7
9.8462
9.8479
9.8606
9.8533
9.8669
9.8686
27
27
27
26
27
27
26
27
26
27
26
26
27
26
26
26
26
26
26
26
26
26
26
26
25
26
26
25
o.i548
o. 1621
0.1494
o. 1467
o. i44i
o. i4i4
ON ON ON ON ON ON
9134
9126
9116
9107
9098
9089
9
9
9
9
9
9
IO
9
9
10
9
o 55
5o
4o
3o
20
10
36 o
10
20
3o
4o
5o
9
9
9
9
9
9
.7692
.7710
.7727
• 7744
.7761
.7778
9.86i3
9.8639
9.8666
9.8692
9.8718
9.8746
0.1387
o. i36i
o.i334
o.i3o8
0.1282
0.1266
9.9080
9.9070
9.9061
9.9062
9.9042
9.9033
o 54
5o
4o
3o
20
10
37 o
IO
20
3o
4o
5o
9.7796
9.7811
9.7828
9.7844
9.7861
9.7877
I7
16
16
'7
16
9.8771
9.8797
9.8824
9.8860
9.8876
9.8902
o. 1229
O. I2O3
o. 1176
o. i 160
O. I 124
0.1098
9.9023
9.9014
9.9004
9.8996
9.8986
9.8976
9
10
9
10
10
o 53
5o
4o
3o
20
IO
38 o
10
20
3o
4o
5o
000 000
.7893
.7910
.7926
.7941
.7967
.7973
16
15
16
16
9.8928
9.8964
9.8980
9.9006
9.9032
9.9068
o. 1072
o . i o46
O. IO2O
0.0994
0.0968
0.0942
9.8966
9.8966
9.8946
9.8935
9.8926
9.8916
10
10
10
10
10
o 52
5o
4o
3o
20
IO
39 o
10
20
3o
4o
5o
000 000
.7989
.8oo4
.8020
.8o35
.8o5o
.8066
15
16
15
15
16
9.9084
9.9110
9.9i35
9.9161
9.9187
9.9212
0.0916
0.0890
0.0866
0.0839
o.o8i3
0.0788
9.8906
9.8896
9.8884
9.8874
9.8864
9-8853
10
II
10
10
II
o 51
5o
4o
3o
20
IO
40
0
9
.8081
15
9.9238
26
0.0762
9.8843
o 50
L
.Cos.
d.
L. Cotg.
d.
L.Tang.
L. Sin.
d.
' 0
PP
.1
.2
•3
•4
•5
.6
• 7
.8
•9
36
as
18
.2
•3
•4
•7
.8
I?
if
15
.1
.2
•3
•4
•5
.6
•7
.8
•9
ii
IO
9
2.6
5-2
7.8
10.4
13.0
15-6
18.2
20.8
23-4
2-5
5-o
7-5
IO.O
12.5
15.0
17-5
20. o
22.5
1.8
3-6
5-4
7.2
9.0
10.8
12.6
14.4
'
3-4
6.8
8-5
10.2
II-9
13-6
'5-3
1.6
tf
6.4
8.0
9.6
II. 2
12.8
14.4
3-o
4-5
6.0
7-5
9.0
10.5
12:0
i.i
2.2
3-3
4-4
1:1
1.1
1.0
2.O
4.0
6.0
7.0
8.0
9.0
0.9
1.8
2.7
3-6
4-5
5-4
6-3
7.9
8.1
FOUR-PLACE LOGARITHMIC FUNCTIONS.
O '
L. Sin.
d.
L.Tang.
d.
L. Cotgr.
L. Cos.
d.
40 o
IO
20
3o
4o
5o
9.8081
9.8096
9.8111
9.8126
9.8140
9.8i55
15
15
14
15
15
9.9238
9.9264
9.9289
9.93i5
9.9341
9.9366
26
25
26
26
25
26
25
26
25
26
25
25
26
25
26
25
25
26
25
25
25
25
25
25
26
25
25
25
26
25
0.0762
0.0736
0.071 i
o.o685
0.0669
o.o634
9.8843
9.8832
9.8821
9.8810
9.8800
9.8789
ii
ii
10
II
o 50
5o
4o
3o
20
IO
41 o
IO
20
3o
4o
5o
9.8169
9.8184
9.8198
9.8213
9.8227
9.8241
15
14
15
14
14
9.9392
9.9417
9.9443
9.9468
9.9494
9.95i9
0.0608
o.o583
o.o557
o.o532
o.o5o6
o.o48i
9
9
9
9
9
9
.8778
.8767
.8756
.8745
.8733
.8722
II
II
II
12
II
o 49
5o
4o
3o
20
IO
42 o
IO
20
3o
4o
5o
9.8255
9.8269
9.8283
9.8297
9-83ii
9.8324
«4
H
J4
14
»3
9.9544
9.9570
9.9595
9.9621
9.9646
9.9671
o.o456
o.o43o
o.o4o5
0.0379
o.o354
0.0329
9.8711
9.8699
9.8688
9.8676
9.8665
9.8653
12
II
12
II
12
o 48
5o
4o
3o
20
IO
43 o
IO
20
3o
4o
5o
9.8338
9.835i
9.8365
9.8378
9.8391
9-84o5
'3
'4
»3
13
»4
9.9697
9.9722
9.9747
9.9772
9.9798
9.9823
o.o3o3
0.0278
0.0253
0.0228
O.O2O2
0.0177
9
9
9
9
9
9
.864i
.8629
.8618
.8606
.8594
.8582
12
II
12
12
12
o 47
5o
4o
3o
20
10
44 o
IO
20
3o
4o
5o
9.8418
9-843i
9-8444
9.8457
9.8469
9.8482
»3
»3
13
12
»3
9.9848
9.9874
9.9899
9 . 9924
9.9949
9.9975
0.0152
0.0126
O.OIOI
0.0076
o.oo5i
O.OO25
9
9
9
9
9
9
.8569
.8557
.8545
.8532
.8520
.85o7
12
12
»3
12
13
o 46
5o
4o
3o
20
IO
45 o
9.8495
0,0000
o.oooo
9
.8495
o 45
L. Cos.
d.
L. Cotg.
d.
L. Tang.
L. Sin.
d.
' O
PP
.1
.2
•3
•4
:i
.1
•9
26
«5
15
M
13
12
i
.2
•3
•4
:!
:l
•9
IX
IO
2.6
5-2
78
10.4
130
15-6
182
20.8
23 4
2-5
5-o
7-5
10.0
12 5
150
17 5
20.0
* 5
3-o
4-5
60
75
9.0
10.5
I2.O
13-S
.2
• 3
•4
:!
;J
•9
a
4-2
5-6
7-0
8.4
9.8
H.2
12.6
a
3-9
5-2
6-5
7.8
9.1
104
11.7
1.2
y
4.8
6.0
7.2
8-4
9.6
10.8
I.I
2.2
3-3
4.4
1:1
7-7
8.8
9-9
1.0
2.O
3-0
4-0
5-°
6.0
7.0
8.0
9.0
i48
TABLE VII
FOUR-PLACE
NATURAL TRIGONOMETRIC
FUNCTIONS
TO EVERY TEN MINUTES
FOUR-PLACE NATURAL FUNCTIONS.
O '
Sin.
d.
Tang.
d.
Cotg.
d.
Cos.
d.
0 o
10
20
3o
4o
5o
o.oooo
0.0029
0.0068
0.0087
o.oi 16
o.oi45
29
29
29
29
29
3»
29
29
29
29
29
o
o
o
o
0
o
.0000
.0029
.0068
.0087
.01 16
.0145
29
29
29
29
29
3°
29
29
29
29
29
29
29
29
3°
29
29
29
29
29
3°
29
29
29
30
29
29
29
30
29
infinit.
343.7737
171.8864
114.6887
86.9398
68.7601
it*
818
613
477
382
312
26c
22C
i8fi
163
H3
126
112
IOC
9c
81
7A
6i
6-.
5y
55
4C
4!
4-
3<
i
i
0
0
.0000
.0000
.0000
.0000
•9999
•9999
o
o
o
I
o
o 90
5o
4o
3o
20
10
1 o
IO
20
3o
4o
5o
0.0176
0.0204
0.0233
0.0262
0.0291
O.O320
0
o
o
o
0
o
.0176
. o£o4
.0233
.0262
.0291
032O
67.2900
49. 1039
42.9641
38.i885
34.3678
3i.24i6
61
98
56
07
62
o
o
o
0
0
0
.9998
.9998
•9997
•9997
.9996
.9996
0
i
o
I
I
I
2
I
I
o 89
5o
4o
3o
20
10
2 o
10
20
3o
4o
5o
o.o349
0.0378
0.0407
o.o436
o.o465
o.o494
29
29
29
29
29
o
0
o
0
0
0
.o349
.o378
.0407
.o437
.o466
.0496
28.6363
26.43i6
24.54i8
22.9038
21.4704
20.2066
bj
47
98
80
34
48
o
0
0
0
o
o
.9994
.9993
.9992
•999°
.9989
.9988
o 88
5o
4o
3o
20
IO
3 o
10
20
3o
4o
5o
0.0623
0.0662
o.o58i
0.0610
o .o64o
0.0669
29
29
29
30
29
0
o
0
o
o
0
.0624
.o553
.0682
.0612
.o64i
.0670
19.0811
18.0760
17.1693
16.3499
i5.6o48
14.9244
4b
61
57
94
5i
04
37
40
98
07
57
43
,61
o
0
o
0
0
0
.9986
.9986
.9983
.9981
.9980
.9978
I
2
2
I
2
o 87
5o
4o
3o
20
10
4 o
10
20
3o
4o
5o"
0.0698
0.0727
0.0766
0.0786
0.08 i 4
o.o843
29
29
29
29
29
29
0
0
0
0
0
0
.0699
.0729
.0768
.0787
.0816
.o846
i4.3oo7
13.7267
13.1969
12. 7062
I2.25o5
11.8262
0
0
0
0
0
o
.9976
•9974
.9971
.9969
.9967
.9964
2
3
2
2
3
o 86
5o
4o
3o
20
10
5 o
o.
0872
0
.0876
ii.43oi
0
.9962
o 85
Cos.
d.
Cotg.
d.
Tang.
d.
Sin.
d.
/ 0
PP
.2
•3
•4
J
:i
•9
26053
16380
i "45
.i
.2
• 3
•4
•5
.6
•7
.8
•9
8194
6237
4907
.1
.2
•3
•4
•i
:I
•9
3961
30
29
2605
5211
7816
10421
13027
15632
18237
20842
23448
1638
3276
4914
6552
8190
9828
11466
13104
14742
1125
2249
3374
4498
5623
6747
7872
8996
IOI2I
819.4
1638.8
2458-2
3277-6
4097.0
4916.4
5735-8
6555.2
r374-6
623.7
1247.4
1871.1
2494.8
3"8.s
3742.2
4365-9
4989.6
490.7
981.4
1472.1
1962.8
2453-5
2944.2
3434-9
3925.6
4416.
396-1
792.2
1188.3
1584-4
1980.5
2376.6
2772.7
3168.8
$564-9
3-0
6.0
9.0
12.0
15-0
18.0
21.0
24.0
2.9
5-8
8-7
ii. 6
14-5
17.4
20.3
23.2
26.1
160
POUR-PLACE NATURAL FUNCTIONS.
0 '
Sin.
d.
Tang.
d.
Cotg.
d.
Cos.
d.
5 o
10
2O
0.0872
0.0901
0.0929
29
28
o.o875
0.0904
0.0934
29
3°
n.43oi
u.o594
io.7n9
3707
3475
o
0
0
.9962
•9959
•9957
3
2
o 85
5o
4o
3o
0.0968
29
29
0.0963
^9
29
10.3854
32^
5
o
.9954
3
•3
3o
4o
0.0987
0.0992
io.o78o
0
.9951
20
5o
o. 1016
29
O. IO22
3°
9.7882
0
• 9948
3
10
6 o
10
o. io45
o. 1074
29
o. io5i
o. 1080
29
9.5i44
9.2553
2738
2591
0
0
• 9945
.9942
3
o 84
5o
20
0.
no3
29
O.IIIO
3°
9.oo98
2455
o
•9939
3
4o
3o
4o
o.
o.
I I 32
1161
29
29
o. i 189
o. 1 169
*y
30
8.7769
8.5555
2329
2214
0
o
.9936
.9932
3
4
3o
20
5o
o.
1190
•'y
0.1198
^9
8.345o
0
.9929
3
IO
7 o
IO
20
o.
o.
o.
1219
1248
1276
29
28
o. 1228
o. 1267
0.1287
29
30
8.i443
7.953o
7.7704
1913
1826
0
0
0
.9926
.9922
.9918
3
4
o 83
5o
4o
3o
o.
i3o5
29
o.i3i7
30
29
7.5958
0
.9914
4
3o
4o
o.
i334
o.i346
7.4287
0
.9911
20
5o
o.
i363
^9
0.1376
7.2687
0
.9907
4
IO
8 o
IO
o.
0.
1392
1421
29
29
o.i4o5
o.i435
30
7.ii54
6.9682
J533
1472
0
0
.9903
.9899
4
o 82
5o
20
o.
1449
o.i465
3°
6.8269
I4I3
0
.9894
5
4o
3o
0.
1478
29
o.i49
3
29
6.69i2
'357
o
.9890
4
3o
4o
5o
o.
0.
1607
i536
29
o. 1624
o.i554
30
6.56o6
6.4348
1258
0
0
.9886
.9881
5
20
IO
9
0
o.
1 564
o.i584
3°
6.3i38
,,68
0
.9877
o 81
IO
20
0.
0.
1693
1622
29
o.i6i4
o. i644
3°
6.i97o
6.o844
1126
0
0
.9872
.9868
4
5o
4o
?K
29
10
K
5
3o
o.
i65o
0.1673
3°
5.9758
0
.9863
3o
4o
o.
i67g
o. 1703
5.87o8
1050
0
.9868
20
5o
0.
1708
29
o.i733
3°
5.7694
1014
0
.9853
5
IO
10
O
o.
i736
o.i763
5.6713
901
0
.9848
o 80
Cos.
d.
Cotg.
d.
Tang.
d.
Sin.
d.
f O
PP
2738
1533
981
30
29
28
5 4
3
tl
273.8
153-3
98.1 .1
3.0
2.9
2.8
.!
0.5 0.4
o-3
2
547-6
306.6
196.2 .2
6.0
5-8
5.6
.2
i.o 0.8
0.6
•3
821.4
459-9
294-3 -3
9.0
8-7
8.4
•3
1 5 i
1.2
0.9
•4
1095.2
6'3-2
392.4 .4
12. 0
n.6
II. 2
•4
2.0
1.6
1.2
• 5
1369.0
766.5
490.5 .5
15-0
14-5
14.0
.5
2-5
2.O
»-5
.6
1642.8
919.8
588.6 .6
18.0
J7-4
16.8
.6
3-o
2.4
1.8
.7
1916.6
1073.1
686.7 -7
21.0
20.3
19.6
.7
3-5
2.8
2.1
.8
2190.4
1226.4
784.8 .8
24.0
23.2
22.4
.8
4.0
3-2
2.4
2464.2
T.7Q.7 882.0 .9
27.0 26.1
•9
4.5 3.6 2.7
POUR-PLACE NATURAL FUNCTIONS.
0 '
Sin.
d.
Tang.
d.
Cotg.
d.
Cos.
d.
10 o
IO
20
3o
4o
5o
o.
0.
o.
o.
o.
o.
1735
i765
1794
1822
1861
1880
29
29
28
29
29
28
29
28
29
28
29
28
29
28
a8
29
28
29
28
28
28
29
28
28
28
29
28
28
28
0.1763
o.i793
0.1823
o.i853
o.i883
o. 1914
3°
3°
3°
3°
31
30
30
3°
3i
3°
3°
3i
3°
30
31
3°
3i
5.6713
5.5764
5.4845
5.3955
5.3o93
5 .2257
94
9'
8c
8(
8;
81
7*
7<
74
r<
7<
6£
6f
6<
62
61
5c
5*
5<
5!
54
52
5i
5C
45
4*
4«
45
44
43
9
9
)0
>2
6
0.9848
0.9843
0.9838
o.9833
0.9827
0.9822
5
5
5
6
5
o 80
5o
4o
3o
20
10
11 o
10
20
3o
4o
5o
o.
o.
0.
o.
o.
o.
1908
i937
1966
i994
2O22
2o5i
0.1944
o. 1974
0.2OO4
o.2o35
o.2o65
0.2095
5.i446
5.o658
4.9894
4-9i52
4.843o
4.7729
8
4
2
•2
)j
3
4
6
9
3
7
n
0.9816
0.9811
0.9805
0.9799
0.9793
0.9787
5
6
6
6
6
o 79
5o
4o
3o
20
IO
12 o
IO
20
3o
4o
5o
o.
o.
o.
o.
o.
o.
2079
2IO8
2i36
2164
2193
2221
0.2126
o.2i56
0.2186
0.2217
0.2247
0.2278
4.7046
4.6382
4.5736
4.5i07
4.4494
4.3897
0.9781
0.9775
0.9769
0.9763
0.9757
0.9750
6
6
6
6
7
o 78
5o
4o
3o
20
10
13 o
IO
20
3o
4o
5o
o.
0.
0.
o.
o.
o.
225O
2278
23o6
2334
2363
2391
0.2309
0.2339
0.2370
0.2401
0.2432
0.2462
30
31
3i
3i
30
4.33i5
4.2747
4.2193
4.i653
4. 1126
4.0611
8
4
0
7
5
3
i
i
9
9
8
9
0.9744
0.9737
0.9730
0.9724
0.9717
0.9710
7
7
6
7
7
7
7
7
8
7
7
g
o 77
5o
4o
3o
20
IO
14 o
IO
20
3o
4o
5o
o.
o.
o.
o.
o.
0.
2419
244?
2476
2604
2532
256o
0.2493
0.2524
0.2555
0.2586
0.2617
0.2648
3*
3i
3i
3»
3»
4.0108
3.9617
3.9i36
3.8667
3.8208
3.7760
0.9703
0.9696
0.9689
0.9681
0.9674
0.9667
o 76
5o
4o
3o
20
IO
15
O
o.
2588
0
.2679
3.732i
0
.9659
o 75
Cos.
d.
Cotg.
d.
Tang.
d.
Sin.
d.
' o
PP
i
2
3
4
I
I
742
448
31
.1
.2
•3
•4
-5
.6
:i
30
29
28
.1
.2
•3
•4
•5
.6
• 7
.8
7
6
5
74.2
148.4
222.6
296.8
371-0
445-2
S'9-4
593-6
44-8
89.6
134-4
179.2
224.0
268.8
313-6
358.4
403.2
t:
9-3
12.4
;i:I
21.7
24.8
3-o
6.0
9.0
12.0
15-0
18.0
21.0
24.0
*«
8.7
ii. 6
M-5
17.4
20.3
2.8
5-6
8.4
II. 2
14.0
16.8
19.6
22.4
0.7
1.4
2.1
2.8
3-5
4-2
4.9
r
0.6
1.2
1.8
2-4
H
ti
5-4
o-5
I.O
i-5
2.0
2-5
3-o
3-5
4.0
4-5
152
POUR-PLACE NATURAL FUNCTIONS.
O '
Sin.
d.
Tang.
d.
Cotg.
d.
Cos.
d.
15 o
10
20
3o
4o
5o
o.
0.
0.
o.
o.
0.
2588
2616
2644
2672
2700
2728
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FOUR-PLACE NATURAL FUNCTIONS.
O '
Sin.
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POUR PLACE NATURAL FUNCTIONS.
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24
23
0.7002
o.7o46
o.7o89
o.7i33
o.7i77
O.722I
44
43
44
44
44
44
45
45
45
45
45
46
45
46
46
47
46
.4281
.4i93
• 4io6
.4oi9
.3934
,3848
88
87
87
85
86
84
84
83
83
82
Si
0.8l92
o.8i75
o.8i58
o.8i4i
0.8124
o.8io7
*7
i7
17
J7
17
o 55
5o
4o
3o
20
IO
36 o
10
20
3o
4o
5o
o.
0.
o.
o.
o.
o.
5878
5901
5925
5948
6972
5995
23
24
23
24
23
O.7265
o.73io
o.7355
o.74oo
o.7445
o.749o
.3764
.368o
.3597
.35i4
.3432
.335i
o.8o9o
o.8o73
o.8o56
o.8o39
0.8021
o.8oo4
*7
17
*7
18
17
o 54
5o
4o
3o
20
10
37 o
10
20
3o
4o
5o
o.
o.
o.
o.
o.
o.
6018
6o4i
6o65
6088
61 1 1
6i34
23
24
23
23
23
o.7536
o.758i
O.7627
o.7673
O.772O
o.7766
.3270
.3i9o
.3iu
.3o32
.2954
.2876
80
79
79
78
78
o.7986
o.7969
o.795i
o.7934
o.79i6
o.7898
17
18
17
.8
18
o 53
5o
4o
3o
20
10
38 o
10
20
3o
4o
5o
o.
o.
o.
o.
o.
0.
6i57
6180
6202
6225
6248
627I
23
22
23
23
23
o.78i3
o.786o
o.79o7
o.7954
0.8002
o.8o5o
47
47
47
47
48
48
.2799
.2723
.2647
.2572
• 2497
.2423
77
76
76
75
75
74
o.788o
o.7862
o.7844
o.7826
o.78o8
o.779o
18
18
18
18
18
o 52
5o
4o
3o
20
IO
39 o
10
20
3o
4o
5o
o.
0.
0.
o.
0.
0.
6293
63i6
6338
636i
6383
64o6
23
22
23
22
23
o.8o98
o.8i46
o.8i95
0.8243
O.8292
0.8342
4*
48
49
48
49
So
.2349
.2276
.2203
.2l3l
.2o59
.1988
74
73
73
72
72
7i
o.777i
o.7753
o.7735
o.77I6
o.7698
o.7679
18
18
*9
18
19
o 51
5o
4o
3o
20
IO
40
0
0.
6428
o.839i
49
i.i9i8
70
o.766o
'9
o 50
Cos.
d.
Cotg.
d.
Tang.
d.
Sin.
d.
t O
PP
.1
.2
•3
•4
• 5
.6
:l
48
47
46
45
44
23
.1
.2
•3
•4
•5
.6
:!
22
19
18
4.8
9.6
14.4
19.2
24.0
28.8
tf
43-2
4-7
9.4
14.1
18.8
2238:2
32.9
37-6
42.3
4.6
9.2 .2
13-8 -3
18.4 .4
23-° -5
27.0 .6
32-2 .7
36.8 .8
41.4 .9
4-5
9.0
13-5
18.0
22.5
27.0
3' -5
36.0
40.5
44
8.8
»3-2
17.6
22.0
26.4
30.8
35-2
2.3
4.6
6.9
9.2
"•5
13-8
16.1
18.4
2.2
4-4
6.6
8.8
II. 0
13.2
3
19.8
i.9
3-8
5.7
7-6
9-5
11.4
13-3
15-2
17.1
1.8
3-6
5-4
7-2
9.0
10.8
12.6
14.4
16.2
i57
POUR-PLACE NATURAL FUNCTIONS.
O '
Sin.
d.
Tang.
d.
Cotg.
d.
Cos.
d.
40 o
10
20
3o
4o
5o
0.6428
o.645o
0.6472
0.6494
0.6617
o.6539
22
22
22
23
22
0.8391
o.844i
0.8491
o.854i
0.8691
0.8642
50
5°
5°
So
51
Si
51
52
51
52
53
52
53
53
53
54
54
54
55
55
55
55
56
c.6
1.1918
1.1847
1.1778
1.1708
i.i64o
i . 1671
7*
69
70
68
69
o. 7660
0.7642
0.7623
0.7604
0.7686
0.7566
18
*9
»9
19
J9
o 50
5o
4o
3o
20
10
41 o
10
20
3o
4o
5o
o.
o.
o.
o.
o.
o.
656i
6583
66o4
6626
6648
6670
22
21
22
22
22
0.8693
o.8744
0.8796
0.8847
0.8899
0.8962
i.i5o4
i.i436
1.1369
i.i3o3
1.1237
1.1171
67
68
67
66
66
66
0.7647
0.7628
0.7609
0.7490
0.7470
0.7461
«9
19
'9
19
20
19
o 49
5o
4o
3o
20
IO
42 o
10
20
3o
4o
5o
o.
o.
0.
o.
o.
o.
6691
67i3
6734
6756
6777
6799
22
21
22
21
22
0.9004
0.9067
0.9110
0.9163
0.9217
0.9271
i . i 106
i .io4i
1.0977
i .0913
i.o85o
1.0786
65
65
64
64
63
64
o.743i
0.7412
0.7392
o.7373
o.7353
o.7333
»9
20
19
2O
20
o 48
5o
4o
3o
20
10
43 o
10
20
3o
4o
5o
o.
o.
o.
o.
o.
o.
6820
684i
6862
6884
6906
6926
21
21
22
21
21
0.9326
0.9380
0.9435
0.9490
0.9645
0.9601
i .0724
i .0661
i .0699
i.o538
1.0477
i . o4 i 6
63
62
61
61
61
o.73i4
o.7294
0.7274
o.7254
0.7234
0.7214
'9
20
20
2O
20
2O
o 47
5o
4o
3o
20
IO
44 o
IO
20
3o
4o
5o
0.6947
0.6967
0.6988
0.7009
0.7030
0.7060
20
21
21
ZI
20
21
0.9667
0.9713
0.9770
0.9827
0.9884
0.9942
56
57
57
57
58
i.o355
1.0296
1.0235
i .0176
1.0117
i. 0068
60
60
59
59
59
0.7193
o.7i73
o.7i53
o.7i33
O.7II2
O.7O92
20
20
20
21
20
o 46
5o
4o
3o
20
10
45
0
o.
7071
i .0000
i .0000
O.7O7I
o 45
Cos.
d.
Cotg.
d.
Tang.
d.
Sin.
d.
' o
PP
.1
.2
•3
•4
j
:i
•9
57
55
54
53
51
22 21
20
19
5-7
11.4
17.1
22.8
28.5
34-2
39-9
45.6
5 1 • .1
5-5
II. O
16.5
22.0
27-5
33-o
38.5
44.0
49-5
5-4 •'
10.8 .2
16.2 .3
21.6 .4
27.0 .5
32.4 -6
37-8 -7
43-2 .8
48.6 .9
5-3
10. 0
iS-9
21.2
26.5
31.8
37-i
42.4
47-7
5-i
10.2
»5-3
20-4
25-5
30-6
35-7
40.8
45-9
2.2 .1 2.1
4.4 .2 4.2
6.6 .3 6.3
8.8 .4 8.4
ii. o .5 10.5
13.2 .6 12.6
*5-4 -7 14-7
17.6 .8 16.8
19.8 .9 18.9
2.0
4-0
6.0
8.0
IO.O
12. 0
14.0
IO.O
18.0
3
5-7
7-6
9-5
11.4
i3-3
15.2
17.1
i58
TABLE VIII.
SQUARES AND SQUARE ROOTS OF NUMBERS.
SQUARES OF INTEGERS FROM 10 TO 100.
N
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
mmmumum
IO
MMHMM^
100
^^^^••M
121
1 44
mmmmm^^
169
196
226
256
289
324
36i
20
4oo
44 1
484
629
576
625
676
729
784
84 1
3o
900
961
1024
1089
n56
1225
1296
1 369
1 444
l52I
4o
1600
1681
1764
1849
i936
2025
2116
2209
23o4
2401
5o
2600
2601
2704
2809
2916
3o25
3i36
3249
3364
348 1
60
36oo
8721
3844
3969
4096
4225
4356
4489
4624
4761
70
4900
5o4i
5i84
5329
5476
56a5
5776
5929
6o84
6241
80
64oo
656i
6724
6889
7066
7225
?396
7569
7744
7921
90
8100
8281
8464
8649
8836
9025
9216
9409
9604
9801
SQUARE ROOTS OF NUMBERS FROM 0 TO 10, AT INTERVALS OF .1.
N
•••••i
0
.0
^••^•M
0
.1
.3i6
.2
.447
.3
.548
.4
.632
.5
.707
.6
"775
.7
~
.8
.894
.9
.949
i
I.OOO
i. 049
1.095
i.i4o
i.i83
1.225
1.265
i.3o4
1.342
1.378
2
i.4i4
1.449
1.483
i.5i7
1.549
i.58i
1.612
1.643
1.673
1.703
3
1.732
1.761
1.789
1.817
1.844
1.871
1.897
1.924
1.949
i.975
4
2.000
2.025
2.049
2.074
2.098
2. 121
2.i45
2.168
2.191
2.214
5
2.236
2.258
2.280
2.302
2.324
2.345
2.366
2.387
2.408
2.429
6
2.449
2.470
2.490
2.5lO
2.53o
2.55o
2.569
2.588
2.608
2.627
7
2.646
2.665
2.683
2.702
2.720
2.739
2.7^7
2.775
2.793
2.811
8
2.828
2.846
2.864
2.881
2.898
2.915
2.933
2.950
2.966
2.983
9
3.000
3.017
3.o33
3.o5o
3.o66
3.082
3.098
3.n4
3.i3o
3.i46
SQUARE ROOTS OF INTEGERS FROM 10 TO 100.
N
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
m^mmmm*
IO
3.162
I^T"
3.464
3.6o6
3.742
3.873
4.000
4.123
4.243
4.359
20
4.472
4.583
4.690
4. -796
4.899
S.ooo
5.099
5.196
5.292
5.385
3o
5.477
5.568
5.657
5.745
5.83i
5.916
6.000
6.o83
6.i64
6.245
4o
6.325
6.4o3
6.48i
6.557
6.633
6.708
6.782
6.856
6.928
7.000
5o
7.071
7-Ui
7.21 1
7.280
7.348
7-4i6
7-483
7.55o
7.616
7.681
60
7-746
7.810
7.874
7-9^7
8.000
8.062
8.124
8.i85
8.246
8.3o7
70
8.367
8.426
8.485
8.544
8.602
8.660
8.718
8.775
8.832
8.888
80
8.944
9.000
9.o55
9.1 10
9.i65
9.220
9.274
9.327
9.38i
9-434
90
9-487
9.539
9.592
9-644
9.695
9-747
9.798
9.849
9.899
9.950
z59
TABLE IX.
THE HYPERBOLIC AND EXPONENTIAL FUNCTIONS OF
NUMBERS FROM 0 TO 2.5, AT INTERVALS OF .1.
X
cosh a?
sinha?
tanh a?
e*
e *
0
i .000
o
o
i .000
I .000
. i
i .oo5
.100
.100
i.io5
.905
.2
i .020
.201
.197
I .221
.819
.3
i.o45
.3o5
.291
i.35o
.74i
.4
1.081
.4n
.38o
1 .492
.670
.5
1.128
.521
.462
1.649
.607
.6
i.tSS
.637
.537
1.822
.549
• 7
1.255
.759
.6o4
2.014
•497
.8
i.337
.888
.664
2.226
.449
•9
1.433
1.027
.716
2 .46o
.407
1.0
i.543
1.176
.762
2.718
.368
. i
i .669
1.336
.801
3.oo4
.333
.2
1.811
i .509
.834
3.320
.3oi
.3
1.971
1.698
.862
3.669
.273
.4
2.l5l
i .904
.885
4.o55
.247
.5
2.352
2.129
.905
4.482
.223
.6
2.577
2.376
.922
4.953
,202
•7
2.828
2.646
.935
5.474
.183
.8
3.107
2.942
•947
6.o5o
.i65
•9
3.4i8
3.268
• 956
6.686
.i5o
2.0
3.762
3.627
.964
7.389
.i35
2. I
4.i44
4.022
.970
8.166
. 122
2.2
4.568
4.457
.976
9.025
.III
2.3
5.o37
4.937
.980
9.974
. IOO
2.4
5.557
5.466
.984
II .023
.091
2.5
6.i32
6.o5o
.987
12.182
.082
1 60
TABLE X
CONSTANTS
MEASURES AND WEIGHTS
AND OTHER CONSTANTS
, ....
"* '' *'
.* „ •„
•• /*' •"• «•"•• - • - -
,. /x, , .,. :„.. xx.' ., .,
"• •"
' ' ' ' '•" •' ..... ' '•
-
(
rw^rf ^r&rW^r
,-'•>•< •••' :<••
• >.. . • • '.
' •','••• ' ''
•'
<v v
B'
Si
w P-
rt P-
IT
f
, Elements
plans and
ottBtry
Y 9 194
May'47Pf
M3O6247
THE UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA LIBRARY
UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA LIBRARY
BERKELEY
Return to desk from which borrowed.
This book is DUE on the last date stamped below.
REC'D LD
APR 9 1961
30cf
LD
SEP 2 0 1962
LD 21-100m-ll,'49(B7146sl6)476
5
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*fjj^cti4 * */*
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