Google
This is a digital copy of a book that was preserved for generations on library shelves before it was carefully scanned by Google as part of a project
to make the world's books discoverable online.
It has survived long enough for the copyright to expire and the book to enter the public domain. A public domain book is one that was never subject
to copyright or whose legal copyright term has expired. Whether a book is in the public domain may vary country to country. Public domain books
are our gateways to the past, representing a wealth of history, culture and knowledge that's often difficult to discover.
Marks, notations and other maiginalia present in the original volume will appear in this file - a reminder of this book's long journey from the
publisher to a library and finally to you.
Usage guidelines
Google is proud to partner with libraries to digitize public domain materials and make them widely accessible. Public domain books belong to the
public and we are merely their custodians. Nevertheless, this work is expensive, so in order to keep providing tliis resource, we liave taken steps to
prevent abuse by commercial parties, including placing technical restrictions on automated querying.
We also ask that you:
+ Make non-commercial use of the files We designed Google Book Search for use by individuals, and we request that you use these files for
personal, non-commercial purposes.
+ Refrain fivm automated querying Do not send automated queries of any sort to Google's system: If you are conducting research on machine
translation, optical character recognition or other areas where access to a large amount of text is helpful, please contact us. We encourage the
use of public domain materials for these purposes and may be able to help.
+ Maintain attributionTht GoogXt "watermark" you see on each file is essential for in forming people about this project and helping them find
additional materials through Google Book Search. Please do not remove it.
+ Keep it legal Whatever your use, remember that you are responsible for ensuring that what you are doing is legal. Do not assume that just
because we believe a book is in the public domain for users in the United States, that the work is also in the public domain for users in other
countries. Whether a book is still in copyright varies from country to country, and we can't offer guidance on whether any specific use of
any specific book is allowed. Please do not assume that a book's appearance in Google Book Search means it can be used in any manner
anywhere in the world. Copyright infringement liabili^ can be quite severe.
About Google Book Search
Google's mission is to organize the world's information and to make it universally accessible and useful. Google Book Search helps readers
discover the world's books while helping authors and publishers reach new audiences. You can search through the full text of this book on the web
at|http: //books .google .com/I
THE
LONDON ENCYCLOPEDIA
VOL. VI.
CLERGY TO CUSTOMS
k
LONDON :
FRINTID BY J. HAPDON, CA8TLB STRERT, PINBRURY.
LONDON ENCYCLOPEDIA.
.„„.i..,-«.»^
^SHHrri'^—
~j:;
•^?=?aiSt?.-i|
"•^■^■^-a^^SS*
.^lU.,
iliS^lgl
^::t:;^'*^ir|:^^£o^
"S
'^'^'^^"to^" "iiMl^a''iir^
"■'"^ ■ H inu.
■-*-■
r.Z';::is:'^JE,r.
1,,^
n.*. .» H Ui UK pUn. alM BiUj>
titi Eipa lolu.inil«.Onf(™Leii,l>I
S^SSs™
^^...k. d.U.I|HU. !»■ .CI.
c.™,„.™,™^™»
«, m mtit ■ Inigii ot Bj^J" ■■g*- *" ''" '°'™,^^j!f'
UFntbl—.nbomuHnu II
I
K R G Y.
! "/A":;'^n5t^"2'ii^^''k*
'^J'i"& '■■;'?:. .imM''^™^"^'..::!!!!^*
imooaliW'Ulitti >l ivd iT fab iiunm) hdlll uuilld ■ cled. in ibiirui.
•UltfldhBIITm iidrt siK. In !_• Ibc holr DIHn. Bm itlHi tBTning bicl^
^>if£riDnBd«fcn oi^nt iliiill bva At lUrtgtiMT^diHealniid.toid nadm^iwnB
bfwIli'AfirpWilbMlbliar '"1'^'° *^ l"^ i^PfwT if dfckJiip. oc halj wdm, Ir
k/miK- OfbHi^hn* ikft pr^V4»i* ftre bjr lUul* 4 EIhhv VII, «. la, a dmnciioa
brhil ifaD IWr (HmbillBF^ H ■ecojol (tf wn omn bh» diuni Wl»Ha nere la; 1rt«Tan
Hp^ If tiilif V Ae Hdos* of C«aBai»; nHniirKli, eIhiid wnnbAei nlniiiiHl tnj ih«
■d^Ahiktl IhL VLll-0.13. ■»«■,■« bio^ of clern» i^all be ulrallicij ihendt ■
PHot ilwd IB iiL« Dj linb V Inrtmu kobJ Hih, wia bifcvduKi Ue oiden: and,
■ ^, npuDpoia <if £10 p« mnalk. pud bttd IB diitiuiiHli (Vir p«EKBis all IwiitB wile w
CtEKi, biiiiT », ■• 'la^nl Brinla*. t.1, buaLMduh^ib^ >lniiii»y iami
•bntf «■ li nbi> cUnd u kc ddneied It onili 1 Edv. VI. c II, •bint Wiuo, diu
dfdf oTtZliZr I. Bmpliiia al f^ Urnl id iJiii;, lir dv lwl%K> (illtDugk
^^t^a^lummik^^Sott iLtl, m owij •;« ISA. Ul t[<Ki bihdrVih.
•I M litavna of nUcfa dFBoid Ibin ^m, Bf&t pgindaD. ibt puiT w» revorod la
b i-Jini^ iinfluionaliily: lill ultinfa Ui oiodlL hh libinr. fail budi, ud faia opunr
•■•■ indr Bidid ii itBHipior Elni; VL af piidailB) ab^ in] TO Doud u in
'I ill
5i
3
2
L E n K.
m
nmiUKU kiHalnonilalDtalblKinB'iBsiwbrli
iJllJ-
i
LONDON ENCYCLOPEDIA.
VOL. VI.
CLERGY TO CUSTOMS.
J
LONDON ENCYCLOP^DU,
UNIVERSAL DICnONARY
SCIENCE, ART, LITERATURE. AND PRACTICAL MECHANICS,
LONDON :
{ PRINTED FuR THOMAS TEOG, ?3, CHEAPSIDIJ!
i^
k
LONDON ENCYCLOPAEDIA.
>|^ h^a^yriii. -ill U. J. I. Cm., hi! STh^"^ u. >U^ i- HW"™ -^
It' ki tifc ■■ K «ue ^rBV^ jmbKilnj.
rAi irililHia riUtfabliiii [UdMll lOa. MEH>iA.daiil>l)i>DiiLliliiili,>ibiit, inllu
rLT?** ^ ■<•«■« MW ia ion, J* «llill^'«fn«Uiiii«iiln>«. In lappCLR of
^^mi'i*"i IWIHmJ« pM- tllMHI. ■& B bllli. ishcnUDce olbeU-
tW' TatwL*™' '""^^ ^ '■■^^ ■"' 1*« ■■' 4&M81 ndt ID God wu, ta put, ta
L.
^
1
I
1
■no STwoiu.l'i • pWi»l foM. >■" '"I;
CLIMATE.
17
Degrees Fah.
TfrfHT 604 feet under the level of the
oeean, and immediately beneath tlie
ImhSea . 60
Diflefcnce between water at snriace and
bottom 12
Teem CoUiery, county of Durham.
Air ai pit bottom, 444 feet deep . 68
Water at sam<* depth .61
Difierence between the mean temperature
of water at sur&ce = 49^ and 444 feet
down 12
Ptr^ Maim Colhery^ county of Northum-
berland,
Air at the snrfice 43
Water about 900 feet deeper than the level
of the sea, and under the bed of the
river Tyne 68
Air ai the same depth .70
At this depth Leslie's hygrometer indicated
dryness = 83®.
Ddfiereoce between mean temperature of
water at surface = 49% and at 900 feet
dowm 19
Colliery^ C4mniy of Durham.
Air at the snrCice 49
Water 882 feet down .68
Air at same depth .70
Air at pit bottom 64
Difleieoce between the mean temperature
of water at surfiue zz 49*, and 882 feet
down 19
IW engine pit of Jarrow b the deepest
perpoidicular shaft in Great Britain,
being 900 feet to the foot of the pumps.
KiiUmgieorth Colliery, county of Northum-
berland,
Air at the surface .48
Air at bottom of pit, 790 feet down . 51
Air at depth of 900 feet from the surface,
after baving traversed a mile and a
naif from tlw bottom of the downcast pit 70
Water at the most distant forehead or
mine, and at the great depth of 1200
fifici from the surface . .74
Air at the same depth .77
Diffetence between the mean temperature
of the water at the surface =: 49% and
water at the depth of 1200 feet . 25
Dotilled water boils at this depth at . . 213
Do. do. at surface 210|
found the lake of Geneva, at the
4epdi of lOOO feet, to be 42® ; and below 160
fcei from tlie sur&ce there is no roont^ily varia-
U9B of temperature. The lake of Thun, at 370
ti depth, and Lucerne at 640, had both a tem-
pentore of 41®, while the waters at the surface
adicated respectively 64* and 68® Z(f Fab. Bar-
kicd observed, that the Lago Sabatino, near
Home, at the depth of 490 feet, was only 44® 30^,
a>in]e the thermometer stood on its surface at
77**. Mr. Jardioe has made accurate observations
ii tbe temperatures of some of the Scottish
takes, by wluch it appears, that the temperature
cQotinoes umfbrm all the year round, about
tvency fathoms under the surface. In like man-
acr, the mine of Dannemora to Sweden, which
Vol. M.
•presents an immense excavation, 200 or 300 fbH
deep, was observed, at a period when the working
was stopped, to have frreat blocks of ice lyin^
at the bottom of it. The bottom of the main
shaft of the silver mine of Kongsberg in Norway,
about 300 feet deep, ii covered with perpetual
snow. Hence, likewise, in the deep crevices of
£tna and the Pyrenees, the snows are preserved
all the year round. It is only, however, in such
confined situations that the lower strata of air
are thus permanently cold . In a free atmosphere
the gradation of temperature is reversed, or the
upper regions are colder, in consecjuence of the
increased capacity for heat of the air, by the di-
minution of the density. In the milder climates
it will be sufficiently accurate, in moderate ele-
vations, to reckon an ascent of 540 feet for each
centesimal degree, or 100 yards for each degree
on Fahrenheit's scale of diminished temperature.
Dr. Francis Buchanan found a spring at Chit-
long,* in the lesser valley of Nepaul, in Upper
India, which indicated Uie temperature of 14*7
centesimal degrees, which is 81® below the
standard for its parallel of latitude, 27® 38'.
Whence, 8*1 x 540=: 4374 feet is the elevation
of that valley. At the height of a mile this rule
would give about thirty-three feet too much. The
decrements of temperature augment in an acce^
lerated progression as we ascend.
Ben Nevis, the highest mountain in Great
Britain, stands in latitude 57®, where the curve
of congelation reaches to 4534 feet. But the
altitude of the summit of the mountain is no
more than 4380 feet; and therefore, during two
or three weeks in July, the snow disappears.
The curve of congelation must evidently rise
higher in summer, and sink lower in winter,
producing a zone of fluctuating ice, in which the
glaciers are formed.
Baron Humboldt has stated, that the tem-
perature of the silver mine of Valenciana in New
Spain is 11® above the mean temperature of
Jamaica and Pondicherry, and that this tem-
perature is not owing to the miners and their
lights, but to local and geological causes. To
the same load and geological causes we must
ascribe the extraordinary elevation of temperature
observed by Mr. Bald. He further remarks that
the deeper we descend, the drier we find the
strata; so that the roads through the mines require
to be watered, in order to prevent the horse-
drivers from being annoyed by the dust. This
fact is adverse to the hypothesis of the heat pro-
ceeding from the chemical action of water on the
strata of coal. As for the pyrites intermixed
with these strata, it does not seem to be ever
decomposed, while it is in situ. The perpetual
circulation of air for the respiration of the miners
must prevent the lights from having any consi-
derable influence on the temperature of the
mines.
M. Humboldt has also published an admirable
systematic view of the mean temperatures of diffe-
rent places, in the third volume of the Memoirs
of the Society of Arcueil. His paper is entitled.
Of Isothermal Lines (lines of the same tem ie»
rature), and the distribution of Heat over the
Globe. By comparing a gr^t number of obser-
vations made between 4<» and 48® N. lat., he*
C
i
D DISTIUEUIIOS Of
L_
'H fSZ
i. l!jf j
m irS"" jifl J^pstiBj Jjpndi nriPH|»B itt jraiEn part iob.il.BmeibDl lbtdiff»rnictl»iE,n.B
3'
g
4il.™*.«iJ.*>i»li, ■■""■^i»l i° '"JJ Jtnunlil.
fcilJlJuiJjnitoJiJtirlt.»lcJbeilnn. |. p.^?, nl^n, IZa"
!'l
i
L
■2-J CLr
i;u^>>.li..i *>ir8n.cVpp"iS«l. (^iT,,,,,^ in tow.. ■ (ii™ of ll» !!•-
Utauml^^iKrfl^' '''^ ''™' '"'*' ™'«-P™l'- Tlf rt us .11 jpnirt. Ill t"b»-
<, >,« gl U ^R. i< CUTOniS, in namr. ii • [on nf Iht
I'-'rl
1 1*:'
I
m
Sfi
«- Lopi r„ -iiiioj^ "^'"
CLOCKS.
1 !'!■'
]•'
LOCKS.
'} pn.i"«.°;"""'JX"n-»"f"™";;f
^ j
;:1'-
tv/t
If
=#•-]
li'l
; ;■■
■■!
.1 '.i ''
■ 1 '■■
1 ■
■■ 1
'"•■Sil -
^^^^i
^'••"■^I'^'iS^'^ r«'li-^"^,''^'^'V!*i
pUlivllriTH «
B im ei^U-av^cio
iiiia> p^ •rill wdw da Hm
Iw dig tad' tm Snt^ dii -Aali -inld
IH J
CLOCKS. 29
Bore than probable, that, if tne use of the pen- drawn together by a screw, and made to pinch
dahnffl were known in the east prior to the the spring; this screw passes through the quar-
K*eDteeDth century, it was employed without ter part of a brass ferrule, and is tapped into the
(he accompanying train of wheels which consti- opposite quarter part ; the head ot the screw,
tite a modern clock. with the first quarter, appears at c, fig. 9. The
If die resistance arising from the friction at spring is a piece of strong watch-spring, which
ike moriog parts, and from the motion comma- has not been coiled up; the upper part has two
Bleated to tlie air, were always the same, and the cylindrical buttons nvetted to it, opposite to
cbek were ui^ged by a weight, the action of the each other, one of these appears at Z ; these
swing-wheel on the pallets would be always the bear the weight of the pendulum during the
sane at a given place, in consequence of which, time of adjujting its suspension, before the
the figure of all the parts being supposed invari- screws are drawn tight The ball of the pendn-
ible, the arc of Tibration would be constantly of lum is made of lead, and consists of two parts
L*ie saoM magnitude; namely, such as, that the screwed together upon the rod, so as to pinch it.
Doooo k»t by the resistances opposed to the Fig. 7 is the ball as it appears edgeways, and
penduJam should be accurately equal to the shows the section down the axis of the rod where
BMuaa GoouDunicated by the pallets, and the the two parts join. The shape of the ball, when
tnnei would be equal ; that is to say, the clock the two parts are screwed together, is the middle
«oald be perfect, and would measure time accu- frustrum of a globe, as is seen by the figure,
mely. Bat these conditions are not easily These two parts should be moulded from a neat
o4nauo<d. It is not found, however, that the turned pattern of wood, where the hole shodld
▼iriatkMi in tlie resistance of the air, arising be left to receive the rod ; they may be cast so
fnm its change of density, occasions any sensi- near their true form, as to give but little trouble
hie irregularity in clocks. The most consider- in turning down in the lathe and finishing ; if
able irregularities in the movement arise from the pattern be made true, the axis of the rod will
the tenacity of the oil applied to the moving pass through the centre of gravity of both. Fig.
pans. For the oil is less fluid in cold than in 6 is the pendulum seen flatwise ; two pieces of
bot weather; and when it is less fluid, a greater brass are soldered to Uie back part of the bow,
qaantity of the maintaining power must be lost and tapped to receive the screws which fasten
m overcoming its rigidity; whence it must hap- the two parts together; one of these pieces
pen, diat the teeth of the crown-wheel will, in appears at y, fig. 12. The place of the ball
tiat case:, act forcibly on the pallets, and the upon the rod being found, it is then to be
Tifatatioo will be less. If the pendulum be sus- screwed fast to the rod, and not to be removed
pcoded on an axis, this cause, together with the to regulate the clock. On the screw part of the
cuusuiii wear, is Tery injurious to the perform- wire, at the bottom of the pendulum-rod, is a
saoe c€ the machine, but this defect is remedied cylinder of brass in two parts, the screw passing
by suspending it by a straight flexible spring, as through the centre of both parts. The upper
b shown in fi^. 6 to 14 of plate I. part, d^ d, fig. 6, consists of a milled torus, and
Tbe rod of the above pendulum should be a plain cylindrical part, both in one piece; the
made of straight grained vellow deal, which may cylinder nas numerical figures engraven on it, in
be procnred from the lath-maker*s, it should be the order they are represented in the plate, the
tphi down both ways ; neither the sort which is lower part consists ot a milled torus only, as at
v^Htc aod spongy, nor Uiat which is of a strong e, e. When the upper part is screwed to its
pain, and fall of turpentine. The rod is a proper place, it must be held &st, and the lower
cyliader of aboat five-eighths of an inch diame- part screwed against it, so as to pinch the
ler, and ferty-two inches long; it should be screw-wire, and secure it against any accidental
^htd aod gilt, and if varnished it would be less turning. Whenever there is occasion to move
satMccc to changes from moist weather. The the upper part (in order to regulate) the under
tnd being first roughed out, a brass ferrule (a, part must first be detached till the adjustment
% 6 above), most be driven on its lower end, be made, and then screwed close again, as be-
periooaly tamed to receive it, the rod is then fore. This part may be called the regulator, and
ta be |iot into the lathe, the ferrule turned true, will perform that office with a much greater
md a lew other places in the rod may likewise degree of correctness than where the whole ball
W wade roand; the whole is afterwards to be of the pendulum is moved.
pSasfod straight, round, and smooth ; a hole is Having thus described the pendulum-rod
tjn to be drilled at the bottom of the rod, to with its ball, we may now describe the proper
Tvr^ve the wire b along the axis. Thu wire method of suspending it, which is by a project-
t^cnld be steel, and the part which goes into the ing cock made of brass, and is composed of
rod a little taper, and rather larger wan the hole three distinct pieces, fixed together vrith rivets
r, the cad of the rod, the rest of the wire cylin- and screws. It is difficult to give the exact
tf neat, and the end conical; a screw must be form without giving many views of it; but
CM Bpon the cylindrical part with stocks; the the general principle maybe easily explained.
»Be anst be forced into the hole at the bottom Strength and steiainess are particularly sought
•f the md, and then cross-pinned through both in its formation, and the side view, fig. 9, will
fenale and rod, as at P. The top of the rod, make it appear how these are attainra in the
ir. 9, is slit along the grain with a fine spring vertical line, by the part marked a, a, above the
M^ ID receive the spring at X, by which the line of suspension, and that marked c, c, below
|«adnlom is saspeoded ; the two parts are the line, as these serve as strong brackets each
CLOCKS. 31
«M*^aee(Mdaig tote diracliaii^vei], the im- in tiiiee ramales ; on the axil of wbicb tbnv ia
p^H vill hf fiven io (lie axik of tfae pcDdulum- a wbecl, E, of oinety teeth, that keeps a penda-
wi. tmi dVKC coftTcyed to the ceDtre of gin- loin in motion, vibniling Mconda by pallets, as
raj af Ar boll : two circunutances abuoluteiy iu a common clock, when the pendulum-wheel
nceoary U pmluce a steady and regular mo- has only tliiity teelh, and goes round in a mi-
m of die peodaluni. nitte. In order to show the seconds by this
Dr- Fnuutia cootrired a clock, represented at clock, a thin plate must be divided into three
k. 15. to draw the hours, minutes, and seconds, times aiity, or 180 equal parts, and numbered,
wj6 only three wheels and two pinions in the 10, 20, 30, 40, 50, 60. three times successively,
■hole movement. The dial-plate, it will be seen, and Sxed on the same a\is with the wheel <rf
ho dte hours engraved opon it in spiral spaces, ninety teeth, so as to turn round near the back
lioa^ [wo diameters of a circle, containing four of the dial-plate ; and these divisions will show
t:mM iiily minutes. The indei A goes round in the seconds through thai opening, e,/, g, h, in
fcnr boars, and counts the minutes from any hour the dial-plate. This clock will go a week Wilh-
vhidiithaipauedlothe next following hour. The out winding, and always show the precise hour ;
ume. therefore, in the position of the index shown but this clock, as Mr. Ferguson candidly ac-
iB the fisiue, is either thirty miimte!ipaslXII,IV, knowledges, has two disadvanlai^es, from which
«■ \"III ; and so in every other quarter of the Dr. Franklin's clock is free. When the minutes'-
nrde il points to the number of minutes after the hand, B, is adjusted, the hour-plate must also be
ioury which the index last left in lis motion. Set right by means of a pin ; and the smallness
The unall hand B, in the arch at top, goes round of the teeth in the swing wheel will cause the
DKe in a minute, and shows the secondi. The pendulum-ball to describe but small arcs in its
■^feUwofk of this clock may be seen at'lig. 16. vibrations : and, therefore, the momentum of the
A ti the first or great wheel, containing 160 teeth, ball will be less, and the times of the vihrations
isd coiDft roood in four hours, with the index- will be more affected by any unequal impulse of
bud coODected by a bole through its axis. This the pcnduliim-whe»l on the pallets. Ik^iiies, '
want tarns a pinion of ten leaves, which, there- the weight of the flat ring on which the seconds
icn, goes round in a quarter of an hour. On are engraved will load the pivots of the a\is ot
i^ ui* of this pinion is the wheel C, of 120 the pendulum-wheel with a great deal of fric-
vnb, which goes ronnd in the sanie time, and tion, which ought, by all possible means, Io li«
loni s pmion D of eight leaves round in a avoided. This inconvenience might, however,
n^aiute, with the seconds' hand B 6xed on its very easily be remedied by omitting the second
Ilk. aod also the common wheel E of thirty plate.
rtHi, for rooving a pendulum, by pallets, that The term clock, which is usually applied in-
••braie* >econds, as in a common clock. discriminaiely to all horotogical machines, be-
Thu clock is wound up by a cord going longs in reality to those instruments alone which
o"tr a pulley on the axis of the great wheel, like indicate the hour by means of a bell, and, al-
I coouDoa tbirty-bours' clock . Many of these though we hate already shown that striking
tdiairably simple machines have been con- clocks aie of considerable antiquity, the striking
umcted, which measure lime exceedingly well, portion certainly belongs to a period long sub-
II a ubject, however, to the inconvenience of sequent to the fimt invention of those highly
requiring Sequent wioding by drawing Up the useful machines.
WTi^t, aad likewise to some uncertainty as to It nay now be adviseable to examine what it
£« paiticiiUr hour shown by the index A. Mr. termed the tlriting part, and for its belter illus-
Fmensoo bja proposed to remedy these incon- tration we have separated that part of the train
vnicBcies W the following construction : in the from the rest of the movement. In the annexed
dal-plale of the clock, fig. 17, there is an open- diagram A represents ... . ^
tac. a,b,c,J, below the centre, through which the barrel- w heel, fur-
a^pean pari of a flat plate : on this the twelve nished with a ratchet ■ "-■ : -
l^un, with ibeir divisions into quarters, are en- and click to prevent
naved. This plate turns round in twelve hours : the return of the bai-
ud the indes A points out the true hour, &c. B rel. The wheel A
1 <%c nu Dotei'-hand, which goes round ihe large tumsapinion of eight
■ada of nny minutes whilst the plate a, b, e, d, teeth, on the same
sj^ in place one hour under the fixed index athoi with which
A Thm is another opening, t,/, g. A, through pinion u the wheel
v^tf.h the tecoods are seen on a flat moveable i, turning a similar
tKr. 11 ibc extremity of a fleur-de-lis, engraved pinion on the arbor
^■±r iat-plate. Thegreat wheel of this clock, of the wheel A. The
■""lanuDg 130 teeth, and turning round in wheel A: turns another
■•eive honn. The axis of this wheel bears the pinion of eight on the
-.V ol boun, which mav be moved by a pin same arbor with the i
:ana( through the small holes drilled in the wheel ( of 46, and !
-.^tK, vnboul affecting the wheel-work. The this last wheel turns '
rvi «h«el A, fig. 18, turns a pinion, B, of ten a pinion of sit, on
'•■rs.nnnd in an hour, and Games the minutes'- the axis of which is
*f4 8 oo lU axis, round the dial-plaie in the a broad flat piece of
V* tuBc. On tlib axis is a wheel, C, of 120 meul called the fly,
*Vk, lanuDg round a pinion, D, of six leaves, seen cJgeways at
'lUx ^ wUH. n d> Iu> if iriadi in Die tut pUu. That •niei nui Ik fuji a,
I n/<>r*lJc<l u^d uUiT'l^u.'-ml
id ■ bem bi « rigll uglF, and Ai,d
bH ^it q m (UlpJal Avla divd
■ h koup UHln, kj ETk^ Hind llie dal-plM* at qntK dovi^ B H fc» dlMppeav boifDDil d«
■ r-wj-hailiauH^ndHudtf nBu.wkKh dbl-plKd. Ai On lOD S gnu niuad d» dbl-
^ xupd ■ tod^r-twr B>ouni 1% nijniirt [riBW ii KvKHOu boui, ul (he n«« H,
^^ vtmdan of uj pUn ID Ihv IHIH « Ibdr Kfdluilaill la dH DAC die ma IDairt
■f rwcj-^ b«jr cpH»]» tj die ■hodfe't ihABTef out duoTdtp jnom^^uv l>wnn'i
ii
: E^sSSi'S
UK bC^ hill Utin llH Darn* unnni^
BDUK]ilafTipptnrjr,tHlLWBlr-EwDWJ1,W, |f4l|«ubntft«rL«kbOHkUl»l|M
nieifbHiie cnnvfi hII ihr iIihI^
CLO
39
CLO
abo enters the sails in an oblique direc-
ft% tbe eflbit of it to make the ship advance is
couidaMj diminished : she will therefore make
in least progress when sadling in this manner.
Tbe ship is said to be close-hauled, because at
ihii dne her tacks, or lower comers of tbe prin-
GpaJ sails, are diawn close down to her siae to
wiadwaid, the sheets hauled close aft, and all the
ham hues dnwn to their greatest extension to
keep the sails steady.
CLOSE-PENT, oc^'. Shut close; without
veBL
Tkca ia MiBe ebae-pemt room it crept along,
Aad laumlderixig w it went, in silence fed.
Drydem.
Close Qoakters, strong barriers of wood
stRicbiii^ across a merchant ship in several
pbces; used as a place of retreat when a ship is
Doaided by her adversary ; they are therefore fitted
vtth loophholes, through which to fire the small
anus; they are likewise fiimished with caissons,
or powder-chests, fixed apon the deck, and filled
viu powder, old nails, &c., which may be. fired
it aay time from the close quarters, upon the
bovdefs.
CUXSE-STOOL, R.s. close and stool. A
iaaber im{^emeot.
A peide for his tninche<m, led the van ;
iad bsfl hi^ helmet wm » doM-sfoof pan. Garth.
CLOSET, fi.s. & V. a. from close. A small
roam of privacy and retirement; a private re-
poiitoiy of curiosities and valuable things. To
thui up, or cooceal, in a closet ; to take into a
ckiMt for a secret interview.
rfcamhrr and elMrt denest of chastitie,
iBcd her broogh of the deitie. Cktmcer.
Detpe^iatke elMst of my paxtaentyre,
Hfr vwth ia vfitten with a golden qaill,
Tkat me wish heavenlj forf doth inspire,
Aad mj gM aooath with her sweet prayses fill.
The taper buMth in jonrelpMl. AuAipsare.
Be woold Make a step into his tio$ei, and after a
ikntpRjerhewasgoae. WatUtm,
The heat
Of thy peal lo/w oaee spread^ as in an am,
Ostk dMtf op itself. Btrbert.
So vkoe the neatest badger most abides ;
1^ ia the earth she foxms her pret^ eell,
WUA iato halls aad dtmisU divides ;
let vaea the crafty fox with loathsome smell
l«hcD bcr pleasant cave the cleanly beast,
^ k«« her inmate and rank smelling guest,
"rtit Cir away she flies, and leaves her loathed nest.
Fletcher's PmpU Utmd.
He knew the seat of paradise,
Ceaid telJ ia what degree it lies ;
Aad as he was disposed could prove it
Bdow the aiooa or else above it.
What Adam dieamt of when his bride
Caae ftom her olostl in his side. Hvdibnu,
He
apcatbe
««tsW
At
have made himself a key, wherewith to
i of Hiaerva, where those fair treasnres
foaad ia all ahondanee.
Drgden't Dmfremiog,
her efasd first, and fills
ded shelves with rarities of shells.
DrydeH*9 Fables,
CLOSTER Seven, a town of Germany, in th«»
circle of Lower Saxony, and duchy of Bremeu^
memoiable for a convention entered into by the
duke of Cumberland and the duke of Richelieu,
commander of the French armies in 1758, by
which 38,000 Hanoverians laid down their arms,
and were dbpersed. It is nineteen miles soutli
of Stade, and twenty-four N. N. E. of Bremen.
CLO'SURE, n. *. from close.
The act of shutting up.
The chink was carefully closed up: upon which
dosure there appeared not any change.
Boyle's Spring of the Ait,
That by which any thing is closed or shut.
I admire your sending your last to me quite open,
without a seal, wafer, or any dosure whatever.
Fope to Swift,
The parts enclosing ; enclosure.
O thou bloody prison '
Within the guilty dosure of thy walls
Richard the Second here was hacked to death.
Shahspeare,
Conclusion ; end. Not in use.
We'll hand in hand all headlong cast us down,
^nd make a mutual dosure of our house. Id,
CLOT, n. t, icv,n.-\ Fr. caiUet ; from Lat.
Cloister, v. n. \ coagulatwn. Probably,
Clot'ty, (u^, 3 at first, the same with
clod, but now applied to different uses. Con-
cretion ; coagulation ; grume. To form clots or
clods, to hang together, to concrete, to coagulate ;
as clotted cream ; clotted blood. Johnson says
to become gross, but gives no proof or illus-
tration.
The dotered blood, for any leche-craft,
Comunpeth, and in lus bouke ylaft, —
That neyther veine-blood, ne ventousing,
"He drinke of herbes, may ben his helping.
Chaueer,
The white of an egg, with spirit of wine, doth bake
the egg into dots, as if it began to poch. Bacon.
The opening itself was stopt with a dot of grumous
blood. Wiseman's Surger^,
He dragged the trembling sire,
Sliddering thro' dottered blood and holy mire.
Dryden's Mneid,
Where land is dotty, and a shower of rain soaks
through, you may make use of a rool to break it.
AorfMier.
Huge unwiedly bones, lasting remains
Of that giganticlL race ; which, as he breaks
The dotted glebe; the plowman hai^y finds. Philips
CLOTAIRE I., king of ?rance, was the son
of Clovis and Clotilda. He began to reien in
511, and died at Compiegne in 561, aged forty-
four. See Frakce, History of.
Clotaibe II., son and successor of Chilperjc
I. His father dying in his infancy, his mother
maintained the kingdom for him, with great spirit
and success, against the efforts of Childebert.
After her death Theodebert and Thiuti defeated
him; but he afterwards re-united the different
kingdoms of France under himself. He died
in 628.
Clotaire, III. king of Burgundy, after tlie
death of Clovis II. his father, who left him a
minor. His mother Batilda, governed during
his minority with great wisdom. He died in 670
n, WOOLLEN.
CLOTH, WOOLLEH.
[inf of «*" ^^VWn"*^ ^.JSj
paJ^TSflk^plMj *■ lam belli rtiv ibe ■mil. iHe Jjejg, ajsM "ilifSi
Lfti^^'llill ^nng ™'^<k^liili, dr"].»l i>l«>Uiliil.uiJ»>lcrlllknll>>birfl
^iUil»iui>>liilico«i»lHII«l«lil«. ins milt"!! 0« i" *" re|.i!iK pBinBligu,
l^imilTiEmaepwiKeiDbDiilvwwl UG am *Bkro wrt\ wttvtfri iher "*' ■^"t
>iA n^ ■ «ikF b l*Aa dW Iht dun uid lDIllwripind,brfa«IVW€ll limiBil in iIhhooI-
EliaulBiha iVa • •mpiinnnallj mill, imj, bj bein; i&unnli ••■« laioil
llllljnng ■ubn -illi h«( co^ lhiaiE>i di «HbMin( «««c inund nfonn,
(nguUimni^r^null^nbiMia Tile nann •( wed, la • ipKin of larF. ba
EitnnlaiindhBili.inl'llia ikmH Iht pml Tli. H^inMinn b Uis naiii cjiim
;^lniU.li>UioteflISUI>J(hr3 HOjm d«ir ifW fen Iitrjeulibl. t. llBt
dill »n kil >»l, ^BM Ja UgkiniH uT •peiuinn. jK >i mttrnj^il hj^ •pnin
I"; Jid j™ .KnMl .!« nf clHniUHl oil,iipiuitipiUjn»il: Bdnptml fol «™
wll uJhuj. m-lii.nll'ot'^it'ptivi™ bul if ih. laim rtnoin m ikt mJordMh,^
Id"-'"
.- /
»ik^
/
• frpndjnb, ipndln. ^1 Bra npid ~ui» imlli « "*^ wL-P'jJ'^ffL''*'
*M IS n* mail. Ttm wmdlu m Iiiiiiiiatl»»liiiii iidlijItoaipniillmWl
flHdKi7fHl]»bilj,i«i1wBe^ altniJnir biad JnmiBupUielnww™i,"iiddi»wiiriBM
NmmUl njIM DfohKlitanl, wiKem yat: wb™ Iht ipnoBjawt h p«sl»i b"* *■
•> hij In ikaMm^ ^iidii (>bm til Imnr ni till, an* retaajlkl ll.^nsi. An
"i'^aia: n^fJii befinc ih«i -U linjuobsipon.' Tlfj m kIW" i™-'".
■l«vf*iir4hiBnidlrifb»d(i«in m^tA, «adu:4rd Ihniunli a -Midi id lilt Gbym and
^U^lkbrtrwlHlafblnipmaiHif w»l Ihtaee n now pUKrtda WDijin > '"n'^i*
^ihfkBi Tu i-lml b lilaatoj allllt 4il' iw»iu*in IP Hit i|aMlln », *. t The yanii havinj
**<r^4f riUFHtf 1)4 muhintH and lu a<i» Ihhi dniKD «L jnd Itfulnl «KH4iiHl«i Ihl
T H, WOOLLEN.
ajDd in IdIA «i a bnnl or bmcL To make
iVh of II bvT »l)r B bff »fd u^nhor, ajtd h
e di»- «lld rtAiaL to Ih* bov, vMlA lUr «llwr and of
<latfini de «d« of ttv appor bhdfl U Rovnd pTor ifv
n, LlBII Id Ikii mmi^ ^ i£b« buig ope^ if llH lower
-'- -" "-^ '' liU flu nan Iki fui&a -* ■*- -'--*
■iM Ua A* Du w aB^* «k(^ ii la iB nDond ^ ihr
i'l
i .
(tTT-rg-
^^
i^xliSW
^L
|r£!utin£i»li.w«e°[l'Ii«<l>iL^'«. IFC kl«ll>cli>l H d>«ihid, ^9, iindn lb,
nciEUM •• *»fmn —>'"* iton»l U* Utah hiita Hi pni>n»«, a^
„,,-jlwtadilnrtW»lJt^ipBl'™ jrtnUrfnM^iUjl^nJpumrf.imJ.
>0i«6«iiiBD,i«l™tlM"i"Ui*" linuiDn rf E u lem mdn lelBi D, tj. 3 1 U h
ll]!iiailf«iti>l,i>illiyi>nbm innii, dnn BdiowUnirnilgf £,lii dH diitinij.
■•■ if ■ ■« dit onwir x'H'' Will li^3; nil daiste Ilia cmmumiUBoillillH
H «^1?Y:' nd lar' dii oAn nd ca iiluct Us Ebik dL itm a nwl Cj, d.
^;»Mitiil J ttl f illm otA. Md -dalllri imr •kich ipilh rdii; on l^ bekDMb 1I.1: liiu
•••fiI»liiihad>{S,ii>d,biiiD>lliini>il, innnlili,brdiipiii«ioliiihbi|d«l>iiiui
^■ruW.iiUinriAofoniililiipil- o Im li«Uris<. II. Oi rod, onlicd a. nnr
lBAln4b>liktK(ii«.aiidlK>niaa Sdl,>illi dnpoUeiCiilIia plli(naa»i,iiijlliu
WBiiJicf1kiB>J|iilkr.>bi>i1alnur\ liniiHluilBuppa 11111 iiCli,i_rU." ii ilie
iAlb>d«ll* pulWnfS; Iba Ibl Ikululr di^iilinl, <(. I. uiIb tbTlnHii II,
(a'1idrciidF^luiiHdb»D.nilhilikuHllc TunlHrFiininiij (hflhgacnedBnderCuid Bt
■Jt"*»lii IMBeai Ak flniFinily of Z. kirill^ ■ wdrtt mfFpicl^ in It U, lln iDlhr,
^4*U m Inw pouhq ID D ID bMB tUAditd ^ ud, bdna tiflAnd I7 ihr liBDdb nf
U b dun iT ClD^HfatT. Now nbfli dw F, dw -aitt OB L iLBip* II It dHl (L^il Halt to
Ss^T".?^.'*^"!^".*""^! [*^
:;i'"?i^p
— I - «! ud dir hod cm S ll IWlHnad, dm incbn in o», aid IIh Ddici no; be die
>lib nckw HiU. nnt diiHnkiiB. oi to; mudenblr mJlTi
riibfm|iiwi'i itaHn,iiid vnchnid kiiii|f •■ ihr prilkjTDii ii" upptf HHwiJIy b hi 10
*|IF]ii&nd»|}ieH» nilaf Ailbbc DH^vid wori^ dw (Mod B,fmk ikiolhrr ]iiilhrr>1HiuO
itiftTuj"^ »>a*«d ID bndi endi of lh« grvul* pdl^ HIU b* iiftrf &f 1)» purpow
^^'■^1, ■■dtidiBl^'u'kii'lti, "1 IH, Md, "EhSiw-BiuE^ ite lUp
r
^Hkh u Lh b« fll A. Tl* Iftal p«- »«l™g >**■ Now F waiki V, Airi V voriia
ijsiJ uvk akm lb ftune. in ""'"«. hj <iJil»iiiH »i J *^'''i ** SjJ X. Z n
1 U^H^imk, • inmj u„ „^ „r i i, ^auj. No. 1„ wl llii. m.
hl^glllif jjUVf,brllHiutiin nT ambFt the nuckiiH nepm; ud liB»ifeg (1Kn!nl ihi'
mfaiDO- U srr HID4II tmotit, HmiaULDji in dHh fim (he unr nJlo I, «| which 11 n
Olmniiiii»hniN,iriia di^mcnoi ;duiiii* ilmbfini thtnlmiitiirz iwlciui
■ ■Nun I^ Bik^ltiii iT a!" O.'^Kl'h OBlCrKi^il, »1 B veil abpni l^r ntio'
i il'
iM. 'I
'' °"/™ lilt -iwfc. p^fcuirt"*;';
r^^AdlibmilKrwIiU/iiaprbDnnieK frvnlkFlarUv.lll,(aa(;Hi.1[l.irer«|>nlnl:
i:
Iwi'nk "^ ""^ "^ inaluijDD. Ibfl TJvir np, HI ^m«H, la iki rfMAr'u lr>ii. ITirff^.
, £fc»r i-TM*"^"^
M
'^'•^"■rt'"'"'^iJ^'' l"w(-..ufc.r™QJ-.rum«f™U«n« .„>..(«i,iW"-
CLOUDS.
CLO 65 CLO
Clovd (St.), a town and palace of France, in * Great variety of water fowl, both whole and choay
the prorinoe of the Isle of France, situated on footed, frequent the waters. Ray on the Creation,
the ^eae. The palace, though not the largest, Whether the serpent at the fall
is one of die most pleasantly situated, and beau- ^*** <**«* '««*' °^ ^^^^ »^ ^^- Hudihras.
tifiil, of any in the neighbourhood of Paris. It And for his aspect, look upon the fountain,
coabins semal beauti&l specimens of the fine ^"^ ^^'^ °^ ™®» ^^^ judge which of us twain
art.*, has a park, gardens, and cascades. The ^^^ **^«** ^^*' ^*»« ^^^ believe lo be
pTMi cascade is 108 feet in width, and the same Their ctooen./00/ed terror.
m bnghL The terrace affords an extensive view ^ ^ ^^^- -De/ormed Tramfarmed,
of Pans. Heniy III. was assassinated here in CLO'VER, n. s. ■\ Dutch kliver ; Sax.
ts^ and here Napoleon principally resided. Clo'ver-grass, n.5.?c/<f/*er; from its clefi
h has a fine mann&cture of porcelain ; five miles Clo'vered, adj. ) leaves, a species of tre-
west of Paris. ^^^ > a ricli provision for cattle ; and so great a
(LrrCDBERRY,n.s. from cloud and berry, luxury? that when an individual has all the
(icMaona. The name of a plant, called also comforts of life in abundance, he is said to live
taotberry. in clover.
CUXUDCAPT, adj. from cloud and cap. The even mead, that erst brought sweetly forth
Topped with dondls, ; touching the clouds. "^^ freckled cowslip, burnet, and green ciowr
r^J-^ towe« d.e gorgeous palaces, ^^^^ ^,^„ ^'^-^-^^'
CLOUDCOMP EXLING, adj. A word form- Clot<-T improves land, by the great quantity of caalc
ed in imitation of vc^Xi^socriic, ill understood, it mail ains. Mortimer** Husbandry,
As epithet of Jupiter, by wnom clouds were sup- My i louzclinda is the blithest lass,
POMQ to be collected. Than piimrose sweeter, or the clover grau. Gay.
Hcahh to both kings, attended with a roar Flocks thick nibbling thro' the cUmered vale.
Of caaaoas, echo'd from the afilrighted shore ; «r n t Thomeon.
^tii loud leaemblance of his thunder prove yfcW, Laureat, was the night in ciot)er spent. Ogle.
Baeckw the seed of ebndcompettwy Jove. WaUer. Clover, in botany. See Tr I folium, and
SappUcating move 'A.G »' i cu ltu re.
n>jj«t complaint to cbadeompeUmg Jove. Dryden. CLOUGH, n. 8. Sax. clouxh. The deft of a
CLOVE, «. f. the preterite of cleave. See To ^^^j • ^ ^^« between cliffs.
CuiTt. ^1/ UGH, n. i. in commerce, an allowance of
Gyon's »>giy blade u> fierce did play '.wo pounds in eveiy hundred weight for Uje turn
On the' other's hehnet, which as Titan shone, ^^ "!_^ ^^?^^' ^^\^^ J*"® commodity may hold out
TWi ,wte ii dM his plumed crest in tway. ^^1?t lOyJlf "! ^?I ^ ^^^^*'
Faerie Queene. CLO V 10 (George Julius), a celebrated histo-
--h^o, .eed ofa very U«ge Uee. SroaiT^'^^'S^bT
«m««a. to ^ihc rudiment or beginning of a tions of Julius Romano, and his taste of compo-
r. n //^ , B«««e.F«ty«r^™ir,. Michael Angelo. He thus acquired so great a
CijvE Bare {Cortexjaun culdawan) is for- degree of excellence in portrait, as well as in
DrAed by a tree of die Molucca Islands. It is historical painting, that in the former he was
pncured in piece^ flat, thick, fibrous covered considered equal to Titian, and in die latter not
wiih a white epidermis of a reddish yellow j^fe^j^, ^ Buonaroti. He died in 1578. His
iQside, of a nutmeg and clove odour, and po*- ^^.^^ ^^ exceedingly valuable, and are still
iH>.i,? an aromatic and sharp taste. It is a n^n^bered among tbe curiosities of Rome.
wb^titote for cinnamon. CLOVIS I. die real founder of the French
rjovE-TEEE. See CaRTOPHTLLUS. monarchy, was born in 467, and succeeded his
CU/V EN, jwrl. pre/, from cleave. See To father Childeric in 481. His first exploit was
11*^^: ^he defeat of Syagrius, the Roman governor of
Tl>ere is Aofidins, list you what work he makes Gaul, after which he took Soissons, and made it
■**« yow doeem army. Shakspeare. his capital. His wife Clotilda prepared him for
n* d«. ^fc ^"Z ^^^' ^'^\ V ^ n *^® reception of Christianity, which, however, he
TV H«, ort. and lofty pine, do he. WaUer. did not embrace till after a victory obtained over
A ^«P-WIen beaver, loosely hanging by the Germans, which he attributed to the effect of
' , ' •*"* "^^ **' '^'*^' ^'^^' ^** P^y«' ^ ^^e God of the Christians before
( Lo'vEx-rooTED, odj. > Cloven and foot, or the battle. He was soon after publicly baptised
* w)'vEs.BOOFED. J hoof. Having the foot with 3000 of his subjects, by St. Reni, archbi-
''^.ded into two parts : not<a round hoof; bisul- shop of Rheims, and his fitness for the ceremony
^"^'- may be judged of from his declaration on hear-
Thtrt are the bisolcoos or doven-hoofed ; as camels >"? ©^ ^^e sufferings of Christ. * Had I been
n^ b^vrfs. Broume*s VnJgar Erroun. there/ said he, * wiUi my valiant Goths, how I
^ ti^mfaoted fiend is banished from us. would have avenged him ^' He was a warlike
Dryden. prince, and conquered tJ« 'everal provinces of
CLU
67
CLU
ItemeJ Mt» he wrtt thoaghl of Ungt,
\mtm thaw appetites ■oatoined annoy,
Tkcdaoe mMj froitxate, or indulgence cEoy.
Beattk.
CIOYTfE, a town of IreUnd, in Cork, Mun-
is, OK mile from the aea-coast. A church was
Mi. m it, and a bishopric erected by St. Colman,
■ dK end of the sixteenth centuiy ; and in 707
a abbey was founded. In 1430 Uie bishopric
w united to that of CoriL ; and the union con-
uoed till the 11th of NoYember 1638; since
wtucb time this see has been governed by its own
prebtts. The cathedral is a decent Gothic
boddiflg. Cloyne lies ten miles west of Youg-
yi, aid 125 south-west of Dublin.
CLUB. 11.1. 1 Swed. khibba ; Dan.
iizt-EEADLD,at^, ykbtb; TeuUkioj)fe: Wei.
Cii s-LAW, n. t. jclima; Lat. dava, A
b^jf J nek, a mace, a staff mtended for offence.
Ciub-hcaded is a thick, clumsy, oaken sort of head,
iie tbe ponderous end of a club. Club-law is
tbe hv of tone, a suit of cards marked with a
dub, or lather with a clover leaf, bears this name.
Whan I bete my knaves,
Sbe briageth me the great eUMed vuves,
lad oietk ; alee the doggea everich on,
lad biek hem both bak and evey bon.
Ckamer*§ dmUrbmy Talet.
Kfxt Hcveales hie like ensainple shewed,
Tk> all the west with equal cunqaett wonne,
lad aMRHtrooa tyrants with bis dtA aubdewed,
TW«W of jaatioe dread, with kingly power endewed.
He strove his combred dtA to quit
Oat rf tbe earth. id. Faerie Queene.
Ilcy are is tbe very wrath of love, and they
viO ia|tikcr, cMe cannot parf them. Shahpeare,
Aa be palled off hie helmet, a butcher slew him
*«b the atnke of a rfa&. Hojfward,
Saall cfaMoadfd anlerinB. Derham.
Asaed with a kafttty dub another came. Dryden,
^ cannies of our happy eatabliahment teem to
bvc leeaaae to the laodable method of dmblaw,
vbct tbcy ted all other means for enforcing the ab-
■v'itf «f their own opinions to be ineffiMtoal.
AdJimn'B F^reehoUer.
IW aUv bUck tyrant fint her victim died,
Ipaa ti baa haa^y metn and barbarous pride.
Pepe.
Clfb, a. s., v. n. & vui. I Goth, kluff; Swed .
Cus'ioow, n. s. Sklubb; Belgic kloof;
ToK. kh^ ; Tent, dwbeny kloeben. A portion
« apportiooing, a division, a society paying
*T^' An assembly, meetinj^ under certain
"°*^itioai ; a voluntary association generally for
pvpoMS of conviTiality ; sometimes for mutual
^c>^ by contributing each to the common
'^ ; ooociuTence, contribution, joint charge ;
to fiOBtribote separate powers to one end ; to pay
to a cooooQ reckoning. Club-room needs no
1 MdliBg eoeple toM ale : their humour was to
irwk diaak, upon their own liquor : they laid down
^ <M, and thk they called forcing a trad e.
VBtiramge,
Vbaa light has any man to meet in factious eiht
^fOilithegoreinment. Drydei^ MeM. Bed.
Till pvtwr atoaaa, tumbling in the ttream
^ hacy, madly met, and daMod into a dicam.
Dr^fden,
He's bound to vouch them for his own.
Though' got by' implidte generation.
And genttal dutb of all the nation. Hudibras
The owl, the raren, and the bat,
Chbbed for a feather to his hat. Swifi.
I ahall reserve for another time the history of such
dub or ofu&t, of which I am now a talkative, but un»
worthy member. ^leeUUor.
These ladies resolved to give the pictures of their
deceased husbands to the dmb-nem.
Addimm'a Spectator.
Plumbs and directors, Shylock and his wife.
Will dvb their testers now to take yoor life. Pope.
CLUCK, v. n. Webb, cloccian; Armorick,
clochat; Sax. cloccan; Dutch, /^/odcen. To call
chickens, as a hen.
She, poot hen, fond of no second brood.
Has dmAed thee to the wars. Skaktpeare'a Cofiolamu.
Ducklings, though hatched by a hen, if she brings
them to a river, in they go, though the hen eiiieiks
and calls to keep them ouL Re^f on the Creatiam^
CLUE, the lower comer of a sail.
Clue GxaNETs, a sort of tackles fastened to
the clues, or lower comers of tbe main sail or
fore sail, to truss them up to the yard, which is
usually termed cluing up the sails.
Clue Lines are for the same purpose as clue
garnets, only that the latter are connned to the
courses, whereas the former are common to all
the square sails.
CLUMP, n. 5. formed from lump, a shapeless
piece of wood or other matter, nearly eaual in its
dimensions. A cluster of trees ; a tutt of trees
or shrubs : anciently a plump.
Clumps, n.s. a numskull.
CLU'MSY,flrfi. -J This word omitted
Clu'msily,
Clii'msiness,
by Bailey from Dutch, lomptchy stupid. In
English, lump, clump, lumpish, cluropisn,clump-
ishly, clumsily, clumsy. Awkward; heavy;
artless; unhandy; without dexterity, readiness,
or grace. It is used either of persons, or actions,
or things.
This lofty humour is tiamsUy and inaitificially ma-
naged, when affected. Collier om Pride*
The drudging pait of life is chiefly owing to dtn»-
rinesa and ignorance, which either wants proper tools,
or skill to use them. Id. on Fame.
The matter ductile and sequacious, apt to be
moulded into such shapes and machines, even by
ehMugf fingers. Rcy.
He walks very dmneily and ridiculously.
Id. on the CreoHon,
But thou in ciaway verse, unlicked, unpointed.
Hast shamefully defy'd. Dryden.
That ehemy ouuide of a porter.
How could it thus conceal a courtier? Swift.
CLUNG. The preterite and participle of
cling.
Cluno, at^. Sax. clun^u, wasted with lean-
ness; shrank up with cold.
Cluho, v. n. Sax. clunjan, to dry as wood
does, when it is laid up after it is cut. See To
Cling.
CLUNIA, in ancient geography, a principal
town of Hither Spain, a Roman colony, with a
conventus juridicus, on the Durius, to the west
of Numantia, now called Coronnadel Conde.
', adj. '1 This word omitted
', adv. Sin the other etymolo-
sss, n. t. J gists, is rightly derived
s of '!'•«■'* °'^'j'jSr-'*^x^-
5 SS^-^SsS'^s
' "^^r^?''^s!^i
.'"'■ s^^'''^^s3^*^''r^
' S "'"^'fio^J^^C^'t*
'j''!:'«..-'f/^'-^-^^ "
.i^f
1 '
uliiwu w
•Li
•ti(iiiliiii,«iMTPI«*"»«'°'£2^ i,„l„o(»ilo>f. _ ^ „„,
;-.r.vi3"--
t«oii«rai<MW" ™"i^-^r^ pit,w.iiwl»Ti uid " lliiiBl.IJnrpool.DiI
l«4u<ILtm*1l»_«id»fiW 6«Mj4 ^^"^^.^Jl^^JEflii, MiJeMjiruJli,
Jbsi.'.*^
!: J
:!.'! I
COACH MAKING. 6>
tit eoojent of one at least of the inside house of conection, for not less than three, and
next to whom he shall be placed ; not more than six months,
pecffided ibOf that when the construction is pe- The penalty on a driver for using abusive or
nloihwide or commodious, and being so found insulting language to any passenger, or exacting
ikaB be duly licensed for that purpose, four out- more than his fare, is a ferfeiture of not less than
iJe paaengers shall be allowed to sit on the 5t. nor more than 40s., or a commitment for any
fw: </ such carrias^e; but outside passengers time not exceeding one month, nor less than three
saaii Derer exceed ten in all. days, at the discretion of the magistrate. Pas-
No proprietor or driver of any such carriage, sengeri are empowered to require toll-collectors
invellinj^ for hire, shall permit any luggage to to count the number of passengers, and to mea-
ic carried on the roof, or any person to ^o as sure the height of the luggage; and the driver
uixsde passei^per on or about the outside of any refusing to stop for this purpose, shall forfeit £5
««cfa caniage, the top of which shall be more for every such refusal, and it more passengers are
t&u eight feet nine inches from the ground, or carried than the act allows, or the luggage ex-
dtf beniag of which on the ground sIulU be less ceed the height assigned by it, he shall forfeit
than fear feet six inches from the centre of the double the penalty imposed by this act for ouch
track of the rigfat or off wheel, to that of the offence, one-half to the collector for bis trouble
track of the left or near wheel, under the penalty and the other half to the passenger ; and if the
of £5 fer each offence. No luggage whatever, toll-collector, upon being required by such pas-
eiceeding two Seet in height, shall be conveyed senger, shall refuse to make such examination,
uc the roof of any carriage, if drawn by four or he shall forfeit £5 for every such offence ; and
sore honei ; and, when drawn by two or three if any person shall endeavour to evade such
>Jones, such luggage shall not exceed eighteen examination, by descending from such carriage
lacfaes above the roof, under the penalty of for- previously to its reaching any turnpike gate, and
&Ang£5 for every inch above two feet or eigh- re-ascending after it has passed such gate, he
tnen inches respectively ; if the driver so offend- shall forfeit £lO. But stage-coaches carrying no
ing shall he the owner, he shall forfeit £lO for parcels or luggage inside, or in the boots, or
er-iy inch above the measure above assigned, under their beds, having obtained special li*
9Ld^ in defenlt of payment, the person or per- cence, may carry two extra passengers.
toQi WO offending shall be committed to the com- All prosecutions must be commenced in four-
pol or house of correction of the county, teen days; persons aggrieved may appeal to the
where the offence was committed, for two sessions. This act is a public act. And quoted
unless such penalties be sooner paid ; in the clause respecting mail and other coaches
provided always, ,that all packages be so placed above.
SB the loof, that no passenger shall sit on them, COACH-MAKING. Coach-making is an
vadtr die penalty of 50i. for each offence, to be art which has, within the last fifty or sixty years,
pud by each such passenger; and the division been carried to a very high degree of perfection.
cc cpacc on the top allotted for luggage, shall be Coach and coach-harness makers, though of dif-
distxoctly separated from the other part of the ferent professions, in some respects, are privi-
BDp, by some railing or otherwise. However, leged by each odier to follow either or both
hiB:gafe may be earned of a greater height than trades. The coach-maker is generally under-
cvo fwt, if not more tlian ten feet nine inches stood to be the principal in the business, being
frocB the g;foand. the person who makes the wood-work. There
The number of passengers permitted to be are, nowever, but very few professions in which
carried* shall he specified in the licence, and a greater number of artisans are necessarily em-
yaintfd on the doors of the coach in legible ployed, such as wheelwrights, smiths, painters,
^aradera; and commissioners for granting carvers and gilders, curriers, lace- makers, wool-
\r.entxa may order a cross plate on the side of len cloth manufacturers, and many others. We
each coach, with the owner's name, &c. instead shall therefore follow this art through its various
of the above inscription ; the penalty for de- branches with some particularity of detail.
fecisj;. Sec. SDch inscription is a forfeiture of £5, It is a first and obvious rule, that carriages of
md every person offending against the pro- every kind should be adapted, not only to the
TAMOS ot tins act, by not having a licence, by different uses, but also to the different pUces for
oatuJDg the inscription, or carrying more out- which they are intended. The best possible car-
die poseen^rs than are specified in the licence riage fcr the paved streets of London, and other
and m ' "ye inscription, as above, shall for every large towns, is not the most proper for country
ofcaoe forfeit £lO for each outside passenger use, and one that is adapted to the excellent
beyond the number allowed, and double that roads of England, would be unsuitable for the
SUB d the driver or coachman be owner or part- traveller on tlie Continent. The construction of
Ktm^itr. The owners of stage-coaches shall be every carnage should be as light as the nature cf
lable tt> penalties if drivers cannot be found, the place it is destined for, and its necessary
pfovid«d that the owners cannot prove to the work will admit; superior strength can only be
ma^^jf^itwt of the magistrates before whom the effected by addition in the weight of materials,
uivnuMataoa is laid, by sufficient evidence in- which a regard to the horses will make a person
^«pendentof his own testimony, that the offence very careful not unnecessarily to increase. The
wit eommitted hy the driver without his know- great art then consists in building as light as
WJ|cey and vrithont any profit accruing to him- possible, yet so as sufficiently to secure the car-
I*; and the driver, when found, shall pay the riage from danger. What a light carriage ro^v
r, or he committed to the common gaol or lose by wearing a shorter time than one moA
Vol. VI. F
\CH-M A K lyc.
i"wiv S>f™'^'«'*r^i^riTSi*{: iK^JJTiSrS'tairf'itaS ^^^i^s;sr^'Sir'^""p'"
Vnmital ^'^i„,^e^:ti-«r!^iZ.^.- KS^Siirf^HSTlinta^Ml ''"""""""'■*''T'"L'^V?I,'*"^'
M ■liuiMiii ■! im tiiiijimi ■■■■■ muiiiciuit wijup "«f "■'™',™""°i
a<lkh»RiMii»»^riii«iol1ul>pH Ull( ■Kliini lAtrtl nnJI In rt' ■■">"».
>ii^™>fftrlonjit,citll»i»iMlo« Dt III •idrauj wdlh rf Oit "liirii !• »» ""
•■b^. niih— nnknnEII Ibiipn dtU or Kn ivlH^ Uiu iT aiincn oc nn
"«•*.» »ll£»ilLl.aifcn.iiilir4i iHiBillj-miniiimilMlVwBi^lf ••'*
••••■Hptalf'diiR. ocntaUain minlij) m "Upliff, II ■ i™n»l»™l » "«
::;;':„r;r'trHS;l"it;.".rs
i ':f
COACH-MAKINQ. 69
Jt' 1, plate CoAcn-MAKiNG, ia an elevation called raisers, as their use is only to heighten (be
flf I caoMiecked coach complete ; fig. 2 is a platform from the hind framings, that tlie ap-
6a( new of it, showing the fore wheeb and un- pearance may be light, and that the footman may
tferonia^; and fig. 3 is the horizontal plan be sufficiently raised, according to the height of
«f tbesKC, many parts of this are too evident the body; they are bolted on the axletrce bed
mi QctTerally known to require any reference, and spring bar E, and, to prevent the too heavy
a Ae wheels, the body, the coach-box, the boot, appearance, they are often neatly ornamented
tut spnsgi. Ice a, «, are the two cranes which with carving.
Bc node of iron, and answer in their use to the The footboard or platform R, on which the
vooden peidi of the common carriage, which is cushion for the servant stands, is a flat thick elm
tW main timber of the carriage, extending and board, bolted on with blocks, to which it is also
ocaectuig the hind and fore-spring transom screwed. L, the boot, a large box made of s*rong
D D, tod E £, or cross-bars which support the elm board, nailed and screwed together, having
sprij^ F F aiid G G, and thus forming one a door in the front, which door should be made
frame called the upper carriage, in which the framed and boarded, and confined by a bolt and
^T is suspended. The two iron cranes a, a, thumb nut; the surfiice of this boot should always
^ the same connexion, but in a more coTfk- be covered with a rugset, or japanning leather;
fMae inaDoer, and they have a bend or neck at ii, is bolted across the transom D, the boot or
K vhicfa admits the fore wheels to pass under them budget bar B, and fore blocks as shown in fie. 1 ;
«^en the carriage is turned short about ; the and is sometimes raised on side blocks, to lighten
cnnes are united to the fore carriage, by being the appearance of the fore end of the carriage.
tnwed Cut into the fore spring transom D, and The parts marked M N O P, including the fore
iSey ue ^rther screwed by clipping them down wheels, are called the fore or under carriage,
to « crou timber near A, in fig 1, and marked united to the upper carriage by the perch bolt.
B n 6g. 3, it b called the budget bar, from the M, the fore axletree bed, which is required to be
rvmcbtance of its bearing the boot or budget, a strong piece of timber, in which the fore axle-
udit has two pieces A, A, called nunters, framed tree is bedded ; on this the upper carriage rests.
»to ii, which connect it with the fore transom, In this timber the futdiels, N N, are fixed ; it is
D, tbeK pieces make a platform or frame, on also cultoved on the end, the saiQC as the hind
vfaicb the budget immediately rests ; the springs, bed. N N, the futchels, are two light timbers,
F. are bolted to the transom, at the lower end, fixed through the fore axletree bed, contracted in
ttd hare an iron brace F, fig. 1, called the spring the front, to receive the pole O, which part of the
toy. futchels is called the chaps; but they widen
Tlie fore transom, or fore spring bar D, is the towards the hind end, on the top of which the
BOM Qoential part of the cross framing, it is a horizontal circle P C is placed, with proper
Kno^ timber to which the cranes are fixed, by blocks to raise it.
?»aBti^thnmgfa it as before mentioned, therefore. Across the fore ends of the chips of N N, the
u. under carriage is attached tliereto, by means splinter board P is fixed ; the futcnels are framed
•fa iar^, round, iron pin d, fig. 3, which passes in a slant direction, to give a proper height to
troQgfa its centre ; on the bottom is a thick flat the pole ; they have iron braces oeneath ; but
f Utt; made flash to the edges, called the transom sometimes the futchels are framed in a horizontal
; .^le, on the ends the springs are fixed, and on direction, and are made to rise in a cant from
•le top the boot, or the blocks that support it, the front of the horizontal wheel, otlierwise the
i^ rested. £ is the hind transom, or hind pole must be compassed to raise it to a proper
•^no^ bar, something similar in its use to the height. P, the splinter bar, is a long timber to
t>v tmvom, but not required to be of such which the horses' traces are attached ; on the ends
ftf^nHtk ; to this the ends of the cranes are fas- are sockets, with eyes, on wl^ich the wheel-irons
cud, and the timbers called nunters, which run g are placed, and extend from thence to tlie ends
laaM with them, are framed into it, and unite of the axletree arms, holding the splinter-bar
• with the hind axle bed 11, on the ends the tightly back to oppose the strain of the draught,
^nii|S G, G, are fixed ; the blocks or pump- which is taken from the axletrees at the ends by
-udles, I I, are placed on the top to support the wheel-irons, and at the middle from the
c« iw board K, or platform, and the footman's futchels, proper roller bolts, A A, being fixed at
■n>'pieoe boiled on the outside. U is the bind these situations to receive the traces by which
itktiee bed, it is a strong timber which receives tlie horses draw.
^ uletree, the cranes, a a, as before mentioned, c r. The horizontal circle called a whole wheel
^ Kcarely foslened to it, and it is connected by front ; it consists of two equal circles, one of
<"o pieocs called nunters, as before mentioned, which is attached to the under carriage, by bed-
*>ik tbe bend transom E; the bottom is grooved ding it on the fore axle bed M, and the other is
t- fttesve the axletree, which groove is called fixed beneath the fore transom D, the flat surfaces
^ bedding of the axletree, but is usually of these circles apply to each other, and the peroh
^*dded at tl^ ends only. At the two ends of these bolt, d, is in the centre of both ; their use is to
^ohtn are left projections called cuttoos, which preserve a steady bearing for the upper carriage
<oier the top or bock ends of the wheels, to to work upon while turning round, so that, in
belter the axletree arms from the dirt, which whatever direction the fore carriage may be, the
*whi otherwise get in behind tlie wheels, and steadiness is always preserved. O, the pole, it
^^ them. I, I, are the hind blocks, which are a long timber, which occasioiuJly is placed in
'lUd pnmp-haadles ; when further extended the futchel chaps N N, being nicely fittea therein,
^ trial is here xepmented, they are frequently and is confinea by two plates, the one bolted to
COACU-MAKING. 71
TW Mdei»ee$ of the carnage on which the replenished ; and, fourth, they are very durablcj
vWd iffolvesL are of two sorts, the one is made and but little subject to be out of order. They
Bx, ad cal\ei a bedded axletree, it being sunk have gone through some considerable improve-
ia tae dmbeis; the other is of an octagon form, ments since their origin, and have met witn such
!■ only at the ends, which are bedded. The encouragement that it has induced other persons
in» that pass through the wheels should be to copy them closely.
flaie perfectly round, and stronger at the shoulder Fig. 5 is a section of this axletree and box,
i&ia at the end, which is screwed to receive a in which I is the axletree arm, made as perfectly
■01 ; through this and the axletree the linch-pin cylindrical as possible, and of a peculiarly hard
pasKs «> keep all tight. The nuts are made surface; the middle reduced to contain the oil
v;Ui a coUar at the face, and a temporary collar necessary to feed the axletrees at the two bearings
or wadber b driven on to the back of the arms, b b, having a shoulder c, against which the wheel-
whidi fiarms two shoulders for the wheel to wear box, K K, takes its bearings; the adjoining collar
against, and helps to preserve the grease from is grooved for a washer to preserve the oil, and
nmaing ooL The axletrees, being the principal prevent noise in its use, with a rim e e, on the
or only sopport of the carriage, the greatest at- collar of the axletree, to answer the use of the
ttntioa and care should be given in the selection cuttoo. The end f is double screwed, to receive
of ]EOod iron, and in the manuiiu;ture of the ma- two nuts for securing the wheel ; the one screw
tehal; taking care that it is well wrought, and of turns the way of the wheel, the other the reverse,
scficMsit strength ; making it rather stronger than and is meant as an additional security. K K is
■ecesaiy, to avoid risking the life of the passen- the wheel-box cut through the middle, which is
ger by the oversetting of the carriage, which made of a very hard metal, nicely polished, and
aaostly happens when an axletree breaks. By the fitted to the arms, having a recess at the back
bead of the axletrees the wheels are regulated to part for containing a supplv of oil. It has two
aoy width at bottom, to suit the bracks of the shoulders c, the back one nts close to the rim of
nids xo which they are to run, and are confined the collar, which it covers, the fore one projects
ia ibe carnage by means of clips, hoops, and without the surface of the wheel stock, and is
boils. The shape of the axletree between the screwed on the inside to receive the screw of the
shouldess, varies according to its situation^ or the cap L, which covers the nut and receives the
fern of the timber with which it is united ; those waste of oil, is mostly made of brass and screwed
axletrees are the most firm that are flat bedded on, or in the box against the front of the wheel
m the timber. The axletree-boxes, frequently stock. This form of the cap is used to all but
called wheel-boxes, are long casings fitted close the common axletree.
to tbe anns of the axletree, and securely fixed in The wheels to four-wheel carriages should be
the wheel stocks or naves ; they are usually made formed as nearly of a height as the appearance
of vroQght sheet iron, of a substance proportioned and construction will permit, and if not required
to the weight of the carriage. Their use is to for heavy work, or baa roads, the lighter they are
cootaiD a supply of grease, and to prevent the the better. The fixtures from whence the draught
efccts of firiction, whereby the wheels are much ia taken, should be placed rather above the ceu-
•SButed ID their motion. There are many sorts tre of the largest wheel, for advantage of draught.
of axletrees and boxes, either for the purpose of The members of a wheel are of three descriptions,
eoatainisg a loueer supply of grease or oil ; or viz. the nave, the spokes, and the fellies ; the
to be more darable, or to secure the wheels, and nave is the stock, made of elm, in which all the
ksKB the draught These are all great advan- spokes are fixed, and in which the axletree or
Hges, and, though the expense is great, their wheel-box is confined to receive the axle-arms.
tiHitj must be more than adeouate to it. The The spokes are straight, made of oak, firmly
comoBOQ axletree and box are of a conical figure, tenoned in the nave ; these are the support of the
hemg atroogest at the back or shoulder, and re- fellies or wheel rim. The fellies, made of ash or
nlarly tapering to the end, through which the beech, form the rim of the wheel, and are divided
Lsch-ptn b fitted ; a not is screwed on the end into short lengths, in the proportion of one to
of ibe axle to keep the wheel on ; the linch-pin every two spokes ; these are fixed on the spokes,
passes dtroogh this nut to prevent it from turn- and on them iron strakes are nailed. The height
.a^ roood and coming off. This axle and box is of the wheels regulates the number of spokes and
Ko«t generally used, being simple and cheap in fellies that they are to contain ; the larger the
ccaparison with the others ; the box is the only circumference of the wheel is, the greater number
pare which wears, and is frequently obliged to of spokes is required ; they should not be more
W rt6lted to the arms, otherwise they give the to any wheel than fifteen inches distance on the
nied an unsteady motion, and soon exhaust the fellies. The usual height of wheels extends to
upplj of greaj«*. five feet eight inches, and are divided in four
Mr. Collinge, of Westminster-road, has for proportions, to contain from eight to fourteen
xaay years past manufactured a patent cylindri- spokes, and half that number of Allies ; these are
ca; axictfee and boi, which has very great advan- denominated eights, tens, twelves, or fourteens,
feifts over the common sort. They have been a which are the numbers of spokes in a wheel, or
<x«Bidenble time in use, and their advantages fellies in a pair. The height which regulates the
Ure also been fully proved, which principally number for an eight-spoked wheel, should not
It, fifi^ in the length of time thev wear; second, exceed three feet two inches ; for a ten, four feet
•a the silent and steady motion they preserve to six inches ; for a twelve, five feet four inches ;
the wbeds; third, the retaining the oil to prose- for a fourteen, five feet eight inches: these are
erne a jonmey of 2000 miles without being once the greatest heights for the different numbers of
I H
COACH-HAKIira
r The Sar»bDiy hooL ibwkW^c
c«cl>.l»i lip ' ■^•
ijT^ "*"» (""«lj " a*»il ■>liHeiicenCi(ilL™.„,„„_,
~,j^'
sK°ii^^S22tsSi'i: ■:^"^™^^i"^TSS:
liii
'Si::; ^^^^«^^^^^'x.'
nkTihiinTf. C<Mt>[ILATE.>i
§y
'I
i'l l;
BrilFif imd poab; nj don BOI ndl c^vfdMOiinlni.IllKMirk-bGh Jim
-'i?^i*~'^r^°^i/^"" "i°^'i(??iCS'"!i^iiilfi'5il!;
i^( HMj enlof i kt hiraufpitcml info to^aBd ■■ Itv simB
.»,«™™— _.,| lUitoilymia »ciUrt.iaiiilL ml.'l.r, IMJ Bil*rS^Vre
"^l ''Stroi'- <■ ''"^ I 'l' "sKi"" 1="^% l"l "J *• ""ill MleJ, dnnYf. Ig
' .pejm'Pi"J^^^,p™o"'''[^| J w '^' ""^ "'•«'*«,mil«Blilii(ti,J«.°'ThSn^
tilb • 'H'^ ^^llMU<>'''^-| I TW pi[ null, Cubii^ •Uek dn ml ilHii^ Ih m^i°^
•m" " "-''Ljnat^ ''"''' S ' nnilptiiiriten. pru iriAi Ml»rt«i mSld if daiijiMJ ij
r_ Vii"^' *'^Ji.™b'*' I liidi.imwiU liBiki klid of gnu in Fn
«yoili buii •iUiurtin^mJW...,,,^ jmrjiTbiwK'imHiil nmi '""J' l"iil li.J, WnwolHmn, iloi 1 fe..nh Sit.
lliKlUo^l (WHot,Sdw)Brii*lJW.j: P^T^bj™ wiTjllli'I •< i™n- Bu™ ™i(tl b. «Med, -Icirfi -mW omipirttBd
KKnturoiwi »nii4 ^ MU^A. i^^ ^^^,4-ubu> binnidiBlrt. inpnc- £^ tin I InlnitiL Hd iiiiiiimi|>»il an^
J^^amat^*^*- Uhm O'l- Fndua Hd oil, ckiHl eoal, ilua cv^ ft kind nf Tiled
iOlljE™mi. ^SluUnii 11.1 Ifc. diilbilpiHlia^aluiniioii^iiidcmluidll
'''€b',
!.■="£ tit-':
3S Sj.;^~5'S^'-
Hiilr piHMidi flf nAn nd UlDnq, ft in,BrtiBibu.niij^ilfiM,ud inkpNra. Tha
AnMUn^hatdnqi^iHIMDfaili*, iktfrDkjr ■ nil c^KWAiiHl, bj dw fiFH t«4-
tmripriindgiia^^dlicmwJTinJlfc* iDonlb !■ BudiM lod woodi. TIh inairer
•tie ta« Eqlid toil Ei.^ rf sE«.oI
i' J
C O A L.
8!
I
Welsh Ibniace coal
AJfitloti ditto
Batterlj ditto
^'Hsfa stone coal
Webb slatj coal
Derbyshire cannel coal ....
Kilkenny coal
Stone coal found under basalt . .
Kilkenny slaty coal
Scocda cannel coal
BoolaTooneen ditto . "^
Corvee ditto . . . S Irish
Queen's county. No. 39 J
Stone wood. Giants' Causeway . .
Oik wood ; . .
Volatile
Matter.
8-5
45-5
42-830
8-
9-100
47-000
4-250
16-660
13.000
56-570
13-800
9-100
10-300
33-370
80000
Carbon.
88*068
52-456
52-882
89-700
84-175
48-362
92-877
69-740
80-475
39-430
82-960
87-491
86-560
54-697
19-500
Ashes.
3-432
2044
4-288
2-300
6-725
4-638
2-873
13-600
6-525
4000
3-240
3-409
3140
11-933
•500
Specific
Gravity
of the
Coal.
1-337
l'-235
1-264
1-368
1-409
1-278
1-602
1-445
1-436
1-403
1-403
1-150
Specific
Gravity
of the
Coke.
T-
less than
water
1-100
1-3934
1-6568
1-596
1-6560
1-6218
CoAt^MivES, British. It is, generally agreed,
Alt our cannel coal is tlie lapis ampelites
«f the Romans ; though it seems to have been
ttted by tbem only for making toys, brace-
IciSy Ilc But of that common fuel which we
deMMncmle coals, the ni*ti?e Romans were en-
teprfy %Dorant. It is certain that they are not,
IS some have imagined, the lapis obsidianus of
Pliny, about which there have been great disputes,
md of which four statues of elephants were
■idc^ aod placed in the temple of Concord by
^uttts: Dor thegagates,or jet, which others,
'gMyto'e taken for the lapis obsidianus ; though
Ike li^hCDen and texture show plainly that it is
•atedher^Doeor coal. In fact there are no
beds of it ra the compass of Italy. The great line
rf thtt fbei seems to sweep away round the globe,
fcwD iioiib-«asl to south-west, not ranging at a
diataacc even from the south-east parts of our
no^* as is generally imagined, but actually
VBitiBg Brabant and fnuice, and yet avoiding
Itahr. Hie piimsevai Britons appear to have
«ed it ; and in the precincts of Manchester
pncalariy, which are furnished with an inex-
boiftle abundance of it, they could not have
kwg foaatned nnapnrised of the useful combus-
**fc arooDd them. The currents there frequently
WscdowD fragDoentsof coal from the mountains ;
^ in the lenf and winding course of them
*fQURh the pansh the Bntons would soon mark
Ae rfonin; stones in the channels; and by the
-d <d accident, or the force of reflection, find
<*i tae utility of them. But we can advance
laj ocarcr to a ceruinty. Several pieces of coal
««*f discovered some years ago in the sand under
•^ Rono way to Ribchester, when both were
^ up at the constmction of a house in Quay-
«««t. TTie number of pieces, several of them
« lan^ aa eggs, was not less than forty; and a
e«»tity of slack was dug up with them- These
cfcttiailaiicca show the coals to have been lodged
« dbe spot, belbre the road of the Romans co-
*«Bd iL That ground being in the neighbour-
^K«d of Mancenion, the Britons had Acre de^
:^isd a quantity of coals, probably for the use
^ ibe garrison, and many of tiie smaller fnur-
Voi. VI. ^
ments, and some of the slack, were buried in the
sand upon which they were laid. And that the
Britons, in general, were acquainted with this
fuel, is evident from its appellation amongst us
at present, which is not Saxon, but British ; and
subsists among the Irish in tlieir O-gual, and
among the Cornish in their kolan, to this day.
The extensive coal*mines, therefore, with which
the kingdom of England and the precincts of
Manchester are so happily stored, were first
noticed by the skill, and first opened by the labor^
of the Britons ; and some time before the arrival
of the Romans among us. And the nearer quar-
ries in the confines of Bradford, Newton, and
Manchester, would naturally attract the notice,
and invite the enquiries of the Britons, before
any others. The current of the Medlock, which
washes the sides of them, would bring down
specimens of the riches within, lodge many of
them about the Castlefield, and allure the Britons
successively to a collection of the one and a
search after the other. But, for two ages after
the discovery, wood continued to compose the
general firing of the nation. In 852 a grant was
made of some lands by the abbey of Peterborough^
under the reservation of certain boons and pay-
ments in kind to the monastery ; as, one night's
entertainment ; ten vessels of Welsh, and two of
common ale; sixty cart-loads of wood, and
twelve of pit coal ; where we see the quantity of
coal was only one cart-load to five of wood. The
latter naturally continued the principal article of
our fuel, as long as the forests and tnickets pre-
sented themselves so readily to the hand : and
such it continued till a very late period. The
first public notice of the former is mentioned by
Mr. Hume to have been in the time of Henry
III. who, in the year 1272, granted a charter to
the town of Newcastle, giving the inhabitants a
licence to dig coals, and the first statute relat-
ing to this article was in the 9 Henry V. c. 10;
ordering all keels in the port of Newcastle to
be measured by commissioners, before carria$re
of coals, on pain of forfeiture. They were not
brought into common use till the reign of Charles
I., and were then sold for about 17s. a chaldron
G
I H
ihmMilil diki dT u oi m^Uhimi » Ac na-ird ;
i'idadtnd iMna rtguhr Hbna. and 0K dfh' onl^ a brerKfi
Sii'^ ll^StS" *'^i^ ''Jd'S^J^m
k U itntr, BDd d^iHil HwaUy n Ibrir qaari^.
Jl-L
1 iWir Fnm lb. fci^nuninn.'.j Umiteipol.iodMI « hard; iiiglii u iImSS2fc^n?.'ZL^ pjSj^'"'!
'^^i^^.
ai'S^.^i^^-XSl^ii'id.' .'".7.™
Innl lr>« ap«. ««. uln n It. »«
fer,^
byl Ac .lule?lk~ » c»lll ekWd g
pRMd « 1H D« »!• gC »« dll« u »
M
SfSS?^-.
iu.idinM.1
•l<Uiit1in>>A >»l>dM;<rfb«i»
li'iS
£9£=:y^SSi
V!0=
ttod niun id ihanEibborfOeirHi^elFiBEeordFpreQ il
diTidwl«l IHBM i^:ukr nw, Bbd thi dike oalv B bmc4
illij>K<; Hd I5 HfH kKi vcMnI, pHTudkulBrlr cr Pb.
''^'^H^
nM; -bflM,Bi»tpilim.iUtbtGiE- tfn pk™ u nhiofc tfa gyUf *«il4 itmati.
>IMh£|JMMBiiQBHEii1uil:n h>>OH.iialkilMI^D..A>ii^i> Dpn
■nilb ■nii>l>mllinDi'aililiti> t B MO pc*. *» ilillnii ft»- 1, i» JirMia. al
•■Wu^lifoIilaikbiliiaul^^wS ik. behl. 1h>hlU[<hg-di>iiln1,c
b M BTBid u I niBiliiiUrdliiih wUE tiidmiaaEDulDP, pnlM to Iki Ddn
r— •■;tUbt,>D<ULi^in iMlKiiln. tapMpWDllbi'cHl,udllHiilnMaHiki
itKblnWhiifl ■tandhiiuial fcr anmiLaiUbiiiRBd. IF ii U lin nd-
■il*»M>.iii fa »«niHn< ■liipowiJ.tr idHll>iiyiC,itali«dla»Mldl>M|iBr
^im>lnl>lligaJ,'il«ilJba^«l>ii banTAi bnl of tti <i«i>4 ud pnkui lo>^
COAL
ill I:
r "." t%'
X^- ™ i^n
„„U n[.ie.>l.
'"(ilf e™-'*^:
l™° ; rfTiAi
K -I-™" "
i.'S; arif-Bpiir
11' C^
► SSi'
uii'fiStili ^'!"M™nl 1^
kngiL Th* To forB ■ jiiil Ida of "hkfc(1« > pl*n af
hflt dHfC pil- aude fron Ikn GOflL-pU, VBiuoly aM-4 Ik*
S,ns
r.a
I UiH DQirlham I'ppon llw pil. nd p**vml m bf^ dHnaij-al
WJ
II
f^Hi HHUiornditwn. to eoodbel B ihip or ^
tfw n IiU lal«^ mil lUm; K< iiis^ oiih
COATZACUALCO, • ni>iijM"iTBr of Konh
COBALT. I COB 101
JSIlliLiU nJl I Itt t«llil«id Ita thl
1
COCHIN-CHINA. 109
xtasMl white short (fowsers, and a handker- ha9. in the course of two yean, bu!*t 309 gun*
<uf twisoed like a turban round the head ; hats boats, i, lugger, and a frigate,
rroaetimes worn of different shapes. The history of this kingdom is little known,
IVe religion of Cochin China ii a form of M. Le Poivre, a French trayeller, informs us that
bdhism, but more simple, and less mysterious about half a century before the French first ar-
ts (he rites used in the worship of Fo iu China, nved in these distant regions, a prince of Ton-
lie the ancient Jews they offer the first fruits of quin, as he fled from his sovereign, by whom he
%r ground, and the firstlings of everything was pursued as a rebel, had, with his soldiers and
*ji to the image of their protecting deity, as adherents, crossed the river, which serves as a
m xkoowlM^ment of his goodness. Their barrier between Tonquin and Cochin-China.
i»i:«s are generally placed in small wooden The fugitives, who were warlike and civilised
bno^and fixed among the branches of trees in men, soon expelled the scattered inhabitants, who
tte voods, and here the artless worshipper wandered about without any form of government,
uc^nds, deposits his offering, and leaves it to be and founded a new kingdom, which soon grew
Tsured by the priest at his leisure. The people rich and populous. During the reigns of the
^ok a language originally derived from the fint six kings, no nation coiUd be happier than
(Uese; botsomuch altered, that the natives the Cochin-Chinese. Their monarchs governed
c! 'J» two countries cannot understand eacli them as a father does his family, establishing no
«cw. It is common to them with the people of laws but those of nature, to which they them-
Taquinaod the neighbouring countries, and is selves were the first to pay obedience. They
1-^ d^ Anam. The written language is in honored and encouraged agriculture, as the most
r.in<3eT like the Chin£«r., and thus an inter- useful employment of mankind ; and required
' .*% is really kept up between thcrr. : and, as from their subjects only a small annual free gift
' - iTOfernment is modelled after the pattern of to defray the expense of their defensive war against
'3i, literature is indispensable for office, and the Tonquinese, who were their enemies. This im-
^' uane is widely diffused. position was regulated by way of poll-tax, with
Vj^ tnde of these people is mostly with tlie the greatest equity. Every man, able to till the
' vrae, to whom they export a great ({uantity ground, paid in to the prinde a small sum pro-
•^ «Gnr, particularly sugar-candy, said to be portioned to the strength of his constitution, and
^^ Wsi in the world, woods, canes, spices, the vigor of his arm ; and nothing more. Cochin-
^np asd gold. They also export gum lac, China continued happy under these princes for
^3t^ iodigo, and raw silk in large quantities, more than a century ; hut tlie discovery of gold-
^^ M ar^le shipped to India is sugar. The mines interrupted their felicity. Luxury im-
(nsch, of all European nations, are treated vrith mediately took place. The prince began to des-
soc 6ror, probably on account of the assistance pise the simple nabitation of his ancestors, and
riR k) the kiog by a French missionary of the caused a superb palace to be built a league in
<<s( of Adian ; in the European improvements circumference, surrounded vrith a wall of brick
"' *&» been making in his dominions. The Co- in the model of that Pekin, and defended by
tsflimese carry on a considerable trade also 1600 pieces of cannon. Not content with this,
* *'* Sam, Cambodia, Tonquin, the coast of he would have three other palaces, for summer,
-H«^wa, the Philippine and Molucca islands autumn, and winter. The old taxes were by no
*i Bwreeo, with which there is a ready com- means sulHcient to defray these expences ; new
- '^^ztm by the China Sea. Every sort of ones were devised ; and oppression and tyranny
^•pwt 1010 tUs country pays a duty of twelve per everywhere took place. His courtiers, to flatter
" U and presents also must be made to the their prince, (rave him the title of the king of
'': low-priced cutlery and piece-goods find heaven, whicH he still continues to assume.
"^^j market; but European commcxlities have When speaking of his subjects, he styled them
'^-theito been much in demand. Tutenaque his chilaren, but by no means behaved as if he
-' ^^ to be in revest, dollars are much sought was their father : for our author informs us, that
"V, and amber anii coral, if of a good quality, he has seen whole villages newly abandoned by
-t likable in this country. their inhabitants, who were harassed with toil and
^ ^> Ko^emment is absolute, as in China ; but insupportable exactions ; the consequence of
"'[•^Kt is not SO perpetually on the watch, which was that their lands returned to theii
S^ It is fimned upon the same model. The former uncultivated state.
•»» likewise are the same in character, and In 1774 three brothers, one a merchant, the
'7jar in the administration. The Cochin- second an officer, and the third a priest, expelled
[yii improved during the late period of war. name of Adran, fled into the forest, where they
'* (snoer consisted of 113,000 men in the year concealed themselves for some time ; after un-
"•40,000 of whom are formed into regiments, successfully endeavouring to make head against
^'i'Wplined after the European manner. The the usurpers, they took refuge at Pulowai, a
'y'i of this improvement have been witnessed desert island in the gulf of Siam, while Adran
j*^ ^ oonquest of Tonqum. A great al- went to France to procure assistance, taking with
"^^lOQ iot the better has also taken place in the him the princess eldest son. The prince after
^I'f ^>rmeriy this consisted entirely of junks enduring various hardships in the above island,
-a to those of the Chmese ; but under landed on his native dominions, expelled the
' t-trtction of the French the reigning prince successors of the usurpers, and subsequently
inlelLii^l^h^.1,,1,
; Si"'i&^''. ?W™tBSfe5X "iSSSr""""'""^"
COC 114 COC
He thai no gospel gloten, here no teach * and coqutnariuSf from either of which eoktnt^
We leven all in the gret God, qnod he : might easily be derived. In. p. p. fol. 35, 36.
Oe wold sowen some difiicaltee, * . » . i , •. • .
Or gpringen cockle in our clene com, „ ^»«> yf ^ ^ ••?' ^^J^ "J^^^ ^ *»»▼« ^ ^^ *>•«»'
And therefore, Ho.t, I warn thee beforene, ^e no cokemejf (by Chnate) coloppet to make.
My jolly body ahal a tale tell. It seems to signify a cook. And so, peihaps,
And I thai dinken you to mery a bell in the Turuament ot Tottenham. Anc. Poet, t.
That I ihall waken all this campagnie ii. p. 24.
Chm^i Canterb^ Tola. At that feaat, where they lerred in rich amy.
In toothing them, we nourish 'gainst onr senate Every five and five had a coikcn^.
The oociUs of rebellion, insolence, sedition.
Shaktpcare. That IS, I suppose, a cook or scallion to at*
Good seed degenerates, and oft obeys *«?«* ^^'^/T'}^ ^"^ ^yP^ "^^ ^ ""«*»
The soil's disease, and into oodUs strays. Donme, ^^^<^h which Camden has published, BnL
Co'cKLE, V. fl. From cockle. To contract Col. 451 (upon what authority 1 know not)-
into wrinkles, like the sheU of a cockle. ,^ ^^^ '.« »y ^« ^ 8"»««y
Showers soon dnnched the camblefscodUeil grain. Upon the nver of Wavesey,
0^^ 1 would ne care for the king of Cektmtg.
CCyCKLED, adj. From cockle. Shelled ; The author, in callmg London Cokeney, might
or perhaps cochleate, turbinated. possibly allude to tliat imaginary country of
love's feeling is mora soft and sensible idleness and luxury which was anciently known
Than are the tender horns of cockled snails. by the names of Cocaigne or Cocagne, a Dame
Shakipeare. which Hickes has shown to be derived from
CO'CKLE-STAIRS, n. i. winding or spiral f.**2i°*- ^''' ^^; jf' ^^K "*.**^ ^''T^
^^^- ' ^ ^ lished an excellent description of the country of
r^^r^v -i r\xy^w^ n> i j i iv mu Cokaiguc, lu old EuglisK vcrsf but pfohtbly
COCK-LOFT, n. s. Cock and loft. The translated from the French; at Itast the FrenA
room over the garret, in which fowls are sup- ^^^^ y^ ^^ 3^^ f^ble among them, for Boikaii
posed to roost; unless it be rather corrupted ^i^^ ^^^^ to it, sat. vi : in the words already
from coploft, the cop or top of the house. cited.
If the lower floors already bnm. The festival of La Cocagna, at Naples, de-
Cock^fU and garrets soon wiU take their turn. scribed by Keyster, v. u. p. 369, appears to
Drifden't Juoenal, jjj^yg ^^ gj^nae foundation. It probably coib-
My garreu, or rather my eock-lofU indeed, are veiy menced tuder the Norman gOTermenL There is
indifferently furnished; but they are rooms to lay a mock heroic poem, in the Sicilian dialect, eo-
lumberin, Swifi. tided, La Cuccagna Conquistata, by Gio Bapwta
COCK-MASTER, n. s. Cock and master. Basili, Palermo, 1674, in which the desciipiioo
One that breeds game-cocks. of Palma citta di Cuccagna begins thus,—
A coek-dnaaier bought a paxtridge, and turned it ®«^i emeeagna ana montagna
among the fighting cocks. L'Esinmge, ^>> funnaggiu grmtutu, et havi in dna
COCK-MATCH, «. ,. Cock and match. ^* "^^^ "" ««da« magna
Cockfight for a oriie I lie as a dmp-sak m my boddt ;
^ . ^^^ when this jape is told another day
At the same time that the heads of parties preserve I thai be halden a dafl^ or a cokcmag :
towards one another an outward shew of good breed- I wol arise and auntie it by my fay :
ing, their tools will not so much as mingle at a cock- Undhardy is unsely — thus men say.
Addimm. Ckaneet^e Cmdmhmjf 7ato
lliough quail-fighting is what is most taken notice So the codbuy did the eels when she put thr« in
of, they had doubdess eock^maUhea also- the pastiy alive. Wniysfi. Kf»9 Xjit.
Ar&MrAiMl amd Pope, I am afraid this great lubber, the worid, wiU piw
CaCKNEY, n. t. A word of which the »*«'*^- ^ ^ '^ ^"^^^tL
original is much controverted. The French use ^^"^ •K^ "? ?" ^^"^ •'**^' ^ZT^l
»m A«nM..;««« ««v. Am ^^^i^^m ft*- • .w«i«nft.» ^f "»>» niischief on thetr heads by too cetemoaiew tarn
^nexpnssionpaisde cocaigne, for a country of .^^ct diet, being over precis., ^db-^ike. «-!««*«•
aainues .— ^ ^^^ observation of meat^
Pari* est pour un riche un pals de eeeaigne* Bmlom*» AmmUmjf of Miltmkfitf
BoQeam, For who is such a eocibMy in his heart.
Of this word they are not able to settle the ^nnd of the plenty of the southern part,
original. It appears, whatever was its first To scorn that onion, by which we may |
ground, to be very ancient, being mentioned in *>^ '*^" ^ w-at^y^w* tkat wrote th» pl«y^
an old Normaiwo Saxon poem : — . .'
_ .. ^ . The eoelmy, travelling into the country, is f«>TVuri
Par m see by west Spayng, ,, „^ common practices of mral affaiis. H-rtfc
Is a lond yhore cocayng. C€H:KSzr, KiKO of, a title used for the kiot {
One of the writers of the glossary to Chaucer of London, in an ancient poem, ascribed to lio^
has the following note, explanatory of the word. Bagot, earl of Norfolk, in the time of king ^^^
That this is a term of contempt, borrowed ori- IL And 'king of the cockney' occurs amo<|i
ginally from tlie kitchen, ia very probable. A the regulations for the sports and shows fonn^nJi
cook, in the base Latinity, was called coquinator, held in the Middle Temple on Childemiat V^Jt
b,'*r.m. jSjI^ - C»J^"
fnCSJWUN.,.,. Satojgr^^. p„ ™COi "in mi™, , p,™ ,, i,, ,tj.
i™™ ' Ut nn-iic iiK. h ■nun) u Ibts hm i
COC 116 COD
into ihe aut from the roots, become somewhat the interior and elevated parts of the island,
acid ; and the kernel, as the nut ripens, becomes seemed to be of a considerable size. The cocoa-
«till more solid ; and at length lines the whole nut trees, which grow not only on the sea-shore,
inside of the nut for a^)ove a quarter of an inch but hi^h up on the sides of the hills, were the
thick, being as white as snow, and of the flavor only trees we saw that bore any fruit, although
of an almond. The quantity of liquor in a full in one of the rivulets an unripe guava was picked
grown nut is frequently a pint and upwards, up, which roost probably had come from the in-
The husky tegument of the nut consists ot strong, terior countiy ; in addition to these, we noticed
tough, stringy filaments, which, when removed an abundance of different sorts of ferns, some of
from the fruit, resemble coarse oakum. The which produced a stem nearly six inches io dia-
leaves are wrought into brooms, hammocks in meter, and grew to the height of nearly twenty
form of nets, mats, sacks, and other useful uten- feet ; these, as well as I recollect, were exactly
siis. The treei is propagated by planting the of the same description as those oommooly found
nuts, which, in six or eight weeks, will come up, in New Zealand. Such were tiie most genenl
provided they are fresh and thoroughly ripe ; but vegetable productions of this island that fell
tliis is what few of them are when brought into under our observation ; to which we fiirtber
f his country ; for they are always gathered before added tlie seeds of apples, peaches, roelops,
•hey are lipe, that they may keep during the pas- pumpkins, with beans, pc»se, &c. Fish were in
oge. The best way, therefore, would be to great abundance, and shaiks of large size; no
gather such nuts as are thoroughly ripe in their turtles were seen ; but the shores ahovaded with
native country, and plant them in a tub of dry rats and land-crabs. All the sear-birds coduood
sand, to keep them from the vermin during the to tropical regions were found here.* In a hay
passage. Hero they will frequently sprout, which on the western shore Vancouver's men found a
will be an advantage, as they may then be im- bottle, stating, that the ship Ratler, South Set
mediately planted in pots of earth, and plunged whaler, of London, had arrived here 26th of July,
in the bark-stove. 3. C .butyracea. Palm-oil- 1793, and afier procuring wood, water, and i«-
tree. A native also of South America ; unarmed : freshments, had left a bre^ of hogs and goitsoft
fronds pinnate : leaflets simple. It is from this the island. None of these articles were, how-
species that we obtain the psdm-oil of the dispen- ever, to be found. Long. 273® & £., lat. 5"* 35' N.
satories. For a farther account of which see CO'CTILE, <u^. Lat coctilii. Made by
Palm-oil. balding, as a brick.
Cocos Island, an island in the Pacific Ocean, CCyCTION, n. s, Lat coclio. The act ot
abounding, according to captain Vancouver, in boiling.
fish, and having a fruitful soil. It is about twelve The di»aM ii lometunM attended with especmi^-
miles in circumference, say those who examined tl<m from the loagt, and that U taken off by a mc^
It, lying in a north-east and south-west direction, and raolation of the feverish matter, and ttmi-
and about four miles long and two broad, with nates in rappwatiim or a gangrene. Arimtkitti m Dki.
detached rocks and islete scattered about iu COC YTUS, from »••«;«, to weep : one of the
shores. Those lying off its south-west part rfvers of hell, according to the mytholow of the
extend to the greatest distance, which is nearly poets. It was a branch of the nver Styx ; and
two miles, but they cannot be considered as dan- flowed, says Horace, vrith a dull and languid
gerous, because they are sufficiently high to be stream.
seen and avoided. Water abounds in every part i^r\T\ -. - -w r ..* •* r^ i lu. .
of the island, of excellent qujity, and b to be J^®°' '•*• J „ ,^*V. "f^' •' '?^ '"^T '■
easily procured at the sUtiow to which ressels itZ^VT'u h f!"^'??^; *^T 'T^'
can rei>rt. The soil in the immediate neigli- ^^ *""'**' » '^^^ ""'^ a large head,
bourhood of the streams that fall into each of the ^ • •qunder not thy grief, whoae tean commiint
bays, is of a poor, loose, sandy nature; but, at a ^® ^**P "P®"* oar eod in NewfoiuuUand,
little distance, behind the beach and in the fis- *"*• plenteoui pickle shall prcMrve the 6th,
sures of the rocks, a rich black mould was oh- ^"^ ^""*P« **^* ^y •®"^^" »* • **^- ^
served, apparently capable of affording much 9®", n. i. Sax. co'b'be. Any case or huik in
vegetable nourishment. All its vegetable pro* which seeds are lodged,
ductious appeared to grow luxuriantly, and co- Thy com thou there nayeat aafely aow^
vered the island in one entire wilderness. On Where in foil eodi last year rich pease did gnv.
the rocky cliffs, near the sea side, whose uneven Mf>
surface admitted the growth of vegetables, a l^^y let peaae lie in amall heaps at they •■•
coarse kind of grass is produced, that afforded scaped, till they find the hawm and cod diy.
«n excellent retreat for the different kinds of sea- Mortimer's HuAmiiJh
fowl which resort thither to roost and build their Cod, v. n. From the noun. To enclose in •
nests, or, more properly speaking, to lay their cod.
eggs, as they are at little pains to form a nest of All eoiM grains being a destioyer of «d.. •»
any description. • improver of land, and a piepaicr of it for other fwj*
Al)0ut these cliffs prow a very particular kind
of trees, something like the cloth-plant of the Cod, in ichthyology. See Gadus.
South Sea Islands, but much larger ; some of Cod Fishery. See Fishert.
V.esc grow to the heicht of about thirty feet, are Cod, Cape, a promontory of the United Sutes>
vf u lightish colored bark, free from branches to on the south side of Boston Bay, io MasKho-
the top, which is somewhat bushy. Many of setts, near the entrance of BostOE harbosr. It
fht tries that composed the forest, especially in was discovered, and ^us aainedi by JkiM^
■illB>U,ii<t«' Imj.W lirw, HI. njpBn^ Ml •mmaiii^ • poppi !!■»!
SM:^ir».
•Ma. ■• obidi > UiR coiDllsn] ndt U- ^mo[ Pirii. inl ia $.3, E. ntVliiM.
^^•ifeiDBlTiiiloltiBpuEciIawR Im.lD-Jg'E., liI,ti>EN.
^^^^HIULni^, 4 bHk. or bblH on popH' Tb>ir>Fn[ulBwd IpUvtnppngiBBd
^»■IiwitlLT^»ok»oll. CodfiJifld*- ctrnpanito, >llb dw Hgiatala illBrraldr Ira
*^d "hi UFd ^, inf dbllffd U drH II iHiUl, ol Iw lalH liwnod imb Ow "i«li of
lUDlA.™., Iwuiui, ^pi6a ,!» E«d of »'^! on. odIt "cip7pluil.
11^
COF 120 COF
COKVORDEUy or Koevorde, a fortified It seldom rises more than sixteen or eighteen
own, the capital of the district of Drenthe, in feet in height ; the main stem grows upright, and
the Netherlands, situated on the river Aa. It is covered widi a light brown hark ; the branches
has oeen regarded as the chef d'oeuvre of the ce- are produced horizontally and opposite, crossing
lebratod Coehorn, and one of the strongest for- each other at every joint; so that every side of
tresses of Holland, forming the key to Groningen, the tree is fully garnished with them, and they
Overyssel, and Friesland. Its form is that of a form a sort of pyramid The leaves also stand
regular pentagon, with high and thick ramparts, opposite ; and when fully grown are about fimr
seven large bastions, seven half moons, and seven or five inches long, and two broad in the middle,
ravelins. It is tjairther strengthened by a fort decreasing towaids each end ; the boideis are
surrounded with five other bastions, and sur- waved, and the sur&oe of a Incid green. TIm
rounded by marshes. It was besieged in 1672 flowers are produced in clusters at the root of
by Bernard Von Galen, the warlike bishop of the leaves, close to the branches ; they are tabo-
Munster, and betrayed by the governor ; but lous, and spread open at the top, where theyue
shortly after retaken by the Dutch. In 1795 it divided into five parts ; are of a pure white, and
surrendered to the French. It is thirty miles have a very mt«ul odor, but are of short doia-
south of Groningen, thirty-six north-east of De- tion. The fruit, which is the only useful part,
venter, and sixty north-east of Amheim. resembles a cherry. It grows in clusters, and is
COEUR (James), an opulent French mer- ranged alone the branches under the axillc of
chant of the fifteenth century. He is said to have the leaves, of the same green as the laurel, bat
had 300 agents in tlie Levant, and lent 200,000 something longer. When it comes to be of a
crowns of gold to Charles VII. which enabled him deep red, it is gathered for the mill, in order to
to conquer Normandy. He was, in return, tried be manu£au:turra into cofiee beans. The coffee-
upou some false charges, and condemned to the tree is cultivated in Arabia, Persia, the East In-
loss of his estates, and the payment of an enor- dies, the Isle of Bourbon, and several ports of
mous fine. He himself only escaped through the America^ It is also raised in botanic gardens
management of one of his clerks, and died in the in several parts of Europe. Prince Eugene's
isle of Chio in 1456. garden at Vienna produced more coffee than was
COEXrST, w. n. "j Lat. con and exuto, sufficient for his own consumption. It delights
CoEXi'sTENCE, n. s. STo exist at the same time particularly in hills and mountains, where its
CoEXi'sTENT, adj. y with adfjther. Existence root is almost always dry, and its head frequently
together; equal in time and duration. watered with gentle showers. It prefers a western
The three stars that coexitt in heavenly consiel- **P®C^? ^nd ploughed ground without snvap-
lations^ are a multitude of stars. pearance of grass. The plants should be placed
Hole's Origin of Mankind, eight feet distant from each other, in holes twelve
Of substances no one has any dear idea, farther or fifteen inches deep. They should rise to the
Aan of certain simple ide9» coexisting together. Locke, height of sixteen or eighteen feet, but they are
It is sufficient that we have the idea of the length generally Stinted to five, for the conveniency of
of any regular periodical appearances, which we can gathering their fruit with the greater ease. Thus
Uon or Zltl?!'^ ''' <»«"^«"' ^^J> ^^^^ '^^ ""^ dwarft, they extend their branches so, that they
tion or appearance never «,er„.ed. Jd. cover the whole spot round them. TTiey begii
The measuring of any duraUon, by some moUon, to yield fruit the third year, but are not in full
depends not on the real coexistence of that thing to bearing till the fifth. They are in danger of he-
f !.at rnnPcn, or any ahsr periods of revelation. W. ing destroyed by worms, or by the scorching rays
To the measuring the duration of anything by time, of the sun. The hills where the coffee trees are
it is not requisite that that thmg should be coexistent found have, generally, a gravelly or chalky bot-
to the motion we measure by, or any other periodical tom. In the last it languishes for some time,
revolution. Id. and then dies: in the former its roots, which
A 11 that one point ia either future or past, and no .seldom fail of striking between stones, obuio
parts are coexistent or contemporary with it. Bentley. nourishment, and keep the tree alive and fruit-
We can demonstrate the being of God's eternal J"^ ^^^ ^^^^y y^*"- a^»» W nearly the period
ideas, and their coexutL^nce wi»h him. ■®'' Plants of the coffee tree. The proprietor, at
GretB*s Comnoiogia. ^^ ^^^ o^ ^is period, not only finds himself
COEXTEND, t,. a. } Lat. con and extendo. T^^T^,^\T' ^""l ^^a 5*' if"^ "^T^'i^^VL'
CoEXTE'NsioN. «. i. J To cxtcud to the same !' ''''* T ? i 1 ^'^^ ""^ ?**^"' ""^ ""*?
space or duration with another. ". "^ »»^^ated, that he can break up a snot of vir-
^. , . . ..,,... ^*° **''^> ^^ °^^ himself amends for that which
Though tt be a spint, I find it is no inconvenience 18 totally exhausted by the coffee trees, hii loss
jO have some analogy, at least of coextension with my is irreparable. The ioffee produced in Arabia
Every motion U, in some sorat coextended witfthi !?I°"?^ '^i^'!?^?^ *** ^^r ?*' T^u*° '*!'
body moved. a^C^!Z^. American plantaUons or elsewhere, that the culj
mppuA .k ir . T^, tivation of the tree IS now but seldom practised
CUl-FKA, the coffee-tree, a genus of the in any of the British colonies. Larce planta-
monogjnia order, and pentandna class of plants ; tions of this kind were formeriy made in some
natural order forty-seventh, stellata^ : con. fun- of them ; and it was proposed to the pariiainent
nel-shaped ; the stamma above tlie tube : sefd, to give a proper encoun^^t for Siltiratmg
a berry inferior, disnermous, and ariUated. this commodity there, so as to enable the planters
There arc ten scenes l»ut our limiu confint us to undersell the importera from Arabia. Accord-
to the descripiioa of one only, the C. Arabjca. ingly ihcre «as an abatement of the duty pay
It
COG 123 COG
Nil a lower tweet The oatciy is, that I abaw hit demomtzatioii b^
Ot mj Uack mfim let there be •trown* a falsification, by ccggmjf in the word.
U. Twdftk Night. TOloltim. Prefaee
Let me lie I have eoj^ed in the word to aenre my torn.
bpraoo, wad hare be mfimi when I die. Donne, StiUmgfleei.
He wtat n if he had been the cojffin that earned Faidan tragedies, or insipid comedies, hare, by
iMctf to bis sepolchrs. fiUncy. conceited applanses, been wgyed npon the town for
One &te they hare. masterpieces. Ifemm.
TW Jup their »*•, iid the sea their grare. WaU. O' ™o« expert in pilfering yice,
JT. . r]7 ^ *. ^ . - They bum and Itch to eoy the dice. Om,
^^Z^r^I^J^^^' COGAN (Thomas, M. D.), was bom in 1736,
Ae^^tJiL d.^^2^^ ^* ^^^^1' ^'^ Northlmptonihire. Educated at'
tk kiof sad poM^ the whole form of the fooL *?® <i»s«enting ministry, and officiated for some
JPorrwr'c Didkmary ^°^^ ^ ^ Presbyterian congregation at Amster-
Wk» wiU be yo« sextons, a^l^^-maken. and ^*"' 7*!?^''^"^'"^/. ^^/.2^ *"'"'?"??• ."®
fowis. Toffer. "<>^ *^*idied physic, and m 1767 took his doc-
' r^„ an. i u i u j * j ' **'^'* degree at Leydon. Some time after we
J^ILa^^ sepulchral honors paid to de- find him in London, uniting with the late Dr.
^TIL? anaejt tuna^ are cunous and Hawes in instituting the RoySl Humane Seciety.
1^^ of attention. Their being put into a He returned, however, to Holland, till the French
«&ii«coi^ revolution obliged him once more to come to
tKtioo^ongh with us the poorest people have England, where he published, in 1794, The
^.!l^A *'J ^V *u*^T' ^^l^ ^"«' or a Journey fSom Utrecht to Frankfort;
witanmade use of, either by Turks or Chrwk and, in 1795, the wbrks of Camper. His othei
te. The ancient Jews seem to have buned ^orks are, 1. Philosophical Treatise on the Pas-
terdeidm the same manner: neither was the ^iods; 2. Ethical Quwtions, or Speculations in
W^of oat Urd,it riiould *eem, put into a Moral Philosophy ; 3. TheologicafDisquisitions,
«fe; Mr that of Ehsha, 2 Kings, xui. 21, 5 ^ols. 8vo. fie was also the author^ Jie Life
w^ .Tr" ^''*'^^ ^l ^^ "^l^ ^^r^ a°d Opinions of John Buncle, jun. ; and Letters
tedownahtUe after into the sepulchre. That on the Doctrine of Hereditary Depravity. He
««M» howeveis, were anciently made use of m died February 2nd, 1818.
tnpt, all agree; and antique coffins of stone, CCGENT, adj. "> Lat. cogens. Forcible ; re-
^^amoie wood, are still to be seen in that Co'gency, n. i. SsisUess;7onvincing;power-
SJ* '^JH^^'^^T f^'f- ^"^ ^ i*"^ • Co'GENTLY, arfi;Jful; having the SoWer to
tod rf pasteboard, formed by folding or glumg compel ; conviction.
wffl together a great many tunes, curiously ... ^ . . . , , .
*««d, and theQ painted with hieroglyphics. ^ ^•""" ^ •fj*™' Pnnaples of saence, becaose
III bdnr an ancient ^ptian custom7iid not ^ •" "L "^'k ^^f'T^^ T^''
tnMt^ ;» .k^ «^:ZiaLr • . • althongh nobody ever shewed the foundation of their
Ptictofd in the neigbbounng counlnes, was, deani«s and ci««. Locke.
^ba«, the cause that the sacred historian ex- tT^T^^^ .j, * .k ^ J
Pwrfy observes of Joseph, that he was not only , Thej foA»dn. to hearken to those P«>o&m weak
ni»Vb)L^ k. * I » * / i» !o , TJ O' fallacious, which our own existence, and the sen*
^>^ but also put into a coffin, Gen.l. 26, ^Ue part, of the nnive,-, ofo so dearly and «n
boftbeagcu^ms oeculiar to the EgypUans. y«i^ to our thoughts. Id.
SSrJS!fr^ enclosed in Such is the «^ force of nature. Pnor.
^!^^ !*'k *".*^* ^?^^ repositories They have c^red methods of deceit, one repug.
.^J ' *^* ***?* ", ^** *° **^"^' *^P'^ »«^ to another, to evade, if poasible, this most eoceni
V^to persons of rank. proof of a Deity. BaJigr.
^oWa1.'^•*'"■'1A^ed«^Te CCGGLESTONE, «. ,. It^. cucgolo. A
^*tii of a wheil. The verb is appl^' to the ^'rrvr?S,5 iti»*^ Vf>^^' .^ _ . . .
•»i>ioy»ent of a wedge, or to the fixing the COGITATE, r. «.-v Lat. cogUo. To thiidc ;
•^ ma wheel. As rcorruption of cocker it CooirABLE,^. f to purpose; to medi-
>«, to flatter; to deceive C^ a d^^ 1 Cogita'tion, ns. jute; to reflect; to in-
^^n^abia.todice;toplayu«fairty. It ge- ^o gitative, arfj. J dulge mental specula-
*any signifies to obtrude by fidschood ; to Ue : „ . , .
*9 wheedle. HaTing their eogiiaiumi darkened, and being stran-
,-, gcra firam the life of God, from the ignorance which is
r ^. ?^"*'*"*«**^'**«»lo^««, in them. Hooker
*i?Jl!fc ^* ^ ****"' **^ '*^* ^"* beloved The king, perceiving that his desires were intern-
wj tae trades a Rome. Skakipeore. Corielamu. perate, and his eogiiatiaiie vast and irregular, began
Vn.Pord, I cannot eo^; I cannot prate, Mrs. not to biook him well. BaeotCa Hemry Vll,
«<. ae« ihaU I sin in my wish. On some great charge employed
g . ^^ -Merrif Wkaei of TFmd$or, He seemed; or fixt in eegiiation deep.
*■ "^ ^^^y was 10 CTjy the dice, MUtom't Pandim LeeU
*« dcucnwdy to throw the lucky sice. The earl had the closer and more reserved cona-
P . D^fden't Per. 8atire$. tenance, being by nature more oo^italfw. Woikm.
^^iS^"^.""''!.^^**' o .. I' *^««« l»^e« ^ cogitaUon and sensation arti
mom will palm and will eog. SmtfU ^cither inherent in matter, nor acquirable to mat.
t ttlUats of Newgate, whoM fingers are nice tcr, they proceed from some eogiUUke snbatance,
'«»»««apofkrts,or«i9y»yofdice. Id, which we call spirit and soul. Beidkij,
coo 124 COO
COGNAC, CoONlAC, or Coignac, a town of Happineu or mUary, in eonveiM with otken, itr
France, in the department of the Charente, and pend« upon thingt which haman laws can uke no
ci-devant province of Angoumois, with a castle, eogmgamee of. fi"<A.
where Francis I. was bom. It is seated on the The moral crime is completed, there are onlj cir-
river Charente, in a very pleasant country, cmneuncee wanting to woik it np for the co^mmv
abounding in wine and remarkable for its excel- o' the law. AdditM,
lent brandy : it trades largely in it with all the Cognizakce of Pleas is an authority to
chief cities of Europe* It is 100 miles south- call a cause or plea out of another court, which
west of Paris. no person can do but the king, except he can show
Cognac, a town of France, in the depart- a cnarter for it. This cognizance is a privilege
ment of Upper Vienne. and ci-devant province granted to a city or a town to hold plea of all
of limosin, twenty miles south-east or Conso- contracts, &c. within the liberty; and if anyone
lent. is implicated for such matters in the courts at
COGNATION, fi. f . Lat. cognatio. Kindred ; Westminster, the mayor, &c. of sach franchise
descent from the same original. Relation ; par- may demand cognizance of the plea, and th it it
ticipation of the same nature. may be determined before them.
He indoceth as to ascribe effecU mito caueeaof no C()GNOM£N, in Roman antiquity, a ftmily
^egtrntiom, Browm't Vuig. Enomt, surname, such as Scipio, Csesar, Antoninus, &c.,
Two vices I hall mention, as being of near cog- in addition to the nomen, or family name, Conie-
iMiiofi to ingratitade ; pride, and hafd-heartednes«, Hus, Julius, Aurelius, &c., and differing from the
«r want of compassion. South, agnomen, such as Africauus, &c. in being lieritable.
Let the criticks tell me what certain sense they ^^ Agnomen
eonld pat apon either of these foor words, hy Aeir COGNO'MiNAL, , adj, ) Lat. copwmn,
men eiyiMiAoi. with each other. Waitam the Mmd. Coonomina'tion, n. i. J Having the same
COGNISEE', n. f . Inlaw. He to whom a name; a surname; the name dt a family; a
fine in lands or tenements is acknowledged. j^zme added from any accident of quality.
COpNISOUR, ». s. In law. Is he that ^or do those animals more resemble the cre«sm
passeth or acknowledgeth a fine m lands or te^ ^j^ ^^^h, than they oneaith the constellationi, which
Dements to another. p^sg under animal names in heaven ; nor the doK-a«l)
COGNITION, ft. 5. ) Lat cognitio. Know- at sea mach more make out the dog of the laad, than
Co'ONiTivc, ac^, S ledge ; complete con- this eognominal or namesake in the heaven«.
▼ictioiu Having the power of knowing. Browne't Vnlgar Enwn,
I win not be myself, nor have eogmtion Pompey deserved the name Great; Alexsodpr, of
Of what I feel ; I am all paUcnce. ^« "°»« eogmminatiam, was generalissimo of Greece.
Shahtpeare, TroiUu and Creuida. ^'^•
God, as he created all things, so is he beyond and COGNISANCE, ». «. ) Lat eogno*fo.
in them all ; not only in power, as nnder his sabjec- CooNo'sciaLE, adj, S Knowledge ; lb<
lion ; or in bis presence, as in his eogmtim ; but in State or act of knowing. That may be known';
their very essence, as in the soul of their casaalities. being the object of knowledge.
Browtie^i Vvigar Emm't, *ii^ uaae that is said for the redaadance of mattcis
Unless the ondenUnding employ and exercise ito intelligible and eogMteibU in things nataral, may be
€ogmtne or apprehensive power abont these terms, applied to things artificial. ,
there can be no actnal apprehension of them. HoU'm Origin of MaUu^
rrkr- WTTiriTviTc n • c * i luu * COHA'BIT, v,a., *| Lat. cahabito. To
COGNITIONIS Causa. inS<»ts law. When Coha'bitant, n.f. SdweU with another in
■^^Jf^f'^^IT.^^^'TK r*"-^^^^^^^ ConABiTA'TioN,n.i.5the same place. To
Older to constitute the debt agamsthim, and the ^^^ ^^^^ ^ ^^^^ ^^^ ^^
betr renounces the succession, the creditor can ob- °
tain no decreet of constitution of that debt against ^^^^^ <*«'«*• ^''''^^ »* <»"**' ^^ evacuate a »«-
the heir ; but only a decreet subjecting the hajie- "»«• *^' eohatriuuim, and actaal consommation, yet
ditas jacens, or the estate which belonged to the '^ ^^ """^ ^"""^^ *° '"■^* ^'^^ *2^^«-nr fIL
debtor, to his diligence : and this is csdled a de- itaams umrg .
creet cognitionis causa, Th« Philistines wer« worsted by the captivated sA,
CO'GNIZABLE, orff*. J Fr. cognoiwife, c oit- '''^^^"«*^ '^•^^'wl^.TILSr^'^'^
Co'oKiZANCF, ». *. ^ \ noujr^That falls ^'^ ^^^ were not able to ,Mu wuh thai^
under judicial notice ; liable to be tried, judged, *!!f * . . ^. ^ _ •. . v -^
orexa^ined Judicial notice; trial, judS^l ,^^!!7;:^^^^:t:^:^:SiS:::^
authority ; a badge, by which any one is known. opamaros are w oe weir "^^^^^^^ ^^
^nd atthe king's going away the eari's servanu He knew her not to be his own wife, and yet bid
stood, in a seemly manner, in their livery coau, with a design to eohaUt with her as such.
mgrnMoncet, ranged on both sides, and made the king PiUmU Semam*
• ^^- ^ . Bacon*tHmnf VII, Monsieur Bmmars, at one hundred and two yesn.
These were the proper eogmMoncei and coat-arms ^^^ fo, ,„^^ ^^ ^ ^^f^^ ^^^ ^„ ninety^wo st ha
of Ae tnbes. Broume . Vulg^ hrnyn, ^^^^ ^^^^ ^ oohahUaHam. TetUr.
somesremerelyof ecclesiastical cognizance: others ^, ■ . i t t
of a mixed nature, such as are eognisable both in the ^''" ABITATION, in law, denot^ the Stale of a
•cdesiastical and secular courts. As/Uffe't Paretgon. «»*« and woman who live together aS if OV-
It is worth the while, however, to cousidor how we ried. By the common law of Scotland oobabin-
may disoonnteoance and prevent thoae evils which tioii, for a year and a day, or a complete twelft*
the taw can teke no e&gmumnee of. L'BHnmge, month, is deemed equivalent to matriaooy.
126 COHESION.
cable. The smallest particles may conere by have positively deterniineH these powers to bf
the strongest attractions, and compose bigger immaterial. In consequence of this supposition,
particles of weaker virtue ; and many of these they have so refined upon attractions and repul-
may cohere, and compose bigger particles, whose sions, that their systems seem not far from down-
virtue is still less; and so on for divers sue- right scepticism, or denying the existence of
cessions, until the progression end in the biggest matter altogether. A system of this kind we
particles, on which the operations in chemistry, find adopted by Dr. Priestley, in his History of
and the colors of natural bodies, depend ; and Vision, vol. i. p. 392, from Messrs. Boscovich
which, by cohering, compose bodies of a sensible and Mitchell, in order to solve some difficulties
magnitude. If the body is compact, and bends concerning the Newtonian doctrine of light
or yields inward to pressure without any sliding ' The easiest method/ says he, * of solring all
of its parts, it is hard and elastic ; returning to difficulties, is to adopt Aie hypothesis of Mr.
its figure with a force arising from the mutual Boscovich, who supposes that matter is not im-
attraction of its parts. If the parts slide from penetrable, as has been perhaps universally taken
one another, the body is malleable or soft. If tor granted : but that it consists of physical
they slip easily, and are of a fit size to be agitated points only, endued with powers of attraction
by heat, and the heat is great enough to keep and repulsion in the same manner as solid matter
them in agitation, the body is fluid ; and, if it be is generally supposed to be : provided therefore
apt to stick to things, it is humid ; and the drops that any body move with a sufficient degree of
of eirery fluid affect a round figure by the mutual velocity, or have a sufficient momentum to over-
attractions of their parts, as the globe of the come any powers of repulsion that it may meet
earth and sea affects a round figure from the with, it will find no difficulty in making its way
mutual attraction and gravity of its parts. Since through any body whatever ; for nothing else
metals dissolved in acids attract but a small will penetrate one another but powers, such as
quantity of the acid, their attractive force reaches we know do in &ct exist in the same place, and
but to a small distance. Now, as in algebra, counterbalance or over-rule one anotner. The
where affirmative quantities cease, their negative most obvious difficulty, smd indeed almost the
ones begin ; so in mechanics, where attraction only one that attends Uiis hypothesis, as it sap-
ceases, Uiere a repulsive virtue must succeed, pos^ the mutual penetrability of matter arises
That there really is such a virtue seems to follow from the idea of the nature of matter, and the
from the reflections and inflections of the rays difficulty we meet with in attempting to force
of light; the rays being repelled by bodies in two bodies into the same place. But itisde<*
both these cases without the immediate contact monstrable that the first obstruction arises from
of the reflecting or inflecting body. The same no actual contact of matter, but fiom mere
thing seems also to follow firom the emission of powers of repulsion. This difficulty we can
light ; a ray, as soon as shaken off* from a body overcome ; and, having got within one sphere of
by the vibrating motion of the parts of the body repulsion, we fimcy that we are now impeded by
and got beyond the reach ot attraction, being the solid matter itself. But the very sane is
driven away with exceeding great veloci^ : for the opinion of the generality of mankind, widi
that force which is sufficient to turn it back in respect to the first obstruction. Why, therefore,
reflection, may be sufficient to emit it. From may not the next be only another sphere of re-
the same repelling power it seems to be that pulsion, which may only ret^uire a greater force
flies walk upon the water without wetting their than we can apply to overcome it, without dis-
feet ; that the obiect-glasses of long telescopes ordering the arrangement of the constituent
lie upon one anotner without touching ; and tnat particles ; but which may be overcome by a body
dry powders are difficultly made to touch one moving with the amazing velocity of light. Tliis
another so as to stick together, without melting scheme of the immateriality of matter, as it may
them or wetting them with water, which, by ex- be called, or rather the mutual penetration oi
haling may bring them together. The particles matter, first occurred to Mr. Mitchell on rending
of all hard, homogeneous bodies which touch one Baxter on the Immateriality of the Soul. He
another, cohere with a great force : to account found that this author's idea of matter was,
for which, some philosophers have recourse to a that it consisted as it were of bricks cemented
kind of hooked atoms, which in effect is nothing together with immaterial mortar. These bricks,
else but to beg the question. Others imagine, if he would be consistent with his own reasoniDC.
that the particles of bodies arc connected by rest, were again composed of less bricks, cemented
i.e. in effect by nothing at all; and others, by likewise by an immaterial mortar; and so on,
conspiring motions, i. e. by a relative rest among ad infinitum. This putting Mr. Mitchell upon
themselves. For myself, it rather appears to me the consideration of the several appearances of
tint the particles of bodies cohere by an at- nature, he began to perceive that the bricks w<rf
tractive force, whereby they tend mutually to so covered with this immaterial mortar, that il
each other.' thev had any existence at all, it could not pos-
From the above account of the formation an I sibfy be perceived ; every effect being produced,
constitution of bodies, we can conclude nothing, in nine instances of ten certainly, and probably
except that they are composed ot an infinite in the tenth also, by this immaterial, spirituai.
number of little particles, kept together by a and penetrable mortar. Instead, therefore, of
force or power; but of what nature that power placing the world upon the giant, tlie giant upon
is, whether material or immaterial, we must re- the tortoise, and the tortoise upon he could not
main ignorant till farther experiments are made, tell what, he placed the world at once ujion
Some of the Newtonian philosophers, however, itself.'
COHESION. 127
Otber philosophers have supposed the powers nent and strong. Thus, Mr. Symmer, m some
'jo(h of ^ritation and cohesion to be material ; experiments with silk stockings, fonnd tncir at-
vj to be only different actions of the etiiereai traction so strong, that it required upwards of
fiad, or elcraentary fire. In support of this it fifleen pounds weight to separate them from each
jonjed, that before we have recourse to a spi- other; and this attraction would continue for
coal and immaterial power as the cause of any more than an hour. In plates of glass, too, he
amnl pbeaomenon, we ought to be well assured observed a remarkable conesion when electrified.
(bi there is no material substance with which In the Philosophical Transactions for 1777 we
9i are ac4Qainted, that is capable of producing find tliis hypothesis taken notice of, and, in some
ndi effects. In ^e present case, we are so &r measure, adopted, by Mr. Henley. ' Some gen-
&DQ having sucb assurance, that the contrary is tlemen,' says he, ' have supposed that the electric
■mifesi to onr senses. One instance of this is matter is the cause of the cohesion of the particles
a t^ eiperiment with the Magdeburg hemis- of bodies. If the electric matter be, as I sus-
phms. These are two hollow hemispheres of pect, a real elementary fire, inherent in all bodies,
boss, encdy fitted to one another, so as to form that opinion mav probably be well founded ; and
one ^lobe when joined together, without ad- perhaps the soldering of metals, and the ce-
•aiaiBg any air at the joining. In this state, if mentation of iron, by fire, may be considered as
t» air within them is exhausted by a pump, strong proofi of the truth of their hypothesis.'
c^ will cohere with sudi force, if they are five On this hypothesis we must observe, that if the
V Bx inches diameter, as to require a weight of electric, or any other fluid, is supposed to be the
nut hundreds of pounds to separate them. The cause of the attraction of cohesion universally,
pnsure of the atmosphere, we see, is in this the particles of that fluid must be destitute of
OKcapableofprodncmg a very strong cohesion; all cohesion between themselves; otherwise we
ad if there is in nature any fluid more pene- should be at as great a loss to account for the
tittiig, ai well as mote powerfiil in its effects, cohesion of these particles, as for that of ter-
fliaik die air we breathe, it i^ possible that what restrial matter. Philosophers, indeed, do not
tt oiled the attraction of cohesion may some- suppose any cohesion between the pajticles of
taw or father be an effect of the action of tliat the electric fluid themselves ; it is generally be-
ftwd. Sodi a fluid as this is the element of fire, licked that the particles of this fluid are repulsive
Its aciirity is such as tu penetrate all bodies of one anotlier, though attracted by all other
«Wmr ; and, in the state in which it is com- matter. If this is fact, we cannot suppose the
only called fire, it acts according to the quantity electric fluid to be the cause of cohesion. The
^ Uid matter contained in the body. In this probability or improbability of this hypothesis,
*^Ait capable of dissolving the strongest co- therefore, must greatly depend on its being as-
^ioa obfuved in nature : but whatever is ca- certained whether the particles of the electric
pt^ofdissolving any cohesion must, necessarily, fluid do really repel one another, and attraci aTl
^ flkbed with greater power than that by which <>ther kinds of matter, or not See Attraction
^ cokesioQ is caused. Fire, therefore, being ^^ Adhesioit.
^k to dinoln! cohesions, must also be capable Cohabit, v. a, Lat cohibeo. To restrain ;
«f auaog them, provided its power is exerted to hinder.
^ that poipose. Nor will it feem at all sfzange COIICyBATE, v. a.} To ponr the distilled
tb: this (laid should act in two such opposite Coboba'tioh, n. s. \ liquor upon the remain-
*«fii when we consider the different appear- i^g matter, and distil it again. A returning any
fts which it assumes. These are three, viz. distilled liquor again upon what it was drawn
'*t or heat, in which it consumes, destroys, or from, or upon fresh ingredients of the same kind,tv>
'-«4Tei : Ught, in which it seems deprived of ^▼c it the more impregnated with their virtues.
1^ iearjctive or diswlvent power, and to be the Cakobaium U the pouring the liquor distUled ^rom
• .v"^ ^^^ "" P***^*" °**"^ '° nature, anything back upon the remaining matter, and diwil-
> ' tturd IS, when it becomes what is called the ling it again. loeke.
|»^e fluid ; and then it attracts, repels, and The jaicea of an animal body are, as t were, eo-
- <*« hodifs, in a vast variety of ways, without hobaied, being excreted, and admitted again into the
'^'tt bnnung or rendering them visible by its blood with the fmh aliment. Arbmtkmoi tm Aliments,
•"^^Sj* this state it is not less powerfiil than Cohobatton, in chemistry, the returning the
^*2Z^ the other two; for a violent shock distilled liquor on the subsUnce from which it
**[^ty will displace and tear in pieces the was drawn. It is one of those operations which
*<* heaty and solid bodies. The seeming ca- the ancient chemists practised with great patienca
jwwM nature of this fluid, however, probably and zeal, and which are now neg-
|r'*"'\^»»I»cted as the cause of cohesion, lected. To make this operation
*ft It cmerwisa would be, were the attractions easier, and to prevent the trouble
|«w«r and permanent, which we observe it to of frequendy changing die vessels,
™J«, Kit here we must observe, that the a parUcular kind of alembic was
^^an ewslenoe in all bodies before theex- constructed, called a pelican, see
r'^Aatt are tried which makes its effecu visible diagram. This vessel was made
^ *J^ 7** '^'*? '"^ ***®™ according to its in the form of a cucurbit, with an
7*^«*edkws. While acting in this manner alembic head, but had two spouu
;^J*J**«ly mvisible; and all we can do is communicating with the body. As
"vh?i "** *"^J**** infringement of these re- the vapor rose up into the head,
||« laws, according to which it commonly acts, it was gradually condensed, and
s^a^Ij*^^ Jwwwer, the electrical attractions ran down the spouts into the body
?^*«ced by lit are found to be pretty perma- of the pelican, whence it was again distilled.
COI 128 COI
COHOEZ, OT the fells of the Mohawk River, No jutting friew,
in New York, are a great natural curiosity. Battrws, nor «>iyii« of 'vantage, hot ibk Wrd
They are ten miles north of Albany, and about H*^ °»*de hit pendant bedL ^
two and a-half above its mouth. The river, ShoM^tean* M^Ot*.
above the falls, is about 300 yards wide, and ap- 8e« yon yond' com o' th' capitoU yond' corner
proaches them from the north-west, in a rapid ■*®"® ^ '^
current between hi|^ banks, and pours the whole COIL, v. a. & n. $. Fr. cueilUr - Lat coUi-
body of its waters over a perpendicular rock of gere ; from Gr. kvkXiw. To wind up a rope in
above forty feet high, which extends like a mill circles ; to fold round in a ring, as a snake gathen
dam quite across £e river. The banks imroe- up itself, and forms a compact circle of several
diately below the fells are 100 feet high. See folds. The substantive is used in a very difler-
MoHAWK. CDt sense, and is derived by Dr. Johnsun from
COHORN (Memnon), a celebrated Dutch the Germ. Ao/ferfu ; which signi6es tumult ; tur*
general and engineer, one of the most skilful moil; hustle; stir; hurry; confusion. It hts
writers on fortincation that E^irope ever pro- al«o the primary sense of the verb,
duced. He fortified Bergeo-cp-Zoom, which is Who was ao firm, ao conatant, that tlua cmf
considered a mafterpiece in the art. In 169^ Would not infect hia leaaon.
he commanded Namur, the defences of which he Shaka»anU Temped,
constructed with the assistance of his celebrated Yon, miatreaa, all thia o< ia long of yon.
rival, Vauban. He died at the Haj^ie, in the , , , . .. ^ . Skahfe^
seventy-fourth year of his age, July 1704. Jj" "^ f""^ °J ^^J^ *'*^ "^^ '^'
CmiORT,n.i. Lat. cohon. X troop of When we have ahnfllod off thu mortaJ r.^
ij- • .1. n A' • L. ^ BInat sivea ua pauae. id, Hmm,
soldiers in the Roman armies, containing about .„ , ^. . ,
500 foot. In poetical language, a body of war- ,The lurking parudea m a.. . ao expanding tW
• ^ 9 -o ' / aelvea, muat neceaaanly plump out the sidea of tbe
m, ' n 1 • J i.^^ bladder, and ao keep them turgid, nntil tbe presfinv
The Romaw levied aa many coAortt, companiea, ^^ ^^ ^^ ^ ^^^ ^^^ ^' ^ ,^.adiilt«l i.
and enaigna, from hence, aa from any of *^«'^^- do the aame thing again. Aylr.
The atch-angelic power prepared ^""^ ^y ^"^ •°^« ' anatchcd a anake.
For awift deacent ; with him the coAort bright ^o' ^«« >* »*'«* •» « » *»»^«- ^V^
Of watchful cherubim. MUum'» Paradiie Lort, COILING, on shipboard, implies a sort of
?T' J:'»^'*i""^f «» PT*"? serpentine winding of a cable or other rope, that
w-rr " ^ ' ^ ^ "^-^""p? . . it may occupy a small place in the ship. Each
With Eugene. Phd^e BUnhem. of the windinjrs of this iort is called a 4e ; and
Cohort, m Roman antiquity, a part of a Ro- one range of fekes upon the same are called a
roan legion, containing about 600 men. There tier. There are generally from five to scm
were ten cohorts in a legion, the first of which fokes in a tier ; and three or four tien in tie
exceeded all the rest in dignity. When the army ^hole length of a cable. This, however, depend*
was ranged in order of battle, the first cohort „pon the extent of the fekes. The smaller rop«
took up the right of the first line ; the third was employed about the sails are coiled upon deaas
'? *"5.f *"^® ®/ the n.-st line of the legion, and at sea, to prevent their being enUngled amongn
the fifth on the left; the second between the one another in traversing, contracting, or ei-
first and third ; and the fourth between the tending the sails.
third and fifth ; the five remaining cohorts COIMBETTORE, or Coimbetoor, Coumi-
formed a second division in their natural ^ura, a small country in the south part o(
®'i®A"T»^«m*imT.^i.T T . I ' ^ Hindostan, lying between 10** and 12** of N.
COUORTATION,».«. Lat.coWfa/io. En- j^t. It is bounded on the north by Mysore, oo
*^!^'?SPJ?®°* ^^ ^°"* V'°^*^?i®°^ ,.,».. the east by Kistnagherry and Salem, on the louih
COIF, «. f. ^ Yr. ceifft ; Arab. fcueA/. ^y the district of Dindigul, and on tbe west hj
CoiPED,«jr. ^a head-dress generally, ap- Cochin and part of Calicut. It has twodifi-
CoiFFHRE, n. f. Jphed especially to the ser- .jons. North 4nd South Coimbetoor; the Utw
geantscap. . . . « , ,v v •'iffered much in the late war, through the de-
Ko leaa a man than a biother of'thls ooi/bi^'an hi^ J?^'**-''®*^.".* ^^^? ®" ^ l^?^ chain of tJK
suit, befora he had been a twelvemonth at the Tern- Ghauts, while diT«ctly westward it extends to W
pie. Adiimm'M Speetaior. t^ore level regions round Palicaudebery, vhitf
I am pleaaed with the eot^Wa now m faahion, and is the only break in the continnons line of tboM
think it ahowa the good aenae of the valnable part of extensive mountains. Through this opening dM
the sex. id. river Paniany, the largest stream in this difHi^
COIGNE, fi.f. An Irish term as it seems. flows, on its way to the ocean. There tie ^Stofi
Pita-Thomaa of Deamond began that extortion of princioal towns in this country, Coimbetoor,
cMfna and Uvery, and pay ; that it, he and hia army Erroad, and Carmonr ; the capiul, which pv«'
toSk hnrse-meat and maa'a-meat, and money, at name to the province, is situated on tbe nf*i
pleasure, Dmmet cm irelmtd, Noyel, at the foot of the western Ghauts, i>
CoiONE, R. s. r^yta ', Lat. cuneut; Yr.coigne, IT* 10' E. long., and 10" 55' N. lat. It is d^
A comer: a wedge used by printers; a die; fended by a small citadel, and oontams liioal
A MUmp used in coining money. 3,000 houses, with barracks for a regiment ol
i
jgaps.'c-t
5c ■ 'g'j^
: = .."7
L., L,J,.,.,|;;{.;
, '■ '•'V'J', m''f'
jMii Dun IIhW, (k. niinnniiii)
"*' - 4«>liiip4i piikiliCdinlpliiD pnpor
'"»' ■ Uliwiiuf'w,™ ™i
:i:i;ii;3:
I
COINS.
141
hmi . . Rizdollar, old
RixdolUr, new (1794)
Fbrin, or gulden ....
FtrlMgd , Newcnuado (1690) ....
Ditto (1718) . . . .
Ditto (1795) . . . .
Dose Tintemsy or piece of 240 rees )
(1799) i
Testoon (1799)
Newcruaado (1802) . . . .
Ditto (1809) ....
Seis Tintems, or piece of 120 rees (1802)
TVstoon (1802)
Tres Tintems, or piece of 60 rees (1802)
Half testooo (1802) . . . .
Arf^pne Pktaca of Brazil, old, of 640 rees
Cdam Ditto of 600 rees (1755)
Ditto of 640 rees (1768) .
Ditto of 640 rees(1801)}and iin prop.
Piece of 1 2 macutas, of Portuguese Africa
Ditto of 8 ditto
Ditto of 6 ditto . • . . !
Ditto of 4 ditto . . * . .
Florin, old, of the Elector of Brandenbuig
Rizdollar, Prussian currency Q in prop.)
Riidollar, Conveii/toii . . . .
Florin, or piece of f . - .. .
Florin, of Silesia ....
Drittel, or piece of 8 good groschen
Piece of 4 groschen
Piece of 6 groschen
RixdoUar, old, of Bareulh .
Piece of i ditto . . . .
Piece of 30 creotiers ditto .
Rixdollar, old, of Anspach .
Piece of I ditto
EtxdoUarof Anspach and Bareuth, )
Comvention . . . . )
Tallaio, or Ragusina (1759)
Ditto (1774) ....
Ditto (1794)
Dacat(1797) ....
Rixdollar, specie (}, &c. in prop.)
^ • • Scudo, or crown, (before 1753) .
Tcstoiie,old ....
PtolOyOld
Scudo, or crown (coined since 1753)
Meszo scudo, or half crown
Testooe (1770) ....
Ditto (1785) ....
Pk>1o(1785) ....
Grosso, or half paolo (1785)
P*petto(1775) ....
Scudo of the Roman Republic (1799)
Scudo of Bologna (Pius VI.)
Tcstone ditto ....
Scudo of the City of Bologna
^r^ Ditto of Pius Vir. (1800) .
^^- • Ruble of Peter the Girat .
Ditto of Catherine I. (1725)
Ditto of Peter IL (1727) .
Ditto of Anne (1734) .
Ditto of Elizabeth (1750) .
Ditto of Peter III. (1762) .
Ditto of Catherine II. (1780)
^iifm
S^aioa
Aiaay.
M. dwt.
W.l 2
W.2 17
W.4
W.O
w.o
W.O
w.4
W.4
W.3
W.5
W.l
W.O
W.O
W.O
W.O
W.O
W.O
W.O
W.O
W.O
W.O
W.O
W.O
W.O
w.l
W.O
w.2
w.2
w.2
W.l
W.l
W.2
W.2
2
4
7
W.O 7
W.O
W.O
W.O
W.O
W.O
W.O
W.O
W.O
W.O
W.O
W.O
W.O
W 0
W.O
W.O
w.2
w.2
W.l
W.2
W.2
W.3
W.5
W.2
W.2
W.2
W.2
W.2
W.2
7
9
4
9
9
9
9
2
4
4i
7
7
9
9
9
2
5
3
3
2
3
0
8
4
4
2
3
4
W.l 3
2
4
19
U
4
44
44
4
4
3|
5
4
5
^
6
3
3
0
1
7
4i
12
11
7
3
4
;
tontt. '
Weight.
StSBdmrd
in pare
weight.
•ilver.
OT0|. ^,
Atrt.gr.mi.
^ratiu.
18 1
16 6 0
360, 8
15 10^
11 11 6
254, 3
6 0
3 18 16
84,
11 0
10 19 0
239, 2
9 8
9 10
200, 2
9 9
9 1 18
201, 6
4 16
4 12 10
100, 4
2 04
1 22 18
43, 4
9 9
8 23 16
199, 7
9 3
8 23 0
198, 2
2 44
2 2 8
46, 6
2 0
1 22 0
42, 5
1 24
1 1 4
23, 3
0 23
0 22 0
20, 4
12 4}
12 2 2
268, 3
11 74
11 2 12
246, 6
11 91
11 8 14
252, 3
12 4|
11 19 10
262, 2
11 74
10 22 18
243, 2
7 12
7 4 14
159, 8
5 13
5 7 12
118,
3 16
3 12 8
78, 1
11 94
9 5 11
204, 9
14 64
11 9 0
252, 6
18 1
16 4 2
359,
11 2
8 22 8
198, 4
9 11
7 16 0
170, 3
5 8|
3 20 4
85, 3
3 9
1 20 10
41, 2
3 14
2 19 6
62, 3
12 13
10 1 6
223, 3
7 154
6 2 18
135, 9
4 24
3 7 16
73, 8
14 0
11 6 18
250, 6
8 21
7 3 14
158,
18 1
16 4 2
359,
18 74
11 13 2
256, 4
18 84
11 9 16
253, 3
18 174
12 1 6
267, 7
8 17f
4 8 16
97,
18 1
16 4 2
359, 2
20 11
20 2 2
446,
5 21
5 18 2
127, 8
1 22|
1 21 16
42, 4
17 1
16 17 13
371, 5
8 124
8 8 16
185, 7
5 2
5 0 0
111, 1
5 2
4 23 4
110, 3
1 17
1 16 4
37, 2
0 204
0 20 0
18, 5
3 84
3 6 12
72, 7
17 1
16 13 18
368, 1
17 1
16 19 8
373, 2
6 2
5 0 6
111, 5
19 0
17 6 18
383, 9
17 6i
16 21 4
371, 5
18 1
14 1 8
312, 1
17 11
13 23 0
309, 9
18 5|
13 23 4
310,
16 144
14 6 16
317, 2
16 12
14 11 16
321, 8
15 10
12 12 0
277, 5
15 13
12 10 6
275, 9
Value ia
sterling.
4
2
0
2
2
2
0
2
2
0
0
0
0
S
3
2
1
1
0
2
2
4
2
1
0
0
0
2
1
0
2
1
2
2
3
1
4
5
1
0
4
2
1
1
0
0
0
4
4
1
4
4
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
2,38
11,51
11,72
9,40
3,95
4,15
1 2,01
6,06
3,8B
4,67
6,50
5,93
3,25
2,84
1,46
2 10,43
2 11,23
0,61
9,96
10,31
4,47
10,90
4,61
11,27
2,13
3,70
11,78
11,91
5,75
8,69
7,18
6,97
10,30
10,99
10,06
4 2,23
11,80
11,37
1,38
1,54
1,58
2,27
5,84
5,92
3,87
1,93
3,51
3,40
5,19
2,58
10,15
3.40
4,11
3,56
5,60
3,78
7,58
7,27
7,28
8,29
8,93
2,75
2,53
M
J
COINS. 149
Dr. Kefly*s Explka^oo of the Coins of Fraoce The Piece of 40 F&akcs, 1818^Head of the
yawHs a nngular picture of the modem changes Kinj^ with name and title, thus :
of that coantiy. We subjoin it for this, its cu- ix>uis zviii. moi ob fzavc^
nous political bearing. He gives a very able Reverse, arms ^f France, ap4 40 f. within
xad detailed explanation of the same kind re- two branithes of laar^. UowoA lU ndgo of tiM
speodng all the modem coins of the world, in piece,
ks Cambist 2 vols. 4to. London, 1826. Dominb salvum f^P IIB0«M«
FRANCE. 0Ur4,^t^eJii,g
p Silver Cofirs.
The Lo.«_H^" tiSL' "igning King, wiU. ks^' Ja„1« ^d'tSrl! ™ 1?!^ ?J"^
LCD. XVI. D. o. Fa. BT 114V. BEX. branches ; legend,
tut is, Ladovicns XVI. Dei Gratia, Francis et sit nomen domini bekedictuii,
Nawne Rex, Blested be the name of the Lord,
Lmt XFL by the Grace of God, King of France and a letter denoting the place where the piece
and Naoarrt. ^^ coined. Round the edge are the words
Btrersc, the arms of France and Navarre, with .. ^^"'^.^ ^^^IV** ''^Vif^^*'' , ^
.ftown over them. On the Pieces coined "^ *l ^t^'^S^irJo ^''^^V^ *"!?
before 1786 there are two distinct shields; and, i^^ *^® V^^ ^\ ^^' ^2, and 6 Sous, all
en those corned since 1786, a double shield; }^' the same mipresslons, except that the three
\fg^ last mentioned coins have no motto round the
CHBS KEGlf VINC IHPER cage.
Iht B, Cbristtts icgnat, Tinclt, impent, ""Je Eco of mi-Head of iha Kiogf to-
Ckriti reigTU, conqueru goverru ; gcnd,
Oder the arms is a letter, by which the mint ^°^" ^^'- ^^^ ^" fbabcois.
irlie»e tte piece was ooiaed is known. The Reverse, the Genius of France, &c, as on the
Double and Half Louis bear the same im- Louis of the same period. Itound the ed§s,
PI^MOOI. LA NATION LA LOI ET LE BOI,
TW Pieces stfock in the year 1791 have on I'he nation^ the law, tmd the King.
Ae obverse the head of the King, with the The Pieces of 15 and 30 Sob, coined at the
^ same period, bear the same impressions, except
I0UI8 XVI. BOI DES FBAHCois. that, instead of the fasces and cock, their value
i^^vu XVI. King of the French. ia marked, and that the motto round the edge is
^ on the reverse, the Genius of France omitted.
•riling the Constitution on a tablet resting on a The 6 Livre Piece of the Republic— The
pillar, with a cock on one side, and on the Genius of France, &c. as above. Reverse^ a
oti^ the fittccs and cap of Liberty, widi the wreath of oak, containing the words six uvres ;
legend, legend,
KBONE DE LA LOI, REPUBLIQUL FRANCOISE L* AN II.
Reign of the Law ; and round the edge,
Bid IB the bottom, liberte, ecalite,
L AN 4 ns LA HBEBTE Libertjf, eguolittf.
The year 4 of Liberty! ^ ^® ^ ^*^**^ P»®^ ®^ ** Republic— Three
j;.IWof imh-. instead ofU«head.a fc SS iSl^r ''"""^
crown of oak4eaves, containing the words 24 » j o » 6 >
UTto; legend, ^r^^^^ ^7 f<>»cE,
Unwn and strength,
BCPUBLIQUE FRANCOISE L AN II. t> *u r • i . i
Fftnch Rtnubli^, the year 2. ^""^^i "T^^ ""^ 'f'^'^l "^^ "^J containmg
V,,. . ^^ . • ^he words 5 francs l' an 7 ; legend.
R^, as on the Louis of 1791, except that repijblique fbancoise:
"tTV* " t^^ **"'y- an<i round the edge.
Jh 7* *^/^ ^''^'''^' 1802-Head of Bo- garantie nationale,
wpwe ; le^nd, jf^^^^^ guarantee.
BONAPARTE PBEMIER CONSUL. rn^^ e 17« o- c ^^^.^ rr i * «
Bonaparte, first CannU. ^! ^ ^''^''5 ^'^ of 1803-~IIead of Bo.
R«m- . ^^,JZ\ I ^^- u ^ naparte ; legend as on the 40 Franc Piece.
J*we, a wreath of laurel, containmg the words Reverse, a wreath of laurel, conuining the valueb
*^^S4Scs; legend, 5 francs; legend,
ani mallS^K^JI?''* FHANfOISE AN. XI. EEPUBLIQUE FBANCOISE,
ad, mod the edge of the piece, but, on pieces coined in 1809,
WED PROTECE LA FBANCE, EMPIRE FRANcilS.
"J 1 W4, on Bonaparte's being declared Emperor, oi eu protege la france,
'*■ words round the head were altered to napo- as before.
» 'OX enpebrcb. The Piece of 20 Francs bears The Franc of Louis X VIH. bears the same
^^j«»me impressions, except the figu es that impressions as the 40 Franc Piece of the same
«=■» tts ralue period ; except the mark of the value.
m2
COK 151 COK
enien CUfkV River, a branch of the Columbia, bom at Milcham in 1540. When a student, ici
.n long. 113* W., lat, 47^ N. It is deep and the Inner Temple, he distinguished himself by
npid, and its average width about sixty yards, staling the case of a cock belonging to tlie Tern-
Ic one pan of its course it approaches within pie so exactly, that all the house admired him,
stty miles of OeArbom's Creek, a branch of the and the whole bench took notice of him. After
Mtssoah. his marriage with a lady of good fortune, pre-
COKE* n. f. Lat. lignum coctwn. Fuel ferments flowed upon him. The cities of Nor-
zj^it by baraing pit-coal under earth, and wich and Coventry chose him for their recorder ;
'^ucncfaing the cinders; as charcoal is made with the county of Norfolk for one of their knights in
•ooil. It is frequently U9ed in drying malt. parliament ; and the house of commons for their
Cuf E, or CoAK, charred pit-coal, much used speaker, in the thirty-fifth year of queen Eliza-
i't stuelting iron ore in malt-houses, and other beth. The queen appointed him solicitor-
p'tces where traoke is to be avoided. It is general in 1592, and attorney-general in 1593.
wvully prepared by putting screened coal into In 1603 he was knighted by king James I.;
.vindiical ovens of brick or stone, generally and the same year, upon the trial of Sir Walter
«.\<ut sis feet by seven, and eight feet in height, Raleigh, at Winchester, he treated that gentle-
A!vl (here burning it. When it is red-hot the man with a scurrility of language hardly to be
af«1ans are all closed, and it is left to cool ; paralleled C)n June 27th he was appointed
It 4 then drawn out with long iron rakes, and lord chief justice of the common pleai, and in
\hz mass is found to have assumed an arrange- 161 3 lord chiefjustice of the king's bench, and one
Dem not much unUke starch. An improvement of the privy council. In 1615 he was very
^.^ Keen adopted by lord Dundonald, by means vigorous in the discovery and prosecution of the.
^ which be receives, in a separate cham her, the persons empbyed in poisoning Sir Thomaf
'.<iltar. Baron Von Haak, at Newcastle, dis- Overbury in the Tower in 1612. His contesi
' '.td the coal in cast-iron chambers, but he with- not long after with the lord chancellor Egerton,
irfm the soot for lamp black before the rise of with some other cases, hastened the ruin of his
i*« L.'ray ashe$ ; but tne coak thus formed is not interest at court : so that he was sequestered from
» well fitted for tbe iron smelting. the council table, and the office of lord chief
CoEE(Thoroas), LL.D. a respectable divine justice. In 1621 he vigorously maintained, in
» iaco^ the Wesleyao methodists, was bom Sep- the house, of commons, that no proclamation is
trib« 9th, 1747, at Brecon, in South Wales, of any force against the parliament. The same
«!<cre bis &ther was a surgeon and a magistrate, year, being looked upon as one of the great in-
R«%ivi]ig a classical education, in the public cendiaries in the house of commons, he was re-
ku«t of that place, he went, as a gentleman moved from the council of state with disgrace ;
< Qaon«r, to Jesits College, Oxford. In 1770 the king saying that * he was the fittest instru-
■ iMk the degree of master of arts, and in 1775 ment for a tyrant that ever was in England :' he
• « of doctor in civil law; became, in the inte- was also committed to the Tower, and his papers
*i, a member of the corporation, and ma\or of were seized. Upon the calling of a new parlia-
-* .\.rive place. Soon after thb he became ac- ment, in 1625, the court party, to prevent his
•■-'•iited with Mr. Wesley, and, entering into being elected a member, got him appointed
'iTSfOhtained the curacy of South Petherton, sheriff of Buckinghamshire. To avoid the office
^ ^<><aenetshire. He was soon dismissed from he drew up exceptions against the oath of a
'-^ curacy, when be preached at tbe church-door, sheriff, but was ooliged to undertake the office.
»j fa occasioned a riot; and on this he timely In 1628 he spoke vigorously upon grievances;
't': Pitlierton to become an assistant of Mr. and made a speech, in which he affirmed, that
>'* -^Icy. In 1784 the latter b said to have con- * the duke of Buckingham was the cause of all
'-' :4ttd him as a bishop for the purpose of sn« our miseries.' W^hile he lay upon his death-bed
• • I'tcadiog the methodistical societies in his papers and last will were seized by an order
•*w^ica. The doctor now, therefore, made of council. He died in 1634. He published
»^'ral Toyages In tbe United States and the many works ; the most remarkable are his In-
"n\ Indies, establishing meeting-houses, organ- stitutes of the Laws of England; the first part of
-'*: c'ODgiegaiions, and ordaining ministers, which is a translation and comment of Sir
•>'' itw visiied Ireland, where he held and Thomas Littleton, one of the chief justices of the
"^>1H over several conferences. About the common pleas in the reign of Edward IV.
' -Ter.cement of the French revolution, he at- COKES BURY College, a college in the
'i-ted a mission in that country, but failed in State of Maryland, in Abington, Harford county,
'•^ect. He next turned his attention to founded by the Methodists in 1783, and takes
'* nleyan canse in Wales, which he lived to -its name from Thomas Coke, and Francis As-
' *'ry flourishing. He now formed an esta- bury, the American bishops of the Methodist
Ticnt at Gibraltar; and on the 21st of Fe- Episcopal' church. The edifice is of brick,
'}i in 14, sailed witii some preachers for handsomely built, on a healthy spot, enjoying a
' ' • « , but on the 3d of May was found dead fine air, and a very extensive prospect. Tlie
• vahin of the vessel, having fallen on tlie college was erected, and is wholly supported by
'•• I a :i apoplectic fit. He published a Com- subscriptions and voluntary donations. The
• 'v on the Bible; a History of the West students, who are to consist of the sons of tia-
' ••; 2nd some Sermons and Tracts. veiling preachers, annual subicribers, members
»i (hir ICdward), lord chief justice of the of the society, and orphans, are instructeil in
' 'Hnch iQ ilie reign of James I. was (li;- Kn^lish, Latin, Oreck, loj^ir, rSetoric, history,
'1 Iwim an ancient family in Norfolk, and g*-oj;rapliy, natural pliilo.sopliy, and astronomy ,
COLCHESTER. 163
COXATURE) ». I. From toloy Lat The grass of ^ts and inanulactttres, and ererj Ibinfr
uiorstnioii^f; filtration; the matter strained, that could advance the credit and interest of his
COLBERG, a strong handsome sea-port town oaantry. He was a pattern for all ministers oc
oT Prassiat in Farther Poraerania. It is remariL- state ; and every nation may wish to be Messed
Ahle ibr its aalt-works, and is seated at the mouth with a Colbert.
V the river Pemnte, on the Baltic sea. The CO'LBERTINE, n. s. A kind of lace worn
cM edifices aie the town-house and the cathe- by women.
M, I Itfge and beautiful stnictuie. Theaque- . ,j . . . .v ^
i^ ilso irittch supplies the town with water is ^ ^' ^"^1,^]^ ^^^ *™**"**' ^^'^' "^ * ^^
. ^^nA and strong buUding Colbe-Tj ^ -^- -'^^ ^^Ca^'. Wa, ofOe WorU
» \ ibitress of some ra>portance ; it was three ^ ^ '' •
in» bewwd by the Russians during the seven „ ^,. Difference to« between
yean- war; twice without success. It is sixty Mechhn, the queen of lace, and CcUmrtmB.
ni1» iiorth.«ast of Stetin, and thirty of Camin. ramng.
COLBERT (John Baptist), marquis of Seg- COLCHESTER, a town of England, the ca
ochi, one of the greatest statesmen of France, pital of the county of Essex, pleasantly extended
«K bom at Paris in 1619; and descended (rom on the brow of a hill, on the south side of
a family in Rheims, no way considemble for its the river Colne. It is said to be the ancient
ifHdor or antiquity. His grandfitther and Colonia Cameloduni, and that both town and
fadier woe merchants ; and young Colbert was river derive their names from the word Colonia
bnd up to the same profession ; but afterwards It was called by the Saxons Colneceaster. There
beame a clerk to a notary. In 1648 his rela- seems indeed ample proof that it flourished un->
aoa, John Baptist Colbert, lord of S. JPouange, der the Romans, several buildings full of their
wefened him to the serrice of Michael Le Tel- bricks, and great quantities of coin, having been
Irt, lecKtaiy of state, whose sister he had roar- dug up in the town and its vicinity. A curious
ned Le Zellier afterwards recommended him tesselated or mosaic pavement, three feet under
to tbe serrice of cardinal Mazarine, and by him the surface of the earth, was discovered in a
Ik «« sent to Rome, to negociate the reconcilia- garden in 1763 .
(Km of cardinal de Rets^ and other important Colchester is said to have been the birth-placie
^n^bas. So high an opinion had Mazarine of of Constantino the Great, nis mother Helen being
Colbm's abilities and faithful services, that, at daughter of a governor of the district under the
hideath, in 1661, he recommended him to Romans; and that, from Helen finding out the
l^ XIV. as the most eligible person to re- cross of Christ at Jerusalem, the aims of the
f^ the finances, which at that time stood in town are a cross regulee between three ducal
■•iCkiNed of reformation; and Louis, in con- coronets, two in chief and one in base; the co-
»Tf.4Dce, made Colbert iotendant of the finances, ronet in chief passing through the cross. The
Ths minister established the trade with the East wails of the town were in general about nine
^ West Indies, from which France reaped feet thick ; and on tlie south-east and west sides
'nnnvnftble advantages. In 1664 he became considerable remains of them appear.
^nntendent of the buildings ; and applied Colchester, at the period of compiling the
'^wetf 90 earnestly to the enlarging and adorn- Doomsday Survey, had no less than 276 bur-
^ of the royal edifices, that &ey became gesses. It was besieged during the commotions
"^>^r-pieces of architecture ; as the palace of in the reign of John, by Saber de Quincy, eati
^ Thuilleries, the Louvre, St. Germain, Fon- of Winchester, at the Ijead of an army of
^bleao, and Chombord attest : and he raised foreigners, but was relieved by the approach of
^'^^Uesfiom the ground. It was formerly a the Ixirons, who were assembled in London, and
^^-kennel, where Louis XIII. kept his hunting from whom the earl retreated to Bury St. Ed-
^*tutare; he made it a palace fit for the greatest munds. Saher, however, or some of his party,
"iMivtb. He established the Academy for shortly after obtained possession of and plun-
^"(iog and Sculpture, and the Academy of dered the town, leaving a garrison in the castle ;
^^*«^)ces, as well as the Royal Observatory at but of this they were not long possessed, for,
^^ France also owes to him all the advan- being soon besieged by king John, they were
l^'' *e receives by the union of the two seas; forced to surrender. In the year 1218 it fell
if<MieioQs work, begim in 1666, and finished into the hands of the troops of Louis, son to
^ \^. Id 1672 he was made prime minister, Philip II. of France, who visited England with
^<M of the stone September 6th, 1683, in the professed intention of supporting the de-
^^ «»ty.fitk year, leaving behind him six sons mands of the barons ; but really, as it would
"^^ ihive dau>;hteis. His mien was low and seem from their conduct, to make conquests for
■ /^^'^i his air gloomy, and his aspect stem, themselves. The castle was not long disgraced,
'•.*t;t was a lover of learning, thoujjh he never however, by the display of the French flag, for
•'.(W to it himself; and conferred donations the submission of the barons to Henry IIL soon
*"fl [lenRon} iswm scholars in otlier countries, . enabled that prince to expel the faithless Louis.
^•'«' he csublbned and protected academies in During the reign of Edward IIL the inhabi-
/ 1^^' ^^^ invited into France eminent artists tants were much harassed by the aggressions of
***Uindi; thus giving new life to the sciences Lionel de Bradenham, who, enraged at being
*■ I nxiViii{[ ihem flourish exceedingly. Upon foiled in his endeavours at obtaining the exclusive
** *™^le, be was a wise, active, public-spirited fishery of the Colne, which had l)een granted to
''»»*t<T ; ever attentive to the interests of his the burgesses by Richard I. beset the ap
^^», the hanpiness of the p'^ople, the pro- proachcs to the town for thrac months, with a
gJTto^^^^ MTato^ MM t-
M>*iBBU,Hd««lBitedltol> JuKrtjIb TM ue AU Sainu,Si.NJcl>c>lu!
fW,ib«bli|ia>v<rilot.U>H Fm\ aJ St Hur'i. IV mm Ml, fc.
^?" ^-^"^^
r iCriKMinu lb* nonh
1!
'^;;
COL
167
COL
fodi dik batiiieM with a lenie «• cold
As M A dead maa'a nose.
Sftdhpeorv. Winter'* ToU,
Yon maj
Cpvf«7 joor pleasorea in a spadoat plenty,
iad frt eeem potd, the time yoa may so hoodwink ;
V#Srt viUiog damea enough. /d. Macbeth.
She made it good
it the edge coRier» in the eoldett fault. Id.
O notde Snglish, that coold entertain,
Wilk Iiatf their forces, the fall power of France ;
And kt ■nether half stand laughing by.
All OQt of wority and eoU for action. ItL Henry V.
New dated letten these.
Their edi eateat, tenor, and substance thus ;
Hers doth he wish his person, and hii power.
The wbidft he coold not levy. /d. Henrjf IV,
Vt ihoald not, when the blood was eoU, have
lamlae^ oar pziaonefs with the sword.
Id. Cjfmbeline,
Uy master'a suit will be but eoM,
Siaoe she respects my mistress' love.
/d. Two Gentlemen of Verona,
Whst a deal of cold business doth a man mispend
^ bectsr part of life in ? In scattering compliments,
(mdefiag nula, feUowing feasU and plays.
Ben Jonson,
The aggngnted soil
D«al]|, with his maee petrifick, eotd, and dry,
!• irith a indeat imou. MUton.
Bfda us seek
<wt heocr dkrond, some better warmth, to cherish
f% bahs beamabed, ere this diurnal star
^^«"t ttU the ingfat, how we his gathered beams
BAod, maf with matter sere foment. Id,
*■*«• the discord, which did firnt disperse
'«a,aKdtr, bcaaty, Uooogh the universe ;
^"1» diywas moistare, eMnam heat resists,
AO ibit w have, and that we are, subsists.
Denham,
Ceae Utile iaJaat love me now,
WhUc thy unsuspected years
C^ tlky aged lather's brow
Fmm eeU, jealousy, and fears. MarveU,
l^n wisely had of loag foreseen
Thit he BMist once grow old ;
And therefore atored a magazine
To save htm from the cold. Id,
Wlm she saw her lord preparea to part,
i detdlj esU ran shivering to her heart.
Dryden't FabUt.
^« »• a world ia flames, and an host of angels in
^^••eds, oae mast be much of a sloic to be a cold
•< ucaacemed spectator.
Bmnefa Preface to the Theory of the Earth.
^»luppy youth ! how will thy coUaor raise
Teapcstt sad storms in his aAicted bosom.
Additon't Cato,
.^•'•■7 ««gne its various ceusuias chuse,
AMvs with siUwiv, or with spite accuse. Prior.
Swift seemed to wonder what he meant,
J««o«ld believe my lord had aeat;
*••••«» offered oaee to stir,
■« "Wf mid. Tour servant. Sir. Swift,
^nlver stream her virgin eeUasM keepa,
'• sfer marmun, aad for ever weeps.
P(^'i Windeor Foreet,
J»«jfiet in the ttata of maahood ought to be solid ;
^ i^ttaef drink water oold, because m such astate
■^ «» owa natunl spirit. Arbmknci on AUmeiUt.
CoU the soft hand that soothed woe's weary head \
And quenched the eye, the pitying tear that shed !
And mute the voice whose pleasing accents stole
Infusing balm into the rankled soul. Beattie,
Restore those tranquil days that saw me still
Well pleased with all, but most with human kind.
When Fancy roamed through nature's works at will.
Unchecked by cold distrust, and uninformed of ill. Id.
Coldnesi or anger, even disdain or hate
Are masks it often wc^ars, and still too late.
^/ron.
Cold, n. t. A disease induced by exposure
to the atmosphere in a too gelid state ; or in a
state unsuited to the body at the time.
Wh&t disease hast thou ?
A whoreson cold. Sir ; a congh.
Shalupeare. Hemy IV,
Cold, in farriery. See Farriery, Index.
CoLw, in medicine. See Medicine, Index.
Cold, in natural philosophy, signifies, in a re-
lative sense, the sensation which accompanies a
transitiou of the fine vessels of the human body
from an expanded to a more contracted state. In
an absolute sense, it signifies the cause of this
transition ; or, in general, the cause of the coo-
traction of every substance, whether solid or fluid,
in nature. Great discussion has been excited in
modern times as to the nature of cold, whether
it be a positive or a negative quality.
Cold tends to make bodies electric which are
not so naturally, and to increase the electric pro-
perties of those which are. All bodies do not
transmit cold equally well ; but the best conduc-
tors of electricity, viz. metals, are likewise the
best conductors of cold. When the cold has
been carried to ,such an extremity as to render
any body electric, it then ceases to conduct the
cold as well as formerly. This is exemplified in
the practice of the Laplanders and Siberians,
where the cold in winter is extremely severe.
In order to exclude it from their habitations the
more effectually, they cut pieces of ice, which in
the winter time must always be electric in these
countries, and put them into their windowg;
which they find to be much more effectual in
keening out the cold than any other substance.
Cold, as well as heat, may be produced arti-
ficially, though we have no method of making
cold increase itself as heat will do. The leason
of this is obvious ; for, if it consist in a partial
cessation of motion in the elementaiy fluid, it is
plain, that though we may partly put an end to
this motion in a very small part of it, yet that
of the surrounding atmosphere, extending for an
immense way farUier than we can extend our in-
fluence, will quickly counteract our operations,
and leduce the bodies to the same temperatuie
they were of before. Though there are therefoie
some liquids which by mixture will produce con-
siderable degrees of cold, yet, by oeing left to
the action of the surrounding warm atmosphere,
the heat is quickly communicated ^om it to
them, and the effect of the mixture ceases. The
case is very different with heat ; for this fluid, of
itself naturally very much inclined to motion, no
sooner finds an opportunity of exerting its ac-
tion, than vast quantities of what was for-
merly at rest rush from all quarters to the place
where the action has commenced, and continue
AciJi^ii^ ignaaia^tretH^'ti
b^BUd ikmlllorihtaU pn. Ill -t)rMiajtll»T«lmBlliiH'i.iri«ll»Jllirja
lunMl'jl" •"'""'■'L^^SBt ■(»■"*■ I 1^ k™™ *•«■«* 1-1 'id OM nioUHt «k; ■i>diiiaU,ib«ilil<pibraiicii>iilii>Ue
■.n.1 no"- I»il''"'""iriil«'**^I ?"^l"t>»i™*k«,"J|nilljl»™i» 6fl. bdim . ««« n™, .dl Hill lf«n -urr
> 'S
COLD. 161
in catt ooasiit of glass, die process of oongela- again drawn -jp about an inch. In this way it
boo b fiewed most completely ; yet when they will become incnisted with successive coats of
ast fonned of a bright metal, the effect appears, ice, to the twentieth of an inch thick. The cup
Oft the whole, more striking. But the preferable of water being now withdrawn from the receiTer,
mode, and dnt which prerents any waste of the the pendent icicle cut away from the bulb, and
powers of refrigeration, is to expose the water the suHiu:e of the ice smoothed with a warm
ID a auoer of porous earthen-ware. At the in- finger, the receiver is again to be replaced, and
s&ot of congelation, a beautiful net-work of icy the bulb being let down within half an inch of
spicdb pervades the liquid mass. the acid, the exhaustion must be pushed to the
The dispositioD of the water to fill the receiver utmost When the syphon-gauge arrives at tibc
wnh vapor, will seldom permit even a good air- tenth of an inch, the icy crust opens with fissures,
poBp to produce greater rarefaction than that and the mercury, having gradually descended in
utdjcrted by three-tenths of an inch of mercury, the tube till it reach its point of congelation, or
beacsth the barometrical height, at the time. But 39° below zero, sinks by a sudden contraction
eroy practical object may be obtained by more almost into the cavity of the bulb. The appara-
aafeiate rarelactions, and a considerable surface tus being now removed, and the ball speedily
of add. The process goes on more slowly, but broken, the metal appears a solid shining mass,
tbe ice if very solid, especially if the water have that will bear the stroke of a hammer. A still
ben previoaaiy purged of its air by distillation, greater degree of cold may be produced, by ap-
or botliDg ibr a considerable time. If we use a plying the same process to cool the atmosphere
nceirer, with a sliding wire passing down from which surrounds the receiver,
m top through a collar of leatliers, and attach to When the acid has acquired one-tenth of wa^
tttdiscof^tts; on applying this to the surface ter, its refrigerating power is diminished only
of the water cup, we may instantly suspend the one-hundredth. When the quantity of moisture
pvQces of ooD^lation ; and raising the disc as is equal to one-fourth of the concentrated acid,
nddtaly, permit the advancement of the process, the power of generating cold is reduced by a
' lo exhibiting the different modifications of twentieth ; and, when &e dilution is one-half,
tRB lystrm of congelation to my pupils/ says the cooling powers become one-half or probably
Dr. Ure, ' I have been accustomed for many less. Sulphuric acid is hence capable of effecting
fin to recommend the employment of a series the congelation of more than twenty times its
<i osiriron plates, attachable by screws and weight of water, before it has imbibed nearly its
<<'P<ocks to the air-pump. Each iron disc hat own bulk of that liquid, or has lost about one-
« reoei?er adapted to it Thus we may, with one eighth of its refrigerating power. The acid
ir-pomp, successively put any number of free* should then be removed, and reconcentrated by
raf processes in action. A cast-iron drum of heat See Chemistry
t^^nderahle dimensions being filled with steam, The danger of using a corrosive acid in un-
^ ^ting a small quantity of water in it, will skilfiil hands may be obviated by using oatmeal,
^vfioeotly expel the air for producing the requi- desiccated nearly to brownness before a kitchen
^^ norom. When it is cooled by affusion of fire, and allowed to cool in close vessels. With
ntfr, one of the above transferrer plates being a body. of this, a foot in diameter and an inch
'lathed to the stop-cock on its upper surface deep, professor Leslie froze a pound and a quar-
*^ easily enable us, without any air-pump, to ter of water, contained In a hemispherical porous
*^ ooDgeiation fay means of sulphuric acia, in cup. Muriate of lime in ignited porous pieces,
^ iticiniaied atmosphere. Suppose the capacity may also be employed as an absorbent. £ven
^ the Ttc^ver to oe one-sixtieth of the iron mouldering trap or whinstone has been used for
T^mder; an aeriform rare&ctioo to this degree experimental illustration with success.
*^ld be effected in a moment by a turn of the By the joint operation of radiation and evapo-
^-<oek ; and, on its being returned, the mois- ration, from the surfrice of water, the natives of
'-in helow would be cut off, and the acid would India are enabled to procure a supply of ice,
*P^hr condense the small quantity of vapor when the temperature of the air is many degrees
•iich had ascended. This cheap and powerful above the freezing point. Not far from Calcutta,
l>^ vu publicly recommended by me upwards in large open plains, three or four excavations
'^ tta veaiis ago, when I had a glass model of it are made m the ground, about thirty feet square
aide tor dass illustration.' and two feet deep, the bottom of which is covered
The combined powers of rarefaction, vapori- to the thickness of nearly a foot with sugar canes,
^*^ and absorption, are capable of effecting or dried stalks of Indian com. On this bed are
tU congelation of quicksilver. If this metal, placed rows of small unglazed earthen pand, about
^'^t'nied in a hollow pear-shaped piece of ice, an inch and a Quarter deep, and somewhat po-
1^ Impended hj cross threads near a broad'sur- lous. In the dusk of the evening, during the
^ Of sulphunc acid, under a receiver ; on ur- months of December, January, and February,
^^ the rarefiiction it will become frozen, and they are filled with soft water, previously boiled
p>y he kept in the solid state for several hours, and suffered to cool. When the weather is very
^ otherwise, having introduced mercury into fine and clear, a great part of the water becomes
™* lai^ bulb of a thermometer, and attached frozen during the night The pans are regulariy
»< Item to the sliding Tod of the receiver, place visited at sunrise, and their contents emptied into
■s over the sulphuric acid and water cup on the baskets which retain the ice. These are now
^'pvijnp plate. After the air has been rarefied carried to a conservatory made by sinking a pit^
'^^t fmj times, let the bulb be dipped repeat- fourteen or fifteen feet deep, lined with straw^
*^7 into the very cold but unfrozen water, and under a layer of coarse blanketing. The small
V0L.V1/ M
COL 163 COL
&tre discovered, which, though now much reduced, came usher at Merchant Tailors* school ; but lost
iowed so copiously at first, ja to afford from se- the situation by some alleged misconduct Little
ifotr to eighty gallons per day ; so that barrels of the particulars of his life is known ; he died in
ooald hardly begot rc»ay fast enough to barrel Ireland in 1680, having compiled two dictionaries;
it op. A spring of brine was also discovered, as one of his vernacular language, the other of Latin
tfrong as most of that used for making salt. A and English, with a correspondent rendering of
wofi for obtaining mineral tar, from the condensed English into Latin. Also The Young Scholar's
waokt of pit-coal, has been erected, and the most best Companion ; A Hieroglyphical Bible for
ettrasive inm works in England are established Youth ; A Natural Method of Learning Latin,
a this dale; which, with the bridge of cast iron 8vo. ; The complete English Schoolmaster, Bvo. ;
ofcr the Severn, add much to the natural roman- A 'System of Stenography ; a tieatise bearing the
tic scnenr of the place. 'The noise of the whimsical title of Nolens Volens, or you shall make
farces, mills. Ice. (says Mr. Young) with all their Latin whether you will or no ; and a Harmony
TM machinery ; the flames bursting from the of the Evangelists.
Mnaoes, with the burning of coal, and the smoke CCLESEED, n. •. From cole and seed,
of the lime kilns, are altogether horribly sublime.' Cabbage seed.
IV iron bridge was erected in 1779; the road
tftir it, made of clay and iron flag, a foot deep, , Wheje land U rank, it U not good to mw wheat
» tw«ity.foar feet wide ; the span of the arch is ■^'^' * '**^^' » **"^ «''•««' ^^ ^^^y' "^^^ ^''^^^^''
lOOfcet six inches ; and the height from the base ^ *"*^'
to the centre forty feet. The weight of iron in Cole-seed, the seed of i le nanus sativa, or
to is 178 tons and a half. long-rooted, oarrow leaved rape, called in English
COLEOPTERA, or beetle, the name of navew, and reckoned by Linnaeus among the
Lsuntt's first order of insects, thus ordinarily brassicas or cabbage kind. See Brassica. This
daiacterised, wings four, the upper crustaceous: — plant is cultivated to great advantage in many
«iiii a straight suture : giving the appearance of parts of England, on account of the rape oil ex-
Win^ coven«i with crustaceous shells. See Em- pressed from its seeds. The practice of sowing
TOMOiocT. It was first introduced by those Germans and
COLERAIN, a large town of Ireland, in the Dutchmen who drained the fens of Lincolnshire ;
onmv of Londonderry and province of Ulster, and hence the notion has generally prevailed,
«sied on the rirer Bann, four miles south of the that it will thrive only in a marshy soil ; but this
oast. It was fonnerly a place of great consider- is now found to be a mistake. In preparing the
ttioa, being the chief town of a county erected by land, care must be taken to plough it in May, and
Sir John Perrot, during his govermentof Ireland ; again about midsummer, jnaking the ground as
^itai it is now only the head of one of the ba- fine and even as possible. It must be sown the
raaiei in the county of Londonderry ; but it is very day of the last ploughing, about a gallon on
fill a corporation, and sends one member to the an acre. In January, February, and March, it
^Krial Pariiament. It is very elegantly built, affords good food for cattle, and will sprout again
^ port is indifferent, occasioned by the extreme when cut ; after which it is excellent nourishment
npidrty of the river, which repeb the tide, and for sheep. If it is not too closely cropped, it will,
aai«9 the coming up to the town difficult ; so after all, bear seed in July. The same caution
^ it has litde trade, except its valuable salmon however, is requisite with this food as with
firf^, which amounts to some thousand pounds clover, till cattle are accustomed to it, as it is
I year. Coterain is twenty miles north-east of apt otherwise to swell them. When cultivated
I^odooderry, and 114 from Dublin. solely for the seed, it must be sown on deep
CoLtAAiv, a town of the United States in strong land without dung, and must stand till
(^«r^ on the north bank of St. Mary's river, one-half of the seeds at least are turned brown ;
Camden coanty, about forty-five miles from its which will be earlier or later, according to the
■c«th. On the 29th of June, 1796, a treaty of season. In this state it is to be cut like wheat,
pace and friendship was concluded at this place, and with the same care. Every handful as it is
^em the Unitea States on one part, and the cut should be regularly ranged on sheets, that it
^W6 and warriors of the Creek nation on the may dry leisurely in the sun, which will com-
*^. * monly be in a fortnight ; after which it must be
COLES (Elisha), a native of Northampton- carefully threshed out, and carried to the mill for
^iB^ was bom about the commencement of the expressing the oil. The produce of cole-seed is
**vBteenth centoiy, and embarked in trade, but generally from five to eight quarters on an acre.
^^i*r«afds became manciple at Magdalen College, COLES-HILL, a market town of Warwick-
thM, Qoder the commonwealth. The Restora- shire, seated on the Colue, at the side of a hill.
<^ displaced him ; he however obtained a clerk- It consists of one long street, with a smaller one
^ in the service of the East India Company, branching from the middle towards the church-
Be fablisfaed a highly Calvinistic work in favor yard, which is on the summit of the eminence.
^ ine doctrine of predestination, which is still The church is a very old structure, with a hand-
M in estimaticm by the sect to which he be- some decorated Gothic tower and spire. It has a
^"^cd. He died in 1688. market on Wednesday. It is eleven miles north-
CoLcs(E.), nephew of the above, was bom in west of Coventry, and 104 from London.
^ naie oonnty, about the year 1640, and en- COLESHY, a town of Soutliem India, in the
^"^ of the college of which his relation was a province of Travancore. Here is a small har-
j^^ner. After the Restoration he first supported hour, where ships are secured from north and
■"■>df by private tuition in London, tnen be- east winds, by tiie shelter of some rocks. The
M3
Jl,-^,."".. 1.,.—°
ASM l^'-™ "^ ™'™ -^,- ..i—titoiilkl
' III '
161! COL
°'"it^. '°^ou^'''*?jj^i^»i'-^
ftu.Ei'OllR, n, I, ii.sr Ul m/fej
j;s.3CS
COLLEGE. 169
cne, every day in (he week except Sundays ; in tolls, taxes, customs, impositions, and demands*
dw DorniDg in Latin, in the afternoon the same as well from watch and ward, as from the election
n Eof^lidi ; hot that in music to be read only in to any office of mayor, sheriff, bailiff, constable,
LnglisL By the eighth of George III. cap. 32, scavenger, church-warden, or any other public
6e buildiog appropriated to this college was office of what degree, nature, or condition soerer.
tin down, and the excise office erected in its Philip and Mary, by their charter bearing date
Rxjo. Eadi of the professors is allowed £50 the 18th day of July, in their first and second
per nnoin, in lieu of the apartments, &c. relin- years, re-incorporatted the kings, heralds, and
^iibed by them in the college, and is permitted pursuivants of arms by their ibrmer names ; and
to RBrry, notwithstanding the restriction of Sir to the intent that they might reside together, and
TVxms Gresham's will. The lectures are now consult and agree amongst themselves for the
nd io a room over the Royal Exchange ; and good of their &ulty, and for the depositing and
the Citj and Mercers' company are required to secure preservation of their records, inrolments,
fwr^t a proper place for this purpose. and other documents and papers, granted to them
CouECfi OF CiviLiAVS, commonlv called a messuage, with its appurtenances, called Derbjr
IVictan' Commons ; a college founded by Dr. House, situate in the parish of St. Benedict and
tijnfv, dean of the Arches, for the professors of St. Peter, within the city of London, and in the
the aril law residing in London ; where usually, street leading from the south door of the cathe-
uifvise, reside the judges of the arches court of dral church of St. Paul, to a place there called
Cafefbory, judge of Uie admiralty , of the pre- Paul's Wharf, and then late in the tenure of Sir
ncatnre court, &c. with other civilians, who all Richard Sakevyle, knight, but theretofore parcel
ift, ts 10 diet and lodging, in a collegiate man- of the possessions of Edward, earl of Derby,
Mr, eommooing together; whence the appella- and to oe bv the said corporation held in free
iVB of Doctors' Commons. Their house oeing burgage of the city of London. In the great
CDQSQmed in the great fire, they all resided at fire of London, anno 1666, the college was en-
bstcr-honse in the Strand till in 1672 ; when tirely consumed : but the heralds had the good
tMir ibraier house was rebuilt, at their own ex- fortune to save all their muniments and books,
FB*y in t very splendid manner. To this which were deposited in the palace at Whitehall;
<* Jlegc belong thirty-four proctors, who make fi'om whence they were afterwards removed into
i^nuetres parties for their clients, manage their the palace at Westminster, near to the court of
^^»a, Ice. requests, whereupon public notice was given in
CoLLiGB or HcAALDS, or College of Arms, the London Gazette, that the herald's office was
■ t cwporttioa founded by king Richard III., there kept. The college was afterwards rebuilt^
*^ bj charter bearing date the 2nd of March, and, as a regular quadrangular building, was
n 1^ fint year of his reign, made the kings, considered one of the best designed and hand-
Wikh, and pursuivants of arms, one body cor- somest brick edifices in London, particularly the
P^ hj the name of ' Le garter regis armorum hollow ai'ohway of the great gate, which is es-
A£;iKonini, ngis armorum partium australium, teemed a singular curiosity ; but the college is now
^ annoram partium borealium, regis armorum removed to the neighbourhood of Charing-cross.
*iiit, et henldonim, prosecutorum, sive pur- The corporation consists of three kings of
vnadomm aimorum;' empowered them to arms, Garter, Clarencieux, and Noroy, six heralds,
-m and use a common seal, and granted to viz. Windsor, Chester, Lancaster, Somerset, York,
>^ ind their successors, for the use of the and Richmond, and four pursuivants, viz. Port-
<*^^ principal officers of ^the corporation^ a cullis, Rougedragon, Bluemande, and Rouge-
^"w with its appurtenances, then called Colde Croix ; who all take presidency according to
Mor, and sitoaoed within the parish of All- the dates of their respective patents.
^'^^on the Less, in the city of London ; they The arms of the college ; argent, a cross gules
-'"ittz a chaplain to celebrate mass daily in the between four doves rising azure. Crest. On «
^ boose, or elsewhere at their discretion, ducal coronet, or a dove rising azure. Sup-
Kf ibe ipod state of health of Anne the queen, porters. Two lions rampant guardant argent,
•^i Edward, prince of Wales, during their lives, ducally gorged or.
*'^^ their souls after their decease. In co^- The College of Heralds in Scotland, con-
pwsce of the act of resumption, passed in the sists of Lyon king at arms, six heralds, and sU
^^ ?tv of the reign of king Henry VII., this pursuivants, and a number of messengers,
•^wie was seized into the king's hands, because College of Justice, the supreme civil court
'^** nppoied to belong personally to John of Scotland; otherwise called the court of session,
^■^ Karter, who then lived in it, and not to or of council and session. See Scotland, Law of.
^ «Actti of arms in their corporate capacity. College of Physicians, a corporation of
, ^^^'viBg the reign of Henry VII. ana Henry physicians in London, who by several charten
mII^ tbeoffioen of arms frequently petitioned and acts of parliament of Henry VIII. and his
'^^ ^rone for a grant of some house or place successors, nave certain privileges, whereby no
*^etiii to bold their assemblies, but without sue- man, though a graduate iu physic of any uni-
'^ King Edward VI., however, In a charter versity, may, wiuiout licence under the said col-
^^ (be 4th of June, in the third year of his lege seal, practice physic in or within seven miles
'*^ lad by authority of parliament, endea^ of London ; with power to administer oaths, fine
''•ltd 10 naiie them some amends, by confirming and imprison ofienders in that and several other
^ ttem all dieir ancient privileges, as to be free particulars ; to search the apothecaries shops,
***' discharged from all subsidies, in all realms Sec. in and about London, to see if their drug»,
*^ they take their demoure; as aUo from all &c. be wholesome, and their compositions ac-
-'it~»~^?K^», ESissSii'iJS.'sSfa:
jtad 1 "iiffifi"* "y™'!*^ ^ Sluf^ |^iln?r'^^""' ■ ^^ pfopwiKmbtr mti^h
r
VU fiBl v^ Wklim Perfciof. hj ■djund ■> u tvA aimit\j u ttA
■a, li|rj»lililUi[ bin Lfln hjr ■ UKt KKn, tana H if
haiplMpfll nii^unbflf Si.Pfln'i*(B«
IfltajS "c"tir. -«^
srstbitsi'irhTX^i? isr^^ft^sTiwHSTtaiiS
^^ dml niiu cr PnUol lUdfi, ind LofU IIiuK Elill. Dm
^1;^ idipbjAMlT da hi»i u UiF knToI il» liTH, ■>< an n.
J]^ D inlhl|da <<wdliililhl|Uinillinld. T>« rrni Colli— -
COLOGNE.
rOUTD^o.] Iinb
^' i™!',?^?!^!;.^
'sisrjiii.t'^ifK^.
^ ^i r™"'^,T»
riliaiB(ClHiftColl4nUibrd,when 9lnrinnr4.
in^BdpitMvlillnnfdibtnili. linn.' CluiH Sobll, Hd.
•itiiU^^Sniiaia.ud l>ia RmUB, Haiq
MMlWoaintiiDBiiBlilvtiifip. Cnldf
^ HiQHdj pou^Ih III* miiiHii at h
■ -■IhimmvflHtaDdllictnlnu COLOGNE, tn dedHiu of G«i«ar- "''d
■<|«*ind ll» cvHdvDf ikFjnlDiia^Vllk, bruwri* n ■rchfailbDpDG, Inl cpf UId f un H-
■W •«■ iWngU ainiiir u UT -hlch hi^ ClUnBl.vid idcII^ in Ihr aiud dudiiof
WnJ 1h uri )«i. B; ll» inlli Hi l«d ihB Loitei UlH, inda dn FnlDlu dDninoi,
■™^>|ltaHjj«»nlf«HM^ i, 1»7. am. il(iiiiailii<ii^i>[ Bns; « lh< nnSuli
™"" ™«dr '•»•' *• CkUnni Hn. ScBcnrftimi, 11 ■ »bnn onnj mikj
'.I.Tinniillii M^JiUh If Tlqulb
I. i!sMklMtl(i.i«n;nHil>la~iruUii
1
'VMrfawMAlliu.OBtlu^ IkI diidri|iliifai-hlliai udOl'liliiilDiinliia—
'.^^ llig iliii jMrT-nJ*^™^ <i^^jiMl7 *• niHti nBi
WHiWrnrkveofllBidibB nrtTi^Dtl
iilM^ii^iriiiriiiy Ii ilikiiili pndiwDSMHwilHlBt ■bHkd^dnq Ibu
■iitaifliiHtafM, niid tndvH in frw of EonpidDa ia ftVtiL IV total qiuii^
Tnn IM. Itoa in iIb tunrinTn. ikii iiBni, ultb^liiidi ui mmj ■• ■• in-
W ta cHtv lb ail W iiliiili a Indnt. •>«■ 4qi<h, mill Ita up cT <>» "llal DHl
^^ . ,.3'.. .■ ... -",cut.-Klill,, [mkiBullipfciiioXlil.
, wVidi <i<a>ai U> lata in iMt ud in
i ^^^^
'S.'ais.isi:
„1 ■rimm-Vj-nilr-'"' JiipJnui fcTlbiniia Tbidllci iidiSBM, liMm.ld kih iiuoi
'^ ll'cHdilliK ':°L!!!!!.i«' MiiUi Hb u i!» •«« oa llM «Ui bid, *>■ nini mbgIi bMoaiid
^
COLOMBIA. 183
Tkt mm m not the only causes of this Taria- consequently, difficult for vessels to take in their
900 ; the principal cause, no doubt, is the melt- lading : this operation is done by the negroes
isf of die SDOws in the mountains of Bogota, and mulattoes, a remaikably strong race of men,
The seas that wash the coasts of Colombia are who go up to their middles through the water;
DOt remailcable for any great Tariation in the and it is particularly deserving of notice, that
tides ; in some parts on the north and north-east, the sharks here, and at Santa Martha, are per-
mu the gulf of Paria, they rise during the fectly harmless, and never attack any one ; while,
eqaiooies to six or seven feet; but ne^r the at the opposite island, they are dangerous and
nouths of the Orinoco they scarcely attain the blood-thirsty. The people, generally supersti-
kri^t of ten inches. The trade winds prevail tious, attribute this to a bishop's having given his
off the coasts, blovring from north-east by east ; blessing to the sharks at both tliese places. In
but Dearer to the shore they blow only from peaceable times the imports into this port amount
wot in the morning till evening, and are sue- to rather more than £500,000, and the exports of
cfeded in the night by the land breetes. All cacao, indigo, cotton, coffee, and hides, are
(he coasts of Caiaccas are exposed to rolling and nearly £350,000. < When in the season of the
noQstroQs billows, and there is only one port, great heat,' says the author of Colombia, ' we
ibe road of Porto Cabello, where the navy can breathe the burning atmosphere of La Guayra,
nde securely. ^ and turn our eyes towards the mountains, we are
T>)e prindpal place on the north of this vast strongly impressed with the idea, that at the
CQontry is Uaraccas ; its port, La Guayra, is direct distance of 5,000 or 6,000 toises, a po-
Bloated in ht 10* 36* N. and 6f 10^ VV. long, pulation of 40,000 souls assembled in a narrow
TVis port is singularty situated ; it is separated valley, enjoys all the coolness of spring, of a
6nm the elevated valley of Caraccas by a chain temperature, which at night descenas to 12° of
ofmoontains descending directly into the sea, the centesimal thermometer. This near ap-
ukI forming a rocky wall for the backs of the proach of different climates is common .in the
booses of the tovrn, not much more than 140 Cordilleras of the Andes ; but everywhere at
(oises from the ocean. On this account serious Mexico, at Quito, in Peru and in New Grenada,
6ffla^ is sometimes occasioned by the stones a long journey must be made into the interior
tbi (all from the heights. This circumstance either by the plains, or by proceeding up the
al» occanoos a striking peculiarity in the sur- rivers, in order to reach the great cities, which
nowling prospect, there being no visible hori- are the centres of civilisation. The height of
B», ncept what the sea forms on the north. Caraccas is but a third of that of Mexico, Quito,
T^ town is built in the form of a great*sqoare, and Santa Fe de Bagota ; yet among all the ca-
tkc Aieefs cutting each other at right angles pitals of Spanish America, which enjoy a cool
It cootains two handsome cath^rals, five and delicious climate in the midst of the torrid
dnithes, and one college. The place is zone, Caraccas stands nearest to the coast. What
itfeoHcd by batteries, of which that of Cerro- a privilege to possess a sea-port at three leagues
coioiado is the chief; and the works on the sea- distance, and to be situated among mountains on
■de are well disposed, and in good repair. The a table land, which would produce a heat, if the
*ppeaiance of this tovm is singularly gioomy ; cultivation of the coffee-tree were not preferred.'
ooe seems to be on an island, rocky and desti- Nothing can be finer than the road from La
^ of vegetation, and except Cape Blanco and Guayra to the valley of Caraccas ; it requires
^hioQetia, where there are a few cocoa trees, but three hours to travel it with good mules, and
^ horizon, the sea, and the heavens, are the two to return ; it takes about four or fire hours
^ objects that meet the eye. The climate is to go on foot. It is very similar to that of St. Go»
^ most ardent in all the country, not only from thard, or of the Great St. Bernard in Switzerland;
ftt scorching rays of the sun, but from the heat at first you ascend by a ridge of steep rocks,
ftt^ined by the almost perpendicular rocks ; and afterwards the ascent is rather more easy, and the
^ur is considerably stagnated in the hollows windings of the road render the declivity more
^ these mountains, and consequently has a easy as in the old road over mount Cenis. The
Bore ODwholesome effect upon the organs of the leap or Salto is a crevice that is crossed by a
^coan fame, than the same degree of heat in drawbridge, and on the top of the mountain there
^open country. By the thermometrical ob- are real fortifications. At La Venta you fir.d
lenratiotis of Humboldt, it appears that La some mostbeautiful scenery; and when the clouds
Ottyra is one of the hottest places in the world, permit, the sea and the neighbouring coast pre-
^tthe quantity of heat there, in the course of sent a magnificent prospect. You have an horizon
tl^ year, is a little more than at Cumana; of more than sixty-six miles in radius, the barren,
^ that from November to January the at- white shore reflects the light in such a mass as to
dazzle the beholder ; while, at your feet, you see
Blanco, Maiquetia with its groves of cocoa-
La Guayra, and the vessels entering its
B&bcalihy, nor the yellow fever so prevalent as in port ; and, when the sky is not clear, long trains
Podo Cabdio, Canhs^^ena, and Santa Martha ; of clouds, brightly illumined on their upper sur-
^t since the year 1797, to whatever cause it face, present Uie appearance of islands floating
Bay be owing, this destructive malady has com- on die ocean. Houses and trees are often seen
iMied dreadfol ravages. La Guayra is not a bursting through the openings of the clouds,
*fc aockorage for ships ; the depth of the water that are rolling one over anoUier ; and these
^^^ a qoarter of a league from tlie beach, is objects thus appear at a greater depth, than when
^ ttore than eight fothoms ; the sea is in con- beneld through a serene atmosphere. Caraccas
<^t agitation, and tltc surge runs high. It is, lies in a small valley near the lofty mountains of
"« uai nom movemner to January tne at- wmte
Boiphere is cooler 9i La Guayra: probably dazzle
tbi oay arise from its more westerly posi- Cape
^^- This port, however, was not formerly so trees^
■jirs^.i c^^!??^^-'^^"^ "
aUKbtrilK rtrn'of IfaudKiDdliflAntiwiikfU
I oiiDt ptn- nin. ut pfmkn: t» in ut daUitli
(lirtlKfeEIni Uhn oTlka, _Hk,^U .1. npn
? 'Jr.' ™. **y^, I* ™^ ffr S;™J
: S.'Hi'"'*'!
, wbcTS-ti'l^''-^';
'pj ><Ut, tmufk -bidi ilH Uin Ixlii- mD to jmos •oild IH h 'nbll.'
" ** "^ "Ml l^liii i>f LminiiL hrii IJiuie ii ilwuulDfrMiliiiTittii knlodU
r -'jl'"' ™* °( C™l-™™. "it WW. la ibl a> B IMITdI • Htjeo.
■** •»•* in npolUd lo Pm. '
5
"cnj",™ cn?'"''""''—-
.^.ko •"•'"'^^53^!%'^
.tlTill^^iili^^iiW^anraiiliilhn iaadm Jl Ita chl ■^'oiTiafr «f
5^^ ^.'^;^,%J-'jSi''
jnd. To Ihb il HQ to liM^ IW I
Si?
COLOR-MAKING. 203
t» « then dilated with more water, and after astringent infusion increasing the consistence of
rudtng for about half an hour till the grosser the watery fluid ; for the separation is retarded
ribssaaoe of the foot has settled, the liquor is in the diluted mixture by a small addition of
]cQitA off into another Tessel, and set by for gum-arabic. If the mixture, either in its black
luoe dajj, that the finer parts may fall to the or diluted state, is poured into a filter, the liquor
t«QMn,aDd tills fine matter is the bistre. This passes through colored : only apart of the black
i(&f«iyueful color in water, being exceedingly matter remaining on the filter. The filtered
bt, durable, and not apt to spoil any other liquor, on standing for some time, becomes tnr-
ccl'^n with which it is mixed. bid and full of fiue black Hakes ; being freed from
Bmrs pmk is said to consist of chalk tinged these, by a second filtration, it again puts on the
viiktkecolorinpmatter of fustic, heightened by same appearance; and thus repeatedly till all
filed alkaline salts. It is therefore very perish- tlie colonng parts are separated, and the liquor
ab^f, aod is seldom used. The other browns are has become colorless.
I iuA of odueous earths ; for a description of Dr. Lewis, from whose Philosophical Com-
•fcxh, see their proper articles. merce of Arts this account is taken, informs us
c ITT rk ^^^^ ^^ coloring matter, when separated from
Sfct. M.-Of the attempts made to produce ^^ ^^ ^^4 ^^ried, appeared of ideep black,
L.m or ALL Colors from Vegetables. ^hich did not seem to have suffered any change
We jfaallooDclude with noticing some attempts fron^ the air by exposure for upwards of four
thii ha>e beer made to produce all the different months. Made red-hot, it glowed and burned^
eoionfironvegetables, after the manner of lakes; but did not flame, and became a rusty-brown
v^, though the methods hitharto tried have powder, which was readily attracted by a mag-
*'? iW most part &iled of success, may perhaps netic bar; though in its black state the magnet
Kr«l to future and more successful exertions, had no action upon it. The yitriolic acid, di-
>nvn infusions of astringent v^tables, mixed luted with water, and digested on the black
vTti gneo vitriol, is produced a deep black powder, dissolved the greatest part of it, leaving
i-'iuor of very extensive use in dyeing. See only a very small qpantity of whitish matter.
i-t*iJ»G. The substances which produce the Solution of pure fixed aUcaline salt dissolved
<lapeit blacks are galls and logwood. When a very little of it: the liquor received a reddish
<:K!)ctH)o or infusioit of the galls is dropped into brown color, and the powder became blackish
iKlotioo of the vitriol largely diluted with water, brown. This residuum was attracted by the
*'*: fint drops produce bluish or purplish-red magnet after being red hot, though not before :
>^i, which, soon mingling with the liquor, turn the alkaline tincture passed through a filter, and
•: G£i(}nnly of their color. mixed with a solution of green vitriol, struck a
Ha difference in the color seems to depend deep brownish black color, nearly the same with
'?i''«qoahty of the water. VVith distilled water, that which results from mixing with the vitriolic-
• tSe common spring waters, the mixture is solution, an alkaline tincture of galls. It has
in^^blue. If we previously dissolve in the also been attempted to produce black from a
*^ the most minute quantity of any alkaline combination of other colors, as green maybe
^'ttijosmall to be discovered by any of the com- produced from a mixture of blue and yellow.
'iCTuaat by which waters are usually tried, or M. le Hlon, in his Harmony of Colors, gives a
t^ water is the least putrid, the color of the method of forming black, by mixing toge^er the
- Ubfc proves purple or reddish. Rain water, three colors called primitive, viz. blue, red, and
^'^'i as it fiuU from the clouds in an open yellow ; and M. Castel, in his Optique des
^Aia dean glass vessels, gives a blue; but Coulours, published in 1740, says that this com-
■<( >s is collected from the tops of houses pound black has an advantage in painting, above
r^^ purple, with the mixture of vitriol and the simple ones, of answering better for the
'•-^: from wtienoe it may be presumed, that darkening of other colors. Thus, if blue, by the
(- « tttt has contracted a putrid tendency, or addition of black, is to be darkened into the
>*ien«d an alkaline impreguation, though so color called blue black, the simple blacks, ac-
ii<tt as not to be sensible by otlier ways of trial, cording to him, if used in sufficient quantity to
^^ tl« purple and blue liquors, on adding produce the requisite deepness, conceal the blue,
i^ft of tne astringent infusion, deepen to a while the compound blacks leave it distinguish-
"^^ more or leas intense, according to the able.
*x^ of dilution : if the mixture prove of a Le Blon does not mention the proportions of
4sp opaque blackness, it again becomes bluish the three colors necessary for producing black.
^ ^rpldb, when farther diluted. If suffered to Castel directs fifteen parts of blue, five of red,
^ m this diluted state for two or three days, and three of yellow ; but takes notice, that tlieae
•f ookimig matter settles to the bottom in form proportions are rather speculative than practically
2* be black mud, which, by slightly shaking just, and that the eye only can be the true judge;
^ *e«d, is diffused again through the liquor, our colors being all very imperfect, and our pig*
^ (Bi(cs it of Its former color. When the ments or other bodies of one denomination or
^3tiife is of a fiill blackness, this separation color being very unequal in their degree of iu-
y^ not happen, or in a &r less degree ; for tensity. He observes, that the pigments should
^^^ a part of the black matter precipitates in all be of the deepest aod darkest kind ; and that,
^u>g, yet so much remains dissolved^ that the instead of taking one pigment for each color, it
"^^ continues black. This suspension of the b better to take as many as can be got; for the
^^wn^ tuhstance, in the black liquid, roav be greater discord there is of heterogeneous and dis-
)tinbiit(d in part to the gummy matter of the cordant drugs, tho more true and beautiful, he
-!r^
ii'Juk
COL 207 COL
ixtmA of tbdr stroogly saline qualiti«,they are 10. Golden dye. The cloth is imraened altcr-
Ki fttj proper. A method of procuring a beau- nately in a solution of copperas and lime-water.
tml traospareot blue color is to extract the co- The protoxide of iron, precipitated on the fibre,
ierinic matter from the Prussian blue, by caustic soon passes, by absorption ot atmospherical oxy-
lUuli. This laid upon paper appears of a dirty gen, into the golden-coloied deutoxide.
j-wB color; but, when washed over with a weak 1 1 . Buff. The preceding substances in a more
sclitkm of green fitriol, is instantly changed to dilute state.
I aost beautiful blue. This affords a method of 12. Blue vat, in which white spots are left on
pnrahog blue transparent colors of greater a blue ground of cloth, is made by applying to
newty than are usually met with. For further these points a paste composed of solution of sul-
tsfemalionj^on this subject, see Painting, and phate of copper and pipe-clay ; and, after they
Tagnt PainUn' and Vamishen* Guide, are dried, immersing it stretched on frames, for a
The following are the dye-stuffs used by the definite number of minutes, in the yellowbh*
ciioo priDten for producing fast colors. The green vat of one part of indigo, two of copperas,
arjrdants are thickened with gum, or calcined and two of lime, with water.
tirth, afid appUed with the block, roller, plates, 13. Green. Cloth dyed blue, and well washed,
^ P^c^iJ- is imbued with the aluminous acetate, dried, and
1. Black. The cloth is impregnated with ace- subjected to the quercitron bath.
t^' of iron (iron liquor) and dyed in a bath of In the above cases the cloth, after receiving the
raider and logwood. mordant paste, is dried, and put through a mix-
* Purple. The preceding mordant of iron, ture of cow-dung and warm water. It is then
LusA : with the same dyeing bath. put into the dyeing vat or copper
}. Crimson. The moniant for purple, united
It ' Pf r ?L***^'t ""^ ^""""^"^ ""^ "^ °'°'" Fugitive Colors.
CiSt ud the above bath.
^ R<d. Acetate of alumina is the mordant, All the above colors are given by making
ci sadder is the dye-stuff. decoctions of the different coloring woods ; and
^ Pale red, of different shades. The preced- receive the slight degree of fixity they possess, as
c: aordant diluted with wat2r, and a weak mad- well as great brilliancy, in consequence of their
'^ ^' combination or admixture with the nitro-muriate
S. Brown or pompadour. A mixed mordant, of tin.
' -ioonng a somewhat larger proportion of the 1. Red 'is frequently made from Brasil and
^'- cui of the black ; and the dye of madder. Peachwood.
* Orange. The red mordant ; and a bath first 2. Black. A strong extract of galls, and deuto-
- ::^r, and then of quercitron. nitrate of iron.
- Yellow. A strong red mordant; and the 3. Purple. Extract of logwood, and the deuto-'
'>^:/jt)Q bath, whose temperature should be nitrate.
: witfably under the boiling point of water. 4. Yellow. Extract of quercitron bark, or
' Koe. Indigo rendered soluble and green- French berries, and the tin solution.
"'j^m colored, by potash and orpiment. It 5. Blue. Prussian blue and solution of tin.
' -''^tn its blue color by exposure to air, and Fugitive colors are thickened with gum-traga-
-^ also fixes firmly on the cloth. An indigo canth, which leaves the cloth in a softer state than
'- •! also made, with that blue substance dSf- gum-senegal; the goods beine sometimes sent to
^^ m water with quicklime and copperas, market without being washed.
^^ nbstances are supposed to deoxidise* For the modes of using the different articles
' -^ and at the same time to render it so- used in dyeing, see them under their respective
names in the order of the al^jhabet.
'^/1X)RATE, oijF"') ^^* coloratuM, co*o- siege of their city, were so grateful tor ^e sup-
* ioia'tiov, a. ff. > TO, cohrificut. Colored, posed assistance of Apollo, that thev resolved to
''^'f'arricK, adf. J marked or stained with erect an enormous brazen statue in honor of that
'^ color ; the art or practice of coloring ; the deity : and Chares, [the disciple of Lysippus,
<>c^ being colored; that which has the power was entrusted with the project. Its height^
' T^Qcinf; dyes, tints, colors, or hues. according to Strabo, was seventy cubits (about
' '^LOSSIS, or CoLOssE, in ancient geogra- 100 English feet); but according to other writers
''!<acoa8idexable town of Phrygia Magna, in it amounted to eighty cubits. Pliny relates
*'^' the Ljcus foils into a gulf, and at the that few persons could embrace its thumb,
' '^Yc of five stadia emerges again, and runs whilst its fingers were Uie size of ordinary statues.
' ^* Meander. Orosius says, that in Nero*s There was a winding staircase to go up to the
^ a «as destroyed by an earthquake. top of it ; from whence one might discover Syria,
''JU/SSUS, \ Lat. colostuif colosseut. and the ships that went into Egypt Among
' <^SsAi,«j^. S A statue of enormous mag- more modern works of this nature, is the enor-
'^u/»ci«. 5 nitude; of the form, height, mous colossus of San Carlo Borromeo at Arona,
*°^^«p)cst of such a statue; giant-like. in the Milanese territory. It is of bronze, sixty
'-^^441^ the name of a celebrated statue feet in height, and has a staircase into its interior
*' A^o at Rhodes. The Rhodians having for the purpose of occasional repairs and resto-
'M*U Dcaetriat of Macedon to raise the rations.
SETi^
C O L U M B A. 211
tnvt tad bdly of a fiunt red ; aTwvo the thoul- most celebrated of these is the carrier pigeon,
dcrofthe wing there is a patch of feathers shining Thej are gregarious, lay only two eggs, and
IkU gold ; the wing is covered like the head, breed many times in the year. They bill during
^nag some few spots of black (except that the their courtship ; the male and female sit, and
Itfger festheis are dark brown), with some white also feed their youngs by turns : they cast provi-
OB the exterior vanes ; the tail is very long, and sion out of their craw into the young one's
covered with a bU^ feather, under which the mouth ; they drink, not by sipping, like other
iw ve while ; the legs and feet are red. They birds, but by continued drauguts, like quadru-
eeoe to pfodigioos numbers from the north, to peds, and they hare plaintive notes.
vuMr ia Viiginia and Carolina. In these 5. C. palumbus, tne ring dove, is a native of
cnaciia ihey RMMt apoa one another's backs in Europe and Asia. It is the largest pigeon we
ndi qnotilies^ that tney often bieak down the have, and might be distinguished from all others
tvip of tieca whidi support them, and leave by its site alone. Its weight is about twenty
dnr dung some inches tnick below the trees, ounces; its length eighteen inches, and breadth
Ib Vifginua Mr. Catcsby has seen them fly in thirty. The hod, back, and covers of the wings
ndb oDBtinued ttains, for three days successively, are of a bluish ash color ; the lower side of tlie
tte they were not lost sight of for the least in- neck and breast are of a purplish red, dashed with
tmil of lime, bat somewhere in the air they ash color: on the hind part of the neck is a semi-
«eit seen oootinning their flight southward, circular line of white ; above and beneath that,
IVjr bleed ia rocks by the sides of rivers and the feathers are glossy, and of changeable colors.
bkei &r north of Sl I^wrence. Hiey fly to the This species forms its nest of a few dry sticks in
vjk only in hard wintersy and are never known the boughs of trees. Attempts have been made
Id fctom. to domesticate them by hatchmg their eggs under
4. C. ocnasy or the domestic pigeon, and all the common pigeon in dove houses ; but, as soon
ss bcautifal varieties, derive their origin from as they could fly, they always took to their native
«c tpedes, the slodL dove; the English name haunts. In the beginning of winter they assem-
nplfJBf its being the stock or stem from whence ble in great flocks, and leave ofl* cooing, which
t^ fltbtf domestie birds spring. These birds, they begin in March when they pair.
« Vano observes^ take their Latin name, columba, 6. C. turtur, or turtle-dove, is a native of Ind ia.
frat their voice of cooing. They were, and still The length is twelve inches and a half, its breadth
*ie» lo be fanad in most parts of our island in a twenty-one ; the weight four ounces. The irides
ne of nature ; but probably the Romans first are of a fine jrellow, and the eye-lids encompassed
t*|k the BiitoBa bow to construct pigeon with a beautiful crimson circle. The dim and
hoMs, and make biida domestic The characters forehead are whitish; the top of the head ash-
of the domestic pigeon are these : — ^it is of a colored mixed with olive. On each side of the
^ bfauA ash-color; tfie bieast dashed with a neck is a spot of black feathers prettily tipt with
^ cbangcable green and purple ; the sides of white : the bacJc ash-colored, bordered with olive
1^ neck with a shining copper color; its wings brown; the scapulars and coverts of a reddbh
Bndted with two black bars, one on the coverts brown spotted with \Asuk ; the breast of a light
tf the wings, the olilM;r on tlM quill feadiers ; the purplish red, having the verge of each feather
^ white, and the tail barred near the aid with ydlow : the belly white. The tail is three inches
^)^ It wei|^ Ibniteen ounces. In the wild and a half long ; the two middle fathers of a
<Me it bceeds ia holes of rocks and hollows of dusky brown; the others black, witli white tips ;
(no; fix which reason, some style it oolnmoa the end and exterior side of the outmost feathers
Qicmsiia, in oppontioo to the ring dove, which wholly white. In the breeding season these
*^ its nest oo the boughs of trees. Nature birds are found in Buckinghamshire, Gloucester^
^*>7ipfeserves some agreonent in the manners, shire, Shropshire, and the west of England,
c^uictefs, and colots « birds reclaimed from They are very shy and retired, breeding in thick
^ wild slate. This n>ecies of pigeon soon woods, generally of oak ; in autumn they migrate
^^ to build in artifleial cavities, and from the into other countries.
^'vptstioQ of a read^ provision becomes easily Columba (St.), a celebrated saint, sometimes
^^'■'tticited. Mohitndes of these wild binu called the Apostle of Scotland, who flourished
sifnie into the south of England : and, while in the sixth century. He founded a cell ot
^ beech woods were suflered to cover large monks in lona, and the first religious were ca-
^'vts of ground, they used to haunt them in mms reguhir, of whom Columba was tlie first
^TTttlii reaching a mile in length, as they vrent abbot ; and his monks, till A. D. 716, difiered
'V ta the flMwnisg to feed. They visit Britain from those of the church of Rome, but in th«
^ hKst of any bird of passage, not appearing observation of Easter, and in the clerical tonsure,
^jniofember, and retirii^ in the spring. Mr. Columba led here an examplary life, and was
■^"■sat isngines, that their summer haunts highly respected for the sanctity of his manners
««n Sweden, as Mr. Eckmaik makes their re- for many years. He is the first on record who had
^ teoe coincide with their arrival in Britain, the faculty of the second sight, for he announced
Aiabcis of them, however, breed in difls on the the victory of Aidan over Uie Picts and Saxons
"""^^^ales, and of the Hebrides. Tlievarie- on the yery instant it happened. He had the
^ prodaoed from the domestic breed are nume« honor of burying in his island, Conval and Kin*
1^ sad rxtrandy elegant; they are dtstin- natel, two kings ef Scotland, and of crownin|f a
P"^by names expressive of their several pro- third. At length, worn out with age, he died
P^^ ss tumblers, carriers, jacobines, croppers^ in lona in the arms ol his disciples; was in-
P^*^ really tvbitesy owb| nans, fcc. The tarred there; but, mistaken for another Columba,
s?r^*'^"
" 3^SS,*2= s^.r
^1^' " w?- ,^^ «Si;^
COL 317 COL
Hii^nB^tobflbnn^hlupiltbBpatibcb' Ron, Lsmppoit BUKuroflbr firfin. which u
'^iiHi, if**"- Anwiif *• LMfJeno- Mipttof Pa«; In tfoftit a iiii|l« Uotfe of
fwuiiu, II .B raurbl tr ibi arappon oa ll» ■oulh init, u Ihfl bwli™ rf lt»* lufbpur,
^4pmi iKd AdniD, u Bppdrt bf ite ID- wtiirii ii vm of llH Enat In Iho w»*l. TT« 6-
y
3S3 COU
is pUoi; br Ml pfktt & K (iw p«« ID fliBM njHH.
\
COMBINATION.
rici'^-;
4e brhr, id di-ide lb* pruluf, >bkh mil ™" °'*»'"' »* ahlailud hniK iwdve rvdi
''hB»lf ihi prtdKiofijM fieri bflTUmi flf 3571*^7"^ 'T"^^''""'"™''''' tv^of
FIIMIU*iUlitU« ombiAbcm of 4 JD 7. 7*Mh"»l"J'rffc**IMil'wm«»< C4niiiBa»
COMBUSTION; 231
♦enieDtly conaidcred under six heads ;— Ist. The single thread of cotton immersed in oil, and burn-
tfloperatofe necestsaiy to inflame different bodies, ing immediately upon the surface of the oil. It
Sd. The nature of flame, and the relation between will be found to yield a flame about l-30th of an
the light and heal which compose it. 3d. The inch in diameter. Let a fine iron wire of ^ of
hot disengaged by different combustibles in an inch, made into a ring of 1-1 0th of an inch
l>oreing. 4th. The causes which modify and ex* diameter, be brought over the flame. Though at
tiapiish combustion, and of the safe-lamp. 5th. such a distance, it will instantly extinguish the
Invisible combustion. 6th. Practical inferences, flame, if it be cold ; but if it be held above the
M St Of the temperature necessary to inflame flame, so as to be slightly heated, the flame may
ditfeR&t bodies. 1st. A simple experiment shows be passed through it without being extinguished.
the sscceniTe combustibilities of the different That the effect depends entirely on the power of
bodies. Into a long bottle with a narrow neck, the metal to abstract the heat of flame, is shown
iBtrodace a lighted taper, and let it bum till it is by bringing a glass capillary ring of the same
cxtiogQished. Carefully stop the bottle, and in- diameter and size over Uie flame. This being a
trodnce aoocber lighted taper. It will be eitin- much Worse conductor of beat, will not, even
fQidted before it reaches tne bottom of the neck, when cold, extinguish it. If its size, however, be
IVd introduce a small tube* containing zinc, made greater, and its circumference smaller, it
ad dilute sulphuric acid, at the aperture of will act like the metallic wire, and require to be
iHiich the hydrogen is inflamed. The hydrogen heated to prevent it from extinguishing the flame.
vffi be found to bum in whatever part of the Now, a flame of sulphur may be made much
bottle the tube is placed. After the hydrogen is smaller than that of hydrogen ; one of hydrogen
cxtiBguished, introduce lighted sulphur. This may be made much smaller than that of a wick
vili bora for some time; and after its extinction fed with oil; and that of a wick fed with oil
phoiphoras will be as luminous as in the air, smaller than that of carbureted hydrogen. A
tod, if heated in the bottle, will produce a pale ring of cool wire, which instantly extinguishes
^iow flame of considerable density. Ph6spho- tlie flame of carbureted hydrogen, diminishes
ns is said to take fire when heated to 150^^ and but slightly the size of a flame of sulphur of the
ulphur U> 55Q0. Hydrogen inflames with Mo- same dimensions. By the following simple con-
rioe It a lower temperature than with oxygen, trivance, we may determine the relative &cility
Bf aposing oiygen and hydrogen, confined in of burning, among different combustibles. Pre-
|iui tobes, to a very dull red (about 800 F.) pare a series of metallic globules of different
tbej aplode. When the heat was about 700 F. sizes, by fusion at the end of iron wires, and light
tbcy combined rapidly with a species of silent a series of very minute flames of different bodies
combostioo. A mixture of common air and all of one size. If a globule l-20th of an inch
Mitogen was introduced into a small copper diameter be brought near an oil flame of l-30th
Hibe, hiving a stopper not quite tight ; the cop- in diameter, it will extinguish it, when cold, at
per tobe was placea in a chareoal nre ; before it the distance of a diameter. The size of the sphe-
mae visibly red-hot, an explosion took place, rule adequate to the extinction of the particular
ttd llie stopper was driven out We see, there- flame, will be a measure of its combustibility
^ thst toe inflaming temperature is indepen- If the globule be heated, however, the distance
dnt of compression or mrefaction. will diminish at which it produces extinction.
'Therrtioof the combustibility of the different At a white heat, the globule, in the above in-
I^KOQs matters is likewise, tp a certain extent, stance, does not extinguish it by actual contact,
« the masses of heated matters required to in- though at a dull red heat it immediately produces
fame them. Thus, an iron-wire l-40th of an the effect.
Bcb, heated cherry-red, will not inflame olefiant ' 2d. Of the nature of flame, and of the relation
pSf bm it will inflame hydrogen gas. A wire of between the light and the heat which compose it.
l-^, heated to the same degree, will inflame The flame of combustible bodies may, in all
oVfisBtgas. But a wire jb <>^ ^^^ ^°^^ ™u'^ ^ cases, be considered as the combustion of an ex-
^ctted u> whiteness, to inflame hydrogen, thougli plosive mixture of inflammable gas, or vapor,
>t > km red heat it will infUme biphosphureted with air. It cannot be regarded as a mere com-
pi. Yet wire of l-40th, heated even to white- bustion, at the surface of contact, of the inflam-
M, will not inflame mixtures of fire-damp, mable matter. This fact is proved by holding a
^^bomc oxide inflames in the atmosphere when taper, or a piece of burning phosphorus, within a
°^i;ht into contact with an iron wire heated to large flame made by the combustion of alcohol.
^redness; whereas carbureted hydrogen is The flame of the taper, or of the phosphorus, will
sot inilimmable, unless the iron is heated to appear in the centre of the other flame, proving
^itenesi, so ss to bora with sparks. These cir- that there is oxygen even in its interior part.
^''"utsnces will explain why a mesh of wire, so When a wire-gause safe-lamp is made to bum,
"^ finer or smaller, is required to prevent the in a very explosive mixture of coal gas and air,
^lonoD from hydrogen and oxygen from pas- the light is feeble, and of a pale color. Whereas
>nv; &iHi why so coarse a texture and wire are the flame of a current of coal gas burnt in the
"^fidat to prevent the explosion of the Are- atmosphere, as is well known by the phenomena
«>aip,feTtunttely the least combustible of all the of the gas-lights, is extremely brilliant. It
nibfflniabie gases known. The flame of sulphur, becomes, therefore, a problem of some interest,
^BJch khidUs at so low a temperature, will exist * Why the combustion of explosive mixtures,
l^vr refriseraling processes, which extinguish under different circumstances, should produce
^ flame of hydrogen and all carbureted gases, such different appearances?' In reflecting on tli*?
"^ the snaUest possible fl«ime be made by a circumstances of these two species of oombustioo
23? COMBUSTION,
Sir H. Davy was led to imi^ine that the cause potassium in chlorine, and the feeblenev V ibt
of the superiority of the light of the stream of light of those flames in which gaseous aadtobtile
coal-gasy might be owing to the decomposition of matter alone is produced, such as thoie of by-
a part of the gas, towards the interior of the drogen and of sulphur in oxygen, phoiphoros in
flame, where the air was in the smallest quantity, chlorine, &c. It offers means of incrasiog ike
and the deposition of solid charcoal, which first light of certain burning substances, br placing
by its ignition, and afterwards by its combus- in their flames evhn incombustible suDftanoes.
tion, increased in a high degree the intensity of Thus the intensity of the light of buniiog sol*
the light. The following experiments show that phur, hydrogen, carbonic oxide, &c. is wonder-
this is the true solution of the problem : — fully increased by throwing into them oxide ci
'If we hold a piece of win-gause of about 900 zinc, or by placing in them very fine amianthus
apertures to the square inch, over a stream of or metallic gause. It leads to deductions coo-
coal-gas issuing from a small pipe, and if we ceming the chemical nature of bodies, and Tahoi*
inflame the gas above the wire-gause, left almost phenomena of their decomposition. Thus ether
in contact with the orifice of the pipe, it bums ourns with a flame, which seems to indicate the
with its usual bright light. On raising the wire- presence of olefiaiit gas in that substance. Al-
gause so as to cause the gas to be mixed with cohol burns with a flame similar to that of a
more air before it inflames, the light becomes mixture of carbonic oxide and hydrogen. Ueoco
feebler, and at a certain distance the flame as- the first is probably a binary compound of olc-
sumes the precise character of that of an explo- fiant gas and water, and the second of carbooic
aive mixture burning within the lamp. But oxide and hydrogen. When protochloride of
though the light is so feeble in this case, the heat copper is introduced into the flbame of a candle
is greater than when the light is much more or lamp, it aflbrds a peculiar dense and brilliant
▼if id. A piece of wire of platina, held in this red light, tinged with green and blue towuds
feeble blue flame, becomes instantly white-hot. the edges, which seems to depend npontbecblo-
On reversing the experiment, by inflaming a rine being separated from the copper by the hy-
stream of coal gas, and passing a piece of wire- drogen, and the ignition and combustion of the
gause gradually firom the summit of the flame to solid copper and charcoal,
the orifioe of the pipe, the result is still more ' Similar explanations may be given of the
instructive. It is found that the apex of the flame, phenomena presented by the action of other
intercepted by the wire-gause, aflbrds no solid combinations of chlorine on flame ; and it it
charcoal; but, in passing it downwards, solid probable, in many of those cases, when the color
charcoal is given off in considerable quantities, of flame is changed by the introducdon of in-
and prevented from burning by the cooling combustible compounds, that the effect depends
agency of the wire-gause. At the bottom of the on the production, and subsequent ignition or
flame, where the gas burned blue, in its imme- combustion, of inflammable matter from them,
diate contact with the atmosphere, charcoal Thus the rose-colored light given to flame by
ceased to be deposited in visible quantities. the compounds of strontium and calcium, and
* The principle of the increase of the brillianqr the yellow color given by those of barium, and
and density of flame, by the production and ig- the green by those of boron, may depend upoo
nition of solid matter, appears to admit of many a temporary production of these bases, by the
applications. Thus, olenant gas gives the most inflammable matter of the flame. Dr. Clarke's
brilliant white light of all combustible gases, experiments on the reduaion of boiytes, by the
because, as we learn from BerthoUetV ex peri- hydroxygen lamp, is favorable to this idea. Nor
ments, related under carbureted hydrogen, at a should any supposed inadequacy of heat in or-
very high temperature it deposits a very large dinary flame prevent us from adopting this coo-
quantity of solid carbon. Phosphorus, which elusion. Flame, or gaseous matter, heated so
rises in vapor at common temperatures, and the highly as to be luminous, possesses a temperatnre
vapor of which combines with oxy<^en at those beyond the white heat of solid bodies, as is shown
temperatures, is always luminous ; for each par- by the circumstance, that air not luminous will
tide of acid formed, must, tliere is every reason communicate this degree of heat. This is
to believe, be white-hot. So few of these par- proved by a simple experiment. Hold a fine
tides, however, exist in a given space, that they wire of platinum about r-20th of an inch from
scarcely raise the temperature of a solid body the exterior of the middle of the flame of t
exposed to them, though, as in the rapid com- spirit-lamp, and conceal the flame by an opsq^
bustix)n of phosphorus, where immense numbers body. The wire will become white-hot in a space
ire existing in a small space, they produce a where there is no visible light. The real lem-
most intense heat. The above principle readily perature of visible flame is perhaps as high tf
explains the appearances of the different parts of any we are acquainted with. Mr. Tenoant lued
the flame of burning bodies, and of flame urged to illustrate this position by fusii^ a small fiit-
by the blow-pipe. The point of the inner blue ment of platinum in the flame of a common
flame, where the heat is greatest, is the point candle. These views will probably offer ili*^
where the whole of the charcoal is burned trations of electrical light. The voltaic arc of
in its gaseous combinations, without previous flame from the mat battery differs in color and
deposition. intensity, according to the substances employed
' It explains also the intensitv of the light of in the circuit, and is infinitely more briUivit ao^
those flames in which fixed solid matter is pro- dense with charcoal than with any other tob-
duced in combustion, such as the flame of phoa- stance. May not this depend, says air '^ R^?^
phoffus and of ainc in oxygen, Uc, and of upon particles of the substances separated of
COMBUSTION.
233
Aedeetrical attnctions? And the parfides of
cbreotl bcin^ the lightest among aolid bodies,
■s ibeir prime equivalent, shows, and the least
cofaaeot, would be separated in the largest
qnoticies. The heat of flames may be actually
diainisfaed by increasing their light, at least the
best commnmcahle to other matter, and vice
mA. The flame from combustion, which pro-
duces the most intense heat amongst those wnich
hifc been eiamined, is that of a roixtare of
oi]ffeii and hydrogen compressed in Newmann's
bbv-pipe appantns. This flame is hardly vi-
sUe io bnght day-light, yet it instantly fuses
&e moa renactoiy bodies ; and the light from
loiid bodies ignited in it is so vivid as to be
pasfiiltothe eye. This application certainly
on^iiated from Sir H. Davy's discovery, that
tie oplesion from oxygen and hydrogen would
not communicate through very small apertures,
and he himself first tried the experiment with
a fine glass capillary tube. The flame was not
visible at the end of this tube, being overpowered
by the brilliant star of the glass, ignitea at the
aperture.
3. ' Of the heat disengaged by different com-*
bustibles in the act of buraing. — Lavoisier, Craw-
ford, Dalton, and Rumford, in succession, made
experiments to determine the quantity of heat
evolved in the combustion of various bodies.
The apparatus used by the last was perfectly
simple, and perhaps the most precise of the whole.
The heat was conducted by flattened pipes of
metal into the heart of a body of water, and was
measured by the temperature imnaned. The
following is a general table of results :—
Substances bunied, 1 lb.
Oxygen
consamed
Ice melted in lbs.
in lbs.
Lavoisier.
Crawford.
Dalton.
Rumford.
Hydrogen ....
T-5
295-6
480
320
Carbureted hydrogen
4
85
Olefiant gas . . .
3-50
88
Carbonic oxide . •
0-58
25
Olive oih ....
300
149
89
104
9407
Rape oil ....
z-o
12410
Wax
30
133
97
104
126-24
Tallow
30
96
104
1 U-58
Oil of turpentine . .
60
Alcohol
2-0?
58
67-47
Ether, sulphuric . .
3
62
10703
Naphtha ....
97-83
Phosphorus . . .
1-3
100
6C
Charcoal ....
2-66
96-5
69
40
Sulphur
100
20.
Camphor ....
70
Caoutchouc . . .
42
'Tbe discrepancies in the preceding table are
i^ffiint to snow the necessity of new experi-
ments 00 the subject. Count Rumford made a
*^Q of experiments on the heat given out
<^tnog the combustion of different woods. He
i<tad that one pound of wood by burning, pro-
<Q9«) as much heat as would have melted from
*'"«« thiity-four to fifty-four pounds of ice.
TH« average quantity is about forty. MM. Cle-
^^^ and Desormes find that woods give out
^ io the ratio of their respective quantities
«f carbon ; which they state to be equal to one-
^of their total weight Hence they assign
^-^t pounds as the quantity of ice melted,
lo boraing one of wood. In treating of acetic
«cid lad carbon, I have already taken occasion
b itate, dm they appear probably to overrate the
P^'^PwtJoo of carbon in woods.
*The preceding table is incorrectly given in
!?J^ respects by our systematic writers ; Dr.
J'^'Otton, for example, states, that one pound of
Tdrogen coasnmes only six pounds of oxygen,
^«l?h the saturating proportion assigned by
*"n i» e^jt poands. The proportions of oxygen
'^'j"*™*^ by olive oil, phosphorus, charcoal,
J ^olphar, are all in lite manner erroneous.
**^»1 I. p. 184, of Dr. Black's Lectures, we
have thr following notes : ' One hundred poands
weight of the best Newcastle coal, when applied
by the most judiciously constructed furnace, will
convert about 1| wine hogsheads of water into
steam, that supports the pressure of the atmos-
phere.' 1| hogsheads of water weigh about 790
pounds. Hence one part of coal will convert
nearly eight parts of water into steam. Count
Rumford says, that the heat generated in the
combustion of one pound of pit-coal, would
make 36^ pounds of ice-cold water boil. But
we know that it requires fully 5| times as much
heat to convert the boiling water into steam.
36*3
Therefore, --r == 6}» is the weight of water
5*5
that would be converted into steam by one pound
of coal. Mr. Watt found that it requires eight
feet sur&ce of boiler to be exposed to fire to
boil off one cubic foot of water per hour, and
that a bushel, or eighty-four pounds of Newcastle
coal, so applied, will boil off from eight to twelve
cubic feet. He rated the heat, expended in boiling
off a cubic foot of water, to be about six times
as much as would bring it to a boiling heat from
the medium temperature, 55**, in this climate.
The mean quantity is ten cubic feet, which
weigh 625 pounds. Hence one pound of coal
COMBUSTION. 236
bf I jet of gu from i bladder ooonected with a 312^ expands S-^thsy or eight parts becomt
mil tabe, fanuAed with a wire of platiDum, eleven. Sir H. Davy justly estimates the tempe-
oader the same circumstances as hydrogen, rature corresponding to an increase of one volume
eeascd to bum when the pressure was diminished of air at 212% into two volumes and a half^
between ten and eleven times. And the flames (which took place when the enclosing glass tube
of akobol wad of the wax taper, which require began to soften with ignition), at 1035® Fahren-
a greater ooosaroption of caloric for the volatili- heit. Sir H. introduced into a small glass tube,
mkm and decomposition of their combustible over well boiled mercury, a misture of two parts
maa, were extinguished when the pressure was of hydrogen and one of oxygen, and heated the
iff or six times less without the wire of plati- tube by a spirit-lamp, till the volume of the gas
toil, and seven or eight times less when the was increased from 1 to 2*5. By means of a
win WIS kept in the flame. Light carbureted blow-pipe and another lamp, he made the upper
IfdiogeDywnich produces, as we have seen, less part of the tube red-hot, when an explosion
i«ai in combustion than any of the common rastantly took place. This experiment refutes
eombostible gases, except carbonic oxide, and the notions of M. de Grotthus, on the non-ex«
vkieh requixes a higher temperature for its as- plosiveness of that mixture, when expanded by
(nsnu than any other, has its flame extingubhed, neat. He introduced into a bladder a mixture
cren though the tube was furnished with the wire of oxygen and hydrogen, and. connected this
vben the pressure was below l-4th. The flame bladder with a thick glass tube of about l-6th of
of cubonic oxide, which, though it produces an inch in diameter, and three feet long, curved
bttle heat in combustion, is as ascendible as hy- so that it could be gradually heated in a charcoal
^Togeo, burned when the wire was used, the furnace : two spirit-lamps were placed under the
prtsore being l-6th. The flame of sulphureted tube, where it entered tne charcoal fire, and the
ndR)een,the heat of which is in some measure mixture was very slowly passed through. An
carried off by the sulphur produced by its de- explosion took place before the tube was red-hot.
conposition during its combustion in rare air. This fine experiment shows, that expansion by
vben boroed in the same apparatus as the ole- heat, instead of diminishing the accendibility of
list and other gases, was extinguished when the gases, enables them, on the contrary, to explode
pmure was l-7th. Sulphur, which requires a apparently at a lower temperature ; which seems
fever temperature for its accension than any perfectly reasonable, as a part of the heat com-
(t«Bffioa inflammable substance, except phos- municated by any ignited body, must be lost in
ptionis, burned with a very feeble blue flame in gradually raising the temperature. M. de Grot-
at nrefied fifteen times ; and at this pressure thus has stated, that if a glowing coal be brought
Ike flame heated a wire of platinum to dull red- into contact with a mixture of oxygen and hy-
Ms ; oor was it extinguished till the pressure drogen, it only rarefies them, but does not ex-
ns reduced to l-20th. From the preceding plode them. This depends on the degree of
Qfenfliental &cts we may infer, that the taper neat communicated by the coal. If it is red
*Mkl be extinguished at a height of between in day-light, and free firom ashes, it uniformly
>iM isd ten miles, hydrogen between twelve explodes the mixture. If its redness be barely
nd thirlceB, and sulphur between fifteen and visible in the shade, it will not explode them, but
nvfn. Phosphorus, as has been shown by M. cause their slow combination. The general phe-
^vi Manun, bums in an atmosphere rarefied nomenon is wholly unconnected with rarefaction,
^^ times. Sir H. Davy found, that phosphu- as is shown by the following circumstance : when
^ hydrogen produced a flash of light when the heat is greatest, and before the invisible com-
Kitted into the best vacuum that could be bination is completed, if an iron wire, heated to
aide bjr an excellent pump of Nairne*s con- whiteness, be placed upon the coal within the
eiction. Chlorine and hyorogen inflame at a vessel, the mixture instantly explodes.
Boch lower temperature than oxygen and hydro- ' Subcarbureted hydrogen, or fire-damp, as
t^' Heoce the former mixture explodes when has been shown, requires a very strong heat for
rinM twenty-four times ; the latter ceases to its inflammation. It therefore ofiered a good sub-
'^plodc when rarefied eighteen times. Heat ex- stance for an experiment on the efliectof high de-
ttnicaUy applied, carries on combustion, when grees of rarefaction, by heat, on combustion.
'' *0Qld otheiwise be extinguished. Camphor One part of this gas, and eight of air, were
a a thck metallic tube, which disperses the heat, mixed together, and introduced into a bladder
'^tM* to bam in air rarefied six times ; in a furnished with a capillary tube. This tube was
<^ tabe which becomes ignited, the flame of heated till it began to melt. The mixture was
™Bphor exists under a ninefold rare&ction. then passed through it into the flame of a spirit-
^ intact with a red-hot iron makes naphtha slow lamp, when it took fire, and burned with its own
•nh a bmbent flame at a lure&ction of thirty peculiar explosive light, beyond the flame of the
**^; though, without foreign heat, its flame lamp; and when withdrawn, though the aperture
^'^^ *i so atmospheric rarefaction of six. If the was quite white-hot, it continued to bum vividly.
I^ittare of oxy|^ and hydrogen, expanded to That the compression in one part of an explosive
*^ Mft«(pUisive tenuity, be exposed to the ig- mixture, produced by the sudden expansion of
^"^ tf a glass tube, the electric spark will then another part by heat, or the electric spark, is not
2'^>a espkmoo, at least in the heated portion the cause of combustion, as has been supposed
*«e|aM», by Mr. Iliggins, M. Berthollet, and others, ap-
^J^^jU now detail briefly the eflects of ra- pears to he evident from what has been stated,
^[^'^hy beat on combustion and explosion, and is rendered still more so by the following
* "wiw that air, by being heated from 32° to facts :-— A mixture of biphosphureted hydrogen
COMBUSTION. 239
fjr iC took place when the gases were confined The saxile wire, in less combustible mixtures,
n a tube b^ fusible metal, rendered solid at its continued merely bright red, or dull red, accord*
vpper surooe ; and ceitainly as rapidly, and ing to the nature of the mixture. In mixtures
vfibout aoy appearance of light As the tern- not explosive by flame within certain limits, these
poatore of flame baa been shown to be infinitely curious phenomena took place, whether the air or
Uher than that necessary hr the ignition of the inflammable gas was in excess. The same
jobd bodiesi, it appeared probable that, in these circumstances occurred with certain inflamma-
kknt oombiBatioDS of gaseous bodies, when the ble vapors. Those of ether, alcohol, oil of tur^
aacase of temperature may not be sufficient to pentine, naphtha, and camphor, have been tried*
Mdcr the gaseous matters themselves luminous. There cannot be a better mode of illustrating the
fK It ttill might be adequate to ignite solid fiict than by an experiment on the vapor of ether
Badcfs exposed to them. or alcohol, which auy person may make in a
*Sir H. Davy had devised several experiments minute. Let a drop or ether be thrown into a
M this subject. He bad intended to expose fine ' cold glass, or a drop of alcohol into a warm one ;
«jcs to oiygen and olefiant gas, and to oxygen let a few coils of wire of platinum, of the l-60th
ad hydrogen, daring their slow combination or l-70th of an inch, be heated at a hot poker or
vain different circomstances, when he was led, a candle, ai>4 let it be brought into the glass: in
ie:id<BtBlly» to the knowledge of the ^oc^ and at some psjl of the glass it will become glowing^
ae aaie time to Ihe discovery, of a new and almost white-hot, and will continue so as long as
ctTnoos series of phenomena. He was making a sufficient quantity of vapor and of air remain
opaiaeats on the increase of the limits of the in the glass. When the experiment on the slow
oDobasubility of gaseous mixtures of coal gas combustion of ether is made in the dark, a pal*
tA air, by increase of temperature. For this phosphorescent light is perceived aboye the wire,
pwpoie a small wire-gause safe-lamp, with some whicn is, of course, most distinct when the wire
&ai wire of platinum fixed above the flame, was ceases to be ignited. This appearance is con-
Modooed into a oombustihle mixture, contain- nected widi the formation ot a peculiar acrid
tf lU ottTimum of ooal gas. When the inflam* volatile substance, possessed of acid properties.
mtm had taken place in the wire-gause cylin- The above experiment has been ingeniously
CKf he threw in more ooal gas, expecting that varied by sticking loosely on the wick of a spirit-
^ heat aoqnired by the mixed gas, in passing himp a coil of fine platinum wire, about ^ of
(fenofh the wire-gause, wotild prevent the excess an mch in thickness. There should be about
mm otoiguishing the flame. The J une con* sixteen spiral turns, one-half of which should
tic«d tot two or three seconds after !b *. coal gas suiTound the wick, and the other rise above it.
■« iaimdttoed ; and, when it was extinguished. Having lighted the lamp for an instant, on blow.*
tte pert of the wire of platinum which had been ing it out the wire will become brightly ignited,
^^^ mnained ignited, and continued so for and will continue to glow as long as any alcohol
■ttj ninotes. When it was removed into a remains. A cylinder of camphor may be substi-
«k looa it was evi<ient that thero was no flame tuted for both wick and spirit. The ignition is
■« (he C3rltnder. It was immediately obvious very bright, and exhales an odoriferous vapor.
<^ ihii was the result which he had hoped to With oil of turpentine the lamp burns, invisioly,
*^ hy other methods, and the oxygen and coal without igniting the wire ; for a dense column of
tata contact with the hot wire combined without vapor is perceived to ascend from the wire,
AactiDd jet produced heat enough 10 preserve diffusing a smell by many thought agreeable*
tt wot igaited and keep up their own secret By adding essential oils in small quantities to the
■■Jwition. The truth of this conclucion was alcohol, various aromas may be rnade to perfiime
P*>*«i by iatrodiicing ^ heated wire of platinum the air of an apartment But the film of char-
m a similar mixtaie. It immediately became coal which in this case collects, on the platina
P^ aeuly to whiteness, as if it had been in coil, must be removed, by ignition over anotlier
^'^ eombMtkm itself, and continued glowing spirit flame, otherwise the efiect ceases after a
^ I leog while. When it was extinguished the certain time. The chemical changes in general,
''■aai^ility of the mixture was found to be produced by slow combustion, appear worthy of
'■tniy destroyed* A temperature much below ravestigation. A wire of platinum introduced,
'Pi^ only was necessary for producing this under the usual circumstances, into a mixture of
^'i"!* phenomenon, and the wire was repeat* prussic gas (cyanogen), and oxygen in excess,
*^ wa out and cooled in the atmosphere till oecame ignited to whiteness, and the yellow va*
^ ceinl to be visibly red ; yet, when admitted pors of nitrous acid were observed in tlie mixture.
^t#it ioslsntly became red-hot. The same In a mixture of olefiant gas, non-explosive from
[fy^'^ea were produced with mixtures of the excess of inflammable gas, much caibooio
^^^t pm and air, carbonic oxide, prussic gas, oxide was formed. Platinum and palladium,
^^^yfagen; and in this last case with a rapid metals of low conducting powers, and small ca«
p***iflu of water. The degree of heat could pacities for heat, alone succeed in producing the
* |2''^tted by the thickness of the wire. When above phenomena. A film of cAibon or sulphur
Z~* iUBe tUdiness, the wire became more ig- deprives even Uiese metals of this proper^.
*^tahydfogen than in mixtures of olefiant gas. Thin laminae of the metals, if their form admits
^""flttin aiiuuia of olefiant gas than in those of a free circulation of air, answer as well as fine
^P*^ oiide of CBibon. wires ; and a laive surface of platinum may be
^hca the wire was very fine, as 1-IK)A of made red-hot in the vapor of ether, or in a com*
^y^ » diaaMler, its heat increased in very bustible mixture of coal gas and air.
^"^hle mi^tnrcsy so as to explode them. 'Sir H. Davy made an admirable practical
5
iUUDfUii HbaAma^Wb^iB.
fllTUk — >»^. ■<*■*— .^
aa pla. b ka bM i— Till. alH, On
■■itE<BitBiiid dv tlv pn4ifA fl4 liDrovH biliiT pnHrlowcta in. IhoBprniu WJ ■
■It if Ml Mtn M >«]™iJ^ miiitrt (nd lioiajiuii^rMillluiDfilKliw
■'*'^r'Tnin iHii liiin M^ul, ■iiih la da oa* tif uJM hMU, T.TkK h
•^&»^'!h?-'"j "^^.^-S^—^S ^ti^^'S^'-r-"
242 COMBUSTION.
suppose, a peculiar condition ; since, in the atmosphere. Some years since, an accident of
healtliy state, it ranks in the class of substances this kmd befel a Bohemian peasant : be died in
most (lifRcultly combustible. This combustibility, the presence of many witnesses, from a column
then, is determined by the debility consequent of air taking fire upon its extrication from the
upon aj^e, diseases, bodily inactivity, and in- stomach, and baffling all the ordinary means of
temperance. Tlie abuse of strong liquors, espe> extinction. In snch cases, the decomposition of
cially gin, debilitates the absorbent system in a alcohol, and of animal substance containe<l in
signal degree; and this state may give rise, in the stomach, has generated a quantity of ph<^s-
certain cases, to the formation of a mass of sub- phurcted hydrogen, which instantly infi^mt^
stance, alike inflammable and susceptible of ac- upon contact with atmospheric air. T\ih pro-
cumulating, in greater or less quantity, in dif- cess, however, extends no farther; because the
ferent parts of the body, according to their other parts of the body do not possess the
different structure. The combustible substance conditions requisite for a more general contli-
ought, therefore, to possess the property of pene- gration.
trating easily into the interstices of the body. Since, then, we cannot deny that the inflim-
and of losing nothing of its combustibility by mable gases are developed in the human body.
contact with liquids. These conditions are, in it cannot surely be going too far to admit their
no class of substances, better combined than in occasional accumulation in the cellular strociure.
the inflammable gases; nor, independently of inquantityproporlionedto the laxity of that stnic-
them, can the fact now claiming attention^ be ture. Hence, it happens that the softest parts,
well explained. It is necessary, therefore, for and consequently the trunk, are most subject t )
fhe proauction of the spontaneous combustion, these gaseous accumulations. But the human
that an inflammable gas accumulate in the cells body, thus rendered highly combustible, car.RM
of the cellular membrane, as the fluid of dropsy yet take fire without the intervention of an in-
is accumulated ; and, without admitting the pre- flaming spark ; for, even admitting that pan of
existenc3 of the whole quantity of gas requisite the inflammable principle consists of pho^jMU-
for the completion of the process, it may reason- reted hydrogen gas, we are unable to e>^>!iiQ
ably be supposed that it terminates in giving rise adequately, and in all cases, the general c'« ^a-
to a fresh extrication of gas from those parts of gration wnich ensues. By some, the pre^f n •■ •':
the burning body surcharged with hydrogen. By ignited bodies has been considered as thi- c tiv
this theory is obviated the objection which the of this catastrophe; and others even a&>''rt * •'.
absence of a previously emphysematous state in strictly speaking, what really originates in m\-
the victims of^ spontaneous combustion has sug- dent, cannot be called spontaneous corrilu^tii
gested ; with some among them, however, this We are unable, however, from this view oi* i ^
state seems really to have existed. subject, to conceive how the burning si'o.ltl U
Hydrogen constitutes one of the principal so rapid, general, and complete, as it com uxiIy
elements of the animal body, and comoinations is ; and still less, on what part of the hod\ i: >)
the most various are there formed by it with ca- first manifested. Instances of human coinUK.* n.
loric, carbon, sulphur, and phosphorus : after moreover, have occurred, in which the pre?- n-,
death, as in life, its presence is unequivocally of no ignited body could be suspected. In (Un-
detected. It may be useful, in this place, to paring these various considerations, with tn^
review the different phenomena which, in de- ratal accident detailed in the subsequent hi>ton.
monstrating that truth, connect it roost intimately the mind is led to regard electricity as ei( rt...
with the subject of spontaneous human com- considerable influence in human combustion, or
bustion. A flame was observed to issue from even as the occasional cause of this extraordnij^*
the skin of a pig, at the moment of its being cut phenomenon.
into with a knife ; and two eminent anatomists No one can doubt, for a moment, the '\i^
saw a yapor exhaling from the stomach of a electricity of many animals ; and this state exists
woman whom they had just opened : it took fire in a very remarkable degree, with many m -
on the approach of a lighted candle. A similar viduals of the human species. Expenrrtnt-
fact also occurred in examining the stomach of were made, during a Mvere frost, upon ai»or.i
another female, who, in the four days preceding whose ideo-electricity was such, that sj***
her death, had tai^en no food. In some other issued from her hair as often as it was comtti
cases, the gas inflamed without the intervention a Leyden phial was even charged, and alcu:.*>' ''•
of any ignited body, merely by contact with the flamed, with these sparks. Sparks of «l<.-ctr. ii}.
atmosphere. On the opening of an ox, which indeed, have of^en been emitted ftom s^wkin.*
had been for some time sick, an explosion took of wool and silk, when being taken off thi> Ii- • <^
place, and flame bursting from the stomach, to examples of this kind might be muUipUevi lo ■ '
the height of more than five feet, scorched the indefinite extent. Inflammable substani is. a. •
butcher, as well as a little girl who stood beside cumulated in the bodies of those who 1)j«< t"
him. It lasted several minutes, and gave out a rished from spontaneous combustion, nM<, !-^
roost disgusting odor. The production of hy- their nature, increase the electric state. ^^ • ' ■
drogen gas, during life, cannot be doubted. It will equally &vor the explosion of the inrir it:;
is known to be daily extricated in the bowels, sparks. Thus, the proximity of fire or a I»i:«''i'd
and observations analagous to these just enume- candle mav, in some instances, hare aiot^ tse
rated are by no means rare. Inflammable eruc- process ot human combustion: in others '-f
tations frequently occur, particularly in northern same effect may have been prw^ucvM ■ > ^ ' '
re^innv where perjons, after an nnmoderute in- exercise or other cantos r.ifvil)le of tv- *
4uigcncein gin, have been exposed to a cold tricity. n»c electric spaik, ihtis tjcu ; • "•
COMBUSTION. 243
with extreme rapidity, bodies in any way ' Gio Maria Bertholi, resiuent priest at Monte
inprqpated witli inflsiiDmable matter; and the Volere,went on business to a nei)(hbouring fair;
dOer, takiaf fat upon every point, can no longer and, having spent the day in walking about the
W quenched by the fluid parts. Thus, the country, arrived . in the evening at Femile, in-
MiniDg usually proceeds with such celerity, that tending to sleep at the house of his brother-in-
itt miseiable victim has no time to call for as- law. Immediately on his arrival, he was
sifaoce. The flame, as is proved by observa- conducted to his chamber at his own request,
txtt, at fiist spreads upon the surface of the when he had a handkerchief placed between his
bodv; because there, in contact with the air of shirt and shoulders; and, being now left alone,
t^ie atmosphere, it is fltted to support combustion: he betook himself to his devotions. Scarcely had
n IS sabsequently propagated to the more deep- a few minutes ehpsed, when an uncommon
snt«d pits. This theory will explain, without noise, mingled with cries, was heard issuing
4!:Sniliy, the following circumstances already from his apartment. The people of the house
illoded to, and which we again detail with their were alarmed ; and rushing in, found the priest
tasons, stretched upon the floor, and surrounded by a
I. Women are more subject than men to spon- light flame, which receded as they approached,
taonos combustion, because their more relaxed and ultimately vanished. He was instantly placed
«rjctare is favorable to gaseous accumulations, in bed, and on the following morning visited by
II. Spontaneous combustion most frequently the surgeon, who, on examination, found the
takes place in aged persons ; because such are skin of the right arm and fore>arm detached from
Bore addicted than the young to the use of ar- the muscles, and hanging loose. From the
dcntspirits; they employ less exercise; and their shoulders to the thighs, the integuments were
Vital energy, particuUurly that of the lymphatic similarly injured. These detached portions of
nstem, ii weaker. skin having been altogether removed; and, mor-
III. The characters of the flame, its lightness, tification being perceived on the right hand^
cobilKy, and resistance to the action of water, which had suflered most severely, the parts were
ire those of hydrogen gas. The natural pheno- scarified. Notwithstanding this precaution, it
acoain flie production of which this gas enjoys ' had fallen by the next day into a state of com-
1 principal share, as ignes fiitni and certain me- plete gangrene. On the third day, all the other
itor% exJiibit similar appearances. scorched parts were discovered to have degene-
IV. The furniture and other surrounding oc- rated into the same condition. The unhappy
fKU are, on these occasions, little damaged ; be- man complained of unquenchable thirst, and was
cause hydrogen gas, in combustion, implicates horribly convulsed. The discharges from his
fltf generality of combustible bodies, only when bowels were putrid and bilious, and his strength
Rffiainini( in intimate contact with them. was exhaustea by continual vomitings, accoropa-
V. The moisture which invariably covers the nied with delirium, and a burning fever. After
va!b where the conflagration takes place, as well lying two hours in a state of insensibility, he
tt the chaired relics of the body, is fomished by expired on the fourth day. While he lay in this
ibe combustion of Uie hydrosen gas, and also by letnargic sleep, his attendant observed, with
t^ eraporatioD of the liquids of Uie body itself, astonishment, that putrefaction had made con-
The oily appearance of it arises from the lat which siderable progress, so that the body exhaled an
ibe htai has fused ; and the foetid odor proceeds intolerable odor : worms crawled from it on the
froB the empyreamatic oil. bed, and the nails were spontaneously detached
VLIbe trunk of the body has always tuf- from the fingers of the left hand,
fcied more from this kind of eombustion dian <Thi8 unfortunate man informed the surgeon that
ul«r parts ; this circumstance is explained by the first of all he had felt a blow, like that inflicted
Bze of its cavities, and the looseness of their by a cudgel, upon the right arm; and that, at the
oeUnlar structure : and, same moment, he saw a light blue flame attach
Vll. Winter u the season in which spontaneous itself to his shirt, which was instantaneously
haoaa combustioo most frequently occurs ; be- reduced to ashes; yet his wrist-bands, at the
onatt the cold air, which is a bad conductor of same time, remained utterly untouched. The
dectridty, fiivofs the ideo-electric state of the handkerchief, which, as formerly mentioned, had
ttieal body. been introduced between his shoulders and shirt.
This view of its nature is founded on indue- was entire and free from every trace of burning.
tKNu afTorded by many (more than 100) well His drawers and breeches had equally escaped;
^Qtheoticated histories of spontaneous human but his cap was entirely consumed, although not
eu&bttstion, reccrded by ailigent and fiiith- a hair or ni^^ head had suffered from the flame.
^ observers, in very different eras and countries. That this flame, says Mr. Battaglia, dispersed
There would be little propriety, however, in under the form of elementary fire, had destroyed
vv^lmg the present article by unnecessary ex- the skin, and reduced the shirt and cap to ashes,
t'vts from these : yet there is one which posses- without implicating the hair of the head, is a &ct
*e»*eitnordinaiy interest, as the subject of it, which I most confidently assert. Moreover, all
^Tittg survived the accident for a time, was the symptoms of the disease were those of a
eQaUed to give an account of the various circum- severe bum. The night of the accident was calm ;
tiaoces by which it was preceded and followed, the atmosphere very clear; no empyreumatic or
TKe caif was published in one of the Journals bituminous smell ; no appearance of smoke was
^^ Florence, for October, 1776, by Mr. Battaglia, perceived in the chamber; but the lamp, before
^ Mr];eon who attended the unfortunate sufferer, full of oil, was become dry, and its wick reduced
h » reiiied nearly in the following terms : — to a cinder.* Such is the outline of tliis very
R2
f
■r^oi^iLr^
245
COM
o
<<>
^
,%"
^>
^
^ ^
,>
^r
^- ^ ^^
V*
^c•
-:v
v\
X ^ > .
v
\
* •<
N
<l.'
\
v>-
V
«
-. *
^
-*ket upon him To come in. To be gained in abundance.
'ing's poor Sweetheart, we shall be rich ere we depart,
-«/ IV, If fairings come thus plentifully •». Shahpeare
To come in for. To be early enough to ob-
*^in ; taken from hunting, where the dogs that
"low get nothing.
^ and beauty, worth and education, wit and
"ng, gentle nature and agreeable hnmoai^
*ue, were to came m for their share dL
Temple,
>'ntial to matter, stocks and stones
ueir share of privilege.
CoUier cm, Thomght.
tiad in their rear excluded been,
J not for a taste o' th' flesh oome tn,
.ue solid earth. Tat«^» Juoenai.
ae rest conie in for subsidies^ whereof they sunk
^nsiderable sums. Swifi,
To come in to. To join with ; to bring help.
They marched to Wells, where the lord Audley
had with whom their leaders had before secret intelli-
gence, eame in to them ; and was by them, with great
*, ZY. 19. gladness and cries of joy, accepted as their general.
Ba»m*M Henry VII,
urn deny him- To come into. To comply with ; to agree to.
<v me. Tie fame of their Tirtues w^ make men ready to
Maithem, xvi. 24. eome into vrtrf thing that is done for the pobUe good.
, to get within the Auerhurjf,
^°' To come near. To approach ; to resemble in
oiwoMtieio^; excellence ; a metaphor from races.
Whom you cannot equal or cone near in doing,
yon would destroy or ruin with eril speakii^.
Ben Jomon't Diaoomriea.
To come of. To proceed, as a descendant
from ancestors.
Of Priam's royal race my mother oome.
Drydem'a Mneid.
Self-lore is so natural an infirmity, that it makes
us partial even to those that come oJT us, as well as
ourseWes. L'Eiirange*
To come of. To proceed as effects from their
causes. *
Will you please. Sir, be gone ;
I told you what would oome of this.
Shak^teare. Winier't Tale.
Ta Mtmm ^ »M 1 t. ■ 1 J . '^L 1^ Tho kiccouffh oomdf of fulness of meat, espedally
J L^ ^"^ ~"P*y • ^ y'*^"* ' ^ ^^ « ^W~' ^^^ ^^ ^ "tension of tSTsti
,*""8W- mach. Bacon,
oviiRk^tbcl Tyrone, in the tame of these wan, m irmj ^*j_^r
•^•feio««e •• and submit himseU to her ma^ ^^ ^^ ^ff' ^o denate ; to depart from a
-«Ji iMld JOB not have him leceired T ™^« ^^ direction.
Aeiuer on Irdand ^* figure of a bell partaketh of the pyramids, but
n^i^S'dorth. and graeeful action in, ^^^ «^ # To escape; to get free.
^ iMitaeats were taoght more moving notes. ^ knew the fool enchanter, though disgnised ^
Ilo$eoHunon, Entered the very lime-twigs of his fpells,
^^ lumcBta did not ceeie in till late, and the ^^ 7*^ ^^"^^ ^ff' MilUm,
■I if tbea lA mca was often restrained by law. ^^^ thou wilt here eoeie off, surmounts my reach.
Arhmknoi on Come. ^^'
^(WKw. To be an ingredient; to make I/. «P<« "<* • f^if ^d fuU trial, he c«i «me^^^
M- ^ ^ .^ o * utn then dear and innocent South,
F^ w a composition.
A PMioas contempt of that in which too many To come off . To end an afiair ; to take good
^ Fiitt t^eir happUiem, mast come in to heighten or bad fortune.
•«*«n««r. AUerbmry, Oh, bravely oome we off,
Tamm m Tft •<w.»M« I'tP^m o«. M*««o *»Ja When vith a volley of our needless shot,
flrl?^' To accrue from an esute, trade, j^^ ^^ y^ {^y ^^ y^^ ^ ^^^
««lKm»e, as gam. aJ^^ King John,
ly lalher be mad with him that, when he had Ever since Spain and England have had any thing
Mhai, thouiht all the ships that came into the bar- to debate one with the other, the English, upon all
^ kit •, than with yon tbst, when you have so much encounters, have esaie o^ with honor and the bctur.
^m, tUak yon have nothing. 8nehU$^. Bacon,
V .xecan
jnd the reach of both.
SuehUng.
•d destroy your marum, if they can
Eoeign'9 Kalendar.
* CM* el St a true knowledge of ourselves,
. coaiider how fax we may deserve praise.
Adiieon,
ioconeky. To obtain; to gain; to acquire.
. wms an irregular and improper use, but
*^7 powerful authorities.
"^ Boit needful to preserve this life, are most
^^ *"d ca^ for all living creatures to ooeM ly.
^ooAor.
I'OTe is like a child,
^^Vi far cveiy thing that he can eome fly.
re.
C O M I T I A. 251
Coviru Calata, from koXmp, to call, was in pontes, or narrow boards, laid for the occasion ;
f.r'v times a common epithet for all the co- on which account, de ponte dejici signifies to be
ciua, iboogh it was at last restrained to two denied the privilege ot voting, and persons thus
MKts of assemblies; those for the creation of dealt with were called depontani. At the hither
fxiesu, and those fi>r the regulation of last wills end of the pontes stood the diribitores, a sort of
ji testaments. under officers, so called from their marshalling
Com ITU Cevtukiata were instituted by Ser- the people, and delivered to every man, in the
iius Tullius; who^ obliging every one to give a election of magistrates, as many tables as there
tHK account of what he was worth, according appeared candidates, one of whose names was
u those accounts divided the people into six wntten upon every tablet. A proper number of
L,^sstiy which he subdivided into 193 centuries, chests were set ready in the septa, and every
TU tint class, containing the equites and richest body threw in which tablet he pleased. By the
rjiaxa, consisted of ninety-eight centuries, chests were placed some of the public servants,
The second, taking in the tradesmen and me- who taking out the tablets of every century, for
chuics, consisted of twenty-two centuries ; the every tablet, made a point in another tablet which
tasdof twenty; the fourth of twenty-two; and they kept by them. Thus, the business being
ibe tifth of thirty : the sixth, being filled up with decided by most points, gave occasion to the
be poorer sort, made but one century; and was phrase omne tulit punctum. The same method
Mm regarded, or allowed any power in pub- was observed in the judiciary process at these
^ natters. Hence it is common with the comitia, and in the confirmation of laws; ex-
Rmbd anthon, when they speak of the classes, cept that, in both these cases, only two tablets
u reckon no more than five, the sixth not being were offered to every person, one marked a and
^oofM worth their notice. This last class was di- the other u. r. See A. But though in the elec-
uJed into two parts, or orders ; the proletarii and tion of magistrates, and in the ratification of
^ capite oeosi. The former, as their name im- laws, the votes of that century, whose tablets
ple% were merely designed to stock the republic were equally divided, signified nothing ; yet in
«tfa mea, as they could supply it with little trials of life and death, if the tablets pro and
Booey ; and the latter, who paid the lowest tax con were the same in number, the person was
o^ill, were marshalled by their heads. Per- acquitted.
•DOS of the first rank, from their pre-eminence, Comitia Curiata owed their origin to the
^ the name of classici ; whence the term division which Romulus made of the people into
^U»c All others were said to be infra classem. thirty curiae ; ten being contained in every tribe.
Tuit assembly of the people by centuries was They answered in most respects to our parishes,
•cii (or the electing of consuls, censors, and being not only separated by proper bounds and
ftton ; ibr the judging of persons accused of limits, but distinguished by their different places
•^theycalledcrimen per duellionis, or actions for public worship, which was performed by
-7 vhich the party had showed himself an enemy priests called curiones. The power of calling
(c ii>e state, and ior the confirmation of all such these assemblies belonged at first onl v to the
J«s ai were proposed by the chief magistrates, kings ; but upon the establishment of the de-
Tbe pLoe appointed for their meeting was the mocracy, the same privilege was allowed to most
laoptts Martins ; beause in the primitive times of the chief magistrates, and sometimes to the
^ peopi/, to prevent any sudden assault from pontifices. The persons who voted, were such
t^r fneoues, went armed to these assemblies. Roman citizens as belonged to the curis ; or
Bfct it was afterwards thought sufficient to place lived in the city, and conformed to the rites of
<^l of soldiers as a guard in the jauiculum, their curi»; all those being excluded who dwell
*^re an imperial standard vras erected, the without the bounds of the city, retaining the ce-
t^i&g down of which denoted tlie conclusion remonies of their own country, though they liad
ti the comitia. By the institution of these co- been admitted free citizens of Rome. These,
liU, Servius Tullius took the whole power and the other comitia, were held only as business
^n«D tiie commons : for the centuries of the first required. The people being met together, and
'fti ncfaest dass being called out first, who were confirmed by the report of good omens from the
^^n« oore in number than all the rest put to- augurs, the rogatio, or business to be proposed,
t^^^, if they all agreed, as tliey generally did, was publicly read ; after which the people divided
^ basinesi was decided, and the votes of the into their proper curiie, and consulted of the
'^ classes were needless. Accordingly the matter ; and then the curis being called out, by
^ last scarcely ever came to vote. The com- lot, gave their votes man by man, in ancient
^><^ in the time of the republic, to remedy times viv& voce, and afterwards by tablets ; the
^ dindrantage, obtained, that, before they most votes in every curise going for the voice of
l^^^ceeded to voting at these comitia, that cen- the whole curise, and the majority of the curiae •
tin ihoQld give their suffrages first upon whom for the general consent of the people. In the
•t Wl by lot, With the name of centuria prero- time of Cicero, the comitia curiata were so neg-
»in; the rest being to follow according to the lected, that they were formed only by fifty lic-
"^ of their classes. The prerogative century tors representing the thirty curiae ; whence, in
**iog chosen by lot, the chief magistrates, sitting his second oration against RuUus, he calls them
* * tent in the middle of the Campus Martius, comitia adumbrata.
^'^"•d thai cf^vary to come out and give their Comitia Tbibuta. Tl»e division of the peo-
^^*n; upon which they separated from the pie into tribes was an invention of Romulus,
***• *ad caow into an enclosed apartment, which after he had admitted the Sabines into Rome ;
^^ termed septa, or ovilia, passing over the and though he constituted at that time only three.
COM
233
COM
Fjim Q«wm of Lot* ! my life then mutt eemmand.
Toe ileader price for ell thj fonner grace,
WUeh I TCoeive at thy eo boonteons head ;
iii wtrtw ian I epedk her name or face. Spemer,
Thtuoe she imiiiiBiiJmf me to priion new ;
Wkawl I glad did not gainetay nor efarive,
lat tdfand that aaoM dwarfe me to her doageoa drive.
Id,
Well do thee komage, and he ruled by thee ;
Lb?* thee as ow fewiiWifffr and our king. SHaktpeare.
I tkeagbt that all thtnge had been savage here.
Auk thmioce pot I on the coontenanoe
W Utxn tomm^idmeni. Id, A»jf<m like it.
CmbmmW always by the greater gust ;
Sifh is the Twfc»»»*«* of yon common men.
Id, Henry VI,
Up to the Eastern tower.
Whose height evmmandt as subject all the vale.
To Me the sight. Id, TroUm and Creuida,
Take pity of yoor town and of your people,
Whk yet ny suldieia are in my osoHMond.
Id, Bennf V.
nej plainly require some special commandmaU for
lUi vhich is exacted at their hands. Hooker,
To prssoibe the order of doing in all things, is a
prerogative y which
hath, as queen of
over all other virtues. Id,
The Rflssaas, when cemmamdert in war, spake to
4cir snsy, and s^led them. My soldiers.
Baeon't Apoplhegmt.
Whatever hyporritea austerely talk
Of pvity. and place, and innocence,
Dcfasaiag as inqmre what God declares
Psre, sad mmmaudt to some, leaves free to all.
Ov Maker bids increase : who bids abstain
B«t oar destroyer, fioe to God and man? MSton,
His eye might there eemmamd wherever stood
City, of old or modem fame, the seat
Of su«htiest empire. Id,
Ot this tree we msiy not taste nor touch ;
God so
and left that command
Sole daoghtcr of his voice. Id, Paradim Loet,
At there is no prohibition of it, so no oMMnond for
s. Ttijflor,
Sir Fiederick and Sir Solomon draw lots
f « ^ flSBHsaed of politicks and Scots :
^^ut Cell to words, but quarrels to adjourn,
Y^ fticads agreed they should coiwiiaiid by turn.
MmvOl,
^tsK two iswaieerfiaji powers of the sou], the un-
^^■aadiag and the will. South,
The steepy stand,
Vkach overhx^ the vale with wide command.
Dryden'i M»eid,
^JVKetmmmmdtem therefore, princess, queen
^ *U «v fofces, be thy word a law. FakfoM.
lofce may often create, but can never
and whatever any one b brought
^^ompiJsion, be will leave as soon as he can.
Locke OH Edueaiiom,
AaiU he, who was thy lord, wmmand thee now
'tk s hanh voice, and supercilious brow,
Tsimilt duties. Dryden'M Pen, Sat, 5.
^Mcs, Hcniy, and Francis of France, often ad*
^^>and rsther as soldiers than as eonMaraderr.
Hayward.
^ iUe wiaadi a view of the finest garden in
^ «<arld. Addmm't Chtardiam.
Aai «n his biow each awe majestic sate
^^ Moksd to speak him bom for high eomuumd ;
^***l^ Mv, Ibr many a moon, the sport of Fat<>,
~^ " from his nativts land. Gay.
COMMA'NDERY, n. i. From command.
A body of the knights of Malta, belonging to the
same nation.
CosMandery, or Commavdby, a kind of be-
nefice belonging to a military order, and con*
ferred on ancient knights who had done service
to the order. There are regular commanderies,
obtained by merit: tliere are others of favor,
conferred by the grand master : there are also
commanderies for the religious, in the orders of
St. Bernard and St. Anthony. The commanderies
of Malta are of different kinds; for knights,
chaplains, and brothers servitor. The knight to
whom one of these is given is called commander ;
which agrees nearly with the prtepositus set over
the monks in places at a distance from the mo-
nasters. Thus, the simple commanders of Malta,
are ratherfarmersof the order than beneficiaries,
paying a certain tribute, called responsio, to the
common treasure of the order.
COMMANDINE, or Commandinus (Fred-
eric), bom at Urbino in Italy, in the sixteenth cen-
tury, and descended from a noble family. To great
skill in mathematics he added a profound know-
ledge of the Greek Tongue. He translated seve-
ral of the Greek mathematicians into Latin, as
Archimedes, Apollonius, Euclid, &c. which no
writer till then nad attempted.
COMMANGES, one of the small Virgin Isles,
in the West Indies, situated to the N. N. £. of
Tortula. Long. 63° (f W., lat. 18° 25' N.
COMMANTAWANA, a bay on the north
coast of the island of St Vincent, about a mile
east of Tarrata Point.
COMMATE'RIAL, tu^. ) Lat. con and wa-
Commateria'lity, n. s. y teria. Resembling
another thing, or consisting of the same matter.
The beaks in birds are eommaterial with teeth.
Bacon.
"nie body adjacent and ambient is not eommaterial,
but merely heterogeneal towards the body to be pre*
served. Id.
CGMMELIN (John), a celebrated Duch bo-
tanist, was bom at Amsterdam in 1629. He, as
well as his father, was a magistrate of that city,
where he formed a well-managed botanical gar-
den, and died in 1692. His works are, I. Ca-
talogus Plantamm Indigenarum Holland is,
12mo. 2. Catalogus Plantamm, Horti Medici
Amstel. Besides which he assisted in the Ilortus
Indicus Malabaricus.
CoMMELiM (Gaspar), physician and nephew of
the above, was appointed professor in botany and
director of the garden at Amsterdam. He pub-
lished, 1. Flora Malabarica. 2. Praeludia Ana-
tomica, 4to. 3. Pneludia Botanica. 4. Icones
Plantamm, pnesertimei Indiis coUectarum. 5.
Botanographia Malabarica, folio.
COMMELINA, in botany, a genus of the
roonogynia order and trian^ria class of plants ;
natural order sixth, ensatae : cob. hexapetalous ;
nectaria three, of a cfuciform figure, ana inserted
into their proper filaments. Species thirteen, all
natives of warm climates. They are herbaceoas
plants, rising from two to four feet high, and
adorned with blue or yellow flowers. Their
culture is the same wim that of the common
exotics.
[™*tjl.l;H,pol^.
'I^™-'^- 7°'^»
d,.«-
^*';sd„i";?/r,
p^.cud Ih^i Iron ,nt^^ Ihn
thit i-it. t« tiH, m>d«^ ii;^
^.'u^r'nd'^™
fes;ansr::ifS-'.3
i> tKM lliM. Oh bo.
Md »., pnl ulbni .r
•cdptn
"^•i^sr'ix
■.. e™?
"■'"■"^"l'"^^
'x:s
13,'i:^--
PQ!
III!
IL
COM 2C1 COM
oooDliTiDeD on the opposite shores of France, as Some puts of knowledge God has thongU fit to
well as in the other parts of Europe, we may ■orlade from ns; to fence them not only by precept
jiBtly Goodude that they corresponded with "^^ eommmatUm, but with difficulty and imposaibili-
them, and that had their dominidn continued **«• Deet^ of Pietsf.
longer it would haTe produced many advantages. COMMIN'GLE, v. a, & ». n. Lat commitceo.
Rot the Normans, men of the same race, dispos- To mix into one mass ; to unite intimately ; to
sesscd them here; and partly under color of blend; to unite one with another,
riffat, partly by force, erected that monarchy, Blest are those,
idudh, not without various alterations and changes, Whose blood and judgment are so well eammmgled,
subsists even to our time. That they are not a pipe for fortime's finger,
We cannot here tiace tfie ebbings and flowings To sound what stop she please. Shaktpeare. Hamlet,
of our commerce through every reign; but the Dissolutions of gum tragacanth and oil of sweet
opinio 1 commonly entertained, mat we had little almonds do not eommutgle, the oil remaining on the
or DO trade before the time of Queen Elizabeth, top till they be stirred. Baam't PhytUxd Remaim.
seems to have but feeble support from history. Thy fanes, thy temples, to thy surface bow.
The reign of that princess, however, was brilliant Commmgliuig slowly with heroic earth,
m every point of view. At her accession the fi- Broke by the share of every rustic plow :
nances of the nation were in a desperate condition ; So perish monnmenu of mortal birth,
ihe crown was in debt, the treasury empty, the So perish all in turn, save well remrded worth,
tatjon in? olved in a foreign war directly against Bjmm'« Chiide Harold,
ber own interests, and our coasts naked. It had CO'MMINUTE, v. a. j Lat. comminuo. To
t»creditabroad,nor concord at home; the great Comiiinu'iblb, 04^'. S grind; to pulverise;
Btt were split into factions, and the common peo- Commimu'tion, n. *. 3 to break into small
pie distracted and dejected. In this sad situation of parts. It is also used in the sense of attenuation .
iSm, the first establishment of our commerce Causes of fixation are the even spreading of the
was effected. The government was compelled to spiriu and tangible parte, the closeness of the tan-
^ with caution, to draw assistance from every giUe parte, and the jejuneness or extreme ceiiMimM-
Quazter, and to promote by every means the wel- *»<• »f »pirite ; of which the two first may be joined
ate of the people, both to support the expenses ^»th a nature liquifiable. Bacon,
of the stale, and to give a popular turn to her Parchment, skins, and cloth drink in liquors,
ewacils. Elizabeth encouraged her subjects to though themselves be entire bodies, and not comnrt-
aim against the Spaniards, that they might be ac- "«'*^' «• •■»<* ^^ •^««- ^^' Natural History.
nstomcd to the sea, and acquire a knowledge in The best diamonds are commimuble; and are so far
■ligation. She erected several companies, from breaking hammers, that they submit unto pesti-
ad wis attentive to* their pursuing the ends ^'^j?"/ »»^. ^»tnot "my ordinary pestle. Browne.
fcf which they were designVi. I>uriug her V""* ™"*"8? ^^ T^^ ^'^ the flmt doth only
^^^ _. ^. _^- 1 1 S • make a commmirfioii, and a very rapid wbirline and
^ mra, she particularly encouraged in- ^^Iting of some particles; buuhat idea of flame i.
Jihyat home, and the honor of the country ^hoUy inus. BemUy.
vnao ; our commodiues and manufactures were rt/^mfihirT/cpD atv t ^ a -
■pwwd, the art of ,hip.building was brought COMMI SERATE, «. a. ^ Latf<mandm,-
tofwfcction, our ports wWe filled with able 4a- CouuiSL%A,tt^ad,. Kunor. Top.iy;
■iTwlEn^ishiiierchants were jusUy respected, r. k "'"',".• "J'** V*' '? compassiODMc.
r»4ort,the%«edsof British weilth.iown in her JH'^'elaUoD to suffering, and inore especially
«»*, haw been springing up eTer since. See »» «f ™8.*^»«8 '^[P™ .^"'n'l'jy «',«?»<1»«-
E»«u»o, 4KD Trade. ^ ^'P"' ^^^ "P***"" .** ^^^ ."' .** '""
COMMERSONIA,inbotony,agenusofthe **«V» »°^ f?!;""*"i'!?"i ^'" " 1* ^'"-
|«i»gyina order, and pentandrii da^of plants : ^'"', P«°>»^y niodified. toronassion « a
UL .^BooopkyllousTfive-parted, corolliferous S?"' * ^«"'"'* "f °»'""'' ^ '*'«'« Ae unhapny .
p«i»«k. with*^,fcarp oTatedUgme^its; com. five ^T?k •!!" " .1! T^ J 7%
Uar petals; staIi. five ver? short filamenU T? *e guilty wretch, whose offence we deplore,
X tbe (aies of the petals ; pericarp a globular, ^'* ^^ sorrows exate us to do all we can for
^ qoinquelocular nut, ^iS two ovated seeds ^'•, «''«*^'. . Conaniseratoon is represented as he
• aTdiVisioo. Species one only; naUve of '**''"8 '^e"* "Vf wretchedness excites in the
«<»l««e and the Soa£sea Islands. Supreme Being. Coramiseranon isalsothetender-
r/vin»A>n tmo . -r . m ■ ''^*^ which we feel towards those who are below
tfrMMIGRATE, v. n. I Lat eon and mt- „, {„ Nation or character, when they are o>er.
Uwiica» now, «. «. igro. Totenjovcm whelmed with calamity,
* "xiy, or by content, firom one country to _. . ^ , .
aMhtr. These poor Mdneea creatues, whnm I ran nrtthcr
speak nor think of bat with mnck eomrnueration and
uA Ike JahahHsBls of tliat, and of our world, lost pity. Hooker
ef their oommigntiom hence. Forgive a moiety of the principal
Wocdmarft Nahml WHtq/. Glancing an eye of pity on hi* louee,
COMMINA-nON, «. «. \ Lat. ammimUio. ^ have of lale lo hnddled on hi. back ;
ConM.'a^ToaT, a£. \ A threat ; a de- ?T^ to pree. . toj«I n^rehant down,
aifiwisiu^ ...r . • iT M. fm. J And pluck commueraium of his state
S^S^ i/r^f K^K ' 1; "^^^^ tl Fn,m brassy bosoms, and rough hearts of flint.
«««em the English chureh, otherwise called ^^ ^ublim Turks, and Tatars, never trained
«»|^ rtneiday, when the commmatory or de- To olBces of genUe courtesy. SAoibpears.
^^^ portions of the LeviUcal law are read, Lire, and Lere*fter say
Q w the eople sy Amen. A mad man's merry bade thee run sway.
-*' - z:rr'^ ^=^£~s:€^""-^-i:;t
3*;' ShvSr
Z^]jc^^f'
'fJT, i£^:!i'S:
"t^Z-.—^-tt^Z^.^illt ?z"r*^"'^'"3r'E
1 I
T.„^^^'T-^■•'^"^ -i^: bti~r^-~u.i~~i~^, '
, 1
r?S: 23™£;
ta^^tri^it™. ni.____i_ """^
J
~^.'ii:B^is
1
L^ii^^jsr^'s^"" £^crSSSS:"^x
"iirs "iuii«'ij''hi"^'"
^^3.-2^-"^"—^ -"^s^-^ir^xxir-.^
,(
'S jiSws?.;;:
','
^b, '■■'""";!»^"«i*'»'
,'^U ^ ito ■ "^"^J^"
•jj« h ™«i^^™j ^^i™, j^;'^^ -_'^;2ti: b i!?Uw, 1 '
TfiF E^n^i^3^^
1^
'^ft~g«.^.^L... '° 'r.._.., ,i,.„i..„in„.„i. °''^'"' '1
i:
roiiaoDiANU9.rfaiB..cb™ik«.u. Ji^'ilZ^""^"*"^""™!^ *:
'5 S'^"'^ir'
3'^;^C>;;,;K;s«".r^-rr;^r4?.:;'.t"b'i:"^iiEX
;£-j,r«;z:,-rjxr~X s;^i°£te
,M ^'^."i^-^*^'''
I
ii
s-
W."^^!?^™
U liinH Df H^ don nu onupr ■ pal "Bli, "(■>«■■ cwtfUin, iM tit HICHbilu. ]
COM 27 J COM
COMO, a Wkc of Italy, iu the Milanese, and very rich, and are of the Greek religion. It wa*
ca the ooDfmes of Swiuerland and the Orisons, almost destroyed by an earthquake in 1783. It
it is the largest lake in Italy, being twenty-eight is seated between the Danube and the Waag, in
w\n io length from north to south, from three the island of Schut ; thirty-six miles south-east
to 91 in breadth, and eighty-eight in circumfer- of Presburg, and seventy of Vienna. Long. 18*
tact. Towards the soudi it is divided into two 25' E., lat. 47** 50' N.
boncbes; at the end of the one stands the town CCyMPACT, n. s. Lat. pactum. A contract ;
of Como, and at that of the other Lecco. The an accord ; an agreement; a mutual and settled
Adda nios throagfa it ; and its banks are adorned appointment between two or more, to do or to
with rincs, chestnuts, almond-trees, and various forbear something. It had anciently the accent
lovns and villages. on the last syllable.
Covo, a populous city of Italy, in the depart- I hope the king made peace with all of us ;
OMol of Lano, and ci-devant province of Comas And the eompaet is firm and true in me.
CO, pleasantly situated in a valley, enclosed by Shakspemre, Richard III.
Me hills, on the south branch of the lake, near ^^ *« beginnings of speech there was an implicit
the louice of the Adda. It was built by the «»"JP*=*' f^""*^*^ ""^on common consent, that such
G«U aader Brennus ; and called Novocomum. T,*"^'' ^7?~' ^' 8~t«re. .hould be sign, whe^by
f. .t . -^i 1 r rf^ ^ II T • J they would express their thoughts. Sauih,
h wii the birth-place of Catullus, Jovius, and ^^ ^^^ impacted for a lease of year.
niDV the younger ; the last of whom, in his ^i^j^ j,ell, that thus thou venturcst to provoke me.
KUen, speaks with rapture of its delightful situ- Dryden*» Duke of Gmte,
atxn, and the adjacent romantic scenery. It is Thou false fiend, thou liest !
wrmiDded by a wall, defended by towers, and Hy life is in iu last hour, — that I know,
lacked by a conical eminence, on which are the Nor would redeem a moment of that hour ;
nuns of an ancient castle. The houses are I do not combat asainst death, hut thee
laostly built of stone, and the cathedral is a And thy surrounding angels ; my past power
Undsome edifice of white marble, hewn from the Was purchased by no compad with thy crew.
Btighbouring quarries. It is a bishop's see, and Byron'« Bfanfred.
cootaini twelve parish churches, and 15,000 Coupa'ct, t;. a. & od;.^ Lat. com/iac^t(5, the
takabitaati. On the outside of one of the Compa'ctedness,!!. s.f participle of compingo.
Uureho is a statue of Pliny, with a Latin in- Compa'ctly, udv. > Primarily to close ; to
KTiuixn, dated 1419. The inhabitants trade Compa'ctness, n. s. i join together with
vit& the GrisoDS, and carry on manufactures of Compa'cture, n. s. J firmness; to consoli-
tt>b, cottons, fcc. Como is twenty miles north date; to bring close together. Thus, seconda*
of Milan, and eighty north-east of 'Turin. rily, it signifies to league with; to bring into a
CO MORA, an island of Africa, in the Indian system ; the derivatives have the same meanings
Oono, which gives name to the cluster, of which without variation.
ttjakes one. It is about sixty miles long, and We see the world so compacted, that each thing
bWo broad, and composed of ranges of moun- pieserveth other things, and also itself. Hooker.
bw, forming in the centre a summit of 7500 Xtoa pernicious woman,
wl elevation. It conUins many villages, which Compact with her that's gone, thinkest thou thy oaths,
ue roofted to and inhabited by Madagascar Though they would swear down each particular fact,
P<ntCf. Long. 43« 10' E., lat. 11'' 50' S. Were testimonies? Skaktpeare. Meamrefor Meamre,
CoMOEA Islands, a cluster of islands lying And over it a fair portcullis hung,
^*t*wa the north einl of Madagascar and the Which to the gate directly did incline,
COM of Zangaebar. Authors differ greatly with With comely compass, and eompMtme strong,
'^'pid to their number, some enumerating five, Neither unseemly short, nor yet exceeding long.
^n eight, and others only three. The names Faene Queeme.
^ fite lave been given us : Angezeia, Comora, ^ ^ wandering fire,
Joanna, or Hiniuan, Mayotta, and Mobilia. Co'J^ of unctuous vapour, which the night
TVy all abound in catUe, sheep, hogs, and a ^^^.^a ^k *»'>«r.?«^^ eonden««,
^r of fruits and animals common ii warm ^?t "^ «ptaUon to a flame. MUton.
-^mnes. They are said also to produce a ^'f*^*^ ^' cof,^>acteA^, bemg natural to density,
jwaiukind of rice. Tlie most reiiarkable of ^"l'!' !!«•'!!? ^^ flT''^ m propomon to the
X.^ .-J _j.-_L T?» i_ . • . J density, or some other outward violence, to break it.
^ and which Europ«M are best acquainted j^^,^ ^ ^^,^
•tt, IS Joanna. The inhabitants are here about t. «^* .v j •* • • i^ Z
70W m Dumber, and are chiefly settled inland. Jl T ^ VH^ ^ 't^ ?k "^"".T'^'
Tv^ __ '"•^/»,"*** ^^ viireuj avuicu luicuiu. ^^j^ ^ ^^ ^^^ ^^^ grosscT bodics, than withm the
n Wr * J«*'P<>"» Teneration to a species of po^ ^^^t, glass, ciysul, gems, and other am^ct
^ which are very numerous, and inhabit a bodies. Newum*» OpOcks.
u!lrL ^ ^ y?7 *^y ^^""^ ^ """u^ The beet lime morUr will not have attained its
«r^ J^ u ® ae«P€nite iV^^' ^"^ «*»«•* oompactneu, till fourscore years after it has
'««py the north-western part of Madagascar, been employed in building. This is one reason why.
"Wje cron every year by the south-west, with in demolishing ancient fabrics, it is easier to break
■^ thirty to fifty canoes, and return by the the stone than the morUr. Bojfle,
•wih-€Mt monsoon. Their depredations are said This disease is more dangerous, as the solids are
rJiiS^B depopulated these islands. more strict ^d compacted, and consequently more m>
^ OMORRA, the capital of a district of Hun- as people are advanced in age. Artmthnot on Diet,
Pn- It b » well fortified, that the Turks could Kow the bright sun etmpacu the precious stone,
^'T lake it The greatest part of the inhabi- Imparting radiant lustre like his own.
'^^ vt Hangarians and Russians, who are Blaekmore't CreoHm,
COM 273 COM
fukt, howerer, established either by royal certain vesseb shall be acknowleged admitStl,
doner or by act of parliament, differ in several vice-admiral, and rear-admiral ; that such and
respects, not only from regulated companies, but such signals shall be observed ; that tliose which
finoo private copartneries. 1. In a private co- bear no guns shall pay so much per cent, of
putnety, no partner, without the consent of the their cargo ; and, in case they be attacked, that
eompany, can transfer his share to another person, what damages are sustained shall be reimbursed
10 iouoduce a new member into the company, by the company in general. In the Mediterranean
Each member however may, upon proper warn- such companies are called conserves,
iag, withdraw from the copartnery, aud demand Con pant's Island, or Uaiup, an bland in
ptjoMot from them of his share of the common the North Pacific Ocean, about sixty miles in
juick. In a joint-stock company, on the contrary, length, and thirty to forty-five in breadth. It
so memher can demand payment of Ms share appears to be uninhabited, and is in long. 151°
froQ the company ; but each member can, with- t(f £., lat. 46^ N.
(W their consent, transfer his share to another COMPA'RE, v. a. & v. n.^j Lat. comparo ;
pcnon, and thereby introduce a new member. Co'mpabable, a*'. Fr. comparaison.
The value of a share in a joint-stock is always Co'mparablt, adv. [To make one
ihe price which it wUl bring in the market ; and Compa'eative, adj, fthing the mea-
tkis may be either greater or less, in proportion, Compa'batively, adv, sure of anolhec ;
than the sum which its owner stands credited for Compa'rison, n. s. J to estimate the
a the stock of the company. 2. In a private relative goodness or badness, or other qualities
©partneiy, eadi partner is bound only to the of any one thing, by observing how it differs
went of his share. The trade of a joint-stock from something else. It may be observed that
cocppany is generally managed by a court of di- when the comparison intends only similitude or
Kctor*. The principal joint-stock companies in illustration by likeness, we use to before the
Crest Britain are the South Sea and the East thing brought for illustration ; as he compared
Itda Companies ; to which may be added, anger to a fire. When two persons or things are
AoQRh of inferior magnitude, the Hudson's Bay compared, to discover their relative proportion
CooMDy. See HcrsoN's Bat; Indie-s East, of any quality, iw'/A is used before the thing used
ttd SocTH Seas. The African, Turkwr, and as a measure. Simile ; similitude ; illustration
Knnao Companies are rather regulated than by comparison. In grammar, the comparative
nde joint-stock companies by act of parliament, degree expresses more of any quantity in one
5« AraiCAV Compavt, &c. The anomalous thing than in another; as the right hand is the
«>d ephemeral projects of the last few years, we stronger. It is also the formation of an adjec-
■^ht almost say months, which have been de- tive, through its various degrees of signification;
Slated as companies, we cannot be expected as strong, stronger, strongest
©JiOUce. The exclusiye privileges of all the^ ^hi, pre.ent world affordeth not any thing com-
twwauoos haTe been thought at variance with ^, ^^^^ ^ „blick duUe. of religion. Mooker.
^'^^4!^J^J^ "i ^' '^W^\^'^^ Then, rcteth the comporoiA.. thu i., granted that
^exemption from many of the liabilities of u u eidier Uwf«l or bindingTT^
eriiDaiy partnenihips have ofltered great pro- be not to be prefened before the extirpation of here-
vctioii occasiooaHy to knavish transactions. On ^^ Boom,
Ike oUjef l«md, in the ^ of a public body, the ^^ y^„ j, ^ .^.^^ ^ ^^Hough the re-
opital It IS sa^ M «atter of notonety, and the ^^^^ ^ j^ ^^ ^^e ^^ die fruit, be a camparath>€
'(spoQiibiiity of the individual partners admits ggoj. Id.
;/ limitation, without iiyury to the creditors of ^^ f^, «d as good a kind of hand in hand eoi*.
ae coDcetn. Bat what say late events to this pariion, had been something too fair and too good
^*^«8 ' for any lady. ShaJitpian.
CoMrAViES OP LoRDOM. See London. I will hear Bnxtui speak.
Compavt, in military affairs, a small body of I will hear Cas»ias« and eompare reasons. Id.
feot, commanded by a captain, who has under Solon compared the people «mft»the sea, and oratoia
^'■n a lientenant and ensign. The number of and counsellors to tlie winds ; for that the sea would
P^inte loldiers in a company is from fifty to be calm and quiet, if the winds did not trouble it.
I'jO; and a batuUon, or regiment, consists of BaumU Apopkthegmt,
K-Be, ten, or eleven such companies, one of As their small galleys may not hold oompare
•Itich is always gienadieis, and posted on the With our tall ships. WaUer.
\ V* • "*** '^i"/**"'^ the colonel's company, j^^^ ^,„^ the Son of God was seen
>---«i on the left the liiht mfantry company. A Most glorious. MUum'$ Faradm LoH.
^*»pafly, moreover, has usually three or four .p^ compan
►p^ts, three or four corporals, and two Small things ^3i«»tott. Id. Beamed,
tT^u !lL Lrt*' ' .kTP!?!^ "^"T* ^ «' ^" '^itJ^ otherthings, man's age compare,
^120 men each, as m the artillery In Hislife Ubuta day^forreijualled Je
AeAustnan service a company consists of 200 Hi. year, with boures ; hiTmonths with minutes bee
f/ • Fit paralcls ; and, every breathing, wee
toMrABT, Independent, or Company, la- May terme a day yet, some, even at the night
Uci ua, a company not incorporated into a Of that short day, are dead, and withered quite,
'tfnn^t. George WUhen.
Oiutk%r OP Ships, a fleet of merchantmen. Our author saves me the coa^MruM with tragedy i
«So Bake a charter-par^ among themselves ; for he says, that herein he is to imitate the tragick
^ principal oonditiooi whereof usually are that poet. Drydsn.
Vol. VI. T
COMPASS.
275
or il ihHi voiia, the tngfr
VUl not a mm^ wMMom t«eiiie ;
mia M Bokel wol embrace
Lte thenol abel distreane. Chameer's IVeonrlt.
B«nd ««• the aliape ia annexe of a canyoi
FU of dcfraei, the hight of sixty pot,
nn vkiB » man woe let en no degree,
HckOfd BOt his Cdaa for to see.
fd. CttiUerbury TaUt.
What UDV !■ lefty Claiinda? what remaines,
Ite «e may ceuym this our enterprise. i^aemer.
nsi vhich by wisdom he saw to be reqmiite for
Am pMfle, was by aa great wisdom comptused.
Q Jaliety I already know thy grief ;
It stmiBS me fMt the ciwi^iast of my wits.
Shakipemrg.
11m day I taaathnd iirst ; time is come roand ;
lad vheie I did begin, there shall I end :
Mj U& k ran its rm^iiii Id. JwUm Ctamr.
I me ibe etm^mmed with thy kingdom's peeia,
QiigM^ »« salviatian in their ">*pd«-
Id, Maehetk.
In his hand
He toek the golden ooa^pcuset, prepared
la God's eternal store, to draunscribe
JUtt aniTeraey and all created things.
Jfttton'f Paradm LotU
And their mount Palatine,
Tb«* DBpstial palace, somfWM hage, and high
Asslraeiaie. Id, Poradua Jfayotwad^
B«hsd a mind to nake himself master of Wey-
M^, if he caald aamaait it without engaging his
fW kaewtodge of what is good and what is evU,
•bie^Jtt and what ought not to be done, is a thing
!•» b^ to be mnyasini. and too hard to be masieied
nkoQt bmins and atudy, parts and oontemplatico.
atrnth,
Cotixn it i*, that in two hundred yeas before (I
^eak vitUin nmpmm^ no such commission had bo«i
iKsicd in either of these pioviaoea.
Hoeiaran Itdamd,
Ae thst tot discovered the use of the ooa^paai, did
MR for the eupplying and increase of usefid com-
miam, than those who built workhouses. Lo6k$,
Fma harmony, from heavenly harmony,
TUseaivcrsal fraine began:
Ffom harmony to harmony
TVivttf h sll the oamfoji of the notea it an.
Tie ^'^Tarr* cloaing full in man.
T« M one foot of their eompau whereyer they
Ikiak %t, sad extend the other to such terrible lengths,
vttLoat describing any circumference at all, is to
ksve m and iheoBaeWes in a Tcry uncertain state. ^
Sbsiff.
TbeE^bh are good confederates in an enteriviae
vkiA mM be dispatched in a short eompotf of time.
Addimm'M Fr0thalder.
Tte aadwr hath tried the force and osa^patt of our
l^rngs with much succaai. Smifi.
lU* ia jomr Ida tea thousand summer* roll,
Aad tbi* you mmffttt earth from pole to pole,
Vkme'sr men talk of war and martial fame,
Iktyll mcntioa Marlborough and Cesar's name.
Gmg,
How from the western mountain's brow
Cln^peaed with clouds of various glow,
Tka son a broader oib displays,
Aad shoots aslope his ruddy rays. BetUHe.
^9m matt the pastor's arm his lambs defend :
7«r Spain is nmnpinsrrf by unyielding foes,
Aad in mwt ihaie their all, or share subjection's
North.
Compass, an instniment of considerable use
in surveying land, dialling, &c. Its structure is
the same with that of the mariner's compass,
consistiug, like it, of a box and needle. The
principal difference is, that instead of the needle
being fitted into the card, and playing with it on
a pivot, it here plays alone; the card being
drawn on the bottom of the box, and a circle
divided in 360° on the limb. This instrument is
of obvious use to travellers, to direct them in
their road ; and to miners, to show tb^ what
way to dig, &c.
now to take an angle Ity the compass. — Suppose
the angle required be DAE, apply that side of
the compass, where-
on the north is
marked, to one of
the lines AD; when
the needle rests, ob-
serve t!ie degrees at
which its north
point stands, which
suppose eighty ; so
man^ degrees does
the hue decline from
the meridian. In the
same manner, take
the declination of the
line AE, which suppose 215^ ; subtract 80° from
215°, the remainder is 135°; which subtiacted
from 180°, there will remain 45°, the quantity of
the angle required. But, if the difference between
the declination on the two lines exceed 180°, in
that case 180° must be subtracted from that dif-
ference: the remainder then is the angle re-
quired. In measuring angles by the compass,
there need not any regard be had to the varia-
tion, that being supposed the same in all the
lines of the an^es.
How to take a plot of Jield by the compass. —
Suppooe the field Ay B^C,D,£. For the greater
South.
JD4 Fathoms
f%^
<&
3
E
300 DffT
ftocuracy, let there be two sights fitted to the
meridian line of the compass, place it horixontal,
and through the sides look along the side AB,
or a line parallel to it, applying the eye to the
sight at the south point of the compass. Draw a
rough sketch of toe field by the eye, and on the
corresponding line enter down the degree to
which the needle points, which suppose 90;
measure the length of the side, ana enter that
too, which suppose ten chains. In this manner
proceed with all the rest of the sides and angles
of the field ; the sides, which suppose 70, 65, 70,
44, 50 fiithom ; and the angles, which suppoie
Ta
R
H(d, iH^ tf cbImK iha iphHicd ftp ol poiDV to ittmbt ailk U, biuli lad. 4r ptfi
•Id b iKlr piliM, lid ill ifEi D( Oi MMfilll. Ota al It^ labu bu . m
r
COM 280 COM
The cloudt above me to the white Alps tend, Cemptmtaikm it a fpeciee of relatioa. It fa icb-
And I moat pierce them, and snnrey whato'er tion when the defecU of one fiait, or of om OT|aB,
May be permitted, aa my itept I bend ■» auppUed by the icractore of aiMther ofgan.
To their mott great and growing region, where Baiqr'f TMogg,
The earth to her embrace eompelt the power* of air. COMPEKSATIOK, in law. Where the same
Bjfnm's ChiUe Hanld. person is debtor and creditor, the mutual obligi.
COMPELLATION, n. i. Lat from com- tions,if they are for equal sums, are extingoisbed
pello. The style of address; the word of salu- by compensation; if for unequal, the lesser obli-
tation. gation is extinguished, and the greater dimi-
The etile bett fitted for all per«mi,on aU occaeiona, nished, as for as the concourse of debt and cre-
to use, is the eompellatioH of Father, which oar Sa- dit goes,
viour first taaght. Jhtppa't R^Oet of Devotiom. COMPERE'NDINATE, V. a. 7 Lat cow-
The peculiar eompdiatum of the kings in Franco, Comperendina'tion, n. s. ipertndmo; to
is by sire, which is nothing else bnt father. Tmnpk. delay ; delay ; dilatorinets.
GOMPE'NDIUM, n. *. ^ Lat. campen. CQ-MPETENT, orfj. -j latin c^(fai.
diwn, compel Co mpetence, «. i . f Suitable; fit; ade-
rtitf. Abridge- Co mpetency, n. f . (quate; proportion-
Co'mpeno, n. $.
Compendia'rious, adj.
CoMPEKDio'siTY, L i. Ueut ; summary; Co mpetently, arfv. J ate ; adapted to an,
CoiiPi^HDiocs,orf>. (bieTiatejabbrevi P"iT><Me without defect or superfluity. Cap*-
Com PE'NDiot;8LT, arfo. ature ; that which «'?- applied to intellectual power and judtcal
CoMPE'sDiousKESS, n. ». J holds much in a ^""^^h J'^^'^X T'' ^ "°^- P**" ^''
Umited space. Mr. Crabbe has thus distinguish- jf."*^ "^h' »? <*^«** *»° «>y pw" qn««*>«;
ed the modes of meaning between two Words I' « »'*> used in the sense of reasonable and
that are erroneously considered to be synony- '"<'"*'*'*.
moos. * An abridgement,' he obsenres, ' is the " '•»«« *» "J PJ'"* " Imagination, tbt diMsn
reduction of a work into a smaller compass. A »"» »* vfvetent. the mcdiom not Mirene, tad ik.
compendium is a general and concise yiew of "x**? •!* ""' pn^ottionue. ^^
any science, as geography or astronomy.' ^, ^^^ m«. ftom great exee«.' itV». S
By the apostles we haye the substance of Christian thoagh we nse them nnto somewhat less than n cm-
belief oomiwidiourfy drawn into few and short articles, peieni. Htokr,
-. . .^ . .. ^rSr* Foroomp^toncs of life I wUl aflow you.
The iBTinng ea.me» «d €anve,^,a^mei,ofih» ^^^ 1^ ^ ^^ ^^^ yoa not ti e^.
asseruon, should dame the eyes. Bmrntsr* Sermom. ^ ■ Hwm /^*
After we are grown well acquainted with a short __ . ^ ^^
system, or omftenUm^ of a science, which is written ^he greatest captain of the English broufht nd»
in the plainest and most simple manner, it is then • V'**^» **» a eomptimi army, to rocoi^ IreUnd^
proper to read a la^er regular treatise on that sub- Inamft •» Imm4
ject. IVaUt on the Mmd. That is the privilege of the Infinite Author of
Fix in memory the discourses, and abstract them things^ who never slumbers nor sleeps^ bat ii not
into brief eompends. Id, Improoemeni on the Mhtd, competemt to any finite being. IsqIi*
They learned more eompendiotu and expeditions I think it hath been eomnelftrtfa wared,
ways, whereby they shortened their labours, and • «r«^ _
gained time. WooduHurd,
COMPENSATE. .. «.. i^- ^i^; eivK^^2s:^r«i?.':iiSiS..
COMPE NSE, V. a, f compounded of com recreative discounee which maintain the cheaifalMM
Offwrnmsm efthe Tmfm.
require men oempefsiif(y endoved ;
think the appointment to be a dutjef juitiM
pense; to make amends; to countervail; to bound to respeot desert. Wtitm^
counterbalance a loss by an equivalent. MaJcine „ > v i i.^ ti .u • ^^.^^
J /. . . T ^ . r . . o Reason s whole pleasure, all the jots of scnss,
lip a deficiency, atomng, or saUsfymg for an Lie in three wonUrhealth; peace, Sd c«t—-
»nj«ry. p^
Poynings, the better to make oompenaaiiom of his There are who deaf to mad Ambition's call,
aerviee in the wars, called a parliament. Booon. Would shrink to hear the obstrepofous trusp ^
The length of the night, and the dews thereof^ Fame,
do MMpeiuale the heat of the day. Suptemely blest if to their portion £bU
Jd. Natural Hittorjf, Health, oooipefmof and peace. Bt^
It aeemeth, the weight of the quicksilver doth not a eompetem:^ ought to secure a man horn poreitj ;
eompenm the weight ol a stone, more than the weight „ if l^^ wastes it makoa him ashamed of pobtiibtac
of the aqua fbrtis id. his necessities. Johmton't life of Dnf'^
Butwlf'i'sSSi? SY^STTSTif^ki^^^ ^J'.^S^^pf S7^-,.S? C.xixHrM«,.
The plearares of life do not conipsnioli the miseries. i^OMPE Tf BLENESS, ft. #. )
/Vior. Those are properties not at all oompttSbk to bodj sr
Nature to these, without profusion kind, matter, though of never so pure a mixtare.
The proper or)j;anA, proper powers, assigned ; Otemiik
F-ach sc«*ming waiit onnftctuaied of course. It ii not eompgtihle with the grace of God so nock
llerr wiib degrees of swiftness, there of force. as to isdine any man to do evil.
Pope,
COM
ZSl
COM
COMPETITION, ft. «. Lat. con and peiitio ;
ajd r^mpeto, the Terb, which signifies to seek
I* ii-to the same object, with an emuloos desire
c(saecen to oarseWes : hence rivalry, contest,
haiso signifies double claim; claim of more
tiuo ooe to one thing.
Tbff andcat ftuaes of diteord and intense wan,
BpQD tke c—ygh'rtow of both hooset, would again re-
i<ra. Bacon.
Comfttiiiam to the ciown there is none, nor can be.
Id.
For 6od»
Xodkiag inore certain, will not long defer
To riadicate the glory of his name
Against all competiiUm, nor will long
Eaditre it doobtful, whether God be Lord
Or Dagoa. MUton't Sammm Ag(mM$tet,
TboTf b vhat proaoces any degree of pleasure be in
rvtf food, and what is apt to produce any degree of
pa:a be evil, yet often we do not call it so when it
( mt% ia eampetitUm ; the degrees also of pleasure and
i 1.B hire a prrf trenee. Locke,
Th* prize of beauty was disputed till you were seen ;
( It oov aU pretenders have withdrawn thcix claims :
'.«rre a no *vmpetitiam bat for the second place.
Dryden,
COMPETITOR, n. i. Lat. can and petUor,
.Vn opponent ; one that has a claim opposite to
u<>(heM;ari?al.
The Ouilforda an in aims^
And ereiy hoar more emnpsfitorv
Piock to the rebels. Shahpean. Rklkard til.
H«w lisrioas and impatient they be,
iad caaaot brook eenpefilorr in love.
Idm Tihu Amdrometu,
Srlynet, king of Algien, was in arms against his
hmber McdienwtaSy eompeliior of the kingdom.
KnoUet't Hutory,
COMPIEGNE, or Compeigne, a handsome
old town of France, in the department of Oise,
tfd n-derant nroviiice of the Isle of France.
IV herofc maici of Orleans was taken prisoner
'^ in 1430. It is seated near a large forest,
^ the confluence of the Aisne and the Oise, and
rntaios several churches, one of which possesses
«< first oigan ever seen in France. The palace
^ Compiegne was a fiivorite hunting seat of the
f reach monarchs. Population 1290. It is forty-
tgt.t miles north-east of Paris. Long. 2® 55' E.,
U 49^ 25' N.
COMPIXE, r.ii. N lAi. compUo. To write;
< OMPiLA'iros, n. s. f to compose ; to draw up
(ovprLEMEirT,ii.s. I from various authors, to
Coari'LEa. ^collect into one body;
tT'Conuio; to comprise, not used. Compilation
<* applied generally to an assemblage or coacer-
«<iiOo, SI in the following instance : —
T^oets tft it asoial! Tcin filled with spar, probably
*<M Um tioie o( the eompOatiim of the mass.
Woodward on FomU,
^^ M long a race aa I have run
yrm^ fairy ^oj^ which those six books eompUe,
<':v' leave to rmioe. Speiuer.
^ 1 *M eacoonfid to assay how I could build a man ;
•^ tHrrt is a moral aa well aa a natural or aitificial
(f and of better materials.
Woitonrn Edmoatvm
paiaiul aompiUn, who will scady old language,
•*7 laiBim the wwU that Hobeit earl of Oxford was
*^ tttasiuef, Sunfi.
In poetry they compile the praises of virtuous men
and actions, and satires against vice. Templg.
COMPITALIA, or Compitalita, feasts held
among the ancients in honor of the Lares; so
called from compitum, a cross-way ; because the
feast was held in the meeting of several roads.
The compitalia are more ancient than the building
of Rome. Dionysius of Halicamassus and Pliny
indeed, say, they were instituted by Se.rvius
Tullus; but this only signifies that they were
then introduced into Rome. The feast being
movable, the day whereon it was to be observed
was proclaimed every year. It was ordinarily
held on the 4th of the nones of February. Ma-
crobius observes, that they were held not only in
honor of the Lares, but also of Mania, the god-
dess of madness. The priests who officiated at
them were slaves and freed-men, and the sacrifice
a sow. They were re-established after long neg-
lect, by Tarquin II. on occasion of an answer of
the oracle that they should sacrifice heads for
heads ; i.e. that for the health and prosperity of
each family, children were to be sacrificed : but
Brutus, after expelling the kings, in lieu of those
barbarous victims substituted the heads of garlic
and poppy ; thus complying with the oracle by
sacrincmg heads. During the celebration of this
feast, each family placed at the door of their
house the statue of the goddess Minia. Thev
also bung up at their doors figures of wood,
representing men and women; accompanying
them tvith supplications that the Lares and Mania
would be contented with those figures, and spare
the people of the house.
COMPLA'C£NCE,n.s.^ Lat. con^cem;
Compla'cency, fi. f >low Lat. compla^
Compla'cent, adj, j centia. Pleasure,
gratification, more especially that which is de-
rived from self approbation. The cause of plea*
sure ; civility ; complaisance ; softness of mar-
ners ; afiability.
I by conversing cannot these erect
From prone, nor in their way eonq^cenee find.
MOtm.
O thou, in heaven and earth the only peace
Found out for mankind under wrath ! O thou.
My sole coiNpIaceiice / Id, Paradiae Lott,
When the supreme faculties move regularly, the in-
ferior affections following, there arises a serenity and
co$Hplaceney upon the whole soul. South,
Complaeen^ and truth, and manly sweetness.
Dwell ever on his tongue^ and smooth his thoughts
Addimm.
With mean complacence ne'er brtray your trust.
Nor be so civil as to prove unjust. Pope,
COMPLA'lN,r.n.&a.^ Fr. complaindrct
Compla'inant, n. s. Icomplainte. Tomen-
Compla'iker, n»s* & tion with sorrow and
Compla'int, n.s. J resentment; to mur*
mur; to lament; to inform against. A com-
plainant is one who urges a suit, or commences
a prosecution against another ; a complainer is
a murmurer, a lamenter; one who bewails or
accuses. Complaint sometimes signifies the
vepitisentation of what aggrieves ; sometimes it is
used for the cause of the evil, and not unfr^
quently for the evil itself.
And most of al, for this I me complamc.
That she hath joy tci laughen at my peine.
Chaucer. GamploUit of the Black Knight .
COM
283
COM
iOov me to ghre joa, bom the best mntbort , the
Mi$a« the eotiqvitj, the growth, the change^ and the
mafkttmmii e( MCiie Mneng the Roment.
Aydbw'a JMieatiom to Jufemat,
Thm tmtm of Tmiiitf almoit eomptett,
riic4 ia the idd of life, I hope retreat. Frior.
lUi w a faO eatire haimoBy and eoneeiit of all
tWdinae jacdkiioBS, recehriag their eemipUtwm ia
Chfiit. South*
Whatcter penoB wtwld atpire to he oanpbA^ir witty^
aait, heaiuiwia, aad |ioUte, moat be able to retain in
kif Bcneij evnj tifigle aentenoe contained in thia
«wi. Smi/i.
U tsy ditpoation ahoold appear towards so good
& vorii, the assistanee of the legislatire power would
M neeomy to make It more eompiete. Id^
To towB he eomce, eompUiot the nation's hope,
Ui beads the bold trained-bands^ and boms a pope.
Pope.
Ht aales it the ntmost oompteton of an ill cha*
wter IS beer a malcrolenee to the best men. Id.
TW bappj mom that shall her bliss compUte,
4id sQ her riTals* enrions hopes defeat. Gajf,
TWst psttt go to make vp the eompleieneoi of any
eircL Wattt^ Logiek^
lliat aabre's whirling sway,
*W4i hgi atonement for iU first delay ;
Cm^kim his faiy, what their fear begun.
Aid auikes the many basely qnafl to one.
CCXMPLEX, dd^. & 11. f.^ Lat. eotnjdeius,
CoMPLC'xED, adf. Composite ; of
CovpLE'xKDVEsSy ti. I. many parts; not
Covple'xlt, adv. [simple ; including
CovrLC'xinss, II. «. many particulars.
CoHPLt'xvRCy n. f . J Complication, in-
^tioQ of nanr particular parts in one int^ral.
TW opposite of sinplicity.
Tkii psvaUe of the wedding snpper oomprehenda
B icthe whole complex of all the blessing* and pri«
•>W» ohibiied by the gospel. SratA'a Sermomt,
Ideas Bade op of arveral simple ones, I eall com-
fia; each as bnuty, gratitude, a man, the nniverse ;
*t^, thoe^ eomplieated of Tarions simple ideas,
* oafka ideas made np of simple ones, yet are con-
•dasdao^by ilself aeoae. Loeko.
fnm the neaifl^JtJmat of these moral ideu, there
^dkm9 sooner inronTenience, Uiat the mind cannot
■dy Maia these precise combinations. Id.
I kaev that all words which are signs of complex
•dtai^ fandah nmtter of mistake and caril.
Bolm^foke.
Wsk each peifcaiiun frames
THonasnt ^wm^
A MoadBiy aweafial Bode« called a property,
**M*H geea tawaid aMkiay op the essence of a
"•fhsWiaf. Watte.
COMPLB'XION, ft. I. -) Latin, eompUxio.
Covrt^iio* AL, AJf. > The enclosure or in«
^VFufxioiiALLTfOdt?. J TotuUou of One thing
ta mother. The color of the external ports of
*7Mv. The temperatore of the body accord-
|>9 19 the vtiiovs proportions of the four medical
lie sikeaesse, or constellation,
Via, wo, or changing of ooei^xioM,
^anacth Ad eft to don amis or apeken ;
^ ettrj wrong, a man may not be wveken.
Ckamter. Cettt. Telat.
Amongst them bH sate he which wonned thefc>
That hight Phantastes by his nature trew;
A man of yeares, yet fresh, as mote appere.
Of swarth eomplerion and of crabbed hew.
That him fall of melancholy did shew, ^peaisr.
Men judge by the oompfecton of the sky
The stato imd inclinatiffn of the day.
SlhoAipiare. AacAord //•
What see yon in those popere, that yon lose
So mach eomplexiomf Id. ifemy F.
Men and other animale leeeiTe difiBrent tinctnree
from tomptexiemai eftoresceades, aad deeoend still
lower aa they partake of the fnl^pnons and denigrat-
ing hvmoam. Br^one.
An Indian king sent nnto Alexander a lair woman,
fed with poisons, either by conyexse cr copulation
09aipfaariowal%f to destroy him* Id, Vulgair Snomn.
Tie ill, though different your ooeip2sjrtoM ai««
The fiuBiily of heaven for men should war.
Dr^den'i Fabla.
The methods of providence, men of this ocnnpjesioa
must be unfit for the contemplation of.
Bmnet^s Theory of Ae Sarth.
Let melancholy rule supreme,
Cholcr preside, or blood, or phlegm.
It makee no difference in the case.
Nor is eomplsMon honoiv's place. Swift,
If I write on a black man, I run over all the emi-
nent persons of that eomplexiom, Addi$on*i Spectator.
Her wan eomplexiom** like the withered leek.
While Katharine pears adorn my ruddy choek.
Oajf.
Though the terms of proposition may be complex,
yet where the compoeition of the an^ment is plain,
simple, and regular, it is properly called a simple
syllogism, since the eoay/ss'icn does not belong to the
^llogistick fmn of it. Waiie.
CoMPLSXiov. Few questions in philosophy
have engaged the attention of naturalists more
than the diveraitics of the human species, among
which that of color is the most remarkable. The
great differences in this respect have given occa-
sion to several authors to adsert, that the whole
human race have not sprung from one original ;
but that as many different species of men were
at first created, as there are now different colon
to be found. It appears, indeed, a matter of no
small difficulty to account for the remarkable
Tariationt of oolor that are to be found among
different nations.^ On this subject Dr. Hunter
published a thesis, in which he determined abso-
lutely against any specific difference among man-
kind. He commences with a definition of the
term species including all those animals under
the same species, which produce issue capable
of propagating others resembling the original
stock, i^ in the case of plants, one species
comprehends several varieties depending upon
elimate, soil, culture, and similar accidents ; so
he considers the diversities of the human race to
be merely varieties of the same species, produced
by natural causes, and gives the following view of
the different colors observable among mankind :
I. Black: 1. Africans under the line; 3. In-
habitants of New Guinea ; 3. InhabitanuofNew
Holland. II. Swarthy : 1. The Moors in the
Northern parts of Africa ; 2. The Hottentots on
the Southern parts of it HI. Copper-colored :
The East Indians. IV. Red : The Americans.
V. Brown: 1. Tartars; 2. Persians; 3. Arabs;
COM 287 COM
Ito vfcflk Btuf mtmed welt compoted to obtsia ing a debt by paying part ; the sum pM ;
im bf tkfir tvoid* vbieh they €o«ld not by their writien work ; adjustment ; regulation ; die statd
^ CI»9ndon, of tiemg eompounded; union; conjnnctioo;
A Mn «w vattiag beCove ibe door very composedly combination ; consistency ; congnii^ ; compact ;
«itbMtmh«L Om oyiag. Here it the foilow that agreement; terma on wfcich dtfjerenoes ar
lillcd the d«kc i omrj body asked^ which U het The Mf|M
Ht withoot the hat veiy eompooeify auwered, I am
y. Id. To take away all aiich mvtaal grieraacef , ii^aries*
Zeal o^ht to be cowpawil of the higheat dogioea of •&' vrongv^ there waa no way bat only by going
ill pifli «r*Hf^*^« Spratt apon eompuoUUm and agreement amongst themaelvea.
nr ei.v»*r ha. ao espreaaed my senae^ where I ^""^ "ft;" JT^^^J regim^t, ?[j^>»^ «»^^"»
ai«dJImon»thepaaak!niirAathe aeema to have •T"^ endeatiy to ha^ ariaen ton deliberate ad-
hMa the poet aa wen aa the eoa^powr. 7^ conwHatoon, ^^^^^^^^^^ **'*~„"^'
Df^dm'i Alhum JTllbamui, Prrface, .««>»«»g it oonwaient aM behovelal. Booker.
Campom thy mmdi There ia no cawparifioii <a tiieae «wa,
y«r fraads aia hare contrived, nor foice designed. That givaa diem crMkt. ;
l]^jf4gn. — 4ndoed thay are aiaprepoitaoaad.
Yet, to eowpow tiiia midnight noise, Umh^poan, OAtOo.
Go fredy aearch iHiere'er yon pleaae. Brhr. A paaadier, in the anvealioa of matter, elaeHon of
lavdoch the aea exactly ooMpow itself to a level ^^»^ '"^Vf^^ 5!??* **^^ pwamiciatien,
R^mfidea, and with the earth make up one spherical notla^, aaeth lU thaaa fscnttji at onee.
- -J — iIm«« Ben Joiuon t Duoooonotm
nsaaacas. -fuiy.
The Mantaan there in aober trinmph aate, ^h* diipoeitioii in » F^tare ia an aasembliag of
CbMMd hia poatnia, and hia look sedate. Pope. ™»^y P*'^^ la alsocalled the componftoa, by which
V ^ .V ^ • J M ia meant the distribation and orderly placing of things,
fH^^^^ (^^^ The investigation of di£Bcnlt things, by the method
Dmousss on each inrnhnw an seldom the pro^ ^^ analyais, ought ever to precede the method of com-
iaokatof lewof, and shoald be read with those PogiHon, Newtom't Optickt.
btwBafala allowaaoea that are made to hasty ooaipo- In the time of the Yncas reign of Pero^ no compo-
WW. AUerbm^, ntien waa allowed by the laws to be vaed in point of
TW style of Gwn^M of Leontiem waa ficmed into "Mdiona* hot only rimplea proper to eadi disease.
•hart acatraeca, ofmpond generally of two membera Tempie.
Wivcd againat each other, l^he style of Isocratea, Whan I read rales of crMciam, I eBiqvdfa after Ae
nt^eoDtrarj, is awelUng and fall; and he ia said woriu of the aatho^, and by that meaaa diacoiver
to be the int who introduced the method of com- what he likes in a uawpuiilisa. Additon'o Gmardiam.
f^^ in regolar periods which had a studied music Jof% mixed ap ail, and Us beet clay aqdoyed,
ud harmooioaa cadence. Oibbon, Then called the faiqppy awysiiliaa Floyd. Smift.
Of janing elemento ooeipoied the noise. Contemplate thiaga fimt In th^ own nmple na-
Whea Chaos from his old dominion torn, uim, and afterwards view them in oompotiiim with
With in hi. bellowing throng, other thiags. WatU.
Fir, fftr was hurled, the void abyss along. BetMttie, ^ .
rrwnrkcrrkTj-* o • . ^ « • COMPOSITION, in commercey a sum of money
COMPCWING Stick, an mstruraent used in j„ ^ ^^ ^ , ^^^^ ^y^ ^^ <,^i^i
POBtoj, which, from lU name, appears to ba.e ^^ in'^Uanidation of Ae whole, and for which
kw onpnaUy made of wood, but has long been a^''^^ ^^eoeni ^squittance to the debtor.
^Ut^t^^^'^i, ^ PaisTiso. Cokrosmon, in literature, the art of forming
rnuD^WF* ^ ™*^^*- .^ and arranging sentiments, and clothing them
COMPOTITE,-*. Ut. convatUus. ^^i hui^ suitable to the nature of the
Tm cmpmie order in architecture is the last of the subject
<t,^»aeiaef colmnna ; so named, becauae ita capital Coif 'position, m logic, a method of reasoning,
n eooposcd oot of those of the other orders; and tt — k*-oK» ..^ .^.L^b^wI rJ.»« m^wwt^ ««n<>M>l *aU
.,U^^j^.^lU^^^„. 'b^. r^5S't;;U.'rSer%X a^d°^n^l!i
Seav am of opiason that the componie pillars of ones. In arranging our thoughts, there are two
^Mich were in imitation of the pillan of Solomon's ^y, ^,f proceeding eaually within our choice :
^;*' -ddAawi. I'jjj ^g mj^y suppose «ie truths, relating to any
CoHrotiTB NuMBBKS are such as can be part of knowledge, as tiiey presented themselves
■Mssored exai.'tly by a number exceeding unitv; to the mind in the maimer of investigation ; car-
**5 by 2 or 3, or 10 by 5, &c., so that 4 is the lying on the series of proofs in a reverse order,
^1^ composite number. Composite numbers, till they at last terminate in first principles; or,
_^^ themielvet, aie those which have some beginning with these principles, we may take the
'^Bnoo measare besides unity; as 12 and 15, contrary way; and from them deduce, by a direct
»» wing both measured by 3. train of reasoning, dl the several propositions
CoapQsiTE OaoBB. See Architecture. we want to establish. This diversity in the man*
COMPOSITION, fi. i, Lat. compoiitio. Tlie ner of arranging our thoughts gives rise to the
ct of foiaing an integral of various dissimilar two- fold division of method established among
vts; s mass Ibimed by mingling different in- Itigicians, called analytic and mthetic.
gt«dicnti ; the aa of bringing simple ideas into Composition, in music, is the art of inventing
coiopUcatiou: opposed to analysis, or the sepa^ and writing airs; of accompanying them with a
a^of caaplez notions; w arrangement of suitable hannony ; and forming a complete piece
^ fiputi in a picture ; the act of discharg- of munc in all its parts.^
ivaitai k Oa ■! rf Miwte( ill pui, it inv fc- b~i. ,i "j „ _2_ir
liDdT n«ra mar to lOGl giher bt tMhnc* J tht "^i^tt-^h^uttJo^jA^mT tkiw'^
quAlny of lAiiilln Hch ■■ eOFvr of fcrrp n — «-w^ s^^n^ K^mt
Mfi«nipeHl*hojycMiprBm1iiiD3ia.rD»cr Ubb >pd ui»tr ..ITZ^
c>i.ii4«" mkd -ilh •»«, l.n.'kJi'niSi' ^S*"™*-^ J|i"''*^"'!?'£
COM
2^0
COMPOUND, w. «.,». n^ tu^, Sen. s. ^ Jjit.
Coiiro'wDABL£, adj, ^ tompo-
Coiiro'i7VDKB»«.s. 3 fw. To
■ofte un J ing^ieots together in one mass ;
tofccB bj aoitiiig Taiioua ports; to mingle in
difmat positions; to eombine; to adjust a
dife«aoe b| some recession from the rigor of
tbiai; to dadiai^ge a debt by paying only part.
To birgaia in the hirap ; to come to terais by
fiiBiiiig something on each side.
Here v^at f qiiod I, ' the grete eowne
(Qwd he) ' that ranbleth up and donna, '
h Pme'e House, fUl of Udiiiga»
BecW 9i faire spocha and of chidingt,
lad of fidaeaad aatha, eompomn^d,
BdicB vd ; is k Bot roamed. I
ChmogrUHtmeofFi
CON
nrnfeie, cooapiriag all together plaiae,
nty did their oooaaela now in one compomd^
Viet oagled feicea £atla, eoaioyiid naay gaine.
ne Blataat Beast, the fitteat BMa&ea they foand
T« walk hk otter ahaae, and t)u>fviighly him con-
fcsad. Sj^emer.
IvmU ta <3od all strifes were well eompotmdedf
Rot '• a fellow win help you to-monow ; eompaimd
«idi him by the year. Id. Mmmre for Meamre.
U tkcia be any discord or snita between any of the
(Bilj, they asa ffgiyeiii/wi and appeased.
. BaeM'« JVaw AOanttM.
VBot it sad llgrit embiace each other under the
«*frfApa«a, there do they agree of a joint and
>"fMHM name, and are called Piao-Tigria.
JUUigk't History of the World.
Otaea let me in time eoaajMnoMi
Aad pailey with those conquering eyes.
In ibey have tryed the force to weand.
Bit vidi their glancing wheek they diiva
b tikmph OTor liearU that strive,
Asd them that yield but BMne despise. MarvelL
Iheyweie, at last, ^ad to eompoumd for hk bate
"miiiBiai 10 tho Tower. Clmondom.
^lyte for half the Yirtaea of thk wife ;
^9mod fer an the rest, with longer life.
^ Drjfdm.
■« aselcai an, when he despairing found
^«*Bai then did with the winds coeipoand.
Id. Juoemal.
CoarorvD Bijowpipe; an instrument pit>-
^soeg an iotmiaa hctt from the combustion of
'nytci and hydrogen gasas. The gases are con-
fined each in a separate gas-bolder, and are
tpdkd by the pressure of a oolamn of water,
*^ being allowed to mix until ther arrive nearly
* tbe apertare of a pipe tipped with platina,
*^ they are inflamed. Tim heat produced
» nifidcnt to melt all the earths* and the naiu-
^ ts veil as artifieial compoands which they
^ with escb other. The metals, also, are
^*Mi|bi by ii into a state of ebullition, and are
<vta eoa^plefely volatilised. Thk modification
^ Uk onhvdrogen blowftipe, as it has sometimes
^ called, wluch was invented by Dr. Hare,
^ Phikdriphk, is fer preferable to that of
^twiBsa, or lather of Brooke, who appears to
we been the first inventor, since it k not at-
''■ded by any danger, whereas the original
>''<tniincBt, in which the gases were previously
Kaskd, was tkUe to a viotent and hazardous
Voi. VI.
Lat. compre-
hendOf trnnpre-
hemibdit ; ¥r.
>comfrekamble ;
Lat. comnrehen-
tio. To com-
prise ; to in-
explosion. The componod blowpipe has been
found of occasional use in the arts, where an
intense and long-continued heat is required.
Compound Interest, interest upon interest, is
that which U reckoned not only upon the princi-
pal, but upon the interest itself; which hereby
becomes a sort of additional principal. See
Interest.
CoMPOOND Numbers, those which can be
divided by some other number besides unity,
without leaving any remainder; such are 18, 20,
&c. the first being measured by the nnmben 2,
6, or 9; and the second by the numbers 2, 4,
5, IC.
COMPREHE'ND,».«.
Comprehe'msible, adj.
Comprehe'nsibly, adv.
Comprehe'nsion, a. s.
Comprbhe'nsiv£, adj.
Comprehe'nsively, adv.
C0MPREHE'NSIVENESS,n. ..^ , ^ .„_
elude; to contain; to imply. It applies paiti-
cularly to the mind ; thus too it signifies
mtelligible; conceivable by the understanding.
The power of the mind to admit and oontain
many ideas at once. The noun U used in the
sense of summary ; epitome ; compendium ; ab-
stract ; abridgement, in which much iacomprised.
In rhetoric it is a trope or figure by which the
name of a whole k put for a part, or that of a
part for the whole, or a definite number fix an
indefinite.
« Sir !' quod he, ' lithena fivata Fronthe
Have any maner witte feo yonthe.
Or kindly undertUodinge
To eomprehmdo in any ;hiage
What love was ia mine owne wit.
C%oHccr'« roAe of tko Duehem.
Rome waa not better by her Horace Uaght,
Than we are here to comprehend his thoughu
WaOtr.
In the Old Testament there ka dote oomprehmnom
of the New, in the New an open diacovorv of the
<>ld- Hooher,
Lest thk part of knowledge should seem to any
not compreheniiUe by axiom, we will set down some
heads of it. Sacom.
It would be ridicaloaa to grow vld ia the study of
every necessary thing, in an art which eomprehemde ao
many several parts. DrydgiCe Dufremey.
No other fear himaelf could oemprehemd.
Than lest heaven fall ere thither he aacend.
MarveU.
Yon gentle shepherds, and you snowy sires.
That sit around, my rugged riiymea attending ;
How may I hope to quit jour strong desires.
In verse uncouth, such wonders eomprehemdmg.
Fleteher^e Purple Idamd.
So diffusive, so cea^eikfuke, so catholic a grace k
charity, that whatever time k the opportunity of any
other virtue, that time k the opportunity of charity.
Spratt'a Sermem,
Yon give no proof of decay of your judgment, and
eomprehemeiem of all things, within the compass of an
human understanding. Aydita.
The horizon seu the bounds between the ealight-
raed &nd dark parts of things, between what k and
wh-.t k not eomprehemiUe by as.
u
PQI
■ "^ — -"^.fj-
ill
CONCaOLOGY.
(lir«ith0iawnuE>E,£,billiflarfI(»Ddloidf "-^Tt Ttf ^112,???!*"
£^r.lB<E«i>>lllUkp.D 141131 OaliK EiSjrftrJSjra^^ii^tajJ '
™Bdiii,loll»toplu!il.o(llli,J,KHpUmi ^ liZ _," ""«d" •''"
■ti""-). Ik' »im» -Set Mil of ArtC:« !r3 ft^^ J "'■:.'°, »«.»>«> «
«uai. C^attchpa fan iiriiwl u ImlB be- '■ ''»«, •=«■ iliill.
; ;, r-
rsssSjaa-iriSi aSSiiT'
■''^V
J
i'fl
i
CON 3DB
C05 I ""■
^^" — Kf '■nnH — > uuw UHvaH, ni* tttt Boacrvni niiuu Alt bbflv
iESSU; V™*-^-''^'
S=frj::.s ^."-"j"
^•,
PlI
i
Jiiliilil
eOKFAUlEi™\"
"S: COltfECI."'"'!
i'S.""**^'
»llr.a»ii™,«,rfib,jil|- .
'^"' wrffl"''* -y«~^rl r ■■nmWiBi pmsriiiHIidiiiillnlliiiEiniiliiiniilr.aniiri-
P"P"'' IjH « "•'Tjsi^ii r 1 Fi*»ftm.yII,m. iir Udu mh ii H. : Htm audilui nrin
ill,,
r
4
1 1 li
"^prnrW PHwdiiDg (Imgwilb it, vhkFi Wkh :h bluri >^< l^i< vt]>H, H^.
miHllenW tadtTnaDi in
CONGO. "335
palffl wine, a beverage which is found extremely and at so moderate an expense, that a few fowls
plttsuit and refreshing. or ducks are generally considered an equivalent
The fruits indigenous to Congo, are the anona for a house composed of six pieces. The dweU
SeocgalensiSy sarcocepholas, a species of cream- lings of the chenoo or chief, are, however, more
hnt, dtfvsobolaras icaca, a species of ximenia, elaborately foimed ; they consist of palm leaves
lad another of antidesiva. Professor Smith, the very ingeniously matted together, ana are, some*
cdebnted botanist attached to the expedition times, enclosed within a fence of reeds. Their
almdy alluded to, enumerates 620 species and household furniture, like that of all unoultivated
pnen of plants, in his Herbarium, which he had tribes, is extremely simple. Their beds and
collected m Congo; of these only about 250 are baskets are formed solely from the leaves and
atoolulely new ; nearly an equal number flourish fibres of the palm : gourds and calabashes form
in other parts of equinoctial Africa : and about their bowls and bottles. They manufacture rude
xftDif are found in other regions within the earthen vessels for cooking their food, and wooden
tn>pics. No natural order, that is absolutely new, spoons for eating it. Their only clothing is a
am to Professor Smithes Herbarium, nor has piece of baft, or grass matting, bound round their
one ftaily bc«n found peculiar to equmoctial loins; the women use rings ofbrass or iron, bracelets
Africa. of beads, cowries, seeds of plants, or lions' teeth by
Like all other parts of this mighty continent, way of ornament ; and so great is their love of finery,
Coago abounds m wild animals ; among which that but very few females are seen without having
aay be enumerated lions, elephants, leopards, their arms, legs, or necks, graced with one or
bokoes, antelopes, wild4iogs, porcupines, and more of these articles.
a great variety of monkeys, the principal species The state of society in Congo, appears to be
of which are of a large size, and have black faces, nearly the same as that which prevails amongst
Utt n?en abound with those monsters, the hip- all negro nations ; though, in their moral and
popocamus and the crocodile. The lower part of physical character, they ought perhaps to be
u coQtaios also plenty of excellent fish. Domes- placed low in the scale of African civilisation.
be animals are but of few species and scarce. The Congoese may be divided into five classes : —
Tho« chiefly used for food, are hogs, goats, the chenoo, and his femily ; the mafooks, or col-
fowis, Muscovy ducks, and pigeons. They have lectors of the revenue; the fbomoos, or yeomanry ;
lUo a few sheep, for the most part spotted, and the fishermen and laborers; and, lastly, the slaves,
laving hair instead of wool. The sovereignty of the chenoo is hereditary in
Coogo is exempted from many of the noxious the female line ; thus no souof the chenoo can sue-
iuccts, Ice. which generally swarm in hot cli- ceed his father unless his mother be of royal
Sites. Their principal pests of this sort are blood. The affia b little distinguished either by
boss fleas, and ants. dress or accommodations from that of the subject :—
The vast and overwhelming armies, spoken of a small staff of black wood, inlaid with lead or
hr the Catholic missionaries, Carli, MeroUa, &c., copper, is the official ensign of the chief. The
Uii been discovered by captain Tuckey, to have daughters of the chenoo are allowed to choose
'Rsted only io the fertile brains of their histo- their own husbands, over whom they become
(UM, qdIcss we can conceive, that in the space most absolute mistresses, and can even extend
o( tvo centuries, pestilence, fiunine, and the slave their prert>gative to the selling of a refractory
tnde, have swept not only them, but even their spouse to slavery ; it will, therefore, be easily
^ memoiy away from their native shores. In- believed, that the honor of a royal alliance is a
««ad of the hosts of warriors, which could be matter but of little emulation amongst the gallants
coQQted only by hundreds of thousands, the of the Congoese court. There is a vast number
pnace who can now rally to his standard 200 of petty chie& scattered throughout the territory,
tnwps, and fumbh even half of these with mus- but all of these acknowledge a supremacy to the
Ltts, becomes an object of terror and constema- Blindv N 'Congo, or general sovereign of the coun-
two to all this part of Africa. According to the try, who resides at Congo, which is most probably
lUtemeots put forth by the missionaries already the St. Salvador of the Portuguese : — this city^
acnuooed, the population of Congo would place however, has not been visiti^ by any recent
it OD a level with the most prosperous countries traveller.
of Eiuope. Captain Tuckey, however, found The Congoese are of middle size ; their fea-
the country bat very thinly inhabited : the most tures are not so strongly marked, nor their color
raaaderable banza, or town, he visited, was so deeply dyed, as those of the more northern
CooUh), which did not contain above 100 hots, tribes of negroes; and their physiognomy is
<Mi the population did not exceed 600. Era- said to express great openness, simplicity, and
^ma, another town, consisted of sixty huts, and innocence. On Captain Tuckey's party first en*
Mo iahibitants ; and Inga, of seventy huts and tering the river Zaire, they discovered a quantity
300 inhabitants. The principal town of the of burnt human bones and sculls, hanging on
'^otry is called Congo, and is situated about the branches of some trees, which naturally led
«x <bjs' Journey in the interior. to the suspicion of the inhabitants being canni*
The villages and towns of Congo are, gene- bals ; it was subsequently found, however, thai
f^^jy ylactd amidst groves of palm, and the this was their place of public execution, and that
beaotitul adansonia. Their huts are constructed nothing could be more abhorrent from their prao-
*ith large mats, woven togethei by the fibres of tice than the disgusting enormity of eating
plants, or a reedy kind of grass which flpucishes human flesh ; it fiict, it is a matter of great doub^
i^^w in great abundance. An habitation of this whether a negro cannibal at the present day
^ can be erected in Uie course of a few minutes, exists. Indolence, the besetting vice of th«
ff
"SS
iBiJ S°^m« d^Krfms null on UK ami- T'Ef *'',5f|'"' K?^J°,'i^^ liriLs"'
SJirB. ItaOLlAnfp-dlilloSP.b, Co..s.ni.m H^r.W.lh.."pTk.
LfTaSTTLH'iBfl'i i™ ar^DS^S^, p™iw »*B, n -iJI Brail ihi ciine m il»
p™.i.ii[. ri,,iT. i
mdiil propaKin ii ™j,*;^ , JT^'i ^^''f ,^^
-iX^-8l(.5.l~*l«QXSrSx[,«. P^^lih^Lti'
I |j_ U-..H. Fig.:7, Pwir.KXIV. Fi,. 11, PIM IV.
^^=ABi,al»DB-BC+ EI>'=EB».1mI lijptrbDtaBui pind^wil HHtlllwinraPIavt
»f.:i«i uerriait BD-AC, Sundli, In for i[ PRh DOOqid WOT, MoHCif dim
'^^^BI>A,bTba»liii|iAaiiE. il my u STbellHinini; ubQUzF R. jnCa
■■nillKli.-bklliliHiiiirilcilb«lin^ ihM dajnmi. Beoon. ifij'=MP«iiil QOp
L
L_;
m
,iMmm
?M&f'^
^^J-A-t*
rOSICSECTlONS. 149
n't— Din <Ui ™ '■«''i"''"^'«*"C. ""I ''™"i!F»"l'-ii.
tMWbff Gjt bra ohiH poning lluDO^ plur pujiltl u A^V^ Ibrou^ U tHe «■■» ef
»lnl»jlniiM. AB,AG. Vftmib. JtoM As V i. S. In. AT. Hi. w.lia^ »■
KisdlMACD, PN^N(l,i£B
L
CONIC SECTIONS.
Ptw.SLlH. F%.il, «.iinj jBralklognnn, inil "VJ^J^'n
1e[tlw|Hi^MtiffniBV<JCBlHG*Bpkn4;ud umtbeiumar
uidG, nllLMfhrdn
PB,i»ln ii» pmllHoenmi RB,PD,m niiiii. bri iW "
■■-SnnTDTKB:: Jil,Kldlli«mDrf.U tUipK,' oi un ol iIib urd. ii V ""^^
CONMEOTICUT.
'"'^ ^' ^" "^ cT^i.nbk Irt^f ™ f^.dJiil?^^!,^! °"^
n id iwTtaUa'in ■linr'Vlsbed i> aa^Jcr^-^- i^^?!^.™
f wpDHNimamGHdor w«d,biillhratd« NoinilKU hitilie £puffi[i*luiHuidllapiaii.
■ ■iJl Ji»>»w<rf ibI iiaidi4 lAiu. IVr 1tn« u* nn liw of U) abn net. ]i leia
• I ifinai ■imiil iii*ifcinlM. ■ml iniiiiil UHiiii^^iiH, ud i]H BapiiBii&baiiHTaiAj.
"-•-■ -■■■-'" J'\^l, p.j™;„,J. J?,i!^ciCiM|iwt>nd«S
f
SSSit
iter;
"lHHNldi**'' '
"ffe
amn)is!E[rK....> p™*. Ajw^ j™'! "f^i r""""» " ""^^ "°"
11^^ *»dC. pnunbtu, both ™ii* '[^ ""
' naaoUiial, •o'b^O™ "■>••■»- ■'"P't™- "^
■rail iDn ilitil lad ■■• kwd ■> huaioi P>luu,c«iiiuiiiihTi]uM.a-iili«a.>°'«Jiw
I Ulk^ Au innl Md tiniiiiil Dhifch 1 mob. Ha tmi bu VH> '•>><^i>n' iBi • <>«
• ■idaDdkiriiMilii ^, •■lb — -ml ~»
■I H. iCbHa, ■>!. (tnh I^H >p iIk Con>i'«ii>|i..i. II. BWtlrfl/t ; Sf'
rHptWiTftltlHlliwoWlnniftlkl^ CsiiliiViuiii, i^- iiiiiln,bni«ud
Hb TWitti'ikDnu-in nuRcnadi pKl>ilk^^nindbjaal«icD»iHoil>r|im,
Nilhibq^ bnnf trurwcifcd, pnRbi toDHfllHHiniiiigufrHi^nahh U; ccdibhdi
T
ilU
I'I'lii
t
' If. Ur."iqi«.llKUFlBlhbil>H^ COHS0'ltT,>.<-&-.^ ^■'•
boHiiriDbialkiiEHHnpiadAplBli CtfBm»f,B.l. futA bp
finddip : <£•' !■<■• 'n«jL i|lld4>. CmBmHB ii, «
rii ii
r
of *• cBj, iSird mpU ■om.iiBdBiMi Ibr li> Wtidl^JiWd u™Aflii*B™ir^, „„,
^mn cl Ihi Tml^ ao^inrni aHuir |>ilaci|>>ll]r imfj St PlniMi. ■.■i'*'^ 1l^iif[»
tn dw lumu arUiB ««ll>iy, or It* XTKgliD Df jrea 10 ITaS, U U atr, upmnb
■ttldlH, Sow of ItHe Hll far HTtnl Umb- duliUtt Md J#mw pen*"**'*^*^^*!!]
CH^imiivplt ii TiA Lt niiqukiH, Tin id ttuibuliM Iba nit n*"^ ""??« -^
Jl^auDHiDkHkvdlAOu'tanadi^utdwB Itj Dd itMiB Wdihj, taiBf I
Duiiif OflliiHDf ibvOwf vnpirt Ibt Gtreul bfHt of Ot oarlb-stf- 1^
■laorHMiiHdaiiiDiuinnuAtibpDbdi^^ (kt nvnn of fke cUbkU ■ ""'Vt^
b^biulnrnfiliBiknecnpEdiliciuRtBM liinii^i of imiih bu if ■VTi^'^
rtnfa ot aoTortj, *( Fmh^mJ tt. Vn». wit tloiiij. fcdii miiHi. ■« r^rZ
fcuMiiB Dl Onk iDd Bw« iBilpUTi, t> ^lolnritoBiInRMi
^AmniliiHnn of Dm tin. llaAUidiia annA TWad b; ihbhiI
■a:
(niii.udihMihe bidding HI (ullR, lid m™fipmod,o»n™(*ii>W""^™ n,;;^ ;
CONSTANTINOPLE. 383
OM odes hive ni these aeas. The greatest in- ance of its parent. The eicrption only of one
eoofoienee attendtog the harbour is said to be or two hoases formerly of wood and rebuilt with
produced by a considerable current, which pre- stone might be noticed ; but all the rest were as
nth iloog the south side, and which it requires ugly, inconvenient, and liable to danger as
vae precaution to avoid in puttiug out to sea, before ; and were it not for a few workmen, em-
kA the vessel be driven on the projectifig ployed in fronting the houses of the merchants,
point of the seraglio, where there is a tremendous no stranger could discover that any accident had
tontnt. taken place.
The commerce of Constantinople is insig- ' Considering the surprising extent of the city
luiicanl; Dr. Clarke says, ''The ships which an<} suburbs of Constantinople, the notions en-
crowd its ports hare no connexion with its wel- tertained of its commerce, and the figure it has
file; they are for the most part French, Venetian, long made in history; all the inconveniences if
RagQsao, Sclavonian, and Grecian vessels, to and not the luxuries of life, might be there expected.
fnxn the Mediterranean, exchanging the produce Previous to an arrival, if any enquiry is made of
tiftbeir own countries for the rich harvests of merchants and other persons who have visited
Poland; the salt, honey and butter of Ukraine; the place, as to the commodities of its markets,
6e hides, tallow, hemp, furs and metals of the answer is almost alvrays characterised by ex-
Rssia and Siberia ; the whole of which exchange aggerations. They will affirm that everything a
s inancted in other parts without apy inteife- stranger can require may be purchased in Con-
:mct 00 the part of Turkey.* Thus with almost stantinople as in London, Paris, or Vienna ;
^ ftoest situation, and some of the greatest fa- whereas, if truth be told, hardly any one article
oiitws of any ooantry in the world, Turkey is good in its kind can be procuied. Let a foreigner
oxBptntively unknown as a commercial nation ; visit the bazaars, properly so called, he will see
4iltbemanafiikCtories do not, at the present day, nothing but slippers, clumsy boots of bad leather,
vodnce a suffident supply of goods for their coarse muslins, pipes, tobacco, coffee, cook-
(r«n eoQsamption. Thc^ generally pay their im- shops, drugs, flower-roots, second-hand pistols,
^om cither in specie, or in gold ana diamonds, poniards, and the worst manufactured wares in
The intelligent traveller, just quoted, gives alto- the worid. In Pera, where Greeks and Italians
Ktber i most gioomy picture of the trade and are supposed to supply all the necessities of the
^•biii of this metropolis. * We landed at Galata,' Franks, a few pitiful stalls are seen, in which
np he, < in the midst of dunghills, on which a everything is dear and bad. Suppose a stranger
•ttaber of large, lean, and mangy dogs with their to arrive from a long journey, in want of clothes
*t^pS wallowing in mire, and all covered with for his body; furniture for his lodgings; books
^ih ind slime were sprawling or feeding. The or maps for his instruction and amusement ;
ifpcsnnce of a Prank (the name applied to every paper, pens, ink, cutlery, shoes, hats ; in short,
C^^nstan in the Levant, of whatever nation,) in- those articles which are found in almost every
^otly raises an alarm among the animals, who city of the world ; he will find few or none of
*nr bark at the Turks ; and, as they were them in Constantinople, except of a quality so
^•wed by our coming on shore, the noise became inferior as to render them incapable of answering
«> pm that we could not hear each other speak, any purpose for which they were intended. The
To this damour were added the brawlingsof a few commodities exposed for sale are either exports
done porters, vociferously proffering their scrvi- from England, unnt for any other market, or,
^ sod beginning to squabble with each other which is worse, German and Dutch imitations of
aftMas any of them obtained a burden. At English manulactuie. The woollen cloths are hardly
•tt^th we were able to move on, but in such con- suited to cover the floor of their own counting-
w, stinking, and yet crowded lanes, that we houses; every article of cutlery and hardware is
''"lOft despaired of being able to proceed. The detestable ; the leather used for shoes and boots
"*>"& of dogs, howling and barking, continually is so bad that it can scarcely be wrought ; hats,
^ccMBpanied us, and some of the largest attempted hosiery, }ip*n, buttons, buckles, are all of the
^ bite. MThen we reached the little inn of same chancter ; of the worst quality, and yet of
^f^ where a few small rooms, like the divisions tlie highest ;;rice. But there are other articles of
n i nbhit-htttch, had been prepared for our re- merchandise, to which we have been accustomed
c*P<i^» we ttw at least fifty of these mongrels to annex the very name of Turkey, as if they
fleeted round the door of the yard, like wolves were the peculiar produce of that country; and
appointed of their prey. The late storms had these at least a foreigner expects to find ; but not
ann>ofed seveial of the houses in Pera ; that in one of them can be had. Ask for a Turkish car-
v^trh we lodged was among the number; one pet, you are told you must send for it to Smyrna ;
(t)'ner of it hsd been carried away with the wind, for Greek wines, to the Archipelago; for a
^ w»t, without climbing to the top for a view of Turkish sabre, to Dam^ ms ; for the sort of
'•* J^y» ^e commanded a fine prospect of the stone expressly denominated turquoise, they know
'^deo Horn, and part of Constantinople, not what you mean ; for red leather, they import
™^«gh the walls of our bed-rooms, which were it themselves from Russia or from Africa; still
*?<a to the air. Pera had recently suffered in you are said to be in the centre of the commerce
^^^uence of a conflagration which had nearly of the world ; and this may be true enough with
^■"witaed every house in the place. There was reference to the freight of vessels passing the
^•o* to believe some improvement would take straits which is never landed. V* icw the exterior
I«« doring its restoration; but we found it of Constantinople, and it seems the most opuleui
2^? from its ashes like a new plicenix, without and flourishing city of Europe; examine its m-
"* mghteA deviation from the form and appear- tenor, and its miseries and deficiences are so
r^.'i'-*~'v
Ttm,r^!« I**! T 'j^^ "" ''™" ' ' COHSTEA'IN.T. 1
$
CON 388
ika op ikt Ha^QU at ^Srm mSmZ T^"'
u
iMiimiiiUiii>,ihqw«iwaatipHolu<Ar i~Bi« B *. .toil pom, ntd dtuZTfi
nona da npabk; idn iUk ^ dapvBd anuitalAiipiK wl>,iii<lliuii>.»S
^!!^!lj° "'iI'S^^IL't'T^ ** I"^' pmom hit ii™™^ kMhIi. 1^ -* !•■
™»"»««f™"*«'«""«"»™ilSll»ll CoHM.tT.-TM^, l«,■[0|,-.
CM.UT,tatb.^K5WI,^dllip«l,KdB. C*.«,i,:™rf, {Z^; S,
cmiul iFiir III Mpniko tf Ui iBo diiriK Caimil, ud ™-oi™io, „ mviaiia: u
!!^^.M,!!!rT"?'T'"!'*"P™T' <"'"- 4™ili™Mlk« 1 Ki ■imiM. ri pmra ■»'■
uuwl nnliMf Hi lu udiiinnr bill a> iiHl_ JMiijmt.oni,~ii,L„ cSiiu&tii.l«
«7'"["r^ s"™"'"..
CON
399
CON
IV Ikde aad the great,
Vcck Bot tha vants that pinch the poor.
Nor plagaea that haant the rich man'a door,
IflBbhtering aU his state. Cawper,
CONTE'RMINABLE, adj. ) Ital. contcr-
Coste'eminate, o^'. Smtnare, conler-
Oijm'wLUivovSfOdj. jminale; Span.
cnUrmitio; Lat conterminus. Conterminable
IV capable of the same bounds. Conterminate,
Uttt which has a common boundary with ano-
Li«r. Contenuinous, that which has the same
boQods with ; that which borders on.
Lore and life are not eontermuiabU,
Sif Urn WrOttOH*
A ftrength of empire fixed
Comiitmumatti vUh heaven. B. Joruon.
This conformed ao many of them, as were cornier-
lin.
to the colonies and garrisons, to
the Roman
HaU.
CONTEST, iJ.fl. fell.
Co'htEST, II.I.
Coitesta'ti ON, «. f .
Cosrr^'sTABtE, adj.
CONTERRA'NEAN, a^. > Ital. and Sp.
CoxTcaRA'N Eous, odj. ) conterrmeo ; Lat.
mUrramem, Of the same soil or country.
I hoU thai of the orator to be a wild extravagant
ipMch, that if women were not eonlsmanean and
■uofled with iBfaa* angels would descend and dwell
«MOg». HoweU.
CONTESSERATION, n. i . Lat. con and
itatnlia. An assemblage ; a variety.
Tbt pemon of his which afforded soch a eomUuBm-
OUy.
^ Fr. eontester ; Ital.
I conteitare'fSp. con"
te$tttr;LAi^onteita-
yri. To dispute; to
CosTt'sTABLENESs, fi. f* 1 stHvc against ; to
Coste'stikglt, adv. strive widi; to liti-
( osTt'sTLESs, adj. J gate ; to emulate.
CoQtestation, which signifies debate, strife, Barrow
u«s in the sense of proof, testimony — ' by a
kUqq cont^tation ratified on the part of God.'
Cofitesdess means indisputable. Contestingly,
m a dispQting manner, out these words are not
^ frequent occurrence.
I do eomtett
As hotly and as nobly with thy love.
As eirer in amhitioas strength I did
CcBtcnd against thy valour.
^koktptoft. ConotOMiiit.
This of old no less amtsats did move,
Than when for Homer's birth seven cities strove.
J)enham,
Aftrr yean spent in domestick, onsociable eoi^
^wNrtmi, she foond means to withdraw. Clarendom.
Tb evident npon what account none have pre-
*aaed toomilsilthe proportion of these ancient pieces.
Dfyden's Dufreanoy,
Thfte native propensities, these prevalencies of
"wwritatioa, are not to be cured by rates, or a diiect
f^u^t especially those of them that are the hnmbler
*ad ncaaer sort, which proceed ^m fear and low-
■**■ «f spirit ; though with art they may be much
■ended, and tamed to good purpose. Locke.
The dificuUy of an argument adds to the pleasure
«f eMtaHMM wUh ity when there are hopes of victory.
B
l^"OCi shut; visits forbidden, and, which was
*<Me, divcm iiwirsiftiiMWieven with the queen herself.
Of man, who dares in pomp with love ceiUttip
Unchanged, immortal, and supremely blest?
Popi^o Odjfuejf.
Leave all noisy eemUtU, all immodest clamours^
and brawling language. WatU.
Henry the Second, during his eoide$t with the
church, had the address to preserve the barons in his
interests. Afterwards, when the bamns had joined
in the rebellion of his children, this wise prince found
means to secure the bishops and ecclesiastics.
Bwrhe.
Between Nose and Eyes a strange eomteH arose.
The spectacles set them unhappily wrol^( ;
The point in dispute was, as all the world knows.
To which the said spectacles ought to belong.
Cowper.
A bumper of good liquor
Will end a conlsff quicker
Than justice, judge, or vicar :
So fill a cheerful glass.
And let good humour pass. SHeridtm.
CONTErX,v.a. -v Fr. context; Ital-
Conte'xt, v. a. & a^. I contesto ; Span. a0»
Co'ntext, fi.s. \teito; Lat. contex-
CoNTE'xTURAt, cHJp. i fum, past participle
ConteTxture, n. s. J of contexere. Cot-
grave, and after him Sherwood, defines the noun
very satisfactorily : < A context ; a whole web,
composition, worke ; or, an interlacing, ioyning,
or weaving together ; also the forme or stile of a
proces, booke, or discourse.* To which, how-
ever, may be added that, with references to a
book, context means the general tenor of; the
parts which come before and after any passage
Quoted; and that, as an adjective, it denotes
nrmly luiit together ; closely interwoven. As a
verb it signifies, as does also context, to knit or
weave together; to form a junction between the
parts of. Doth verbs are obsolete ; though it is
not easy to perceive why they have fallen into
disuse. Contextural is that which has relation to
the human frame. Contexture, Johnson iuUy
and perspiciiotisly describes to be the disposition
of parts, one amongst others; the composition
of any thing out of separate parts ; the system ;
the constitution ; the manner m which any thing
is woven or formed.
That chapter is really a representation of one, which
hath only the knowledge, not practice, of his duty, as
is manifest from the eonlejri.
^omnuMMi en Fwtdomemtait.
Nature may conies a plant, though that be a per-
fectly mixt concrete, without having all the elemrnu
previously presented to her to compound it of. Boiyle.
The fluid body of quicksilver is eoiUcxtd with the
salts it carries up in sublimation. id.
If the quotation in the verse produced were con-
sidered as a part of a continued coherent discourse,
and so its sense were limited by the tenour of the
context, most of these forward and warm disputants
would be quite stripped of those, which they doubt not
now to call ^iritual weapons ; and they would often
have nothing to say, that would not show their weak-
ness, and manifestly fly in their faces. Locke.
Every species, afterwards expressed, was produced
from that idea, forming that wonderful contextme of
created beings. Jhjfden'a Drnfreenop.
He was not of any delicate coniextme ; his limbe
rather sturdy than dainty, Wottem.
*i?
I
T
L
CON 421 CON
noos of members for that house. Since that period which is ftiU of a milky juice ; from which com*
they nare seldom been allowed to do any out many herbaceous twining stalks, eight or ten
hu^ioecs ; and are generally prorogued from time feet high, garnished with variable leaves ; some
to bme till dissolved, a new convocation being of them being heart-shaped, others angular, and
ailed along with a new parliament. some oblong and pointed. They are smooth,
CON VOXVE, V. a. ^ Ital. convolgere ; and 8*and upon long foot-9talks : the flowers axe
C^^KvoLUTEDy/Nirf. adj, \lAi, convolvers To shaped like those of the common greater bind-
Cosvolu'tion, ». f. 3 roll or enfold toge- ^eed, each foot-stalk supporting only one flower.
tber; to roll one part upon another; to twist to- This species does not thrive in this country, un-
.-rther in knots. Convolution is, the act of con- less constantly kept in a stove. The roots are
»olnng; the state of being convolved. Convo- purgative. See Jalap. 4. C. nil, or blue bind-
Icted signifies, twisted together; rolled upon weed, rises with a twining stalk eight or ten feet
it.%elf. ^i^hy garnished with heart-shaped leaves, divided
He writhed him to and froecmcobei. MiiUm. j?,^ ^^^^ l°^s» ^*»>^*» ^^\ ^" '^'^PP P^j"^'-
h i.. wonderful .rtificc how newly hatched mag- ^^^ ^'I'^'f^y^ "^^ ^^^ "P^" ^^ J^l"
f «., ant ih. parent animal, becanM she emiu no web, «*a"^«- The flowers also come put on long foot-
aor bath any teztrine ait, can oomo/«e the itubbom ^^^^^> C^ch sustaining two flowers of a very deep
)e<f. and bind it with the thread it weaves from iu ^^ue color, whence their name of anil or indigo,
lodr. Derkam, This is one of the most beautiful plants of the
OWrro tho comolitfiM of the taid Ebres in aU S^""*' ^^ Aowers all the latter part of the sum-
other {laada, ia the same or some other manner. ^^h ^^ in g<xx^ seasons the seeds ripen very
Otew*a Comologia, well in the open air. 5. C. purpureus, or major,
1 fhegeend aecret, anbtle pipes bestow, is an annual plant growing naturally in Asia and
from which, by nnmeroas coimrfitfjoiu wound, America, but has long been cultivated in the
Vrspped with the atfmding nerve, and twisted round. British gardens. This species, properly supported,
Blaekmore, ^i\\ rise ten or twelve feet high in warm summers.
This difiefs from Muacovy^Iass only in this, that There are three or four lasting varieties : the most
u. ^ates of that are flat and plain whereas these are common has a purple flower ; the others have a
«r,-erf and mflected. Wcodward im Fomli. white, a red, or a whitish-blue flower, which last
ovr the calm .eJ^in^ZL^lJT' ^^ ^^^^ '^^' They flower in June, July,
TW Ictheied eddy floats. Thpmmm', Amimm. ^ August, and their seeds ripen in autumn.
., They are propagated by seeds sown on a hot-bed
Used to milder scenu, the tandnrraee j„ j and towards the end of May they
f:_!^?T^ »°mble fh>m theu honey'd domes should bl planted in warm borders, and supported
UWaed and agonmng u> the dust. U by stakes. 6. C.sepium, or lan^e white bini-weed.
TV ^^ •'^r^'^.??^^''^'** 7: C. tricolor, or minor, is a native of Por-
?* kIS^k T-If i^" '^^ "*•' tugal ; but hu been long cultivated in the gar-
0 er half the sktes hu neck enormous rears, j ° r..L- * t* • 1 1 .> u- u
ind with immense meanders parts the Beam. ^«"' ^^ this counter. It is an annual plant, which
Darwm. "^ several thick herbaceous stalks growing
,, . , ... about two feet high, which do not twine like the
<.oiT0LUTiO!i,in ^>tany, a winding motion, ^ther sorts, but decline towards the ground,
proper to the trunks of some plants, as the con- up^^ ^hj^h many of the branches lie prostrate ;
''iT^^Jr.V'f.f J??^" ?^ T"^' **7?7' ^'^'^ they are garnished with spear-shaped leaves,
CUNV OLVULUS, m boteny, bind-weed, a ^^ich sit close to the branches : the foot-stalks
twos of the pentandna order, and the monogy- ^f the flowers come out just above the leaves of
ft« cbss of plants ; natural order twenty-ninth, ^^e same joint, and at the same side of the stalks,
ompuncee : cob. campanulated and plaited ; xhey are about two inches long, each sustaining
inc. two ; CAPS, bilocular, and the cells disper- ^ne large, open, bell-shaped flower, which in so.dc
■005. Of Uiis genus there are 120 species. The j, of a fine blue color with a white bottom ; in
■ojt remarkable are the following :—l . C. bat^ others they are pure white, and some are beauii-
tit». or Spanish potato, has esculent roots, re- ft,ily variegated with both colors. The white
"mbhogthe potato, which are annually imported flowers are succeeded by white seeds, and the
from Spain and Portugal, where they are greatly |,i„g ^y dark colored seeds; which difference is
nJbvaied for the table ; but they are too tender pretty constant
u> thrive in the open air in Britain. 2. C. Cana- ^ r^L„,r^^^ m » 1
newti, with soft woolly leaves, is a native of the CONVOT, v. a. -% Fr. com^yer ; Ital. con-
« antncs, but has long been preserved in the Cokvoy, «. i. Ivogliare ; Span, convoyfl/ ;
Bntiih gardens. It has a strong fibrous root, Convoying, n.t. >low Lat. conuwrf . To act
from whence arise several twining woody stalks, *« * 8^"^^» » protection, an escort. A convoy is,
-^hich, where they have support, will grow more ^?*^ ^*^^c*» ^^^ ^^^ ^*»« purpose of protecting;
than twenty feet high, garnished with oblong ^^^ ^'^ protected ; the act of attendmg as a
»>aft.jhaped leaves, which are soft and hairy, prolector; conveyance: but this last sense is
T(.€ flowen are produced from the wings of the obsolete. Both the verb and the noun are most
lnv«s,,ev€ial standing upon one fooi-stalk. They commonly used with reference to protection
»e for the most part of a pale blue ; but there afforded by sea.
a a variety with white flowers. 3. C. jaUppa, or Si,„,^ „ ,^^ ^i^d, ^i^e benefit,
J4»a?, used m medicme, is a native of liajeppo And eoMMy is assistant, do not sleep,
»♦ Spanish America, siluatfr] betwoen Vera C'ruz Bat let me hear from you.
^i Meiico* It has a large root of an oval form, Skakmart. HamUi
?;^;^
Hih^r 34CdntertJ(H.tl»
.sap?
Bsi.°^~z
a
4i
'"' J" ''™p smfi."' '
4i£
"«T ll'd!
i
\
;2-jj[jr^
•i-i *«• l^liiJ In Milir la
C O R N L A W S. 495
'Ainon^ die mortgagees» die king of Prussia this yaluation, few will be induced to g^/p in
ui some of kis inoued subjects are by far the more thau the ti oe i-alue. On the raluatic n, an
^cfl, in that part of Poland which was in- airoiial interest is to be paid to the bank, at the
"iuded in his dominions, till Poland was erected rate of six per cent, for twenty-eight years. This
nto a Grand Duchy by Buonaparte, under the ii to be considered as interest at the rate
[ificmmcnt of the king of Saxony. It had long of four per cent. ; and two per cent, is to form
Kcn tlie pTBCtice of the court of Berlin to assist the mearis of discharging, by compound interest,
LTici.lture, by loans to the proprietors of estates, the principal in twenty-eight years. The bank,
rkts practice began under Frederick tlie Great, on receiving the documents, is to deliver to the
nJ was continued to the disastrous period that proprietors its debentures or certificates ; which,
bllowed Uie battle of Jena. This assistance twenty per cent, being deducte<l from them, are
ns eitensifely afforded to the newly acquired made a legal tender for the payment of all debts;
i</jccts of the part of Poland, which, in the and on which four per cent, interest istobe))aid
IjTiSiOn of that unfortunate country, fell to the by the bank. When the instalment of the first year
lUrcof Prussia. Though the king of Prussia is paid, the two per cent, is to be divided among
^ lost the government, his claims, and those of all the holders of the bank debentures, by a
ii^M^jects, on the individuals indebted to them, lottery. The drawers of the fortunate numbers
iiH Uen recognised ; and though in many in- will tnen be paid in full. Tlie others will receive
(CiDces the interest has gone on increasing, the their interest, at the rate of four per cent, till
ivms hare not been rigidly enforced. It was their numbers are drawn prizes, some of which
MLoured in Warsaw, but not on any authority, must, of course, wait till the expiration of the
bt Uie emperor Alexander, in his character of twenty-eighth year ; at which period, upon this
im^ of Poland, was negociating a treaty with plan, if it should work well, all the debts will
^ court of Berlin, which had for its object the oe liquidated. I have only noticed this project
rthcf of the Poles, by purchasing the claims of as a corroboration of the accounts I collected
^i*- Pnusians and assuming the debts to himself, of the general state of embarrassment in which
Xhi amount of the claims of Prussia was the land-owners in Poland are involved.'
^i^i tti me to be two millions of Prussian We are particularly struck with the coincidence
c'iUrs, or £300,000 sterling, secured on various between the following remarks derived from an
'tt-ivi extending over near 1,500,000 acres. actual survey of the fiicts, and the preTious rea-
*\ more numerous class of mortgagees com- soning of many able writers.
\-'>3ti the corporations of cities and towns, the 'If we calculate that the consumption of wheat
tnneesofbo^pitals, schools, colleges, monasteries, in Great Britain is one quarter for each person
cr3\tots, and chariuble institutions. Whatever for food, and about a seventh part more for seed
(ip'UU these may possess is lent on land ; and and minor purposes, it will appear that in the
(be difficulty of obtaining the interest as it ac- first of the series we have been comparing, the
^rjH, and, in some instances, of getting any, quantity of wheat exported from Dantzic and
t«i.^ those establishments to languish, and de- Elbing would, with the then amount of our
o«}<« in their capacity to relieve distress. population, 11,000,000, be equal to twelve days
'^amilysettlements are mostly made on these- consumption. In fact, however, out of the
'^r.tj of land : for a long period there was no 5,059,163 quarters of wheat, which Dantxic ex-
•tfetr means of making provision for the young ported, 1,000,014 were despatched to other
>nd the helpless ; and, in the flourishing periods countries. As we have only the gross exports
'^ sericulture, the interest was paid with pnnc- from Elbing, without distinguishing what was
'^al:tj. Of late, however, the widows and orphans, sent to Great Britian from what was sent else-
*^oie incomes were deemed free from risk, have where, it may not be incorrect to assume, that
Wine victims to the general depression of the one-fourth as from Dantzic was not sent to our
^iloe of the produce of the soil.. The Jews, markets ; and then there will be a furtlier reduc-
vftli all their characteristic shrewdness and sa- tion of 299,205 quarters. This will leave the
rmty, have become, in many instances, from whole quantity really fiimished to us in the eleven
^f^ oecesrity, mortgagees. When the debts of years, 3,459,944 quarters, or an annual quantity
Koprieton accumulated, and the price of pro- of 314,540 quarters, being equal to about nine
<^ucc fell, the monied men were often induced days of our consumption.
^' Mcure themselves, as well as they could, by * At the second series our population had ad-
<<^c«Ming mortgages where no payment could vanced, as numbered in 1821, ijie middle year
W obuined. llie representation here given, is of that series, to 14,000,000. The quantity of
^ondantly confirmed by the proceedings adorned wheat sent to us from the V'istula had declined,
a the diet when assembled in May last. The and during the eleven years had been 1,252,271
|*<) botties, consisting almost exclusively of quarters, or 113,842 annually. This would be
'^e^t proprietofi, settled a plan to administer equal to the whole of our consumption for be-
^^^*fy which received the emperor's lancHon. twixt two and three days.
' A oational bank is to be established, in which ' In the Appendix, No. 24, is shown the whole
l^-ownerswhoareindebtyWheUieronmortnge export of com from Dantzic, for the last 166
''[ <m simple contracts, may deposit a schedule years. Bv those tables, it appears that the wlteat
^ their estates, and a valnation of them : this exported from that city, during that long period,
*a>uaiioo is to be made by themselves, and it is was 19,581,947 quarters, or 117,963 quarters on
'^culated it will not be made too high, because, the annual average of the period. In fact, the
^ ^ present had tax is collected on the income, whole that Dantzic has exported in 166 years is
^ fatora iiBpoftf are to be levied aocoTding to not equal to the oonsuroptioD of this kingdom.
»•
rf
\\"'>:^^t:L-^
,™
.,.,
„..
IU1 M mi
mjHO
SB
S3;
fe.d.<i^ta«'n..F^-b
f dimiid ^ lh« Hid] rbanb^ b^ iht
*A» ttia a^A nfht h* k drift vppir fron Prvua^ Ht. indnd. Qf iphvi ra
r^jBj BiK da cbfa end* b> Oa btttiiwit tor ohm. bri diitflr nt Tjt. DjnDf ilw
3*'ti^»'^V™«*-'??E I
IMIJ tf -we, ho»tvn. A«d«d ID HKh U« pftBl nhict
iThh nwi nhibil, ud il «b «]t ■? tAdotl
!
»
,s
ill!
^=22as22SBs;ss2'52=asas8s
j
mn
??!rifm^lfsls-^^^s
*
!i
i
5-s = si:22a2t:2s:ssss!S= = ==ia22SS:"J"
i
1!
l42=asix555ssassgsss: = 2sssgsss!=i::
a
!l
11
li
I.<=tgs2i8ss3sftsass6tsaass:ss3s:s:"
t
|42asatSBasa;ftssi3ssssas8EH33Ss;ss=-
]
s^ssKSssssassssacs^assasassXES-sss!
11
i
l!S||l!llillllllliiiiiliilllHHi
PO
»»■ w d» ore ot™ inliiir IjIi IM^mcl^ ?ISi,''lUlS?' rf Otint™ Ml ApiLuJ
■ip.Bl UiB pit. otAnMM. l.iBoT^Tljf S ^' l™"*!™ "null pfn"l !•■'•""
< I , ; 1
•J"^
COR 521 COR
S9, extortioo, neglect, or misbehaviour, are also yellow flowers of the papilionaceous kind, iuo-
witi) the other; and by the stat. 25 Geo. II. ceeded by longish pods; it is easily propagated
cip. 79, extortion, neglect, or misbehaviour are by seeds, and likewise by layers or cuttings. The
also node causes of removal. leaves of this plant are esteemed laxative, and
His powers, like those of the sheriff, are either used as a substitute for common senna in some
mdicial or ministerial, but principally judicial, parts of Europe. A dye is procured by fermen-
This is in a great measure ascertained by statute tation from the leaves like that of indigo.
4 Edward I. De officio coronatoris; and con- CO'RPORAL. Fr. capord; Ital. eaporaU;
tist, first, in enquiring when any person is slain. Span, caboral ; probably from Lat^ caput, A
or dies suddenly, or in prison, concerning the non-commissioned officer of infantry'; the lowest
manoer of his death. And this must be super in rank, vrhose office it is to place and iBOUiVd
risum corporis ; for if the body is not found, the sentinels.
CQroDer cannot sit. He must also sit at the very The cniel eorporol whispered in my en,
pbce where the death happened. And his en- Five pounds, if rightly tipt, would set me dear.
qoiry is made by a jury m>m four, five, or six, CU^.
of the Dei);hbouring towns, over whom he is to Corporal, an Inferior officer, under a Serjeant,
preside. If any be found guilty, by this inquest, in a company of foot, who has charge over one
of murder, he is to commit to prison for &rther of the divisions, places and relieves sentinels,
trial, and is also to enquire concerning their and keeps good oraer in the corps de garde ; he
lands, goods, and chattels, which are forfeited also receives the word from the inferior rounds
thereby : but whether it be murder or not, he Vhich passes by his corps de garde : there are
mast eoqoire whether any deodand has accrued generally three corporals in each company,
to the king, or the lord of the franchise, by this Corporal, Corporale, is also an ancient
^th ; and must certify the whole of this inqui- church term, signifying the sacred linen spread
stun to the court of king's bench, or the next under the chalice in Uie eucharist and mass, to
ttsiies. Another branch of his office is to en- receive the fragments of the bread. Some say
quire concerning shipwrecks; and certify whether pope Kusebius first enjoined the use of the cor-
vreck or not, and who is in possession of the poral ; others ascribe it to St. Silvester. It was
poods. Concerning treasure trove, he is also to the custom to carry corporals to fires, and to
(nqoire concerning the finders, and where it is, heave them solemnly agamst the flames, in order
m whether any one be suspected of having to extinguish them. Philip de Comines says,
fixod and conceded a treasure ; ' and that may ' the pope made Louis XI. a present of the cor-
vell be perceived,' saith the old statute of Edward porale, whereon my lord St Peter sung mass.'
U 'where one liveth riotously, haunting taverns. Corporal of a Ship. An officer tliat hath
^ hath done so of long time ; whereupon he the charge of setting the watches and sentries,
nu?ht be attached and held to bail upon this and relieving them ; who sees that all the sol-
»fpicioQ only. The ministerial office of the diers and sailors keep their arms neat and clean,
corooer is only as the sheriff's substitute. For and teaches them how to use them. He has a
when jast exception can be taken to the sheriff, mate under him.
for suspicion ot partiality (as that he is interested A Corporal of a Ship or War is under the
to the tttit, or of kindred to either plaintiff or master at arms, and is employed to teach the oi^
deintdant), the process must then be awarded to ficers the exercise of small arms, or of masquetry ;
the corooer, instead of, the sheriff, for execution to attend at the gang-way, on entering portly
of the king^'s writs. and observe that no spirituous liquors are brought
CO'RONET. An inferior crown worn by the into the ship, unless by express leave from the
t^bility. The coronet of a duke is adonied with officers. lie is also to extinguish the fires and
^tTswberry leaves ; that of a marquis has leaves candles at eight o'clock in winter, and nine in
«itb pearls interposed ; that of an earl raises the summer, when the evening gun is fired ; and to
p«vis abof e the leaves ; that of a viscount is walk frequently down in the lower decks in his
•urmanded with only pearls; that of a baron has watch, to see that there are no lights but such
<Aly four pearls. See Crowk. as are under the charge of proper sentinels.
CORONILLA, jointed podded colutea, a CCTRPORATE, v. n. & atj^. "
pvutts of the decandria order, and diadelphia Co'RPORAiitLY, ado.
<^<tis of plants; natural order thirty -second, Corpora'tion, n. s.
r^pilionaces : cal. is bilabiated, with two seg- Co'rporaturb, n. s.
n^enu above coalited ; the vexillum scarce any Co'a poral, n. i . & ai^.
SoTi^'er than the alse; the legumen much con- Corpora'lity,!!.^.
Fr. corpfH
rel; Ital. coT"
DoraU : Span-
ish corporal;
Latxorporaiitf
, , from corpus^
"•cted between the seeds. To this genus Lin- Co'rporally, adv. ^thebody. The
naus also joins the emerus, or scorpion aenna, Co'apoRAS, n.i, '
it'-iugh Mr. Miller makes it a distinct species. Corpo'real, adj.
f^e are twenty-five species^ all plants of con- Corpo'realist, n. s.
tiderable beauty, with very bright yellow flowers ; Corpo'really, ado.
tut rather too tender for this climate, except the Corpo'reoi/s, ati^.
^' emerus. This species rises with a shrubby Corpors'itt, n. s.
verb, to cor-
porate, which
meansto unite,
to incorpo-
rate, is obso-
lete. Corpo-
^mf branching numerously six or eight feet rations will be found liilly described in the quo-
bigb, doselv garnished with winged leaves of tation from Cowell, and under the separate
^ree pair of lobes, terminated by an odd one; article which relates to them. The word is
^d, at the sides of die branches, numerous long vulgarly used to signify great fintness. The
fluwer-stalks, each supporting two or three large corporal, corporate or corpoiaf, is the fine Unoi
n
■i 'f'
Tl.'tblJI^^djimBCml* ■„ ■''''"wl><Mn>i-'lli»ciiSrtoSj!lr'H'
pcntnufita milts™,.,, in™faw!i^ "r?"* 'l"'™i>>i7."nlilic,™.V,fc*»
gimoii, Uc. llulinEl 3t Uonr Sj lliilj lUldtrBltk^ "miuinUH. 1, EipBllfr
i. [inolkd ■■o'lojiul^B-JSlj,'," EllilS '!".'''';" 1» hi ait! Ttafl.'',
&i
PLi
CORPORATIONS.
S'fSSHS^l S^'^'^^^^Jt^
f r^'^'i.^Z
'S
J
^3^
^'JTiS'i
n
'f !
D
i' fSSit^'i!^'
si. ^Si'ssS
\^
PQ
cou
689
COU
.— > Rh|me ihm nidder it of Tones,
With which, like ihipt, they steer their €Onr$6$.
Scaler.
B«t if ft right epMrar be taken with children, there
will mot he M mueh need of common reward* and
jnuuihrneats. Locke*
fl^ith a mind nnpreposeessed by doctors and eom-
menuton of any sect^ whose reasonings, interpreta-
tion, and langnage, which I have been used to, will
of ctmne make all chime that way ; and make ano-
ther, and perhaps the genuine meaning of the author,
*ttm haish, strained, and uncouth to roe. Id.
(t it hest to leave nature to her eom$e, who is the
toverdgn physidaa in most diteates. Temple*
Men talk as if they believed in God, but they live
M if they thought there was none ; their vows and
promites are no more than words of amtee.
L'Eetrange,
The ttoppage of women's co«r«e«, if not suddenly
kwkfd to, sets them undoubtedly into a consumption,
dropty, or tome other dangerous disease.
Harvey on Coneumptiom.
Give willingly what I can take by force \
And know, obedience is your safest cotme.
Jhyden't Aweit/guehe,
Then with a second eomee the tables load,
ind with full chargers offer to the goi!.
DrydenU JBtitid,
Thra to his absent guest the king decreed
A pair of eemraen, bom of heavenly breed ;
Wbn from their noatrils breathed etherial fire.
Whom Circe stole from her celestial sire. Id,
Ten hrace and more of greyhounds, snowy fair.
And tall as stags, ran loose, and oouried around his
chair. Drydem.
I am continually starting hares for you to eotme ;
•r were certainly cut out for one another ; for my
^mper quits an nmonr just where thine takes it up.
Comfreve'i Old Bac/telor,
Men will say,
'Hut beauteous Emma vagrant eovrtet took,
Hn hiker's house and civil life forsook. Prior,
^ Seoti is of eomree annexed to wealth and power ;
Vo BiiK is proof against a golden shower. Garth,
The senate observing how, in all contentions, they
were forced to yield to the tribunes and people, thought
it their wisest esurss to give way also to time. Swift,
When the state of the oontrover»y is plainly de-
tfrained, it moat not be altered by another disputant
is the CBiirss of the dtspnUtion. WatU,
A leash is a leathern thong, by which a falconer
bsldt his hawk, or a courser leads his greyliound.
Hattner*
All at once
Relapsing qnicUy, as quickly re*ascend
And mix, and thwart, extinguish, and renew,
All ether mmnmy in a mase of light.
Thomeon'e AuHmm.
Though vaia the Muse, and every melting lay.
To tooch thy heart, unconscious of remorse !
Kaow, monster, know, thy hour is on the way,
1 see, I see the years begin their mighty eomee,
BeaUie.
Is there a man, whose judgment clear
Can others teach the eottree to steer.
Yet raas himself life's mad career.
Wild as the wave ;
Hcie pause and through the starting tear,
Survey this grave.
History, not wanted yet.
Leaned on her elbow, watching Time, whose eemrae,
Bventful, should supply her with a theme. Cotrper,
O Love! — tormentor! — ^fiend!— whose influence,
like the moon's acting on men of dull souls, makes
idiots of them, but meeting subtler spirits, betrays
their course, and urges sensibility to madness !
Sheridan,
The morning watch was come ; the vessel lay
Her course, and gently made her liquid way ;
The cloven billow flashed from off her prow
In farrows formed by that majestic plough ;
The waters with their world were all before ;
Behind the South Sea's many an islet shore.
ByroH, The Island,
COURSES, a name applied to the principal
sails of a ship, viz. the main-sail, the fore-sail, and
the mizen ; the mizen-stay sail and fore-sail are
also sometimes comprehended in this denomina-
tion ; as are the main-stay sails of all brigs and
schooners. When a ship sails under the main-
sail and fore-sail only, without lacing on any
bonnets, she is then said to go under a pair of
courses.
Coursing, among sportsmen. There are
three several sorts of courses witli grey-hounds:
1. At the hare; 2. At the fox; and 3. At the
deer. The best method of coursing the hare, is
to go out and find a hare sitting ; which is easily
done in summer, by walking across the lands,
either stubble, fallow, or com grounds, and cast-
ing the eye up and down ; for in summer they
frequent those places for fear of the ticks, which
are common in the woods at that season ; and in
autumn they dislike the shade of trees on accoun
of the drops falling in time of rain. At other sea-
sons it uill be necessary to beat the bushes and
thickets to rouse them, and oftentimes they will
lie so close that they will not stir till the pole al-
most touches them ; the sportsmen are always
? leased with this, as it promises a good courst.*.
f a hare lie near any close or covert, and with
her head that way, it is always to be expected
that she will take to that immedfately on being put
up ; all the company are therefore to ride up and
put themselves between her and the covert be-
fore she is put up, that she may take the other
way, and run upon open grouna. When a hare
is put up it is always proper to give her ground,
or law as it is called, that is to let her run twelve
score yards, or thereabouts, before the greyhounds
are slipped at her, otherwise she is killed too soon,
the greater part of the sport is thrown away, and
the pleasure of observing the several turnings
and windings that the creature will make to get
away is lost. A good sportsman bad rather see
a hare save herself after a fair course, than see her
murdered by the greyhounds as soon as she is up.
In coursing the fox no other art is required than
standing close, in a clear wind, on the outside of
some grove where it is expected he will come
out; and when he comes out be must have head
enough allowed him, otherwise he will return
back to the covert. The slowest greyhound will
be able to overtake him, after all the odds of
distance necessary; and the only daneer is the
spoiling the dog by the fox, which too nequentlj
happens. For this reason no greyhound of any
value should be run at this course, but th« itrongf
PQI
K2
.„.,™ .l_
IJvlHVpgnu au>r
HUF«i**lAw.ap"P""*^**P*^r^"'J'^B'*' Rth kmlirf (tto HfrlwTrt Pom* °^J^| - -v-v i.
CliiicdiH Co-pv. Fiwn fcnl^KV bit cu- Kens, Kod Bndlag h rdlrrt hi^ yT jd
■timUon •ii T«™Hnblj drticHIB, ud hH nind rd«4ijl boaki uidp, *i»d ""Jr^j
Ml^ i«.*Uj, ii pwpi.n«H. u ikl under. ul"c?'Sd, H^Sk^i, h> <l^'^"j
li Inpoi umbinOlj u imKiiH >hi> tod Mna him ilndina •> i
LbiioE^ntUHr.lbllbi h^.bj lUi kin), Tdil>qallllir« <b w >
I mi'nnl of lu, tBpniHd soeb ft pnaiiUt. U[i pawn* "'P^'*!^!",^
lalut ifnMn Ul op mr eys upm d«t il KT^I^Drillll. HH irWi* 1^
rdiitikhkm; HddiMltimliin •nemiaiftHr. ■Tb.fcilptp''
Utiw HOpltctd IQr ayw » ihe tannjr imd, aad the EdHvT haF>^*f^^{^fr
fd1|^nBdlKlphHMaitiliiDe»>nApBnHuLirti' and bif la doinit, ekpoH mi^ ^ f^T^
liummwm^idi dM tvj^ k<*[B ' pnpvwl jHljov for Ineutflcicncy; V' "VTlrf^
»«■ " 1*?^
PQ!
PQI
n
CRAB. 505
clattering tb»r Dippers lOffether, as if to threaten tides. The principfti species are, 1. Corsib'-
those that disturb them. They most uommonly nui, — Thorax obovate, one toothed ; front di-
lobsist on vegetables ; but if any of them by vided into three lobes. A native of India, and
iccident are maimed in such a manner as to be the largest known, being considerably bitter than
incapable of proceeding, the rest fell upon and C. pagurus, the great English crab. 2. Xaha. —
devour them upon the spot, and the^i pursue their Thorax tridentate, front truncated, body hemis-
journey. pherical and about two inches and a half in
After a march of sometimes two, or perhaps breadth. A native of Chili. 3. Strigimt$.^-'
three months in this manner, they arrive at their Thorax smooth, and streaked transversely on the
destined spot on the sea-coast, on which they sides ; behind die eye a single tooth ; snout de-
rush eagerly to the edge of the water, and let the fleeted, vrith four tubercles before the tip. 4. Pa^
waves wash over their bodies two or three times, gunu, — ^Thorax with nine plaits on each side.
This has been thought necessary by some to pincers of the claws black at the tip. Found on
ripen the spawn in the ovaria, as the crab, ap- most of the rocky shores of Europe, and is in
peariag satisfied with this slight bathing, imme- perfection at Christmas. Tlie flesh is more pa-
aiately retires, and seeks a lodging on the land, latable and wholesome than that of any other
Before the last time the spawn may be seen under crab.
the tail in bunches the size of a hen*s egg, which Sbct. III. — ^Thorax spinous at the back. The
ihey shake off into the water, leaving them to chief >P<Bcies worthy of notice are, 1. German
the chance of fortune and accident to bring them nu$. — Thorax rough, with a spine in the front and
to maturity. The eggs that escape the shoals of on the tail. Found in the German sea, and is
fishes gathered round the shore are hatched under very minute. 2. Awiha. —Thorax one spine in
the sand ; and soon afler the little crabs are seen front, the back soft. Found in Iceland.
slowly travelling up to the mountains. The Crab, in ship building, a sort of wooden pil-
old ones, however, have become so feeble and lar, whose lower end A, being let down through
lean that they can hardly crawl along, and are a ship*s decks, rests upon a socket B, like the
obliged to continue in the flat parts of die country capstem ; and having in its upper end three or
til thev recover, making holes in the earth, four holes, at different heignts, through the
which they cover at the mouth with leaves and middle of it, into which long bars are thrust,
<iirt. They there throw off their old shells, and whose length is nearly equal to the breadth of
remain almost without motion, for six days to- the deck. It is employed to wind in the cable,
^ther, when they become so fat as to be delicious or to raise any other weighty matter which requires
^* It is said they have then under their sto- a great mechanical power. This differs from a
oachs four large white stones, whicli gradually capstem, as not being furnished with a drum
decrease in proportion as the shell hardens, and head, and by having the bars to go entirely
^^ they come to perfection are not to be found, through it, reaching from one side of the deck
This animal, when in the mountains, subsisting to the other ; whereas those of the capstem,
0Ql]r on vegetables, seldom ventures out; and its which are superior in number, reach only about
habitation being in the most inaccessible places, eight or twelve inches into the drum head, ac-
It remains for a great part of the season in perfect cording to the sixe thereof.
Purity. But when they descend into the flat
country, the natives destroy thousands; disre-
^ing their bodies, they onlv seek for the small
<}»«n which lies on each side of the stomach,
^>thm the shell, of about die thickness of a man's
^^umb. Ther are much more valuable on their
'^um, after they have cast their shells, for, being
(^^ered with a skin resembling soft parchment,
«mo$i every part except the stomach may be
^^' They are taken in the lioles, by feeling Ckabs' Claws, in the materia medica, are the
*or them with an instrament, and are sought after tips of the daws of the common crab broken off
|>7 night, when on their journey, by flambeaux at the verge of the black part, so much of the
J?^t- Sometimes also they are caught when extremity of the daws only being allowed to be
^«y take refuge in the bottoms of holes in rocks used in medicine as is tinged with this color.
^ the sea-side, by stopping up the mouth of the The blackness, however, is only superficial ; they
A k°^ ^^ ^® ^^^^ coming enters the hole, are of a grayish-white within, and when levi-
K. ^oinul is drowned in its retreat These gated furnish a tderably white powder. Crabs'
^bs are of various colors; but those of a light claws are of the number of the alkaline absor-
^lor are esteemed most, and when full in flesh bents ; but they are superior to the generality
!^ ^ell tasted. In some of the sugar islands of them in some degree, as they are found on a
'^y form 00 inconsiderable part of the food of the chemical analysis to contain a vohuile urinous
«Tk u*^^** *• -P'^icw.— Thorax oblong, salt.
J:^'^ teeth in front ; eyes large and kidney- Cuabbx (Rev. George), one of the most ad-
V u - (^^^t.) Body sixe of a horse-bean, mired British poets, was bora at Aldborough, in
of kT^ ^ith a ferraginous spot in the middle Suffolk, on the 24th day of December, 1754 ;
. J*^ l^raz. 6. B/uidmiM. — Thorax subro. and, with the ex4*eption of Lord Stowell, was
^> nonton both sides emarginate. (Herbst.) the last survivor of the eminent men rnentioned
5' ^^^^^ rieimeiu, Sfc. Sfc, by Boswell in his life of Johnson. At an early
»tCT. II.«.Thonx smooth and cut at the age he was sent to the village Kbool, with the
» .?r
PD
s
Umfid inu H <I|1I4K(» RCUUlim ml nmiiii. nji Ini hii Enulr in obv^ to c;^
ciHiDii tdhePrmniM bict. BUUiBIiHiipli FaBn, n tun 1M< di«I*K »!■■
«H DDI nffidnl (0 inmhr dn pinoi nDK«iK« bm kndljpnntdri brbfUn'rVIILi ^
of i>>t Romunib. On 111 34ih of f^ehnuj, vnhom anr idEetntem fron Oe «4V, ivi
laic s xril -u llntd tH hii liiu buml u bhia ronndni1i1iiiniiIfillIllkll1*i1-''>'
iki nuke; ud. « ibi ivhot Hvcii, tim li«k.>hlii Inibnih n]D)<d>brU«v«
hi«^ a Si. Mu]^ ihuiA. vid pl»d an • Kii« Edmd VI. na'l »• ^"^^
Cols m uppoiutd ID pKanAAiniDKaalM Und W u ul qf n^iuil^ >* ^ '^'El''
HdUHL mdaCiilinhuBiidabCiulut EUiibak; Tk mu imKi wd ■li««|'^
SJ^"d«*i^»W™»MlBVioi B b. Mi«BUiii«3'kii». Wil^SgJ^*
tiiiinh,l](!lii»i>a>ilkdieiiiad,>ddsMlidini tiUjdi ilx tmlHoHijiI ll^p^''^'^
indidirumirdi:>ADdlli«U«TeeTCTV«oldqnd tiODiinddMUlMwuvilfT'n'l"'?^?
IvmnKa Ua^ >w ov evimr JUH OiriK, hu bnA, dvt It tHun In bivaddrdftH^"
IHnD.-^AdliDw7«ddHllie,^lEOCHIDdMKrHl Inkinff » ttOwflj in iMl ^■■^"'^ T^
nvn dHn uij IWog i aiv did nrkidiamj vouiry ftoQ A* 9ivur ef ^"^'-Zri
■halt kr»; »d dal IB, thfl ■fliv ibfQld • Om Hff mj mwtirnltj M._ Sf*™"!^
Inrn 10 Iht Inib irini4 I dKnghl in nj hvn ; of Ul Itfl **■ iLo bn iwd ^ ^jJT
•ri^«riUBirH tarnrdtallmiidloitionqrhfa ^iiuii^iin Brtidn, 'TUivi*i>|^^"^
wSkt I hoK wdna 01 ilgnod with Bsr T«nd in portimnl made iiulo ■PT"**"j'V^
ik>« nf di^ndsiioa^vlHnln I liiin wniien Croamar npiHDad ii wLibgiM^Bf'5'1
Jiinv *lni. uauia. And fanimuth u n^ n. ■Tb, ,p»d oidiWitoii,' i^ "' "fT;
^
WJ
! "'I ■ '
1 i •
-'t
!■ ■ ' , ■
' ''■ !
Hi
[
1 . !' '''
': [
, 1
i
1
1
t
J^ ^ '='"
;,\i;.
Afed dhh lb Uiti wt^A wUh n-j glov. U. flurnW dm Ifaj^ do DW Ei 11 ii'iih *,i^
sn
i 'ii
it,
( . 1
1
i
ukU^:
51. bnibB ink Din cainuir. iinUii. •( "^ „
akrCnfULi ml'litriM. ™^'i Kj'™ t^ " '"'
noCiiOiiimiij«d.liu«tu.it'aU,j|^„,^ J™^ >
3 I
CREOLES,lii>ii»«nn>lol
Briivt. 1>fnaDf« AwdcD. Nn^nj, ud Dn- ccqiunvd wiih Craoa aod hii wWt bmiV
dJg^ n^, uuld bcjond lW (■>,' bdim ihi cdbU nplAia&nlgBHvAiS ib »^>*
itatnaiklblF cny i bill aDAiBd pwllv ID Ibl drit kl0in|ilitliHbu moAB: kdVI"^^
wiiioTAm™ :»lh|e™«liViiJlui.,ii Ms Bn, Fatjnkn ud Bexls, b* "
«|w™. "T^^ "' ^'"'^'^IaJJJJ^ *** '^S'" ""P^ diM hy li^ ol «™i^"
■cnii);. Ttt imiiuluiiiii u^Ln 3UD0. Tl» llH dim, on lioduxa iKi i^Tw EuiA
'ktulljuAamallie liJpAitiGu
J
t
/
^
^JM':
■ *P<™™'j*3lii«i
CHO-CODiUKE. if. lu. i-
u-\
Ftbl mn enahi ID dH »u
Bcoid 1^ Cnnill briw chnial upon «r- ttt. IftMrUliilj oftnW li ■o*,Mkl
ml miud; IMr mfeaj, miaiiliiK to in|, •> in uU, u ■« aw—vriU"
£tl>,Uitl^Mltilii3nl\imij,uyiti-^Mlt IM pU'nnadfar 1 CHmntf kn^
liii^,oiiD»lilni^iliiaDiiiibajiiliiiiC In uodnl, b Sii T1«> niTrni^
RnUit Civnwdl, 1^ TbOih Df dwpnuciaiv 0111 lib oT irrroAthaJili dlindR. 9i^
Ellalnllljll6&™<ljBliii«d.lir Ikodljor iJlllrti«idlGlni6lo«orf™i«l^P^
Eltf of H fanif itU n bt tDipd to Ite nml fktpoptrir.' Ateatili4in<i'*l^'[^
low tilsum. 0\n^ CitaaM « Og *• i*m™So(Eoil»S."S.^"""'~'
HmdiTBiidiildnD.ndikioo^iniD'lhni ocmkiiiillr jmi'i ""^ U-Tj
' HoiULofdov ID Ilia puUviHDi dT ika IVmnnii
>clin>iidi<i«l>iibDi,liiiidsr<iiplons,BulUnli iilcoie'^rdiaiDint »>»]'J|^,
IVUB.xhDrndonyil rabmil i cid-d, a ^^^^ill bawl «>>M^|~|^.
i«l~nl hi 9 all 10 iiue iMMUIHd ■ fiiiDlk Sn Dnd Se*j Dud B^^";,^^^
^a-;
CROMWELL.
AbII Kin Ow taw ID kht vid nriumeiH.^ lEadMii. I W4li Ikli AGliDQ nv bmibd-
HlDkl4^ikiHtiH^te Un b^iaariaK (Ulooi md biuniliijin alltiHcreovRndi
nlj •nwol Ini* kiTbd Win •
mil mi Ui pHiHBi. ^HK VB rtoniHd, tlntarlkli. Thaj twfi ^pm— U'l Jm«J»
as^
hn imnw, •*« bid Cmie™idi nddaili We «iiml7B U imJi *« '^'I!
Iditd tiibiHlle.inl odvntd.'WUI in go >m^ ml •iDu.gn^ •< il* ■■'l''^
Ihf |>mal liiuniin of dn Iia(t4. ni biddW llia).-liis,ktllnii|lM ■Hlbl>W>P|g|^
•mi (laii pnHfal lenu^ BidnToiind ID nlFv ii>iih>libaiGii4>inl?b?»'T'£?
lUn. ftn-mtal Oo di, rejll Bii TOO. Tl hraMtorilm » iLt WH"*" "J^
»Ki.»Wkn»ia.lldi.«iilln), ihsku,^. «n,p««H.dj Jll.mii"n**r»
Cnnnllmiu loKeipnlHorih. b«iR i^WH toort. i^ i •in, I^JT^
fsxSS:
1 r!i'
«0 CROMWELL.
o!sJw;r.«r&'^^2S^'t!^'»- '^w;S'j?^.'i'^'"ji':*
i'liSsr
^"^ajs
1
"^'' l-li Id EfypE whth wttt knl apn A( OBi
%
&.
S^°.c
p
f
CRU
S CRU
S-!^,''^.-^-^lB.
■^
C.ui.[.,.ii, f '**■*'
^.^^^_™-^_.._^^^ -^
^
"ill' k. , "^^
r^.^';;i"^nr^:-^E^
I'T"?"^'"^ °~*'
ET^uf ^i^^Jf^ " "Siw'.
ITATe,«!i. Lju.m.u^„.Sna™d '
0 Hb TFu'iliIo^'^il^''^ j;ppM«d ID ffnri^iipii Cf J^ I
■IIU^F, t. pj, DirlA blue** ; Tbul Imt ^l^^l^m-fS^
IQ
0
\
l^ii
SSiBlSS'-SSS'S.T; SSisiffif^^^^^
I, I
! 1
Si5H5""™S: SSH'SfS'SF:
; 1
SiSsTSisJsSs as'SisisS;^
■ 1 1 '
diMid <ha>»W»pnbn>ii»lc<*lri.i i^^ ud lnp.1lil I, _hIT. n-"!"
, ; I' ;
SSoSh'J^ h?!li.^ tSnC'TSS a ISHd *i IK^^
' 1
' t
1
I
1 I
1
S5«Hs»S^.5 E'?iS*?.t"SSTi:
1
1 i r^SS^SS Si^S-SI-
K ' ^, ; ori. iKi.*nedU,.>isl.u of |«™>.U .,„,■[!,, i:i,r,to.. B.'irf H. f.,^ !-*■ J^'jlJ;
i^
>4
''\-f
.•'''''
%
n
L_.__"~'" Puihiiaiiinnluitiucnr. HmilifliMi piii^ apom ol Oa itftiid.
''bet oi trtoalfj "^^^^^^ nii^p^, ddco.^ tiNDdtiei, liiiigar/kfiBwpv.'^
%
trutlLul,, B,,p«io<qi>ii.i>i
n.] IT^E U, ttiuBl ci»™' rt l&V*'^*'"^ ''"^"^ ''".'"^"l^ puni]*™™ dncnlal in D*™id.J book •■
»-r .ra.iniral at- rlv!^± 'Ji ■% ■'*■' IfttfWjnlli imJ*i c""". tood Smmc lina. Tli WjnailBQ, orailiBj of
iHraBluiffc cl'puitj, a . *"■ "^ ""^P"'^''^"' l!l 7? '"' "oH". fl"*'! tal™ or bitwm, ud oOiB
... m maniSail J, 4„ itt^i'; CirBrT,!.! t laL nAm; ri*.™.. A nngEdorrrbiilindQisiii URcut.sI lliiikiii(
ih •^liTud s. ^bn^?^ - CD'imi, i4. i nmmi a « iDOBf dB mtl. Somi DiLnk il ■ mtnpooii bom dwt-
j^.i.^.iv ^ At Fi«- i-iJ^r^mi^ w^liil4k£*l>0fKiBan*, >i^CilBHI,lba injiunl; Dlbn fan chobVtfK luol, buoH
rc|rk';^l.pilUiri nrk laluDi dA«t flu Ika allMW bfeiduq [blwdl, Ifr tbr 0>t d<llH|vrLa an ntari; TiSoani ID 1b«
«^
.-i-'S:;5JlSj
L
p
CU'CKOO-SPlTTLE.it,
PQ
opfningriai«i»Hll.jiStliwnnil!,priWfaiile iia itM lt«B -hick Uiri hi^jTilr' "
H«M»l!k. irtal?J.^S^,^iS^'^ •pm^ -Kli n«iiM, »^.' ^™
iljMl, cHrfrtan hMiliiiilioj*. AluSito, l~S^~ lm^^lSSJilE,^SLl^™
u uia lb ncUH uiu iHfn „ln. 171, "o^ gtrnpiM^aiauXii',^^^
701 CVD
;™*iia!,-ft, ™'i.t%"" SrKrtk nMn. -^ ~ppii If i^"» P''<^^|]^J^jJ;,^^";jJ;
^^k'I.S^.'S Si'ittrtU?-/ Cl-SS'iS 4i*mniii|l'*«»T«Bfc «n...a~-^lukl-rt".*.~J^^^
t_r Ilj-m**'^ ^ L_, bipt _.u 'VliPT*"" mm™ "■ ^%2"^'^?3,
iW 3 CUE 703 CUP
a,._a_ai..i' CUEKCl,>tL>Sriu.siCiiu(.,>pn- ■jfcMji.im ntMlMtfn|w^
iiSias
I
I
■ Ibl UH^nnlf Df EdinbiiTih, Dr. iTilTf'*'^ '*^ '^'^ ""l^"*
pntoKn D K«el of (x fran Hit iiiidnu : ..^if j"?^ ^''''i^ I "^ "*"'*"' "•
II.J^»ii."il!ril.[<KSeoUi^-
"."j SSSiTi
X^™
1 — ™l_
ol U.d«._ E4t.t,«lCulP»i>; J
S "cZ™^'
a^
otiow Xii"™^^
;:?:';:"
^'^'iKSS';^.-!!!;
EsStHM?S
>o(lh> -i^n>b.^.d
s( Siom
^inM, t>igl<i>>Jth.a
riUid^T..
'=.H?5-,'r:rr_
rr B?3t?:
S^
ll.drifd<»
Epduik. ™™' ^^nviqarifaHb.ikBiAi^iACf"^''
^
^
CU M A N
Id Ml IWUU^pnta,
Id, Hid dwnipgad.' Tba ki lell ki ptunpd
irv 4 Abi Df liuing « Dhain bIL ibr ntvin of Eurni ] b^bvddwvri^^*'
Til CUM
■rS-'r'?"?^?"^
%
CCMBEKUJl CUMBERLAND. 71S
CiL KfcL ""*" ^ Llt™'.^ " "•">«' ^ ^'" gt»ral«PP«T»n«- Ttfl Y*l, uftpmrf of Uis B«Hid E^uVinrpr III*
. I "I iiii»n«nli™jp«*uai«iliulrf l«oi«« flmHii (o *ii omnij-Kli™^™ iupm-
^'H
ili^Xl^i^ toik ■J""" ' "°S "^ MMipo» » *■ iMIinm. in (!n= bcBtajM* P"!^L^"
iTta'triW ™i^''t,"^ ryntittoSUS ^ Wo*iinii«M* fc»««*i««m^w.tolfc^^C
IPLiI
I
uW"P>; " <^ SJSln" •' ■|™'*''™|*'™*tMMdj«fll»Bmain " i—inmk-.
^WJlk ^^ « ivH^'^^ BnzHuH lord CfeiltcSinPLm bean c4va«[1« ut aivp«d of Btc lior^iuL KUb. «'>J^
Id. Eindd Ui pmn. HTwuilnito- i^ of
^IrJi.-J,*" Bil|f^,»'' iliri.lihliiaHsrHF.HBITriT.iiBiidliinl ■Bid, lioiilej lo-Mii Iwo nxn. Hut Ihl
.*„. °~ „-,„,- £^!XS ,..„.,
|7^J",'j?,'„'^J. '■■^'*'". nUT.>>i|»^'; ■»<*. ufaminunip^ ET? nrnHmd mil 1 Mnn » ha hi^
i-^r^Hfi"'' rdi*~B-" (im ID nakt Hbati togMUr, vhm moialT diiMH Ibi fwH ■»/!■• Mi* HfH ifir
,^ rt- [i-«i»'^' '*'"!I» ^1 t"*^ tai"™i Uw Busm. Tbff ejpti ■ bukft of pwi^Hi tti hamt, tni on Ifcmr
,,_, fcr»»*.»-^' IB ltd H IK tfltfaS dimaVF, Ud DDl quill BOK HTI«« blAA- !!■ U hWaiK pifllU*d
„4- ^u*-i*^**' 10 ^: llrt li^ b^ ailadkfHb ivD^imed ridinf •?« ■ dolpliiD, in H^iff dni Fib lopln
.^'foW- iM,!**!"""-'' pa-dcr, vbidi if proHd tloH irilfa ibedifU, mflndi DtH i>4 ■•■ do l*n iliaii tfi* lud.
.•^-" "^ '*••-*'■'" "i'iSX^Wrfft.^^toDBrtT "-J**
„,„.-* !£!»*''*£? S^T'^'™' '*" '^''"'^iS^i'VJfti "~'^'*""^" "' ° "^
Ill,'
p««iM,wia n inlslil imlfMiui. c1«i
k. b) iMr aaSmi alma, wtBimaM^ ^
wniinif nlmilliinliiilkiihl^iBUJHMiE "ttl3?" .
ud iHinllia^ikiinainaabaHBiiiu, ..'V' ^
ud to hdI Uilr paiaiB. •Iio wm UHAlgi S-JJft™"
iTPnOSE,™.!. Ammpraunhto,™, ImH kMb rf lug. i*i mlj oml n»
in Ui» Hi** o( EnjtmJ. '■'^^Bim^ng* iMMnlrt bj iiwulilM
<l
CUR 731 CUB
*HBEijlu- bune^ *i^ >*' 'f*^: «^*MJ ta-iiit *pU«H Juci»diM>Mi : "nd I'll ta fcfcj*,^^ riM^Jrai^'o' i^MrKn^BMiKi-
PQ
^
1 : Tjr:,?r::^,;jS::™s;:i~_
itrr.t!;S~--;
1 A.'i'~~.""^riih^i^*«^'i flj
H:si?.5™-'^B'i
«»" o» ""^ °'TKr,i^'T ''
p« -irtd ,1.1, ™. p__t a- (™j., ^
;! zt-:iz:jslsz
gpSaSi;'
Ki^f-.-a'-a'i.tx
!i™3;'ii!S"""^'^i'"'"'''"' '
■?,^.^r,"° "J'^""''" "f I""""- t''"
s™'i:t;tc:rjL;3;'^;:r,cn!„.
1 W™,Hi,W™p™,rf(i.».<„,,, '^
fe ;^"t:x'^™'"^^'''•■
^ " '^"""J Hippi,^,3i il',,'^-'
1 w™ S; "j'taS,T;wn,li""."j"' aL-
-haii ^^iHtrt^ wru"'' """; ■
^^
( ,^!';"™"^>^'™>i*ii^"^t'^.'MmiS^
^jj-p^f--— T--™. '*"■'"
JK-^"»;3:i'-n-':t;w.
s^isivr^ir-'-,-'.:
c^hrt. "■""''''--' '^"'*~--
tii ^b'^ jt* tad.'^X""'^"'^"
^is^E^au-„-£^
™tl. i '"S *"I«™l ftmii i,. FjigljJ
sSS;!??l=Bi
^
MM (yndi i'l ilrii Cpwu dH^in of ihi tint Fmni, -IR Ilia
a Oh hdu tn In^i h Mamd ik^ cwdh lltatt ktlb fD( Hbioc
«» ■?? ^-"- jrJMt nlWw Jn, wUb alum, lo wonlUi, CrfliwB.lfc "' " I wl^aSl"m«
l„ r,r-^, "li IV •" ««, HI ^nti. In ndiiiiit H a (tKsiiad Cu-miJZi. Uiih an, u -i
'''.'ii"'^ ""^Mlg^o •taiHim.!^Mkm'"«i™pMi"'i'«W". |,^[^|t,Iitar^li^™K.SilXtJl-'i^!
IG
p
r
CUR 7»
"r"lZi' »''"">""™*"- B»rm 111. i.l«id d Clelm ii Vu^a, th^kigf Ha pnkiBa. mi
"'•"ATTl^ uu.tV'J^ ^lliiiKiHiiinbVi. fan ChiBUMb MjWM,yi ■■■■IrinTll.atDlMH.
„«»•-"' <!»» ^"^,1 '^l^«4m»ikii>ia(iIC>iili>idi>. Iilti oatbtEAOnfOpln^Alii^lidlwiIln.
"°T.<^>',i» 'IbH'*!.: ■V''S>--B>n,iHlbltonlliaCiD>of<>i*il TWi pnnliii •! iniiiK of cM mw fa fciFii,
^wikm*t B«i'>r*°^,- »i<,ihn(i 1 EuiM psdi^AMikiUt, ii'J* — T'
I'*"" l^ £»■'■? »d;iii411iii»nnhnMlTMUiiiitin»d ^ihi Iiaim llKllo^«iHl.irhli nxaiflil
„^D1.". "Ei''"' f'ilaat^-aftt-a'w^MM^tm-mtiAi. tea Jxuia Dl. Cumt, how.™, mnf,
"■"iii aSS"** ■ "''"*"''*■ l«llmBli"«faib'>llU|l'» hi™1bI n. inJ iimililMii! «» p™=iplei 1^
x- Ji^'*'^ '^ t^j^^V^*'^ <!ktind.T1itfnrtitDipr«grMi*tiH1k««rili iici«D«f|viiv R4ta^[hAt_Tlu■lEnIl^ll-
p
730 CCRHYma.
piofiiilHifiiniiadairelainHUBUUmlDllHdnii. kl>iqra trnplid maHwti to i1>« h<3d h
uira fcmlj. Dr. larrti, dmnh TiomBid If • Bnumiii&rau cgnuHiu
E>IM loliillllr '«<I'«< •" ■l>>n>V»d~l aulMlx glHB UinDnr-oiliind hsnn
^'^DTiiiililr !■ IDIM, l> an onnpriM u oiinuiiiii il diHui[ loUie gl Jbt „
IfBifl LWequU. Hftndlnqtbf MlDniuig wlnler ftboiKiiiibftainjeoBb
CUllllWC^^Oioii^ of 1
Uh can ^ CoRilDdl EdiwI, wmt bjr itM atala ' "'■T '^P«^ ^" ^^;i^T' ^ ^ *" '
ou of iIhUa rk4 *n» u AlMiia. Indidn afqary povdt led o« rj
vghl ntlei BlinTF Neriii^iwBlk. ' poKI. aOa il hu ndnpHi iIk prcpta
lint, utd Ipirfid)*., ft Rfdief n miiiimTf t ^ Il i» ■ md* G«vd ded und iMnfc
i^Biinl amtd wtlh fcyUvs, Tic driti oT QmB v biVtii otK idb roip he D«rd of t
chartaUVHoUwd vindeenmcBtllBfaHKa, aiid*nrrimai iH Bed b 4p«cl^ rt«
i»iilL *ood, vhl comaintEf D<% ihpoit^ni pl«a irtiAnl Uh dryini rfwdv, wViUfa
i]i»pi CHrTrickdBBli. Iht CBpA^, tD Imi^ H' lHnrdrd» kA a;e^Mad m Hdnat
tVJKElUl;KIY»UE.dK*dntiiGlardiFpfa- *»t^ *■ iJli, wh di n jiland
CURRYING.
\h tartrludt Mtdi^t- H>tdim-ra» tart»rp fca »1h, "ml eurtitd nndi fcf ihiM itiipricfl gi>n.
'( Jilt, lAOX IB ** fr«>»*kLir ipffl iHEWlpvdU, ItE , for At ntt,\rr ai TaTfVlTHO pcKtic
toi^A* bia]«dim(Bt ID bovine utd H«niii[E tlw dtlftr- pvir, ndv the bcfl, ml^ dnijm, bcint lir
M ibMv^"' (iilliilii]riiaDd«,iiid inappLriTiBilHiiiioiha uhntO; wb[A licalM rvuidtai A* ikia.
DiJwntLhinKV*' ma^^^ ^^1 ^ "Hftir, vtd llic biirrr wiBl 1ia<« ibHlllirwltelUBh, Aic^ ■■ ■ iV^xlj iDcljned
itc bsn^ boimd'J " li^i^^**"' """^^ iBtqijHhtj irfi}w IfuIwe, pui»Tn» BTtd po«Iii(ia,H& BKb an«a or Thtfam. wbkt ii
~\°^^,^"tf " " fcw T« oT Kwdi. mil In dilfSfal pvu of tht Bki B Mud vpH; QtajM b ilwiit bur
„„,unMir>^ CtUl>^. u b niddli in^riTDTnia oi Ibt ikiiL u inlllbiiuiliriiliilllllltlll/ltamni 1iie>dlh.
rjiri UimU'*"'' ■■'ll^ti''' ' r^iP^ cwMinthiii -ht ibe hutn. lud Iti tnili bu rm •4pi i da bkli i> itcuD-
«^ ""^i^ '^'"^S' ■■"''M'llt Jl B pul rf io illy Ifv mnlrM td(t, by loHiiPS nil a iWM ri 1 mnf fiil,
■''^i":^ J!^^; "7«'^"'i«"*"" '■™' ■ ™'™', "I' '*" 2?,rikXV»'v?r-"'-' "-"-'
-."1
73S CURRYING.
vamdiufl t4 Ihfl lutquhTlnflDaHwi of Uh hiu fartd ID OHInae miiil bt Alb u awi b
d^lite dE hoi DD Ifar Ihu^n bud thlDDec puU Aniltiiw. B*v«n fradpa^hTvill.vtaHfc
■^ ''' '"*■ DU^ Ilia kgllt, tlve •« iio i. SCSSjilliSlSi^iuftail?**''*'
Ibn4n°»»'l£^taii, Witt lln Biittiidl oil- li Uu iMl. x llw ■»■ hai Ikv'll tiiS
mda, nil ihe lUi iRia i> in iu pcailim b^ lln ainr ; ud ■]■ khi^ ct IWW. ubiST^
■RMI^ btund HI ■U*l>f> ani freal cbk, Mnp. Hit Am u doubM uhI vhMwAi Iisaitm
»wtil u ifigrtlUj, HMMM^lo *'»dH"l- ewHbcmd arihia d«Knp1nD. uwilBlIliif l^'Owl
lii^, oi reduciiq tU il^ maie Mi unv pun tened, fmd li ihm whiioud, t^ ^^ ^m ■ A^va.b
liiiB It il4ijbk dinu^ hb na^n ; ud, whn fQr* it |> HBini,hDW»«, atubOHMtl^ l>n.u
Imo a lull flF Er«h wilflr, l& b* Kaurtd HBd ei- niani.p«rticiilarlr if tlie Imktrta iAHdldi 1 tl*^
^^■|" >d Wi faih fct-J III Mkri^iat *» iriDnAodbiiMtalnnAindlDihiiiili.
MlKtfg,,*^™. T
^m-'aS'^
«■■■ ■ vsthJ nlla lo tamu Hil-itik lop mft ei|«rtod> b b^ qunuiH, la Hodli
deund-oil, ODd if ivniiod giWHHl oaU- Tie loEdrhwidTnfJlliiiiiDilirnwlhonlblBniii,
i|<V S"^ ikKripUim or loKbv, uiil liiih i^ SlEiabividi ot dio cinjiiK ni>I<r
tiH bboBbllu; WMlalof-dHuqii u GUriom. ii HE TvdncFd in ihttElc bijl iHfoIr dH EDugh
Hv »ini^ bniiwn, «t ilun bo p^jlir ia ik- a kfri -lifa i1h ihidMr fvii, and br boEh dbe
fl^Wi ™l« lS.ilBlht''l^?'lEiilL'liUtk- placed™ a. polamnilaBiKyJi.. TlomB
I'" IM. aiiloSiilni~EAciraaHaieaJ>( Ulj ctolMj >Ih UK aiiat aal '»(^>j|
■fa inb iki didHrTSiTAa irillli puIMIr lolind of hud Blow k tn nU^ "^^j^ <j{™
vlt" m ki&iii ttn rlivoil n a filHD laakmi nn md iltoi i mad nu of nils* u haap
po" nidi^,'!!* WHi ^iTl^^^an la Buitad oMIi • vaalnhfi BODE, « a gliu iJ
ainjun olDjilowil 10 -nk E"t lalbrr lupd ra {jj^/""!- ^ «rf toj
':l:
7S* CUR
bini-i, utiiiH <ul • ">'. •>'■ ^
1 ;'l
li ll
|™J*' •* " J<^ttip»* op fc pimiEt ard ^
%
-m
.'^It,
r3i'',>!;'i:;;'^„"^'*™'"'£ ^cr;;^liz"™r^rT^"t
sir'u""
ss
^^ir^Ttfir:?:;:^.;^-'^. !t'fr^!f.'^l''»(^
d UHuUb u C^ uil Ml
I, Mob ii[ Da «niiu BMB nbdiuil It iLi
fqullj Bdnnndt w/lti t dnriw of lb»ir khJ faaibviL;. Ob b
^•'M '
> caiury ojled "Af UoJ of Cb_. .— ,™...™ ™, (mm™ «
ril.«P«.i.b«d.i«,«p»,Ee™i«J lrt™inK.e™i™«i.,i™i,.' 1|,.«;^
j'ldiavET, n.f.)«1t pad placed uwm h prHvdtna/ s, A IliMon dTiIv oiuii 4tff'
; 1 |BTI dC u El«[ncil msobint. Untied toTlo, aid sC llwlr onaMn iBmriicii™,
^Iml'bEE u4 bwid ii lUie^ Hiib &Bt ^^
%
742 CUSTOMS.
'■lnwilf lijiinpffi*^ tteijaijlKQ-erhW |4|<E of hBumenuHlpHUafliu^AR, froiu d« 1 ..-jirtoj
Hpnlun.' vfvB IMf keU ■■ lbiD«l» >rKl m innn(iumiAdifi«tfMbaH«»a>rtimitHfiiiB I -^ta
hmw- Fi«a K quttUon in PdHekt K apptui TDn^mibvpiulk*. On TurilLb^iklii « I -^i^
itBia vawl ^v n>«id hta »<>■ *w JhuhI IdndHi, bry/t btsiDblF nnrpd Uw nTiua; *bgp I '_' m >
ihU jB.^liMtrtalB. iliill»d BlllnBl. "lUl M" b mil of Ihe quatign ; nd, rnivnu.-.il".
thnr »nMMtm~I '**J%?2 ' '"™' "* """ "**^ '"'IP" °' '
Tli«»hddlHai^«lw«BH[Vqia1^*uifpainiFd quu II4 ipol *irli a bolt m it Ai r.^r
•HhhiBAITlBflAri lldklDeDllhnHiiicdt rAilin]f ud ^Dning itioiju o( lui^m m^
andiriBUlviqtldlQllin, Oltv iKSin nt «ins, fltm Ihi pBrpmralon ind lltt Bp«lalaL« l;j
' Lci 01 flobd ^iiaj' iHei vliuh ■>)* pn- » iiO™ ha^p«ni la tfn wbo huai ud uniLa
«aKirbepB»i«ipoBmT.*'-«lfttWll^Mni*.' « Itit duiBH 1^ HtHbern rt4i liailu fbr^« Lib..
(il«!^5^ ftH >niT«l|prf. n« 111 •» !S''5^'S?V '•""■■'>"•»
niiB nda IhB oiMoii ^^M fMUinnit, n^ .bicL Gniiln. iktit Ctnnui , .
v:,\ 'AllUklBRi vliub llw imiplHIdHid lis fntd logeilw ; nd in pMgndH <•• nc^^rcLW
MH Kvmiri bj nm«ij » ilie diomg m pin sC Ibi nortay in inmuwn, mi oliii n I
oT Ihi irtnaoir. tnwuni md™ ol >•» <"l >* P^i"*.'?* "n"™"" '•"I *• MIradinl [-- 1
■P" " 0 k~J CUSTOMS. J43
0 Finn. JU- IV,- in^' lijni*«l *mt«.. Id Hmudr llie)' pIlH cwjd'cif -Cocl=Bllit djnrtiU," htpionl ■
'ix> lur«I kg nnMlTv " > ^ ••*■ Al OMa >Ulh il » H«nd filli CDtl lif Stnn Tuodlr.
I'liit'i g'w il' ^iTilaw^' JJMel, OMot a» Mpn liklot up !>■ IJM Si. Piun Diy^-O^i dij piiijmiiiiciliiiiu
ihxrw^ Ddhtaw"*'' <^ ^"voTtfit -align ud(0wii»]nDpb. Loof unliliDaB, nttidiiK ihoa dui, iHi»t ■*«»
ii Jb' dbdiMW^i" "P« •!• UKbcO n il» uid thhn vr brtj nto. Mbrr raivirlHd br Biib4p Hafi. ivIid Dbwrru
^.ipi^-imDC ^^i^ifvr niippFd » dHir cIhd wHib Mra, faoE pn- Df ft panw mder ucb inflitHioH, i^vhSl
> lIeivv HflA'p^''*' "clHl^Bil^* ixubnVT KBitmfli btEtuta, Pule'i day aiid St- Swiitlot't, thk Eke iir»l».
hi wfk.'vJ amii"^^!^^, bpiDnpraniti»;ilHiigaplr bv4iKiic4.Hid CoDnrnliig Ali dijr, Bnuru ayi, •'Howlt
[j.;r. 'hiB, 4B'^'' ^ alWlhaBan. SoTDWEna Hw ■port n h- hacid fia** tbii idrEKdir hoKh of feniilliD>
IhiiWv l>>>^<~,J;, •«dlnitui«iiagicwii7umi unpiaM lb piod nc lU briuu oC iba Ulo^^rmr ii
1 iil» M '•"•■''^J': " dlH will aJynJiin ail, ..J «ntm tM nn mdnUtdli lit bil -k* sail dih ma-
M
» ia llM kBfAan whvc Ihl CnU<jl| il M—onn wil^ Dm g«oid€h
IH oaiiio ■uoMliud •& tii kk iiiiili, iidi I^ bii lale.— BUup
Elf. itt mnrnof wB biiUixU) Em
at ipriDB. LrdpU, iW umL •Jt ben,
Ell|liX'~»BlT™^I Mli"^«MiV^ ^U*^"^,ta^n.djrt^aflrljaM,
ihH III pifiu B cV«i -nuld biciiILBd btU, >IM| ni udBMr h^Ib IbK un-i 1
.™— , »„„,^„,. CUSTOMS. 747'
*°iii>b|b; doM^q^Us^ fl*fd Ih* pnpb kf puL QUI Urir Ert> Bad Hll>, ^n u anainljr ■ pnm«d> fl*«ri on. In
''I'l'PV^ HfditfflJK'rs Vib,udga n b«d,K Iht nahtd^docfc car- it iHSt oh oboniv pin al Ibr knffitq. A
■■'■^"■"^ Bp4vrfMB(uti VWoi*- fc>»iiif pnniW ID dlAnpi pun dtmlwe nTtp ta him « INt hHjtidn, (Br
'""^^ ^'.MHton « tiirtiiHilllialf4(rt4,ldkpHaHilH»««liB« Ipanviihvi-
^^'nmt', b-r^« '"^ "'^ ""* '™1<W v>d ^Ulp ''Ihi IB So diTHU IVw ID hll " Fl** Rdndivd
<rl.teTsE<i«iT, fc^H„^^ CMJ hoiuMwtw bolN Of imod. || U rdHtf, P«iim of Gwd Ui^udir, 1020." Hto, On
Udui6*rn'cU hiiHi.B.'to*. «Adq t> obHTr^to iliit dn, ODd ihv Ml u nil of tfw t!nDinueUlBdid,HkdhiTabau^
inn j»i ni )iTli •■')>'*" I •> HI 1 UiUi anuHd ig i« III ihF inW SInm ToBdif i> nil imaniiiwa ia mDl
IFrinllL (k ntoUlW*" wu miiUii itn (Ian ot >ll ilnir (M -in. puu of tta lln|don. BnadianalhuKm
'«S?i^ Hi""*''''r \T -^^ "l™*"^!^""'™™ "T" Stinm Tii»ir, B Ikio- *tta n^ M.
" '^''* "^'^1^"° iiVII»bUI:llie><mll«->1>inilbiiihoiir>.-hl> uc Innni niHad hi! diipollllia Inn ■»-
Jn™ln» ■"^■^Ji«i' UnpniHniinuMlitpiiblaMiiioii^indipnd jIM in ki. cHlSood, .III In mn liiiB pBBh
lm-«M''''''^^!ri''' Puiakt U<r la ixiihe' runt lt» Slinni ii I nuunl Doanini of iIh indaw •Uct
'ililliini niM^^'T.iD' in difl - U«nllein«i^i UHCuine. 1790^" nn, ih* pHr GiKk EhiuctIj: 1>i*ft u oalBEOunlpr
^^■ffoa <rt^ ,^^'' IJmI "SlnH H HI old Sunn word, ol wlitti Itnlltnaii Btm wbo Muld nol dlKOOn^ dw
Ih^irbiv^wk DOT l-^vt livtfly' TtaF Ptnaas hj IKi oiha-^nj. hul m petyn ■u ^lltn^
mriri tl U"' 'imiij. ud it il» mOdmi, to t.« li, i)i>t ii, u pm ii u,™ una i,™
DTdf nd lanial cotl-aiUiiig In ilK p™inie of jmiU holi id Oh duh,. .Aich mi ik» *«i „
di. nlwta p«(Jj: B«a~ui Jmll U ullUd ImnMSMIIMhjild! lluletUwtaclirion.j,
CM pnvMi Id iimu 611. 10 ll« l.«j»i.." Tiit, llie «m d«j or Lmi, i, nltal Aii Krf.
TtaOwllI DlMllHi 1»* <W"iD(™'» '™°> niBiJJ. !*™m in Ui. RoMn Cittalit ttaid,, _. ,
S^. imurt UK •aoM md InM d[ uUit'. Ham w Ih; tuj. of tbr p»pii. liit, ,«, I -•
fiw ■iBtod, fli^cUly 1MH Omit*- on otHlBarihehivcMf DrbtiiahwitHlDrThiUDi, I j/^
™t-li«U»iI io 'Eiill»ijj_lr RnjS»F*inj, imt, Afttr *• prim tai jirtn J,«il„b™«
Ihl^l^ rf (M-UH Tlj "Jolt pBUt ll IMII ipiiotl; J™ ■*•• opon Uien fa Ih,
lid,, A« l»,i of •»ij«b«llir.B<^iin- o(Wiuidprai™™ oTiml.'li,. p„™,
mm a ickMl, ID M IfcBD Mil Brtt loiskii. -K", ddJ pnnmn Uieii i1ni« .,ik iuw.
lUoi 4i(.in, in Iht im* ef ibe oij imA u vi ^^V'^'^J^i^ J° V" "^ '<mla^ b
rf'Sl ihi'indM Ian nvj dh Ikili laN <d PluiDi, > fira, tai llbniriu Id Oh Vaios.
Uieir budL TkD HDimit Hc^ llv Aidieq, wlu vtou Itn Uti* of iIa popn, (riaw imi
udltemllfaTelli^HODiu « kHHlnAla PiKliatiii, iirQVUib«ofa«nH,brmEul[cn^.< i
H^^?^M«i«u>«^ HllKirniDn. oi>Ai>iVI>dDHik..^Uluilii(i,iDt|»F>
Sl.-l.irffr-«-.«-Jpi-lclp-.;to Bm««TOLr*.M««luJp„.JX
ncniDDi iGiiaiihitFDin Kind Iwt hi iIh BkH dd Am dir, id ddIii id bo lisiKil no m I
viniribi lam jooO, "i* "li— "inb ml lilrDie* vtn h (iliin Inl b«. TVuk'i I
Ulitni fttj •»■ n i»""Ddiott. . ^ , "" "J" ~.™"'" ?*™ " ««™t " «
Ciict-lliilillm "" KoliilnBd lo Iqimd oiddI bra, - HtnenliDr, O nun. biiuH itaa
iiidtcEl>>ilni.Df nDU)VIIL,iDd niD UilDji.ikDiidalinrniiudDHr^-.ibri'
.tifli- ni llnry lildHlT niwlpi Mt ctod pitradM 111* fora ud nid, " Bvpchitw. ito,
ouuRblviiuaHoiii)i-IdiIi,iiidncDj«> ui m OiMliDi, o^ nHh Ika GiMliw ih> I
I mt •native' ID Otni iDd vMln oor dill tKdim io bIi^- and an tU Mms I
?ini tln^ gwA bvt twD fou^ nd wnd- tbivw Unvbalvi Uh iiTclilni4op^>,jH I
™d Cort-piir"™"". -'«"1™I ^'H'- "o™ Wirf Birdfci to I**. Tku^niWiu 1
Bl4kuniiU)i,11»1udHc«AiHlBldP«Wf» Ttiovu More tadli« U» bdf kdUd^ bH w I
i^ Mniiiitiy,- will IKX IwiDff JO- Dp one »t«p Tikghnr Vtf
i.n<£>>C^lill
ta. of tba pwilt. IM wrmip«ii*.iiii»l>™»iii™iap.»ib
^'tuw.S^
strti^'"
MiI.L™, s'uMi, ^ Iwd.lnh,-.. ""M"M"i"*^»M"™e™iIlB«™ or Brnnprn ml kHtETm/itM i, 1«4»1 ii
1. w»i, i^V *— >1fc- f"jir"B?^S'"'^>!^'™™"* •~l''"»I't^li<-.p™N.««il»i..
„ IHli Ibf Edmi il Hn •• » ' NlllEoitail.taiwbii,™i,Btl»JiBl»k«t" II^'fcp'll»'li«« nil, d«^'.^™'i«Z!
l!il J™"' ol ^ kt"-« g^ «m«. "7 "I" of ha ■upmo.b.r, nn.ttaj .■» itKnll, hm™! c». l™ itj
n#Li4><oaTill«I fcfti"* Tk-F«^ W9. Bdllcr n^ bii badv -u dLfnmnd by * ■» iBAn fat ludl in atofpfbg; » W Idlovtd
irilinnfriariv ianfltaLi"'^ pllu of li(K "nd bumd Li Wit«l»-^ -< — ^ ■>■ _ .l. _■.,.. . '■ •
tihuirt™™ fc.ijta.*"' "O-ortrfm- ■ -
^
....-"^
CUSTOMS. ?S3
f . Al itiFf aVi«k eitt hf nLlAd *iiji ho Dirahi Id lt» iiUr^ of iJtHb,
rf ■ pvIT ^f »DH| of be vbiK <ii^id in Loqdoa a»pl, w bflbre
GtrrjidS lilutr gold diJi m And, ic Iba Qupd RdjiJ^
«1.S0lnBN*^^ »T*iitJ-a**
■cf.ArlhrHurpmto, which 0»d Friditr nd ChnHui.d')< hre Uv ddIv
■p roTtl chfHt nF5 iMt two cIdk holidayt aD> obHTTtd Ibnuiltaiii
r EntUid HHhed W IihaI iC >}< iW bvL ot iJfB of Mm <f^ Hv " hfl.
J, tmldH bnuaina <Mc "^^ Boimd soIhIIi idBhBbEBf^ thu On
ifW haL QnKii ElUibcih jo- uwtA^ttgt !■ pipil wonklp uid dmiwh
rd, oi irfiKt occuta <M IM ti(2a « l>r Rou cHMk iitiun torn Ot 4^, or
ifrb<T aAvrwHdi bv Uw Hb-dBooei^ ' I* idd nw nore lubuce, ov of dh^, Sl
bjribqvfnhn^; iht pcmiahD ^nn umhb d, ii> tvt a*ft life, doi m dtj
t dlilribtittd UKia ILt poor. Jimet '■oit.'' lattufco— ■ ofiMigiMiMpgialh
IlDbnbHD«i>kito(DiiiiHuiil> t GoiJ FiMiir IM li HUI ty *|M lioct," uj
.i>{mruMwllui>il;nMiidv, •••GoolEVidii.BE^'.ibmad^licS
( hsn lli« ii Bl mj-iillllli JBf, i» On HU Oi»d FHdqi b oh ot llllikr
todhnilond tf lh« DnqwnniJioaH, nifca^uid arikiKil»tdilorofihr''EnT^pvr
>• -mn. bofl^ Em( uid Aoildn oT luini [i«ii bi r' ' i» Hii inr hapomd i> i
, iml •nil hn4i if M, -Ikti ii cdM KniK Uai tod iM.- Tllil uiloiAHdl; ii >
0
ii i;(
!)■'
I , 1 ■
Bml break n n«rt faitlj. riiriivkp to it, Qj jj, j^*^ MflflS™" "^
1^1^,
■«-i*i^^
'"'■'^■£r3."™'i'"»~0-S.™ '",". ■»! 1- "... chow."""
i^r, .Biitw," "Onhrtprl. which m™, ""l»w "J nprd » (o,« „
'"*-™ L"Cf^ " Mal»»|ta, who liaj ;*"'■* "ft' HlMll piMM, fo
•^^ pHb tl Ea^vd Ibix oU il ihB bmWiJtjkig, T\^ icnu - pdH. out, of pvck," bt hJ«-
^ IWvdi ran^w. Hd Ihty llMMthM wlj.utd qd- nil tDtl»To-«r; lion w^vm k tirt >»>•»
--—a *" tW*^ prq*4i™d wKh kKf." T^ Wl> u tepi up iSry •«** pwcfaued Iw iIif pwp« ol hip^
^llrtll S"^*" tjtfiB tctltxfrtsmoMTM-lWninilwliLy boilfd iBd Aiwd^or »TCfcd ni\ baf fold,
>u>>t '^ u'*!rii^ ■>" •• >I>T -«>U la ail] oUv dqr. nd Ua niid' af »!<• Pnl V. fa Do me it
' f«n>~>, lucHbn. Sli«Dnfibi>, Wimiduliln. Bifluid, Sc^utl. ul [idud, Emuini lU
l^y s. IW duuin of £i^ iir^liiJu £wti4dr Eum dQ, Iha bwli oT bailiB ml B *•
■""" SMI hK H til ™l»dj, ■• 1«PR ol IM ltt» [•Willi bu dul It. pmplj nijH An. •
Ii"" JiS^Kiai Edmd 1. ID hb bd u riBt,. icTnl tnnlrjjAiDB, al ikB WDoa, inllinil
I- M ft» tJ^glML Tin inr ii ■ '-!>" ™- Imd, Miliicalnilliu ItehiZaikchin
V ' C™imt»id, ilifcin^ CM ■■ t«Miill> maial £ owWJ j^,l»n^|iiwwii Em.iI*
^ Tiiw**'" bilrtil»toB.^ini™7~l»i™- F*™- 111. nilph™, !»■ i«bmdii™<™* tali
„niil ' »"' ^ n idnnai lidinHr mm ita nw d«Hd HMd u wdi of dit ihnlmii. Hi <«■
t, ■ «t«»'2,ai' !ogZ^toltaw.RAindla p^ unidl^ u ik> dun lod mn. IV
WiBtfi' >B*^ ^ n« BtfC ^opKd « pnT*rt IWfnto duoBr lod ubofaaH bdnf gDorMBd^ iba
' " MW ^W j'^'b,'*Sr»««*"di'id.^dm c* *i.dl«iloid-ntadlU.mi»n™il.ll.
C I' S T 0 II s
-■h-ort^..^ „ - CUSTOMS. isi
T.-^^-
' '"'iilfwl'^ iXTn'al^i »-i WWII of Ji%rtiJui InJWm ■rr.i, inriR«««ll7^;nnC3ik.ta|.
■„; .J^lJ ih*™i*-«'- ■••■iilli •• iif "i lilMtiM r™* ttaFct oi pi|i,UiHiiinii»lll)iriBililinS^inill
i>i«j.>i^ -m <<>|^ 1^ _^^^ , IL«wli« dH (pDnKMlli u •ddittDK, H bt th>i(MniDiici(>dni>oiiuhi«ii>. AEVm
I. ^iin aiU a ■^"-7 [UnW),»amnai<tDUliiH,»Bin>> dulk uM u ■■• andiTIl, Uka>i>in<4iili
^.. biK. nils' i!™' -Z,,- (oHrr^jiiaiiwdimJImaia.lliu Irei ul iHa ba<k.l>iTi«lii(ililB.«
Jwpin^rtil^ ^'^k^^lK'- ^MO it mi M « flrf, uid fli«l in Iha pHmd, ^Ih loud Biid inHUd ifaooH wd iBugfaltr,
rboDl cjm Ac ^^ ^ ^i*<7!^ "* ^V^ "^ '^B '^■^ Ib^r JeffliT Ibfl Mumofn. dumf Ibt daj, puMb dw
'^rli^r^^ ^^aM''^^ '™^ ^""li ^^ cvkhfukn of fdif-dBj (ti lUi o< AfflBU. Iw ban novtU} InMd to iIm wor-
' takt^* ^J?»*'^^' "WrtT of iDupnoliciD. " Motnnrtn in In. ibiD of Ihu drilr. ll ii ion *iil|uljr uHd in
.vj*; ^:>«-"
768 CUSTOMS.
OD May-eve is the painful and mischievous one t?ent about the fields of St. Katharine's, and ihm
of stinging with nettles. In the south of Ireland liberties/' On the following Thursday, ** Being
it is the common practice for school-boys, on Holy Thursday, at the court of St. James's, the
that day, to consider themselves privileged to run queen went m procession within St James's,
wildly about with a bunch of nettles, striking at with heralds and Serjeants of arms, and four bi-
the face and hands of their companions, or of shops mitred ; and bishop Bonner, beside bis
such other persons as they think they may ven- mitre, wore a pair of slippers of silver and gill,
ture to assault with impunity/' and a pair of rich gloves with ouches of silver
This ancient custom, like many others among upon tliem, very rich."
the ancient Britons, is annually growing into The effect of processions in the churches, most
disuse. The decline of sports and pastimes is have been very striking. A person sometines
in every age a subject of regret. For in a civil inquires the use of a lai^ portion of unappn>-
pointof view, they denote the general prosperity, priated room in some of our old ecdesiasiicil
natural energy, and happiness of the people, edifices ; he is especially astonished at the eoor-
consistent with morality, and combined with mous unoccupied space in a cathedral, and asks,
that spirit of true religion, which unlike the ** what is it tor V* — ^the answer is, at this time,
howling of the dismal hy^na or ravening wolf, nothing. But if the Stuarts had succeeded in
is as a lamb sportive and innocent^ and as a lion re-establishing the catholic religion, then tkii
magnanimous and bold I large and now wholly useless poitioo of the
structure, would have been devoted to the old
Rogation Sunday is the fifth Sunday after practices. In that event, we should have bad
Easter. ** Rogation" is supplication, from the cross-carrying, canopy-carrying, censing, chaot-
Latin rogare to beseech. ing, flower-strewing, and all the other accessories
Rogation Sunday obtained its name from the and essentials of the grand pageantry, which dis-
succeeding Monday, Tuesday, and Wednesday, distinguishes catholic from protestant wonhip.
which are called Rogation-days, and were or- The utmost stretch of episcopal ceremooia) in
dained by Mammertus, archbishop of Vienne, in England, can scarcely extend to the use of an
Dauphin^ ; about the year 469 he caused the eighth part of any of our old cathedrals, each of
litanies, or supplications, to be said upon them, wnich, in every essential particalar as a boildiog,
for deliverance from earthquakes, fires, wild is papal,
beasts, and other public calamities, which are — -
alleged to have happened in his city ; hence the Mr. Fosbroke remarks that tbe least of Whit-
whole week is calleid Rogation-week, to denote suntide was celebrated in Spain with rvpresen-
the continual praying. tations of the gift of the Holy Ghost, and of
Shepherd, in his *' Elucidation of the Book of thunder from engines, which did much damage.
Common Prayer,'' mistaking Vienne for Vienna, Wafers, or cakes, preceded by water, oak-leaves,
the capital of Germany, says : ^ The example of or burning torches, were thrown dovm from the
Mammertus was followed by many churches in church roof; small birds, with cakes tied to
the West, and the institution of the Rogation- their legs, and pigeons were let loose ; nuK-
days soon passed from the diocese of Vienna times there were tame white ones tied with
into France, and from France into England." strings, or one of wood suspended. A loQf
Rogation-week is also called grass- week, from censer was also swung up and down. In ac old
the appetite being restricted to salads and greens; Computus, anno 1509, of St. Patrick's, Dublin,
cross-week, from the cross being more than or- we have 4s. 7d. paid to those playing with the
dinarily used ; procession-week, from the public great and little angel, and the dragon ; 3i. paid
processions during the period ; and gang- week, ror little cords employed about tbe Holy Gbosi;
from tbe ganging, or going about in these pro- 4s. 6d. for making the angel (ikii^ieMtu)
cessions. censing, and 2s. 2d for cords of it— all on tbe
The rogations and processions, or singing of feast of Pentecost. On the day before Whitsun-
litanies along the streets during this week, were tide, in some places, men and boys rolled then-
practised in England till the Reformation. In selves, after drinking, &c. in the mod in tbe
1554, the priests of queen Mary's chapel made streets. The Irish kept tbe fieast with milk food,
public processions. ''All the three days there as among the Hebrews; and a breakliut corn-
went her chapel about the fields : the first day posed of cake, bread, and a liquor made by bd
to St. Giles's, and there sung mass; the next water poured on wheaten bran. The Wbitson
day, being Tuesday, to St. Martin's in the Fields, Ales were derived from the Agapai, or love-C»sii
and there a sermon was preached, and mass of the early Christians, and were so deoominatfd
sung, and tbe company drank there ; the third from the churohwardens buying, and laying in*
day to Westminster; where a sermon was made, from presents also, a large quantity of loait,
and then mass and good cheer made ; and after, which theybrewed into beer, and soM out in ibe
about the park, and so to St. James's court, chureh or elsewhere. The profits, as well »
The same Rogation-week went out of the Tower, those from sundry games, thei^ being no poor
on procession, priests and clerks, and the lieu- rates, were given to the poor, for whom this w«s
tenant with all his waiters; and the axe of the one mode of provision, accoiding to the christian
Tower borne in procession : the waits attended, role that all festivities should be rendeied inoo-
There joined in this procession the inhabitants cent by alms. Aubrey thus describes a Whiisoo
of St Katharine's, Radcliff, limehouse. Poplar, Ale. *' In every parish was a church-hwss, to
Stratford, Bow, Shoreditch, and all those that which belonged spits, crocks, and other otewh
belonged to the Tower, with their halberts« They for dressing provisions. Here the housckcepm
m-m
IT
1 'It.
a.:.;.Li.ii
CUSTOMS.
CV4i fcr.«ll»fc«liiJ*ftfl'P"Chfll
3, Uidiud IIL >il»rf CiBMrj 10 I
indioi amiiitai o( lb otly. "Eraj csu- Ms pui ii( ita p-mimo. Tt* mn, -lU
|Bnitadh»i»jMiili,oiFUl^wUA|iMU™ «to«ft ImJkmUeh M ilim tart. uiani
Ills! ^ytd, I™* all (mmn lU upe. Ik" iH Cit knm. In ■ pub *> flw inl n;^ Ud
b^iii&t BlyWl™ Ulil •« ll»«- !<" !*>« n ""W !" i<1"l' "mil "P : 1M"1 bri,
.her. ihsy iJ»r«a Hi™ •» t» ""J M"™ US'JU^ S^^'w'^Ji^ S"''hno
K"™'!!^ WtoMtam, uUlMlbepiijiinlmfipriW iba loll i bm itj cnn. .nd hi™ iLmb-V^ ■
lum, vUnni loiBktt, 10 m alocb |j^ H Ibt tlur. wCiribii bo^ imo << >iip>n.j .j
erBliS(»r>iri>^'°>>'<^i>n''>'if"*v'> k coniiNi' liir On mutliiiidh Ai nIK isJ
LcTi' aod Gwlj-naT wllh !!■ ■piMli Pinl fal cmnl bylhiir polnanol; udnxAneriitl ■
KvaroJjonv ibuaihileHiDHHWIuaivalle, tbe Imprtulw or ib eflkKj « Ihor voids
dwa^; ^ In mn* U» «Aal a|HiU -ould wb&an oUUp1illjblind,«iillDftUitf cnrpU^.
hanflitial otainwiib Uiewmlnnrf iV oiWn ivlli hdieH ^ ■ tiow ikMiifaoy «n. hj iKon
luQIlKl M a |llix aran fta tafia lo the He" ot ili laitmUjou^mila, iwrkcllr is^j^id.
a. DaBotai' Daj mu a big'' I""'"! i» E"I- Mia atol^iaH eMe!™"«i.
^e rf ^^evli'i ci™i, a mnicolooi Mliun- bv Will.™ Coonoaior » be ei^il, ino; "
no llBHeiJ daj abB fl»A Wam^ and HoKiahad «ajl bgbft ™ ™in»i^ OmofhM Iht walai
ll. pi™ Ibmof auoda a >BJ Ina mtaoWM tbal H Wtomd, -bj !«»• of «»|« .alio
'' "'utiej'u^ l'^^^'^^*" iBai indii. ud nililv undJchi SsHK. Tti ■ami iHlhit •! Ilia -nh m A. Johi-i
h, fa^iinDf fcf If* i^p^DWO-^J mntitQt utnitakithtt. Bjl IVtCHIUcfi H liH, daHl fa Iha nar IHH^nd gMrml
..hirlY cIum™ •'"" J^S^ruii [iip9«ain<lKBi)ciI!™liiii-ai.iiljaM kcna alih otcr Ejnrs B; miiihii MS. hi
'^'^^iiJ V*P^*^i^^ Ihan-HDanctwBw] wUiBima.irilhBuliDk' Wfii^cVf,uidlwaBtaDVifr iDTlwaU EDon-
'^!j# <M )^''^?jidrr*'-^''' DiiHiiaiba/fuvt; ihh piks, HOa laBifcaa. BlH7lhsn.D^*kid^1*^ll«H(0I4aiaad|n«r,
■'""''"in '^■■j'^''* IWinnJIi. ThrSni'bara(ii™ii.j™iJ ^'^S^ciKit. ul^ri^ilta^, >~akM
I'ilpiun^'- IjJI^H'^; -' nib Km. lb) mT Dpn pan or Ilia um, ■ iWiaiHIkaiMari'CnjIaDd, latH. E(-
^^«ia> "H^wdl'^^f aa ouh, iba tBin^Lmil Mlamli, in Uwa n Eihilwilb. •>»« unariniuttallnDa
-» iii^io'toirTS'J'^S]™' '* °''^""' O" Si- Jinm-. D.^
i.-.li'<.n]. rtMmjD hir. ulairii^L' [^ » dm mllldi ll» (M itrnimi M tulAr ■
'■!' I
CUSTOMS.
obijincS Dk lUH i< miindE ai|hi. Is n Sm" E'MSHrfT'h "* '^ ''""■ -^
1^ ~ri nnmi lit' > >kiD of -r, .^ih dim *.£Ti^' J°i TiJr.T;^, f ■**■ "f
|i«H.ofi»JomM.iliiidaiai,iiBiia.,jiiaBmu Iwo llO«,n^h~.T.J^ ."™™ '"
s
■ >
lUt by uwher nprnirSic LDnh. Mti, i. omTL^^' ■■)"ii"l'l "linn in Ik^l
I
J]
I
. I
1:1
w-
Live Music Archive
Librivox Free Audio
Metropolitan Museum
Cleveland Museum of Art
Internet Arcade
Console Living Room
Books to Borrow
Open Library
TV News
Understanding 9/11