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LON  DON 

PAST   AND   PRESENT 


LONDON 

PAST   AND    PRESENT 

ITS   HISTORY,   ASSOCIATIONS,  AND 
TRADITIONS 

BY 

HENRY   B.  WHEATLEY,    F.S.A. 

BASED   UPON 

THE    HANDBOOK    OF    LONDON 

BY   THE    LATE 

PETER   CUNNINGHAM 


IN  THREE  VOLUMES  —  VOL.  Ill 


\ 


LONDON 

JOHN   MURRAY,  ALBEMARLE   STREET 

1891 


LONDON: 

PAST  AND    PRESENT. 


Paddington,  formerly  a  village  at  the  west  end  of  London,  con- 
taining, in  1801,  357  houses;  now  a  large  and  increasing  parish,  and 
part  of  the  great  metropolis,  having  in  1881  a  population  of  107,098. 

Pitt  is  to  Addington 

As  London  is  to  Paddington.— CANNING. 

King  Edgar  gave  the  manor  of  Paddington  to  Westminster  Abbey  ;  the  grant  was 
confirmed  by  Henry  I.,  King  Stephen,  and  Henry  II.  At  the  Dissolution  it  was 
made  part  of  the  revenues  of  the  Bishopric  of  Westminster  ;  and  when  that  see  was 
abolished  soon  after  its  establishment,  Edward  VI.  gave  it  to  Ridley,  Bishop  of 
London,  and  his  successors. — Newcourt's  Repertormm,  vol.  i.  p.  703. 

Dodsley,  writing  in  1761,  has  nothing  further  to  say  of  Paddington 
than  that  it  is  "  a  village  in  Middlesex  situated  on  the  north  side  of 
Hyde  Park,"  and  long  after  that  artists  used  to  come  to  it  to  sketch 
rural  scenes  and  rustic  figures.  George  Barrett,  R.A.  (d.  1784),  one  of 
the  old  school  of  English  landscape  painters,  "  resided  in  a  most 
delightful  spot,  at  the  upper  end  of  a  field  adjacent  to  old  Paddington 
Canal." 

Paddington  was  then  a  rural  village.     There  were  a  few  old  houses  on  each  side 
of  the  Edgware  Road,  together  with  some  ale-houses  of  veiy  picturesque  appearance, 
being  screened  by  high  elms,  with  long  troughs  for  watering  the  teams  of  the  hay 
waggons  on  their  way  to  and  from  market ;  each,  too,  had  its  large  straddling  sign- 
post stretching  across  the  road.     Paddington  Green  was  then  a  complete  street  ;  and 
the  group  of  magnificent  elms  thereon,  now  fast  going  to  decay,  were  studies  for  all 
the  landscape  painters  in  the  metropolis.     The  diagonal  path  led  to  the  church,  which 
was  a  little  Gothic  building,  overgrown  with  ivy,  and  as  completely  sequestered  as 
any  village  church  a  hundred  miles  from  London. — Angdo,  p.  229. 
Hilts.  Where  is  thy  Master  ? 
Pup.   Marry  he  is  gone 
With  the  picture  of  despair  to  Paddington. 
Hilts.   Prithee  run  after  'un,  and  tell  'un  he  shall 
Find  out  my  Captain  lodged  at  the  Red  Lion 
In  Paddington  ;  that's  the  inn. 

Ben  Jonson,  Tale  of  a  Tub,  Act  ii.  Sc.  i. 

VOL.  Ill  B 


PADDINGTON 


Morland  laid  the  scene  of  his  popular  picture  of  the  Wearied 
Sportsman  in  an  inn  at  Paddington ;  and  Wilkie  found  in  one  of  them 
materials  for  his  Village  Festival. 

"At  Paddington,"  wrote  Leigh  Hunt  in  1843,  "begins  the  ground 
of  my  affections,  continuing  through  mead  and  green  lane  till  it  reaches 
beyond  Hampstead." 

Sequestered  church  and  rustic  ale-houses  (the  last  of  them  the 
Horse  and  Sacks,  removed  in  1876,  for  the  Harrow  Road  improve- 
ments), mead  and  green  lane  have  alike  disappeared,  and  Paddington 
is  as  town-like  and  uninteresting  as  any  other  London  suburb.  The 
old  church  (taken  down  in  1791)  was  built  by  Sir  Joseph  Sheldon  and 
Daniel  Sheldon,  to  whom  the  manor  was  leased  by  Dr.  Gilbert  Sheldon, 
successively  Bishop  of  London  and  Archbishop  of  Canterbury  in  the 
reign  of  Charles  II.  The  present  church  of  St.  Mary  stands  about  100 
feet  south  of  the  old  church.  The  architect  was  John  Plaw,  its 
builder  Thomas  Wapshott ;  the  cost  about  ;£6ooo ;  the  dimensions 
about  50  feet  each  way.  The  first  stone  was  laid  October  20,  1 788,  and 
the  church  consecrated  April  27,  1791.  Eminent  Persons  interred  in. 
— John  Bushnell,  the  sculptor  of  the  figures  on  Temple  Bar  (d.  1701). 
Matthew  Dubourg,  the  famous  player  on  the  violin  (d.  1767).  Francis 
Vivares,  the  engraver  (d.  1780);  in  the  churchyard  (there  was  a  tomb 
to  his  memory  when  Lysons  wrote).  George  Barrett,  the  painter  (d. 
1784).  Thomas  Banks,  R.A.,  the  sculptor  (d.  1805);  in  the  church- 
yard on  the  south  side.  John  Hall,  the  engraver  (d:  1797).  Dr. 
Alexander  Geddes,  Roman  Catholic  translator  of  the  Historical  Books 
of  the  Old  Testament  (d.  1802).  Lewis  Schiavonetti,  the  engraver 
(d.  1 8 1  o) ;  in  the  churchyard.  Caleb  Whitefoord  (d.  1 8 1  o),  wine 
merchant,  the  Papyrius  Cursor  of  the  newspaper  press,  and  the  hero  of 
Wilkie's  Letter  of  Introduction. 

Here  Whitefoord  reclines,  and  deny  it  who  can, 
Though  he  merrily  liv'd,  he  is  now  a  grave  man  ! 

Ye  newspaper  witlings  !  ye  pert  scribbling  folks  ! 
Who  copied  his  squibs,  and  re-echoed  his  jokes  ; 
Ye  tame  imitators,  ye  servile  herd,  come, 
Still  follow  your  master  and  visit  his  tomb  : 
To  deck  it  bring  with  you  festoons  of  the  Vine, 
And  copious  libations  bestow  on  his  shrine  ; 
Then  strew  all  around  it  (you  can  do  no  less) 
Cross- Readings,  Ship  News,  and  Mistakes  of  the  Press. 

Goldsmith's  Retaliation. 

John  Philpot  Curran,  the  Irish  orator,  was  buried  here  in  1817,  but 
in  1840  his  remains  were  removed  to  Glasnevin  Cemetery  near  Dublin. 
Michael  Bryan,  author  of  the  Dictionary  of  Painters  and  Engravers 
(d.  1821).  Joseph  Nollekens,  the  sculptor  (d.  1823);  and  his  father 
Joseph  Francis,  '  Old  Nollekens,"  the  painter  (d.  1747).  Mrs.  Siddons, 
the  celebrated  actress  (d.  1831).  Mrs.  Siddons  lived  for  many  years 
at  Westbourne  Farm,  in  this  parish,  but  the  Great  Western  Railway 


PAINTED 


has  destroyed  all  trace  of  her  pretty  grounds;  and  next  her,  Benjamin 
R.  Ihiyclon,  the  painter  (d.  June  22,  1846).  William  Collins,  R.A. 
(d.  1847),  distinguished  for  his  seashore  scenes;  his  grave  is  marked 
by  a  marble  cross.  Observe. — In  the  chancel  of  the  church,  tablet  to 
Nollekens  the  sculptor  (d.  1823),  by  Behnes ;  tablet  to  Mrs.  Siddons ; 
also  in  the  body  of  the  church,  tablet  to  Richard  Twiss  (d.  1810), 
author  of  Travels  through  Portugal  and  Spain.  The  marriage  register 
contains  the  following  interesting  entry  :  "  William  Hogarth,  Esq.,  and 
Jane  Thornhill,  of  St.  Paul's,  Covent  Garden,  married  March  23, 
1729."  And  on  December  1796  Martin  Archer  Shee  (the  future 
fourth  President  of  the  Royal  Academy)  to  Mary,  daughter  of  Mr. 
James  Power  of  Youghal.  Besides  the  old  church,  Paddington  parish 
contains  about  twenty  churches,  among  which  are — St.  James's,  now 
the  parish  church,  at  the  end  of  Oxford  and  Cambridge  Terraces ;  St. 
John's,  in  S.outhwick  Crescent,  possessing  a  good  stained  glass  window ; 
Holy  Trinity  (Thomas  Cundy,  architect),  at  the  end  of  Westbourne 
Terrace;  St.  Mary's,  1845  ;  Christ  Church,  1855  ;  St.  Saviour's,  1856  ; 
St.  Stephen,  Westbourne  Park,  1856;  St.  Matthew,  Bayswater,  1858; 
St.  Mary  Magdalene,  1861  ;  St.  Peter's,  Harrow  Road,  1870;  St. 
Michael  and  All  Angels,  Praed  Street ;  St.  Luke's,  and  one  or  two 
more.  St.  Mary's  Hospital,  a  large  and  costly  structure,  was  erected  in 
1850,  but  has  since  been  altered  and  enlarged,  and  the  internal  arrange- 
ments greatly  improved.  The  Great  Western  Railway  Terminus  and 
Hotel  forms  one  of  the  chief  architectural  features  of  the  place,  but 
many  other  buildings  of  more  or  less  architectural  pretension  have 
been  erected  of  late  years.  The  Paddington  Canal,  13^  miles  in 
length,  was  made  pursuant  to  an  Act  passed  in  1795,  and  opened 
July  10,  1 80 1 ;  it  is  a  branch  of  the  Grand  Junction  Canal. 

There  would  be  nothing  to  make  the  Canal  of  Venice  more  poetical  than  that  of 
Paddington,  were  it  not  for  its  artificial  adjuncts. — Lord  Byron. 

Paddington  Street,  HIGH  STREET,  MARYLEBONE.  Here  are  two 
cemeteries  appertaining  to  the  parish  of  St.  Marylebone.  The  cemetery 
on  the  south  side  was  consecrated  in  1733,  that  on  the  north  in  I772.1 
Baretti,  author  of  the  Italian  Dictionary  which  bears  his  name,  is  buried 
in  the  north  cemetery.  In  that  on  the  south  side  lies  Archibald  Bower, 
author  of  the  History  of  the  Popes  (d.  1766),  and  Joseph  Bonomi, 
architect  (d.  March  9,  1808). 

Paget  Place,  in  the  STRAND,  formerly  Exeter  Place,  or  House, 
afterwards  Leicester  House,  and  finally  Essex  House,  was  so  called  after 
William  Paget,  first  Lord  Paget,  who  bequeathed  it  by  will,  bearing 
date  November  4,  1560,  to  his  son  and  heir  Sir  Henry  Paget,  second 
Lord  Paget.  [See  Essex  House.] 

Painted  Chamber,  or  ST.  EDWARD'S  CHAMBER,  a  celebrated 
apartment  in  the  old  palace  of  the  Kings  of  England  at  Westminster. 
It  was  of  early  or  pre-Norman  date,  and  there  was  a  tradition  that 

1  Lysons,  vol.  ii.  p.  547. 


PAINTED.  CHAMBER 


Edward  the  Confessor  died  in  it.1  The  chamber  was  80  feet  in  length, 
20  in  breadth,  and  50  in  height;  receiving  its  principal  light  from  four 
windows,  two  at  the  east  and  two  at  the  north.  Until  1800  it  was 
hung  with  tapestry,  representing  the  Siege  of  Troy,  when,  in  consequence 
of  the  Union  of  Great  Britain  and  Ireland  and  the  increased  accommo- 
dation required  in  the  House  of  Commons,  alterations  being  necessary, 
the  tapestry  and  wainscoting  were  taken  down,  and  the  interesting 
discovery  made  that  the  interior  had  been  originally  painted  with  single 
figures,  and  historical  subjects  from  the  Wars  of  the  Maccabees  and  the 
legend  of  the  Confessor,  arranged  around  the  chamber  in  a  succession  of 
subjects  on  six  bands,  somewhat  similar  to  the  Bayeux  Tapestry,  and  on 
the  splays  and  reverts  of  the  windows.  Careful  drawings  were  made  at 
the  time  by  J.  T.  Smith,  for  his  book  on  Westminster ;  and  still  more 
careful  drawings  in  1819,  by  Charles  Stothard,  since  engraved  in  vol.  vi. 
of  the  VeMsta  Monumenta,  with  accompanying  letterpress  by  John  Gage 
Rokewoode.  In  very  early  times  it  was  the  Council  Chamber  of  the 
sovereign ;  and  in  it  for  800  years  were  held  the  Conferences  between 
the  two  Houses  of  Parliament.  Here,  "  at  a  conference  of  both  Houses, 
July  6,  1641,"  Waller  made  his  celebrated  speech  in  Parliament  upon 
delivering  the  impeachment  against  Mr.  Justice  Crawley  in  the  matter 
of  Ship-money.  Here  were  held,  a  few  years  later,  the  private  sittings 
of  the  High  Court  of  Justice  for  bringing  Charles  I.  to  a  public  trial  in 
Westminster  Hall  ;2  here  the  death-warrant  of  the  King  was  signed  by 
Cromwell,  Dick  Ingoldsby,  and  the  rest  of  the  regicides ;  and  here  the 
body  of  the  unfortunate  King  rested  till  it  was  removed  to  Windsor. 
Here  also  the  bodies  of  Lord  Chatham  and  of  William  Pitt  lay  in  state. 
After  the  destruction  of  the  Houses  of  Parliament  by  fire  in  1834  this 
place  was  fitted  up  by  Sir  Robert  Smirke  as  a  temporary  House  of 
Lords. 

Painter-Stainers'  Hall,  No.  9  LITTLE  TRINITY  LANE.  The 
Painter-Stainers'  Company  (the  forerunners  of  the  Royal  Academy) 
existed  as  a  licensed  guild  or  fraternity  as  early  as  the  i4th  century, 
but  they  received  their  first  Charter  of  Incorporation  from  Queen 
Elizabeth,  July  19,  1580.  The  minutes  of  the  Company  commence  in 
the  early  part  of  the  reign  of  James  I. ;  some  of  the  entries  are  curious. 
Orders  are  made  to  compel  the  foreign  painters  then  resident  in  London, 
Gentileschi,  Steenwyck,  etc.,  to  pay  certain  fines  for  following  their  art 
without  being  free  of  the  Painter-Stainers'  Company.  The  fines, 
however,  were  never  paid,  the  Court  painters  setting  the  Painter- 
Stainers  in  the  City  at  defiance.  Cornelius  Jansen  was  a  member,  and 
Inigo  Jones  and  Van  Dyck  occasional  guests  at  their  annual  feasts. 

John  Browne,  created  Serjeant  Painter  to  Henry  VIII.  by  a  patent 
dated  Eltham,  December  20,  1511,  at  a  salary  of  2d.  a  day,  and  four 
ells  of  cloth  annually  at  Christmas,  of  the  value  of  6s.  8d.  an  ell,  and 
elected  Alderman  of  London,  May  7,  1522,  by  his  will  dated  September 

1  Walcott,  Memorials  of  Westminster,  p.  210.  -  Wkitelocke,  ed.  1732,  pp.  367,  372. 


PALACE    YARD 


ir  (proved  December  2,  1532)  conveyed  to  the  Guild  of 
I'uyntur  Suiyncrs,  of  which  he  was  a  member,  his  house  in  Trinity  Lane, 
which  after  his  death  became  the  hall  of  the  Company,  and  so 
continued  till  it  was  destroyed  in  the  Great  Fire  of  1666. l  The  present 
hall  was  designed  by  Sir  C.  Wren.  It  is  large  and  well-proportioned,  but 
ill  lighted.  The  ceiling  is  ornamented  with  allegorical  paintings  by  Isaac 

r  of  Pallas  or  the  Triumph  of  the  Arts,  and  on  the  walls  are  many 
paintings.  Observe. — No.  21,  The  Fire  of  London,  by  Waggoner; 

\cd  in  Pennant's  London.  No.  31,  Full-length  of  Charles  II., 
by  John  Baptist  Caspars.  No.  37,  Full-length  of  the  Queen  of 
Charles  II.,  by  Huysman.  No.  33,  Full-length  of  William  III.,  by 
Sir  Godfrey  Kneller;  presented  by  Sir  Godfrey.  No.  28,  Full-length 
of  Queen  Anne,  by  Dahl.  No.  41,  Magdalen,  by  Sebastian  Franck, 
(small,  on  copper).  No.  42,  Camden  in  his  dress  as  Clarencieux; 
presented  to  the  Company  by  Mr.  Morgan,  master  in  1676.  Camden 
left  ,£16  by  will  to  the  Painter- Stainers,  to  buy  them  a  cup,  upon 
which  he  directed  this  inscription  to  be  put :  "  Gul.  Camdenus, 
Clarencieux,  films  Sampsonis,  Pictoris  Londinensis,  dono  dedit."  This 
loving  cup  of  the  great  antiquary  is  produced  every  St.  Luke's  Day  at 
the  annual  feast  of  the  Company.  Charles  Catton,  one  of  the  original 
members  of  the  Royal  Academy,  was  master  of  the  Company,  and  on 
October  18  (St.  Luke's  Day),  1784,  Sir  Joshua  Reynolds  attended  and 
was  presented  with  the  freedom  of  the  Company. 

Palace  Yard  (Old),  an  open  space  between  the  Houses  of 
Parliament  and  Henry  VII.'s  Chapel,  and  so  called  from  the  Palace  of 
our  Kings  at  Westminster.  [See  Westminster.]  It  has  been  the  scene 
of  many  public  executions.  Here,  January  31,  1605-1606,  Guy 
Fawkes,  T.  Winter,  Rookwood,  and  Keyes  were  executed  for  the 
Gunpowder  Plot.  Here,  on  Thursday,  October  29,  1618 — 

A  great  and  very  strange  scene — the  last  scene  in  the  Life  of  Walter  Raleigh. 
Raleigh  was  beheaded  in  Old  Palace  Yard  :  he  appeared  on  the  scaffold  there  about 
eight  o'clock  that  morning  :  an  immense  crowd,  all  London,  and  in  a  sense  all 
England  looking  on.  A  cold  hoar-frosty  morning.  Earl  of  Arundel,  now  known  to 
us  by  his  Greek  marbles  ;  Earl  of  Doncaster  ("  Sardanapalus  "  Hay,  afterwards  Earl 
of  Carlisle)  :  these,  with  other  Earls  and  dignitaries  sat  looking  through  windows 
near  by ;  to  whom  Raleigh  in  his  last  brief,  manful  speech  appealed,  with  response 
from  them.  ...  A  very  tragic  scene.  Such  a  man  with  his  head  grown  grey,  with 
his  strong  heart  "breaking" — still  strength  enough  in  it  to  break  with  dignity. 
Somewhat  proudly  he  laid  his  old  grey  head  on  the  block  ;  as  if  saying  in  better  than 
words  "There  then!" — Carlyle's  Cromwell,^ 

Here  too  was  enacted  an  equally  strange  scene. 

On  the  3Oth  of  June,  1637,  in  Old  Palace  Yard,  three  men,  gentlemen  of 
education,  of  good  quality,  a  Barrister,  a  Physician,  and  a  Parish  Clergyman  of 
London,  were  set  on  three  Pillories  :  stood  openly  as  the  scum  of  malefactors,  for 
certain  hours  there  ;  and  then  had  their  ears  cut  off, — bare  knives,  hot  branding 
irons — and  their  cheeks  stamped  S.L.,  Seditious  Libeller;  in  the  sight  of  a  great 

1  The  will  is  printed  in  the  Arcfutologia,  vol.       Monarchy  of  Man,  quoted  in  Forster's  JT/tttf ,  vol. 
xxxix.  i.  p.  34. 

2  See  also  the  account  by  Sir  John  Eliot,  in  his 


PALACE    YARD 


crowd,  "silent"  mainly,  and  looking  "pale."  The  men  were  .  .  .  William 
Prynne,  Barrister  :  Dr.  John  Bastwick  :  and  the  Rev.  Henry  Burton,  Minister  of 
Friday  Street  Church.  Their  sin  was  against  Laud  and  his  surplices  at  Allhallowtide, 
not  against  any  other  man  or  thing.  .  .  .  Bastwick's  wife  on  the  scaffold,  received 
his  ears  in  her  lap,  and  kissed  him.  Prynne's  ears  the  executioner  "rather  sawed 
than  cut."  "Cut  me,  tear  me,"  cried  Prynne,  "I  fear  thee  not.  I  fear  the  fire  of 
Hell,  not  thee  !"  The  June  sun  had  shone  hot  on  their  faces.  Burton,  who  had 
discoursed  eloquent  religion  all  the  while,  said,  when  they  carried  him,  near  fainting 
into  a  house  in  King  Street,  "  It  is  too  hot  to  last  long."  Too  hot  indeed. — Carlyle's 
Cromwell,  vol.  i.  p.  135. 

Edmund  Calamy  died  at  his  house  in  Old  Palace  Yard  in  1732. 
The  landing-place  by  which  communication  was  kept  up  with  the 
Thames  was  called  Old  Palace  or  Parliament  Stairs. 

Thus  all  the  Way  they  row'd  by  Water, 
My  Eyes  were  still  directed  a'ter, 
'Till  they  arriv'd  at  Palace  Stairs, 
The  Place  of  Landing  for  our  May'rs. — Hudibras  Redivivus. 

Palace  Yard  (New),  the  open  space  before  the  north  entrance  to 
Westminster  Hall,  so  called  from  being  the  great  court  of  the  new  palace 
begun  by  William  II.,  of  which  Westminster  Hall  was  the  chief  feature 
completed.  The  Clock-tower,  long  the  distinguishing  feature  of  New 
Palace  Yard,  was  originally  built,  temp.  Edward  L,  out  of  the  fine 
imposed  on  Ralph  de  Hingham,  Chief  Justice  of  England.  There  is  a 
capital  view  of  it  by  Hollar.  The  great  bell  of  the  tower  (Westminster 
Tom)  was  given  by  William  III.  to  the  Dean  and  Chapter  of  St.  Paul's; 
and  the  metal  of  which  it  was  made  forms  a  part  of  the  great  bell  of 
the  Cathedral. 

Before  the  Great  Hall  there  is  a  large  Court  called  the  new  Palace,  where  there 
is  a  strong  tower  of  stone,  containing  a  clock,  which  striketh  on  a  great  Bell  [Great 
Tom  of  Westminster]  every  hour,  to  give  notice  to  the  Judges  how  the  time  passeth  ; 
when  the  wind  is  south-south-west,  it  may  be  heard  unto  any  part  of  London,  and 
commonly  it  presageth  wet  weather. — HowelFs  Londinopolis,  fol.  1657,  p.  378  ;  and 
see  Ned  Ward,  The  London  Spy,  pt.  8. 

The  New  Palace  Yard  being  anciently  inclosed  with  a  wall,  there  were  four  gates 
therein  ;  the  only  one  at  present  remaining  is  that  on  the  east  which  leads  to  West- 
minster stairs  ;  and  the  three  others  that  are  demolished  were  that  on  the  north  which 
led  to  the  Woolstaple  ;  that  on  the  west  called  Highgate  (a  very  beautiful  and  stately 
edifice)  was  situate  at  the  east  end  of  Union  Street ;  but  it  having  occasioned  great 
obstruction  to  the  members  of  Parliament  in  their  passage  to  and  from  their  respective 
Houses,  the  same  was  taken  down  in  the  year  1 706,  as  was  also  the  third  at  the 
north  end  of  St.  Margaret's  Lane,  anno  1731,  on  the  same  account. — Maittand,  ed. 
1739,  P-  729- 

That  ingeniose  tractat  [Harrington's  Oceana],  together  with  his  and  H.  Nevill's 
smart  discourses  and  inculcations,  dayly  at  Coffee-houses  made  many  Proselytes. 
Insomuch,  that  A°.  1659,  the  beginning  of  Michaelmas  time,  he  [Harrington]  had 
every  night  a  meeting  at  the  (then)  Turk's  Head  in  the  New  Palace  Yard,  where  they 
take  water,  the  next  house  to  the  stairs  at  one  Miles's,  where  was  made  purposely  a 
large  ovall-table,  with  a  passage  in  the  middle  for  Miles  to  deliver  his  coffee.  About 
it  sate  his  disciples,  and  the  virtuosi.  The  discourses  in  this  kind  were  the  most 
ingeniose  and  smart  that  ever  I  heard  or  expect  to  hear,  and  lauded  with  great 
eagernesse  :  the  arguments  in  the  Parl1.  House  were  but  flatt  to  it.  Here  we  had 
(very  formally)  a  ballotting  box,  and  ballotted  how  things  should  be  carried  by  way 
of  Tentamens.  The  room  was  every  evening  full  as  it  could  be  crammed.  Mr. 


PALACE    YARD 


Cyriack  Skinner,  an  ingcniose  young  gent.,  scholar  to  John  Milton,  was  chaire-man. 
--Aulnry's  f.ctters,  vol.  iii.  p.  371. 

The  Club,  called  the  Rota,  lasted  little  more  than  a  year,  Harrington 
having  been  arrested  and  sent  to  the  Tower  in  1661.  Pepys  records  a 
visit  he  paid  to  it,  January  10,  1660.  "To  the  Coffee-house,  where 
were  a  great  confluence  of  gentlemen :  viz.,  Mr.  Harrington  [Sir 
William]  Poultny,  chairman,  Gold,  Dr.  Petty  [Sir  William  Petty, 
ancestor  of  the  Marquis  of  Lansdowne],  etc.,  where  admirable  discourse 
till  9  at  night." 

The  sturdy  Puritan,  John  Stubbs  of  Lincoln's  Inn,  and  his  servant 
Robert  Page,  had  their  right  hands  cut  off  in  New  Palace  Yard, 
December  3,  1580,  for  a  seditious  libel  against  the  Queen  [Elizabeth] 
concerning  her  projected  marriage  with  the  Duke  of  Anjou.  On 
March  2,  1585,  William  Parry,  convicted  of  high  treason,  was 
brought  from  the  Tower  to  the  Palace  Court,  and  there  hanged  and 
quartered;  and  in  February  1587,  Thomas  Lovelace,  condemned 
by  the  Star  Chamber  for  libellous  charges,  was  carried  about  West- 
minster Hall  and  Palace  Yard,  set  in  the  pillory  and  had  one  of  his  ears 
cut  off.  On  St.  Peter's  Day,  1612,  Robert  Creighton  Lord  Sanquhar 
was  hanged  in  front  of  Westminster  Hall  for  hiring  two  ruffians  to 
murder  Turner,  a  fencing-master,  by  whom  he  had  accidentally  lost 
an  eye.  Dr.  Alexander  Leighton,  the  father  of  Archbishop  Leighton,  was 
here  publicly  whipped,  his  ears  cut  off,  his  nose  slit,  branded  on  the 
face  with  the  letters  S.S.  (Sower  of  Sedition),  and  afterwards  made  to 
stand  in  the  pillory,  at  the  instigation  of  Laud,  November  26,  1630, 
for  a  libel  on  the  Bishops.1  Here,  March  9,  1649,  the  Duke  of 
Hamilton  and  Lord  Capel  were  beheaded;  and  here  in  May  1685 
Titus  Gates  stood  in  the  pillory  and  was  nearly  stoned  to  death.  The 
last  who  stood  in  the  pillory,  in  New  Palace  Yard,  February  14,  1765, 
was  Mr.  John  Williams,  bookseller  of  Fleet  Street,  for  republishing  the 
obnoxious  North  Briton,  but  with  him  the  exposure  was  rather  a  triumph 
than  a  punishment,  he  holding  a  sprig  of  laurel  all  the  while  in  his 
hand,  and  receiving  the  acclamations  of  the  assembled  multitude,  whilst 
opposite  the  pillory  was  suspended  a  jack-boot,  a  Scotch  cap  and  an 
axe.  At  the  expiration  of  the  sentence  the  boot  and  cap  were  con- 
signed to  a  bonfire  that  had  been  prepared  for  the  purpose,  and  Williams 
was  carried  home  in  triumph  in  the  hackney-coach  "  No.  45." 

His  Majesty  fully  authorises  his  most  excellent  Lord  Eklon  to  give  his  consent  to 
the  House  of  Lords  proceeding  with  these  Bills,  and  in  particular  approves  of  the  one 
for  laying  open  Westminster  Abbey  to  Palace  Yard.  Whatever  makes  the  people 
more  accustomed  to  view  cathedrals  must  raise  their  veneration  for  the  Established 
Church.  The  King  will  with  equal  pleasure  consent,  when  it  is  proposed,  to  the 
purchasing  and  pulling  do'on  the  'vest  [south]  side  of  Bridge  Street,  and  the  houses 
fronting  Westminster  Hall ;  as  it  will  be  opening  to  the  traveller  that  ancient  pile, 
which  is  the  seat  of  administration  of  the  best  laws,  and  the  most  uprightly  adminis- 
tered ;  and  if  the  people  really  valued  the  religion  and  laws  of  this  blessed  country, 

1  Only   half   the  whipping   and    cutting   was       being  completed  eight  days  later  at  the  pillory  in 
performed   in   New   Palace  Yard,   the   sentence       Cheapside. 


8  PALACE.  YARD 


we  should  stand  on  a  rock  that  no  time  could  destroy. — King  George  III.  to  Lord 
Chancellor  Eldon,  June  8,  1 804. 

Sixty  years  were  to  pass  away  before  the  improvement  suggested  by 
the  good  old  king  was  effected.  In  1865,  as  a  part  of  the  scheme  of 
Sir  Charles  Barry  for  the  completion  of  the  Houses  of  Parliament  the 
area  of  New  Palace  Yard  was  cleared  and  laid  out  as  an  open  place ;  a 
covered  way,  or  cloister,  for  the  use  of  members  of  the  two  Houses, 
was  constructed  along  its  eastern  side,  and  the  houses  on  the  south 
side  of  Bridge  Street  removed,  and  the  whole  enclosed  with  an  iron 
railing,  the  handiwork  of  Skidmore  of  Coventry,  with  handsome  gates 
by  Hardman  of  Birmingham  ;  the  whole  under  the  directions  of  Sir  C. 
Barry,  R.A.  A  part  of  the  design  was  to  decorate  the  enclosure  with 
bronze  statues  of  distinguished  statesmen,  but  the  statues  of  Peel, 
Palmerston,  Derby,  and  Beaconsfield,  are  at  the  sides  of  the  garden 
plot  opposite  to  it,  called  Parliament  Square.  Westmacott's  statue  of 
Canning,  which  formerly  stood  there,  has  been  removed  farther  west. 
In  the  residence  attached  to  the  sinecure  office  of  Yeoman-Usher  of 
the  Exchequer,  in  New  Palace  Yard,  William  Godwin  spent  the  last 
three  years  of  his  life,  and  there  died,  April  7,  1836,  at  the  age  of 
eighty  years. 

Pall  Mall,  a  spacious  street  extending  from  the  foot  of  ST.  JAMES'S 
STREET  to  the  foot  of  the  HAYMARKET,  and  so  called  from  a  game  of 
that  name,  somewhat  similar  to  croquet,  introduced  into  England  in  the 
reign  of  Charles  I.,  perhaps  earlier.  King  James  I.,  in  his  Basilicon 
Doron,  recommends  it  as  a  game  that  Prince  Henry  should  use.  The 
name  (Italian  palamaglio,  French  paille  maille),  is  given  to  avenues  and 
walks  in  other  countries,  as  at  Utrecht  in  Holland.  The  Malls  at 
Blois,  Tours,  and  Lyons  are  mentioned  by  Evelyn  in  his  Memoirs, 
under  the  year  1644. 

A  paille-mall  is  a  wooden  hammer  set  to  the  end  of  a  long  staffe  to  strike  a  boule 
with,  at  which  game  noblemen  and  gentlemen  in  France  doe  play  much.  —  The 
French  Garden  for  English  Ladies,  8vo,  1621  ;  and  see  Cotgrave,  1632. 

Among  all  the  exercises  of  France,  I  prefere  none  before  the  Paille-Maille,  both 
because  it  is  a  gentleman-like  sport,  not  violent,  and  yields  good  occasion  and  oppor- 
tunity of  discourse,  as  they  walke  from  the  one  marke  to  the  other.  I  marvell  among 
many  more  apish  and  foolish  toys  which  we  have  brought  out  of  France,  that  we  have 
not  brought  this  sport  also  into  England. — Sir  Robert  Dallington,  A  R  let  hod  for 
Travel,  410,  1598. 

Pale  Maille  (Fr.)  a  game  wherein  a  round  bowle  is  with  a  mallet  struck  through 
a  high  arch  of  iron  (standing  at  either  end  of  an  alley),  which  he  that  can  do  at  the 
fewest  blows,  or  at  the  number  agreed  on,  wins.  This  game  was  heretofore  used  in 
the  long  alley  near  St.  James's,  and  vulgarly  called  Pell-Mell. — Blount's  Glossographia, 
ed.  1670. 

It  is  usual  to  ascribe  the  introduction  of  the  game,  and  the  first 
formation  of  the  Mall,  to  Charles  II.,  but  this  is  only  a  vulgar  error. 
"  The  Pall  of  London  "  is  mentioned  by  John  King,  Bishop  of  London, 
in  I6I3,1  and  Pall  Mall — but  whether  the  game  or  the  place  is  not 
quite  clear,  though  it  was  probably  the  latter — by  Garrard  in  1637. 

1  Bishop  King  to  Carleton,  February  27,  1613,  Cal.  State  Pap.,  1611-1618,  p.  173. 


PALL  MALL 


November  9,  1637. — There  fell  out  a  quarrel  betwixt  my  Lord  Philip  Herbert, 
son  of  the  Chamberlain,  and  the  Lord  Carr,  son  to  the  Earl  of  Koxborough,  at  /'all 
Mail,  young  youths  both.  Upon  sonic  words  my  Lord  Philip  struck  him,  so  they 
fell  to  cuffs.  It  passed  no  further,  my  Lord  had  notice  of  it  who  made  thciii  friends. 
— Carrard  to  Wcntworth  (Strafford  Letters,  vol.  ii.  p.  131). 

In  September  1635  a  grant  was  made  to  Archibald  Lumsden  "for 
sole  purchasing  of  all  the  malls,  bowls,  scoops,  and  other  necessaries 
for  the  game  of  Pall  mall,  within  his  grounds  in  St.  James's  Fields,  and 
that  such  as  resort  there  shall  pay  him  such  sums  of  money  as  are 
according  to  the  ancient  order  of  the  game."  *  A  piece  or  parcel  of 
pasture  ground  called  "Pell  Mell  Close,"  part  of  which  was  planted 
with  apple  trees  (Apple  Tree  Yard,  St.  James's  Square,  still  exists),  is 
described  by  the  Commissioners  for  the  Survey  of  the  Crown  Lands,  in 
1650,  and  the  close  must  have  taken  its  name  from  the  particular 
locality  where  the  game  was  played.  And  that  this  was  the  case  is 
proved  by  the  same  Survey,  the  Commissioners  valuing  at  ^70  "All 
those  Elm  Trees  standing  in  Pall  Mall  walk,  in  a  very  decent  and 
regular  manner  on  both  sides  the  walk,  being  in  number  140."  In  the 
Rate-books  of  St.  Martin's-in-the-Fields,  under  the  year  1656,  eight 
names  of  persons  are  entered  as  living  "  in  the  Pall  Mall ; "  and  in 
1657  occurs  a  heading,  "Down  the  Haymarket  and  in  the  Pall  Mall." 
Pepys  (June  10,  1666),  relating  the  dismissal  of  my  Lady  Castlemaine 
from  the  Court  for  some  impertinent  language  in  presence  of  the  Queen, 
says  that  she  left  "  presently,  and  went  to  a  lodging  in  the  Pell  Mell." 
The  Mall  in  the  present  street  certainly  existed  as  early  as  the  reign  of 
Charles  I.,  and  probably  in  that  of  his  predecessor.  The  Mall  in  St. 
James's  Park  was  made  by  Charles  II.  [See  The  Mall.] 

September  16,  1 660. — To  the  Park,  where  I  saw  how  far  they  had  proceeded  in 
the  Pell-mell,  and  in  making  a  river  through  the  Park,  which  I  had  never  seen  before 
since  it  was  begun. — Pepys. 

An  attempt  was  made  to  compliment  the  Queen  of  Charles  II.  by 
giving  the  name  of  Catherine  Street  to  the  thoroughfare  which  led  past 
the  residence  of  Nell  Gwynne  to  the  palace  of  Lady  Castlemaine.  In 
the  Statute  of  1685  the  parish  of  St.  James  is  said  to  begin  "at  the 
Picture  shop  having  an  iron  balcony  at  the  south  side  of  the  end  of 
Catherine  Street,  alias  Pall  Mall."  But  in  the  latter  part  of  the  same 
Act  this  name  is  dropped  and  Pall  Mall  only  used.  Nor  does  it  ever 
appear  to  have  come  into  common  acceptation.  In  descriptions  and 
advertisements,  memoirs  and  letters  from  this  time  forward,  the  street 
is  as  far  as  we  have  been  able  to  discover  invariably  called  Pall  'Mall, 
with  one  exception.  In  Letters  and  Miscellaneous  Papers,  by  Barre  C. 
Roberts,  Student  of  Christ  Church,  Oxford  (410,  1814),  is  a  letter  to 
Roberts,  dated  February  1808,  from  his  father,  who  says — 

I  do  not  remember  old  Fribourg  :  he  had  kept  a  shop  in  the  narrow  part  of  Pall 
Mall,  formerly  called  Catherine  Street,  in  which  he  was  succeeded  by  Pontet,  a 
Frenchman,  who  told  me  he  had  married  Fribourg's  daughter.  The  shop  was  three 

1  Col.  State  Pap.,  1631-1633,  p.  286. 


io  PALL  MALL 


or  four  doors  from  the  Haymarket  on  the  right  hand  :  I  was  often  sent  to  buy  snuff 
for  my  father  full  fifty  years  ago. 

From  which  it  would  seem  that  the  name  of  Catherine  Street  was 
occasionally  used,  or  at  least  remembered,  as  late  as  the  middle  of  the 
i8th  century.  But  on  the  other  hand  Dodsley  (London,  1761),  whose 
shop  was  in  Pall  Mall,  makes  no  reference  to  its  having  ever  been  so 
called,  either  under  "  Pall  Mall "  or  "  Catherine  Street."  Even  in 
1685,  although  so  named  in  the  Act  of  that  year,  it  was  not  an 
accepted  name. 

A  tauny  more  with  short  bushy  hair,  very  well  shaped,  in  a  grey  livery  lined  with 
yellow,  about  seventeen  or  eighteen  years  of  age,  with  a  silver  collar  about  his  neck, 
with  these  directions,  ' '  Captain  George  Hastings'  Boy,  Brigadier  in  the  King's  Horse 
Guards."  Whoever  will  bring  him  to  the  Sugar  Loaf  in  the  Pall  Mall  shall  have  403. 
reward. — London  Gazette,  March  23,  1685. 

One  of  the  scenes  in  Wycherley's  Love  in  a  Wood,  or  St.  James's 
Park,  is  laid  in  the  Old  Pall  Mall.  This  is  what  we  now  call  the 
street ;  for  the  first  time  that  Pepys  mentions  Pell  Mell  is  under  July 
26,  1660,  where  he  says,  "We  went  to  Wood's  at  the  Pell  Mell  (our 
old  house  for  clubbing),  and  there  we  spent  till  ten  at  night."  This  is 
not  only  one  of  the  earliest  references  to  Pall  Mall,  as  an  inhabited 
locality,  but  one  of  the  earliest  uses  of  the  word  "clubbing"  in  its 
modern  signification  of  a  Club,  and  additionally  interesting,  seeing-  that 
the  street  still  maintains  what  Johnson  would  have  called  its  "clubbable" 
character. 

The 'writing  of  that  play  [Love  in  a  Wood}  was  the  occasion  of  his  [Wycherley's] 
becoming  acquainted  with  one  of  King  Charles's  mistresses  after  a  very  particular 
manner.  As  Mr.  Wycherley  was  going  thro'  Pall  Mall,  towards  St.  James's,  in 
his  chariot,  he  met  the  foresaid  lady  [the  Duchess  of  Cleveland]  in  hers,  who 
thrusting  half  her  body  out  of  her  chariot,  cry'd  out  aloud  to  him,  "  You,  Wycherley, 
you  are  a  son  of  a  whore,"  at  the  same  time  laughing  aloud  and  heartily.  Perhaps, 
sir,  if  you  never  heard  of  this  passage  before,  you  may  be  surprised  at  so  strange  a 
greeting  from  one  of  the  most  beautiful  and  best  bred  ladies  in  the  world.  Mr. 
Wycherley  was  very  much  surpris'd  at  it,  yet  not  so  much  but  he  soon  apprehended 
it  was  spoke  with  allusion  to  the  latter  end  of  a  song  in  the  fore-mentioned  play  : — 

When  parents  are  slaves 
Their  brats  cannot  be  any  other  ; 

Great  Wits  and  great  Braves 
Have  always  a  Punk  to  their  Mother. 

Dennis's  Letters,  8vo,  1721,  p.  215. 

The  Pail  Mail,  a  fine  long  street.  The  houses  on  the  south  side  have  a  pleasant 
prospect  into  the  King's  Garden ;  and  besides  they  have  small  gardens  behind  them, 
which  reach  to  the  wall,  and  to  many  of  them  are  raised  Mounts,  which  give  them 
the  prospect  of  the  said  Garden  and  of  the  Park. — Strype,  B.  vi.  p.  81. 

Eminent  Inhabitants. — Dr.  Sydenham,  the  celebrated  physician. 
He  was  living  in  the  Pavement  [on  the  south  side  of  St.  James's  Square, 
and  overlooking  Pall  Mall]  in  1658,  and  in  Pall  Mall  from  1664  till 
his  death  there,  December  29,  1689.  He  is  .buried  in  St.  James's 
Church.  Mr.  Fox  told  Mr.  Rogers  that  Sydenham  was  sitting  at  his 
window  looking  on  the  Mall,  with  his  pipe  in  his  mouth  and  a  silver 
tankard  before  him,  when  a  fellow  made  a  snatch  at  the  tankard  and 


PALL  MALL 


ran  off  with  it.  Nor  was  he  overtaken,  said  Fox,  before  he  got  among 
the  bushes  in  Bond  Street,  and  there  they  lost  him.1  Sydenham's 
itor  was  Thomas  Malthus,  afterwards  apothecary  to  Queen  Anne, 
and  also  a  resident  in  this  street.  Thomas  Robert  Malthus,  the 
writer  on  Population,  was  his  great-grandson.  Nell  Gwynne,  in  1670, 
on  the  "east  end,  north  side,"  next  to  Lady  Mary  Howard;  from 
1671  to  her  death  in  1687  in  a  house  on  the  "south  side,"  with  a 
garden  towards  the  Park — now  No.  79;  but  the  house  has  been  twice 
rebuilt  since  Nell  inhabited  it.  The  "south  side,  west  end,"  was 
inhabited  in  1671  as  follows  : — 

Mrs.  Mary  Knight  [Madam  Knight  the  Singer — the  King's  mistress], 

Edward  Griffin,  Esq.  [Treasurer  of  the  Chamber], 

Maddam  Elinor  Gwyn, 

The  Countess  of  Portland, 

The  Lady  Reynelogh, 

Doctor  Barrow.2 

March  5,  1671. — I  thence  walk'd  with  him  [Charles  II.]  thro'  St.  James's  Parke 
to  the  gardens,  where  I  both  saw  and  heard  a  very  familiar  discourse  between  [the 
King]  and  Mrs.  Nellie,  as  they  cal'd  an  impudent  Comedian,  she  looking  out  of  her 
garden  on  a  terrace  at  the  top  of  the  wall,3  and  [the  King]  standing  on  ye  greene  walke 
under  it.  I  was  heartily  sorry  at  this  scene.  Thence  the  King  walk'd  to  the 
Duchess  of  Cleaveland,  another  lady  of  pleasure  and  curse  of  our  nation. — £. 

My  friend  Dr.  Heberden  has  built  a  fine  house  in  Pall  Mall,  on  the  Palace  side ; 
he  told  me  it  was  the  only  freehold  house  on  that  side  ;  that  it  was  given  by  a  long 
lease  by  Charles  II.  to  Nell  Gwyn,  and  upon  her  discovering  it  to  be  only  a  lease 
under  the  Crown,  she  returned  him  the  lease  and  conveyances,  saying  she  had 
always  conveyed  free  under  the  Crown,  and  always  would  ;  and  would  not  accept  it 
till  it  was  conveyed  free  to  her  by  an  act  of  Parliament  made  on  and  for  that  purpose. 
Upon  Nell's  death  it  was  sold,  and  has  been  conveyed  free  ever  since.  I  think  Dr. 
Heberden  purchased  it  of  the  Waldegrave  family.  —  W.  F.  Ewin  to  Rev.  James 
Granger  (Granger's  Letters^  p.  308). 

Henry  Oldenburg,  first  Secretary  of  the  Royal  Society,  in  a  house 
for  which  he  paid  little  more  than  ^£40  a  year.  Sir  Isaac  Newton 
directed  a  letter  to  him  (March  16,  1671-1672),  "At  his  house  about 
the  middle  of  Old  Pell  Mail  in  Westminster,  London."  Mary  Beale, 
portrait  painter  (d.  December  28,  1697).  Sir  William  Temple,  in 
1 68 1,  two  doors  eastward  of  Nell  Gwynne.  Hon.  Robert  Boyle, 
about  1668,  "  settled  himself  for  life  in  London"  in  the  house  of  his 
sister,  Lady  Ranelagh,  in  Pall  Mall,  next  door  to  Sir  William  Temple, 
and  three  from  Nell  Gwynne.  He  wrote  from  here  to  Hooke  in  1680, 
declining  to  be  made  President  of  the  Royal  Society.  He  died  here, 
December  31,  1691,  within  a  week  of  the  sister,  with  whom  he  had  lived 
many  years,  and  was  buried  near  her  on  the  south  side  of  the  chancel  of 
St.  Martin's  Church.  Countess  of  Southesk,  on  the  south  side,  in  1671. 
This  is  the  celebrated  Countess  of  De  Grammont's  Memoirs.  Duke 

1  The  story  is  told  with  fuller  particulars  in  glimpse  of  this  locality :    "  One,  two,    or  three 
Seward's  Anecdotes,  vol.  ii.  p.  52.  houses,  about  the  middle  of  the  Pall  Mall,  on  the 

2  Rate-books  of  St.  Martin's.  Park  side,  with  Gardens  and  Mounts  adjoining 

3  Nell  stood  on  a  mount  to  speak  to  the  King.  to  the  Royal  Garden,  to  be  sold  or  let  by  long 
The  following  advertisement  from  the  Postman  lease.     Enquire  at   the  2  Golden   Balls,   in  the 
newspaper  of  April   1703  affords  an  interesting  Pall  Mall  over  against  St.  James's  Square." 


12  PALL  MALL 


of  Schomberg  (d.  1690),  in  the  large  brick  house  known  as  Schomberg 
House,  now  occupied  by  Nos.  8 1  and  8  2  as  part  of  the  War  Office. 
\_See  Schomberg  House.]  The  great  Duke  of  Marlborough,  who  built 
Marlborough  House.  George  Psalmanazar  had  lodgings  here  on  his 
first  arrival,  and  here  he  was  visited  as  an  inhabitant  of  Formosa. 
Swift  writes,  October  1720,  to  the  Hon.  Sir  Thomas  Hanmer,  Bart, 
at  his  house  in  Pall  Mall.  Lord  Bolingbroke  was  living  here  in  1726. 

October  22,  1726. — I  hear  that  Lord  Bolingbroke  will  be  in  town,  at  his  house 
in  Pall  Mall,  next  week. — Gay  to  Swift. 

June  4,  1727. — You  will  find  me  just  returning  to  Crauford  from  the  Pall  Mall. 
— Bolingbroke  to  Swift. 

Bubb  Dodington,  Lord  Melcombe,  the  Bubo  of  Pope.  "  Mr.  Dod- 
ington "  wrote  Horace  Walpole,  "  built  the  house  in  Pall  Mall  which 
is  now  in  front  of  Carlton  House." 

Dodington's  house  in  Pall  Mall  stood  close  to  the  garden  the  Prince  had  bought 
there  of  Lord  Chesterfield  ;  and  during  Dodington's  favour  the  Prince  had  suffered 
him  to  make  a  door  out  of  his  house  into  his  garden,  which,  upon  the  first  decay  of 
his  interest,  the  Prince  shut  up — building  and  planting  before  Dodington's  house, 
and  changing  every  lock  in  his  own  to  which  he  had  formerly  given  Dodington 
keys. — Lord  Hervey's  Memoirs,  vol.  i.  p.  434. 

He  flattered  Walpole  at  Whitehall 

And  damned  him  at  Pall  Mall. 

Sir  Robert  Walpole  had  a  freehold  house  in  Pall  Mall,  which  he 
gave  to  his  son  Edward.1  In  it  lived  Lady  Waldegrave  and  Sir 
Edward  Walpole. 

Robert  Dodsley,  the  bookseller,  opened  his  shop  in  Pall  Mall  in 
1735,  under  the  patronage  of  Pope,  with  the  sign  of  "Tully's  Head," 
and  dying  in  1764  was  buried  at  Durham. 

To  be  spoke  with  every  Thursday  at  Tully's  head  in  Pall  Mall,  Adam  Fitz- 
Adam.—  The  World,  No.  I. 

William  Hunter,  on  his  first  arrival  in  London  in  1741,  took  up  his 
residence  with  Dr.  Smellie  in  Pall  Mall,  but  soon  left  it  for  the  house 
of  Dr.  Douglas,  the  Horatian  enthusiast,  and  owner  of  the  "soft 
obstetric  hand"  celebrated  by  Pope.  Smellie  and  Douglas  were  rival 
man-midwives,  and  in  a  paper  war  which  arose  between  them  the 
former  was  accused  of  degrading  the  profession  by  hanging  out  from 
his  house  in  Pall  Mall  a  paper  lantern  inscribed  "  Midwifery  taught 
here  for  five  shillings."  The  young  Pretender,  on  his  furtive  visit  to 
London  in  September  1750,  held  a  secret  meeting  with  about  fifty  of 
his  friends  at  his  lodging  in  Pall  Mall.2  William,  Duke  of  Cumberland, 
the  hero  of  Culloden,  in  Schomberg  House  in  1760. 

October  1%,  1760. — The  Duke  of  Cumberland  has  taken  Lord  Sandwich's  [house] 
in  Pall  Mall. —  Walpole  to  Montagu  (Letters,  vol.  iii.  p.  353). 

In  Sir  Joshua  Reynolds's  pocket-book  for  1762  is  noted  an 
appointment,  "  July  1 7,  at  six  with  Miss  Nelly  O'Brien  in  Pall  Mall, 
next  door  this  side  the  Star  and  Garter,"  which  is  represented  by  the 

1  Horace  Walpole,  Account  of  my  Conduct.          2  Lord  Stanhope's  Hist,  of  England,  vol.  iv. 
(Letters,  vol.  i.  p.  Ixxix.)  p.  8. 


PALL  MALL  13 


present  43  A.  Gibbon  wrote  to  Holroyd,  Pall  Mall,  December  25, 
1769;  and  again  in  December  1772  immediately  before  he  took 
his  house  in  Bentinck  Street.  On  his  brief  visit  to  England  in  1787 
he  once  more  took  lodgings  here,  and  wrote  to  Lord  Sheffield,  "  Virtue 
should  never  be  made  too  difficult.  I  feel  that  a  man  has  more  friends 
in  Pall  Mall  than  in  Bentinck  Street."  Sir  John  Pringle  (President  of 
the  Royal  Society,  1772-1778)  frequently  received  the  Fellows  of  that 
Society  at  his  house  until  his  death  in  1781.  Thomas  Gainsborough, 
the  painter,  in  the  western  wing  of  Schomberg  House,  from  1777  to 
1783.  A  tablet  has  been  placed  by  the  Society  of  Arts  in  the  house 
to  commemorate  Gainsborough's  residence.  David  Astley,  the  painter, 
divided  Schomberg  House  into  three,  and  fitted  up  the  centre  in  a 
fantastic  manner  for  his  own  use,  and  after  his  death,  in  1787,  it  was 
occupied  by  Cosway  the  miniature  painter,  whose  pretty  wife  gave 
parties  that  were  for  a  while  extremely  fashionable.  In  1779,  when 
Admiral  Keppel  was  acquitted,  and  all  London  was  illuminated,  his 
prosecutor,  Palliser,  was  living  in  Pall  Mall. 

February  12,  1779. — My  servants,  who  have  been  out  this  morning,  tell  me  that 
about  3  o'clock  the  mob  found  their  way  into  Palliser's  house  in  spite  of  the  guards 
and  demolished  every  thing  in  it.  ...  P.S. — The  mob  entirely  gutted  Sir  Hugh 
Palliser's  house,  but  the  furniture  had  been  removed. —  Walpole  to  Sir  H.  Mann 
(Letters,  vol.  vii.  p.  176). 

In  1782  Lord  Rodney's  prisoner,  the  Count  de  Grasse,  took  up  his 
abode  in  the  Royal  Hotel,  Pall  Mall.  Lord  Chancellor  Erskine  dates 
a  codicil  of  his  will  from  "Carleton  Hotel,  Pall  Mall,  October  2, 
1786."  Mr.  Angerstein  lived  at  No.  10-2.  Five  doors  east  of  it  died 
the  Right  Hon.  William  Windham,  June  3,  1810. 

Windham  is  a  Moloch  among  the  fallen  ambassadors,  I  was  at  his  house  on  the 
day  when  the  Peace  procession  passed  in  Pall  Mall,  and  was  highly  gratified  with  his 
grotesque  affectation  of  laughing  at  the  triumph  of  his  enemies.  He  laughed,  but  it 
was  a  laugh  of  agony.  —  Thomas  Campbell  to  J.  Richardson,  1802. 

Lord  Brougham  has  portrayed  him  under  a  different  aspect. 

His  manners  were  the  most  polished  and  noble  and  courteous,  without  the  least 
approach  to  pride,  or  affectation,  or  condescension  ;  his  spirits  were,  in  advanced  life, 
so  gay  that  he  was  always  younger  than  the  youngest ;  his  relish  of  conversation  was 
such  that,  after  lingering  to  the  latest  moment  he  joined  whatever  party  a  sultry 
evening  (or  morning  as  it  might  chance  to  prove)  tempted  to  haunt  the  streets  before 
retiring  to  rest.  How  often  have  we  accompanied  him  to  the  door  of  his  own 
mansion,  and  then  been  attended  by  him  to  our  own,  while  the  streets  rang  with  the 
peals  of  his  hearty  merriment,  or  echoed  the  accents  of  his  refined  and  universal  wit. 
— Brougham,  in  Edinbtirgh  Revie^v,  October  1838,  p.  237. 

November  18,  1805. — Wasn't  you  sorry  for  Lord  Nelson?  I  have  followed  him 
in  fancy  ever  since  I  saw  him  walking  in  Pall  Mall  (I  was  prejudiced  against  him 
before)  looking  just  as  a  hero  should  look. — Charles  Lamb  to  Hazlitt. 

David  Wilkie  opened  at  No.  87,  on  May  i,  1812,  an  exhibition 
of  his  pictures  and  finished  studies,  twenty-nine  in  number.  He  lost 
money  by  it,  and  did  not  repeat  the  experiment,  but  it  helped  to  extend 
his  reputation.  The  witty,  wilful  Mrs.  Abington  died,  March  4,  1815, 
"  at  her  apartments  in  Pall  Mall."  Sir  Charles  Bunbury  died  at  his 


14  PALL  MALL 


house  in  Pall  Mall,  1821.  Sir  Walter  Scott,  on  his  visit  to  London 
1826-1827,  stayed  at  the  house  of  his  son-in-law,  Lockhart,  No.  25 
Pall  Mall.  Many  entries  in  his  Diary  are  dated  from  this  house,  but 
the  whole  frontage  has  since  been  altered. 

Among  the  events  which  Pall  Mall  has  witnessed,  one  of  the  most 
remarkable  was  the  murder  of  Mr.  Thynne,  February  12,  1682,  by 
Colonel  Vratz  and  Lieutenant  Stern,  the  hired  agents  of  Count 
Konigsmark.  These  mean  villains  were  hanged  in  Pall  Mall  on 
March  10,  but  the  greater  assassin  was  allowed  to  escape.  At  the 
Star  and  Garter  Tavern,  William,  fifth  Lord  Byron  (d.  1798),  killed 
(1765)  his  neighbour  and  friend,  Mr.  Chaworth,  in  what  was  rather  a 
broil  than  a  duel. 

June  13,  1782. — As  Lady  Chewton  and  her  sisters  came  from  the  Opera,  they 
saw  two  officers  fighting  in  Pall  Mall,  next  to  Dr.  Graham's  and  the  mob  trying  to 
part  them.  Lord  Chewton  and  some  other  young  men  went  into  the  house  and 
found  a  Captain  Lucas  of  the  Guards  bleeding  on  a  couch.  It  was  a  quarrel  about 
an  E.  O.  table  :  I  don't  know  what.  This  officer  had  been  struck  in  the  face  with 
a  red-hot  poker  by  a  drawer,  and  this  morning  is  dead. — Walpole  to  Lady  Ossory 
{Letters,  vol.  viii.  p.  232). 

These  quarrels  and  duels  were  not  the  only  strange  scenes  Pall  Mall 
beheld  a  century  ago. 

January  8,  1786. — The  mail  from  France  was  robbed  last  night  in  Pall  Mall,1 
at  half  an  hour  after  8.  The  chaise  had  stopped,  the  harness  was  cut,  and  the 
portmanteau  was  taken  out  of  the  chaise  itself.  A  courier  is  gone  to  Paris  for  a 
copy  of  the  despatch.  What  think  you  of  banditti  in  the  heart  of  such  a  capital  ? — 
Walpole  to  Mann  (Letters,  vol.  ix.  p.  35). 

It  was  in  Dalton's  print  warehouse,  Pall  Mall,  in  a  building  erected 
for  Lamb  the  auctioneer,  and  having  therefore  the  advantage  of  a 
"  great  room,"  that  the  Royal  Academy  had  its  original  home.  The 
building  adjoined  Old  Carlton  House  on  the  east.  It  was  here  that, 
at  the  formal  opening  of  the  Academy,  January  2,  1769,  Sir  Joshua 
Reynolds  delivered  the  first  of  his  fifteen  Presidential  Discourses.  Here 
the  first  of  the  annual  exhibitions  was  opened  on  April  26,  1769 ;  and 
here  the  Academy  met  and  the  exhibitions  were  held  till  January  14, 
1771,  when  the  Academy  met  for  the  first  time  in  their  new  apartments 
in  Somerset  House.  The  building  was  afterwards  occupied  by  Christie, 
the  picture  auctioneer.  At  the  King's  Arms  in  Pall  Mall  met  in 
1734  the  Liberty  or  Rump  Steak  Club,  consisting  exclusively  of  peers 
in  eager  opposition  to  Sir  Robert  Walpole ;  there  is  a  list  of  the  club 
in  the  Marchmont  Papers,  vol.  ii.  p.  20. 

There  was  a  club  held  at  the  King's  Head  in  Pall  Mall,  that  arrogantly  called 
itself  The  World.  Lord  Stanhope  ithen  (now  Lord  Chesterfield),  Lord  Herbert, 
etc.  etc.,  were  members.  Epigrams  were  proposed  to  be  written  on  the  glasses,  by 
each  member  after  dinner ;  once  when  Dr.  Young  was  invited  thither,  the  doctor 
would  have  declined  writing  because  he  had  no  diamond ;  Lord  Stanhope  lent  him 
his,  and  he  wrote  immediately  : 

Accept  a  miracle  instead  of  wit ; 

See  two  dull  lines,  with  Stanhope's  pencil  writ. 

Spence's  Anecdotes,  by  Singer,  p.  377. 

1  The  foreign  Post-Office  was  at  this  time  in  Albemarle  Street. 


PALMER'S    VILLAGE 


At  the  Star  and  Garter  (1760-1  770)  used  to  meet  the  Thursday  Night 
Clul>,  of  which  the  George  Selwyn  and  Lord  March  set  were  members, 
as  was  also  Sir  Joshua  Reynolds.  Sir  Joshua  was  regular  in  his 
attendance,  although  his  bad  whist  playing,  and  manners  the  reverse  of 
fast,  caused  him  to  be  less  highly  appreciated  here  than  he  was  at  the 
Turk's  Head.  Another  noted  house  was  the  Smyrna  Coffee-house 
[which  see]. 

O  bear  me  to  the  paths  of  fair  Pell  Mell, 

Safe  are  thy  pavements,  grateful  is  thy  smell  ! 

At  distance  rolls  along  the  gilded  coach, 

No  sturdy  carmen  on  thy  walks  encroach  ; 

Shops  breathe  perfumes  :  thro'  sashes  ribbons  glow 

The  mutual  arms  of  ladies,  and  the  beau. 

Gay's  Trivia^  B.  ii.  p.  257. 

Yet  who  the  footman's  arrogance  can  quell, 

Whose  flambeau  gilds  the  sashes  of  Pell  Mell, 

When  in  long  rank  a  train  of  torches  flame, 

To  light  the  midnight  visits  of  the  dame  ? 

Ibid.,  B.  iii.  p.  156. 

Pell  Mell,  it  will  be  seen,  was  the  genteel  pronunciation  of  the  name 
in  the  days  of  Queen  Anne,  and  so  it  has  continued  to  be  down  to 
the  present  day. 

If  we  must  have  a  villa  in  summer  to  dwell, 
O  give  me  the  sweet  shady  side  of  Pell  Mell. 

Captain  Morris,  The  Contrast. 

This  celebrated  street  was,  January  28,  1807,  the  first  street  in 
London  lighted  with  gas,  by  a  German  named  Winsor.  The  second 
was  Bishopsgate  Street.  Observe. — On  the  south  side,  Maryborough 
House,  now  the  residence  of  H.R.H.  the  Prince  of  Wales ;  69,  the 
London  Joint-Stock  Bank  ;  70,  the  Guards'  Club  ;  71  to  76,  the  Oxford 
and  Cambridge  Club;  86,  the  War  Office;  94,  Carlton  Club;  104, 
Reform  Club  ;  106,  Travellers'  Club  ;  107,  Athenaeum  Club  ;  116-117, 
United  Service  Club.  On  the  north  side,  52,  the  Marlborough  Club 
(formerly  the  British  Instititution,  founded  1805);  36-39,  the  Army 
and  Navy  Club;  29,  Royal  Exchange  Assurance,  rebuilt  1884-1885, 
by  George  Aitchison,  A.R.A. ;  30-35,  Junior  Carlton  Club;  and  refer 
to  each  for  particular  descriptions.  In  Pall  Mall  East,  Observe,  on 
north  side — United  University  Club;  Royal  Society  of  Painters  in 
Water  Colours  ;  and  on  the  south,  the  Royal  College  of  Physicians, 
and  next  to  it  Colnaghi's  famous  print-shop.  Here,  too,  is  the  bronze 
equestrian  statue  of  George  III.  by  Mathew  Coates  Wyatt. 

Palmer's  Village,  WESTMINSTER,  the  name  given  so  late  as  1831 
(Elmes)  to  some  scattered  houses  between  the  grounds  of  Elliot's 
brewery  and  Little  James  Street.  Palmer's  Almshouscs,  founded  by 
James  Palmer,  B.D.,  in  1654,  "at  Tothill  Side,  Westminster,"  are  on 
the  north  side  of  Victoria  Street.  Maitland,  writing  in  1739,  says 
(p.  675),  "Here  is  a  chapel  for  the  use  of  the  scholars  and  pensioners, 
wherein  the  Founder  himself,  for  some  time,  prcach'd  and  pray'd 


1 6  PALSGRAVE   COURT 

twice  a  day  to  them."  These  almshouses  were  handsomely  rebuilt  in 
1881. 

Palsgrave  Court,  originally  PALSGRAVE'S  HEAD  COURT,  afterwards 
PALSGRAVE  PLACE,  in  the  STRAND,  near  Temple  Bar,  was  so  called 
from  a  tavern  having  for  its  sign  the  head  of  the  Palsgrave  Frederick, 
the  husband  of  the  Princess  Elizabeth,  only  daughter  of  James  I. 
There  was  also  a  Palatine  Head  in  Soho.  William  Faithorne,  the 
engraver,  lived  "  at  the  sign  of  the  Ship,  next  to  the  Drake,  opposite  to 
the  Palsgrave  Head  Tavern,  without  Temple  Bar."  Here  Prior  and 
Montague  make  the  Country  Mouse  and  the  City  Mouse  bilk  the 
hackney  coachman : — 

But  now  at  Piccadilly  they  arrive, 
And  taking  coach,  t'wards  Temple-Bar  they  drive, 
But  at  St.  Clement's  Church,  eat  out  the  back  ; 
And  slipping  through  the  Palsgrave,  bilkt  poor  hack. 

Prior  and  Montague,  The  Hind  and  Panther  Transfers' d. 

When,  1691,  Archbishop  San  croft  had  to  quit  Lambeth  Palace,  he 
took  boat  at  Lambeth  Bridge  and  went  to  "the  Palgrave's  Head,  near 
Temple  Bar,"  where  he  remained  from  June  23  to  August  5,  when  he 
retired  to  Fressingfield  in  Suffolk,  his  native  place.  Tokens  of  the 
tavern  are  extant.  This  court  was  abolished  when  the  large  building 
called  the  Outer  Temple  was  built  partly  on  its  site. 

Pancras  Lane,  CITY,  runs  on  the  south  and  parallel  to  Cheap- 
side,  from  Queen  Street  to  Bucklersbury.  It  seems  to  have  been 
so  called  after  the  Great  Fire,  to  perpetuate  the  memory  of  the 
ancient  church  of  St.  Pancras,  which  stood  on  the  north  side  of  it  and 
was  not  rebuilt.  Previously  the  portion  to  the  west  of  Size  Lane  had 
been  called  Needelers1  Lane,  and  to  the  east  Pencritch  [Pancras]  Street, 
(Stow,  p.  98).  Here  are  still  the  cemeteries  of  the  two  churches  of  St. 
Pancras  and  St.  Benet  Sherehog ;  the  latter  is  nearest  to  Bucklersbury. 

Pancras  (St.)  In  the  Fields,  a  prebendal  manor  in  Middlesex, 
belonging  to  the  Dean  and  Chapter  of  St.  Paul's,  containing  the  old 
parish  church,  now  made  a  district  church,  situated  on  the  north  side 
of  the  road  leading  from  King's  Cross  to  Kentish  Town ;  and  a  new 
church,  the  present  parish  church,  described  in  a  succeeding  article. 

St.  Pancras  is  so  called  in  the  Domesday  Survey  \Sm.  Pancratium~\. 
The  manor  of  Pancras  belonged  to  the  Dean  and  Canons  or  Chapter 
of  St.  Paul's ;  as  also  did  the  prebendal  manors  of  Totenhall  (Tottenham 
Court),  and  Cantelows,  now  Kentish  Town.  Ruggemere,  or  Rugmere, 
was  another  prebend  in  this  parish,  but  the  site  of  the  prebendal  estate 
is  now  unknown.  The  parish  is  of  great  extent,  reaching  from  St. 
Andrew's,  Holborn,  and  St.  George's,  Bloomsbury,  to  Hampstead, 
Highgate,  and  Finchley,  and  including  the  Gray's  Inn,  Tottenham 
Court,  Euston  and  Harripstead  Roads,  Somers  Town,  Camden  Town, 
and  Kentish  Town,  Ken  (or  Caen)  Wood,  and  part  of  Highgate,  a 
portion  of  the  Regent's  Park,  and  the  whole  of  the  extensive  London 


ST.   PANCRAS  IN  THE  FIELDS  17 

and  North -Western,  Midland,  and  Great  Northern  Railway  termini. 
In  1801  there  were  31,779  inhabitants  in  the  parish;  in  1881  there 
were  nearly  a  quarter  of  a  million  (236,209). 

Pancras  Church  standeth  all  alone,  as  utterly  forsaken,  old  and  weather-beaten, 
which,  for  the  antiquity  thereof,  is  thought  not  to  yield  to  Paules  in  London.  About 
this  church  have  bin  many  buildings  now  decayed,  leaving  poor  Pancras  without 
companie  or  comfort,  yet  it  is  now  and  then  visited  with  Kentishtowne  and  Highgate, 
which  are  members  thereof;  but  they  seldom  come  there,  for  they  have  chapels  of 
ease  within  themselves ;  but  when  there  is  a  corpse  to  be  interred,  they  are  forced 
to  leave  the  same  within  this  forsaken  church  or  churchyard,  where  (no  doubt)  it 
resteth  as  secure  against  the  day  of  resurrection,  as  if  it  laie  in  stately  Paule's. — 
Norden,  Spec.  Brit.,  410,  1593. 

This  interesting  little  church,  partly  of  Norman,  but  in  the  main  of 
Early  English  date,  had  in  the  course  of  time  been  greatly  altered  and 
covered  with  plaster.  It  consisted  of  a  nave  and  chancel,  and  at  the 
west  end  a  tower,  on  which  in  1750,  when  Chatelain's  view  was  taken, 
was  a  short  shingled  spire,  but  which  somewhat  later  was  superseded 
by  an  odd  sort  of  dome.  In  1847-1848  the  church  was  almost  entirely 
rebuilt  in  the  Norman  style  (Messrs.  Gough  and  Roumieu,  architects), 
and  enlarged,  with  a  tower  on  the  south  side  at  the  east  end  of  the 
nave.  It  was  reopened  for  divine  service,  July  5,  1848.  Whatever 
was  of  interest  in  the  church  has  passed  away,  but  the  monuments 
deserve  examination.  The  church  was  restored  internally  in  1888, 
when  a  chancel-screen  and  choir  stalls  were  added.  The  old  sedilia 
were  discovered  on  removing  the  plaster  from  the  walls.  The  appear- 
ance of  the  interior  was  somewhat  improved,  but  it  is  still  very  heavy 
in  consequence  of  a  gallery  which  runs  round  three  sides  of  the  nave 
portion.  Observe. — Against  the  north  wall  of  the  nave  a  monument, 
much  defaced  (circ.  1500),  but  without  name  or  inscription;  recesses 
for  brasses  alone  remaining.  In  the  south-east  corner  of  the  nave  at 
the  entrance  to  the  chancel  is  a  tablet,  surmounted  by  a  palette  and 
pencils,  to  Samuel  Cooper,  the  miniature  painter  (d.  1672) :  the  arms 
are  those  of  Sir  Edward  Turner,  Speaker  of  the  House  of  Commons  in 
the  reign  of  Charles  II.,  at  whose  expense  it  is  probable  the  monument 
was  erected.  And  on  the  south  wall  of  the  church  a  monument,  with 
two  busts,  to  William  Platt  (d.  1637),  the  founder  of  an  important  charity, 
and  wife,  repaired  at  the  expense  of  St.  John's  College,  Cambridge,  in 
1743,  and  removed  hither  from  the  chapel  at  Highgate  in  1833.  In 
the  churchyard  have  been  interred  an  unusual  number  of  remarkable 
persons.  This  has  been  in  a  great  measure  owing  to  its  having  been  for  a 
long  series  of  years  the  chief  burial-place  for  Roman  Catholics  resident 
in  London,  though  the  eminent  persons  buried  here  are  by  no  means 
confined  to  the  professors  of  that  faith.  "  Of  late,"  says  Strype,  writing 
at  the  beginning  of  the  i8th  century,  "those  of  the  Roman  Catholic 
religion  have  affected  to  be  buried  here." l  Till  the  churchyard  was 
closed  for  interments,  it  continued  to  be  a  favourite  Roman  Catholic 
cemetery.  For  this  preference  various  reasons  have  been  assigned.  A 

1  Strype,  App.,  p.  136. 
VOL.  Ill  C 


1 8  ST.   PANCRAS  IN  THE  FIELDS 

popular  tradition  was  that  it  was  the  last  London  church  in  which  mass 
was  performed.  Roman  Catholics,  said  Dr.  Johnson,  "  chose  St.  Pancras 
for  their  burying-place  because  some  Catholics  in  Queen  Elizabeth's 
time  had  been  burnt  there."  Lysons  was  told  that  it  was  because 
"  masses  were  said  in  a  church  in  the  south  of  France,  dedicated  to  the 
same  saint,  for  the  souls  of  the  deceased  interred  at  St.  Pancras  in 
England."  Mr.  Markland  dismisses  all  these  reasons  without  ceremony. 
"  I  learn,"  he  says,  "from  unquestionable  authority,  that  it  rests  upon  no 
foundation ; "  but  is  "  mere  prejudice." x  This  may  be ;  but  even  the 
prejudice  must  have  had  an  origin.  The  probable  explanation  is,  that 
it  having  been,  from  accident  of  residence,  chosen  as  the  burial-place 
of  some  distinguished  member  of  the  church,  others  of  a  like  faith 
wished  to  be  laid  near  him,  and — there  being  no  recognised  Roman 
Catholic  burial-ground  in  London — the  prejudice  would  every  year 
extend  and  strengthen,  as  more  and  more  of  those  who  were  regarded 
with  veneration  came  to  be  laid  there.  These  interments  include  many 
prelates  and  priests,  members  of  old  Catholic  families,  Howards  and 
Arundels,  Cliffords,  Blounts,  Tichbornes,  Doughtys,  Constables,  Honars, 
many  Jacobites  and  Nonjurors,  and  a  large  number  of  French  emigres, 
victims  of  the  first  French  Revolution,  who  took  up  their  residence  in 
Somers  Town. 

The  French  Revolution  tended  materially  to  fill  St.  Pancras 
churchyard.  Writing  in  1811,  Lysons  says  that  "about  thirty  of  the 
French  clergy  have  on  an  average  been  buried  annually  at  Pancras  for 
some  years  past;  in  1801  there  were  forty-one;  in  1802  thirty-two."2 
Among  them  were  several  prelates  and  other  dignitaries  of  the  church  : 
Angelus  Franciscus  de  Talaru  de  Calmazel,  Bishop  of  Coutance 
(d.  1798).  Augustinus  Renatus  Ludovicus  Le  Mintier,  Bishop  and 
Count  of  Treguier  (d.  1801).  Louis  Andre  Grimaldi,  Bishop  of 
Noyon  (d.  1804).  Arthur  Richard  Dillon,  Archbishop  of  Narbonne 
(d.  1806).  Jean  FranQois  Comte  de  la  Marche,  Bishop  of  St.  Pol  de 
Leon  (d.  1806).  The  Rev.  Arthur  ["Father"]  O'Leary  (d.  1802). 
Father  Nicholas  Pisani,  of  the  Order  of  St.  Anthony  (d.  1803). 
Louis  Charles,  Comte  D'Hervilly,  Field -Marshal  of  France,  Major- 
General  in  the  Russian,  and  Colonel  in  the  British  army,  died  of  a 
wound  received  at  Quiberon  (1795).  Lieut.- General  Comte  Mont- 
boissier  (d.  1797).  Francois  Claude  Amour,  Marquis  de  Bouille, 
Governor  and  Commander -in -Chief  of  the  French  islands  in  the 
West  Indies  (d.  1800).  Louis  Charles  Bigot  de  St.  Croix,  "dernier 
Ministre  de  Louis,"  as  the  now  illegible  inscription  on  his  monument 
recorded  (d.  1803).  Marie  Louisa  d'Esparbes  de  Lussan,  Comtesse  de 
Palastron,  "Dame  de  Palais  de  la  Reine  de  France"  (d.  1804). 
Antonio  Moriano  Domenico  Mortellari,  the  musical  composer,  "pensioner 
of  Louis  XVI.,  whom  he  served  eighteen  years."  Henry  Marquis  de 
Lostange,  "  Grand  Seneschal  de  Quercy,  Mareschal  des  Camps  et  Armees 
de  Roi  de  France"  (d.  1807).  Claude  Joseph  Gabriel,  Viscomte  de 

1  Note  to  Croker's  Boswell,  p.  840.         •  2  Lysons,  vol.  ii.  p.  619,  note  40. 


ST.   PANCRAS  IN  THE  FIELDS  19 

Vaulx,  Field- Marshal  of  France  and  Governor  of  Valence  in  Dauphiny 
(d.  1809).  Baroness  de  Montalembert  (d.  1808).  L.  F.  E.  Camus, 
Seigneur  de  Pontcarre",  "  premier  President  du  Parlement  de  Normandie, 
Conseiller  du  Roi  en  tous  ses  conseils"  (d.  1810). 

Against  the  exterior  of  the  church,  at  the  south-west  end  of  the 
nave,  is  a  headstone  to  William  Woollett  the  engraver  (d.  1785)  and  his 
widow  (d.  1819).  In  a  part  of  the  ground  now  taken  by  the  Midland 
Railway  Company  was  a  pedestal -like  altar-tomb  to  William  Godwin, 
author  of  Political  Justice  and  Caleb  Williams  (d.  1836),  and  his  two 
wives ;  Mary  Wolstonecraft  Godwin,  author  of  A  Vindication  of  the 
Rights  of  Women,  the  mother  of  Mrs.  Shelley  (d.  1797);  and  Mary 
Jane  (d.  1841),  in  whose  name  the  "Juvenile  Library"  in  Skinner 
Street  was  carried  on.  At  this  grave,  in  1813,  when  it  only  contained 
the  body  of  Mary  Wolstonecraft,  a  remarkable  scene  took  place  : 

Shelley's  anguish,  his  isolation,  his  difference  from  other  men,  his  gifts  of  genius, 
and  eloquent  enthusiasm,  made  a  deep  impression  on  Godwin's  daughter  Mary,  now 
a  girl  of  sixteen,  who  had  been  accustomed  to  hear  Shelley  spoken  of  as  something 
rare  and  strange.  To  her,  as  they  met  one  eventful  day  in  St.  Pancras  churchyard, 
by  her  Mother's  grave,  Bysshe,  in  burning  words,  poured  forth  the  tale  of  his  wild 
past — how  he  had  suffered,  how  he  had  been  misled,  and  how,  if  supported  by  her 
love,  he  hoped  in  future  years  to  enrol  his  name  with  the  wise  and  good  who  had 
done  battle  for  their  fellow  men,  and  been  true  through  all  adverse  storms,  to  the 
cause  of  humanity.  Unhesitatingly  she  placed  her  hand  in  his,  and  linked  her 
fortunes  with  his  own. — Lady  Shelley's  Memorials,  p.  57. 

The  remains  of  Godwin  and  his  first  wife,  Mary  Wolstonecraft,  were 
removed  in  1851  and  laid  beside  those  of  their  daughter,  Mrs.  Shelley, 
in  Bournemouth  churchyard.  It  was  in  Old  St.  Pancras  Church  that 
Godwin  and  Mary  Wolstonecraft  were  married,  March  29,  1797, 
"  Marshal  and  the  clerk  of  the  church  being  the  witnesses.  Godwin 
takes  no  notice  whatever  of  it  in  his  Diary." 1 

Among  the  stones  was  one  to  "  Daniel  Tullum,  gent.,  page  of  the 
Backstairs  to  the  Queen  of  the  late  King  James  the  Second,"  "and 
was  abroad  with  them  many  years  in  all  their  troubles,"  and  also  with 
"  the  King's  daughter  Lewisa,  who  died  in  France."  He  died,  October 
14,  1730,  in  his  seventy-seventh  year.  Others  were  those  of  Amy,  wife 
of  Cuthbert  Constable  and  daughter  of  Hugh  Lord  Clifford  (d.  1731) ; 
Sir  James  Tobin  (d.  1735);  Elizabeth,  Countess  of  Castlehaven,  and 
a  few  more.  The  plain  headstone  to  John  Walker,  author  of  the 
Pronouncing  Dictionary  of  the  English  Language  and  other  works  (d. 
1807),  has  been  replaced  by  a  larger  and  more  conspicuous  one  erected 
by  the  Baroness  Burdett-Coutts.  The  St.  Giles's  portion  of  the  ground 
is  comparatively  modern,  having  been  consecrated  in  1803.  Here  is 
the  large  and  elaborate  tomb  of  Sir  John  Soane,  R.A.,  the  architect  of 
the  Bank  of  England  (d.  June  30,  1837),  his  wife  and  son;  another  is 
that  of  Sir  John  Gurney,  Baron  of  the  Exchequer  (d.  March  i,  1845). 

The  register  of  burials  includes  those  of  Abraham  Woodhead  (d. 
May  4,  1678),  in  his  day  the  stoutest  champion  of  Roman  Catholicism. 

1  Kegan  Paul's  William  Godwin,  vol.  i.  p.  234. 


20  ST.   PANCRAS  IN  THE  FIELDS 

Wood  gives  a  long  account  of  him,  and  adds  "  that  he  was  buried  in 
the  churchyard  of  St.  Pancras,  about  22  paces  from  the  chancel,  on 
the  south  side.  Afterwards  a  raised  altar-monument,  built  of  brick, 
covered  with  a  thick  plank  of  blue  marble,  was  put  over  his  grave." l 
Obadiah  Walker  (d.  1699).  He  was  buried  near  his  friend,  Abraham 
Woodhead,  with  this  short  inscription  : — 

@ 

PER  BONAM  FAMAM  ET  INFAMIAM 
OB.  JAN.  31,  A.D.  1699,  ;ET.  86. 

The  interment  of  these  prominent  Catholics  might  be  thought  to  have 
induced  or  favoured  the  preference  shown  for  St.  Pancras  churchyard 
by  others  of  the  creed,  but  it  is  pretty  certain,  despite  of  Strype,  that 
the  practice  had  been  for  some  time  in  existence. 

I  told  'em  of  Pancras  church  where  their  scholars 
(When  they  have  killed  one  another  in  duel) 
Have  a  churchyard  to  themselves  for  their  dead. 

Davenant,  Playhotise  to  be  Lett,  1663  [printed  1673], 

John  Ernest  Grabe,  D.D.  (d.  1711),  Orientalist  and  editor  of  a  valuable 
edition  of  the  Septuagint.  There  is  a  monument  to  his  memory  in 
Westminster  Abbey. 

Poor  Dr.  Grabe's  receiving  the  absolution  from  Dr.  Smalridge,  the  communion 
from  Dr.  Hicks,  and  being  buried  in  St.  Pancras  church  (where  the  Roman  Catholics 
dying  in  or  near  this  city  have  been  commonly  interred)  occasions  talk. — White 
Kennet,  MSS.,  Life  of  Robert  Nelson,  p.  221. 

'Thomas  Dungan,  Earl  of  Limerick  (d.  1715).  Hon.  Esme 
Howard,  son  of  Henry,  Earl  of  Arundel  (d.  1728).  Edward  Walpole 
of  Dunston,  Lincolnshire  (d.  1740).  Elizabeth,  Countess  of  Castle- 
haven  (d.  1743).  Sir  Thomas  Mackworth,  Bart.  (d.  1744).  Jeremy 
Collier  (d.  1726),  the  writer  against  the  immorality  of  the  stage  in  the 
time  of  Dryden.  Ned  Ward  (d.  1731),  author  of  the  London  Spy. 
He  kept  a  punch-house  in  Fulwood's  Rents  in  Holborn.  His  hearse 
was  attended  by  a  single  mourning  coach,  containing  only  his  wife  and 
daughter,  as  he  had  directed  it  should  be  in  his  poetical  will,  written 
six  years  before  he  died.  Bevil  Higgons  (d.  1735);  he  wrote  against 
Burnet's  History.  Lewis  Theobald  (d.  1744),  the  hero  of  the  early 
editions  of  the  Dunciad,  and  the  editor  of  Shakespeare.2  Lady 
Henrietta  Beard,  daughter  of  an  Earl  of  Waldegrave,  widow  of  Lord 
Edward  Herbert,  and  wife  of  Beard,  the  singer  (d.  1753).  Pope's 
Martha  Blount  (d.  January  12,  1763,  aged  seventy-three)  and  Theresa 
Blount  (d.  October  7,  1759,  aged  seventy).  Henry  Racket  (d.  1775)  and 
Robert  Racket  (d.  1779),  Pope's  nephews,  and  mentioned  in  his  will. 
S.  F.  Ravenet,  the  engraver  (d.  176 4).  In  this  church  (February  13,  1718- 
1 7  x  9)>  Jonathan  Wild  was  married  to  his  third  wife ;  in  this  church- 
yard he  was  buried  in  1725. 

After  his  execution  his  body  was  carried  off  in  a  coach  and  four  to  the  sign  of  the 
Adam  and  Eve  near  Pancras  Church,  in  order  to  be  interred  in  the  churchyard  there, 
where  one  of  his  former  wives  was  buried. — Defoe,  vol.  iii.  p.  392. 

1  Ath.  Ox.,  ed.  1721,  vol.  ii.  p.  618.  "  Nichols's  Illustrations,  vol.  ii.  p.  745. 


ST.   PANCRAS  IN  THE  FIELDS  21 

A  few  nights  afterwards  the  coffin  was  dug  up  and  flung  in  the  road- 
side near  Kentish  Town.  James  Leoni,  the  architect  and  editor  of 
Palladia  and  Alberti  (d.  1746).  The  Hon.  Thomas  Arundell,  Count 
of  the  Holy  Roman  Empire  and  son  of  Henry,  fifth  Lord  Arundell  of 
Wardour  (d.  1752).  Peter  Van  Bleek,  the  portrait  painter  (d.  1764). 
Peter  Pasqualino,  a  famous  player  on  the  violoncello,  who  first  brought 
that  instrument  into  fashion  (d.  1766).  Robert  Paxton,  the  noted 
English  player  on  that  instrument  (d.  1787).  Thomas  Mazzinghi, 
unrivalled  in  his  day  as  a  violinist  (d.  1776).  Maria  Teresa,  Duchess 
of  Wharton  (d.  1777),  widow  of  the  famous  Philip,  Duke  of 
Wharton.  Baron  de  Wenzel,  the  eminent  oculist  (d.  1790).  Count 
Ferdinand  Lucchese,  Neapolitan  Ambassador  (d.  1790).  The  Duke 
of  Sicigniano,  Neapolitan  Ambassador,  who  committed  suicide  at 
Gregnier's  Hotel,  May  31,  1793,  shortly  after  his  arrival  in  England. 
Count  Filippo  Nupumecceno  Fontana,  formerly  Ambassador  from  the 
Court  of  Sardinia  to  that  of  Spain.  Peter  Henry  Treyssac  de  Vergy, 
the  opponent  of  the  Chevalier  D'Eon,  died  October  i,  1774,  but  not 
buried  till  March  3,  1775;  and  that  anomalous  personage  himself, 
"Charles  Genevieve  Louis  Auguste  Andre  Timothe"e  D'Eon  de 
Beaumont,  died  May  21,  buried  May  28,  1810,  aged  eighty-three 
years,"  for  so  the  entry  stands  in  the  parish  register.  The  French 
Revolution  having  deprived  him  of  his  pension,  D'Eon's  last  years  were 
spent  in  extreme  penury. 

General  Pasquale  de  Paoli,  "died  February  5,  1807,  aged  eighty- 
two  years,  buried  i3th."  His  remains  were  exhumed  on  August  31, 
1889,  and  conveyed  to  Corsica,  Edward  Edwards  (d.  1806),  Professor 
of  Perspective  in  the  Royal  Academy,  and  author  of  the  dull  but 
useful  Anecdotes  of  Painters,  which  he  wrote  as  a  continuation  of 
Horace  Walpole's  lively  work  with  a  nearly  similar  title.  Henry  F. 
J.  De  Cort,  the  landscape  painter  (d.  1810).  Thomas  Scheemakers, 
sculptor,  the  junior  of  that  name  (d.  1808).  Mrs.  Isabella  Mills,  as 
Miss  Burchell,  a  famous  vocalist  (d.  1802).  John  Hayman  Packer 
(d.  1806),  an  actor  of  celebrity  in  genteel  comedy.  Peter  Woulfe,  an 
eminent  chemist  (d.  1803).  Tiberius  Cavallo,  F.R.S.,  a  distinguished 
writer  on  physics  (d.  1809).  James  Peller  Malcolm,  F.S.A.,  author 
of  Londinium  Redivivum  (d.  1815). 

It  is  greatly  to  be  regretted  that  when  the  churchyard  was 
converted  into  a  garden,  means  were  not  taken  to  indicate  the 
graves  of  the  more  remarkable  of  the  persons  interred  here,  and  to 
renew,  while  renewal  was  possible,  the  inscriptions  on  the  tombs 
and  headstones.  A  memorial  was  erected  by  the  Baroness  Burdett- 
Coutts  in  the  St.  Giles's  portion  of  the  ground,  on  which  a  list  of  such 
names  is  inscribed — but  too  high  and  in  too  small  characters  to  be 
read  by  ordinary  eyes.  It  forms,  however,  a  pleasing  object  in  the 
garden.  St.  Pancras  has  long  ceased  to  be  "  in  the  Fields."  "  Brother 
Kemp,"  says  Nash  in  Queen  Elizabeth's  time  to  Kemp  the  actor,  "  as 
many  alhailes  to  thy  person  as  there  be  haicocks  in  luly  at  Pan- 


22  ST.  PA  NCR  AS  IN  THE  FIELDS 

credge  : }>1  and  Norden  has  left  a  description  of  the  St.  Pancras  in 
1593,  which  De  Foe  has  confirmed,  more  than  a  century  after,  in  his 
History  of  Colonel  Jack. 

And  although  this  place  be  as  it  were  forsaken  of  all,  and  true  men  seldom 
frequent  the  same  but  upon  devyne  occasions,  yet  it  is  visyted  and  usuall  haunted 
of  roages,  vagabondes,  harlettes,  and  theeves,  who  assemble  not  ther  to  pray,  but  to 
wayte  for  praye,  and  manie  fall  into  their  hands  clothed,  that  are  glad  when  they 
are  escaped  naked.  Walk  not  ther  too  late. — Norden  (in  1593),  "  MS.  Account  of 
Middlesex,"  quoted  by  Ellis,  in  Norden's  Essex,  p.  xiii. 

Bishop  Burnet,  describing  the  locality  in  which  Sir  Edmond  Berry 
Godfrey's  body  was  discovered,  tells  us  it  was  found  "  in  a  ditch,  about 
a  mile  out  of  the  town,  near  St.  Pancras  Church."  The  exact  locality,  as 
we  should  now  describe  it,  was  the  field  beyond  Primrose  Hill.  When 
Burnet  wrote,  near  St.  Pancras  was  the  best  description  he  could  give. 
In  his  lines  to  "  Inigo  Marquis  Would  be,"  Ben  Jonson  recommends 
the  great  architect  to 

Content  thee  to  be  Pancredge  Earl  the  while, 

An  earl  of  show. 

It  were  to  be  hoped  St.  Peter  would  let  them  dwell  in  the  suburbs  of  heaven  ; 
whereas,  otherwise,  they  must  keep  aloofe  at  Pancridge,  and  not  come  neer  the 
liberties  by  five  leagues  and  above. — Nash,  Pierce  Penilesse,  1592, 

No  churchyard  in  London  possessed  so  much  interest  as  that  of 
St.  Pancras,  and  none  has  been  subjected  to  greater  outrage.  After 
having  been  closed  for  interments  it  was  grievously  neglected.  In 
July  1863  the  Midland  Railway  Company,  who  were  then  planning 
their  London  extension,  obtained  an  Act  of  Parliament  authorising 
them  to  construct  piers  for  carrying  a  viaduct  across  the  churchyard. 
Further  powers  were  granted  in  July  1864  enabling  them  to  construct 
a  tunnel  underneath  to  join  the  Metropolitan  Railway  at  King's  Cross, 
and  notwithstanding  a  clause  in  the  Act  restraining  them  from  coming 
within  12  feet  of  the  surface,  an  enormous  trench  about  50  feet 
wide  was  cut  through  a  crowded  portion  of  the  ground  and  the  tunnel 
built  within  it.  In  1874  the  Company  sought  to  obtain  powers  to 
acquire  the  whole  of  the  ground,  including  the  church  as  well  as  the 
St.  Giles's  cemetery.  Public  indignation  was  thoroughly  aroused,  and 
the  Bill  was  thrown  out.  Subsequently  the  Vestry  of  St.  Pancras 
acquired  the  ground  for  the  purpose  of  a  public  garden  and  recreation 
ground,  and  it  was  formally  opened  by  the  Baroness  Burdett-Coutts  on 
June  28,  1877.  The  St.  Giles's  portion  was  encroached  upon  in  1887 
for  the  erection  of  a  range  of  buildings  connected  with  the  St.  Pancras 
Workhouse,  including  a  -mortuary  and  rooms  for  post  mortems.  To 
complete  the  story  the  Midland  Railway  Company,  in  1889,  acquired 
a  large  portion  of  the  St.  Pancras  ground  lying  in  the  south-east  corner, 
the  boundary  of  the  churchyard  in  that  direction  being  the  iron  viaduct 
already  mentioned.  For  this  they  paid  ;£  12,000,  and  in  addition 
agreed  to  purchase  a  row  of  houses  fronting  St.  Pancras  Road,  includ- 

1  Almond  for  a  Parrot, 


PANNIER,    OR  PANYER  ALLEY  23 

ing  the  site  of  the  old  Adam   and  Eve  Tavern,  to  be  laid  out  and 
added  to  the  recreation  ground. 

Neglect  and  a  London  atmosphere  have  done  their  work  in 
obliterating  the  inscriptions,  and  in  a  few  years  none  will  be  legible. 
Fortunately  many  have  been  preserved  by  Mr.  Cansick,  in  a  book 
which  he  published  when  the  graveyards  were  taken  over  by  the 
Vestry  of  St.  Pancras.  But  notwithstanding  this  the  period  is  rapidly 
approaching  when  the  ancient  burial-ground  will  become  a  mere  "open 
space,"  with  a  few  decaying  stones  here  and  there  to  remind  the 
spectator  of  what  it  once  was.  All  the  registers  were  transferred  to 
the  new  church  in  the  Euston  Road  when  it  became  the  parish  church. 
The  prebend  of  Pancras  was  held  by  Lancelot  Andrews  in  the  time  of 
James  I.,  and  by  Archdeacon  Paley  in  the  reign  of  George  III. 

Pancras  (St.)  New  Church,  EUSTON  ROAD  and  EUSTON  SQUARE, 
was  designed  by  William  Inwood,  with  the  assistance  of  his  son,  Henry 
William,  the  Greek  traveller.  The  foundation  stone  was  laid  by  the 
Duke  of  York,  July  i,  1819,  and  the  church  consecrated  by  the  Bishop 
of  London,  April  7,  1822.  The  exterior  is  an  adaptation  of  the  Ionic 
temple  of  the  Erectheion  on  the  Acropolis  at  Athens,  the  tower  being 
modelled  from  the  Horologium,  or  Temple  of  the  Winds,  in  that  city. 
The  projecting  building,  with  the  caryatides  on  each  side  of  the  church, 
and  which  were  intended  to  form  covered  entrances  to  the  catacombs, 
are  adaptations  of  the  south  portico  of  the  Pandroseion  at  Athens. 
The  church  is  built  of  Portland  stone,  and  the  ornaments  are  chiefly 
of  terra  cotta,  by  C.  and  H.  Rossi.  Messrs.  Inwood's  model  for  the 
interior  body  of  the  church  was  the  Erectheion.  The  whole  structure 
was  erected  at  a  cost  of  ,£76,679  :  7  :  8.  The  pulpit  and  reading-desk 
are  made  of  the  celebrated  Fairlop  oak,  which  stood  in  Hainault  Forest, 
in  Essex,  and  gave  its  name  to  the  fair  long  held  under  its  branches. 
It  was  blown  down  in  1820.  Messrs.  Inwood  took  the  greatest 
possible  pains  to  make  the  several  parts  of  the  church  accurate  repro- 
ductions of  the  originals,  as  far  as  the  difference  of  the  materials 
allowed.  The  present  elaborate  chromatic  decoration  of  the  interior 
was  carried  out  by  Mr.  J.  G.  Grace  in  1866. 

Pancras  (St.),SoPER  LANE,  a  church  in  the  ward  of  Cheap,  destroyed 
in  the  Great  Fire,  and  not  rebuilt.  Stow  describes  it  as  "a  proper 
small  church."  The  name  is  preserved  in  Pancras  Lane,  The  living 
is  united  with  that  of  St.  Mary-le-Bow,  Cheapside.  Abraham  Fleming 
(d.  1607),  the  earliest  translator  into  English  verse  of  the  Bucolics  and 
Georgics  of  Virgil,  was  rector  of  this  church. 

Pannier,  or  Panyer  Alley,  NEWGATE  STREET  to  PATERNOSTER 
Row. 

Panyer  Alley,  a  passage  out  of  Paternoster  Row,  and  is  called  of  such  a  sign 
Panyar  Alley. — Stow,  p.  128. 

From  a  passage  in   Ben   Jonson's  Bartholomnv  fair,  Pannier  Alley 
would  seem  to  have  been  in  his  day  inhabited  by  tripe-sellers ;  at  an 


24  PANNIER,   OR  PANYER  ALLEY 

earlier  period  it  was  the  standing-place  for  bakers  with  their  bread 
panniers.  Observe. — In  the  middle  of  the  alley,  against  the  east  wall, 
a  figure  of  a  pannier  or  baker's  basket  (or  perhaps  a  loaf)  with  a  boy 
with  a  bunch  of  grapes  sitting  upon  it,  and  this  inscription  : — 

When  you  have  sought  the  City  round, 

Yet  still  this  is  the  highest  ground. 
August  26,  1688. 

Panorama,  LEICESTER  SQUARE.     [See  Burford's  Panorama.] 

Pantheon,  No.  359,  on  the  south  side  of  OXFORD  STREET,  origin- 
ally a  theatre  and  public  promenade,  designed  by  James  Wyatt,  R.A., 
and  opened  for  the  first  time  in  January  1772.!  As  at  Ranelagh,  the 
room  devoted  to  the  promenade  was  a  rotunda,  but  there  were  fourteen 
other  rooms.  The  building  was  Italian  in  style,  and  the  decoration 
of  the  interior  was  intended  to  correspond  in  character.  Noorthouck 
described  it  as  "a  superb  building  .  .  .  dedicated  to  the  nocturnal 
revels  of  the  British  nobility." 2  Dr.  Johnson  visited  it  in  company 
with  Bos  well,  and  both  agreed  in  thinking  it  inferior  to  Ranelagh. 
The  masquerades  for  which  the  Pantheon  soon  became  celebrated, 
were  on  a  more  splendid  scale  than  those  at  Chelsea. 

What  do  you  think  of  a  winter  Ranelagh,  erecting  in  Oxford  Road,  at  the  expense 
of  sixty  thousand  pounds? — Walpole  to  Mann,  May  6,  1770. 

The  new  winter  Ranelagh  in  Oxford  Road  is  almost  finished.  It  amazed  me 
myself.  Imagine  Balbec  in  all  its  glory  !  The  pillars  are  of  artificial  giallo  antico. 
The  ceilings,  even  of  the  passages,  are  of  the  most  beautiful  stuccos  in  the  best  taste 
of  grotesque.  The  ceilings  of  the  ball-rooms  and  the  panels  painted  like  Raphael's 
loggias  in  the  Vatican.  A  dome  like  the  Pantheon  glazed.  It  is  to  cost  fifty 
thousand  pounds. — Walpole  to  Mann,  April  26,  1771. 

February  7,  1774. — Wednesday  your  two  sisters,  Molly  Cambridge,  and  I  went 
to  the  Pantheon.  It  is  undoubtedly  the  finest  and  most  complete  thing  ever  seen 
in  England  ;  such  mixture  of  company  never  assembled  before  under  the  same  roof. 
Lord  Mansfield,  Mrs.  Baddeley,  Lord  Chief  Baron  Parker,  Mrs.  Abington,  Sir 
James  Porter,  Mademoiselle  Himell,  Lords  Hyde  and  Camden,  with  many  other 
serious  men,  and  most  of  the  gay  ladies  in  town,  and  ladies  of  the  best  rank  and 
character ;  and,  by  appearance,  some  very  low  people.  Louisa  is  thought  very  like 
Mrs.  Baddeley  [a  notorious  gay  lady] ;  Gertrude  and  I  had  our  doubts  whether  our 
characters  might  not  suffer  by  walking  with  her ;  but  had  they  offered  to  turn  her 
out  we  depended  on  Mrs.  Hanger's  protection.  None  of  any  fashion  dance  country 
dances  or  minuets  in  the  great  room,  though  there  were  a  number  of  minuets  and  a 
large  set  of  dancers.  I  saw  Miss  Wilkes  dance  a  minuet,  and  that  was  the  only 
name  I  knew ;  some  young  ladies  danced  cotillons  in  the  Cotillon  Gallery.  I  met  a 
great  many  of  my  acquaintances,  and  every  one  complained  of  being  tired  after  they 
had  been  there  an  hour. — Mrs.  Harris  to  her  son,  the  Earl  of  Malmesbury  (Letters, 
vol.  i.  p.  247). 

Mrs.  Hardcastle.  I'm  in  love  with  the  town  .  .  .  but  who  can  have  a  manner, 
that  has  never  seen  the  Pantheon,  the  Grotto  Gardens,  the  Borough,  and  such  places, 
where  the  nobility  chiefly  resort. — Goldsmith,  She  Stoops  to  Conquer,  1773,  Act  ii. 

When  Gibbon  was  writing  the  first  portion  of  his  Decline  and  Fall 
he  was  a  frequent  visitor  to  the  Pantheon.  His  plan  of  early  rising 
gave  him  command  of  time,  and  he  tells  us  that  he  never  found  his 

1  There    is  a  large  and   good   interior  view      Earlom  in  1772.      There  is  also  a  view  in   the 
(with   figures)   of   the    Pantheon,   engraved   by      European  Magazine  for  May  1784. 
2  Hist,  of  London,  4to,  1773,  p.  732. 


PANTON  STREET  AND  PANTON  SQUARE  25 

mind  more  vigorous,  nor  his  composition  more  happy  than  in  the 
winter  hurry  of  society  and  parliament.  In  February  1774  he  writes 
to  Holroyd,  "  Don't  you  remember  that  in  our  Pantheon  walks  we 
admired  the  modest  beauty  of  Mrs.  Horneck  ?  Eh  bien,  alas  !  She  is," 
etc.  This  was  the  wife  of  Goldsmith's  "  Captain-in-lace,"  one  of  the 
most  abandoned  women  of  her  time,  who  eloped  with  her  husband's 
brother  officer,  Captain  Scawen.  In  the  following  April  Gibbon  speaks 
of  himself  as  "  a  very  fine  gentleman,  a  subscriber  to  the  masquerade, 
.  .  .  and  now  writing  at  Boodle's  in  a  fine  velvet  coat,  with  ruffles  of 
my  lady's  choosing."  Of  this  entertainment  he  says  in  another  letter  : — 

May  4,  1774. — Last  night  was  the  triumph  of  Boodle's.  Our  masquerade  cost 
two  thousand  guineas  ;  a  sum  that  might  have  fertilized  a  province  (I  speak  in  your 
own  style),  vanished  in  a  few  hours,  but  not  without  leaving  behind  it  the  fame  of  the 
most  splendid  and  elegant  fete  that  was  perhaps  ever  given  in  a  seat  of  the  arts  and 
opulence.  It  would  be  as  difficult  to  describe  the  magnificence  of  the  scene,  as  it 
would  be  easy  to  record  the  humour  of  the  night.  The  one  was  above,  the  other 
below  all  relation.  I  left  the  Pantheon  about  five  this  morning. — Gibbon  to  Holroyd. 

Masquerades  lost  their  attraction — Fashion  turned  her  back  on  the 
Pantheon.  When  the  Opera  House  was  burnt  down,  1789,  the  Pantheon 
was  secured  as  a  temporary  home,  and  opened  early  in  1791. 

February  1 8,  1791. — The  Pantheon  has  opened,  and  is  small,  they  say,  but  pretty 
and  simple ;  all  the  rest  ill-conducted  and,  from  the  singers  to  the  scene-shifters, 
imperfect  :  the  dances  long  and  bad,  and  the  whole  performance  so  dilatory  and 
tedious  that  it  lasted  from  eight  to  half-past  twelve. — H.  Walpole  to  Agnes  Berry, 

As  an  opera  house  its  existence  was  brief.  It  was  entirely  destroyed 
by  fire,  January  14,  1792. 

It  is  a  remarkable  fact  that  Mr.  Wyatt,  who  was  travelling  to  town  from  the  west 
in  a  post  chaise  with  the  ingenious  Dixon,  his  clerk,  saw  the  glare  of  this  memorable 
fire  illuminating  the  sky  while  crossing  Salisbury  Plain. — Angela,  p.  96. 

A  second  but  less  brilliant  Pantheon  soon  rose  from  the  ashes  of 
the  first.  The  management  was  not  successful.  Theatrical  perform- 
ances, concerts,  lectures,  and  miscellaneous  exhibitions  were  successively 
essayed.  The  building  was  taken  down  in  1812,  and  a  third  Pantheon 
opened  the  following  year.  It  was  no  more  successful  than  its  pre- 
decessor, and  after  being  closed  for  some  years  it  was  reconstructed 
in  1834,  and  fitted,  with  then  unusual  splendour,  as  a  bazaar  and 
picture  gallery.  Mr.  Sidney  Smirke,  R.A.,  was  the  architect,  the  cost 
over  ^30,000.  The  Oxford  Street  front  is  a  part  of  Wyatt's  original 
building,  but  the  portico  was  remodelled  by  Mr.  Smirke.  After  the 
fluctuations  usual  to  such  places  it  was  finally  closed  on  March  2, 
1867,  and  is  now  the  wine  warehouse  of  Messrs.  Gilbey. 

At  the  Pantheon  Miss  Stephens,  afterwards  Countess  of  Essex, 
made  her  first  appearance  on  the  stage  in  the  character  of  Barbarina. 

Panton  Street,  HAYMARKET,  and  Panton  Square,  PICCADILLY, 
were  so  called  after  Colonel  Thomas  Panton,  a  celebrated  gamester, 
who  in  one  night,  it  is  said,  won  as  many  thousands  as  purchased  him 
an  estate  of  above  ^1500  a  year.  "After  this  good  fortune,"  says 


26  P ANTON  STREET  AND  P ANTON  SQUARE 

Lucas,  "  he  had  such  an  aversion  against  all  manner  of  games  that  he 
would  never  handle  cards  or  dice  again ;  but  lived  very  handsomely  on 
his  winnings  to  his  dying  day,  which  was  in  the  year  I68I."1  Colonel 
Panton  was  the  last  proprietor  of  the  gaming-house  called  Piccadilly 
Hall  [see  Piccadilly],  and  was  in  possession  of  land  on  the  site  of  the 
streets  and  buildings  which  bear  his  name  as  early  as  the  year  1664. 
A  few  years  later  he  was  busy  building.  Sir  Christopher  Wren, 
"  Surveighor  Generall,"  had  been  directed  to  report  on  Colonel  Panton's 
operations  in  1671. 

May  it  please  your  Majesty,  in  obedience  to  your  Majesty's  order  of  May  24, 
1671,  upon  the  petition  of  Thomas  Panton,  Esq.,  setting  forth  that  he  having 
purchased  with  design  to  build,  at  Piccadilly,  and  the  two  bowling  greens  fronting 
the  Haymarket,  and  on  the  north  of  the  Tennis  Court,  upon  which  several  old  houses 
were  standing,  which  the  said  Thomas  Panton  demolished  to  improve  the  same,  and 
make  the  plan  more  uniform  :  in  reference  to  which  he  let  out  the  ground,  laid 
several  foundations,  and  built  part  thereof,  before  his  Majesty's  late  Proclamation ; 
and  praying  his  Majesty's  permission,  under  the  broad  seal,  to  proceed  in  the  said 
buildings.  Upon  which  your  Majesty  ordered  the  Surveighor  Generall  to  examine 
the  truth  of  the  allegations,  and  report  whether  the  buildings  will  cure  the  noysome- 
ness  of  the  place  ;  accordingly  I  have  viewed  the  said  place,  and  find  the  petitioner's 
allegations,  as  far  as  I  can  judge,  to  be  true,  and  that  the  design  of  building  shown 
to  me  may  be  very  useful  to  the  public,  especially  by  opening  a  new  street  from  the 
Haymarket  into  Leicester  Fields,  which  will  ease,  in  some  measure,  the  great  passage 
of  the  Strand,  and  will  cure  the  noisomeness  of  that  part  :  and  I  presume  may  not  be 
unfit  for  your  Majesty's  licence,  provided  the  said  Thomas  Panton  build  regularly, 
according  to  direction  and  according  to  a  design  to  which  his  said  licence  may  refer ; 
and  that  he  be  obliged  to  build  with  brick,  with  party  walls,  with  sufficient  scantlings, 
good  paving  in  the  streets,  and  sufficient  sewers  and  conveighances  for  the  water  ;  and 
that  the  buildings  expressed  in  his  patent  be  registered  before  the  foundations  are  laid. 
All  which  is  most  humbly  submitted  to  your  Majesty's  wisdom  and  farther  order 
hereupon.  Christopher  Wren. 

A  few  months  after  this  Colonel  Panton  made  his  formal  application 
to  erect  a  "  fair  street  of  good  buildings  "  between  the  Haymarket  and 
Hedge  Lane,  marked  in  the  manuscript  to  be  called  Panton  Street,  and 
other  "  fair  buildings  fronting  the  Haymarket  upon  the  said  ground." 
"  Colonel  Panton's  Tenements "  are  rated  for  the  first  time  in  St. 
Martin's  poor-books  under  the  year  1672  ;  "Panton  Street  North"  for 
the  first  time  in  1674;  and  "Panton  Street  by  the  Laystall"  for  the 
first  time  in  1675.  "Madame  Panton,"  the  widow,  lived  in  a  capital 
mansion  on  the  east  side  of  the  Haymarket  as  late  as  1725.  Henry, 
fifth  Lord  Arundel  of  Wardour  (d.  1726),  from  whom  Wardour  Street 
derives  its  name,  was  married  to  Elizabeth,  daughter  of  Thomas  Panton, 
of  St.  Martin's-in-the-Fields,  Esquire.  In  Panton  Street,  on  the  south 
side,  was  Hickford's  Auction  Rooms,  the  Christie  and  Manson's  Rooms 
of  the  reign  of  George  I.  The  great  room  was  used  also  as  a  ballroom. 
On  February  2,  1720-1721,  the  Westminster  scholars  performed 
Otway's  Orphan  at  "  Hickford's  Dancing- Room,  in  Panton  Street,  near 
Leicester  Fields."  Prior,  an  old  Westminster,  wrote  the  prologue,  and 
makes  allusion  to  the  use  to  which  the  room  was  ordinarily  put. 

1  Lucas's  Lives  of  the  Gamesters,  iamo,  1714,  p.  68. 


PAPER  BUILDINGS  27 

We  hired  this  room,  but  none  of  us  can  dance, 
In  cutting  capers  we  shall  never  please  ; 
Our  learning  does  not  lie  below  our  knees. 

Prior's  Poems,  1733,  vol.  iii.  p.  50. 

The  following  curious  advertisement  is  from  the  Sale  Catalogue 
of  a  capital  collection  of  pictures,  sold  by  Hickford,  March  5,  1728- 
1729. 

N.fi. — Such  persons  as  design  to  be  brought  in  chairs,  are  desired  to  come  in  at 
the  back  door  of  Mr.  Hickford's  Great  Room  (which  is  on  a  ground  floor),  facing 
the  Tennis  Court  in  St.  James's  Street  in  the  Haymarket ;  which  is  so  large  and 
convenient,  that,  without  going  up  or  down  steps,  the  Chair  may  be  carried  in  to  the 
very  room  where  the  Pictures,  etc.,  are  shewed. 

William  Hogarth  engraved  a  "  Midnight  scene,  in  the  style  of  the 
Modern  Conversation,"  as  a  shop  bill  for  "Richard  Lee,  at  the  Golden 
Tobacco  Roll,  in  Panton  Street,  near  Leicester  Fields." 

Panton  Square,  in  Strype's  Map  (1720)  is  called  Panton  Yard,  and 
is  described  as  "  a  very  large  place  for  stabling  and  coach-houses,  there 
being  one  large  yard  within  another.  This  place  is  designed  to  be  built 
into  streets,  taking  up  a  large  piece  of  ground,  and  according  to 
probability  will  turn  to  better  advantage  than  at  present."  l 

1762. — The  Morocco  Ambassador  lived  in  Panton  Square,  near  Coventry  Street. 
One  of  his  attendants  happened  to  displease  him  :  he  had  him  brought  up  to  the 
garret,  and  there  sliced  his  head  off.  It  was  made  no  secret  :  he  and  his  servants 
thought  it  was  very  proper,  but  the  London  people,  who  had  somewhat  of  Christianity 
were  of  another  opinion.  I  saw  a  violent  party  gather  before  the  house  :  they  broke 
into  it,  demolished  the  furniture,  threw  everything  they  could  lay  their  hands  on  out 
of  the  windows,  and  thrashed  and  beat  the  grand  Moor  and  his  retinue  down  the 
Haymarket,  and  afterwards  attacked  them  wherever  they  found  them. — O'Keefe's 
Recollections,  vol.  i.  p.  81. 

In  1868  the  name  Panton  Square  was  abolished,  and  the  name 
Arundel  Street  given  to  it  as  a  portion  of  the  street  of  that  name  leading 
into  Coventry  Street. 

Paper  Buildings,  TEMPLE,  first  built  "6th  James  I.  (1609),  by 
Mr.  Edward  Heyward  and  others."  Dugdale  describes  them  as  "east- 
wards from  the  garden,  88  feet  in  length,  20  feet  in  breadth,  and  4 
stories  high."  This  Edward  Heyward  was  Selden's  chamber-fellow, 
and  Selden  dedicates  his  Titles  of  Honour  to  him. 

His  [Selden's]  chamber  was  in  the  Paper  buildings  which  looke  towards  the 
gardens  .  .  .  staircase,  uppermost  story,  where  he  had  a  little  gallery  to  walke  in. 
— Aubrey's  Anecdotes,  vol.  iii.  p.  531. 

In  one  of  the  pleasantest  papers  of  the  Table  Talk  Selden  relates  the 
device  by  which  he  got  rid  of  a  lunatic  "person  of  quality  who  came 
to  my  chambers  in  the  Temple  and  told  me  he  had  two  devils  in  his 
head." 

The  Paper  Buildings,  in  which  Selden  lived,  were  consumed  in  the 
Great  Fire,  and  the  tenements  erected  (1685)  in  their  stead  destroyed, 
March  6,  1838,  in  the  fire  which  broke  out  in  Mr.  (afterwards  Justice) 
Maule's  chambers. 

1  Stryfe,  B.  vi.  p.  84. 


28  PAPER  BUILDINGS 

Lord  Campbell,  when  growing  into  practice,  took  chambers  at — 
No.  14  Paper  Buildings  :  first  floor,  four  excellent  rooms,  view  up  the  river  to 
Westminster  Abbey,  with  the  Surrey  Hills  in  the  distance,  equally  adapted  for  health 
and  convenience,  for  pleasure  and  for  business.  The  attorneys  as  they  pass  by  will 
say  :  "  Ah  !  he  is  getting  on.  He  must  know  something  about  it.  We  will  try  him." 
—  Campbell  to  his  father,  August  8,  1810  (Life,  vol.  i.  p.  261). 

Lord  (then  Sir  John)  Campbell's  chambers  were  immediately  over 
Maule's,  and  everything  he  had  in  them  was  consumed. 

My  chambers  in  Paper  Buildings  have  been  burned  to  the  ground,  and  not  an 
atom  of  anything  belonging  to  me  saved — furniture,  books,  briefs,  MSS.,  Attorney- 
General's  official  documents,  letters,  all  consumed.  .  .  .  The  fire  broke  out  in 
Maule's  chambers.  .  .  .  He  had  gone  to  bed  leaving  a  candle  burning  by  his 
bedside.- — Life  of  Lord  Campbell,  vol.  ii.  p.  107. 

George  Canning  had  chambers  in  Paper  Buildings  in  1792  when 
studying  for  the  law  and  preparing  for  Parliament.  Samuel  Rogers 
lodged  in  Paper  Buildings  before  removing  to  St.  James's  Place.  Lord 
Ellenborough  was  the  previous  occupant  of  the  chambers. 

I  once  dined  in  the  chambers  Mr.  Rogers  occupied  in  the  Temple,  before  he  took 
the  house  in  St.  James's  Place.  The  dining-room  was  a  large  and  cheerful  one,  on 
the  ground-floor,  in  Paper  Buildings,  and  commanded  a  fine  view  of  the  river.  He 
had  faced  the  window-shutters  with  looking-glass,  so  that  from  every  part  of  the 
room  there  were  to  be  seen  views  of  the  river,  up  and  down. — Atitob.  Recollections, 
by  C.  R.  Leslie,  R.A.,  vol.  i.  p.  242. 

The  buildings  in  the  Elizabethan  style  towards  the  Thames  were 
designed  (1848)  by  Sydney  Smirke,  R.A.,  and  recall  "  the  bricky  towers  " 
of  the  temple  of  Spenser's  Prothalamion,  though  among  Templar  wits 
they  passed  by  the  name  of  "Blotting-Paper  Buildings." 

Papey  (The),  a  house  for  poor  and  impotent  priests,  by  London 
Wall,  in  Aldgate  Ward. 

Then  come  you  to  the  Papey,  a  proper  house,  wherein  sometime  was  kept  a 
fraternity  or  brotherhood  of  St.  Charity  and  St.  John  the  Evangelist  called  the 
,Papey,  for  poor  impotent  priests  (for  in  some  language  priests  are  called  papes), 
founded  in  the  year  1430,  by  William  Oliver,  William  Barnabie,  and  John  Stafford, 
chaplains  or  chantry  priests  in  London,  for  a  master,  two  wardens,  etc.,  chaplains, 
chantry  priests,  conducts  (unendowed  chaplains),  and  other  brethren  and  sisters,  that 
should  be  admitted  into  the  church  of  St.  Augustine  Papey  in  the  Wall.  The 
brethren  of  this  house  becoming  lame,  or  otherwise  into  great  poverty,  were  here 
relieved,  as  to  have  chambers,  with  certain  allowance  of  bread,  drink,  and  coal,  and 
one  old  man  and  his  wife  to  see  them  served,  and  keep  the  house  clean.  This 
brotherhood,  among  others,  was  suppressed  in  the  reign  of  Edward  VI.  ;  since  the 
which  time,  in  this  house  hath  been  lodged  Master  Moris  of  Essex  ;  Sir  Francis 
Walsingham,  principal  secretary  to  her  Majesty  ;  Master  Barret  of  Essex,  etc. — Stow, 
P-  55- 

Parade  (The),  in  ST.  JAMES'S  PARK.  The  open  space  before  the 
Horse  Guards;  part  of  the  old  Tilt  Yard  of  Whitehall.  [See  Tilt 
Yard.] 

Paradise,  HATTON  GARDEN,  an  exhibition,  popular  in  the  latter 
part  of  the  i  yth  century,  in  which  by  mechanical  contrivances  figures 
of  birds  and  other  animals  imitated  the  movements  and  sounds  natural 
to  them.  John  Locke  in  his  paper  of  directions  for  a  friend  visiting 


PARIS   GARDEN  29 


England  sets  down  "Paradise  by  Hatton  Garden  "  as  one  of  the  places 
he  should  visit. 

September  23,  1673. — I  went  to  see  Paradise,  a  room  in  Hatton  Garden  furnished 
with  the  representations  of  all  sorts  of  animals  handsomely  painted  on  boards  or  cloth, 
and  so  cut  out,  and  made  to  stand,  move,  fly,  crawl,  roar,  and  make  their  several 
cries.  The  man  who  showed  it  made  us  laugh  heartily  at  his  formal  poetry. — Evelyn. 

Pardon  Church  and  Churchyard,  on  the  north  side  of  OLD 
ST.  PAUL'S  CATHEDRAL. 

There  was  also  one  great  cloister,  on  the  north  side  of  this  church,  environing  a 
plot  of  gronnd,  of  old  time  called  Pardon  Churchyard  ;  whereof  Thomas  More,  Dean 
of  Paules,  was  either  the  first  builder,  or  a  most  especial  benefactor,  and  was  buried 
there.  About  this  cloister  was  artificially  and  richly  painted  the  Dance  of  Machabray, 
or  Dance  of  Death,  commonly  called  the  Dance  of  Paul's.  .  .  .  The  metres,  or  poetry 
of  this  dance,  were  translated  out  of  French  into  English  by  John  Lydgate,  monk  of 
Bury  (1430),  and  with  the  picture  of  Death  leading  all  estates,  painted  about  the 
Cloister,  at  the  special  request  and  at  the  dispence  of  Jenken  Carpenter,  in  the  reign 
of  Henry  VI.  In  this  cloister  were  buried  many  persons,  some  of  worship,  and 
others  of  honour ;  the  monuments  of  whom,  in  number  and  curious  workmanship, 
passed  all  other  that  were  in  that  church. — Stow,  p.  122. 

Over  the  east  quadrant  of  the  cloister  was  a  "fair  library,"  built  by 
Walter  Sherrington,  and  "well  furnished  with  fair  written  books  in 
vellum  ; "  but  of  these  few  were  left  when  Stow  wrote.  In  the  midst 
of  Pardon  Churchyard  was  the  fair  chapel,  "  first  founded  by  Gilbert 
Becket,  portgrave  and  principal  magistrate  in  this  City  in  the  reign 
of  King  Stephen,"  and  father  of  the  famous  English  St.  Thomas.  The 
chapel  was  rebuilt  by  Dean  More  in  the  reign  of  Henry  V.  "In  the 
year  1549,  on  the  roth  of  April,"  the  chapel  and  the  whole  cloister, 
with  the  Dance  of  Death,  the  tombs  and  monuments,  were  begun  to  be 
pulled  down  by  command  of  the  Protector  Somerset ;  so  that,  says 
Stow,  "  nothing  thereof  was  left  but  the  bare  plot  of  ground,  which  is 
since  converted  into  a  garden  for  the  petty  canons." x  The  materials 
were  used  by  Somerset  in  building  his  new  house  in  the  Strand. 

There  was  also  a  Pardon  Churchyard  by  the  Charterhouse,  formed 
by  Ralph  Stratford,  Bishop  of  London,  who  on  occasion  of  the  great 
plague  of  1348  "bought  a  piece  of  ground  called  No  Man's  Land, 
which  he  enclosed  with  a  wall  of  brick  and  dedicated  for  burial  of  the 
dead,"  for  whom  there  was  not  room  in  the  churchyard.  "  In  this  plot 
of  ground  there  was,  in  that  year,  more  than  50,000  persons  buried,  as 
I  have  read  in  the  charters  of  Edward  the  Third."  The  chapel  built 
by  the  bishop  was  in  Strype's  day  used  as  a  dwelling,  "and  the 
burying  plot  is  become  a  fair  garden,  retaining  the  old  name  of  Pardon 
Churchyard."2  •  As  late  as  1831  the  memory  of  Pardon  Churchyard 
was  preserved  in  Pardon  Passage  and  Pardon  Court,  St.  John  Street, 
Clerkenwell,  "  about  a  quarter  of  a  mile  on  the  right-hand  side,  going 
from  Smithfield,"  3  but  these  have  since  disappeared. 

Paris  Garden,  a  manor  or  liberty  west  of  the  Clink  on  the  Bank- 

1  Stow,  p.  122 ;  Dugdale,  p.  132  ;  Greyfriars'  Chronicle,  pp.  40,  58. 
2  Strype,  B.  iv.  p.  62.  3  Elmes,  p.  329. 


30  PARIS  GARDEN 


side  in  Southwark.  This  manor  was  in  1113  given  by  Robert 
Marmion  to  the  monastery  of  Bermondsey,  whose  property  it  remained 
till  1537,  when -it  was  conveyed  to  Henry  VIII.  It  was  subsequently 
held,  by  Queen  Jane  Seymour,  by  Lord  Hunsdon,  and  by  Thomas 
Cure,  founder  of  the  almshouses  in  Southwark  which  bore  his  name. 
[See  Cure's  College.]  It  is  almost  if  not  quite  identical  with  the  parish 
of  Christ  Church. 

The  private  Act  22  and  23  Charles  II.  (1670-1671),  c.  28,  is  an 
"Act  for  making  the  Manor  of  Paris  Garden  a  parish,  and  to  enable 
the  parishioners  of  St.  Saviour's,  Southwark,  to  raise  a  Maintenance  for 
Ministers  and  for  repairs  of  their  church." 

The  earliest  known  name  is  Parish  Garden,  later  on  Parish  or  Paris 
Garden  indifferently.  Taylor  the  Water  Poet  gives  a  classical  origin 
for  the  name  : — 

How  it  the  name  of  Paris  Garden  gained — 
The  name  it  was  from  a  Royall  Boy, 
Brave  Ilion's  firebrand  .   .  . 
From  Paris,  Paris  Garden  hath  the  name. 

The  garden  was  covered  with  trees,  and  was  full  of  hiding-places 
with  the  convenience  of  river-side  landing-places.  It  was  therefore  a 
suitable  place  for  plots  and  conspiracies.  Mr.  Recorder  Fleetwood, 
writing  to  the  Vice-Chamberlain,  July  12,  1578,  describes  Paris  Garden 
as  notorious  for  secret  meetings  of  foreign  ambassadors  and  their  agents, 
and  mentions  instances.  On  the  previous  night,  he  says,  the  French 
ambassador  was  discovered  in  the  company  of  Sir  Warham  St.  Leger  and 
Sir  William  Morgan.  When  questioned  they  resisted.  "  The  ambassador 
swore  great  oathes  that  he  would  do  many  things,"  but  the  watch  told 
him  plainly  that  "  they  knewe  not  his  dignitie,"  and  that  he  and  his 
companions  were  "  night  walkers  contrary  to  the  law." l  To  Burghley 
Fleetwood  writes  the  same  day  that  he  had  endeavoured  to  get  into 
St.  Leger's  house  at  Chandos  Place,  and  afterwards  went  on  to  Paris 
Garden,  but  the  place  there  is  so  dark  with  trees  that  one  man  cannot 
see  another,  "except  they  have  lynceos  oculos,  or  els  cattes  eys."  He 
repeats  what  he  wrote  to  the  Vice-Chamberlain  as  to  the  secret  meetings 
of  the  French  ambassador  with  Sir  Warham  St.  Leger  and  Sir  William 
Morgan,  and  warns  Burghley  that  Paris  Garden  "is  the  very  bower  of 
conspiracy."  2  In  consequence  Burghley  took  examinations  in  person 
regarding  these  meetings. 

;  In  1657  it  was  in  the  hands  of  William  Angell  for  building  purposes  ; 
much  objected  to  by  certain  influential  petitioners  as  excessive  building 
and  injurious  to  them.  On  appeal  made  to  the  Protector  Cromwell  he 
writes  with  his  own  hand,  "  We  refer  the  petition  to  the  consideration 
of  our  Counsell  desiringe  the  petitioners  may  be  speedilye  heard  there- 
upon," May  22,  1657. 

In  1670,  when  the  Act  was  passed  constituting  the  parish  of 
Christ  Church,  three-fourths  of  it  consisted  of  fields,  the  population  a 

1  Cal.  State  PaJ.,  1547-1580,  p.  595.  2  Ibid.,  1547-1580,  p.  595. 


PARIS  GARDEN   THP2ATRE  31 

thousand  or  so.     The  parish  of  the  same  extent  now  contains  13,000 
people. 

Paris  Garden  Theatre.  A  circus  in  the  manor  of  Paris  Garden, 
in  Southwark,  erected  for  bull  and  bear  baitings  as  early  as  the  i;th  of 
Henry  VIII.,  when  the  Earl  of  Northumberland  is  said  (in  the 
Household  Book  of  the  family)  to  have  gone  to  Paris  Garden  to  behold 
the  bear-baiting  there.  Ralph  and  Edward  Bowes  were  successively 
Masters  of  the  Game  of  Paris  Garden  in  the  reign  of  Elizabeth.1  The 
office  was  subsequently  held  and  the  Paris  Garden  leased  by  Henslowe 
and  Alleyn,  and  under  their  management  (when  plays  were  all  popular 
in  the  reign  of  James  I.)  occasionally  converted  into  a  theatre. 

Tucca.   Thou  hast  been  in  Paris  Garden,  hast  not  ? 

Horace.  Yes,  Captain,  I  ha'  playd  Zulziman  there  ? 

Dekker,  The  Untrussing  of  the  Humorous  Poet. 

March  20,  1611. — Warrant  to  pay  Phil:  Henslow  and  Edw: Allen,  Masters  of 
the  Game  at  Paris  Garden,  £42  IDS.  and  I2d.  per  diem  in  future  for  keeping  two 
white  bears  and  a  young  lion. — Cal.  State  Pap.,  1611-1618,  p.  17. 

Sunday  was  the  day  of  exhibition  in  the  reigns  of  Henry  VIII.,2  Mary 
and  Elizabeth.  John  Bradford  the  martyr,  preaching  before  Edward 
VI.,  showed 

The  tokens  of  God's  judgment  at  hand  for  the  contempt  of  the  Gospel,  as  that 
certain  gentlemen  upon  the  Sabbath  day  going  in  a  wherry  to  Paris  Garden,  to  the 
bear  baiting,  were  drowned ;  and  that  a  dog  was  met  at  Ludgate  carrying  a  piece  of 
a  dead  child  in  his  mouth. — Two  Notable  Sermons,  etc.,  1574. 

A  terrible  accident  which  occurred  on  Sunday,  January  13,  1583, 
gave  occasion  for  much  similar  comment : — 

On  Sunday  the  stage  at  Paris  Garden  fell  down  all  at  ones,  being  full  of  people, 
beholding  the  bear  baiting.  Many  being  killed  thereby,  more  hurt,  and  all  amazed. 
The  godly  expownd  it  as  a  due  plage  of  God  for  the  wickedness  there  usid  and  the 
Sabbath  dayes  profanely  spent. — D'Ewes's  Diary,  p.  18. 

The  names  and  addresses  of  many  persons  killed  and  hurt  on  this 
occasion  are  given  in  a  rare  black-letter  volume  entitled  "J.  Field's 
Godly  Exhortation,  by  occasion  of  the  late  Judgment  of  God,  shewed 
in  Paris  Garden,  the  13  day  of  January,  where  were  assembled  above  1000 
persons,  whereof  some  were  slain,  and  one-third  maimed  and  hurt,  given 
to  all  estates  for  their  instruction  to  keep  the  Sabbath  Day "  (8vo, 
Waldegrave,  1583).  The  Exhortation  is  dedicated  to  the  Lord  Mayor 
of  London,  the  Recorder,  Serjeant  Fleetwood,  etc.  James  I.  prohibited 
performances  on  Sundays,  and  Henslowe  and  Alleyn  represent  their  loss 
as  very  great  in  consequence.  The  sports  not  unfrequently  were  of 
a  cruel  character :  on  one  occasion  we  hear  of  a  pony  baited  with  dogs 
with  a  monkey  on  his  back ;  and  on  another  of  a  sport  called  "  whipping 
the  blind  bear" — tying  a  bear  to  a  stake,  and  whipping  him  till  the 
blood  ran  down  his  shoulders.  Some  of  the  bears  were  very  famous. 
Harry  Hunks  is  often  referred  to  by  our  Elizabethan  writers,  and  the 
name  of  Sackerson  is  known  to  every  reader  of  The  Merry  Wives  of 
Windsor. 

1  Malone's  Shakespeare,  by  Boswcll,  vol.  iii.  p.  844.  2  Strypz,  B.  iv.  p.  6. 


32  PARIS  GARDEN  THEATRE 

Publius,  student  at  the  common  law, 

Oft  leaves  his  books,  and  for  his  recreation, 

To  Paris  Garden  cloth  himself  withdraw, 

Where  he  is  ravisht  with  such  delectation, 

As  down  amongst  the  bears  and  dogs  he  goes, 

Where,  whilst  he  skipping  cries,  "To  Head  !  To  Head  !" 

His  satin  doublet  and  his  velvet  hose, 

Are  all  with  spittle  from  above  be-spread  : 

Then  is  he  like  his  father's  country  hall, 

Stinking  of  dogges,  and  muted  all  with  hawks. 

And  rightly  too  on  him  this  filth  doth  fall 

Which  for  such  filthy  sports  his  books  forsakes, 

Leaving  old  Plowden,  Dyer,  and  Brooke  alone, 

To  see  old  Harry  Hunks  and  Sacarson. 

Sir  John  Davies's  Epigrams  (In  Publitim}. 

The  meat-boat  of  Bears'-college,  Paris  Garden, 
Stunk  not  so  ill. 
Ben  Jonson,  Epigram,  p.  133  ;  and  see  his  Execration  upon  Vulcan. 

How  wonderfully  is  the  world  altered  !  And  no  marvel,  for  it  has  lain  sick  almost 
five  thousand  years  ;  so  that  it  is  no  more  like  the  old  Theatre  du  Monde  than  old 
Paris  Garden  is  like  the  King's  Garden  at  Paris. — The  Gull's  Hornbook  (1609),  p.  8. 

Here  [Paris  Garden]  come  few  that  either  regard  their  credit  or  loss  of  time : 
the  swaggering  Roarer,  the  Cunning  Cheater,  the  rotten  Bawd,  the  swearing  Drunkard, 
and  the  bloody  Butcher  have  their  rendezvous  here,  and  are  of  chief  place  and  respect. 
London  and  the  Country  Carbonadoed,  by  T.  Lupton,  1632,  I2mo. 

Butler  makes  his  "  brave  Orsin  "  to  have  been 
Bred  up  where  discipline  most  rare  is 
In  Military  Garden  Paris. — Htidibras,  vol.  i.  p.  2,  1.  171. 

"  Military  Garden  "  refers  to  an  association  instituted  by  James  I.  for 
training  soldiers,  who  used  to  practise  in  Paris  Garden. 

The  Bear  Garden  was  closed  by  the  Parliament  at  the  beginning  of 
1642,  and  five  years  later  the  ground  was  sold.  It  was,  however, 
reopened  after  the  Restoration,  and  though  but  partially  successful,  the 
performances  were  continued  till  1687,  when  the  bears  were  sent  to 
Hockley-in-the-Hole,  and  the  doors  of  Paris  Garden  Theatre  finally 
closed.  The  name  survived  for  many  years  in  "Parish  Garden  Stairs." 

The  Swan  Theatre,  built  about  1596,  was  in  Paris  Garden  [see 
Swan],  and  probably  some  of  the  references  to  the  Paris  Garden 
Theatre  belong  to  it. 

Parish  Clerks'  Hall,  No.  24  SILVER  STREET,  FALCON  SQUARE, 
the  hall  of  the  master,  wardens,  and  fellows  of  the  fellowship  of  parish 
clerks  "of  London,  Westminster,  Borough  of  Southwark,  and  fifteen 
out-parishes."  The  Company  was  licensed  as  a  guild  in  1233,  by  the 
name  of  the  Fraternity  of  St.  Nicholas.  It  was  dissolved  and  re- 
incorporated  by  patent  24th  of  Henry  VIII.  The  actual  charter  was 
granted  by  James  I.,  December  31,  1611.  It  directs  that  "each  parish 
clerk  shall  bring  to  the  Clerks'  Hall  weekly,  a  note  of  all  christenings 
and  burials,"  and  that  only  such  shall  be  admitted  to  be  clerks  as  are 
"  able  to  sing  the  Psalms  of  David,  and  to  write."  The  direction  as  to 
the  "  note  of  all  christenings  and  burials  "  had  reference  to  the  Bills  (or 


PARK  PLACE  33 


tables)  of  Mortality  which  the  guild  commenced  keeping  from  the  great 
plague  year  of  1593,  and  were  issued  as  weekly  bills  from  1603,  when 
London  had  a  similar  but  heavier  visitation.  Charles  I.  in  1636  granted 
permission  to  the  Parish  Clerks  to  have  a  printing-press  and  employ  a 
printer  in  their  hall,  for  the  purpose  of  printing  their  weekly  bills. 

The  first  hall  of  the  Fraternity  was  at  the  sign  of  the  Angel  in 
Bishopsgate,  and  by  it  was  an  almshouse  for  seven  poor  widows  of 
deceased  members.  The  second  hall  was  in  Broad  Lane,  in  Vintry 
Ward,  and  was  consumed  in  the  Great  Fire  of  1666,  when  a  third 
hall  was  erected  between  Silver  Street  and  Wood  Street,  Cheapside ; 
this  was  damaged  about  1844  in  a  fire  which  destroyed  several  great 
warehouses.  It  was  restored  or  rebuilt  in  a  more  ornamental  style,  and 
a  new  entrance  made  in  Silver  Street. 

Park  Crescent,  REGENT'S  PARK.  Joseph  Bonaparte,  the  ex-king 
of  Spain,  lived  at  No.  23  when  in  London  in  1833.  Here  is  a  statue 
of  the  Duke  of  Kent  (father  of  the  Queen)  by  George  Gahagan. 

Park  Lane,  HYDE  PARK,  runs  from  Piccadilly  to  Oxford  Street, 
by  where  stood  Tyburn  Turnpike,  and  was  originally  called  Tyburn 
Lane.  Londonderry  (formerly  Holdernesse)  House,  the  residence  of 
the  Marquis  of  Londonderry  (S.  and  B.  Wyatt,  architects),  is  one  of 
the  finest  of  the  London  mansions,  and  contains  many  noble  pictures 
and  other  works  of  art.  In  Dorchester  House  (bought  in  1848 
by  R.  S.  Holford,  Esq.,  and  pulled  down)  died  the  Marquis  of  Hert- 
ford, the  favourite  of  George  IV.  The  present  Dorchester  House, 
designed  for  Mr.  Holford  by  Lewis  Vulliamy,  1852-1853,  is  of  superior 
design  externally  and  very  splendid  inside.  Besides  many  admirable 
pictures  by  Claude  Lorraine,  Velasquez,  Hobbema,  Cuyp,  Ostade, 
Vandyck,  Greuze,  Wilkie  (the  Columbus),  etc.,  it  contains  a  choice 
collection  of  rare  and  valuable  books.  Dudley  House,  the  residence  of 
Earl  Dudley,  is  another  noble  mansion  rich  in  paintings  by  Raphael 
and  the  earlier  Italian  masters.  Brook  House,  on  the  other  side  of 
Upper  Brook  Street  (T.  H.  Wyatt,  architect),  is  the  residence  of  Lord 
Tweedmouth ;  and  Gloucester  House  of  H.  R.  H.  the  Duke  of  Cam- 
bridge. Camelford  House  (at  the  Oxford  Street  end  of  the  lane)  was 
the  town  residence  of  Prince  Leopold  and  the  Princess  Charlotte  of 
Wales.  Mrs.  Fitzherbert  lived  in  Park  Lane,  and  it  was  in  her  drawing- 
room  that  the  ceremony  of  her  marriage  with  the  Prince  of  Wales 
(George  IV.)  was  performed,  December  21,  lySs.1 

Park  Place,  ST.  JAMES'S  STREET.  Built  1683.2  The  north  side 
is  in  the  parish  of  St.  George's,  Hanover  Square;  the  south  in  St.  James' '5-, 
Westminster.  The  Countess  of  Orrery  was  one  of  the  first  inhabitants. 
No.  9  was  Sir  William  Musgrave's,  the  great  print-collector.  William 
Pitt  retired  to  No.  12  in  1801.  "Old  Coke  of  Norfolk"  at  No.  14. 
The  "Mother  Needham "  of  the  Harlot's  Progress — the  "Pious 
Needham  "  of  the  Dunciad?  lived  in  Park  Place. 

1  Langdale,  Mem.  of  Mrs.  Fitzherbert.  ~  Rate-books  of  St.  Martin's. 

3  See  Duncidd,  B.  i.  1.  324  and  note. 

VOL.  Ill  D 


34  PARK  PLACE 


The  noted  Mother  Needham,  convicted  (April  29,  1731)  for  keeping  a  disorderly 
house  in  Park  Place,  St.  James's,  was  fined  is.,  to  stand  twice  in  the  Pillory,  viz. 
once  in  St.  James's  Street  over  against  the  End  of  Park  Place,  and  once  in  the  New 
Palace  Yard,  Westminster,  and  to  find  sureties  for  her  Good  Behaviour  for  three 
years. — Fog's  Weekly  Journal,  Saturday,  May  I,  1731- 

Yesterday  [May  6,  1731]  the  noted  Mother  Needham  stood  in  the  Pillory  in 
Park  Place,  near  St.  James's  Street,  and  was  roughly  handled  by  the  populace.  She 
was  so  very  ill  that  she  lay  along  on  her  face,  and  so  evaded  the  law  which  requires 
that  her  face  should  be  exposed. — Grub  Street  Journal  (Nichols's  Hogarth,  p.  190). 

She  died  before  she  could  be  exposed  the  second  time. 

Park  Street,  BOROUGH.     [See  Deadman's  Lane.] 

Park  Street,  GROSVENOR  SQUARE,  from  South  Street  to  Oxford 
Street.  At  No.  113  died  (1827)  Miss  Lydia  White,  celebrated  for 
her  lively  wit  and  for  her  blue-stocking  parties,  unrivalled,  it  is  said,  in 
the  soft  realm  of  blue  May  Fair. 

At  one  of  Miss  Lydia  White's  small  and  most  agreeable  dinners  in  Park  Street, 
the  company  (most  of  them,  except  the  hostess,  being  Whigs)  were  discussing  in 
rather  a  querulous  strain,  the  desperate  prospects  of  their  party.  "  Yes,"  said 
Sydney  Smith,  "we  are  in  a  most  deplorable  condition ;  we  must  do  something  to 
help  ourselves ;  I  think  we  had  better  sacrifice  a  tory  virgin."  This  was  pointedly 
addressed  to  Lydia  White,  who,  at  once  catching  and  applying  the  allusion  to 
Iphigenia,  answered,  "  I  believe  there  is  nothing  the  whigs  would  not  do  to  raise  the 
wind." — Rev.  W.  Harness  to  Rev.  A.  Dyce  (Remains,  p.  70,  notes,}. 

November  13,  1826. — Went  to  poor  Lydia  White's  and  found  her  extended  on  a 
couch,  frightfully  swelled,  unable  to  stir,  rouged,  jesting  and  dying.  She  has  a  good 
heart,  and  is  really  a  clever  creature,  but  unhappily,  or  rather  happily,  she  has  set  up 
the  whole  staff  of  her  rest  in  keeping  literary  society  about  her.  '  The  world  has  not 
neglected  her.  She  can  always  make  up  her  circle,  and  generally  has  some  people 
of  real  talent  and  distinction. — Sir  Walter  Scott,  Diary. 

Miss  Nelly  O'Brien,  the  original  of  three  of  Sir  Joshua's  most 
brilliant  portraits,  died  here  in  1768,  when  one  of  the  three  pictures, 
tradition  says,  was  sold  for  three  pounds,  instead  of  the  thousands 
it  would  now  fetch.  No.  123  was  the  residence  of  Richard  Ford, 
author  of  the  Handbook  for  Spain.  Sir  Humphry  Davy  lived  at  No. 
26  from  1825  until  his  death.  Sir  William  Stirling  Maxwell,  M.P.,  lived 
for  some  years  at  No.  7. 

Park  Street,  WESTMINSTER,  now  with  Queen  Square  renamed 
Queen  Anne's  Gate.  Eminent  Inhabitants. — The  learned  Stillingfleet, 
Bishop  of  Worcester,  died  here  March  27,  1699;  the  equally  learned 
Dr.  Bentley.  Bentley  was  Stillingfleet's  chaplain  and  was  residing  here 
with  him  (1690)  when  his  first  publication,  the  Epistle  to  Dr.  Mill,  saw 
the  light.  These  continued  to  be  his  London  quarters  till  the 
beginning  of  1696,  when  he  obtained  apartments  in  St.  James's  Palace.1 
William  Windham,  the  statesman,  was  living  at  No.  5  in  1796.  At 
No.  5  Miss  Lydia  White  resided  in  1814,  and  till  her  removal  to  Park 
Street,  Grosvenor  Square  [which  see].  At  No.  6  William  Smith, 
M.P.  for  Norwich,  the  champion  of  the  Dissenters.  His  dinners  were 
famous.  On  March  19,  1796,  Samuel  Rogers  describes  himself  as 
meeting  here  Fox,  Parr,  Tierney,  Mackintosh  and  Francis.  "Sheridan 

1  Monk's  Bentley,  410,  p.  55. 


PARLIAMENT  STREET  35 

sent  an  excuse."1  "William  Wordsworth,  No.  6  Park  Street, 
Westminster,"  appears  on  an  autograph  visiting  card  of  about  1835. 
The  Rev.  H.  F.  Gary,  the  translator  of  Dante,  went  to  live  at  No.  10 
in  1837,  when  he  left  the  British  Museum  on  the  appointment  of 
I'nni/zi  as  keeper  of  the  printed  books.  No.  7  was  the  house  of 
Charles  Townley,  collector  of  the  Townley  marbles,  now  in  the 
British  Museum;  he  died  here  January  3,  1805.  Every  room  of  Mr. 
Townley's  house  was  filled  with  statues,  bust,  relievi,  votive  altars, 
sepulchral  urns,  inscriptions,  and  terra  cottas ;  his  visitors  comprised  a 
large  proportion  of  those  eminent  for  their  rank  or  attainments,  and  his 
Sunday  dinners,  "  principally  for  professors  of  the  Arts,  when  Sir  Joshua 
Reynolds  and  Zoffany  generally  enlivened  the  circle,"  were  in  their  way 
famous.  A  View  of  Mr.  Townley's  Gallery  was  one  of  Zoffany's  most 
successful  pictures.  The  house  was  afterwards  the  residence  of  Spring 
Rice  (Lord  Monteagle).  "The  late  Royal  Cockpit .  .  .  remained  a  next- 
door  nuisance  to  Mr.  Townley  for  many  years." 2 

Parker  Street,  DRURY  LANE  to  LITTLE  QUEEN  STREET,  formerly 
called  Parker's  Lane.  Mr.  Philip  Parker  had  a  house  here  in  1623.  In 
1661  Mr.  William  Shelton  purchased  for  .^458,  IDS.  certain  tenements 
on  the  south  side  of  this  lane,  described  as  having  been  "  lately  in 
possession  of  the  Dutch  Ambassador."  Here  he  founded  a  school  for 
fifty  poor  boys,  which  continued  till  1763,  when  the  funds  were 
declared  to  be  inadequate  to  its  support  and  the  school  was  closed. 
The  funds  were  allowed  to  accumulate  till  1815,  when  a  new  school 
house  was  erected  in  Lloyd's  Court,  and  the  charity  revived  after  a 
slumber  of  fifty-two  years.  The  schools  are  abolished,  and  the  charity 
was  amalgamated  with  others  in  1886. 

Parker  Street,  PRINCES  STREET,  WESTMINSTER,  was  formerly  called 
Benet  Street,  as  the  adjacent  property  belonged  to  Benet  or  Corpus 
Christi  College,  Cambridge.  The  old  name  was  changed  when  a 
number  of  disorderly  occupants  were  ejected  about  fifty  years  ago, 
and  the  new  one  was  given  in  compliment  to  Archbishop  Parker,  who 
bequeathed  his  valuable  library  to  Corpus  Christi  College. 

Parliament  Stairs,  the  landing-place  for  OLD  PALACE  YARD. 
In  the  earliest  maps  the  name  is  Old  Palace  Bridge. 

Parliament  Street,  WESTMINSTER,  an  open  and  important  street, 
between  Whitehall  and  the  Houses  of  Parliament,  made  pursuant  to 
29  George  II.,  c.  38  (1756),  previously  to  which  King  Street  was  the 
only  highway  between  Whitehall  and  Westminster  Abbey.  The  spies 
employed  to  watch  Wilkes  reported  on  November  12,  1762,  that  "he 
went  to  Woodfall's  the  printers  at  Charing  Cross ;  from  thence  to  Mr. 
Churchill's  in  Parliament  Street,  but  did  not  stay;  from  thence  he 
went  home  to  dinner."  3  The  Right  Hon.  Henry  Grattan  was  resident 
at  No.  4  in  1807.  [See  King  Street] 

1  Sharpe,  p.  17  ;  and  see  Dyce's  Rogers,  p.  81.  2  Smith  s  Nollekens,  vol.  i.  pp.  256-267. 

3  Grcm'ille  Papers,  vol.  ii.  p.  160. 


36  PARSON'S   COURT 


Parson's  Court,  BRIDE  LANE,  FLEET  STREET.  In  1657  the  build- 
ings of  brick  betwixt  the  Inner  Temple  Lane  and  Hare  Court  were  set ; 
and  in  1662  those  in  Parson's  Court,  near  the  east  end  of  the  church.1 

Before  the  Great  Fire  there  was  a  parsonage  house  in  Bride's  Lane,  long  since 
leased  out  by  the  Church  of  Westminster,  which  hath  the  impropriation  and 
parsonage.  It  is  now  divided  into  several  tenements.  That  place  is  now  called 
Parson's  Court. — Sttype  (1720),  B.  iii.  p.  267. 

Patent  Office,  25  SOUTHAMPTON  BUILDINGS,  CHANCERY  LANE. 
The  terms  Patent  Office,  Patent  Bill  Office,  Great  Seal  Patent  Office, 
have  been  applied  at  various  periods  to  different  offices  connected  with 
the  Court  of  Chancery  to  denote  one  of  the  many  offices  through 
which  letters  patent  under  the  Great  Seal  had  to  pass  before  the  grant 
was  complete.  In  1852  the  procedure  in  connection  with  grants  of 
letters  patent  for  inventions  was  greatly  simplified,  a  body  of  Patent 
Commissioners  being  appointed,  who  were  put  into  possession  of 
the  building  erected  in  accordance  with  an  Act  of  Parliament  for  build- 
ing an  office  for  the  Masters  in  Chancery  (32  George  III.,  c.  42,  1792), 
who  were  abolished  in  the  year  above  mentioned.  The  Patent  Law 
Amendment  Act  1852,  provided  amongst  other  things  that  all  the  speci- 
fications of  letters  patent  should  be  printed  and  published,  and  should 
be  open  to  free  inspection.  This  necessitated  the  formation  of  a 
library,  and  it  occurred  to  the  late  Mr.  Richard  Prosser,  of  Birming- 
ham, who  took  a  prominent  part  in  the  question  of  patent  law  reform, 
that  a  collection  of  scientific  works  would  be  a  valuable  adjunct  to  the 
printed  specifications.  Accordingly  he  placed  at  the  disposal  of  the 
Commissioners  of  Patents  a  very  large  portion  of  his  private  library, 
which,  with  a  smaller  collection  belonging  to  Mr.  Bennet  Woodcroft, 
for  many  years  the  energetic  head  of  the  office,  formed  the  nucleus 
of  what  is  now  the  finest  library  of  scientific  and  technical  works  in 
the  kingdom.  It  was  first  opened  to  the  public  in  April  1855  in  a 
very  humble  way,  and  for  many  years  there  were  constant  com- 
plaints of  the  want  of  proper  accommodation  for  readers.  Its  value 
was  at  a  very  early  period  acknowledged  by  the  Government,  and  an 
annual  grant  is  voted  by  Parliament  for  its  maintenance.  At  length 
a  new  storey  was  added  to  the  building,  a  spacious  reading-room  being 
included  in  the  design,  but  the  library  is  rapidly  growing.  It  is  open 
free  daily  from  10  A.M.  to  10  P.M.,  and  for  many  years  it  enjoyed 
the  distinction  of  being  the  only  really  free  library  in  London.  In 
1883  an  Act  was  passed  transferring  the  granting  of  patents  to  the 
Board  of  Trade,  the  registration  of  trademarks  and  designs  being  also 
added  to  the  work  of  the  Patent  Office.  Of  late  years  the  business  of 
the  office  has  increased  enormously,  the  number  of  applications  for 
patents  amounting  to  nearly  20,000  annually.  The  Patent  Office 
Museum  consisted  of  a  collection  of  historical  relics  and  models 
connected  with  the  history  of  invention,  and  was  for  many  years  located 
in  one  of  the  "  Brompton  Boilers,"  as  the  corrugated  iron  sheds  which 

1  Origines  Juridicales. 


PATERNOSTER  ROW  37 

originally  formed  the  South  Kensington  Museum  were  irreverently 
nicknamed.  The  collection  was  handed  over  to  the  Science  and  Art 
Department  in  1883,  and  is  now  incorporated  with  the  Science 
Collection.  [See  Science  and  Art  Department] 

Samuel  Pepys  mentions  in  his  Diary  a  "  Patent  Office  in  Chancery 
Lane"  under  date  March  12,  1668-1669,  which  was  probably  at  the 
Rolls  Office. 

Paternoster  Row,  a  narrow  street  immediately  north  of  St.  Paul's 
Churchyard,  long  inhabited  by  stationers,  afterwards  by  mercers,  and 
now  chiefly  by  booksellers.  It  is  familiarly  known  as  The  Row.  Stow 
says  (p.  126) : — 

Paternoster  Row  so  called,  because  of  stationers  or  text  writers  that  dwelt  there, 
who  wrote  and  sold  all  sorts  of  books  then  in  use,  namely  A. B.C.,  with  the  Pater 
Noster,  Ave,  Creed,  Graces,  etc. 

Should  you  feel  any  touch  of  poetical  glow 

We've  a  scheme  to  suggest ;  Mr.  Scott  you  must  know, 

Who  (we're  sorry  to  say  it)  now  works  for  "  the  Row." 

TOM  MOORE. 

But  Paternoster  Row  was  so  named  in  the  i$th  century,  long 
before  any  stationer  settled  in  it.  There  can  be  no  doubt  that  it  was 
called  Paternoster  Row,  as  Mr.  Riley  observes,  "  from  its  being  the 
residence  of  the  trade  of  Paternostrers,  or  makers  of  paternosters,  or 
prayer-beads,  for  the  use  probably,  more  especially,  of  the  worshippers 
at  St.  Paul's."1  "  Paternostrer  "  often  occurs  as  a  designation  in  City 
archives  of  the  i3th  and  i4th  centuries,  and  there  is  a  record  in  1374 
of  a  devise  of  his  premises  in  Paternoster  Row,  by  "  Richard  Russell, 
paternostrer." 

This  street,  before  the  Fire  of  London,  was  taken  up  by  Eminent  Mercers, 
Silkmen  and  Lacemen  ;  and  their  shops  were  so  resorted  unto  by  the  nobility  and 
gentry  in  their  coaches,  that  oft  times  the  street  was  so  stop'd  up  that  there  was  no 
passage  for  Foot  Passengers. .  But  since  the  said  Fire,  those  Eminent  Tradesmen 
have  settled  themselves  in  several  other  parts ;  especially  in  Covent  Garden,  in 
Bedford  Street,  Henrietta  Street  and  King  Street.  And  the  inhabitants  in  this 
street  are  now  [1720]  a  mixture  of  Trades  People,  and  chiefly  Tire- Women,  for  the 
sale  of  commodes,  top-knots,  and  the  like  dressings  for  the  females.  There  are  also 
many  shops  of  Mercers  and  Silkmen  ;  and  at  the  upper  end  some  stationers,  and 
large  Warehouses  for  Booksellers  ;  well  situated  for  learned  and  studious  men's 
access  thither;  being  more  retired  and  private. — Strype,  B.  iii.  p.  195. 

Let  any  man,  whose  years  and  strength  of  head  will  allow  it,  look  back  and 
recollect  how  things  stood  in  London  about  fifty  years  ago,  with  respect  to  some 
particular  trades,  and  compare  it  with  what  it  is  now  ;  and  he  will  be  struck  with 
surprise  at  the  changes  made  in  the  time.  The  mercers,  particularly,  were  few  in 
number  but  great  dealers  ;  Paternoster  Row  was  the  centre  of  their  trade  ;  the 
street  was  built  for  them  ;  the  spacious  shops,  back-warehouses,  skylights,  and  other 
conveniences,  made  on  purpose  for  their  trade  are  still  to  be  seen  :  and  their  stocks 
were  prodigiously  great.  The  street  was  wont  to  be  thronged  with  customers  ;  the 
coaches  were  obliged  to  stand  in  two  rows,  one  side  to  go  in,  the  other  to  go  out, 
for  there  was  no  turning  a  coach  in  it ;  and  the  mercers  kept  two  beadles  to  keep 
the  order  of  the  street ;  about  fifty  principal  shops  took  up  the  whole  ;  the  rest  were 
dependents  upon  that  trade,  as  about  the  middle  of  Ivy  Lane,  the  lacemen ;  about 

1    kiley,  Memorials,  vol.  x.x. 


38  PATERNOSTER  ROW 

the  end  of  the  street-  next  Cheapside,  the  button-shops ;  and  near  at  hand  in 
Blowbladder  Street,  the  crewel  shops,  silkmen,  and  fringe  shops.  They  held  it 
.here  in  this  figure,  about  twenty  years  after  the  Fire ;  and  even  in  that  line  the 
number  increasing  as  the  gay  humour  came  on,  we  saw  outlying  mercers  set-up 
about  Aldgate,  the  east-end  of  Lombard  Street,  and  Covent  Garden  ;  in  a  few  years 
more  Covent  Garden  began  to  get  a  name,  and  at  length,  by  degrees,  intercepted 
the  quality  so  much,  the  streets  also  being  large  and  commodious  for  coaches, 
that  the  Court  came  no  more  into  the  City  to  buy  clothes  ;  but  on  the  contrary 
the  Citizens  ran  to  the  east  and  west ;  Paternoster  Row  began  to  be  deserted 
and  abandoned  of  its  trade  ;  and  in  less  than  two  years  the  mercers  had  well 
nigh  forsook  the  place,  to  follow  the  trade,  seeing  that  the  trade  would  not  follow 
them.  .  .  .  The  Paternoster  mercers,  as  I  remember,  went  all  away  to  Covent 
Garden ;  and  there  for  some  years  was  the  centre  of  trade.  .  .  .  Within  about  ten 
years  more  the  trade  shifted  again  ;  Covent  Garden  began  to  decline,  and  the 
mercers,  increasing  prodigiously,  went  back  into  the  City  ;  there,  like  bees  unhived, 
they  hovered  about  awhile,  not  knowing  where  to  fix  ;  but  at  last,  as  if  they  would 
come  back  to  the  old  hive  in  Paternoster  Row,  but  could  not  be  admitted,  the 
swarm  settled  on  Ludgate  Hill. — Defoe's  Complete  Tradesman  (i745)»  chap.  li. 

November  21,  1660. — My  wife  and  I  went  to  Paternoster  Row,  and  there  we 
bought  some  green  watered  moyre  for  a  morning  waistcoat. — Pepys. 

May  17,  1662. — After  dinner  my  Lady  [Sandwich]  and  she  [Mrs.  Sanderson], 
and  I  on  foot  to  Paternoster  Row,  to  buy  a  petticoat  against  the  Queen's  coming  for 
my  lady,  of  plain  satin. — Pepys. 

January  8,  1665-1666. — To  Bennett's  in  Paternoster  Row,  few  shops  there 
being  yet  open  [after  the  plague],  and  there  bought  velvet  for  a  coat,  and  camelott 
for  a  cloak  for  myself ;  and  thence  to  a  place  to  look  over  some  fine  counterfeit 
damasks  to  hang  my  wife's  closet,  and  pitched  upon  one. — Pepys. 

Pepys  records  other  visits,  but  even  then  there  were  other  traders 
than  mercers  there,  for  on  one  occasion  he  notes  how,  "seeing  and 
saluting  Mrs.  Stokes,  my  little  goldsmith's  wife  in  Paternoster  Row,"  he 
"there  bespoke  a  silver  chafing-dish  for  warming  plates." 

Here  in  1757  lived  Griffiths  the  bookseller,  when  he  took  in 
Goldsmith  to  bed  and  board,  and  to  write  criticisms  for  his  Monthly 
Review.  In  a  garret  here  Goldsmith  wrote  reviews  of  Home's  Douglas, 
Wilkie's  Epigoniad,  Smollett's  History,  Burke's  Sublime  and  Beautiful, 
and  Gray's  Odes.  Griffiths's  sign  was  the  Dunciad,  and  Smollett  speaks 
of  "  those  significant  emblems,  the  owl  and  long-eared  animal,  which 
Mr.  Griffiths  so  sagely  displays  for  the  mirth  and  information  of 
mankind."  The  Letters  of  Junius  were  addressed  to  "  Mr.  Printer 
Woodfall  in  Paternoster  Row."  The  house  was  at  the  corner  of  Ivy 
Lane,  the  office  door,  at  which  the  Junius  letters  were  sometimes 
thrown  in,  was  in  the  latter  street.  The  Woodfalls  afterwards  removed 
into  Salisbury  Square.  Near  where  Dolly's  Chop  House  afterwards 
stood,  Tarlton  (d.  1588),  the  celebrated  clown  of  Queen  Elizabeth's 
reign,  kept  an  ordinary  called  The  Castle.1  The  house  was  destroyed 
in  the  Great  Fire,  and  rebuilt  on  a  larger  scale ;  the  great  room,  which 
was  decorated  in  an  expensive  manner,  being  used  for  the  concerts  of 
the  Castle  Musical  Society.  Later  the  Castle  was  closed  and  the  great 
room  became  the  Oxford  Bible  warehouse.  It  was  again  burnt  down, 
January  8,  1770.  [See  Dolly's  Chop  House;  Chapter  Coffee-house.] 
In  Paternoster  Row  lived  Mrs.  Anne  Turner,  the  inventor  of  yellow 

1   Tarlton  s  Jests,  by  Halliwell,  p.  21. 


ST.  PAUL'S  39 

starch,  and  a  principal  in  the  poisoning  of  Sir  Thomas  Overbury.1  The 
famous  booksellers  Awnsham  and  John  Churchill  were  located  at  the 
Black  Swan  in  this  Row  in  1700.  Nos.  38-41  are  the  premises  of 
Messrs.  Longman  and  Co.,  the  eminent  publishers.  Thomas  Longman, 
the  founder  of  the  house,  died  June  1 8,  1755.  An  edition  ot  Rowe's 
Dramatic  Works,  2  vols.,  121110,  1725^  was  printed  for  T.  Longman,  at 
the  Ship  and  Black  Swan,  1725.  The  present  handsome  building 
(Griffith  and  Dawson,  architects)  was  erected  in  1863.  Observe. — The 
carvings  of  the  Ship  and  Black  Swan,  the  old  sign  of  the  house.  No. 
47  is  Messrs.  Chambers's  publishing  house  and  warehouse.  This  was 
formerly  Baldwin  and  Cradock's.  It  was  here,  by  "  R.  Baldwin  at  the 
Rose  in  Paternoster  Row,"  that  Smollett's  Critical  Review  was 
originally  published.  No.  56,  a  spacious  recent  building,  is  the 
Religious  Tract  Society. 

Paternoster  Square  occupies  the  site  of  Newgate  Market,  which 
see. 

Patten-Makers  Company,  the  seventy-sixth  in  order  of  the  City 
Companies,  was  incorporated  by  letters  patent  of  22  Charles  II. 
(1670).  The  Company  have  a  small  livery  but  no  hall. 

Paulet  House.     [See  Winchester  Street.] 

Paul's  (St.),  the  Old  Cathedral  of  London,  destroyed  in  the 
Great  Fire,  was  begun  to  be  built  by  Bishop  Maurice,  A.D.  1087,  on 
the  site  of  a  church  to  the  same  saint,  founded  about  A.D.  610,  by 
Ethelbert,  King  of  Kent,  of  which  church  Mellitus  was  the  first,  and 
Erkenwald  (whose  shrine  stood  at  the  back  of  the  high  altar)  the  fourth 
bishop.  According  to  a  tradition  of  the  time  the  first  church  was 
erected  on  the  site  of  a  temple  dedicated  to  Diana.  Bishop  Maurice's 
cathedral  was  built  in  part  from  the  ruins  of  the  Palatine  Tower,  or 
castle,  which  stood  by  the  Fleet  river,  where  afterwards  was  placed  the 
monastery  of  the  Black  Friars.  The  ruins  of  the  Palatine  Tower  were 
the  Conqueror's  contribution  towards  the  cost  of  the  new  cathedral. 
The  progress  of  the  works  was  necessarily  slow,  and  the  church  was 
far  from  being  completed  when,  1136,  it  was  seriously  damaged 
(Mathew  Paris  says  destroyed)  by  fire.  When  resumed  the  works 
appear  to  have  been  continually  carried  forward,  but  in  their  progress 
great  alterations  were  made  in  the  scale  and  character  of  the  several 
parts.  The  steeple  is  reported  as  finished  in  1221,  and  a  new  choir 
in  a  similar  style  in  1240;  then  again  it  was  lengthened  eastward  in 
1255,  and  "nearly  completed"  in  1283,  nearly  two  centuries  after 
its  commencement.  It  exhibited  therefore  examples  of  the  Norman, 
of  the  whole  period  of  the  Early  English,  and  of  the  opening  years  of 
the  Decorated  style.  Subsequent  repairs  and  additions  carried  it 
through  the  whole  of  the  Decorated  and  Perpendicular  periods,  but  the 
portions  executed  in  these  latter  styles  were  unimportant :  essentially 
the  church  was  Norman,  Early  English  and  Early  Decorated.  The 

1  D'Ewes's  Memoirs,  vol.  i.  p.  71. 


40  ST.   PAUL'S 

dimensions,  according  to  the  careful  investigations  of  Mr.  E.  B.  Ferrey,1 
were,  length,  from  east  to  west,  596  feet;  breadth,  104  feet;  height  to 
outer  ridge  of  nave  roof,  130  feet;  of  choir,  142  feet;  internal  height 
to  ridge  of  vaulting  of  nave,  93  feet;  of  choir,  101  feet;  Lady  Chapel, 
height  of  tower,  285  feet;  of  spire,  208  feet.  Dugdale,  following  Stow, 
makes  the  total  length  690  feet,  and  in  breadth  130.  There  was  a 
Lady  Chapel  at  the  east  end,  with  a  chapel  on  the  north  of  it,  dedicated 
to  St.  George,  and  one  on  the  south,  dedicated  to  St.  Dunstan.  In 
the  crypt  below  the  choir  was  the  parish  church  of  St.  Faith,  and  at 
the  Ludgate  corner  (towards  the  Thames)  the  parish  church  of  St. 
Gregory.  "  St.  Paul's,"  says  Fuller,  "  may  be  called  the  mother  church 
indeed,  having  one  babe  in  her  body  [St.  FaitJi\  and  another  in  her 
arms  [St.  Gregory]."  The  nave  of  twelve  bays  was  very  long  and  very 
noble,  the  central  tower  appears  to  have  been  open  as  a  lantern 
internally,  the  choir  windows  of  unusual  length  and  height,  and  at  the 
east  was  a  rich  circular  window.  At  the  west  end  were  two  massive 
angle  towers  "  made  for  bell  towers,"  2  but  used  also  as  prisons.  On 
the  west  side  of  the  south  transept  were  small  cloisters,  in  which  was 
painted  the  celebrated  Dance  of  Death,  and  in  the  centre  of  the  cloister 
garth  was  the  Chapter  House,  built  in  1332,  "  a  beautiful  piece  of  work," 
as  Stow  says,  but  small,  its  internal  diameter  being  only  3  2  feet  6  inches. 
Next  the  cloisters  was  a  charnel-house,  with  a  chapel  over  it.  [See 
Pardon  Churchyard.]  The  church  of  St.  Gregory  was  at  the  south- 
west angle  of  the  cathedral.  The  bishop's  palace  was  at  the  north-west 
corner  of  the  churchyard.  At  the  north-east  end  of  the  cathedral, 
"  about  the  midst  of  the  churchyard," 3  stood  the  celebrated  Cross  of 
St.  Paul's,  from  which  sermons  were  regularly  preached  and  occasionally 
political  addresses  delivered.  The  cathedral  and  precincts  were  en- 
compassed by  a  stone  wall,  in  which  for  entrance  and  exit  were  six 
gate-houses.  [See  St.  Paul's  Cross ;  St.  Paul's  Churchyard.] 

Old  St.  Paul's  was  so  severely  injured  by  fire  in  1561  that  it  was 
necessary  to  take  the  steeple  down  and  roof  the  church  anew  with 
boards  and  lead.  Several  attempts  were  made  to  restore  it,  and  money 
for  the  new  building  of  the  steeple  was,  it  is  said,  collected.4  James  I. 
countenanced  a  sermon  at  Paul's  Cross  in  favour  of  so  pious  an 
undertaking,  but  nothing  was  done  till  1633,  when  reparations  com- 
menced with  some  activity,  and  Inigo  Jones  designed,  at  the  expense 
of  Charles  I.,  a  classic  portico  to  a  Gothic  church.  This  portico  (of 
itself  a  noble  structure)  was  200  feet  long,  40  feet  high,  and  50  feet 
deep.  It  was  without  a  pediment,  Inigo  intending  to  have  it  surmounted 
by  ten  statues  of  kings,  benefactors  to  the  church.5  Charles  designed 
to  have  built  the  church  anew  (of  which  Inigo's  portico  was  only  an 
instalment),  but  his  thoughts  were  soon  drawn  in  another  direction,  and 
Old  St.  Paul's,  under  Cromwell,  was  made  a  horse- quarter  for  soldiers. 

1  Longman's  Three  Cathedrals  of  St.  Paul,          4  Stow,  p.  124. 

p.  29,  etc.  5  There    is    a    large    engraving    of  it  by   H. 

2  Stow,  p.  138.  Hulsbergh,  executed  at  the  expense  of  the  Earl 

3  lbid.,\>.  123.  of  Burlington. 


ST.  rAUL's  4i 


The  Restoration  witnessed  another  attempt  to  restore  the  church  —  a 
commission  was  appointed  and  a  subscription  opened,1  but  before  a 
sufficient  fund  was  raised  the  whole  structure  was  destroyed  in  the 
Fire  of  London. 

The  daring  (lames  pcep'd  in,  and  saw  from  far 

The  awful  beauties  of  the  sacred  quire  : 

Hut  since  it  was  profan'd  by  Civil  War, 

Heaven  thought  it  fit  to  have  it  purg'd  by  fire.  —  DRYDEN. 

On  the  north  side  of  the  choir,  "  on  whose  monument  hung  his 
proper  helmet  and  spear,  as  also  his  target,  covered  with  horn,"  2  stood 
the  stately  tomb  of  John  of  Gaunt,  Duke  of  Lancaster  (d.  1399),  with 
recumbent  effigies  of  the  old  knight  and  of  Constance  of  Castile,  his 
second  wife.  In  St.  Dunstan's  Chapel  was  the  fine  old  tomb  of 
Henry  Lacy,  Earl  of  Lincoln  (d.  1310),  from  whom  Lincoln's  Inn 
derives  its  name.  In  the  middle  aisle  of  the  nave,  on  the  right 
hand,  approaching  the  altar,  stood  the  tomb  of  Sir  John  Beauchamp, 
(d.  1358),  constable  of  Dover  Castle,  and  son  to  Guy  Beauchamp, 
Earl  of  Warwick.  This  Sir  John  Beauchamp  lived  in  great  state  in 
the  ward  of  Castle  Baynard,  and  his  house  after  his  death  was  bought 
by  Edward  III.,  for  the  purposes  of  the  royal  wardrobe.  [See  Wardrobe 
Place.]  His  tomb  was  commonly  called  Duke  Humphrey's  Tomb, 
and  the  nave  of  the  church,  from  this  circumstance,  Duke  Humphrey's 
Walk.  At  the  upper  end  of  the  nave  was  the  mortuary  chapel  of 
Thomas  Kemp,  Bishop  of  London,  who  built  Paul's  Cross  pulpit,  and 
here  and  elsewhere  in  the  nave  and  choir  were  monuments  of  various 
degrees  of  richness  —  the  tombs  of  many  other  bishops  of  London.3 
Between  the  choir  and  south  aisle  was  a  noble  monument  to  Sir 
Nicholas  Bacon  (d.  1578),  the  father  of  Lord  Chancellor  Bacon  ;  and 
higher  than  the  host  and  altar  —  for  so  Bishop  Corbet  describes  it  — 
Nor  needs  the  Chancellor  boast  whose  pyramids 
Above  the  host  and  altar  reared  is  —  Bishop  Corbet,  p.  8. 

Hentzner  (1598)  calls  it  a  "magnificent  monument,  ornamented  with 
pyramids  of  marble  and  alabaster."  Here  stood  (between  two  of  the 
columns  of  the  choir)  the  sumptuous  monument  of  Sir  Christopher 
Hatton,  Lord  Chancellor  (d.  1591).  Near  Hatton's  tomb  was  a  tablet  to 
Sir  Philip  Sydney,  and  another  of  the  same  unpretending  description 
to  his  father-in-law,  Sir  Francis  Walsingham.  The  stately  appearance 
of  Hatton's  monument,  and  the  humble  nature  of  Walsingham's  and 
Sidney's,  occasioned  the  following  epigram,  of  which,  by  the  bye,  John 
Stow  was  himself  the  author  :  — 

Philip  and  Francis  have  no  tomb, 

For  great  Christopher  takes  all  the  room. 

In  the  south  aisle  of  the  choir  stood  the  tombs  of  two  of  the  deans  — 
Colet,  founder  of  St.  Paul's  School,  and  Dr.  Donne,  the  poet  —  Colet 

o1   «arL  ^?'  i941:    .Comm[ssion   dated   APril  2  Dngdale,  ed.  ,658,  p.  47. 
18,  1003.     All  subscriptions  to  be  paid  to  Sir  John 

Cutler    ("His   Grace's  fate    sage    Cutler  could  3  Milman,  Annals  of  St.  Pants  Cathedral,  p. 

foresee  ").  3?6- 


42  ST.  PAUL'S 

represented  as  a  recumbent  skeleton,  Donne  standing  in  his  shroud. 
Dean  Nowell,  who  played  so  prominent  a  part  in  the  controversies 
throughout  the  reign  of  Elizabeth,  was  also  buried  here.  So  also  were 
Lily,  the  grammarian,  the  second  master  of  St.  Paul's  School,  and 
Linacre  the  physician,  "  the  friend  of  Colet  and  Erasmus."  Here,  too, 
in  a  vault  on  the  north  side  of  the  choir,  near  the  tomb  of  John  of 
Gaunt,  was  Vandyck  buried  (d.  1641);  but  the  outbreak  of  the  wars 
under  Charles  I.  prevented  the  erection  of  any  monument  to  his 
memory. 

The  "  Pervyse  of  Paul's,"  or  the  middle  aisle  of  the  church,  commonly 
called  "  Duke  Humphrey's  Walk  "  or  "  Paul's  Walk  "  (a  piece  of  naked 
architecture,  unenriched  by  any  other  piece  of  sculpture  than  the 
so-called  Duke  Humphrey's  tomb),  was  for  a  century  and  more  (1550 
to  1650)  the  common  news-room  of  London,  the  resort  of  the  wits 
and  gallants  about  town. 

It  was  the  fashion  of  those  times,  and  did  so  continue  till  these,  for  the  principal 
gentry,  lords  and  courtiers,  and  men  of  all  professions  not  merely  mechanic,  to  meet 
in  St.  Paul's  Church  by  eleven,  and  walk  in  the  Middle  Aisle  till  twelve  ;  and  after 
dinner  from  three  to  six  ;  during  which  time  some  discoursed  of  business,  others  of 
news.  Now,  in  regard  of  the  universal  commerce  there  happened  little  that  did  not 
first  or  last  arrive  here.  And  I  being  young  did  associate  myself  at  those  hours  with 
the  choicest  company  I  could  pick  out. —  Works  of  Francis  Osborn,  ed.  1701,  p.  403. 

Here  lawyers  stood  at  their  pillars  (like  merchants  on  'Change)  and 
received  their  clients.1  Here  masterless  men,  at  the  Si  gut's  door,  as  it 
was  called,  set  up  their  bills  for  service.2  Here  the  rood  loft,  tombs 
and  font  were  used  as  counters  for  payments. 

If  A  pay  B  on  the  feast  of  St.  Michael  the  Archangel  next  coming,  in  the 
Cathedral  Church  of  St.  Paul's  in  London  ...  at  the  rood  loft  of  the  rood  of  the 
north  door  within  the  same  church  ;  or  tomb  of  St.  Erkenwald  ;  or  at  the  door  of 
such  a  chapel,  or  at  such  a  pillar  within  the  same  church,  etc. — Littleton's  Tenures, 
B.  iii.  c.  v.  §  342. 

Here  Falstaff  bought  Bardolph  ("  I  bought  him  in. Paul's  ").  Here 
the  young  gallant  took  "  four  turns,"  as  Dekker  prescribes,  and  gratified 
his  vanity  by  strutting  about  in  the  most  fashionable  attire.  Here 
assignations  were  made. 

Mrs.  Honeysuckle.  I'll  come.     The  hour  ? 

Justiniamis.  Two  :  the  way  through  Paul's ;  every  wench  take  a  pillar ;  there 

1  "There  is  a  tradition  that  in  times  past  there  p.    142.      "The  xvij  day  of  October  [1552]  was 

was    one    Inne   of   Court    at    Dowgate,    called  made  vii.  serjants  of  the  coyffe  :  and  after  dener 

Johnson's  Inn  ;    another    in   Fetter  Lane  ;    and  they  went  unto  Powlls  and  so  went  up  the  stepes 

another  in    Paternoster   Row :    which  last  they  and  so  round  the  qwere  and  ther  dyd  they  ther 

would  prove  because  it  was  next   to  St.   Paul's  homage,  and  so  [to]  the  north-syd  of  Powlles  and 

Church  where  each  Lawyer  and  Serjeant  at  his  stod  a-pone  the  stepes  ontil  iiij  old  serjantes  came 

Pillar  heard  his  client's  cause,  and  took  notes  to-gether  and  feytchyd  iiij   [new]    and  brought 

thereof  upon  his  knee  as  they  do  in  Guildhall  at  them  unto  certen  pelers  and  left  them,  and  then 

this  day.     And  that  after  the  Serjeants'  Feast  did  feyched  the  residue  unto  the  pelers." — Diary 

ended  they  do  still  go  to  Paul's  in  their  habits,  of  a  Resident  in  London,  410,  1848,  p.  26. 

and  there  choose  their  Pillar  whereat  to  hear  their  2  Pierce  Penniless,  p.  42.     Every  Man  out  of 

client's  cause  (if  any  come)  in  memory  of  that  his  Humour,  Act  iii.  Sc.  i.      Hall's  Satires,  B. 

old  custom."— Dugdale's  Orig.  Jurid.,  ed.  1680,  ii.  Sat.  5. 


ST.    /'A  i  43 

t-hip  on  your  masks  :  your  men  will  be  behind  you  ;  and  before  your  prayers  are  half 
done  be  before  you,  and  man  you  out  at  several  doors.  You'll  be  there.  —  Westward 
//.•  (410,  1607),  Act  ii.  Sc.  I  ;  and  see  Act  ii.  Sc.  2. 

Here  the  penniless  man  dined  with  Duke  Humphrey.  Here  spur 
money  was  demanded  by  the  choristers  from  any  person  entering  the 
cathedral  during  divine  service  with  spurs  on. 

Never  be  seen  to  mount  the  steps  into  the  quire,  but  upon  a  high  festival  day,  to 
prefer  the  fashion  of  your  doublet ;  and  especially  if  the  singing-boys  seem  to  take 
note  of  you  ;  for  they  are  able  to  buzz  your  praises  above  their  anthems,  if  their 
voices  have  not  lost  their  maidenheads  :  but  be  sure  your  silver  spurs  dog  your  heels, 
and  then  the  boys  will  swarm  about  you  like  so  many  white  butterflies ;  when  you 
in  the  open  quire  shall  draw  forth  a  perfumed  embroidered  purse,  the  glorious  sight 
of  which  will  entice  many  countrymen  from  their  devotion  to  wondering  :  and  quoit 
silver  into  the  boys'  hands,  that  it  may  be  heard  above  the  first  lesson,  although  it  be 
read  in  a  voice  as  big  as  one  of  the  great  organs. — Dekker,  Gulfs  Horn-book,  pp.  99, 
100. 

Hither  Fleetwood,  the  Recorder  of  London,  came  "  to  learn  some 
news  "  to  convey  by  letter  to  Lord  Burghley.  Here  Ben  Jonson  has 
laid  a  scene  in  Every  Man  out  of  Ms  Humour,  and  here  he  found  his 
Captain  Bobadil,  "a  Paul's  man,"  as  he  is  called  in  the  dramatis 
personce  before  Every  Man  in  his  Humour.  The  noise  was  very  great, 
and  Inigo  Jones's  portico  was  built,  says  Dugdale,1  "as  an  ambulatory 
for  such  as  usually  walking  in  the  body  of  the  church  disturbed  the 
solemn  service  in  the  choir."  All  this  was  unseemly  enough  in  a  place 
set  apart  for  public  worship,  but  the  nuisance  was  formerly  of  a  still 
greater  magnitude.  From  the  Reformation  to  the  ist  and  2d  of 
Philip  and  Mary,  the  nave  was  a  common  thoroughfare  for  people 
with  vessels  of  ale  and  beer,  baskets  of  bread,  fish,  flesh,  and  fruit,  men 
leading  mules,  horses,  and  other  beasts.  So  great,  indeed,  would  the 
nuisance  appear  to  have  become,  that  the  Mayor  and  Common  Council, 
on  and  after  August  i,  1554,  prohibited  the  use  of  the  church  for  such 
"  unreverent "  purposes,  and  inflicted  a  succession  of  fines  on  all  who 
should  offend  in  future.2 

The  old  cathedral  suffered  more  "unreverent"  treatment  under 
the  Commonwealth.  The  work  of  reparation  was  at  once  stopped,  and 
the  funds  which  had  been  subscribed  for  the  purpose,  over  ^17,000, 
seized  and  appropriated  to  other  uses.  The  order  for  the  removal  of 
.crucified  and  superstitious  images  from  churches  was  followed  by  a 
destructive  clearance  of  the  interior  of  St.  Paul's,  and  in  1650  a  special 
order  was  issued  for  casting  down  the  statues  of  James  I.  and  Charles 
I.  from  Inigo  Jones's  portico. 

That  the  statues  of  King  James  and  the  late  King,  standing  now  at  the  west  end 
of  Paule's  bee  throwne  downe,  and  broken  to  pieces,  and  the  inscription  in  the  stone 
worke  under  them  be  deleted  ;  And  that  a  letter  bee  written  to  the  Lord  Mayor  and 
Court  of  Aldermen  to  see  this  putt  in  execution. — Orders  of  Council  of  State,  July  31, 
1650. 

To  utilise  the  now  disused  cathedral  the  porch  was  let  for  conversion 
into  shops  for  sempstresses  and  hucksters  and  other  mean  traders  •  the 

1  l-'.d.  1658,  p.  160.  -  Strype's  Lond.,  B.  iii.  p.  169. 


44  ST.   PAUL'S 

east  end  of  the  choir  was  appropriated  as  a  meeting-house  for  the 
congregation  of  Dr.  Burgess ;  and  the  rest  of  the  church  was  made 
into  a  cavalry  barrack,  the  horses  being  stabled  within  the  sacred 
edifice. 

The  Saints  in  Pauls  were  the  last  weeke  teaching  their  Horses  to  ride  up  the 
great  Steps  that  lead  into  the  Quire,  where  (as  they  derided)  they  might  perhaps 
learne  to  Chaunt  an  Antheme  ;  but  one  of  them  fell,  and  broke  both  his  Leg  and  the 
Neck  of  his  Rider,  which  hath  spoiled  his  Chanting,  for  he  was  buried  on  Saturday 
night  last.  A  }ust  Judgement  of  God  on  such  a  prophane  and  Sacrilegious  wretch. — 
Mcrcurius  Elencticus,  from  Tuesday,  January  2,  till  Tuesday,  January  9,  1648. 

With  the  restoration  of  monarchy  came  the  resolve  to  restore  the 
ruined  cathedral.  Much  was  done  in  the  way  of  discussion,  but  no 
real  progress  was  made  till  Wren  was  called  in,  and  he  after  a  careful 
survey  proposed  such  extensive  alterations  in  the  fabric — including  the 
formation  of  a  spacious  central  rotunda,  "  a  very  proper  place  for  a 
large  auditory,"  to  be  covered  with  "a  cupola,  and  then  end  in  a 
lantern,"  that  the  debates  were  renewed  and  continued  till  the  Great 
Fire  put  an  end  to  the  discussion  b'y  the  destruction  of  the  building. 
The  fire  broke  out  on  September  2,  1666.  On  the  7th  Pepys 
"saw  all  the  town  burned;"  and  had  "a  miserable  sight  of  Paul's 
church,  with  all  the  roofs  fallen,  and  the  body  of  the  choir  fallen  into 
St.  Faith's."  With  the  church  perished  all  the  monuments.  The 
tower  and  as  much  of  the  walls  as  withstood  the  fire  were  removed  by 
Wren  to  make  way  for  the  cathedral  which  "rose,  phoenix-like,"  out  of 
the  ashes  of  the  old.  The  architectural  arrangement  of  this  celebrated 
church  has  been  preserved  to  us  by  the  joint  labours  of  Dugdale  and 
Hollar.  Hollar's  drawings  were  made  in  September  1641,  and 
Dugdale's  book,  for  which  they  were  engraved,  was  first  published  in 
1658.  These  engravings  and  descriptions,  and  all  other  available 
sources  of  information,  have  been  carefully  collated,  and  the  results 
presented  in  a  clear  and  compact  form  and  illustrated  with  many 
excellent  engravings  in  Mr.  William  Longman's  History  of  the  Three 
Cathedrals  Dedicated  to  St.  Paul  (1873),  while  the  general  history  of 
the  cathedrals  is  treated  with  a  masterly  hand  in  the  Annals  of  St. 
Paul's  Cathedral,  by  the  late  Dean  of  St.  Paul's,  the  Rev.  Henry  Hart 
Milman,  D.D.  In  these  two  volumes  will  be  found  ample  and  trust- 
worthy information  on  all  matters  relating  to  the  old  and  the  present 
cathedrals.  Dr.  Sparrow  Simpson's  volumes  on  Old  St.  Paul's  may  be 
consulted  with  advantage.  There  is  an  incident  connected  with  Old 
St.  Paul's,  remarkable  in  itself,  but  made  still  more  so  by  the  many 
celebrated  writers  who  allude  to  it.  In  the  year  1600  "a  middle- 
sized  bay  English  gelding,"  the  property  of  Bankes,  a  servant  to  the 
Earl  of  Essex,  and  a  vintner  in  Cheapside,  ascended  to  the  top  of 
St.  Paul's,  to  the  delight,  it  is  said  by  Dekker,  of  a  "number  of  asses," 
who  brayed  below.  Bankes  had  taught  his  horse,  which  went  by 
the  name  of  Marocco,  to  count  and  perform  a  variety  of  feats. 
"  Certainly,"  says  Walter  Raleigh  in  his  History,  "  if  Bankes  had 


ST.    PAUDS  CATHEDK.U  45 

lived  in  elder  times  he  would  have  shamed  all  the  enchanters  of 
the  world  ;  for  whosoever  was  most  famous  among  them  could  never 
master  or  instruct  any  beast  as  he  did  his  horse."  When  the 
novelty  had  somewhat  lessened  in  London,  Bankes  took  his  wonderful 
beast  first  to  Paris  and  afterwards  to  Rome.  He  had  better  have 
stayed  at  home,  for  both  he  and  his  horse  (which  was  shod  with 
silver)  were  burnt  for  witchcraft.1  Shakespeare  alludes  to  "  the 
dancing  horse ; "  2  and  in  a  tract  called  "  Maroccus  Extaticus,"  410, 
1595,  there  is  a  rude  woodcut  of  the  unfortunate  juggler  and  his 
famous  gelding. 

Paul's  (St.)  Cathedral.  After  the  almost  entire  destruction  of  Old 
St.  Paul's  Cathedral  in  the  Great  Fire  of  1666,  Dr.  Christopher  Wren 
was  called  upon  to  survey  and  report  upon  its  condition.  There  was 
a  strong  desire  on  the  part  of  the  authorities  to  restore  the  old  building, 
but  Wren  pronounced  the  remaining  walls  unsafe,  and  recommended 
their  removal  with  a  view  to  the  construction  of  a  new  cathedral.  A 
committee  was  appointed,  who  decided  against  Wren's  advice  to  attempt 
to  patch  up  the  old  walls,  and  with  the  result  he  had  predicted. 
Writing  to  Wren,  April  25,  1668,  Dean  Sancroft  says:  "What  you 
whispered  in  my  ear  at  your  last  coming  hither  is  come  to  pass.  Our 
work  at  the  west  end  of  St.  Paul's  is  fallen  about  our  ears."  On  July 
25  a  royal  warrant  was  issued  for  taking  down  the  walls,  removing  the 
tower  and  choir,  and  clearing  the  ground  to  the  foundation  of  the  east 
end,  with  a  view  to  the  construction  of  a  new  choir  for  temporary  use, 
and  which  might  ultimately  form  part  of  a  new  cathedral.  At  Dean 
Sancroft's  request  Wren  prepared  a  design  for  a  cathedral,  "a  plan 
handsome  and  noble,"  which  was  approved  by  the  King  but  objected  to 
by  the  Chapter  as  "not  sufficiently  of  a  cathedral  form."  This  is  the 
design  of  which  the  model  exists  in  the  South  Kensington  Museum. 
In  plan  it  is  a  Greek  cross,  with  a  spacious  circular  auditory  at  the 
intersection  of  the  arms,  surmounted  by  a  dome,  and  at  the  west  end 
a  stately  portico.  This  form  Wren  conceived  would  combine  the 
most  convenient  for  the  Protestant  ritual  and  service  with  grandeur  of 
architectural  effect ;  but  the  clergy  insisted  that  the  form  should  be 
that  of  a  Latin  cross,  and  that  there  should  be  both  nave  and  aisles,  and 
also  a  lofty  spire.  Wren  therefore  produced  another  design,  in  which 
the  nave  was  lengthened  and  a  curious  spire  placed  upon  the  dome. 
This  was  accepted,  and  on  May  14,  1675,  a  r°ya^  warrant  was  issued 
appointing  Wren  the  architect,  and  authorising  him  to  begin  the  work, 
"with  the  east  end  or  quire,"  according  to  the  design,  "  because  we  found 
it  very  artificial,  proper,  and  useful."  Happily,  however,  a  clause  gave 
the  architect  "liberty  in  the  prosecution  of  his  work  to  make  some 
variations  rather  ornamental  than  essential,  as  from  time  to  time  he 
should  see  proper,"  and  Wren  went  beyond  his  license  in  his  "  varia- 
tions," for  he  produced  what  was  in  fact  an  entirely  different  and 
infinitely  superior  design.  The  ground  was  already  begun  to  be 

1  Ben  Jonson's  Epigrams,  No.  cxxxiii.  z  Love's  Labour's  Lost. 


46  ST.  PAUL'S  CATHEDRAL 

cleared,  and  the  first  stone  of  the  new  building  was  laid,  June  21,  1675. 
Divine  service  was  performed  for  the  first  time,  December  2,  1697, 
on  the  day  of  thanksgiving  for  the  peace  of  Ryswick.  The  King 
was  present ;  the  civic  authorities  attended  in  full  state ;  and  Bishop 
Burnet  preached  the  sermon.  The  last  stone  was  laid  in  1710,  thirty- 
five  years  after  the  first.  It  is  frequently  stated  that  the  whole 
cathedral  was  begun  and  completed  under  one  architect,  Sir  Christopher 
Wren ;  one  master  mason,  Mr.  Thomas  Strong ;  and  while  one  bishop, 
Dr.  Henry  Compton,  presided  over  the  diocese ;  but  the  latter  part  of 
the  statement  is  not  correct.  Dr.  Hinchman  was  bishop  when  the  first 
stone  was  laid,  and  died  the  same  year.  Dr.  Compton  succeeded  and 
was  alive  at  the  completion.  Thomas  Strong,  mason,  laid  the  founda- 
tion stone,  June  21,  1675,  and,  dying  1681,  was  succeeded  by  his 
brother  Edward,  who  continued  and  completed  the  work.  The  total 
cost  of  the  building  was  ,£747,661  :  ios.,  which,  with  the  exception  of 
^"68,341  in  subscriptions,  arrears  of  impropriations,  and  small  sums 
coming  under  the  head  of  royal  gifts,  fines,  and  forfeitures,  and  the 
sale  of  old  materials,  was  defrayed  by  a  tax  on  every  chaldron  of  coal 
brought  into  the  port  of  London,  and  the  cathedral,  it  is  said,  deserves 
to  wear,  as  it  does,  a  smoky  coat  in  consequence. 

Exterior. — The  general  form  or  ground-plan  is  that  of  a  Latin 
cross,  with  lateral  projections  at  the  west  end  of  the  nave,  which  give 
width  and  importance  to  the  west  front.  Length  from  east  to  west, 
including  the  portico,  500  feet;  breadth  of  the  nave,  118  feet;  across 
the  transepts,  250  feet;  at  west  end,  including  the  Morning  Chapel 
and  that  which  contains  the  Wellington  Monument,  190  feet ;  campanile 
towers  at  the  west  end,  each  222  feet  in  height ;  and  the  height  of  the 
whole  structure,  from  the  pavement  in  the  street  to  top  of  the  cross, 
404  feet.  The  outer  diameter  of  the  dome  is  145  feet,  the  inner  108 
feet.  The  outer  dome  is  of  wood,  covered  with  lead,  and  does  not 
support  the  lantern  on  the  top,  which  rests  on  a  cone  of  brick  raised 
between  the  inner  cupola  and  outer  dome.  The  course  of  balustrade 
at  the  top  was  forced  on  Wren  by  the  Commissioners  for  the  building. 
"I  never  designed  a  balustrade,"  he  says;  "ladies  think  nothing  well 
without  an  edging."  The  heavy  railing  was  also  erected  in  opposition 
to  his  opinion.  The  sculpture  on  the  entablature  (the  Conversion  of 
St.  Paul),  the  statues  on  the  pediment  (St.  Paul,  with  St.  Peter  and 
St.  James  on  either  side),  and  the  unfortunate  statue  of  Queen  Anne, 
in  front  of  the  building,  with  the  four  figures  at  the  angles,  were  all 
by  F.  Bird.  The  statue  of  Queen  Anne  was  taken  away  and  a  copy 
set  up  in  1886.  The  phoenix  over  the  south  door  was  the  work  of 
Gibber.  The  heavy  iron  railing,  of  more  than  2500  palisades,  against 
which  Wren  protested,  was  cast  at  Lamberhurst,  in  Kent,  at  a  cost  of 
;£n,202  :  o  :  6,  and  encloses  upwards  of  2  acres  of  ground.  It  is  a 
good  example  of  cast-iron  work,  but  its  removal  from  the  west  end  of 
the  cathedral  in  1873  has  shown  the  soundness  of  Wren's  objection  to 
its  erection.  Owing  to  the  undue  proximity  of  houses  no  good  near 


57:   PAUL'S  CATHEDRAL  47 

view  of  the  cathedral  as  a  whole  is  to  be  had.  The  best  distant  view 
is  from  the  Thames,  just  below  Blackfriars  Bridge.  An  excellent  view 
of  it,  on  the  whole  the  best  obtainable,  was  from  the  bridge  itself,  but 
this  was  destroyed  by  the  erection  of  the  ugly  railway  viaduct,  and  the 
lofty  river-side  granaries  and  warehouses.  Observe. — From  Ludgate 
Hill  the  magnificent  effect  of  the  west  front,  with  the  dome  rising  above 
it ;  the  double  portico  and  grand  flanking  campaniles  at  the  west  end ; 
the  beautiful  semicircular  porticoes,  north  and  south  ;  the  use  of  two 
orders  of  architecture  (Composite  above,  Corinthian  below) ;  the 
exquisite  outline  of  the  dome  and  lantern  ;  and  the  general  breadth  and 
harmony  of  the  whole  building.  The  circular  columns  at  the  base  of 
the  stone  gallery  are,  it  is  said,  too  tall  for  the  length  of  the  pilasters 
in  the  body  of  the  building,  but  they  are  certainly  not  too  tall  for  the 
place  they  occupy.  The  acute  observer  will  not  fail  to  notice  that  the 
north  and  south  walls  are  carried  up  exteriorly  to  the  height  of  the 
nave  roof,  but  on  entering  the  cathedral  it  will  be  immediately  seen 
that  the  height  of  the  aisles  bears  about  the  same  proportion  to  the 
height  of  the  nave  as  is  usual  in  Gothic  edifices.  On  ascending  the 
clock  tower  and  looking  towards  the  dome  the  spectator  will  see  that 
the  upper  portion  of. the  wall  is  a  mere  screen  to  hide  the  flying 
buttresses  constructed  to  resist  the  thrust  of  the  nave  roof.  These 
buttresses  are  also  apparent  in  the  corridor  leading  to  the  clock  and 
bells. 

Interior. — The  cupola,  with  the  paintings  upon  it,  is  of  brick,  two 
bricks  thick,  with  stone  bandings  at  every  rise  of  5  feet,  and  a  girdle 
of  Portland  stone  at  the  base,  containing  a  double  chain  of  iron  strongly 
linked  together  at  every  10  feet,  and  weighing  95  cwts.  3  qrs.  23  Ibs. 
Wren  had  the  inside  all  painted  one  colour  to  get  rid  of  the  diversity 
of  coloured  stones.  The  paint  has  now  been  cleaned  off,  and  the 
colours  are  painfully  apparent.  A  defect  of  the  interior  was  forced  on 
the  architect  by  the  Duke  of  York,  afterwards  James  II. 

The  side  oratories  at  St.  Paul's  were  added  to  Sir  Christopher  Wren's  original 
design,  by  order  of  the  Duke  of  York  [afterwards  James  II.],  who  was  willing  to 
have  them  ready  for  the  popish  service,  when  there  should  be  occasion.  It  narrowed 
the  building,  and  broke  in  very  much  upon  the  beauty  of  the  design.  Sir  Christopher 
insisted  so  strongly  on  the  prejudice  they  would  be  of,  that  he  actually  shed  some 
tears  in  speaking  of  it ;  but  it  was  all  in  vain.  The  Duke  absolutely  insisted  upon 
their  being  inserted  and  he  was  obliged  to  comply. — Mr.  Harding,  in  Spence's 
Anecdotes,  ed.  Singer,  p.  256. 

The  paintings,  eight  in  number  (by  Sir  James  Thornhill),  represent  the 
principal  events  in  the  life  of  St.  Paul.  They  were  never  worth  much, 
and  the  little  interest  that  attached  to  them  as  Thornhill's  works  was 
destroyed  when  they  were  repainted  in  1853.  Wren  was  opposed 
from  the  first  to  painting  the  cupola  with  these  heavy  masses  of 
monochrome.  It  was  his  wish  to  have  decorated  the  cupola  with  the 
more  durable  ornament  of  mosaic  work,  but  in  this  he  was  overruled. 
Observe.  —  In  the  choir  the  beautiful  foliage,  carved  by  Grinling 
Gibbons,  and  the  inscription  to  Wren,  originally  over  the  entrance 


48  ST.  PAUL'S   CATHEDRAL 

to  the  choir,  but  now  on  the  inner  porch  of  the  north  transept,  ending 
with  the  line,  "  Si  monumentum  requiris,  circumspice."  It  was  first  set 
up  by  Robert  Mylne,  architect  to  the  Cathedral.  The  organ  (1694) 
was  constructed  by  Bernard  Schmydt,  the  successful  candidate  against 
Harris  at  the  Temple.  It  originally  stood  on  the  screen  at  the  entrance 
to  the  choir,  but  is  now  divided  and  placed  on  each  side  over  the 
stalls.  The  rails  of  the  golden  gallery  were  gilt  at  the  expense  of  the 
Earl  of  Lanesborough,  the  "sober  Lanesborough  dancing  with  the 
gout "  of  Pope. 

The  chief  monuments  in  the  Cathedral  are  as  follows  : — Statue  of 
John  Howard,  the  philanthropist,  by  Bacon,  R.A.  (cost  1300  guineas, 
and  was  the  first  monument  erected  in  St.  Paul's) ;  statue  of  Dr. 
Johnson,  by  Bacon,  R.A. ;  statue  of  Sir  Joshua  Reynolds,  by  Flaxman, 
R.A. ;  Turner,  our  greatest  landscape  painter,  by  Baily,  R.A.  ;  kneeling 
figure  of  Bishop  Heber,  by  Chantrey,  R.A. ;  monument  to  Nelson,  by 
Flaxman,  R.A.  (the  hero's  lost  arm  concealed  by  the  Union  Jack  of 
England);  monument  to  Lord  Cornwallis,  opposite,  by  Rossi,  R.A.  (the 
Indian  river-gods  much  admired) ;  monument  to  Sir  Ralph  Abercrombie, 
by  Sir  R.  Westmacott,  R.A. ;  General  Sir  Charles  Napier,  the  conqueror 
of  Scinde,  and  not  far  from  him  his  brother  Sir  William,  the  author  of 
the  History  of  the  Peninsular  War ;  Sir  Henry  Lawrence,  of  Lucknow 
fame ;  Lord  Melbourne  the  minister,  and  his  brother  the  diplomatist,  by 
Baron  Marochetti ;  and  Hallam  the  historian ;  monument  to  Sir  John 
Moore,  who  fell  at  Corunna  (Marshal  Sotilt  stood  before  this  monument 
and  wept) ;  statue  of  Lord  Heathfield,  the  gallant  defender  of  Gibraltar ; 
monuments  to  Howe  and  Rodney,  two  of  our  great  naval  heroes ; 
monument  to  Nelson's  favourite,  the  brave  and  pious  Lord  Colling- 
wood ;  statue  of  Earl  St  Vincent,  the  hero  of  the  battle  of  Cape  St. 
Vincent;  Lord  Duncan,  the  victor  of  Camperdown,  and  Captain 
Burges,  who  fell  in  that  fight ;  Captain  Mosse  and  "  the  gallant  good 
Riou,"  who  fell  at  Copenhagen,  and  many  other  of  our  naval  heroes ; 
monuments  to  Picton  and  Ponsonby,  who  fell  at  Waterloo ;  statues  of 
Sir  William  Jones,  the  Oriental  scholar ;  Sir  Astley  Cooper,  the  surgeon ; 
Dr.  Babington,  the  physician  ;  and  Lord  Lyons.  The  monument  to  the 
Duke  of  Wellington,  by  A.  Stevens,  in  the  chapel  at  the  west  end  of 
the  south  aisle,  a  most  elaborate  renaissance  structure,  was  more  than 
twenty  years  in  hand,  partly  owing  to  the  ill-health  and  mental  idiosyn- 
crasy of  the  artist,  but  also  largely  to  the  complex  and  difficult  character 
of  the  work.  It  is  a  remarkable  and  beautiful  production,  but  is  seen 
with  difficulty  and  at  a  great  disadvantage  in  its  present  very  unsuitable 
position.  There  are  fine  tombs  with  recumbent  effigies  of  Bishops 
Blomfield  and  Jackson,  Dean  Milman  and  General  Gordon.  The 
monument  of  Dr.  Donne,  saved  from  the  old  cathedral — an  effigy  of 
the  form  of  Donne,  wrapped  in  his  sepulchral  shroud,  has  been  (1873) 
removed  from  the  crypt  and  placed  in  an  alcove  in  the  south-east 
aisle. 

The  crypt  of  St.  Paul's,  unlike  the  crypts  of  most  other  cathedrals, 


ST.   PAUL'S  CATHEDRAL  49 

extends  under  the  entire  building,  and  is  one  of  the  most  extensive 
and  massive  in  structure  extant.  A  portion  of  it  was  fitted  up  in 
1877  as  a  chapel  for  the  early  morning  service.  In  the  crypt,  Observe. 
— Grave  of  Sir  Christopher  Wren  (d.  1723,  aged  ninety-one).  Grave 
of  Lord  Nelson  (d.  1805).  The  sarcophagus  which  contains  Nelson's 
coffin  was  made  at  the  expense  of  Cardinal  Wolsey,  for  the  burial  of 
Henry  VIII.  in  the  tomb-house  at  Windsor ;  and  the  coffin  which 
contains  the  body  (made  of  part  of  the  mainmast  of  the  ship  Z' Orient], 
was  a  present  to  Nelson  after  the  battle  of  the  Nile,  from  his  friend  Ben 
Hallowell,  captain  of  the  Swiftsure.  "  I  send  it,"  says  Hallowell,  "  that 
when  you  are  tired  of  this  life  you  may  be  buried  in  one  of  your  own 
trophies."  Nelson  appreciated  the  present,  and  for  some  time  had  it 
placed  upright,  with  the  lid  on,  against  the  bulk-head  of  his  cabin, 
behind  the  chair  on  which  he  sat  at  dinner.  In  a  neighbouring 
alcove  the  sarcophagus  which  contains  the  remains  of  Wellington. 
The  sarcophagus,  grand  in  its  simplicity,  was  wrought  with  infinite 
patience  from  a  matchless  block  of  Cornish  porphyry.  Grave  of  Sir 
John  Collingwood  (d.  1810),  commander  of  the  larboard  division  at 
the  battle  of  Trafalgar.  Graves  of  the  following  celebrated  English 
painters — Sir  Joshua  Reynolds  (d.  1792);  Sir  Thomas  Lawrence 
(d.  1830);  James  Barry  (d.  1806);  John  Opie  (d.  1807);  Benjamin 
West  (d.  1820);  Henry  Fuseli  (d.  1825);  Joseph  Mallord  William 
Turner  (d.  1851).  Graves  of  the  following  eminent  engineers — 
Robert  Mylne,  who  built  Blackfriars  Bridge  (d.  1811);  John  Rennie, 
who  built  Waterloo  Bridge  (d.  1821).  Monuments  from  Old  St.  Paul's, 
preserved  in  the  crypt  of  the  present  building — Dean  Colet,  founder 
of  St.  Paul's  School ;  Sir  Nicholas  Bacon,  father  of  the  great  Francis 
Bacon ;  and  Sir  Christopher  Hatton,  Queen  Elizabeth's  Lord 
Chancellor. 

Ascent. — The  ascent  to  the  ball  is  by  616  steps,  of  which  the  first 
260  are  easy,  and  well  lighted.  Here  the  Whispering  Gallery  will  give 
the  visitor  breath ;  but  the  rest  of  the  ascent  is  a  somewhat  fatiguing 
task.  Clock  Room. — In  the  south-western  tower  is  the  clock,  and 
the  great  bell  on  which  it  strikes.  The  length  of  the  minute  hand 
of  the  clock  is  8  feet,  and  its  weight  75  Ibs. ;  the  length  of  the  hour 
hand  is  5  feet  5  inches,  and  its  weight  44  Ibs.  The  diameter  of  the 
bell  is  about  10  feet,  and  its  weight  is  generally  stated  at  4^  tons.  It 
is  inscribed,  "Richard  Phelps  made  me,  1716,"  and  is  never  used 
except  for  the  striking  of  the  hour,  and  for  tolling  at  the  deaths  and 
funerals  of  any  of  the  royal  family,  the  Bishops  of  London,  the  Deans 
of  St.  Paul's,  and  should  he  die  in  his  mayoralty,  the  Lord  Mayor. 
The  larger  part  of  the  metal  of  which  it  is  made  formed  "  Great  Tom 
of  Westminster,"  once  in  the  Clock  Tower  at  Westminster.  It  had  long 
been  a  matter  of  regret  and  complaint  that  the  Cathedral  should  be 
without  a  peal  of  bells,  and  in  1877  several  of  the  City  Companies,  in 
conjunction  with  the  Baroness  Burdett-Coutts,  determined  to  provide  it 
with  a  complete  peal  of  twelve  bells.  They  were  cast  by  Messrs.  Taylor 

VOL.   Ill  E 


So  ST.  PAUL'S  CATtfEDXAL 

of  Loughborough,  weighed  together  about  1 1  tons,  and  cost  ^6000. 
The  ist  and  2d  bells  were  presented  by  the  Drapers'  Company ;  the  3d, 
4th,  5th  and  6th  by  the  Baroness  Burdett-Coutts  and  the  Turners' 
Company;  the  7th  by  the  Salters';  the  8th  by  the  Merchant  Taylors'; 
the  Qth  by  the  Fishmongers' ;  the  loth  by  the  Cloth  workers' ;  the  nth 
by  the  Grocers'  Company  ;  and  the  1 2th  and  largest  by  the  Corporation. 
Each  bell  is  inscribed  with  the  motto  of  the  donors,  and  with  the  arms 
of  the  Dean  and  Chapter  of  St.  Paul's.  They  are  hung  in  the  north- 
west campanile,  and  ring  out  a  full  sweet  peal.  A  new  bell  (Great 
Paul),  weighing  1 7  tons,  cast  by  Messrs.  Taylor  of  Loughborough,  was 
safely  hauled  into  its  place  in  the  south-west  campanile  in  May  1882. 

The  Library  is  not  very  valuable.  TJie  Whispering  Gallery  is  so  called 
because  the  slightest  whisper  is  transmitted  from  one  side  of  the  gallery 
to  the  other  with  great  rapidity  and  distinctness.  The  Stone  Gallery  is 
an  outer  gallery,  and  affords  a  fine  view  of  London  on  a  clear  day. 
The  Inner  Golden  Gallery  is  at  the  apex  of  the  cupola  and  base  of  the 
lantern.  The  Oiiter  Golden  Gallery  is  at  the  apex  of  the  dome.  Here 
a  noble  view  of  London  may  be  obtained  if  the  ascent  is  made  early  in 
the  morning,  and  on  a  clear  day.  The  Ball  and  Cross  stand  on  a  cone 
between  the  cupola  and  dome.  The  construction  is  very  interesting, 
and  will  well  repay  attention.  The  ball  is  6  feet  2  inches  in  diameter, 
and  will  contain  eight  persons,  "  without,"  it  is  said,  "  particular  incon- 
venience." This,  however,  may  well  be  doubted.  The  weight  of  the 
ball  is  stated  to  be  5600  Ibs.,  and  that  of  the  cross  (to  which  there  is 
no  entrance),  3360  Ibs. 

The  unadorned  condition  of  the  interior  of  St.  Paul's,  so  different 
from  the  intention  of  the  architect,  who  wished  to  line  the  .cupola  with 
mosaics  by  the  best  artists  of  Italy,  and  to  place  in  compartments 
below  "bas-reliefs  and  suchlike  decorations,"  and  complained  that 
through  insufficient  funds  "  his  wings  were  dipt,  and  the  Church  was 
deprived  of  its  ornaments,"  had  frequently  forced  itself  on  those 
interested  in  the  worthy  appearance  of  the  fabric  and  its  adequate 
employment  as  a  great  central  church  for  public  worship.  Nothing 
practical  was  done,  however,  till  the  beginning  of  1858,  when  the 
Bishop  of  London  addressed  a  letter  to  the  Dean  and  Chapter 
urging  upon  them  "the  advisability  of  instituting  a  series  of  special 
evening  services  for  the  benefit  of  those  large  masses  of  the  people 
whom  it  might  be  impossible  to  attract  in  any  other  way."  To  this 
Dean  Milman  promptly  replied,  expressing  for  himself  and  the  Chapter 
their  "earnest,  unanimous,  and  sincere  desire  to  co-operate  to  the 
utmost  of  their  power  "  in  the  proposed  object,  but  showing  that  "  the 
scantiness  of  the  funds  at  their  disposal"  rendered  them  unable  to 
accomplish  it  without  extraneous  help.  But  he  further  avowed  the 
desire  that  "  instead  of  the  dull,  cold,  unedifying,  unseemly  appearance 
of  the  interior,  the  Cathedral  should  be  made  within  worthy  of  its 
exterior  grandeur  and  beauty."  An  appeal  was  made  to  the  public, 
and  sufficient  funds  obtained  to  fit  the  space  under  the  dome  for 


ST.    PAUL'S   CATHEDRAL 


public  service,  to  provide  a  magnificent  organ  for  these  special  services 
and  ceremonials,  and  to  warm  the  cathedral  throughout,  with  the  result 
that  "  immense  congregations  of  earnest  and  devout  worshippers  throng 
to  the  Cathedral,  throughout  even  the  wildest,  coldest,  nights  of  the 
winter  months."1  On  these  improvements  about  ^"10,000  were 
expended.  A  like  sum  was  spent  on  ornamental  alterations  and 
decorations,  but  with  a  less  satisfactory  result.  In  1871  an  "icono- 
graphic  scheme  "  by  Burgcs  was  laid  before  the  Executive  Committee, 
and  made  public,  for  the  complete  and  systematic  decoration  of 
the  interior;  but  it  proposed  to  overlay  every  part  with  a  profusion 
of  seraphim  and  cherubim  with  wings  and  bodies  "  fiery  red "  or 
celestial  blue,  princedoms,  thrones  and  powers,  archangels  in  armour, 
and  angels  "dressed  as  deacons,"  saints  and  confessors.  The  designs 
are  in  the  Chapter  House.  This,  in  common  with  some  other  schemes 
of  decoration,  did  not  meet  with  general  approval.  Nothing  more  was 
formally  done  till  June  1877,  when  the  Executive  Committee  met  and 
passed  a  resolution — 

That  it  is  desirable,  with  the  funds  now  in  hand,  about  ,£40,000,  to  carry  into 
effect  as  far  as  possible  the  wishes  of  Sir  Christopher  Wren,  by  decorating  the  dome 
of  St.  Paul's  with  mosaic,  in  a  similar  style  to  the  dome  of  St.  Peter's  at  Rome. 

A  sub-committee  was  appointed  to  devise  the  best  means  of  giving 
effect  to  this  resolution :  but  little  has  since  been  done. 

The  elaborate  reredos,  which  cost  ^37,000,  and  took  eighteen 
months  to  erect,  was  unveiled  on  January  25,  1888. 

The  space  within  the  railings  on  the  north  and  east  sides  of  the 
cathedral  has  been  planted  and  laid  out  as  a  public  garden,  and  from 
it  some  picturesque  views  of  portions  of  the  fabric  may  be  obtained. 
When  the  ground  was  being  dug  over  for  the  formation  of  the  garden, 
Mr.  F.  C.  Penrose,  the  architect  to  the  Dean  and  Chapter,  seized  the 
opportunity  to  institute  a  careful  search  for  any  traces  of  the  old 
cathedral.  He  came  upon  walls  and  buttresses  of  the  cloisters  and 
chapter-house,  and  was  able  to  make  out  the  general  direction  of  the 
main  structure,  the  central  line  of  which,  though  not  due  east  and 
west,  inclined  much  less  to  the  north-east  than  that  of  the  present 
cathedral.  He  also  discovered  the  foundations  of  the  famous  St.  Paul's 
Cross,  the  site  of  which  and  the  outline  of  its  base  he  has  marked  by 
a  stone  pavement  at  the  north-east  angle  of  the  cathedral.  In  the 
public  procession  to  St.  Paul's  on  occasion  of  the  general  thanksgiving 
for  peace,  Thursday,  July  7,  1814,  the  Duke  of  Wellington  carried 
the  sword  of  state  before  the  Prince  Regent.  The  next  public 
procession  to  St.  Paul's  was  when  the  Duke  of  Wellington  was  himself 
carried  to  his  grave,  November  18,  1852.  The  latest  was  on  February 
27,  1872,  when  the  Queen  attended  in  state  to  join  in  the  general 
public  thanksgiving  for  the  recovery  of  the  Prince  of  Wales. 

Services. — On  Sundays,  Good  Friday,  Ascension  Day,  and  Christ- 
mas Day :  Holy  Communion  (north-west  chapel)  8 ;  Morning  Service, 

1  Dean  Milman's  Annals  of  St.  Paul's,  p.  497. 


52  ST.   PAUL'S   CATHEDRAL 

with  Holy  Communion,  choral,  10.30;  Evening  Service,  3.15  and  7. 
On  week  days,  except  Good  Friday,  Ascension  Day,  and  Christmas 
Day:  Holy  Communion  (north-west  chapel)  8;  Morning  Prayer 
(crypt  chapel)  8  ;  Morning  Prayer,  choral,  i  o ;  Short  Service  (north- 
west chapel)  1.15.  Evening  Prayer,  choral,  4;  Short  Service  (north- 
west chapel)  8.  Unless  otherwise  stated  the  services  are  held  in  the 
choir,  the  entire  area  of  the  cathedral  being  available  for  worshippers. 
On  St.  Paul's  Day,  January  25,  a  selection  from  Mendelssohn's  oratorio 
of  St.  Paul  is  performed  with  a  full  orchestra  and  a  largely  augmented 
choir,  and  on  Tuesday  in  Holy  Week  Bach's  Passion  Music  is  given  in 
like  manner.  During  Lent  the  mid-day  service  is  held  in  the  choir, 
when  a  course  of  sermons,  each  course  lasting  a  week,  are  given  by  eminent 
preachers.  The  services  are  always  well-attended,  about  800  persons 
being  generally  present  at  the  daily  evensong.  Under  Sir  John  Stainer, 
who  was  organist  for  several  years,  the  services  attained  a  high  degree 
of  musical  excellence.  On  the  Fridays  in  Lent  the  service  is  sung 
without  the  organ,  and  is  well  worth  hearing.  The  annual  meeting  of 
the  children  of  the  Charity  Schools  of  London  has  been  discontinued 
since  1867,  in  consequence  of  the  interruption  to  the  service,  rendered 
necessary  by  the  erection  of  a  huge  gallery  round  the  dome  area. 
Haydn  said  that  the  most  powerful  impression  he  ever  received  from 
music  was  from  their  singing  of  the  "  Old  Hundredth." 

Paul's  Bake-House  Court,  on  the  west  side  of  GODLIMAN  STREET, 
PAUL'S  CHAIN,  was  so  called  from  the  bakehouse  "  employed  in  baking 
of  bread  for  the  Church  of  Paul's." 1 

On  the  west  side  of  the  street  now  called  Godliman  Street  stood  the  bakehouse  : 
it  was  a  large  building,  and  its  place  is  still  identified  by  Paul's  Bakehouse  Yard. 
The  brewery  probably  adjoined  it.  There  was  a  mill  for  grinding  the  corn,  worked 
by  horses.  There  were  four  servants  in  the  bakehouse,  three  in  the  brewery,  and 
two  at  the  mill,  besides  a  clerk  of  the  receipts.  The  brewery  and  the  bakehouse 
were  under  the  charge  of  an  officer,  the  Gustos  Bracini. — Domesday  of  St.  Paul's, 
1222  :  eel.  Archdeacon  Hale  (Camden  Society,  1858,  p.  48). 

Here  was  the  office  of  the  Registrar  of  the  High  Court  of  Admiralty, 
now  transferred  to  the  Royal  Courts  of  Justice,  Somerset  House.  The 
brewhouse  attached  to  the  Cathedral  was  converted  into  the  Paul's 
Head  Tavern.2 

Paul's  Chain,  south  side  of  ST.  PAUL'S  CHURCHYARD  to  CARTER 
LANE,  a  street  so  called  from  a  chain  or  barrier  drawn  across  the 
carriage-way  of  St.  Paul's  Churchyard,  to  preserve  silence  in  the 
Cathedral  during  the  hours  of  public  worship.  Stow  (p.  137)  refers 
to  the  "  south  chain  of  Paul's."  The  north  chain  is  a  barrier  of  wood. 
Edward  Cocker  ("according  to  Cocker")  taught  the  arts  of  writing  and 
arithmetic,  "in  an  extraordinary  manner,"  at  "his  dwelling  on  the 
south  side  of  St.  Paul's  Church,  over  against  Paul's  Chain ; "  and 
here,  in  1660,  he  wrote  The  Pen's  Transcendancy,  an  interesting 
illustration  of  his  extraordinary  skill  in  the  art  of  writing  well. 

1  Stow,  p.  137.  2  Ibid.,  p.  137. 


ST.   PAUL'S  CHURCHYARD  53 

So  [they]  going  downe  by  Paules  chainc,  left  the  gentlemen  going  up  toward 
Fleet  Street. — R.  Greene,  Cony-catching. 

The  Faculties  Office  for  granting  Licenses  (by  Act  of  Parliament)  to  eat  flesh  in 
any  part  of  England,  is  still  kept  at  St.  Paul's  Chain,  near  St.  Paul's  Churchyard. — 
The  Kii;:.' Join's  I>!t>!l(-,'nccr,  No.  8,  February  23,  1663. 

Paul's  (St.)  Churchyard,  the  irregular  area,  lined  with  houses, 
encircling  St.  Paul's  Cathedral  and  burial-ground,  of  which  the  side 
towards  the  Thames  is  commonly  called  the  bow,  and  the  side  towards 
Paternoster  Row  the  string.  The  original  statue  of  Queen  Anne, 
before  the  west  front  of  the  church,  was  the  work  (1712)  of  Francis 
Bird,  a  poor  sculptor,  whose  best  work  is  his  monument  to  Dr.  Busby, 
in  Westminster  Abbey.  It  was  the  subject  of  an  indifferent  copy  of 
verses,  by  a  poet  who  could  write  better  things,  Sir  Samuel  Garth, 
author  of  the  Dispensary.  A  couplet  will  suffice  as  a  specimen  of  the 
whole : — 

With  grace  divine  great  Anna's  seen  to  rise 

An  awful  form  that  glads  a  Nation's  eyes. 

In  the  area  of  St.  Paul's  Church  is  a  noble  statue  erected  of  the  late  Queen  in 
marble,  though  I  cannot  say  it's  extremely  like  Her  Majesty,  yet  it  is  very  masterly 
done,  with  her  Crown  on  her  head,  her  sceptre  and  globe  in  her  hands,  and  adorned 
with  her  Royal  Robes  and  ensigns  of  the  garter.  Round  her  Pedestal  are  four 
fine  figures,  also  in  marble,  representing  Great  Britain,  France,  Ireland,  and  America. 
— Macky,  A  Journey  through  England,  8vo,  1722,  vol.  i.  p.  280. 

The  old  statue,  which  was  worn  out,  has  been  replaced  by  a  copy  in 
Sicilian  marble  by  Messrs.  Mowlem,  Burt,  and  Freeman.  This  was 
unveiled  in  December  1886. 

At  the  east  end  of  the  Cathedral  was  St.  Paul's  School,  and  on  the 
string  or  northern  side  is  the  Chapter-house  of  the  Cathedral.  St. 
Paul's  Churchyard  was  one  of  the  places  examined  for  lodgings  for  the 
retinue  of  Charles  V.  previous  to  his  coming  to  London  in  1522,  and 
we  learn  from  the  return  the  kind  of  houses  occupied  by  one  or  two 
noted  residents : — 

Maister  Lylly,  scole  maister  :  i  hall,  iiij  chambers,  iiij  feather  beddes,  i  kitchin, 
and  other  necessaries. 

Poloderus  [Polydore  Vergil]  in  Paules  Churche  Yarde  :  hall,  parlour,  iiij  chambers, 
iiij  beddes  with  all  necessaries. 

Before  the  .Fire,  which  destroyed  the  old  Cathedral,  St.  Paul's 
Churchyard  was  chiefly  inhabited  by  stationers,  whose  shops  were 
then,  and  till  the  year  1760,  distinguished  by  signs.  The  Crony cle  of 
England,  folio,  1515,  was  printed  by  Julian  Notary,  "dwellynge  in 
powles  chyrche  yarde  besyde  ye  weste  dore  by  my  lordes  palyes."  His 
sign  was  The  Three  Kinges.  At  the  sign  of  the  White  Greyhound,  in 
St.  Paul's  Churchyard,  the  first  editions  of  Shakespeare's  Venus  and 
Adonis  and  Rape  of  Lucrece  were  published  by  John  Harrison ;  at  the 
Flower  de  Luce  and  the  Crown  appeared  the  first  edition  of  the  Merry 
Wives  of  Windsor ;  at  the  Green  Dragon  the  first  edition  of  the 
Merchant  of  Venice ;  at  the  Fox  the  first  edition  of  Richard  II. ;  at 
the  Angel  the  first  edition  of  Richard  III. ;  at  the  Spread  Eagle  the 
first  edition  of  Troilus  and  Cressida ;  at  the  Gun  the  first  edition  of 


54  ST.   PAUL'S  CHURCHYARD 

Titus  Andronicus ;  and  at  the  Red  Bull  the  first  edition  of  Lear. 
Ben  Jonson  makes  a  reference  to  Purfoote  the  printer's  sign,  the 
Lucretia,  in  Paul's  Churchyard  : — 

He  makes  a  face  like  a  stabbed  Lucretia.1 

Lucretia,  "with  the  dagger  at  her  breast  and  a  ridiculous  expression  of 
agony  in  her  face,  formed  a  vignette  to  most  of  his  books,"  and  was 
stamped  on  their  covers.  The  earliest  English  book  of  glees  and 
catches,  Pammelia :  Musicke's  Miscellanie  of  Pleasant  Roundelays  and 
Catches,  was  published  in  1609  by  William  Burley,  at  the  sign  of  the 
Spread  Eagle,  at  the  north  door  of  St.  Paul's. 

March  29,  1617. — Warrant  to  pay  John  Bill,  Bookseller  in  St.   Paul's  Church- 
yard, ^469  :  II  :  o  for  books. — Cal.  State  Pap.,  1611-1618,  p.  454. 

It  also  appears  to  have  been  famed  thus  early  for  trunkmakers : — 
And  coffin  makers  are  well  paid  their  rent 
For  many  a  woefull  wooden  tenement 
For  which  the  trunk  makers  in  Paul's  Church  yard 
A  large  revenue  this  sad  year  have  shared. 
Their  living  customers  for  trunks  were  fled 
They  now  made  chests  or  coffins  for  the  dead. 
Taylor  (the  Water  Poet),  The  Fearfiil  Summer,  or  London's  Calamitie. 

After  the  Fire  the  majority  of  the  stationers  removed  to  Little 
Britain  and  Paternoster  Row ;  but  the  Yard  was  not  wholly  deserted. 
At  the  "  Bible  and  Sun,"  or  No.  65  on  the  north  side  of  St.  Paul's 
Churchyard,  one  door  west  of  Canon  Alley,  lived  John  Newbery, 
"the  philanthropic  bookseller,"  Goldsmith's  "good-natured  man,  with 
the  red-pimpled  face,"  2  to  whose  kind  catering  for  the  public  we  are 
indebted  for  the  entertaining  histories  of  Mr.  Thomas  Trip,  Giles 
Gingerbread,  and  Little  Goody  Two  Shoes.  Here,  for  60  guineas, 
Johnson  (as  agent  for  Goldsmith)  sold  the  Vicar  of  Wakefield  to  New- 
bery's  nephew.  The  site  of  Newbery's  shop  is  now  occupied  by  the 
publishing  office  of  the  Religious  Tract  Society.  No.  81,  the  corner 
of  Ludgate  Hill,  was  the  shop  of  Mr.  Harris,  another  clever  provider 
for  the  public  entertainment  in  the  same  way,  and,  until  1889,  occupied 
by  Messrs.  Griffiths  and  Farran.  At  No.  72  lived  J.  Johnson,  the 
bookseller;  and  here  in  1784  was  published  The  Task,  a  poem  by 
William  Cowper.  No.  62,  one  door  east  of  Canon  Alley,  was  F.  and 
C.  Rivingtons,  as  chronicled  by  Peter  Pindar  : — 

In  Paul's  Churchyard,  the  Bible  and  the  Key 
This  wondrous  pair  is  always  to  be  seen, — 

Somewhat  the  worse  for  wear — a  little  grey — 
One  like  a  Saint,  and  one  with  Caesar's  mien. 

In  January  1757  Mrs.  Carter  was  lodging  at  the  house  of  Mr. 
Wallis,  cabinetmaker,  St.  Paul's  Churchyard.  The  house  was  "  known 
as  '  The  Elephant,'  and  was  situated  opposite  to  the  south  door  of  the 
Cathedral."  It  was  in  St.  Paul's  Churchyard  that  Rowland  Hill  met 
William  Huntington,  S.S.  (Sinner  Saved),  and  ran  away  from  him. 

1  Cynthia's  Revels,  Act  v.  Sc.  2  ;  and  Gifford's  note  to  the  passage. 
2  Vicar  of  Wakefield,  chap,  xviii. 


ST.   PAUL'S  CHURCHYARD  55 

His  dislike  to  the  S.S.  was  so  great  that,  as  Southey  tells  us,  he  took 
up  one  of  Huntington's  books  with  a  pair  of  tongs,  and  gave  it  in 
that  manner  to  a  servant  to  take  downstairs  and  use  it  for  lighting 
the  fire.  Campbell,  the  poet. 

June  2,  1819. — [At  Longmans']  met  Campbell  and  walked  with  him  to  a  little 
bedroom  he  has  taken  in  St.  Paul's  Churchyard,  in  order  to  consult  medical  advice 
about  a  complaint  he  has. — Moore's  Diary. 

The  following  curious  picture  of  St.  Paul's  Churchyard  in  the  time 
of  Cromwell  is  from  a  single  half-sheet  in  the  British  Museum,  dated 
May  27,  1651  : — 

Forasmuch  as  the  Inhabitants  of  Paul's  Churchyard  are  much  disturbed  by  the 
souldiers  and  others,  calling  out  to  passingers,  and  examining  them  (though  they 
goe  peaceably  and  civilly  along),  and  by  playing  at  nine  pinnes  at  unseasonable 
houres  ;  These  are  therefore  to  command  all  souldiers  and  others  whom  it  may  con- 
cern, that  hereafter  there  shall  be  no  examining  and  calling  out  to  persons  that  go 
peaceably  on  their  way,  unlesse  they  do  approach  their  Guards,  and  likewise  to 
forbeare  playing  at  nine  pinnes  and  other  sports,  from  the  houre  of  nine  of  the 
clocke  in  the  evening  till  six  in  the  morning,  that  so  persons  that  are  weake  and  indis- 
posed to  rest,  may  not  be  disturbed.  Given  under  our  hands  the  day  and  yeare 
above  written,  IOHN  BARKESTEAD. 

BENJAMIN  BLUNDELL. 

This  yard,  it  would  appear,  was  famous  for  its  trees. 

We  have  had  here  on  Saturday  night  last  and  Sunday  morning  an  exceeding 
high  wind,  such  as  seldom  hath  happened  in  any  country.  It  hath  blown  down 
many  houses  in  the  country  and  many  chimneys  in  this  towne,  the  greatest  Elme  in 
Paul's  Churchyard,  and  diverse  Trees  about  the  Charter-House  and  Westminster. — 
Sir  John  More  to  Sir  Ralph  Winwood,  London,  June  18,  1611. 

In  the  Chapter-house  of  St.  Paul's  (on  the  north  side  of  the  yard)  was 
performed,  in  the  reign  of  James  II.,  the  mock  ceremony  of  degrading 
Samuel  Johnson,  chaplain  to  William,  Lord  Russell.  The  divines 
present  purposely  omitted  to  strip  him  of  his  cassock,  which  rendered 
his  degradation  imperfect,  and  afterwards  saved  him  his  benefice.  The 
churchyard  was  occasionally  chosen  as  a  place  of  execution  for  con- 
spicuous offenders,  for  exposure  in  the  pillory,  and  for  the  burning  of 
heretical  books.  Major  William,  the  loyalist,  was  on  Friday,  December 
29,  1648,  shot  by  order  of  the  Council  of  the  Army,  "against  the  door 
that  leadeth  into  St.  Faith's  Church." 1 

The  Goose  and  Gridiron,  London  Yard  (so  called  from  London 
House,  the  residence  of  the  Bishops  of  London),  on  the  north  side  of 
St.  Paul's,  was  a  noted  coaching  inn,  and  the  place  where  one  of  the 
first  lodges  of  Freemasons  was  held  from  before  1716.  Before  the 
Great  Fire  the  site  was  occupied  by  the  Mitre  Inn,  a  "  musick  house," 
famed  for  its  concerts  and  musical  parties.  When  rebuilt  the  new 
landlord  gave  it  its  present  strange  title,  perverting  according  to  Mr. 
Burn,  "  the  Swan  and  Lyre,  the  crest  and  charge  on  the  arms  of  the 
Company  of  Musicians,  into  the  silly  Goose  and  Gridiron."2 

The  erection  of  warehouses  on  the  site  of  St.  Paul's  School  has 

1  Mtrcurius  Elcntkus,  December  26 -January  2,  1648-1649. 
"  Burn,  London  Traders'  Tokens,  p.  187. 


56  ST.   PAUL'S  COFFEE-HOUSE 

considerably  altered  the  appearance  of  the  east  side  of  St.  Paul's 
Churchyard.  In  1888  considerable  alterations  were  also  made  at  the 
north-western  corner.  [See  Queen's  Arms  Tavern ;  St.  Paul's  School.] 

Paul's  (St.)  Coffee-house  stood  at  the  corner  of  the  entrance 
from  St.  Paul's  Churchyard  to  Doctors'  Commons,  on  the  site  of  Paul's 
Brewhouse  and  the  Paul's  Head  Tavern.  Here,  in  1721,  Dr.  Rawlin- 
son's  books  were  sold.  "  They  sold,"  says  Thoresby,  "  at  a  prodigious 
rate." l  The  sale  took  place  in  the  evening,  after  dinner. 

On  Tuesday  I  will  wait  on  you,  by  one  o'clock,  at  St.  Paul's  Coffee  House,  by 
Doctors'  Commons  gate,  from  whence  we  may  go  down  together  at  the  tavern  next 
door  [which  was  Truby's]. — Aaron  Hill  to  David  Mallet,  June  2,  1743. 

Paul's  (St.),  COVENT  GARDEN,  a  parish  church  on  the  west  side 
of  the  market,  the  design  of  which  is  attributed  to  Inigo  Jones,  begun 
1631  2  at  the  expense  of  the  ground  landlord,  Francis,  Earl  of  Bedford, 
and  consecrated  by  Juxon,  Bishop  of  London,  September  27,  1638. 
The  great  delay  between  the  period  of  erection  and  the  period  of 
consecration  was  owing  to  a  dispute  between  the  Earl  of  Bedford 
and  the  Rev.  William  Bray,  Vicar  of  St.  Martin's-in-the-Fields,  on  the 
right  of  presentation ;  the  earl  claiming  it  as  his  own,  because  he  had 
built  it  at  his  own  expense,  and  the  vicar  claiming  it  as  his,  because,  not 
being  then  parochial,  it  was  nothing  more  than  a  chapel  of  ease  to  St. 
Martin's.  The  matter  was  heard  by  the  King  in  council,  on  April  6, 
1638. 

May  10,  1638. — The  new  church  in  the  Covent  Garden  is  now  at  length  to  be 
consecrated.  The  King,  upon  a  petition  preferred  unto  his  Majesty  by  the  in- 
habitants thereof,  put  an  end  to  the  long  dispute  which  hath  been  betwixt  the  Earl 
of  Bedford  and  Mr.  Bray,  curate  or  Vicar  of  St.  Martin's-in-the-Fields.  It  must  be 
a  Chapel  of  Ease  until  a  Parliament  settle  it  a  district  parish.  Mr.  Bray  must  put 
in  an  under  curate  to  serve  the  place.  My  Lord  Bedford's  ;£ioo  a  year,  and  an 
house  he  builded  for  the  minister  in  cure  he  presented  will  not  be  accepted. — 
Garrardto  Wentworth  (Strafford  Letters,  vol.  ii.  p.  1 68). 

In  1645  tne  precinct  of  Covent  Garden  was  constituted  a  separate 
parish.  In  consideration  of  the  building  and  endowment  of  this 
church  Oliver  Cromwell  remitted  the  sum  of  ^7000  to  the  sons  of 
the  Earl  of  Bedford,  out  of  the  fines  to  which  they  were  liable  under 
the  Act  to  prevent  the  multiplicity  of  buildings  in  and  about  London.3 

The  church  was  repaired  in  1688,  and  the  exterior  is  thus  described 
in  Hatton's  New  View  of  London  (1708):  "The  walls  are  of  brick 
rendered  over,  but  the  coins  are  stone,  rustic  work."  The  portico, 
which  had  been  altered  and  defaced  by  the  parishioners,  was  restored  by 
the  Earl  of  Burlington  in  1727,  at  a  cost  of  between  three  and  four 
hundred  pounds  :  "  it  had  cost  the  inhabitants  about  twice  as  much  to 
spoil  it."4  In  1788  the  parish  expended  ,£11,000  in  improving  the 
building.  An  ashlering  of  Portland  stone  was  added  to  the  walls  in 

1  Thoresby's  Diary,  vol.  ii.  p.  365.  Howes,  ed.  1631,  p.  1049. 

2  "  In   Covent    Garden   there  is  a  particular          3  Noortliouck,  p.  733  note. 

parcel  of  ground  laid  out,  in  the  which  they  in-  *  Parker's  Penny  Post,  Wednesday,  April  19, 
tend  to  build  a  church  or  a  chapel  of  ease."—  1727. 


ST.   PAUL'S  57 

lieu  of  the  plaster  which  had  previously  covered  them,  and  the  rustic 
gateways  imitated  by  Jones  from  Palladio,  which,  like  the  church,  were 
of  brick  and  plaster,  were  rebuilt  in  stone.  This  work  was  carried  out 
under  the  superintendence  of  Thomas  Hardwick.  The  church  was 
totally  destroyed  by  fire,  September  17,  1795,  and  rebuilt  (Thomas 
Hardwick,  architect)  on  the  plan  and  in  the  proportions  of  the  original 
building.  When  first  erected  the  church  was  greatly  admired  for  its 
classic  simplicity  of  form  and  outline,  and  especially  for  its  "noble 
Tuscan  portico,"  exactly  in  accordance,  as  was  said,  with  one  described 
by  Vitruvius.  Gay,  in  his  Trivia  (1716),  speaks  of  it  as  the  "famous 
temple,  with  columns  of  plain  magnificence  " — 

That  boast  the  work  of  Jones'  immortal  hand. 

Walpole,  however,  who  could  "  see  no  beauty  "  in  it,  called  the  build- 
ing a  barn,  and  a  barn  it  has  been  called  ever  since,  and  the  portico 
"a  sham." 

The  barn  roof  over  the  portico  of  the  church  strikes  my  eyes  with  as  little  idea 
of  dignity  or  beauty  as  it  could  do  if  it  covered  nothing  but  a  barn.  In  justice  to 
Inigo,  one  must  own  that  the  defect  is  not  in  the  architect,  but  in  the  order  ;  who 
ever  saw  a  beautiful  Tuscan  building  ?  Would  the  Romans  have  chosen  that  order 
for  a  temple  ?  Mr.  Onslow,  the  late  Speaker,  told  me  an  anecdote  that  corroborates 
my  opinion  of  this  building.  When  the  Earl  of  Bedford  sent  for  Inigo,  he  told  him 
he  wanted  a  chapel  for  the  parishioners  of  Covent  Garden,  but  added  he  would  not 
go  to  any  considerable  expense ;  "  In  short,"  said  he,  "  I  would  not  have  it  much 
better  than  a  barn."  "Well !  then,"  replied  Jones,  "  you  shall  have  the  handsomest 
barn  in  England."  The  expense  of  building  was  ^4500.  —  Horace  Walpole, 
Anecdotes  of  Painting,  ed.  1786,  vol.  ii.  p.  274,  and  note. 

For  the  portico  being  a  sham,  the  true  entrance  being  elsewhere,  the 
defect  is  not  in  the  architect  The  architect  intended  it  for  a  real 
entrance,  but  when  it  was  decided  that,  for  ecclesiastical  reasons,  the 
altar  must  occupy  the  usual  position  at  the  east  end,  the  entrance  at 
that  end  had  of  necessity  to  be  given  up.  There  were  two  small  doors 
which  were  sometimes  opened  in  the  summer  time. 

Of  the  old  church  there  is  a  view  by  Hollar,  and  a  part  of  it  is  to 
be  seen  in  Hogarth's  print  of  "  Morning."  It  was  built  of  brick,  with 
stone  columns  to  the  portico,  and  the  roof  covered  with  red  tiles.  The 
apex  of  the  pediment  was  originally  ornamented  with  a  stone  cross, 
preserved  in  Hollar's  engraving,  and  commemorated  in  an  old  play. 

Come,  Sir,  what  do  you  gape  and  shake  the  head  at  there  ?  I'll  lay  my  life  he 
has  spied  the  little  crosse  upon  the  new  church  yond',  and  is  at  defiance  with  it. — 
R.  Brome's  Covent  Garden  Weeded,  or  the  Middlesex  Justice  of  Peace,  1659. 

The  roadway  in  front  of  the  church  has  been  widened  and  the  footway 
has  been  carried  beneath  the  portico.  In  1888  the  stone  casing  was 
cleared  away  and  the  red  brick  walls  were  exposed  to  view.  At  the 
same  time  the  small  bell  turret  at  the  west  end  was  pulled  down.  The 
clock  was  the  first  long  pendulum  clock  in  Europe,  and  was  invented 
and  made,  as  an  inscription  in  the  vestry  records,  by  Richard  Harris, 
of  London,  in  1641. 

The  interior  was  rearranged,  and  the  galleries  cleared  away  under 
the  superintendence  of  Mr.  Butterfield  in  1872. 


58  ST.  PAUL'S 

Mrs.  Saintly.  Of  what  church  are  you  ? 

Woodall.  Why,  of  Covent  Garden  church,  I  think. 

Gervase.  How  lewdly  and  ignorantly  he  answers  !  She  means  of  what  religion 
are  you? — Dryden's  Limberham,  4to,  1678. 

Maggot.  At  your  similes  again  !  O  you  incorrigible  wit !  let  me  see  what  poetry 
you  have  about  you.  What's  here?  a  Poem  called  a  "  Posie  for  the  Ladies' 
Delight," — "Distichs  to  write  upon  Ladies'  Busks," — "  Epigram  written  in  a  Lady's 
Bible  in  Covent  Garden  Church." — A  Tnw  Widow,  by  T.  Shadwell,  4to,  1679  ; 
and  see  his  Miser,  1672. 

The  parish  register  records  the  baptism  of  Lady  Mary  Wortley 
Montagu  : — 

26  May  1689. — Mary  daughter  of  Evelyn  Peirpoint,  Esq.,  by  the  Lady  Mary, 
his  wife. 

Also  the  marriage  (1764)  of  Lady  Susan  Strangways  to  O'Brien,  the 
handsome  actor.  It  records  also  the  marriage,  August  29,  1773,  of 
William  Turner,  of  Maiden  Lane,  to  Mary  Marshall,  also  of  the  parish 
of  St.  Paul's,  Covent  Garden,  and  the  baptism,  May  14,  1775,  of  their 
son,  Joseph  Mallord  William  Turner,  the  great  landscape  painter. 
The  elder  Turner  was  buried  here,  1830,  and  a  tablet  (the  inscription 
written  by  the  painter)  records  that  "  In  the  vault  beneath  and  near 
this  place,  were  deposited  the  remains  of  William  Turner,  many  years 
an  inhabitant  of  this  parish."  Eminent  Persons  buried  in. — The 
notorious  Robert  Carr,  Earl  of  Somerset  (d.  1645).  Sir  Henry 
Herbert  (d.  1673),  whose  "office  book"  as  "Master  of  the  Revels" 
throws  so  much  light  on  the  history  of  our  stage  and  drama  in  the 
time  of  Charles  I.  (He  was  brother  to  Lord  Herbert  of  Cherbury, 
and  George  Herbert.)  Samuel  Butler  (d.  1680),  author  of  Hudibras. 
He  died  in  Rose  Street. 

He  [Butler]  dyed  of  a  consumption,  Septemb.  25  (Anno  Dni  1680),  and  buried  27, 
according  to  his  owne  appointment  in  the  church-yard  of  Covent  Garden ;  sc.  in  the 
north  part  next  the  church  at  the  east  end.  His  feet  touch  the  wall.  His  grave,  2 
yards  distant  from  the  pilaster  of  the  dore  (by  his  desire),  6  foot  deepe.  About  25 
of  his  old  acquaintance  at  his  funerall  :  I  myself  being  one. — Aubrey's  Lives,  vol. 
ii.  263. 

Sir  Peter  Lely,  the  painter.  He  died  (1680)  in  the  Piazza.  His 
monument,  with  his  bust  by  Gibbons  and  his  epitaph  by  Flatman, 
shared  the  fate  of  the  church  when  destroyed  by  fire  in  1795  ;  and  Sir 
Dudley  North,  the  great  merchant  and  political  economist,  afterwards 
occupied  Lely's  house,  and  died  there,  December  31,  1691.  He  was 
buried  near  the  altar  in  this  church,  but  twenty-five  years  afterwards 
his  body  was  removed  to  Glemham  in  Suffolk.  Dick  Estcourt  (d. 
1711-1712),  the  actor  and  wit.  Edward  Kynaston  (d.  1712),  the 
celebrated  actor  of  female  parts  at  the  Restoration ;  a  complete  female 
stage  beauty,  "  that  it  has  since  been  disputable  among  the  judicious, 
whether  any  woman  that  succeeded  him  so  sensibly  touched  the 
audience  as  he."1  William  Wycherley  (d.  1715),  the  dramatist.  He 
died  in  Bow  Street.  Pierce  Tempest  (d.  171 7),  who  drew  the  Cries 
of  London,  known  as  Tempest's  Cries.  Grinling  Gibbons  (d.  1721), 

1  Downes's  Roscius  Anglicanus,  8vo,  1708. 


PAUL'S  CROSS  59 


the  sculptor  and  carver  in  wood.  Susannah  Centlivre  (d.  1723), 
author  of  The  Busy  Body  and  TJie  Wonder.  Robert  Wilks  (d.  1732), 
the  original  $ir  Harry  Wildair,  celebrated  by  Steele  for  acting  with  the 
easy  frankness  of  a  gentleman.  James  Worsdale,  the  painter  (d.  1767). 
He  carried  Pope's  letters  to  Curll ;  and  was  buried  in  the  churchyard, 
with  an  inscription  (removed  1848)  of  his  own  composing: — 

Eager  to  get,  but  not  to  keep  the  pelf, 

A  friend  to  all  mankind  except  himself. 

Dr.  Thomas  Arne  (d.  1778),  composer  of  "  Rule  Britannia."  Dr.  John 
Armstrong,  author  of  the  "  Art  of  Preserving  Health,"  a  poem  (d  1779), 
in  the  vault  under  the  communion  table.  Tom  Davies,  the  bookseller 
(d.  1785),  and  his  "very  pretty  wife"  (d.  1801).  Sir  Robert  Strange, 
the  engraver  (d.  1792),  in  the  churchyard.  He  lived  in  Henrietta 
Street,  at  the  sign  of  "The  Golden  Head."  Thomas  Girtin,  the  father 
of  the  school  of  English  water-colour  painting,  died  "  at  his  lodgings  in 
the  Strand,  November  9,  1802,  at  the  early  age  of  twenty-seven  years ; 
but  intemperance  and  irregularity  have  no  claim  to  longevity." l  Charles 
Macklin,  the  actor  (d.  1797),  at  the  age  of  107,  buried  in  the  vault 
under  the  communion  table.  There  is  a  tablet  to  his  memory  in  the 
church.  John  Wolcot  (Peter  Pindar),  died  1819,  "in  a  very  appro- 
priate position,"  says  his  biographer,  "  for  it  was  so  contrived,  at  his 
own  request,  that  the  coffin  of  the  author  of  the  Lousiad  should  be  so 
near  as  to  touch  that  of  the  bard  who  had  produced  Hudibras,  whose 
genius  and  originality  he  greatly  admired."2  Fielding's  "Inimitable 
Betty  Careless,"  the  "  charming  Betty  Careless  "  of  the  mad  scene  in  the 
Rak<?s  Progress,  was  buried  here  from  the  parish  poorhouse.  William 
Linley  (d.  1835),  tne  celebrated  musician,  and  father  of  Mrs.  Sheridan. 
The  whole  of  the  churchyard  has  been  levelled  and  all  the  gravestones 
cleared  away.  In  front  of  this  church  the  hustings  were  raised  for  the 
general  elections  of  Westminster.  Here,  before  the  Reform  Bill,  raged 
those  fierce  contests  of  many  days'  duration  in  which  Fox,  Sir  Francis 
Burdett,  and  others  were  popular  candidates.3  Archbishop  Usher  is 
said  to  have  been  preaching  in  this  church  when  sent  for  by  Charles  I. 
to  resolve  his  scruples  respecting  the  signing  of  Strafford's  death- 
warrant.  The  learned  Simon  Patrick,  Bishop  of  Ely,  was  many  years 
rector  of  St.  Paul's,  Covent  Garden,  and  his  name,  in  his  own  hand- 
writing, is  still  to  be  seen  affixed  to  the  pages  of  the  parish  register. 

Paul's  Cross,  a  pulpit  Cross  of  timber,  mounted  upon  steps  of 
stone  and  covered  with  a  conical  roof  of  lead,  from  which  sermons 
were  preached  by  learned  divines  every  Sunday  in  the  forenoon.  "  The 
very  antiquity,"  says  Stow,  "is  to  me  unknown."  "It  stood,"  says 
Dugdale,  "on  the  north  side  of  St.  Paul's  Churchyard,  towards  the 
east  end."  What  was  traditionally  said  to  be  the  site  was,  within  the 
last  fifty  years,  distinguished  by  a  lofty  elm ;  but  the  exact  spot  was 
ascertained  by  Mr.  F.  C.  Penrose,  architect  for  the  Cathedral,  when  the 

1  Edwards,  Anecdotes  of  Painting,  p.  280.  s  In  the  Microcosm  of  London  is  a  good  view 

2  Ann.  Biog.,  1820.  of  the  election  hustings  in  front  of  the  portico. 


60  PAUL'S  CROSS 


burial-ground  was  being  dug  over  preparatory  to  converting  it  into  a 
garden.  [See  St.  Paul's  Cathedral.]  At  a  depth  of  about  6  feet  below 
the  surface  he  came  upon  the  octagonal  stone  basement,  and  judiciously 
marked  the  site  by  a  pavement  level  with  the  surface,  as  a  permanent 
memorial  of  a  structure  unique  in  its  historical  associations.  The 
north-east  (Cheapside)  angle  of  the  present  cathedral  cuts  one  side  of  the 
octagon.  The  choir  of  the  old  cathedral  was  a  short  distance  from  it. 
In  early  times  the  three  great  annual  Folkmotes  of  the  Londoners 
were  held  at  Paul's  Cross.  In  the  i3th  century  (temp.  Henry  III.  and 
Edward  I.)  it  was  ordered  that  "if  any  man  of  London  neglects  to 
attend  at  one  of  these  three  folkmotes,  he  is  to  forfeit  forty  shillings  to 
the  King,"  and  the  sheriff  is  to  see  that  such  attendance  is  given  or  to 
enforce  the  fine,  the  ringing  "  of  the  great  bell  for  the  folkmote  at  St. 
Paul's,"  to  be  held  a  sufficient  summons.1  Later  it  was  more  especi- 
ally employed  for  sermons,  the  promulgation  of  papal  bulls,  royal 
proclamations  and  explanations,  the  publication  of  state  information, 
excommunications,  and  the  public  penance  of  important  offenders, 
becoming,  as  Dean  Milman  observes,  "the  pulpit  not  only  of  the 
Cathedral,  but  almost  of  the  Church  in  England,"  and  also,  in  Carlyle's 
quaint  phraseology,  "a  kind  of  Times  newspaper."2  At  special 
sermons,  or  important  announcements,  the  Lord  Mayor  and  Aldermen 
attended  in  state,  and  on  some  occasions  the  Sovereign  and  Court 
were  present.  The  congregation  sat  in  the  open  air.  For  the  King 
and  his  retinue  a  covered  gallery  was  built  against  the  wall  of  the 
Cathedral.  In  foul  and  rainy  weather  the  sermons  were  preached  in 
The  Shrowds,  or  "The  Crowds,  according  to  the  vulgar  expression," 
says  Dugdale.  What  these  Shrowds  were  has  been  differently  explained. 
Strype  suggested  that  they  were  "  by  the  side  of  the  Cathedral  church, 
where  was  covering  and  shelter,"  others  have  absurdly  said  they  were 
the  triforium ;  they  were  beyond  doubt  the  "  crypt,"  where  was  already 
the  church  of  "  St.  Faith  in  the  Shrowds."  Shrowds  is  a  term  often 
used  for  the  crypt  of  a  church. 

I  read  that  in  the  year  1259  King  Henry  III.  commanded  a  general  assembly  to 
be  made  at  this  Cross,  where  he  in  proper  person  commanded  the  Mayor,  that  on 
the  next  day  following,  he  should  cause  to  be  sworn  before  the  aldermen,  every 
stripling  of  twelve  years  of  age,  or  upward,  to  be  true  to  the  King  and  his  heirs, 
Kings  of  England. — Stow,  p.  123. 

The  Cross  before  which  this  assembly  was  brought,  being  defaced 
by  a  tempest  of  lightning  in  1382,  was  rebuilt  by  Thomas  Kemp, 
Bishop  of  London  from  1448  to  1449,  Milman  says  as  "a  more 
splendid  stone  cross  with  a  pulpit.  It  became  one  of  the  buildings  of 
which,  from  its  grace  and  beauty,  the  City  of  London  was  most  proud." 
This,  however,  is  hardly  borne  out  by  contemporary  statements.  The 
platform  was  of  stone,  but  the  superstructure  was  certainly  of  wood. 
Stow  says  that  Kemp  "new  built  it  in  form  as  it  now  standeth,"  and 
he  describes  it  as  "  a  pulpit  cross  of  timber,  mounted  upon  steps  of 

1  Liber  Albus,  pp.  72,  92,  105. 
2  Milman's  Annals  of  St.  Paiils,  p.  61 ;  Carlyle's  Cromwell,  vol.  i.  p.  93. 


PAUL'S  CROSS  6 1 


stone,  and  covered  with  lead," l  which  agrees  exactly  with  the  con- 
temporary painting  of  it  in  the  possession  of  the  Society  of  Antiquaries. 
At  this  Cross-  the  whole  battle  of  the  Reformation  in  England  was 
fought  over,  and  the  controversy  between  the  Reformed  Church  and 
Papacy  on  the  one  hand,  and  Puritanism  on  the  other,  was  submitted 
to  public  consideration  by  a  succession  of  prelates  so  memorable, 
however  different,  as  Ridley,  Latimer,  Farrar,  Gardiner,  Bonner, 
Coverdale,  Sandys,  Jewel,  Grindal,  Pilkington,  and  Laud,  as  well  as  by 
a  host  of  divines  conspicuous  by  their  learning  and  oratorical  and 
controversial  powers.  Before  this  Cross  Tindall's  translation  of  the 
Bible  was  publicly  burnt,  by  order  of  Bishop  Stokesley ;  the  Pope's 
sentence  on  Martin  Luther  was  pronounced  from  it,  in  a  sermon 
preached  by  Bishop  Fisher,  Wolsey  being  present  as  the  Pope's  legate. 
"  For  the  whole  seven  years  during  which  the  question  of  the  King's 
divorce  was  in  agitation  .  .  .  the  pulpit  of  S.  Paul's  Cross  rang  more 
or  less  loudly  with  the  arguments  and  invectives  of  the  disputants  on 
either  side."  2  When  Henry  consummated  his  revolt  from  the  Pope,  a 
royal  edict  was  issued  that  "  Orders  be  taken  that  such  as  preach  at 
Paul's  Cross  shall  henceforth  continually,  Sunday  after  Sunday,  teach 
and  declare  unto  the  people,  that  he  that  now  calleth  himself  Pope, 
and  any  of  his  predecessors,  is  and  were  only  Bishops  of  Rome,  and 
have  no  more  authority  or  jurisdiction,  by  God's  laws,  within  this  realm, 
than  any  other  Bishop  had,  which  is  nothing  at  all." 3  The  "  Holy 
Maid  of  Kent "  knelt  in  shame  and  silence,  with  her  confederates  the 
Dean  of  Bocking  and  the  parson  of  Aldermanbury  beside  her,  whilst 
her  confession  was  read  aloud ;  the  Bishop  of  Bangor  set  forth  in  his 
sermon  the  heinousness  of  the  imposture.  Here  four  years  later  the 
famous  miraculous  Boxley  Rood  was  exhibited,  and  all  the  hidden 
machinery  exposed  wherewith  it  had  been  made  to  bow  its  head  and 
open  its  eyes  and  lips  and  seem  to  speak.  Here  in  the  reign  of  Mary 
the  Protestants  were  anathematised,  King  Philip  lauded  by  Gardiner  as 
"  the  most  perfect  Prince,"  and  a  few  years  later  the  Perfect  Prince  was 
held  up  to  public  execration  as  a  merciless  persecutor,  and  the  people 
exhorted  to  give  thanks  to  God  for  his  discomfiture  in  the  overthrow  of 
the  "  Invincible  Armada,"  while  a  gaudy  streamer  taken  from  one  of 
the  ships  waved  over  the  head  of  the  preacher.  Here  the  Maypole, 
from  which  the  church  of  St.  Andrew  Undershaft  derives  its  name,  was 
denounced  as  an  idol  by  the  curate  of  St.  Catherine  Cree,  and  its  fate 
sealed.  Recantations  were  made  here;  royal  marriages  and  public 
victories  proclaimed.  It  was  used  for  other  purposes  :  a  certain  Dr. 
Shaw,  in  a  sermon  preached  here,  sounded  the  feeling  of  the  people 
in  favour  of  the  Duke  of  Gloucester  before  the  ambitious  Richard 
assumed  the  crown  ;  and  the  memory  of  the  Earl  of  Essex  in  Elizabeth's 
reign  was  blackened  by  command  in  a  Sunday's  sermon.  When  the 
Stuarts  came  to  the  crown  the  preachers  at  the  Cross  had  royal 
listeners :  King  James,  on  one  occasion,  to  countenance  a  sermon  on 

1  Stow,  pp.  J2i,  122.  2  Milinan,  p.  192.  3  Strype,  Memorials,  vol.  i.  p.  196. 


62  PAUL'S  CROSS 


the  reparation  of  the  Cathedral ;  and  King  Charles  I.  on  the  occasion 
of  the  birth  of  his  son,  afterwards  Charles  II.  Jane  Shore  did  penance 
here  when  accused  by  Richard  of  witchcraft ;  and  here,  in  the  reign  of 
James  I.  (1617),  Lady  Markham,  the  wife  of  Sir  Griffin  Markham, 
stood  in  a  white  sheet  (and  was  amerced  in  a  penalty  of  ^1000),  for 
marrying  one  of  her  servants,  her  husband  being  still  alive.  A  house 
for  lodging  and  entertaining  the  preachers  who  came  from  a  distance 
was  provided  in  Watling  Street.  [See  Shunamite's  House.] 

This  celebrated  Cross,1  with  the  rest  of  the  crosses  in  London  and 
Westminster,  was  pulled  down  in  1643,  by  order  of  Parliament,  Isaac 
Pennington  being  then  Lord  Mayor.  Sermons  still  continued  to  be 
preached  and  distinguished  as  Paul's  Cross  sermons.  The  following 
document  is  among  Archbishop  Sheldon's  papers  in  the  British  Museum ; 
it  was  written  between  1685  and  1691,  and  merits  preservation  : — 

Whereas  the  sermon  which  for  time  immemorial  hath  been  preach'd  at  St.  Paul's 
Cross,  upon  pulling  downe  that  Crosse  in  the  time  of  the  Rebellion  was  removed  to 
St.  Paul's  Church,  and  upon  the  burning  of  that  church  in  1666  was  by  order  and 
appointment  of  the  Lord  Bishop  of  London  removed  to  St.  Catherine  Cree  Church, 
and  upon  good  reason  hath  since  been  removed  by  the  appointment  of  the  Lord 
Bishop  of  London  aioresayd  to  Guild  Hall  Chappell ;  and  is  now  thought  fit  by 
Nathaniel,  Lord  Bp  of  Duresme,  Thomas  Lord  Bishop  of  Rochester,  and  Thomas, 
Lord  Bishop  of  Peterborough,  Corn15  for  the  exercise  of  Episcopal  Jurisdiction  within 
the  city  and  diocess  of  London,  during  the  suspension  of  the  present  Bp  of  the  same, 
to  be  remov'd  againe  to  some  other  church,  and  they  judging  that  St.  Mary  Le  Bow 
(one  of  our  Peculiars)  will  be  the  most  convenient  for  that  use  at  present,  have 
besought  us,  that  our  leave  and  license  be  granted  thereto  :  Wee  taking  their  humble 
request  into  consideracon,  doe  hereby  give  our  full  consent  and  license  that  the 
sermon  commonly  called  the  Paul's  Cross  Sermon  be  for  the  future  preach'd  at  St. 
Mary  Le  Bow  in  Cheapside,  so  long  as  it  shall  be  thought  meet  by  the  say'd  Comrs. 
In  witness  whereof  wee  have  hereunto  set  our  hand  and  scale  this  day  of 

.—Harkian  MS.  3788,  fol.  69. 

At  the  Restoration  the  Paul's  Cross  Sermons,  with  their  endowments,  were 
removed  into  the  Cathedral  itself ;  and  they  still  belong  to  the  Sunday  morning 
preachers,  now  chiefly  the  honorary  Prebendaries  of  the  Church. — Milman's  History 
of  St.  Paul's,  p.  354. 

Paul's  (St.),  GREAT  PORTLAND  STREET,  or  PORTLAND  CHAPEL,  a 
chapel  of  ease  to  the  parish  of  St.  Marylebone,  designed  by  S.  Lead- 
better,  architect,  and  built  1765-1766  at  a  cost  of  ^5000,  but  not 
consecrated  (by  some  unaccountable  neglect)  till  1831.  It  was  restored 
in  1883  under  the  superintendence  of  Sir  Arthur  Blom field. 

At  the  end  of  Union  Street,  Middlesex  Hospital,  stood  two  magnificent  rows  of 
elms,  one  on  each  side  of  a  rope  walk ;  and  beneath  their  shade  have  I  frequently 
seen  Joseph  Baretti  and  Richard  Wilson  [the  painter]  perambulate,  until  Portland 
Chapel  clock  announced  "five,"  the  hour  of  Joseph  Wilton's  dinner.  They  both 
wore  cocked  hats  and  walked  with  canes. — J.  T.  Smith,  Nollekens,  vol.  ii.  p.  174. 

Paul's  (St.),  KNIGHTSBRIDGE,  WILTON  PLACE,  a  Gothic  edifice, 
surmounted  by  a  stately  tower  (Thomas  Cundy,  architect),  consecrated 

1  There  are  several  very  excellent  views  of  this  Paul's,  p.  19),  from  a  picture  in  the  possession  of 

Cross,  but  the  best  (representing  the  preaching  the  Society  of  Antiquaries  :  a  second,  very  good, 

before   King   James)  is  engraved  in  Wilkinson  is  in  Henry  Farley's  St.  Paufs  Church,  her  Bill 

(Londina  Illustrata,  and  very  well  copied  as  a  for  the  Parliament,  410,  1621. 
woodcut  in  Longmans'  Three  Cathedrals  of  St. 


ST.   PAUL'S  SCHOOL  63 

May  30,  1843.  The  church  cost  ;£i  5,000.  This  was  the  church  of 
the  Rev.  W.  J.  E.  Bennett,  during  whose  incumbency  it  was  more  talked 
about  than  any  other  church  in  London.  It  obtained  its  notoriety 
owing  to  the  lawsuits  (Westerton  z>.  Liddell)  which  were  brought  about 
the  ritual.  The  Hon.  and  Rev.  R.  Liddell  was  Mr.  Bennett's  suc- 
cessor. 

Paul's  (St.)  School,  a  celebrated  school  formerly  on  the  east  side  of 
St.  Paul's  Churchyard,  founded  in  1512  for  153  poor  men's  children, 
by  Dr.  John  Colet,  Dean  of  St.  Paul's,  the  friend  of  Erasmus,  and  son 
of  Sir  Henry  Colet,  mercer,  and  Mayor  of  London  in  1486  and  1495. 
The  boys  were  to  be  admitted  without  restriction  of  kin,  country,  or 
station ;  to  be  taught,  free  of  expense,  by  a  master,  sur-master,  and 
chaplain  ;  and  the  oversight  of  the  school  was  committed  by  the  founder 
to  the  Mercers'  Company.  The  number  (153)  was  chosen  in  allusion 
to  the  number  of  fishes  taken  by  St.  Peter.  The  school  was  dedicated 
by  Colet  to  the  Child  Jesus,  but  the  saint,  as  Strype  remarks,  has 
robbed  his  master  of  his  title.  The  lands  left  by  Colet  to  support  his 
school  were  estimated  by  Stow  in  1598  at  the  yearly  value  of  ,£120 
and  better.1  Their  present  value  is  upwards  of  ;£i  3,000.  The  educa- 
tion is  classical,  but  there  is  now  a  modern  side  as  well,  and  the 
presentations  to  the  school  are  in  the  gift  of  the  Master  of  the  Mercers' 
Company  for  the  time  being.  There  are  now  (1890)  1000  boys  in 
the  school.  Lilly,  the  grammarian,  and  friend  of  Erasmus,  was  the 
first  master,  and  the  grammar  which  he  compiled,  Lilly's  Grammar,  is 
still  used  in  the  school.  Eminent  Scholars. — John  Leland,  our  earliest 
English  antiquary ;  Sir  Anthony  Denny,  the  friend  of  Henry  VIII. ; 
William  Whitaker,  a  famous  master  of  St.  John's  College,  Cambridge ; 
William  Camden,  the  great  antiquary,  after  having  been  for  a  time  at 
Christ's  Hospital ;  John  Milton,  when  Alexander  Gill  was  master ;  the 
great  Duke  of  Marlborough ;  Robert  Nelson,  author  of  Fasts  and 
Festivals;  Edmund  Halley,  the  astronomer;  Knight,  the  biographer 
of  Colet ;  Samuel  Pepys,  the  diarist ;  John  Strype,  the  ecclesiastical 
historian ;  Sir  Philip  Francis  (supposed  to  be  Junius) ;  Chief  Baron 
Sir  Frederick  Pollock;  Lord  Chancellor  Truro,  who  founded  (1851) 
the  Truro  Prize  "in  grateful  acknowledgment  of  the  benefits  derived 
by  him  from  his  education  in  St.  Paul's  School."  Strype  has  left 
an  interesting  account  of  this  school  in  his  annotations  upon  Stow. 
The  late  school  was  built  in  1823,  from  a  design  by  George  Smith, 
architect  to  the  Mercers'  Company,  and  was  the  third  building  erected 
on  the  same  site.  Colet's  school  was  destroyed  in  the  Great  Fire,  "  but 
built  up  again,"  says  Strype,  "  much  after  the  same  manner  and  pro- 
portion it  was  before."2  The  school  was  removed  in  1880  to  West 
Kensington,  near  Addison  Road  Station,  where  the  Mercers'  Company 
had  purchased  1 6  acres  and  erected  a  new  school  from  the  designs  of 
Mr.  Barnes  Williams,  architect.  The  building  in  St.  Paul's  Churchyard 
has  been  pulled  down  and  warehouses  built  on  the  site. 

1  St<nu,  p.  123.  "  Strype,  B.  i.  p.  167. 


64  ST.   PAUL'S 

Paul's  (St.),  SHADWELL,  HIGH  STREET,  a  parish  so  called,  as 
belonging  to  the  Dean  and  Chapter  of  St.  Paul's,  who  are  patrons 
thereof,1  and  separated  from  Stepney  by  an  Act  passed  March  17, 
1669-1670.  The  church  was  consecrated  March  12, 1670-1671 ;  taken 
down  in  1817;  and  the  present  church  designed  by  James  Walters 
(d.  1821);  consecrated  April  5,  1821.  Of  the  old  church  there  are 
views  in  Wilkinson's  Londina.  Bishop  Butler,  as  Dean  of  St.  Paul's, 
nominated  his  nephew  and  namesake,  Joseph  Butler,  to  the  rectory  of 
this  parish.  He  liked  it  so  little  that  he  chose  for  the  text  of  his  first 
sermon,  "  Woe  is  me  that  I  sojourn  in  Mesech,  that  I  dwell  in  the  tents 
of  Kedar."  A  canonry  in  St.  Paul's  and  permission  to  reside  in  Norfolk 
Street,  Strand,  so  far  reconciled  him  to  his  fate  that  he  managed  to 
hold  the  rectory  fifty-seven  years. 

Paul's  Walk,  a  vulgar  name  for  the  middle  aisle  of  Old  St.  Paul's. 
[See  St.  Paul's  Cathedral  (Old).] 

Paul's  Walk  is  the  land's  epitome,  or  you  may  call  it  the  lesser  aisle  of  Great 
Britain.  .  .  .  The  noise  in  it  is  like  that  of  bees,  a  strange  humming  or  buzz,  mixed 
of  walking  tongues  and  feet :  it  is  a  kind  of  still  roar,  or  loud  whisper.  It  is  the 
great  exchange  of  all  discourse,  and  no  business  whatsoever  but  is  here  stirring  and 
afoot.  ...  It  is  the  general  mint  of  all  famous  lies,  which  are  here,  like  the 
legends  of  popery,  first  coined  and  stamped  in  the  church.  All  inventions  are 
emptied  here,  and  not  a  few  pockets.  The  best  sign  of  a  temple  in  it  is,  that  it  is 
the  thieves'  sanctuary.  ...  It  is  the  other  expence  of  the  day,  after  plays,  tavern, 
and  a  bawdy  house ;  and  men  have  still  some  oaths  left  to  swear  here.  .  .  .  Some 
make  it  a  preface  to  their  dinner,  and  travel  for  a  stomach ;  but  thriftier  men 
make  it  their  ordinary,  and  board  here  very  cheap. — Earle's  Microcosmography, 
8vo,  1628. 

When  I  past  Paule's,  and  travell'd  in  that  Walke 

Where  all  oure  Brittaine-sinners  sweare  and  talk. — BP.  CORBET. 

Bishop  Pilkington,  writing  in  1560  of  the  abuses  at  St.  Paul's,  mentions 
"  The  south  alley  for  Popery  and  usury,  the  north  for  simony,  and  the 
horse-fair  in  the  midst  for  all  kinds  of  bargains,  meetings,  brawlings, 
murders,  conspiracies,  and  the  font  for  ordinary  payments  of  money, 
as  well-known  to  all  men  as  the  beggar  knows  his  bush."  2  In  The 
Gull's  Hornbook,  by  Dekker,  is  a  chapter  entitled,  "  How  a  gallant 
should  behave  himself  in  Powle's  Walkes ; "  and  Ben  Jonson  lays  the 
first  scene  of  the  third  act  of  Every  Man  out  of  his  Humour  in  "  the 
Middle  Aisle  of  St.  Paul's."  Weever  (Ancient  Funeral  Monuments, 
1631,  p.  373)  complains  of  the  abuse,  and  adds,  "it  could  be  wished 
that  walking  in  the  middle  aisle  of  Paules  might  be  forborne  in  the 
time  of  divine  service."  [See  Duke  Humphrey's.] 

Paul's  Wharf. 

Paul's  Wharf  is  a  large  landing  place  with  a  common  stair  upon  the  river  Thames, 
at  the  end  of  a  street  called  Paul's  Wharf  Hill,  which  runneth  down  from  Paul's 
Chain. — Stow,  p.  136. 

On  with  your  riding  suit,  and  cry  Northward  Ho !  as  the  boy  at  Paul's  says. 
— Northward  Ho,  by  Thomas  Dekker  and  John  Webster,  4to,  1607. 

1  Strype,  Circuit  Walk,  p.  105.  2  Pilkington,  Works,  p.  210. 


nun.  DINGS  65 


Sir  Walter  Mildmay  had  his  house  here  in  isyo.1  Francis  Throg- 
morton,  the  Catholic  conspirator,  whose  revelations  under  the  rack  had 
such  important  consequences  in  the  history  of  Europe,  had  a  house  at 
Paul's  Wharf  in  1583  —  known  as  the  lodging  of  the  young  Lord 
Glenvarloch,  and  it  was  there  that  his  papers  and  himself  were  seized.2 

Paved  Alley  Chapel,  LIME  STRKF.T.  Paved  Alley  was  situated 
at  the  upper  end  of  Lime  Street,  by  Leadenhall  Street,  and  here  the 
chapel  with  its  three  capacious  galleries  was  built  in  1672.  The 
congregation  first  met  in  Anchor  Lane,  Lower  Thames  Street,  and 
the  pastor  was  Dr.  Thomas  Goodwin,  chaplain  to  Oliver  Cromwell. 
In  1755  the  East  India  Company  purchased  a  large  piece  of  ground 
in  the  neighbourhood  of  Paved  Alley,  and  the  chapel  was  pulled  down. 
The  congregation  divided  into  two  parts  —  one  went  to  Artillery  Street, 
Finsbury,  where  Mr.  Richardson  the  pastor  resumed  his  ministry,  and 
the  other  branch  removed  to  Miles  Lane,  choosing  the  Rev.  William 
Porter  as  minister.  The  latter  congregation  removed  ten  years  later 
to  Camomile  Street,  and  afterwards  to  the  Poultry.  The  City  Temple, 
Holborn  Viaduct,  is  the  successor  of  the  Poultry  Chapel. 

Pavilion.  (The),  CHELSEA,  a  pleasant  residence,  surrounded  by 
pretty  gardens  occupying  about  20  acres  of  land,  built  by  Henry 
Holland  for  his  own  occupation  when  he  planned  Hans  Town  [which 
see]  at  the  end  of  the  last  century.  After  his  death  it  was  purchased 
by  Mr.  Peter  Denys,  after  whose  death  it  was  inhabited  for  some  years 
by  his  widow,  Lady  Charlotte  Denys.  The  approach  to  the  house  was 
from  Hans  Place  through  an  avenue  of  elms.  Before  the  south  front 
was  a  beautifully  planted  lawn  and  an  artificial  lake  ;  on  the  west  side 
of  the  lawn  stood  an  imitation  of  the  ruins  of  an  ancient  priory.  The 
house  and  gardens  were  cleared  away,  and  Cadogan  Square  was  built 
on  the  site  in  1882-1883. 

Pavilion  Road,  CHELSEA.  In  1870  New  Road,  Alfred  Place, 
Chapel  Row,  and  Taylor's  Cottages  were  renamed  Pavilion  Road. 

Paymaster-General's  Office,  WHITEHALL,  next  the  Horse  Guards, 
the  office  of  her  Majesty's  Paymaster-  General  for  the  payment  of 
army,  navy,  ordnance,  civil  service,  and  exchequer  bills.  The  office  is 
managed  by  the  paymaster,  the  assistant  -paymaster,  and  a  staff  of 
clerks.  It  was  originally  the  office  of  the  Paymaster-  General  of  the 
Forces,  and  was  not  permanently  enlarged  till  1836. 

Peabody  Buildings.  Mr.  George  Peabody,  an  American  mer- 
chant resident  in  London,  in  a  letter  dated  March  12,  1862,  addressed 
to  the  United  States  Minister  and  four  gentlemen  named  by  him  as 
trustees,  expressed  his  desire  "in  pursuance  of  a  long  cherished  de- 
termination, to  attest  his  gratitude  and  attachment  to  the  people  of 
London,  among  whom  he  had  spent  the  last  twenty-five  years  of  his 

1  Burghley's  Diary,  in  Mnrtfen,  p.  771. 

-  Fronde,  vol.  xi.  p.  612  ;  and  see  Fortunes  of  Nigel,  vol.  i.  p.  44. 
VOL.   Ill  I 


66  PEABODY  BUILDINGS 

life,"  by  devoting  a  sum  of  ^150,000  "to  ameliorate  the  condition 
of  the  poor  and  needy  of  this  great  metropolis,  and  to  promote  their 
comfort  and  happiness."  As  regarded  the  expenditure,  Mr.  Peabody 
imposed  "  but  three  conditions  "  on  the  trustees  who  were  to  administer 
the  fund,  but  these  were  "  fundamental  principles,  from  which  it  was 
his  solemn  injunction  that  those  intrusted  with  the  application  of  the 
Fund  shall  never  under  any  circumstances  depart."  These  were, 
"  First  and  foremost,  the  limitation  of  its  uses  absolutely  and  exclusively 
to  such  purposes  as  may  be  calculated  directly  to  ameliorate  the  con- 
dition and  augment  the  comfort  of  the  poor,  who  either  by  birth  or 
established  residence  form  a  recognised  portion  of  the  population  of 
London."  Secondly,  that  there  shall  be  "  a  rigid  exclusion  from  the 
management  of  the  Fund  of  any  influences  calculated  to  impart  to  it 
a  character  either  sectarian  as  regards  religion,  or  exclusive  in  relation 
to  local  or  party  politics."  And  thirdly,  that  "the  sole  qualification 
for  a  participation  in  the  benefits  of  the  Fund  shall  be  an  ascertained 
and  continued  condition  of  life,  such  as  brings  the  individual  within 
the  description  (in  the  ordinary  sense  of  the  word)  of  the  poor  of 
London ;  combined  with  moral  character  and  good  conduct  as  a 
member  of  society." 

The  trustees,  of  whom  Lord  Stanley  (now  Earl  of  Derby)  was 
elected  chairman,  acting  on  the  suggestion  of  Mr.  Peabody,  to  consider 
whether  it  might  not  be  found  conducive  to  the  realisation  of  the 
principles  laid  down  "to  apply  the  fund  or  a  portion  of  it  in  the 
construction  of  such  improved  dwellings  for  the  poor  as  may  combine, 
in  the  utmost  possible  degree,  the  essentials  of  healthfulness,  comfort, 
social  enjoyment,  and  economy,"  decided,  after  careful  inquiry,  to  erect 
dwellings  of  the  kind  recommended,  and  to  "  confine  their  attention  in 
the  first  instance  to  that  section  of  the  labouring  poor  who  occupy 
a  position  above  the  pauper."  The  first  plot  of  ground  obtained  was 
in  Commercial  Street,  Spitalfields,  and  on  this  was  erected  a  block  of 
dwellings  affording  accommodation  for  upwards  of  200  persons.  Other 
sites  were  purchased  and  buildings  erected,  which  were  eagerly  sought 
for  by  suitable  tenants,  and  so  well  satisfied  was  Mr.  Peabody  with  the 
operations  of  the  trustees  that  at  different  times  he  made  additions  to 
his  first  munificent  gift,  viz.,  ^100,000  in  1866,  ^100,000  in  1868, 
and  in  1873  ^I5°)00°j  making  a  total  of  .£500,000,  to  which  has 
been  added  money  received  for  rent  and  interest  ^465,182  :  7  :  9, 
making  the  total  fund  on  December  31,  1888,  .£965,182  :  7  :  9.  In 
1888  the  trustees  expended  on  land  and  buildings  ,£13,064:3:4, 
making  the  total  expenditure  to  the  end  of  the  year  .£1,23  2, 283:  19:11. 
The  trustees  have  borrowed  ^3 00,000,  a  portion  of  which  amount 
has  been  paid  back,  so  that  their  total  indebtedness  at  the  end  of  the 
year  was  .£271,333:6:8.  Besides  those  already  mentioned,  the 
trustees  have  erected  other  blocks  of  dwellings,  several  of  great  extent, 
in  Shadwell,  Chelsea,  Islington,  Bermondsey,  Westminster,  Blackfriars 
Road,  Stamford  Street,  Southwark  Street,  Pimlico,  Whitechapel, 


PECKHAM  67 


Bedfordbury,  Great  Wild  Street,  Orchard  Street,  Whitecross  Street, 
Clerkenwell  and  Little  Coram  Street.  The  trustees  have  provided  for 
the  artisan  and  labouring  poor  of  London  11,275  rooms,  besides  bath- 
rooms, laundries,  and  warehouses  occupied  by  20,413  persons.  These 
rooms  comprise  5071  separate  dwellings,  say  76  of  four  rooms,  1789 
of  three  rooms,  2398  of  two  rooms,  and  808  of  one  room.  The 
average  weekly  earnings  of  the  head  of  each  family  in  residence  at  the 
close  of  1888  was  £i  :  3  :  9.  The  average  rent  of  each  dwelling  was 
43.  9^d.  per  week,  and  of  each  room  23.  2d.  The  rent  in  all  cases 
includes  the  free  use  of  water,  laundries,  sculleries,  and  bath-rooms. 

A  seated  Statue  of  George  Peabody\  executed  in  bronze  by  Storey,  the 
American  sculptor,  and  regarded  as  an  admirable  likeness,  was  erected 
by  public  subscription  at  the  back  of  the  Royal  Exchange  in  1869. 

Peckham,  SURREY,  a  hamlet  of  Camberwell,  now  a  part  of  the 
outer  fringe  of  London.  The  manor  of  Pecheham  is  recorded  in 
Domesday  as  held  by  the  Bishop  of  Lisieux  of  Odo,  Bishop  of  Bayeux, 
to  whom  it  had  been  granted  by  King  William.  In  the  time  of  the 
Confessor  it  was  owned  by  Harold  and  held  by  Alfled,  and  was  a  part 
of  Patricesy  [  =  Battersea,  though  from  its  proximity  it  would  rather  seem 
that  Bermondsey  must  have  been  meant].  The  manor  is  mentioned 
as  late  as  the  reign  of  Elizabeth,  but  no  event  of  importance  is  con- 
nected with  it.  As  late  as  the  early  years  of  the  present  century  it  was  a 
district  of  market  gardens,  interspersed  with  citizens'  villas.  It  is  now 
a  populous  neighbourhood  with  many  large  manufactories  of  different 
kinds.  In  1881  it  contained  71,065  inhabitants.  In  place  of  a  single 
chapel  of  ease  there  are  half  a  dozen  churches,  mostly  with  ecclesiastical 
districts  attached,  numerous  chapels,  and  several  large  schools.  Here 
are  the  Licensed  Victuallers'  Asylum,  an  extensive  pile  erected  in 
1827,  and  comprising  upwards  of  a  hundred  separate  dwellings;  and 
the  Girdlers'  Company's  Almshouses,  removed  here  in  1852  from  Pest 
House  Row,  St.  Luke's.  Peckham  House,  in  Camberwell,  is  one  of 
the  oldest  and  largest  lunatic  asylums  near  London.  Peckham  Rye  is 
a  large  triangular  common,  now  secured  for  public  use  as  a  recreation 
ground.  To  the  east  of  it  is  the  Nunhead  Cemetery  of  the  London 
Cemetery  Company.  At  a  boarding  school  in  Meeting  House  Lane, 
kept  by  the  Rev.  John  Milner,  minister  of  the  old  Presbyterian  Chapel 
close  by,  Oliver  Goldsmith  was  usher  in  his  early  London  days,  about 
1756,  and  though  he  did  not  get  on  very  well  there,  it  was  through 
Milner  he  was  introduced  to  Griffiths  and  commenced  his  literary 
career.  The  house,  which  had  long  been  known  as  Goldsmith's  house, 
was  with  the  rest  of  the  estate  purchased  about  1875  by  "the 
Sanitary  Dwellings  Company,"  who  have  since  erected  a  large  number 
of  artisans'  dwellings  there,  which  they  have  named  the  Goldsmith 
Residences.  Part  of  the  grounds  of  Goldsmith  House  have  been 
preserved  as  a  recreation  ground.  The  main  Street  is  named  Gold- 
smith Road. 


68  PEDLAR'S  ACRE 


Pedlar's  Acre,  the  old  name  of  the  southern  portion  of  what  is 
now  BELVEDERE  ROAD,  LAMBETH. 

On  Lambeth  Wall  is  a  spot  of  ground  containing  an  Acre  and  nineteen  poles, 
denominated  Pedlar's  Acre,  which  has  belonged  to  the  Parish  time  immemorial  ; 
'tis  said  to  have  been  given  by  a  Pedlar,  upon  condition  that  his  portrait  and  that  of 
his  dog  be  perpetually  preserved  in  painted  glass  in  one  of  the  windows  of  the 
Church  [St.  Mary's,  Lambeth],  which  the  parishioners  carefully  perform  in  the 
south-east  window  of  the  middle  aisle. — Maitland,  ed.  1739,  P-  79 J- 

1607. — For  mending  the  windows  where  the  picture  of  the  Pedlar  stands. — 
Churchwarden?  Accounts  of  St.  Mary's,  Lambeth  (Lysons,  vol.  i.  p.  314). 

It  is  first  entered  in  the  Churchwardens'  books  of  Lambeth  parish  in  1504,  as  an 
ozier  bed  named  the  Church  Hoppys  or  Hope.  In  1623  it  is  termed  "  the  Church 
Oziers."  In  1690  it  appears  for  the  first  time  as  Pedlar's  Acre. — Nichols's  History 
of  Lambeth. 

[See  St.  Mary's,  Lambeth.] 

Peerless  Pool,  BALDWIN  STREET,  CITY  ROAD,  at  the  back  of  St. 
Luke's  Hospital.  A  spacious  public  bath,  formerly  a  spring  that, 
overflowing  its  banks,  caused  a  very  dangerous  pond,  and  which,  from 
the  number  of  persons  who  lost  their  lives,  obtained  the  name  of 
Perilous  Pond,  a  name  that  seems  to  have  been  common  to  dangerous 
bathing- places ;  thus  Stow  applies  the  term  to  the  Ducking  Pond, 
Clerkenwell,  the  site  of  the  Spa  Road  Tabernacle.  The  present  name 
of  "Peerless  Pool"  was  given  by  Kemp,  the  proprietor,  in  1743,  when 
the  bottom  was  raised  and  the  pond  enclosed.  Kemp  also  formed  a 
bowling  green,  an  open  fish-pond  300  feet,  and  bordered  by  a  bank 
planted  with  shrubs  and  trees,  and  otherwise  endeavoured  to  make  the 
place  attractive  as  a  pleasure-ground.  The  pond  and  pool  long 
remained  in  favour  with  London  anglers  and  swimmers,  but  about 
1805  the  lease  was  purchased  by  Mr.  Joseph  Watts  (father  of  Thomas 
Watts,  the  great  linguist  and  librarian,  Keeper  of  the  Printed  Books  in 
the  British  Museum),  who  drained  the  fish-pond  and  built  over  a  large 
part  of  the  grounds.  The  whole  is  now  covered  with  streets. 

And  not  far  from  it  [St.  Agnes  le  Clair]  is  also  one  other  clear  water  called 
Perillous  pond,  because  divers  youths  by  swimming  therein  have  been  drowned. — 
Stow,  p.  7. 

Gallipot.  Push  !  let  your  boy  lead  his  water-spanial  along,  and  we'll  show  you  the 
bravest  sport  at  Parlous  Pond. — T.  Middleton,  The  Roaring  Girl,  4to,  1611.  Act  2 
Sc.  i. 

Hone,  in  his  Every-Day  Book  (vol.  i.  pp.  970,  976),  gives  views  of 
Peerless  Pool  and  the  fish-pond.  The  pool  was  170  feet  long  and 
over  100  feet  wide.  The  fish-pond  was  320  feet  long.  There  was 
also  a  cold  bath,  "the  largest  in  England,"  40  feet  long  and  20  wide. 

Peerpool  Lane,  GRAY'S  INN  LANE.  A  corruption  of  Portpoole — 
from  the  manor  of  Portpoole,  or  Gray's  Inn.  [See  Gray's  Inn.]  There 
is  a  token  dated  1644  with  the  name  Peerpool  Lane  inscribed  upon  it. 

Pelham  Crescent,  BROMPTON.  M.  Guizot  resided  at  No.  21 
after  the  French  Revolution  of  1848  till  July  1849.  His  account  of 
the  house,  "  almost  in  the  country,"  reads  rather  curiously  now.  He 
writes,  March  13,  1848,  "I  shall  set  to  work  again.  I  have  found, 


/'AVV/VK   POST  69 


close  to  London, — at  Brompton — a  little  house,  which  is  almost  in  the 
country;  it  is  good  enough  for  us  and  not  expensive.  I  shall  be  able 
to  go  into  London  easily  every  day."1  Here,  on  March  31,  1848,  his 
mother,  Madame  Guizot,  died  at  the  age  of  eighty-four.  In  the  same 
house  afterwards  lived  a  politician  of  a  very  different  school,  Mr.  Ledru 
Rollin.  At  No.  i  o,  where  he  had  resided  many  years,  Robert  Keeley, 
the  comedian,  died  February  3,  1869,  in  his  seventy-fifth  year.  He  made 
his  first  appearance  on  the  stage  in  1818  as  Leporello  in  Giovanni 
in  London. 

Pelham  Street,  BRICK  LANE,  SPITALFIELDS.  Milton's  grand- 
daughter, Mrs.  Foster,  kept  a  chandler's  shop  in  this  street.2  [See 
Cock  Lane,  Shoreditch.] 

Pembridge  Square,  BAYSWATER.  Field-Marshal  Sir  John  Fox 
Burgoyne,  "the  Moltke  of  England,"  died  at  No.  25,  October  7,  1871, 
aged  ninety.  He  was  buried  in  the  church  of  St.  Peter  ad  Vincula, 
within  the  precinct  of  the  Tower,  of  which  he  was  Constable. 

Penitentiary,  MILLBANK.     [See  Millbank  Prison.] 

Penny  Fields,  POPLAR,  between  the  West  India  Road  and  the 
High  Street,  of  which  latter  it  is  the  extension  westwards.  Since  the 
construction  of  the  West  India  Docks  the  fields  have  existed  in  name 
only. 

Penny  Post  (The).  A  London  footpost,  with  seven  sorting  houses, 
between  four  and  five  hundred  receiving  houses,  and  with  four  deliveries 
a  day,  established  1680,  by  Robert  Murray,  a  clerk  in  the  Excise,  and 
William  Dockwra,  a  sub-searcher  in  the  Customs. 

The  Penny  Post  was  set  up  on  our  Lady-Day  (being  Friday),  A°  Dni  1680;  a 
most  ingenious  and  useful  project,  invented  by  Mr.  Robert  Murray  first,  and  then 
Mr.  Dockwra  joined  with  him.  The  Duke  of  York  seized  on  it  in  1682.  Mr. 
Murray  was  a  citizen  of  London,  a  millener,  of  the  company  of  Clothworkers  ;  his 
father  a  Scotchman,  his  mother  English;  born  in  the  Strand,  December  12,  1633. 
— Aubrey's  MS.  (Malone's  ftii/tnry,  p.  387). 

Murray  and  Dockwra  were  to  have  entered  into  partnership,  but 
both  laying  claim  to  the  idea,  they  quarrelled  and  set  up  rival  offices. 
Robert  Murray,  "  the  inventor  and  first  proposer,"  as  he  called  himself, 
received  letters  at  Mr.  Hall's  Coffee-house,  in  Wood  Street ;  and  "  Mr. 
Dockwra  and  the  rest  of  the  undertakers  at  the  Penny  Post  House  in 
Lime  Street " — Dockwra's  own  house,  formerly  the  mansion  house  of 
Sir  Robert  Abdy.  Roger  North  assigns  the  merit  of  the  invention  to 
Dockwra,  "who  put  it,"  he  says,  "in  complete  order,  and  used  it  to 
the  satisfaction  of  all  London,  for  a  considerable  time."  The  Duke  of 
York  (afterwards  James  II.),  to  whom  the  profits  of  the  post-office  had 
been  assigned  by  the  King,  exhibited  an  information  against  him,  for 
infraction  of  his  monopoly,  and  the  courts  decided  in  the  Duke's 
favour.  Dockwra  was  afterwards  appointed  Comptroller,  but  was 

1  Madame  de  Witts's  M.  Guizot  in  Private  Life,  p.  254,  Eng.  trans. 
"  Granger,  vol.  v.  p.  235,  ed.  1824. 


70  THE  PENNY  POST 

dismissed  by  the  Lords  of  the  Treasury  for  mismanagement  in  1698. 
He  died,  September  25,  1716,  aged  near  100  years.  See  his  "Case," 
in  Harl.  MS.  5954,  and  further  particulars  in  Delaune's  Present  State 
of  London,  12  mo,  1681.  Dockwra  was  the  first  to  stamp  letters  with 
the  hour  at  which  they  left  his  office  for  delivery.  An  additional 
penny  was  put  on  in  1801.  [See  Post  Office.] 

Penny's  Gate  is  the  name  given  (in  an  excellent  map  in  Lockie's 
Topography  of  London,  1813)  to  the  entrance  from  St.  James's  Park  to 
the  Green  Park. 

Pennyrich  Street. 

Then  Offering,  he,  with  his  dish  and  his  tree, 

That  in  every  great  house  keepeth, 
Is  by  my  son,  young  Little-worth,  done, 

And  in  Penny-rich  Street  he  sleepeth. 

Ben  Jonson,  Christmas  his  Masque,  1616. 

Pentecost  Lane,  on  the  north  side  of  NEWGATE  STREET, 
subsequently  corrupted  into  "  Pincock  Lane."  Stow  describes  it  as 
"containing  divers  slaughter-houses  for  the  butchers,"  and  Hatton 
(1708)  as  "leading  to  the  Bagnio,"  1  now  Roman  Bath  Street. 

Pentonville  is  the  name  given  to  a  populous  district  in  the  parish 
of  St.  James's,  Clerkenwell,  which  arose  about  the  year  1773,  after  the 
formation  of  the  New  Road  (now  Pentonville  Road)  which  passed 
through  certain  fields  belonging  to  Henry  Penton,  Esq.2  The  first 
buildings  were  erected  at  Penton  Villa  by  the  New  Road  and  in 
Queen's  Row,  Pentonville  Hill,  in  1773,  and  Dr.  de  Valangin,  the 
eccentric  physician,  built  a  mansion  called  Hermes  House,  which  has 
given  its  name  to  Hermes  Street,  Pentonville  Road.  The  name  of 
Pentonville,  which,  till  the  last  twenty  years,  was  strictly  applicable  to 
the  houses  built  upon  the  property  of  Mr.  Penton  lying  within  the  parish 
of  Clerkenwell,  has  since  been  extended  to  buildings  in  the  adjoining 
parish  of  Islington,  so  that  it  is  difficult  to  say  what  is  the  extent  of 
Pentonville.  What  was  known  as  the  Model  Prison,  which  stands  in 
the  Caledonian  Road,  Islington,  is  styled  the  Pentonville  Prison, 
although  half  a  mile  removed  from  the  district  to  which  the  name 
properly  belongs. 

Pentonville  proper  belonged  to  Geoffrey  de  Mandeville,  a  Norman 
knight,  afterwards  passed  to  the  Foliots,  and  by  Gilbert  Foliot  was 
conveyed  in  the  reign  of  Henry  II.  to  the  Knights  Hospitallers  of  St. 
John  of  Jerusalem,  at  Clerkenwell.  It  is  described  by  Gerard,  the 
herbalist,  as  the  great  field  called  the  Mantells,  at  the  back  of  Islington, 
Mandeville  being  corrupted  into  Mantell.  In  St.  James's  Chapel,  on  the 
north  side  of  the  New  Road,  R.  P.  Bonington,  one  of  the  most  promising 
of  English  landscape  painters  is  buried ;  he  died  in  1828,  in  his  twenty- 
seventh  year.  Joseph  Grimaldi,  clown  (d.  1837).  Here  also  were 

1  Stow,  p.  118 ;  Hatton,  p.  64. 
2  See  Maps  and  Plans  published  in  the  year  1735  in  relation  to  the  New  Road. 


STREET  i\ 


interred  the  two  Storers,  father  and  son  (d.  1853  and  1837),  the 
engravers  of  the  Cathedrals  of  Great  Britain,  and  of  many  antiquarian 
and  topographical  views. 

J'cnlonville  Prison  was  built  from  the  designs  of  Major  R.  Jebb,  and 
cost  over  ,£84,000,  but  has  since  been  enlarged  and  altered  at  a  cost 
of  ^5903,  making  a  total  cost  of  ,£90,071  :  155.  The  first  stone  was 
laid  April  10,  1840,  and  the  building  completed  in  1842.  It  is  con- 
structed on  the  radiating  principle,  so  as  to  permit  thorough  inspection, 
and  contains  accommodation  for  520  prisoners.  Here  prisoners  con- 
demned to  penal  servitude  undergo  the  first  part  of  their  sentence. 
The  treatment  is  designed  to  "enforce  strict  separation,  with  industrial 
employment  and  moral  training."  The  system  of  imprisonment  at  home 
in  place  of  transportation,  of  which  this  forms  a  part,  was  introduced 
by  the  Penal  Servitude  Act  of  1853,  and  the  amending  Act  of  1857. 
The  Report  of  the  Directors  of  Convict  Prisons  for  the  year  1887-1888 
contains  a  memorandum  on  separate  confinement  by  the  Medical 
Inspector,  in  which  extracts  are  made  from  successive  reports  of 
Pentonville  Prison. 

Pepper  Alley  Stairs,  SOUTHWARK,  leading  from  Pepper  Alley 
to  the  Thames,  the  first  landing-place  west  of  Old  London  Bridge. 
The  site  is  covered  by  the  present  bridge. 

January  u,  1559. — The  same  night  about  8  of  the  clock  the  Queen's  Grace 
took  her  barge  at  Whyt  Hall,  and  mony  mo  barges,  and  rowed  along  by  the  bank 
side,  by  my  Lord  of  Winchester's  Place,  and  so  to  Peper  Alley,  and  so  crossed  over 
to  London  side  with  drums  and  trumpets  playing  hard  beside,  and  so  to  Whyt  hall 
again  to  her  palace. — Machyn's  Diary,  p.  200. 

July  2,  1763. — We  set  out  this  morning  from  Whitehall  Stairs  in  a  common 
wherry,  landed  at  Pepper  Alley  Stairs  [this  was  to  avoid  shooting  the  bridge]  and 
at  the  other  side  of  the  bridge  embarked  in  the  Admiralty  barge.  .  .  .  We  got  back 
to  Greenwich  to  dine.  We  had  the  smallest  fish  I  ever  saw,  called  white-bait. — 
Mrs.  Harris  to  her  Son  (the  Earl  of  Malmesbury),  Letters  of  the  first  Earl  of 
Malmesbury,  vol.  i.  p.  92. 

Though  Dr.  Johnson  owed  his  very  life  to  air  and  exercise,  yet  he  ever  persisted 
in  the  notion  that  neither  of  them  had  anything  to  do  with  health.  "  People  live  as 
long,"  said  he,  "  in  Pepper  Alley  as  on  Salisbury  Plain  ;  and  they  live  so  much  happier 
than  an  inhabitant  of  the  first  would  if  he  turned  cottager,  starve  his  understanding 
for  want  of  conversation,  and  perish  in  a  state  of  mental  inferiority. — Piozzi  Anecdotes, 
p.  207. 

Percy  Chapel,  CHARLOTTE  STREET,  RATHBONE  PLACE.  This 
Episcopal  Chapel,  well  known  in  its  day,  was  built  about  1790  for  the 
Rev.  Henry  Mathew,  the  friend  of  Flaxman  and  Blake,  and  well  known 
in  the  artistic  and  social  circles  of  his  time.  It  was  pulled  down  in 
1867  and  its  site  "secularized."  William  Wilberforce  worshipped  in 
this  chapel  for  some  years  while  his  daughters  were  at  school  in 
Bedford  Square.  Robert  Montgomery,  "the  epic  poet,"  was  for  several 
years,  from  1843,  tne  minister.  It  was  situated  opposite  Windmill 
Street. 

Percy  Street,  RATHBONE  PLACE.  At  his  son's  house  (No.  6)  in 
this  street  died,  in  1805,  aged  seventy-six,  William  Buchan,  M.D.,  author 


72  PERCY  STREET 


of  Domestic  Medicine,  of  which  the  first  edition  appeared  in  1769. 
Samuel  Rose,  the  friend  of  Cowper,  lived  at  No.  2  3,  and  here  on  the 
way  back  from  Hayley's  at  Eartham  the  author  of  The  Task  visited  him 
on  September  19,  1792;  Mrs.  Unwin  was  with  him.  In  a  letter  to 
Hayley  Cowper  says,  "  exactly  at  ten  we  reached  Mr.  Rose's  door ;  we 
drank  a  dish  of  chocolate  with  him,  and  proceeded,  Mr.  Rose  riding 
with  us,  as  far  as  St.  Albans."  Edward  Williams,  the  Welsh  Bard,  had 
been  asked  to  meet  him,  but,  says  Southey,  "  Cowper's  spirits,  as  might 
have  been  expected,  failed  him  when  he  felt  himself  in  London; 
he  sate  at  the  corner  of  the  fire  place  in  total  silence,  and  manifested 
no  other  interest  in  the  conversation  than  occasionally  raising  his  eyes 
towards  the  speaker."  He  never  saw  London  again.  Henry  Bone, 
R.A.,  the  celebrated  enamel  painter  (d.  1834),  lived  for  some  years  in 
a  house  on  the  south  side. 

Pest  House  Field,  CARNABY  STREET,  CARNABY  MARKET,  thirty- 
six  small  houses  and  a  cemetery,  founded  by  William,  first  Earl  of 
Craven,  after  the  Great  Plague  of  1665.  There  is  a  Craven  Pest 
House  Charity  administered  by  trustees  connected  with  the  parishes 
of  St.  Clement's  Danes,  St.  James's,  Westminster,  St.  George's,  Hanover 
Square,  St.  Martin's-in-the-Fields,  and  St.  Paul's,  Covent  Garden.  The 
income,  which  in  1888  was  ^849:17:4,  is  divided,  after  payment 
of  expenses,  between  King's  College  and  Charing  Cross  Hospitals. 
[See  Carnaby  Street.] 

Pest  House  Row,  immediately  west  of  St.  Luke's  Hospital,  OLD 
STREET,  now  BATH  STREET  ;  the  old  footway  to  Islington. 

The  Pest  House  beyond  Bunhill  Fields  in  the  way  to  Islington. — Defoe's  Plague 
Year,  ed.  Brayley,  p.  63. 

In  Pest  House  Row,  till  the  year  1737,  stood  the  City  Pest  House  (consisting  of 
divers  tenements),  which  was  erected  as  a  Lazaretto,  for  the  reception  of  distressed 
and  miserable  objects,  that  were  infected  by  the  dreadful  Plague  in  the  year  1665. — 
Maitland,  ed.  1739,  p.  776. 

Peter's  (St.)  at  Paul's  Wharf,  a  church  in  the  ward  of  Queen- 
hithe,  destroyed  in  the  Great  Fire,  and  not  rebuilt.  The  bury  ing- 
ground  at  the  bottom  of  Peter's  Hill,  in  Thames  Street,  still  remains. 

March  2$,  1649. — I  heard  the  Common  Prayer  (a  rare  thing  in  these  days)  in 
St.  Peter's,  at  Paul's  Wharf,  London. — Evelyn. 

Peter's  (St.)  at  the  Cross  in  Cheap,  a  church  in  the  ward  of 
Farringdon  Within,  destroyed  in  the  Great  Fire,  and  not  rebuilt.  The 
open  plot  of  ground,  with  a  tree  in  it,  at  the  corner  of  Wood  Street, 
Cheapside,  is  part  of  the  old  churchyard.  In  this  tree  a  pair  of  rooks 
built  a  nest  in  1836,  and  two  nests  were  built  in  I845.1  The  church 
of  the  parish  is  St.  Matthew's,  Friday  Street.  Thomas  Goodrich,  after- 
wards Bishop  of  Ely  (1534)  and  Lord  Chancellor  (1552),  was  rector  of 
St.  Peter's  at  the  Cross. 

1  Harting's  Birds  of  Middlesex,  p.  99. 


i '/•:•/•/•:  irs  COURT  73 


Peter's  (St.),  CORNHILI,,  at  the  east  end,  south  side,  a  parish 
church  in  CornMU  \\'ard,  destroyed  in  the  Great  Fire,  and  rebuilt  from 
the  designs  of  Sir  C.  Wren,  and  the  interior  of  the  church  has  been 
considered  as  among  the  best  of  his  works. 

There  remaineth  in  this  church  a  table  whereon  it  is  written,  I  know  not  by 
what  authority,  but  of  a  late  hand,  that  King  Lucius  founded  the  same  church  to  be 
an  archbishop's  see  metropolitan  and  chief  church  of  his  kingdom,  and  that  it  so 
endured  the  space  of  four  hundred  years,  unto  the  coming  of  Augustin  the  Monk. — 
Stow,  p.  73. 

The  tablet  was  formerly  suspended  in  the  church ;  but  is  now  pre- 
served in  the  vestry-room.  There  is  an  engraving  of  it  in  Wilkinson's 
Londina.  Bishop  Beveridge  was  rector,  1672-1704.  The  rood- 
screen  dividing  the  chancel  from  the  nave  was  set  up  by  his  express 
direction,  and  is  mentioned  by  him  in  the  sermon  preached  at  the 
opening  of  the  church,  November  27,  1681.  Allhallows  the  Great  is  the 
only  other  City  church  possessing  a  rood-screen.  There  is  a  touching 
.inscription  to  the  memory  of  seven  children,  the  "whole  offspring  of 
James  and  Mary  Woodmason,"  burnt  to  death  on  the  night  of  January 
1 8,  1782.  The  living  is  in  the  gift  of  the  Corporation  of  London.  There 
is  extant  a  letter,  dated  1609,  from  James  I.  to  the  Lord  Mayor  and 
Aldermen,  requesting  them  to  present  his  chaplain,  Mr.  Theophilus 
Field  (brother  of  Nat.  Field),  to  the  living  of  St.  Peter's,  Cornhill.  Field 
got  the  living  and  afterwards  rose  to  be  Bishop  of  Hereford.  The 
entry  of  the  burial  (February  16,  1722)  of  Sir  Thomas  Abney,  Lord 
Mayor  in  1700,  one  of  the  founders  of  the  Bank  of  England  and 
M.P.  for  the  City  of  London,  is  to  be  found  in  the  register.  The 
church  was  extensively  repaired,  cleansed  and  redecorated  in  1889, 
under  the  direction  of  Mr.  Ernest  Flint,  architect. 

Peter's  Court,  ST.  MARTIN'S  LANE,  west  side,  between  Nos.  no 
and  in.  In  1710  the  goods  of  Mrs.  Selby,  sword  cutler,  were 
advertised  to  be  sold  "at  the  Dancing  School  in  Peter's  Court,  against 
Tom's  Coffee-house  in  S.  Martin's  Lane."  This  dancing  school  was 
afterwards  the  first  studio  of  Roubiliac  the  sculptor.  On  his  quitting  it, 
it  was  converted  into  a  drawing  academy — the  precursor  of  the  Royal 
Academy  of  Arts.  Hogarth  may  tell  the  story  of  its  foundation  : — 

Sir  James  [Thornhill]  dying  (1734)  I  became  possessed  of  his  neglected  apparatus  ; 
and  thinking  that  an  academy,  if  conducted  on  moderate  principles  would  be  useful, 
I  proposed  that  a  number  of  artists  should  enter  into  a  subscription  for  the  hire  of  a 
place  large  enough  to  admit  of  thirty  or  forty  persons  drawing  after  a  naked  figure. 
This  proposition  having  been  agreed  to,  a  room  was  taken  in  [Peter's  Court]  St. 
Martin's  Lane.  I  lent  to  the  society  the  furniture  that  had  belonged  to  Sir  James's 
Academy,  and  attributing  the  failure  of  the  previous  academies  to  the  leading 
members  having  assumed  a  superiority  which  their  fellow-students  could  not  brook, 
I  proposed  that  every  member  should  contribute  an  equal  sum  towards  the  support 
ot  the  establishment,  and  have  an  equal  right  to  vote  on  every  question  relative  to 
its  affairs.  By  these  regulations  the  Academy  has  now  existed  nearly  thirty  years, 
and  is,  for  every  useful  purpose,  equal  to  that  in  France,  or  any  other. — Hogarth,  in 
Siipp.  Vol.  to  Ireland's  Hogarth. 

In  a  pamphlet  published  by  the  Incorporated  Society  of  Artists  in 


74  PETER'S  COURT 


1771  it  is  stated  that  most  of  the  artists  of  the  reign  of  George  II. 
and  the  early  years  of  George  III.  were  trained  in  this  academy.  It 
continued,  in  fact,  to  be  the  usual  place  of  study  for  artists  till  the 
establishment  of  the  Royal  Academy  in  1768.  Michael  Moser,  keeper 
and  treasurer  of  the  St.  Martin's  Lane  Academy,  was  appointed  first 
keeper  of  the  Royal  Academy,  and  he  persuaded  his  fellow-members  to 
dissolve  their  private  school  and  present  the  "  anatomical  figures,  busts, 
statues,  lamps,"  and  other  apparatus  to  the  Royal  Academy,  to  the 
schools  of  which  they  would  have  free  access. 

Peter's  (St.),  EATON  SQUARE.  The  church  was  built  1824-1826, 
from  the  designs  of  Henry  Hakewell,  architect,  and  cost  ^21,515  ;  it 
was  nearly  burnt  down  in  1837,  and  was  rebuilt  by  Mr.  Gerrard.  The 
altar-piece,  "  Christ  crowned  with  Thorns,"  by  W.  Hilton,  R.A.,  was 
bought  by  the  Royal  Academy  out  of  the  Chantrey  bequest,  and  is  now 
deposited  in  the  South  Kensington  Museum.  It  was  purchased  of  the 
artist  for  1000  guineas  by  the  Directors  of  the  Royal  Institution,  and 
presented  by  them  to  St.  Peter's  Church  in  1828.  On  February  26, 
1877,  a  faculty  was  obtained  for  its  removal.  In  1872  a  new  chancel 
and  transepts  in  the  Byzantine  style  were  added  to  the  nave  from  the 
designs  of  Mr.  (now  Sir)  Arthur  Blomfield,  and  they  were  consecrated 
on  St.  Peter's  eve,  1873.  Two  years  later  the  whole  of  the  interior 
of  the  nave  was  remodelled  under  the  direction  of  the  same  architect. 
Here  was  buried  Admiral  Sir  Edward  Codrington  (d.  1851). 

Peter's  Hill,  DOCTORS'  COMMONS,  extended  from  Knightrider 
Street  to  Upper  Thames  Street,  but  the  southern  end  was  cut  off  by 
the  formation  of  Queen  Victoria  Street,  and  Peter's  Hill  now  possesses 
no  houses  of  its  own,  those  which  appear  to  belong  to  it  being  parts 
of  the  large  and  deep  buildings  in  Queen  Victoria  and  Knightrider 
Streets. 

Touching  lanes  ascending  out  of  Thames  Street  to  Knightriders'  Street,  the  first 
is  Peter's  Hill,  wherein  I  find  no  matter  of  note,  more  than  certain  almshouses  lately 
founded  on  the  west  side  thereof  by  David  Smith,  embroiderer,  for  six  poor  widows, 
whereof  each  to  have  twenty  shillings  by  the  year. — Stow,  p.  137. 

Here  the  Master  of  the  Revels  had  his  office  from  1 6 1 1  till  the 
time  of  the  Civil  War,  and  the  consequent  closing  of  the  public 
theatres.  {See  St.  Peter's  at  Paul's  Wharf.] 

Peter  (St.)  Le  Poor,  OLD  BROAD  STREET,  a  church  in  Broad 
Street  Ward,  of  which  Benjamin  Hoadly,  Bishop  of  Winchester 
(d.  1761),  was  rector  from  1704  to  1720.  In  1709  the  House  of 
Commons  voted  an  address  to  Queen  Anne,  "that  she  would  be 
graciously  pleased  to  confer  some  dignity  in  the  Church  upon  him 
[Hoadly]  for  his  eminent  services  both  to  the  Church  and  State."  This 
unusual  appeal  had  no  effect,  but  Mrs.  Howland,  a  rich  widow, 
presented  him  to  the  rectory  of  Streatham,  "to  show  that  she  was 
neither  afraid  nor  ashamed  to  give  him  that  mark  of  regard  at  that 


57:    I'KTKK'S  An    VINCULA  75 

critical  time."  Promotion  cumc  with  the  next  reign,  but  he  continued 
to  hold  both  these  livings  after  he  was  Bishop  of  Bangor. 

:  unto  Pawlet  House  is  the  parish  church  of  St.  Peter  the  Poor,  so  called  for 
,i  difference  from  other  of  that  name,  sometime  pcradventure  a  poor  parish,  but  at 
this  present  there  be  many  fair  houses,  possessed  by  rich  merchants  and  other. — 
Stow,  p.  67. 

The  church  (existing  in  1540),  described  by  Stow,  escaped  the  fire  of 
1666,  but  projected  so  far  into  the  street  that  in  1788,  when  extensive 
repairs  had  become  necessary,  an  Act  of  Parliament  was  obtained  for 
taking  it  down  and  rebuilding  it  farther  back,  taking  in  the  site  of  a  court 
behind.  The  present  church  (a  very  poor  one  indeed)  was  designed 
by  Jesse  Gibson,  and  consecrated  November  19,  1792,  by  Beilby 
Porteus,  Bishop  of  London.  It  serves  as  well  for  the  parish  of  St. 
Benet  Fink,  and  the  tablets  were  removed  here  when  that  church  was 
pulled  down  in  1845.  Here  were  buried  the  Rev.  Edmund  Gunter 
(d.  1626),  one  of  the  earliest  and  ablest  of  English  mathematicians,  and 
the  Rev.  Henry  Gellibrand  (d.  1636),  Professor  of  Astronomy  at 
Gresham  College. 

Peter  Street,  CLARE  MARKET.  Denzell  Street  was  originally  so 
called,  and  there  is  extant  a  token  of  "  John  Gray  at  Mother  Shipton 
Peter  Street  in  New  Market,  1667." 

Peter  Street  (Great),  WESTMINSTER,  between  Wood  Street  and 
Rochester  Row.  On  the  front  of  a  house  facing  Leg  Court  was 
recently  the  following  inscription  :  "This  is  Saint  Peter  Street.  1624. 
R.  [a  heart]  W." 

Peter's  (St.)  Ad  Vincula,  a  chapel  within  the  precinct  and  liberty 
of  the  Tower,  at  the  north  end  of  the  Tower  Green,  the  north-west 
angle  of  the  Inner  Ward.  Prior  to  1862  the  chapel  was  singularly 
mean  and  unsightly,1  the  result  of  successive  alterations  and  additions 
made  for  the  accommodation  of  the  soldiers  of  the  garrison.  An  ugly 
brick  and  plaster  porch  and  wooden  staircase  leading  to  the  soldiers' 
gallery  disfigured  the  exterior ;  a  flat  ceiling,  projecting  galleries  and  tall 
pews  the  interior.  All  that  testified  to  the  antiquity  of  the  church 
were  the  Early  English  columns  in  the  nave,  a  Decorated  window  in  the 
north  aisle,  and  a  five-light  Perpendicular  window  at  the  east  end.  In 
1862  the  exterior  porch  and  staircase  were  removed,  the  galleries  and 
the  plaster  ceiling  cleared  away,  and  the  original  timber  roof  opened  to 
view  and  some  other  improvements  made ;  but  all  this  only  served  to 
show  that  more  was  required,  and  in  1876-1877  the  whole  was 
thoroughly  restored  and  renovated  under  the  direction  of  Anthony 
Salvin,  architect  (d.  1863),  and  John  Taylor,  architect  to  Government 
Office  of  Works.  The  interest  attaching  to  the  chapel  lies,  however, 
less  in  the  fabric  than  in  the  persons  who  have  been  interred  within  it. 

1  I  cannot  refrain  from  expressing  my  disgust  ness  of  a  meeting-house  in  a  manufacturing 
at  the  barbarous  stupidity  which  has  transformed  town.— Macaulay,  Hist,  of  England,  note  to 
this  most  interesting  little  church  into  the  like-  chap.  v. 


76  .sy.   PETER'S  AD    VINCULA 

In  truth,  there  is  no  sadder  spot  on  earth  than  this  little  cemetery.  Death  is 
there  associated,  not,  as  in  Westminster  Abbey  and  St.  Paul's,  with  genius  and 
virtue,  with  public  veneration  and  with  imperishable  renown  ;  not,  as  in  our  humblest 
churches  and  churchyards,  with  everything  that  is  most  endearing  in  social  and 
domestic  charities ;  but  with  whatever  is  darkest  in  human  nature  and  in  human 
destiny,  with  the  savage  triumph  of  implacable  enemies,  with  the  inconstancy,  the 
ingratitude,  the  cowardice  of  friends,  with  all  the  miseries  of  fallen  greatness  and  of 
blighted  fame. — Macaulay's  History  of  England,  chap.  v. 

Eminent  Persons  interred  in. — Queen  Anne  Boleyn  (beheaded 
I536)-1 

Her  body  was  thrown  into  a  common  chest  of  elm-tree,  that  was  made  to  put 
arrows  in,  and  was  buried  in  the  chapel  within  the  Tower  before  twelve  o'clock.— 
Bishop  Burnet. 

Queen  Katherine  Howard  (beheaded  1542).  Sir  Thomas  More  (be- 
headed 1535). 

His  head  was  put  upon  London  Bridge  ;  his  body  was  buried  in  the  chapel  of 
St.  Peter  in  the  Tower,  in  the  belfry,  or  as  some  say,  as  one  entereth  into  the  vestry, 
near  unto  the  body  of  the  holy  martyr  Bishop  Fisher. — Cresacre  More's  Life  of  Sir 
Thomas  More,  p.  288. 

Thomas  Cromwell,  Earl  of  Essex  (beheaded  1540).  Gerald,  ninth 
Earl  of  Kildare,  Lord  Deputy  of  Ireland  (d.  1534).  Margaret, 
Countess  of  Salisbury  (beheaded  1541).  Thomas,  Lord  Seymour  of 
Sudley,  the  Lord  Admiral  (beheaded  1549),  by  order  of  his  brother, 
the  Protector  Somerset.  The  Protector  Somerset  (beheaded  1552). 
John  Dudley,  Earl  of  Warwick  and  Duke  of  Northumberland  (beheaded 

I553)- 

There  lyeth  before  the  High  Altar,  in  St.  Peter's  Church,  two  Dukes  between 
two  Queenes,  to  wit,  the  Duke  of  Somerset  and  the  Duke  of  Northumberland, 
between  Queen  Anne  and  Queen  Katherine,  all  four  beheaded. — Stow,  by  Howes, 
p.  615. 

Lady  Jane  Grey  and  her  husband,  the  Lord  Guilford  Dudley  (beheaded 
1553-1554).  Robert  Devereux,  Earl  of  Essex  (beheaded  1600).  Sir 
Thomas  Overbury,  poisoned  in  the  Tower,  and  buried,  according  to 
the  register,  September  15,  1613.  Sir  Walter  Raleigh  (beheaded 
1618).  Sir  John  Eliot  died  a  prisoner  in  the  Tower,  November  27, 
1632  ;  his  son  petitioned  the  King  (Charles  I.)  that  he  would  permit 
his  father's  body  to  be  conveyed  to  Cornwall  for  interment,  but  the 
King's  answer  at  the  foot  of  the  petition  was,  "  Let  Sir  John  Eliot's 
body  be  buried  in  the  church  of  that  parish  where  he  died."  Okey, 
the  regicide  (executed  i662).2  Sir  Jonas  Moore,  mathematician  (d. 
1679).  Duke  of  Monmouth  (beheaded  1685),  buried  beneath  the 
communion  table.  John  Rotier  (d.  1703),  the  eminent  medallist, 
the  rival  of  Simon,  and  father  of  James  and  Norbert  Rotier,  also 
medallists  of  great  merit.3  Lords  Kilmarnock  and  Balmerino  (beheaded 

1  In   Mr.    Doyne   Bell's  Notices  oj    Historic  2  Ludlow,  vol.  iii.  p.  103. 

Persons  buried  in  the  Chapel  of  St.  Peter  ad  3  When   the  second    Lord  Clarendon  was  a 

Vincula.   is   an   interesting   account  of  the   dis-  prisoner  in  the  Tower,  Rotier  requested  an  inter- 

covery  of  the  supposed  remains  of  Anne  Boleyn  view  with  him,  but  the  authorities  refused  because 

during  the  restorations  of  1877.  he  was  a  Jesuit. — Clarendon's  Diary. 


PETTICOAT  LAKE  77 


1746),  Simon,  Lord  Lovat  (beheaded  April  9,  1747);  their  coffin-plates 
are  kept  in  the  vestry,  and  a  stone  with  a  cross  on  it  marks  the  spot 
where  they  were  buried.  Colonel  Gurwood,  editor  of  the  Wellington 
Despatches  (d.  1845).  Field-Marshal  Lord  Combermere  (d  1865). 
Field-Marshal  Sir  John  Fox  Burgoyne,  G.C.B.,  Constable  of  the  Tower 
(d.  1871).  •  Observe. — Altar-tomb,  with  effigies  of  Sir  Richard  Chol- 
mondeley  (Lieutenant  of  the  Tower,  temp.  Henry  VII.)  and  his  wife. 
Monument,  with  kneeling  figures,  to  Sir  Richard  Blount,  Lieutenant  of 
the  Tower  (d.  1564),  and  his  son,  Sir  Michael  Blount,  his  successor  in 
the  office.  Monument  in  chancel  to  Sir  Allen  Apsley,  Lieutenant  of 
the  Tower  (d  1630),  the  father  of  Mrs.  Lucy  Hutchinson.  Inscribed 
stone,  against  south  wall,  over  the  remains  of  Talbot  Edwards  (d  1674), 
Keeper  of  the  Regalia  in  the  Tower  when  Blood  stole  the  crown. 
Here,  in  the  lieutenancy  of  Alderman  Pennington  (the  regicide  Lord 
Mayor  of  London),  one  Kem,  Vicar  of  Low  Leyton,  in  Essex,  preached 
in  a  gown  over  a  buff  coat  and  scarf.  Archbishop  Laud,  who  was  a 
prisoner  in  the  Tower  at  the  time,  records  the  circumstance,  with 
becoming  horror,  in  the  History  of  his  Troubles. 

Peter's  (St.),  WALWORTH  ROAD,  a  church  semi-classic  in  style, 
designed  by  Sir  John  Soane,  of  which  the  first  stone  was  laid  June  2, 
1823,  by  Archbishop  Sutton,  and  the  church  consecrated  by  him 
February  24,  1825.  It  cost  nearly  ^20,000.  There  is  a  good  peal 
of  eight  bells. 

Peter's  (St.),  WESTMINSTER.     [See  Westminster  Abbey.] 

Peterborough  Court,  FLEET  STREET,  on  the  north  side,  the  first 
passage  west  from  Shoe  Lane,  derives  its  name  from  the  Bishops  of 
Peterborough,  who,  in  early  times,  had  their  town  house  here,  and 
whose  interest  in  it  did  not  expire  till  1863,  when  the  Ecclesiastical 
Commissioners  sold  the  reversion  of  the  property  to  the  proprietors  of 
the  Daily  Telegraph,  whose  printing  office  occupies  the  whole  of  the 
Court.  Here  was  a  printing  office  of  some  note  a  century  and  a  half 
before.  "Andrew  Hind,  living  in  Peterborough  Court,  near  Fleet 
Street,"  was  declared  by  a  committee  of  the  House  of  Lords  in  1711 
to  be  the  real  printer  of  Swift's  "  false  and  scandalous  "  lines,  beginning 

An  Orator  dismal  of  Nottinghamshire.1 
Peterborough  House,  MILLBANK.     [See  Millbank.] 
Petre  House,  ALDERSGATE  STREET.     [See  Aldersgate  Street.] 
Petticoat  Lane,  now  MIDDLESEX  STREET,  WHITECHAPEL. 

Petticoat  Lane,  formerly  called  Hog  Lane,  is  near  unto  "  Whitechapel  Bars," 
and  runs  northward  towards  St.  Mary  Spittle.  In  ancient  times,  on  both  sides  of 
this  lane,  were  hedge  rows  and  elm  trees,  with  pleasant  fields  to  walk  in.  Insomuch 
that  some  gentlemen  of  the  Court  and  city  built  their  houses  here  for  air.  Here 
was  an  House  on  the  west  side,  a  good  way  in  the  lane,  which,  when  I  was  a  boy, 
was  commonly  called  the  Spanish  Ambassador's  House,  who  in  King  James  I.'s 

Stanhope's  Queen  Anne,  p.  552. 


78  PETTICOAT  LANE 


reign  dwelt  here  :  and  he  (I  think)  was  the  famous  Gondomar.  And  a  little  way  off 
this  on  the  east  side  of  the  way,  down  a  paved  alley  (now  called  Strype's  Court,  from 
my  father  who  inhabited  here),  was  a  fair  large  house,  with  a  good  garden  before  it, 
built  and  inhabited  by  Hans  Jacobson,  the  said  King  James's  Jeweller,  wherein  I 
was  born.  But  after  French  Protestants,  that  in  the  said  King's  reign,  and  before, 
fled  their  country  for  their  religion,  many  planted  themselves  here,  viz.,  in  that  part 
of  the  lane  nearest  Spittlefields,  to  follow  their  trades,  being  generally  Broad 
Weavers  of  Silk,  it  soon  became  a  contiguous  row  of  buildings  on  both  sides  of  the 
way. — Strype,  B.  ii.  p.  28. 

This  Hog  Lane  stretcheth  north  toward  St.  Mary  Spittle  without  Bishopgate, 
and  within  these  forty  years  had  on  both  sides  fair  hedge  rows  of  elm  trees,  with 
bridges  and  easy  stiles  to  pass  over  into  the  pleasant  fields,  very  commodious  for 
citizens  therein  to  walk,  shoot,  and  otherwise  to  recreate  and  refresh  their  dull  spirits 
in  the  sweet  and  wholesome  air,  which  is  now  within  a  few  years  made  a  continual 
building  throughout  of  garden  houses  and  small  cottages ;  and  the  fields  on  either 
side  be  turned  into  garden  plots,  tenter-yards,  bowling  alleys,  and  such  like. — 
Stow,  p.  48. 

Gherardt  Van  Strype  (the  ancestor  of  the  ecclesiastical  antiquary)  was 
a  member  of  the  Dutch  Church  in  London  in  I567.1  [Sec  Ink  Horn 
Court.] 

Ben  Jonson  makes  Iniquity  say  : — 

We  will  survey  the  suburbs,  and  make  forth  our  sallies 

Down  Petticoat  Lane  and  up  the  Smock-Alleys, 

To  Shoreditch,  Whitechapel,  and  so  to  St.  Kathern's, 

To  drink  with  the  Dutch  there,  and  take  forth  their  patterns. 

The  Devil  is  an  Ass,  Act  i.  Sc.  I. 

As  the  weavers  receded  from  Petticoat  Lane  it  was  occupied  by 
Jews ;  and  for  a  long  series  of  years  its  inhabitants  have  been  Jews  of 
the  least  respectable  class,  and  the  houses  and  shops  receptacles  for 
second-hand  clothes  and  stolen  goods.  It  is  perhaps  not  so  bad  as  it 
was  a  few  years  ago,  but  it  is  still  one  of  the  most  disreputable  quarters 
of  the  Metropolis.  On  a  Saturday — the  Sabbath — quiet  as  a  City  lane 
on  a  Sunday ;  on  Sunday  morning  and  on  the  afternoon  of  every  other 
day  it  is  noisy  and  crowded  with  clamorous  buyers  and  sellers  of  old 
clothes,  old  jewellery,  and  old  wares  of  all  kinds. 

Petty  Burgundy,  TOOLEY  STREET,  SOUTHWARK.  This  place 
appears  in  the  map  of  1542 — reproduced  in  Rendle's  Old  Southwark — 
as  The  Berghene.  According  to  G.  R.  Corner,  the  Southwark  antiquary, 
it  took  the  name  from  alien  inhabitants  (as  in  the  cases  of  Petty  France, 
Petty  Wales,  etc.),  so  many  of  whom  lived  in  St.  Olave's  parish.  A 
special  burial-ground  for  Flemings  and  others  in  this  very  locality  implies 
as  much.  Corner  considers  that  the  Duke  of  Burgundy  or  his  repre- 
sentatives tesided  here,  temp.  Edward  IV.  When  the  Greenwich  railway 
was  constructed  extensive  brick  vaults  of  handsome  and  solid  construc- 
tion and  of  ancient  date  were  discovered,  the  substructure  of  some 
important  mansion  on  this  spot.  In  forming  a  new  churchyard,  1582, 
certain  godly-disposed  parishioners  who  assisted  at  the  work  are  noted 
as  living  in  the  "  Borgyney."  It  is  likely  that  this  was  a  petty  manor,  a 

1  Strype,  B.  v.  p.  300. 


PETTY  FRANCE  79 


place  of  punishment,  cage  and  pillory  being  shown  in  the  map  referred 
to  (Old  Southward  p.  271). 

Petty  Calais,  WESTMINSTER,  was  the  place  where  the  woolstaplers 
of  Westminster  dwelt.  "  A  certain  great  messuage  or  tenement, 
commonly  called  Pety  Caleys"  is  mentioned  in  an  Act  of  interchange 
between  Henry  VIII.  and  the  Abbot  of  Westminster.  It  adjoined  a 
piece  of  land  called  Rosamundys. 

Petty  France,  in  BISHOPSGATE  WARD,  immediately  without  the 
City  wall,  and  so  called  of  Frenchmen  dwelling  there.1  In  "  the  new 
Church-yard  in  Petty  France,  given  by  the  City,  and  consecrated  June 
4,  1617,"  John  Lilburne  (Free-born  John)  was  interred  in  1657  in  the 
presence  of  4000  persons.2  .  Petty  France  was  rebuilt  in  1730,  and 
called  New  Broad  Street. 

Petty  France,  in  WESTMINSTER,  now  YORK  STREET  (from  the 
London  residence,  during  the  early  part  of  the  last  century,  of  the 
Archbishops  of  York). 

From  the  entry  into  Totehill  field  the  street  [Tothill  Street]  is  called  Petty  France, 
in  which,  and  upon  St.  Hermit's  Hill,  on  the  south  side  thereof,  Cornelius  Van  Dun 
(a  Brabander  born,  yeoman  of  the  Guard  to  King  Henry  VIII.,  King  Edward  VI., 
Queen  Mary,  and  Queen  Elizabeth)  built  twenty  houses  for  poor  women  to  dwell 
rent  free  ;  and  near  hereunto  was  a  chapel  of  Mary  Magdalen,  now  wholly  ruinated. 
— Stow,  p.  176. 

He  [Milton  soon  after  took  a  pretty  Garden-house  in  Petty  France  in  Westminster, 
next  door  to  the  Lord  Scudamore's,  and  opening  into  St.  James's  Park ;  here  he 
remained  no  less  than  eight  years,  namely,  from  the  year  1652  till  within  a  few 
weeks  of  King  Charles  the  2d's  Restoration.  In  this  house,  his  first  wife  dying  in 
childbed,  he  married  a  second,  who,  after  a  year's  time,  died  in  childbed  also. — 
Philips 's  Life  of  Milton,  I2mo,  1694,  p.  xxxiii. 

Milton  left  his  house  in  Petty  France  the  first  week  in  May  1660, 
and  was  for  the  next  three  months  in  "  abscondance,"  at  a  friend's  in 
Bartholomew  Close.  On  the  parapet  of  No.  1 9  William  Hazlitt,  who 
rented  the  house  in  1811,  placed  a  stone  tablet  with  the  inscription, 
"  Sacred  to  Milton,  Prince  of  Poets." 

Ll.-Gen.  The  horse  I  rais'd  in  Petty  France 

Shall  try  their  chance, 
And  scow'r  the  meadows  overgrown  with  grass. 

The  Rehearsal,  Act  iv. 

January  6,  1709.— Walked  to  Westminster,  and  from  thence  to  Petty  France, 
to  wait  on  his  Grace  my  Lord  Archbishop  of  York  [John  Sharp]. — Thoresby's  Diary, 
vol.  ii.  p.  17. 

At  a  Tallow-Chandler's  in  Petty  France,  half-way  under  the  blind  arch  :  Ask  for 
the  Historian. — Instructions  to  a  Porter  how  to  find  Mr.  CurlPs  Authors  (Pope  and 
Swift's  Miscellanies,  vol.  iv.  p.  32). 

The  Bishop  of  Norwich  was  living  here  in  i7o8.3  Aaron  Hill  had 
a  house  here,  with  a  garden  reaching  to  the  park,  and  a  grotto  in  it, 
described  in  his  Letters  at  some  length.  John  Cleland,  son  of  the 
Spectator's  Will  Honeycomb,  died  in  this  street,  aged  eighty-two,  in  1789. 

1  Stoic,  p.  (>->.  2  litirton's  Diary,  vol.  iii.  p.  507.  :t  Ilntton,  p.  628. 


8o  PETTY  FRANCE 


He  wrote  a  book  of  such  pernicious  tendency  that  when  summoned 
before  the  Privy  Council  to  answer  for  it,  and  pleading  poverty,  the 
President  of  the  Council  gave  him  an  annuity  of  ;£ioo,  on  his 
engaging  to  write  nothing  more  of  the  same  description. 

Petty  Wales,  the  east  end  of  THAMES  STREET,  by  the  Tower. 

On  the  north  side  as  well  as  on  the  south  of  this  Thames  Street,  are  many  fair 
houses  large  for  stowage,  built  for  merchants  ;  but  towards  the  east  end  thereof, 
namely,  over-against  Galley-Key,  Wool-Key  and  the  Custom  House,  there  have 
been  of  old  time  some  large  buildings  of  stone,  the  ruins  whereof  do  yet  remain,  but 
the  first  builders  and  owners  of  them  are  worn  out  of  memory,  wherefore  the  common 
people  affirm  Julius  Ccesar  to  be  the  builder  thereof,  as  also  of  the  Tower  itself. 
Some  are  of  another  opinion,  and  that  a  more  likely,  that  this  great  stone  building 
was  sometime  the  lodging  appointed  for  the  Princes  of  Wales,  when  they  repaired  to 
this  City,  and  that  therefore  the  street  in  that  part  is  called  Petty  Wales,  which  name 
remaineth  there  most  commonly  until  this  day,  even  as  where  Kings  of  Scotland  were 
used  to  be  lodged  betwixt  Charing  Cross  and  Whitehall,  it  is  likewise  called  Scotland 
[Yard],  and  where  the  Earls  of  Britons  were  lodged  without  Aldersgate,  the  street  is 
called  Britain  Street,  etc.  [Little  Britain]. — Stow,  p.  52. 

Pewterers'  Hall,  No.  1 5  LIME  STREET.  In  the  court-room  is  a 
portrait  of  William  Smallwood,  who  was  master  of  the  Company  in  the 
second  year  of  Henry  VII.,  and  gave  them  their  hall,  with  a  garden  and 
six  tenements  adjoining.  Small  wood's  Hall  was  burnt  in  the  Great 
Fire.  It  was  replaced  in  1678  by  a  hall  which  was  destroyed  by  fire 
in  1840,  and  the  present  convenient  but  unpretending  building  then 
erected.  The  Pewterers'  is  the  sixteenth  in  rotation  of  the  City  Com- 
panies, and  was  first  incorporated  in  1474. 

Snea/t.  What,  is  Peter  Primmer  a  candidate  ? 

Heeltap.   He  is,  Master  Sneak. 

Sneak.  Lord,  I  know  him,  mun,  as  well  as  my  mother  :  why  I  used  to  go  to  his 
Lectures  to  Pewterers'  Hall,  'long  with  Deputy  Firkin. — Foote's  Mayor  of  Gai'ratt, 
1764. 

Macklin,  the  actor,  delivered  his  lectures  on  Elocution  in  this  hall 
— whence  Churchill's  lines  : — 

No  more  in  Pewterers'  Hall  was  heard 
The  proper  force  of  every  word, 
Those  seats  were  desolate  become, 
And  hapless  Elocution  dumb. 

Churchill,  The  Ghost,  B.  iii. 

Philip's  (St.)  Chapel,  REGENT  STREET,  near  Waterloo  Place. 
Built  from  the  designs  of  J.  S.  Repton,  at  the  cost  of  about  ^15,000. 
The  first  stone  was  laid  May  15,  1819,  and  the  chapel  consecrated 
July  4,  1820  (St.  Philip  and  St.  James's  day).  The  tower  is  an  imita- 
tion of  the  well-known  (so  called)  lantern  of  Demosthenes  at  Athens. 

Philip  Lane,  LONDON  WALL,  to  ADDLE  STREET.  Felipeslane,  London 
Wall,  occurs  in  the  City  records  as  early  as  1291;  again,  as  Phelippeslane 
in  1306,  and  often  later. — (Riley,  Memorials,  xi.)  Edward,  twelfth  and 
last  Lord  Zouch,  was  living  in  Philip  Lane  from  1609  to  1615.  In 
the  Calendar  of  State  Papers,  1603-1610,  pp.  207-209,  are  two  letters 


STREET  8 1 


from  him  to  Cecil,  dated  Philip  Lane,  while  he  held  the  office  of 
President  of  Wales  ;  and  a  long  correspondence  afterwards,  similarly 
dated,  when  he  was  Warden  of  the  Cinque  Ports,  a  busy  post  when,  as 
in  May  1616,  pirate  vessels  were  "captured  between  Broadstairs  and 
tte." — (Cal.  State  Pap.,  1611-1618,  p.  369.)  On  April  18,  1619, 
John  Hayward,  the  owner  of  the  house,  offers  to  sell  it  to  Lord  Zouch, 
and  if  he  will  not  buy  it  requests  him  to  relinquish  it. — (Cal.  State 
Pap.,  1619-1623,  p.  37.)  Sion  College  formerly  stood  at  the  corner 
of  Philip  Lane  and  London  Wall. 

Philpot  Lane,  FENCHURCH  STREET,  to  EASTCHEAP,  "  So  called," 
says  Stow,  "  of  Sir  John  Philpot  that  dwelt  there,  and  was  owner  thereof." x 
He  was  mayor  in  1378.  Here  lived  Peter  Thellusson  (d.  1797), 
whose  ambition  to  found  a  colossal  fortune  proved  a  fortune  to  the 
lawyers.  In  1623,  when  the  fleet  was  fitting  out  to  bring  Prince 
Charles  and  the  Infanta  from  Spain,  the  Commissioners  of  the  Navy 
dated  their  numerous  letters  from  Philpot  Lane. 

This  Carol  plays,  and  has  been  in  his  days 

A  chirping  boy  and  a  kill-pot  : 
Kit  cobbler  it  is,  I'm  a  father  of  his, 

And  he  dwells  in  the  lane  called  Fill-pot. 

Ben  Jonson,  Christmas  his  Masque. 

Phoenix  Alley,  LONG  ACRE  now  HANOVER  COURT,  the  passage 
next  west  of  Bow  Street,  built  circ.  1637,  in  which  year  it  is  mentioned 
for  the  first  time  in  the  Rate-books  of  St.  Martin's.  John  Taylor,  the 
Water  Poet,  kept  a  tavern  in  this  alley.  One  of  his  last  works  (his 
Journey  into  Wales,  1652)  he  describes  as  "performed  by  John  Taylor, 
dwelling  at  the  sign  of  the  Poet's  Head,  in  Phenix  Alley,  near  the 
middle  of  Long  Aker,  or  Covent  Garden."  He  supplied  his  own 
portrait  and  inscription  : — 

There's  many  a  head  stands  for  a  sign, 
Then,  gentle  Reader,  why  not  mine  ? 

His  first  sign  was  a  "  Mourning  Crown,"  but  this  was  too  marked 
to  be  allowed.  He  came  in  1652,  and  dying  here  in  1653,  was 
buried,  December  5,  in  the  churchyard  of  St.  Martiris-in-tht-Fields. 
It  should  be  noted,  however,  that  Mr.  Collier  quotes  a  book  called 
Sportive  Wit  the  Muses  Merriment,  8vo,  1656,  which  contains  an 
"  Epitaph  on  John  Taylor,  who  was  born  in  the  City  of  Gloucester,  died 
in  Phoenix  Alley  in  the  75  yere  of  his  age  :  you  may  find  him,  if  the 
worms  have  not  devoured  him,  in  Covent  Garden  Church-yard."  '*  His 
widow,  it  appears  from  the  Rate-books  of  St.  Martin's,  continued  in  the 
house,  under  the  name  of  "widow  Taylor,"  five  years  after  his  death. 
In  1658  "Wid[ow]  Taylor"  is  scored  out,  and  "  Mons.  Lero"  written 
at  the  side.  The  rate  they  paid  was  23.  2d.  a  year. 

Phcenix  Street,  SEVEN  DIALS. 

When  William  Wood  obtained    in    1723  his   patent  for  coining  hall-pence  for 
Ireland  (which  created  so  much  dissatisfaction  in  that  country  and  caused  Swift  to 

1  Sttnv,  p.  77.  'ii-moirof  Taylor,  note. 

VOL.    Ill  <; 


82  PHCENIX  STREET 


write  his  Drapier's  Letters}  he  built  a  suitable  factory  "  in  Phoenix  Street  Seven 
Dials,  and  began  the  work  of  coining  there  on  Monday  the  twenty-first  of  January 
1723.  '•' —  Freeholders'  Journal  for  J anuary  23,  1723. 

Phoenix  Theatre.    [See  Cockpit  Theatre.] 
Physic  Garden,  CHELSEA.     [Ste  Botanic  Garden.] 

Physicians,  Royal  College  Of,  in  PALL  MALL  EAST,  corner  of 
TRAFALGAR  SQUARE,  was  designed  by  Sir  R.  Smirke,  cost  ^30,000,  and 
was  opened  (June  25,  1825)  with  a  Latin  oration  by  Sir  Henry  Halford. 
The  College  was  founded  by  Linacre,  physician  to  Henry  VIII.,  and 
incorporated  in  1518.  By  this  charter  and  the  Confirmatory  Act  14 
Henry  VIII.,  it  was  enacted  that  no  person,  graduates  of  Oxford  and 
Cambridge  excepted,  should  practice  medicine  without  licence  from  the 
College.  This  continued  to  be  the  law  till  1858,  when,  by  the  Medical 
Act  of  that  year,  licence  to  practice  medicine  in  any  part  of  the  United 
Kingdom  was  conferred  on  all  those  whose  course  of  study  and 
examination  by  either  of  the  Universities  or  other  special  corporation 
entitled  them  to  registration  on  the  General  Medical  Register  created 
by  that  Act. 

The  members,  at  its  first  institution,  met  in  the  founder's  house  in 
Knightrider  Street  on  the  site  of  No.  5,  still  (by  Linacre's  bequest)  in 
the  possession  of  the  College.  Here  they  continued  till  1560,  when 
it  was  taken  down  to  make  room  for  the  new  Probate  Court.  They 
then  moved  to  Amen  Corner  (where  Harvey  read  his  lectures  on 
the  discovery  of  the  circulation  of  the  blood);  from  thence  (1674), 
after  the  Great  Fire,  to  Warwick  Lane  (this  building  was  pulled 
down  1866),  and  from  Warwick  Lane  to  the  present  college. 
Observe. — In  the  gallery  above  the  library  seven  preparations  by 
Harvey,  discoverer  of  the  circulation  of  the  blood,  and  a  very  large 
number  by  Dr.  Matthew  Baillie.  The  engraved  portrait  of  Harvey,  by 
Jansen ;  head  of  Sir  Thomas  Browne,  author  of  Religio  Medici ;  Sir 
Theodore  Mayerne,  physician  to  James  I. ;  Sir  Edmund  King,  the 
physician  who  bled  King  Charles  II.  in  a  fit,  on  his  own  responsibility  ; 
head  of  Dr.  Sydenham,  by  Mary  Beale ;  Dr.  Radcliffe,  by  Kneller ;  Sir 
Hans  Sloane,  by  Richardson ;  Sir  Samuel  Garth,  by  Kneller ;  Dr. 
Freind ;  Dr.  Mead ;  Dr.  Warren,  by  Gainsborough ;  William  Hunter ; 
Dr.  Heberden.  Busts. — George  IV.,  by  Chantrey  (one  of  his  finest) ; 
Dr.  Mead,  by  Roubiliac ;  Dr.  Sydenham,  by  Wilton  (from  the  picture) ; 
Harvey,  by  Scheemakers  (from  the  picture) ;  Dr.  Baillie,  by  Chantrey 
(from  a  model  by  Nollekens);  Dr.  Babington,  by  Behnes.  Dr. 
Radcliffe's  gold-headed  cane,  successively  carried  by  Drs.  Radcliffe, 
Mead,  Askew,  Pitcairn,  and  Matthew  Baillie  (presented  to  the  College 
by  Mrs.  Baillie) ;  and  a  clever  picture,  by  Zoffany,  of  Hunter  delivering 
a  lecture  on  anatomy  before  the  members  of  the  Royal  Academy — all 
portraits.  The  long  vacant  niches  were  in  1876  filled  with  statues 
from  the  chisel  of  Mr.  Henry  Weekes,  R.A. ;  in  the  centre  (over  the 
doorway)  that  of  Linacre,  the  founder  and  first  president ;  on  one  side 


TIIK   I'lAZZA  83 


Harvey,  on  the  other  Sydenham.     Mode  of  Admission. — Order  from  a 
fellow.     Almost  every  physician  of  eminence  in  London  is  a  fellow.1 

Piazza  (The),  in  COVENT  GARDEN,  an  open  arcade  on  the  north 
and  east  sides  of  Covent  Garden  Market  place ;  built  by  Inigo  Jones, 
circ.  1633-1634,  and  very  fashionable  when  first  erected,  and  much 
admired.  The  northern  side  was  called  the  Great  Piazza,  the  eastern 
side  the  Little  Piazza.  It  occurs  for  the  first  time  in  the  Rate-books 
of  St.  Martin's  under  the  year  1634;  and  the  leases  of  the  two  houses 
at  the  south  end,  next  Great  Russell  Street  (exhibited  at  the  Society 
of  Antiquaries  in  1853),  granted  to  Sir  Edmund  Verney,  were  dated 
1634.  That  half  of  the  east  side  of  the  Piazza  south  of  Russell  Street, 
on  which  the  Hummums  stands,  was  destroyed  by  fire  in  March  1769, 
and  rebuilt  without  the  arcade.  It  was  again  rebuilt  in  1888;  the 
northern  half  of  the  east  side  (including  the  Bedford  Hotel)  was  pulled 
down  in  1889  for  an  enlargement  of  the  market  into  Bow  Street.  The 
western  half  of  the  north  side  (west  of  James  Street)  was  pulled  down 
about  1880,  and  rebuilt  by  Messrs.  Cubitt. 

1'iazza — a  Market  place  or  chief  street ;  such  is  that  in  Covent  Garden,  which 
the  vulgar  corruptly  call  the  P.  H.,  or  I  know  not  what. — Blount's  Glossogi-aphia, 
121110,  1656. 

But  who  should  I  meet  at  the  corner  of  the  Piazza,  but  Joseph  Taylor  ; 2  he  tells 
me,  there's  a  new  play  at  the  Friars  to-day,  and  I  have  bespoke  a  box  for  Mr.  Wild 
and  his  bride.  —  The  Parson's  Wedding,  by  T.  Killigrew,  fol.  1663. 

"In  the  arcade,"  says  Walpole,  "there  is  nothing  very  remarkable;  the 
pilasters  are  as  errant  and  homely  stripes  as  any  plasterer  would  make." 
This  is  true  now,  though  hardly  true  in  Walpole's  time,  when  the 
arcade  remained  as  Inigo  had  built  it,  with  stone  pilasters  on  a  red 
brick  frontage.  The  pilasters,  as  we  now  see  them,  are  lost  in  a  mass 
of  compo  and  white  paint ;  the  red  bricks  have  been  stuccoed  over, 
and  the  pitched  roofs  of  red  tile  replaced  with  flat  slate.  The  rebuilt 
portion  to  the  west  of  James  Street  exhibits  the  red  bricks. 

Cockayne.  Ay,  Marry  Sir  !  This  is  something  like  !  These  appear  like  buildings  ! 
Here's  architecture  exprest  indeed  !  It  is  a  most  sightly  situation,  and  fit  for  gentry 
and  nobility. 

Rookesbill.  When  it  is  all  finished  doubtless  it  will  be  handsome. 

Cockayne.  It  will  be  glorious ;  and  yond  magnificent  peece  the  Piazza  will  excel 
that  at  Venice,  by  hearsay  (I  ne'er  travelled). — Brome's  Covent  Garden  Weeded,  1659. 

Walking  thence  together  to  the  Piazza  they  parted  there  ;  Eugenius  and  Lisideius 
to  some  pleasant  appointment  they  had  made,  and  Crites  and  Neander  to  their 
several  lodgings. — Dryden,  Essay  on  Dramatick  Poesy,  4to,  1668. 

Puh,  this  is  nothing ;  why  I  knew  the  Hectors,  and  before  them  the  Muns  and 
the  Tityre  Tu's ;  they  were  brave  fellows  indeed  ;  in  those  days  a  man  could  not 
go  from  the  Rose  Tavern  to  the  Piazza  once,  but  he  must  venture  his  life  twice,  my 
dear  Sir  Willy.  —  The  Sccnvrers,  by  T.  Shadwell,  410,  1691. 

London  is  really  dangerous  at  this  time  ;  the  pickpockets,  formerly  content  with 
mere  filching,  make  no  scruple  to  knock  people  down  with  bludgeons  in  Fleet  Street 
and  the  Strand,  and  that  at  no  later  hour  than  eight  o'clock  at  night  :  but  in  the 

1  See  the  Roll  o/the  Royal  College  of  rhysicians          2  An  actor  in  Shakespeare's  plays  as  originally 
ff 'London ,  by  W.  Munk,  M.D.,  Fellow  of  the  Col-       brought  out,  and  one  of  the  best, 
lege,  etc.  ;  and  Quarterly  Kcnieiu,  October  1879. 


84  THE  PIAZZA 


Piazzas,  Covent  Garden,  they  come  in  large  bodies,  armed  with  couteaus,  and  attack 
whole  parties,  so  that  the  danger  of  coming  out  of  the  play-houses  is  of  some  weight 
in  the  opposite  scale,  when  I  am  disposed  to  go  to  them  oftener  than  I  ought. — 
Shenstone  tojago,  March  1744. 

Unfortunately  for  the  fishmongers  of  London  the  Dory  resides  only  in  the  Devon- 
shire Seas  ;  for  could  any  of  this  company  but  convey  one  to  the  Temple  of  Luxury 
under  the  Piazza,1  where  Macklin  the  high  priest  daily  serves  up  his  rich  offerings  to 
the  goddess,  great  would  be  the  reward  of  that  fishmonger. — Fielding,  A  Voyage  to 
Lisbon,  1754. 

Otway  has  laid  a  scene  in  The  Soldier's  Fortune  in  Covent  Garden 
Piazza;  and  Wycherley  a  scene  in  TJie  Country  Wife.  In  Cocks's 
auction-rooms  (afterwards  Langford's,  then  George  Robins's)  Hogarth 
exhibited  his  "  Marriage-a-la-Mode  "  gratis  to  the  public ;  and  "  in  the 
front  apartments,  now  (1828)  used  as  breakfast-rooms  by  the  proprietor 
of  the  Tavistock  Hotel,"  lived  Richard  Wilson,  the  landscape  painter.2 
He  had  a  model  made  of  a  portion  of  the  Piazza,  the  whole  measuring 
about  6  feet  from  the  floor,  which  he  used  as  a  receptace  for  his  paint- 
ing implements.  "The  rustic  work  of  the  piers  was  divided  into 
drawers,  and  the  openings  of  the  arches  were  filled  with  pencils  and 
oil  bottles."3  It  appears,  from  the  baptismal  register  of  the  parish  of 
St.  Paul,  Covent  Garden,  during  the  reigns  of  Charles  II.,  James  II., 
William  III.,  and  even  later,  that  "  Piazza "  was  a  favourite  name  for 
parish  children.  The  baptismal  registers  are  rife  with  Peter  and  Mary 
Piazza,  John  Piazza,  Paul  Piazza,  etc.  The  reason  may  be  well 
imagined : — 

For,  bating  Covent  Garden,  I  can  hit  on 

No  place  that's  called  Piazza  in  Great  Britain. — Byron's  Beppo. 

Eminent  Inhabitants? — Sir  William  Alexander, 'Earl  of  Stirling,  the 
poet;  he  was  living  here,  in  the  north-west  angle,  in  1637.  Thomas 
Killigrew,  the  wit;  he  was  living  in  the  north-west  angle,  between  1637 
and  1643,  and  in  the  north-east  angle,  1660-1662.  Denzill  Holies,  in 
1644,  under  the  name  of  "Colonel  Hollis;"  and  in  1666  and  after 
in  a  house  on  the  site  of  Evans's  Hotel,  afterwards  inhabited  by  Sir 
Harry  Vane,  the  younger  (1647),  and  by  Sir  Kenelm  Digby  (1662). 

Since  the  restauration  of  Ch.  II.  he  [Sir  Kenelm  Digby]  lived  in  the  last  faire 
house  westward  in  the  north  portico  of  Covent  Garden,  where  my  Ld-  Denzill  Holies 
lived  since.  He  had  a  laboratory  there.  I  think  he  dyed  in  this  house.  Sed  qu. 
— Aubrey's  Lives,  vol.  ii.  p.  327. 

Nathaniel  Crew,  third  and  last  Lord  Crew,  and  Bishop  of  Durham 
from  1 68 1  to  1689,  in  the  same  house.  It  appears,  from  the  books 
of  St.  Paul's,  Covent  Garden,  that  almost  all  the  foundlings  of  the 
parish  were  laid  at  the  door  of  the  house  of  the  Bishop  of  Durham. 
Aubrey  de  Vere,  the  twentieth  and  last  Earl  of  Oxford ;  in  the  north- 
east angle,  from  1663  to  1676;  he  lived  in  what  was  Killigrew's 
house.  Sir  Peter  Lely,  from  1662  to  his  death  in  1680;  at  the 
north-east,  where  Robins's  auction-room  afterwards  was;  the  house 

1  "The  Great  Piazza  Coffee-room  in  Covent  s  Ibid.,  vol.  i.  p.  142. 

Garden,  late  Macklin's."— Advertisement  in  the  4  From  the  Rate-books  of  St.  Martin's  and  St. 

Public  Advertiser,  March  6,  1756.  Paul's,  Covent  Garden,  and  other  sources. 

"  Smith's  Nolhkcns,  vol.  ii.  p.  213. 


PICCADILLY  85 


was  inhabited  by  Roger  North,  the  executor  of  Lcly,1  and  by  his 
eminent  brother,  Sir  Dudley  North,  who  died  in  it,  December  31, 
1691.  It  is  now  a  portion  of  the  Tavistock  Hotel.  Viscountess 
Muskerry,  in  1676;  in  the  north-west  angle,  corner  of  James  Street. 
This  was  the  celebrated  Princess  of  Babylon  of  I)e  (irammont's 
Memoirs.  Sir  Godfrey  Kneller ;  he  came  into  the  Piazza  the  year 
after  Lely  died,  and  the  house  he  occupied  was  near  the  steps  into 
Covent  Gankn  Theatre ;  he  had  a  garden  at  the  back,  reaching  as  far 
as  Dr.  Radcliffe's,  in  Bow  Street,  "which  was  extremely  curious  and 
inviting,  from  the  many  exotic  plants,  and  the  variety  of  flowers  and 
greens  which  it  abounded  with." 2  Here,  therefore,  and  not  in  Great 
Queen  Street,  the  scene  of  the  well-known  anecdote  of  Kneller's  and 
Radcliffe's  comical  quarrel  must  be  laid.  Kneller  lived  here  for 
twenty-one  years.  He  had  left  in  1705.3  Berkeley,  Bishop  of  Cloyne. 

I  have  quitted  my  old  lodging,  and  desire  you  to  direct  your  letters  to  be  left 
for  me  with  Mr.  Smibert,  painter,  next  door  to  the  King's  Arms  Tavern,  in  the 
Little  Piazza,  Covent  Garden. — Berkeley,  Bishop  of  Cloyne,  August  24,  1726 
(Berkeley's  Lit.  Relics,  p.  160). 

Russell,  Earl  of  Orford. 

Hard  by  the  church  and  at  the  end  of  the  Piazzas  [now  Evans's  Hotel]  is  the 
Earl  of  Orford's  house.  He  is  better  known  by  the  name  of  Admiral  Russell,  who 
in  1 692  defeated  Admiral  de  Tourville  near  La  Hogue,  and  ruined  the  French  fleet. 
— A  New  Guide  to  London,  I2mo,  1726,  p.  26. 

Lady  Mary  Wortley  Montagu  lived  in  the  Piazza  for  some  time :  there 
is  a  letter  from  Pope  addressed  to  her  here. 

Lady  Mary  Wortley  Montagu  is  dangerously  ill  at  her  house  in  the  Piazza,  Covent 
Garden. — Grub  Street  Journal,  September  17,  1730. 

Lankrink  and  Closterman,  painters ;  in  the  house  lately  Richardson's 
Hotel,  now  rebuilt  and  occupied  as  Lockhart's  Cocoa  Rooms.  Sir 
James  Thornhill,  in  1733;  in  the  second  house  eastward  from  James 
Street.  Zoffany,  the  clever  theatrical  portrait-painter;  in  what  was 
afterwards  Robins's  auction-room,  in  the  north-east  wing  of  the  Piazza. 
Here  he  painted  Foote,  in  the  character  of  Major  Sturgeon. 

Piccadilly.  A  street  consisting  of  shops  and  fashionable  dwelling- 
houses — running  east  and  west,  which  extends  from  the  top  of  the 
Haymarket  to  Hyde  Park  Corner.  The  earliest  allusion  to  it  was 
thought  to  be  in  Gerard's  Herbal,  where  we  read  "  that  the  small  wild 
buglosse  grows  upon  the  drie  ditch  bankes  about  Pickadilla,"  but  the 
passage  does  not  occur  in  the  earliest  edition,  1596,  and  is  only  to  be 
found  in  that  of  1633.  The  origin  of  the  name  is  more  than  doubtful. 
Robert  Baker,  of  the  parish  of  St.  Martin's-in-the-Fields,  by  his  last  will, 
dated  April  14, 1623,  bequeathed  the  sum  of  £2  :  IDS.  in  money,  and  los. 
in  bread,  to  the  poor  of  the  parish  in  which  he  lived.  He  had  a  wife  and 
family  and  a  good  deal  to  leave.  He  speaks  of  his  houses  in  the  Strand, 

1  North's  Lives  of  the  NortJis,  ed.   1826,  vol.  -  Life  of  Radcliffe,  by  Pittis,  8vo,  1736. 

iii.  p.  227.  3  Daily  Courant  of  March  1705. 


86  PICCADILL  Y 

before  Britain's  Burse,  of  a  tenement  in  his  own  occupation,  with  its 
garden  and  cowhouse,  and  of  a  piece  of  land  of  about  two  acres  "  in 
the  fields  behind  the  Mews,"  which  he  had  enclosed  with  a  brick  wall. 
The  entry  of  the  £3  in  the  Accounts  of  the  Overseers  of  the  Poor 
of  St.  Martin's  tells  us  who  Robert  Baker  was,  and  how  his  nameless 
tenement  was  known. 

Of  Robte  Backer  of  Pickadilley  Halle  gewen 
by  wille,  iiju- 

Here,  then,  is  the  earliest  mention  of  Piccadilly  Hall  which  has  yet 
been  discovered,  and  the  bequest  and  entry  are  additionally  important, 
when  we  contrast  the  silence  of  Baker  in  his  will  when  he  refers  to  the 
tenement  in  his  possession,  known  as  Piccadilly  Hall,  with  the  particular 
description  made  by  the  overseers  in  the  entry  of  the  payment.  There 
is  reason  to  believe  that  Robert  Baker  did  not  care  to  have  his  tenement 
described  as  Piccadilly  Hall ;  let  us  hear  Blount : — 

A  Pickadil  is  that  round  hem,  or  the  several  divisions  set  together  about  the 
skirt  of  a  garment  or  other  thing ;  also  a  kinde  of  stiffe  collar,  made  in  fashion  of 
a  band.  Hence,  perhaps,  the  famous  ordinary  near  St.  James's,  called  Pickadilly, 
took  denomination,  because  it  was  then  the  utmost,  or  skirt  house  of  the  suburbs, 
that  way.  Others  say  it  took  name  from  this ;  that  one  Higgins,  a  Tailor,  who 
built  it,  got  most  of  his  estate  by  Pickadilles,  which  in  the  last  age  were  much  worn 
in  England. — Blount's  Glossographia,  ed.  1656,  first  ed. 

Minsheu,  1627,  describes  it  as  "a  peece  fastened  about  the  top  of  the 
coller  of  a  doublet."  The  word  occurs  in  several  of  our  old  dramatic 
writers ;  thus  Ben  Jonson  : — 

Ready  to  cast  at  one  whose  band  sits  ill, 
And  then  leap  mad  on  a  neat  pickardill. 
Epistle  to  a  Friend  (Master  Colby) ;  also  The  Devil  is  an  Ass,  Act  ii.  Sc.  I. 

His  editor,  Gifford,  has  a  note  upon  the  subject.  "Piccadil,"  says 
Gifford,  "is  simply  a  diminutive  of  picca  (Span,  and  Ital),  a  spear-head, 
and  was  given  to  this  article  of  foppery  from  a  fancied  resemblance  of 
its  stiffened  plaits  to  the  bristled  points  of  those  weapons."  It  was  in 
fashion  when  Barnaby  Rich  wrote  in  1614.  "  He  that  some  fortie  or 
fifty  years  sithens,"  says  Rich,  "should  have  asked  after  a  Pickadilly,  I 
wonder  who  could  have  understood  him,  or  could  have  told  what  a 
Pickadilly  had  been,  either  fish  or  flesh."1  Taylor  the  Water  Poet 
speaks  of  a  "Tyburn  Pickadill." 

Baker,  it  appears,  had  built  on  "  the  fields  behind  the  Mews,"  and 
his  widow  increasing  the  number  of  tenements,  the  Overseers  of  the 
Poor  of  St.  Martin's  claimed  Lammas  money  of  her,  for  building  on 
ground  over  which,  after  Lammas,  the  parishioners  of  St.  Martin's  had 
a  right  of  common.  In  the  books  of  the  Overseers  from  April  18, 
1640,  to  May  2,  1641,  the  sum  is  placed  under  the  head  of  "Lamas 
Ground  Receipts,"  and  the  entry  is  as  follows : — 

1  A  fresh  etymology  may  be  hazarded  In  was  a  place  of  entertainment  as  well  as  a  gaming- 
Spanish  picadillo  means  hashed  or  minced  meat,  house,  took  its  name  from  a  popular  dish  as  from 
and  it  is  as  probable  that  Piccadilly  Hall,  which  a  fashionable  collar. 


riccAnu  i  v  87 


Of  Mrs.  Mary  Baker,  widdowe,  in  Lieu  of  the  Lamas  Common,  of  certaine 
grounds  nccrc  ilio  \Vindc  Mill  at  the  Cawsey  head,  builded  upon  by  her  late  husband 
deceased,  and  now  usually  called  Fickadilly,  xxx</. 

Windmill  Street  preserves  a  recollection  of  "the  Winde  Mill  at  the 
Cawseyhead  ; "  Panton  Square  and  Panton  Street,  the  name  of  Colonel 
Panton,  to  whom  Mrs.  Baker  sold  Piccadilly  Hall;  and  Coventry 
Street,  the  name  of  Mr.  Secretary  Coventry  of  the  reign  of  Charles  II., 
whose  garden  wall  ran  along  part  of  Panton  Street  and  Oxenden  Street. 
The  situation  of  Piccadilly  Hall,  at  the  north-east  corner  of  the  Hay- 
market,  is  laid  down  in  the  maps  of  London  by  T.  Porter  and  W. 
Faithorne,  both  published  before  1660;  and  these  show  that  over 
against  Windmill  Street  stood  the  Gaming-house  or  Shaver's  Hall ; 
and  at  the  corner  of  Windmill  Street  and  Coventry  Street  Piccadilly 
HalL 

In  the  afternoon  of  the  same  day  fin  1641],  Mr.  Hyde  going  to  a  place  called 
Piccadilly  (which  was  a  fair  house  for  entertainment  and  gaming,  with  handsome 
gravel  walks  with  shade,  and  where  were  an  upper  and  lower  bowling  green,  whither 
very  many  of  the  nobility  and  gentry  of  the  best  quality  resorted,  both  for  exercise 
and  conversation),  as  soon  as  ever  he  came  into  the  ground,  the  Earl  of  Bedford 
came  to  him,  and  told  him  "He  was  glad  he  was  come  thither,  for  there  was  a 
friend  of  his  in  the  lower  ground  who  needed  his  counsel." — Clarendon's  History  of 
the  Rebellion,  ed.  1826,  vol.  i.  p.  422. 

Sir  John  Suckling,  the  poet  (d.  1641),  was  one  of  the  great  frequenters 
of  Piccadilly  Hall,  Aubrey  preserving  a  story  of  "his  sisters  coming 
to  Peccadillo  Bowling-green,  crying  for  the  feare  he  should  lose  all 
[their]  portions."  Another  well-known  person  was  Phil  Porter. 

Farewell,  my  dearest  Piccadilly, 

Notorious  for  great  dinners  ; 
Oh,  what  a  Tennis  Court  was  there  ! 

Alas  !  too  good  for  sinners. 
Phil  Porter's  Farewell  (Wit  and  Drollery},  I2mo,  1682,  p.  39. 

Lammas  money  was  paid  on  account  of  Piccadilly  House  and  Bowling 
Green  as  late  as  1670,  and  the  house  itself  pulled  down  circ.  1685. 
The  Fives  Court  attached  to  the  Gaming-house  remained  standing  in 
Windmill  Street  a  very  few  years  back.  The  Tennis  Court  of  Shaver's 
Hall  remained  in  James  Street  until  1887,  when  it  was  rebuilt;  a 
tablet  now  marks  the  place. 

February  7,  1638. — A  sentence  in  the  Star  Chamber  this  term  hath  demolished 
all  the  houses  about  Piccadilly  ;  by  midsummer  they  must  be  pulled  down,  which 
have  stood  since  the  I3th  of  K.  James  [1615] :  they  are  found  to  be  great  nuisances, 
and  much  foul  the  springs  of  water  which  pass  by  those  houses  to  Whitehall  and  to 
the  City. — Garrard,  Strafford  Letters,  vol.  ii.  p.  150. 

April  14,  1657. — The  Clause  about  manners  and  loose  persons  was  read.   .   .   . 
Sir  William  Strickland  said,  "  Certainly  this  work  is  very  requisite,  and  abundance 
of  loose  persons  are   about   town;    at   Piccadilly  and   other  nurseries   of  vice."- 
Journah  of  Parliament,  Burton,  vol.  ii.  p.  35. 

July  31,  1662. — I  sat  with  the  Commissioners  about  reforming  buildings  and 
streets  of  London,  and  we  ordered  the  paving  of  the  way  down  St.  James's  north, 
which  was  a  quagmire,  and  also  of  the  Haymarket  about  Piquiilillo. — Evelyn. 


88  PICCADILL  Y 

Cordelia.  At  last 

Volscius  the  great  this  dire  resolve  embraced  : 

His  servants  he  into  the  country  sent, 

And  he  himself  to  Piccadillt  went, 

Where  he's  inform'd  by  letters  that  she's  dead. 

Baynes.  So,  let  me  see. 

Enter  Prince  Volscius  going  out  of  town. 
Smith.   I  thought  he  had  been  gone  to  Picadille 
Baynes.  Yes,  he  gave  out  so  ;  but  that  was  only  to  cover  his  design. 

The  Rehearsal  (1671),  Act.  iii. 

The  first  Piccadilly,  taking  the  word  in  its  modern  acceptation  of  a 
street,  was  a  very  short  line  of  road,  running  no  farther  west  than  the 
foot  of  Sackville  Street,  and  the  name  Piccadilly  Street  occurs  for  the 
first  time  in  the  Rate-books  of  St.  Martin's  under  the  year  1673.  Sir 
Thomas  Clarges's  house,  on  the  site  of  the  present  Albany,  is  described 
in  the  London  Gazette  of  1675  (No.  982)  as  "near  Burlington  House, 
above  Piccadilly."  From  Sackville  Street  to  Albemarle  Street  was 
originally  called  Portugal  Street,  after  Catherine  of  Braganza,  Queen  of 
Charles  II.,  and  all  beyond  was  the  great  Bath  Road,  or,  as  Agas  calls 
it  (1560),  "the  way  to  Reding."  The  Piccadilly  of  1708  is  described 
as  "a  very  considerable  and  publick  street,  between  Coventry  Street 
and  Portugal  Street ;"  and  the  Piccadilly  of  1720  as  "a  large  street  and 
great  thoroughfare,  between  Coventry  Street  and  Albemarle  Street."1 
Portugal  Street  gave  way  to  Piccadilly  in  the  reign  of  George  I.  That 
part  of  the  present  street,  between  Devonshire  House  and  Hyde  Park 
Corner,  was  taken  up,  as  Ralph  tells  us,  in  1734,  by  the  shops  and 
stone-yards  of  statuaries,  just  as  the  Euston  Road  is  now — a  statement 
confirmed  by  Lloyd  in  The  Cifs  Country  Box,  and  by  Walpole  in  a 
letter  to  Mann  of  June  6,  1746. 

And  now  from  Hyde  Park  Corner  come 
The  Gods  of  Athens  and  of  Rome  ; 
Here  squabby  Cupids  take  their  places, 
With  Venus  and  the  clumsy  Graces. 

Lloyd,  The  Cifs  Country  Box,  1757. 

When  do  you  come  ?  If  it  is  not  soon  you  will  find  a  new  town.  I  stared 
to-day  at  Piccadilly  like  a  country  squire  ;  there  are  twenty  new  stone  houses.  At 
first  I  concluded  that  all  the  grooms  that  used  to  live  there  had  got  estates  and  built 
palaces. — Walpole  to  Montagu,  November  8,  1759. 

We  may  read  the  history  of  Piccadilly  in  the  names  of  several  of  the 
surrounding  streets  and  buildings.  Albemarle  Street  was  so  called  after 
Christopher  Monk,  second  Duke  of  Albemarle,  to  whom  Clarendon 
House  was  sold  in  1675,  by  the  sons  of  the  great  Lord  Clarendon. 
Bond  Street  was  so  called  after  Sir  Thomas  Bond,  of  Peckham,  to 
whom  Clarendon  House  was  sold  by  the  Duke  of  Albemarle  when  in 
difficulties,  a  little  before  his  death.  Jermyn  Street  was  so  called  after 
Henry  Jermyn,  Earl  of  St.  Albans,  who  died  1683-1684;  Burlington 
House  after  Boyle,  Earl  of  Burlington;  Dover  Street  after  Henry 

1  Hat  ton,  1708 ;  Strype,  1720. 


PICCADILLY  89 


Jcrniyn,  Lord  Dover  (d.  1708),  the  little  Jermyn  of  De  Grammont's 
Memoirs  ;  Berkeley  Street  and  Stratton  Street  after  John,  Lord  Berkeley 
of  Stratton,  Lord  Deputy  of  Ireland  in  the  reign  of  Charles  II. ;  Clarges 
Street  after  Sir  Walter  Clarges,  the  nephew  of  Ann  Clarges,  wife  of 
General  Monk ;  and  Arlington  Street  and  Bcnnet  Street  after  Henry 
Bcnnet,  Earl  of  Arlington,  one  of  the  Cabal.  Air  Street  was  built  in 
1659;  Stratton  Street  in  1693,  and  Bolton  Street  was,  in  1708,  the 
most  westerly  street  in  London.  Devonshire  House  occupies  the  site  of 
Berkeley  House,  in  which  the  first  Duke  of  Devonshire  died  (1707). 
Hamilton  Place  derives  its  name  from  James  Hamilton,  ranger  of  Hyde 
Park  in  the  reign  of  Charles  II.,  and  brother  of  La  Belle  Hamilton. 
Halfmoon  Street  was  so  called  from  the  Halfmoon  Tavern.  Coventry 
House,  No.  1 06,  was  built  on  the  site  of  an  old  inn,  called  the 
Greyhound,  and  bought  by  the  Earl  of  Coventry  of  Sir  Hugh  Hunlock 
in  1764  for  10,000  guineas.1  Apsley  House  was  called  after  Apsley, 
Earl  of  Bathurst,  who  built  it  late  in  the  last  century ;  and  the  Albany 
from  the  Duke  of  York  and  Albany,  brother  of  George  IV.  St.  James's 
Church  (by  Wren)  was  consecrated  on  Sunday,  July  13,  1684.  The 
sexton's  book  of  St.  Martin's  informs  us  that  the  White  Bear  Inn  was 
in  existence  in  1685  ;  and  Strype,  in  his  new  edition  of  Stow,  that  there 
was  a  White  Horse  Cellar  in  Piccadilly  in  1720;  it  was  so  named  by 
Williams,  the  landlord,  in  honour  of  the  accession  of  the  House  of 
Hanover.  This  house  was  widely  renowned  in  coaching  days,  and  is 
still  the  summer  starting-place  of  the  private  four-horse  stage-coaches. 
The  two  Corinthian  pilasters,  which  stood  one  on  each  side  of  the 
Three  Kings  Inn  gateivay,  in  Piccadilly  (they  were  removed  in  1864), 
belonged  to  Clarendon  House,  and  were  thought  to  be  the  only  remains 
of  that  edifice. 

Sir  William  Petty,  our  first  writer  of  authority  on  political  arithmetic, 
died  in  a  house  over  against  St.  James's  Church  (1687).  Next  but 
one  to  Sir  William  Petty,  Verrio,  the  painter,  was  living  in  1675.  In 
the  dark  red-brick  rectory  house,  at  the  north  side  of  the  church, 
pulled  down  1848,  and  immediately  rebuilt  (now  No.  197),  lived  and 
died  Dr.  Samuel  Clarke,  rector  of  St.  James's,  from  1709  till  his  death 
in  1729.  Here  he  edited  Ccesar  and  Homer ;  here  he  wrote  his 
Scripture  Doctrine  of  the  Trinity  and  his  Treatise  on  tJte  Being  and 
Attributes  of  God.  In  Coventry  House,  facing  the  Green  Park,  corner 
of  Engine  Street  (now  the  St.  James's  Club),  died  in  1809,  William, 
sixth  Earl  of  Coventry,  married,  in  1752,  to  Maria,  the  elder  of 
the  two  beautiful  Miss  Gunnings.  In  what  was  then  No.  23,  now 
No.  99,  died,  in  1803,  Sir  William  Hamilton,  the  collector  of  the 
Hamiltonian  gems,  better  known  as  the  husband  of  Nelson's  Lady 
Hamilton:  they  went  there  in  1800.  From  the  house  No.  80,  Sir 
Francis  Burdett  was  taken  to  the  Tower,  April  6,  1810;  the  arrest 
was  made  by  forcing  open  the  area  windows,  after  a  fruitless  attempt 

1  Carter  the  Antiquary  in  Gent.  Mag.  for  March  1816,  p.  230;  Everyday  Book,  vol.  i.  p.  578; 
Selwyn's  Correspondence,  vol.  i.  p.  339. 


90  PICCADILLY 

to  get  in  at  the  first  floor  by  a  ladder.  They  found  Sir  Francis  in  the 
drawing-room  with  his  brother,  his  son,  and  some  ladies.  The  coach 
in  which  they  carried  him  off  was  escorted  by  the  Life  Guards,  with  the 
5th  Hussars  leading  the  way.  They  went  round  by  Portland  Street 
and  the  City  Road  through  Finsbury  Square  and  the  Minories  to  the 
Tower.  Windham  records  in  his  Diary  (p.  503),  "Went  late  to 
Albemarle  Street.  Found  Life  Guards  in  Piccadilly  hunted  by  and 
hunting  the  mob."  No.  105  was  the  old  Pulteney  Hotel;  here  the 
Emperor  of  Russia  put  up  during  the  memorable  visit  of  the  allied 
sovereigns  in  1814  ;  and  here  the  Grand  Duchess  of  Oldenburg  (the 
Emperor  Alexander's  sister)  introduced  Prince  Leopold  to  the  Princess 
Charlotte.  On  its  site  the  late  Marquis  of  Hertford  built,  but  never 
occupied,  Hertford  House.  The  large  brick  house,  No.  i  Stratton 
Street,  was  the  residence  of  Mrs.  Coutts,  afterwards  Duchess  of  St. 
Albans,  and  is  now  that  of  the  Baroness  Burdett-Coutts.  Lord  Eldon's 
house,  at  the  west  corner  of  Hamilton  Place,  was  built  by  his  grand- 
father, Lord  Chancellor  Eldon.  Nos.  138  and  139  were  all  one  house 
in  the  old  Duke  of  Queensberry's  time. 

In  the  balcony  of  No.  138,  on  fine  days  in  summer,  used  to  sit,  some  forty  years 
ago,  a  thin,  withered  old  figure,  with  one  eye,  looking  on  all  the  females  that  passed 
him,  and  not  displeased  if  they  returned  him  whole  winks  for  his  single  ones.  .  .  . 
He  had  been  Prince  of  the  Jockies  of  his  time,  and  was  a  voluptuary  and  millionaire. 
"Old  Q."  was  his  popular  appellation.  He  died  at  the  age  of  eighty-six.  We 
have  often  seen  him  in  his  balcony 

Sunning  himself  in  Huncamunca's  eyes  ; 

and  wondered  at  the  longevity  of  his  dissipation  and  the  prosperity  of  his  worthless- 
ness. — Leigh  Hunt. 

Windham  also  mentions  his  habit  of  sitting  at  the  window  : — 

September  25,  1808. — Went  in  to  the  Duke  of  Queensberry,  whom  I  saw  at  his 
window  ;  full  of  life  but  very  difficult  to  communicate  with,  and  greatly  declined  in 
bodily  powers. — Windham's  Diary. 

He  died  in  this  house,  December  23,  1810,  aged  eighty-six.  The  legacy 
duty  on  his  property  was  ;£i  20,000. 

At  the  corner  of  Park  Lane,  No.  137,  then  Lord  Elgin's,  the  Elgin 
marbles  were  placed  on  their  first  arrival  in  this  country.  Later  it  was 
the  residence  of  the  Duchess  of  Gloucester.  No.  94  was  formerly 
Egremont  House,  then  Cholmondeley  House,  afterwards  the  residence 
of  the  Duke  of  Cambridge  (brother  of  George  III.),  and  known  as 
Cambridge  House.  It  was  then,  from  his  first  premiership,  1855,  till 
his  death,  October  18,  1865,  the  residence  of  Lord  Palmerston ; 
and  famed  for  Lady  Palmerston's  brilliant  receptions.  It  is  now  the 
Naval  and  Military  Club.  Lord  Palmerston,  prior  to  1855,  lived  for  a 
short  time  at  No.  114.  The  bay-fronted  house  which  stood  at  the 
corner  of  Whitehorse  Street  was  the  residence  of  Mr.  Charles  Dumergue, 
the  friend  of  Sir  Walter  Scott ;  until  a  child  of  his  own  was  established 
in  London,  this  was  Scott's  headquarters  when  in  town.  The  London 


ADILLY 


season  of  Lord  Byron's  married  life  was  passed  in  that  half  of  the 
Duke  of  Queensberry's  house  afterwards  numbered  139  and  pulled 
down  in  1889.  "We  mean  to  metropolise  to-morrow,"  says  Byron, 
"and  you  will  address  your  next  to  Piccadilly.  We  have  got  the 
Duchess  of  Devon's  house  there,  she  being  in  France."  Here  he 
brought  his  wife,  March  18,  1815,  and  that  hag  of  a  housemaid,  Mrs. 
Mule,  of  whom  Moore  has  given  an  amusing  account ;  and  from  here 
Lady  Byron  left  him  for  ever  in  the  middle  of  the  following  January. 
His  affairs  were  so  embarrassed  that  there  had  been  no  fewer  than 
eight  or  nine  executions  in  his  house  during  this  period.  The  letters 
of  Lord  Byron,  written  from  this  house,  are  one  and  all  dated  from 
No.  13  Piccadilly  Terrace,  and  one  and  all  of  Scott's  from  Mr. 
Dumergue's,  No.  15  Piccadilly  West.  Numbers  are  of  little  use  to 
the  local  antiquary ;  they  suffer  from  the  caprice  of  the  authorities. 
Two  houses  are  thrown  into  one,  the  street  is  enlarged,  or  the 
even  numbers  are  arranged  on  one  side  and  the  odd  numbers  on 
the  other.  Piccadilly  Terrace  and  Piccadilly  West  no  longer  exist ; 
and  under  the  present  system  of  numbering,  Apsley  House,  Hyde  Park 
Corner,  is  No.  149  Piccadilly.  The  Hercules  Pillars  public-house, 
where  Squire  Western  put  up  his  horses  when  in  pursuit  of  Tom 
Jones,  and  where  that  bluff  brave  soldier,  the  Marquis  of  Granby 
(d.  1770),  spent  many  a  happy  hour,  stood  long  after  Apsley  House 
was  built  on  what  was  Hamilton  Terrace,  now  incorporated  into 
Piccadilly.  In  Piccadilly,  on  the  south  side,  facing  Old  Bond  Street, 
was  the  shop  of  Wright  (the  publisher  of  the  Antijacobin,  the  Baviad, 
etc.),  now  Ridgway's  (No.  169),  where  Peter  Pindar  assaulted  Gifford, 
and  was  bundled  neck  and  crop  into  the  muddy  street  for  his  pains. 
Peter  Pindar,  however,  never  ceased  to  assert  both  in  print  and 
conversation  that  he  had  "  cudgelled,  most  soundly  cudgelled " 
Gifford,  in  "  one  Wright's  shop,  a  poor,  ignorant  and  painstaking  book- 
seller in  Piccadilly."  George  Frederick  Cooke  was  living  at  No.  9 
Piccadilly  West  when,  on  February  5,  1803,  he  made  a  resolve  to  keep 
a  journal,  which  he  forgot  the  next  day. 

At  the  corner  of  Down  Street  was  the  house  of  Henry  Thomas 
Hope,  Esq.,  built  1848-1849,  from  the  designs  of  M.  Dusillon  and  Mr. 
T.  L.  Donaldson.  The  handsome  iron  railing  in  front  was  cast  at  Paris. 
The  cost  of  the  whole  building  is  said  to  have  been  over  ,£80,000. 
Here  Mr.  Hope  kept  the  celebrated  collection  of  pictures  (Dutch 
especially)  formed  at  the  Hague  by  the  family  of  the  Hopes,  and 
now  chiefly  at  Deepdene.  The  Junior  Athenaeum  Club  purchased 
the  lease  for  ^£45,000.  At  "No.  22  Piccadilly,  late  the  Fantoccini 
Rooms,"  Mr.  Katterfelto  exhibited  in  1782  the  wonders  of  his  solar 
microscope,  whereby  the  "insects  which  have  threatened  this  king- 
dom with  a  plague  .  .  .  and  which  by  all  accounts,  caused  a  great 
plague  in  Italy  in  the  year  1432  .  .  .  will  be  magnified  as  large  as 
an  ox,  and  are  as  tough." l 

1  Katterfelto's  Advertisement. 


92  PICKAXE  STREET 


Pickaxe  Street,  CLERKENWELL,  the  name  given  in  some  old 
maps  to  GOSWELL  STREET. 

Pickering  Place,  ST.  JAMES'S  STREET,  a  small  courtyard  near  the 
south-east  end  of  the  street.  In  Dodsley's  London,  1761,  it  is  set 
down  as  Pickering's  Court.  The  old  firm  of  engravers,  through  whose 
house  the  entrance  to  the  Court  passes,  have  preserved  a  card-plate  of 
the  Georgian  era,  which,  without  any  name,  states  "  5  Pickering  Place, 
St.  James's  Street,  Rouge  and  Roulette,  French  and  English  Hazard. 
Commence  at  one  o'clock."  This  was  one  of  the  most  notorious  Hells 
in  London. 

Picket  Street,  STRAND,  north  side  of  St.  Clement's  Danes. 
Built  on  the  site  of  Butcher  Row,  and  so  called  in  compliment  to 
Alderman  Picket  (d.  1796,  buried  at  Stoke  Newington).  Before 
the  alteration  was  made  the  old  cant  name  for  the  place  among 
coachmen  was  "  The  Pass,"  or  "  The  Straits  of  St.  Clement's." *  Picket 
Street  was  cleared  away  to  make  room  for  the  new  Law  Courts. 

A  number  of  old,  ruinous  houses  called  Butcher  Row  have  been  taken  down, 
and  a  range  of  new  buildings  erected  on  the  north  side,  named  Picket  Street,  in 
honour  of  Alderman  Picket,  who  projected  the  alteration.— Priscilla  Wakefield's 
Perambulations  in  London,  1809,  p.  246. 

Pickleherring  Street,  by  the  Thames  Side,  HORSLEYDOWN. 
Here,  at  the  north  end  of  Vine  Street,  is  the  landing-place  called 
Pickleherring  Stairs. 

October  15,  1687. — Mr.  Timothy  Evans,  at  Pickleherring  Stairs,  who  had  been 
kind  to  my  son  Henry,  in  bringing  him  out  of  .the  Indies,  came  to  me.  He  has 
been  commander  of  merchantmen  in  to  the  Indies  and  Guinea,  or  mate,  this  ten 
years,  and  brought  me  four  agates ;  who  is  desirous  I  would  move  Mr.  Pepes  to  him 
into  his  Majesty's  service. — Bishop  Cartwright's  Diary,  p.  85. 

Picthatch,  or  PICKEHATCH,  a  noted  receptacle  for  prostitutes  and 
pickpockets,  generally  supposed  to  have  been  in  Turnmill  Street,  near 
Clerkenwell  Green,2  but  its  position  is  determined  by  a  grant  of  the 
33d  of  Queen  Elizabeth,  and  a  survey  of  1649.  What  was  Picthatch 
is  a  street  at  the  back  of  a  narrow  turning  called  Middle  Row  (formerly 
Rotten  Row)  opposite  the  Charter  House  wall  in  Goswell  Road.  The 
name  is  still  (or  was  till  recently)  preserved  in  "  Pickax  Yard  "  adjoining 
Middle  Row. 

In  a  grant  by  pat.  33  Eliz.,  p.  9,  m.  25-28,  appears  the  grant  of  a  small 
enclosure  occupied  as  a  garden  with  a  stall  stable  thereon  built,  lying  in  Olde  Street 
or  Pickehatch  near  the  Charter  House,  in  the  parish  of  St.  Giles's  without  Cripple- 
gate  ;  and  in  a  survey  of  the  Prebendal  Manor  of  Finsbury  (1649)  is  mentioned, 
"  All  that  other  parcel  of  demesne  land  commonly  called  and  known  by  the  name  of 
Rotten  Row,  set,  lying  and  being  in  the  parish  of  St.  Giles's  without  Cripplegate,  in 
a  certain  street  there  commonly  called  Old  Street,  adjoining  north  upon  the  said 
street,  and  south  upon  a  way  or  passage  leading  out  of  Old  Street  into  the  Pickthatch, 
and  abutting  east  upon  the  Cage  and  Prison  House  in  Old  Street  aforesaid." — T. 
Edlyne  Tomlins  (MS.  Communication  to  Mr.  Cunningham]. 

1  The  Spectator,  No.  498.  2  Gifford's  Ben  Jonson,  vol.  i.  p.  17  ;  Dyce's  Middleton,  vol.  v.  p.  512. 


/'//:   CORNER  93 


Falstaff  [to  Pistol,}  Reason,  you  rogue,  reason  :  think'st  thou  I'll  endanger  my 
soul  gratis  ?  At  a  word,  hang  no  more  about  me  ;  I  am  no  gibbet  for  you  : — go. 
A  short  knife  and  a  throng  : — to  your  manor  of  Pickthatch,  go. — Merry  Wives  of 
Windsor,  Act  ii.  Sc.  2. 

Shift,  here  in  town,  not  meanest  among  squires, 

That  haunt  Pict-hatch,  Marsh  Lambeth  and  Whitefriars, 

;  himself,  with  half  a  man,  and  defrays 
The  charge  of  that  state  with  this  charm — God  pays. 

Ben  Jonson,  Epigram  xii.  (Lieutenant  Shift}. 

Shift,  a  thread-bare  shark  ;  one  that  never  was  a  soldier,  yet  lives  upon  lendings. 
His  profession  is  skeldring  and  odling,  his  bank  Paul's,  and  his  warehouse  Picthatch. 
—  Ben  Jonson,  Dram.  Pers.  before  Every  Man  out  of  his  Humour.  See  also 
Every  Man  in  his  Humour  ;  and  Alchemist. 

Here  Middleton  has  laid  the  scene  of  his  Black  Book ;  and  here 
there  is  reason  to  believe,  from  what  Middleton  states,  Nash,  the  rude 
railing  satirist,  died. 

I  proceeded  toward  Pict-hatch,  intending  to  begin  there  first,  which  (as  I  may 
fitly  name  it)  is  the  very  skirts  of  all  brothel-houses. — Middleton's  Works,  vol.  v. 

P-  5I3- 

In  the  meantime,  while  they  were  ransacking  his  box  and  pockets  [Sir  John] 
Robinson  fell  a  railing  at  the  Colonel,  giving  him  the  base  terms  of  Rebel  and 
Murderer,  and  such  language  as  none  could  have  learnt,  but  such  as  had  been 
conversant  among  the  Civil  Society  of  Pickt-hatch,  Turnbull  Street,  and  Billingsgate. 
— Mrs.  Hutchinson's  Memoirs  of  Colonel  Hntchinson,  ed.  1838,  p.  132. 

Pightle  is  a  small  enclosed  place,  and  the  root  picht,  pight  seems 
to  convey  the  idea  of  a  fastening  or  shutting  off.  Pickthatch  was  a 
place  parted  off,  where  the  residents  were  shut  in  and  intruders  shut 
out.  It  may  be  worth  notice  that  Southey  records  in  his  journal  of  a 
journey  in  the  western  and  south-western  countries,  under  October  29, 
1799:  "On  the  way  [from  Ringwood  to  Romsey  in  Hampshire]  is 
the  Picket  Post,  an  extra-parochial  alehouse,  where  unmarried  women 
go  to  lie  in,  out  of  the  reach  of  the  constable."  * 

Pie  Corner,  WEST  SMITHFIELD,  between  Giltspur  Street  and 
Smithfidd ;  now  the  Smithfield  end  of  Giltspur  Street. 

Pie  Corner,  a  place  so  called  of  such  a  sign,  sometime  a  fair  Inn  for  receipt  of 
travellers,  but  now  divided  into  tenements. — Stow,  p.  139. 

Pye  corner — noted  chiefly  for  Cook's  Shops,  and  Pigs  drest  there  during 
Bartholomew  Fair. — Strype,  B.  iii.  p.  283. 

Hostess.  I  am  undone  by  his  [Falstaff  s]  going  ;  I  warrant  you,  he's  an  infinitive 
thing  upon  my  score. — Good  master  Fang,  hold  him  sure  : — good  master  Snare,  let 
him  not  'scape.  He  comes  continually  to  Pie  Corner  (saving  your  manhood)  to 
buy  a  saddle  ;  and  he's  indited  to  dinner  to  the  Lubbard's  Head  in  Lumbert  Street 
to  Master  Smooth's  the  silkman. — Shakespeare,  Second  Part  of  King  Henry  IV.,  Act 
ii.  Sc.  I. 

Face.   I  shall  put  you  in  mind,  sir  ;  at  Pie  Corner 

Taking  your  meal  of  steam  in,  from  Cook's  stalls. 

Where,  like  the  father  of  hunger,  you  did  walk 

Piteously  costive. — Ben  Jonson,  The  Alchemist,  Act  i.  Sc.  i. 

Little-wit.  Tut,  we'll  have  a  device,  a  dainty  one.  I  have  it,  Win,  I  have  it,  i' 
faith,  and  'tis  a  fine  one.  Win,  long  to  eat  of  a  pig,  sweet  Win,  in  the  Fair  do  you 

1   Southey's  Commonplace  Book,  vol.  iv.  p.  523. 


94  PIE  CORNER 


see,  in  the  heart  of  the  Fair,  not  at  Pie  Corner. — Ben  Jonson,  Bartholomew  Fair, 
Act  i.  Sc.  i. 

Whorebang.  By  this  flesh,  let's  have  wine,  or  I  will  cut  thy  head  off,  and  have 
it  roasted  and  eaten  in  Pie  Corner  next  Bartholomew  Tide. — Nat  Field,  Amends  for 
Ladies,  4to,  1618. 

In  the  Pig  Market,  alias  Pasty  Nook,  or  Pie  Comer  ;  where  pigs  are  all  hours  of 
the  day  on  the  stalls  piping  hot,  and  would  say  (if  they  could  speak)  come  eat  me. — 
Bartholomew  Fair  (tract),  1641. 

Lady  Frugal.  What  cooks  have  you  provided  ? 

Holdfast.   The  best  of  the  city  :  they've  wrought  at  my  Lord  Mayor's. 
Anne  Frugal.  Fie  on  them  !     They  smell  of  Fleet  Lane  and  Pie   Corner. — 
Massinger,  The  City  Madam. 

Sir  Humphrey  Scattergood.  I'll  not  be  served  so  nastily  as  in  my  days  of  nonage, 
or  as  my  father  was  ;  as  if  his  meat  had  been  dress'd  at  Pie  Corner  by  greasy 
scullions  there. — T.  Shadwell,  TJie  Woman  Captain,  4to,  1680  ;  See  also  his  Sullen 
Lovers,  4to,  1668. 

Next  day  I  through  Pie  Corner  past : 

The  roast-meat  on  the  stall 
Invited  me  to  take  a  taste  ; 
My  money  was  but  small. 

The  Great  Boobee  (Roxburghe  Ballads,  p.  221). 

Through  a  good  part  of  the  i7th  century  Pie  Corner  was  noted 
for  the  manufacture  of  broad-sheet  (or  what  in  the  next  century  would 
have  been  called  Seven  Dials)  literature.  Randolph,  in  his  "  Answer  to 
Ben  Jonson's  Ode,"  speaks  as  contemptuously  of  "  some  Pie  Corner 
Muse,"  as  does  Marvell,  long  after,  in  his  "  Rehearsal  Transprosed  "  of 
"  superannuated  chanter  of  Saffron  Hill  and  Pie  Corner ; "  and  Edward 
Phillips  says : — 

Who  would  grudge  the  slight  mention  of  a  book  and  its  author ;  yet  not  so  far 
as  to  condescend  to  the  taking  notice  of  every  single -sheeted  Pie  Corner  poet  who 
comes  squirting  out  with  an  elegy  in  mourning  for  every  great  person  that  dies. — 
Edward  Phillips,  Preface  to  Theatrum  Poetarum,  I2mo,  1675. 

The  Great  Fire  of  London  began  at  Pudding  Lane  and  ended  at 
Pie  Corner,  a  singular  coincidence  in  names,  which  is  said  to  have 
occasioned  the  erection,  at  the  corner  of  Cock  Lane,  of  a  figure  of  a 
boy  upon  a  bracket,  with  his  arms  across  his  stomach,  thus  curiously 
inscribed  :  "  This  boy  is  in  memory  put  up  of  the  late  Fire  of  London, 
occasioned  by  the  sin  of  gluttony,  1666."  There  is  an  engraving  of  it 
by  J.  T.  Smith,  who  also  etched  some  "  old  houses  at  the  south  corner  of 
Hosier  Lane,  drawn  in  April  1795,"  which,  with  the  other  old  houses 
spared  by  the  Fire,  were  taken  down  in  1809.  There  is  still  an  inscrip- 
tion on  the  corner  house.  [See  Cock  Lane].  Long  after  the  Fire 
D'Urfey  calls  Pie  Corner  "  a  very  fine  dirty  place."  * 

September  4,  1 666. — W.  Hewer  this  day  went  to  see  how  his  mother  did,  and 
comes  late  home,  telling  us  how  he  hath  been  forced  to  remove  her  to  Islington,  her 
house  in  Pie  Corner  being  burned,  so  that  the  Fire  is  got  so  far  that  way. — Pepys. 

A  certain  Company  were  reckoning  up  ye  families  of  ye  Pyes  and  named  divers ; 
at  length  one  ask't  what  was  Sir  Edm.  Py  that  married  Ld  Lucas  sister  ?  One 
answered  he  was  Py  of  Py  Corner. — R.  Symond's  Pocket-Book,  HarL  MS.,  991, 
fol.  10. 

1  Song  of  Bartholomew  Fair. 


r 1 1. GRIM  STKI'.I-.T  95 


Pie  Powder  Court.  [See  Bartholomew  Fair.]  "  A  court  incident 
to  all  fairs,  held  before  the  steward  of  the  lord  of  the  fair,  for 
adjudicating  on  all  contracts  arising  at  the  fair," 1  and  by  1 7  Edward 
IV.,  c.  2,  the  court  is  strictly  prohibited  from  entertaining  any  plaint 
where  the  cause  of  action  does  not  arise  within  the  precincts  and 
during  the  continuance  of  the  fair.  The  Bartholomew  Pie  Powder 
Court  was  held  in  Cloth  Fair,  in  its  latter  years  at  a  public-house. 

This  Court  has  for  many  years  been  held  at  a  public  house  called  The  Hand  and 
Shears,  in  King  Street  at  the  corner  of  Middle  Street,  and  near  the  east  end  of  Cloth 
-Wilkinson's  Land,  lllust, 

The  Book  of  the  Court,  now  deposited  in  the  City  of  London 
Library,  Guildhall,  has  for  its  last  entry  : — 

September  2,  1854. — The  Lord  Mayor  not  having  proclaimed  Bartholomew  Fair, 
the  Court  of  Pie  Powder  consequently  was  not  held. 

A  like  tribunal  was  probably  held  at  some  Southwark  Inn,  the  part 
of  Southwark  in  which  the  fair  was  held  consisted  mostly  of  inns,  from 
the  Tabard  to  the  Swan  and  at  the  Town  Hall,  which  was  in  the  midst 
of  the  fair,  but  there  is  no  record  of  any  particular  place.  In  the 
picture  of  Hogarth's  Southwark  Fair  an  actor  is  being  arrested  by  an 
officer  of  the  court. 

Pike  Garden,  BANKSIDE,  SOUTHWARK,  a  garden  purchased  by 
Philip  Henslowe,  the  partner  of  Edward  Alleyn  the  actor.2  From  Pat. 
13,  Car.  II.,  we  learn  that  William  Boreman  obtained  a  grant  of  "all 
that  garden  or  parcel  of  land  commonly  called  the  Pike  Garden,  con- 
taining by  estimation  3  roods  and  20  perches  or  thereabouts  in  the 
parish  of  St.  Saviour  within  the  Borough  of  Southwark,  between  the 
common  way  or  Bank  or  the  River  Thames,  on  the  north,  and  a 
certayn  lane  called  Mayden  Lane  on  the  south,  including  four  fish- 
ponds or  rivaries  for  the  conservation  of  river  fish  reserved  for  Our 
Service." 

Pilgrim  Street,  BLACKFRIARS,  a  narrow  winding  thoroughfare 
that  follows  the  line  of  the  old  London  Wall,  from  the  south  side  of 
Ludgate  Hill  to  the  Broadway,  Blackfriars.  It  has  been  said  to  owe 
its  name  to  its  being  the  road  from  the  landing-place  of  pilgrims  to  the 
shrines  at  St.  Paul's  or  Blackfriars.  But  for  this  there  is  no  authority. 
The  name  is,  in  fact,  comparatively  recent.  Pilgrim  Street  does  not  occur 
in  the  lists  of  streets  in  Hatton,  1708  ;  Strype,  1720  ;  Maitland,  1739  ; 
or  Dodsley,  1761.  A  piece  of  the  old  City  Wall,  at  the  junction  of 
Little  Bridge  Street,  Pilgrim  Street,  and  Broadway,  was  laid  bare  in 
1889.  Strype,  without  naming  it,  describes  it  as  "a  narrow  passage 
out  of  Ludgate  Street,  and  turning  by  the  back-side  of  Ludgate  prison, 
falleth  into  an  open  Place,  with  very  good  buildings,  well  inhabited  by 
tradesmen."  Its  continuation  by  Apothecaries'  Hall  to  the  Thames 
(now  Water  Lane)  he  calls  Water  Street.  In  his  Map  what  is  now 
Pilgrim  Street  is  marked  the  "  Wall."  Here  on  the  south  side,  in  an 

1  Coke  Institutes,  410,  p.  ^72.  -  Collier,  Memoirs  of  AUeyn,  p.  16. 


96  PILGRIM  STREET 


old  house  of  the  reign  of  Charles  II.,  with  the  royal  arms  over  the 
door,  was,  a  very  few  years  back,  the  warehouse  of  "  D.  Price  &  Co., 
Ostrich  Feather  Merchants  &  Manufacturers,"  the  last  of  the  feather- 
makers  of  this  once  celebrated  quarter.  Ben  Jonson  has  frequent 
references,  especially  in  his  Bartholomew  Fair,  to  the  Feather-Makers 
of  Blackfriars. 

Doll  Common  (to  Face) — Who  shall  take  your  word  ? 

A  whoreson,  upstart,  apocryphal  captain, 

Whom  not  a  Puritan  in  Blackfriars  will  trust 

So  much  as  for  a  feather. — Ben  Jonson,  Alchemist,  Act  i.  Sc.  i. 

Bird,  a  featherman  in  Blackfriars,  is  one  of  the  characters  in  his 
Muses'  Looking- Glass,  and  Marston  in  his  Malcontent  (4to,  1604) 
makes  Sly  say  : — 

This  play  hath  beaten  all  young  gallants  out  of  the  feathers.  Blackfriars  hath 
almost  spoil'd  Blackfriars  for  feathers. — Induction. 

[See  Blackfriars.] 

Fimlico,  near  HOXTON,  a  great  summer  resort  in  the  early  part 
of  the  i  yth  century,  and  famed  for  its  cakes,  custards  and  Derby 
ale.  The  name  is  still  preserved  in  "  Pimlico  Walk,"  by  Hoxton 
Church,  Hoxton  Street,  and  St.  John's  Road.  The  references  to  the 
Hoxton  Pimlico  are  numerous  in  our  old  dramatists.  Ben  Jonson 
mentions  it  in  The  Devil  is  an  Ass,  Bartholomew  Fair,  The  Underwoods, 
and  The  Alchemist,  where  he  makes  Lovewit  say,  after  his  neighbours 
have  told  him  how  his  house  has  been  abused  during  his  absence : — 

Gallants,  men  and  women, 

And  of  all  sorts,  tag-rag,  been  seen  to  flock  here, 
In  threaves,  these  ten  weeks,  as  to  a  second  Hogsden, 
In  days  of  Pimlico  and  eye-bright. 

Ben  Jonson,  The  Alchemist,  Act  v.  Sc.  i. 

Sir  Lionel.  I  have  sent  my  daughter  this  morning  as  far  as  Pimlico,  to  fetch  a 
draught  of  Derby  ale,  that  it  may  fetch  a  colour  in  her  cheeks.  — Greene's  7n  Quoque, 
4to,  1614. 

Plohvell.  We  have  brought  you 
A  gentleman  of  valour,  who  has  been 
In  Moorfields  often  :  marry  it  has  been 
To  'squire  his  sisters  and  demolish  custards 
At  Pimlico.  —  The  City  Match,  fol.  1639. 

Pimlico,  a  large  district  lying  between  St.  James's  Park,  the  river 
Thames,  the  village  of  Chelsea,  Hyde  Park  Corner,  and  the  hamlet  of 
Knightsbridge.  Buckingham  Palace,  Grosvenor  Place  and  Gardens, 
Belgrave  Square,  and  the  Victoria  Railway  Station  are  in  Pimlico. 

A  place  near  Chelsea  is  still  called  Pimlico,  and  was  resorted  to  within  these 
few  years  on  the  same  account  as  the  former  at  Hogsden. — Isaac  Reed  (Dodsley's 
Old  Plays,  ed.  Collier,  vol.  vii.  p.  51). 

The  following  extracts,  from  the  Accounts  of  the  Overseers  of  the  Poor 
of  St.  Martin's-in-the-Fields,  are  the  earliest  notices  yet  discovered  of 
the  existing  Pimlico  : — 


PINDER   OF    WAKEFIELD  97 


1626. — Paied  for  a  shroud  Cloathe  for  Goodman's  wife  at  Pimlicoe  .      iij5  iiij'1 
1626. — Paicd  for  a  shrowd  Cloathe  for  an  old  man  dyed  at  Pimlico      iiijs 
1627. — To  the  Constable  of  Pimlico  to  take  out  the  Lord  Cheiffe 
Justice's  Warrant   to  take   Mr.   Burde  that  gott  a   man 
child  one  Mary  Howard  and  borne  at  Pimlico         .          .     js  vj'1 
1630. — The  iiij"1  of  September   1630,  paid  for  the  hire  of  a  horse 
and  sledd,  and  a  labouring  man  to  make  a  grave,  and  to 
cover  it  at   Hide  pke  corner,   for  Thomas  Wood,   who 
hanged  himself  at  Pimplico        .  .  .  .     vs 

Overseers'  Accounts  of  St.  Marthi's-in-the- Fields. 

Pimlico  at  this  time  was  nearly  uninhabited,  nor  is  it  introduced  into 
the  Rate-books  of  St.  Martin's  before  the  year  1680,  when  the  Earl  of 
Arlington,  previously  rated  under  the  head  of  Mulberry  Garden,  is, 
though  living  in  the  same  house,  rated  under  the  head  of  "  Pimlico." 
In  1687,  seven  years  after  the  first  introduction  of  the  name  into  the 
rate-books  of  the  parish  in  which  it  was  then  situated,  four  people  are 
described  as  residing  in  what  was  then  called  Pimlico — the  Duke  of 
Grafton,  Lady  Stafford,  Thomas  Wilkins,  and  Dr.  Crispin.  The  Duke 
of  Grafton,  having  married  the  only  child  of  the  Earl  of  Arlington,  was 
residing  in  Arlington  House,  and  Lady  Stafford  in  what  was  then  and 
long  before  called  Tart  Hall.  In  1698  the  Duke  of  Buckingham 
(then  only  Marquis  of  Normanby)  bought  Arlington  House  of  the 
Duchess  of  Grafton,  and  rebuilding  it  shortly  after,  named  it  anew  by 
its  well-known  title  of  Buckingham  House.  Pimlico  is  not  mentioned 
in  Dodsley's  London,  1761.  George  IV.  began  the  great  alterations  in 
Pimlico  by  rebuilding  Buckingham  House,  and  drawing  the  courtiers 
from  Portland  Place  and  Portman  Square  to  the  splendid  mansions 
built  by  Thomas  Cubitt  and  others,  in  what  was  known  at  that  time, 
and  long  before,  as  the  Five  Fields,  and  is  now  Belgravia.  But 
splendid  as  were  these  houses  they  have  been  eclipsed  by  the  stately 
mansions  erected  on  the  Duke  of  Westminster's  estate,  between  Hyde 
Park  Corner  and  Victoria  Railway  Station.  Pimlico  (including 
Belgravia)  is  now  the  most  aristocratic  quarter  of  the  Metropolis.  In 
a  small  gloomy  house  within  the  gates  of  Elliot's  Brewery,  between 
Brewer  Street,  Pimlico,  and  York  Street,  Westminster,  lived  and  died 
Richard  Heber ;  here  he  had  a  portion  of  his  extensive  and  noble 
library — a  second  portion  occupied  the  whole  of  a  house  from  kitchen 
to  attic  in  James  Street,  Buckingham  Gate — a  third  portion  was  at 
Hodnet,  his  country  seat — and  at  Paris  he  had  a  fourth  depot.  [See 
Davies  Street.] 

Pincock  Lane,  NEWGATE  STREET,  on  the  north  side  leading  to 
The  Bagnio,  originally  Pentecost  Lane,  and  now  Roman  Bath  Street. 
[See  Pentecost  Lane.] 

Finder  of  Wakefield,  GRAY'S  INN  ROAD.  This  famous  old 
country  tavern  stood  on  the  west  side  of  Gray's  Inn  Road,  north 
of  Guildford  Street  The  small  houses  between  Harrison  Street 
and  Cromer  Street  (Nos.  235-243),  Gray's  Inn  Road,  were,  till  recently, 
named  Pindar  Place,  and  occupied  the  site.  In  1705,  when  Tom 
VOL.  in  H 


FINDER   OF   WAKEFIELD 


Brown  (with  the  help  of  Ned  Ward)  wrote  his  Comical  View  of 
London  and  Westminster,  the  house  was  still  in  the  fields.  He  tells 
how,  wishing  to  have  an  hour's  star-gazing  one  bright  night,  he  took  his 
"quadrant  telescope  and  nocturnal,"  walked  as  far  as  Lamb's  Conduit, 
and  having  seated  himself  on  a  stile  had  just  commenced  operations 
when  "  a  milkmaid,  crossing  the  fields  to  Finder  of  Wakefield,  asked 
me  what  I  was  looking  at."  The  present  Finder  of  Wakefield  public- 
house  is  on  the  east  side  of  Gray's  Inn  Road. 

Pine- Apple  Place,  MAIDA  VALE,  EDGWARE  ROAD.  In  1793- 
1794  George  Romney  the  painter  had  a  retreat  here  to  which  he  used 
to  run  down  to  sleep  and  enjoy  "rural  breakfasts."  Many  of  his 
letters  to  Hayley  are  dated  from  it.  Another  eminent  painter,  C.  R. 
Leslie,  R.A.,  lived  in  No.  12,  from  1834  (after  his  return  from  America) 
till  1848,  and  here  painted  some  of  his  best  pictures. 

A  few  days  since  the  Duke  [of  Wellington]  took  it  into  his  head  to  walk  out  to 
Leslie's,  Pine  Apple  Place,  to  see  the  picture  he  is  painting  for  the  Queen,  "  The 
Christening  of  the  Princess  Royal,"  and  I  believe  to  give  Leslie  another  sitting. 
The  Duke  walked  all  the  way,  which  is  two  and  a  half  miles,  and  after  a  great  deal 
of  trouble  found  Leslie's  house.  Leslie,  who  is  prudent  and  economical  keeps  a 
cheap  servant  .  .  .  and  he  also  keeps  his  outer  garden-gate  barred  and  locked,  and 
one  is  questioned  and  cross-questioned  before  being  admitted.  .  .  .  The  Duke  rang 
the  bell.  After  at  least  ten  minutes  out  comes  the  servant  girl,  sulky  at  being 
disturbed.  "  Is  Mr.  Leslie  at  home  ?"  said  the  Duke.  "  I  don't  know,"  said  the 
girl,  "but  I'll  see."  Away  she  went,  leaving  the  Duke  in  the  dirt,  without  letting 
him  into  the  garden,  and  she  said  to  Leslie,  ' '  Here's  an  old  man  wants  you,  Sir. " 
"  Is  there  ?"  said  Leslie  ;  "  ask  him  his  name  and  what  he  wants."  Down  went  the 
girl,  "  Master  says  you  must  tell  your  name  and  what  you  want,  or  I  can't  let  you 
in."  The  Duke,  by  this  time  roused  by  the  questioning,  roared  out,  "I  am  the 
Duke  of  Wellington."  The  poor  girl  jumped  up  and  ran  back  to  her  master,  still 
leaving  the  Duke  outside ;  out  came  Leslie  in  a  fright,  and  at  last  in  got  his  grace. 
He  tells  the  story  himself,  and  jumps  up  like  the  girl,  with  capital  humour. — B.  R. 
Haydon  to  Wordsworth,  January  14,  1842  (Memoir  of  Haydon,  by  his  son,  vol.  ii. 
P-  50- 

Pinners',  or  Pinmakers'  Hall,  PINNERS'  COURT,  54  OLD  BROAD 
STREET,  the  ancient  hall  of  the  Pinners'  or  Pinmakers'  Company,  a  com- 
pany standing  sixty-eighth  on  the  list  of  City  guilds,  but  without  livery, 
and  now  defunct.  The  hall,  a  part  of  the  Augustine  priory,  of  which 
the  church  is  known  as  the  Dutch  Church,  Austin  Friars,  was  let  in 
the  reign  of  Elizabeth  to  Verselyn  for  his  Venetian  glassworks.  In  the 
reign  of  Charles  II.  it  was  occupied  as  an  Independent  Meeting  House, 
and  many  of  the  most  eminent  of  their  ministers — Baxter,  Manton, 
Owen,  Bates  and  Howe — preached  here.  Later,  Isaac  Watts  and 
Pope's  "  Modest  Foster  "  ministered  here.  It  continued  to  be  used  as 
a  dissenting  chapel  till  1798,  when  it  was  demolished.  At  Pinners' 
Hall  was  established  in  the  i7th  century  the  long  popular  "Merchants' 
Lecture,"  which  was  preached  there  at  mid-day  on  Tuesdays.  It  was 
then  delivered  on  the  same  day  and  hour  at  the  Weigh-house  Chapel, 
Fish  Street  Hill,  and  is  now  given  at  the  Memorial  Hall,  Farringdon 
Street.  The  present  Pinners'  Hall  is  appropriated  to  merchants'  offices. 


PLOUGH  COURT  99 


Pit  Place,  DRURY  LANE.     [See  Cockpit  Theatre.] 

Plasterers'  Hall,  the  Hall  of  the  Ancient  Fraternity  of  the  Plas- 
terers is  No.  23  ADDLE  STREET,  WOOD  STREET,  CHEAPSIDE.  The 
company  was  incorporated  by  Henry  VIII.,  in  March  1501,  by  the 
title  of  the  Master  and  Wardens  of  the  Fraternity  of  the  Blessed  Mary 
of  Plasterers,  London.  The  ancient  hall  of  the  company  was  destroyed 
in  the  Great  Fire.  The  present  hall  was  designed  by  Sir  Christopher 
Wren.  It  has  been  for  many  years  occupied  as  a  warehouse,  and  the 
ornamental  features  have  been  pretty  nearly  destroyed. 

Playhouse  Passage,  GOLDING  LANE.     [See  Fortune  Theatre.] 
Playhouse  Yard,  BLACKFRIARS.     [See  Blackfriars  Theatre.] 

Playhouse  Yard,  DRURY  LANE.  So  called  because  it  led  to 
Drury  Lane  Theatre.  The  Rate-books  of  St.  Martin's  give  the  names 
of  the  actors  rated  to  the  poor  for  Drury  Lane  Theatre,  at  the  junction 
of  the  two  companies,  in  1681  : — 

Playhotise  Yard.  Nicholas  Burt,  Robert  Shattrell,  Nicholas  Moone,  William 
Cartwright,  Philip  Griffith,  Thomas  Clarke,  Martin  Powell,  Joseph  Haynes.  ^6, 
Theatre  Royall. 

And  so  the  names  stand  in  1683  and  1684.  Subsequently  they 
are  omitted.  Nicholas  Moone  was  perhaps  a  mistake  for  Michael 
Mohun,  the  celebrated  Major  Mohun. 

Playhouse  Yard,  WHITEFRIARS.     [See  Whitefriars  Theatre.] 

Playing-Card  Makers'  Company.  This  company  was  incor- 
porated by  letters  patent  of  Charles  II.,  October  22,  1629,  under  the 
name  of  the  Master,  Wardens,  and  Commonalty  of  the  Mistery  of  the 
Makers  of  Playing-Cards  of  the  City  of  London.  A  livery  was  granted 
them  in  1792,  but  they  possess  no  hall.  The  card  makers  rank  eighty- 
third  amongst  the  City  companies. 

Plough  Court,  LOMBARD  STREET,  runs  south  into  Lombard 
Court,  which  itself  runs  west  into  Clement's  Lane  and  east  into 
Gracechurch  Street.  Alexander  Pope  is  believed  to  have  been  born  in 
this  court  "  The  house,  which  by  the  tradition  of  its  inmates,  claims 
the  honour  of  being  Pope's  birthplace,  is  at  the  bottom  of  Plough 
Court,  and  faces  you  as  you  enter  the  passage  from  Lombard  Street. 
It  belonged  to  the  well-known  William  Allen,  and  he  succeeded  a  Mr. 
Bevan."1  Mr.  Sylvanus  Bevan,  admitted  an  apothecary  in  1715,  first 
associated  the  house  with  the  drug  trade.  He  was  resident  in  the 
premises  in  1735.  A  descendant,  Joseph  Gurney  Bevan,  received 
first  as  an  apprentice,  afterwards  as  a  partner,  William  Allen,  F.R.S. 
(d.  1843),  eminent  alike  as  a  man  of  science  and  a  philanthropist,  and  in 
their  hands  the  establishment  grew  into  great  importance.  The  old 
house  was  pulled  down  in  November  1872,  and  its  site,  together  with 
that  of  other  houses,  were  re-arranged  for  Allen  and  Hanbury's  drug 
shop,  and  numerous  city  offices. 

1  Carrtithers's  Life  of  Pope,  p.  4. 


TOO  PLOWDEN  BUILDINGS 

Plowden  Buildings.  A  row  of  chambers  in  the  Temple,  and  so 
called  (recently)  after  Edmund  Plowden,  an  eminent  lawyer  in  the  reign 
of  Queen  Elizabeth,  whose  Reports  and  Queries  are  still  referred  to  by 
every  student  of  the  old  law.  Here  is  Middle  Temple  Hall. 

Plumbers'  Hall,  BUSH  LANE,  CANNON  STREET,  CITY  ;  taken  down 
to  make  way  for  the  Cannon  Street  Railway  Station,  and  not  rebuilt. 
The  Company,  a  fraternity,  says  Strype,  "  of  large  and  very  memorable 
antiquity,"  was  first  incorporated  by  James  I.  in  161 1,  and  is  the  thirty- 
first  in  rotation  of  the  Livery  Companies  of  London.  The  hall  had 
been  rebuilt  about  1830. 

The  first  instance  of  actual  punishment  inflicted  on  Protestant  Dissenters  was  in 
June  1567,  when  a  company  of  more  than  one  hundred  were  seized  during  their 
religious  exercises  at  Plummers'  Hall,  which  they  had  hired  on  pretence  of  a  wedding, 
and  fourteen  or  fifteen  of  them  were  sent  to  prison. — Hallam,  Const.  Hist,  of  England, 
chap.  iv.  (loth  ed.)  vol.  i.  p.  182. 

Poets'  Corner,  WESTMINSTER  ABBEY.  The  eastern  angle  of  the 
south  transept  of  Westminster  Abbey  was  called  Poets'  Corner  from  the 
burial  there  of  Chaucer,  Spenser,  and  other  eminent  English  poets. 
It  is  not  known  when  this  name  was  first  applied  to  the  place.  It  is 
not  used  in  Dart's  Westmonasterium,  1723,  and  the  first  use  of  the 
name  has  been  noted  in  Entick's  London,  1766. 

The  Poets'  Corner  is  the  place  they  choose, 

A  false  nursery  for  an  infant  muse, 

Unlike  that  corner  where  true  Poets  lie. 

Crabbe,  The  Neivspaper  (1785). 

This  is  the  ordinary  entrance  into  Westminster  Abbey.  The  name  is 
also  given  to  the  houses  bordering  the  passage  from  Palace  Yard  to 
the  Abbey  door.  On  May  28,  1813,  Wilberforce  writes  to  Southey 
from  "No.  i  Poets'  Corner,  Westminster."  The  houses,  four  in  all, 
are  now  occupied  by  architects,  surveyors,  engineers  and  solicitors  as 
offices.  There  is  an  important  article  on  Poets'  Corner  by  Henry 
Poole,  master  mason  of  the  abbey,  in  the  Antiquary,  vol.  iv.  p.  137. 

Poland  Street,  OXFORD  STREET,  Dr.  Burney  (author  of  the 
History  of  Music}  and  Dr.  Macaulay  (husband  of  Mrs.  Macaulay,  the 
historian)  both  resided  in  this  street.  Dr.  Burney  came  to  live  here  in 
1760,  when  his  second  daughter  Fanny  was  eight  years  old.  Seventy- 
two  years  afterwards  she  wrote  : — 

The  new  establishment  was  in  Poland  Street ;  which  was  not  then,  as  it  is  now, 
a  sort  of  street  that,  like  the  rest  of  its  neighbourhood,  appears  to  be  left  in  the  lurch. 
House  fanciers  were  not  yet  as  fastidious  as  they  are  become  at  present,  from  the 
endless  variety  of  new  habitations.  Oxford  Road,  as  at  that  time  Oxford  Street  was 
called,  into  which  Poland  Street  terminated,  had  little  on  its  further  side  but  fields, 
gardeners'  grounds,  or  uncultivated  suburbs.  Portman,  Manchester,  Russell,  Belgrave 
Squares,  Portland  Place,  etc. ;  had  not  yet  a  single  stone,  or  brick  laid,  in  signal  of  in- 
tended erection  ;  while  in  plain  Poland  Street,  Mr.  Burney  then  had  successively  for' 
his  neighbours,  the  Duke  of  Chandos,  Lady  Augusta  Bridges,  the  Hon.  John  Smith  and 
the  Miss  Barrys,  Sir  Willoughby  and  the  Miss  Astons ;  and  well  noted  by  Mr. 
Burney's  little  family,  on  the  visit  of  his  black  majesty  to  England,  sojourned  almost 
immediately  opposite  to  it,  the  Cherokee  King. — Memoirs  of  Dr.  J3urney,vo].  i.  p.  134. 


POLYTECHNIC  INSTITUTION  101 

In  this  house  died  his  first  wife,  Esther  Sleepe,  the  mother  of  Fanny 
Eurney,  of  Dr.  Charles  Burney,  and  of  that  Admiral  Burney  who  when 
a  schoolboy  had  seen  the  handcuffs  placed  on  the  wrists  of  Eugene 
Aram,  while  in  early  manhood  had  witnessed  the  death  of  Captain 
Cook,  and  in  his  closing  years  was  a  much  loved  companion  of  Charles 
Lamb.  Here,  September  29,  1766,  died  the  old  Earl  of  Cromarty, 
who  was  pardoned  by  King  George  II.  for  the  part  he  took  in  the 
Rebellion  of  1745.  Sir  William  Chambers,  the  architect,  lived  here 
before  he  removed  to  Berners  Street  about  1770.  Gavin  Hamilton, 
the  painter,  lived  in  this  street  in  1779,  after  his  return  from  Italy. 
In  1787  William  Blake  took  lodgings  in  this  street — the  house  "No. 
28  (now  [1863,  a  tobacconist's  in  1890]  a  cheesemonger's  shop,  and 
boasting  three  brass  bells),  not  many  doors  from  Oxford  Street,  on  the 
right-hand  side  going  towards  that  thoroughfare."1  He  left  it  for 
Hercules  Buildings,  Lambeth,  in  1793.  Schnebbelie,  the  engraver  of 
many  views  of  Old  London,  was  living  here  in  1792.  The  poet  Shelley 
on  his  expulsion  from  Oxford  in  1811  took  lodgings  at  No.  15,  in  this 
street. 

Polygon  (The),  CLARENDON  SQUARE,  SOMERS  TOWN,  was  so 
called  from  its  shape.  Here  for  several  years  lived  William  Godwin. 
It  has  been  asserted  that  it  was  here  he  wrote  Caleb  Williams  and 
Political  Justice ;  but  he  did  not  remove  to  Somers  Town  till  after  the 
publication  of  the  latter  work,  when  he  took  a  house  in  Chalton  Street 
(running  from  the  Polygon)  and  there  wrote  Caleb  Williams.  He  took 
the  house  in  the  Polygon  shortly  before  his  marriage  with  Mary 
Wollstonecraft  (March  29,  1797).  She  lived  there,  and  there  died 
(Sunday,  September  10,  1797),  after  giving  birth  to  the  authoress  of 
Frankenstein,  but  he  continued  till  her  death  at  25  Evesham  Buildings. 
He  then  moved  his  books  to  the  Polygon  and  made  his  wife's  room 
his  study.2  Godwin  continued  to  reside  in  the  Polygon  till  August 
1807,  when  he  removed  to  Skinner  Street.  J.  T.  Willmore,  the  line 
engraver,  lived  for  many  years  at  No.  23.  The  Polygon,  now  enclosed 
by  the  dirty  neighbourhood  of  Clarendon  Square,  was,  when  Godwin 
lived  in  it,  a  new  block  of  houses,  pleasantly  seated  near  fields  and 
nursery  gardens. 

Polytechnic  Institution,  309  REGENT  STREET,  built  in  1837 
and  opened  1838  (James  Thomson,  architect),  incorporated  for  the 
advancement  of  the  Arts  and  Practical  Science,  especially  in  connection 
with  agriculture,  mining,  machinery,  manufactures,  and  other  branches 
of  industry.  The  collection  was  very  miscellaneous,  and  there  were 
popular  lectures  illustrated  by  dissolving  views,  musical  entertainments, 
etc.  The  diving-bell  in  the  Great  Hall  constituted  a  permanent 
attraction.  The  great  hall  was  120  feet  by  40  feet,  by  38  feet  high  in 
the  centre.  In  1848  the  building  was  extended  southward  by  the 

1  Gilchrist's  Life  of  Blake,  vol.  i.  p.  60. 
2  K.  Paul's  Life  of  Godwin,  vol.  i.  p.  288  ;  Memoir  of  Mary  Wollstonecraft. 


POL  YTECHNIC  INSTITUTION 


large  lecture  hall  to  seat  1200  persons,  when  the  facade  was  widened 
by  the  same  architect.  The  institution  was  closed  on  September  3, 
1 88 1.  The  building  is  now  used  as  a  Young  Men's  Christian  Institute, 
partly  for  general  education,  and  partly  as  a  technical  school,  and  the 
name  is  continued. 

Pontack's,  a  celebrated  French  eating-house,  in  ABCHURCH  LANE, 
CITY,  where  the  annual  dinners  of  the  Royal  Society  were  held  till 
1746,  when  the  dinner  was  removed  to  the  Devil  Tavern  at  Temple 
Bar.  It  no  longer  exists.1  Misson  the  French  refugee,  who  wrote  in 
1697,  says  : — 

One  word  more  about  the  cooks'  shops,  to  give  a  full  idea  of  the  thing.  Generally 
four  spits,  one  over  another,  carry  round  each  five  or  six  pieces  of  butcher's  meat 
(never  anything  else,  if  you  would  have  a  fowl  or  a  pigeon  you  must  bespeak  it),  beef, 
mutton,  veal,  pork,  and  lamb ;  you  have  what  quantity  you  please  cut  off,  fat,  lean, 
much  or  little  done  ;  with  this  a  little  salt  and  mustard  upon  the  side  of  a  plate,  a 
bottle  of  beer,  and  a  roll — and  there  is  your  whole  feast.  Those  who  would  dine  at 
one  or  two  guineas  per  head  are  handsomely  accommodated  at  our  famous  Pontack's  ; 
rarely  and  difficultly  elsewhere. — Misson,  Travels,  p.  146. 

Pontack,  who  was  somewhat  of  a  character, — well  read,  according 
to  Evelyn,  in  philosophy,  but  chiefly  the  rabbins,  exceedingly  addicted 
to  cabalistic  fancies,  and  "an  eternal  babbler," — set  up  as  his  sign  a 
portrait  of  his  father,  the  President  of  Bordeaux.  Pontack's  portrait  is 
introduced  in  Plate  III.  of  the  Rake's  Progress  as  having  been  put  up 
in  the  place  of  Julius  Caesar's  ! 

Near  this  Exchange  [the  Royal  Exchange]  are  two  very  good  French  Eating- 
Houses,  the  one  at  the  sign  of  Pontack,  a  President  of  the  Parliament  of  Bourdeaux, 
from  whose  name  the  best  French  Clarets  are  called  so,  and  where  you  may  bespeak 
a  dinner,  from  four  or  five  shillings  a  head  to  a  guinea,  or  what  sum  you  please ;  the 
other  is  Kivat's,  where  there  is  a  constant  ordinary,  as  abroad,  for  all  comers,  without 
distinction,  and  at  a  very  reasonable  price. — Macky,  A  Journey  through  England, 
8vo.  1722,  vol.  i.  p.  175. 

July  13,  1683.— I  had  this  day  much  discourse  with  Monsieur  Pontaq,  son  to 
the  famous  and  wise  prime  President  of  Bordeaux.  This  gentleman  was  owner  of 
that  excellent  vignoble  of  Pontaq  and  Obrien,  from  whence  come  the  choicest  of  our 
Bordeaux  wines  ;  and  I  think  I  may  truly  say  of  him,  what  was  not  so  truly  said  of 
St.  Paul,  that  much  learning  had  made  him  mad.  .  .  .  He  spake  all  languages,  was 
very  rich,  had  a  handsome  person,  and  was  well  bred ;  about  45  years  of  age. 

November  30,  1693. — Much  importuned  to  take  the  office  of  President  of  the 
Royal  Society,  but  I  again  declined  it.  Sir  Robert  Southwell  was  continued.  We 
all  dined  at  Pontac's,  as  usual. — Evelyn. 

May  3,  1699. — I  come  to  wait  upon  you  with  a  request  that  you  would  meet 
Sir  Robert  Southwell,  Sir  Christopher  Wren,  and  other  friends,  at  Pontac's  to-day 
at  dinner,  to  make  an  Act  of  Council  at  Gresham  College. — Bent  ley  to  Evelyn. 

The  object  was  "  to  move  the  King  "  to  purchase  Bishop  Stillingfleet's 
library  for  the  Royal  Society. 

What  wretch  would  nibble  on  a  hanging  shelf, 
When  at  Pontack's  he  may  regale  himself? 

The  Hind  and  Panther  Transvers'd. 

1  Advertisement  in  London  Gazette,  1670,  and  Daily  Courant,  February  3,  1722. 


/•///•;  POOL 


103 


I  )rawcrs  must  be  trusted,  through  whose  hands  convey'd 
You  take  the  liquor,  or  you  spoil  the  trade  ; 
For  sure  those  honest  fellows  have  no  knack 
Of  putting  off  stum'd  Claret  for  Fontack. — Ibid. 

Mrs.   W'iiivoud.   I  know  two  several  companies  gone  into  the  city,  one  to  Pon- 
tack's, and  t'other  to  the  Rummer. — Southernc,  The  Wive?  Excuse,  410,  1692. 
They  all  agreed  that  his  advice 
Was  honest,  wholesome,  grave,  and  wise  ; 
But  not  one  man  would  quit  his  vice ; 
For  after  all  his  vain  attacks 
They  rose  and  dined  well  at  Fontactfs. 

Sir  C.  Sedley,  The  Doctor  and  his  Patients. 

August  16,  1711. — I  was  this  day  in  the  City,  and  dined  at  Pontack's  with 
Stratford  and  two  other  merchants.  Pontack  told  us,  although  his  wine  was  so 
good,  he  sold  it  cheaper  than  others ;  he  took  but  seven  shillings  a  flask.  Are  not 
these  pretty  rates  ? — Swift,  Journal  to  Stella,  vol.  ii.  p.  323. 

January  26,  1713. — 'Tis  odd  that  this  very  day  [see  Powis  House]  Lord  Somers, 
Wharton,  Somerset,  Halifax,  and  the  whole  club  of  Whig  Lords,  dined  at  Pontac's 
in  the  City,  as  I  received  private  notice,  they  have  some  damned  design. — Swift  to 
Mrs.  Dingley. 

Immediately  after,  the  South  Sea  smash  we  read  : — 
Advices  from  the  Royal  Exchange  inform  us  that  the  Minute  in  the  great  Coffee 
Houses,  of  the  Routs  of  the  Brokers,  are  strangely  altered  of  late ;  for  instead  of 
being  gone  to  Pontack's,  gone  to  Brand's,  gone  to  Caveach's  ;  they  now  run,  gone 
to  the  Chop  House,  gone  to  the  Grill  House,  etc.  These  advices  add  too  that  the 
Jews  and  late  South  Sea  Directors  have  left 'off  boiling  their  Westphalia  hams  in 
Champagne  and  Burgundy. — Mist's  Journal  of  April  I,  1721. 

Read,  the  mountebank,  who  has  assurance  enough  to  come  to  our  table  up  stairs 
at  Garraway's,  swears  he'll  stake  his  coach  and  six  horses,  his  two  blacks,  and  as 
many  silver  trumpets,  against  a  dinner  at  Pontack's. — Dr.  Radcliffe  (Radcliffe's  Life, 
I2mo,  1724,  p.  41). 

Pontack's  successor  was  a  lady,  and  a  fortunate  one. 

Thursday,  January  15,  1736. — William  Pepys,  banker  in  Lombard  Street,  was 
married  at  St.  Clement's  Church  in  the  Strand,  to  Mrs.  Susannah  Austin,  who  lately 
kept  Pontack's,  where  with  universal  esteem  she  acquired  a  considerable  fortune. — 
Weekly  Oracle,  quoted  by  Burn,  p.  13. 

On  April  19,  1740,  the  Duke  and  Duchess  of  Portland,  with  Mrs. 
Pendarves  and  five  other  friends,  sallied  out  at  i  o  A.M.,  in  two  hackney- 
coaches,  for  a  day's  sight -seeing  in  the  City.  They  wound  up  with 
"  a  very  good  dinner  at  Pontack's."  1 

Pool  (The)  is  that  part  of  the  Thames  between  London  Bridge 
and  Limehouse  Point  where  colliers  and  other  vessels  lie  at  anchor. 
From  London  Bridge  to  King's  Head  Stairs,  Rotherhithe,  is  called 
the  Upper  Pool ;  from  King's  Head  Stairs  to  Cuckold's  Point,  opposite 
Limehouse,  the  Lower  Pool.  Stations  are  provided  in  the  Pool  for 
about  250  colliers,  where  they  can  unload  into  lighters.  Navigation 
in  the  Pool  is  under  strict  regulations.  The  Pool  (la  Pole}  was  a 
recognised  term  for  this  part  of  the  river  as  early  as  the  i3th  century. 
In  the  Articles  of  Ancient  Usage,  collected  and  promulgated  in  the 
reign  of  Edward  I.,  it  is  ordered  in  the  article  against  forestallers — 

1  Delany's  Autobiography  and  Correspondence,  vol.  ii.  p.  82. 


104  THE  POOL 

That  no  merchant,  denizen  or  stranger,  whatever  he  may  be,  shall  go  to  the 
Pole,  or  any  other  place  in  the  Thames,  to  meet  wines  or  other  merchandize,  or  go 
on  board  of  vessels  to  buy  wines  or  other  things,  until  such  time  as  they  shall  have 
come  to  land,  under  pain  of  losing  the  article. — Liber  Albus,  p.  230  ;  and  see  Riley's 
Memorials,  p.  298. 

Gold-wire.  The  ship  is  safe  in  the  Pool  then. — Massinger,  The  City  Madam. 

Pope's  Head  Alley,  a  footway  from  Cornhill — opposite  the  south- 
west corner  of  the  Royal  Exchange — to  Lombard  Street,  and  so  called 
from  the  Pope's  Head  Tavern,  of  which  the  earliest  mention  occurs  in  the 
particulars  of  a  wager  made  in  the  fourth  year  of  Edward  IV.  (1464), 
between  an  Alicant  goldsmith  and  an  English  goldsmith ;  the  Alicant 
stranger  contending,  "  in  the  tavern  called  the  Pope's  Head,  in  Lom- 
bard Street,  that  Englishmen  were  not  so  cunning  in  workmanship  of 
goldsmithry  as  Alicant  strangers,"  and  undertaking  to  make  good  his 
assertion  by  the  superior  work  he  would  produce.  The  wager  was 
decided  in  favour  of  the  Englishman.1 

The  Pope's  Head  Tavern,  with  other  houses  adjoining,  strongly  built  of  stone, 
hath  of  old  time  been  all  in  one,  pertaining  to  some  great  estate,  or  rather  to  the 
King  of  this  realm,  as  may  be  supposed  both  by  the  largeness  thereof,  and  by  the 
arms,  to  wit,  three  leopards,  passant,  gardant,  which  were  the  whole  arms  of  England 
before  the  reign  of  Edward  III.,  that  quartered  them  with  the  arms  of  France,  three 
fleur-de-lis.  These  arms  of  England,  supported  between  two  angels,  are  fair  and 
largely  graven  in  stone  on  the  fore  front  towards  the  high  street,  over  the  door  or 
stall  of  one  great  house  lately  for  many  years  possessed  by  Mr.  Philip  Gunter.  The 
Pope's  Head  tavern  is  on  the  back  part  thereof  towards  the  south,  as  also  one  other 
house  called  the  Stone  House  in  Lombard  Street.  Some  say  this  was  King  John's 
house,  which  might  so  be ;  for  I  find  in  a  written  copy  of  Matthew  Paris'  History, 
that  in  the  year  1232,  Henry  III.  sent  Hubert  de  Burgh,  Earl  of  Kent,  to  Cornehill 
in  London,  there  to  answer  all  matters  objected  against  him,  where  he  wisely  ac- 
quitted himself.  The  Pope's  Head  tavern  hath  a  footway  through  from  Cornhill 
into  Lombard  Street. — Stow  (1603),  p.  75. 

In  the  year  1615  Sir  William  Craven  (the  father  of  the  first  Earl 
Craven)  left  the  Pope's  Head  to  the  Merchant  Tailors'  Company,  for 
charitable  purposes,  and  the  rents  of  nine  houses  in  the  alley  are  still 
received  by  the  Company.  The  tavern  was  in  existence  under  the 
same  name  in  i756.2 

Early  in  the  iyth  century  Pope's  Head  Alley  was  noted  for  its 
booksellers'  shops.  The  History  of  the  Two  Maids  of  More-  Clacke, 
1609,  was  "printed  by  N.  O.  for  Thomas  Archer,  and  is  to  be  sold 
at  his  shop  in  Pope's  Head Pallace"  perhaps  a  part  of  the  large  edifice 
mentioned  by  Stow.  The  first  edition  of  Speed's  Great  Britain  (foL 
i6n)was  "sold  by  John  Sudbury  and  George  Humble,  in  Pope's 
Head  Alley,  at  the  signe  of  the  White  Horse."  Sudbury  and  Humble 
were  the  first  printsellers  established  in  London.  Ben  Jonson,  in  his 
Execration  upon  Vulcan,  recommends  "the  Captain  Pamphlets  horse 
and  foot 

that  sally 
Upon  the  Exchange  still  out  of  Pope's  Head  Alley," 

1  Herbert's  Livery  Companies,  vol.  ii.  p.  197.  -  Public  Advertiser  of  March  16,  1756. 


POPE'S  HEAD  ALLEY  105 

to  the  wrath  of  the  lame  Lord  of  Fire.  Some  of  these  were  political 
pamphlets.  On  February  15,  1624,  Lord  Keeper  Lincoln  writes  to 
Secretary  Conway : — 

"  The  King  is  very  sensible  of  the  wicked  libel.  .  .  .  The  author  might  perhaps 
be  detected  by  employing  Mr.  Bill  to  find  out  by  the  type  where  it  was  printed. 
All  the  copies  met  with  must  be  suppressed."  And  Conway  at  once  sends  to  the 
Recorder  of  London  desiring  him  to  "make  search  for  a  book  {The  Supplication  of 
the  Scottish  Ministers]  in  Pope's  Head  Alley" — Cal.  State  Pap.,  1619-1623,  p. 
321  ;  1623-1625,  p.  163. 

Peacham,  in  his  Compleat  Gentleman,  refers  the  print-collector,  curious 
in  the  works  of  Golzius,  to  Pope's  Head  Alley,  where  "his  prints  are 
commonly  to  be  had." 

I  am  old  Gregory  Christmas,  and  though  I  come  out  of  Pope's  Head  Alley  as 
good  a  Protestant  as  any  in  my  parish. — Ben  Jonson,  Masque  of  Christmas. 
Gresham.  Let's  step  to  the  Pope's  Head, 
We  shall  be  dropping  dry  if  we  stay  here. 

Heywood,  If  You  Know  not  Me. 

November  21,  1660. — I  to  Pope's  Head  and  bought  me  an  aggate-hafted  knife, 
which  cost  me  53. — Pepys. 

Febmary  4,  1662. — Sir  W.  Pen  and  I  and  my  wife  in  his  coach  to  Moore  Fields, 
where  we  walked  a  great  while  .  .  .  and  after  our  walk,  we  went  to  Pope's  Head, 
and  eat  cakes  and  other  fine  things. — Pepys. 

June  20.  1662. — To  Pope's  Head  Alley,  and  there  bought  me  a  pair  of  tweezers 
cost  me  145.,  the  first  thing  like  a  bawble  I  have  bought  a  good  while. — Pepys. 

July  28,  1666. — To  the  Pope's  Head,  where  my  Lord  Brouncker  and  his  mistress 
dined,  and  Commissioner  Pett,  Dr.  Charleton  and  myself  were  entertained  with  a 
venison  pasty  by  Sir  W.  Warren. — Pepys. 

The  Pope's  Head  was  destroyed  in  the  Great  Fire,  but  rebuilt  in 
a  more  costly  manner. 

January  18,  1668-1669. — To  the  Pope's  Head  Tavern,  there  to  see  the  fine 
painted  room  which  Rogerson  told  me  of,  of  his  doing ;  but  I  do  not  like  it  all, 
though  it  be  good  for  such  a  public  room. — Pepys. 

Before  the  Great  Fire  of  1666  Pope's  Head  Alley  possessed  a  good 
trade  for  toys  and  turners'  wares.1  In  Strype's  time  (thirty  years  later) 
it  was  chiefly  inhabited  by  cutlers.2 

I  cannot  but  consider  that  Athens  in  the  time  of  Pericles  .  .  .  held  nothing  that 
equalled  the  Royal  or  New  Exchange,  or  Pope's  Head  Alley,  for  curiosities  and  toy- 
shops.— Dr.  King's  Third  Letter  to  Lister. 

In  the  Pope's  Head  Tavern,  in  Cornhill,  April  14,  1718,  Quin,  the 
actor,  killed  in  self-defence  his  fellow  comedian,  Bowen.  Bowen,  a 
clever  but  hot-headed  Irishman,  was  jealous  of  Quin's  reputation,  and 
in  a  moment  of  great  anger  sent  for  Quin  to  the  Pope's  Head  Tavern, 
when,  as  soon  as  he  had  entered  the  room,  he  placed  his  back  against 
the  door,  drew  his  sword,  and  bade  Quin  draw  his.  Quin,  having 
mildly  remonstrated  to  no  purpose,  drew  in  his  own  defence,  and 
endeavoured  to  disarm  his  antagonist.  Bowen  received  a  wound,  of 
which  he  died  in  three  days,  having  acknowledged  his  folly  and 
madness,  when  the  loss  of  blood  had  reduced  him  to  reason.  Quin 
was  tried  and  acquitted. 

1  Strype,  B.  ii.  p.  133.  ~  Ibid.,  B.  ii.  p.  149. 


io6  POPE'S  HEAD  ALLEY 

In  1771  the  New  Lloyds  fixed  their  place  of  meeting  in  Pope's 
Head  Alley,  and  there  they  remained  until  March  1774,  when  they 
moved  into  their  new  rooms  in  the  Royal  Exchange.  [See  Lloyd's 
Subscription  Rooms.] 

The  Pope's  Head,  Cornhill,  was  not  the  only  house  with  that  sign. 
There  was  a  Pope's  Head  Tavern  in  Chancery  Lane ;  and  Edmund 
Burke,  about  1756,  when  he  met  Yuseph  Emin  in  distress  in  Hyde 
Park,  gave  him  the  only  half-guinea  he  possessed,  "  took  him  home  to  his 
apartments  at  the  Pope's  Head,  a  bookseller's  near  the  Temple." ! 

Poplar,  a  parish  in  Middlesex  so  called,  originally  a  hamlet  of 
Stepney,  from  whence  it  was  separated  in  1817,  and  called  by  the 
name  of  All  Saints'  Poplar.  With  the  growth  of  the  manufacturing 
industry  of  the  district  the  population  largely  increased  (in  1881  there 
were  55,120  inhabitants  in  the  parish),  and  the  district  parishes  of 
Christ  Church,  St.  Matthias,  St.  Mary,  St.  Saviour,  and  St.  Stephen 
have  been  formed.  All  Saints',  the  mother  church,  was  erected  from 
the  designs  of  Charles  Hollis  and  consecrated  by  the  Bishop  of  London, 
July  3,  1823.  It  is  a  substantial  stone  edifice,  and  has  a  well-propor- 
tioned spire  161  feet  high.  The  parish  includes  the  hamlet  of  Black- 
wall,  the  Isle  of  Dogs,  the  East  and  West  India  and  Millwall  Docks, 
the  Trinity  House  stores  and  lighthouse  works,  several  shipbuilding  yards 
and  various  large  manufacturing  establishments.  There  is  a  good  Town 
Hall,  Sailors'  Home,  Hospital,  Baths,  Wash-houses,  stations  on  the 
North  London  and  on  the  London  and  Blackwall  Railway,  and  a 
statue  of  Richard  Green,  the  shipbuilder  of  Blackwall  Yard,  and  a 
great  benefactor  to  the  district.  Here  were  the  East  India  Alms- 
houses  and  Chapel.  In  this  Chapel  George  Steevens,  the  Shake- 
speare commentator,  son  of  George  Steevens  of  Poplar,  mariner, 
was  baptized  on  May  19,  1736,  and  was  buried  in  it,  January  1800. 
There  is  a  fine  bas-relief  to  his  memory,  by  Flaxman,  in  the  north 
aisle.  The  inscription  is  by  Hayley.  Here  also  were  buried 
Robert  Ainsworth  (d.  1743),  compiler  of  the  Latin  Dictionary  which 
bears  his  name;  and  Dr.  Gloster  Ridley  (d.  1774),  author  of 
the  Life  of  Bishop  Ridley,  and  for  many  years  chaplain  of  Poplar 
Chapel.  In  1866  the  ecclesiastical  district  of  St.  Matthias  was 
formed,  and  the  East  India  Company's  Chapel  (built  in  1654) 
was  made  the  district  church.  In  1875  the  church  was  enlarged  and 
a  chancel  added  to  it.  The  chapel,  cemetery  and  grounds  of  the  East 
India  Almshouses  have  been  converted  into  a  Public  Recreation 
Ground. 

Popler,  or  Poplar,  is  so  called  from  the  multitude  of  Poplar  Trees  (which  love  a 
moist  soil)  growing  there  in  former  times.  And  there  be  yet  [1720]  remaining,  in 
that  part  of  the  hamlet  which  bordereth  upon  Limehouse,  many  old  bodies  of  large 
Poplars  standing,  as  testimonials  of  the  truth  of  that  etymology. — Dr.  Josiah 
Woodward,  in  Strype  (Circuit  Walk,  p.  102). 

1  Prior's  Life  of  Burke,  ed.  1854,  p.  43. 


()/•    /.OX DON  107 


Poppin's  Court,  FLEET  STREET,  the  first  thoroughfare  (under  an 
archway)  on  the  north  side  from  Ludgate  Circus.  It  is  called  Poppin's 
Alley  in  Hatton,  1788,  but  in  Strype's  Map,  1720,  it  figures  as  Popinjay 
Court ;  Dodsley,  1761,  mentions  a  Cockpit  Alley  leading  out  of  it,  and 
the  turning  next  to  it  is  still  called  Racket  Court.  It  appears  to  have 
been  a  neighbourhood  devoted  to  manly  sports ;  but  recently  a 
restaurant  called  "  The  Popinjay  "  has  been  built  at  the  corner  of  the 
court,  and  a  legend  inscribed  on  the  front  which  asserts  that  on  the  site 
stood  the  inn  of  a  religious  fraternity  whose  crest  was  the  popinjay. 
The  north  end  of  Poppin's  Court  was  cut  off  in  1870  in  forming  the 
new  street  from  Holborn  Circus  to  Ludgate  Circus. 

Porridge  Island,  a  paved  alley  or  footway,  near  the  church  of  St. 
Martin's-in-the-Fields,  destroyed  in  1829,  when  the  great  rookery  (of 
which  Bedfordbury  was  till  lately  a  sample)  was  removed  from  about 
the  Strand  and  St.  Martin's  Lane.  [See  Bermudas.]  It  was  filled  with 
cooks'  shops,  and  was  a  cant  name. 

The  fine  gentleman,  whose  lodgings  no  one  is  acquainted  with  ;  whose  dinner  is 
served  up  under  cover  of  a  pewter  plate,  from  the  Cook's  shop  in  Porridge  Island  ; 
and  whose  annuity  of  a  hundred  pounds  is  made  to  supply  a  laced  suit  every  year, 
and  a  chair  every  evening  to  a  rout ;  returns  to  his  bed-room  on  foot,  and  goes 
shivering  and  supperless  to  rest,  for  the  pleasure  of  appearing  among  people  of  equal 
importance  with  the  Quality  of  Brentford. — The  World,  Thursday,  November  29, 
1753- 

In  Foote's  comedy  of  Taste  (1752),  when  Puff  the  auctioneer  and 
Carmine  the  painter  quarrel,  the  former  exclaims,  "  Genius !  Here's 
a  dog !  Pray  how  high  did  your  genius  soar  ?  To  the  daubing 
diabolical  Angels  for  alehouses,  Dogs  with  chains  for  tanners'  yards, 
Rounds  of  Beef  and  Roasted  Pigs  for  Porridge  Island?"  In  the 
Memoirs  of  Thomas  Holcroft  is  an  amusing  account  of  a  club  called 
the  Cameronian,  which  he  and  Shield  the  composer  set  up  at  a  beef 
shop  "  at  the  corner  of  a  little  bye-court  called  Porridge  Island." 

Porridge  Pot  Row,  OLD  STREET,  now  ANCHOR  YARD,  on  the 
north  side,  a  few  yards  west  of  St.  Luke's  Church.  Elmes  notes  it  as 
called  by  the  former  name  in  1831.  Dodsley  has  an  entry  of 
"Porridge  Pot  Alley,  Aldersgate  Street,"  in  1761. 

Port  of  London,  a  term  frequently  used  very  vaguely. 

What  is  legally  termed  the  Port  of  London  extends  six-and-a-half  miles  below 
London  Bridge  to  Bugsby's  Hole  beyond  Blackwall  ;  though  the  actual  Port, 
consisting  of  the  Upper,  Middle,  and  Lower  Pools,  does  not  reach  beyond  Limehouse. 
— J.  R.  M'Culloch,  Diet,  of  Commerce,  1851. 

This  is  the  usual  but  scarcely  the  legal  acceptation  of  the  term,  and 
is  manifestly  unsuitable  even  for  mercantile  purposes,  as  it  would  shut 
out  the  East  India  and  the  Albert  and  Victoria  Docks.  The  strictly 
legal  limits  are  much  more  extensive.  There  having  been  frequent 
disputes  as  to  the  limits  of  the  Port  an  Act  was  passed,  13  and  14 
Charles  II.,  c.  n,  for  appointing  Commissioners  with  powers  to  fix  the 


io8  PORT  OF  LONDON 

limits  of  the  Port  and  to  make  arrangements  respecting  quays  and 
landing-places.  The  Commissioners  made  their  Report,  May  24,  1665, 
and  in  it — 

To  prevent  all  further  differences  and  disputes  touching  the  extent  and  limits  of 
the  Port  of  London  .  .  .  the  said  Port  is  declared  to  extend  and  to  be  accounted 
from  the  promontory  or  point  called  the  North  Foreland  in  the  Isle  of  Thanet,  and 
from  thence  by  a  supposed  right  line  from  the  opposite  promontory  or  point  called 
the  Nase,  beyond  the  Gun-fleet  upon  the  coast  of  Essex,  and  continued  westward, 
through  the  river  Thames,  and  the  several  rivers,  channels,  streams,  and  rivers  falling 
into  it,  to  London  Bridge. 

In  like  manner  a  Commission  appointed  in  1819,  in  a  Return 
made  to  the  Court  of  Exchequer,  June  30,  1819,  setting  out  "the 
Limits  of  the  Port  of  London,"  declare  that  eastward  "The  Port 
of  London  shall  commence  at  the  distance  of  four  miles  from 
the  North  Foreland  Lighthouse,"  and  on  the  opposite  shore  at 
a  distance  of  three  miles  from  the  Naze  Tower,  and  be  continued 
"westwardly  to  highwater  mark  throughout  the  river  Thames,  and 
the  several  channels,  streams,  and  rivers  falling  into  it,  to  London 
Bridge." 

For  certain  port  dues  "  the  Port  of  London  terminates  near  Graves- 
end,  at  a  spot  called  the  Bound,  or  by  corruption  the  Round,  Tree,  but 
this  having  been  destroyed  by  time  and  accidents,  a  stone  has  been 
erected  in  its  place." l 

In  Reports  of  Committees  of  the  House  of  Commons^  vol.  xiv.  (1803),  is 
a  full  history  of  the  Port  of  London. 

Portland  Chapel.    {See  St.  Paul's,  Portland  Place.] 

Portland  Club,  No.  i  STRATFORD  PLACE,  "  the  Whist  Club  par 
eminence  since  the  dissolution  of  Graham's."2  Members  limited  to 
250  in  number;  election  by  ballot,  one  black  ball  in  ten  excludes ; 
entrance  fee,  20  guineas;  annual  subscription,  7  guineas.  Play  at 
whist  not  to  exceed  ;£i  points. 

Portland  Market.    [See  Oxford  Market.] 

Portland  Place,  REGENT'S  PARK,  a  thoroughfare  125  feet  wide 
and  600  feet  long.  It  was  designed  by  the  brothers  Adam,  circ.  1778, 
and  so  named  after  the  then  Duke  of  Portland,  the  ground  landlord. 
The  Adams  only  built  the  portion  of  the  place  from  Devonshire  Street 
to  Duchess  Street.  The  great  width  was  owing  to  a  clause  in  Lord 
Foley's  lease,  which  precluded  the  Duke  of  Portland  from  erecting  any 
buildings  to  intercept  the  view  from  Foley  House  [which  see].  -The 
original  house  stood  on  the  site  of  the  Langham  Hotel.  No.  8  is 
now  styled  Foley  House,  but  this  is  a  modern  name.  When  first  built 
Portland  Place  was  in  the  highest  fashion. 

1  Cruden's  Hist,  of  Gravesend  and   Port  of  London,  p.  37. 
3  Hayward's  Select  Essays,  vol.  ii.  p.  106. 


GREAT  PORTLAND  STREET  109 

Then  comes  that  good  old  character,  a  Wife, 
With  all  the  dear  distracting  cares  of  life  ; 
A  thousand  cards  a  day  at  doors  to  leave, 
And  in  return  a  thousand  cards  receive  ; 
Rouge  high,  play  deep,  to  lead  the  ton  aspire, 
With  nightly  blaze  set  PORTLAND  PLACE  on  fire. 

Sam.  Rogers,   Verses  spoken  by  Mrs,  Siddons,  April  27,  1795. 

Although  less  fashionably  inhabited  than  when  first  built,  Portland 
Place  still  numbers  among  its  occupants  peers,  baronets,  judges  and 
privy  councillors.  The  bronze  statue  of  the  Duke  of  Kent,  the  father 
of  Queen  Victoria,  in  Park  Crescent,  at  the  north  end  of  Portland 
Place,  was  designed  and  cast  by  Gahagan.  Park  Crescent  was  called, 
in  1816,  by  Nash  the  architect,  "the  key  to  Marylebone  Park."1 

Eminent  Inhabitants. — General  Sir  Henry  Clinton.  In  1788  his 
daughter  eloped  from  this  street  in  a  hackney-coach  with  Mr.  Dawkins, 
who  eluded  pursuit  by  posting  half  a  dozen  other  hackney-coaches  at 
the  corners  of  the  streets  leading  into  Portland  Place,  with  directions 
to  drive  off  as  rapidly  as  possible,  each  in  a  different  direction,  directly 
that  started  in  which  he  and  the  lady  were.2  Horace  Walpole  wrote 
to  Pennant  from  No.  5  Portland  Place.  At  No.  25  Sir  Alan  Gardner 
was  living  in  1796  and  1811.  James  Monroe,  when  American 
Ambassador  (1807),  lived  at  No.  23.  Talleyrand  lived  at  No.  51. 
John  Holroyd  Lord  Sheffield,  the  friend  of  Gibbon,  and  editor  of  his 
Miscellaneous  Writings,  died  at  his  house,  No.  20,  May  30,  1821.  Sir 
Humphry  Davy  was  married,  April  n,  1812,  to  Mrs.  Apreece.  The 
ceremony  was  performed  at  her  mother's  house  in  Portland  Place  by 
the  Bishop  of  Carlisle.  At  No.  63,  the  house  of  Sir  Ralph  Milbanke, 
Lord  Byron  made  love  to  his  future  wife,  Miss  Milbanke.  At  No.  2, 
the  house  of  Henry  Browne,  F.R.S.  (it  is  situated  51°  31'  8".4  N.  Lat.); 
were  made  the  original  and  important  experiments  of  Captain  Kater, 
for  determining  the  length  of  the  seconds  pendulum,  and  somewhat 
later  Sabine's  elaborate  observations  for  determining  the  oscillation  of 
the  pendulum  in  different  latitudes — both  sets  of  experiments  being 
made  with  Mr.  Browne's  instruments  and  with  his  assistance.3  Lord 
Radstock,  one  of  the  most  distinguished  admirals  in  the  Great  War, 
resided  for  many  years  in  No.  10,  and  there  died,  August  20,  1825. 
Mark  Wilks  at  No.  9.  Lord  Chief  Justice  Denman  at  No.  38. 
Charles  Theophilus,  first  and  last  Lord  Metcalfe,  passed  his  boyhood 
in  No.  49,  the  house  of  his  father,  the  East  India  Director. 

Portland  Street  (Great),  OXFORD  STREET,  is  now  the  name  of 
the  whole  line  of  road  between  Oxford  Street  and  the  Euston  Road, 
east  of  and  parallel  to  Portland  Place,  but  was  originally  confined  to 
the  portion  between  Margaret  Street  and  Mortimer  Street.  South  of 
the  former  it  was  John  Street,  and  north  of  the  latter  Portland  Road. 

1  Second  Report  of  Woods  and  Forests,  p.  113. 

-  There  is  a  clever  account  of  the  elopement  in  the  Buckland  Correspondence,  vol.  i.  p.  467. 
3  Philosophical  Trans.,  1818,  1821. 


no  GREAT  PORTLAND  STREET 

This  last  name  is  preserved  in  the  Portland  Road  Station  of  the 
Metropolitan  Railway  at  the  corner  of  the  Euston  Road. 

Eminent  Inhabitants. — William  Guthrie,  author  of  Guthrie's  Gram- 
mar•,  etc.,  died  here,  March  9,  1770.  Richard  Wilson,  the  landscape 
painter,  "  at  the  corner  of  Foley  Place."  1  Joseph  Wilton,  R.A.,  sculptor, 
"occupied  the  large  house,  Foley  Place,  at  the  south-east  corner  of 
Great  Portland  Street." 2  William  Seward,  author  of  Seward's  Anecdotes, 
lived  at  No.  40. 3  James  Boswell,  the  biographer  of  Johnson,  died  in 
1795  at  No.  47. 4  Carl  Maria  von  Weber,  composer  of  "Der  Freis- 
chutz,"  died  in  Sir  George  Smart's  house,  No.  91  (now  103),  June  5, 
1826.  No.  65  was  the  residence  of  John  Jones,  the  engraver  of 
the  portraits  of  Charles  James  Fox,  and  many  other  fine  works  of 
Reynolds  and  of  Romney ;  and  father  of  the  late  Richard  Jones,  R.A. 
Sir  David  Wilkie  was  living  at  No.  84  in  1808-1809.  William  Collins, 
R.A.,  at  No.  118  in  1810.  Leigh  Hunt  at  No.  35  in  1812.  Joshua 
Brookes,  the  great  surgeon,  died  at  his  house  in  Great  Portland  Street, 
January  30,  1833.  On  the  west  side  (No.  131,  etc.)  is  the  Jewish 
Central  Synagogue,  a  spacious  building  of  Portland  and  red  Mansfield 
stone,  Oriental  in  style,  with  a  tall  campanile,  erected  from  the  designs 
of  Mr.  N.  S.  Joseph,  and  consecrated  with  great  solemnity  by  Dr. 
Adler,  the  Chief  Rabbi,  April  7,  1870.  The  interior,  which  is  very 
lofty,  and  fitted  up  in  a  rich  and  costly  manner,  is  very  striking. 

Portman  Square,  between  Orchard  Street,  Oxford  Street,  and 
Baker  Street,  was  so  called  after  William  Henry  Portman,  Esq.,  of 
Orchard -Portman,  in  Somersetshire  (d.  1796),  the  proprietor  of  an 
estate  in  Marylebone,  of  about  270  acres,  formerly  the  property  of  the 
Knights  of  St.  John  of  Jerusalem  in  England,  and  described  in  a  lease 
granted  by  the  last  prior  of  the  knights  of  St.  John  as  "  Great  Gibbet 
Field  [see  Tyburn],  Little  Gibbet  Field,  Hawkfield,  and  Brock  Stand, 
Tassel  Croft,  Boy's  Croft,  and  twenty  acres  Fursecroft,  and  two  closes 
called  Shepcott  Haws,  parcel  of  the  manor  of  Lilestone  [see  Lisson 
Green],  in  the  county  of  Middlesex."  The  present  proprietor  of  the 
estate  is  Lord  Portman. 

Portman  Square  was  begun  about  1764,  when  the  north  side  of  the  square  was 
built;  but  it  was  twenty  years  before  the  whole  was  finished. — Lysons,  vol.  iii. 
P-  257- 

In  Espriella's  Letters  (1807)  Southey  describes  this  square  as  "on  the 
outskirts  of  the  town,"  and  approached  "on  one  side  by  a  road,  unlit, 
unpaved,  and  inaccessible  by  carriages."  The  house  in  the  north-west 
angle  of  the  square  (properly  No.  i  Upper  Berkeley  Street)  was  designed, 
1760,  by  James  "Athenian"  Stuart  for  Mrs.  Montagu,  authoress  of  the 
Essay  on  the  Genius  and  Writings  of  Shakespeare.  Here  she  had  her 
public  breakfasts,  her  Blue-stocking  parties ;  here,  on  May-day,  she 

1  Wright's  Life  of  Wilson,  p.  5.  4  Letter  from  Mrs.  Ogborne,  of  Great  Portland 

"  Smith's  Nollekens,  vol.  ii.  p.  172.  Street,  to  the  late  John  Thomas  Smith,  preserved 

3  Nichols's  Lit.  Anec.,  vol.  ix.  p.  467.  in  Mr.  Murray's  John  son  Collections. 


PORTSOKEN  1 1 1 


used  to  entertain  the  chimney-sweeps  of  London ;  and  here  she  died, 
August  25,  1800. 

November  12,  1781. — Mrs.  Montagu  is  very  busy  furnishing  her  new  house  ;  part 
of  her  family  is  removed  into  it. — Mrs.  Boscawcn,  Dclmicy,  vol.  vi.  p.  65  ;  and 
sec  p.  76. 

When  Summer  comes  the  bells  shall  ring,  and  flowers  and  hawthorns  blow, 
The  village  lasses  and  the  lads  shall  all  a-Maying  go : 
Kind-hearted  lady  may  thy  soul  in  heaven  a  blessing  reap, 
Whose  bounty  at  that  season  flows  to  cheer  the  Little  Sweep. 

W.  L.  Bowles,  Climbing  Boys'  Album,  p.  347. 

No.  12  (since  numbered  15),  was  the  Duke  of  Hamilton's,  and  here 
were  some  of  the  finest  of  William  Beckford's  pictures,  removed  by 
the  duke,  who  was  his  son-in-law,  from  the  house  in  which  Beckford 
died,  at  Bath.  No.  26  was  Lady  Garvagh's,  where  was  the  famous 
Aldobrandini  Madonna  of  Raphael,  now  in  the  National  Gallery. 

Portsmouth  Street,  LINCOLN'S  INN  FIELDS.  The  Black  Jack 
public-house,  No.  1 1  in  this  street,  was  a  favourite  house  of  Joe  Miller. 
Joe  died  in  1 738,  and  the  first  edition  of  the  Jests,  which  have  rendered 
his  name  famous,  was  published  the  following  year,  "price  one  shilling." 
The  Black  Jack  was  long  distinguished  as  "The  Jump,"  from  Jack 
Sheppard  having  once  jumped  from  one  of  its  first-floor  windows  to 
escape  the  emissaries  of  Jonathan  Wild.  No.  14  is  said  to  be  the 
original  of  Dickens's  Old  Curiosity  Shop,  but  there  is  not  sufficient 
authority  for  this  statement. 

Portsoken,  one  of  the  twenty-six  wards  of  London,  deriving  its 
name  from  the  "soc"  or  "soke"  (the  liberty,  or  separate  jurisdiction), 
without  the  "port"  or  gate  called  Aldgate.  This  ward  is  without  the 
walls,  but  within  the  liberties  of  the  City. 

In  the  days  of  King  Edgar  there  were  thirteen  Knights  or  Soldiers,  well-beloved 
to  the  King  and  realm,  for  service  by  them  done,  which  requested  to  have  a  certain 
portion  of  land  on  the  east  part  of  the  city,  left  desolate  and  forsaken  by  the  inhabit- 
ants, by  reason  of  too  much  servitude.  They  besought  the  King  to  have  this  land, 
with  the  liberty  of  a  guild,  for  ever.  The  King  granted  to  their  request,  with  con- 
ditions following  :  that  is,  that  each  of  them  should  victoriously  accomplish  three 
combats,  one  above  the  ground,  one  under  ground,  and  the  third  in  the  water  ;  and 
after  this,  at  a  certain  day  in  East  Smithfield,  they  should  run  with  spears  against 
all  comers  ;  all  which  was  gloriously  performed,  and  the  same  day  the  King  named 
it  Knighten  Guild. — Stow,  p.  46. 

The  "  knightenguild  "  was  held  by  the  heirs  of  the  thirteen  knights  till 
the  reign  of  Henry  I.,  when  (A.D.  1115)  the  men  of  the  guild  taking 
upon  them  the  brotherhood  and  benefits  of  the  newly  established 
priory  of  the  Holy  Trinity,  within  Aldgate,  assigned  their  "  soke  "  to 
the  prior,  and  offered,  upon  the  altars  of  the  church,  the  several 
charters  of  their  guild.  Henry  I.  confirmed  the  gift,  and  the  prior 
was  made  an  alderman  of  London  :  an  honour  continued  to  his  suc- 
cessors till  the  Dissolution,  when  the  church  was  surrendered  and  the 
site  of  the  priory  granted  by  Henry  VIII.  to  Sir  Thomas  Audley, 
Lord  Chancellor.  [See  Duke's  Place.]  After  the  Dissolution  the 


112  PORTSOKEN 


inhabitants  of  Knightenguild  or  Portsoken  elected  an  alderman  of  their 
own — a  privilege  they  enjoy  to  this  day.1  The  name  survives  (corruptly) 
in  Nightingale  Lane.  The  principal  places  in  the  ward  are  Aldgate, 
Houndsditch,  Petticoat  Lane  (now  Middlesex  Street),  and  the  Minories. 

Portugal  Row,  LINCOLN'S  INN  FIELDS,  the  old  name  of  the  south 
side  of  the  present  Lincoln's  Inn  Fields;  built  1657,  by  Sir  William 
Cowper,  Robert  Henley,  and  James  Cowper,  and  known  as  Portugal 
Row  before  the  marriage  of  Charles  II.  to  Catherine  of  Portugal.  In 
1668  it  was  inhabited  by  the  following  persons  : — 

The  Lady  Arden  ;  Wm.    Perpoint,  Esq. ;   Sir  Charles  Waldegrave  ;  The  Lady 
Fitzharding ;   The  Lady  Diana  Curzon ;   Serjeant  Maynard ;   The  Lord  Cardigan  ; 
Neale,  Esq. ;   Mrs.  Ann  Heron ;  Deane,  Esq. ;   The  Lady  Mor- 

dant ;  Richard  Adams,  Esq. ;  The  Lady  Carr  ;  The  Lady  Wentworth  ;  Mr.  Attorney 
Montague  ;  The  Lady  Coventry  ;  Judge  Weld  ;  The  Lady  Davenant.2 

Sir  John  Maynard,  the  celebrated  lawyer,  who  was  living  here  till  his 
death  in  1690,  will  long  be  remembered  for  his  memorable  reply  to 
William  III.  Lord  Cardigan  was  the  father  of  the  infamous  Countess 
of  Shrewsbury.  Sir  William  Davenant  had  "lodgings"  here,  says 
Aubrey,  and  here  he  died,  April  7,  1668.  "I  was  at  his  funeral:  he 
had  a  coffin  of  walnut  tree  :  Sir  John  Denham  said  that  it  was  the  finest 
coffin  he  ever  saw."  The  Lady  Davenant  was  the  widow  of  Sir  William. 
Wilmot,  Earl  of  Rochester  (d.  1680),  lived  here.  "If  you  write  to 
me  you  must  direct  to  Lincoln's -Inn -Fields,  the  house  next  to  the 
Duke's  Playhouse  in  Portugal  Row ;  there  lives  your  humble  servant, 
ROCHESTER."3  On  the  site  of  what  is  now  a  part  of  the  Museum  of 
the  Royal  College  of  Surgeons  stood  the  Lincoln's  Inn  Fields  Theatre. 

This  landscape  of  the  sea — (but,  by  the  way, 
That's  an  expression  which  might  hurt  our  play, 
If  the  severer  critics  were  in  town) — 
This  prospect  of  the  sea,  cannot  be  shown  : 
Therefore  be  pleased  to  think  that  you  are  all 

Behind  the  Row  which  men  call  Portugal. — Sir  William  Davenant, 
Epilogue  to  the  Playhouse  to  be  Let ;  see  also  Davenant's  Works,  p.  74. 

Portugal  Street,  LINCOLN'S  INN  FIELDS — from  Serle  Street  to 
Portsmouth  Street — was  so  called  when  Portugal  Row,  or  the  south 
side  of  Lincoln's  Inn  Fields  ceased  to  be  known  by  that  name.  In 
Strype's  time  it  was  without  a  name.  He  proposed  to  call  it  Playhouse 
Street.4  In  the  burying-ground  immediately  opposite,  belonging  to  St. 
Clement's  Danes  [which  see],  Joe  Miller  ("Joe  Miller's  Jests"}  is 
buried  (d.  1738).  The  site  is  occupied  by  King's  College  Hospital 
[which  see].  Here  also  is  the  High  Court  of  Justice  in  Bankruptcy. 
Here  was  till  a  few  years  back  the  Grange  public-house,  with  its  old 
picturesque  inn  yard. 

1  "  These  priors  have  sitten  and  ridden  amongst 

the  aldermen  of  London,  in  livery  like  unto  them,          '2  Rate-books  of  St.  Clement's  Danes, 
saving  that  his  habit  was  in  shape  of  a  spiritual          3  Wharton's  Works. 
person,  as  I  myself  have  seen  in  my  childhood."          4  Strype,  B.  iv.  p.  119. 
— Stow,  p.  53. 


THE  POST  OFFICE  113 


Housekeeper.  The  poet  has  a  special  train  behind  him  ;  though  they  look  lean 
and  rnipty,  yet  they  seem  very  full  of  invention. 

riayo:  Let  him  enter,  and  send  his  train  to  our  House  Inn  the  Grange. — Sir 
William  Bavenant,  The  Playhouse  to  be  Let. 

Portugal  Street,  the  old  name  for  part  of  PICCADILLY  ;  so  called 
after  Catherine  of  Portugal,  Queen  of  Charles  II.  Portugal  Street  is 
entered  in  the  Rate-books  of  St.  Martin's,  for  the  first  time,  under  the 
year  1664,  when  the  north  side  extended  as  far  as  Air  Street.  The 
south  side  was  built  in  1665.  In  1671  it  extended  as  far  as  Sackville 
Street,  and  in  1686  to  Dover  Street,  then  but  newly  built. 

Post  Office  (The),  ST.  MARTIN'S-LE-GRAND.  Although  now  of 
such  immense  importance  to  our  national  welfare,  the  English  Post 
Office  cannot  be  traced  back  through  more  than  about  300  years 
of  our  history.  Before  this  time  the  King  and  the  nobles  sent  their 
letters  by  private  messengers  or  "  nuncii,"  whilst  the  commonalty,  travel- 
ling little,  had  small  need  of  correspondence.  The  merchants  of  the 
Hanse  Towns  have  the  reputation  of  being  the  first  to  establish  a 
regular  European  letter  post ;  and  in  England,  although  Henry  VIII. 
paid  attention  to  the  official  post,  the  foreign  post  remained  for 
some  years  in  the  hands  of  the  foreigners  who  had  established  it.  It 
was  on  the  occasion  of  a  dispute  between  them  as  to  the  electing  of  a 
postmaster  that  James  I.  stepped  in  and  appointed  a  Postmaster  of 
England  for  foreign  parts,  who  was  to  have  "  the  sole  taking  up, 
sending,  and  conveying  of  all  packets  and  letters  concerning  our  service 
or  business  to  be  despatched  to  foreign  parts,"  others  being  forbidden 
to  convey  letters,  etc. ;  and  since  that  time  the  business  of  the  Post 
Office  has  remained  a  Government  monopoly.  In  the  reign  of  James 
I.  the  total  annual  payment  for  the  staff  of  the  Post  Office  was  only 
^255  15  :  io.  In  1635  a  proclamation  was  issued  "for  settling  the 
letter  office  of  England  and  Scotland,"  in  which  it  is  enacted  that  there 
shall  be  "  a  running  post  or  two,  to  run  night  and  day,  between 
Edinburgh  and  Scotland  and  the  City  of  London,  to  go  thither  and 
come  back  in  six  days."  In  1644  Edmund  Prideaux,  Esq.,  M.P.,  first 
established  a  weekly  conveyance  of  letters  to  all  parts  of  the  nation. 
An  Act  of  Parliament  passed  in  1656  "  to  settle  the  postage  of  England, 
Scotland  and  Ireland,"  is  the  real  foundation  of  our  postal  system. 
This  Act  orders  the  "erecting  of  one  general  post  office  and  one 
officer  stiled  the  Postmaster-General  of  England  and  Comptroller  of 
the  Post  Office."  This  Act  was  re-enacted  12  Car.  II.,  c.  35,  and  it  has 
been  called  the  Post  Office  Charter,  remaining  in  full  force  until  1710. 
In  1663,  when  the  carriage  of  letters  had  become  a  source  of  income, 
the  revenues  were  settled  on  James,  Duke  of  York,  afterwards 
James  II. 

This  Conveyance  by  post  is  done  in  so  short  a  time  by  night  as  well  as  by  day 
that  every  twenty-four  hours  the  Post  goes  120  miles  and  in  five  days  an  Answer  of  a 
Letter  may  be  had  from  a  place  300  miles  distant  from  the  writer. — Delaune,  Present 
State  of  London,  1681,  p.  346. 

VOL.   Ill  I 


ii4  THE  POST  OFFICE 

At  that  time  there  were  mails  to  Kent  and  the  Downs  daily ;  over 
the  whole  of  England  and  Scotland  three  times  weekly ;  and  to  the 
Continent  from  twice  to  thrice  weekly.  In  1680  a  "Penny  Post" 
was  established  in  London  by  Robert  Murray,  a  clerk  in  the  Excise, 
and  William  Dockwra,  a  sub-searcher  in  the  Customs.  Murray  and 
Dockwra  quarrelled  and  set  up  rival  offices,  but  the  name  of  the  former 
is  soon  lost  sight  of.  When  the  penny  post  was  found  to  be  profitable 
the  Duke  of  York  wished  to  take  possession  of  it,  and  after  a  time 
the  Post  Office  succeeded  in  their  object.  Dockwra  was  appointed 
Comptroller  of  the  Penny  Post,  but  was  dismissed  by  the  Lords  of  the 
Treasury  for  mismanagement  in  1698.  [See  Penny  Post.]  In  1708 
an  attempt  was  made  by  a  Mr.  Povey  to  establish  a  half-penny  post 
in  opposition  to  the  official  penny  post,  but  this  enterprise,  like 
Dockwra's,  was  suppressed  by  a  lawsuit.  The  London  penny  post 
continued  until  1801,  when  it  was  made  a  twopenny  post. 

Ralph  Allen  of  Bath,  the  friend  of  Pope  and  Fielding,  established  a 
system  of  cross  roads  by  which  he  obtained  a  large  fortune.  At  his 
death  in  1 764  the  "  bye-posts  "  were  transferred  to  the  care  of  the  Post 
Office  authorities.  John  Palmer  in  1784  succeeded  in  introducing 
special  mail  coaches  for  the  conveyance  of  letters,  thus  materially 
accelerating  the  speed  of  conveyance  over  the  older  plan  of  transmission 
on  horseback  and  in  carts.  But  the  rapid  growth  of  the  postal  system 
dates  from  the  introduction,  by  Sir  Rowland  Hill  in  1840,  of  the 
uniform  penny  rate  of  postage.  Before  that  time  the  rate  had  been 
so  heavy  as  virtually  to  preclude  the  use  of  the  post  by  the  mass  of  the 
population.  At  the  same  time  "  franking,"  a  privilege  which  had  been 
very  much  abused,  was  abolished.  The  opposition  to  the  introduction 
of  penny  postage  and  the  abolition  of  franks  was  very  great,  and  some  idea 
of  the  abuse  of  the  latter  may  be  gained  from  the  statements  of  one  or 
two  contemporaries. 

I  was  thereby  deprived  of  the  privilege  of  franking  as  a  member  of  the  House  of 
Commons  and  I  now  lose  the  privilege  of  franking  as  a  peer  ;  but  I  rejoice  in  the 
sacrifice  for  the  general  good,  although  the  loss  of  consequence  from  ceasing  to  be 
able  to  frank  a  letter  for  a  lady  in  travelling,  or  the  waiter  at  an  inn,  gave  great 
disgust  to  many  members  of  both  houses,  Whig  as  well  as  Tory,  and  made  some  of 
them  openly  declare  that  there  was  no  longer  any  use  in  being  in  Parliament. — 
Lord  Campbell,  Autobiography,  vol.  ii.  p.  117. 

Mr.  Roebuck  stated  in  the  House  of  Commons,  June  22,  1857,  that  "The 
Ambassadors'  bag  in  past  times  had  been  sadly  weighted.  Coats,  lace,  boots  and 
other  articles  were  sent  by  it,  even  a  pianoforte ;  and  not  only  a  pianoforte  but  a 
horse." 

It  was  also  stated  before  a  House  of  Commons  Committee  that  "one  man  had 
in  the  course  of  five  months  counterfeited  1200  dozen  of  franks  of  Members  of 
Parliament,  and  that  a  regular  trade  of  buying  and  selling  franks  had  been  actually 
established  with  several  persons  in  the  country." 

The  combination  of  the  different  nations  of  the  world  to  form  the 
International  Postal  Union,  with  a  uniform  postage  rate  of  2jd.  (except 
for  very  distant  places,  when  5d.  is  sometimes  charged),  has  also  done 
much  to  stimulate  the  growth  of  correspondence  and  the  use  of  the 


THE  POST  OI'l-ICE  115 

Post  Office.  Since  the  introduction  of  penny  postage  in  1840  the 
number  of  letters  passing  through  the  Post  Office  has  increased  to  so 
great  an  extent  that  in  the  year  ending  March  31,  1889,  the  estimated 
total  of  letters,  post-cards,  book  packets,  newspapers  and  parcels  was 
2,362,990,000,  made  up  as  follows:  1,558,100,000  letters  (or  an 
average  of  41.5  letters  to  each  person  in  the  United  Kingdom); 
201,400,000  post-cards;  412,000,000  book  packets  and  circulars; 
151,900,000  newspapers;  39,590,000  parcels.  The  total  number  of 
money  orders  during  the  year  was  9,563,725,  representing  an  aggre- 
gate amount  of  ^23,869,495.  The  number  of  postal  orders  was 
40,282,321,  of  the  total  value  of  ^16,112,079.  There  are  now 
(1889)  37>783  receptacles  of  all  sorts  for  letters,  of  which  number 
17,829  are  Post  Offices. 

The  deposits  in  the  Savings  Bank  Department,  a  branch  added  to 
the  Post  Office  in  1860,  numbered  7,540,625,  and  amounted  to 
,£19,052,226  ;  the  withdrawals  were  2,633,808  in  number,  amounting 
to  ^15,802,735.  The  accounts  remaining  open  on  December  31, 
1888,  were  4,220,297;  the  amount  standing  to  their  credit  being 
^58,556,394  (including  interest).  During  the  year  580  Life 
Insurances,  amounting  to  .£34,819,  were  granted,  as  well  as  995 
Immediate  Annuities  and  138  Deferred  Annuities,  of  the  annual  values 
of  ,£23,404  and  .£2719  respectively.  The  total  number  of  Life 
Insurances  in  existence  on  December  31,  1888,  was.  6210,  together 
with  10,358  Immediate  and  1015  Deferred  Annuities.  The  taking 
over  the  telegraphs  in  1870,  with  the  simultaneous  adoption  of  a 
uniform  shilling  rate  for  the  United  Kingdom,  largely  increased  the 
business  of  the  Post  Office;  and  the  reduction  to  sixpence  in  1885 
still  further  increased  it.  Excluding  foreign,  press  and  free  telegrams, 
the  returns  show  a  total  of  46,816,711  inland  telegrams  for  the  year 
1888-1889,  the  average  value  of  which  was  7.92d. 

The  total  number  of  officers  on  the  permanent  establishment  of  the 
department  is  about  58,396  ;  of  this  number  4054  are  women. 

With  its  large  increase  of  business  the  Post  Office  has  necessarily 
had  to  increase  its  accommodation.  Originally  in  Cloak  Lane, 
Dowgate  Hill,  the  General  Post  Office  was  moved  to  the  Black  Swan, 
Bishopgsgate,  which  suffered  destruction  in  the  Fire  of  London  in  1666. 
The  office  was  then  transferred  to  Brydges  Street,  Covent  Garden,  and 
thence  in  1690  to  Lombard  Street.  The  work  to  be  done  still  in- 
creasing beyond  the  capacity  of  the  building,  it  was  decided  early  in 
this  century  to  erect  one  expressly  suited  for  a  General  Post  Office. 
The  site  chosen  was  that  formerly  covered  by  the  ancient  monastery 
of  St  Martin's-le-Grand.  The  edifice,  completed  after  the  designs  of 
Sir  Robert  Smirke,  is  in  the  Ionic  style,  with  a  lofty  central  portico, 
surmounted  by  a  pediment.  This  building  still  retains  its  position  as 
the  Central  Office,  but  the  large  increase  of  business  has  necessitated 
the  erection  of  several  large  auxiliary  ones.  The  New  Post  Office, 
designed  by  Mr.  J.  Williams,  is  opposite  and  equal  in  extent  to  the 


ii6  THE  POST  OFFICE 


older  General  Post  Office.  Its  two  fronts  in  St.  Martin's-le-Grand  and 
Bath  Street  are  286  feet  long,  its  two  ends  in  Newgate  Street  and 
Angel  Street  146  feet,  and  its  height  from  the  pavement  84  feet.  The 
building  is  of  Portland  stone  on  a  granite  basement ;  the  two  lower 
storeys  are  rusticated,  with  engaged  shafts  of  the  Tuscan  order,  the  two 
upper  Roman  Corinthian.  A  large  clearance  of  the  whole  of  the  west 
side  of  St.  Martin's-le-Grand  has  been  made,  and  new  buildings  for  the 
accommodation  of  the  Post  Office  are  now  in  course  of  erection  (1890) 
on  this  site. 

Potters'  Hithe.     [See  Queenhithe.] 

Poulters'  Company.  This  Company,  incorporated  in  the  reign 
of  Henry  VII.,  January  23,  1504,  has  a  Master,  an  Upper  and  a 
Renter  Warden,  a  Court  of  Assistants  and  a  Livery.  The  hall  of  this 
Company  is  said  to  have  been  in  Leadenhall  Market,  but  was  destroyed 
in  the  Fire  of  London,  and  their  business  is  now  transacted  at  the 
Guildhall.  The  Poulters'  Company  ranks  thirty-fourth  amongst  the 
City  Livery  Companies. 

Poultry.  A  Street  connecting  CHEAPSIDE  and  CORNHILL,  and 
long  famous  for  its  compter.  [See  Poultry  Compter.] 

West  from  this  church  have  ye  Scalding  Alley,  of  old  time  called  Scalding 
House,  or  Scalding  Wike,  because  that  ground  for  the  most  part  was  then  employed 
by  Poulterers,  that  dwelt  in  the  high  street  from  the  Stocks  Market  to  the  great 
Conduit.  Their  poultry,  which  they  sold  at  their  stalls,  were  scalded  there.  The 
street  doth  yet  bear  the  name  of  the  Poultry,  and  the  poulterers  are  but  lately 
departed  from  thence  into  other  streets,  as  into  Grasse  [Gracechurch]  Street,  and 
the  ends  of  St.  Nicholas  flesh  shambles  [Newgate  Market]. — Stow,  p.  71. 

In  the  i6th  and  first  half  of  the  iyth  century  the  Poultry  was  famous 
for  its  taverns.  The  Rose  Tavern  was  noted  for  its  wines,  and  down 
to  the  days  of  Ned  Ward  and  the  London  Spy  maintained  its 
reputation.  The  Three  Cranes  is  often  referred  to  as  a  well-known 
house  in  the  pamphlets  and  light  literature  of  the  day.  The 
King's  Head  Tavern,  No.  25,  was  kept  in  Charles  II. 's  time  by 
William  King.  His  wife,  happening  to  be  in  labour  on  the  day  of  the 
King's  restoration,  was  anxious  to  see  the  returning  monarch,  and 
Charles,  in  passing  through  the  Poultry,  was  told  of  her  inclination,  and 
stopped  at  the  tavern  to  salute  her.1  The  letter  which  in  1619 
"  made  a  stir  in  Lancashire,"  respecting  an  apparition  at  Newmarket, 
"which  the  King  went  to  see  and  has  kept  his  bed  ever  since," 
was  written  by  one  Matt.  Mason  from  "the  Falchion,  in  Poultry." 
Mr.  Cowden  Clarke  relates  that  in  1817,  when  Keats  was  about  to 
publish  his  first  little  volume  he  lodged  on  "the  second  floor  of  a 
house  in  the  Poultry,  at  the  corner  of  the  court  leading  to  the  Queen's 
Arms  Tavern,  that  corner  nearest  to  Bow  Church ; "  but  this  must 
have  been  the  Queen's  Head  in  Cheapside.  Few  of  the  old  taverns 
appear  to  have  been  rebuilt  after  the  Great  Fire.  There  are  now  none 
in  the  Poultry. 

1  Nichols's  Lit.  Anec.,  vol.  i.  p.  3. 


POULTRY  COMPTER  117 

No.  22  Poultry  was  Dilly  the  bookseller's.  Here,  May  15,  1776, 
Dr.  Johnson  met  Wilkes  at  dinner,  by  a  manoeuvre  of  BoswelPs,  of 
which  Burke  declared  "  that  there  was  nothing  equal  to  it  in  the  whole 
history  of  the  Corps  Diplomatique."  Here  Boswell's  Life  of  Johnson 
was  first  published.  Dilly  sold  his  business  to  Mawman,  a  name 
well  remembered  in  the  book-trade.  Dr.  Parr  took  Landor  to  see 
him.  In  after  days,  however,  Mawman  declined  to  publish  the 
Imaginary  Conversations.  No.  3 1  was  the  shop  of  Vernor  and  Hood, 
booksellers.  Hood  of  this  firm  was  father  of  Thomas  Hood  ("  Comic 
Annual,"  "Song  of  the  Shirt")  who  was  born  here  in  1798.  The  church 
of  St.  Mildred? s-in-the- Poultry  stood  on  the  north  side,  where  is  now 
the  Gresham  Life  Assurance  Office.  By  the  removal  of  St.  Mildred's 
Church,  the  clearing  away  of  most  of  the  old  houses  on  both  sides  of 
the  way,  and  the  erection  in  their  places  of  large  blocks  of  offices  and 
shops  of  considerable  architectural  pretensions,  and  the  general 
widening  of  the  thoroughfare,  the  Poultry  has  since  1850  been  entirely 
changed  in  character  and  aspect. 

On  a  portion  of  the  site  of  the  Poultry  Compter  was  built  in  1819 
the  Poultry  Chapel,  for  Congregationalists,  which  under  the  pastoral 
care  of  Dr.  Clayton  long  flourished.  In  1872,  when  the  "Poultry 
Improvements"  were  in  full  progress,  it  was  decided  to  remove  to 
another  locality,  and  a  larger  chapel — the  City  Temple — was  built  for 
the  congregation  on  the  Holborn  Viaduct.  The  site  of  the  Poultry 
Chapel  (7440  square  feet)  was  sold  by  auction  for  ^5  0,200. 

Poultry  Compter,  WOOD  STREET,  a  sheriff's  prison,  which  stood 
a  little  to  the  east  of  Grocers'  Hall  Court ;  Chapel  Place  led  directly  to 
it.1  [See  Giltspur  Street  Compter  and  Compter  in  Southwark.]  It 
was  the  only  prison  in  London  with  a  ward  set  apart  for  Jews 
(probably  due  to  its  proximity  to  the  Jewry),  and  was  the  only  prison 
left  unattacked  in  the  riots  of  1780.  It  was  a  brick  building  of  fifteen 
wards — the  king's,  the  prince's,  the  upper,  middle  and  women's  wards, 
and  the  Jews'  ward.  There  was  a  chapel,  and  the  leads  were  used  for 
exercise  grounds. 

John  Bradford,  one  of  the  most  illustrious  of  the  Marian  martyrs, 
was  imprisoned  here  from  January  30  to  June  30,  1550.  Here  he 
was  persecuted  with  "conferences,"  but  as  nothing  could  stir  his 
fortitude,  "  he  was  suddenly  conveyed  out  of  the  Compter,  in  the  night 
season  to  Newgate ;  and  from  thence  he  was  carried  to  Smithfield." 2 
Dekker  and  Boyse,  two  unfortunate  sons  of  song,  were  long  inhabitants 
of  the  Poultry  Compter.  Here  died  Lamb,  the  conjuror  (commonly 
called  Dr.  Lamb),  of  the  injuries  he  had  received  from  the  mob,  who 
pelted  him  (June  13,  1628)  from  Moorgate  to  the  Windmill  in  the  Old 
Jewry,  where  he  was  felled  to  the  ground  with  a  stone,  and  was  thence 
carried  to  the  Poultry  Compter,  where  he  died  the  same  night.  The 
rabble  believed  that  the  doctor  dealt  with  the  devil,  and  assisted  the 

1  The  site  is  carefully  marked  in  Strype's  Map          "  A 11    the    Examinations   of  the  Constanie 
of  Cheap  Ward.  Martir  of  God,  M.  John  Bradfourdc,  1561. 


ii8  POULTRY  COMPTER 

Duke  of  Buckingham  in  misleading  the  King.  The  City  had  to  pay 
heavily  for  their  negligence  in  not  protecting  the  unfortunate  man. 
The  last  slave  imprisoned  in  England  was  confined  (1772)  in  the 
Poultry  Compter.  This  was  Somerset,  a  negro,  the  particulars  of 
whose  case  excited  Sharpe  and  Clarkson  in  their  useful  and  successful 
labour  in  the  cause  of  negro  emancipation. 

Some  four  houses  west  from  this  parish  of  St.  Mildred  is  a  prison  house 
pertaining  to  one  of  the  sheriffs  of  London,  and  is  called  the  Compter  in  the  Poultry. 
This  hath  been  there  kept  and  continued  time  out  of  mind,  for  I  have  not  read  of 
the  original  thereof.- — Stow,  p.  99. 

First  Officer.  Nay,  we  have  been  scholars,  I  can  tell  you, — we  could  not  have 
been  knaves  so  soon  else ;  for  as  in  that  notable  city  called  London,  stand  two  most 
famous  universities,  Poultry  and  Wood  Street,  where  some  are  of  twenty  years' 
standing,  and  have  took  all  their  degrees,  from  the  Master's  side,  down  to  the 
Mistress's  side,  the  Hole,  so  in  like  manner,  etc. — The  Phanix,  by  T.  Middleton, 
4to,  1607. 

Prisoners  committed  by  the  Lord  Mayor  were  sent  to  the  Poultry ; 
prisoners  committed  by  the  sitting  aldermen  to  Giltspur  Street  prison. 
The  prisoners  were  removed  from  the  Poultry  Compter  to  White  Cross 
Street  prison  shortly  after  the  latter  was  completed. 

Powis  House,  KNIGHTSBRIDGE,  the  residence  of  Amelia  Sophia 
de  Walmoden,  the  mistress  of  George  II.,  who  was  created  Countess  of 
Yarmouth  for  life.  She  died  1765. 

Powis  House,  at  the  north-west  angle  of  Lincoln's  Inn  Fields  and 
the  corner  of  Great  Queen  Street ;  the  town  house  of  the  noble  family 
of  Herbert.  It  was  built  in  1686  by  William  Herbert,  Viscount 
Montgomery  and  Marquis  of  Powis,  on  the  site  of  a  former  house 
burnt  to  the  ground,  October  26,  1684,  "the  family  hardly  saving 
themselves  from  being  burnt."  Among  the  Private  Acts  is,  i  James 
II.,  c.  3,  "  An  Act  for  rebuilding  the  Earl  of  Powis'  House  in  Lincoln's 
Inn  Fields,  lately  demolished  by  fire."  The  new  house  (now  No.  67) 
was  designed  by  Captain  William  Winde,  architect. 

Then  they  went  to  the  Lord  Powis'  great  house  in  Lincoln's  Inn  Fields,  wherein 
was  a  guard,  and  a  bill  upon  the  door — This  house  is  appointed  for  the  Lord 
Delamere's  quarters,  and  some  of  the  company  crying  ' '  Let  it  alone,  the  Lord  Powis 
was  against  the  Bishops  going  to  the  Tower"  they  offered  no  violence  to  it. — English 
Courant,  December  1688. 

Lord  Powis  forfeited  his  house  to  the  Crown  for  his  adherence  to 
James  II.  It  was  inhabited  for  a  time  by  the  great  Lord  Somers ; 
and,  in  February  1696-1697,  was  ordered  to  remain  in  the  possession 
of  the  Lord  Chancellor  during  his  custody  of  the  Great  Seal.  It  was 
subsequently  sold  to  Holies,  Duke  of  Newcastle  (d.  1711),  when  it 
received  the  name  of  Newcastle  House.  [See  Newcastle  House.] 

Powis  House,  at  the  north-west  end  of  Great  Ormond  Street, 
stood  back  from  the  street,  on  the  site  of  the  present  Powis  Place.  It 
was  built  in  the  latter  part  of  the  reign  of  William  III.  by  William 
Herbert,  Marquis  of  Powis,  son  of  the  first  Marquis  of  Powis,  who  was 


rKKSCOT  STREET  119 


outlawed  for  his  adherence  to  James  II.,  and  was  burnt  down  January 
26,  1713,  when  in  the  occupation  of  the  Due  d'Aumont,  ambassador 
from  Louis  XIV. 

After  dinner  at  Lord  Treasurer's,  the  Frencli  Ambassador,  Duke  d'Aumont,  sent 
Lord  Treasurer  word  that  his  house  was  burnt  to  the  ground.  It  took  fire  in  the 
upper  rooms,  while  he  was  at  dinner  with  Monteleon,  the  Spanish  Ambassador,  and 
other  persons ;  and  soon  after  Lord  Bolingbroke  came  to  us  with  the  same  story. 
We  are  full  of  speculations  upon  it,  but  I  believe  it  was  the  carelessness  of  his 
rascally  French  servants. — Swift  to  Mrs.  Dinghy,  January  26,  1713. 

The  house  was  insured,  but  the  French  King's  dignity  would  not 
permit  him,  it  is  said,  to  suffer  a  Fire-office  to  pay  for  the  neglect  of 
the  domestics  of  his  representative.1  The  front  of  the  new  house 
which  the  King  erected  was  of  stone,  with  eight  lofty  Corinthian 
pilasters,  and  surmounted  on  the  coping  by  urns  and  statues.  Over 
the  street  door  was  a  phcenix ;  the  ornament  above  the  capitals  of  the 
pilasters,  was  the  Gallic  cock.  The  architect  was  Colin  Campbell. 
The  staircase  was  painted  by  Giacomo  Amiconi,  a  Venetian  painter,  of 
some  reputation  in  this  country.  He  chose  the  story  of  Holofernes, 
and  painted  the  personages  of  his  story  in  Roman  dresses.  On  the 
top  was  a  great  reservoir,  used  as  a  fish-pond  and  a  resource  against 
fire.  Philip  Yorke,  Earl  of  Hardwicke,  came  to  reside  here  in  1737, 
when  he  was  appointed  Lord  Chancellor,  and  continued  to  occupy  it 
during  the  whole  time  that  he  held  the  seals.  In  1764-1783  it  was 
in  the  occupation  of  the  Spanish  Ambassador.2  It  was  taken  down 
a  few  years  later,  and  is  still  preserved  to  us  in  a  large  engraving 
published  by  Thomas  Bowles  (1714). 

June  8,  1764. — The  house  of  Bedford  came  to  town  last  Friday,  I  supped  with 
them  that  night  at  the  Spanish  Ambassador's,  who  has  made  Powis  House 
magnificent.  —  Walpole  to  Lord  Hertford,  vol.  iv.  p.  247. 

Nos.  50,  51,  and  52  were  built  1777  on  part  of  the  site. 

Powis  Place,  GREAT  ORMOND  STREET.  \See  Powis  House, 
Great  Ormond  Street.]  John  Leech  was  resident  at  No.  9  about 
1848. 

Pratt  Place,  now  PRATT  STREET,  CAMDEN  TOWN.  Dr.  Wolcot 
(Peter  Pindar)  lodged  in  the  first  floor  of  a  house  rented  by  a  Mr.  and 
Mrs.  Knight  in  this  street. 

Prerogative  Will  Office  or  Court  was  in  KNIGHTRIDER 
STREET,  DOCTORS'  COMMONS.  This  was  the  court  wherein  all  wills 
were  proved  and  all  administrations  granted  that  belonged  to  the 
Archbishop  of  Canterbury  by  his  prerogative.  It  was  removed  in 
1874  to  Somerset  House.  [See  Will  Office.] 

Prescot  Street,  GOODMAN'S  FIELDS,  between  Leman  Street  and 
Mansell  Street,  is  divided  into  "Great"  and  "Little."  In  Little 
Prescot  Street  is  one  of  the  oldest  dissenting  meeting-houses  in 
London. 

1  Noorthouck,  p.  305  ;  Europ.  Mag.  for  June  1804,  p.  429.  -  Noorthouck,  p.  746. 


120  PRESCOT  STREET 

Prescot  Street,  a  spacious  and  regular  built  street  on  the  south  side  of  the  Tenter 
Ground  in  Goodman's  Fields.  Instead  of  Signs  the  Houses  here  are  distinguished  by 
numbers,  as  the  staircases  in  the  Inns  of  Court  and  Chancery. — Hatton,  1708,  p.  65. 

Sir  Cloudesley  Shovel,  the  old  rough  admiral  of  Queen  Anne's  reign, 
resided  in  this  street  before  he  removed  to  Soho  Square;  and  here 
(August  8,  1758)  the  first  Magdalen  Hospital  was  opened  with  eight 
inmates,  all  that  the  Institution  could  then  shelter.  [See  Goodman's 
Fields.]  In  Great  Prescot  Street  are  the  Whitechapel  County  Court, 
a  Roman  Catholic  Church,  and  the  convent  of  St.  Mary. 

Primrose  Hill,  a  hillock  on  the  north  side  of  the  Regent's  Park, 
from  which  it  is  divided  by  two  roads  and  a  canal.  It  belonged  to 
the  Provost  and  Fellows  of  Eton  College,  but  has  been  secured  by  the 
Government  and  laid  out  as  a  public  recreation  ground.  In  the 
Register  of  the  Stationers'  Company,  1586-1587,  is  an  entry  of  "A 
Sweete  and  Courtly  Songe  of  the  Flowers  that  grow  on  Prymrose 
Hill."  In  a  dry  ditch  at  the  foot  of  this  hill,  on  the  south  side,  about 
two  fields  distant  from  the  White  House  (Chalk  Farm),  the  body  of 
Sir  Edmond  Berry  Godfrey  was  found  on  Thursday  October  17,  1678. 
Primrose  Hill  was  long  familiarly  known  as  Green  Berry  Hill,  and  by 
a  curious  coincidence  three  of  the  supposed  murderers  were  named 
respectively  Green,  Berry,  and  Hill.  Godfrey's  body  was  removed  to 
the  White  House  and  afterwards  interred  in  the  churchyard  of  St. 
Martin's-in-the-Fields.  There  is  a  contemporary  medal  of  Sir  Edmond, 
representing  him,  on  the  obverse,  walking  with  a  broken  neck  and  a 
sword  in  his  body,  and  on  the  reverse,  St.  Denis  bearing  his  head  in 
his  hand,  with  this  inscription  : — 

Godfrey  walks  up  hill  after  he  was  dead, 

Denis  walks  down  hill  carrying  his  head. 

There  is  a  good  view  on  a  fine  day  of  the  west  end  of  London  from 
this  hill,  though  of  late  circumscribed  by  the  progress  of  buildings. 
Whilst  yet  in  the  fields  Primrose  Hill  (generally  the  Chalk  Farm  side) 
was  often  chosen  for  duels.  Here  occurred  (1806)  the  harmless 
meeting  between  Tom  Moore  and  Jeffrey,  and  here,  on  the  night  of 
February  16,  1821,  was  fought  the  duel  between  John  Scott  of  the 
London  Magazine  and  Mr.  Christie,  in  which  the  former  was  killed. 

There's  no  news  that  you'd  care  to  hear  of,  except  that  the  Prince  is  to  have  a 
villa  upon  Primrose  Hill,  connected  by  a  fine  street  with  Carlton  House,  and  is  so 
pleased  with  this  magnificent  plan  that  he  has  been  heard  to  say,  "It  will  quite 
eclipse  Napoleon." — Thomas  Moore,  October  24,  1811  (Memoirs,  vol.  viii.  p.  97). 

It  is  needless  to  say  that  Regent  Street  was  not  carried  quite  so  far 
north,  and  Napoleon  was  eclipsed  in  quite  another  fashion. 

Prince's  Court,  GEORGE  STREET,  WESTMINSTER.  John  Wilkes 
had  a  house  close  to  Storey's  Gate,  the  last  house  on  the  north  side, 
the  windows  looking  into  the  park.  On  September  18,  iy]i,Jtmius 
wrote  a  long  letter  to  Wilkes,  in  which  he  says,  "My  Second  Letter  is 
of  public  import,  and  must  not  be  suppressed.  I  did  mean  that  it 
should  be  buried  in  Prince's  Court," 


PRINCE'S  STREET  121 


Prince's  Hall,  PICCADILLY,  a  large  building  on  the  south  side  of 
the  street  extending  from  the  churchyard  of  St.  James's,  Piccadilly, 
to  No.  189.  It  was  erected  in  1881  from  the  designs  of  Mr.  E.  R. 
Robson,  architect,  by  a  Limited  Liability  Company  with  a  capital  of 
^50,000,  entitled  the  Piccadilly  Art  Galleries  Company.  There  are 
three  galleries  occupied  by  the  Royal  Institute  of  Painters  in  Water- 
Colours  and  the  Institute  of  Painters  in  Oil-Colours,  and  a  hall  let 
for  concerts  and  entertainments.  The  elevation  contains  a  series  of 
recesses  in  which  are  placed  busts  of  celebrated  English  water-colour 
painters.  The  lower  part  is  occupied  by  shop  fronts. 

Prince's  Square.     [See  Ratcliffe  Highway.] 

Prince's  Street,  BRIDGE-WATER  SQUARE.  Edmund  Halley,  the 
astronomer,  lived  in  this  street.1 

Prince's  Street,  CAVENDISH  SQUARE,  south-east  corner  to 
Oxford  Street.  Charles  Lamb  placed  the  birthplace  of  the  immortal 
Elia  in  this  street. 

Is  the  Parish  Register  nothing?  Is  the  room  in  Princes  Street,  Cavendish 
Square,  where  we  saw  the  light  six  and  forty  years  ago,  nothing  ? — Elia,  Postscript 
to  the  Chapter  on  Ears. 

Prince's  Street,  DRURY  LANE.     [See  Drury  Lane.] 

He  [the  first  Earl  of  Clare,  died  1637]  likewise  purchased  one  half  of  Princes 
Street  by  Drury  Lane.  And  he  caused  to  be  routed  those  edificies  called  Lowche's 
Buildings,  with  the  most  part  of  Clement's  Inn  Lane,  Blackmore  Street  by  Drury 
Lane,  and  part  of  Clement's  Inn  Fields. — Gervase  Holies  in  Collins's  Histor.  Collec- 
tions, p.  85. 

Pope's  correspondent,  Henry  Cromwell,  lived  at  "  the  Widow 
Hambleton's  Coffee-house,  in  Prince's  Street,  near  Drury  Lane." 
Hence  Pope  speaks  of  "  your  old  apartment  in  the  Widow's  Corner," 
and  the  couplet — 

To  treat  those  nymphs  like  yours  of  Drury 
With — I  protest — and  I'll  assure  ye  !2 

Prince's  Street,  HANOVER  SQUARE,  was  built  in  the  year  1 7 1 Q.2 
Here  in  1833  died  Sir  John  Malcolm,  the  historian  of  Persia  and 
biographer  of  Lord  Clive. 

Prince's  Street,  WARDOUR  STREET,  was  so  called  from  the 
military  garden  of  Henry,  Prince  of  Wales,  eldest  son  of  King  James 
I.,  which  stood  on  part  of  Prince's  Street  and  Gerard  Street.  [See 
Military  Garden.]  Princes  Street  extended  from  Coventry  Street  to 
Old  Compton  Street,  where  it  joined  Wardour  Street;  but  in  1880 
the  name  was  abolished  and  the  thoroughfare  from  Oxford  Street  to 
Coventry  Street  was  named  Wardour  Street  for  its  entire  length. 
When  all  the  speculations  of  the  brilliant  author  of  Lacon  had  failed,  a 
fiat  of  bankruptcy  was  issued  against  him  as  the  "  Rev.  Charles  Caleb 
Col  ton,  late  of  Prince's  Street,  Soho,  Wine  Merchant." 

1  Weld's  History  of  the  Royal  Society,  vol.  i.  p.  427.  -  Elwin's  Pope,  vol.  vi.  p.  64. 


122  PRINCE   OF    WALES   THEATRE 

Prince  of  Wales  Theatre,  21  TOTTENHAM  STREET,  Tottenham 
Court  Road,  was  originally  a  concert  room,  then  used  for  musical  and 
miscellaneous  entertainments  and  amateur  theatrical  performances. 
Converted  into  a  theatre  and  named  the  Regency,  it  passed  through 
many  hands,  and  was  at  different  times  named  the  Fitzroy,  the  Royal, 
the  West  End,  and  the  Queen's,  but  it  was  at  length  remodelled,  and 
under  the  management  of  Mr.  and  Mrs.  Bancroft  became,  as  the 
Prince  of  Wales's,  one  of  the  most  fashionable  and  highly  patronised 
theatres  in  London.  Early  in  1880  Mr.  and  Mrs.  Bancroft  removed 
to  the  Haymarket  Theatre,  and  the  Tottenham  Street  Theatre 
remained  empty  for  some  years.  It  is  now  (1890)  occupied  by  the 
Salvation  Army.  The  name  of  Prince  of  Wales's  Theatre  has  been 
given  to  what  was  previously  the  Prince's  in  Coventry  Street. 

Princess's  Theatre,  OXFORD  Street,  opposite  the  Pantheon,  was 
built  in  1830  as  a  bazaar.  Forming  a  part  of  the  Queen's  Bazaar,  as 
it  was  named,  was  a  spacious  concert  room.  The  speculation  was  not 
successful,  and  in  1840  the  building  was  remodelled  by  Mr.  T.  M. 
Nelson,  architect  for  Mr.  Hamlet,  a  well-known  west-end  goldsmith,  and 
reopened  in  1841  as  the  Princess's  Theatre.  Under  Mr.  Charles 
Kean's  management  the  theatre  attained  celebrity  for  its  artistic 
"  mounting "  and  careful  performance  of  the  plays  of  Shakespeare. 
Later  it  became  noted  for  the  "realistic  melodrama."  In  1880  the 
building  was  almost  reconstructed  under  the  direction  of  Mr.  C.  J. 
Phipps,  architect.  The  theatre  itself  now  includes  the  great  concert 
room  at  the  back  (of  late  the  lecture  hall  of  the  Castle  Street  Co- 
operative Institute),  and  rendered  more  attractive  to  occupants  of  the 
dress-circle  and  stalls  by  the  provision  of  luxurious  lounge,  refreshment 
and  smoking  rooms.  The  Oxford  Street  entrance  has  been  enlarged 
and  new  entrances  provided,  and  the  working  arrangements  improved. 

Printing  House  Square,  BLACKFRIARS,  so  called  from  the 
printing  office  of  the  King's  printers,  formerly  situated  here.  The  first 
printer  whose  name  has  come  down  to  us  is  John  Bill,  who,  "at  the 
King's  Printing  House  in  Black  Friers,"  printed  the  proclamations  of  the 
reign  of  Charles  II.,  and  the  first  London  Gazette,  established  in  that 
reign.  Charles  Eyre  and  William  Strahan  were  the  last  King's  printers 
who  resided  here,  and  in  February  1770*  the  King's  Printing  House  was 
removed  to  New  Street,  near  Gough  Square,  in  Fleet  Street,  where  it  now 
is.  The  place  still  continues  to  deserve  its  name  of  Printing  House 
Square,  for  here  every  day  in  the  week  (Sunday  excepted)  The  Times 
newspaper  is  printed  and  published,  and  from  hence  distributed  over 
the  whole  civilised  world.  This  celebrated  paper,  finding  daily  employ- 
ment on  the  premises  for  between  200  and  300  people,  was  established 
in  1788 — the  first  number,  price  3d.,  appearing  on  the  ist  of  January 
in  that  year  as  the  successor  to  the  Universal  Register.  In  that  number 
appeared  an  amusing  explanation  of  the  origin  of  the  new  title  :  — 

1  London  Gazette,  February  17,  1770. 


PKINTING  HOUSE  SQUARE  123 

The  Universal  Register  from  the  day  of  its  first  appearance  to  the  day  of  its 
confirmation,  has  like  Tristram,  suffred  from  unusual  casualties,  both  laughable  and 
serious,  arising  from  its  name,  which  on  its  introduction  was  immediately  curtailed 
of  its  fair  proportions  by  all  who  called  for  it — the  word  Universal  bang  universally 
omitted,  and  the  word  Register  being  only  retained.  "Boy,  bring  me  a  Register." 
The  waiter  answers  "Sir,  we  have  not  a  Library,  but  you  may  see  it  at  the  New 
Exchange  Coffee-house."  "Then  I'll  see  it  there,"  answers  the  disappointed 
politician,  and  he  goes  to  the  New  Exchange,  and  calls  for  the  Register  ;  upon  which 
the  waiter  tells  him  that  he  cannot  have  it  as  he  is  not  a  subscriber,  and  presents  him 
with  the  Court  and  City  Register,  the  Old  Annual  Register,  or  the  New  Annual 
Register ;  or,  if  the  coffee-house  be  within  the  purlieus  of  Covent  Garden,  or  the 
Hundred  of  Drury  Lane,  slips  into  the  politician's  hand  Harris1  Register  of  Ladies. 
For  these,  and  other  reasons,  the  parents  of  the  Universal  Register  have  added  to  its 
original  name  that  of  The  Times,  which  being  a  monosyllable,  bids  defiance  to 
corruptors  and  mutilators  of  the  language. — The  Times  of  January  i,  1788. 

77/i?  Times  of  Tuesday,  November  29,  1814,  was  the  first  work 
ever  printed  by  a  mechanical  apparatus,  and  the  first  newspaper  printed 
by  steam,  the  machine  being  the  invention  of  a  German  named  Konig. 
A  machine  erected  in  1846  threw  off  the  then  almost  incredible 
number  of  6000  sheets  of  eight  pages  per  hour  ;*  but  some  years  later 
another,  by  Mr.  Applegarth  of  Dartford,  was  erected  which  threw  off 
10,000  an  hour.  Afterwards  the  American  ten-cylinder  Hoe  machine 
was  employed;  but  since  1869  The  Times  has  been  printed  by  the 
Walter  Press.  This  remarkable  machine,  the  most  perfect  printing 
press  yet  produced,  was  manufactured  within  The  Times  office,  and  is 
said  to  be  due  to  the  "combined  ingenuity  of  Mr.  Walter,  chief 
proprietor,  Mr.  Macdonald,  manager,  and  Mr.  Calverly,  chief  engineer 
of  The  Times  newspaper," 2  nearly  seven  years  of  assiduous  labour  being 
devoted  to  its  production.  With  it  The  Times  is  printed  from  a 
continuous  roll  of  paper,  about  4  miles  long  and  double  the  width 
of  The  Times,  which  travels  through  the  press  at  the  rate  of  1000  feet 
a  minute — the  4  miles  of  paper  being  covered  on  both  sides  with 
printed  matter  in  twenty-five  minutes.  The  impression  is  taken 
from  curved  stereotype  plates,  cast  from  a  paper  matrix,  and  the 
machine,  almost  entirely  automatic  in  its  action,  unrols  and 
damps  the  paper,  inks  the  types,  registers  so  that  the  columns  of  print 
range  accurately  on  the  two  sides  of  the  paper,  cuts  the  sheets 
of  eight  pages,  and  delivers  them  printed  on  both  sides  at  the 
rate  of  17,000  an  hour,  and  finally  keeps  an  accurate  record  of  the 
number  so  printed.  To  work  this  surprising  apparatus  only  an 
engineer  and  three  pressmen  are  required.  The  average  number  of 
compositors  employed  is  no.  The  process  of  printing  is  well  worth 
witnessing,  but  to  see  it  a  special  order  must  be  obtained.  The 
establishment  is  one  of  the  best  ordered  hives  of  industry  in  the 
metropolis.  Every  part  is  arranged  for  convenient  and  easy  working. 
The  editor's  rooms,  the  rooms  with  their  excellent  reference  libraries 
appropriated  to  the  literary  staff,  the  printing  offices  with  the  arrange- 

1   Times,  August  21,  1846. 
-  English  Cyclopedia,  Arts  and  Sciences  Supplement,  Art  "Printing." 


124  PRINTING  HOUSE  SQUARE 

ments  for  the  comfort  of  the  workpeople,  the  advertisement  and  the 
publishing  departments  all  seem  designed  with  a  view  to  the  economy 
of  time,  labour  and  trouble.  The  buildings  have  been  for  the  most  part 
reconstructed  since  1874,  from  the  designs  and  under  the  supervision 
of  Mr.  Deacon.  They  are  of  great  extent,  stretching  back  from  Queen 
Victoria  Street,  where  is  the  advertisement  office,  to  Playhouse  Yard 
(the  publishing  office),  and  including  the  whole  of  Printing  House  Square. 
They  are  of  red  brick  with  moulded  brick  dressings  (all  made  from 
clay  dug  on  Mr.  Walter's  Bearwood  estate),  and  Cornish  granite  shafts 
in  the  ornamental  parts,  but  generally  solidity  rather  than  ornament 
has  been  sought  after. 

The  Times — "that  volume  of  Modern  History  put  forth  day  by 
day,"  as  Sir  G.  C.  Lewis  happily  designated  it  in  1849 — nas  taken  the 
lead  of  all  the  London  papers  for  very  many  years,  and  deservedly  so, 
for  the  proprietors  have  spared  no  money  to  render  it  accurate,  early, 
and  comprehensive  in  its  intelligence.  It  was  owing  to  the  exertions 
used  by  the  proprietors  of  this  paper,  and  the  immense  outlay  which 
they  went  to,  that  the  notorious  conspiracy  of  Bogle  and  his  associates 
was  (1841)  detected  and  laid  bare.  The  trial  of  Bogle  v.  Lawson  (the 
printer  of  the  paper)  will  occupy  a  place  in  the  history  of  the  commerce 
of  this  country,  whenever  such  a  work  shall  be  again  undertaken.  A 
Times  Testimonial  was  subsequently  raised  by  the  merchants  and 
bankers  of  London,  a  tablet  to  commemorate  the  trial  and  exposure 
erected  in  the  Royal  Exchange,  and  the  bulk  of  the  money  raised  (the 
proprietors  refusing  to  take  any  pecuniary  recompense)  invested  in  the 
funds  for  certain  scholarships — Times  Scholarships,  as  they  are  called 
— at  Christ's  Hospital  and  the  City  of  London  School.  Mr.  John 
Walter,  under  whose  superintendence  The  Times  was  made  what  it  now 
is,  died  in  1847.  His  father,  who  started  the  paper,  died  in  1812. 

The  centenary  number  of  the  Times,  January  i,  1888,  contains  a 
full  history  of  the  paper  in  its  early  days. 

William  Faithorne,  the  engraver,  went  to  live  in  this  square  about  1 680, 
chiefly  employing  himself  in  drawing  from  the  life  in  crayons ;  here  he 
died  in  1691,  and  was  buried  in  the  churchyard  of  St.  Anne's,  Blackfriars. 

Privy  Council  Office,  DOWNING  STREET,  WHITEHALL,  is  part  of 
the  south  end  of  the  range  of  buildings  known  as  the  Treasury.  Here 
are  kept  the  minutes  of  the  Privy  Councils  of  the  Crown,  commencing 
in  1540. 

Privy  Garden,  behind  WHITEHALL,  now  called  WHITEHALL 
GARDENS,  a  square  of  ground  containing  3^  acres,1  between  Parlia- 
ment Street  and  the  Thames,  and  appertaining  to  the  King's  Palace 
at  Whitehall. 

May  21,  1662. — In  the  Privy  Garden  saw  the  finest  smocks  and  linen  petticoats 
of  my  Lady  Castlemaine's,  laced  with  rich  lace  at  the  bottom,  that  ever  I  saw ;  and 
did  me  good  to  look  at  them. — Pepys. 

1  ffatton,  p.  66,  who  describes  it  as  "lying  between  the  Cockpit  and  the  Thames.' 


PRIVY  GARDEN  125 


The  Privy  Garden,  when  Mr.  Pepys  was  in  it,  was  laid  out  into 
sixteen  square  compartments  of  grass,  each  compartment  having  a 
standing  statue  in  the  centre.  The  garden  was  concealed  from  the 
street  by  a  lofty  wall ;  from  the  river  by  the  Stone  Gallery  and  state 
apartments ;  from  the  court  behind  the  Banqueting  House  by  the 
lodgings  of  the  chief  attendants  on  the  King ;  and  from  the  Bowling- 
green,  to  which  it  led,  by  a  row  of  lofty  trees.  It  would  appear  to 
have  been  in  every  respect  a  private  garden.  In  the  original  Privy 
Garden  Charles  I.,  when  Prince  of  Wales,  caused  a  dial  to  be  set  up, 
and  by  command  of  James  I.  there  was  written,  "The  Description  and 
use  of  his  Majesty's  Dial  in  Whitehall  Garden,  by  Edmund  Gunter, 
London,  1624,"  410.  It  was  defaced  and  went  to  ruin  in  King 
Charles  II. 's  time. 

This  place  for  a  dial  was  too  insecure, 

Since  a  guard  and  a  garden  could  not  it  defend  ; 

For  so  near  to  the  Court  they  will  never  endure 

Any  witness  to  show  how  their  time  they  misspend. 

ANDREW  MARVELL. 

Other  dials  of  glass,  arranged  pyramidically,  were  placed  here  by 
Francis  Hall,  alias  Line,  a  Jesuit,  in  1669.  Vertue  and  Walpole 
speak  of  their  remains.1  "  An  explication  of  the  diall  sett  up  in  the 
King's  garden  at  London,  anno  1669;  in  which  very  many  sorts  of 
dyalls  are  conteined,  etc.,"  was  printed  at  Liege,  by  Guillaume  Henry 
Steel,  in  1673,  4to.  James  II.  relates  in  his  Memoirs  that  on  one 
occasion  when  Charles  II.  was  rising  from  the  Council  he  saw  the 
Secretary  of  State  lay  several  commissions  before  him,  which  he  at  once 
signed  and  passed  on  to  the  Privy  Garden. 

The  Duke  stay'd  behind  and  took  up  one  of  the  Commissions  which  prov'd  to  be 
that  for  the  Duke  of  Monmouth's  Generalship,  and  looking  in  it  to  see  how  it  was 
drawn,  he  found  the  word  Natural  had  been  scrap'd  out  in  all  the  places  where  it 
had  been  writt,  and  the  word  Son  only  left  in.  ...  The  Duke  took  the  Commission 
and  carryd  it  immediately  to  the  King  then  walking  in  the  Garden,  and  withall 
desired  his  Ma'^  that  the  word  Natural  might  again  be  put  into  the  Commission  as  it 
had  been,  and  as  it  ought  to  be.  Whereupon  the  King  taking  out  his  sizers  cutt  the 
Commission  in  two,  and  order'd  an  other  to  be  prepar'd  for  him  to  sign  with  the 
word  Natural  in  it. — Clarke's  y^wes  //.,  vol.  i.  p.  497. 

Evelyn  records,  May  31,  1672,  that  a  day  or  two  before  he  here 
took  leave  of  "  that  incomparable  person,"  the  Earl  of  Sandwich, 
setting  out  to  fight  the  Dutch,  and  full  of  foreboding  of  the  death  that 
was  so  close  at  hand.  The  wall  that  enclosed  the  Privy  Garden  was  a 
favourite  station  for  the  display  of  the  old  ballad-sellers'  wares.  "  I  have 
seen  Mr.  Burke,"  said  Joseph  Moser,  "examining  the  ballads,  etc.,  upon 
the  wall  of  Privy  Garden,  with  an  attention  which  our  greatest  authors 
might  have  thought  it  an  honour  to  excite."  5 

The  present  Privy  Garden,  or  Whitehall  Gardens,  consists  of  a  row 
of  large  nouses  fronting  the  river,  from  which  it  is  divided  by  the 
Victoria  Embankment,  and  is  part  in  the  parish  of  St  Martin's-in-the- 

1  Anecd.  of  Painting,  vol.  ii.  p.  54.  a  Europ.  Mag.,  1796. 


126  PRIVY  GARDEN 


Fields  and  part  in  the  parish  of  St.  Margaret's,  Westminster.  The 
centre  house  was  the  residence  of  Sir  Robert  Peel,  the  eminent 
statesman,  who  formed  here  the  fine  collection  of  Dutch  and  Flemish 
pictures,  now  a  part  of  the  National  collection.  He  died  in  the  dining- 
room  on  the  ground-floor  facing  the  river,  July  2,  1850.  In  an  action 
in  the  Court  of  Exchequer,  February  1870,  brought  by  the  third  Sir 
Robert  Peel  to  recover  ^5355  from  the  Metropolitan  Board  of  Works 
for  damage  and  deterioration  caused  by  the  construction  of  the  Thames 
Embankment,  Sir  Robert  stated  that  the  "house  was  built  in  1824, 
that  there  were  steps  leading  to  the  river,  and  he  remembered  that  on 
one  occasion,  when  a  boy,  preparations  were  made  to  remove  the 
family  and  valuables  by  boats  on  occasion  of  a  threatened  attack  by  a 
riotous  mob  on  his  father's  house."  A  house,  which  formed  a  part  of 
the  old  palace,  granted  by  William  III.  to  the  Earl  of  Portland,  was 
long  the  town  residence  of  the  Dukes  of  Portland.  Here  lived  the 
Duchess  of  Portland  who  purchased  the  Barberini  Vase,  and  from  it 
the  house  received  its  present  name.  Here  the  Duchess  had  collected 
an  extraordinary  museum,  to  the  great  disgust  of  her  family.  All  the 
purchases  were  not  like  that  of  the  Vase,  which  was  kept  secret  from 
them  till  her  death  in  the  following  year.  Her  museum  was  sold  in 
this  house,  the  auction  beginning  April  4  and  ending  June  7,  1786. 
The  Duke  of  Portland  bought  the  Vase  for  ^1029,  the  cameo  of 
Jupiter  Serapis  for  ^173  :  53.,  and  that  of  Augustus  Caesar  for  ^236  : 
55.  The  Vase  was  No.  4155 — the  last  lot.  At  the  south  end  of  Privy 
Gardens  is  the  fine  modern  mansion  of  the  Duke  of  Buccleuch.  [See 
Montague  House,  Whitehall.]  The  minister  Earl  of  Liverpool  resided 
in  the  Privy  Gardens,  and  here  at  various  times  have  lived  the  Earl  of 
Fife,  the  Earl  of  Malmesbury,  the  Earl  of  Loudon,  the  Earl  of 
Harrington,  Lord  Gage,  and  many  other  persons  of  distinction. 

Privy  Seal  Office,  i  NEW  STREET,  SPRING  GARDENS,  an  office 
belonging  to  the  Crown.  The  chief  officer  is  called  the  Lord  Privy 
Seal,  and  is  always  a  cabinet  minister.  The  Privy  Seal  is  affixed  to 
such  grants  as  are  required  to  pass  the  Great  Seal.  A  grant  must  first 
pass  the  Privy  Signet,  then  the  Privy  Seal,  and  lastly  the  Great  Seal  of 
England.  The  Great  Seal  is  kept  by  the  Lord  Chancellor. 

Privy  Stairs,  WHITEHALL,  the  stairs  leading  from  the  Privy  Garden, 
by  which  the  sovereigns  and  courtiers,  when  the  King  was  resident  at 
Whitehall,  passed  to  and  from  the  barges  on  the  Thames.  In 
February  1613,  on  the  marriage  of  the  Princess  Elizabeth  with  the 
Palatine,  Francis  Beaumont  wrote  a  masque  for  the  allied  houses  of 
Gray's  Inn  and  the  Inner  Temple.  The  subject,  the  nuptials  of  the 
Thames  and  the  Rhine,  appears  to  have  been  suggested  by  Bacon,  who 
took  the  greatest  interest  in  its  progress  and  success.  The  procession 
was  by  water  from  Winchester  Place  in  Southwark  to  Whitehall,  but 
the  King  was  sleepy  and  weary  when  it  arrived,  and  it  never  got  beyond 
Privy  Stairs.  Bacon  remonstrated  with  the  King,  beseeching  him 


PUDDING  LAM:  127 


"  not  to  bury  them  quick,"  to  which  James  replied  that  the  alternative 
would  be  equivalent  to  "  burying  him  quick,  for  he  could  last  no  longer." 
So,  Chamberlain  adds,  "  they  came  home  as  they  went,  without  doing 
anything." 

Prujean  Square,  OT.D  BAILEY,  on  the  west  side,  a  few  doors 
from  Ludgate  Hill,  so  named  from  the  residence  here  of  Sir  Francis 
Prujean,  an  eminent  physician,  who  was  President  of  the  College  of 
Physicians  1650-1654.  In  the  latter  year,  when  Harvey  declined  the 
office  on  account  of  age  and  infirmity,  Prujean  was  on  his  advice 
chosen  for  the  fifth  time.  In  Strype's  Map  it  is  called  Prideaux 
Court,  Dodsley  calls  it  Prujean  Court.  Gunner,  a  fashionable  hair- 
dresser and  perfumer,  lived  here,  and  in  1783  advertised  that  "ladies' 
maids,  valets,  and  servants  in  general,"  are  "  taught  to  cut  and  dress 
hair  in  perfection  in  one  month,  at  one  guinea  and  a  half  each,  at 
Gunner's  Original  Academy,  No.  6  Prujean  Square."  Further,  "  Mr. 
Gunner  is  always  at  home  to  dress  ladies  at  one  shilling  .  .  .  best 
scented  powder  and  pomatum  included." 

Pudding  Lane,  EAST/CHEAP  to  LOWER  THAMES  STREET. 

Then  have  ye  one  other  lane  called  Rother  Lane  or  Red  Rose  Lane,  of  such  a 
sign  there,  now  commonly  called  Pudding  Lane,  because  the  butchers  of  Eastcheap 
have  their  scalding  houses  for  hogs  there,  and  their  puddings  with  other  filth  of  beasts 
are  voided  down  that  way  to  their  dung  boats  on  the  Thames.  This  lane  stretcheth 
from  Thames  Street  to  Little  East  Cheap,  chiefly  inhabited  by  basket  makers,  turners 
and  butchers,  and  is  all  of  Billingsgate  Ward. — Stow,  p.  79. 

Phil.  Come,  Sergeants,  I'll  step  to  my  uncle's,  not  far  off,  hereby  in  Pudding 
Lane,  and  he  shall  bail  me.  —  Westward  Ho,  Act  i.  Sc.  2. 

Venus.  Right,  forsooth,  I  am  Cupid's  mother,  Cupid's  own  mother,  forsooth  ; 
yes,  forsooth.  I  dwell  in  Pudding  Lane.  .  .  . 

Christinas.  Good  Lady  Venus  of  Pudding  Lane,  you  must  go  out  for  all  this. — 
Ben  Jonson,  Masque  of  Christmas,  1 6 1 6. 

The  Fire  of  London,  commonly  called  the  Great  Fire,  commenced  on 
the  east  side  of  this  lane  between  one  and  two  in  the  morning  of  Sunday, 
September  2,  1666,  in  the  house  of  Farryner,  the  King's  baker.  It 
was  the  fashion  of  the  True  Blue  Protestants  of  the  period  to  attribute 
the  fire  to  the  Roman  Catholics,  and  when,  in  1681,  Gates  and  his 
plot  strengthened  this  belief,  the  following  inscription  was  affixed  on 
the  front  of  the  house  (No.  25),  erected  on  the  site  of  Farryner  the 
baker's  : — 

Here,  by  y*  Permission  of  Heaven,  Hell  brake  loose  upon  this  Protestant  City,  from 
the  malicious  hearts  of  barbarous  Papists  by  y*  hand  of  their  Agent  Hubert,  who 
confessed,  ami  on  the  mines  of  this  place  declared  the  fact  for  which  he  was  hanged, 
viz.,  That  here  begun  thet  dreadful  Fire  which  is  described  and  perpetuated  on  and  by 
the  neighbouring  Pillar. — Erected  Anno  1681,  in  the  Mayoralty  of  Sir  Patience 
Ward,  Kt. 

This  celebrated  inscription,  set  up  pursuant  to  an  order  of  the 
Court  of  Common  Council,  June  17,  1681,  was  removed  in  the  reign 
of  James  II.,  replaced  in  the  reign  of  William  III.,  and  finally  taken 
down,  "  on  account  of  the  stoppage  of  passengers  to  read  it."  Entick, 


128  PUDDING  LANE 


who  made  additions  to  Maitland  in  1756,  speaks  of  it  as  "lately  taken 
away."  The  house  was  "  rebuilt  in  a  very  handsome  manner." l  The 
inscribed  stone  was  buried  in  the  cellar  of  the  house  in  Pudding  Lane, 
where  it  was  found  when  the  house  was  pulled  down  in  1876  and  pre- 
sented to  the  City  Museum,  where  it  is  carefully  preserved. 

Hubert  was  a  French  Papist,  of  six -and -twenty  years  of  age,  the 
son  of  a  watchmaker  at  Rouen  in  Normandy.  He  was  seized  in 
Essex,  confessed  he  had  begun  the  fire,  and  persisting  in  his 
confession,  was  hanged,  upon  no  other  evidence  than  his  own.  He 
stated  in  his  examination  that  he  had  been  "suborned  at  Paris  to  this 
action,"  and  that  there  were  "  three  more  combined  to  do  the  same 
thing."  They  asked  him  if  he  knew  the  place  where  he  had  first  put 
fire.  He  answered  he  "knew  it  very  well,  and  would  show  it  to  anybody." 
He  was  then  ordered  to  be  blindfolded,  and  carried  to  several  places  of 
the  City,  that  he  might  point  out  the  house.  They  first  led  him  to  a 
place  at  some  distance  from  it,  opened  his  eyes,  and  asked  him  if  that 
was  it,  to  which  he  answered  "  No ;  it  was  lower,  nearer  to  the 
Thames."  "  The  house  and  all  which  were  near  it,"  says  Clarendon, 
"  were  so  covered  and  buried  in  ruins,  that  the  owners  themselves, 
without  some  infallible  mark,  could  very  hardly  have  said  where  their 
own  houses  had  stood ;  but  this  man  led  them  directly  to  the  place, 
described  how  it  stood,  the  shape  of  the  little  yard,  the  fashion  of  the 
door  and  windows,  and  where  he  first  put  the  fire ;  and  all  this  with 
such  exactness,  that  they  who  had  dwelt  long  near  it  could  not  so 
perfectly  have  described  all  particulars."  Tillotson  told  Burnet  that 
Howell  (the  then  Recorder  of  London)  accompanied  Hubert  on  this 
occasion,  "  was  with  him,  and  had  much  discourse  with  him ;  and  that 
he  concluded  it  was  impossible  it  could  be  a  melancholy  dream."  This, 
however,  was  not  the  opinion  of  the  judges  who  tried  him.  "  Neither 
the  judges,"  says  Clarendon,  "  nor  any  present  at  the  trial,  did  believe  him 
guilty,  but  that  he  was  a  poor  distracted  wretch,  weary  of  his  life,  and 
chose  to  part  with  it  this  way."  We  may  attribute  the  fire  with  safety  to 
another  cause  than  a  Roman  Catholic  conspiracy.  We  are  to  remember 
that  the  flames  originated  in  the  house  of  a  baker ;  that  the  season  had 
been  unusually  dry;  that  the  houses  were  of  wood,  overhanging  the 
roadway,  so  that  the  lane  was  even  narrower  than  it  is  now,  and  that  a 
strong  east  wind  was  blowing  at  the  time.  It  was  thought  very  little 
of  at  first.  Pepys  put  out  his  head  from  his  bedroom  window  in 
Seething  Lane  a  few  hours  after  it  broke  out,  and  returned  to  bed 
again,  as  if  it  were  nothing  more  than  an  ordinary  fire,  a  common 
occurrence,  and  likely  to  be  soon  subdued.  The  Lord  Mayor  (Sir 
Thomas  Bludworth)  seems  to  have  thought  as  little  of  it  till  it  was  too 
late.  People  appear  to  have  been  paralysed,  and  no  attempt  of  any 
consequence  was  made  to  check  its  progress.  For  four  successive  days 
it  raged  and  gained  ground,  leaping  after  a  prodigious  manner  from 
house  to  house  and  street  to  street,  at  great  distances  from  one  another. 

1  Dodsley's  London,  8vo,  1761,  vol.  v.  p.  232. 


PUDDLE  DOCK  129 


Houses  were  at  length  pulled  down,  and  the  flames  still  spreading 
westward,  were  at  length  stopped  at  the  Temple  Church,  in  Fleet 
Street,  and  Pie  Corner  in  Smithfield.  In  these  four  days  13,200 
houses,  400  streets,  and  89  churches,  including  the  cathedral  church 
of  St.  Paul,  were  destroyed,  and  London  lay  literally  in  ruins.  The 
loss  was  so  enormous  that  we  may  be  said  still  to  suffer  from  its  effects. 
Yet  the  advantages  were  not  a  few.  London  was  freed  from  the  plague 
ever  after ;  and  we  owe  St.  Paul's,  St.  Bride's,  St.  Stephen's,  Walbrook, 
and  all  the  architectural  glories  of  Sir  Christopher  Wren  to  the 
desolation  it  occasioned. 

Pudding  Lane  is  now  almost  entirely  occupied  by  wholesale  fruit 
merchants  and  brokers. 

Puddle  Dock  (originally  PUDDLE  WHARF),  at  the  foot  of  St. 
Andrew's  Hill,  Upper  Thames  Street,  Blackfriars,  in  Castle  Baynard 
Ward. 

Then  a  water  gate  at  Puddle  Wharf,  of  one  Puddle  that  kept  a  wharf  on  the  west 
side  thereof,  and  now  of  Puddle  water  by  means  of  many  horses  watered  there. — 
Stow,  pp.  1 6,  136. 

The  town  house  of  the  Earl  of  Rutland,  temp.  Elizabeth,  seems  to 
have  been  here.1  Rutland  Place  and  Rutland  Yard  (now  Rutland 
Wharf),  to  the  east  of  Puddle  Dock,  commemorate  the  fact.  Sir  Dudley 
Carleton  was  living  at  Puddle  Wharf  in  1600.  On  December  17,  1609, 
the  Lady  Arabella  Stuart  wrote  to  Cecil  from  Puddle  Wharf  beseeching 
that  her  Patent  (of  the  "  privilege  of  nominating  such  persons  as  shall  sell 
wines,  aquavitas  or  usquebagh  "  for  twenty-one  years)  may  speedily  pass 
the  Great  Seal.2  The  house  which  Shakespeare  bought  in  the  Blackfriars, 
and  which  he  bequeaths  by  will  to  his  daughter,  Susannah  Hall,  is 
described  in  the  Conveyance  as  "  abutting  upon  a  streete  leading  down 
to  Puddle  Wharffe  on  the  east  part,  right-against  the  King's  Maiesty's 
Wardrobe" — "and  now  or  late  in  the  tenure  or  occupacon  of  one 
William  Ireland,  or  of  his  assignee  or  assignes."3  [See  Ireland  Yard.] 

I  gyve  will  bequeath  and  devise  unto  my  daughter  Susannah  Hall  ...   all  that 
messuage  or  tenemente  with  the  appurtenances  wherein  one  John  Robinson  dwelleth 
scituat    lying  and   being   in  the  Blackfriars  in  London  neare   the   Wardrobe.  "- 
Shakespeare's  Will. 

Puddle  Wharf, 

Which  place  we'll  make  bold  with  to  call  it  our  Abydos, 
As  the  Bankside  is  our  Sestos. 
Ben  Jonson,  Bartholomew  Fair,  Act  v  ;  see  also  Beaumont  and  Fletcher,  vol.  ii.  p.  167. 

H'  had  been  both  friend  and  foe  to  crimes  ; 

Cartloads  of  bawds  to  prison  sent 
For  being  behind  a  fortnight's  rent  ; 
And  many  a  trusty  pimp  and  crony 
To  Puddle-dock  for  want  of  money. 

Hiidibras,  pt.  iii.  c.  3. 

1  Comp.  Cooper's  Athen.  Cant.,  vol.  ii.  p.  14.  2  Col.  State  Pap.,  1603-1610,  pp.  404,  573. 

3  Malone's  Inquiry,  p.  403. 
VOL.   Ill  K 


1 30  PUDDLE  DOCK 


Clodpate.   Is  not  this  better  than  anything  in  that  stinking  Town  [London]  ? 
Lucia.   Stinking  Town  !     I  had  rather  be  Countess  of  Puddle-Dock  than  Queen 
of  Sussex. — T.  Shadwell,  Epsom  Wells,  4to,  1676. 

Swift  also  introduces  the  Countess  of  Puddle  Dock  in  his  Polite 
Conversation^  and  Hogarth  a  Duke  of  Puddle  Dock  in  his  Trip  to 
Gravesend. 

But  what  most  pleased  us  was  his  Grace 

Of  Puddle  Dock,  a  porter  grim, 

Whose  portrait  Hogarth  in  a  whim 

Presented  him  in  caricature 

And  pasted  on  the  cellar  door. — Hogarth's  Trip. 

The  Duke  of  Puddle  Dock  was  probably  at  this  time  a  notorious 
personage,  as  there  was  published  in  1739  "The  Popular  Convention, 
a  Poem  by  the  Duchess  of  Puddle  Dock."  1 

Puddle  Hill,  PUDDLE  WHARF,  BLACKFRIARS.  Here  in  1628 
lived  the  father  of  Archbishop  Leighton. 

To  his  kind  and  loving  Father,  Mr.  Alexander  Leighton,  Dr.  of  Medicine,  at  his 
house  on  the  top  of  Pudle  Hill,  beyond  the  Black  Friars  Gate,  near  the  King's 
Ward-robe,  these. — Archbishop  Leighton  to  his  Father  from  Edinburgh,  1628. 

Pllllin's  Row,  ISLINGTON.  A  few  houses  on  the  east  side  of 
Upper  Street,  were  so  called. 

Ben.  The  young  gentleman  in  Pullin's  Row,  Islington,  that  has  got  the 
consumption,  has  sent  to  know  if  you  can  let  him  have  a  sweetbread. — Charles 
Lamb's  farce,  The  Pawnbroker's  Daughter. 

Pulteney  Street  (Little),  GOLDEN  SQUARE,  was  originally  called 
Knaves  Acre.'2  Sir  William  Pulteney,  Knt.,  an  inhabitant  of  St.  James's 
parish,  held  the  site  of  this  street  and  adjacent  property  by  lease  from 
the  Crown,  part  of  which  he  demised  in  1685  to  Thomas  Beake,  a 
carpenter, — hence  Beak  Street.  A  "  Mr.  Poultney  of  St.  James's  "  is 
recorded  as  the  owner  of  "certain  messuages  and  tenements  in  a 
certain  place  called  Soehoe  "  as  early  as  1645.  In  1720  Strype  says 
"The  Knave's  Acre  is  but  narrow  and  chiefly  inhabited  by  those  that 
deal  in  old  goods  and  glass  bottles."  It  is  still  marked  Knave's  Acre 
in  Roque's  Map  of  1745,  although  it  is  figured  as  Pultney  Street  in 
Strype's  Map  of  1720.  The  present  Great  Pulteney  Street  was  of 
later  construction.  At  his  house  here  died,  July  9,  1742,  John 
Oldmixon,  the  historian  and  party  writer.  Great  Pulteney  Street  is 
peculiarly  interesting  to  the  musician  from  Joseph  Haydn  having 
resided  at  No.  1 8  (lately  rebuilt),  when  he  visited  England ;  and  from 
Shudi  (properly  Tschudi),  the  harpsichord  maker  and  friend  of  Handel, 
having  founded  his  business  at  No.  33  as  early,  according  to  the 
family  tradition,  as  1732.  The  sign  of  the  house  was  "The  Plume  of 
Feathers."  Shudi's  son-in-law,  John  Broadwood,  who  founded  the 
pianoforte  business,  succeeded  to  it  in  1769,  and  it  still  remains 
occupied  by  his  descendants'  firm.  There  is  a  room  shown  in  this 
house  to  which  Haydn  used  to  retire  to  compose. 

1  Burn,  Tokens,  p.  495.  2  Hatton,  p.  66. 


OLD  PYE  STREET  131 


Pump  Court,  TEMPLE,  was  so  called  from  the  pump  in  the  centre. 
The  present  buildings  were  erected  in  1826. 

January  27,  1678-1679. — In  the  night  the  greatest  part  of  the  Middle  Temple 
in  London,  consumed  by  a  dreadful  fire  which  began  in  the  south-west  corner  of 
Pump  Court. — Dugdale's  Diary,  in  Hamper. 

In  1710,  when  the  future  Lord  Chancellor  Hardwicke  began  to 
study  for  the  Bar,  he  took  chambers  in  this  Court;  and  in  1715, 
when  commencing  to  practice,  he  moved  into  a  fresh  set  of  chambers, 
but  still  in  Pump  Court. 

When,  in  June  1740,  Fielding  was  called  to  the  Bar  he  had  cham- 
bers assigned  him  in  this  Court. 

Pur  Alley. 

Now  Post  and  Pair,  old  Christmas  heir, 

Doth  make  and  a  gingling  sally  ; 
And  wot  you  who,  'tis  one  of  my  two 

Sons,  card-makers  in  Pur  Alley. — 

Ben  Jonson's  Masque  of  Christmas. 

There  was  a  Pur  (or  Pur's]  Court  on  the  east  side  of  Old  Change 
near  Cheapside ;  and  Pur  Field  was  the  old  name  of  a  portion  of 
Lincoln's  Inn  Fields. 

Purim  Place,  MILE  END,  on  the  east  side  of  the  Cambridge 
Road. 

The  names  of  streets  will  often  be  found  connected  with  some  singular  event  or 
the  character  of  some  person.  Not  long  ago  a  Hebrew,  who  had  a  quarrel  with  his 
community  about  the  manner  of  celebrating  the  Jewish  festival  in  commemoration  of 
the  fate  of  Hainan,  built  a  neighbourhood  at  Bethnal  Green,  and  retained  the  subject 
of  his  anger  in  the  name  which  the  houses  bear  of  Purim  Place.  This  may  startle 
some  theological  antiquary  at  a  remote  period,  who  may  idly  lose  himself  in  abstruse 
conjectures  on  the  sanctity  of  a  name,  derived  from  a  well  known  Hebrew  festival ; 
and  perhaps  in  his  imagination  be  induced  to  colonize  the  spot  with  an  ancient  horde 
of  Israelites. — I.  D'Israeli,  Curiosities  of  Literature,  vol.  iii.  p.  360. 

On  this  passage  Mrs.  Piozzi  has  a  note  (Piozziana,  p.  207)  which 
may  serve  to  show  that  theological  antiquaries  are  not  the  only  people 
likely  to  idly  lose  their  way  when  embarking  on  abstruse  etymological 
conjectures. 

Pye  Street  (Old),  WESTMINSTER,  runs  from  St.  Anne's  Street  to 
Duck  Lane,  and  was  so  called  from  Sir  Robert  Pye  (the  husband 
of  John  Hampden's  daughter),  who  resided  here.  Strype  in  1720 
described  the  street  as  "  better  built  than  inhabited."  At  No.  8 
lived  Isaac  De  Groot.1  "  I  have  known  him  many  years,"  wrote  Dr. 
Johnson.  "  He  has  all  the  common  claims  to  charity,  being  old, 
poor,  and  infirm  to  a  great  degree.  He  has  likewise  another  claim, 
to  which  no  scholar  can  refuse  attention ;  he  is  by  several  descents 
the  nephew  of  Hugo  Grotius ;  of  him  from  whom,  perhaps,  every 
man  of  learning  has  learnt  something." 

1  Boswell,  by  Croker,  p.  535. 


132  THE   QUADRANT    • 

Quadrant  (The),  the  eastern  end  of  REGENT  STREET,  was 
designed  when  Regent  Street  was  built  by  John  Nash,  architect.  The 
arcade,  which  covered  the  whole  footway  (supported  by  145  cast-iron 
pillars),  was  removed  in  December  1848.  Thus  was  sacrificed  the 
most  beautiful  and  most  original  feature  in  the  street  architecture  of 
London.  The  reasons  assigned  for  this  removal  were,  that,  though 
picturesque  in  itself,  and  of  use  on  a  rainy  day,  by  darkening  the 
footpath  it  lessened  the  value  of  the  shops  and  occasioned  other 
nuisances.  Traces  of  the  arcade  may  still  be  seen  at  the  two  inter- 
sections of  Leicester  Street.  The  name  was  retained  some  years  after 
the  removal  of  the  arcade,  but  is  now  merged  in  that  of  Regent  Street. 

Quebec  Street,  OXFORD  STREET,  commemorates  the  capture  of 
Quebec  by  General  Wolfe  in  1759. 

Queen  Square,  BLOOMSBURY,  was  so  called  out  of  compliment  to 
Queen  Anne,  in  whose  reign  it  was  erected.1  The  north  side  "  was 
left  open  for  the  sake  of  the  beautiful  landscape  formed  by  the  hills 
of  Highgate  and  Hampstead,  together  with  the  adjacent  fields."  2  In 
1756  Maitland  calls  it  "Queen's  Square,  Red  Lion  Fields." 

Eminent  Inhabitants. — Alderman  Barber,  the  printer,  who  died  here 
in  1741  (the  individual  to  whom  Butler  owes  a  monument  in  Poets' 
Corner).  In  January  1771  Barber's  house  was  occupied  by  Dr.  Charles 
Burney.  Madame  D'Arblay  speaks  of  "  the  beautiful  prospect  of  the 
hills,  ever  verdant  and  smiling,  of  Hampstead  and  Highgate,  which  at 
that  period,  in  unobstructed  view,  faced  the  Doctor's  dwelling  in  Queen 
Square."3 

In  February  [1772]  I  had  the  honour  of  receiving  the  illustrious  Captain  Cook  to 
dine  with  me  in  Queen  Square,  previously  to  his  second  voyage  round  the  world. 
Observing  upon  table  Bougainville's  Voyage  atitottr  du  Monde  he  turned  it  over  and 
made  some  curious  remarks  on  the  illiberal  conduct  of  that  circumnavigator  towards 
himself  when  they  met  and  crossed  each  other  ;  which  made  me  desirous  to  know, 
in  examining  the  Chart  of  M.  de  Bougainville,  the  several  tracks  of  the  two  navi- 
gators ;  and  exactly  where  they  had  crossed  or  approached  each  other.  Captain 
Cook  instantly  took  a  pencil  from  his  pocket-book,  and  said  he  would  trace  the 
route,  which  he  did  in  so  clear  and  scientific  a  manner  that  I  would  not  take  fifty 
pounds  for  the  book.  The  pencil -mark  having  been  fixed  by  skim -milk  will 
always  be  visible. — Mem.  by  Dr.  Burney,  Memoirs,  vol.  i.  p.  270. 

It  was  on  this  occasion  arranged  that  the  Doctor's  eldest  son  James 
(afterwards  Admiral  Burney,  the  friend  of  Charles  Lamb)  should 
accompany  the  great  navigator  in  his  approaching  voyage.  Charles 
Churchill,  the  poet,  in  1758,  after  the  death  of  his  father,  was  engaged 
by  Mrs.  Dennis,  who  had  a  boarding-school  in  this  square,  to  give 
"  lessons  in  the  English  tongue  to  the  young  ladies,"  and,  as  Dr.  Kippis 
says,  "  conducted  himself  in  his  new  employment  with  all  the  decorum 
becoming  his  clerical  profession."  This  school  was  at  No.  31,  and 
became  so  famous  as  to  earn  the  name  of  "The  Ladies'  Eton." 
Boswell's  daughter  Veronica  was  there  in  1789,  and  he  writes  of  her 

i  Hatton,  p.  67.  3  D'Arblay's  Memoirs  of  Dr.  Burney,  vol.  i. 

"  Dodsley,  1761,  vol.  v.  p.  240.  p.  290. 


QUEEN  SQUARE  133 


with  no  small  pride  as  his  "  Queen  Square  daughter."  It  continued  to 
be  a  school  of  some  note  for  nearly  a  century,  and  was  finally  closed 
about  1855.  The  house  in  the  north-west  corner  was  Heidegger's, 
who  left  it  on  his  death  in  1749  to  his  only  daughter,  the  wife  of 
Admiral  Sir  Peter  Denis.  Dr.  Stukeley,  who  died  here  in  1765,  was 
rector  of  the  small  brick  church  of  St.  George  the  Martyr,  on  the 
south-west  side  of  the  square  [which  see].  Dr.  John  Campbell,  author 
of  The  Lives  of  the  Admirals,  and  chief  contributor  to  the  Biographia 
Britannica,  lived  here  for  many  years  and  here  died,  December  28, 
1775- 

Campbell's  residence  for  some  years  before  his  death  was  the  large  new-built 
house,  situate  at  the  north-west  corner  of  Queen  Square,  Bloomsbury,  whither,  par- 
ticularly on  a  Sunday  evening,  great  numbers  of  persons  of  the  first  eminence  for 
science  and  literature  were  accustomed  to  resort  for  the  enjoyment  of  conversation. — 
Hawkins's  Life  of  Johnson,  p.  210. 

Johnson.  I  used  to  go  pretty  often  to  Campbell's  on  a  Sunday  evening,  till  I 
began  to  consider  that  the  shoals  of  Scotchmen  who  flocked  about  him  might  probably 
say,  when  anything  of  mine  was  well  done,  "  Ay,  ay,  he  has  learnt  this  of  Cawmell." 
— Bos-well,  by  Croker,  p.  142. 

Dr.  Anthony  Askew  (d.  1774),  famous  as  a  physician,  and  in  his  own 
day  still  more  widely  famous  as  a  Greek  scholar.  Dr.  Mead  gave  to 
Askew  the  gold-headed  cane  which  he  had  received  from  Radcliffe,  and 
which,  after  Askew,  was  successively  carried  by  Pitcairn  and  Baillie ; 
it  is  now  preserved  in  the  Royal  College  of  Physicians.  Askew's  house 
was  a  favourite  resort  of  the  leading  scholars  of  the  day,  among  them 
being  enumerated  Archbishop  Markham,  Sir  William  Jones,  Dr.  Parr, 
and  Richard  Farmer,  the  Shakespearian  annotator. 

Dr.  Askew's  house  in  Queen's  Square,  was  said  to  be  the  most  classical  in  Lon- 
don ;  for  every  passage  was  lined  with  Greek  or  Latin  books.  He  had  a  Greek 
servant  reckoned  the  finest  copyist  in  the  world. — Cradock's  Lit.  Memoirs,  vol.  iv. 
P-  135- 

George  III.,  wishing  to  secure  the  library  entire,  offered  ^5000  for 
it,  but  the  family  decided  to  submit  it  to  auction.  The  sale  took  place 
in  1775  and  lasted  twenty  days.  A  considerable  portion  of  the  library 
(including  the  large  purchases  by  the  King  and  Mr.  Cracherode)  came 
eventually  to  the  British  Museum.  The  Rev.  George  Croly,  LL.D., 
author  of  Salathiel,  was  living  at  No.  9  Queen  Square  till  his  death  in 
November  1860. 

Queen  Square  has  long  ceased  to  be  a  fashionable  place  of  residence, 
and  several  of  the  larger  houses  have  been  appropriated  to  commercial, 
educational  or  benevolent  uses.  Nos.  17-19,  the  Alexandra  Hospital 
for  Children  with  Hip  Disease;  Nos.  23-25,  the  National  Hospital  for 
the  Paralysed  and  the  Epileptic  ;  No.  29,  the  College  for  Men  and 
Women;  Nos.  32  and  33,  the  School  of  Ecclesiastical  Embroidery; 
No.  41,  the  Italian  Hospital;  No.  43  is  the  Government  (District) 
School  of  Art  for  Ladies.  General  Strode  erected  a  statue  of  Queen 
Charlotte  in  the  centre  of  the  square. 


134  QUEEN  SQUARE 


Queen  Square,  WESTMINSTER,  originally  QUEEN  ANNE'S  SQUARE/ 
and  now,  with  Park  Street,  called  QUEEN  ANNE'S  GATE.  At  the  upper 
end  of  the  square  is  a  standing  statue  of  Queen  Anne. 

Queen  Square,  a  beautiful  new  (though  small)  square  of  very  fine  buildings — on 
the  north  side  of  the  Broadway,  near  Tuthill  Street,  Westminster,  between  which 
and  the  Broadway  is  a  new  street  erecting,  not  yet  named.  There  is  also  another 
square  of  this  name  designed,  at  the  north  end  of  Devonshire  Street,  near  Red  Lion 
Square. — Hatton,  1708,  p.  67. 

Queen  Square  was  the  freehold  estate  of  Sir  Theodore  Jansen,  one 
of  the  Directors  of  the  South  Sea  Company,  in  the  great  bubble  year 
of  1720,  and  was  seized  and  sold  towards  the  payment  of  the  debts  of 
the  said  Company,  by  commissioners  authorised  by  7  George  I.  c.  i, 
and  subsequent  statutes.  In  the  early  part  of  the  i8th  century  Lord 
Grey  and  Lord  North  resided  in  this  square,  and  "  Lords  Guern- 
sey, Derby,  and  Dartmouth  had  town-mansions  near  it."2  Admiral 
Edward  Vernon,  the  captor  of  Portobello,  was  born  in  this  square, 
November  12,  1684;  and  the  Rev.  C.  M.  Cracherode,  who  bequeathed 
his  splendid  library  to  the  British  Museum,  was  born  here  in  1729. 
When  Thomson  was  soliciting  the  patronage  of  Speaker  Compton  to 
the  second  edition  of  the  Winter,  he  wrote  his  letters  (June  1726)  from 
"  Long's  Coffee  House  in  Queen  Square,  Westminster."  Jonathan 
Richardson,  the  painter,  and  writer  on  painting,  died  at  his  house  in 
Queen  Square,  May  28,  1745,  and  his  son,  of  the  same  name,  in  1770. 
Peg  Woffington  died  here  March  28,  1760.  Sir  William  Browne,  the 
distinguished  physician,  and  founder  of  the  gold  medals  for  Greek  and 
Latin  odes  and  epigrams  at  Cambridge  University,  died  at  his  house 
in  Queen  Square,  May  10,  1774.  At  her  house  in  this  square  Miss 
Frances  Reynolds,  the  sister  to  Sir  Joshua,  so  often  mentioned  by 
Boswell,  died  November  i,  1807,  aged  eighty.  In  No.  2  Queen 
Square  Place  lived  the  notorious  Theresa  Constantia  Philips,  and  in 
a  detached  dwelling  in  "  Queen  Square  Place,"  looking  on  the  garden- 
ground  of  Milton's  house  in  Petty  France,  Jeremy  Bentham  died,  in 
1832.  He  bought  the  property  about  1772,  and  spent  upon  it  "full 
;£io,ooo,"  as  he  states  in  a  Memorial  to  the  Treasury  dated  1773, 
against  the  erection  of  the  contemplated  barracks  near  his  house. 
Here  Sir  Mark  Isambard  Brunei  was  living  when  working  out  the 
details  of  his  famous  block-making  machinery. 

At  the  time  when  my  father  must  have  been  busy  working  out  the  details  of  the 
block  machinery  (the  idea  I  believe  originated  with  him  while  in  America)  he  was 
living  in  the  white  house  which  stands  back  from  Bird-Cage  Walk,  near  the  Barracks. 
I  believe  it  is  now  called  No.  i  Queen's  Square  Place,  and  had  been,  I  think,  the 
house  of  Jeremy  Bentham. — /.  K.  Brunei  to  P.  Cunningham,  April  23,  1853. 

The  white  house  was  pulled  down  to  make  way  for  the  huge  Queen 
Anne's  Mansions. 

Queen  Street,  BLOOMSBURY,  the  old  name  of  the  north  portion 
of  MUSEUM  STREET  [which  see]. 

1  Strype;  Maitland.  "  Walcott's  Westminster,  p.  75. 


GREAT  QUEEN  STREET  135 


Queen  Street,  CHEAPSIDK,  "  A  street,"  says  Strype,  "  made  since 
the  Great  Fire,  out  of  Soper  Lane,  for  a  straight  passage  from  the 
water  side  to  Guildhall."  About  1667  it  was  named  Queen  Street 
in  honour  of  the  wife  of  Charles  II.  A  trade  token  dated  1669 
has  on  it  "Will  Clerke,  1708,  at  ye  Cock  and  Bottle  in  Soper  Lane, 
alias  Queen  Street."  l 

Some  call  the  north  end  of  this  street  from  Watling  Street,  Soper  Lane. — 
Hat  ton,  p.  67. 

On  the  east  side  is  the  churchyard  of  St.  Thomas  the  Apostle,  a  church 
destroyed  in  the  Great  Fire,  and  not  rebuilt.  The  Rectory  house  of 
St.  Thomas  the  Apostle  and  St.  Mary  Aldermary  on  the  east  side  was 
designed  in  1860  by  Tress  and  Chambers,  architects.  At  the  south 
end  of  the  street  is  Southwark  Bridge.  The  end  next  Cheapside  was 
widened  in  1887-1889. 

Queen  Street  (Great),  extends  west  from  the  north-west  corner 
of  Lincoln's  Inn  Fields  to  Drury  Lane,  and  is  the  continuation  east  of 
Long  Acre.  It  was  so  named  in  compliment  to  Queen  Henrietta 
Maria,  and  was  commenced  about  1606;  fifteen  houses  had  been 
erected  before  1623.  .Howes,  in  his  edition  of  Stow  (1631),  speaks 
of  the  "  new  fair  buildings  called  Queene's  Street  leading  into  Drury 
Lane."  The  houses  in  the  first  instance  were  built  on  the  south  side 
only.  Webb,  the  scholar  of  Inigo  Jones,  was  the  architect  of  some  in 
1640-1660,  and,  from  the  date,  was  most  likely  assisted  in  the  designs 
by  his  great  kinsman.  Sir  Balthazar  Gerbier,  in  his  Counsel  and  Advice 
to  all  Builders  (1663),  ridicules  the  heads  of  lions  which  are  creeping 
through  the  pilasters  on  the  houses.  Vertue,  however,  assigned  the 
credit  to  "  Mr.  Mills,  one  of  the  four  surveyors  appointed  after  the 
fire  of  London." 

He  [Inigo  Jones]  built  Queen  Street,  also  designed  at  first  for  a  square,  and,  as 
reported,  at  the  charge  of  the  Jesuits ;  in  the  middle  whereof  was  left  a  niche  for 
the  statue  of  Henrietta  Maria,  and  this  was  the  first  uniform  street,  and  the  houses 
are  stately  and  magnificent.  At  the  other  side  of  the  way,  near  Little  Queen  Street, 
they  began  after  the  same  manner  with  flower  de  lices  on  the  wall,  but  went  no 
further. — Bagford,  Harl.  MS.,  5900,  fol.  5ob  . 

The  statue  of  Henrietta  Maria  was  probably  set  up,  and  also  one  of  the 
King,  for  on  January  17,  1651-1652,  the  Council  of  State  ordered 
"  that  Colonel  Berkstead  doe  take  care  of  the  pulling  downe  of  the 
gilt  image  of  the  late  Queene  and  alsoe  of  the  King,  the  one  in  the 
street  commonlie  called  Queene's  Street,  and  the  other  at  the  upper 
end  of  the  same  street  towards  Holborne.  And  the  said  images  are 
to  be  broken  in  pieces."2  One  of  the  earliest  residents  must  have 
been  the  Spanish  Ambassador. 

May  10,  1638. — The  Spanish  Ambassador,  the  Conde  de  Oniate,  accompanied  with 
an  Irish  gentleman  of  the  order  of  Calatrava,  in  the  Holy  Week  came  to  Denmark 
House  [i.e.  Somerset  House]  to  do  his  devotions  in  the  Queen's  Chapel  there.  He  went 
off  thence  about  10  o'clock,  a  dozen  torches  carried  before  him  by  his  servants,  and 

1  Burn,  p.  196.  2  Sainsbury  in  Fine  Arts  Quarterly  Review,  vol.  i.  p.  167. 


136  GREAT  QUEEN  STREET 

some  behind  him.  He  and  the  Irish  gentleman  were  in  front  with  their  beads  in 
their  hands,  which  hung  at  a  cross ;  some  English  also  were  among  them ;  so  that 
with  their  own  company  and  many  who  followed  after,  they  appeared  a  great  troop. 
They  walk  from  Denmark  House  down  the  Strand  in  great  formality,  turn  into  the 
Covent  Garden,  then  to  Seignior  Con's  house  in  Long  Acre,  so  to  his  own  house  in 
Queen  Street. — Garrard  to  Wentworth  (Stafford's  Letters,  vol.  ii.  p.  165). 

Another  very  early  resident  was  John  Digby,  first  Earl  of  Bristol 
(d.  1653),  whose  house  here  was  seized  by  the  Parliament,  and  granted, 
September  13,  1644,  to  the  widow  of  Robert  Lord  Brooke,  killed  in 
the  previous  year  at  the  siege  of  Lichfield.  The  Restoration  gave  it 
back  to  Lord  Bristol. 

May  26,  1671. — The  Earl  of  Bristol's  house  in  Queene  Street  was  taken  for  the 
Commissioners  of  Trade  and  Plantations,  and  furnish'd  with  rich  hangings  of  the 
King's.  It  consisted  of  seven  roomes  on  a  floore,  with  a  long  gallery,  gardens,  etc. 
This  day  we  met ;  the  Duke  of  Buckingham,  Earl  of  Lauderdale,  Lord  Colpeper, 
Sir  Geo.  Carteret,  Vice  Chamberlaine,  and  myself,  had  the  oathes  given  us  by  the 
Earle  of  Sandwich,  our  President.  .  .  .  We  then  tooke  our  places  at  the  Board  in 
the  Council  Chamber,  a  very  large  roome  furnished  with  atlases,  mapps,  charts, 
globes,  etc. — Evelyn. 

The  celebrated  Edward,  first  Lord  Herbert  of  Cherbury,  lived  on 
the  south  side,  at  the  east  corner  of  Great  Wild  Street.  On  July  1 3, 
1645,  Howel  writes  to  him  from  the  Fleet  prison : — 

God  send  you  joy  of  your  new  habitation,  for  I  understand  your  Lordship  is 
removed  from  the  King's  Street  to  the  Queen's.  It  may  be  with  this  enlargement 
of  dwelling  your  Lordship  may  need  a  recruit  of  servants. 

He  died  here  in  1648. 

He  dyed  at  his  house  in  Queen  Street  in  the  parish  of  St.  Giles's-in-the-Fields, 
very  serenely  ;  asked  what  was  o'clock,  and  then,  sayd  he,  an  hour  hence  I  shall 
depart ;  he  then  turned  his  head  to  the  other  side  and  expired. — Aubrey's  Lives, 
vol.  ii.  p.  387. 

Sir  Thomas  Fairfax,  the  Parliament  General,  and  his  father  both 
lived  in  this  street,  most  probably  in  the  same  house.  The  old  lord 
announced  his  second  marriage  in  a  letter  dated  Queen  Street,  October 
20,  1646;  and  it  was  here  that  the  young  general  on  November  14, 
1647,  when  the  war  was  brought  to  a  conclusion,  received  a  con- 
gratulatory visit  from  both  Houses  of  Parliament.  The  Lords,  who 
arrived  in  a  long  train  of  coaches,  had  the  Earl  of  Manchester  for  their 
spokesman,  and  the  Commons  were  headed  by  their  renowned  Speaker 
Lenthall.  Fairfax  dates  a  printed  proclamation  of  February  12,  1648, 
from  his  house  in  Queen  Street.  Sir  Heneage  Finch,  Earl  of 
Nottingham  and  Lord  Chancellor  (d.  1682),  was  living  here  when  the 
Mace  and  Purse  were  stolen  from  him.  [See  Lincoln's  Inn  Fields.] 
In  this  house  he  used  to  receive  the  New  Year's  gift  from  the  Bar, 
which,  in  his  time,  "came  to  near  ^3000  in  gold."  Lady  Cowper  in 
her  Diary  (p.  63)  says  : — 

He  received  them  standing  by  a  table  ;  and  at  the  same  time  he  took  the  money 
to  lay  upon  the  table  he  used  to  cry  out  "  Oh,  Tyrant  Cuthtom  ! "  (for  he  lisped). 
My  Lord  [Cowper]  forbade  the  bringing  them. 

Richard,  Earl  Rivers,  the  reputed  father  of  Richard  Savage,  the  poet, 


(IRE AT  QUEEN  STREET  137 

makes  mention  in  his  will  of  "  Rivers  House,  in  Great  Queen  Street, 
in  the  parish  of  St.  Giles's-in-the-Fiekls."  Sir  Godfrey  Kneller  came 
here  from  the  Piazza  in  Covent  Garden.  He  writes  to  Pope  "  from 
Great  Queen  Street,  June  16,  1719,"  and  sends  his  "humble  respects 
to  Lady  Mary  Whortly."  Walpole  and  others  have  wrongly  assigned 
the  scene  of  his  wit  combat  with  Dr.  Radcliffe  to  this  residence.  It 
really  took  place  when  Kneller  was  living  in  the  Piazza,  and  the 
Doctor  on  the  west  side  of  Bow  Street.  Thomas  Hudson  (d.  1779), 
the  portrait  painter,  in  the  house  west  of  Freemasons'  Hall,  now 
divided  and  numbered  55  and  56,  and  which  it  seems  certain  was  the 
one  previously  occupied  by  Kneller.  Here,  on  October  18,  1740,  the 
young  Joshua  Reynolds  came  to  him  as  a  house  pupil,  and  remained 
under  his  roof  till  July  1743.  Thomas  Worlidge,  the  portrait  painter 
and  engraver  (best  known  by  his  etchings),  afterwards  lived  in  it.1 
Hoole,  the  translator  of  Ariosto  and  Dante  (d.  1803),  was  then  its 
occupant,  and  after  him  it  was  rented  by  Chippendale  the  cabinet- 
maker, whose  furniture  has  during  the  last  few  years  been  so  eagerly 
sought  after  and  imitated.  Sir  Robert  Strange,  the  engraver,  in  No. 
5  2  ;  here  he  engraved  his  Charles  I.  with  the  horse,  and  the  companion 
print  of  Queen  Henrietta  Maria;  and  here  he  died,  July  5,  1792. 
His  widow  continued  to  reside  in  the  house.  No.  34  was  in  1796 
the  residence  of  James  Basire,  the  engraver,  with  whom  William  Blake 
passed  his  apprenticeship.  According  to  Mr.  Gilchrist,2  the  house 
was  No.  32  (31),  the  more  western  of  the  two  houses  occupied  by 
Messrs.  Corben  the  coachbuilders.  Blake  was  fond  of  describing  a 
visit  paid  by  Goldsmith  to  Basire  at  this  period.  Fuseli  the  painter 
was  living  at  No.  7  in  1803.  Twenty  years  earlier  John  Opie,  R.A., 
was  a  resident  in  this  street.  Our  great  classic  landscape  painter, 
Richard  Wilson,  had  at  one  time  apartments  in  Queen  Street,  which 
were  afterwards  occupied  by  Theed,  the  sculptor.3  The  beautiful 
Perdita,  when  she  first  became  Mrs.  Robinson,  lived  here  in  "  a  large 
old-fashioned  house,  which  stood  on  the  spot  where  the  Freemasons' 
Tavern  has  been  since  erected."  4  Her  house  was  probably  that  in  which 
William  Hayley,  the  poet  and  friend  of  Cowper,  resided  for  some  years 
previous  to  his  retirement  to  Eartham  in  1774.  Hayley  believed  his 
house  to  have  been  Kneller's.  R.  Brinsley  Sheridan  was  living  in  this 
street  in  July  1780.  Dr.  Francklin,  the  translator  of  Lucian,  in  March 
1 7  84.  About  the  same  time  Dr.  Wolcott  [Peter  Pindar]  was  a  resident. 

The  concealed  author  of  Lyrick  Odes,  by  Peter  Pindar,  Esquire,  is  one  Woolcot, 
a  clergyman  who  abjured  the  gown,  and  now  lives  in  Great  Queen  Street,  Lincoln's 
Inn  Fields,  under  the  character  of  a  physician. — Maloniana  (Prior's  Life  of  Malone, 
p.  364). 

1  Smith  (Nollekens,  vol.  ii.  p.  220)  says  he  died  ..... 

here  ;    but  he  died   at  Hammersmith,  and   was  Yet  tno>  his  mortal  part  inactive  lies, 

buried   in    Hammersmith   Churchyard,   where   a  StiU  Worlidge  lives-for  Genius  never  dies, 

table  records  that  "  Here  lies  the  body  of  Thomas  2  Life  of  Blake,  vol.  i.  p.  22. 

Worlidge,  painter,  who  died  the  23d  of  September,  3  Wright's  Wilson,  p.  4. 

1766,  aged  66  years."  4  Life,  vol.  i.  p.  74. 


138  GREAT  QUEEN  STREET 

On  the  south  side  of  this  street  are  Freemasons'  Hall  and  Tavern 
[which  see],  and  a  little  east  of  it  the  once  popular  Great  Queen  Street 
Chapel,  erected  1818,  and  the  portico  added  in  1840.  On  the 
opposite  side  is  the  unfortunate  Novelty  Theatre. 

The  old  west-end  gateway  entrance  to  this  street,  taken  down  in 
January  1765,  was  by  a  narrow  passage  under  a  house,  familiarly 
known  as  "The  Devil's  Gap,"  or  "  Hell  Gate." 

Queen  Street  (Little),  LINCOLN'S  INN  FIELDS.  William,  Lord 
Russell,  was  led  from  Holborn  into  this  street  on  his  way  to  the 
scaffold  in  Lincoln's  Inn  Fields. 

As  we  came  to  turn  into  Little  Queen  Street,  he  said,  ' '  I  have  often  turned  to 
the  other  hand,  with  great  comfort,  but  I  now  turn  to  this  with  greater,"  and  looked 
towards  his  own  house ;  and  then,  as  the  Dean  of  Canterbury  [Tillotson]  who  sat 
over  against  him  told  me  "he  saw  a  tear  or  two  fall  from  him." — Bishop  Burnet's 
Journal. 

"His  own  house,"  Southampton  House  (subsequently  called 
Bedford  House),  he  inherited  through  his  wife,  the  virtuous  Lady 
Rachel  Russell,  daughter  of  Charles  II.'s  Lord  Treasurer,  and  grand- 
daughter of  Shakespeare's  Earl  of  Southampton.  No.  7  was  the 
residence  of  the  father  a.nd  mother  of  Charles  Lamb,  September  23, 
1796 ;  and  here  it  was  that  Mary  Lamb,  his  sister,  in  a  sudden  fit  of 
insanity — she  had  frequently  experienced  similar  but  less  violent  attacks 
before — stabbed  her  mother  to  the  heart  with  a  case  knife  snatched 
from  the  dinner  table. 

Queen  Street  (Little),  now  part  of  LANGHAM  STREET,  PORTLAND 
ROAD.  No.  45  was  long  the  residence  of  James  Watson,  the  excellent 
engraver  of  the  last  century.  Here  he  executed  some  of  his  best 
mezzotints,  after  Sir  Joshua  Reynolds. 

Queen   Street,   MAYFAIR.  At   No.    12    dwelt   Mrs.    Elizabeth 

Harlow,  and  from  here  her  son,  George  Henry  Harlow,  sent  his  first 

picture    to    the    Exhibition  of  1804,   before   he  had   completed  his 
seventeenth  year. 

Queen  Anne  Square,  the  name  given  in  some  old  maps  to  the 
square  which  was  commenced  at  the  south  end  of  the  present  Portland 
Place,  in  front  of  the  Langham  Hotel.  [See  Portland  Place.]  In  other 
maps  it  is  called  Bentinck  Square. 

Queen  Anne  Street  East,  CAVENDISH  SQUARE,  was  the  name 
of  the  street  leading  from  Langham  Place  to  Cleveland  Street.  It  was 
afterwards  named  Foley  Place,  and  now  the  western  portion,  from 
Langham  Place  to  Great  Portland  Street,  is  called  Langham  Street,  and 
the  portion  east  of  Portland  Street,  Foley  Street  Eminent  Inhabitants. 
— Edmond  Malone,  the  Shakespearian  commentator,  went  in  1779  to 
live  at  No.  55,  where  he  remained  the  rest  of  his  life ;  his  house  every 
year  "  became  more  and  more  that  of  a  bachelor — an  accumulation  of 
books ;  rooms  not  in  spruce  order ;  furniture  rather  in  the  rear  of  the 


QUEEN  ANNE'S  GATE  139 

fashion  of  the  age"1  —  and  here  he  died,  May  25,  1812.  His  very 
choice  collection  of  books  illustrating  the  Elizabethan  drama  is  now 
among  the  cherished  treasures  of  the  Bodleian  Library  at  Oxford. 
Fuseli,  the  painter,  at  No.  72,  between  1788  and  1792  ;  and  in  1800 
at  No.  75. 

Queen  Anne  Street,  formerly  QUEEN  ANNE  STREET  WEST, 
CAVENDISH  SQUARE — Welbeck  Street  to  Chandos  Street.  Edmund 
Burke  removed  from  Wimpole  Street  to  Queen  Anne  Street,  "next 
door  to  Mr.  Fitzherbert,"  in  i76o.2  Richard  Cumberland  was  living 
here  in  1770,  when  his  best  play,  the  West  Indian,  was  produced. 

I  had  a  house  in  Queen  Anne  Street  West,  at  the  corner  of  Wimpole  Street,  I 
lived  there  many  years  ;  my  friend  Mr.  Fitzherbert  lived  in  the  same  street,  and  Mr. 
Burke  nearly  opposite  to  me. — Cumberland's  Memoirs,  410,  1 806,  p.  238. 

William  Windham  was  living  here  in  1782 — in  March  1794  he  was 
in  Hill  Street.  Boswell  wrote  to  his  daughter  Euphe'mia,  December 
19,  1788,  "I  have  taken  a  neat,  pretty,  small  house  in  Queen  Anne 
Street  West,  quite  a  genteel  neighbourhood."  He  was  at  this  date 
busy  over  his  Life  of  Johnson,  and  he  found  his  residence  in  Queen 
Anne  Street  West  very  convenient  in  preparing  it  for  the  press. 

February  8,  1790. — I  still  keep  on  my  house  in  Queen  Anne  Street  West,  having 
taken  it  till  Midsummer,  upon  my  finding  that  chambers  in  the  Temple,  which  I 
thought  I  had  secured,  were  let  to  me  by  a  person  who  had  not  a  right.  It  is 
better  that  I  am  still  here,  for  I  am  within  a  short  walk  of  Mr.  Malone  [living  in 
Queen  Anne  Street  East]  who  revises  my  Life  of  Johnson  with  me. — Boswell  to 
Temple  (Letters,  p.  319). 

Among  the  imitations  in  the  "  Rejected  Addresses  "  is  one  of  a  Dr. 
Busby, — much  quizzed  by  the  wits  of  that  day, — of  whom  Horace  Smith 
records  that  on  his  publishing  a  translation  of  the  De  Naturd  Rerum 
there  appeared  a  paragraph  among  the  Domestic  Occurrences — "  Yesterday 
at  his  house  in  Queen  Anne  Street  .West,  Dr.  Busby  of  a  still-born 
Lucretius." 

No.  48  was  for  nearly  forty  years  (1812-1851)  the  residence  of  the 
greatest  of  our  landscape  painters,  Joseph  Mallord  William  Turner, 
and  here  the  finest  perhaps  of  his  imaginative  works  were  produced. 
His  "  gallery  "  was  on  the  first  floor.  He  painted  in  the  drawing-room. 
The  house  has  been  rebuilt  for  the  Duke  of  Portland's  Estate  Office. 
No.  31  was  the  town  house  of  the  late  Bishop  of  Chichester,  Dr. 
Gilbert  (d.  1870).  There  was  nothing  to  distinguish  it  from  its 
plebeian  neighbours.  It  would  have  been  more  conspicuous  if  he  had 
blazoned  his  "  bearing  "  over  the  door — "  A  Prester  John  sitting  on  a 
tombstone,  with  a  sword  in  his  mouth." 

Queen  Anne's  Bounty  Office,  and  First  Fruits  and  Tenths'  Office, 
3A  DEAN'S  YARD,  WESTMINSTER. 

Queen  Anne's  Gate.     [See  Queen  Square.] 

3  Prior's  Life  of  Malone,  p.  300.  2  Prior's  Life  of  Burke,  chap.  iii. 


140  QUEEN  ELIZABETHS  GRAMMAR  SCHOOL 

Queen  Elizabeth's  Grammar  School,  SOUTHWARK.  This 
school  was  founded  in  1560  by  certain  inhabitants  of  St.  Olave's 
parish  (Henry  Leeke  the  brewer  being  worthy  of  special  note),  and 
situated  in  Tooley  Street.  It  was  incorporated  in  1571  and  named 
after  the  reigning  Queen.  There  are  in  Wilkinson's  Londina  (vol.  ii.) 
two  views  and  a  plan  of  the  buildings.  The  site  being  required  for 
the  approaches  of  New  London  Bridge,  the  building  was  cleared  away 
in  1830  and  a  new  one  erected  on  the  south  side  of  Bermondsey 
Street.  This  was  also  removed  in  connection  with  some  railway 
extension,  and  the  present  handsome  and  greatly  enlarged  building 
placed  in  Back  Street  Horsleydown  (now  named  Queen  Elizabeth 
Street).  The  institution  is  styled  at  present  the  Grammar  School  of 
St.  Olave  and  St.  John,  and  has  an  income  of  about  ^10,000.  It 
furnishes  "a  liberal  and  useful  education  for  the  sons  of  parents 
engaged  in  professional,  trading,  or  commercial  pursuits."  Boys  are 
not  admitted  before  seven  or  after  fifteen  years  of  age,  except  under  very 
special  circumstances.  A  new  scheme  is  (1890)  under  the  consideration 
of  the  Charity  Commissioners. 

Queen  Victoria  Street,  CITY,  from  the  north  foot  of  Blackfriars 
Bridge  to  the  Mansion  House,  forming  the  continuation  eastward  of 
the  Thames  Embankment.  This  noble  street,  one  of  the  finest  in  the 
City,  was  commenced  in  1867,  and  formally  opened  for  traffic  throughout, 
November  4,  1871.  It  proceeds  in  a  nearly  straight  line  from  the 
Mansion  House  to  Cannon  Street,  and  thence  with  an  easy  curve  to 
New  Bridge  Street,  opposite  the  entrance  to  the  Thames  Embankment. 
Its  width  throughout  is  70  feet,  except  by  Little  Earl  Street,  where  it  is 
somewhat  narrower.  Beneath  it  runs  the  Metropolitan  District  Rail- 
way ;  and  along  it  is  carried  a  subway  for  gas  and  water  pipes.  Through 
nearly  its  whole  extent  it  is  lined  on  both  sides  with  large,  lofty, 
solidly  built  and  ornamental  buildings,  most  of  them  having  stone 
fronts,  and  several  being  structures  of  considerable  architectural 
pretension.  Among  the  larger  blocks  of  buildings  there  are — starting 
from  the  Mansion  House — on  the  north,  Mansion  House  Buildings ; 
Imperial  Buildings ;  Queen's  Buildings ;  Crown  Buildings ;  the  New 
Civil  Service  Stores ;  College  of  Arms ;  British  and  Foreign  Bible 
Society;  the  church  of  St.  Andrew -by -the -Wardrobe;  the  Times 
Advertisement  Office.  On  the  south,  the  remarkable  structure  built 
for  the  National  Safe  Deposit  Company ;  Mansion  House  Chambers ; 
Victoria  Buildings  ;  Albert  Buildings ;  the  Mansion  House  Station  of  the 
Metropolitan  District  Railway;  Metropolitan  Buildings,  and  Balmoral 
Buildings;  besides  on  both  sides  many  private  commercial  establishments. 

Queen's  Arms  Tavern,  BOW-IN-HAND  COURT,  between  Nos.  77 
and  7  8  CHEAPSIDE.  The  second  floor  of  the  houses  which  stretched 
over  the  passage  leading  to  this  tavern  was  the  London  lodging  of 
John  Keats,  the  poet.  Here  he  wrote  his  magnificent  sonnet  on 
Chapman's  Homer,  and  all  the  poems  in  his  first  little  volume. 


QUEEN'S  LIBRARY  141 


Queen's  Arms  Tavern,  ST.  PAUL'S  CHURCHYARD. 

Garrick  kept  up  an  interest  in  the  city  by  appearing,  about  twice  in  a  winter,  at 
Tom's  Coffee  House  in  Cornhill,  the  usual  rendezvous  of  young  merchants  at  'Change 
time  ;  and  frequented  a  Club,  established  for  the  sake  of  his  company  at  the  Queen's 
Arms  Tavern  in  St.  Paul's  Churchyard,  where  were  used  to  assemble  Mr.  Samuel 
Sharpe  the  surgeon,  Mr.  I'aterson  the  city  solicitor,  Mr.  Draper  the  bookseller,  Mr. 
Clutterbuck  a  mercer,  and  a  few  others  ;  they  were  none  of  them  drinkers,  and  in 
order  to  make  a  reckoning  called  only  for  French  wine.  These  were  his  standing 
council  in  theatrical  affairs. — Hawkins's  Life  of  Johnson,  p.  433. 

Here,  after  a  thirty  years'  interval,  Johnson  renewed  his  intimacy 
with  some  of  the  members  of  his  old  Ivy  Lane  Club.1  There  is  no 
Queen's  Arms  in  St.  Paul's  Churchyard  now. 

Queen's  College,  43  and  45  HARLEY  STREET,  so  named  by  royal 
permission  and  under  royal  charter,  for  general  female  education  of  a 
high  class,  and  for  granting  to  governesses  certificates  of  qualification. 
Incorporated  1853. 

Queen's  Gardens,  BAYSWATER,  are  built  on  the  exact  site  of  the 
old  Pest  House.  See  Roque's  Map,  1745. 

Queen's  Gardens,  KENSINGTON.  Thomas,  tenth  Earl  of  Dun- 
donald,  better  known  as  Lord  Cochrane,  died  at  No.  12,  October  31, 
1860,  in  his  eighty-fifth  year.  He  was  buried  in  Westminster  Abbey. 

Queen's  Head  Alley,  now  Queen's  Head  Passage,  PATERNOSTER 
Row  to  NEWGATE  STREET,  was  so  called  from  an  inn  or  tavern  with 
such  a  sign,  wherein  were  lodged  the  canonists  and  professors  of 
spiritual  and  ecclesiastical  law,  before  Doctors'  Commons  was  provided 
for  them,  in  the  reign  of  Queen  Elizabeth.  [See  Doctors'  Commons.] 
In  this  alley,  in  the  reign  of  Charles  II.,  Richard  Head,  author  of  The 
English  Rogue,  followed  the  profession  of  a  bookseller.2  Here,  No.  8 
on  the  west  side,  was  Dolly's  Chop  House.  [See  Dolly's.] 

Queen's  House,  another  name  for  Buckingham  House,  so  called 
after  Queen  Charlotte,  Queen  of  George  III.,  on  whom  it  was  settled 
by  Act  of  Parliament  in  1775. 

Queen's  Library,  THE  STABLE  YARD,  ST.  JAMES'S  PALACE,  so 
called  from  having  been  built  by  Caroline,  wife  of  George  II.  It  was 
pulled  down  by  Frederic,  Duke  of  York  (second  son  of  George  III.),  to 
make  way  for  his  new  house.  [See  Stafford  House.]  It  is  described  as 
a  noble  room,  designed  by  Wm.  Kent,  60  feet  by  30  feet,  and  30  feet 
high.  It  was  furnished  with  a  choice  collection  of  4500  handsomely 
bound  volumes  in  the  various  modern  languages.  The  books  were 
placed  on  the  shelves  in  1737. 

The  King  [George  II.],  the  Duke  [of  Cumberland],  and  Princess  Emily  saw  it 
[the  Celebration  of  Peace  by  fireworks  in  St.  James's  Park]  from  the  Library,  with 
their  Courts  ;  the  Prince  and  Princess  [of  Wales]  with  their  children,  from  Lady 
Middlesex's  ;  no  place  being  provided  for  them,  nor  any  invitation  given  to  the 
Library.  —  Walpole  to  Sir  Horace  Mann,  May  3,  1749. 

i  Bosivell.  by  Croker,  p.  45.  '•!  Winstanley's  Lives  of  the  Poets,  p.  208. 


142  QUEEN'S  PRISON 


Queen's  Prison,  BOROUGH  ROAD,  SOUTHWARK,  constituted 
pursuant  to  5  and  6  Will.  IV.,  c.  22  (1835),  an^  there  described  as 
"  The  prison  of  the  Marshalsea  of  the  Court  of  King's  Bench ;  a  prison 
for  debtors,  and  for  persons  confined  under  the  sentence  or  charged 
with  the  contempt  of  his  Majesty's  Court  of  King's  Bench."  By  this 
Act  the  King's  Bench,  the  Fleet,  and  Marshalsea  Prisons  were  con- 
solidated, and  called  "  The  King's  Prison,"  changed  on  the  death  of 
the  King  in  1837  to  "The  Queen's  Prison."  All  fees,  the  liberty  of 
the  rules  and  day  rules,  were  abolished  by  the  same  Act.  "  The  Brace 
Public-house"  was  abolished  by  the  same  Act.  [See  King's  Bench 
Prison.]  An  Act  was  passed  in  1862  "for  discontinuing  the  Queen's 
Prison  and  removal  of  the  prisoners  to  Whitecross  Street  Prison." 

Queen's  Road,  BAYSWATER,  in  Roque's  Map,  1745,  appears  as 
Westbourne  Green  Lane.  At  the  south-west  corner  was  Shaftesbury 
House.  Mr.  Whiteley's  immense  establishment  now  occupies  a  part 
of  the  road. 

Queen's  Walk  is  the  path  along  the  east  side  of  the  Green  Park, 
connecting  St.  James's  Park  and  Piccadilly.  It  appears  in  a  map  of 
1783  but  not  of  1763.  From  this  it  might  be  inferred  that  it  was 
named  after  Queen  Charlotte,  but  it  is  more  likely  that  it  was  after 
Queen  Caroline,  whose  library  overlooked  it.  [See  Queen's  Library.] 

Queenhithe,  in  UPPER  THAMES  STREET,  a  short  distance  west  of 
Southwark  Bridge,  a  common  quay  for  the  landing  of  corn,  flour,  and 
other  dry  goods  from  the  west  of  England, — originally  called  "  Edred's 
hithe"  or  bank,  from  "Edred,  owner  thereof," — but  known,  from  a 
very  early  period  as  Ripa  Reginge,  the  Queen's  bank  or  Queenhithe, 
because  it  pertained  unto  the  Queen.  King  John  is  said  to  have  given 
it  to  his  mother,  Eleanor,  Queen  of  Henry  II.  It  was  long  the  rival 
of  Billingsgate,  and  would  have  retained  the  monopoly  of  the  wharfage 
of  London  had  it  been  below  instead  of  above  bridge.  In  the  i3th 
century  it  was  the  usual  landing-place  for  wine,  wool,  hides,  corn, 
firewood,  fish,  and  indeed  all  kinds  of  commodities  then  brought  by 
sea  to  London,  and  the  City  Records  afford  minute  details  as  to  "  the 
Customs  of  Queen-Hythe,"  and  the  tolls  ordered  to  be  taken  there  by 
Edward  I.  But  while  the  Queen's  bailiff  was  authorised  to  take 
Scavage  (or  custom's  toll)  upon  all  goods  landed  there  "in  the  same 
manner  in  which  the  Sheriffs  of  London  take  Scavage  for  his  lordship 
the  King  in  London  elsewhere,"  it  was  declared  that  "all  assizes  of 
the  City  at  the  Hustings  provided  and  enacted  for  the  amendment  of 
the  City  are  to  be  enacted  and  observed  "  here.1  As  an  illustration  of 
the  nature  of  the  regulations  we  may  cite  the  directions  laid  down  for 
the  measurement  of  corn  : — 

Every  chief  master-meter  of  all  the  serving  people  at  Queen  Hythe,  shall  find  a 
quarter,  bushel,  half-bushel,  strike  [or  strickle  for  smoothing  the  surface  when  the 

1  Liber  Albus,  B.  iii.  pt.  i.,  and  Riley's  Memorials. 


QUEENHITHE  143 

measure  is  full],  and  one  horse.  And  there  shall  be  eight  chief  masters,  and  each  of 
such  eight  masters  shall  have  three  associates  standing  there  ;  and  each  of  such  three 
so  standing  there  shall  find  one  horse  and  seven  sacks,  etc.  .  .  .  And  of  right  there 
ought  to  be  at  Queen  Hyde  eight  chief  [or  standard]  measures  for  the  measurement 
of  corn.  .  .  .  None  of  the  said  horses  [of  the  master-meters  and  their  servants]  shall 
be  taken  by  the  Sheriffs,  or  by  any  other  persons  in  their  names  from  the  performance 
of  their  duties.  .  .  .  Also  that  no  one  of  the  said  meters  shall  mete  for  any  stranger 
without  leave  of  the  Bailiff  of  Queen  Hythe.  .  .  .  Also  that  no  meter,  or  any 
servant  of  theirs  shall  interfere  between  buyers  and  sellers,  etc.1 

For  their  meterage  and  carrying  they  are  strictly  forbidden  to  take 
"  more  than  according  to  ancient  custom  ought  to  be  taken,"  which  is 
stated  to  be  "for  the  measurement,  porterage,  and  carriage  of  one 
quarter  of  wheat,"  as  far  as  Westcheap,  the  church  of  Anthony  in 
Budge  Row  and  the  like,  "one  halfpenny  farthing,"  as  far  as  Fleet 
Bridge,  Newgate,  Estchepe,  and  Billyngesgate,  one  penny,  and  for  all 
streets  and  lanes  beyond  "  as  far  as  the  Bar  of  the  suburbs,"  one  penny 
farthing.  For  measuring  and  carrying  salt  "  no  one  of  the  meters  shall 
take  beyond  one  farthing  more  than  for  corn,  and  that  according  to 
the  limits  prescribed  for  corn."  "And  the  Bailiff  of  Queen  Hythe 
shall  not  take  more  than  five  shillings  of  a  chief  meter  of  corn  and  salt, 
or  of  his  servant  more  than  two  shillings  as  his  fee."  For  other 
merchandise  the  regulations  are  equally  precise  and  stringent.  No 
vessel  was  allowed  to  lie  at  anchor  or  be  moored  elsewhere  than  at 
Billingsgate  or  Queenhithe  between  sunset  and  sunrise,  nor  be  placed 
near  the  Bankside  of  Southwark,  on  pain  of  the  owners  and  masters 
losing  the  vessels  and  being  sent  to  prison.  The  sixth  charter  of 
Henry  III.  confirms  a  grant  by  the  Earl  of  Cornwall  of  the  customs  of 
Queenhithe  to  the  City  of  London  in  consideration  of  a  farm  rent  of 
£$o  per  annum.2  When  shipping  began  to  stay  below  bridge — 
probably  in  part  owing  to  the  use  of  larger  vessels  and  the  difficulty  of 
carrying  them  safely  through  the  bridge — the  decline  of  Queenhithe 
was  rapid.  Fabyan  says  that  in  the  reign  of  Henry  VII.  the  tolls 
barely  amounted  to  ^15  per  annum. 

Peele's  chronicle-play  of  King  Edward  I.  (410,  1593)  contains, 
among  other  things,  "  Lastly  the  sinking  of  Queen  Elinor,  who  sunck 
at  Charing  Crosse  and  rose  again  at  Pottershith,  now  named  Queen- 
hith."  When  accused  by  King  Edward  of  her  crimes,  she  replies  in 
the  words  of  the  old  ballad  : — 

If  that  upon  so  vile  a  thing 
Her  heart  did  ever  think, 

She  wish'd  the  ground  might  open  wide, 
And  therein  she  might  sink  ! 

With  that  at  Charing  Cross  she  sunk 
Into  the  ground  alive  ; 

And  after  rose  with  life  again, 
In  London  at  Queenhith. 

It  is  here  written  "  Queenhith,"  but  our  old  dramatists  almost  always 
wrote    it    "  Queenhive."      Stow    says    nothing    about    "  Pottershith." 

i 

1  Liber  Albus,  p.  212.  2  Norton,  p.  320. 


144  QUEENHITHE 

Milton  refers  scornfully  to  "  That  old  wives  tale  of  a  certaine  Queene 
of  England  that  sunk  at  Charing  Crosse  and  rose  up  at  Queene-hithe." * 

A  sleeping  watchman  here  we  stole  the  shoes  from, 
There  made  a  noise,  at  which  he  wakes,  and  follows  ; 
The  streets  are  dirty,  takes  a  Queenhithe  cold, 
Hard  cheese,  and  that,  chokes  him  o'  Monday  next. 

Beaumont  and  Fletcher.     Monsieiir  Thomas  (Works,  by  Dyce,  vol.  vii.  p.  375). 
From  a  right  hand  I  assure  you 
The  eel  boats  here  that  lie  before  Queenhythe 
Came  out  of  Holland. — Ben  Jonson,  Staple  of  News. 

Mistress  Birdlime.  But  I'll  down  to  Queenhive  and  the  watermen  which  were 
wont  to  carry  you  to  Lambeth  Marsh  shall  carry  me  thither. — Westward  Ho,  vol. 
iv.  p.  I  (1607,  4to). 

In  the  first  quarter  of  the  1 7th  century  Queenhithe  seems  to  have 
been  the  headquarters  of  the  London  watermen,  whose  place  of 
assembly  was  an  alehouse  called  the  Red  Knight. 

In  this  time  of  Lent  I  being  in  the  watermen's  garrison  of  Queen-hive  (whereof  I 
am  a  souldier)  and  having  no  imploiment,  I  went  with  an  intent  to  incounter  with 
that  most  valiant  and  hardy  champion  of  Queen-hive  commonly  called  by  the  name 
of  Red  Knight. —  West-ward  for  Smelts  (Percy  Soc.  vol.  Ixxviii.  p.  6). 

When  the  Earl  of  Essex  found  that  the  attempt  to  "  raise "  the 
City  was  hopeless,  and  that  he  would  scarce  succeed  in  returning  to 
Essex  House  by  Ludgate,  he  made  his  way  to  Queenhithe  and  escaped 
thence  in  a  boat.  Tom  Hill  (Paul  Pry)  carried  on  his  business  as  a 
drysalter  in  Queenhithe.2 

Queenhithe  (Ward  Of),  one  of  the  twenty-six  wards  of  London ; 
so  called  from  the  old  wharf  of  the  same  name.  This  was  originally 
a  royal  demesne,  and  is  said  to  have  been  granted  by  Henry  III.  to 
his  queen,3  and  thence  to  have  been  known  as  the  Queen's  Soke  or 
liberty.  As  such  it  had  independent  jurisdiction,  but  like  the  other 
sokes  ultimately  became  an  electively  represented  ward.  General 
Boundaries. — North,  Knight  Rider  Street  and  Trinity  Lane ;  south,  the 
Thames ;  east,  Bull  Wharf  Lane ;  west,  Paul's  Wharf,  part  of  St. 
Peter's  Hill,  and  the  upper  end  of  Lambert  Hill.  Stow  enumerates 
seven  churches  in  this  ward :  (i)  church  of  the  Holy  Trinity  in  Trinity 
Lane  (now  united  with  St.  Michael,  Queenhithe;  (2)  St.  Nicholas  Cold 
Abbey,  in  Knight  Rider  Street ;  (3)  St.  Nicholas  Olave,  Bread  Street 
Hill  (destroyed  in  the  Great  Fire,  and  not  rebuilt) ;  (4)  St.  Mary-de- 
Monte-Alto,  or  Mounthaunt,  in  Old  Fish  Street  Hill  (destroyed  in  the 
Great  Fire,  and  not  rebuilt) ;  (5)  St.  Michael's,  Queenhithe ;  (6)  St. 
Mary  Summerset,  in  Thames  Street,  facing  Broken  Wharf  (taken  down 
and  the  parish  united  with  St.  Nicholas  Cole  Abbey);  (7)  St.  Peter's, 
Paul's  Wharf  (destroyed  in  the  Great  Fire,  and  not  rebuilt).  And 
two  Halls  of  Companies:  (i)  Painter  Stainers"  Hall;  (2)  Blacksmiths' 
Hall.  The  principal  streets  in  the  ward  are  parts  of  Upper  Thames 
Street  and  Queen  Victoria  Street. 

1  Milton,    P remonstrant s   Defence  (IVorks,          2  Letter,  dated  Queenhithe,  May  17,  1803. 
1641,  vol.  i.  p.  223).  3  Stow,  Norton. 


KAILWAY  CLEARING  HOUSE  145 

Rag  Fair,  or,  ROSEMARY  LANE,  now  ROYAL  MINT  STREET  (so 
named  from  its  passing  along  the  back  of  the  Royal  Mint),  runs  from 
Sparrow  Corner,  Tower  Hill,  to  Cable  Street,  Wellclose  Square,  a  place 
where  old  clothes  and  frippery  are  sold.1 

The  articles  of  commerce  by  no  means  belie  the  name.  There  is  no  expressing 
the  poverty  of  the  goods ;  nor  yet  their  cheapness.  A  distinguished  merchant 
engaged  with  a  purchaser,  observing  me  to  look  on  him  with  great  attention,  called 
out  to  me,  as  his  customer  was  going  off  with  his  bargain,  to  observe  that  man, 
"For,"  says  he,  "I  have  actually  clothed  him  for  fourteen  pence." — Pennant,  p.  433. 

Where  wave  the  tattered  ensigns  of  Rag  Fair. — Pope,  The  Dttnciad. 

Thursday  last  one  Mary  Jenkins,  who  deals  in  old  clothes  in  Rag  Fair,  sold  a 
pair  of  breeches  to  a  poor  woman  for  sevenpence  and  a  pint  of  beer.  Whilst  they 
were  drinking  it  in  a  public  house,  the  purchaser  in  unripping  the  breeches  found 
quilted  in  the  waistband  eleven  guineas  in  gold,  Queen  Anne's  coin,  and  a  thirty 
pound  bank  note,  dated  in  1729,  which  last  she  did  not  know  the  value  of  till  after 
she  sold  it  for  a  gallon  of  twopenny  purl. — The  Public  Advertiser,  February  14, 
I7S6. 

Royal  Mint  Street  has  hardly  so  evil  a  reputation  as  Rosemary  Lane, 
but  it  is  a  squalid  place,  lined  with  old  clothes'  shops  and  stalls,  and 
on  Sunday  mornings  the  aspect  of  Rag  Fair,  as  it  is  still  commonly 
called,  is  anything  but  edifying. 

Ragged  Staff  Court,  DRURY  LANE,  the  last  alley  on  the  left  side 
going  towards  St.  Giles's,  derived  its  name  no  doubt  from  one  of  the 
many  inns  which  took  the  cognisance  of  the  Dudleys  for  their  sign. 

1646. — To  William  Burnett  in  a  seller  in  Ragged  Staff  Yard,  being  poore  and 
very  sicke     .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  is.  6d. 

Vestry  Books  of  St.  Giles-in-the-Fields. 

This  practice  of  dwelling  in  cellars,  which  thirty  or  forty  years  ago 
appeared  to  be  universal  in  St.  Giles's,  is  first  mentioned  in  the  Vestry 
Minutes  of  the  parish  in  1637. 

To  prevent  the  great  influx  of  poor  people  into  the  parish,  ordered  that  the 
beadles  do  present  every  fortnight  on  the  Sunday,  the  names  of  all  new  comers, 
undersetters,  inmates,  divided  tenements,  persons  that  have  families  in  cellars,  and 
other  abuses. 

The  Metropolis  Management  Act,  1855  (cap.  120,  sects.  103,  104), 
dealt  with  these  cellar  dwellings. 

Rahere  Street,  GOSWELL  ROAD  to  north  end  of  CENTRAL 
STREET,  belongs  to  the  Governors  of  St.  Bartholomew's  Hospital,  by 
whom  it  was  built  circ.  1808,  and  so  called  from  Rahere,  the  founder 
of  St.  Bartholomew's  Priory,  on  the  site  of  the  present  hospital.  The 
ground  on  which  Rahere  Street  stands  was  designed,  early  in  the 
present  century,  to  have  been  the  site  of  a  new  Smithfield  Market,  but 
the  negotiation  was  broken  off  by  the  City  authorities,  and  the  street, 
as  we  now  see  it,  built  by  the  hospital  authorities  instead. 

Railway  Clearing  House,  SEYMOUR  STREET,  EUSTON  SQUARE. 
The  Clearing  House  was  established  in  1842  to  do  for  the  various 
Railway  Companies  what  was  done  for  the  Bankers  by  their  Clearing 

1  Pope,  Note  to  the  Dttnciad 
VOL.   Ill  L 


146  RAILWAY  CLEANING  HOUSE 

House.  It  is  regulated  by  an  Act  of  Parliament  passed  in  1850.  A 
sort  of  imaginary  company  is  formed  called  the  Clearing  House,  to 
which  all  the  railways  stand  related  as  debtors  and  creditors,  and 
which  manages  all  the  cross  accounts  from  one  company  to  another. 
The  managers  are  elected  by  the  Companies  interested  in  its  working. 
The  business  has  grown  to  an  enormous  extent  of  late  years,  and  the 
staff  of  clerks  which  at  the  foundation  of  the  office  consisted  of  twenty 
now  consists  of  about  2000. 

Rainbow  Tavern,  No.  15  FLEET  STREET,  a  well-conducted  and 
well-frequented  tavern  (famous  for  its  stout),  and  originally  established 
as  a  coffee-house  by  James  Farr,  as  early  as  1657. 

When  coffee  first  came  in,  he  [Sir  Henry  Blount]  was  a  great  upholder  of  it, 
and  hath  ever  since  been  a  great  frequenter  of  coffee-houses,  especially  Mr.  Farr's,  at 
the  Rainbowe,  by  Inner  Temple  Gate. — Aubrey's  Lives,  vol.  ii.  p.  244. 

I  find  it  recorded  that  one  James  Farr,  a  barber,  who  kept  the  coffee-house 
which  is  now  the  Rainbow,  by  the  Inner  Temple  Gate  (one  of  the  first  in  England), 
was,  in  the  year  1657,  presented  by  the  Inquest  of  St.  Dunstan's-in-the-West,  for 
making  and  selling  a  sort  of  liquor  called  coffee,  as  a  great  nuisance  and  prejudice  of 
the  neighbourhood,  etc.  And  who  would  then  have  thought  that  London  would 
ever  have  3000  such  nuisances,  and  that  coffee  would  have  been  (as  now)  so  much 
drunk  by  the  best  of  quality  and  physicians. — Hatton's  New  View  of  London,  8vo, 
1708. 

I  have  received  a  letter  desiring  me  to  be  very  satirical  upon  the  little  muff  that 
is  now  in  fashion  ;  another  informs  me  of  a  pair  of  silver  garters  buckled  below  the 
knee,  that  have  been  lately  seen  at  the  Rainbow  Coffee  House  in  Fleet  Street. — The 
Spectator,  No.  1 6. 

The  Phcenix  Fire  Office  (the  second  office  established  in  this  country 
for  insurance  against  fire)  was  located  at  the  Rainbow  Tavern  in  Fleet 
Street  as  early  as  I682.1 

The  sign  existed  before  the  establishment  of  the  coffee-house. 
There  is  an  imprint  of  1641  as  follows  : — "Printed  by  Richard  Bishop 
for  Daniel  Pakeman  at  the  sign  of  the  Rainbow  in  Fleet  Street  near 
the  Inner  Temple  Gate." 

Ram  Alley,  now  MITRE  COURT,  FLEET  STREET,  over  against 
Fetter  Lane. 

Ram  Alley  [is]  taken  up  by  publick  houses  ;  a  place  of  no  great  reputation,  as 
being  a  kind  of  privileged  place  for  debtors,  before  the  late  Act  of  Parliament  [9  and 
10  Will.  III.,  c.  27,  s.  15]  for  taking  them  away.  It  hath  a  passage  into  the 
Temple  and  into  Serjeants'  Inn  in  Fleet  Street. — Strype,  B.  iii.  p.  277. 

It  was  of  no  great  reputation  a  century  earlier. 
Methinks  he  is  a  ruffian  in  his  style, 

Cuts,  thrusts,  and  foins  at  whomsoe'er  he  meets  ! 
And  strows  about  Ram  Alley  meditations. 

Character  of  Marst on  :  Return  from  Parnassus,  1 606. 
And  though  Ram  Alley  stinks  with  cooks  and  ale, 
Yet  say  there's  many  a  worthy  lawyer's  chamber 
'Buts  upon  Ram  Alley. 
Ram  Alley,  or  Merry  Tricks  ;  a  Comedy  by  Lo.  Barrey,  4to,  1 6 1 1 . 

1  Delaune,  Anglice  Metrop.,  1690,  p.  352  ;  Hatton,  New  View,  1708,  p.  787. 


RANELAGH  147 

Come  you  to  seek  a  virgin  in  Ram  Alley, 
So  near  an  Inn-of-Court,  and  amongst  cooks, 
Ale-men  and  laundresses  ? — Ibid. 

Amble.  The  knave  thinks  still  he's  at  the  Cook's  shop  in  Ram  Alley, 
Where  the  clerks  divide,  and  the  elder  is  to  choose  ; 

And  feeds  so  slovenly  ! — Massinger,  A  New  Way  to  Pay  Old  Debts. 

Ben  Jonson,  in  his  Staple  of  News,  1625,  represents  Lickfinger,  "  My 
cook,  that  unctuous  rascal,"  as  the  glory  of  the  kitchen,  and  master 
of  a  shop  in  Ram  Alley.  From  this  play  we  learn  also  that  some 
portions  at  least  of  the  City  banquets  were  supplied  from  this  locality, 
for  Lickfinger  had  managed  to  convey  twenty  eggs  from  the  number 
supplied  to  him  for  "the  Custard  Politic," — the  huge  custard  prepared 
for  the  Lord  Mayor's  feast.  The  Ram's  Alley  cooks  also  supplied 
dinners  at  the  taverns;  thus  Lickfinger  furnished  "the  great  feast" 
which  Penniboy  junior  gave  at  the  Apollo.1 

1627. — That  Christmas  the  Temple  Sparks  had  installed  a  Lieutenant,  a  thing 
we  country  folk  call  a  Lord  of  Misrule.  The  Lieutenant  had  on  Twelfth-eve  last, 
late  in  the  night,  sent  out  to  collect  his  rents  in  Ram  Alley  and  Fleet  Street, 
limiting  five  shillings  to  every  house.  At  every  door  they  winded  their  Temple 
horn,  and  if  it  procured  not  entrance  at  the  second  blast  or  summons,  the  word  of 
command  was — Give  fire  Gunner  !  The  Gunner  was  a  robustious  Vulcan  and  his 
engine  a  mighty  smith's  hammer. — L'Estrange's  Reign  of  King  Charles,  p.  72. 

Belford,  sen.  Here's  Mr.  Cheatly  shall  sham  and  banter  with  you,  or  any  one 
you  will  bring,  for  five  hundred  pound  of  my  money. 

Belford,  jttn.  Rascally  stuff,  fit  for  no  places  but  Ram  Alley  or  Pye  Corner. — 
The  Squire  of  Alsatia,  by  T.  Shadwell,  4to,  1688. 

July  5,  1668. — With  Sir  W.  Coventry,  and  we  walked  in  the  Park  together  a 
good  while.  He  mighty  kind  to  me ;  and  hear  many  pretty  stories  of  my  Lord 
Chancellor's  being  heretofore  made  sport  of  by  Peter  Talbot,  the  priest,  in  his  story 
of  the  death  of  Cardinal  Bleau  ;  by  Lord  Cottington,  in  his  Dolor  de  las  Tripas  ; 
and  by  Tom  Killegrew  in  his  being  bred  in  Ram  Ally,  and  bound  prentice  to  Lord 
Cottington.  — Pepys. 

The  Fire  [of  London]  decreased,  having  burned  all  on  the  Thames  side  to  the 
new  buildings  of  the  Inner  Temple,  next  to  Whitefriars,  and  having  consumed  them 
was  stopped  by  that  vacancy  from  proceeding  further  into  that  house  ;  but  laid  hold 
on  some  old  buildings  which  joined  to  Ram  Alley,  and  swept  all  those  into  Fleet 
Street. — Lord  Clarendon's  Autobiography,  ed.  1827,  vol.  iii.  p.  90. 

The  specialty  of  Ram  Alley  did  not  escape  Sir  Walter  Scott,  though 
the  reference  to  it  comes  rather  curiously  from  the  mouth  of  a  high- 
born lady  addressing  the  Queen. 

The  Queen  said,  when  she  stepped  into  the  boat,  that  Saye's  Court  looked  like 
a  guard-house  and  smelt  like  an  hospital. — "Like  a  cook's  shop  in  Ram  Alley 
rather,"  said  the  Countess  of  Rutland. — Kenihvorth,  vol.  i.  p.  284. 

There  was  a  Ram  Alley  in  Leadenhall  Street,  and  others  by 
Smithfield,  Spitalfields  and  Rotherhithe. 

Ramilies  Street.     [See  Blenheim  Street.] 

Ranelagh,  a  place  of  public  entertainment,  erected  on  the  site  of 
the  gardens  of  a  villa  of  Earl  Ranelagh,  at  Chelsea,  from  the  designs 
of  William  Jones,  architect,  in  1742.  The  principal  room  (the 

1  Staple  of  News,  Act  iii.  Sc.  i.  etc. 


148  RANELAGH 

Rotunda)  was  150  feet  in  diameter,  with  an  orchestra  in  the  centre, 
and  tiers  of  boxes  all  round.  The  chief  amusement  was  promenading 
(as  it  was  called)  round  and  round 1  the  circular  area  below,  and  taking 
refreshments  in  the  boxes,  while  the  orchestra  executed  different  pieces 
of  music.  It  was  a  kind  of  "Vauxhall  under  cover,"  warmed  with 
coal- fires.  The  rotunda  is  said  to  have  been  projected  by  Lacy,  an 
actor,  and  the  patentee  of  Drury  Lane  Theatre.  The  coup  d'ceil,  Dr. 
Johnson  declared,  "was  the  finest  thing  he  had  ever  seen."  The  last 
appearance  (if  one  may  use  the  expression)  of  Ranelagh  was  when  the 
installation  ball  of  the  Knights  of  the  Bath,  in  1802,  was  given  there. 
It  was  closed  after  July  8,  1803,  and  an  order  made,  September  30, 
1805,  for  pulling  it  down.  The  site  of  Ranelagh  is  now  part  of  Chel- 
sea Hospital  garden,  between  Church  Row  and  the  river,  to  the  east 
of  the  hospital,  the  roadway  and  the  barracks.  No  traces  of  it  remain. 

I  have  been  breakfasting  this  morning  at  Ranelagh  Garden ;  they  have  built 
an  immense  amphitheatre,  with  balconies  full  of  little  ale  houses  ;  it  is  in  rivalry  to 
Vauxhall,  and  costs  above  twelve  thousand  pounds.  The  building  is  not  finished, 
but  they  get  great  sums  by  people  going  to  see  it  and  breakfasting  in  the  house  : 
there  were  yesterday  no  less  than  three  hundred  and  eighty  persons,  at  eighteen 
pence  a  piece. —  Walpole  to  Mann,  April  22,  1742. 

The  invalides  at  Chelsea  intend  to  present  Ranelagh  Gardens  as  a  nuisance,  for 
breaking  their  first  sleep  with  the  sound  of  fiddles.  It  opens  I  think  to-night. — 
Gray  to  Mr.  Chute,  vol.  ii.  p.  187. 

Two  nights  ago  Ranelagh  Gardens  were  opened  at  Chelsea  ;  the  prince,  princess, 
duke,  much  nobility,  and  much  mob  besides  were  there.  There  is  a  vast  amphi- 
theatre, finely  gilt,  painted,  and  illuminated;  into  which  everybody  that  loves 
eating,  drinking,  staring,  or  crowding  is  admitted  for  twelve  pence.  The  building 
and  disposition  of  the  gardens  cost  sixteen  thousand  pounds.  Twice  a  week  there 
are  to  be  ridottos  at  guinea  tickets,  for  which  you  are  to  have  a  supper  and 
music.  I  was  there  last  night,  but  did  not  find  the  joy  of  it.  Vauxhall  is  a  little 
better,  for  the  garden  is  pleasanter,  and  one  goes  by  water. — Walpole  to  Mann, 
May  26,  1742. 

Every  night  constantly  I  go  to  Ranelagh ;  which  has  totally  beat  Vauxhall. 
Nobody  goes  anywhere  else — everybody  goes  there.  My  Lord  Chesterfield  is  so 
fond  of  it  that  he  says  he  has  ordered  all  his  letters  to  be  directed  thither. — Walpole 
to  Conway,  June  29,  1744. 

Walpole  has  a  great  many  other  references  to  Ranelagh,  and  notices 
of  it  might  be  multiplied  to  any  extent  from  other  writers.  Smollett, 
speaking  from  the  Matt.  Bramble  point  of  view,  says,  "What  are  the 
amusements  of  Ranelagh?  One  half  of  the  company  are  following 
one  another's  tails,  in  an  eternal  circle,  like  so  many  blind  asses  in  an 
olive  mill,  where  they  can  neither  discourse,  distinguish  nor  be  dis- 
tinguished ;  while  the  other  half  are  drinking  hot .  water  under  the 
denomination  of  tea,  till  nine  or  ten  o'clock  at  night,  to  keep  them 
awake  for  the  rest  of  the  evening."  On  the  other  hand,  the  gay  young 
niece  was  in  raptures  with  everything.  The  concerts  and  the  company 
were  the  permanent  attraction,  but  during  several  seasons  masquerades 
drew  the  fashionable  world  in  crowds.  Bonnell  Thornton's  Burlesque 
Ode  on  St.  Cecilia's  Day,  set  to  music  by  Dr.  Burney,  was  performed 

1  There  is  a  little  poem  of  Bloomfield's  describing  this  promenading  round  and  round. 


RATCLII-TK  149 

with  great  success  at  Ranelagh.  The  usual  charge  for  admission  was 
2s.  6d.,  "tea  and  coffee  included."  When  fireworks  were  exhibited, 
the  charge  was  55. 

There  is  a  good  view  of  the  interior  of  the  Rotunda,  with  the 
company  at  breakfast,  in  the  1754  edition  of  Stow;  and  the  ground 
plan  of  the  gardens  is  carefully  laid  down  in  Horwood's  Map  of 
London,  1794-1799.  Several  other  views  have  been  published. 

Ranelagh  House,  CHELSEA,  erected  circ.  1691,  to  the  east  of  the 
present  hospital,  by  Richard,  Earl  of  Ranelagh,  on  a  piece  of  ground 
near  Chelsea  College,  granted  to  him  by  William  III.,  on  March  12, 
1689-1690,  for  the  term  of  sixty-one  years,1  and  built,  it  is  said,  after 
a  design  by  Lord  Ranelagh  himself.  The  house  was  taken  down  in 
1805.  This  Lord  Ranelagh,  who  died  in  1712,  was  the  Jones  of  De 
Grammont's  Memoirs. 

Ranelagh  Street,  PIMLICO,  now  the  eastern  part  of  Ebury  Street. 
I  paced  upon  my  beat 

With  steady  step  and  slow, 
All  huppandownd  of  Ranelagh  Street 
Ran'lagh  Street,  Pimlico. 

Thackeray,  Lines  on  a  late  Hospicious  Event. 

Ratcliffe,  a  manor  and  hamlet  in  the  parish  of  STEPNEY,  between 
Shadwell  and  Limehouse. 

Radcliffe  itself  hath  also  been  encreased  in  building  eastward  (in  place  where  I 
have  known  a  large  highway  with  fair  elm  trees  on  both  the  sides),  that  the  same 
hath  now  taken  hold  of  Limehurst  or  Lime  host,  corruptly  called  Lime  house,  some 
time  distant  a  mile  from  Radcliffe.  .  .  .  The  first  building  at  Radcliffe  in  my  youth 
(not  to  be  forgotten)  was  a  fair  free-school  and  alms-houses,  founded  by  Avice 
Gibson,  wife  to  Nicholas  Gibson,  grocer  ;  but  of  late  years  shipwrights  and  (for  the 
most  part)  other  marine  men,  have  built  many  large  and  strong  houses  for  themselves, 
and  smaller  for  sailors,  from  thence  almost  to  Poplar,  and  so  to  Blackwall. — Stow 
(1603),  p.  157. 

Ratcliffe  is  still  for  the  most  part  occupied  by  marine  men  and  those 
dependent  upon  or  connected  with  them.  But  the  buildings  are 
rather  places  of  business  than  dwellings,  and  the  building  space  has 
been  largely  encroached  upon  for  docks  and  yards.  Lancelot  Andrewes, 
the  learned  Bishop  of  Winchester  of  the  reigns  of  James  and  Charles, 
received  his  first  "  education  in  grammar-learning  in  the  Coopers'  free- 
school  at  Ratcliffe,  under  Mr.  Ward." 2  When  Sir  Walter  Raleigh  was 
organising  the  expedition  to  Cadiz  in  1596,  he  literally  lived  on  the 
river  for  many  weeks.  In  his  letters  to  Cecil  this  place  is  often  referred 
to  as  Ratleife  and  Racklieif. 

Ratcliffe  Cross  is  mentioned  by  Dryden,  and  still  exists,  though  it 
does  not  find  a  place  in  the  Post  Office  Directory.  It  runs  from  the 
intersection  of  the  old  road  from  Stepney  (Butchers'  Row)  with  Broad 
Street,  Shadwell,  and  Narrow  Street,  Limehouse,  to  Ratcliffe  Cross 
Stairs,  formerly  a  much  used  landing-place  and  ferry.  At  Ratcliffe 

1  Appendix  to  Seventh  Report  of  the  Deputy  Keeper  of  the  Public  Records,  p.  82. 
3  Biog.  Brit.,  vol.  i.  p.  184. 


1 5o  RATCLIFFE 

Cross,    though    far    outside   the    City,    was    the   ancient   hall   of  the 

Shipwrights'  Company.1 

Tom.  I  have  heard  a  ballad  of  him  [the  Protector  Somerset]  sung  at  Ratcliff  Cross- 
Mol.  I  believe  we  have  it  at  home  over  our  kitchen  mantle  tree. — Dryden's 

Misc.  Poems,  ed.  1727,  vol.  iii.  p.  296. 

Ratcliffe  Dock,  on  the  west  of  Ratcliffe  Cross,  was  one  of  those  natural 
creeks  so  much  prized  by  our  ancestors. 

Ratcliffe  Highway  runs  from  EAST  SMITHFIELD  to  SHADWELL 
HIGH  STREET,  and  was  so  called  from  the  manor  of  Ratcliffe,  in  the 
parish  of  Stepney,  towards  which  it  led.  Its  name  has  been  changed 
to  ST.  GEORGE  STREET.  From  end  to  end  the  street  has  a  maritime 
savour.  In  some  way  or  other  every  shop  and  place  of  business  or 
resort  seems  to  be  dependent  on  ships  or  sailors.  The  very  churches 
and  institutions — Seamen's  Mission  Hall,  Seamen's  Chapel,  Seamen's 
Free  Reading  -  Room,  Bethel  Station ;  and,  unfortunately,  flaring 
drinking,  dancing,  and  music  rooms,  and  haunts  of  a  far  worse  order. 
Here,  among  other  "dens,"  are  the  Chinese  opium-smokers'  sties. 
William  Hogarth  engraved  a  shop  bill,  in  the  manner  of  Callot,  for 
"William  Hardy,  goldsmith  and  jeweller,  in  Ratcliff  Highway,  near 
Sun  Tavern  Fields,"  of  which  only  one  impression  is  known.  455 
houses  and  36  warehouses  were  burnt  down  on  July  23,  1794.  The 
murders  of  Marr  and  Williamson  in  Ratcliffe  Highway  are  among  the 
most  notorious  atrocities  of  the  present  century.  Marr  kept  a  lace  and 
pelisse  warehouse  at  29  Ratcliffe  Highway,  and  about  twelve  at  night, 
on  Saturday  December  7,  1811,  had  sent  his  female  servant  to  purchase 
oysters  for  supper,  whilst  he  was  shutting  up  the  shop  windows.  On 
her  return,  in  about  a  quarter  of  an  hour,  she  rang  the  bell  repeatedly 
without  any  person  coming.  The  house  was  then  broken  open,  and 
Mr.  and  Mrs.  Marr,  the  shop-boy,  and  a  child  in  the  cradle  (the  only 
human  beings  in  the  house)  were  found  murdered.  The  murders  of 
the  Marr  family  were  followed,  twelve  days  later,  and  about  twelve  at 
night,  by  the  murders  of  Williamson,  landlord  of  the  King's  Arms 
public-house,  in  Old  Gravel  Lane,  Ratcliffe  Highway,  his  wife,  and 
female  servant.  A  man  named  Williams,  the  only  person  suspected, 
hanged  himself  in  prison,  and  was  carried  on  a  platform,  placed  on  a 
high  cart,  past  the  houses  of  Marr  and  Williamson,  and  afterwards 
thrown,  with  a  stake  through  his  breast,  into  a  hole  dug  for  the  purpose 
where  the  New  Road  crosses  and  Cannon  Street  Road  begins.  Sir 
Thomas  Lawrence  made  a  drawing  of  this  miscreant  immediately  after 
he  was  cut  down.2  These  murders  form  the  subject  of  De  Quincey's 
remarkable  essay  entitled  Murder  considered  as  a  Pine  Art. 

Many  of  our  readers  can  remember  the  state  of  London  just  after  the  murders  of 
Marr  and  Williamson — the  terror  which  was  on  every  face — the  careful  barring  of 
doors — the  providing  of  blunderbusses  and  watchmen's  rattles.  We  know  of  a 
shopkeeper  who  on  that  occasion  sold  three  hundred  rattles  in  about  ten  hours. — 
Macaulay's  Essays  (Mackintosh's  Hist,  of  the  Revohition}. 

1  Maitland,  p.  610.  2  Sale  Catalogue,  second  day,  No.  267. 


RATlinONE  PLACE  151 

At  Nos.  179  and  180  Ratcliffe  Highway  (or  St.  George  Street)  is  the 
remarkable  establishment  of  Mr.  "  Charles  Jamrach,  naturalist " — the 
largest  dealer  in  wild  animals  in  Europe,  where  you  may  at  any  time 
purchase  anything  in  that  line  from  an  elephant,  giraffe,  or  rattlesnake 
to  a  dormouse  or  Java  sparrow.  Here  and  in  his  stores  in  Old  Gravel 
Lane,  close  by,  "you  may  be  supplied  with  hyaenas  by  the  dozen,  lions 
in  neat  little  lots  of  twenty  to  five  and  twenty  each ;  parcels  of  giraffes, 
snakes,  or  boa-constrictors;  and  samples  of  tigers,  buffaloes,  eagles, 
monkeys,  bears  and  kangaroos."  In  one  room,  the  late  rector  of 
St.  George's  tells  us,  2000  paroquets  "may  sometimes  be  seen  flying 
loosely  about."  x 

In  Princes  Square,  Ratcliffe  Highway,  is  the  Swedish  Protestant 
Church,  in  which  Emanuel  Swedenborg  (d.  1772),  whose  followers 
form  the  New  Jerusalem  Church  (Swedenborgians),  was  buried,  by  the 
side  of  Dr.  Solander,  the  companion  round  the  world  of  Sir  Joseph 
Banks.  In  this  church,  on  Sunday,  September  18,  1748,  an  order 
was  read  prohibiting  all  natives  of  Sweden  and  their  servants  from 
wearing  gold  or  silver  in  any  shape  about  their  dress.2 

Rathbone  Place,  in  OXFORD  STREET,  was  so  called  after  a 
carpenter  and  builder  of  that  name.3  A  stone  inscribed  "  RATHBONES 
PLACE,  IN  OXFORD  STREET,  1718,"  was  on  the  front  of  a  house  at  the 
east  corner  of  Oxford  Street,  which  was  taken  down  and  rebuilt  in 
1864.  The  stone  was  replaced  in  the  wall  of  the  new  house. 

Rathbone  Place  at  this  time  (1784)  entirely  consisted  of  private  houses,  and  its 
inhabitants  were  all  of  high  respectability.  I  have  heard  Mrs.  Mathew  say  (the 
wife  of  the  incumbent,  for  whom  Percy  Chapel  was  built)  that  the  three  rebel  lords, 
Lovat,  Kilmarnock,  and  Balmerino,  had  at  different  times  resided  in  it.  — A  Book 
for  a  Rainy  Day,  by  J.  T.  Smith,  p.  85. 

Mr.  Mathew's  house  in  Rathbone  Place  was  a  favourite  resort  of 
Flaxman,  Stothard,  and  Blake.  [See  Percy  Chapel.]  Flaxman  as  a 
mark  of  esteem  decorated  the  parlour,  Mathew's  library,  with  "  models 
of  figures  in  niches,  in  the  Gothic  manner,  and  Oram  painted  the 
window  in  imitation  of  stained  glass,"4  the  bookcases  and  furniture 
being  also  ornamented  in  a  corresponding  style. 

Mr.  Nollekens  stopped  at  the  corner  of  Rathbone  Place,  and  observed  that 
when  he  was  a  little  boy  [he  was  born  August  1737]  his  mother  often  took  him  to 
the  top  of  that  street  to  walk  by  the  side  of  a  long  pond,  near  a  windmill,  which 
then  stood  on  the  site  of  the  chapel  in  Charlotte  Street  [see  Percy  Chapel]  ;  and  that 
a  halfpenny  was  paid  by  every  person  at  a  hatch  belonging  to  the  miller,  for  the 
privilege  of  walking  in  his  grounds. — Smith's  Life  of  Nollekens,  vol.  i.  p.  37. 

In  July  1742  Bolingbroke  wrote  from  Rathbone  Place  to  the  Earl 
of  Marchmont  asking  him  to  dine  the  next  day  with  himself  and  Pope 
at  Twickenham,  and  "  carry  him  to  Battersea  in  the  evening."  Ozias 
Humphrey,  R.A.  (d.  1810),  was  living  at  No.  29  Rathbone  Place  from 
1777  to  1785,  when  he  went  to  India.  Nathaniel  Hone,  R.A., 

1  Parkinson's  Places  and  People ;  Rev.  H.  Jones,  East  and  West  London. 
"  Gent,  Mag.,  September  1748,  p.  425.  3  Parton's  St.  Giles's,  p.  47.  *  Smith,  p.  84. 


152  R A  THE  ONE  PLACE 

painter  of  the  picture  called  "  The  Conjurer  "  (an  attack  on  Sir  Joshua 
Reynolds's  method  of  composing  his  pictures),  died  at  his  house,  No. 
29  Rathbone  Place,  August  14,  1784.  Baron  Maseres  at  No.  14  in 
1803.  The  well-known  publication  called  the  Percy  Anecdotes,  edited 
by  Sholto  and  Reuben  Percy,  derives  its  name  from  the  Percy  Coffee- 
house, in  Rathbone  Place  (now  no  more),  where  the  idea  of  the  work 
was  first  started  by  Mr.  George  Byerley  and  Mr.  Joseph  Clinton 
Robertson,  the  Sholto  and  Reuben  Percy  of  the  collection.  E.  H. 
Bailey,  R.A.,  the  sculptor,  was  living  here  in  1826,  and  another 
inhabitant  was  Peter  De  Wint,  the  eminent  water-colour  painter. 

Raven  Alley,  WHITECHAPEL  ROAD,  is  mentioned  in  Hudibras 
Redivivus  (^(.Q,  1707): — 

Yet  I'm  no  upstart  Albumazer ; 
Altho'  a  Fool,  no  Planet- Gazer ; 
That  in  this  Coat  has  made  a  Sally 
From  the  six  Steps  in  Raven  Alley. 

But  it  does  not  occur  in  Hatton's  list  of  streets,  etc.,  in  London, 
Westminster,  and  Southwark,  1708;  Maitland's,  1729;  Dodsley's, 
1761  ;  or  any  of  the  maps  of  the  early  part  of  the  i8th  century. 

Rawthmell's  Coffee-house,  HENRIETTA  STREET,  COVENT 
GARDEN,  a  fashionable  coffee-house  between  1730  and  1775,  and  so 
called  after  a  Mr.  John  Rawthmell,  long  a  respectable  parishioner  of 
St.  Paul's,  Covent  Garden.  Here  the  "Society  of  Arts"  was  first 
established  (1754),  and  here  Armstrong,  the  poet  of  the  "Art  of 
Preserving  Health,"  was  a  frequent  visitor. 

Ray  Street,  CLERKENWELL,  formerly  Hockley  in  the  Hole.  The 
present  name  is  derived  from  the  proprietor.  Here  is,  or  was,  the 
well  where  the  parish  clerks  before  the  Reformation  performed  a 
miracle-play  once  a  year,  and  from  which  the  district  of  Clerkenwell 
derived  its  name.  The  old  Ray  Street  was  nearly  swept  away  in  the 
Clerkenwell  improvements  of  1856  and  subsequent  years.  Some  years 
earlier  the  clerks'  well  was  discovered  to  be  dangerously  polluted  by 
the  infiltration  of  sewage,  and  closed,  and  shortly  after  the  pump,  which 
had  for  many  years  marked  its  site,  was  removed.  [See  Clerkenwell.] 

Record  Office  (Public),  FETTER  LANE,  was  erected  from  the 
designs  of  Mr.  (afterwards  Sir  James)  Penniethorne,  1856-1870,  to 
contain  the  national  archives  previously  deposited  in  the  Chapel  in  the 
White  Tower  [see  Tower] ;  the  Chapter-house,  Westminster  Abbey ;  the 
Rolls  Chapel  in  Chancery  Lane ;  Carlton  Ride  in  St.  James's  Park,  and 
the  State  Paper  Office,  St.  James's  Park.  The  building,  which  was 
erected  on  the  Rolls  estate  between  Chancery  Lane  and  Fetter  Lane, 
is  a*  vast  castellated  structure,  well  adapted  internally  to  the  safe  keeping 
of  the  inestimable  documents  and  allowing  ready  access  to  them.  The 
muniment  rooms  are  "cubes  of  seventeen  feet,  fitted  up  in  the  most 
economical  manner  as  to  space,"  and  filled  with  documents.  These 
rooms  are  ranged  along  narrow  brick-paved  passages,  the  entrances  to 


RED  BULL   THEATRE  153 

which  on  either  hand  are  by  iron  doors.  The  shelves  are  of  slate, 
and  every  effort  has  been  made  to  render  the  whole  fire-proof. 

The  documents  are  of  great  extent  and  of  unequalled  historical 
interest  and  value.  They  include  a  long  series  of  royal  charters, 
chancery  records  from  the  reign  of  John,  Exchequer  records,  the  great 
rolls  of  the  Pipe,  the  Gascon  rolls,  the  judicial  records  of  the  Curia 
Regis  and  other  courts,  the  courts  of  the  Star  Chamber  and  Requests, 
the  early  Year-books,  the  documents  relating  to  the  suppression  of 
monasteries,  the  vast  array  of  documents  classed  under  the  head  of 
Domestic  Records  reaching  from  the  reign  of  Henry  VIII.,  and 
including  colonial  as  well  as  home  archives,  and  relating  to  the  crown 
and  household  and  wardrobe  expenditure,  the  secret  service,  War-office, 
and  Admiralty.  The  archives  may  be  said  to  commence  with  that 
unrivalled  national  survey,  the  Domesday  Book  of  William ;  and  among 
the  more  interesting  of  the  later  examples  are  the  Treaty  of  Peace 
between  Henry  VIII.  and  Francis  I.,  to  which  is  attached  the  beautiful 
gold  seal  in  high  relief  which  is  said  to  be  the  work  of  Benvenuto 
Cellini ;  the  deed  of  recognition  of  Edward  as  Sovereign  and  direct 
Lord  of  Scotland,  and  numerous  royal  autograph  letters. 

Access  to  the  documents  may  be  obtained  on  application,  and 
signing  the  name  and  address  in  a  book  kept  for  the  purpose. 

Red  Bull  Theatre  stood  at  the  upper  end  of  St.  John  Street,  on 
what  was  until  recently  called  "Red  Bull  Yard,"  and  Woodbridge 
Street,  St.  John's  Street  Road.  Mr.  Payne  Collier  conjectures  that  it 
.was  originally  an  inn-yard,  converted  into  a  regular  theatre  late  in  the 
reign  of  Queen  Elizabeth. 

Cit.  Why  so,  Sir  :  go  and  fetch  me  him  then,  and  let  the  Sophy  of  Persia  come 
and  christen  him  a  child. 

Boy.  Believe  me,  Sir,  that  will  not  do  so  well  :  'tis  stale ;  it  has  been  tried 
before  at  the  Red  Bull. — Beaumont  and  Fletcher,  The  Knight  of  the  Burning  Pestle, 
vol.  iv.  p.  i. 

Last  week  at  a  puppet  play,  at  St.  John  Street,  the  house  fell,  six  persons  were 
killed,  and  thirty  or  forty  hurt. — Chamberlain  to  Carleton,  August  23,  1599  (Cal. 
State  Pap.,  p.  306). 

Prynne  speaks  of  it  in  1633  as  a  theatre  that  had  been  "lately  re- 
edified  and  enlarged."  It  was  closed  during  the  plague  of  1636-1637. 

The  Red  Bull  in  St.  Johns  Streete,  who  for  the  present  (alack  the  while)  is  not 
suffred  to  carrie  the  flagge  in  the  mainetop. — A  New  Book  of  Mistakes,  1637. 

The  King's  players,  under  Killigrew,  performed  within  its  walls  till  a 
stage  in  Drury  Lane  was  ready  to  receive  them.  "The  Red  Bull 
stands  empty  for  fencers,"  writes  Davenant  in  1663;  "there  are  no 
tenants  in  it  but  old  spiders." 

It  was  afterwards  employed  for  trials  of  skill.  Mr.  Collier  possessed 
a  printed  challenge  and  acceptance  of  a  trial  at  eight  several  weapons,  to 
be  performed  betwixt  two  scholars  of  Benjamin  Dobson  and  William 
Wright,  masters  of  the  noble  science  of  defence.  The  trial  was  to 
come  off  "  at  the  Red  Bull,  at  the  upper  end  of  St.  John's  Street,  on 


154  RED  BULL    THEATRE 

Whitsun  Monday,  the  3oth  of  May,  1664,  beginning  exactly  at  three 
of  the  clock  in  the  afternoon,  and  the  best  man  is  to  take  all."  The 
weapons  were :  "  back-sword,  single  rapier,  sword  and  dagger,  rapier 
and  dagger,  sword  and  buckler,  half  pike,  sword  and  gauntlet,  single 
faulchion."  Mr.  James  Greenstreet  communicated  to  The  Athenceum, 
February  21,  August  29,  and  November  29,  1885,  some  important 
documents  relating  to  the  theatre  in  1613  and  1623. 

Red  Cross  Street,  CRIPPLEGATE,  from  Fore  Street  to  Barbican. 

In  Red  Cross  Street,  on  the  west  side  from  St.  Giles's  Churchyard  up  to  the 
said  Crosse,  be  many  fair  houses  built  outward,  with  divers  alleys  turning  into  a  large 
plot  of  ground,  called  the  Jews'  Garden,  as  being  the  only  place  appointed  them  in 
England  wherein  to  bury  their  dead,  till  the  year  1177,  the  24th  of  Henry  II.  that 
it  was  permitted  to  them  (after  long  suit  to  the  King  and  Parliament  at  Oxford)  to 
have  a  special  place  assigned  them  in  every  quarter  where  they  dwelt.  This  plot  of 
ground  remained  to  the  said  Jews  till  the  time  of  their  final  banishment  out  of 
England,  and  is  now  turned  into  fair  garden-plots  and  summer-houses  for  pleasure. 
[See  Jewin  Street.]  On  the  east  side  of  the  Red  Cross  Street  be  also  divers  fair 
houses  up  to  the  Cross. — Stow,  p.  113. 

And  first  to  shew  you  that  by  conjecture  he  [Richard  III.]  pretended  this  thing 
in  his  brother's  life,  you  shall  understand  for  a  truth  that  the  same  night  that  King 
Edward  dyed,  one  called  Mistelbrooke,  long  ere  the  day  sprung,  came  to  the  house 
of  one  Pottier,  dwelling  in  Red  Crosse  Street  without  Cripple  Gate,  of  London,  and 
when  he  was,  with  hasty  wrapping,  quickly  let  in,  the  said  Mistelbrooke  shewed 
unto  Pottier  that  King  Edward  was  that  night  deceased.  "By  my  truth,"  quoth 
Pottier,  "  then  will  my  master  the  Duke  of  Gloucester  be  King,  and  that  I  warrant 
thee."  What  cause  he  had  so  to  think,  hard  it  is  to  say,  whether  he,  being  his 
servant,  knew  any  such  thing  pretended,  or  otherwise  had  any  inkling  thereof,  but  of 
all  likelihood  he  spake  it  not  of  nought. — Sir  Thomas  More  (The  Pitiful  Life  of 
King  Edward  the  Fifth,  I2ino,  1641,  p.  27). 

Here  was  Dr.  Williams's  Theological  Library,  now  in  Grafton  Street 
East,  Gower  Street.  [See  Dr.  Williams's  Library.]  Lady  Holles's 
School  for  Girls,  rebuilt  1887-1888,  is  in  this  street. 

Red  House,  BATTERSEA,  a  favourite  tea-garden  and  noted  place 
for  shooting  matches,  on  the  Surrey  side  of  the  Thames,  nearly  opposite 
Chelsea  Hospital.  Until  the  formation  of  Battersea  Park  the  Red 
House  was  the  headquarters  of  the  Gun  Club.  It  was  purchased  by 
Government  in  1850  for  ;£n,ooo,  and  pulled  down  in  order  that  the 
site  might  be  included  in  Battersea  Park.  It  stood  as  nearly  as 
possible  between  the  south  end  of  Chelsea  Bridge  and  the  east  gate  of 
Battersea  Park. 

Red  Lion  Court,  FLEET  STREET,  north  side,  east  of  Fetter  Lane. 
William  Bowyer,  the  learned  printer,  moved  into  this  court  from 
Whitefriars  in  1767.  John  Nichols  (of  the  Gentleman's  Magazine), 
his  "apprentice,  partner  and  successor  " (and  biographer),  had  just  been 
admitted  into  partnership.  When  Jennens,  the  Shakespeare  editor, 
visited  his  printers  he  always  came  in  a  carriage  with  four  horses  and 
the  same  number  of  footmen,  and  in  his  progress  up  the  paved  court 
the  footmen  preceded  him  to  kick  oyster  shells  or  orange  peel  out  ot 
his  way.  Nichols's  office  was  destroyed  by  fire,  February  8,  1808. 


KED  LION  SQUARE  155 

His  son  and  grandson  continued  the  business  in  Parliament  Street. 
Printers,  publishers,  bookbinders,  and  others  connected  with  "the 
trade,"  still  occupy  the  major  part  of  the  houses  in  Red  Lion  Court, 
and  many  periodicals  are  published  here. 

One  word  before  we  part  :  call  upon  Mr.  John  Nichols,  bookseller  and  printer  at 
Cicero's  Head,  Red  Lion  Passage,  Fleet  Street,  and  ask  him  whether  he  did  not, 
about  the  beginning  of  March,  receive  a  very  polite  letter  from  Mr.  Gibbon  of 
Lausanne. — Gibbon  to  Lord  Sheffield,  May  30,  1792. 

Red  Lion  Court,  GILTSPUR  STREET,  a  short  passage  of  old-fashioned 
houses  on  the  south  side  of  Cock  Lane,  extending  to  the  back  of 
St.  Sepulchre's  churchyard,  now  called  RED  LION  BUILDINGS.  Here 
after  his  marriage  with  Miss  Mead,  1749,  John  Wilkes  lived  in  the 
house  of  Mrs.  Mead,  his  wife's  mother,  and  here,  August  5,  1750,  his 
daughter,  so  often  referred  to  in  his  correspondence,  was  born.  He 
removed  to  Great  George  Street  shortly  after. 

Red  Lion  Passage  leads  from  the  south-east  corner  of  Red 
Lion  Square  into  Red  Lion  Street,  Holborn.  Erskine  was  living  here, 
as  a  temporary  arrangement,  when  he  got  his  first  brief.1 

Red  Lion  Square,  on  the  north  side  of  HOLBORN.  Built  circ. 
1698,  and  so  called  of  "The  Red  Lion  Inn,"  long  the  largest  and 
best  frequented  inn  in  Holborn. 

He  came  back  again  unto  London,  where  he  lodged  in  the  Red  Lyon  in 
Ilolborne. — Stow,  by  Howes,  ed.  1631,  p.  672. 

He  [Andrew  Marvell]  lies  interred  under  ye  pewes  in  the  south  side  of  Saint 
Giles's  Church  in  ye  Fields,  under  the  window  wherein  is  painted  in  glasse  a  red 
lyon  (it  was  given  by  the  Inneh older  of  the  Red  Lyon  Inne  in  Holborne). — Aubrey's 
Lives,  vol.  iii.  p.  438. 

Thomas,  a  child  borne  under  the  Redd  Lyon  Elmes  in  the  fields  in  High 
Holborn,  baptized  iij  of  August  1614. — Register  of  St.  Andrew's,  Holborn. 

On  the  29th  of  January  1661  the  corpses  of  Oliver  Cromwell,  Ireton 
and  Bradshaw  were  removed  from  Westminster  to  the  Red  Lion  in 
Holborn,  and  on  the  following  morning  put  upon  a  sledge  and  dragged 
to  Tyburn,  there  to  undergo  the  ignominy  with  which  our  historians 
have  made  every  one  familiar.2  Rede  in  his  Anecdotes  and  Biography, 
1799,  repeats  a  tradition  that  Cromwell's  mutilated  remains  were 
procured  by  some  devoted  followers  and  reverently  buried  in  a  field  on 
the  north  side  of  Holborn,  and  that  the  obelisk  which  stood  in  the 
centre  of  Red  Lion  Square  marked  the  site  of  the  grave.  No  contem- 
porary or  early  writer,  so  far  as  we  know,  alludes  to  any  such  tradition, 
which  has  all  the  appearance  of  being  a  late  invention.  Sir  Philip 
Yorke  (Earl  Hardwicke)  took  a  house  in  this  square  in  1727,  in  which 
he  resided  till  1731.  At  this  time  the  centre  of  the  square  was  in  a 
dirty  and  neglected  condition,  and  a  newspaper  paragraph,  quoted  in 
the  Hardwicke  Correspondence,  relates  the  attempt  made  to  improve  it. 

Red  Lion  Square  in  Holborn,  having  for  some  years  lain  in  a  ruinous  condition, 
a  proposal  is  on  foot  for  applying  to  Parliament  for  power  to  beautify  it,  as  the 
inhabitants  of  Lincoln's  Inn  Fields  have  lately  done. 

1  Rogers' s  Recollections,  p.  184.  2  Rugge's  Diurnall,  MS. 


156  RED  LION  SQUARE 

The  central  area  was  "inclosed  with  iron  rails,  a  stone  watch- 
house  "  was  erected  "  at  each  corner,  and  a  plain  obelisk  in  the  centre." 
But  the  effort  to  beautify  added  little  cheerfulness  to  the  aspect  of  the 
square,  if  we  may  trust  the  impressions  of  a  somewhat  later  writer. 

Red  Lion  Square  .  .  .  has  a  very  different  effect  on  the  mind.  ...  I  am  sure 
I  never  go  into  it  without  thinking  of  my  latter  end.  The  rough  sod  that  "  heaves 
in  many  a  mouldering  heap,"  the  dreary  length  of  the  sides,  with  the  four  watch- 
houses  like  so  many  family  vaults  at  the  corners,  and  the  naked  obelisk  that  springs 
from  amidst  the  rank  grass,  like  the  sad  monument  of  a  disconsolate  widow  for  the 
loss  of  her  first  husband ;  form  altogether  a  memento  mori,  more  powerful  to  me 
than  a  death's  head  and  cross  marrow-bones ;  and  were  but  a  parson's  bull  to  be 
seen  bellowing  at  the  gate,  the  idea  of  a  country  church-yard  in  my  mind  would  be 
complete. — Critical  Ob's,  on  the  Bidldings  and  Improvements  of  London,  4to,  1771, 
P-  13- 

The  watch-houses  and  the  obelisk  have  long  since  been  removed,  and 
the  enclosure  was  turned  into  a  public  garden,  in  1885,  at  a  cost 
of  ;£327>  under  the  superintendence  of  the  Metropolitan  Public 
Gardens  Association. 

In  this  square,  in  1733,  died  Lord  Chief  Justice  Raymond;  his 
body  was  opened  by  Cheselden  the  surgeon  in  the  presence  of  Dr. 
Mead.  The  benevolent  Jonas  Hanway,  the  traveller  and  founder  of 
the  Marine  Society  and  Magdalen  Hospital,  lived  and  died  (1786)  in  a 
house  in  Red  Lion  Square,  the  principal  rooms  of  which  he  decorated 
with  paintings  and  emblematical  devices,  "in  a  style,"  says  his 
biographer,  "  peculiar  to  himself."  His  object  was,  he  says,  "  to  relieve 
this  vacuum  in  social  intercourse  [between  the  time  of  assembling  and 
the  placing  of  the  card  tables]  and  prevent  cards  from  engrossing 
the  whole  of  my  visitors'  minds,  I  have  presented  them  with  objects 
the  most  attractive  I  could  imagine — and  when  that  fails  there  are  the 
cards."  Hanway  was  the  first  man  who  ventured  to  walk  the  streets  of 
London  with  an  umbrella  over  his  head.  After  carrying  one  nearly 
thirty  years  he  saw  them  come  into  general  use.  Dr.  Parsons,  the 
accomplished  physician,  died  here  in  April  1770,  in  a  house  which  he 
had  occupied  for  many  years.  He  left  directions  that  he  should  not 
be  buried  till  some  change  appeared  in  his  corpse.  He  was  kept 
unburied  seventeen  days.  Henry  Mayer,  the  portrait  painter,  lived  at 
No.  3.  Here  Charles  Lamb  sat  to  him  in  1826.  Sharon  Turner,  the 
historian,  practised  for  many  years  as  an  attorney  at  No.  32.  He  was 
living  here  in  1808;  and  here  he  died,  February  13,  1847,  aged 
seventy-eight.  Haydon,  the  historical  painter,  was  living  about  1838 
in  a  large  house  on  the  west  side  of  Red  Lion  Square,  immediately 
north  of  where  now  stands  the  church  of  St.  John  the  Evangelist.  This 
church,  consecrated  in  1878,  was  built  from  the  designs  of  J.  L.  Pearson, 
R.A.  The  foundation  stone  was  laid  June  30,  1874. 

Red  Lion  Street,  CLERKENWELL  GREEN,  was  partly  built  in 
1719,  with  other  buildings  in  the  neighbourhood,  by  Alexander 
Graves,  builder  (d.  Nov.  13,  1737).  At  No.  i  in  this  street — the 
Jerusalem  Tavern,  cleared  away  in  forming  Clerkenwell  Road — John 


RK1-OKM  CLUB  157 


Britton,  the  antiquary,  was  apprenticed  at  the  beginning  of  1787  to 
the  business  of  a  wine  merchant,  and  served  six  dreary  years  "  in  the 
vaults  .  .  .  forcing  or  fining  wines,  bottling,  corking,  and  binning  the 
same." l  He  relates  that  while  here  he  saw  a  man  "  pilloried  and 
pelted  on  Clerkenwell  Green,  and  in  Red  Lion  Street  another  flogged 
at  the  cart's  tail,  both  ceremonies  of  the  most  terrifying  kind."  The 
Rev.  Joseph  Trusler,  LL.D.  (d.  1820),  the  "moralizer"  of  Hogarth, 
at  this  time,  says  Britton,2  "  lived  in  Red  Lion  Street,  a  few  doors  from 
my  vaulted  home."  He  was  eking  out  a  precarious  income  by  compiling 
sermons  for  country  clergymen. 

Red  Lion  Street,  HOLBORN — north  side,  to  Lamb's  Conduit 
Street.  [See  Red  Lion  Square.]  On  the  wall  of  the  house,  at  the 
corner  of  Holborn  on  the  west  side  (The  Old  Red  Lion\  is  a  block  of 
wood  let  in,  with  the  date  "  1611  "  inscribed  upon  it. 

Red  Lion  Street,  WHITECHAPEL,  HIGH  STREET  to  GREAT  ALIE 
STREET,  now  incorporated  with  LEMAN  STREET.  Here  Dick  Turpin  in 
a  fray  with  the  constables  accidentally  shot  his  friend  King. 

Red  Lion  Yard,  HOUNDSDITCH.  This  opening  was  on  the  west 
side  of  Houndsditch,  nearly  opposite  the  present  Cock  and  Hoop  Yard. 
Here,  February  15,  1748,  was  born  Jeremy  Bentham.  His  father 
and  grandfather  had  been  attorneys  in  this  yard  for  a  long  series  of 
years.  In  1720  Strype  described  it  as  a  "pretty  square  place  with 
indifferent  good  buildings."  The  elder  Bentham's  house  was  the  last 
on  the  left-hand  side.3 

Redriff,  a  corruption   of  Rotherhithe.      [See  Rotherhithe.]     The 
immortal  Gulliver  was,  as  Swift  tells  us,  long  an  inhabitant  of  Redriff. 
Have  I  for  this  thy  tedious  absence  borne, 
And  waked,  and  wished  whole  nights  for  thy  return  ? 
In  five  long  years  I  took  no  second  spouse, 
What  Redriff  wife  so  long  hath  kept  her  vows  ? 

Swift,  Mary  Gulliver  to  Captain  Lemuel  Gulliver. 
Filch.   These  seven  handkerchiefs,  madam. 

Airs.  Peachum.  Coloured  ones,  I  see.  They  are  of  sure  sale  from  our  warehouse 
at  Redriff  among  the  seamen. — Gay,  The  Beggars  Opera,  8vo,  1728. 

Reform  Club,  on  the  south  side  of  Pall  Mall,  between  the 
Travellers'  Club  and  the  Carlton  Club,  was  founded  by  the  Liberal 
members  ot  the  two  Houses  of  Parliament  about  the  time  the  Reform 
Bill  was  canvassed  and  carried,  1830-1832.  The  Club  consists  of 
1400  members,  exclusive  of  members  of  either  House  of  Parliament. 
Entrance  fee,  30  guineas;  annual  subscription,  j£io:ios.  The 
house  was  built,  1837-1840,  from  the  designs  of  Sir  Charles  Barry, 
R.A.,  based  on  the  Farnese  Palace.  The  exterior  is  greatly  admired, 
though  the  windows,  it  is  urged,  are  too  small,  and  scarcely  important 
enough  in  effect.  The  interior,  especially  the  large  square  hall  covered 

1  Autob.  of  John  Britton,  vol.  i.  p.  64.  -  Ibid.,  vol.  i.  p.  70. 

3  Bowring's  Life  of  Bentham,  p.  5. 


158  REFORM  CLUB 


with  glass,  occupying  the  centre  of  the  building,  is  very  imposing. 
The  water  supply  is  from  an  artesian  well,  360  feet  deep,  sunk  at  the 
expense  of  the  Club.  The  cooking  establishment  of  the  Club  attained 
great  celebrity  under  the  superintendence  of  M.  Soyer,  and  still 
sustains  its  reputation. 

I  am  here  [War  Office]  every  day ;  and  if  you  should  happen  to  come  into  these 
parts  to  see  the  National  Gallery,  or  to  look  at  the  new  building  which  Barry  has 
erected  for  the  Reform  Club — a  building  worthy  of  Michel  Angelo — I  should  be 
truly  glad  if  you  will  look  in  on  me. — Macaulay  to  Leigh  Hunt,  March  24,  1841. 

Regency  Theatre,  TOTTENHAM  STREET,  TOTTENHAM  COURT 
ROAD,  afterwards  the  Prince  oj  Wales  Theatre  [which  see],  and  now 
occupied  by  the  Salvation  Army.  Here,  in  1802,  Colonel  Greville 
instituted  his  Picnic  Society. 

Regent  Square,  GRAY'S  INN  ROAD.  At  the  south-west  angle  is 
the  National  Scottish  Church,  a  large  Gothic  edifice,  designed  1827- 
1828  by  Mr.  (afterwards  Sir  William)  Tite,  architect.  The  cost,  with 
that  of  the  freehold  site,  was  ^25,000.  In  the  view  from  Hampstead 
Heath  it  is  often  mistaken,  from  its  two  towers,  for  Westminster  Abbey. 
It  was  built  for  the  Rev.  Edward  Irving.  Here  the  "  unknown  tongues  " 
were  often  heard.  At  the  east  end  is  St.  Peter's,  best  known  as 
Regent  Square  Church,  a  semi-classic  building  with  an  Ionic  portico 
and  tower,  designed  1824-1826  at  a  cost  of  ^16,000,  by  William 
and  H.  W.  Inwood,  the  architects  of  new  St.  Pancras  Church. 

Regent  Street,  perhaps  the  most  effective  street  in  the  metropolis, 
was  designed  and  carried  out  by  John  Nash,  architect  (d.  1835), 
under  an  Act  of  Parliament  obtained  in  1813,  53  George  III.,  c.  120. 
It  was  nearly  all  completed  in  1820.  The  portion  up  to  Piccadilly 
was  finished  in  1817.  The  street  was  intended  as  a  communi- 
cation from  Carlton  House  to  the  Regent's  Park, -and  commenced  at 
St.  Alban's  Street,  facing  Carlton  House,  thence  through  St.  James's 
Market  across  Piccadilly  to  Castle  Street,  where  it  formed  a  quadrant, 
to  intersect  with  Swallow  Street,  and  then,  taking  the  line  of  Swallow 
Street  (the  site  of  which  is  about  the  centre  of  Regent  Street),  it 
crossed  Oxford  Street  to  Foley  House,  where  it  intersected  with 
Portland  Place.  Foley  House  and  grounds  (the  site  of  the  Langham 
Hotel)  were  bought  by  Mr.  Nash  for  ,£70,000,  as  part  of  the  plan, 
but  after  again  selling  the  ground,  he  changed  the  route  and  formed 
the  present  turn  of  Langham  Place,  instead  of  the  straight  line  into 
Portland  Place  as  was  at  first  intended.  All  Souls  Church  was 
built  by  Nash  as  a  termination  to  the  view  up  Regent  Street  from 
Oxford  Street.  For  this  purpose  the  tower  and  spire  are  advanced 
forward  to  the  centre  line  of  the  street,  and  they  appear  almost  isolated 
from  the  church.  Polytechnic  Institution,  erected  1838,  from  the 
designs  of  Mr.  J.  Thomson,  architect,  and  enlarged  in  1848  [which  see\. 
Argyll  Rooms,  at  the  north  corner  of  Argyll  and  Regent  Streets, 
erected  by  Nash  in  1816  for  Joseph  Welch.  The  large  room  was  the 


REGENT'S   CANAL  159 


best  in  London  for  sound,  and  was  used  for  the  Philharmonic  and  all 
other  concerts  of  note  until  burnt  down  in  1834,  when  the  present 
houses,  Nos.  246,  248,  250,  252,  and  254  Regent  Street,  were  erected 
on  the  site.  Argyll  Place,  formed  at  the  time  of  making  Regent 
Street,  by  taking  down  a  house  at  the  south-west  end  of  Argyll  Street, 
leading  to  Great  Marlborough  Street.  County  Fire  Office  [which  see], 
erected  on  high  ground,  and,  when  viewed  from  Pall  Mall,  apparently 
terminating  the  lower  part  of  Regent  Street.  The  Quadrant  was  designed 
by  Mr.  Nash  (on  ground  leased  by  him  from  the  Commissioners),  and 
originally  consisted  of  two  rows  of  shops,  with  bold  projecting 
colonnades,  removed  in  1848.  [See  Quadrant.]  Raleigh  Club  (No. 
1 6),  on  the  east  side  of  the  lower  part  of  the  street.  Junior 
Constitutional  Club,  No.  1 4  (part  of  the  same  fagade),  late  the  Gallery 
of  Illustration,  was  built  by  Mr.  Nash  for  his  own  residence.  He  lived 
here  until  he  retired  from  his  profession.  The  gallery  was  decorated 
with  copies  of  Raphael's  paintings,  to  make  which  (with  permission  of 
the  Pope)  he  had  artists  employed  for  four  years  at  Rome.  The 
Junior  United  Service  Club,  north  corner  of  Charles  Street  and  east 
side  of  Regent  Street,  was  built  by  Sir  Robert  Smirke  for  the  United 
Service  Club,  who  sold  it  to  the  Junior  United  Service  Club  when 
they  erected  their  present  house  in  Pall  Mall.  The  present  elaborate 
edifice  was  built  from  the  designs  of  Messrs.  Nelson  and  Innes,  architects, 
in  1857.  Hanover  Chapel,  on  the  north-west  side  of  Regent  Street, 
was  built  (1823-1825)  from  the  designs  of  C.  R.  Cockerell,  R.A., 
and  St.  Philip's  Chapel  (1819-1820),  on  the  south-west  side,  from  the 
designs  of  G.  S.  Repton.  St.  James's  Hall  (No.  69)  was  erected  in 
1857  from  the  designs  of  Owen  Jones. 

In  his  designs  for  Regent  Street  Mr.  Nash  adopted  the  idea, 
previously  practised  with  success  by  the  brothers  Adam,  of  uniting 
several  dwellings  into  a  single  facade,  so  as  to  preserve  a  degree  of 
continuity  essential  to  architectural  importance.  The  perishable 
nature  of  the  brick  and  composition  of  which  the  houses  in  Regent 
Street  are  built  gave  rise  to  the  following  epigram : — 

Augustus  at  Rome  was  for  building  renown'd, 
For  of  marble  he  left  what  of  brick  he  had  found  ; 
But  is  not  our  Nash,  too,  a  very  great  master  ? — 
He  finds  us  all  brick  and  he  leaves  us  all  plaster.1 

The  last  two  lines  are  otherwise  read  : — 

But  is  not  our  George,  too,  a  very  great  master  ? 
He  finds  London  brick,  and  he  leaves  it  all  plaster. 

Nash,  it  need  hardly  be  remarked,  was  George  IV.'s  favourite 
architect.  Considerable  alterations  have  been  made  of  late  years  in 
the  appearance  of  the  street  by  the  rebuilding  of  several  houses  and 
the  heightening  of  others. 

Regent's  Canal  was  projected  by  Mr.  John  Nash,  architect,  for 
the  purpose  of  forming  a  continuous  line  of  canal  navigation  from  the 

1  Quarterly  Review  for  June  1826. 


160  REGENT'S   CANAL 


Grand  Junction  Canal  at  Paddington  to  the  River  Thames  at  Lime- 
house  ;  with  basins  at  the  Regent's  Park,  the  City  Road,  St.  Luke's, 
and  at  Limehouse.  It  was  commenced  October  14,  1812,  opened 
from  Paddington  to  the  Regent's  Park  basin  in  1814,  and  throughout 
to  the  Thames  August  i,  1820.  Mr.  James  Morgan  was  the  engineer. 
This  canal  has  two  tunnels,  and  in  length  is  rather  more  than  8£  miles, 
with  a  surface  breadth  of  45  feet,  a  depth  of  5  feet,  and  a  fall  of  90  feet 
by  twelve  locks,  exclusive  of  the  tide  lock  at  the  Thames. 

Regent's  Park,  a  public  park  of  372  acres,  part  of  old 
Marylebone  Park,  long  since  disparked,  and  familiarly  known  as 
Marylebone  Farm  and  Fields.  On  the  expiration  of  the  lease  from 
the  Crown  to  the  Duke  of  Portland  in  January  1811,  the  Crown 
obtained  an  Act  of  Parliament,  and  appointed  a  commission  to  form  a 
park  and  to  let  the  adjoining  ground  on  building  leases.  The  whole 
was  laid  out  by  Mr.  James  Morgan  in  1812,  from  the  plans  of  Mr. 
John  Nash,  architect,  who  designed  all  the  terraces  except  Cornwall 
Terrace,  which  was  designed  by  Mr.  Decimus  Burton.  By  a  clause  in 
the  building  leases  of  the  Regent's  Park  houses  the  lessees  covenant  to 
renew  the  colouring  on  the  stuccoed  exteriors  within  the  month  of 
August  in  every  fourth  year ;  the  period  being  the  same  for  them  all, 
and  the  tint  to  be  that  of  Bath  stone. 

The  park  derives  its  name  from  the  Prince  Regent,  afterwards 
George  IV.,  who  intended  building  a  residence  at  the  north-east  side 
of  the  park.  Part  of  Regent  Street  was  actually  designed  as  a  com- 
munication from  the  Prince's  residence  to  Carlton  House,  St.  James's 
Palace,  etc.  The  Crown  property  comprises,  besides  the  park,  the 
upper  part  of  Portland  Place  from  No.  8  (where  there  is  now  part  of 
the  iron  railing  which  formerly  separated  Portland  Place  from 
Marylebone  Fields),  the  Park  Crescent  and  Square,  Albany,  Osnaburgh, 
and  the  adjoining  cross  streets,  York  and  Cumberland  Squares, 
Regent's  Park  Basin  and  Augustus  Street,  Park  Villages  east  and  west, 
and  the  outer  road  of  the  park.  The  Zoological  Gardens  are  at  the 
upper  end  of  the  park.  The  Holme,  a  villa  near  the  centre  of  the  park, 
was  erected  by  Mr.  James  Burton  (father  of  Decimus  Burton),  and 
where  he  resided  until  his  decease.  This  Mr.  Burton  was  a  speculative 
builder,  who  covered  with  houses  the  Skinners'  Company  and  Foundling 
Hospital  estates ;  he  also  erected  York  and  Cornwall  Terraces,  Regent's 
Park ;  Waterloo  Place  and  the  lower  part  of  Regent  Street.  Through 
the  park,  on  a  line  with  Portland  Place  to  the  east  side  of  the  Zoological 
Gardens,  runs  a  fine  broad  avenue  lined  with  trees,  and  footpaths  which 
ramify  across  the  sward  in  all  directions,  interspersed  with  ornamental 
plantations  and  well  stocked  flower-beds.  These  were  laid  out  in 
1833,  and  opened  in  1838,  up  to  which  time  the  public  were  excluded 
from  the  inside  of  the  park.  On  January  15,  1867,  a  fearful  accident 
occurred  through  the  breaking  of  the  ice  on  the  ornamental  water, 
when  about  200  persons  were  immersed  and  nearly  40  of  them  lost 


IUIENISH   WINE-HOUSE  161 

their  lives.  The  depth  of  the  water  has  since  been  reduced  to  about 
four  feet.  Around  the  park  runs  an  outer  road,  forming  an  agree- 
able drive  nearly  2  miles  long.  An  inner  drive,  in  the  form  of  a 
circle,  encloses  the  Botanic  Gardens.  On  the  outer  road  is  Holford 
House,  now  the  Regent's  Park  (Baptist)  College.  St.  Dunstan's  Villa, 
the  residence  of  Henry  Hucks  Gibbs,  Esq.,  somewhat  south  of  the 
college,  erected  by  Decimus  Burton  for  the  late  Marquis  of  Hertford. 
In  the  gardens  of  this  villa  are  placed  the  identical  clock  and 
automaton  strikers  which  once  adorned  St.  Dunstan's  Church  in  Fleet 
Street.  When  the  marquis  was  a  child,  and  a  good  child,  his  nurse, 
to  reward  him,  would  take  him  to  see  "  the  giants  "  at  St.  Dunstan's, 
and  he  used  to  say  that  when  he  grew  to  be  a  man  "  he  would  buy 
those  giants."  It  happened  when  old  St.  Dunstan's  was  pulled  down 
that  the  giants  were  put  up  to  auction,  and  the  marquis  became  their 
purchaser.  They  still  do  duty  in  striking  the  hours  and  quarters. 
There  is  a  picture  in  the  National  Gallery  by  James  Ward,  R.A. 
(1175),  which  is  entitled  "Regent's  Park,  1807."  It  is,  in  fact,  a  view 
of  Marylebone  Park,  which  afterwards  became  the  Regent's  Park. 
Regent's  Park  Market.  [See  Cumberland  Market] 
Registrar  General's  Office,  SOMERSET  HOUSE,  in  the  rooms 
formerly  occupied  by  the  Royal  Academy.  The  office  of  the  Registrar 
of  Births,  Marriages  and  Deaths  was  erected  pursuant  to  6  and  7 
William  IV.,  c.  86.  The  Registrar  General  publishes  an  annual  report, 
in  which  all  the  facts  bearing  on  the  movement  of  the  population  of 
England  and  Wales  are  minutely  set  forth  in  a  tabular  form, 
accompanied  by  such  remarks  as  seem  required  to  place  the  results 
they  indicate  in  a  clear  light.  He  also  publishes  a  weekly  summary 
of  the  returns  furnished  by  the  local  registrars  throughout  the  country 
of  the  births,  marriages,  and  deaths,  and  causes  of  death,  particularly 
referring  to  the  relative  increase  or  otherwise  of  the  several  forms  of 
zymotic  disease ;  and  a  somewhat  more  general  quarterly  statement  in 
which  particulars  are  given  respecting  the  emigration  and  immigration 
of  the  past  three  months,  the  fluctuations  in  the  quality  of  the  water- 
supply,  and  whatever  seems  worthy  of  present  attention  as  affecting  the 
public  health.  The  work  going  on  in  the  Registrar  General's  office  is 
unintermittent,  and  the  reports  issued  by  him  are  of  the  utmost  value 
not  only  to  the  sanitary  student  and  statistician,  but  to  those  interested 
in  all  that  concerns  the  public  health  and  wellbeing. 

Religious  Tract  Society,  56  PATERNOSTER  Row,  and  65  St. 
Paul's  Churchyard.  Established  1799  for  "the  circulation  of  small 
religious  books  and  treatises  throughout  the  British  Dominions  and 
foreign  countries."  But  in  addition  to  this,  its  primary  object,  the 
Society  has  become  a  great  trading  establishment  for  the  publication 
and  sale  of  religious  books  and  periodicals. 

Rhenish  Wine-house,  CANNON  Row,  WESTMINSTER,  at  the  end 
of  a  passage  leading  from  King  Street.  In  Strype's  Map  of  1720 

VOL.  Ill  M 


1 62  RHENISH   WINE-HOUSE 

Rhenish  Wine  Yard  opens  south  out  of  King  Street,  nearly  opposite 
Charles  Street.  There  was  an  entrance  to  it  from  the  Privy  Gardens, 
only  open  during  the  sittings  of  Parliament  and  the  Law  Courts. 
Pepys  was  "at  the  Rhenish  Wine-house  drinking,"  July  30,  1660,  with 
the  sword-bearer  of  London ;  and  again  a  few  days  later  "  with  Judge- 
Advocate  Fowler,  Mr.  Creed,  Mr.  Shepley,  and  Captain  Howard  .  .  . 
and  very  merry."  On  November  24  of  the  same  year  he  is  again 
there  with  Creed  and  Shepley,  and  "did  give  them  two  quarts  of 
Wormwood  wine."  On  June  19,  1663,  he  is  there  with  Mr.  Moore, 
who  showed  him  "  the  French  manner,  when  a  health  is  drunk  .  .  . 
which  is  now  the  fashion."  The  last  visit  he  records  is  on  June  i, 
1668,  but  he  adds,  "Where  I  have  not  been  in  a  morning,  I  think, 
these  seven  years,  or  more."  There  were  other  Rhenish  wine-houses 
in  London,  one  was  in  Crooked  Lane  and  another  in  the  Steelyard. 

Richard's  Coffee-house.    [See  Dick's.] 

Richmond  House,  WHITEHALL,  was  so  called  after  Charles, 
second  Duke  of  Richmond  of  the  present  family  (d.  1750),  for  whom 
it  was  built  by  the  celebrated  Earl  of  Burlington,  but  afterwards  altered 
and  enlarged  by  Wyatt.  It  stood  at  the  southern  extremity  of  Privy 
Gardens,  and  looked  towards  Charing  Cross.  The  ground  was 
previously  occupied  by  the  apartments  of  the  Duchess  of  Portsmouth, 
mother  (by  Charles  II.)  of  the  duke's  father,  the  first  Duke  of 
Richmond.  Here  the  third  Duke  of  Richmond  (who  died  in  1806, 
having  borne  the  title  for  fifty-six  years)  formed  a  noble  collection  of 
the  very  finest  casts  from  the  antique,  and,  with  a  spirit  and  liberality 
much  in  advance  of  his  age,  afforded  every  accommodation,  and 
invited  artists  by  advertisements  to  study  in  his  gallery.  This,  the 
first  -1  public  school  established  in  this  country  wherein  the  beauties  of 
the  antique  could  be  studied,  was  opened  on  Monday,  March  6,  1758, 
ten  years  before  the  establishment  of  the  Royal  Academy.  Cipriani  and 
Wilton  (artists  of  eminence)  attended  to  instruct,  and  silver  medals 
were  occasionally  awarded.  Richmond  House  was  famous  also  for  its 
entertainments  and  private  theatricals. 

May  17,  1749. — The  night  before  last  the  Duke  of  Richmond  gave  a  firework  : 
a  codicil  to  the  Peace.  .  .  .  The  garden  lies  with  a  slope  down  to  the  Thames,  on 
which  were  lighters,  from  whence  were  thrown  up,  after  a  concert  of  music,  a  great 
number  of  rockets.  Then  from  boats  on  every  side  were  discharged  water-rockets 
and  fires  of  that  kind  ;  and  then  the  wheels  which  were  ranged  along  the  rails  of  the 
terrace  were  played  off;  and  the  whole  concluded  with  the  illumination  of  a  pavilion 
on  the  top  of  a  slope,  of  two  pyramids  on  each  side,  and  of  the  whole  length  of  the 
balustrade  to  the  water.  You  can't  conceive  a  prettier  sight ;  the  garden  filled  with 
everybody  of  fashion,  the  Duke  [of  Cumberland],  the  Duke  of  Modena  and  the  two 
black  Princes  [of  Anamaboe].  The  King  and  Princess  Emily  were  in  their  barge 
under  the  terrace  ;  the  river  was  covered  with  boats,  and  the  shores  and  adjacent 
houses  with  crowds. —  Walpole  to  Sir  Horace  Mann  (Letters,  vol.  ii.  pp.  155,  160). 

Walpole,  in  one  of  his  marginal  notes  on  Pennant,  says,  "  His  Grace 
[of  Richmond]  having  bought   the  adjacent  house  fitted  up  a  small 

1  Sir  James  Thornhill  opened  his  Art  Academy      established  in  1734,  but  these  were  specially  for 
in  1724,  and  the  St.  Martin's  Lane  School  was      artists  to  study  the  living  model. 


THE  RING  163 


theatre  in  it,  where  for  two  winters  plays  were  performed  by  people  of 
quality."  Of  the  performances,  Peter  Pindar,  addressing  (as  usual) 
George  III.,  says  : — 

So  much  with  Saving-wisdom  arc  you  taken, 

I  )rury  and  Covent  Garden  seem  forsaken. 

Since  cost  attcndeth  those  theatric  bon 

Content  you  go  to  Richmond  House  with  orders. 

Peter  Pindar,  Peter's  Pension. 

He  adds  in  a  note  :  "  Here  is  a  pretty  little  nutshell  of  a  Theatre, 
fitted  up  for  the  convenience  of  Ladies  and  Gentlemen  of  Quality  who 
wish  to  expose  themselves." 

Richmond  House  was  destroyed  by  fire,  December  21,  1791,  but 
rebuilt.  There  is  an  engraved  view  of  the  house  by  Boydell ;  and 
Edwards,  in  his  Anecdotes  (p.  164),  mentions  a  drawing  of  the  gallery 
by  an  artist  of  the  name  of  Parry,  which  he  considered  curious, 
"  being,"  as  he  says,  "  the  only  representation  of  the  place."  The 
lease  of  the  house  did  not  expire  until  April  1841,  but  the  Duke,  in 
1819,  parted  with  his  interest  in  it  for  ^4300;  the  house  was  then 
taken  down  and  Richmond  Terrace  built  on  its  site. 

Richmond  Street,  LEICESTER  SQUARE,  runs  from  Wardour 
Street  to  Rupert  Street.  The  first  Earl  of  Macclesfield  (d.  1693)  was 
living  here  in  I68I.1 

Richmond  Terrace,  WHITEHALL,  was  erected  on  the  site  of 
Richmond  House  in  1824.  Miss  Foote,  Countess  of  Harrington, 
died  at  No.  2,  aged  sixty-nine.  [See  Richmond  House.] 

Ring  (The),  a  circle  in  Hyde  Park,  surrounded  with  trees,  and 
forming,  in  the  height  of  the  season,  a  fashionable  ride  and  promenade. 
It  was  made  in  the  reign  of  Charles  I.,  was  situated  between  the 
Humane  Society's  Receiving  House  and  Grosvenor  Gate,  and  was 
partly  destroyed  at  the  time  the  Serpentine  was  formed  by  Caroline, 
Queen  of  George  II.  Oldys  had  seen  a  poem  in  sixteen  pages, 
entitled  "The  Circus,  or  British  Olympicks,  a  Satyr  on  the  Ring  in  Hyde 
Park."  "This  is  a  poem,"  says  Oldys,  "satirising  many  fops  under 
fictitious  names.  Near  a  thousand  coaches,"  he  adds,  "have  been 
seen  there  in  an  evening."  Several  of  the  trees  still  remain. 

Wycherley  was  a  very  handsome  man.  His  acquaintance  with  the  famous 
Duchess  of  Cleveland  commenced  oddly  enough.  One  day  as  he  passed  that 
Duchess's  coach  in  the  Ring,  she  leaned  out  of  the  window,  and  cried  out,  loud 
enough  to  be  heard  distinctly  by  him,  "Sir,  you're  a  rascal  :  you're  a  villain  !" 
[alluding  to  a  song  in  his  first  play].  Wycherley  from  that  instant  entertained  hopes. 
— Pope,  in  S fence  (ed.  Singer,  p.  16). 

Wilt  thou  still  sparkle  in  the  box, 

Still  ogle  in  the  Ring  ? 
Canst  thou  forget  thy  age  and  pox  ? 
Can  all  that  shines  on  shells  and  rocks 
Make  thee  a  fine  young  thing? 

Lord  Dorsefs  Verses  on  Dorinda. 

1  Rate-books  of  St.  Martin's. 


164  THE  RING 


Young  Bellair.  I  know  some  who  will  give  you  an  account  of  every  glance  that 
passes  at  a  play  and  i'  th'  Circle. — Etherege,  The  Man  of  Mode,  or  Sir  Fopling 
Flutter,  410,  1676. 

Sir  Fopling.  All  the  world  will  be  in  the  Park  to-night :  Ladies,  'twere  pity  to 
keep  so  much  beauty  longer  within  doors,  and  rob  the  Ring  of  all  those  charms  that 
should  adorn  it. — Ibid. 

The  next  place  of  resort  wherein  the  servile  world  are  let  loose,  is  at  the 
entrance  of  Hyde  Park,  while  the  gentry  are  at  the  Ring. — Spectator,  No.  88. 

Leonora.  Trifle,  let's  see  this  morning's  letters. 

Trifle.  There  are  only  these  half  dozen,  madam. 

Leonora.  No  more  !  Barbarity  !  This  it  is  to  go  to  Hyde  Park  upon  a  windy 
day,  when  a  well-dress'd  gentleman  can't  stir  abroad.  The  beaus  were  forced  to 
take  shelter  in  the  playhouse,  I  suppose.  I  was  a  fool  I  did  not  go  thither ;  I 
might  have  made  ten  times  the  havoc  in  the  side-boxes. 

Trifle.  Your  ladyship's  being  out  of  humour  with  the  Exchange  woman,  for 
shaping  your  ruffles  so  odiously,  I  am  afraid  made  you  a  little  too  reserv'd,  madam. 

Leonora.  Prithee  !  was  there  a  fop  in  the  whole  Ring,  that  had  not  a  side-glance 
from  me? — Colley  Gibber,  Woman's  Wit,  or  The  Lady  in  Fashion,  4to,  1697. 

Sir  Francis  Gripe  (to  Miranda).  Pretty  rogue,  pretty  rogue ;  and  so  thou  shalt 
find  me,  if  thou  dost  prefer  thy  Gardy  before  these  caperers  of  the  age  ;  thou  shalt 
outshine  the  Queen's  box  on  an  opera  night ;  thou  shalt  be  the  envy  of  the  Ring 
(for  I  will  carry  thee  to  Hyde  Park),  and  thy  equipage  shall  surpass  the — what  d'ye 
call  'em — Ambassadors. — Mrs.  Centlivre,  The  Busy  Body,  4to,  1708. 

Here  (1697)  the  people  of  fashion  take  the  diversion  of  The  Ring.  In  a  pretty 
high  place,  which  lies  very  open,  they  have  surrounded  a  circumference  of  two  or 
three  hundred  paces  diameter  with  a  sorry  kind  of  balustrade,  or  rather  with  postes 
placed  upon  stakes  but  three  feet  from  the  ground  ;  and  the  coaches  drive  round  this. 
When  they  have  turned  for  some  time  round  one  way  they  face  about  and  turn 
t'other  :  so  rowls  the  world  ! — Wilson's  Memoirs,  8vo,  1719,  p.  126. 

How  lately  did  this  celebrated  Thing, 
Blaze  in  the  box,  and  sparkle  in  the  Ring. 

Garth,  The  Dispensary,  1699. 

In  Queen  Anne's  time — 

The  other  public  diversion  was  merely  for  the  eyes,  for  it  was  going  round  and 
round  the  Ring  in  Hyde  Park,  and  bowing  to  one  another,  slightly,  respectfully,  or 
tenderly,  as  occasion  required.  No  woman  of  fashion  could  receive  any  man  at  her 
morning  toilet  without  alarming  the  husband  and  his  friends. — Lord  Chesterfield,  MS. 
(Stanhope's  Anne,  p.  566). 

He  would  no  more  disagree  with  a  Lord  in  his  sentiments,  than  a  Beau  would 
put  his  hat  on  in  Hyde-Park  Ring. — Orrery's  As  You  Find  It,  410,  1703. 

To  all  his  most  frequented  haunts  resort' 
Oft  dog  him  in  the  Ring,  and  oft  to  Court. 

Addison's  Prologue  to  Steele's  Tender  Husband,  1705. 

To  scandal  next—what  awkward  thing 
Was  that,  last  Sunday  in  the  Ring. 

Swift,  Cadenus  and  Vanessa,  1713. 

What  pains  to  get  the  gaudy  thing  you  hate, 
To  swell  in  show,  and  be  a  wretch  in  state  ! 
At  Plays  you  ogle,  at  the  Ring  you  bow ; 
Ev'n  Churches  are  no  sanctuaries  now. 

Garth,  Epilogue  to  Addison 's  Cato,  1713. 

All  the  fine  equipages  that  shine  in  the  Ring  never  gave  me  another  thought  than 
either  pity  or  contempt  for  the  owners,  that  could  place  happiness  in  attracting  the  eyes 
of  strangers. — Lady  Mary  W.  Montagu  {Works,  by  Lord  Wharncliffe,  vol.  i.  p.  177). 


ROCHESTER  HOUSE  165 

Know,  then,  unnumbered  spirits  round  thec  fly, 
The  light  militia  of  the  lower  sky  : 
These,  though  unseen,  are  ever  on  the  wing, 
Hang  o'er  the  Box  and  hover  round  the  Ring. 

Pope,  Rape  of  the  Lock. 

She  glares  in  balls,  front-boxes,  and  the  Ring, 
A  vain,  unquiet,  glittering,  wretched  thing. 

Pope,  To  Martha  Blount,  with  the  Works  of  Voiture. 

The  Ring,  or  its  immediate  vicinity,  was  the  noted  Hyde  Park 
duelling-ground  of  the  i8th  century.  Here  in  1712  was  fought  the 
famous  duel  between  the  Duke  of  Hamilton  and  Lord  Mohun. 

My  Lord  [Mohun]  then  asked  the  Hackney  Coachman  if  he  knew  where  they 
could  get  any  thing  that  was  good,  it  being  a  cold  morning ;  he  [the  Hackney 
Coachman]  said  at  the  House  near  the  Ring.  When  they  came  near  the  house,  they 
[Lord  Mohun  and  his  second,  General  Macartney]  both  got  out  of  the  coach,  and 
bid  the  coachman  get  some  burnt  wine  at  the  house,  while  they  took  a  little  walk. 
He  went  into  the  house  and  told  the  Drawer  he  brought  two  gentlemen,  who  bid 
him  get  some  burnt  wine  against  they  came  back  ;  the  Drawer  said  he  would  not, 
for  very  few  came  thither  so  soon  in  the  morning  but  to  fight. — Duel  between  Duke 
of  Hamilton  and  Lord  Mohnn  (Hackney  Coachman's  Evidence  before  the  Coroner). 

"  If  we  were  not  in  the  Park,"  answered  Booth  warmly,  "  I  would  thank  you  very 
properly  for  that  compliment."  "  O,  Sir  !"  cries  the  Colonel,  "we  can  be  soon  in 
a  convenient  place."  Upon  which  Booth  answered,  he  would  attend  him  wherever 
he  pleased.  The  Colonel  then  bid  him  come  along,  and  strutted  forward  directly 
up  Constitution  Hill  to  Hyde  Park,  Booth  following  him  at  first,  and  afterwards 
walking  before  him,  till  they  came  to  that  place,  which  may  be  properly  called  the 
field  of  blood,  being  that  part  a  little  to  the  left  of  The  Ring,  which  heroes  have 
chosen  for  the  scene  of  their  exit  out  of  this  world. — Fielding's  Amelia. 

The  last  circumstance  of  any  interest  connected  with  the  Ring  is  the 
duel  fought  here  in  1763  between  John  Wilkes  and  Samuel  Martin,  on 
account  of  a  passage  in  the  North  Briton,  in  which  Martin  was  stigma- 
tised as  a  "  low  fellow  and  dirty  tool  of  power."  Wilkes  was  wounded. 

Robert  Street,  ADELPHI.  Thomas  Hood  and  his  wife,  in  1824, 
resided  in  chambers  at  No.  2  Robert  Street,  Adelphi.  [See  Adelphi.] 

Robin  Hood  Club,  a  discussion  Club,  or  "Oratorical  Society," 
which  met  in  the  last  century  at  a  house  in  Essex  Street,  Strand. 
[See  Essex  Street.]  About  the  same  time  there  was  another  "  religious 
Robin  Hood  Society,  which  met  every  Sunday  evening  at  Coach- 
makers'  Hall,  for  free  debate."  *  [See  Coachmakers'  Hall.] 

Rochester  House,  SOUTHWARK.  The  inn  or  town  house  of  the 
Bishops  of  Rochester.  No  traces  remain,  and  the  Borough  Market 
occupies  part  of  the  site. 

Adjoining  Winchester  House  is  the  Bishop  of  Rochester's  inn  or  lodging,  by 
whom  first  erected  I  do  not  now  remember  me  to  have  read  ;  but  well  I  wot  the 
same  of  long  time  hath  not  been  frequented  by  any  bishop,  and  lieth  ruinous  for  lack 
of  any  reparations.  The  Abbot  of  Waverley  had  a  house  there. — Stow,  p.  151. 

Rochester  House  was,  about  40  years  since,  one  great  house  and  a  great 
garden,  and  now  consisteth  of  62  tenements. — AIS,  temp.  James  I.  (Churchwardens* 
Accounts  of  St.  Saviour's,  Southwark). 

1  Boswell,  by  Croker,  p.  684. 


1 66  ROCHESTER  ROW 


Rochester  Row,  WESTMINSTER,  so  called  after  the  Bishops  of 
Rochester,  several  of  whom  (Sprat  and  Atterbury,  for  instance)  held 
the  deanery  of  Westminster  at  the  same'  time  with  the  see  of  Rochester. 
On  the  south  side  is  the  fine  church  of  St.  Stephen,  erected  and 
endowed,  with  the  adjoining  school-buildings  for  400  children,  by  Miss 
(now  the  Baroness)  Burdett-Coutts,  1847-1848;  architect,  Mr.  B. 
Ferrey,  F.S.A.  Near  it  is  the  Westminster  Police  Court.  On  the 
north  side  are  Hill's  Almshouses,  the  Western  Dispensary,  and  the 
Grenadier  Guards'  Hospital. 

Rolls  House  and  Chapel,  CHANCERY  LANE,  a  place  where  the 
rolls  and  records  of  the  Court  of  Chancery  were  kept  from  the  reign 
of  Edward  III.  until  the  erection  of  the  Record  Office  in  Fetter  Lane. 
\See  Record  Office.]  Rolls  House  was  the  official  residence  of  the 
Master  of  the  Rolls,  who  also  kept  his  court  here.  The  Rolls  Court 
was  removed  on  the  opening  of  the  Royal  Courts  of  Justice,  and  this 
building  is  now  occupied  by  the  officials  of  the  Record  Office.  The 
master's  house  was  designed  by  Colin  Campbell  in  1717-1725  at  a  cost 
of  ;£  5  ooo,  during  the  mastership  of  Sir  Joseph  Jekyll.  The  first  stone 
was  laid  September  18,  1717.  On  the  site  of  the  present  chapel  Henry 
III.  erected,  in  the  year  1233,  a  House  of  Maintenance  for  converted 
Jews  (Domus  Conversorum),  but  the  number  of  converts  decreasing  from 
the  enactment  of  Edward  I.,  in  1290,  by  which  the  Jews  were  banished 
out  of  the  realm,  Edward  III.,  in  1377,  annexed  the  house  and  chapel 
to  the  newly-created  office  of  Gustos  Rotulorum,  or  Keeper  of  the 
Rolls.  The  chapel  has  been  greatly  altered  and  disfigured.  Prior  to 
their  removal  to  the  Record  Office  the  Rolls  of  the  Chancery  were  kept 
in  presses  ranged  along  the  walls  of  this  chapel,  under  the  seats  of  the 
pews,  and  even  behind  the  altar. 

Observe. — Monument  to  Dr.  John  Young,  Master  of  the  Rolls  in 
the  reign  of  Henry  VIII.  Vertue  and  Walpole  attribute  it,  and  with 
great  reason,  to  Torrigiano,  the  sculptor  of  the  tomb  of  Henry  VII. 
at  Westminster.  The  Master  is  represented  lying  on  an  altar-tomb, 
with  his  hands  crossed,  and  his  face  expressive  of  deep  devotion. 
Within  a  recess  at  the  back  is  a  head  of  Christ,  with  an  angel's  head 
on  each  side,  in  high  relief.  Monument  to  Lord  Bruce  of  Kinloss 
(d.  1610),  Master  of  the  Rolls  in  the  reign  of  James  I.,  and  father  of 
Edward,  Lord  Bruce  of  Kinloss,  killed  in  a  duel  with  Sir  Edward 
Sackville.  Monument  to  Sir  Richard  Allington  of  Horseheath,  in 
Cambridgeshire  (d.  1561).  Conspicuous  in  the  windows  are  the  arms 
of  Sir  Robert  Cecil  and  of  Sir  Harbottle  Grimston,  "under  whose 
protection,"  writes  Burnet  (Hist,  of  Own  Times,  p.  104),  "I  lived  nine 
years,  when  I  was  preacher  at  the  Rolls,  he  being  the  Master  of  the 
Rolls."  Among  the  eminent  preachers  at  the  Rolls  besides  Bishop 
Burnet  were  Atterbury,  Bishop  of  Rochester,  and  Bishop  Butler, 
author  of  the  Analogy  of  Religion.  Burnet's  sermon  at  this  chapel 
(November  5,  1684)  on  the  text,  "Save  me  from  the  lion's  mouth,  for 


ROOM  LAND  167 


thou  hast  heard  me  from  the  horns  of  the  unicorns,"  occasioned  his 
removal  from  the  preachership,  the  King  considering  the  Chapel  of  the 
Rolls  as  one  of  his  own  chapels,  and  the  words  of  the  text  as  "levelled 
against  his  coat  of  arms."  Fifteen  of  Butler's  sermons  at  the  Rolls 
form  an  octavo  volume.  The  Rolls  liberty  is  a  parish  or  peculiar  of 
its  own.  Sir  William  Grant,  one  of  the  greatest  judges  that  has 
adorned  the  Bench,  lived  in  the  Rolls  House  (1801-1817),  but  never  saw 
more  of  it  than  the  ground-floor.  When  his  successor  arrived  Sir  William 
showed  him  his  apartments.  "  Here  are  two  or  three  good  rooms ; 
this  is  my  sitting-room ;  my  library  and  bedroom  are  beyond ;  and  I 
am  told  there  are  some  good  rooms  upstairs,  but  I  never  was  there." 

Roman  Bath.     [See  Strand  Lane.] 

Roman  Catholic  Church  of  St.  Mary,  BLOMFIELD  STREET, 
MOORFIELDS.  John  Newman,  architect;  first  stone  laid  August  5, 
1817;  consecrated  April  20,  1820;  cost  £26,000.  The  body  of 
Weber,  the  composer,  was  buried  in  its  vaults,  but  removed  in  1842. 
[See  Finsbury  Circus.]  This  church,  up  to  July  2,  1869,  was  regarded 
as  the  pro-cathedral  of  the  arch-diocese  of  Westminster ;  but  on  that 
day.  "the  seat  of  jurisdiction  was  moved  westward"  (as  Archbishop 
Manning  worded  it)  to  the  new  edifice  dedicated  to  "  Our  Lady  of 
Victories,"  Newland  Street,  Kensington.  That,  however,  is  the  pro- 
cathedral  until  sufficient  funds  are  obtained  to  erect  a  more  stately 
permanent  cathedral  in  Westminster. 

Rood  Lane,  FENCHURCH  STREET  to  EASTCHEAP. 

Rood  Lane,  so  called  of  a  roode  there  placed  in  the  churchyard  of  St.  Margaret 
Pattens,  whilst  the  old  Church  was  taken  down  and  again  newly  built ;  during 
which  time  the  oblations  made  to  this  rood  were  employed  towards  the  building  of 
the  church  ;  but  in  the  year  1538,  about  the  23d  of  May,  in  the  morning,  the  said 
rood  was  found  to  have  been,  on  the  night  preceding,  by  people  unknown,  broken 
all  to  pieces,  together  with  the  tabernacle  wherein  it  had  been  placed. — Stcnv,  p.  79  ; 
see  also  London  Chronicle  (Camd.  Sac.),  p.  12. 

The  church  of  St.  Margaret  Pattens  [which  see]  is  at  the  south-east 
corner.  The  houses  in  Rood  Lane  are  now  chiefly  occupied  as 
merchants'  offices. 

Roomland,  BILLINGSGATE. 

At  the  head  of  Billingsgate  Dock  is  a  square  plot  of  ground  compassed  with 
posts,  known  by  the  name  of  Roomland,  which,  with  the  adjacent  part  of  the  street, 
hath  been  the  usual  place  where  the  ship-masters,  coal-merchants,  wood-mongers, 
lightermen,  and  labourers,  do  meet  every  morning,  in  order  to  the  buying,  selling, 
delivering,  and  taking-up  of  sea-coals  and  Scotch-coals,  as  the  principal  market. 
This  coal-market  was  kept  on  Great  Tower  Hill  in  the  time  of  the  City's  late 
desolation  [by  the  Great  Fire]. — Delaune's  Angl.  Not.,  1690,  p.  355. 

There  was  another  Roumeland  at  Dowgate,  for  the  cleansing  of 
which  an  ordinance  was  issued  in  1365.  The  origin  of  the  name  is 
uncertain.  In  front  of  several  of  the  larger  monastic  establishments, 
as  St.  Albans,  Waltham,  Norwich,  Bury  St.  Edmund's,  and  Reading, 
were  large  open  spaces  railed  off,  and  sometimes,  at  least,  as  at 


1 68  ROOM  LAND 


Waltham,  used  as  market-places,  which  were  called  Roomlands  or 
Romelands)-  Mr.  Walcott  says  they  were  so  called  "probably  from 
rome,  roomy,  as  in  Romney,  Romsey,  etc.,"2  but  Romney  and  Romsey 
were  certainly  not  so  named  as  being  roomy  places,  neither  is  it 
likely  were  the  Romelands.  Possibly  they  may  have  been  places  set 
apart  by  the  Church  in  early  times  as  market-places,  in  country 
towns  as  general,  in  London  as  special  markets.  The  Coal  Exchange, 
the  present  central  coal-market,  still  holds  its  place  at  "the  head  of 
Billingsgate."  [See  Coal  Exchange.] 

Ropemakers'  Alley,  MOORFIELDS,  now  widened  and  called 
ROPEMAKER  STREET,  runs  from  the  west  side  of  Finsbury  Pavement 
to  Moor  Lane.  Hatton,  1708,  describes  it  as  "on  the  west  side  of 
Little  Moorfields,  a  passage  to  Grub  Street."  In  a  Map  of  1720 
"  Rope  Walk  "  is  given,  and  the  alley  appears  to  have  run  out  from  a 
Moorfields  Holywell  Street,  called  Rotten  Row.  At  "  his  lodgings " 
in  this  alley  on  April  26,  1731,  died  Daniel  Defoe,  the  author  of 
Robinson  Crusoe. 

Rosamond's  Pond,  a  sheet  of  water  in  the  south-west  corner  of 
St.  James's  Park,  "long  consecrated  to  disastrous  love  and  elegiac 
poetry."3  The  earliest  notice  of  it  appears  to  be  contained  in  a 
payment,  issued  from  the  Exchequer  in  1612,  of  ^400  "towards  the 
charge  of  making  and  bringing  a  current  of  water  from  Hyde  Park,  in 
a  vault  of  brick  arched  over,  to  fall  into  Rosamond's  Pond  at  St. 
James's  Park."4  It  was  filled  up  in  1770;  in  June  of  which  year  Mr. 
Whately  writes  to  George  Grenville  :  "  Lord  Suffolk  is  very  happy  that 
orders  are  given  for  draining  the  ponds  near  his  house.  Rosamond's 
Pond  is  also  to  be  filled  up  and  a  road  carried  across  it  to  [Great] 
George  Street;  the  rest  is  to  be  all  lawn."5  It  lay  obliquely  across 
the  west  end  of  the  present  Bird  Cage  Walk.  Lord  Suffolk  lived  in 
Duke  Street,  Westminster,  and  the  ponds  which  he  was  so  happy  to 
get  rid  of  were  "  the  places  for  the  fowle  "  of  the  old  maps. 

Mrs.  Friendall.  His  note  since  dinner  desires  you  would  meet  him  at  seven  at 
Rosamond's  Pond. — Southerne,  The  Wives'  Excuse,  4to,  1692. 

Lady  Trickitt.  Was  it  fine  walking  last  night,  Mr.  Granger?  Was  there  good 
company  at  Rosamond's  Pond  ? 

Granger.   I  did  not  see  your  ladyship  there. 

Lady  Trickitt.  Me  !  fie,  fie,  a  married  woman  there,  Mr.  Granger  ! — Southerne, 
The  Maid's  Last  Prayer,  or  Any  rather  than  Fail,  410,  1693. 

Sir  Novelty  (reads).  Excuse,  my  dear  Sir  Novelty,  the  forc'd  indifference  I 
have  shewn  you,  and  let  me  recompense  your  past  sufferings  with  an  hour's 

1  Thome,  Handbook  to  the  Environs  of  London,  from  a  drawing  made  in  1758,  and  a  still  better 
pt.  ii.  p.  655.  view    by   W.    H.    Toms,    from    a    drawing    by 

2  Walcott,  Ouircli  and  Conventual  Arrange-  Chatelain  in  1752.     In  the  Crowle  Pennant  in  the 
went,  p.  112.  British  Museum  is  a  careful  pen-and-ink  drawing 

3  Warburton  to  Hurd,  p.  151.  of  the  pond  by  J.  Maurer,  1742.     No.  86  of  the 

4  Devon's  Issues  from   the  Exchequer,   410,  Royal    Academy   Exhibition   of  1774  was    "A 
1836,  p.  150.  View  of  Rosamond's  Pond  in  St.  James's  Park," 

5  Grenville  Corr.,  vol.  iv.  p.  517.     There  is  an  by  John  Feary. 
engraving  of  Rosamond's  Pond  by  J.  T.  Smith, 


ROSE  STREET  169 


conversation,  after  the  play,  at  Rosamond's  Pond. — Colley  Gibber,  Love's  Last  Shift, 
4to,  1696. 

Mirabel.  Meet  me  at  one  o'clock  by  Rosamond's  Pond. — Congreve,  The  Way  of 
the  World,  4to,  1700. 

Young  I Voifd  Be.   Are  the  ladies  come  ? 

Serv.   Half  an  hour  ago,  my  lord. 

:i\f  /»'< .    Where  did  you  light  on  'em? 

.VtV7\  One  in  the  passage  at  the  old  Playhouse — I  found  another  very  melancholy 
paring  her  nails  by  Rosamond's  Pond — and  a  couple  I  got  at  the  Chequer  Alehouse 
in  llulbnrn.--  Farquhar,  The  Twin  Rivals,  410,  1703. 

January  31,  1710-1711. — We  are  here  in  as  smart  a  frost  for  the  time  as  I 
have  seen ;  delicate  walking  weather,  and  the  Canal  and  Rosamond's  Pond  full  of 
the  rabble  sliding,  and  with  skates,  if  you  know  what  those  are.  Patrick's  bird's 
water  freezes  in  the  gally-pot,  and  my  hands  in  bed. — Swift,  Journal  to  Stella. 

Upon  the  next  public  Thanksgiving  Day  it  is  my  design  to  sit  astride  on  the 
dragon  on  Bow  steeple,  from  whence,  after  the  discharge  of  the  Tower  guns,  I 
intend  to  mount  into  the  air,  fly  over  Fleet  Street,  and  pitch  upon  the  Maypole 
in  the  Strand.  From  thence,  by  gradual  descent,  I  shall  make  the  best  of  my  way 
for  St.  James's  Park,  and  light  upon  the  ground  near  Rosamond's  Pond. — The 
Guardian,  No.  112. 

As  I  was  last  Friday  taking  a  walk  in  the  Park,  I  saw  a  country  gentleman  at 
the  side  of  Rosamond's  Pond,  pulling  a  handful  of  oats  out  of  his  pocket,  and  with 
a  great  deal  of  pleasure  gathering  the  ducks  about  him.  Upon  my  coming  up  to 
him,  who  should  it  be  but  my  friend  the  Fox-Hunter,  whom  I  gave  some  account  of 
in  my  22nd  paper  !  I  immediately  joined  him,  and  partook  of  his  diversion,  until 
he  had  not  an  oat  left  in  his  pocket. — Addison,  The  Freeholder,  No.  44,  May  21, 
1716. 

This  the  Beau-monde  shall  from  the  Mall  survey 

This  the  blest  lover  shall  for  Venus  take, 

And  send  up  vows  from  Rosamonda's  Lake. — Rape  of  the  Lock. 

The  termination  of  this  delectable  walk  [in  St.  James's  Park]  was  a  knot  of  lofty 
elms  by  a  Pond  side ;  round  some  of  which  were  commodious  seats  for  the  tired 
ambulators  to  refresh  their  weary  pedestals.  Here  a  parcel  of  old  worn-out  Cavaliers 
were  conning  over  the  Civil  Wars. — Ned  Ward's  London  Spy,  ed.  1753,  p.  164. 

Tom  Brown  speaks  of  the  Close  Walk  at  the  head  of  the  pond.1 
Another  pond  in  the  Green  Park  (nearly  opposite  Coventry  House) 
bore  the  name  of  Rosamond  down  to  1840-1841. 

Rose  Street,  COVENT  GARDEN,  a  dirty  and  somewhat  circuitous 
street,  between  King  Street  and  Long  Acre,  for  the  most  part  cleared, 
or  absorbed,  in  forming  GARRICK  STREET. 

Rose  Street,  of  which  there  are  three,  and  all  indifferent  well-built  and  inhabited  ; 
but  the  best  is  that  next  to  King  Street,  called  White  Rose  Street,  which  is  in 
Covent  Garden  Parish. — Strype,  B.  vi.  p.  74. 

It  was  in  this  street  ("  over  against "  which  he  was  living  at  the  time) 
that  on  December  18,  1679,  Dryden2was  barbarously  assaulted  and 
wounded  by  three  persons  hired  for  the  purpose,  as  is  now  known,  by 
Wilmot,  Earl  of  Rochester.  In  the  Mercurius  Domesticus,  the  first 

1  Amusements  of  London,  8vo,  1700,  p.  65. 

2  The  biographers  of  Dryden  relate  that  the  Rate-books  of  St.  Martin's  show  that  Dryden  was 
poet  was  on  his  way  home  from  Will's  to  his  living  in  Long  Acre,  over  against  Rose  Street, 
house  in  Gerard  Street ;  but  no  part  of  Gerard  That  he  was  on  his  way  home  from  Will's  is  only 
Street  was  built  in  1679,  and  in  that  year  the  an  assumption. 


i;o  ROSE  STREET 


number  of  which  appeared  on  the  following  day,  the  affair  is  thus 
described. 

Upon  the  i8th  inst.,  in  the  evening,  Mr.  Dryden,  the  great  Poet,  was  set  upon  in 
Rose  Street,  in  Covent  Garden,  by  three  persons,  who  calling  him  rogue,  and  son 
of  a  whore,  knockt  him  down,  and  dangerously  wounded  him,  but  upon  his  crying 
out  murther,  they  made  their  escape  ;  it  is  conceived  that  they  had  their  pay  before- 
hand, and  designed  not  to  rob  him,  but  to  execute  on  him  som  Feminine  if  not 
Popish  vengeance. 

Fifty  pounds  were  offered  for  the  discovery  of  the  offenders,  and  a 
pardon  from  the  King,  in  addition,  if  a  principal  or  an  accessory  would 
come  forward.  Rochester  took  offence  at  a  passage  in  Lord  Mulgrave's 
Essay  on  Satire,  of  which  he  thought  Dryden  was  the  author,  and, 
three  weeks  before  this  cowardly  revenge,  had  written  to  his  friend 
Henry  Saville  that  he  intended  to  "leave  the  repartee  to  Black  Will 
with  a  cudgell."  There  are  many  allusions  to  this  Rose  Alley 
Ambuscade,  as  it  is  called,  in  our  old  State  Poems.  So  famous,  indeed, 
was  the  assault,  that  Mulgrave's  poem  was  commonly  called  "  The  Rose 
Alley  Satire."  Eminent  Inhabitants, — Samuel  Butler,  author  QiHudibras, 
died  here  (1680)  poor  and  neglected.  Edmund  Curll,  the  bookseller, 
was  living  here  when  he  published  Mr.  Pope's  Literary  Correspondence. 

Rose  Street,  SOHO,  a  street  south-east  of  Soho  Square,  connecting 
Greek  Street  with  Crown  Street.  Mrs.  Delany  writes  that  when  she 
came  to  London  in  1720  she  found  that  Mr.  Pendarves,  her  first 
husband,  "  had  taken  a  house  in  a  very  indifferent  part  of  the  town, 
Rose  Street,  Hog  Lane,  Soho."1 

Rose  Tavern  (The)  stood  in  RUSSELL  STREET,  COVENT  GARDEN, 
adjoining  Drury  Lane  Theatre.2  Part  of  it  was  taken  down  in  1776, 
when  Adam,  the  architect,  built  a  new  front  to  the  former  theatre  for 
Garrick,  then  about  to  part  with  his  patent.  In  Charles  II.'s  time  it 
was  kept  by  a  person  of  the  name  of  Long  (buried  at  St.  Paul's,  Covent 
Garden,  August  5,  1661),  and  afterwards  by  his  widow.  Tavern  tokens 
of  the  house  still  exist. 

May  1 8,  1668. — It  being  almost  twelve  o'clock,  or  little  more,  to  the  King's 
Playhouse,  when  the  doors  were  not  then  open  ;  but  presently  they  did  open  ;  and 
we  in,  and  find  many  people  already  come  in  by  private  ways  into  the  pit,  it  being 
the  first  day  of  Sir  Charles  Sedley's  new  play  so  long  expected,  The  Mulberry 
Garden  ;  of  whom,  being  so  reputed  a  wit,  all  the  world  do  expect  great  matters.  I 
having  sat  here  awhile  and  eat  nothing  to-day,  did  slip  out,  getting  a  boy  to  keep 
my  place ;  and  to  the  Rose  Tavern,  and  there  got  half  a  breast  of  mutton  off  of  the 
spit,  and  dined  all  alone. — Pepys. 

I  left  some  friends  of  yours  at  the  Rose. — Sedley's  Bellamira,  4to,  1687. 
Sir  Fred.  Frolic.   Sing  the  catch  I  taught  you  at  the  Rose. — Etherege,  Love  in  a 
Tub,  410,  1669. 

Woodcock.  By  the  Lord  Harry,  Sir  Positive,  I  do  understand  Mathematics  better 
than  you  ;  and  I  lie  over-against  the  Rose  Tavern  in  Covent  Garden,  dear  heart. — 
Sha dwell,  The  Sullen  Lovers,  4to,  1668. 

Or  sipping  Tea  while  they  relate 
Their  evening's  frolic  at  the  Rose. 

The  School  of  Politicks,  p.  40,  1690. 

1  Mrs.  Delany's  Autob.,  vol.  i.  p.  61.  2  Strype,  B.  vi.  pp.  67,  74. 


THE  ROSE    TAVERN  171 


'J'opc.  Pub,  this  is  nothing  ;  why  I  knew  the  Hectors,  and  before  them  the  Muns 
and  the  Tityre  Tu's  ; 1  they  were  brave  fellows  indeed  ;  in  those  days  a  man  could 
not  go  from  the  Rose  Tavern  to  the  Piazza  once,  but  he  must  venture  his  life  twice, 
my  clear  Sir  Willy. — Shadwell,  The  Scowrers,  410,  1691. 

ll'/iackuin  (a  city  sco-wrer,  and  imitator 'of  Sir  ll'illiain  Rant}.  Oh  no,  never 
talk  on't.  There  will  never  be  his  fellow.  O  had  you  seen  him  scower,  as  I  did, 
oh  so  delicately,  so  like  a  gentleman  !  How  he  cleared  the  Rose  Tavern  ?  I  was 
there  about  law-business,  compounding  for  a  bastard,  and  he  and  two  fine  gentlemen 
came  roaring  in,  the  handsomeliest  and  the  most  genteely  turned  us  all  out  of  the 
room,  and  swinged  us  and  kicked  us  about,  I  vow  to  God  'twould  have  done  your 
heart  good  to  have  seen  it. — Ibid. 

Here  Prior  has  laid  the  opening  scene  in  The  Hind  and  the  Panther 
Transversed. 

Johnson.  Nay  faith,  we  won't  part  so  ...  let  us  step  to  the  Rose  for  one 
quarter  of  an  hour,  and  talk  over  old  stories. 

Bayes.  I  ever  took  you  to  be  men  of  honour,  and  for  your  sakes  I  will  transgress 
as  far  as  one  pint. 

Johnson.  Well,  Mr.  Bayes,  many  a  merry  bout  have  we  had  in  this  house,  and 
shall  have  again,  I  hope. — Prior  and  Montague,  7"he  Hind  and  the  Panther 
Transversed,  1687. 

Lucy.    Pray,  sir,  pardon  me. 

Brazen.   I  can't  tell,  child,  till  I  know  whether  my  money  be  safe  (searching  his 
pocket}.     Yes,  yes,  I  do  pardon  you  ;  but  if  I  had  you  in  the  Rose  Tavern  in  Covent 
Garden,  with  three  or  four  hearty  rakes,  and  three  or  four  smart  napkins,   I  would 
tell  you  another  story,  my  dear. — Farquhar,  The  Recruiting  Officer,  4to,  1707. 
Suppose  me  dead,  and  then  suppose 
A  club  assembled  at  the  Rose, 
Where  from  discourse  of  this  and  that, 
I  grow  the  subject  of  their  chat. 

Swift,   Verses  on  his  own  Death. 
Tho'  he  and  all  the  world  allow'd  her  wit, 
Her  voice  was  shrill  and  rather  loud  than  sweet ; 
When  she  began, — for  hat  and  sword  he'd  call, 
Then  after  a  faint  kiss, — cry,  'Bye  ;  Dear  Moll  : 
Supper  and  friends  expect  me  at  the  Rose. 

Taller,  No.  2,  April  14,  1709. 

He  is  an  excellent  critick,  and  the  time  of  the  play  is  his  hour  of  business ; 
exactly  at  five  he  passes  through  New  Inn,  crosses  through  Russell  Court,  and  takes 
a  turn  at  Will's  till  the  play  begins  ;  he  has  his  shoes,  rubbed  and  his  periwig 
powdered  at  the  Barber's  as  you  go  into  the  Rose.  —  The  Spectator,  No.  2. 

The  hangings  [at  Drury  Lane  Theatre]  you  formerly  mentioned  are  run  away ;  as 
are  likewise  a  set  of  chairs,  each  of  which  was  met  upon  two  legs  going  through 
the  Rose  Tavern  at  two  this  morning.  —  The  Spectator,  No.  36. 

Mr.  Hildbrand  Horden  was  the  son  of  Dr.  Horden,  minister  of  Twickenham  in 
Middlesex  ;  and  was  an  actor  upon  the  stage,  and  had  almost  every  gift  that  could 
make  him  excel  in  his  profession,  and  was  every  day  rising  in  the  favour  of  the 
public,  when,  after  having  been  about  seven  years  upon  the  stage,  he  was  unfortunately 
killed  at  the  bar  of  the  Rose  Tavern,  in  a  frivolous,  rash,  accidental  quarrel,  for  which 
Colonel  Burgess,  one  who  was  resident  at  Venice,  and  some  other  persons  of 
distinction,  took  their  trials,  and  were  acquitted.  He  was  remarkable  for  his  hand- 
some person ;  and  before  he  was  buried,  several  ladies  well  dressed  came  in  masks, 
which  were  then  much  worn,  and  some  in  their  own  coaches,  to  visit  him  in  his 
shroud. — List  of  Dramatic  Authors  appended  to  Scanderbeg,  a  Tragedy,  8vo,  1747. 
In  this  house  [the  Rose  Tavern]  George  Powell  spent  great  part  of  his  time  ; 

1  Bilboe  and  Tityre  Tu  are  two   Hectors  in       "  one  usurping  the  name  of  a  Major,  the  other  of 
Wilson's  popular  comedy  of  The  CJteats  (1662),       a  Captain." 


172  THE  ROSE   TAVERN 

and  often  toasted  to  intoxication  his   mistress,   with  bumpers  of  Nantz-brandy. — 
Davies's  Dramatic  Misc.,  vol.  iii.  p.  416. 

Here  (November  14,  1712)  the  seconds  on  either  side  arranged 
the  duel  fought  the  next  day  between  the  Duke  of  Hamilton  and  Lord 
Mohun,  as  "  John  Sisson,  the  drawer  of  the  Rose  Tavern,"  deposed  in 
evidence  before  the  coroner.  The  duke  and  Lord  Mohun  were  here 
the  same  day,  the  duke  and  General  Macartney  (Lord  Mohun's  second) 
drinking  part  of  a  bottle  of  French  claret  together. 

One  Leathercoat,  a  porter  at  this  tavern,  has  been  immortalised  by 
Hogarth  in  Plate  III.  of  The  Rake's  Progress,  and  by  Fielding  in  The 
Covent  Garden  Tragedy,  1732.  On  January  19,  1763,  the  night  of 
the  production  of  Mallet's  tragedy  of  Elvira,  Edward  Gibbon  and  his 
father  dined  with  the  "  only  Scot  whom  Scotchmen  did  not  commend." 

I  then  undressed  for  the  play.  My  father  and  I  went  to  the  Rose,  in  the  passage  of 
the  play-house,  where  we  found  Mallet,  with  about  thirty  friends.  We  dined  together, 
and  went  thence  into  the  pit,  where  we  took  our  places  in  a  body,  ready  to  silence 
all  opposition.  However,  we  had  no  occasion  to  exert  ourselves. — Gibbon'syiwrwa/. 

Rose  Tavern  was  at  the  corner  of  THANET  PLACE,  without  TEMPLE 
BAR. 

At  the  Rose  Tavern  without  Temple  Bar  there  is  a  vine  that  covers  an  arbour 
where  the  sun  very  rarely  comes,  and  has  had  ripe  grapes  upon  it.  —  The  City 
Gardener,  by  Thomas  Fairchild,  Gardener  of  Hoxton,  8vo,  1722,  p.  55. 

The  Rose  Tavern,  a  well  customed  house  with  good  conveniences  of  rooms,  and 
a  good  garden. — Strype,  B.  iv.  p.  117. 

The  painted  room  at  the  Rose  Tavern  is'  mentioned  in  Walpole's 
letters  to  Cole  of  January  26,  1776,  and  March  i,  1776. 

Rose  Theatre,  BANKSIDE,  stood  east  of  the  Bear  Garden  and  a 
little  north-west  of  the  site  upon  which  the  Globe  was  built  soon 
afterwards.  It  was  situated  close  by  where  the  south  end  of  Southwark 
Bridge  now  is.  Here  is  still  a  Rose  Alley.  In  1552,  as  appears  by  a 
deed  preserved  at  Dulwich  College,  Thomasin  Symondes  of  London, 
widow,  late  wife  of  Raphe  Symondes,  citizen  and  fishmonger,  sold  her 
"  messuage  or  tenement,  called  the  Little  Rose,  with  two  gardens  to  the 
same  adjoining,"  in  the  parish  of  St.  Saviour,  Southwark,  to  Ambrose 
Nicolas  and  others.  In  1564  Nicolas  let  it  for  thirty-one  years  at  ^7  per 
annum,  and  on  March  24,  1584,  the  remainder  of  his  lease  was 
purchased  by  Philip  Hinchley  [Henslowe],  citizen  and  dyer  of  London.1 
The  theatre,  a  wooden  building,  "  done  abowt  with  calme  bordes  on  the 
outside,"  was  opened  about  1592,  or  a  little  before. 

Thou  hadst  a  breath  as  sweet  as  the  Rose  that  grows  by  the  Bear  Garden. — 
Decker's  Satiromastix,  1602. 

A  messuage  or  tenement,  called  the  Rose,  is  mentioned  in  the  charter 
of  Edward  VI.,  granting  the  manor  of  Southwark  to  the  City  of  London. 

Rose  and  Crown  Court,  GRAY'S  INN  LANE  (now  Gray's  Inn  Road, 
Rose  and  Crown  Court,  has  long  disappeared).  In  1673  John 

1  Collier's  Memoirs  of  Edward  Alleyn  (Cam.  Sac.),  p.  189. 


ROSOMAN  STREET  173 


Aubrey,  the  antiquary,  lodged  at  the  house  of  Henry  Coley  in  Rose 
and  Crown  Court,  in  Gray's  Inn  Lane.  Coley  was  a  tailor  by  trade, 
and  astrologer,  medical  adviser,  and  fortune-teller  by  profession ;  and 
adopted  son  of  William  Lilly,  whose  EpJicnicris  he  continued  for 
several  years.  He  published  A  Key  to  the  whole  Art  of  Astrology. 
Granger  mentions  his  portrait  inscribed  "  Henricus  Coley,  philomath," 
with  "  a  celestial  globe  at  his  elbow." 

Rosemary  Lane,  from  Sparrow  Corner,  Minories,  to  Cable  Street, 
WHITECHAPEL,  since  1850  called  Royal  Mint  Street.  Here  was  the 
once  notorious  mart  for  old  clothes  called  Rag  Fair,  and  there  are  still 
many  second-hand  clothes'  stores  in  the  street.  [See  Rag  Fair.]  On 
October  31,  1631,  there  is  a  "Grant  to  William  Bawdrick  and  Roger 
Hunt  of  the  King's  interest  in  certain  tenements  in  Rosemary  Lane. 
Middlesex,  the  lease  of  which  was  taken  by  Horatio  Franchotti,  an 
alien,  but  discovered  and  prosecuted  for  on  His  Majesty's  behalf."1 
In  the  burial  register  of  St.  Mary's,  Whitechapel,  the  following  entry 
occurs  : — 

1646,  Jttne  2 1  st.  Rich.  Brandon,  a  man  out  of  Rosemary  Lane. 

To  this  is  added,  "This  R.  Brandon  is  supposed  to  have  cut  off 
the  head  of  Charles  the  First." 

He  [Brandon]  likewise  confessed  that  he  had  thirty  pounds  for  his  pains,  all  paid 
him  in  half  crowns  within  an  hour  after  the  blow  was  given  ;  and  that  he  had  an 
orange  stuck  full  of  cloves,  and  a  handkercher  out  of  the  King's  pocket,  so  soon  as 
he  was  carryed  off  from  the  scaffold,  for  which  orange  he  was  proffered  twenty 
shillings  by  a  gentleman  in  Whitehall,  but  refused  the  same,  and  afterwards  sold  it 
for  ten  shillings  in  Rosemary  Lane. —  The  Confession  of  Richard  Brandon,  the 
Hangman,  4to,  1649. 

This  Richard  Brandon  was,  it  is  said,  "  the  only  son  of  Gregory 
Brandon,  and  claimed  the  gallows  by  inheritance — the  first  he 
beheaded  was  the  Earl  of  Stafford." 2 

"  Rosemary  Lane  and  Ratcliff "  were  the  daily  haunts,  and  the  ashes 
of  the  neighbouring  glass-house  the  nightly  sleeping-place  of  Defoe's 
Colonel  Jack,  his  business  in  "the  case  of  some  of  the  poorer  shop- 
keepers "  being  "  to  look  after  their  shops  till  they  went  up  to  dinner, 
or  till  they  went  over  the  way  to  an  alehouse  and  the  like."  Goldsmith 
speaks  of  another  craft  than  that  of  dealing  in  old  clothes  which  was 
carried  on  here  in  his  time. 

"  I  beg  pardon  sir,"  cried  I,  "but  I  think  I  have  seen  you  before  ;  your  face  is 
familiar  to  me."  "Yes,  sir,"  replied  he,  "  I  have  a  good  familiar  face,  as  my  friends 
tell  me.  I  am  as  well  known  in  every  town  in  England  as  the  dromedary,  or  live 
crocodile.  You  must  understand,  sir,  that  I  have  been  these  sixteen  years  Merry 
Andrew  to  a  puppet-shew  ;  last  Bartholomew  fair  my  master  and  I  quarrelled,  beat 
each  other,  and  parted  ;  he  to  sell  his  puppets  to  the  pinnishion-makers  in  Rosemary 
Lane,  and  I  to  starve  in  St.  James's  Park. — Goldsmith,  Essay,  p.  21. 

Rosoman  Street  (formerly  ROSOMAN  Row),  CLERKENWELL,  runs 
from  Corporation  Row  to  the  New  River  Head.  It  was  named  after 

1  Cal,  State  Pap.,  1619-1623,  p.  305.  -  Ellis's  Letters,  2d  S.,  vol.  iii.  p.  342. 


174  ROSOMAN  STREET 

a  "  Mr.  Rosoman,  a  Devonshire  gentleman,  the  owner  of  the  land." 
John  Britton,  in  his  Autobiography  (vol.  i.  p.  62),  under  date  1787,  says, 
"Richard  Earlom  [d.  1822],  the  eminent  mezzotint  engraver,  who 
lived  in  Rosoman  Row  would  have  taken  me  [as  an  apprentice]  with 
a  small  premium,  but  the  opportunity  was  neglected."  At  the  end  of 
Rosoman  Row  was  one  of  the  series  of  ponds  which  distinguished  the 
district  of  Clerkenwell  and  Spa  Fields.  By  it  was  one  of  the  conduits 
for  the  supply  of  London  with  water,  and  close  at  hand  were  the  London 
Spa  and  Merlin's  Cave,  "  places  of  great  public  resort "  in  the  last  half 
of  the  1 8th  century.  \See  Spa  Fields.]  Both  these  signs  remain, 
the  London  Spa  in  Exmouth  Street  and  Merlin's  Cave  in  Rosoman 
Street,  but  they  are  now  ordinary  "wine  vaults." 

There  was  a  reservoir  at  the  corner  of  Rosoman  Street,  opposite  the  London 
Spaw  public  house,  until  the  erection  of  the  houses  there  about  1812.  On  the  west 
side  of  this  reservoir  was  a  building  with  which  water  wheels,  to  aid  the  supply  of 
London,  were  once  connected  ;  they  are  represented  in  a  small  inferior  print  giving 
a  north  view  of  the  Metropolis  [one  of  a  series  of  Views  of  North  London  from  the 
Bowling  Green  at  Islington],  without  date,  but  which  was  probably  engraved  about 
1780. — Cromwell's  History  of  Clerkenwell,  1828,  p.  349. 

In  Rosoman  Street  are  the  Clerkenwell  Vestry  Hall,  St.  James's 
and  Cow  Cross  Mission  Halls,  and  St.  Peter  and  St.  Paul  Roman 
Catholic  Church. 

Rotherhithe,  corruptly  REDRIFF,  a  manor  and  parish  on  the  right 
bank  of  the  Thames,  in  the  county  of  Surrey,  between  Bermondsey  and 
Deptford.  It  is  not  mentioned  in  Domesday  Book,  and  was,  at  the 
time  of  the  Conquest,  a  hamlet  in  the  royal  manor  of  Bermondsey. 
The  name  appears  as  "yEtheredes  hyd"  in  a  charter  of  A.D.  898, 
printed  in  Birch's  Cartularium,  vol.  ii.  p.  220.  In  the  i7th  century 
it  had  come  to  be  so  generally  called  Redriff  that  out  of  twenty  trade 
tokens,  recorded  by  Mr.  Burn,  nineteen  spelt  it  Redriff;  in  the  twentieth 
it  was  Rothorith,  I666.1  Philip  Henslowe  used  to  send  his  horse  "to 
grasse  to  Redreffe."  The  charge  in  1600  was  twentypence  a 
week.2 

The  living  is  a  rectory.  The  church,  dedicated  to  St.  Mary,  was 
built  1714-1715  on  the  site  of  a  smaller  church.  It  was  enlarged 
and  the  steeple  added  in  1738.  It  is  a  large  brick  building  with 
stone  dressings,  and  a  lantern,  and  columns  of  the  Corinthian  order. 
The  architect  is  unknown.  In  the  churchyard  is  the  monument 
erected  by  the  East  India  Company  to  the  memory  of  Prince  Lee 
Boo,  a  native  of  the  Pelew  or  Palas  Islands,  and  son  to  Abba  Thulle 
Rupack,  or  King  of  the  Island  Coo-roo-raa,  who  died  from  the 
smallpox  in  Captain  Wilson's  house  in  Paradise  Row,  December 
29,  1784.  The  inscription  records  that  the  stone  was  erected  "as 
a  testimony  of  the  humane  and  kind  treatment  afforded  by  his  father 
to  the  crew  of  the  Antelope,  Captain  Wilson,  which  was  wrecked 
off  the  island  of  Coo-roo-raa  on  the  night  of  the  9th  of  August, 

1  Burn,  Desc.  Cat.  of  London  Traders  Tokens,  p.  201.  2  Henslowe's  Diary,  p.  81. 


ROTTEN  ROW  175 


1783."  Besides  the  mother  church  there  are  three  or  four  district 
churches.  Rotherhithe  has  always  been  much  inhabited  by  seafaring 
people.  Admiral  Sir  John  Leake  (d.  1720),  distinguished  on  many 
occasions,  from  the  Relief  of  Londonderry  to  the  Battle  of  La  Hogue 
and  the  reduction  of  Barcelona,  was  born  at  Rotherhithe  in  1656. 
Manning  states  that  the  brave  old  Admiral  Benbow  was  born  in 
Wintershull  Street,  now  Hanover  Street,  Rotherhithe.1  But  this  is  a 
mistake ;  he  was  born  at  Coton  Hill,  Shrewsbury.  Gulliver,  so  Swift 
tells  us,  was  long  an  inhabitant  of  the  place.  "  It  was  as  true  as  if 
Mr.  Gulliver  had  spoken  it,"  was  a  sort  of  proverb  among  his  neigh- 
bours at  Redriff.  In  Rotherhithe  are  the  extensive  Commercial  Docks. 
The  south  entrance  to  the  Thames  Tunnel  was  in  Swan  Lane,  but  since 
the  tunnel  has  been  appropriated  for  the  passage  under  the  Thames  of 
the  East  London  Railway  it  has  been  closed  to  foot-passengers. 
Rotherhithe  has  many  wharves,  stairs,  docks,  yards,  granaries,  manu- 
factories and  shops,  connected  with  maritime  and  river  traffic. 

On  June  i,  1765,  a  fire  broke  out  in  a  mast-yard  near  Rotherhithe 
Church,  which  destroyed  206  houses. 

Some  discussion  having  arisen  in  connection  with  Turner's  grand 
picture  of  "  The  Fighting  Temeraire  tugged  to  her  last  berth  to  be 
broken  up,  1838,"  as  to  where  was  the  last  berth  of  the  good  ship,  the 
Rev.  E.  J.  Beck,  Rector  of  Rotherhithe,  wrote  a  letter  to  the  Times 
(December  20,  1877),  in  which  is  the  following  interesting  passage  : — 

She  was  broken  up  not  at  Deptford,  but  at  Rotherhithe,  at  the  ship-breaking 
yard  then  in  the  occupation  of  the  late  Mr.  John  Beatson.  It  may  interest  your 
readers  and  the  admirers  of  Turner's  beautiful  picture  to  know  that  the  exact  spot  to 
which  the  good  ship  was  towed  is  within  a  few  yards  of  the  Surrey  Canal  entrance 
of  the  Grand  Surrey  Commercial  Docks.  It  so  happened  that  while  the  Temeraire 
was  still  in  process  of  destruction  a  chapel  of  ease  to  the  old  parish  church  of 
Rotherhithe  was  being  erected  within  a  short  distance  of  the  ship-breaker's  yard, 
and  Mr.  Beatson  presented  to  the  architect  (who  was  a  relation  of  his  own)  sufficient 
timber  to  make  the  holy  table,  altar  rails,  and  two  large  sanctuary  chairs,  which  are 
still  in  use  in  the  church  of  St.  Paul's,  Globe  Street,  Rotherhithe,  consecrated  in 
June  1850.  The  last  of  the  wooden  ships  broken  up  in  the  same  yard  was  the 
Queen,  about  five  years  since.  The  figure-heads  of  various  old  ships  of  the  Fleet 
still  adorn  the  entrance  gates  in  Rotherhithe  Street.  —  Times,  December  20,  '77. 

The  last  line  will  recall  another  memorable  picture,  "  Old  Friends," 
by  H.  S.  Marks,  R.A.,  which  attracted  much  notice  at  the  Royal 
Academy  Exhibition  of  1879. 

Rotten  Row,  HYDE  PARK,  a  roadway  for  saddle-horses  only,  on 
the  south  side  of  Hyde  Park,  between  Hyde  Park  Corner  and 
Kensington ;  within  the  last  few  years  a  supplementary  ride  has  been 
formed  on  the  north  side  of  the  Serpentine,  from  Cumberland  Gate  to 
Victoria  Gate.  Many  absurd  etymologies  have  been  proposed  for  the 
name,  but  the  most  probable  is  the  apparent  one,  that  it  is  called  after 
the  rotten  soil  of  which  it  is  composed.  The  privilege  of  driving  along 
Rotten  Row  is  confined  to  the  Sovereign  and  the  Hereditary  Grand 

1  Manning's  Surrey,  vol.  i.  p.  229. 


1 76  ROTTEN  ROW 


Falconer.  In  the  months  of  May,  June,  and  part  of  July,  between  the 
hours  of  twelve  and  two,  and  five  and  seven,  Rotten  Row  is  crowded 
with  hundreds  of  equestrians,  ladies  in  great  numbers  adding  brilliancy 
to  the  scene. 

Horsed  in  Cheapside,  scarce  yet  the  gayer  spark 
Achieves  the  Sunday  triumph  of  the  Park  ; 
Scarce  yet  you  see  him,  dreading  to  be  late, 
Scour  the  New  Road  and  dash  thro'  Grosvenor  Gate  : — 
Anxious — yet  timorous  too  ! — his  steed  to  show, 
The  hack  Bucephalus  of  Rotten  Row. 
Careless  he  seems,  yet,  vigilantly  sly, 
Woos  the  stray  glance  of  ladies  passing  by, 
While  his  off-heel,  insidiously  aside, 
Provokes  the  caper  which  he  seems  to  chide. 

R.  Brinsley  Sheridan,  Prologue  tp  Lady  Craven's  Comedy,  The  Miniature  Picture, 
1781. 

When  its  quicksilver's  down  at  zero, lo  ! 

Coach,  chariot,  luggage,  baggage,  equipage  ! 
Wheels  whirl  from  Carlton  Palace  to  Soho, 

And  happiest  they  who  horses  can  engage  ; 
The  turnpikes  glow  with  dust ;  and  Rotten  Row 

Sleeps  from  the  chivalry  of  this  bright  age  ; 

And  tradesmen,  with  long  bills  and  longer  faces, 

Sigh — as  the  post-boys  fasten  on  the  traces. 

Don  Juan,  Canto  xiii.,  stanza  44. 

Round  Court,  ST.  MARTIN'S-IN-THE-FIELDS,  on  the  north-west 
side  of  the  Strand,  "  almost,"  says  Hatton,  "  against  Buckingham  Street 
end."  It  is  particularly  mentioned  in  No.  304  of  the  Spectator,  and  is 
carefully  laid  down  in  Strype's  Map  of  St.  Martin' s-in-the-Fields.  It  was 
partly  in  the  Bermudas  and  partly  in  Porridge  Island.  The  site  is  now 
occupied  by  the  Charing  Cross  Hospital.  A  once  popular  book, 
Johnson's  Lives  of  Highwaymen  (fol.  1736),  was  "Printed  for  and  Sold 
by  Olive  Payne  at  Horace's  Head  in  Round  Court  in  the  Strand, 
over  against  York  Buildings." 

Round  House  (The).     [See  St.  Martin's  Lane,  Charing  Cross.] 

Rowland  Hill's  Chapel,  the  corner  of  Little  Charlotte  Street, 
Blackfriars  Road,  called  also  SURREV  CHAPEL.  The  first  stone 
of  this  chapel,  which  in  plan  was  nearly  the  same  as  the  Whitefield  or 
Countess  of  Huntingdon's  Tabernacles,  was  laid  by  Rowland  Hill 
himself,  June  24,  1782.  The  architect  was  William  Thomas.  The 
funds  for  the  building  were  raised  by  a  subscription,  to  which  Lord 
George  Gordon  gave  £,$0.  It  was  opened  for  service  June  8,  1783, 
and  Hill  preached  his  last  sermon  in  it  March  31,  1833.  The  building 
was  80  feet  in  diameter,  and  would  accommodate  3000  persons.  Hill 
died  at  his  house  adjoining  the  chapel  on  the  nth  of  April  following, 
and  by  his  own  special  desire  a  grave  was  dug  for  him  beneath  the 
pulpit  which  he  had  filled  for  fifty  years.  He  was  gifted  with  a  rich 
flow  of  natural  humour,  which  was  always  under  perfect  control,  but 
this  was  merely  a  secondary  part  of  the  character  of  his  preaching. 


ROYAL  ACADEMY  OF  AKTS  177 

His  great  contemporary  Robert  Hall  pronounced  emphatically  that 
"  no  man  has  ever  drawn,  since  the  days  of  our  Saviour,  such  sublime 
images  from  nature  :  here  Mr.  Hill  cxcells  every  other  man." 

In  1876  the  congregation,  presided  over  by  the  Rev.  Newman  Hall, 
removed  to  Christ  Church,  a  large  and  costly  building  which  they  had 
erected  at  the  junction  of  the  Kennington  and  Westminster  Bridge 
Roads,  on  a  site  formerly  occupied  by  the  Female  Orphan  Asylum, 
and  the  body  of  Rowland  Hill  was  removed  at  the  same  time. 
Rowland  Hill  practised  vaccination  before  the  treatment  was  sanctioned 
by  public  approbation,  the  vestry  of  the  chapel  being  then  one  of  the 
chief  London  stations.  Hannah  More  "  asked  him  if  it  were  true  that 
he  had  vaccinated  six  thousand  people  with  his  own  hand.  He  answered, 
Madam,  it  was  nearer  eight  thousand." 

Royal  Academy  of  Arts,  BURLINGTON  HOUSE,  PICCADILLY. 
The  Academy  was  constituted  by  an  instrument,  which  was  signed 
by  the  King  (George  III.)  as  patron,  December  10,  1768.  In  this 
instrument  it  is  described  as  "a  Society  for  promoting  the  Arts  of 
Design,"  and  is  to  "consist  of  forty  members  only,  who  shall  be  called 
Academicians  of  the  Royal  Academy ;  they  shall  all  of  them  be  artists 
by  profession  at  the  time  of  their  admission — that  is  to  say,  painters, 
sculptors,  or  architects."  In  the  next  clause  it  is  said  to  be  "His 
Majesty's  pleasure  that  the  following  forty  persons  be  the  original 
members  of  the  said  society,"  but  only  thirty-six  are  named,  of  whom 
two  are  ladies,  and  in  fact  the  number  was  not  made  up  to  forty  till 
ten  or  twelve  years  later.  In  December  1769  it  was  decided  to  form 
a  class  of  associates,  not  to  exceed  twenty  in  number,  from  whom  in 
future  the  academicians  should  be  chosen,  and  in  1770  sixteen 
associates  were  elected.  It  was  also  resolved  that  there  should  be  six 
associate  engravers,  who  were  not  however  to  be  eligible  for  election  to 
the  higher  grade. 

The  Academy  established  itself  and  opened  its  schools  at  Dillon's 
print  warehouse,  formerly  Lamb's  auction  rooms,  in  Pall  Mall,  adjoining 
Carlton  House,  and  immediately  east  of  where  the  United  Service 
Club  now  stands  ;  and  here,  at  the  first  public  meeting  of  the  Academy, 
January  2,  1769,  Sir  Joshua  Reynolds  delivered  the  first  of  his  famous 
Presidential  Discourses.  The  first  exhibition  of  the  Academy  was 
opened  in  these  rooms  on  April  26,  1769,  and  contained  136 
paintings.  In  1771  the  King  gave  the  Academy  apartments  in 
Somerset  House,  in  that  part  of  the  old  mansion  facing  the  river  which 
had  been  added  by  Inigo  Jones.  But  though  well  adapted  for  the 
ordinary  purposes  of  the  society,  there  were  no  rooms  suited  for  the 
exhibitions,  which  continued  to  be  held  in  Pall  Mall  till  1780,  when  the 
apartments  in  New  Somerset  House,  built  by  Sir  William  Chambers  for 
the  use  of  the  Academy,  by  special  desire  of  the  King,  were  ready  to 
receive  them.  They  remained  here  for  fifty-eight  years,  and  removed 
in  May  1838  to  Trafalgar  Square,  where  they  continued  thirty-one  years, 
and  migrated  to  Burlington  House  in  1869. 

VOL.  Ill  N 


178  ROYAL  ACADEMY  OF  ARTS 

May,  1780. — You  know,  I  suppose,  that  the  Royal  Academy  at  Somerset  House 
is  opened.  It  is  quite  a  Roman  Palace,  and  finished  in  perfect  taste  as  well  as  at 
boundless  expense.  It  would  have  been  a  glorious  apparition  at  the  conclusion  of 
the  great  war  ;  now  it  is  an  insult  on  our  poverty  and  degradation.  .  .  . 
Gainsborough  has  five  landscapes  there,  of  which  one  especially  is  worthy  of  any 
collection,  and  of  any  painter  that  ever  existed.  —  Walpole  to  Mason. 

May  I,  1780.  The  Exhibition, — Now  will  do  either  to  see  or  not  to  see  !  The 
Exhibition  is  eminently  splendid.  There  is  contour  and  keeping,  and  grace,  and 
expression,  and  all  the  varieties  of  artificial  excellence.  The  apartments  are  truly 
very  noble.  The  pictures,  for  the  sake  of  a  skylight,  are  at  the  top  of  the  house ; 
there  we  dined,  and  I  sat  over  against  the  Archbishop  of  York. — -Johnson  to  Mrs. 
Thrale. 

Gainsborough  had  sixteen  pictures  in  this  exhibition,  among  them 

the  famous  Horses  drinking  at  a  Trough.      Reynolds  contributed  the 

portrait  of  Gibbon,  and  the  almost  equally  well-known  portrait  of  Miss 

Beauclerk  as  Una.     The  dinner  to  which  Johnson  alludes  is  that  which 

was  first  given   in   Old  Somerset  House   before   the  opening  of  the 

Exhibition,  and  has  ever  since  formed  one  of  the  features  of  the  London 

Season,  and  to  which  the  highest  and  the  most  eminent  deem  it  an 

honour    to   be   invited.     In    the    "Constitution    and    Laws"    of  the 

Academy  it   is    laid  down  that   "  The  guests  shall  consist  exclusively 

of  persons  in  elevated  situations,  of  high  rank,  distinguished  talents,  or 

known  patrons  of  the  Arts,"  and  the  rule  has  been  strictly  adhered  to 

for  now  more  than  a  century.     Writing  to  Mrs.  Thrale  in  May  1783, 

Johnson  says,  "The  Exhibition  prospers  so  much  that  Sir  Joshua  says 

it  will  maintain  the  Academy."     Sir  Joshua's  anticipations  were  well 

founded.     From  that  time  the  Royal  Academy  has  derived  the  whole 

of  its  funds  from  the  produce  of  the  annual  exhibition.     The  members 

are  under  the  superintendence  and  control  of  the  Monarch,  who  confirms 

all  elections,  appointments,  and  alterations  in  the  laws ;  but  the  Academy 

is  regarded  by  the  members  as  a  "private  society,  though  it  supports 

a  school  that  is  open  to  the  public," x  a  position  which  the  Parliamentary 

Commission  of  1863  considered  to  be  ambiguous.     As  now  constituted 

the  Royal  Academy  consists  of  forty  royal  academicians  (including  the 

President)  and  thirty  associates.     The  honorary  members — not  a  fixed 

number — comprise  "  honorary  retired  academicians,"  "  honorary  foreign 

academicians  " — all  artists  of  distinction,  and  five  "  honorary  members" 

(a  chaplain,  two  professors,  an  antiquary,  and  a  foreign  secretary,  whose 

duties  are  as  honorary  as  their  titles).     The  schools  "provide  means 

of  instruction  for  students    of  painting,   sculpture,   architecture,   and 

engraving,"  and  are  open,  without  charge,  to  students  who  satisfy  the 

authorities  that  they  "  have  already  attained  such  a  proficiency  as  will 

enable  them  to  draw  or  model  well,"  and  have  a  certain  rudimentary 

acquaintance    with    anatomy,    or,    if    a    student   in    architecture,    "a 

reasonable  degree  of  proficiency  "  in  the  elementary  stages  of  that  art. 

The    schools   are    under   the   direction    of  the  keeper,   visitors,   and 

professors,    the   professorial    staff  comprising   professors    of  painting, 

sculpture,  architecture,  anatomy,  and  chemistry,  a  teacher  of  perspective, 

1  Evidence  of  Mr.  Howard,  R.A.,  the  Secretary,  before  Committee  of  the  House  of  Commons,  1835. 


ROYAL  ACADEMY  OF  ARTS  179 

and  a  master  in  the  class  of  architecture.  The  fine  library  of  books  of 
prints  belonging  to  the  Academy  is  open  to  the  students.  Directions 
as  to  the  mode  of  obtaining  admission  as  a  student  may  be  obtained 
on  application  to  the  Secretary  at  Burlington  House.  Connected  with  the 
school  is  a  large  collection  of  busts  from  the  antique.  The  Academy 
also  possesses  some  interesting  pictures  and  many  fine  drawings  by 
the  old  masters,  among  them  being  a  cartoon  of  Leda,  by  Michelangelo; 
one  of  a  Holy  Family  in  black  chalk  by  Leonardo  da  Vinci ;  and  a 
copy  in  oil,  the  size  of  the  original,  of  Da  Vinci's  Last  Supper,  by 
Leonardo's  scholar,  Marco  d'Oggione,  which  is  probably  of  greater  value 
than  the  original  at  Milan  in  its  present  dreadfully  damaged  condition. 
This  was  formerly  in  the  Certosa  at  Pavia.  The  Academy  possesses 
a  few  pieces  of  sculpture,  the  most  noteworthy  being  a  bas-relief  in 
marble  of  the  Holy  Family  by  Michelangelo,  presented  by  Sir  George 
Beaumont.  The  models  and  casts  of  the  works  of  the  late  John 
Gibson,  R.A.,  were  presented  to  the  Academy  by  his  widow,  and  are 
arranged  in  a  room  called  the  Gibson  Gallery. 

By  a  law  passed  in  1770  every  member  has  on  his  election  to  present 
to  the  Academy  a  specimen  of  his  art.  It  did  not  apply  to  those  already 
elected,  and  consequently  it  has  no  "  diploma  work  "  of  the  thirty-six 
original  academicians,  but  it  has  a  work  from  the  pencil  or  chisel  of 
every  academician  elected  since  that  year;  and  a  very  interesting 
collection  it  forms.  Thus  there  are  in  the  class  of  historical  and 
imaginative  works — Jael  and  Sisera,  by  Northcote  ;  Age  and  Infancy, 
Opie ;  Thor  and  the  Serpent  of  Midgard,  Fuseli ;  Charity,  Stothard ; 
Prospero  and  Miranda,  Thomson ;  Venus  and  Adonis,  Phillips ; 
Proclaiming  Joash  King,  Bird  ;  Ganymede,  Hilton  ;  Queen  Katherine, 
Leslie ;  Sleeping  Nymphs  and  Satyrs,  Etty ;  Hagar  and  Ishmael, 
Eastlake ;  and  St.  Gregory  teaching  his  Chant,  Herbert.  In  works  of 
a  somewhat  less  ambitious  order  —  The  Fortune  Teller,  Ozias 
Humphrey ;  A  Gipsy  Girl,  Sir  Thomas  Lawrence ;  Horses  in  a  Storm, 
Sawrey  Gilpin ;  Boy  and  Kitten,  Owen ;  Boys  digging  for  a  Rat, 
Wilkie ;  Boy  and  Rabbit,  Raeburn ;  The  Village  Buffoon,  Mulready ; 
The  Student,  Newton ;  The  Faithful  Hound,  Sir  Edwin  Landseer ; 
Italian  Mother,  Uwins ;  The  Woodranger,  Maclise ;  Early  Lesson, 
Webster.  Among  landscapes  are  —  Dolbadern  Castle,  Turner; 
Morning,  Callcott;  Young  Anglers,  Collins;  Barge  passing  a  Lock, 
Constable;  On  the  Scheldt,  Stanfield,  and  Baalbec,  Roberts.  The 
sculpture  includes — Cupid  and  Psyche,  by  Nollekens;  Sickness, 
Bacon ;  A  Falling  Giant,  Banks ;  Apollo  and  Marpessa,  Flaxman ; 
Jupiter  and  Ganymede,  Sir  R.  Westmacott ;  Bacchanalian  Group  in 
Bronze,  Theed;  Bust  of  Benjamin  West,  P.R.A.,  Chantrey;  Eve, 
Baily  ;  Narcissus,  Gibson;  Nymph,  M'Dowell;  the  Elder  Brother  in 
Comus,  Foley.  But  though  there  are  no  diploma  works  by  the 
foundation  members,  the  Academy  possesses  some  good  works  by 
them,  among  others  seven  by  Reynolds,  including  George  III.  and 
Queen  Charlotte  in  their  coronation  robes,  presented  by  George  III. ; 


i8o 


Portraits  of  himself  as  D.C.L.,  and  of  Sir  William  Chambers,  presented 
by  Reynolds  and  both  very  fine  works.  By  Gainsborough,  his  own 
and  another  portrait  and  a  landscape;  and  by  West  his  Christ 
Blessing  Little  Children,  and  two  or  three  more.  These  will  now  be 
swelled  by  other  works  of  the  British  School  dating  from  the  present 
time.  Sir  Francis  Chantrey  by  his  will  bequeathed  the  reversion  of 
his  property,  after  payment  of  other  bequests,  on  the  death  of  his 
widow,  to  the  Royal  Academy,  to  be  invested  and  the  interest  laid  out 
annually  in  the  purchase  of  works  of  the  highest  merit  that  can  be 
obtained,  in  painting  and  sculpture,  "  which  may  hereafter  be  executed 
by  artists  resident  in  Great  Britain  when  they  were  completed."  The 
legacy  has  fallen  in,  and  already  several  excellent  paintings,  exhibited 
at  the  South  Kensington  Museum,  and  some  good  pieces  of  sculpture 
have  been  purchased. 

In  1868  the  eastern  wing  of  the  National  Gallery,  till  then  occupied 
by  the  Royal  Academy,  being  required  for  the  National  pictures,  the 
Government  granted  the  Academy  in  exchange  a  lease  for  999  years 
at  a  nominal  rent  of  Old  Burlington  House  with  part  of  the  garden 
behind.  The  house  was  altered,  a  new  storey  added  and  a  range  of 
spacious  galleries  erected  in  the  rear,  at  a  cost  of  about  ;£i  20,000. 
The  new  galleries,  which,  with  the  alterations  in  the  house,  were  designed 
by  Mr.  Sidney  Smirke,  R.  A.,  comprise,  besides  the  vestibule,  octagonal, 
central  hall  and  gallery  beyond,  which  form  the  sculpture  galleries, 
a  great  room,  in  which  the  annual  dinner  is  held,  a  lecture  hall  and 
nine  other  rooms,  all  of  which  are  appropriated  to  the  Exhibition.  The 
three  galleries  in  the  upper  storey  of  Burlington  House  contain  the 
diploma  pictures,  the  Gibson  models,  and  the  miscellaneous  pictures 
and  works  of  art  belonging  to  the  Academy.  The  library,  offices,  etc., 
are  in  the  body  of  the  building,  the  schools  are  in  the  basement. 

The  Annual  Exhibition"  of  the  Works  of  Living  Artists  opens  to 
the  public  on  the  first  Monday  in  May  and  closes  on  the  first  Monday 
in  August.  The  annual  dinner  is  held  on  the  Saturday  preceding  the 
opening  day.  Works  for  exhibition  are  received  from  any  artists, 
subject  to  approval  or  rejection  by  the  Council.  No  works  that  have 
been  previously  exhibited,  or  copies  of  any  kind  are  admitted.  Pictures, 
etc.,  have  to  be  sent  in  about  five  weeks  before  the  opening  of  the 
Exhibition,  but  the  exact  days  are  always  advertised  in  the  newspapers 
and  generally  printed  in  the  catalogue  of  the  previous  exhibition.  On 
removing  to  Burlington  House  the  Academy  arranged  for  a  Winter 
Exhibition  of  Works  by  the  Old  Masters  and  Deceased  Masters  of  the 
British  School,  similar  to  those  of  the  British  Institution,  which  had 
lapsed  with  the  close  of  that  institution.  These  exhibitions  are  opened 
on  the  first  Monday  in  January  and  close  on  the  second  Saturday  in 
March. 

Royal  Academy  Of  Music.     [See  Academy  of  Music.] 

Royal    Aquarium,    TOTHILL    STREET,    WESTMINSTER,    a    large 


THE  ROYAL  EXCHANGE  181 

building  constructed  from  the  designs  of  Mr.  A.  Bedborough  in  1876 
as  an  aquarium  and  winter  garden,  at  a  cost  of  nearly  ,£200,000. 
The  building,  which  is  of  red  brick  and  Portland  stone,  is  about  600 
feet  long  and  160  wide.  It  was  started  as  an  institution  for  the  moral 
elevation  of  the  people  by  the  contemplation  of  the  wonders  of  nature. 
As  a  winter  garden  it  failed  completely,  and  it  is  now  a  sort  of  magnified 
"music  hall,"  in  which  scantily  dressed  females  go  through  "exciting" 
acrobatic  performances,  or  are  shot  out  of  cannons,  "genuine  Zulus" 
dance,  and  female  swimmers  exhibit  "  aquatic  feats  "  in  the  great  tank, 
or  fasting  men  are  exhibited  to  a  gaping  crowd.  Part  of  the  western 
end  of  the  building  is  fitted  as  a  theatre,  at  present  named  The  Imperial. 

Royal  Astronomical  Society.     [See  Astronomical  Society.] 

Royal  Exchange  (The),  a  quadrangle  and  colonnade  (the  third 
building  of  the  kind  on  the  same  site),  erected  for  the  convenience  of 
merchants  and  bankers,  built  from  the  designs  of  Mr.  (afterwards  Sir 
William)  Tite.     The  first  stone  was  laid  by  Prince  Albert,  January  1 7, 
1842,  and  the  building  was  opened  with  great  pomp  by  Her  Majesty 
in  person  on  October  28,  1844.     The  cost  of  the  structure,  with  its 
sculpture,  was  about  ^150,000.     Of  the  exterior  the  chief  feature  is 
the  noble  portico  at  the  west  end,  the  most  imposing  in  its  proportions 
and  dignity  of  effect  in  the  metropolis.      It  is  octostyle  (having  eight 
Corinthian   columns)   with   intercolumns,   and  the  pediment   is    filled 
with  emblematic  sculpture  in  high  relief  by  Richard  Westmacott,  R.A. 
(the  younger).     The  portico  is  96  feet  wide  and  74  feet  high  to  the 
apex  of  the  pediment.     The  columns  are  4  feet  2  inches  in  diameter 
and  41   high,   including  the  base  and  capital.      The  extreme  length 
of  the  building  is  308  feet.     The  east  end  is  175  feet  wide,  or  56  feet 
wider  than  the  west  end,  a  peculiarity  which  certainly  adds  picturesque- 
ness  to  its  effect  when  looked  at  from  the'  west.     The  eastern  entrance 
is  marked  by  four  Corinthian  columns,  from  which  rises  a  clock-tower, 
170  feet  high,  surmounted  by  the  Gresham  grasshopper.     The  sides 
have  ranges  of  Corinthian  pilasters,  between  which  are  shops,  originally 
deeply  recessed  under  rusticated  arches ;  but   the   shop   fronts   have 
been   brought    forward,   much   to   the   detriment   of  the  architectural 
effect.     The  inner  quadrangle,  or  merchant?  area,  is  an  open  area  1 1 1 
feet  long  and  53  feet  wide,  surrounded  by  an  arcade  about  30  feet 
deep.     This  was  formerly  open   to  the  sky,  but  after  many  years  of 
consideration  it  was  covered  about  1880  by  a  glass  and  iron  roof,  from 
the  designs  of  Mr.  Charles  Barry,  architect.     In  the  centre  is  a  marble 
statue — small  in  size  and  insignificant  in  character — of  the  Queen,  by 
Lough;  statues  of  Sir  Thomas  Gresham,  Sir  Hugh  Myddelton,Sir  Richard 
Whittington,  and  Queen  Elizabeth,  hy  Messrs.  Behnes,  Joseph,  Carew, 
and  Watson.     The  western  part  of  the  building  is  appropriated  to  the 
Royal  Exchange  Assurance  Company ;  the  eastern  end  to  Lloyds.     [See 
Lloyds.]     The  two  great  days  on  'Change  are  Tuesday  and  Friday, 
and  the  busy  period  from  half-past  three  to  half-past  four  P.M.     The 


1 82  THE  ROYAL  EXCHANGE 

Rothschilds,  the  greatest  people  on  'Change,  occupy  a  pillar  on  the 
south  side  of  the  Exchange.  In  the  open  space  before  the  west  front 
of  the  Royal  Exchange  is  a  colossal  equestrian  statue  of  the  Duke  of 
Wellington  by  Sir  Francis  Chantrey. 

The  first  Royal  Exchange  was  founded  by  Sir  Thomas  Gresham ; 
the  first  stone  was  laid  June  7,  1566,  and  the  building  opened  by 
Queen  Elizabeth  in  person,  January  23,  1570-1571. 

The  Queen's  Majesty,  attended  with  her  nobility,  came  from  her  house  at  the 
Strand  called  Somerset  House,  and  entered  the  city  by  Temple  Bar,  through  Fleet 
Street,  Cheap,  and  so  by  the  north  side  of  the  burse,  through  Threedneedle  Street, 
to  Sir  Thomas  Gresham's  house  in  Bishopsgate  Street,  where  she  dined.  After 
dinner  her  Majesty,  returning  through  Cornhill,  entered  the  burse  on  the  south  side  ; 
and  after  that  she  had  viewed  every  part  thereof  above  the  ground,  especially  the 
pawn,  which  was  richly  furnish'ed  with  all  sorts  of  the  finest  wares  in  the  city,  she 
caused  the  same  burse,  by  a  herald  and  trumpet,  to  be  proclaimed  "The  Royal 
Exchange,"  and  so  to  be  called  from  thenceforth,  and  not  otherwise. — Stow. 

After  the  Royal  Exchange,  which  is  now  [1631]  called  the  Eye  of  London,  had 
been  builded  two  or  three  years,  it  stood  in  a  manner  empty ;  and  a  little  before 
her  Majesty  was  to  come  thither  to  view  the  beauty  thereof,  and  to  give  it  a  name, 
Sir  Thomas  Gresham,  in  his  own  person,  went,  twice  in  one  day,  round  about  the 
upper  pawn,  and  besought  those  few  shopkeepers  then  present  that  they  would 
furnish  and  adorn  with  wares  and  wax-lights  as  many  shops  as  they  either  could  or 
would,  and  they  should  have  all  those  shops  so  furnished  rent  free  that  year,  which 
otherwise  at  that  time  was  403.  a  shop  by  the  year ;  and  within  two  years  after  he 
raised  that  rent  unto  four  marks  a  year ;  and  within  a  while  after  that  he  raised  his 
rent  of  every  shop  unto  £4  :  IDS.  a  year,  and  then  all  shops  were  well  furnished 
according  to  that  time ;  for  then  the  milliners  or  haberdashers  in  that  place  sold 
mouse-traps,  bird-cages,  shoeing-horns,  lanthorns,  and  Jews'  trumps,  etc.  There 
were  also  at  that  time  that  kept  shops  in  the  upper  pawn  of  the  Royal  Exchange, 
armourers  that  sold  both  old  and  new  armour,  apothecaries,  booksellers,  goldsmiths, 
and  glass -sellers,  although  now  [1631]  it  is  as  plenteously  stored  with  all  kinds  of 
rich  wares  and  fine  commodities  as  any  particular  place  in  Europe,  into  which  place 
many  foreign  princes  daily  send  to  be  best  served  of  the  best  sort. — Howes,  ed. 
1631,  p.  869. 

The  materials  for  the  construction  of  the  Exchange  were  brought 
from  Flanders,  or,  as  Holinshed  has  it,  Gresham  "bargained  for  the 
whole  mould  and  substance  of  his  workmanship  in  Flanders,"  and  a 
Flemish  builder  of  the  name  of  Henryke  was  employed.1 

October  26,  1570. — Sir  Thomas  Gresham  to  Cecil.  Requests  a  special  license 
for  a  ship  to  go  to  Flanders  with  alabaster,  as  he  had  a  special  license  for  trans- 
portation of  his  stores  from  Antwerp  to  his  Burse. — Cal,  Eliz.,  p.  394. 

In  general  design  the  Exchange  was  not  unlike  the  Burse  at  Antwerp 
— a  quadrangle,  with  a  cloister  running  round  the  interior  of  the 
building,  a  corridor  or  "  pawn  "  2  above,  and  attics  or  bedrooms  at  the 
top. 

Just.  Phew  !  excuses  !  You  must  to  the  Pawn  to  buy  lawn ;  to  St.  Martin's  for 
lace,  etc. — Westward  Ho  !  (1607),  vol.  ii.  p.  i. 

On  the  south  or  Cornhill  front  was  a  bell-tower,  and  on  the  north 

1  Burgon's  Life  of  Gresham,  vol.  ii.  p.  115.  let    at    a    yearly   rent    of  £20   and    .£30    each 

2  Bahn  (German)'   Baan  (Dutch),   a  path  or  (Burgon,  vol.  ii.  p.  513).     These  were  all  vacant 
walk.     These  were  divided  into  stalls,  and  formed  in  1739,  when  Maitland  published  his  History  of 
a  kind  of  bazaar.     In  1712  there  were  160  stalls  London  (Maitland,  p.  467). 


THE  ROYAL  EXCHANGE  183 

a  lofty  Corinthian  column,  each  surmounted  by  a  grasshopper — the 
crest  of  the  Greshams.  The  bell,  in  Gresham's  time,  was  rung  at 
twelve  at  noon  and  at  six  in  the  evening.1  In  niches  within  the  quad- 
rangle, and  immediately  above  the  cloister  or  covered  walk,  stood  the 
statues  of  our  kings  and  queens,  from  Edward  the  Confessor  to  Queen 
Elizabeth.  James  I.,  Charles  I.,  and  Charles  II.  were  afterwards 
added.  Charles  I.'s  statue  was  thrown  down  immediately  after  his 
execution,  and  on  the  pedestal  these  words  were  inscribed  in  gilt 
letters,  Exit  tyrannus  Regum  ultimus — "The  tyrant  is  gone,  the  last 
of  the  Kings."  Hume  concludes  his  History  of  Charles  I.  with  this 
little  anecdote  of  City  disaffection,  which  no  doubt  was  in  Addison's 
mind  when  he  made  his  Tory  fox-hunter  satisfied  that  the  London 
merchants  had  not  turned  republicans  "  when  he  spied  the  statue  of 
King  Charles  II.  standing  up  in  the  middle  of  the  crowd,  and  most  of 
the  Kings  in  Baker's  Chronicle  ranged  in  order  over  their  heads." 2 
According  to  the  valuation  made  at  Gresham's  death — 

The  Royal  Exchange  with  all  Howses,  Buildings,  Pawnes,  Vawtes,  and  Proffittes 
thereof,  amounte  to  the  clere  yearely  vallew  of  ^751  :  55.  per  ann.  over  all  chardges 
and  reprises.3 

Of  this,  the  first  or  Gresham's  Exchange,  there  are  two  curious 
contemporary  views  in  the  library  of  the  Society  of  Antiquaries  at 
Burlington  House.  A  still  more  interesting  view,  representing  a  full 
Exchange — High  'Change,  as  Addison  calls  it — was  made  in  1644  by 
Wenceslaus  Hollar.  It  is  true  to  Dekker's  description  of  the  Exchange 
in  1607.  "At  every  turn,"  says  Dekker,  "a  man  is  put  in  mind  of 
Babel,  there  is  such  a  confusion  of  languages."  Hollar  has  given  the 
picturesque  dresses  of  the  foreign  merchants.  There  was  then  no 
necessity  for  printed  boards  to  point  out  the  particular  localities  set 
apart  for  different  countries.  The  merchants  of  Amsterdam  and 
Antwerp,  of  Hamburgh,  Paris,  Venice,  and  Vienna,  were  unmistakably 
distinguished  by  the  dresses  of  their  respective  nations.  The  places  of 
business  were  at  this  time  distinguished  by  signs.  On  January  1 1, 
1635,  Cromwell  addressed  a  letter  ("Oliver's  first  extant  letter,"  as 
Carlyle  notes 4)  "  To  my  very  loving  friend  Mr.  Storie,  at  the  Sign  of 
the  Dog  in  the  Royal  Exchange,  London." 

Gresham's  Exchange  was  destroyed  in  the  Great  Fire  of  1666. 
Pepys  describes  its  appearance  as  "  a  sad  sight,  nothing  standing  there 
of  all  the  statues  or  pillars,  but  Sir  Thomas  Gresham  in  the  corner." 
When  the  Royal  Exchange  was  destroyed  a  second  time  by  fire 
(January  10,  1838),  the  statue  of  Sir  Thomas  Gresham  escaped  again 
uninjured. 

The  second  Exchange  was  designed  by  Edward  Jarman  or  Jerman, 
the  City  surveyor.  This  also,  like  the  Exchange  of  Gresham,  was  a 
quadrangular  building,  with  a  clock-tower  of  timber  on  the  south  or 
Cornhill  front ;  its  inner  cloister,  or  walk ;  its  pawn  above,  for  the  sale 

1  Burgon,  vol.  ii.  p.  345-  -  Freeholder,  June  i,  1716.  3  Strype,  Second  App.,  p.  6. 

4  Carlyle's  Cromwell,  vol.  i.  p.  129. 


1 84  THE  ROYAL  EXCHANGE 

of  fancy  goods,  gloves,  ribbons,  ruffs,  bands,  stomachers,  etc ; l  and  its 
series  of  statues  (placed  in  niches  as  before)  of  our  kings  and  queens, 
from  Edward  I.  downwards,  carved  for  the  most  part  by  Caius  Gabriel 
Gibber,  father  of  Colley.  Later  were  added  the  first  two  Georges  by 
Rysbrack,  the  third  George  by  Wilton,  and  George  IV.  Gresham's 
statue  was  by  Edward  Pierce,  and  the  statue  of  Charles  II.,  in  the 
centre  of  the  quadrangle,  by  Grinling  Gibbons.2  Jarman's  Exchange, 
which  is  said  to  have  cost  ,£58,962,  was  destroyed  by  fire,  January  10, 
1838. 

In  excavating  for  the  new  Royal  Exchange  the  workmen  came 
upon  a  remarkable  hole  measuring  50  feet  by  34,  which  had  apparently 
been  a  gravel  pit  in  the  time  of  the  Romans,  but  closed  and  built  over 
some  time  before  they  left  the  island.  Numerous  Roman  remains, 
fragments  of  pottery,  knives,  combs,  sandals,  and  other  articles  of 
domestic  and  personal  use  were  found  in  it,  apparently  thrown  there 
when  worn  out  or  broken.  These  were  carefully  collected  by  Mr. 
Tite  (who  drew  up  and  printed  an  elaborate  Descriptive  Catalogue  of 
them),  and  are  now  in  the  City  Museum,  Guildhall. 

Royal  Exchange  Buildings,  facing  the  east  front  of  the  Royal 
Exchange,  were  built  in  1846  from  the  designs  of  the  late  Edward 
I'Anson.  The  ground  is  the  property  of  Magdalen  College,  Oxford. 
At  the  north  end  of  Royal  Exchange  Buildings  was  erected  in  1869 
a  seated  statue  in  bronze  of  George  Peabody,  an  American,  who  so 
munificently  provided  improved  dwellings  for  the  London  poor.  The 
statue  was  modelled  by  Mr.  Peabody's  countryman,  Mr.  W.  W.  Story, 
and  was  cast  at  Munich.  When  first  set  up  it  was  of  a  bright  golden 
hue,  but  has  already  become  so  black  as  to  render  the  features  almost 
undistinguishable — a  matter  the  more  to  be  regretted  as  the  likeness  was 
pronounced  by  Mr.  Peabody's  friends  to  be  both  true  and  characteristic. 
Near  the  statue  was  erected  in  1879  a  very  pretty  drinking-fountain 
with  a  marble  statue  of  Charity.  It  cost  ^1500. 

Royal  Free  Hospital,  east  side  of  GRAY'S  INN  ROAD.  This 
hospital  was  founded  in  1828,  "to  receive  all  Destitute  Sick  and 
Diseased  Persons,  to  whatever  Nation  they  may  belong,  who  may 
choose  to  present  themselves  as  Out-Patients,  and  as  great  a  number 
of  In-Patients  as  the  state  of  the  Charity  will  permit."  Previously 
there  was  no  medical  establishment  in  London  into  which  the  destitute 
poor,  when  overtaken  by  disease,  could  find  instant  admission  without 
a  letter  of  recommendation.  The  hospital  has  recently  been  much 
enlarged,  and  now  contains  150  beds.  It  admits  into  its  wards  about 
1900  in-patients,  and  administers  advice  and  medicine  to  over  21,000 
out-patients  annually.  The  income  in  1888  from  charitable  con- 
tributions and  legacies  was  ^11,250,  and  from  invested  funds  £1077. 
The  hospital  relieves  the  sick  of  a  very  poor  and  thickly  inhabited 
district. 

1  See  the  Fair  Maid  of  the  Exchange,  by  T.  2  Gibbons  received  .£500  for  it.     See  Wright's 

Heywood,  410,  1607.  Publick  Transactions,  i2mo,  1685,  p.  198. 


ROYAL  INSTITUTION  OF  GREAT  BRITAIN  185 

Royal  Geographical  Society.  [See  Geographical  Society, 
Royal.] 

Royal  Horticultural  Society.  [See  Horticultural  Society, 
Royal.] 

Royal  Humane  Society.     [See  Humane  Society.] 

Royal  Institute  of  British  Architects.  [See  Institute  of 
British  Architects,  Royal.] 

Royal  Institution  of  Great  Britain,  21  ALEEMARLE  STREET, 
PICCADILLY,  established  March  9,  1799,  at  a  meeting  held  at  the  house 
of  Sir  Joseph  Banks,  for  diffusing  the  knowledge  and  facilitating  the 
general  introduction  of  useful  mechanical  inventions  and  improvements, 
etc.  Count  Rumford  was  its  earliest  promoter,  and  in  a  Poetical 
Epistle  to  him  some  portions  of  the  scheme  were  handled  with 
considerable  humour,  more  particularly  the  "  Refreshment  Room." 

With  rapture  have  I  visited  thy  house 

And  marvell'd  at  thy  vast  extent  of  vouj. 

Thanks  to  thy  care  that,  midst  its  ample  round, 

Soup,  tea  and  toast,  and  coffee  may  be  found  ; 

And  wine,  and  punch,  and  porter — freshening  draught, 

Mending  the  monstrous  wear  and  (ear  of  thought, 

Thus  a  new  birth  shall  Rumford's  glory  tell, 

And  from  its  bowels  spring  a  grand  Hotel. 

The  front  of  the  building — a  row  of  half-engaged  Corinthian  columns 
— was  designed  by  Mr.  Lewis  Vulliamy ;  and  what,  before  1837,  was 
little  better  than  a  perforated  brick  wall,  was  thus  converted  into  an 
ornamental  fa£ade.  Here  are  a  convenient  lecture-theatre,  one  of  the 
best  for  its  acoustic  properties  of  any  in  London,  an  excellent  library 
of  about  50,000  volumes,  and  a  good  reading-room,  with  weekly  courses 
of  lectures  throughout  the  season,  on  science,  philosophy,  literature, 
and  art.  Members  are  elected  by  ballot.  The  admission  fee  is  5 
guineas,  and  the  annual  subscription  5  guineas.  Annual  subscribers 
pay  the  same  subscription,  with  an  entrance  fee  of  one  guinea. 
A  syllabus  of  each  course  may  be  obtained  of  the  secretary  at  the 
Institution.  The  Friday  evening  meetings  of  the  members,  at  which 
some  eminent  person  is  invited  to  deliver  a  popular  lecture  on  some 
subject  of  interest  connected  with  science,  art,  or  literature,  are  well 
attended.  Campbell  delivered  his  lectures  on  poetry  here  in  1812, 
but  "was  nervous  about  his  Caledonianisms."  He  was  paid  100 
guineas  for  the  five, — then  a  large  honorarium.1  Moore  was  invited 
to  lecture  but  was  advised  not. 

July  I,  1813. — I  was  solicited  very  flatteringly  to  lecture  at  the  Royal 
Institution  next  year.  Campbell  has  just  ended  his  lectures.  I  should  not  have 
disliked  it,  but  by  Rogers'  advice,  and  that  of  some  other  friends  (who  thought  it 
infra  dig.)  I  declined  it. — Life  of  Thomas  Moore,  vol.  viii.  p.  145. 

1  Life,  vol.  ii.  p.  212. 


1 86  ROYAL  INSTITUTION  OF  GREAT  BRITAIN 

In  the  laboratory  of  the  Royal  Institution  Davy  made  his  great 
discoveries  on  the  metallic  bases  of  the  alkalies  and  the  earths,  aided 
by  the  large  galvanic  apparatus  of  the  establishment.  His  laboratory 
note-books,  in  which  these  discoveries  are  recorded,  are  preserved  in 
the  library.  And  here  his  assistant  and  successor  carried  out  those 
investigations  in  chemistry,  electricity  and  magnetism  which  placed 
him  in  the  foremost  rank  among  the  scientific  men  of  Europe. 
Faraday  was  appointed  laboratory  assistant,  and  went  to  reside  "in 
two  rooms  at  the  top  of  the  house,"  on  March  i,  1813  ;  and  here  he 
resided  continuously  until  1858,  when  Her  Majesty  gave  him  a  residence 
at  Hampton  Court.  He  delivered  his  last  "  Juvenile  Course "  on 
"The  Chemistry  of  a  Candle"  in  1860,  and  on  June  20,  1862,  his 
last  Friday  evening  discourse ;  but  he  retained  his  post  as  laboratory 
director  till  1865. 

Royal  Military  Asylum  (popularly  THE  DUKE  OF  YORK'S 
SCHOOL),  CHELSEA.  Built  from  the  designs  of  John  Sanders  in  1801. 
Founded  for  the  maintenance  and  education  of  orphan  children  of 
British  soldiers.  The  children,  500  in  number,  are  admitted  between 
the  ages  of  ten  and  twelve  and  leave  when  fourteen. 

Royal  Society,  BURLINGTON  HOUSE.  Incorporated  by  royal 
charter,  April  22,  1663,  as  "the  Royal  Society  of  London  for  the 
advancement  of  Natural  Science,"  King  Charles  II.  and  his  brother 
the  Duke  of  York  entering  their  names  as  members  of  the  Society. 
This  celebrated  Society  (boasting  of  the  names  of  Newton,  Wren, 
Halley,  Cavendish,  Watt,  Herschel,  Davy  and  Faraday  among  its 
members)  originated  in  a  small  attendance  of  men  engaged  in  the 
same  pursuits,  and  dates  its  beginning  from  certain  weekly  meetings 
held  in  London  as  early  as  the  year  1645;  "sometimes,"  as  Wallis 
relates,  "at  Dr.  Goddard's  lodgings  in  Wood  Street;  sometimes  at  a 
convenient  place  [the  Bull  Head  Tavern]  in  Cheapside;  and  sometimes 
at  Gresham  College,  or  some  place  near  adjoining."  The  merit  of 
suggesting  such  meetings  is  assigned  by  Wallis  (himself  a  foundation 
member)  to  Theodore  Haak,  a  German  of  the  Palatinate,  then  resident 
in  London.  The  Civil  War  interrupted  their  pursuits  for  a  time ;  and 
Wilkins,  Wallis  and  Goddard  removing  to  Oxford,  a  second  Society 
was  established,  Seth  Ward,  Ralph  Bathurst,  Dr.  (afterwards  Sir  William) 
Petty  and  the  Honourable  Robert  Boyle  joining  their  number,  and 
taking  an  active  part  in  the  furtherance  of  their  views.  With  the  Resto- 
ration of  the  King  a  fresh  accession  of  strength  was  obtained,  new 
members  enlisted,  meetings  were  again  held  in  Gresham  College,  and  on 
November  28,  1660,  a  resolution  was  adopted  to  establish  the  meetings 
on  a  regular  basis,  the  memorandum  of  this  meeting  being,  according 
to  the  Society's  historian,  "the  first  official  record  of  the  Royal 
Society."1  It  was  agreed,  December  12,  1660,  to  hold  the  meetings 
of  the  Society  weekly  at  Gresham  College,  where  "a  subject"  was 

1  Weld,  Hist,  of  Royal  Soc.,  vol.  ii.  p.  65. 


ROYAL   SOCIETY  187 


given  out  for  discussion  and  very  frequently  experiments  were 
performed.  Almost  from  the  first  the  King  showed  an  active  interest  in 
the  proceedings,  and  did  the  fellows  "  the  favour  and  honour  of  offering 
to  be  entered  on  the  Society,"  and  on  July  15,  1662,  granted  them  a 
Charter  of  Incorporation,  and  when  this  was  found  to  have  "failed  in 
giving  the  Society  certain  privileges  essential  to  their  welfare,"  granted 
them  a  new  patent,  which  passed  the  Great  Seal  on  April  22,  1663,  and 
is  the  acting  charter  of  the  Society  at  the  present  day.1  The  Society 
continued  to  hold  its  meetings  in  Gresham  College ;  and  after  the 
Great  Fire,  by  permission  of  the  Duke  of  Norfolk,  in  Arundel  House. 
Subsequently  the  Society  returned  to  Gresham  College ;  but  in  1710 
removed  to  Crane  Court,  Fleet  Street,  and  from  thence  in  1782  to 
Somerset  House,  where  apartments  had  been  assigned  to  them  by 
George  III.  These  being  required  for  Government  offices  they 
removed  in  1857  to  Old  Burlington  House;  and  in  1873  to  the 
new  east  wing  which  had  been  erected  with  especial  regard  to  the 
Society's  requirements. 

The  meetings  of  the  Society  are  held  weekly  (on  Thursdays)  from 
November  to  June.  From  among  the  candidates  fifteen  are  annually 
selected  by  the  Council  for  election  by  the  members.  At  the  Anniversary 
Meeting  in  November  1889  there  was  a  total  of  518  Fellows  (including 
47  Honorary  Foreign  Members).  The  letters  F.R.S.  are  the  distinguish- 
ing mark  of  a  Fellow.  The  patron  saint  of  the  Society  is  St.  Andrew, 
and  the  Anniversary  Meeting  is  held  every  3oth  of  November,  being  St. 
Andrew's  Day.  The  Scottish  saint  was  chosen  out  of  compliment  to  Sir 
Robert  Murray  or  Moray,  a  Scot,  one  of  the  most  active  of  the  foundation 
members  and  president  of  the  Society  before  the  charter.  When  the 
Society  was  first  established  it  was  severely  ridiculed  by  the  wits  of  the 
time,  "  for  what  reason,"  says  Dr.  Johnson,  "  it  is  hard  to  conceive,  since 
the  philosophers  professed  not  to  advance  doctrines,  but  to  produce 
facts ;  and  the  most  zealous  enemy  of  innovation  must  admit  the 
gradual  progress  of  experience,  however  he  may  oppose  hypothetical 
temerity."  Isaac  D'Israeli  has  given  an  account  of  the  hostilities  it 
encountered,  but,  curiously  enough,  has  overlooked  the  inimitable 
satire  of  Butler,  called  The  Elephant  in  the  Moon.  The  History  of  the 
Society  was  written  by  Sprat  in  1667,  by  Birch  in  1756,  by  Thomson 
in  1812,  and  by  Weld  in  1848.  Mr.  Weld  has  made  the  same 
omission  as  Mr.  D'Israeli.  The  Philosophical  Transactions,  commenced 
in  1666,  now  occupy  nearly  200  quarto  volumes.  The  Proceedings, 
commenced  in  1832,  consist  of  forty-six  volumes  up  to  1889.  The  first 
president  after  the  incorporation  of  the  Society  was  Viscount  Brouncker, 
and  the  second  Sir  Joseph  Williamson.  Sir  Christopher  Wren  was  the 
third.  Pepys  the  diarist  and  seven  others,  among  whom  were  Halifax 
and  Somers,  came  before  Sir  Isaac  Newton,  who,  however,  retained  the 
chair  till  his  death  twenty -four  years  afterwards.  Sir  Hans  Sloane 
succeeded  Newton.  Sir  Joseph  Banks  was  president  from  1778  to  1820. 

1  Weld,  Hist,  of  Royal  Soc,,  vol.  i.  p.  141. 


i88  ROYAL  SOCIETY 


Among  the  secretaries  have  been  Bishop  Wilkins,  John  Evelyn,  Hans 
Sloane,  Edmund  Halley,  Wollaston,  Robert  Hooke,  Sir  Humphry 
Davy,  and  Sir  John  Herschel. 

The  Society  possesses  some  interesting  portraits.  Observe. — Three 
portraits  of  Sir  Isaac  Newton — one  by  C.  Jervas,  presented  by  Newton 
himself,  and  the  other  two  by  Vanderbank ;  Bacon,  by  Van  Somer ; 
two  portraits  of  Halley,  by  Thomas  Murray  and  Dahl ;  two  of  Hobbes 
— one  taken  in  1663  by,  says  Aubrey,  "a  good  hand,"  and  the  other 
by  Caspars,  presented  by  Aubrey ;  Sir  Christopher  Wren,  by  Kneller ; 
Wallis,by  Soest;  Flamsteed,  by  Gibson ;  Robert  Boyle,  by  F.  Kerseboom 
(Evelyn  says  it  is  like) ;  Pepys,  by  Kneller,  presented  by  Pepys ;  Lord 
Somers,  by  Kneller ;  Sir  R.  Southwell,  by  Kneller ;  Sir  H.  Spelman, 
the  antiquary,  by  Mytens ;  Sir  Hans  Sloane,  by  Kneller ;  Sir  Joseph 
Banks,  by  Phillips ;  Lord  Brouncker,  by  Lely ;  Dr.  S.  Chandler,  by 
Chamberlain  ;  Sir  John  Pringle,  by  Reynolds.  Dr.  Birch,  by  Wells,  the 
original  of  the  mezzotint  done  by  Faber  in  1741,  bequeathed  by 
Birch;  Martin  Folkes,  by  Hogarth;  Dr.  Wollaston,  by  Jackson;  Sir 
Humphry  Davy,  by  Sir  T.  Lawrence;  Dr.  Price,  by  West.  Observe  also. — 
The  mace  of  silver  gilt  (similar  to  the  maces  of  the  Lord  Chancellor, 
the  Speaker,  and  President  of  the  College  of  Physicians),  presented  to 
the  Society  by  Charles  II.  in  1662.  The  belief  so  long  entertained 
that  it  was  the  mace  or  "  bauble,"  as  Cromwell  called  it,  of  the  Long 
Parliament,  was  completely  refuted  by  the  late  C.  R.  Weld,  the 
assistant  secretary,  producing  the  original  warrant  of  the  year  1662,  for 
the  special  making  of  this  very  mace.  A  solar  dial,  made  by  Sir  Isaac 
Newton  when  a  boy,  and  taken  from  the  house  at  Woolsthorpe ;  a 
reflecting  telescope,  made  in  1671  by  Newton's  own  hands;  original 
MS.  of  the  Principia ;  lock  of  Newton's  hair,  silver  white ;  MS.  of  the 
Parentalia,  by  Christopher  Wren,  the  son  ;  Charter  Book  of  the  Society, 
bound  in  crimson  velvet,  containing  the  signatures  of  the  Founder  and 
Fellows ;  marble  busts  of  Charles  II.  and  George  III.,  by  Nollekens ; 
Newton,  by  Roubiliac ;  Sir  Joseph  Banks,  by  Chantrey,  and  Mrs. 
Somerville,  by  Chantrey.  The  Society  possesses  a  library  of  about 
40,000  volumes  almost  exclusively  scientific;  a  Scientific  Relief  Fund; 
a  Donation  Fund,  established  to  aid  men  of  science  in  their  researches, 
and  distributes  five  gold  medals  in  all ;  a  biennial  Rumford  gold  medal, 
two  Royal  medals,  a  Copley  medal,  called  by  Davy  "the  ancient  olive 
crown  of  the  Royal  Society,"  and  a  Davy  medal. 

Royal  Society  of  Literature,  2 1  DELAHAY  STREET,  ST.  JAMES'S 
PARK.  Founded  in  1825  "for  the  advancement  of  Literature  in  its 
more  important  branches,  with  a  special  attention  to  the  improve- 
ment of  the  English  Language,"  and  incorporated  by  royal  charter, 
September  13,  1826.  George  IV.  gave  noo  guineas  a  year  to  this 
Society,  which  has  the  merit  of  rescuing  the  last  years  of  Coleridge's 
life  from  complete  dependence  on  a  friend,  and  of  placing  the  learned 
Dr.  Jamieson,  who  was  fast  sinking  to  the  grave,  above  want.  This 


RUFFIAN'S  HALL  189 


grant  was  discontinued  by  William  IV.,  and  the  Society  has  since 
become  an  ordinary  Transaction  Society.  The  Society,  in  its  earlier 
existence,  awarded  gold  medals  to  eminent  writers,  and  published  some 
valuable  works  on  Egyptian  hieroglyphics  and  on  the  Anglo-Saxon  and 
Anglo-Norman  periods  of  English  literary  history.  The  Society  occu- 
pied a  house  in  St.  Martin's  Place  until  this  was  required  for  the 
enlargement  of  the  National  Gallery  and  the  opening  for  the  new 
Charing  Cross  Road. 

Royalty  Theatre  (New),  DEAN  STREET,  SOHO,  is  a  small  house 
built  in  1840  by  Miss  Kelly  for  her  school  of  acting,  and  then  and 
afterwards  much  used  for  amateur  performances.  It  is  now  chiefly 
devoted  to  burlesque  and  farce. 

Royalty  Theatre,  WELL  STREET,  WELLCLOSE  SQUARE,  was  built 
by  John  Wilmot  for  John  Palmer,  the  actor.  The  first  stone  was  laid 
with  great  ceremony  on  Monday,  December  26,  1785,  the  inscription 
declaring  that  "The  ground  selected  for  the  purpose  being  situated 
within  the  Liberty  of  His  Majesty's  Fortress  and  Palace  of  the  Tower 
of  London,  It  has  been  resolved  that  in  honour  of  the  Magistrates,  the 
Military  Officers  and  Inhabitants  of  the  said  Fortress  and  Palace,  the 
edifice  when  erected  shall  be  called  the  Royalty  Theatre."  It  was 
opened  June  20,  1787,  with  a  prologue  by  Murphy,  and  burnt  down 
April  u,  1826.  It  was  originally  intended  for  the  performance  of 
five-act  pieces,  and  opened  with  As  You  Like  It ;  but  the  patentees  of 
the  other  theatres  memorialising  the  Lord  Chamberlain  on  the  subject, 
the  new  theatre  was  confined  to  pantomimes  and  still  smaller  entertain- 
ments until  the  restrictions  on  the  "  minor  theatres "  were  removed. 
The  ill-starred  Brunswick  Theatre  was  erected  on  its  site. 

December  5,  1806. — Having  never  seen  the  Royalty  Theatre  I  determined  that 
day  should  be  devoted  to  that  purpose.  .  .  .  The  theatre  is  very  plain  but  neat : 
the  house  seemed  to  me  something  larger  than  the  Haymarket  :  the  pit  isVsmall,  but 
I  was  told  the  middle  gallery  would  contain  a  thousand  people. —  George  Fred. 
Cooke's  Journal. 

Cooke  seems  to  have  thought  that  Wellclose  Square  was  at  the 
other  end  of  the  world,  for  he  started  at  eight  o'clock  in  the  morning  to 
make  his  visit.  At  one  of  the  public-houses  into  which  he  went  for 
refreshment  the  landlady  told  him  that  she  had  been  obliged  to  remove 
the  leaden  weights  from  the  clock  to  save  them  from  the  thieve^  who 
resorted  there  !  John  Braham  commenced  his  career  as  a  singer  at 
the  Royalty  Theatre;  and  here  Clarkson  Stanfield,  the  future  R.A., 
after  quitting  the  sea,  started  on  his  artistic  course  as  a  scene-painter. 
The  site  is  now  occupied  by  the  Sailors'  Home. 

Ruffian's  Hall,  a  cant  name  for  West  Smithfield,  "  by  reason  it 
was  the  usuall  place  of  frayes  and  common  fighting  during  the  time 
that  sword  and  bucklers  were  in  use." J 

1  Howes,  ed.  1631,  p.  1023. 


1 90  RUFFIAN'S  HALL 


As  if  men  will  needes  carouse,  conspire  and  quarrel,  that  they  may  make  Ruffian's 
Hall  of  Hell. — Pierce  Penilesse,  4to,  1592  (Collier's  Reprint,  p.  35). 
Beat  down  their  weapons  !     My  gate  Ruffian's  Hall  ? 
What  insolence  is  this  ? 

Massinger,  The  City  Madam,  Act.  i.  Sc.  2. 

Rummer  Tavern  (The).  A  famous  tavern,  two  doors  from 
Locket's,  between  Whitehall  and  Charing  Cross,  removed  to  the 
waterside  of  Charing  Cross  in  1710,  and  burnt  down  November  7, 
1750.  No  traces  exist.  It  was  kept  in  Charles  II. 's  reign  by  Samuel 
Prior,  uncle  of  Matthew  Prior,  the  poet.  The  Prior  family  ceased  to 
be  connected  with  it  in  1702. 

My  uncle,  rest  his  soul  !  when  living, 

Might  have  contriv'd  me  ways  of  thriving  : 

Taught  me  with  cider  to  replenish 

My  vats,  or  ebbing  tide  of  Rhenish. 

So  when  for  hock  I  drew  prickt  white-wine, 

Swear't  had  the  flavour,  and  was  right  wine. 

Prior  to  Fleetwood  Shepheard. 

There  having  been  a  false  and  scandalous  report  that  Samuel  Pryor,  vintner  at 
the  Rummer,  near  Charing  Cross,  was  accused  of  exchanging  money  for  his  own 
advantage,  with  such  as  clip  and  deface  his  Majesty's  coin,  and  that  tlie  said  Pryor 
had  given  bail  to  answer  the  same.  This  report  being  false  in  every  part  of  it,  if  any 
person  who  shall  give  notice  to  the  said  Pryor,  who  have  been  the  fomenters  or  dis- 
persers  of  this  malicious  report,  so  as  a  legal  prosecution  may  be  made  against  them, 
the  said  Pryor  will  forthwith  give  10  guineas  as  a  reward. — London  Gazette,  May 
31  to  June  4,  1688. 

Col.  Standard.  If  you  are  my  friend  meet  me  this  evening  at  the  Rummer. — 
Farquhar,  The  Inconstant  Couple,  Act  i.  Sc.  I. 

And  again — 

Col.  Then  meet  me  in  half  an  hour  hence  at  the  Rummer. — Ibid.,  Act.  iv.  Sc.  3. 

Here  Jack  Sheppard  committed  his  first  robbery  by  stealing  two 
silver  spoons.  The  Rummer  is  introduced  by  Hogarth  into  his  picture 
of  "  Night."  There  were  Rummer  Taverns  in  Henrietta  Street,1  Covent 
Garden,  and  Queen  Street,  Cheapside ;  also  a  Swan  and  Rummer  in 
Finch  Lane,  and  a  Rummer  and  Horse-shoe  in  Drury  Lane. 

Rupert  Street,  HAYMARKET,  east  side  of  Coventry  Street  to  Great 
Crown  Court,  built  in  1667,  and  so  called  in  compliment  to  Prince 
Rupert  of  the  Rhine,  son  of  the  King  of  Bohemia,  and  nephew  to 
Charles  I. 

Russell  Court,  DRURY  LANE,  a  narrow  passage  for  foot-passengers 
only,  leading  from  Drury  Lane  into  Catherine  Street,  Covent  Garden. 
[See  Will's ;  Rose.] 

Towards  the  defraying  the  charge  of  repairing  and  fitting  up  the  Chapel  in 
Russell  Court,  Drury  Lane,  will  be  presented  at  the  Theatre  Royal,  Drury  Lane, 
this  present  Tuesday,  being  the  i8th  of  June,  the  Tragedy  of  Hamlet,  Prince  of 
Denmark.  With  Singing  by  Mr.  Hughes  and  entertainment  of  Dancing  by  Mons. 
Cherier,  Miss  Lambro,  his  scholar,  and  Mr.  Evans. — Daily  Courant,  June  18,  1706, 
quoted  in  Burton's  Hist,  of  Queen  Anne,  vol.  iii.  p.  309. 

1  Cockburn's  Letters,  vol.  ii.  p.  225. 


RUSSELL  SQUARE  191 


This  curious  benefit  performance  called  forth  much  comment,  and  Defoe,  making 

merry  with  it  in  his  Review,  recommended  that  when  the  chapel  was  re-edified  a 

let    up,  "as  is  very  frequent  in  like  cases,"  stating  when  and    by 

whose  charitable  aid  the  work  was  accomplished,  and  testified  by  "  Lucifer,  Prince  of 

Darkness,  and  Hamlet,  1'rinceof  Denmark,  Churchwardens.'' — Rcvieiv,  June  2O,  1706. 

Russell  House,  on  the  south  side  of  the  STRAND,  was  inhabited 
by  the  Russells,  Earls  of  Bedford,  prior  to  the  erection  of  their 
house  on  the  north  side  of  the  Strand,  between  it  and  the  great 
square  of  Covent  Garden.  Stow,  1598,  speaks  of  it  as  "Russell  or 
Bedford  House." 

Russell  House,  near  Ivye  bridge,  seytuate  upon  the  Thamise  now  [1592]  in  the 
use  of  the  right  honorable  Sir  John  Puckering,  knight,  Lord  Keeper  of  the  Prevye 
Scale. — Norden's  Speculum  /»';-//.  llarl.  J/.V.S'.,  p.  570. 

September  13,  1595. — I  dyned  with  the  Erie  of  Derby  at  Russell  Ilowse.  Mr. 
Thymothcw,  and  Mr.  John  Hatfeldt,  German,  being  there  :  [and  again  Sept.  22]. — 
Dr.  Dee's  Diary,  p.  53. 

Russell  Institution,  GREAT  CORAM  STREET,  RUSSELL  SQUARE, 
a  subscription  library  and  reading-room.  The  house  was  erected  in 
1800  on  speculation,  for  the  purpose  of  holding  assemblies  and  balls, 
and  was  purchased  in  1808  from  Mr.  James  Burton,  the  builder,  by 
the  managers  of  the  institution,  of  which  Sir  Samuel  Romilly  was  one 
of  the  original  trustees.  E.  W.  Brayley,  author  of  Londiniana  and 
many  topographical  works,  was  librarian  from  1825  to  his  death  in 
1854. 

Not  Palmyra,  not  the  Russell  Institution  in  Great  Coram  Street,  present  more 
melancholy  appearances  of  faded  greatness  [than  the  Cork  Reading  Room]. — 
Thackeray,  Irish  Note- Book,  p.  140. 

Russell  Row,  SHOREDITCH,  a  row  of  houses  built  in  the  reign  of 
Queen  Elizabeth,  by  one  Russell,  a  draper,  on  the  site  of  certain  tene- 
ments, called  from  their  decayed ,  appearance  "Rotten  Row."  Origin- 
ally Rotten  Row  "  was  one  row  of  proper  small  houses,  with  gardens, 
for  poor  decayed  people,  there  placed  by  the  Prior  of  the  hospital  [of 
St.  Mary,  Spital] ;  every  one  tenant  whereof  paid  one  penny  rent  by 
the  year  at  Christmas,  and  dined  with  the  Prior  on  Christmas  Day."  l 

Russell  Square,  BLOOMSBURY,  north  of  Bloomsbury  Square,  with 
which  it  is  united  by  Bedford  Place,  built  circ.  1804,  and  so  called 
after  the  Russells,  Earls  and  Dukes  of  Bedford.  Each  side  of  the 
square  is  about  670  feet  in  length.  The  area  was  laid  out  by 
Humphrey  Repton.  On  the  south  side  is  the  statue  of  Francis,  Duke 
of  Bedford  (the  hero  of  Burke's  Letter  to  a  Noble  Lord,  1796),  by  Sir 
Richard  Westmacott,  R.A.,  looking  down  Bedford  Place  on  the  statue 
of  Charles  James  Fox  which,  exactly  opposite  to  it,  adorns  the  north 
side  of  Bloomsbury  Square. 

March  18,  1807. — Young  Faulder  and  I  walked  over  all  the  Duke  of  Bedford's 
new  feuing  grounds,  Russell  Square,  Tavistock  Place,  Brunswick  Square,  etc.  The 
extent  of  these,  and  the  rapidity  of  the  buildings,  is  beyond  all  comprehension.  Their 

1  Stow,  p.  158. 


192  RUSSELL   SQUARE 


houses  very  inferior  in  appearance  to  our  new  town  at  Bellevue  ;  but  their  squares 
(the  areas  I  mean)  are  all  most  tastefully  laid  out  with  shrubs,  walks,  etc.,  which  has 
an  admirable  effect. — A.  G.  Hunter  to  A.  Constable  (A.  Constable  and  his  Literary 
Correspondents,  vol .  i .  p .  112). 

Eminent  Inhabitants. — Sir  Samuel  Romilly  in  No.  21,  where,  body 
and  mind  utterly  prostrated  by  his  wife's  death  on  October  29,  he  died 
by  his  own  hand,  November  2,  1818.  Russell  Square  was  long  in 
much  favour  with  members  of  the  bench  and  bar.  No.  28  was  the 
residence  of  Lord  Chief  Justice  Tenterden,  who  died  there  November 
4,  1832.  The  houses  at  the  south  corner  of  Guilford  Street  formed 
Baltimore  House,  built  in  1763  (before  Russell  Square  was  formed)  for 
George  Calvert,  the  last  Baron  Baltimore,  who  was  tried  in  1768  for 
decoying  a  young  milliner  named  Sarah  Woodcock  to  his  house  in  the 
previous  year.  It  was  afterwards  occupied  by  the  Duke  of  Bolton, 
who  gave  his  name  to  the  house.  He  was  succeeded  by  Wedderburn, 
Lord  Loughborough,  and  the  name  Rosslyn  House,  which  it  sometimes 
bore,  was  taken  from  his  subsequent  title,  Earl  of  Rosslyn.  No.  67, 
part  of  Baltimore  House,  was  the  residence  of  Sir  Vicary  Gibbs,  C.J. 
of  the  Common  Pleas,  who  died  there  February  8,  1820,  "where 
Heath  had  lived  and  died  and  Talfourd  afterwards  held  his  con- 
vivialities." No.  67  was  Sir  T.  N.  Talfourd's  last  London  residence. 
Charles  Grant,  the  old  East  India  Director  and  father  of  Lord 
Glenelg  and  Sir  R.  Grant,  lived  in  No.  40.  Here  Francis  Horner 
dined  on  May  28,  1803,  and  met  Sir  William  Grant,  Wilberforce  and 
Mackintosh.  Sir  Thomas  Lawrence,  P.R.A.,  in  No.  65,  for  the  last 
twenty-five  years  of  his  life;  he  died  here  January  7,  1830. 

We  shall  never  forget  the  Cossacks  mounted  on  their  small  white  horses,  with 
their  long  spears  grounded,  standing  centinels  at  the  door  of  this  great  painter,  whilst 
he  was  taking  the  portrait  of  their  General,  Platoff. — Rev.  John  Mitford,  Gentleman'' s 
Mag.  for  January,  1818. 

Russell  Street  (Great),  BLOOMSBURY,  was  built  about  1670. 
In  1720  it  was  described  as  "a  very  handsome,  large,  and  well-built 
street  with  the  best  buildings  in  all  Bloomsbury,  and  the  best  inhabited 
by  the  nobility  and  gentry,  especially  the  north  side,  as  having  gardens 
behind  the  houses,  and  the  prospect  of  the  pleasant  fields  up  to 
Hampstead  and  Highgate."  *  When  the  first  edition  of  this  work  was 
published  it  was  "  a  street  of  shops,"  but  for  some  years  past  many  of 
the  shops  have  been  undergoing  the  process  of  reconversion  into 
"private  houses." 

January  31,  1750. — People  are  almost  afraid  of  stirring  out  after  dark.  My 
Lady  Albemarle  was  robbed  the  other  night  in  Great  Russell  Street  by  nine  men. — 
Walpole  to  Sir  Horace  Mann. 

Eminent  Inhabitants. — Sir  Christopher  Wren  erected  a  mansion 
for  himself  in  this  street,  which  was  afterwards  inhabited  by  his  son 
and  his  grandson  ;  and  then  by  Shelden  the  surgeon  and  anatomist. 
Its  "  noble  front,  with  its  majestic  cantalever  cornice,"  writes  Elmes, 

1  Strype,  B.  iv.  p.  85. 


GREAT  RUSSELL   .STAY-,/-:/  193 

"has  now  (1823)  been  taken  down  by  a  speculative  builder,  and 
common  Act  of  Parliament  fronts  run  up  "  for  four  houses  in  its  stead. 
Ralph,  first  Duke  of  Montague  (d.  1709)  in  Montague  House  [which 
see],  afterwards  the  British  Museum.  William,  Earl  Cowper  (d.  1723). 

November  30,  1714. — This  day  was  employed  in  packing  for  removing  from 
Russell  Street  (where  I  had  a  delightful  house,  with  the  finest  view  backwards  of 
any  house  in  town)  to  the  house  in  Lincoln's  Inn  Fields,  where  I  had  lived  before, 
when  my  Lord  had  the  seals,  and  which  jny  Lord  Harcourt  lived  in  whilst  he  was 
Chancellor. — Lady  Cowper's  Diary. 

Francis  Sandford,  author  of  the  Genealogical  History!  John  Le 
Neve,  author  of  Monumenta  Anglicana,  was  born  "  in  the  house  facing 
Montague  Great  Gate,  December  27,  i679."2  Lewis  Theobald,  in 
Wyan's  Court,  Great  Russell  Street.  Speaker  Onslow ;  he  died  here 
in  February  1768.  John  Philip  Kemble,  in  No.  89,  on  the  north  side. 
The  house  was  built  by  Lord  St.  Helen's,  and  destroyed  in  1847  to 
make  way  for  the  eastern  wing  of  the  British  Museum.  During  the 
height  of  the  O.  P.  riots,  the  song  of  "Heigh  Ho,  says  Kemble," 
written  by  Horace  Smith,  was  sung  by  ballad -singers  under  the 
windows,  accompanied  by  "shouts  and  other  sounds,"  which,  Mrs. 
Inchbald  says,  nearly  frightened  Mrs.  Kemble  to  death.  It  is  of  this 
house  that  Talfourd  speaks  when  he  tells  us  that  the  great  actor  ex- 
tended his  high-bred  courtesy  even  to  authors  with  MSS.,  whom  he 
invariably  attended  to  the  door,  and  bade  them  "  beware  of  the  steps." 3 
Topham  Beauclerk. 

November  14,  1779. — Mr.  Beauclerk  has  built  a  library  in  Great  Russell  Street 
that  reaches  half  way  to  Highgate.  Everybody  goes  to  see  it.  It  has  put  the 
Museum's  nose  quite  out  of  joint. — Horace  Walpole  to  Lady  Ossory. 

Beauclerk  died  in  this  house,  March  n,  1780.  Opposite  Dyot  Street 
was  Thanet  House,  the  residence  of  the  Earls  of  Thanet.  It  was 
latterly  divided  into  two  houses.  Lord  Mansfield  took  a  house  in  this 
street  in  1780,  after  the  destruction  of  his  mansion  in  Bloomsbury 
Square.  Benjamin  Wilson,  a  portrait  painter  of  some  merit,  and 
master  painter  to  the  Board  of  Ordnance,  died  at  his  house,  No.  56  in 
this  street  in  1788,  and  there  his  more  celebrated  son,  Sir  Robert 
Wilson,  was  born  in  1777.  No.  88  was  built  by  William  Battie,  M.D., 
the  celebrated  physician  of  St.  Luke's,  and  author  of  a  well-known 
treatise  on  Mental  Madness  (d.  1776).  In  the  Gentleman  s  Magazine 
for  April  1809  is  printed  a  characteristic  letter  from  Dr.  John  Jenner,  the 
discoverer  of  vaccination,  dated  "Great  Russell  Street,  July  8,  1808." 
Sir  Sidney  Smith,  the  hero  of  Acre,  was  living  in  No.  72  in  i828.4 
Charles  Mathews  (the  elder)  died  at  No.  62,  June  28,  1835.  At  No. 
105  lived,  1829,  the  well  known  publisher  of  works  on  Gothic 
architecture,  Augustus  Pugin,  and  there  he  had  many  pupils  who  became 
eminent  in  their  profession.  His  more  celebrated  son,  Augustus  Welby 
Pugin,  was  born  in  Store  Street,  March  i,  1812. 

1  London  Gazette  of  1688,  No.  2339.  *  Letters  of  Charles  Latn6,  p.  123. 

2  Nichols's  Lit.  Ante.,  vol.  i.  p.  128.  *  Barrow's  Life,  vol.  ii.  p.  348. 

VOL.  Ill  O 


194  GREAT  RUSSELL  STREET 

At  the  chapel  in  this  street,  on  June  22,  1749,  David  Garrick 
was  married  to  Mademoiselle  Violette.  Dr.  Francklin  performed  the 
service.  The  ceremony  was  repeated  on  the  same  day  according  to 
the  Roman  Catholic  forms  in  the  Chapel  of  -the  Portuguese  Embassy 
in  South  Audley  Street. 

Russell  Street,  COVENT  GARDEN,  built  1634,  and  so  called  after 
the  Russells,  Earls  and  Dukes  of  Bedford,  the  ground  landlords.  In 
1720  "it  was  a  fine  broad  street,  well  inhabited  by  tradesmen;"1  it  is 
now  rather  poorly  inhabited.  Remarkable  Places  in. — Will's  Coffee- 
house, on  the  north  side  of  the  west -end  corner  of  Bow  Street. 
Button's  Coffee-house,  "on  the  south  side,  about  two  doors  from 
Covent  Garden ;"::  Tom's  Coffee-house,  on  the  north  side;  Rose 
Tavern,  next  Drury  Lane  Theatre.  [See  these  names.]  The 
candidates  for  being  touched  for  the  King's  Evil,  July  1660,  were 
required  first  to  repair  "  to  Mr.  Knight  the  King's  Surgeon,  living  at 
the  Cross  Guns  in  Russell  Street,  Covent  Garden,  over  against  the 
Rose  Tavern."  Eminent  Inhabitants. — Carr,  Earl  of  Somerset, 
implicated  in  the  murder  of  Sir  Thomas  Overbury ;  he  was  living  here, 
on  the  north  side,  in  1644,  the  year  before  his  death.  Joseph  Taylor, 
1634-1641,  one  of  the  original  performers  in  Shakespeare's  plays. 
[See  Piazza.]  John  Evelyn,  the  Diarist. 

October  18,  1659. — I  came  with  my  wife  and  family  to  London  :  tooke  lodgings 
at  the  3  Feathers  in  Russell  Street,  Covent  Garden,  for  all  the  winter,  my  son  being 
very  unwell. 

There  is  a  token  of  "  John  Hatten  at  the  Three  Feathers  in  Russell 
Streete,"  in  the  Beaufoy  Collection,  Guildhall.3  Evelyn  was  at  this 
time  acting  as  a  secret  agent  in  London  for  Charles  II.  Major 
Mohun,  the  actor,  on  the  south  side;  in  1665  he  was  assessed  at  ios., 
the  highest  rate  levied  in  the  street.  Thomas  Betterton,  the  actor; 
he  died  here  in  1710,  and  here,  "at  his  late  lodgings,"  his  "books, 
prints,  drawings,  and  paintings "  were  sold  after  his  death.4  Tom 
Davies,  the  bookseller,  on  the  south  side,  "  over  against  Tom's  Coffee- 
house," later  the  Caledonian  Coffee-house.  Tom  Davies  had  originally 
a  shop  in  Duke's  Court.  He  began  at  Russell  Street  in  1762,  and 
became  a  bankrupt  in  1778. 

The  very  place  where  I  was  fortunate  enough  to  be  introduced  to  the  illustrious 
subject  of  this  work  deserves  to  be  particularly  marked.  It  was  No.  8.  I  never 
pass  by  without  feeling  reverence  and  regret. — Bos-well,  by  Croker,  p.  133,  note. 

This  [1763]  is  to  me  a  memorable  year;  for  in  it  I  had  the  happiness  to  obtain 
the  acquaintance  of  that  extraordinary  man  whose  memoirs  I  am  now  writing.  .  .  . 
Mr.  Thomas  Davies,  the  actor,  who  then  kept  a  bookseller's  shop  in  Russell  Street, 
Covent  Garden,  told  me  that  Johnson  was  very  much  his  friend,  and  came  frequently 
to  his  house,  where  he  more  than  once  invited  me  to  meet  him  ;  but  by  some 
unlucky  accident  or  other,  he  was  prevented  from  coming  to  us.  ...  At  last,  on 
Monday,  the  1 6th  of  May,  when  I  was  sitting  in  Mr.  Davies'  back  parlour,  after 
having  drunk  tea  with  him  and  Mrs.  Davies,  Johnson  unexpectedly  came  into  the 

1  Strype.  3  Burn,  p.  203. 

2  Johnson's  Life  of  Addzson.  *  Advert,  in  No.  213  of  ist  ed.  of  The  Tatler. 


RUSSELL  STK/-:/<:T  195 


shop  ;  anil  Mr.  Davics  having  perceived  him  through  the  glass  door  in  the  room  in 
which  we  were  sitting,  advancing  towards  us  he  announced  his  awful  approach  to 
me  somewhat  in  the  manner  of  an  actor  on  the  part  of  Horatio  when  he  addresses 
Hamlet  on  the  appearance  of  his  father's  ghost,  "  Look,  my  Lord,  it  comes  !  "  .  .  . 
Mr.  Davie.s  mentioned  my  name,  and  respectfully  introduced  me  to  him.  I  was 
much  agitated  ;  and  recollecting  his  prejudice  against  the  Scotch,  of  which  I  had 
Iu-;ird  much,  I  said  to  Davies,  "  Don't  tell  where  I  come  from."  "  From  Scotland," 
'uvies  roguishly.  "  Mr.  Johnson,"  said  I,  "  I  do  indeed  come  from  Scotland, 
but  I  cannot  help  it."  .  .  .  This  speech  was  somewhat  unlucky,  for  with  that 
quickness  of  wit,  for  which  he  was  so  remarkable  ...  he  retorted,  "That,  Sir,  I 
find  is  what  a  great  many  of  your  countrymen  cannot  help." — Boswell,  by  Croker, 
pp.  131-133- 

Another  bookseller  in  Russell  Street  is  remembered  by  association 
with  a  great  English  writer.  When  Edward  Gibbon,  at  sixteen  years 
of  age,  by  solitary  study  of  the  writings  of  Father  Parsons,  had  made 
up  his  mind  to  embrace  the  Roman  Catholic  faith,  he  sought  counsel 
of  "  Mr.  Lewis,  a  Roman  Catholic  bookseller  in  Russell  Street,  Covent 
Garden,"  who  recommended  him  to  a  priest  of  whose  name  and  order 
the  great  historian  was  ignorant  when  he  wrote  his  Memoirs.  It  has 
since  been  ascertained  that  he  was  a  Jesuit  named  Baker,  one  of  the 
chaplains  to  the  Sardinian  Ambassador.  The  conversion  of  a  Gentle- 
man Commoner  of  Magdalen  made  a  great  stir  in  1753,  and  the 
Russell  Street  bookseller  was  called  before  the  Privy  Council.  The 
offence  committed  by  Gibbon  and  Baker  amounted  to  high  treason  in 
the  statute  book  of  those  days.  Baker  remained  unnoticed ;  against 
Gibbon  "the  gates  of  Magdalen  were  for  ever  shut."  Dr.  Armstrong 
the  poet  died  at  his  house  in  Russell  Street,  September  7,  1779. 
Charles  Lamb  (Elia)  took  lodgings  in  October  1817  at  "Mr.  Owen's, 
Nos.  20  and  21  Great  Russell  Street,  Drury  Lane."  The  house  was 
the  west  corner  of  Bow  Street,  "  delightfully  situated,"  says  Talfourd, 
"  between  the  two  theatres  : "  "  the  house  belonged,"  writes  Procter, 
"  to  an  ironmonger  (or  brazier)  and  was  comfortable  and  clean, — and 
a  little  noisy." x  Lamb  himself  describes  his  lookout  as  follows : 
"  Drury  Lane  Theatre  in  sight  from  our  front  and  Covent  Garden  from 
our  back-room  windows." 

November  21,  1817. — We  are  in  the  individual  spot  I  like  best  in  all  this  great 
city.  The  theatres  with  all  their  noises.  Covent  Garden  dearer  to  me  than  any 
gardens  of  Alcinous,  where  we  are  morally  sure  of  the  earliest  peas  and  'sparagus. 
Bow  Street  where  the  thieves  are  examined  within  a  few  yards  of  us.  Mary  had 
not  been  here  four  and  twenty  hours  before  she  saw  a  thief.  She  sits  at  the 
window  working ;  and  casually  throwing  out  her  eyes,  she  sees  a  concourse  of 
people  coming  this  way,  with  a  constable  to  conduct  the  solemnity.  These  little 
incidents  agreeably  diversify  a  female  life. — Lamb  to  Miss  Wor&sworth  (Letters,  p. 
103). 

He  remained  here  till  the  middle  of  i823.2  No.  19  was  the  shop  of 
Barker  the  bookseller,  at  which  Lamb  purchased  the  folio  Beaumont 
and  Fletcher,  over  which  as  Elia  he  gossiped  so  pleasantly  in  his  essay 
on  "Old  China."  There  is  much  wit  in  Wycherley's  play  of  The  Country 
Wife  about  Mr.  Horner's  lodgings  in  this  street :  that  kind  of  wit, 

1  //.  Crabb  Robinson,  vol.  ii.  p.  79.  -  Proctor,  p.  249. 


196  RUSSELL   STREET 


however,  which  suffers  from  transplanting.  Russell  Street  was  the 
name  given  to  both  Great  and  Little  Russell  Street  in  1859.  Previously 
Great  Russell  Street  extended  from  Covent  Garden  Market  to  Brydges 
Street  (now  Catherine  Street),  and  Little  Russell  Street  from  Brydges 
Street  to  Drury  Lane. 

Rutland  Gate,  KENSINGTON  ROAD,  KNIGHTSBRIDGE,  built  1838- 
1840,  and  so  called  from  a  large  house  on  the  site,  belonging  to  the 
Dukes  of  Rutland.  John,  third  Duke  of  Rutland,  died  here  in  1779. 
The  detached  house,  the  last  on  the  south-west  side,  was  built  by  John 
Sheepshanks,  Esq.,  the  distinguished  patron  of  British  Art,  who  here 
assembled  that  noble  collection  of  English  pictures  which  he  afterwards 
presented  to  the  nation,  and  which  now  forms  one  of  the  great 
attractions  of  the  galleries  at  South  Kensington. 

Rutland  House,  at  the  upper  end  of  ALDERSGATE  STREET,  near 
what  is  now  called  Charter  House  Square.  Here,  in  1656,  "at  the 
back  part  of  Rutland  House,"  the  drama  revived  under  Sir  William 
Davenant — Cromwell,  who,  Carlyle  says,  "was  very  fond  of  music," 
having  by  the  interposition  of  Whitelocke  consented  to  the  performance 
of  Declamation  and  Mustek  after  the  Manner  of  the  Ancients.  The 
scenes  were  by  John  Webb,'  kinsman  and  executor  of  Inigo  Jones.  The 
first  of  the  entertainments  was  published  on  September  3,  in  honour 
no  doubt  of  the  Protector's  birthday.1  Rutland  Place,  Charterhouse 
Square,  commemorates  the  site. 

Rutland  Place,  UPPER  THAMES  STREET.     [See  Puddle  Dock.] 

Ryder  Street,  ST.  JAMES'S,  formerly  GREAT  and  LITTLE  RYDER 
STREET,  from  St.  James's  Street  to  Bury  Street,  was  built  in  1674,  and 
was  so  named  after  a  Captain  Ryder,  who,  as  early  as  1660,  had  set 
up  gates  on  the  Parish  Lammas.2  One  of  Swift's  Letters,  written  from 
Letcombe,  near  Wantage,  in  1714,  is  addressed  to  "Mrs.  Esther  Van- 
homrigh,  at  her  lodgings  over  against  the  Surgeon's  in  Great  Ryder 
Street,  near  St.  James';"  and  on  December  13,  1712,  Swift  himself 
was  living  "  over  against  the  house  in  Little  Rider  Street,  where  D.  D. 
lodged."  Ten  years  later  (June  i,  1722),  when  attempting  to  soothe 
the  feelings  of  the  unhappy  Vanessa,  he  asks  her  to  "remember  .  .  . 
Rider  Street." 

Sabloniere  Hotel,  LEICESTER  SQUARE,  occupied  the  south  corner 
of  the  east  side.  The  northern  half  of  it  was  previously  the  residence 
of  William  Hogarth.  [See  Leicester  Square.]  The  old  Sabloniere 
must  not  be  confounded  with  the  present  Hotel  Sabloniere,  which  is  at 
the  north  corner  of  the  east  side  of  the  square.  When  Kosciusko  was 
in  England  he  wrote  to  Dr.  Walcott  (Peter  Pindar)  from  "  Sabloniere's 

1  "  The  Siege  of  Rhodes,  made  a  representation  Street,  London. — London,  printed  by  J.  M.  for 

by  the  Art  of  Prospective  in  Scenes,  and  the  Story  Henry  Herringman,  1656,"  410. 
sung  in  Recitative  Musick,  at  the  back  part  of 

Rutland  House,  in  the  upper  end  of  Aldersgate  2  Rate-books  of  St.  Martin's. 


SADDLERS'  HALL  197 


Hotel,"  requesting  a  visit,  as  he  was  unable,  "  on  account  of  weakness 
from  his  wounds,"  to  call  on  him.  He  could  not,  he  told  Walcott, 
"  visit  England  without  seeing  an  author  who  had  given  him  so  much 
pleasure,  particularly  in  his  prison  at  St.  Petersburgh." l  After  that 
Ualcott  "constantly  visited  him."  The  house  was  pulled  down  in 
1870,  and  a  new  building  on  its  site  was  erected  for  Archbishop 
Tenison's  Schoolhouse. 

Sackville  Street,  PICCADILLY,  to  VIGO  STREET  ;  said  to  be  the 
longest  street  in  London  of  any  consequence  without  a  turning  out 
of  it  on  either  side,  and  the  only  one  without  a  lamp-post.  It  was  built 
about  idyp.2  Sir  William  Petty,  the  earliest  English  writer  on  Political 
Economy,  lived,  in  the  reigns  of  Charles  II.  and  James  II.,  in  the  corner 
house  on  the  east  side,  opposite  St.  James's  Church.  Dr.  Joseph  Warton 
had  lodgings  here  in  I792.3  Arthur  Young,  the  father  of  agricultural 
science,  lived  at  No.  32  for  a  long  series  of  years,  and  died  there,  April 
12,  1820,  at  the  age  of  eighty-one.  He  had  been  blind  for  the  last  ten 
years  of  his  life.  The  house  where  he  lived  was  occupied  by  the  Board 
of  Agriculture,  of  which  he  was  secretary.  Sir  Everard  Home  was  living 
at  No.  30  in  1809.  Boswell,  writing  in  1785,  mentions  that  the  Literary 
Club,  when  the  Turk's  Head  in  Gerard  Street  was  converted  into  a 
private  house,  "moved  first  to  Prince's  in  Sackville  Street,"  then  to 
Baxter's  (Le  Teller's)  in  Dover  Street. 

Sacred  Harmonic  Society,  established  in  1832,  famous  for 
performances  in  Exeter  Hall  of  the  sacred  oratorios  of  Handel,  Haydn, 
Mendelssohn,  and  other  great  composers.  With  a  chorus  500  strong 
of  carefully  trained  voices,  and  an  admirable  orchestra,  the  concerts 
of  the  Society,  under  the  direction  of  Sir  Michael  Costa,  were  for 
many  years  among  the  greatest  treats  which  the  lover  of  good  music 
enjoyed.  There  was  an  important  musical  library  in  connection  with  the 
Society,  now  in  the  possession  of  the  Royal  College  of  Music.  In  1880 
Exeter  Hall  was  purchased  for  the  Young  Men's  Christian  Association, 
and  the  Sacred  Harmonic  Society  had  to  decide  between  a  removal  to 
other  quarters  or  dissolution.  After  some  hesitation  it  was  resolved  to 
continue  operations,  and  on  December  3,  1880,  they  commenced  their 
forty-ninth  season  by  a  performance  at  St.  James's  Hall ;  but  the  Society 
is  now  dissolved.  The  Handel  Festivals  at  the  Crystal  Palace,  where 
Handel's  oratorios  are  performed  by  a  band  and  choir  of  unparalleled 
magnitude,  originated  with  and  were  conducted  by  the  Sacred  Harmonic 
Society.  They  are  now  carried  on  by  the  Crystal  Palace  Company. 

Saddlers'  Hall,  141  CHEAPSIDE  (north  side,  between  Foster  Lane 
and  Gutter  Lane),  the  hall  of  the  Saddlers'  Company,  the  twenty-fifth 
on  the  list  of  the  City  Companies,  and  one  of  the  most  ancient  and 
honourable,  and  of  the  minor  Companies  one  of  the  most  wealthy. 
Herbert  thinks  there  can  be  "  little  doubt  of  the  Saddlers  being  a  veri- 

1  Annual  Biog.  and  Obit.,  1820;  Peter  Pindar.  -  Rate-books  of  St.  Martin's. 

3  Nichols's  Lit.  Anec.,  vol.  ix.  p.  473. 


198  SADDLERS'  HALL 


table  Anglo-Saxon  gild  ;  and,  consequently,  the  oldest  on  record  of  all 
the  present  Livery  Companies." l  The  first  Charter  of  Incorporation 
was  granted  to  the  Company,  37  Edward  III.,  December  1363.  In 
the  persecution  of  1545  Anne  Askew  was  examined  at  Saddlers'  Hall.2 
Frederick,  Prince  of  Wales  (father  of  George  III.),  was  a  saddler, 
and  from  a  balcony  erected  in  front  of  the  hall  was  once  a  spectator, 
in  disguise,  of  the  Lord  Mayor's  show ;  and  when  his  eldest  son 
(afterwards  George  III.)  was  christened,  the  Saddlers  had  a  grand 
illumination  and  a  bonfire  before  their  hall.3 

The  Prince  was  desirous  of  seeing  the  Lord  Mayor's  Show  privately,  for  which 
purpose  he  entered  the  City  in  disguise.  At  that  time  it  was  the  custom  for  several 
of  the  City  companies,  particularly  those  who  had  no  barges,  to  have  stands  erected 
in  the  streets  through  which  the  Lord  Mayor  passed  in  his  return  from  Westminster ; 
in  which  the  freemen  of  companies  were  accustomed  to  assemble.  It  happened  that 
his  Royal  Highness  was  discovered  by  some  of  the  Saddlers'  Company ;  in  conse- 
quence of  which  he  was  invited  into  their  stand,  which  invitation  he  accepted,  and 
the  parties  were  so  well  pleased  with  each  other  that  his  Royal  Highness  was  soon 
after  chosen  Master  of  the  Company,  a  compliment  which  he  also  accepted. — Edwards's 
Anecdotes  of  Painting,  4to,  1 808,  p.  14. 

In  the  great  hall  of  the  Company  is  a  full-length  portrait  of  the 
Prince,  by  T.  Frye.  Sir  Richard  Blackmore,  the  poet  and  physician, 
lived  either  within  or  in  a  house  adjoining  this  hall.  Among  the 
Miscellaneous  Works  of  Tom  Brown  are  epigrams  and  verses  "To  Sir 

R_    .  Bl ,  on  the  Two  Wooden  Horses  before  Saddlers'  Hall," 

"  To  the  Merry  Poetasters  at  Saddlers'  Hall  in  Cheapside,"  and  "  To  a 
Famous  Poet  and  Doctor,  at  Saddlers'  Hall."  In  the  earliest  mentioned 
copy  occurs  this  couplet : — 

'Twas  kindly  done  of  the  good-natur'd  cits, 
To  place  before  thy  door  a  brace  of  tits. 

Two  horses,  argent,  it  may  be  stated,  are  the  supporters  ot  the  Com- 
pany's arms.  With  a  view  to  identify  the  particular  dwelling  of  Sir 
Richard  Blackmore,  Sir  Peter  Laurie  (himself  a  member)  caused  the 
books  of  the  Company  to  be  examined,  but  without  success. 

The  present  handsome  hall  was  erected  in  1822  from  the  designs 
of  Jesse  Gibson.  The  buildings  in  front  were  erected  1863-1864, 
and  the  street  facade  designed  by  F.  W.  Porter,  the  Company's 
architect.  The  Company  possesses  an  enriched  funeral  pall  of  crimson 
velvet,  date  about  isoo.4  When  funerals  were  conducted  with  more 
pomp  and  heraldic  ceremony  than  they  now  are,  it  was  customary,  on 
the  death  of  a  master  or  eminent  member  of  a  Company,  for  his  body 
to  lie  in  state  in  the  hall ;  and  sometimes  the  City  halls  were  let  on 
great  occasions  for  the  purposes  of  lyings  in  state.  The  pall  of  the 
Saddlers'  and  the  pall  of  the  Fishmongers'  Company  (a  still  finer  one) 
were  used  on  such  occasions.  Besides  various  charitable  gifts  the 
Company  have  a  fine  range  of  almshouses,  called  after  the  founder 

1  Herbert,  History  of  the  Twelve  Great  Livery          3  Daily  Post,  June  22,  1738. 

Companies,  vol.  i.  p.  17.  4  Engraved  by  Shaw  in  his  Dresses  andDecora- 

~  Foxe,  vol.  v.  p.  538.  tions  of  the  Middle  Ages. 


SADLER'S    WELLS  199 


Honnor's  Home,  for  decayed  freemen  of  the  Company,  their  widows 
and  daughters,  at  Spring  Grove,  Hounslow. 

Sadler's  Wells,  between  the  NEW  RIVER  HEAD  and  ST.  JOHN 
STRKET  ROAD,  ISLINGTON,  a  well-known  place  of  public  amusement; 
first  a  music  house,  then  a  theatre,  and  so  called  from  a  spring  of 
mineral  water,  discovered  by  a  surveyor  of  the  highways  named  Sadler, 
who,  in  1683,  opened  in  connection  with  it  a  public  music-room,  and 
called  it  by  his  own  name  as  "Sadler's  Wells  Music  House,"  but  they 
were  more  generally  known  as  "  Islington  Wells."  A  pamphlet  was 
published  in  1684  giving  an  account  of  the  discovery,  with  the  virtues 
of  the  water,  which  is  there  said  to  be  of  a  ferruginous  nature,  and 
much  resembling  in  quality  and  effects  the  water  of  Tunbridge  Wells. 

People  may  talk  of  Epsom  Wells 

Of  Tunbridge  Springs  which  most  excells  : 

I'll  tell  you  by  my  ten  years'  practice 

Plainly  what  the  matter  of  fact  is  : 

Those  are  but  good  for  one  disease, 

To  all  distempers  this  gives  ease. 

A  Morning  Ramble,  or  Islington  Wells  Burlesqt,  1684. 

Misson,  writing  in  1697,  describes  Islington  as  "a  large  village, 
half  a  league  from  London,  where  you  drink  waters  that  do  you  neither 
good  nor  harm,  provided  you  don't  take  too  much  of  them."  The 
theatre  was  in  an  outlying  neighbourhood,  and  the  playbills  as  late  as 
the  middle  of  the  last  century  commonly  announce,  whenever  a  great 
performance  took  place,  that  "  a  horse  patrol  will  be  sent  in  the  New 
Road  that  night  for  the  protection  of  the  nobility  and  gentry  who  go 
from  the  squares  and  that  end  of  the  town,"  and  "that  the  road  also 
towards  the  city  will  be  properly  guarded."  For  a  time  the  place  was 
a  fashionable  resort. 


7,  1732.  —  Poor  Lady  Sunderland  goes  constantly  to  Islington  Wells, 
where  she  meets  abundance  of  good  company.  These  waters  are  rising  in  fame,  and 
already  pretend  to  vie  with  Tunbridge.  If  they  are  as  good  it  will  be  very  con- 
venient to  all  Londoners  to  have  a  remedy  so  near  at  hand.  —  Mrs.  Delany,'\o\.  i. 
P-  367- 

"For  some  years,"  says  Dodsley,  writing  a  few  years  later,  it  "was 
honoured  by  the  constant  attendance  of  the  Princess  Amelia  and  many 
persons  of  quality,  who  drank  the  waters."  The  Princess,  it  is  said, 
was  always  received  with  a  salute  of  twenty-one  guns.  The  charge  for 
drinking  the  waters  was  "  3d.  for  each  person,"  or  half  a  guinea  for  the 
season.1  This  place  for  the  water  drinkers  was  at  this  time  called 
"  Islington  Wells,"  and  near  it  was  the  "  house  of  entertainment  called 
Sadler's  Wells,  where,  during  the  summer  season,  people  are  amused 
with  balance-masters,  walking  on  the  wire,  rope  dancing,  tumbling,  and 
pantomime  entertainments."  ''  In  this  "  Long  Room  opposite  to 
Sadler's  Wells,"  July  1765,  George  Alexander  Stevens  delivered  his 
Lecture  on  Heads.  The  popularity  of  the  Wells  was  declining  when, 

1  Antfatlator,  1782,  p.  118.  2  Dodsley,  1761,  vol.  iii.  p.  262. 


200  SADLER'S    WELLS 


in  1770,  it  was  made  the  subject  of  George  Colman's  farce,  The  Spleen, 
or  Islington  Spa.  The  theatre  continued  to  be  only  a  summer  house 
till  near  the  end  of  the  century. 

At  this  time  also  [Easter  week]  opens  a  theatre  for  tumbling,  rope-dancing,  etc., 
at  Saddler's  Wells,  Islington,  and  contemnes  all  the  summer.  Admittance  35.  6d., 
2s.  and  is.  Each  person  has  allowed  him  for  his  money  a  pint  of  wine  or  punch. — 
Trusler's  London  Adviser  and  Guide,  I2mo,  1790,  p.  175. 

"I  was  afterwards,"  says  Winifred  Jenkins,  "  of  a  party  at  Sadler's  Wells,  where  I 
saw  such  tumbling  and  dancing  upon  ropes  and  wires  that  I  was  frightened  and 
ready  to  go  into  a  fit "  (Smolletf).  It  was  on  this  occasion  that  Humphiy  Clinker 
rescued  her  from  the  gentleman  who  "offered  for  to  treat  me  with  a  pint  of  wind." 

Sadler's  Wells,  writes  John  Britton,  who  at  the  time  lived  close  by 
and  was  a  constant  attendant  at  the  theatre,  "  at  the  end  of  the  last 
century  and  beginning  of  the  present,  was  truly  a  suburban  theatre, 
being  surrounded  by  fields.  .  .  .  There  were  not  any  public  lamps,  and 
men  and  boys  with  flambeaus  were  in  attendance  on  dark  nights  to 
light  persons  across  the  fields  to  the  nearest  streets  of  Islington, 
Clerkenwell,  and  Gray's  Inn  Lane."  At  this  time  was  introduced  the 
"  real  water "  novelty,  which  for  many  years  was  the  special  attraction 
of  Sadler's  Wells. 

Now  the  New  River's  current  swells 
The  reservoir  of  Saddler's  Wells, 
And  in  some  melodrame  of  slaughter 
Floats  all  the  stage  with  real  water. 

Luttrell's  Julia,  Letter  iii. 

The  New  River  flowed  past  the  theatre  and  means  were  taken  to  introduce  "  a 
large  body  of  water  from  it  to  a  tank  beneath  the  floor  of  the  stage. "  This  floor 
being  taken  up,  a  broad  sheet  of  water  was  displayed  to  the  audience,  and  rendered 
very  effective  in  naval  spectacles,  pantomimes,  and  burlettas,  which  were  written  and 
adapted  to  exhibit  aquatic  scenes.  Among  the  apparently  perilous  and  appalling 
incidents  thus  exhibited,  was  that  of  a  heroine  falling  from  the  rocks  into  the  water, 
and  rescued  by  her  hero-lover  ;  a  naval  battle,  with  sailors  escaping  by  plunging  into 
the  sea  from  a  vessel  on  fire  ;  a  child  thrown  into  the  water  by  a  nurse,  who  was 
bribed  to  drown  it,  but  rescued  by  a  Newfoundland  dog. — John  Britton's  Auto- 
biography, vol.  i.  p.  103. 

Sensational  scenes  were  not  unknown  eighty  or  ninety  years  ago. 
A  great  painter  has  given  his  impression  of  the  aquatic  drama  as  it  was 
presented  here  a  few  years  later. 

September  14,  1812. — I  have  been  to  Sadler's  Wells  to  see  the  aquatic  scene  that 
is  so  much  talked  of.  Excepting  by  Grimaldi  (the  clown),  I  was  very  little  enter- 
tained. I  take  but  little  delight  in  pantomime  changes,  which,  to  do  them  justice, 
they  manage  here  in  the  greatest  perfection.  The  afterpiece  was  a  melodrama,  the 
dialogue  of  which  was  in  blank  verse,  with  now  and  then  a  foolish  rhyme  coming 
out  in  order  to  call  it  recitative.  [Then  necessary  to  evade  the  penalties  for  infring- 
ment  of  the  patent  rights  of  the  two  great  theatres.]  The  water  scene  pleased  me 
better  than  I  expected  ;  it  represented  a  castle  with  a  moat  and  drawbridge :  the 
castle  of  course  attacked  by  troops  who  came  on  in  boats.  Many  of  the  combatants 
contrived  to  get  themselves  into  the  water  by  the  breaking  of  the  drawbridge,  where 
they  fought  up  to  their  chins.  This  theatre  is  quite  small,  and  ornamented  in  the 
most  showy  manner,  with  a  plentiful  lack  of  taste.  —  C,  R.  Leslie  to  Ms  Sistei 
(Autob.,  vol.  ii.  p.  22). 


SAFFRON  HILL  201 


Here  Belzoni,  the  Egyptian  traveller,  exhibited  his  prodigious  feats 
of  strength  as  "the  Patagonian  Samson"  (1803).  Grimaldi,  the  most 
famous  of  clowns,  achieved  here  his  greatest  triumphs  (1819-1828). 
In  1832  T.  P.  Cooke  made  his  first  appearance  as  William  in  Black- 
Eyed  Susan.  The  theatre  fell  into  disrepute,  but  was  restored  to 
credit  and  fame  under  the  admirable  management  of  Mr.  Phelps,  who 
made  it  during  many  years  (1844-1862)  "the  home  of  the  legitimate 
drama." 

After  being  for  some  time  closed  the  theatre  was  rebuilt  in  1879 
on  a  larger  scale  from  the  designs  of  Mr.  C.  J.  Phipps,  the  architect  of 
many  of  the  theatres  recently  built  in  London  and  the  provinces. 
Sadler's  Wells  Theatre  was  for  a  short  time  under  the  management 
of  Mrs.  Bateman,  when  the  performance  of  the  Shakesperian  drama 
was  made  the  leading  feature.  For  some  years  past  the  theatre  has 
had  a  very  fitful  existence,  and  has  only  been  opened  at  intervals.  Of 
the  earlier  houses  there  are  views  in  Wilkinson's  Londina  Illustrata. 
The  scene  of  Hogarth's  Evening  is  laid  at  Sadler's  Wells,  in  front  of  the 
Sir  Hugh  Myddelton  public-house,  which  still  exists  and  has  a  large 
music  hall  attached. 

Saffron  Hill,  a  densely  inhabited  neighbourhood  between  HOL- 
BORN  and  CLERKENWELL.  It  was  formerly  a  part  of  Ely  Gardens 
[see  Ely  House],  and  derives  its  name  from  the  crops  of  saffron 
which  it  bore.  It  runs  from  Field  Lane  into  Vine  Street,  so  called 
from  the  vineyard  attached  to  old  Ely  House.  So  bad  was  the 
reputation  of  the  locality  thirty  or  forty  years  ago  that  the  clergymen 
of  St.  Andrew's,  Holborn  (the  parish  in  which  the  purlieu  lies),  were 
obliged,  when  visiting  it,  to  be  accompanied  by  policemen  in  plain 
clothes.  Dickens  described  Saffron  Hill  and  its  purlieus  with  his 
darkest  colours,  but  not  darker  than  those  who  knew  the  neighbour- 
hood of  old  felt  to  be  deserved. 

Thence  into  Little  Saffron  Hill,  and  so  into  Saffron  Hill  the  Great.  ...  A 
dirtier  or  more  wretched  place  he  had  never  seen.  The  street  was  very  narrow  and 
muddy,  and  the  air  was  inpregnated  with  filthy  odours.  .  .  .  The  sole  places  that 
seemed  to  prosper  amid  the  general  blight  of  the  place  were  the  public  houses,  and 
in  them  the  lowest  orders  of  Irish  were  wrangling  with  might  and  main.  Covered 
ways  and  yards,  which  here  and  there  diverged  from  the  main  street,  disclosed  little 
knots  of  houses  where  drunken  men  and  women  were  positively  wallowing  in  filth  ; 
and  from  several  of  the  doorways  great  ill-looking  fellows  were  cautiously  emerging, 
bound,  to  all  appearance,  on  no  very  well-disposed  or  harmless  errands. — Charles 
Dickens,  Oliver  Twist,  1838,  chap.  viii. 

The  street  is  not  very  clean  nor  very  fragrant  even  now,  nor  is  the 
appearance  of  its  occupants  reassuring,  but  it  is  a  very  different  place 
to  what  it  was  when  Dickens  wrote.  Part  of  it  has  been  cleared  away 
for  the  Clerkenwell  improvements,  and  the  rest  has  been  partially 
cleansed  and  purified  and  brought  under  stricter  police  supervision. 
The  church,  St.  Peter's,  was  designed  1830-1832  by  Mr.  (afterwards  Sir 
Charles)  Barry,  and  was  one  of  his  earliest  works  in  Gothic  architecture. 


202  SAFFRON  HILL 


The  Duke  of  Muscovy  declared  war  against  Poland,  because  he  and  his  nation 
had  been  vilified  by  a  Polish  poet :  but  the  author  of  the  Ecclesiastical  Politie 
would,  it  seems,  disturb  the  peace  of  Christendom  for  the  good  old  cause  of  a 
superannuated  chanter  of  Saffron  Hill  and  Pye  Corner. — Andrew  Marvell,  Rehearsal 
Transprosed,  1674,  pt.  ii.  p.  65. 

Salisbury  Court,  FLEET  STREET,  or,  as  it  is  now  written, 
SALISBURY  SQUARE,  lies  to  the  west  of  St.  Bride's  Church,  and 
occupies  the  site  of  the  courtyard  of  Salisbury,  or,  as  it  was  afterwards 
called,  Dorset  House.  There  is  now  a  Salisbury  Court  as  well  as  a 
Salisbury  Square.  In  The  Squire  of  Alsatia,  by  Shadwell  (who  was 
an  inhabitant  of  the  court),  "  Salisbury  Court "  and  "  Dorset  Court "  are 
used  indiscriminately  one  for  the  other.  Salisbury  House  was  the 
residence  of  the  Bishops  of  Salisbury,  and  as  Seth  Ward,  who  held  the 
see  from  1667  to  1689,  told  Aubrey,  was  got  from  them  by  the 
Lord  Treasurer  Buckhurst  (d.  1608),  "in  exchange  for  a  piece  of  land 
near  Cricklade  in  Wilts,  I  think  called  Marston,  but  the  title  was  not 
good,  nor  did  the  value  answer  his  promise." 

March  25,  1611.  —  Confirmation  to  Richard  Earl  of  Dorset  of  a  grant  of  the 
manor  of  Salisbury  Court,  together  with  Salisbury  House,  alias  Sackville  Place, 
alias  Dorset  House,  and  divers  messuages  in  St.  Bride's  and  St.  Dunstan's  on  his 
compounding  for  defective  titles. — Cal.  State  Pap.,  1611-1618. 

In  1634  Bulstrode  Whitelocke,  when  urged  by  his  wife  to  have  a 
town  residence  as  well  as  one  in  the  country,  took  a  house  in 
Salisbury  Court.  Whitelocke  was  absent  in  France  when  his  wife  died, 
and  Edward  Hyde  (afterwards  Lord  Clarendon),  writing  to  him  about 
his  affairs,  says  of  his  child,  "  My  little  friend  at  Salisbury  Court  is 
lusty,  and  shall  give  you  comfort."  He  gave  up  the  house  on  his 
return.  In  1655  the  ambassador  sent  from  Sweden  to  the  Protector 
was  lodged  in  Salisbury  Court.  Here  Whitelocke  frequently  dined 
with  him,  the  ambassador  complaining  of  feeling  solitary.  The  large 
building  on  the  south  side,  the  Salisbury  Hotel  and  Farmers'  Club,  was 
erected  by  the  Agricultural  Hotel  Company,  1863-1864,  at  a  cost  of 
over  ^23,000,  from  the  designs  of  John  Giles,  architect.  It  has 
about  100  rooms. 

Eminent  Inhabitants.  —  Betterton,  Harris,  Cave,  Underbill,  and 
Sandford  the  actors,  next  the  Duke's  Theatre  in  Dorset  Gardens ; 
Shadwell,  the  poet;  Lady  Davenant,  the  widow  of  Sir  William 
Davenant ;  John  Dryden ; a  Samuel  Richardson,  the  novelist.  "  He 
took  a  range  of  old  houses,  eight  in  number,  which  he  pulled  down, 
and  built  an  extensive  and  commodious  range  of  warehouses  and 
printing  offices." 2  His  dwelling-house  was  No.  1 1,  in  the  north-west 
corner  of  the  square,  and  his  printing  office  and  warehouse  in  Blue- 
ball  Court,  on  the  east  side  of  the  square. 

My  first  recollection  of  Richardson  was  in  the  house  in  the  centre  of  Salisbury 
Square,  or  Salisbury  Court,  as  it  was  then  called  ;  and  of  being  admitted  as  a 
playful  child  into  his  study,  where  I  have  often  seen  Dr.  Young  and  others.  ...  I 

1  Rate-books  of  St.  Martin's,  2  Nichols's  Lit.  Artec.,  vol.  iv.  p.  594. 


SALISBURY  COURT  THEATRE  203 

recollect  that  he  used  to  drop  in  at  my  father's,  for  we  lived  nearly  opposite,  late  in 
ning  to  supper ;  when,  as  he  would  say,  he  had  worked  as  long  as  his  eyes 
and  nerves  would  let  him,  and  was  come  to  relax  with  a  little  friendly  and  domestic 
chat. —  Mrs.        —  to  Mrs.  Barbauld  (Richardson's  Correspondence,  vol.  i.  p.  183). 

It  is  said  to  have  been  a  common  practice  with  Richardson  to  hide 
half  a  crown  among  the  types,  that  it  might  reward  the  diligence  of  the 
workman  who  should  be  first  in  the  office  in  the  morning ;  on  the  other 
hand,  he  was  so  sensible  of  his  own  warmth  of  temper  that  all  his 
admonitions  to  his  workmen  were  given  in  writing  ! 1  Here  Richard- 
son wrote  his  Pamela.  Here,  for  a  short  time — 1757,  in  the  interval 
between  his  practice  as  a  "  physician  in  a  humble  way  "  on  the  Bank- 
side  and  his  becoming  an  usher  at  Peckham — Goldsmith  sat  as  press- 
corrector  to  Richardson.  And  here  was  printed  Maitland's  London, 
folio,  1739,  the  imprint  on  the  title  page  being  "  London :  Printed  by 
Samuel  Richardson,  in  Salisbury  Court,  near  Fleet  Street,  1739." 
Mrs.  Delany  notes,  October  30,  1754,  that  "Richardson  is  very  busy, 
removing  this  very  day  to  Parson's  Green.  Dr.  Delany  called  yester- 
day at  Salisbury  Court."2  Here,  in  August  1732,  died  Mrs.  Daffy, 
preparer  of  the  elixir  known  by  her  name.  3 

In  1716  there  were  many  riots  in  the  City,  mobs  gathering  together 
in  processions,  with  the  cry  of  "  High  Church  and  Ormond,"  breaking 
windows  which  were  not  illuminated  when  the  cry  was  raised,  and 
"  demolishing  houses,  especially  those  houses  then  called  M2ig-houses, 
where  those  who  were  for  King  George  used  to  hold  societies."  4  One 
of  the  most  noted  of  the  Mug-houses  was  in  Salisbury  Court,  and  a 
Jacobite  mob,  led  by  one  Bean,  pulled  down  the  sign-post,  and  then 
breaking  into  the  house,  tore  down  the  bar  and  benches,  plundered 
the  cellar  and  wrecked  the  premises.  In  attempting  to  defend  his 
house  Robert  Read,  the  landlord,  shot  one  of  the  assailants,  a  weaver 
named  Vaughan,  dead.  Read  was  tried  for  manslaughter  and 
acquitted ;  but  five  of  the  rioters  were  tried  at  the  Old  Bailey, 
September  7,  1716,  for  "demolishing"  Read's  house,  found  guilty, 
and  all  five  hanged  in  Fleet  Street,  at  the  end  of  Salisbury  Court.5 

Salisbury  Court  Theatre,  SALISBURY  COURT,  FLEET  STREET, 
was  built  in  1629,  by  Richard  Gunnell  and  William  Blagrove,  players, 
and  was  originally  the  "  barn  "  or  granary  at  the  lower  end  of  the  great 
back  yard  or  court  of  Salisbury  House. 

In  the  yere  one  thousand  sixe  hundred  [and]  twenty-nine,  there  was  builded  a 
new  faire  Play-house,  near  the  White-Fryers.  And  this  is  the  seauenteenth  stage 
or  common  Play-house  which  hath  beene  new  made  within  the  space  of  threescore 
yeres  within  London  and  the  suburbs. — Howes,  ed.  1631,  p.  1004. 

The  Play-house  in  Salisbury  Court,  in  Fleete  Streete,  was  pulled  down  by  a 
company  of  souldiers,  set  on  by  the  Sectaries  of  these  sad  times,  on  Saturday,  the 
24th  day  of  March,  1649. — MS.  Notes  from  Howes,  quoted  in  Collier's  Life  of 
Shakespeare,  p.  ccxlii. 

1  Nichols's  Lit.  Anec.,  vol.  iv.  p.  597.  Nichols,  vol.  vi.  p.  41. 

2  Delany  Corr.,  vol.  iii.  p.  296.  4  Burton's  Neiu  View,  1730. 

3  Historical  Register  for  1732  ;  The  Tatler,  by  5  /£/,/, 


204  SALISBURY  COURT  THEATRE 

It  was  bought  by  William  Beeston,  a  player,  in  1652,  and  rebuilt 
and  reopened  by  him  in  1660.  The  Duke's  company,  under 
Davenant,  played  here  till  their  new  theatre  in  Lincoln's  Inn  Fields  was 
ready  to  receive  them.  Salisbury  Court  Theatre  was  finally  destroyed 
in  the  Great  Fire,  and  not  rebuilt.  The  Duke's  Theatre  in  Dorset 
Gardens,  opened  November  9,  1671,  stood  facing  the  Thames,  on  a 
somewhat  different  site. 

Salisbury  House,  in  the  STRAND,  stood  on  the  sites  of  Cecil 
Street  and  Salisbury  Street,  between  Worcester  House  and  Durham 
House,  and  was  so  called  after  Sir  Robert  Cecil,  Earl  of  Salisbury, 
Lord  High  Treasurer  to  James  I.,  by  whom  it  was  built,  when 
only  Sir  Robert  Cecil.  Queen  Elizabeth  was  present  at  the  house- 
wanning  on  December  6,  I602.1 

December  7,  1602. — On  Munday  last  the  Queen  dyned  at  Sir  Robert  Secil's 
newe  house  in  the  Strand.  Shee  was  verry  royally  entertained,  richely  presented, 
and  marvelous  well  contented ;  but  at  hir  departure  shee  strayned  her  foot.  His 
hall  was  well  furnished  with  choise  weapons,  which  her  Majestic  took  speciall  notice 
of.  Sundry  deuises  ;  at  hir  entraunce,  three  women,  a  maid,  a  widdowe,  and  a  wife, 
cache  commending  their  owne  states,  but  the  virgin  preferred  ; 2  an  other,  one  attired 
in  habit  of  a  Turke  desyrous  to  see  hir  Majestic,  but  as  a  straunger  without  hope 
of  such  grace,  in  regard  of  the  retired  manner  of  hir  lord,  complained  ;  answere 
made,  howe  gracious  hir  Majestic  in  admitting  to  presence,  and  howe  able  to 
discourse  in  anie  language ;  which  the  Turke  admired,  and,  admitted,  presents  hir 
with  a  riche  mantle,  etc. — Manningham's  Diary >  p.  99. 

The  house  was,  however,  far  from  finished  at  this  time.  Salisbury 
was  busy  building  in  1608.  On  August  10,  1608,  we  find  Thomas 
Wilson  writing  to  Cecil  on  the  "  difference  of  cost  between  Canterbury 
stone  [Kentish  rag]  and  Caen  stone  for  the  works  at  Salisbury  House,"3 
and  there  are  several  subsequent  letters  on  the  subject ;  one  (September 
9)  from  Leonard  Lawrence  to  Wilson  informing  him  that  he  has  taken 
down  the  inner  part  of  the  gate  at  Canterbury,  which  will  yield  60 
or  70  loads  of  stone  fit  for  London,  but  he  refrains  from  meddling 
with  the  outer  part  till  he  has  further  instructions,  because  "the 
townspeople  keeps  so  much  ado." 4  He  probably  received  instructions, 
as  a  few  days  later  (September  25)  he  reports  the  demolition  of  the 
building  at  Canterbury  and  the  shipment  of  the  stones  for  London 
"  for  the  Earl  of  Salisbury's  use."  There  seems  to  have  been  as  much 
difficulty  in  procuring  workmen  as  materials,  and  as  summary  modes 
of  procedure  in  order  to  obtain  them.  Sir  W.  Bowyer  writes  to  the 
Earl  from  Newcastle  (August  28)  that  he  "could  not  obtain  workmen 
to  get  stones  at  Berwick  till  Dunbar  ordered  three  or  four  to  be  spared 
from  the  works  on  the  bridge  and  castle."5  In  September  1610  are 
entered  the  specifications  of  a  plan  by  a  Mr.  Osborne  for  making  a 
portico  at  the  south  end  of  the  Earl  of  Salisbury's  garden  in  the 

1  Nichols's   Progresses  of  Queen    Elizabeth,  for  the  occasion  but  not  printed  in  his  Works, 
vol.  iii.  p.  601 ;  Collier's  Annals,  vol.  i.  p.  323.  3  Cal.  State  Pap.,  1603-1610,  p.  451. 

2  This  was  "  a  pretty  Dialogue  of  John  Davies,  4  Ibid.,  vol.  i.  p.  456. 
Twixt  a  Maid,  a  Widow,  and   a  Wife,"  written  5  Ibid.,  p.  453. 


SALISBURY  STKI-: It'/'  205 

Strand.1  Subsequently  the  house  was  divided  into  "Great  Salisbury 
House"  and  "Little  Salisbury  House,"  and  finally  pulled  down  in 
1695. 

This  house  afterwards  became  two,  the  one  being  called  Great  Salisbury  House, 
as  being  the  resilience  of  the  Earl,  and  the  other  Little  Salisbury  House,  which  was 
used  to  be  let  out  to  persons  of  quality ;  being  also  a  large  house  ;  and  this  was 
above  28  years  ago  contracted  for  [i.e.  1692]  of  the  then  Earl  of  Salisbury  for  a 
certain  term  of  years  to  build  on,  and  accordingly  it  was  pulled  down  and  made  into 
a  street,  called  Salisbury  Street,  which  being  too  narrow,  and  withal  the  descent  to 
the  Thames  too  uneasy,  it  was  not  so  well  inhabited  as  was  expected.  Another 
part,  viz.  that  next  to  Great  Salisbury  House  and  over  the  long  Gallery,  was  con- 
verted into  an  Exchange,  and  called  the  Middle  Exchange,  which  consisted  of  a 
very  long  and  large  room  (with  shops  on  both  sides)  which  from  the  Strand  run  as 
far  as  the  water-side,  where  was  a  handsome  pair  of  stairs  to  go  down  to  the  water- 
side, to  take  boat  at,  but  it  had  the  ill-luck  to  have  the  nick-name  given  it  of  the 
"Whore's  Nest;"  whereby,  with  the  ill-fate  that  attended  it,  few  or  no  people 
took  shops  there,  and  those  that  did  were  soon  weary  and  left  them.  Insomuch 
that  it  lay  useless  except  three  or  four  shops  towards  the  Strand  ;  and  coming  into 
the  Earl's  hands,  this  Exchange,  with  Great  Salisbury  House,  and  the  houses 
fronting  the  street  are  pulled  down,  and  now  converted  into  a  fair  street  called 
"Cecil  Street,"  running  down  to  the  Thames,  having  very  good  houses  fit  for 
persons  of  repute,  and  will  be  better  ordered  than  Salisbury  Street  was. — Strype,  B. 
iv.  p.  120. 

In  "  Little  Salisbury  House "  lived  William  Cavendish,  third  Earl 
of  Devonshire,  father  of  the  first  Duke  of  Devonshire,  who  played  so 
important  a  part  in  the  Revolution  of  1688,  and  in  his  house  Thomas 
Hobbes,  the  philosopher,  had  his  chamber  and  home. 

It  happened  about  two  or  three  days  after  his  Majesty's  [Charles  II.'s]  happy 
returne,  that  as  he  was  passing  in  his  coach  through  the  Strand,  Mr.  Hobbes  was 
standing  at  Little  Salisbury  House  Gate  (where  his  Lord  [the  E.  of  Devonshire] 
then  lived) ;  the  King  espied  him,  putt  off  his  hat  very  kindly  to  him,  and  aslced 
him  how  he  did. — Aubrey's  Life  of  Hobbes. 

John  Pell,  the  mathematician,  records  his  meeting  with  Hobbes  in 
the  Strand,  who  "  led  me  back  to  Salisbury  House,  where  he  brought 
me  into  his  chamber  and  there  showed  me  his  construction  of  that 
Probleme,  which  he  said  he  had  solved,  namely  the  Doubling  of  a 
Cube." 2  There  is  a  good  river- front  view  of  the  house  in  Wilkinson's 
Londina  Illustrate/,  from  a  drawing  by  Hollar,  in  the  Pepysian  Library 
at  Cambridge. 

Salisbury  Square,  FLEET  STREET.     [See  Salisbury  Court.] 

Salisbury  Street,  STRAND,  built  circ.  1678,  and  so  called  from 
Salisbury  House,  the  residence  of  Robert  Cecil,  first  Earl  of  Salisbury 
of  the  Cecil  family.  [See  Salisbury  House.]  The  present  street  was 
rebuilt,  James  Paine,  architect,  1783.  Partridge  the  almanac  maker 
lived  in  this  street. 

I  have  some  thoughts  of  sending  for  him  from  the  banks  of  Styx,  and  reinstating 
him  in  his  own  house,  at  the  sign  of  the  Globe  in  Salisbury  Street.  —  Taller •,  No. 
118,  January  10,  1709. 

i  Cal.  State  Pap.,  1603-1610,  p.  632.  2  pell,  MS.  Birch,  Brit.  Mus. 


2o6  SALISBURY  STREET 

The  Salisbury  estate,  consisting  of  Salisbury  and  Cecil  Streets,  was 
sold  by  the  present  Marquis  of  Salisbury  for  ^200,000,  and  prepara- 
tions were  made  at  the  end  of.  1888  for  the  utilisation  of  the  ground 
to  the  best  advantage.  A  large  hotel  is  being  built  at  the  end  of  the 
present  street,  which  abuts  upon  the  Embankment  Gardens.  It  is 
proposed  to  build  a  club,  theatre  and  chambers,  with  a  courtyard  in 
the  centre.  The  entrance  will  be  at  Cecil  Gate,  where  Cecil  Street  now 
is,  and  the  exit  at  Salisbury  Gate,  where  Salisbury  Street  now  is. 

Salmon's  (Mrs.)  Wax- Work,  FLEET  STREET,  a  famous  wax-work 
exhibition  on  the  south  side  of  Fleet  Street,  between  the  Temple 
Gates.  Mrs.  Salmon  was  the  Madame  Tussaud  of  the  last  half  of  the 
i 8th  century. 

Tall  Polygars 
Dwarf  Zanzibars 

Mahomed's  Tomb,  Killarney's  Lake,  the  Fane  of  Ammon, 
With  all  thy  Kings  and  Queens,  ingenious  Mrs.  Salmon  ! 

Probationary  Odes  for  the  Laureateship,  1785. 

Salopian  (The),  CHARING  CROSS,  a  coffee-house  and  tavern 
described  in  1804  by  Sir  Richard  Phillips  as  "frequented  by  gentlemen 
of  the  army,  etc. — good  dinners,  wines  and  lodgings."  When  Thomas 
Campbell,  the  poet,  first  came  to  London,  Thomas  Telford  the  engineer 
invited  him  to  live  with  him  at  The  Salopian,  but  the  poet  said  that 
the  noise  of  Charing  Cross  was  enough  to  drive  any  man  crazy,  and  he 
soon  left  it  for  South  Molton  Street. 

Saltero's  (Don).     [See  Don  Saltero's.] 

Baiters'  Hall,  ST.  SWITHIN'S  LANE,  west  side,  the  Hall  of  the 
Master,  Wardens,  and  Commonalty  of  the  Art  or  Mistery  of  Salters, 
the  ninth  on  the  list  of  the  Twelve  Great  Companies  of  the  City  of 
London.  The  Salters  received  a  grant  of  livery  from  Richard  II.  in 
1394,  and  letters  patent  from  succeeding  monarchs,  but  the  Charter  of 
Incorporation  only  dates  from  the  first  of  Elizabeth,  1558.  The  first 
hall  of  the  Company  was  in  Bread  Street,  but  they  had  removed  to 
the  present  site  some  time  before  the  Great  Fire,  which  destroyed  the 
hall  and  its  contents,  including  the  Company's  books.  The  present 
hall,  1823,  was  designed  by  Henry  Carr,  architect,  and  opened  May 
23,  1827.  It  is  semi-classical  in  style  with  a  portico  of  the  Ionic 
order,  spacious  and  stately.  The  hall  itself  is  72  feet  by  40  feet. 
Oxford  Court,  in  which  it  is  situated,  was  so  called  from  John 
De  Vere,  the  sixteenth  Earl  of  Oxford  of  that  name,  who  died  in 
1562,  and  was  originally  the  site  of  the  inn  or  hostel  of  the  Priors  of 
Tortington,  in  Sussex.  Empson  and  Dudley,  notorious  as  the  un- 
scrupulous instruments  of  Henry  VII. 's  avarice  in  the  later  and  more 
unpopular  years  of  his  reign,  lived  in  Walbrook,  in  "  two  fair  houses," 
with  doors  leading  into  the  garden  of  the  Prior  of  Tortington  (now 
Salters'  Garden).  "Here  they  met,"  says  Stow,  "and  consulted  of 


SALUTATION  TAVEI<\  207 

matters  at  their  pleasures."  1  Part  of  Sailers'  Hall  was  let  in  the  reign 
of  William  III.  to  a  Protestant  congregation  of  the  Presbyterian 
persuasion.  Tom  lirown  alludes  to  the  sermons  here  in  a  well-known 
passage : — 

A  man  that  keeps  steady  to  one  party,  though  he  happens  to  be  in  the  wrong,  is 
still  an  honest  man.  lie  that  goes  to  a  Cathedral  in  the  morning,  and  Sailers'  Hall 
in  the  afternoon,  is  a  rascal  by  his  own  confession. — Tom  Brown's  Laconics  (Works, 
8vo,  1709,  vol.  iv.  p.  23). 

I  Thumb'd  o'er  many  factious  Reams 
Of  canting  Lies,  and  Poets  Dreams, 
All  stuff  d  as  full  of  Low-Church  Manners, 
As  e'er  was  Sailers'1  Hall  witli  Sinners. 

Hudibras  Kalivivus,  4to,  1707. 

Sailers'  Hall  Chapel,  adjoining  the  hall,  continued  to  be  one  of  the 
chief  dissenting  chapels  in  the  City  down  to  our  own  day.  It  was  re- 
moved to  make  room  for  the  present  Sailers'  Hall.  Lilly,  the  astrologer, 
was  a  freeman  of  this  Company.  Observe. — Full-length  portrail  of 
Adrian  Charpentier,  painter  of  the  clever  and  only  good  portrait  of 
Roubiliac,  the  sculptor  ;  equestrian  portrait  of  the  Duke  of  Wellington  ; 
and  Alderman  Gibbons  in  his  Mayoral  robes,  by  H.  T.  Wells,  R.A. 

Salutation  Tavern,  No.  1 7  NEWGATE  STREET  (south  side),  in  the 
reign  of  Anne  was  much  resorted  to  for  social  gatherings.  Somewhat 
later  the  leading  booksellers  and  printers  met  here.  Bowyer  prints  a 
rhyming  invilation  to  a  booksellers'  supper,  January  19,  1736,  sent  by 
the  stewards  Cave  and  Bowyer : — 

SATURDAY,  January  17,  1735. 
SIR— 

You're  desired  on  Monday  next  to  meet 

At  Salutation  Tavern  Newgate  Street, 

Supper  will  be  on  table  just  at  eight, 

One  of  St.  John's,2  and  'other  of  St.  John's  Gate.3 

Along  wilh  the  invilation  Bowyer  prinls  a  poetical  answer  by 
Richardson  ihe  novelisl,  beginning  : — 

For  me  I'm  much  concerned  I  cannot  meet 
At  Salutation  Tavern,  Newgate  Street.4 

A  "  lale  landlord  preserved  a  Iradilion  of  ihe  house  lo  the  effect 
that  Sir  Chrislopher  Wren  used  to  smoke  his  pipe  there  whilst  St.  Paul's 
was  in  course  of  rebuilding."  5 

Here,  in  a  liltle  smoky  room,  Coleridge  and  Lamb  used  to  meet  to 
enjoy  Welsh-rabbits  and  egg-hot,  and  discuss  poetry  and  philosophy, 
both  moral  and  political,  over  pipes  and  Orinoco.6  And  here  it  was 
that  Southey  discovered  Coleridge  in  one  of  his  gloomiest  fits  of 
melancholy,  and  endeavoured  to  rouse  him  to  active  exertion. 

Some  of  the  Sonnets  which  shall  be  carelessly  turned  over  by  the  general  reader, 

1  Stow,  p.  84.  5  A.  Andrews  in  Notes  and  Queries,  ad  S.,  vol. 

2  Bowyer.  vi.  p.  137. 

3  Cave.  6  Talfourd,  Life  and  Letters  of  Charles  Lamb, 
*  Bowyer,  Anecdotes,  p.  160.  pt.  i. passim. 


SALUTATION  TAVERN 


may  happily  awaken  in  you  remembrances  which  I  should  be  sorry  should  be  ever 
totally  extinct — the  memory 

Of  summer  days  and  of  delightful  years, 

even  so  far  back  as  those  old  suppers  at  our  old  Salutation  Inn, — when  life  was 
fresh  and  topics  exhaustless — and  you  first  kindled  in  me,  if  not  the  power,  yet  the 
love  of  poetry  and  beauty  and  kindliness — 

What  words  have  I  heard 
Spoke  at  the  Mermaid. 

Charles  Lamb's  Dedication  of  his  Works  to  Coleridge. 

Salvador  House,  BISHOPSGATE  STREET.  Here,  in  the  office  of 
Mr.  James  Edmeston,  architect  (d.  1867),  Gilbert  Scott,  when  a  youth 
of  sixteen,  was  placed,  April  1827,  to  learn  the  profession  of  architect, 
and  remained  there  till  April  I83I.1 

Sainbrook  Court,  24  BASINGHALL  STREET,  so  called  after  Sir 
Jeremy  Sambrook,  whose  house  was  here.2  Here  practised  and  died, 
November  i,  1815,  John  Coakley  Lettsom,  M.D.3 

Sam's  Coffee-house,  in  EXCHANGE  ALLEY;  ditto  in  LUDGATE 
STREET.  See,  in  the  State  Poems  (8vo,  1697,  p.  258),  "A  Satyr 
upon  the  French  King ;  writ  after  the  Peace  was  concluded  at  Reswick, 
anno  1697,  by  a  Non-Swearing  Parson,  and  said  to  be  drop'd  out  of 
his  Pocket  at  Sam's  Coffee  House."  See  also  State  Poems,  8vo,  1703, 
p.  182.  Sam's  was  one  of  the  City  houses  chosen  for  receiving 
subscriptions  for  the  wild  projects  put  forward  during  the  rage  for 
speculation  resulting  from  the  publication  of  the  South  Sea  Scheme :  a 
sample  or  two  will  show  their  character. 

Jamiary?>,  1720. — This  day  at  Sam's  Coffee  House,  behind  the  Royal  Exchange, 
at  3  in  the  afternoon,  a  book  will  be  opened  for  entering  into  a  joint  co-partner- 
ship on  a  thing  that  will  turn  to  the  advantage  of  the  concerned. 

Same  day. — ^2,000,000  for  purchasing  and  improving  Fens  in  Lincolnshire — 
Sam's. —  Weekly  Papers,  1719-1720. 

While  you  at  Sam's  like  a  grave  doctor  sate 

Teaching  the  minor  clergy  how  to  prate.  —  The  Observatory. 

There  are  now  two  large  Mulberry  Trees  growing  in  a  little  yard  about  sixteen 
foot  square  at  Sam's  Coffee  House  in  Ludgate  Street. —  The  City  Gardener,  by 
Thomas  Fairchild,  8vo,  1722,  p.  53. 

Sanctuary,  WESTMINSTER,  a  privileged  precinct,  under  the 
protection  of  the  abbot  and  monks  of  Westminster,  and  adjoining 
Westminster  Abbey  on  the  west  and  north  side.  The  privileges 
survived  the  Reformation,  and  the  bulk  of  the  houses  which  composed 
the  precinct  were  not  taken  down  till  17 So.4  In  this  Sanctuary 
Edward  V.  was  "born  in  sorrow,  and  baptized  like  a  poor  man's  child;" 
and  here  Skelton,  the  rude-railing  satirist,  found  shelter  from  the 
revengeful  hand  of  Cardinal  Wolsey. 

Sir  Thomas  More's  account  of  the  taking  of  sanctuary  by  the 
widow  of  Edward  IV.  is  very  picturesque. 

1  Personal    and    Professional   Recollections          3  Pettigrew's  Life  ofj.  C.  Lettsom,  1817. 

of  Sir  Gilbert  Scott,  pp.  55,  68.  4  See  the  oath  on  admission   in  Lansdowne 

2  North's  Lives,  vol.  iii.  p.  101.  MS.,  No.  24,  Art.  84. 


SANS  SOUCI  THEATRE  209 

Therefore  nowe  she  [Queen  Elizabeth  Woodville]  toke  her  younger  sonne  the 
Duke  of  Ynrke  and  her  doughters  and  went  out  of  the  Palays  of  Westminster  into 
the  Sanctuary,  and  there  lodged  in  the  .'  lace,  and  she  and  all  her  chyldren 

and  compaignie  were  legistred  for  sanctuary  persons.   .   .    .   Whereupon  the    ! 

!  ilshop  of  York  and  Lord  Chancellor]  called  up  all  his  servantes  and 
ith  hym  the  great  scale  and  came  before  day  to  the  Quene,  about  whom  he 
found  much  heavynesse,  rumble,  haste,  busincsse,  conveighaunce,  and  carriage  of  hjr 
stuffe  into  snnctuarye  ;  every  man  was  busye  to  cary,  beare  and  conveigh  stuffe,  chestes, 
and  fardelles,  no  man  was  unoccupied,  and  some  caried  more  than  they  were 
commaunded  to  another  place.  The  Queen  sat  alone  belowe  on  the  rushes  all 
desolate  and  dismayde. — Sir  Thomas  More's  J'itifull  Life  of  A7//V  Ed-uanl  V.,  p. 
49  ;  Hall's  Union  of  the  Two  Noble  and  Illustre  Famelies  of  Lancastre  and  Yorke, 
reprint,  p.  350. 

What  is  styled  the  Broad  Sanctuary  contains  St.  Margaret's  Church, 
the  Guild  Hall  and  Sessions  House,  and  the  Westminster  Hospital.  In 
the  Broad  Sanctuary  Edmund  Burke  resided  for  many  years.  He 
begins  to  date  from  it  November  7,  1772.  Sir  John  Hawkins  died, 
May  21,  1789,  at  his  house  by  the  Broad  Sanctuary,  formerly  the 
residence  of  Admiral  Vernon.  Here  are  the  Westminster  Guild  Hall, 
erected  in  1805  from  the  designs  of  Mr.  S.  P.  Cockerell ;  Westminster 
Hospital,  erected  in  1832  from  the  designs  of  Mr.  W.  Inwood.  The 
portion  styled  the  Sanctuary  extends  from  the  open  space  in  front 
of  Westminster  Hospital  to  Great  Smith  Street.  Here  are  the 
Central  Office  of  the  National  Society ;  and  at  the  south  end,  facing 
Dean's  Yard,  the  Memorial  to  Old  Westminsters  who  died  in  the 
Crimean  War,  designed  by  Sir  Gilbert  Scott. 

Sands  End,  CHELSEA.  Probably  named  from  the  sandy  nature 
of  the  soil  here,  although  it  has  been  suggested  that  the  name  is  derived 
from  the  Sandys  family. 

All  the  grass  that  Rumney  yields, 
Or  the  sands  in  Chelsey  fields, 
Or  the  shops  in  silver  Thames. 

Ben  Jonson's  Song  to  Celia  (The  Forest,  vi.) 

At  a  house  near  the  creek  which  divided  Chelsea  from  Fulham 
Addison  occasionally  dwelt.  In  a  letter  to  the  youthful  Lord  Warwick 
dated  May  20,  1708,  he  wrote  in  reference  to  a  passage  in  Cicero's 
Treatise  on  Friendship,  "  If  your  Lordship  understand  the  sweetness 
of  these  words,  you  may  assure  yourself  you  are  no  ordinary  Latinist ; 
but  if  they  have  force  enough  to  bring  you  to  Sandy  End  I  shall  be 
very  much  pleased." 

Sans  Souci  Theatre,  LEICESTER  PLACE,  LEICESTER  SQUARE,  a 
theatre  of  some  distinction  in  the  early  part  of  the  present  century, 
built  by  Thomas  Dibdin,  the  song  writer,  and  opened  February  16,  1793. 
It  was  first  erected  behind  Dibdin's  music  shop,  in  the  Strand  (opposite 
Beaufort  Buildings),  and  afterwards  removed  to  Leicester  Place.  It  is 
now  the  "Hotel  de  Paris  et  de  1'Europe."  The  first  theatre  was 
planned,  painted,  and  decorated  by  Dibdin  himself.  Edmund  Kean, 
when  little  more  than  a  child,  distinguished  himself  here  by  readings 
and  recitations. 

VOL.  in  p 


210  SARACEN'S  HEAD 


Saracen's  Head,  a  celebrated  tavern  and  coaching  establishment, 
which  stood  on  the  north  side  of  Snow  Hill,  "without  Newgate."  It 
was  removed  in  constructing  the  Holborn  Viaduct.  On  the  new  Snow 
Hill,  but  some  distance  from  the  old  inn,  another  "Saracen's  Head 
Hotel"  has  been  erected,  but  it  is  quite  unlike  its  predecessor  in 
appearance  and  character. 

Next  to  this  church  [St.  Sepulchre's]  is  a  fair  and  large  inn  for  receipt  of  travellers, 
and  hath  to  sign  the  Saracen's  head. — Stow,  p.  143. 

In  the  preparations  for  the  reception  of  the  Emperor  Charles  V. 
in  1522,  is  the  entry,  "The  signe  of  the  Sersyns  hed :  xxx  beddes, 
a  stable  for  xl  horses."  This  shows  the  importance  of  the  inn  at 
that  time.  Two  other  inns  have  the  same  stable  room,  but  none 
make  up  so  many  beds. 

Methinks,  quoth  he,  it  fits  like  the  Saracen's  Head  without  Newgate. — Tarlton's 
Jests,  4to,  1611. 

Do  not  undervalue  an  enemy  by  whom  you  have  been  worsted.  When  our 
countrymen  came  home  from  fighting  with  the  Saracens,  and  were  beaten  by  them, 
they  pictured  them  with  huge,  big,  terrible  faces  (as  you  still  see  the  sign  of  the 
Saracen's  Head  is),  when  in  truth  they  were  like  other  men.  But  this  they  did  to 
save  their  own  credits. — Selden's  Table  Talk. 

At  the  Saracen's  Head,  Tom  pour'd  in  ale  and  wine, 
Until  his  face  did  represent  the  sign. 

Osborn's  Works,  8vo,  1701,  p.  538. 

The  sign,  as  long  as  it  remained,  was  surly  and  Saracenic  enough 
to  remind  one  of  a  passage  in  Fennor's  Counter's  Commonwealth, 
where  a  serjeant  of  the  compter  is  described  with  "  a  phisnomy  much 
resembling  the  Saracen's  head  without  Newgate,  and  a  mouth  as  wide 
vaulted  as  that  without  Bishopsgate." x  Dickens  has  described  the 
aspect  of  the  Inn  in  its  latter  days. 

Near  to  the  jail,  and  by  consequence  near  to  Smithfield  .  .  .  and  on  that  particular 
part  of  Snow  Hill,  where  omnibus  horses  going  eastward  seriously  think  of  falling 
down  on  purpose,  and  where  horses  in  hackney  cabriolets  going  westward  not 
unfrequently  fall  by  accident,  is  the  coachyard  of  the  Saracen's  Head  Inn ;  its  portal 
guarded  by  two  Saracen's  heads  and  shoulders  .  .  .  frowning  upon  you  from  each 
side  of  the  gateway.  The  Inn  itself  garnished  with  another  Saracen's  head,  frowns 
upon  you  from  the  top  of  the  yard.  .  .  .  When  you  walk  up  this  yard  you  will  see 
the  booking-office  on  your  left,  and  the  tower  of  St.  Sepulchre's  Church  darting 
abruptly  up  into  the  sky  on  your  right,  and  a  gallery  of  bedrooms  upon  both  sides. 
Just  before  you  you  will  observe  a  long  window  with  the  words  ' '  Coffee  Room  " 
legibly  painted  above  it. — Dickens,  Nicholas  Nickleby,  1839,  chap.  iv. 

Another  well  known  inn  of  this  name  was  outside  Aldgate. 

Nearer  Aldgate  is  the  Saracen's  Head  Inn,  which  is  very  large  and  of  a  con- 
siderable trade. — Strype,  B.  ii.  p.  82. 

Sardinia  Street,  LINCOLN'S  INN  FIELDS.  Duke  Street  was 
renamed  Sardinia  Street  in  1878,  and  the  new  name  was  given  to  it 
from  the  chapel  formerly  belonging  to  the  Sardinian  minister  situated 
in  the  street  [see  Duke  Street]. 

1  Fennor's  Counter's  Commonwealth,  410,  1617,  p.  3. 


SAVILE  ROW  2ir 


Savile  House,  on  the  north  side  of  LEICESTER  SQUARE, 
immediately  adjoining  Leicester  House,  and  so  called  after  the  Savile 
family,  was  the  residence  of  Sir  George  Savile,  the  friend  of  Burke. 
Frederick,  Prince  of  Wales,  when  living  in  Leicester  House  hired  Savile 
House  for  his  children.  Savile's  Bill  for  the  Relief  of  the  Roman 
Catholics  was  one  of  the  stimulants  to  the  Gordon  Riots  of  June  1780, 
and  his  house  was  one  of  the  first  attacked  by  the  mob,  "  carried  by 
storm  and  given  up  to  pillage,"  but  the  building  was  saved.  The 
railings  torn  from  it  were  the  chief  weapons  and  instruments  of  the 
rioters.1  Burke,  though  his  own  house  was  threatened,  went  to  the 
assistance  of  his  friend. 

For  four  nights  I  kept  watch  at  Lord  Rockingham's  or  Sir  George  Savile's 
whose  houses  were  garrisoned  by  a  strong  body  of  soldiers,  together  with  numbers  of 
true  friends  of  the  first  rank  who  were  willing  to  share  the  danger.  Savile  House, 
Rockingham  House,  Devonshire  House,  to  be  turned  into  garrisons  ! — Burke  to 
Shackletou  (Corresp.  vol.  ii.  p.  355). 

When  Leicester  Square  ceased  to  be  a  fashionable  place  of  resi- 
dence, Savile  House,  rebuilt  from  the  design  of  Mr.  S.  Page,  was  let 
for  exhibitions  and  entertainments.  Here  for  a  long  series  of  years  was 
held  Miss  Linwood's  exhibition  of  pictures  in  needlework.  In  its 
last  years  panoramas  and  poses  plastiques  were  the  leading  attractions. 
The  house  was  burnt  down  to  the  basement,  February  28,  1865,  and 
the  site,  after  remaining  empty  for  many  years,  was  utilised  about  1880 
for  a  panorama,  and  subsequently  reformed  into  the  Empire  Theatre. 

Savile  Row,  BURLINGTON  GARDENS  to  BOYLE  STREET,  was  so 
called  after  the  heiress  of  the  Saviles,  Dorothy,  only  daughter  and  heir 
of  the  celebrated  George  Savile,  Marquis  of  Halifax,  and  wife  of  Richard 
Boyle,  Earl  of  Burlington,  the  amateur  architect. 

A  new  Pile  of  buildings  is  going  to  be  carry'd  on  near  Swallow  Street  by  a  Plan 
drawn  by  the  Right  Hon.  the  Earl  of  Burlington,  and  which  is  to  be  called  Savile 
Street. — The  Daily  Post,  March  12,  1733. 

Eminent  Inhabitants. — Henrietta  Hobart,  Countess  of  Suffolk,  and 
mistress  of  George  II. 

The  Right  Honorable  the  Countess  of  Suffolk  has  purchased  a  large  house  of  Mr. 
Gray  the  builder,  in  Savile  Street,  Burlington  Gardens  for  ^3000. — Daily  Couraiit, 
February  21,  1735. 

Walpole,  describing  a  fire  in  Vigo  Street,  April  28,  1761,  says: 
"  I  went  to  my  Lady  Suffolk  in  Savile  Row,  and  passed  the  whole  night 
till  3  in  the  morning,  between  her  little  hot  bedchamber  and  the  spot, 
up  to  my  ankles  in  water  without  taking  cold."2  Bryan  Fairfax,  "  at  the 
south  end,  in  an  excellent  well-built  brick  house,  held  by  lease  under 
the  Earl  of  Burlington,"  as  appears  from  an  advertisement  of  the  sale  of 
his  pictures  inserted  in  the  Public  Advertiser  of  April  5,  1756.  Wal- 
pole speaks  of  it  in  1761  as  "that  pretty  house  of  Fairfax's,  now 
General  Waldegrave's."  It  must  have  been  close  to  the  south-east 

1  Walpole  to  Rev.  W.  Cole,  June  15,  1780.  2  vol.  iii.  p.  398. 


S A  VILE  ROW 


corner.  In  1781  William  Pitt,  with  his  brother  Lord  Chatham. 
Writing  to  Wilberforce  for  Anderson's  Dictionary  of  Commerce,  he  says, 
"  If  you  can  find  it  and  spare  it,  and  will  trust  me  with  it,  pray  send  it 
to  Savile  Street."1  Joseph  Hill,  the  attached  friend  and  correspondent 
of  William  Cowper,  lived  at  No.  u.  In  1797  Henry  Crabb  Robinson 
went  to  him  as  a  clerk  at  a  guinea  a  week.  "  He  had  no  general  law 
practice,  but  was  steward  to  several  noblemen."2  Richard  Brinsley 
Sheridan  died  in  the  front  bedroom  of  No.  17,  and  was  buried  in 
Westminster  Abbey.  In  a  short  note  to  Mr.  Rogers,  dated  Savile 
Row,  May  15,  1816,  six  weeks  before  his  death,  he  says  :  "They  are 
going  to  put  the  carpets  out  of  window  and  break  into  Mrs.  S.'s 
room  and  take  me ;  for  God's  sake  let  me  see  you."  A  present  of 
^"150  from  Mr.  Rogers  arrived  in  time.  He  had  previously  lived  in 
No.  14.  The  Right  Hon.  George  Tierney,  a  leading  member  of 
Parliament  in  his  day,  but  now  chiefly  remembered  by  his  duel  with 
Mr.  Pitt,  fought  on  Putney  Heath  at  3  P.M.  on  Sunday,  May  27,  1798. 
Mr.  Tierney  died  at  his  house,  No.  n  in  this  Row,  January  25,  1830. 
At  No.  20  lived  Robert  (Bobus)  Smith,  the  brother  of  the  Rev.  Sydney 
Smith.  No.  16  was  the  residence  of  Sir  Benjamin  Brodie.  No.  12 
was  for  many  years  the  town  residence  of  George  Grote,  the  historian 
of  Greece,  and  here  he  died,  June  19,  1871. 

Saviour's  (St.)  Church,  for  the  DEAF  and  DUMB,  272  Oxford  Street 
(the  corner  of  Queen  Street),  was  erected  in  1871  from  the  designs  of 
Mr.  (now  Sir)  A.  W.  Blomfield,  R.A.  The  church,  which  is  of  red  brick, 
Early  English  in  style,  a  Maltese  cross  in  plan  and  octagonal  above,  will 
accommodate  a  congregation  of  250.  The  sermon  is  preached  directly 
by  signs,  or  orally,  and  interpreted  by  the  sign  language.  Connected 
with  the  church  are  lecture  and  reading  rooms,  where  not  only  lectures  are 
delivered  and  evening  classes  taught,  but  a  debating  Society  is  carried 
on  by  the  "  deaf-mutes."  The  whole  is  a  part  of  the  organisation  of  the 
Royal  Association  in  Aid  of  the  Deaf  and  Dumb,  an  institution  which 
is  doing  excellent  work  among  this  class  of  persons. 

Saviour's  (St.)  SOUTHWARK,  the  church  of  the  Augustinian  Priory 
of  St.  Mary  Overy,  and  first  erected  into  a  parish  church  by  Act  of 
Parliament,  32  Henry  VIII.  (1540-1541),  when  the  two  parishes  of  St. 
Margaret  and  St.  Mary  Magdalen  in  Southwark  were  united,  and  the 
church  of  the  Priory  of  St.  Mary  Overy  made  the  parish  church,  and 
called  by  the  name  of  St.  Saviour's.  The  priory  church  of  St.  Mary 
Overy  was  built  by  Bishop  Giffard  of  Winchester  and  others  about 
1 1 06,  when  the  Augustinian  Priory  was  established  (or  reorganised)  by 
the  two  Norman  knights,  William  Pont  de  1'Arche  and  William  Dawncey. 
One  hundred  years  after  much  of  the  borough  including  the  church 
and  part  of  London  Bridge  was  burnt.  It  was  rebuilt  in  1208. 

1208  [loth  of  King  John].  And  Seynt  Marie  Overeye  was  that  yere  be- 
gonne. — Chronicle  of  London  (Nicolas,  p.  7). 

1  Rose,  vol.  i.  p.  31.  '-  H.  C.  Robinson,  vol.  i.  p.  38. 


ST.   SAVIOUR'S  213 


The  church  had  not  been  entirely  destroyed  by  the  fire,  for  a 
beautiful  doorway  and  other  traces  of  Giffard's  work  were  discovered 
shortly  before  the  demolition  of  the  nave  in  1838,  and  bits  of  earlier 
work  which  have  been  found  at  various  times,  indicate  the  existence  of 
a  church  of  the  Saxon  period.  In  1238  Peter  de  Rupibus,  then  Bishop 
of  Winchester,  built  the  chapel  afterwards  set  apart  and  used  as  the 
parish  church.  To  stimulate  the  speedier  completion  of  the  building  the 
Archbishop  of  York  granted  in  1273  an  indulgence  of  eighty  days  to 
all  who  might  contribute  to  the  fabric.  At  the  beginning  of  the  i5th 
century  Cardinal  Beaufort,  son  of  John  of  Gaunt,  and  Bishop  of  Win- 
chester, spent  large  sums  upon  the  church  in  repairs  and  alterations. 
His  arms  and  Cardinal's  hat  are  still  to  be  seen  carved  on  a  pillar 
in  the  south  transept.  On  February  2,  1424-1425,  the  marriage  of 
James  I.  of  Scotland  and  Johanna  Beaufort  was  celebrated  in  this 
church  with  the  customary  pomp.  The  marriage  feast  was  kept  in  the 
Bishop  of  Winchester's  palace  close  to  the  church.  In  1469  the  stone 
roof  of  the  nave  fell  and  was  replaced  by  the  wooden  roof,  which  lasted 
till  the  present  century.  Some  of  the  bosses,  curiously  carved  and  with 
remains  of  the  original  colouring  still  upon  them,  are  preserved  in  the 
Lady  Chapel.  The  date  of  the  roof  is  fixed  by  the  rebus  of  Henry  de 
Burton,  who  was  Prior  of  St.  Mary  Overie  in  I469.1  The  original  form 
was  Overies,  and  the  derivation  of  the  word  is  given  by  Somner  and 
quoted  by  Bosworth.  A.S.  ofer  (genitive,  ofres ;  dative,  ofre)  means  a 
bank  or  shore,  therefore  the  meaning  of  the  name  is  St.  Mary  of  the 
Bank,  or  on  the  Bankside.  Overies  is  probably  the  genitive  ofres,  and 
the  s  was  dropped  under  the  erroneous  supposition  of  its  being  a 
plural,  like  Chinee  from  Chinese. 

In  October  1539  the  priory  was  suppressed,  the  canons  were  put 
out  and  their  place  taken  by  secular  priests,  and  the  property  passed 
to  Sir  Anthony  Brown,  whose  son  became  Viscount  Montague.  In 
1540  the  priory  was  made  a  parish  church — the  little  church  of  "  Marie 
Mawdley  "  (really  a  chapel  attached  to  the  chapel  on  the  south  side  of 
the  choir)  that  of  St.  Margaret's  (in  the  middle  of  the  High  Street) 
being  united  with  it.  Some  elaborate  dealings  protracted  to  the  time 
of  James  I.  took  place  between  the  parish  and  the  court,  in  which  the 
parish  was  very  unfairly  treated.  The  rectory  and  church  buildings 
now  became  the  property  of  the  parishioners,  and  have  remained  so 
ever  since.  Alterations  have  been  made  by  Acts  of  Parliament  in 
1868  and  1883,  and  the  right  of  popular  election  of  the  chaplain  has 
ceased. 

The  three  days'  "  Examinacions  of  the  Constante  Martir  of  God, 
M.  John  Bradfourde,  before  the  Lorde  Chancellour,  B.  of  Winchester, 
the  B.  of  London,  and  other  Commissioners,"  were  held  in  this  church 
in  January  1555.  Bradford  was  one  of  the  most  illustrious  of  the 
Marian  martyrs,  and  no  efforts  were  spared  to  convert  him.  After 
each  day's  examination  he  was  taken  to  the  "  revestry  "  of  this  church 

1  Quarterly  Review,  vol.  clxx.  p.  397. 


214  ST.   SAVIOURS 


and  assailed  by  fresh  hands  zealous  to  "confer  "with  him.  Among 
these  was  a  gentleman  who  came  "for  old  acquaintance  sake,"  says 
Bradford,  "for  I  was  at  Muttrel  tourney  [the  battle  of  Montreuil]  a 
paymaster,  in  which  he  was,  and  had  often  received  money  at  my 
hands."  Other  martyrs  in  the  Marian  persecution,  such  as  Bishop 
Hooper,  John  Rogers,  Bishop  Ferrars,  Dr.  Groom  and  Mr.  Saunders 
were  tried  in  St.  Saviour's  Church. 

After  Westminster  Abbey  St.  Saviour's  contained  some  of  the  finest 
specimens  of  Early  English  architecture  in  London.  Little,  however,  of 
the  original  work  remains.  A  remarkable  and  conscientious  restoration 
of  the  choir  and  tower  was  made,  1822-1825,  by  George  Gwilt,  architect. 

Of  the  many  worthy  names  which  the  parish  register  of  St.  Saviour's  preserves, 
none  deserves  honour  better  than  his.  For  thirty  years  he  fought  a  difficult  battle 
against  ignorance  and  parsimony,  and  it  is  not  too  much  to  say  that  although  all  was 
not  saved,  we  owe  it  to  Mr.  Gwilt  and  those  who  worked  with  him  that  all  was  not 
destroyed. — Quarterly  Review,  vol.  clxx.  p.  407. 

The  nave  was  taken  down  in  1838,  and  in  the  following  year  it  was 
replaced  by  a  very  unsightly  building,  at  a  cost  of  ^8000,  erected  from 
the  designs  of  Henry  Rose,  the  floor  being  at  a  higher  level  than  the 
choir  and  transepts,  from  which  it  is  shut  off  by  a  partition.  It  is 
proposed  to  remove  this  portion  of  the  church  and  to  reconstruct  the 
nave  as  far  as  possible  on  the  lines  of  the  old  one.  For  the  complete 
restoration  of  the  building,  which  is  projected>  the  services  of  Sir  Arthur 
Blomfield,  R.A.,  have  been  (1890)  retained  as  architect. 

The  choir  is  of  excellent  design,  the  lancet  shaped  arch  being  pre- 
served throughout.  On  the  floor  cut  in  the  stone  are  the  names  of 
John  Fletcher,  Edmund  Shakespeare,  and  Philip  Massinger,  buried  in 
this  church,  not  implying  the  actual  position  of  burial  but  simply  the 
fact.  The  altar  screen  (similar  to  the  one  at  Winchester)  was  like  that 
one  erected  at  the  expense  of  Bishop  Fox.  In  the  string-course  is  his 
famous  device,  the  pelican.  The  choir  was  restored  in  1822,  but  the 
altar  screen  was  not  discovered  until  1833,  when  a  iyth  century  screen 
was  removed.  It  was  restored  under  Robert  Wallace,  architect. 

The  Lady  Chapel  was  restored  in  1832-1834,  also  under  George 
Gwilt,  architect.  The  woodwork  divided  off  a  corner  of  this  chapel, 
which  was  used  by  Gardiner  in  the  time  of  Queen  Mary  as  a 
Consistory  Court. 

The  church  has  always  been  famous  for  its  bells.  In  1612  the 
great  bell  was  not  to  weigh  less  than  50  cwt.  At  the  Restoration  of 
1737  the  weight  of  all  the  bells  was  about  10  tons  15  cwts.  This 
endangered  the  stability  of  the  tower,  but  the  danger  was  overcome 
by  the  skilful  use  of  iron  ties  by  Mr.  Gwilt. 

Monuments. — Effigy  of  knight  cross-legged,  in  north  aisle  of  choir. 
To  John  Gower,  the  poet  (d.  1402);  a  perpendicular  monument, 
originally  erected  on  the  north  side  of  the  church,  in  the  chapel  of  St. 
John,  where  Gower  founded  a  chantry.  The  monument  was  removed 
to  its  present  site,  and  repaired  and  coloured  in  1832,  at  the  expense  of 


ST.   SAVIOUR'S  215 


George  Granville  Leveson  Gower,  first  Duke  of  Sutherland.  Gower's 
monument  has  always  been  taken  care  of.  Peacham  speaks  of  it  in  his 
Compleat  Gentleman,  p.  95,  as  "  lately  repaired  by  some  good  Benefactor." 

Ho  [Gower]  lieth  under  a  tomb  of  stone,  with  his  image  also  of  stone  over  him: 
the  hair  of  his  head,  auburn,  long  to  his  shoulders  but  curling  up,  and  a  small  forked 
licni'l  ;  on  his  head  a  chaplet  like  a  coronet  of  four  roses;  a  habit  of  purple, 
damasked  down  to  his  feet ;  a  collar  of  esses  gold  about  his  neck  ;  under  his  head 
the  likeness  of  three  books  which  he  compiled. — Stow,  p.  152. 

Thomas  Cure  (d.  1588),  founder  of  Cure's  Almshouses.  Lancelot 
Andrewes,  Bishop  of  Winchester  (d.  1626);  a  black  and  white  marble 
monument  in  the  Lady  Chapel,  with  his  effigy  at  full  length.  The 
epitaph,  on  which  Hallam  remarks  (Const.  Hist.,  vol.  ii.  p.  63,  note,  zoth 
ed.),  claims  for  Bishop  Andrewes  "a  superior  reward  in  Heaven  on 
account  of  his  celibacy  " — calebs  migravit  ad  aureolam  ccelestem,  the  crown 
of  virginity  in  fact,  was  lost  in  the  fire  of  1676.  When  St.  John's  chapel 
was  taken  down  his  leaden  coffin  was  found,  with  no  other  inscription 
than  L.A.  (the  initials  of  his  name).  John  Traherne,  gentleman  porter 
to  James  I.  (d.  1618);  half-length  of  himself  and  wife  (upright),  with 
two  sons  and  four  daughters  (kneeling).  John  Bingham,  saddler  to 
Queen  Elizabeth  and  James  I.  (d.  1625).  Alderman  Humble  and 
his  wife  (temp.  James  I.),  with  some  pretty  verses,  beginning — 

Like  to  the  damask  rose  you  see. 

William  Austin  (d.  1633);  a  kind  of  harvest-home  monument,  in  north 
transept ;  this  Austin  was  a  gentleman  of  fortune  and  importance  in 
Southwark  in  the  reigns  of  James  I.  and  Charles  I.  Lionel  Lockyer, 
the  famous  empiric  in  Charles  II.'s  reign  (d.  1672) ;  a  rueful  full-length 
figure  in  north  transept.  The  inscription  says  that  his  pills,  well-known, 
will 

Survive  his  dust,  and  not  expire 
'Till  all  things  else,  at  th'  universal  fire. 

He  [a  Popish  Priest]  sells  indulgences,  like  Lockyer's  Pills,  with  directions  how 
they  should  be  taken. — Butler's  Remains,  vol.  ii.  p.  143. 

Abraham  Newland,  chief  cashier  to  the  Bank  of  England  (d.  1807). 

Eminent  Persons  buried  in,  and  graves  unmarked.  —  Sir  Edward 
Dyer,  the  poet,  in  the  chancel,  May  n,  1607;  he  lived  and  died  in 
Winchester  House,  adjoining.  Edmund  Shakespeare,  "player"  (the 
poet's  youngest  brother),  buried  in  the  church,  December  31,  1607. 
Lawrence  Fletcher,  one  of  the  leading  shareholders  in  the  Globe  and 
Blackfriars  Theatres,  and  William  Shakespeare's  "fellow,"  buried  in  the 
church  September  12,  1608.  Philip  Henslowe,  the  manager,  so  well 
known  by  his  curious  Account  Book  or  Diary ;  buried  in  the  chancel, 
January  1615-1616.  John  Fletcher  (Beaumont  and  Fletcher),  buried 
in  the  church,  August  29,  1625.  "Philip  Massinger,  a  stranger" 
(the  dramatic  poet),  buried  in  the  church,  March  18,  1638-1639. 

The  houses  in  Dodington  Grove,  Kennington,  were  built  some  of 
them  over  earth  removed  during  the  renovating  and  rebuilding  of  St. 


216  ST.   SAVIOUR'S 


Saviour's ;  there  probably,  if  anywhere,  is  the  sacred  dust  of  the  great 
people  buried  at  St.  Saviour's,  serving  as  foundations  for  the  tenements 
of  those  who  probably  never  heard  of  them. 

Among  notable  chaplains  of  the  parish  may  be  mentioned  Sutton, 
who  in  his  sermon  on  the  Romans,  delivered  in  1 6 1 6  from  St.  Saviour's 
pulpit,  inveighed  against  certain  people  "  who  dishonour  God,  living 
upon  usurie,  by  dicing  houses,  and  by  penning  and  acting  of  playes." 
He  was  very  sharply  answered  by  Nathan  Field,  an  actor  whose  name 
appears  in  the  list  at  the  beginning  of  the  first  folio  of  Shakespeare 
(1623).  Moreton,  fellow  of  Emmanuel,  friend  and  executor  to  the 
Harvards.  Crodacott,  a  puritan  divine  deprived  on  St.  Bartholomew's 
Day.  Sacheverell,  the  incendiary  preacher  of  Queen  Anne's  time,  who, 
in  his  famous  sermon,  preached  at  St.  Paul's,  November  5,  1709, 
described  himself  as  Fellow  of  Magdalen,  Oxford,  and  Chaplain  of  St. 
Saviour's,  Southwark.  Thomas  Jones,  of  the  Wesley  School,  and  much 
esteemed  by  earnest  religious  people ;  he  died  young,  of  fever  caught  in 
visiting  the  sick. 

Registers  are  well  preserved  and  of  considerable  interest.  Those  of 
St.  Margaret,  before  it  became  one  with  St.  Mary  Overy,  begin  1538  ; 
other  records  of  the  same  parish  of  a  hundred  years  or  so  before,  but 
in  a  very  fragmentary  state,  still  remain.  1553  the  name  of  St.  Saviour 
appears  instead  of  St.  Margaret.  In  these  registers,  among  the  births, 
marriages,  and  deaths,  may  be  found  names  of  note  connected  with  the 
Shakesperian  stage,  and  before  that. 

Token-books. — These  at  first  sight  appear  like  waste-books  of  some 
common  chandler's  shop — long  and  narrow  books  of  common  paper, 
in  brown  paper  covers ;  they  are  nevertheless  valuable  manuscripts,  con- 
taining names  of  all  parishioners  above  fifteen ;  of  streets,  courts,  rents, 
and  houses  in  regular  order ;  of  the  pence  given  in  each  case  in  receipt 
of  a  sacramental  token  of  lead,  having  some  suitable  inscription,  cast 
by  the  warders  for  the  purpose  of  ensuring  attendance  at  the  parish 
church  when  the  sacrament  was  administered,  under  penalty  for  neglect. 
The  names  of  some  sixteen  of  the  actors  of  the  1623  folio  appear  in 
these  books  as  taking  the  sacrament  at  St.  Saviour's.  These  token-books, 
containing  names  of  people  in  that  illustrious  and  stirring  time  and  in  a 
notable  district,  are  very  valuable,  but  they  are  not  cared  for  as  they 
ought  to  be,  considering  that  the  parish  contains  many  rich  people, 
and  that  the  cost  of  putting  them  in  order  and  binding  them  would  be 
trifling ;  to  show  their  value  as  records  of  the  past,  in  no  other  way  but 
by  these  books  could  the  actual  birthplace  of  that  pilgrim  father  (as 
he  may  perhaps  be  called),  John  Harvard,  founder  of  the  great 
University  of  New  England,  have  been  discovered. 

From  the  Churchwarden's  Accounts  St.  Saviour's,  March  30,  1613  : — 

It. — For  another  quire  of  pap  to  make  the  token  booke     .          .  iiijd 

For  writinge  the  borough  side  token  booke        .          .          .     iijs  iiijd 
For  writinge  the  bankside  token  booke     ....     iiijs 

4800  tokens,  ,£60.  In  this  case  the  contribution  was  at  3d.  each,  and  the  money 
was  generally  given  to  the  poor. 


THE  SAVOY  217 


Among  other  burial-places  belonging  to  St.  Saviour's  now  entirely 
disused  was  one  at  the  corner  of  Union  Street  and  Red  Cross  Street, 
known  as  the  Cross  Bones,  having  an  emblem  of  the  name  over  the  gate- 
way. This  was  "  the  single  women's  churchyard,"  an  unconsecrated  place 
of  burial  appropriated,  with  scarcely  a  doubt,  to  the  women  of  the  stewes. 

In  the  vestry  minutes,  December  1786,  it  is  noted  of  the  Cross  Bones 
that  some  persons  had  dug  up  bodies  there  for  dissection,  that  they  had 
put  them  into  a  coach  and  got  away  with  their  spoil.  A  reward  of 
five  guineas  was  offered  and  some  strong  language  was  used  in  the 
vestry.  It  turned  out  that  the  sexton  of  the  place  was  concerned  in 
the  traffic. 

Savoy  (The),  in  the  STRAND,  a  house  or  palace  on  the  river  side 
(of  which  the  chapel  alone  remains),  built  in  1245  by  Peter,  Earl  of 
Savoy  and  Richmond,  uncle  unto  Eleanor,  wife  to  King  Henry  III. 
The  Earl  bestowed  it  on  the  fraternity  of  Montjoy  (Fratres  de  Monte 
Jovis,  or  Priory  de  Cornuto  by  Havering  at  the  Bower,  in  Essex),  of 
whom  it  was  bought  by  Queen  Eleanor  for  Edmund,  Earl  of  Lancaster, 
second  son  of  King  Henry  III.  (d.  1295).  In  1293  a  license  to 
castellate  was  obtained.1  Henry  Plantagenet,  fourth  Earl  and  first 
Duke  of  Lancaster,  "repaired,  or  rather  new  built  it,"  at  a  cost  of 
50,000  marks,  and  here  John,  King  of  France,  was  confined  after  the 
battle  of  Poictiers  (1356).  The  King,  not  long  after  his  release,  died 
on  a  visit  to  this  country  in  his  ancient  prison  of  the  Savoy.  Blanche 
Plantagenet,  daughter  and  co-heir  of  Henry,  first  Duke  of  Lancaster, 
married  John  Plantagenet,  Duke  of  Lancaster,  fourth  son  of  King 
Edward  III.  ("Old  John  of  Gaunt");  and  while  the  Savoy  was  in  his 
possession  it  was  burnt  and  entirely  destroyed  by  Wat  Tyler  and 
his  followers  (1381).  Mention  is  made  in  the  Accounts  of  1393-1394 
of  the  annual  loss  of  ^4:13:4,  "the  rent  of  14  shops  belonging 
lately  to  the  Manor  of  the  Savoy  annexed,  for  each  shop  by  the  year, 
at  four  terms  6s.  8d.,  the  accomptant  had  nothing,  because  they  were 
burnt  at  the  time  of  the  Insurrection,  and  are  not  rebuilt."  In  the 
Accounts  the  Insurrection  is  spoken  of  as  "  The  Rumor "  (or  popular 
murmuring,  post  rumoreni).  The  Symeon  Tower  was  repaired  this 
year,  as  were  also  the  "Great  Gates  of  the  Manor,"  and  the  Water 
Gate ;  and  IDS.  were  paid  "for  making  one  hedge  for  the  protection  of 
the  Garden  opposite  the  said  manor  of  the  Savoy."  The  "fruits  and 
profits"  of  the  garden  were  let  for  133.  4d.  "Paid  to  divers  labourers 
for  making  2  perches  of  the  wall  on  the  west  side  of  the  garden,  called 
'  mud-wall '  between  the  Savoy  and  the  Inn  of  the  Bishopric  of  Carlisle, 
each  perch  at  95.  =  1 8s. ;  and  paid  for  covering  i  o  perches  of  a  certain 
old  wall  on  the  same  western  side,  at  i8d.  a  perch,  155.  Mem.  for 
the  Steward  to  inquire  whether  the  burden  of  making  this  wall  of 
right  belongs  to  the  Lord  or  not."  Also  "for  82  Ibs.  of  iron,  bought 
and  worked  into  the  form  of  a  lattice  and  placed  in  the  wall  of  the 

1  Thirty-first  Report  oftlie  Deputy  Keeper  of  the  Records,  Appendix  i,  p.  17. 


218  THE  SAVOY 


aforesaid  [Symeon]  tower,  inclosing  the  window  towards  the  east,  for 
the  safe  keeping  of  the  prisoners  in  the  said  tower,  at  2d.  the  pound, 
133.  8d." l  The  writer  of  the  accompt  received  2d.  a  day  for  wages. 

The  Savoy  lay  long  neglected  after  this,  nor  would  it  appear  to 
have  been  rebuilt,  or  indeed  employed  for  any  particular  purpose 
before  1505,  when  it  was  endowed  by  Henry  VII.  as  a  Hospital  of 
St.  John  the  Baptist,  for  the  relief  of  100  poor  people.  The  King 
makes  particular  mention  of  it  in  his  will.  At  the  suppression  of  the 
hospital  in  1553,  the  beds,  bedding,  and  other  furniture  were  given 
by  Edward  VI.  to  the  Royal  Hospitals  of  Bridewell  and  St.  Thomas. 
Queen  Mary  re-endowed  it,  and  it  was  continued  and  maintained  as 
a  hospital  till  the  first  of  Queen  Anne  (1702),  when  it  was  finally 
dissolved.  Fleetwood,  the  Recorder  of  London,  describes  the  Savoy 
in  1560  in  a  letter  to  Lord  Burghley  as  a  nursery  of  rogues  and 
masterless  men  :  "  The  chief  nurserie  of  all  these  evell  people  is  the 
Savoy,  and  the  brick-kilnes  near  Islington."  Queen  Elizabeth,  when 
taking  the  air  "at  her  woode  nere  Islyngton  was  environed  with  a 
number  of  roges,"  and  sent  word  to  the  Lord  Mayor  and  Recorder, 
who  took  summary  measures  for  the  apprehension  of  all  rogues  and 
masterless  people.  But  the  master  of  the  Savoy  Hospital  was  unwilling 
to  allow  of  their  apprehension  in  his  precinct,  as  he  was  "sworne  to 
lodge  claudicantes,  egrotantes,  et  peregrinantes ; "  but  in  spite  of  his 
"curtese  letter"  they  were  "all  soundly  payd"  before  they  were  sent 
back.2  The  Savoy,  long  after  sanctuary  was  legally  abrogated,  continued 
to  be  a  refuge  for  debtors  and  disorderly  persons,  and  the  chapel  was 
the  last  place  in  which  the  so-called  Fleet  marriages  were  performed  in 
defiance  of  the  law.  [See  St.  Mary  le  Savoy.] 

At  the  Restoration  the  meetings  of  the  commissioners  for  the 
revision  of  the  Liturgy  took  place  in  the  Savoy  (April  15 -July  25, 
1661);  twelve  bishops  appearing  for  the  Established  Church,  and 
Calamy,  Baxter,  Reynolds,  and  others  for  the  Presbyterians.  This  was 
called  "The  Savoy  Conference,"  and  under  that  name  is  matter  of 
English  history.  Fuller,  the  author  of  The  Worthies,  was  lecturer  at 
the  Savoy,  and  Cowley,  the  poet,  a  candidate  at  Court  for  the  office  of 
master.  "  Savoy  missing  Cowley "  is  commemorated  in  the  State 
Poems  of  that  time.  The  successful  candidate  was  Dr.  Killigrew,  the 
father  of  Anne  Killigrew,  who  is  buried  in  the  chapel,  and  who  still 
lives  in  the  poetry  of  Dryden.  King  Charles  II.  established  a  French 
church  here,  called  "  The  French  Church  in  the  Savoy."  Now  removed 
to  Bloomsbury  Street.  The  first  sermon  was  preached  by  Dr.  Durel, 
Sunday,  July  14,  1661.  The  sick  and  wounded  in  the  great  Dutch  War 
of  1666  were  lodged  in  the  Savoy.  On  the  night  of  April  16,  1763,  the 
recruits  for  the  East  India  Service,  temporarily  confined  in  the  Savoy, 
made  a  determined  attempt  to  escape.  They  disarmed  the  guard  and 
obtained  possession  of  the  keys,  but  before  they  could  force  the  outer 
gate  a  detachment  of  soldiers  arrived,  and  after  a  sharp  struggle  the 

1  Archceologia,  vol.  xxiv.  p.  299.  z  Ellis's  Letters,  vol.  ii.  p.  285. 


SCALDING  ALLKY  219 


recruits  were  forced  back  and  secured,  but  not  till  three  of  their  number 
had  been  killed  and  "several  mortally  wounded."1 

This  Savoy  House  is  a  very  great  and  at  this  present  a  very  ruinous  building. 
Tn  the  midst  of  its  buildings  is  a  very  spacious  Hall,  the  walls  three  foot  broad  at 
least,  of  stone  without  and  brick  and  stone  inward.  The  ceiling  is  very  curiously 
built  with  wood,  and  having  knobs  in  due  places  hanging  down,  and  images  of 
holding  before  their  breasts  coats  of  arms,  but  hardly  discoverable.  On  one 
is  a  Cross  gules  between  four  stars  or  else  mullets.  It  is  covered  with  lead,  but  in 
divers  places  perished  where  it  lies  open  to  the  weather.  This  large  Hall  is  now 
divided  into  several  apartments.  A  cooper  hath  a  part  of  it  for  stowing  of  his 
hoops  and  for  his  work.  Other  parts  of  it  serve  for  two  Marshalseas  for  keeping 
Prisoners,  as  Deserters,  men  prest  for  military  service,  Dutch  recruits,  etc.  Towards 
thr  east  end  of  this  Hall  is  a  fair  cupola  with  glass  windows,  but  all  broken,  which 
makes  it  probable  the  Hall  was  as  long  again  ;  since  cupolas  are  wont  to  be  built 
about  the  middle  of  great  halls.  In  this  Savoy,  how  ruinous  soever  it  is,  are  divers 
good  houses.  First  the  King's  Printing  Press  for  Proclamations,  Acts  of  Parliament, 
Gazettes,  and  such  like  public  papers ;  next  a  Prison ;  thirdly  a  Parish  Church 
[St.  Mary-le-Savoy]  and  three  or  four  of  the  churches  and  places  for  religious 
assemblies,  viz.  for  the  French,  for  Dutch,  for  High  Germans  and  Lutherans ;  and 
lastly,  for  the  Protestant  Dissenters.  Here  be  also  harbours  for  many  refugees  and 
poor  people. — Strype,  ed.  1720,  B.  iv.  p.  107. 

On  Tuesday  a  person  going  into  the  Savoy  to  demand  a  debt  due  from  a  person 
wrho  had  taken  sanctuary  there,  the  inhabitants  seized  him,  and  after  some  con- 
sultation agreed,  according  to  the  usual  custom,  to  dip  him  in  tar  and  roll  him  in 
feathers,  after  which  they  carried  him  in  a  wheelbarrow  into  the  Strand,  and  bound 
him  fast  to  the  Maypole,  but  several  constables  and  others  coming  in,  dispersed  the 
rabble  and  rescued  the  person  from  their  abuses. — The  Postman  for  July  1696,  No. 
1 80. 

Sir  Thomas  Heneage  appears  to  have  removed  from  Bevis  Marks 
[which  see]  to  the  Savoy  in  1590,  on  being  appointed  Chancellor  of  the 
Duchy  of  Lancaster,  and  he  died  at  the  Duchy  House  in  the  Savoy  in 
1595.  In  1687  the  Jesuits  opened  a  chapel  and  schools  in  the  Savoy, 
and  offered  to  instruct  gratuitously  all  youths  who  were  "  fit  to  begin 
Latin "  in  that  language,  Greek,  poetry  and  rhetoric ;  but  schools 
and  chapel  were  closed  and  the  Jesuits  dispersed  on  the  abdication  of 
James  II.  The  inscription  on  the  monument  at  Acton  to  Mrs.  Barry, 
the  celebrated  actress  of  the  reign  of  Charles  II.,  describes  her  as  "of 
the  parish  of  St.  Mary  Savoy."  Alexander  Cruden,  author  of  the 
Concordance,  lived  here,  and  here  Jacob  Tonson  had  a  warehouse. 
The  last  vestiges  of  the  Savoy  buildings  were  swept  away  in  forming 
the  approaches  to  Waterloo  Bridge.2 

Savoy  Church.     [See  St.  Mary  le  Savoy.] 

Scalding    Alley,    in    the    POULTRY,    was   so    called   from    the 
poulterers  scalding  or  scorching  their  poultry  there.     [See  Poultry.] 
But  who  is  this  ?  O,  my  daughter  Cis, 
Minced-pie  ;  with  her  do  not  dally 
On  pain  o'  your  life  :  she's  an  honest  cook's  wife, 
And  comes  out  of  Scalding  Alley. 

1  Lambert,  vol.  ii.  p.  193. 

2  Of  the  Savoy  there  is  a  scarce  etching  by  for  the  Vetusta  Monumenta.  Its  position  and 
Hollar  (a  river  front),  done  in  1650,  and  a  most  the  connection  of  the  buildings  are  well  shown 
careful  survey  and  view  by  Vertue,  done  in  1736,  in  Strypu's  Map,  15.  iv.  p.  108. 


220  SCHOMBERG  HOUSE 

Schomberg  House,  PALL  MALL,  Nos.  81  and  82  on  the  south 
side,  so  called  after  Frederic  Count  of  Schomberg,  a  German  by  birth 
and  descent,  but  a  Marshal  of  France,  and  Baron  Teyes;  Earl  of 
Brentford,  Marquis  of  Harwich,  and  Duke  of  Schomberg  in  England, 
as  also  Knight  of  the  Garter  and  Master  of  the  Ordnance.  By  a 
curious  limitation  in  the  patent  he  was  succeeded  in  the  dukedom  by 
his  third  son,  Charles,  who  died  in  1693  of  wounds  received  at  the 
battle  of  Marsaglia,  and  he  in  his  turn  was  succeeded  by  the  second 
son  of  his  father,  although  the  first  son  was  still  living.  This  second 
son,  and  third  Duke,  Mindhardt  Schomberg,  was  the  actual  builder  of 
this  house,  which  could  hardly  have  been  finished  when,  in  1699,  a 
party  of  disbanded  soldiers  drew  themselves  up  before  it  and  threatened 
to  pull  it  down.1  After  his  death  it  passed  into  the  possession  of 
Lord  Holderness,  by  whom  it  was  let  in  1760  to  the  Duke  of  Cumber- 
land, of  Culloden  fame.  In  1765  it  was  purchased  for  ^"5000  by 
John  Astley,  the  handsome  portrait  painter.  Astley  was  a  fellow  pupil 
with  Reynolds  under  Hudson,  and  they  were  together  in  Rome. 
There,  "poor  in  purse  as  with  the  pencil,"  he  had  eked  out  a  deficient 
toilet  by  making  the  hinder  part  of  his  waistcoat  out  of  one  of  his 
own  canvases.  On  a  summer's  day  a  party  of  painters  went  for  a 
little  excursion.  The  day  was  hot,  Astley  incautiously  threw  off  his 
coat,  and  his  companions  discovered  that  he  was  carrying  on  his  back 
a  terrific  chasm  and  tremendous  waterfall.2  He  had  not  long  to  resort 
to  such  shifts.  Before  he  had  been  long  back  in  England  in  the 
course  of  itinerant  portrait-painting  he  attracted  the  notice  of  a 
wealthy  widow,  Lady  Daniel  of  Duckinfield,  who  sat  to  him  for  her 
portrait  and  offered  him  her  hand.  Upon  Schomberg  House  Astley 
spent  ^5000,  dividing  it  into  three,  and  fitting  up  the  centre  part 
"  most  whimsically,"  says  Pennant,  for  his  own  use.  Others,  however, 
praise  his  architectural  efforts  here,  as  they  praise  the  taste  he  displayed 
on  his  mansion  at  Duckinfield — at  which  he  died,  November  14,  1787. 
About  1780  Astley  let  his  part  of  Schomberg  House  to  Dr.  Graham, 
the  notorious  quack,  who  converted  it  into  what  he  called  his  "Temple 
of  Health,"  with  a  living  goddess,  in  the  shape  of  a  certain  Mrs.  Prescott, 
as  the  presiding  deity.  After  a  few  years  Graham  found  it  convenient 
to  flit  to  Edinburgh,  where  Scott,  it  may  be  remembered,  was  when  a 
child  subjected  to  his  electrical  treatment  and  earth  baths.3 

August  23,  1780. — In  the  morning  I  went  to  Dr.  Graham's.  It  is  the  most 
impudent  puppet-show  of  imposition  I  ever  saw,  and  the  mountebank  himself  the 
dullest  of  his  profession,  except  that  he  makes  the  spectators  pay  a  crown  a-piece. — 
H.  Walpole  to  Cotmtess  of  Ossory. 

In  1786  the  quack  doctor  was  succeeded  in  the  central  portion  of 
the  building  by  Richard  Cosway,  R.  A.,  the  most  fascinating  of  miniature 
painters.  His  wonderful  skill  and  the  charms  and  accomplishments  of  his 
wife,  Maria  Hadfield,  rendered  the  house  a  great  resort  of  the  fashion- 

1  Vernon  Corr.,  vol.  ii.  p.  319.  "  Northcote's  Life  of  Reynolds,  vol.  i.  p.  44. 

3  Lockhart's  Life  of  Scott,  chap.  iv. 


SCHOOL   OF  DESIGN 


able  world ;  and  the  attractions  of  their  musical  parties — where  the 
most  popular  singer  and  musician  and  the  latest  lion  were  sure  to  be 
found — were  not  diminished  by  the  circumstance  that  there  was  a 
private  door  which  communicated  with  the  gardens  of  Carlton  House, 
and  that  the  Prince  of  Wales  on  such  occasions  frequently  availed  him- 
self of  it.  These  receptions  were  on  Sunday  evenings,  when  1'all  Mall, 
according  to  Smith,  "was  hardly  passable."  Cosway  gave  up  the  house 
about  1799.  It  was  then  successively  occupied  by  the  Polygraphic 
Society,  who  held  an  exhibition  here  of  their  "  wretched  copies  of  good 
pictures  ;"1  by  Bryan,  the  well-known  picture-dealer ;  by  Peter  Coxe,  the 
auctioneer;  and  then  by  Payne,  the  bookseller,  "honest  Tom  Payne," 
and  Messrs.  Payne  and  Foss,  who  here  brought  together  their  matchless 
collection  of  old  books.  Jervas,  the  portrait  painter  (d.  1730),  eulogised 
by  Pope ;  and  Nathaniel  Hone,  R.A.  (d.  1 784),  now  chiefly  remembered 
by  his  picture  entitled  the  "  Conjuror,"  were  in  turns  tenants  of 
Schomberg  House.2 

Another  portion  was  more  worthily  occupied.  In  the  summer  of 
1774,  when  Thomas  Gainsborough  removed  from  Bath  to  London,  he 
rented  the  west  wing  of  Schomberg  House  from  Astley  for  ^300  a  year. 
Here  Reynolds  at  once  called  upon  him,  and  here,  but  after  an  interval 
of  eight  years,  Sir  Joshua  had  one  sitting  for  his  portrait,  on  Sunday 
November  3,  1782.  But  the  portrait  was  never  painted;  and 
Reynolds  did  not  again  enter  his  door  till  he  received  that  affecting 
letter  saying  that  he  had  been  "  six  months  in  a  dying  state,"  and 
begging  as  a  last  favour  that  he  "  would  come  once  more  under  my 
roof  and  look  at  my  things."  Here  then  took  place  that  interesting 
and  solemn  interview  between  these  two  illustrious  painters  which  left 
the  impression  on  the  mind  of  the  survivor  that  the  dying  man's 
"regret  at  losing  life  was  principally  the  regret  at  leaving  his  art." 
Gainsborough  died  here,  August  2,  1798.  "We  are  all  going  to 
Heaven,"  he  said,  "and  Vandyck  is  of  the  company."  He  is  buried 
at  Kew.  His  widow  continued  to  reside  here  for  some  years  after  his 
death ;  in  the  spring  following  which  an  exhibition  was  here  made  of  his 
pictures  and  drawings.  There  were  56  of  the  former  and  148  of  the 
latter,  with  their  prices  marked. 

A  Society  of  Arts  memorial  tablet  in  commemoration  of  Gains- 
borough's residence  is  placed  on  the  house. 

In  1850  part  of  the  house  was  required  for  the  enlargement  of  what 
was  then  called  the  Ordnance  Office ;  the  east  wing  was  pulled  down, 
and  Schomberg  House,  which,  in  spite  of  all  this  "partitioning,"  had 
continued  to  preserve  the  appearance  of  a  single  fine  mansion  of  the 
King  William  period,  was  reduced  to  a  very  awkward  and  disjointed 
condition.  The  whole  of  it  has  since  been  incorporated  in  the  WAR 
OFFICE. 

School  of  Design  (Government),  was  opened  May  i,  1837,  at 
Somerset  House  (in  rooms  vacated  by  the  Royal  Academy),  by  and 

1  Smith's  Nollekens,  vol.  ii.  p.  398.  -  .Smith,  vol.  ii.  p.  395. 


222  SCHOOL   OF  DESIGN 

under  the  superintendence  of  the  Board  of  Trade,  for  teaching  the  art  of 
design  or  composition,  with  reference  especially  to  the  staple  manu- 
factures of  the  country.  The  whole  arrangements  were  entrusted  to 
John  B.  Papworth,  architect,  who  was  appointed  Director,  and  he  was 
succeeded  by  William  Dyce,  and  then  by  C.  H.  Wilson.  After 
some  fluctuation  it  was  in  1852  remodelled  under  the  superintendence 
of  Mr.  (afterwards  Sir  Henry)  Cole,  and  the  title  changed  to  the 
"Department  of  Practical  Art."  In  1841  a  Branch  School  of  Design 
was  established  at  Spitalfields  with  the  object  of  educating  the 
weavers  of  the  neighbourhood  in  the  principles  of  design.  In  1853 
a  Science  Division  was  added ;  three  years  later  the  establishment 
ceased  to  be  connected  with  the  Board  of  Trade,  and  was  placed 
under  the  direction  of  the  Lord  President  of  the  Council  and  the  Vice- 
President  of  the  Committee  of  Council  on  Education.  In  1857  the 
Department  was  removed  to  South  Kensington.  [See  Science  and 
Art  Department.] 

The  number  of  students    in    the  School   of  Design   and  branch 
institutions  before  the  reorganisation  in  1852  was  6997. 

School  Board  for  London  (The),  VICTORIA  EMBANKMENT,  was 
established  in  pursuance  of  the  Elementary  Education  Act  of  1870 
(33  and  34  Viet.  c.  75,  ss.  37-39).     The  Board  formerly  consisted  of 
49  members,  but  the  number  is  now  fixed  at  55.     The  members  are 
elected  by  the  direct  (and  cumulative)  vote  of  all  persons  rated  for  the 
relief  of  the  poor.     The  election  of  the  Seventh  Board  took  place  on 
November   26,   1888.     By  the  terms  of  the  Act  the  Board  have  to 
provide  sufficient  accommodation  in  public  elementary  schools  avail- 
able for  all  the  children  resident  in  the  metropolis  for  whose  elementary 
education  sufficient  and  suitable  provision  is  not  otherwise  provided, 
and  to  furnish  elementary  education  under  such  conditions  as  are  de- 
fined in  the  Act.     Since  the  Act  has  been  in  operation  the  Board  has 
provided  up  to    1889    substantial  and   spacious   buildings   providing 
accommodation    for   upwards    of  400,000   children.      "Elementary" 
instruction  is  not  defined  in  the  Act,  and  the  Board  have  shown  them- 
selves disposed  to  interpret  the  phrase  in  a  liberal  spirit;  and  some 
efforts  have  been  made  by  the  foundation  of  scholarships,  etc.,  to  assist 
promising  scholars  in  obtaining  education  of  a  higher  grade.     Else  as  a 
rule  the  teaching  is  confined  to  the  simpler  branches  of  an  ordinary 
English  education.     Drawing  is  taught  in  most  of  the  Board  Schools, 
and  music  as  far  as  singing  by  the  Tonic  Sol-fa  system.     Instruction 
in  plain  needlework  is  a  part  of  the  regular  teaching  in  all  the  girls' 
schools,   and  in  some  instruction  is  given  in  cookery  and  domestic 
economy.     Instruction  in  physiology,  mensuration,  and  other  special  or 
"extra"  subjects  sanctioned  by  the  Council  of  Education  is  also  in 
some  instances  given  at  specific  times.     In  the  Infant   Schools  the 
Kindergarten  system  is  largely  adopted.     In  certain  centres  provision  is 
made  for  teaching  the  blind  and  the  deaf  and  dumb.     The  Board  have 
also  for  the  friendless  and  refractory  a  reformatory  ship  and  reformatory 


scn-:.\ci-:  AND  ART  />/•;/'// A1  TMF.NT  223 

and  truant  schools.  The  number  of  male  and  female  teachers  employed 
in  the  Board  Schools  in  1889  was  6898, — 2319  male  and  4579  female. 

There  are  also  about  1696  pupil  teachers.  The  annual  expendi- 
ture of  the  Board  is  about  .£1,900,000.  The  office  of  the  Board  on 
tin.'  Victoria  Embankment  is  a  red  brick  "Queen  Anne"  building, 
from  the  designs  of  Mr.  E.  R.  Robson,  the  Board's  architect,  who  has 
superintended  the  erection  of  all  and  designed  most  of  the  Board 
Schools,  which  now  form  conspicuous  features  in  most  of  the  poorer 
districts  of  London. 

The  London  School  Board  District,  as  defined  by  the  Act,  comprises 
ten  Divisions, — City  of  London,  Chelsea,  Finsbury,  Greenwich,  Hackney, 
east  and  west  Lambeth,  Marylebone,  Southward,  Tower  Hamlets,  and 
Westminster,  and  at  the  census  of  1881  contained  488,995  inhabited 
houses  and  3,832,441  inhabitants. 

Science  and  Art  Department,  SOUTH  KENSINGTON,  founded  in 
1853,  with  offices  at  Marlborough  House.  In  1857  it  was  removed 
to  South  Kensington.  The  department  grew  out  of  the  Government 
School  of  Design  established  in  1837  [see  School  of  Design],  and  re- 
modelled in  1852  as  the  "Department  of  Practical  Art,"  in  accordance 
with  the  suggestion  of  Mr.  (afterwards  Sir  Henry)  Cole.  When  the 
Science  Division  was  added,  the  scheme,  dated  March  16,  1853,  was 
intended  "to  extend  a  system  of  encouragement  to  local  institutions 
for  Practical  Science  similar  to  that  already  commenced  in  the  Depart- 
ment of  Practical  Art."  The  Department  of  Science  and  Art  remained 
under  the  control  of  the  Board  of  Trade  until  the  Education  Depart- 
ment was  constituted  by  an  order  of  Council  of  February  25,  1856, 
and  the  19  and  20  Viet,  c.  116,  to  include  "(«)  the  Educational 
Establishment  of  the  Privy  Council  Office ;  (b]  the  Establishment  for  the 
encouragement  of  Science  and  Art,  now  under  the  direction  of  the 
Board  of  Trade,  and  called  the  Department  of  Science  and  Art." 
These  two  Departments  were  placed  under  the  Lord  President  of  the 
Council,  assisted  by  the  Vice-President  of  the  Committee  of  Council  on 
Education. 

The  Parliamentary  vote  for  the  Department  of  Science  and  Art  in 
1856-1857  was  ^64,075,  while  that  in  1888-1889  was  ^445,303. 
The  Department  was  incorporated  by  Royal  Charter  dated  April  30, 
1864. 

Science  Division.  —  When  the  Department  was  constituted,  the 
Government  School  of  Mines,  the  Museum  of  Practical  Geology,  the 
Geological  Survey,  the  Museum  of  Irish  Industry  and  the  Royal  Dublin 
Society  were  constituted  portions  of  the  Department.  Though  the 
principle  of  granting  aid  to  Science  Schools  and  Classes  was  established 
in  1853,  no  general  system  of  making  grants  applicable  to  the  whole 
county  was  formulated  until  1859,  in  which  year  the  first  examination 
for  teachers  was  held.  The  staff  consists  of  a  Director  for  Science, 
an  Assistant  Director,  an  Official  Examiner  and  two  Assistant  Ex- 
aminers, also  Professional  Examiners  for  special  subjects.  The 


224  SCIENCE  AND  ART  DEPARTMENT 

Normal  School  of  Science  [which  see],  with  its  Council,  Professors, 
Demonstrators,  etc.,  forms  a  part  of  the  Science  Division. 

Art  Division.  —  In  1853  the  Training  Class  was  moved  from 
Somerset  House  to  Marlborough  House,  where  temporary  school- 
rooms were  erected.  In  1857  the  offices  of  the  Department  and  the 
Art  Training  Schools  were  removed  from  Marlborough  House  to  South 
Kensington.  The  number  of  students  instructed  in  local  schools  of 
'art  was  then  12,500,  and  in  the  National  Art  Training  School  at  South 
Kensington  396,  besides  which  there  were  43,312  scholars  of  ele- 
mentary schools  taught  drawing  by  the  teachers  of  those  schools,  while 
the  number  of  students  in  the  Schools  of  Design  before  the  establish- 
ment of  the  Department  of  Science  and  Art  was  6997.  In  1864  a 
Select  Committee  of  the  House  of  Commons  was  appointed  to  inquire 
into  the  constitution,  working,  and  success  of  Schools  of  Art,  and  its 
recommendations  were  adopted  as  far  as  they  were  found  practicable. 
In  1887  there  were  209  Schools  of  Art  with  24  branch  classes,  and 
a  total  of  41,263  students;  584  art  classes  with  33,438  students; 
3979  elementary  schools  at  which  875,263  children  and  pupil  teachers 
were  taught  drawing,  of  which  684,306  were  examined;  51  Training 
Colleges  with  3756  students  in  training  examined  in  drawing,  of  whom 
i  o  1 2  students  and  teachers  obtained  certificates.  The  staff  of  the  Art 
Division  consists  of  a  Director,  an  Assistant  Director,  an  Official 
Examiner  and  Assistant  Examiner,  and  an  Examination  Clerk.  There 
is  also  the  Staff  of  the  National  Art  Training  School. 

The  South  Kensington  Museum  [which  see]  is  in  connection  with 
the  Science  and  Art  Department. 

Scotland  Yard,  WHITEHALL,  was  divided  into  Great  and  Little, 
situated  between  Whitehall  and  Northumberland  Avenue.  It  was  so 
called,  it  is  said,  after  the  Kings  of  Scotland  and  their  ambassadors, 
who  were  occasionally  lodged  here. 

On  the  left  hand  from  Charing  Cross  be  also  divers  fair  tenements  lately  built, 
till  ye  come  to  a  large  plot  of  ground  inclosed  with  brick,  and  is  called  Scotland, 
where  great  buildings  have  been  for  receipt  of  the  kings  of  Scotland  and  other 
estates  of  that  country ;  for  Margaret,  Queen  of  Scots,  and  sister  to  King  Henry 
VIII.,  had  her  abiding  there,  when  she  came  into  England  after  the  death  of  her 
husband,  as  the  kings  of  Scotland  had  on  former  times,  when  they  came  to  the 
Parliament  of  England. — Stow,  p.  1 68. 

Part  of  Scotland  Yard  was  long  the  official  residence  of  the 
Surveyor  of  the  Works  to  the  Crown.  It  was  occupied  by  Inigo  Jones. 
There  is  a  letter  from  him  dated  "  Office  of  Works,  Scotland  Yard,  August 
1 6,  1620,  complaining  that  "many  masons  employed  on  the  Banquet- 
ting  Hall  have  run  away."  Inigo's  successor,  Sir  John  Denham,  the 
poet  of  Cooper's  Hill,  died  here,  March  1668. 

June  10,  1666. — He  [Pierce,  the  surgeon]  tells  me  further,  how  the  Duke  of 
York  is  wholly  given  up  to  his  new  mistress,  my  Lady  Denham,  going  at  noonday 
with  all  his  gentlemen  with  him  to  visit  her  in  Scotland  Yard  ;  she  declaring  she 
will  not  be  his  mistress,  as  Mrs.  Price,  to  go  up  and  down  the  Privy-stairs,  but  will 
be  owned  publicly  :  and  so  she  is. — Pepys. 


225 


1 1  is  successor,  Sir  C.  Wren,  had  his  office  here ;  and  in  a  house 
designed  by  himself  and  built  out  of  the  ruins  of  Whitehall  (destroyed 
by  fire  in  1697)  lived  Sir  John  Vanburgh.  It  was  probably  built  by 
him  as  comptroller  of  the  Royal  Works,  for  he  did  not  succeed  Sir 
C.  U'ren. 

Milton,  on  his  appointment  as  Latin  Secretary  to  the  Council 
of  State  in  1649,  was  granted  an  official  residence  in  Scotland  Yard, 
and  there  he  continued  to  reside  till  1652,  when  he  removed  to  "a 
pretty  garden-house"  in  Petty  France.  Whilst  in  Scotland  Yard  he 
lost  his  infant  and  only  son,  March  1650;  and  also  the  sight  of 
his  left  eye.  Mrs.  Gibber  lived  in  Scotland  Yard,  and  here  Charles 
Burney,  previously  a  pupil  of  her  brother  Dr.  Arne,  was  introduced  to 
her  in  1749,  and  laid  the  foundation  of  his  fashionable  career.  Here 
in  1761  died  Mrs.  Dunch,  known  to  the  readers  of  Horace  Walpole  and 
Lady  Mary  Wortley  Montagu.  Samuel  Pegge,  author  of  the  Curialia 
and  of  Anecdotes  of  the  English  Language,  died  here,  May  22,  1800. 
After  the  death  of  his  wife  Thomas  Campbell  took  the  lease  of  a  large 
house  in  Middle  Scotland  Yard  from  midsummer  1829;  gave  even- 
ing parties,  and  was  visited  by  the  great  Cuvier,  August  23,  1830. 
He  describes  the  situation  as  "  admirably  convenient  for  all  parts  of 
London." 

Scotland  Yard  has  been  much  contracted  of  late  years,  and  the 
offices  of  the  Police  Commissioners,  long  associated  with  the  place, 
have  been  removed  to  Whitehall  Place.  A  large  building  (R.  N. 
Shaw,  R.A.,  architect),  to  be  used  as  police  offices,  is  now  (1890)  in 
course  of  construction  on  the  Thames  embankment,  near  the  old  Board 
of  Control  Office.  It  is  to  be  called  New  Scotland  Yard. 

Scottish  Corporation,  CRANE  COURT,  FLEET  STREET,  for  the 
relief  of  aged  and  infirm  natives  of  Scotland  resident  in  London  or 
its  immediate  neighbourhood,  to  give  temporary  aid  to  Scotsmen  in 
distress,  and  to  educate  poor  Scottish  children.  The  Corporation 
derives  its  origin  from  a  society  formed  a  short  time  after  the  accession 
of  James  I.  for  relieving  the  less  fortunate  individuals  of  the  Scottish 
nation.  The  Society  continued  to  exercise  its  benevolent  purpose 
under  the  designation  of  the  "  Scottish  Box  "  until  the  reign  of  Charles 
II.,  when,  in  the  year  1665,  a  Charter  of  Incorporation  was  granted, 
empowering  the  Society  to  hold  lands,  and  to  erect  a  hospital  for  the 
reception  of  the  objects  of  the  charity.  A  second  Charter  of  In- 
corporation, containing  more  extended  privileges,  was  granted  by  the 
same  monarch  in  1676.  Within  a  few  years  after  the  date  of  the  first 
charter  a  hospital  was  built  in  what  is  now  Bridge  Street,  Blackfriars; 
but  experience  soon  proved  that  confinement  to  a  charity  workhouse 
was  uncongenial  to  the  feelings  and  habits  of  the  Scottish  poor.  The 
maintenance  of  a  hospital,  or  receptacle  for  the  objects  of  the  charity, 
was  in  consequence  relinquished,  and  the  plan  of  assisting  and  relieving 
them  at  their  own  habitations  substituted.  That  assistance  was 
confined  to  such  natives  of  Scotland,  resident  in  London,  as  had 

VOL.  Ill  Q 


226  SCOTTISH  CORPORATION 

become  members  by  paying  stated  contributions  to  the  Society,  in 
virtue  of  which  they  were  entitled  to  relief  when  in  want.  But  the 
system  did  not  work  well,  and  the  Society  appearing  to  be  fast 
dwindling  away,  a  new  charter  was  obtained  in  1775,  whereby  the 
"Scottish  Hospital  of  the  Foundation  of  King  Charles  II."  was 
reincorporated,  and  directed  to  be  governed,  in  all  time  coming,  by  a 
president,  six  -vice-presidents,  a  treasurer,  and  an  unlimited  number  of 
governors.  Donors  of  ^105  and  upwards  are  members  of  the  com- 
mittee of  management  for  life,  a  donation  of  ten  guineas  and  upwards 
constituting  a  governor  for  life,  and  a  subscription  of  one  guinea  or 
more  an  annual  governor,  so  long  as  such  subscription  shall  continue 
to  be  paid.  The  necessity  of  contributing,  as  a  title  to  admission,  was 
dispensed  with,  and  the  corporation  thus  became  completely  a  charitable 
institution  for  the  relief  of  poor  natives  of  Scotland,  who  might  be 
reduced  to  poverty  and  want.  The  income  is  about  ^6000,  and 
about  165  pensions  are  paid  annually,  besides  about  340  petitioners 
relieved  monthly. 

The  premises  belonging  to  the  corporation  in  Crane  Court  were 
bought  from  the  Royal  Society  in  1782.  The  hall  was  the  great 
meeting -room  of  the  Royal  Society  when  Sir  Isaac  Newton  was 
president.  [See  Crane  Court.]  This  interesting  building  was  destroyed 
by  fire  on  Wednesday,  November  14,  1877.  A  more  commodious 
building  of  red  brick  and  stone  was  erected  on  the  site  from  the  designs 
of  Professor  T.  L.  Donaldson,  and  opened  in  1880. 

Scriveners'  Company,  the  forty-fourth  in  rank  of  the  City  guilds, 
was  originally  known  as  the  Writers  of  the  Court  Letter  of  the  City 
of  London,  and  was  incorporated  14  James  I.  (1616)  as  the  Society 
of  Writers  of  the  City  of  London.  The  Company  has  a  livery  and  a 
few  charities.  It  had  a  hall  in  Noble  Street,  but  "  being  reduced  to 
low  circumstances  "  sold  it  to  the  Company  of  Coachmakers. 

Scroope's  (or  Scrope's)  Inn,  HOLBORN,  a  Serjeants'  inn,  over 
against  St.  Andrew's  Church,  in  Holborn,  so  called  after  the  noble 
family  of  the  Scropes  of  Bolton.  It  ceased,  it  is  said,  to  be  a  Serjeants' 
inn  about  the  year  1498.  Scroope's  Inn  was  succeeded  by  Scrooped 
Court,  known  in  the  present  century  as  Union  Court.  In  Scroope's 
Court  died,  1632,  Sir  Oliver  Butler.  The  Holborn  (or  Scroope's  Inn) 
end  of  Union  Court,  was  cleared  away  for  the  Holborn  Viaduct. 

Seacoal  Lane,  a  lane  180  yards  in  length,  between  Snow  Hill 
(north)  and  Fleet  Lane  (south),  swept  away  in  extending  the  London, 
Chatham,  and  Dover  Railway  from  Ludgate  Hill  to  the  Holborn 
Viaduct. 

The  next  is  Seacoal  Lane,  I  think  called  Limeburners'  Lane,  of  burning  lime 
there  with  seacoal ;  for  I  read  a  record  of  such  a  lane  to  have  been  in  the  parish  of 
St.  Sepulchre,  and  there  yet  remaineth  in  this  lane  an  alley  called  Limeburners' 
Alley. — Stow,  p.  145. 

Seacoal  Lane  is  named  in  the  Pipe  Rolls,    12   Henry  III.   (1228),   being  no 


SEETHING  LANE  227 


doubt  then  used  as  a  landing-place  for  sea  coal  from  the  barges  on  the  Fleet  River  ; 
and  in  the  Patent  Rolls,  41  Henry  III.  (1257)  mention  is  made  of  ship-loads  of  sea 
coal  imported  into  London.  These  facts  dispose  of  the  assertion  which  has  been 
made  that  sea  coal  was  not  used  in  London  earlier  than  the  time  of  Edward  I.  or 
II. — Kilcy  Memorials,  p.  xvi.  note  7. 

In  the  i yth  of  Edward  III.  (1343),  "a  piece  of  land  in  the  lane 
called  Secollane  near  the  water  of  1'lete,"  was  granted  upon  lease  to 
the  Butchers  of  St.  Nicholas  Shambles,  "  for  the  purpose  of  there  in 
such  water  cleansing  the  entrails  of  beasts  .  .  .  they  paying  yearly  to 
the  Lord  Mayor,  at  the  Feast  of  our  Lord's  Nativity,  one  boar's  head  " 
— (Riley).  In  the  reign  of  Henry  IV.  we  find  it  again  mentioned  in 
a  "  Writ  for  the  repair  of  one  foot  of  Flete  Bridge,  towards  Secollane."  * 

The  she  doctor  that  cured  Abel  Drugger  of  the  effects  of  "  fat  ram 
mutton  "  supper,  lived  here. 

Yes  faith — she  dwells  in  Seacoal  Lane, — did  cure  me, 
With  sodden  ale,  and  pellitory  of  the  wall ; 
Cost  me  but  twopence. — Ben  Jonson,  Alchemist,  Act  iii.  Sc.  2. 

"  The  Jest  of  George  and  the  Barber,"  in  The  Merry  Conceited  Jests 
of  George  Peele,  Gentleman,  is  said  to  have  taken  place  "at  a  blind 
ale-house  in  Sealcoal  Lane,"  where  he  found  "George  in  a  green 
jerkin,  a  Spanish  platter-fashioned  hat,  all  alone  at  a  peck  of  oysters.  "  2 

Searle  Street.    [See  Serle  Street.] 

Seething  Lane,  GREAT  TOWER  STREET  (east  end)  to  CRUTCHED 
FRIARS.  The  church  of  Allhallows  Barking  is  at  the  corner  in  Tower 
Street.  Sieuthenestrate,  or  Suiethenestrate,  is  mentioned  in  the  City 
records  as  early  as  A.D.  1281  ;  Stow's  conjecture  that  it  was  originally 
Sidon  Lane  would  seem,  therefore,  to  be  unfounded.  Sir  Francis 
Walsingham  lived  and  died  in  this  lane  : — 

Sidon  Lane,  now  corruptly  called  Sything  Lane.  ...  In  this  Sidon  Lane  divers 
fair  and  large  houses  are  built,  namely,  one  by  Sir  John  Allen,  some  time  mayor  of 
London,  and  of  council  unto  King  Henry  VIII. j  Sir  Francis  Walsingham,  Knight, 
principal  secretary  to  the  Queen's  Majesty  that  now  is  was  lodged  there,  and  so  was 
the  Earl  of  Essex. — Stow,  p.  50. 

The  6  of  April  [1590]  about  midnight  deceased  Sir  Francis  Walsingham,  Knight, 
at  his  house  in  Seeding  Lane,  and  was  about  ten  of  the  clocke  in  the  next  night 
following,  buried  in  Paules  Church  without  solemnity. — Stow,  by  Howes,  ed.  1631, 
p.  761. 

Walsingham's  widow  continued  to  live  in  Seething  Lane,  and  at  her 
house  here  Robert  Devereux,  Earl  of  Essex,  was  baptized  by  Lancelot 
Andrewes.3 

Seething  or  Sything  Lane  runneth  northwards  from  Tower  Street  unto  Crutched 
Friars.  It  is  now  [1720]  a  place  of  no  great  account ;  but  amongst  the  inhabitants 
some  are  merchants.  Here  is  the  Navy  Office ;  but  the  chief  gate  for  entrance  is 
out  of  Crutched  Friars. — Strype,  B.  ii.  p.  53. 

Pepys  lived  at  the  Navy  Office  in  this  lane  during  the  nine  years,  1660- 
1669,  over  which  his  Diary  extends. 

1  Liber  Albus,  p.  502.  -  Dyce's  Piele,  vol.  ii.  p.  271. 

3  Lift  of  Bisltop  Andrewes,  p.  34. 


228  SEETHING  LANE 


July  4,  1660. — Up  early  and  with  Commissioner  Pett  to  view  the  houses  in 
Seething  Lane  belonging  to  the  Navy,  where  I  find  the  worst  very  good,  and  had 
great  fears  that  they  will  shuffle  me  out  of  them,  which  troubles  me. — Pepys. 

July  1 8,  1660. — This  morning  we  met  at  the  [Navy]  Office:  I  dined  at  my  house 
in  Seething  Lane. — Pepys. 

September  5,  1666. — About  two  in  the  morning  my  wife  calls  me  up  and  tells 
me  of  new  cryes  of  fire,  it  being  come  to  Barking  Church,  which  is  at  the  bottom  of 
our  lane. — Pepys. 

May  9,  1667. — In  our  street,  at  the  Three  Tuns  Tavern,  I  find  a  great  hub- 
bub :  and  what  was  it  but  two  brothers  had  fallen  out,  and  one  killed  the  other. 
And  who  should  they  be  but  the  two  Fieldings ;  one  whereof,  Bazill,  was  page  to 
my  Lady  Sandwich ;  and  hath  killed  the  other,  himself  being  very  drunk,  and  so 
was  sent  to  Newgate. — Pepys, 

It  was  Basil  who  was  killed.  They  were  sons  of  George  Fielding, 
Earl  of  Desmond,  and  uncles  of  the  father  of  Henry  Fielding  the 
novelist.  Seething  Lane  has  now  many  corn,  wine,  and  general 
merchants  among  its  inhabitants.  Here  are  the  Corn  Exchange 
Chambers  and  Subscription  Room.  Pepys's  Three  Tuns  Tavern  has 
disappeared.  [See  Navy  Office ;  Allhallows  Barking.] 

Sepulchre  (St.)  in  the  BAILEY  (occasionally  written  ST.  TULCHER'S), 
a  church  at  the  western  end  of  Newgate  Street,  and  in  the  ward  of 
Farringdon  Without.  About  a  fifth  of  the  parish  of  St.  Sepulchre  lies 
"  without  the  liberties  "  of  the  City  of  London,  and  the  church  is  in 
consequence  in  the  anomalous  position  of  having  two  sets  of  church- 
wardens. A  church  existed  here  in  the  i2th  century;  but  the  oldest 
part  of  the  present  edifice,  the  tower  and  south-west  porch,  is  of  the 
middle  of  the  i5th  century.  The  body  of  the  church  was  destroyed 
in  the  Great  Fire  of  1666,  and  was  rebuilt  and  the  tower  repaired,  it  is 
said,  by  Sir  C.  Wren,  the  works  being  completed  in  1670.  The  fire 
itself  was  stopped  at  Pie  Corner,  a  few  yards  north  of  the  church.  In 
1338  William  of  Newcastle-under-Lyme  bequeathed  an  estate  to  the 
parish  for  the  maintenance  of  the  fabric.  With  the  process  of  time 
the  estate  has  increased  in  value,  and  now  yields,  it  is  said,  nearly 
^2000  a  year.  The  consequence  has  been  frequent  repairs  and 
restorations,  by  the  last  of  which  the  church  has  been  thoroughly  trans- 
formed. Large  repairs  were  done  in  1738.  The  body  of  the  church 
was  in  a  great  measure  rebuilt  and  a  new  roof  put  on  in  1837.  In 
1863  and  following  years  considerable  alterations  were  made;  but  the 
most  material  were  effected  in  1875  and  1878.  In  1875  tne  tower 
and  porch — a  separate  building  of  three  floors,  projecting  from  the 
tower  on  the  south — had  new  window  tracery  inserted,  pinnacles  to  the 
tower  rebuilt,  a  new  oriel  on  the  south  front  of  the  porch,  where  Popham's 
statue  stood,  and  the  whole  refaced  and  completely  restored,  the  architect 
being  Mr.  W.  P.  Griffith.  In  1878-1880  the  body  of  the  church  was 
restored  under  Mr.  Robert  Billing,  architect.  New  windows  filled  with 
tracery  of  a  very  florid  type  were  inserted,  new  buttresses,  battlements, 
and  pinnacles  added,  and  the  interior  made  conformable.  The  church 
is  now  Gothic  throughout,  but  Gothic  of  the  last  quarter  of  the 


ST.    SEPULCHRE  229 


century.  The  tower  was  152  feet  9  inches  to  the  cap  of  the  pinnacles  ; 
as  restored  itjs  149  feet  n  inches.  The  organ,  a  very  fine  instrument, 
originally  built  by  Renatus  Harris  in  1670,  was  repaired  and  enlarged 
by  the  elder  Byfield  about  1730.  Subsequently  improvements  have 
been  made,  and  new  stops  added  by  Hancock,  and  by  Gray  and 
Davison  in  the  present  century.  The  case  is  attributed  to  Grinling 
Gibbons.  It  is  now  entirely  remodelled  and  placed  in  St.  Stephen's 
Chapel.  For  many  years  past  it  has  been  the  custom  for  the  organist 
to  give  a  recital  after  the  Sunday  evening  service.  The  church  is  150 
feet  long  by  62  wide,  and  with  St.  Stephen's  Chapel  81  feet. 

A  tablet  is  preserved  in  the  church  with  a  list  of  charitable  donations 
and  gifts,  containing  the  following  item  : — 

1605. — Mr.  Robert  Dowe  gave  for  ringing  the  greatest  bell  in  this 
church  on  the  day  the  condemned  prisoners  are  executed,  and 
for  other  services  for  ever,  concerning  such  condemned  prisoners, 
for  which  services  the  sexton  is  paid  £i : 6  :8  .  .  .  ^50  o  o 

This  has  now  been  appropriated  by  the  Charity  Commissioners. 

It  was  the  custom  formerly  for  the  clerk  or  bellman  of  St.  Sepulchre's 
to  go  under  Newgate  on  the  night  preceding  the  execution  of  a  criminal, 
and  ringing  his  bell  to  repeat  the  following  verses : — 

All  you  that  in  the  condemned  hold  do  lie, 
Prepare  you,  for  to-morrow  you  shall  die  ; 
Watch  all  and  pray,  the  hour  is  drawing  near, 
That  you  before  the  Almighty  must  appear ; 
Examine  well  yourselves,  in  time  repent, 
That  you  may  not  to  eternall  flames  be  sent. 
And  when  St.  Sepulchre's  bell  to-morrow  tolls, 
The  Lord  above  have  mercy  on  your  souls. 
Past  twelve  o'clock  ! 

This  is  further  explained  by  a  passage  in  Munday's  edition  of  Stow : — 

Robert  Dowe,  citizen  and  merchant  taylor  of  London,  gave  to  the  parish  church 
of  St.  Sepulchre's,  the  somme  of  ,£50,  that  after  the  several  sessions  of  London, 
when  the  prisoners  remain  in  the  gaol  as  condemned  men  to  death,  expecting  execu- 
tion on  the  morning  following  :  the  clarke  of  the  church  should  come  in  the  night 
time,  and  likewise  early  in  the  morning  to  the  window  of  the  prison  where  they  lye, 
and  there  ringing  certain  tolls  with  a  hand-bell,  appointed  for  the  purpose,  he  doth 
afterwards  (in  most  Christian  manner)  put  them  in  mind  of  their  present  condition, 
and  ensuing  execution,  desiring  them  to  be  prepared  therefore  as  they  ought  to  be. 
When  they  are  in  the  cart,  and  brought  before  the  wall  of  the  church,  there  he 
standeth  ready  with  the  same  bell,  and  after  certain  tolls,  rehearseth  an  appointed 
prayer,  desiring  all  the  people  there  present  to  pray  for  them.  The  Beadle  also  of 
Merchant  Tailors'  Hall  hath  an  honest  stipend  allowed  him  to  see  that  this  is  duly 
done. — Munday's  Stow,  ed.  1618,  p.  25. 

Hatton  has  printed  (New  View,  p.  707)  the  "Exhortation"  and 
"  Admonition "  used  on  this  occasion.  The  former  he  calls  "  The 
Words  said  in  the  Gateway  of  the  Prison  the  night  before  Execution ; " 
the  latter,  "The  Words  said  in  St.  Sepulchre's  Churchyard  as  the 
prisoners  are  drawn  by  [to  Tyburn]  to  be  executed."  Dowe  is  buried 
in  the  church  of  St.  Botolph,  Aldgate,  where  there  is  a  portrait-monu- 
ment to  his  memory.  Another  curious  custom  observed  at  this  church 


230  ST.   SEPULCHRE 


was  that  of  presenting  a  nosegay  to  every  criminal  on  his  way  to  Tyburn. 
One  of  the  last  given  was  presented  from  the  steps  of  St.  Sepulchre's  to 
Sixteen-stringed  Jack,  alias  John  Rann,  executed  in  1774  for  robbing 
the  Rev.  Dr.  Bell  in  Gunnersbury  Lane,  on  the  road  to  Brentford. 
He  wore  it  in  his  button-hole.  The  clock  of  St.  Sepulchre's  still  regu- 
lates the  execution  of  criminals  in  Newgate. 

John  Rogers,  the  Marian  protomartyr,  was  vicar  of  this  church. 
On  April  n,  1600,  William  Dodington,  a  brother-in-law  of  Sir  Francis 
Walsingham,  and  an  officer  in  the  Exchequer,  threw  himself  from  the 
tower  and  was  killed.  "  If  I  do  break  my  neck,"  said  Bacon  to  Queen 
Elizabeth,  "  I  shall  do  it  in  a  manner  as  Mr.  Dodington  did  it,  which 
walked  on  the  battlements  of  the  church  many  days,  and  took  a  view 
and  survey  where  he  should  fall." l 

Saturday,  April  12,  1600. — Dorrington,  rich  Dorrington,  yesterday  morning, 
went  up  to  St.  Sepulchre's  steeple,  and  threw  himself  over  the  battlement,  and  broke 
his  neck.  There  was  found  a  paper  sealed,  with  this  superscription,  "  Lord  save 
my  soule,  and  I  will  praise  thy  name." — Rowland  Whyte  to  Sir  Robert  Sydney,  vol. 
ii.  p.  187. 

It  was  that  William  Dodington  that  wilfully  brake  his  neck  by  casting  himself 
down  headlong  from  the  battlements  of  St.  Sepulchre's  steeple,  upon  the  sight  of 
certain  depositions  touching  a  cause  in  controversy  between  him  and  one  Brunker  in 
Chancery. — Marginal  Note  to  a  letter  from  Dodington  to  Nation,  p.  362. 

Eminent  Persons  buried  in  St.  Sepulchre's.  —  Roger  Ascham  (d. 
December  30,  1568),  author  of  Toxophilus  (1545)  and  The  School- 
master (1570);  William  Gravet,  vicar  of  St.  Sepulchre's,  watched  over 
him  as  he  was  dying.  When  Elizabeth  was  told  of  his  death  she  said 
she  would  rather  have  lost  ten  thousand  pounds  than  her  old  tutor. 
Captain  John  Smith,  author  of  the  General  History  of  Virginia  (fol. 
1626),  (d.  1631);  his  epitaph  in  doggrel  verse  is  no  longer  legible:  it 
is  printed  in  Strype  and  elsewhere.  Sir  Robert  Peake,  the  engraver, 
Faithorne's  master,  and  Governor  of  Basing  House  •  for  the  King 
during  the  Civil  War  under  Charles  I.  (d.  1667).  Fleetwood,  the 
Recorder  of  London,  writes  to  inform  Lord  Burghley,  July  1585,  that 
when  Awfield  was  executed  at  Tyburn  for  "  sparcinge  abrood  certen 
lewd  sedicious  and  traytorous  bookes,"  his  body  "was  brought  to  St. 
Tulchers  to  be  buryed,  but  the  parishioners  would  not  suffer  a  traytor's 
corpes  to  be  layed  in  the  earthe  where  theire  parents,  wyeffs,  chyldren, 
kynred,  maisters,  and  old  neighbours  did  rest,"  and  so  "his  carcase 
was  retourned  to  the  buryall  grounde  neere  Tyborne." 2  A  century  and 
a  half  later  the  parishioners,  less  scrupulous,  permitted  the  body  of 
Sarah  Malcolm,  the  murderess,  to  be  buried,  1733,  in  their  church- 
yard. Thomas  Lord  Dacre  was  beheaded  at  the  Tower  and  his  body 
buried  in  this  church. 

The  churchyard,  till  the  middle  of  the  i8th  century,  extended  on 
the  south  side  far  into  the  street,  and  was  bounded  by  a  high  wall, 
leaving  no  footway  for  passengers.  In  1760  the  wall  was  removed 
and  a  portion  of  the  churchyard  levelled.  When,  the  Holborn  Viaduct 

1  Cooper,  At/i.  Cant.,  vol.  ii.  p.  164.  '2  Ellis's  Letters,  vol.  ii.  p.  298. 


S/-:K/I-:  ANTS'  /,v.v  231 


was  formed,  1871,  a  further  portion  was  laid  into  the  street,  the 
bodies  exhumed  being  reinterred  in  the  City  Cemetery  at  Ilford,  where 
a  monument  was  erected  to  their  memory.  Since  then  the  churchyard 
has  been  levelled  and  planted  as  a  flower-garden.  In  Johnson's 
Highwaymen  (fol.  1736)  is  a  characteristic  view  of  St.  Sepulchre's;  it 
is  entitled  "Jonathan  Wild  going  to  the  place  of  Execution." 

Payne  Fisher,  "Paganus  Piscator,"  1616-1693,  was  buried  in  the 
churchyard. 

Serjeants'  Inn,  CHANCERY  LANE;  Serjeants'  Inn,  FLEET  STREET, 
houses  of  law  originally  set  apart  for  the  Honourable  Society  of  Judges 
and  Serjeants-at-Law.  The  Serjeants  always  addressed  one  another 
as  "brother."  One  of  Chaucer's  Canterbury  Pilgrims  is  a  "serjeant- 
of-law."  No  person  could  be  made  a  justice  of  the  Queen's  Bench 
or  Common  Pleas  who  was  not  "of  the  degree  of  the  coif" ;  a  phrase 
taken  from  the  peculiar  cap  which  was  the  distinctive  badge  or  emblem 
of  the  serjeant-at-law.  When,  as  of  late  years  was  commonly  the  case, 
a  justice  was  appointed  who  was  not  of  the  degree  of  the  coif,  before 
taking  the  oaths  as  judge  he  went  through  the  ceremony  of  admission 
as  a  serjeant,  and  at  the  same  time  received  a  retainer  from  his  own 
inn  to  plead  as  their  serjeant. 

First  I  was  made  a  serjeant,  and  then  my  patent  writ  as  Chief  Justice  was 
handed  to  me,  and,  having  taken  many  strange  oaths,  my  title  to  hang,  draw,  and 
quarter  was  complete.  .  .  .  Brougham  tried  to  play  me  a  dog's  trick,  by  running 
away  with  my  fee  of  ten  guineas  as  a  retainer  to  plead  when  become  a  serjeant 
for  the  Society  of  Lincoln's  Inn.  I  made  him  disgorge.  ...  I  have  dined  twice  at 
Serjeants'  Inn,  my  admission  to  which  cost  me  near  ^700. — Lord  Campbell  (Letter 
and  Journal,  November  1850),  Life,  vol.  ii.  pp.  274,  276. 

Mr.  Foss,  following  Dugdale,  is  of  opinion  that  the  Chancery 
Lane  Inn  was  not  an  Inn  for  Serjeants  before  the  2d  of  Henry  V. 
(1414-1415),  and  that  it  was  earlier  occupied  by  Serjeants  than  the 
inn  in  Fleet  Street.1  The  Fleet  Street  Inn  appears  to  have  been  a 
private  dwelling  in  the  reign  of  Henry  VIII.  It  ceased  to  be  occupied 
by  the  Serjeants  towards  the  end  of  the  i8th  century.  The  hall  was 
purchased  by  the  Amicable  Assurance  Society,  and  the  rest  of  the  inn 
rebuilt  as  private  houses.  The  Fleet  Street  front  of  the  building  is 
now  occupied  by  the  Norwich  Union  Office.  On  one  of  the  houses  in 
the  square  behind  (No.  9)  is  a  stone  with  a  coat  of  arms,  S.  I.  and  the 
date  1669  cut  on  it.  No.  13,  occupied  by  the  Church  of  England 
Sunday  School  Institute,  has  a  handsome  elevation.  The  Chancery 
Lane  Inn  was  retained  till  the  dissolution  of  the  Society  in  1876. 
The  premises,  including  the  hall,  a  spacious  and  lofty  dining-room, — 
lighted  by  five  painted  glass  windows, — chapel  and  robing  rooms, 
were  sold  by  auction,  February  23,  1877,  for  ^"57,100,  the  proceeds 
being  divided  amongst  the  members,  a  transaction  which  gave  rise 
to  some  comment  at  the  time.  The  portraits,  twenty-six  in  number, 
of  eminent  members  of  the  inn,  including  Lord  Chancellors  King, 

1  Foss,  Judges,  vol.  iv.  p.  247. 


232  SERJEANTS'   INN 


Camden,  Eldon,  Truro,  Lyndhurst,  and  Campbell ;  Sir  Edward  Coke,  Sir 
Matthew  Hale,  the  Earl  of  Mansfield,  Lord  Denman  and  other 
distinguished  judges,  were  presented  by  the  Society  to  the  National 
Portrait  Gallery. 

Lord  Chief  Justice  Coke  was  living  in  Serjeants'  Inn  during  the 
Overbury  inquiries.  Lord  Chief  Justice  Hyde  and  Lord  Keeper 
Guildford  also  lived  here. 

His  Lordship  by  the  means  of  his  brother  in  law  Mr.  Robert  Hyde,  settled 
himself  in  the  great  brick  house  near  Serjeants'  Inn  in  Chancery  Lane,  which  was 
formerly  the  Lord  Chief  Justice  Hyde's  ;  and  that  he  held  till  he  had  the  Great 
Seal,  and  some  time  after.  .  .  .  His  house  was  to  his  mind,  and  having,  with 
leave,  a  door  into  Serjeants'  Inn  Garden,  he  passed  daily  to  his  chambers,  dedicated 
to  business  and  study.  .  .  .  But  being  scandalised  at  the  poorness  of  the  Hall 
[Serjeants'  Inn  Hall],  which  was  very  small  and  withal  ruinous,  he  never  left  till  he 
brought  his  brethren  to  agree  to  the  new  building  of  it ;  which  he  saw  done,  with  as 
much  elegance  and  capacity  as  the  place  would  admit  of,  and  thereby  gained  a 
decent  avenue,  with  stone  steps,  to  his  chambers,  as  may  be  seen  at  this  day. — 
North's  Life  of  Lord  Keeper  Guildford,  pp.  164,  165. 

Serle  Street,  LINCOLN'S  INN  FIELDS  to  CAREY  STREET,  was  so 
called  from  a  Mr.  Henry  Serle,  who  died  intestate  (circ.  1690),  much 
in  debt,  and  his  lands  heavily  mortgaged.1  He  acquired  his  property 
in  this  neighbourhood  partly  by  purchase  from  the  sons  and  from  the 
executors  of  Sir  John  Birkenhead,  the  writer  of  Mercurius  Aultcus, 
during  the  Civil  War  under  Charles  I.,  who  died  in  1679,  seized  in 
fee  of  two-thirds  of  Fickett's  Field.  The  second  edition  of  Barnabce 
Itinerarium,  or  Barnabas  Journal  (the  first  edition  with  a  printer's 
name  and  date  upon  it),  was  printed  in  1716,  for  "S.  Illidge,  under 
Searle's  Gate,  Lincoln's  Inn  New  Square."  Sir  James  Mackintosh 
removed  from  Portland  Place  to  14  Serle  Street,  after  Michaelmas 
Term,  1795.  In  an  invitation  to  Canning  he  calls  it  his  "black-letter 
neighbourhood."  His  wife  died  here,  April  8,  1797.  There  is  a 
monument  to  her  in  St.  Clement's  Danes  with  an  inscription  by  Dr. 
Parr.  Parr  tells  Landor,  April  1801,  that  his  daughter  "Catherine  is 
at  Mackintosh's,  14  Serle  Street."2 

Serle's  Coffee-house,  LINCOLN'S  INN.     [See  Serle  Street.] 

I  do  not  know  that  I  meet  in  any  of  my  walks  objects  which  move  both  my 
spleen  and  laughter  so  effectually  as  those  young  fellows  at  the  Grecian,  Squire's, 
Serle's,  and  all  other  Coffee-houses  adjacent  to  the  law,  who  rise  early  for  no  other 
purpose  but  to  publish  their  laziness. — The  Spectator,  No.  49. 

Mr.  Dyce  has  printed  a  letter  from  Akenside,  the  poet,  addressed  "  To 
Mr.  Dyson,  at  Serle's  Coffee  House,  Lincoln's  Inn ; "  this  was  Jeremiah 
Dyson,  the  poet's  friend  and  patron. 

Serle's  Court,  LINCOLN'S  INN.  This  was  the  old  name  for  New 
Square,  and  was  so  called  from  the  Henry  Serle  noticed  under  Serle 
Street.  The  arms  of  Serle  with  those  of  the  inn  are  over  the  gateway 
next  Carey  Street. 

1  Autob.  of  Sir  John  Bramsion,  p.  359.  -  Parr's  Life  and  Corr.,  vol.  i.  p.  160. 


SERPENTINE  RIVKR  233 

July  29,  1714.  — -With  the  Society  for  Promoting  Christian  Knowledge  at  their 
new  apartments  at  Lincoln's  Inn  (No,  6  in  A  /).  After  the  business  was 

DMT  I  In,  iked  at  the  curious  and  noble  models  of  many  churches  proposed  to  be 
built ;  this  pleasant  room  being  that  where  the  Commissioners  meet  upon  that 
account  in  the  forenoons  (as  the  Bishop  of  London,  Mr.  Nelson,  etc.,  did  this  day) 
and  the  Society  in  the  afternoon. — Thoresby's  Diary. 

Lord  Eldon  (when  Sir  John  Scott  and  Solicitor -General)  in  the 
summer  of  1791  took  "a  set  of  chambers  at  No.  n  Serle's  Court, 
commonly  called  The  New  Square,  Lincoln's  Inn,  under  a  lease  to 
him,  dated  September  i  in  that  year." 

Sermon  Lane,  ST.  PAUL'S,  or  SERMON  LANE,  DOCTORS'  COM- 
MONS, from  Carter  Lane  to  Knightrider  Street. 

Corruptly  called  Sermon  Lane  for  Sheremoniers'  Lane,  for  I  find  it  by  that  name 
recorded  in  the  I4th  of  Edward  I.,  and  in  that  lane  a  place  to  be  called  the  Blacke 
loft  (of  melting  silver)  with  four  shops  adjoining.  It  may  therefore  be  well  supposed 
that  lane  to  take  name  of  Sheremonyars,  such  as  cut  and  rounded  the  plates  to  be 
coined  or  stamped  into  sterling  pence ;  for  the  place  of  coining  was  the  Old 
Exchange,  near  unto  the  said  Sheremoniars  Lane. — Stow,  p.  138. 

Serpentine  River,  50  acres  of  water,  partly  in  Hyde  Park  and 
partly  in  Kensington  Gardens,  formed  1730-1733,  by  Caroline,  Queen 
of  George  II.,  who  threw  several  ponds  into  one,  and  carried  a  stream 
into  it  which  had  its  rise  near  Westend,  in  the  parish  of  Hampstead. 
This  small  tributary  stream,  for  many  years  the  Bayswater  sewer,  was 
cut  off  (except  the  storm  water)  from  the  Serpentine  in  1834,  and  the 
lc<^  nf  writer  was  supplied  from  the  Thames  by  the  Chelsea  Waterworks 
Company.  After  quitting  the  park  at  Albert  Gate  by  a  waterfall  made 
in  1820,  the  Serpentine  is  now  absorbed  in  the  main  drainage  system 
of  London. 

The  earliest  reference  to  the  Hyde  Park  ponds  occurs  perhaps  in 
the  Works  Accounts  for  1628-1629,  when  a  payment  is  entered  "for 
making  a  new  sluice  and  mending  other  sluices  at  the  Pond  Heads  in 
Hyde  Park."  In  the  evidence  before  the  coroner,  on  the  subject  of 
the  fatal  duel  between  the  Duke  of  Hamilton  and  Lord  Mohun,  in 
1712,  it  is  stated  that  the  duke  got  out  of  his  coach  "  on  the  road 
that  goes  to  Kensington,  over  against  Price's  lodge,  and  walked  over 
the  grass  and  between  the  two  ponds."  Twenty  years  later  the  lodge 
was  removed. 

The  old  Lodge  in  Hyde  Park,  together  with  part  of  the  grove,  is  to  be  taken 
down  in  order  to  compleat  the  Serpentine  River. — The  Daily  Post,  April  20,  1733. 

The  stone  bridge  separating  Kensington  Gardens  from  Hyde  Park 
was  built  by  J.  and  G.  Rennie  in  1826,  of  Bramley  Fall  stone,  at  a 
cost  of  ^45,469,  besides  ^3100  for  the  approaches.  On  the  north 
side  is  the  neat  semi-classic  edifice  erected  in  1834  and  enlarged  in 
1837  by  John  B.  Bunning,  architect,  as  the  receiving-house  of  the  Royal 
Humane  Society.  Near  it  the  Boat-house,  where  boats  are  let  for  hire. 
The  Serpentine  is  the  most  resorted  to  of  all  the  London  waters  for  bathing 
and  skating.  It  is  estimated  that  nearly  1,000,000  persons  bathe  in 
the  Serpentine  during  the  year.  Many  lives  are  endangered  of  both 


234  SERPENTINE  RIVER 

bathers  and  skaters,  but,  thanks  to  the  vigilance  and  skill  of  the 
Humane  Society's  officers,  very  few  lives  are  lost.  When  young 
Benjamin  West  arrived  in  England  he  was  told  that  he  could  get 
excellent  skating  on  "the  Serpentine  River  in  Hyde  Park"  or  the 
Basin  in  Kensington  Gardens.  Skating  in  those  days  was  much  better 
understood  in  New  than  in  Old  England,  and  the  performance  of  the 
handsome  young  American  made  a  great  sensation.  He  was 
recognised  by  General  Howe,  who  had  known  him  at  Philadelphia, 
and  requested  by  him  to  show  the  bystanders  what  was  called  in 
Pennsylvania  "The  Salute."  "Out  of  this  trivial  incident  an 
acquaintance  arose  between  him  and  the  young  noblemen  present," 
and,  as  he  told  Gait,  "  he  perhaps  received  more  encouragement  as  a 
portrait-painter  on  account  of  his  accomplishment  as  a  skater  than  he 
could  have  hoped  by  any  ordinary  means  to  obtain." l  Franklin  won 
equal  admiration  by  his  skating  on  the  Serpentine.  The  carriage 
drive  along  the  north  bank  is  called  The  Ladies'  Mile. 

Seven  Dials,  an  open  area  in  the  parish  of  St.  Giles-in-the-Fields, 
on  what  was  once  "  Cock  and  Pye  Fields,"  from  which  seven  streets — 
Great  Earl  Street,  Little  Earl  Street,  Great  White  Lion  Street,  Little 
White  Lion  Street,  Great  St.  Andrew's  Street,  Little  St.  Andrew's  Street, 
Queen  Street — radiate,  and  so  called  because  there  was  formerly  a 
column  in  the  centre,  on  the  summit  of  which  were  (as  was  always 
said)  seven  sun-dials,  with  a  dial  facing  each  of  the  streets. 

October  5,  1694. — I  went  to  see  the  building  beginning  neere  St.  Giles's,  where 
7  streets  make  a  star  from  a  Doric  pillar  placed  in  the  middle  of  a  circular  area ; 
said  to  be  built  by  Mr.  Neale,  introducer  of  the  late  Lotteries  in  imitation  of  those 
at  Venice. — Evelyn. 

Where  fam'd  St.  Giles's  ancient  limits  spread, 

An  inrail'd  column  rears  its  lofty  head  ; 

Here  to  seven  streets  seven  dials  count  the  day, 

And  from  each  other  catch  the  circling  ray  : 

Here  oft  the  peasant  with  inquiring  face, 

Bewilder'd  trudges  on  from  place  to  place  ; 

He  dwells  on  every  sign  with  stupid  gaze, 

Enters  the  narrow  alley's  doubtful  maze  ; 

Tries  every  winding  court  and  street  in  vain, 

And  doubles  o'er  his  weary  steps  again. — Gay's  Trivia. 

The  column  on  which  the  seven  dials  stood  was  removed  in  July 
1773,  on  the  supposition  that  a  considerable  sum  of  money  was 
lodged  at  the  base.  But  the  search  was  ineffectual,  and  the  pillar  was 
removed  to  Sayes  Court,  Addlestone,  with  a  view  to  its  erection  in  the 
park.  This,  however,  was  not  done,  and  it  lay  there  neglected  until 
the  death  of  Frederica,  Duchess  of  York,  in  1820,  when  the  inhabitants 
of  Weybridge,  desiring  to  commemorate  her  thirty  years'  residence  at 
Oatlands  and  her  active  benevolence  to  the  poor  of  the  neighbourhood, 
bethought  them  of  the  prostrate  column,  purchased  it,  placed  a  coronet 
instead  of  the  dials  on  the  summit,  and  a  suitable  inscription  on  the 

1  Gait's  Life  of  West,  vol.  ii.  p.  31. 


SEVEN  DIA/.S  235 


base,  and  erected  it,  August  1822,  on  the  green.  The  stone  on 
which  were  the  dials  not  being  required  was  utilised  as  the  horse-block 
at  a  neighbouring  inn,  but  has  been  removed  and  now  reposes  on  the 
edge  of  the  green,  opposite  the  column.  The  most  curious  thing  is 
that,  notwithstanding  the  concurrent  testimony  of  all  who  described 
it  during  the  eighty  years  it  stood  at  Seven  Dials,  it  is  a  hexagonal 
block,  and  has  most  distinctly  only  six  faces — too  much  battered  to 
make  out  what  was  on  them,  but  which  are  said  to  have  had  the 
marks  where  the  styles  were  fixed  plainly  discernible  when  the  column 
was  erected.1 

The  accounts  are  not  so  certain  of  the  exact  time  and  place  of  his  [Martinus 
Scriblerus's]  birth.  As  to  the  first  he  had  the  common  frailty  of  old  men  to  conceal 
his  age  ;  as  to  the  second,  I  only  remember  to  have  heard  him  say,  that  he  first  saw 
the  light  in  Saint  Giles's  parish.  But  in  the  investigation  of  this  point,  Fortune  hath 
favoured  our  diligence.  For  one  day  as  I  was  passing  by  the  Seven  Dials  I  overheard 
a  dispute  concerning  the  place  of  nativity  of  a  great  astrologer,  which  each  man 
alleged  to  have  been  in  his  own  street.  The  circumstances  of  the  time  and  the 
description  of  the  person,  made  me  imagine  it  might  be  that  universal  genius  whose 
life  I  am  writing.  I  returned  home,  and  having  maturely  considered  their  several 
arguments,  which  I  found  to  be  of  equal  weight,  I  quieted  my  curiosity  with  this 
natural  conclusion,  that  he  was  born  in  some  point  common  to  all  the  seven  streets  : 
which  must  be  that  on  which  the  Column  is  now  erected.  And  it  is  with  infinite 
pleasure  that  I  since  find  my  conjecture  confirmed  by  the  following  passage  in  the 
codicil  to  Mr.  Neale's  will:  "I  appoint  my  executors  to  engrave  the  following 
inscription  on  the  Column  in  the  centre  of  the  Seven  Streets  which  I  erected  :  '  LOG. 
NAT.  IXCI.YT.  riui.os.  MAR.  SCR.'"  But  Mr.  Neale's  order  was  never  performed, 
because  the  Executors  durst  not  administer. — Memoirs  of  Marti  mix  Scribkrus. 

Seven  Dials  was  long  famous  for  its  ballad-mongers  and  ballad- 
printers.  The  Churchwardens'  Accounts  of  St.  Giles's,  between  the 
years  1640  and  1657,  exhibit  the  payment  of  small  sums  to  "Tottenham 
Court  Meg  "  and  "  Ballet-singing  Cobler,"  and  the  sum  of  two  shillings 
and  sixpence  "for  a  shroude  for  oulde  Guy,  the  poet."  The  late 
Mr.  Catnach,  whose  name  is  affixed  to  a  large  collection  of  ballads, 
lived  in  the  Seven  Dials. 

Portraits  that  cost  twenty,  thirty,  sixty  guineas,  and  that  proudly  take  possession 
of  the  drawing-room,  give  way  in  the  next  generation  to  those  of  the  new  married 
couples,  descending  into  the  parlour,  where  they  are  slightly  mentioned  as  my  father's 
and  mother's  pictures.  When  they  become  my  grandfather  and  grandmother,  they 
mount  to  the  two  pair  of  stairs  ;  and  then  unless  dispatched  to  the  mansion-house 
in  the  country,  or  crowded  into  the  housekeeper's  room,  they  perish  among  the 
lumber  of  garrets,  or  flutter  into  rags  before  a  broker's  shop  in  the  Seven  Dials. — 
Walpole's  Anecdotes  of  Painting,  vol.  iv.  p.  22. 

Here  Taylor  has  laid  the  scene  of  his  Monsieur  Tonson. 

Be  gar  there's  Monsieur  Tonson  come  again, 
and 

One  night  our  hero,  rambling  with  a  friend, 

Near  famed  St.  Giles's  chanced  his  course  to  bend, 

Just  by  that  spot  the  Seven  Dials  hight  : 
'Twas  silence  all  around,  and  clear  the  coast, 
The  watch  as  usual  dozing  on  his  post, 

And  scarce  a  lamp  displayed  a  twinkling  light. 

1  Thome,  Handbook  to  the  Environs,  p.  692. 


236  SEVEN  DIALS 


Dickens,  in  one  of  his  earliest  sketches,  doubts  whether  any  French- 
man ever  lived  in  the  Seven  Dials,  and  then  goes  on  to  describe  the 
neighbourhood  : — 

The  stranger  who  finds  himself  in  the  Dials  for  the  first  time,  and  stands,  Belzoni 
like,  at  the  entrance  of  seven  obscure  passages,  uncertain  which  to  take,  will  see 
enough  around  him  to  keep  his  curiosity  and  attention  awake  for  no  inconsiderable 
time.  From  the  irregular  square  into  which  he  has  plunged,  the  streets  and  courts 
dart  in  all  directions,  until  they  are  lost  in  the  unwholesome  vapour  which  hangs 
over  the  house-tops,  and  renders  the  dirty  perspective  uncertain  and  confined ;  and 
lounging  at  every  corner,  as  if  they  came  there  to  take  a  few  gasps  of  such  fresh  air  as 
has  found  its  way  so  far,  but  is  too  much  exhausted  already  to  be  enabled  to  force  itself 
into  the  narrow  alleys  around,  are  groups  of  people,  whose  appearance  and  dwellings 
would  fill  any  mind  but  a  regular  Londoner's  with  astonishment.  ...  In  addition 
to  the  numerous  groups  who  are  idling  about  the  ginshops,  and  squabbling  in  the 
centre  of  the  road,  every  post  in  the  open  space  has  its  occupant  who  leans  against  it 
for  hours  with  listless  perseverance. — Sketches  by  Boz>  1836. 

Of  late  years  the  Seven  Dials  has  been  greatly  improved.  Much 
of  the  district,  however,  has  been  cleared  away  to  make  room  for 
Charing  Cross  Road  and  Shaftesbury  Avenue. 

Seymour  Street  (West),  PORTMAN  SQUARE  to  CONNAUGHT 
SQUARE,  was  so  called  from  the  noble  family  of  the  Seymours,  Dukes  of 
Somerset,  connected  by  marriage  with  the  Portman  family,  the  ground 
landlords  of  the  Seymour  Street  property.  Eminent  Inhabitants. — 
General  Paoli.1  In  the  drawing-room  of  No.  45,  the  residence  of 
Lady  Floyd,  Sir  Robert  Peel  was  married,  in  1820,  to  Julia,  her 
step-daughter,  and  daughter  of  the  late  General  Sir  John  Floyd,  Bart. 
Campbell,  author  of  The  Pleasures  of  Hope,  at  No.  10.  He  came  to 
live  here  in  1823. 

September  5,  1823. — Every  article  of  the  drawing  room  is  now  purchased:  the 
most  amiable  curtains — the  sweetest  of  carpets — the  most  accomplished  chairs — and 
a  highly  interesting  set  of  tongs  and  fenders  !  I  hope  to  have  the  pleasure  of  showing 
you  through  the  magnificent  suite  of  chambers — the  front  one  of  which  is  actually 
1 6  feet  long  ! — Campbell  to  Mr.  Gray. 

Some  of  Campbell's  saddest  days  were  spent  in  this  house;  for 
here  his  only  son  became  a  hopeless  lunatic,  and  here  (May  9,  1828) 
his  wife  sank  into  the  grave. 

Shades,  UPPER  THAMES  STREET  and  OLD  SWAN  STAIRS,  LONDON 
BRIDGE,  a  tavern  of  great  civic  celebrity  for  the  purity  and  flavour  of 
its  wines.  The  coffee-room  was  a  dark,  low  room  built  out  from  the 
Old  Fishmongers'  Hall,  and  divided  into  compartments,  overlooking 
the  river.  The  wine  was  drawn  from  the  butt  into  silver  tankards,  the 
Shades  being  said  to  be  the  last  of  the  old  taverns  that  retained  that 
custom. 

Shadwell,  on  the  left  bank  of  the  Thames,  between  Wapping  and 
Limehouse,  formerly  a  hamlet  of  Stepney,  but  created  a  distinct  parish 

1  See  a  letter  from  Boswell  to  Lord  Thurlow,       Street,     Portman     Square,    June     24,     1784." — 
dated  from    "General   Paoli's,  Upper   Seymour      Croker's  Boswell'^,  773. 


SHAVERS  HALL  237 


in  1670.  [See  St.  Paul's,  Shad  well.]  London  Docks  are  partly  within 
this  parish.  The  occupations  are  chiefly  maritime.  The  population, 
11,702  in  1851,  had  decreased  to  10,395  m  1881,  owing  mainly  to  the 
demolition  of  small  houses  for  the  London  Docks'  extensions. 

Shaftesbury  Avenue,  a  new  road  leading  from  Piccadilly  to 
New  Oxford  Street,  which  was  completed  and  opened  to  the  public  in 
June  1886.  The  line  of  route  cuts  through  Seven  Dials  and  includes 
the  old  Dudley  Street,  King  Street,  and  Richmond  Street.  At 
the  point  where  Shaftesbury  Avenue  intersects  Charing  Cross  Road 
has  been  built  Cambridge  Circus  (named  after  the  Duke  of  Cambridge, 
who  opened  Charing  Cross  Road  in  January  1887).  The  opening  up 
of  these  poor  neighbourhoods  has  constituted  one  of  the  greatest 
improvements  in  Western  London  during  the  second  half  of  the 
present  century,  and  the  need  of  these  thoroughfares  is  shown  by  the 
use  made  of  them  as  new  routes  for  omnibuses,  etc.  There  are  three 
theatres  in  Shaftesbury  Avenue,  viz.  the  Lyric  (near  the  Piccadilly 
Circus  end  of  the  Road),  built  from  the  designs  of  C.  J.  Phipps, 
architect ;  the  Shaftesbury  (near  Cambridge  Circus),  which  is  isolated 
on  four  sides,  also  built  from  the  designs  of  Mr.  Phipps;  and  a  theatre 
built  for  Mr.  D'Oyley  Carte,  which  is  not  yet  (1890)  named.  This 
building  is  also  isolated  on  four  sides,  and  fronts  Cambridge  Circus, 
Shaftesbury  Avenue,  Greek  Street  and  Church  Street.  It  is  built  from 
the  designs  of  T.  E.  Collcutt,  architect. 

Shaftesbury  House,  ALDERSGATE  STREET.  [See  Aldersgate 
Street.] 

Shakespeare  Gallery.    [See  British  Institution.] 

Shanley's,  a  Coffee-house  in  COVENT  GARDEN. 

The  two  theatres,  and  all  the  public  Coffee-houses  I  shall  constantly  frequent,  but 
principally  the  Coffee-house  under  my  lodge,  Button's,  and  the  play-house  in  Covent 
Garden  :  but  as  I  set  up  for  the  judge  of  pleasures,  I  think  it  necessary  to  assign 
particular  places  of  resort  to  my  young  gentlemen  as  they  come  to  town,  who  cannot 
expect  to  pop  in  at  Button's  on  the  first  day  of  their  arrival  in  town.  I  recommend 
it,  therefore,  to  young  men  to  frequent  SHANLEY'S  some  days  before  they  take 
upon  them  to  appear  at  Button's. — Steele's  Lover,  No.  5,  March  6,  1714  (and  see 
No.  2). 

Shaver's  Hall,  the  cant  and  common  name  for  the  celebrated 
gaming-house,  erected  in  the  reign  of  Charles  I.  by  a  gentleman- 
barber,  servant  to  Philip  Herbert,  Earl  of  Pembroke  and  Montgomery. 
It  faced  Piccadilly  Hall,  and  occupied  the  whole  south  side  of  the 
present  Coventry  Street,  between  the  Haymarket  and  Hedge  Lane. 

Since  Spring  Gardens  was  put  down,  we  have,  by  a  servant  of  the  Lord 
Chamberlain's,  a  new  Spring  Gardens,  erected  in  the  fielde  beyond  the  Mews,  where 
is  built  a  fair  house  and  two  bowling  greens,  made  to  entertain  gamesters  and 
bowlers  at  an  excessive  rate,  for  I  believe  it  hath  cost  him  above  four  thousand 
pounds,  a  dear  undertaking  for  a  gentleman  barber.  My  Lord  Chamberlain 
[Pembroke]  much  frequents  this  place,  where  they  bowl  great  matches. — Garrard  to 
Lord  Strqffbrd,  June  24,  1635. 


238  SHAVER'S  HALL 


All  that  Tenem1  called  Shaver's  Hall,  strongly  built  wth  Brick,  and  covered  with 
lead,  consistinge  of  one  Large  Seller,  commodiously  devided  into  6  Roomes,  and 
over  the  same  fewer  fair  Roomes,  10  stepps  in  ascent  from  yc  ground,  at  3  seurall 
wayes  to  the  goeinge  into  the  said  house,  all  very  well  paved  wth  Purbeck  stone  well 
fitted  and  joynted,  and  above  stayres  in  the  first  story  4  spacious  Roomes ;  also  out 
of  one  of  the  said  Roomes  one  faire  Belcony,  opening  wth  a  pleasant  prospect  south- 
wards to  the  Bowling  Alleyes,  and  in  the  second  story  6  Roomes,  and  over  the  same 
a  fair  walk  leaded  and  inclosed  wth  Rayles,  very  curiously  carved  and  wrought ;  alsoe 
one  very  fayr  stayr  Case,  veiy  strong  and  curiously  wrought,  leadinge  from  the 
bottome  of  the  said  house,  very  conveniently  and  pleasantly  upp  into  all  the  said 
Roomes,  and  upp  to  one  Leaded  walk  at  the  topp  of  the  said  house ;  as  alsoe 
adioyninge  to  a  Wall  on  the  west  part  thereof,  one  shedd  devided  into  6  Roomes,  and 
adioyninge  to  the  North  part,  one  Rainge  consisting  of  3  Large  Roomes,  used  for 
Kitchens,  and  one  other  room,  used  for  a  coale  house,  and  over  the  Kitchens  2  Lofts, 
devided  into  faire  chambers ;  as  alsoe  one  faire  Tennis  Court,  very  strongly  built 
wth  Brick  and  covered  with  Tyle,  well  accommodated  with  all  things  fitting  for  the 
same ;  as  alsoe  one  Tenement  thereunto  adioyninge,  consisting  of  3  Roomes  below 
stayres,  and  3  Roomes  above  stayres  ;  alsoe  at  the  gate,  or  comeing  in  to  the  upper 
Bowlinge  Alley,  one  Parlour  Lodge,  consisting  of  one  faire  Roome  at  each  side  of 
the  gate  ;  as  alsoe  one  faire  pair  of  stayres  wth  12  stepps  of  Descent  leading  down 
into  the  Lower  Bowlinge  Alley  2  wayes,  and  meeting  at  the  bottom  in  a  faire  Roome 
under  the  Highway  or  footpath,  leading  between  the  2  bowlinge  Alleys,  between 
two  brick  walls  east  and  west,  and  the  Lower  ground,  one  fair  bowling  Alley  and 
one  Orchard  wall,  planted  wth  seurall  choyce  of  fruite  trees  ;  as  also  one  pleasant 
banquetting  house  and  one  other  faire  and  pleasant  Roome,  called  the  greene  Roome, 
and  one  other  Conduit  house  and  2  other  Turretts  adioyninge  to  the  walls,  consist- 
ing of  2  Roomes  in  each  of  them,  one  above  the  other.  The  ground  whereon  the 
said  buildings  stand,  together  wth  2  fayre  Bowlinge  Alleyes,  orchard  gardens,  gravily 
walks,  and  other  green  walks  and  Courts  and  Courtyards,  containinge,  by  estimacon, 
3  acres  and  1,  lyeing  betweene  a  Road  way  leading  from  Charinge  Crosse  to  Knights- 
bridge  west,  and  a  high'  way  leadinge  from  Charinge  crosse  towards  So-Hoe,  abutting 
on  the  Earl  of  Suffolk's  brick  wall  south,  and  a  way  leading  from  St.  Gyles  to 
Knightsbridge  west,  now  in  the  occupacon  of  Captayne  Geeres,  and  is  worth  per  ann. 
clu. — A  Survey  [made  in  1650]  of  Certain  Lands  and  Tenements,  scituate  and  being 
at  Pickadilley,  the  Blue  Muse  and  others  thereunto  adioyninge  (No.  73  of  the  Aug- 
mentation Records], 

[See  Piccadilly.] 

Shepherd's  Market,  MAY  FAIR  (south  of  Curzon  Street),  was 
formed  about  1735,  and  was  so  called  after  "Edward  Shepherd,  Esq., 
an  architect,  owner  of  Shepherd's  Market  and  many  other  buildings 
about  May  Fair,"  who  died  September  24,  1747.* 

Shepherdess  Walk,  CITY  ROAD  to  PACKINGTON  STREET,  ISLING- 
TON, formerly  SHEPHERD  and  SHEPHERDESS  WALK.  The  walk  led  across 
the  Shepherd  and  Shepherdess  Fields  and  Hoxton  Fields,  appropriated 
as  grounds  for  the  archery  practice  of  the  Royal  Artillery  Company. 
On  the  east  ot  the  walk  was  the  old  manor-house  of  Wenlocksbarn, 
known  in  the  early  part  of  the  present  century  as  Wenlock  Farm ; 
Wenlock  Street  marks  the  site.  At  the  south-east  corner  of  the  walk, 
by  the  City  Road,  stood  the  Shepherd  and  Shepherdess  Tavern  and 
Tea-gardens,  long  a  popular  place  of  resort — 

To  the  Shepherd  and  Shepherdess  then  they  go, 
To  tea  with  their  wives  for  a  constant  rule. 

1  Gent,  fllag.,  October  1747,  vol.  xvii.  p.  496. 


surr  YARD  239 


The  site  was  afterwards  occupied  by  the  Eagle  Tavern  and  Grecian 
Theatre.  At  the  opposite  corner  is  St.  Luke's  Workhouse,  rebuilt  on 
a  larger  scale  in  1871  for  the  Holborn  Union.  The  fields  on  either 
side  of  the  walk  (now  a  broad  street)  have  been  built  over,  and  a 
district  church,  Holy  Trinity,  erected  in  the  walk  itself.  Here  are 
Lumley's  Almshouses,  erected  in  1672  in  Pest  House  Field  by  the 
Viscountess  Lumley  for  six  poor  women  of  the  parishes  of  Aldgate  and 
Bishopsgate. 

Sherborne  Lane,  CITY  —  King  William  Street  to  Abchurch 
Lane.  Here  is  the  City  Carlton  Club. 

Langborne  Ward,  so  called  of  a  long  bourne  of  sweet  water,  which  of  old  time 
breaking  out  into  Fenchurch  Street,  ran  down  the  same  street  and  Lombard  Street, 
to  the  west  end  of  St.  Mary  Woolnoth's  church,  where  turning  south  and  breaking 
into  small  shares,  rills,  or  streams,  it  left  the  name  of  Share-borne  Lane  or  South- 
borne  Lane  (as  I  have  read)  because  it  ran  south  to  the  river  of  Thames. — Slow, 
P-  75- 

Sa're-burne  (sdr,  a  share ;  scrir-an,  to  divide)  is  the  more  likely 
etymology. 

All  those  that  will  send  letters  to  the  most  parts  of  the  habitable  world,  or  to  any 
parts  of  our  King  of  Great  Britaine's  Dominions,  let  them  repaire  to  the  Generall 
Post-Master  Thomas  Withering  at  his  house  in  Sherburne  Lane,  neere  Abchurch. — 
The  Carrier's  Cosmographie,  by  John  Taylor,  the  Water  Poet,  4to,  1637. 

Sherrard  Street,  GOLDEN  SQUARE.     [See  Sherwood  Street.] 

Sherwood  Street,  GOLDEN  SQUARE,  from  Brewer  Street  to 
Glasshouse  Street.  Built  circ.  1679,*  and  so  called  after  "Esquire 
Sherwood,"  who  lived  in  Brewer  Street  in  1680.  In  the  last  century 
it  was  commonly  called  Sherrard  Street.  Many  of  Walpole's  early 
letters  to  George  Montagu  are  addressed  to  Sherrard  Street. 

After  Mr.  Dryden's  decease,  the  Lady  Elizabeth,  his  widow,  took  a  lesser  house 
in  Sherrard  Street,  Golden  Square,  and  had  wherewithal  to  live  frugally  genteel, 
and  keep  two  servants  to  the  day  of  her  death. — Mrs.  Thomas  (Wilson's  Memoirs 
of  Congreve,  8vo,  1730,  pt.  2,  p.  9). 

Ship,  at  CHARING  CROSS,  a  long  established  tavern  and  coach 
office  over  against  Scotland  Yard.  Part  of  it,  with  property  in  Spring 
Gardens,  3250  feet,  was  sold  June  1874  for  ^3 0,000  to  Messrs. 
Drummond  for  their  new  banking  premises. 

Ship  Court,  OLD  BAILEY,  west  side,  near  Ludgate  Hill;  now 
absorbed  in  the  Railway  Companies'  and  carriers'  yards  and  stables. 
Richard  Hogarth  kept  a  school  in  this  Court,  and  here  most  probably 
his  son  William,  the  celebrated  painter,  was  born. 

Ship  Yard,  in  the  STRAND,  without  TEMPLE  BAR.  It  led  past 
the  Ship  Tavern  into  Little  Shire  Lane.  It  was  particularised  as 
"  Without  Temple  Bar,"  to  distinguish  it  from  another  tavern  of  the 
same  sign  within  the  Bar.  In  the  London  Gazette  of  September  8, 
1666,  the  first  issued  after  the  Great  Fire  is  the  following : — 

1  Rate-books  of  St.  Martin's-in-the-Fields. 


240  SHIP    YARD 


Mr.  Thomas  Nevil,  Comptroller  of  the  Petty  Customs  in  the  Port  of  London, 
who  formerly  dwelt  at  the  Crown  in  St.  Paul's  Churchyard,  is  now  removed  to  the 
Ship,  between  Temple  Bar  and  Chancery  Lane  End,  over  against  the  hither  Temple 
Gate. 

In  1571  an  Inn  near  Temple  Bar  called  the  Ship,  lands  in  Yorkshire  and 
Dorsetshire,  and  the  Wardship  of  a  minor,  were  granted  to  him  [Sir  Christopher 
Hatton]. — Life  and  Times  of  Sir  Christopher  Hatlon,  by  Nicolas,  p.  7. 

Faithorne  now  set  up  in  a  new  shop,  at  the  sign  of  the  Ship  next  to  the  Drake, 
opposite  to  the  Palsgrave's  Head  Tavern,  without  Temple  Bar,  where  he  not  only 
followed  his  art,  but  sold  Italian,  Dutch,  and  English  prints,  and  worked  for  book- 
sellers.—  Waif  ok,  ed.  Dallaway,  vol.  v.  p.  132. 

A  tavern  token  exists  of  "  The  Ship  without  Temple  Bar,"  with 
the  date  upon  it  of  1649.  In  Wilkinson's  Londina  Illustrata  is  a 
"  south-west  view  of  an  ancient  structure  in  Ship  Yard,  Temple  Bar, 
supposed  to  have  been  the  residence  of  Elias  Ashmole,  the  celebrated 
antiquary."  Ashmole's  house  was  in  Shire  Lane. 

Shipwrights' Company,  the  fifty-ninth  in  order  of  the  City  guilds, 
was  a  fraternity  by  ancient  prescription,  and  was  granted  ordinances  for 
its  government  from  the  Court  of  Mayor  and  Aldermen  in  1456,  and 
a  Patent  of  Incorporation  from  James  I.  in  1605.  The  Company  has 
a  livery  but  no  hall.  The  hall  it  once  possessed  was  at  Ratcliff  Cross. 

Shire  Lane  (vulgarly  SHEER  LANE),  TEMPLE  BAR.  In  James  I.'s 
time,  as  appears  from  a  list  of  houses,  taverns,  etc.,  in  Fleet  Street  and 
the  Strand,  it  was  known  by  the  name  of  Shire  Lane,  alias  Rogue 
Lane.1  Despite  the  name  it  had  respectable  inhabitants.  In  it  lived 
Sir  John  Sedley,  and  here  his  son  Sir  Charles  Sedley,  the  dramatic 
poet,  was  born.  "  Neere  the  Globe  in  Sheer  Lane  " 2  lived  Elias 
Ashmole,  the  antiquary;  here  Antony  a  Wood  records  his  having 
dined  with  him  ;3  and  here  Seth  Ward,  Bishop  of  Salisbury,  sought  him 
out  in  February  1677  to  apprise  him  that  Garter  King -at -Arms  was 
dead.  At  the  upper  end  of  Shire  Lane  Steele  placed  the  residence  of 
Isaac  Bickerstaff,  who  dates  many  of  his  Tatlers  from  it.  The  Tatler 
Club  met  at  the  Trumpet 4  in  Shire  Lane ;  and  from  it  he  led  his 
company  of  Twaddlers  on  their  immortal  march.  In  Shire  Lane  is 
said  to  have  originated  the  famous  Kit-Cat  Club,  commemorated  on 
Kneller's  most  famous  canvases.  [See  Kit-Cat  Club.]  But  whatever 
Shire  Lane  may  have  been  in  its  prime,  in  its  later  days  it  became 
utterly  abominable.  So  disreputable  a  place  had  it  become  that  at  one 
time  a  man  was  employed  to  stand  at  the  end  of  it,  with  a  lanthorn 
lighted  in  broad  day,  warning  passengers  not  to  enter  it.  In  July 
1845,  m  trie  hope  that  by  another  name  it  would  lose  some  of  its  evil 
fragrance,  the  name  was  changed  to  LOWER  SERLE'S  PLACE,  as  the 
Tempest  for  a  like  reason  had  altered  its  sign  to  the  Duke  of  York. 
Under  the  supervision  of  the  New  Police  there  was  some  improvement, 
but  it  remained  a  disreputable  place.  Happily  the  last  vestige  of  it 
was  cleared  away  for  the  New  Law  Courts. 

1  Harleian  MS.,  6850.  "  Hamper,  p.  393. 

3  Lives  ofLeland,  Hearne,  and  Wood,  vol.ii.  p.  234.  4  Tatler,  No.  132. 


LANE  241 


Then  hard  by  the  Bar  is  another  lane  called  Shire  Lane,  because  it  divideth  the 
City  from  the  Sliiiv. — Slow,  p.  139. 

Shear  Lane  comcth  out  of  Little  Lincoln's  Inn  Fields,  and  falleth  into  Fleet 
Street  by  Temple  liar  :  the  upper  part  hath  good  old  buildings,  well  inhabited  ;  but 
the  lower  part  is  very  narrow  and  more  ordinary. — Strype,  B.  iv.  p.  72. 

n  then  at  the  same  time  he  sounds  another  trumpet  than  that  in  Sheer  Lane, 
to  horse  and  hem  in  his  auditory. — Andrew  Marvell. 

In  this  order  we  marched  down  Sheer  Lane,  at  the  upper  end  of  which  I  lodge. 
When  we  came  to  Temple  Bar,  Sir  Harry  and  Sir  Giles  got  over  ;  but  a  run  of  the 
coaches  kept  the  rest  of  us  on  this  side  the  street  :  However  we  all  at  last  landed  and 
drew  up  in  very  good  order  before  Ben  Tooke's  shop,  who  favoured  our  rallying 
with  great  humanity. — Tatltr,  No.  86,  October  25-27,  1709. 

And  oft  repuls'd,  as  oft  attack  the  great 

With  painful  art,  and  application  warm, 

And  take  at  last  some  little  place  by  storm  ; 

Enough  to  keep  two  shoes  on  Sunday  clean, 

And  starve  upon  discreetly,  in  Sheer  Lane. — Young,  Sat.  iii. 

In  the  dwelling  and  spunging-house  of  a  sheriff's  officer  of  the 
name  of  Hemp  in  this  lane,  Theodore  Hook,  while  under  arrest  for  a 
defalcation  in  his  accounts  as  Treasurer  of  the  Mauritius,  made  the 
acquaintance  of  Dr.  William  Maginn.1  The  time  passed  "pleasantly," 
he  said,  and  there  was  "  an  agreeable  prospect,  barring  the  windows." 

Shoe  Lane,  FLEET  STREET,  runs  due  north  from  Fleet  Street  into 
Holborn,  by  St.  Andrew's  Church.  The  earliest  mention  of  Shoe  Lane 
in  the  City  records  is  in  4  Edward  II.  (1310),  when  a  writ  is  sent  from 
the  King  on  the  8th  of  July  commanding  that  "  you  cause  to  come 
before  us,  or  the  person  holding  our  place,  at  the  church  of  St  Brigit 
without  Ludgate,  on  the  Saturday  next  after  the  Feast  of  the 
Translation  of  St.  Thomas  the  Martyr,  eighteen  good  and  lawful  men 
of  the  venue  of  Scolane  in  the  ward  without  Ludgate ;  to  make 
inquisition  on  oath  as  to  a  certain  tenement  with  its  appurtenances  in 
Scholane,  which  the  Abbot  of  Rievaulx  is  said  to  have  appropriated 
without  leave  of  our  Lord  the  King,"  etc.2  This  writ  was  not  in 
accordance  with  custom  and  was  evaded  by  the  City  authorities.  A 
similar  one  was  sent  on  the  loth  of  October,  but  the  result  is  not 
recorded.  The  next  notice  is  in  the  igth  of  Edward  III.  (1345),  when 
Thomas  de  Donyngtone  is  condemned  to  be  hanged  for  stealing  one 
furred  surcoat  and  two  double  hoods,  value  45.,  and  two  linen  sheets, 
value  4od.,  in  Sholane  near  Holbourne.  The  name  again  occurs  in 
the  2ist  of  Edward  III.  (1347),  when  John  Tournour  of  Sholane  is 
ordered  not  to  make  his  wine-measures  for  the  future  "  of  any  wood 
but  dried,"  and  to  stamp  his  name,  or  his  mark,  on  the  bottom  of  them. 

In  this  Shoe  Lane,  on  the  left  hand  [the  east  side]  is  one  old  house  called 
Oldborne  Hall ;  it  is  now  letten  out  into  tenements. — Sttnv,  p.  145. 3 

1610. — Thomas  Penkithman  of  Warrington,  Co.  Lancaster,  has  expended  money 
in  building  houses  in  Shoe  Lane,  on  the  ground  of  the  Earl  of  Derby.  They  have 

1  Quarterly  Review,  No.  143,  p.  86.  Wilkinson's    Londina     Illustrata.      The    same 

-  Riley,  Memorials,  p.  75.  work   contains  a  chimney-piece   and  ceiling  in 

3  See  a  view  of  the  exterior  (circ.  1800)  in       the  old  hall,  the  latter  with  the  date  1617. 

VOL.  Ill  R 


242  SHOE  LANE 


been  taken  possession  of  by  one  Shute  under  pretence,  etc. — Cal.  State  Pap.,  1611- 
1618,  p.  132. 

In  the  1 7th  century  there  was  a  noted  cock-pit  in  Shoe  Lane.  It 
was  sometimes  visited  by  persons  we  should  not  have  expected  to 
meet  there.  Writing  to  his  nephew  from  "  St.  Martin's  Lane  by  the 
Fields,"  June  3,  1633,  Sir  Henry  Wotton  says  :  "This  other  day  at  the 
Cock-pit  in  Shoe  Lane  (where  myself  am  rara  avis)  your  Nephew, 
Mr.  Robert  Bacon  came  very  kindly  to  me,  with  whom  I  was  glad  to 
refresh  my  acquaintance,  though  I  had  rather  it  had  been  in  the  theatre 
of  Redgrave." x  Thirty  years  later  the  company  was  less  refined. 

December  21,  1663. — To  Shoe  Lane  to  see  a  cocke-fighting  at  anew  pit  there,  a 
spot  I  was  never  at  in  my  life  :  but  Lord  !  to  see  the  strange  variety  of  people,  from 
Parliament  man  by  name  Wildes  that  was  Deputy  Governor  of  the  tower  when 
Robinson  was  Lord  Mayor,  to  the  poorest  'prentices,  bakers,  brewers,  butchei's, 
draymen,  and  what  not ;  and  all  these  fellows  one  with  another  cursing  and  betting. 
I  soon  had  enough  of  it. — Pepys? 

About  this  time  Shoe  Lane  appears  to  have  been  the  centre  for  the 
designers  of  the  rude  woodcuts  which  figured  at  the  heads  of  ballads 
and  broad-sheets. 

A  ballad-monger  is  the  ignominious  nickname  of  a  penurious  poet,  of  whom  he 
partakes  in  nothing  but  in  poverty.  .  .  .  For  want  of  truer  relations,  for  a  need,  he 
can  find  you  out  a  Sussex  dragon,  some  sea  or  inland  monster,  drawn  out  by  some 
Shoe  Lane  man,  in  a  Gorgon-like  feature,  to  enforce  more  horror  in  the  beholder. — 
Whimzies :  or  a  New  Cast  of  Characters,  1631. 

The  sign-painters,  a  busy  race  when  every  shop  in  London  had  its 
painted  sign,  also  congregated  here,  and  Harp  Alley,  Shoe  Lane,  was 
the  great  mart  for  ready-made  and  second-hand  signs.3  Thackeray,  in 
his  Lecture  on  Steele,  repeats  a  story  "  as  exceedingly  characteristic  " 
of  the  men  and  times,  narrated  by  Dr.  John  Hoadley,  of  his  father, 
when  Bishop  of  Bangor,  being  present  by  invitation  "  at  one  of  the 
Whig  meetings  held  at  the  Trumpet  in  Shoe  Lane,  when  Sir  Richard 
[Steele]  in  his  zeal  rather  exposed  himself,  having  the  double  duty  of 
the  day  upon  him,  as  well  to  celebrate  the  immortal  memory  of  King 
William,  it  being  the  4th  of  November,  as  to  drink  his  friend  Addison 
up  to  conversation  pitch."  But  the  meeting,  if  not  fabulous,  must  be 
transferred  to  the  Trumpet  in  Shire  Lane,  where  the  Tatler's  Club  met. 
[See  Shire  Lane.]  George  Colman  makes  Dr.  Pangloss  say — 

I'm  dead  to  the  fascinations  of  beauty  :  since  that  unguarded  day  of  dalliance, 
when  being  full  of  Bacchus, — Bacchi plemts — Horace — Hem  !  my  pocket  was  picked 
of  a  metal  watch  at  the  sign  of  the  Sceptre  in  Shoe  Lane. — Heir  at  Law,  Act  iv. 
Sc.  3. 

At  the  back  of  Walkden's  ink  manufactory  an  extensive  range  of  vaulted 
cellars  still  remain.  They  belonged  apparently  to  some  large  house 
which  stood  upon  the  spot. 

Eminent  Inhabitants. — John  Decreetz  (or  De  Critz),  serjeant  painter 
to  James  I.  and  Charles  I.  "  Resolute  "  John  Florio,  author  of  the 
well-known  Dictionary  which  bears  his  name.  His  house  in  Shoe  Lane  is 

1  Reliq.  Wottonianx,  p.  463.  2  See  also  Anecdotes  and  Traditions,  by  Thorns,  p.  47. 

3  Edwards,  Anecdotes  of  Painting,  p.  n8. 


243 


mentioned  in  his  will.  In  1676  Praise-God  Barebones  was  paying  ^25  a 
year  for  a  house  in  Shoe  Lane.  He  states  himself  to  be  eighty  years  of 
age,  and  to  have  resided  twenty-five  years  in  the  parish  of  St.  Dunstan 
in  the  West.1  In  an  obscure  lodging,  near  Shoe  Lane,  died,  in  1749, 
Samuel  Boyce,  the  poet.  When  almost  perishing  with  hunger  he  is 
said  to  have  been  unable  to  eat  some  roast  beef  that  was  brought  for  him 
because  there  was  no  ketchup.  Oliver  Goldsmith  mentions  Shoe  Lane 
as  though  he  had  himself  lived  in  it  :  —  "  Nor  will  I  forget  the  beauties 
of  Shoe  Lane  in  which  I  myself  have  resided  since  my  arrival."2 

Observe.  —  No.  3,  the  Ben  Jonson  Tavern,  with  the  poet's  head  for 
a  sign.  Nos.  103-105,  the  Standard  newspaper  printing  and  publishing 
office,  a  large  and  massive  new  building.  On  the  site  of  Farringdon 
Market,  on  the  east  side  of  Shoe  Lane,  in  what  was  once  the  burying- 
ground  of  Shoe  Lane  workhouse  (added  during  Racket's  ministry,  and 
by  Racket's  interest),  Thomas  Chatterton  was  buried.  The  northern 
half  of  Shoe  Lane  has  been  greatly  changed  in  appearance  by  the  con- 
struction of  the  Holborn  Viaduct  and  its  approaches,  and  Farringdon 
Market,  or  what  remains  of  it,  is  destined  to  be  cleared  away  as  soon  as 
the  new  City  Fruit  and  Vegetable  Market  is  completed.  [See  Bangor 
Court  ;  Farringdon  Market  ;  Gunpowder  Alley  ;  Harp  Lane.] 

Shoemakers'  Row,  WEST  SMITHFIELD. 

Then  at  Smithfield  Bars,  'tvvixt  the  ground  and  the  stars, 

There's  a  place  they  call  Shoemaker  Row, 
Whereat  you  may  buy  shoes  every  day 

Or  go  barefoot  all  the  year  thro'. 

Tom  D'Urfey,  Ancient  Song  for  Bartholomew  Fair, 

Probably  this  was  a  cant  name  for  a  row  of  stalls  where  shoes  were 
on  sale  during  Bartholomew  Fair.  The  only  Shoemakers'  Rows  we 
find  extant  in  D'Urfey's  day  were  between  Great  Carter  Lane  and  Black- 
friars,  in  Aldgate,  and  by  Deadman's  Place,  Bankside,  Southwark.  Sir 
Christopher  Wren  is  said  to  have  rented  a  house  in  Shoemakers'  Row, 
Carter  Lane,  during  the  building  of  St.  Paul's,  for  convenience  in 
watching  the  progress  of  the  works. 

Shoreditch,  a  manor  and  populous  parish,  at  the  north-east  end  of 
London,  between  Norton  Folgate,  Hoxton,  and  Hackney.  The  old  way 
of  spelling  the  name  is  Soersditch,  but  the  derivation  is  uncertain. 
That  it  was  so  called  after  Jane  Shore,  the  mistress  of  Edward  IV.,  is 
a  vulgar  error,  perpetuated  by  Haywood's  "  King  Edward  IV."  and  a 
ballad  in  Percy's  Reliques  :  — 

Thus  weary  of  my  life,  at  lengthe 

I  yielded  up  my  vital  strength 

Within  a  ditch  of  loathsome  scent, 

Where  carrion  dogs  did  much  frequent  : 

The  which  now  since  my  dying  daye, 

Is  Shoreditch  call'd,  as  writers  saye  ; 

Which  is  a  witnesse  of  my  sinne, 

For  being  concubine  to  a  King.  —  Percy's  Reliqtus,  vol.  ii.  Book  2. 

1  Notes  and  Queries,  ad  S.,  vol.  i.  p.  253.  ?  Citizen  of  the  World,  Letter  122. 


244  SHOREDITCH 

Richard.   But,  Catesby,  say,  where  died  Shore  and  his  wife  ? 
Catesby,  Where  Ayre  was  hanged  for  giving  her  relief, 
There  both  of  them  round  circling  his  cold  grave, 
And  arm  in  arm,  departed  from  this  life. 
The  people,  from  the  love  they  bear  to  her 
And  her  kind  husband,  pitying  his  wrongs, 
For  ever  after  mean  to  call  the  ditch 
Shore's  Ditch,  as  in  the  memory  of  them. 

Hay  wood's  King  Edward  IV.,  ad  part,  p.  192  (Shak.  Soc.) 

The  popular  notion  had  early  taken  material  form  in  the  Jane  Shore 
Inn,  of  which  there  are  17th-century  tokens  extant.  The  inn  still 
exists — No.  103  Shoreditch  High  Street. 

Soersditch,  so  called  more  than  four  hundred  years  since,  as  I  can  prove  by 
record. — Stow,  p.  158. 

The  Manour  of  Soersditch  with  the  Polehowse  and  Bowes  (so  expressed  in  the 
Record),  lately  belonging  to  John  de  Northampton  of  London,  Draper,  was  granted 
15  Richard  II.  to  Edmund  Duke  of  York,  and  Earl  of  Cambridge,  and  Edward 
Earl  of  Roteland  [Rutland],  son  of  the  same  Edmund  and  Isabel. — Strype,  B.  iv. 

P-  5°. 

I  read  of  the  King's  Manour,  called,  Shoresditch  Place,  in  the  parish  of  Hackney. 
But  how  it  took  that  name  I  know  not.  This  house  is  now  called  Shore  Place. 
The  vulgar  tradition  goes  that  Jane  Shore  lived  here  ;  and  here  her  royal  lover  used 
to  visit  her.  But  we  have  the  credit  of  Mr.  Stow  that  the  true  name  was  Shorditch 
Place,  and  'tis  not  unlikely  to  have  been  the  place  of  a  Knight  called  Sir  John  de 
Sordich,  a  great  man  in  Edward  the  Third  his  days,  who  was  with  that  King  in  his 
wars  in  France,  and  is  remembered  in  our  Annals  in  14  Edw.  III.  He  was  owner 
of  lands  in  Hackney  as  well  in  demesne  as  in  service  :  which  he  gave  to  Croston  his 
chaplain.  This  Weever  notes ;  who  thinks  Shorditch  to  be  named  from  the  said 
Knight. — Strype,  B.  iv.  p.  53. 

The  mock  title  "  Duke  of  Shoreditch  "  used  to  be  bestowed  on  the 
most  successful  archer  in  the  annual  trials  of  skill.  It  was  said  to  have 
been  applied  in  the  first  instance  by  Henry  VIII.  In  the  "Poor  Man's 
Petition"  of  1603,  one  item  is  that  the  King  should  not  make  the 
"  good  Lord  of  Lincoln  Duke  of  Shoreditch."  The  title  appears  to 
have  been  given  from  the  circumstance  that  the  fields  at  Shoreditch 
with  those  at  Finsbury  and  Hoxton  were  the  chief  practising  grounds 
of  the  London  archers,  and  hence,  whilst  the  Duke  of  Shoreditch  was 
the  premier  archer,  those  of  somewhat  inferior  fame  were  dubbed 
Marquis  of  Hogsden  (Hoxton),  Earl  of  Pancridge  (St.  Pancras),  and 
the  like.  The  archers  who  practised  in  the  fields  at  Mile  End  called 
their  chief  bowman  Prince  Arthur,  and  others  his  knights. 

And  another  time  at  a  shooting  match  at  Windsor,  the  King  [Henry  VIII. ]  was 
present ;  and  the  game  being  well  nigh  finished,  and  the  upshot  thought  to  be  given, 
one  Barlo,  a  citizen  and  inhabitant  of  Shoreditch,  shot  and  won  them  all.  Whereat 
the  King  greatly  rejoiced,  and  told  him  he  should  be  named  The  Duke  of  Shoreditch. 
On  which  account  the  Captain  of  the  Company  of  Archers  of  London,  for  a  long  time 
after,  was  styled  by  that  name. — Strype,  B.  i.  p.  250. 

In  1598  was  published  "A  Martiall  Conference  pleasantly  discussed  between  two 
Souldiers  otJy  practised  in  Finsbury  Fields,  in  the  modern  Wars  of  the  renowned 
Duke  of  Shoreditch  and  the  mighty  Prince  Arthur.  Newly  translated  out  of  Essex 
into  English  by  Barnaby  Rich,  Gent.  1598." — Collier,  vol.  i.  p.  xxxvi. 

In  July  1 553;  when  Dudley  Duke  of  Northumberland  set  out  with  a  goodly 
following  to  seize  Queen  Mary  in  the  Eastern  Counties — "As  they  went  throughe 


SHOREDITCH  245 

Shordyket  saieth  the  duke  to  one  that  rid  by  him,  '  the  people  prece  to  se  us,  but  not 
one  sayeth  God  spede  us.'" — Queen  Jane  ami  Queen  Mary  (Cam  Jen  Soc.),  p.  8. 

Two  of  the  witnesses  in  the  inquiry  into  the  mysterious  death  of 
Richard  Hunn,  who  was  found  hanged  in  the  Lollards'  Tower,  St. 
Paul's,  where  he  was  imprisoned  on  a  charge  of  heresy,  were  "  Robert 
Johnson  and  his  wife  dwelling  at  the  Bell  in  Shoreditch."  The  back 
of  the  inn  must  at  that  time  have  opened  upon  the  country,  for  it  is 
deposed  that  one  Charles  Joseph  leaped  upon  his  horse  in  the  inn  yard 
and  "  prayed  the  host  to  let  him  out  of  his  back  gate,  that  he  might 
ride  out  by  the  field  side ;  which  the  host  so  did." l  Lying  on  the 
main  road  to  the  Eastern  Counties,  the  inns  of  Shoreditch,  the  nearest 
point  to  the  City,  were  numerous  and  much  frequented  by  travellers. 

.Monopoly.  Gad's-so,  dost  hear  ?  I'm  to  sup  this  night  at  the  Lion  in  Shoreditch 
with  certain  gallants. —  Westward  Ho,  Act  ii.  Sc.  3  (1607,  410). 

Newton  dates  a  remarkable  letter  to  Locke  "  At  the  Bull,  in 
Shoreditch,  London,  September  16,  1693."  Shoreditch  was  formerly 
notorious  for  the  easy  character  of  its  women.  To  die  in  Shoreditch 
was  not  a  mere  metaphorical  term  for  dying  in  a  sewer. 

"  Call  a  leete  at  Bishopsgate,  and  examine  how  every  second  house  in  Shoreditch 
is  mayntayned  ;  make  a  privie  search  in  Southwarke,  and  tell  me  how  many  shee 
inmates  you  finde."  In  another  passage  Nash  couples  "Shoreditch,  the  Spittle, 
Southwarke,  Westminster,  and  Turnbull  Street." — Nash's  Pierce  Penniless,  1592. 

Well  said,  daughter  :  lift  up  your  voices  and  sing  like  nightingales,  you  Tory- 
rory  jades.  Courage,  I  say ;  as  long  as  the  merry  pence  hold  out,  you  shall  none  of 
you  die  in  Shoreditch. — Dryden,  The  Kind  Keeper,  or  Air.  Limber  ham,  410,  1680. 

Here,  next  door  unto  The  Gun,  lived  Mrs.  Millwood,  who  led  George 
Barnwell  astray. 

Good  Barnwell,  then  quoth  she, 
Do  thou  to  Shoreditch  come, 
And  ask  for  Mrs.  Millwood's  house, 

Next  door  unto  the  Gun. — Percy's  Reliques,  vol.  iii.  Book  3. 

When  Chatterton  first  came  to  London,  1770,  he  lodged  in  the 
house  of  Walmsley,  a  plasterer,  in  Shoreditch,  where  his  kinswoman, 
Mrs.  Ballance,  also  lived.  He  remained  here  from  May  to  July,  when 
he  removed  to  Brook  Street,  where  in  the  following  month  came  the 
unhappy  end. 

Harwood,  my  townsman,  who  invented  first 

Porter  to  rival  wine,  and  quench  the  thirst, 

was  a  brewer  on  the  east  side  of  High  Street,  Shoreditch,  and  his 
famous  beverage  was  first  retailed at  the  Blue  Last  at  the  corner  of 
New  Inn  Yard  in  the  neighbouring  Curtain  Road.  New  Inn  Yard 
remains,  but  the  Blue  Last  has  departed.  Shoreditch  High  Street  has 
been  much  improved  in  appearance  of  late  years  by  the  widening  of  its 
northern  end,  the  formation  of  Commercial  Street,  and  the  new  street 
from  Old  Street,  and  especially  by  the  extensive  works  in  connection 
with  the  new  Goods  Station  of  the  Great  Eastern  Railway.  [See  Hog 
Lane ;  Holywell  Street ;  St.  Leonard's,  Shoreditch ;  Standard  Theatre.] 

1  Foxe,  vol.  iv.  p.  193 


246  SHORTS  GARDENS 

Short's  Gardens,  DRURY  LANE,  to  King  Street,  St.  Giles's,  said 
to  have  been  so  named  from  a  "  mansion  built  there  by  Dudley  Short, 
Esq.,  an  eminent  parishioner  in  the  reign  of  Charles  II.,  with  garden 
attached." x  But  another  Mr.  Short  had  built  here  much  earlier. 

July  7,  1618. — The  Justices  of  Middlesex  report  to  the  Council  that  they  have 
examined  the  state  of  the  large  building  lately  erected  in  Drury  Lane,  assigned  by 
Wm-  Short  of  Gray's  Inn  to  Edw.  Smith,  and  find  that  it  is  erected  on  the 
foundations  of  the  former  tenements. — Cal.  State  Pap.,  1611-1618,  p.  551,  and 
comp.  under  July  1 8. 

Here,  in  "  a  hole,"  as  he  calls  it,  Charles  Mathews  the  elder  made  one 
of  his  first  attempts  as  an  actor. 

Shrouds  (The),  the  crypt  at  St.  Paul's.  [See  St.  Paul's  Cathedral.] 
There  is  a  sermon  of  Latimer's  "  preached  in  the  Shrouds  at  St.  Paul's 
Church,  in  London,  January  18,  1548." 

Shug  Lane,  PICCADILLY,  afterwards  Tichborne  Street  (which  see). 

Chatelain,  the  celebrated  engraver,  died  [1770]  of  an  indigestion  after  a  hearty 
supper  of  lobsters  :  he  then  lodged  at  a  carpenter's  in  a  court  near  Shug  Lane  : 
going  home  after  his  supper  of  lobsters,  he  bought  and  eat  a  hundred  of  asparagus ; 
he  was  buried  by  subscription. — Captain  Grose,  Biographical  Anecdotes ',  p.  166. 

Shunamite's  House,  WATLING  STREET.  The  maintenance  of 
the  sermons  at  St.  Paul's  Cross,  and  the  ensuring  of  suitable  preachers, 
was  from  an  early  period  a  matter  of  much  interest.  Aylmer,  Bishop 
of  London,  and  other  benefactors  contributed  liberally  to  a  fund  for 
the  purpose,  and  the  Lord  Mayor  and  Court  of  Aldermen  ordered  that 
every  minister  who  should  preach  at  the  Cross,  — "  considering  the 
journies  some  of  them  might  take  from  the  Universities,  or  elsewhere, 
— should  at  his  pleasure  be  freely  entertained  for  five  days'  space,  with 
sweet  and  convenient  lodging,  fire,  candle,  and  all  other  necessaries  : 
viz.  from  Thursday,  before  their  day  of  preaching,  to  Thursday 
morning  following." z  The  house  provided  for  their  lodging  was  called 
the  Shunamite's  House  from  the  hospitable  entertainment  of  Elisha  by 
the  Shunamite  woman.3  The  character  of  the  house  is  very  well 
shown  in  the  interesting  story  told  by  Izaak  Walton  in  his  Life  of 
Richard  Hooker,  which  the  reader  of  that  book  cannot  fail  to 
remember,  of  Hooker's  coming  to  town  to  preach  at  Paul's  Cross, 
soon  after  he  had  taken  his  degree  (1581);  how  he  arrived  "at  the 
Shunamite's  House  in  Watling  Street "  (then  kept  by  John  Churchman, 
sometime  a  draper  of  note) ;  "  wet  and  weary  and  weather-beaten ; " 
how  he  took  a  cold,  and  how  Mrs.  Churchman  cured  him ;  how  she 
persuaded  him  that  he  was  a  man  of  a  tender  constitution,  and  that  it 
was  best  for  him  to  have  a  wife,  that  might  prove  a  nurse  to  him ; 
how  Mr.  Hooker  acceded  to  her  opinion,  and  how  Mrs.  Churchman 

1  Dobie's  St.  Giles,  2d  ed.,  p.  61.  [Elisha]  there  a  bed,  and  a  table,  and  a  stool,  and 

2  Strype,  B.  iii.  p.  149.  a  candlestick  :  and  it  shall  be,  when  he  cometh  to 

3  "  And  she  [the  Shunamite  woman]  said  unto  us,  that  he  shall  turn  in  thither.     And  it  fell  on 
her  husband,  .  .  .  Let  us  make  a  little  chamber,  a  day,  that  he  came  thither,  and  he  turned  into 
I  pray  thee,  on  the  wall ;  and  let  us  set  for  him  the  chamber,  and  lay  there." — 2  Kings,  iv.  g-n.j! 


SSAM'S  247 

recommended  her  daughter  Joan ;  how  Mr.  Hooker  married  her,  and 
had  so  little  cause  to  rejoice  in  the  wife  he  obtained  on  the  occasion 
of  his  Paul's  Cross  sermon,  that  he  might  with  the  Psalmist  liken  his 
habitation  to  the  tents  of  Kedar.  The  Paul's  Cross  Sermons  were 
continued  after  the  Cross  was  destroyed ;  but  the  Shunamite's  House 
was  abandoned.  The  date  of  its  discontinuance  is  not  stated,  but 
Strype  (1720)  says,  "This  good  custom  continued,  till  of  late  times  it 
hath  been  taken  away,  or  disused." 

Siam's,  an  India  House  in  St.  James's  Street,  kept  by  a  Mrs. 
Siam,  for  the  sale  of  teas,  toys,  shawls,  Indian  screens,  cabinets,  and 
other  oriental  goods.  It  is  mentioned  by  several  of  our  Queen  Anne 
writers ;  but  the  name  has  long  been  removed,  and  the  site  of  the 
house  long  since  forgotten. 

Lady  Malapert.  O  law  !  what  should  I  do  in  the  country  ?  There's  no  levees, 
no  Mall,  no  plays,  no  tea  at  Siam's,  no  Hyde  Park. — Southern,  The  Maid's  Last 
Prayer,  4to,  1693. 

Leonora.  I  will  write  to  him  to  meet  me  within  half  an  hour  at  Mrs.  Siam's  the 
India  House,  in  St.  James's  Street. — Gibber,  Woman's  Wit  or  the  Lady  in  Fashion, 
4to,  1697. 

Leonora  [Scene,  an  India  House],  Come,  Mrs.  Siam,  what  new  Indian  toys  have 
you  ? — Ibid. 

India,  or  as  they  were  at  first  called  China,  houses  monopolised  the 
shopping  of  the  fine  ladies  of  London  from  early  in  the  zyth  to  the 
middle  of  the  1 8th  century.  Ben  Jonson  more  than  once  refers  to 
them : — 

[She]  is  served 

Upon  the  knee  ! — And  has  her  pages,  ushers, 
Footmen,  and  coaches — her  six  mares — nay  eight, 
To  hurry  her  through  London,  to  the  Exchange, 
Bethlem,  the  China-houses. 

Ben  Jonson,  The  Alchemist,  1610,  Act  iv.  Sc.  2. 

So  in  The  Silent  Woman  (Act  iv.  Sc.  2)  he  makes  Lady  Haughty  say : 
"  And  go  with  us  to  Bedlam,  to  the  China-houses,  and  to  the 
Exchange."  Scandal  imputed  other  motives  to  the  monopoly  than 

To  cheapen  tea  or  buy  a  screen. — PRIOR. 

King  William  III.  severely  reprehended  Queen  Mary  for  being 
persuaded  to  go  to  one.1  Gibber  makes  Lady  Townley  "  take  a  flying 
jaunt  to  an  India  house,"  as  one  of  the  dashing  gaieties  of  a  fine  lady's 
London  life. 

There  are  no  Indian-houses,  to  drop  in 

And  fancy  Stuffs,  and  chuse  a  pretty  Screen, 

To  while  away  an  hour  or  so — "  I  swear 

These  cups  are  pretty,  but  they're  deadly  dear :" 

And  if  some  unexpected  friend  appear 

"The  Devil ! — Who  could  have  thought  to  meet  you  here?" 

Epilogue  to  Rowfs  Ulysses,  1 706,  410. 

1  Dalrymple's  Memoirs,  vol.  ii.  p.  79,  Appendix. 


248  SfAM'S 

Straight  then  I'll  dress,  and  take  my  wonted  range 
Through  India  shops,  to  Motteux's,  or  the  Change, 
Where  the  tall  jar  erects  its  stately  pride, 
With  antic  shapes  in  China's  azure  dyed. 
There  careless  lies  a  rich  brocade  unroll'd, 
Here  shines  a  cabinet  with  burnish'd  gold. 

Lady  M.  W.  Montagu,  The  Toilet,  by  Gay. 

In  reprinting  this  as  a  "  Town  Eclogue  "  Gay  makes  a  few  altera- 
tions, and  adds  a  couplet  which  notices  one  of  the  chief  temptations  of 
these  shops — the  raffle — 

But  then  remembrance  will  my  grief  renew 
'Twas  there  the  raffling  dice  false  Damon  threw. 

Sidney  Alley,  LEICESTER  SQUARE,  now  Sidney  Place,  from  the 
north-west  corner  of  the  square  to  Coventry  Street,  was  so  called  from 
the  Sidneys,  Earls  of  Leicester.  [See  Leicester  House.] 

Sidney  House,  the  first  known  London  residence  of  the  Sidney 
family  was  in  the  Old  Bailey. 

Silver  Street,  CHEAPSIDE,  from  Wood  Street  to  Falcon  Square. 

Down  lower  in  Wood  Street  is  Silver  Street  (I  think  of  silversmiths  dwelling 
there),  in  which  be  divers  fair  houses. — Stow,  p.  112. 

Gossip  Censure.  A  notable  tough  rascal,  this  old  Pennyboy  !  right  city-bred. 

Gossip  Mirth,  In  Silver  Street,  the  region  of  money,  a  good  seat  for  an  usurer. — 
Ben  Jonson,  The  Staple  of  News. 

It  must  also  have  been  famous  for  its  wig-makers. 

Otter.  All  her  teeth  were  made  in  the  Blackfriars  ;  both  her  eyebrows  in  the 
Strand,  and  her  hair  in  Silver  Street. — Ben  Jonson,  The  Silent  Woman,  Act  iv.  Sc.  I. 

On  the  south  side  of  Silver  Street  (No.  24)  is  the  Parish  Clerks' 
Hall  [which  see].  A  large  fire  occurred  here  in  1884. 

Silver  Street,  GOLDEN  SQUARE,  from  Beak  Street  to  Cambridge 
Street.  Canaletto,  the  great  landscape  painter,  was  living  here  in  1752, 
when  he  issued  the  following  advertisement : — 

Signior  Canaletto  gives  notice  that  he  has  painted  Chelsea  College,  Ranelagh 
House,  and  the  River  Thames ;  which  if  any  gentleman  or  others  are  pleased  to 
favour  him  with  seeing  the  same,  he  will  attend  at  his  lodgings  at  Mr.  Viggan's  in 
Silver  Street,  Golden  Square,  for  fifteen  days  from  this  day,  July  31,  from  8  to  i, 
and  from  3  to  6  at  night  each  day. 

Sion  College,  VICTORIA  EMBANKMENT,  E.C.,  ne.ar  the  north  end 
of  Blackfriars  Bridge  and  next  building  on  the  west  to  the  City  of 
London  School,  was  founded  1623  as  a  College  and  Almshouse 
pursuant  to  the  will  of  Dr.  Thomas  White,  who  therein  describes 
himself  as  "  Minister  of  God's  Word  and  Vicar  of  St.  Dunstan  in  the 
West."  This,  however,  was  perhaps  the  least  important  of  his  pre- 
ferments, as  he  held  the  prebend  of  Mora  in  the  cathedral  church  of 
St.  Paul's,  and  as  he  was  also  Treasurer  of  Salisbury,  Canon  of  Ch.  Ch. 
Oxford,  and  of  Windsor.  To  the  College  and  almshouse  was  added, 
by  the  munificence  of  Dr.  John  Simson,  rector  of  St.  Olave,  Hart 


SION  COLLEGE  249 


Street,  and  one  of  the  executors  of  Dr.  White,  a  library.  Letters  patent 
incorporating  the  College  were  granted  by  Charles  I.,  July  3,  1630. 
Other  letters  patent  containing  an  exemplification  of  the  former 
Charter  of  Incorporation  of  1630,  and  in  no  way  altering  it,  were 
granted  by  Charles  II.,  June  20,  1664.  The  College  consists  of 
the  incumbents  of  the  City  of  London  and  its  suburbs.  By  pre- 
scription the  suburbs  are  taken  to  be  the  parishes  which  touched  the 
City  walls  in  any  part  of  its  circumference  at  the  date  of  the  founda- 
tion of  the  College,  and  parishes  which,  as  time  has  gone  on,  have 
been  carved  out  of  the  original  suburban  parishes.  The  Governing 
Body  is  elected  annually  on  the  third  Tuesday  after  Easter  Tuesday, 
and  consists  of  a  President,  two  Deans,  and  four  Assistants.  The 
objects  for  which  the  College  was  incorporated  are  thus  set  forth  in 
Dr.  White's  will :  "  For  the  Glory  of  God  the  good  of  his  Church  and 
redress  of  many  inconveniences  not  prejudicial  to  the  Lord  Bp.  of 
London's  jurisdiction  whom  I  would  have  visitor  he  and  his  Successors 
for  ever,  but  to  maintain  truth  in  Doctrine,  love  in  conversing  together, 
and  to  repress  such  sins  as  follow  us  as  men ;  that  they  might  be 
admonished  and  ordered  there  rather  to  make  them  amend  or  else  the 
College  to  send  them  and  their  cause  to  the  Bishop  to  be  punished 
accordingly." 

The  almshouse  was  to  shelter  ten  poor  men  and  ten  poor  women  ; 
of  these  eight  were  to  be  of  the  Merchant  Taylors'  Company,  six  from 
the  parish  of  St.  Dunstan  in  the  West,  four  from  the  City  of  Bristol, 
and  two  from  the  parish  of  St.  Gregory  by  St.  Paul's.  Besides  their 
rooms  the  almsfolk  were  to  receive  a  small  pension. 

The  Library,  coeval  with  the  College,  though  no  part  of  the  original 
foundation,  has  from  the  first  been  the  chief  glory  of  the  College.  The 
late  Lord  Campbell,  when  summing  up  in  a  case  in  which  the  President 
and  Court  had  to  defend  their  dismissal  of  an  unsatisfactory  employe 
thus  spoke  of  it :  "  The  Corporation  of  Sion  College  is  one  of  the  most 
venerable  institutions  of  the  country,  the  library  being  very  splendid 
and  one  that  has  been  of  very  great  service  both  to  literature  and  to 
science.  It  is  most  excellent,  and  I  think  the  public  are  indebted  to 
the  Governors  of  Sion  College  in  seeing  that  the  public  have  the  full 
benefit  of  that  noble  library." 

From  the  first  the  Library,  though  belonging  to  the  President  and 
Fellows  of  the  College,  has  always  been  considered  to  have  a  public 
character.  The  times  during  which  it  is  open  are  10  A.M.  to  4  P.M.  on 
every  week  day  except  Saturday,  when  it  closes  at  2  P.M.  During  these 
hours  students  are  freely  admitted  to  consult  such  works  as  they  may 
desire  to  see,  though,  if  it  seems  to  the  Librarian  desirable,  he  may 
require  the  production  of  a  recommendation  from  a  beneficed  clergy- 
man. Upon  payment  of  half  a  guinea  per  annum  the  Fellows  and 
all  licensed  curates  in  the  metropolis  acquire  the  privilege  of  borrowing 
books  from  the  Library,  and  of  using  the  Common  Room,  which  is  well 
supplied  with  all  the  leading  periodicals,  with  newspapers  and  with 


250  SION  COLLEGE 


writing  materials.  To  obtain  the  same  privileges  incumbents  not 
being  Fellows  are  required  to  pay  an  annual  guinea.  Up  to  the 
date  of  the  first  Copyright  Act  the  Library  depended  for  its 
supply  of  books  upon  voluntary  contributions  in  money  and  in  kind, 
and  a  small  entrance  fee  paid  by  the  Fellows.  These  contributions 
were  very  liberal,  and  resulted  in  the  formation  of  the  nucleus  of 
a  library  of  exceptional  interest.  To  mention  a  few  of  the  principal 
benefactors — Elizabeth,  Viscountess  Camden,  gave  ^200,  and  there 
were  various  contributions  of  ;£ioo  and  of  ^50  each.  Nathaniel 
Torporley,  Walter  Travers,  Simeon  Ashe,  George,  Earl  of  Berkeley, 
John  Lawson,  Eleanor,  relict  of  the  celebrated  printer,  Thomas 
James,  gave  whole  libraries  to  the  college.  Mrs.  James  as  many 
as  3000  volumes,  Earl  Berkeley  1676  volumes,  many  of  them  very 
choice.  The  Rev.  E.  Waple  close  upon  1900  volumes,  besides 
duplicates,  which  sold  for  ^155.  In  1679  King  Charles  II.  presented 
a  Jesuit  library  seized  at  Holbeck  in  the  West  Riding;  few, 
however,  of  these  volumes  reached  the  College,  and  these  in  a  very 
sorry  condition,  the  greater  part  were  made  away  with  by  pursuivants, 
etc.  A  new  source  of  supply  was  opened  up  in  the  reign  of  Queen 
Anne,  as  Sion  College  Library  was  one  of  those  named  in  the  first 
Copyright  Act,  and  so  became  entitled  to  a  copy  of  every  work  entered 
at  Stationers'  Hall  until  1836,  when  under  6  and  7  William  IV.,  c. 
no,  this  privilege  was  taken  away  and  a  money  compensation  voted 
to  replace  it.  At  present  the  sum  annually  spent  in  the  purchase  of 
additions  to  the  library  is  £zT°-  The  new  buildings  of  the  College 
upon  the  Victoria  Embankment  were  formally  opened  by  H.R.H.  the 
Prince  and  Princess  of  Wales  on  December  15,  1886.  Previous  to 
this  the  College  had  occupied  premises  situated  in  London  Wall  between 
Aldermanbury  on  the  east  and  Philip  Lane  on  the  west,  the  former  site 
of  Elsing  Spital.  The  old  library  was  built  along  the  east  side  of  Philip 
Lane;  it  was  125  feet  in  length,  25  feet  in  width.  The  hall,  a  building 
of  no  architectural  interest,  stood  back  in  the  College  garden.  The  only 
feature  in  the  old  buildings  of  any  artistic  merit  was  the  gateway. 

In  the  short  period  which  elapsed  between  the  opening  in  1630  of 
the  original  buildings  of  the  College  (of  which  those  just  spoken  of 
were  apparently  a  tolerably  faithful  reproduction)  and  the  Great  Fire 
of  London,  there  were  several  sets  of  chambers  for  students  in  the 
College  gardens.  In  one  of  these  sets  lived  Thomas  Fuller  whilst  collect- 
ing materials  for  his  Church  History.  This  book  is  dated  from  Sion 
College.  Up  to  the  year  1845  the  rooms  occupied  by  the  almsfolk 
were  under  the  Library,  to  which  they  were  a  constant  source  of  danger 
from  fire.  In  1845  a  new  almshouse  was  built  in  another  part  of 
the  College  property,  some  of  the  rooms  looking  into  Philip  Lane. 

With  the  view,  however,  of  removing  the  College  and  its  valuable 
Library  to  a  more  accessible  site,  an  Act  of  Parliament  was  obtained  in 
1884,  which  sanctioned  the  assignment  to  the  almsfolk  of  a  definite 
portion  of  the  property  in  place  of  a  somewhat  vague  claim  to  a 


SKINNERS'  HALL  251 


small  proportionate  share  of  the  whole.  The  Act  also  sanctioned  the 
abolition  of  the  almshouse,  the  almsfolk  to  receive  premiums  of  much 
larger  amount  than  those  payable  to  them  before.  The  arrangement 
thus  sanctibned  has  worked  so  well  that  there  are  now  forty  instead  of 
twenty  pensioners,  with  pensions  of  from  ,£30  to  £40  a  year  instead 
of  £17.  At  the  same  time  a  new  Governing  Body  was  provided  for 
what  had  now  become  Sion  Hospital.  This  set  the  President  and 
Court  of  Governors  free  to  purchase  the  present  freehold  side  of  the 
College,  which  they  acquired  from  the  City  for  ,£31,625,  and  to  erect 
the  new  building  thereon  from  the  designs  of  Mr.  (now  Sir)  Arthur 
Blomfield  at  a  cost  of  ,£26,000,  the  money  for  the  purpose  being 
raised  by  the  sale  of  a  large  part  of  the  freehold  of  the  old  site.  In 
the  new  buildings  the  library  is  well  housed  and  the  other  business 
of  the  College  is  carried  on  as  it  was  carried  on  heretofore  in  London 
Wall. 

Sion  Hill.     [See  College  Hill.] 

Sise  Lane,  CITY,  from  Bridge  Row  to  Queen  Victoria  Street,  a 
corruption  of  St.  Syth's  Lane  or  St.  Osyth's  Lane ;  from  the  church  of 
Sf.  Bennet  Sherehog  or  Syth,  destroyed  in  the  Great  Fire,  and  not 
rebuilt.  A  large  part  of  the  northern  end  of  Sise  Lane  was  swept 
away  in  constructing  Queen  Victoria  Street. 

Skinner  Street,  HOLBORN,  was  formed  in  1802,  and  received  its 
name  from  Alderman  Skinner,  through  whose  exertions  it  was  built. 
The  old  highway  between  Newgate  Street  and  Holborn  Bridge,  before 
Skinner  Street  was  made,  was  Snow  Hill,  a  circuitous,  very  narrow,  very 
steep,  and  very  dangerous  roadway.  William  Godwin,  author  of  Caleb 
Williams,  kept  a  bookseller's  shop  for  several  years  in  this  street  in  the 
name  of  his  wife.  Charles  Lamb's  Tales  from  Shakespeare,  and  Mary 
Lamb's  Mrs.  Leicester's  School  were  published  by  "  M.  J.  Godwin,  at 
the  Juvenile  Library,  41  Skinner  Street." 

Popular  Works  for  the  Amusement  and  Instruction  of  Young  Persons  Published 
by  M.  J.  Godwin  &  Co.,  French  and  English  City  Juvenile  and  School  Library, 
No.  41  Skinner  Street,  Snow  Hill  (a  Corner  House). — Advertisement  at  the  end  of 
Lamb's  Adventures  of  Ulysses,  1819. 

The  house  was  on  the  north  side,  at  the  angle  of  Snow  Hill,  and 
nearly  opposite  Turnagain  Lane.  It  was  swept  away  for  the  London, 
Chatham  and  Dover  Railway;  and  what  remained  of  Skinner  Street 
was  cleared  away  in  1867  for  the  Holborn  Viaduct. 

Skinners'  Hall,  DOWGATE  HILL.  The  hall  of  the  Skinners' 
Company,  the  sixth  on  the  list  of  the  Twelve  Great  Companies  of 
London.  The  Company  was  incorporated  in  1327,  and  the  government 
vested  in  a  master,  four  wardens,  and  a  court  of  assistants.  The  hall, 
mentioned  as  early  as  the  reign  of  Henry  III.,  was  destroyed  in  the 
Great  Fire,  and  rebuilt  shortly  after  at  a  cost  of  over  £1800.  The 
East  India  Company  held  their  meetings  for  a  time  in  this  hall,  for 


252  SKINNERS'  HALL 


which  they  paid  a  yearly  rent  of  ^300.  The  present  front,  Ionic  in 
character,  with  the  Skinners'  arms  in  the  pediment,  was  added  by 
Richard  Jupp,  the  Company's  architect,  in  1790.  The  dining-hall 
was  rebuilt  1847-1850  under  the  direction  of  G.  B.  Moore.  The 
drawing-room  is  lined  with  cedar  wood,  traditionally  said  to  have  been 
given  by  the  East  India  Company  to  the  Skinners  Company.  A  few 
years  since  (under  the  mastership  of  Charles  Barry,  architect)  the  old 
ceiling  was  removed,  and  a  new  decorated  carved  ceiling  added, 
and  the  old  work  redecorated,  making  a  very  handsome  apartment. 
The  mode  of  electing  a  master  is  curious.  A  cap  of  maintenance 
is  carried  into  the  hall  in  great  state,  and  is  tried  on  by  the  old  master, 
who  announces  that  it  "will  not  fit"  him.  He  then  passes  it  on 
to  be  tried  by  several  next  him.  Two  or  three  more  misfits  occur,  till 
at  last  the  cap  is  handed  to  the  intended  new  master,  for  whom 
it  was  made.  The  wardens  are  elected  in  the  same  manner. 
Observe, — Portrait  of  Sir  Andrew  Judd,  Lord  Mayor  of  London  in  1551, 
and  founder  of  the  large  and  excellent  school  at  Tunbridge,  of  which 
the  Skinners'  Company  have  the  patronage  and  supervision.  [See 
Skinners'  Well.] 

Skinners'  Well,  CLERKENWELL,  on  the  west  side  of  the  church, 
but  now  closed ;  one  of  six  wells  forming  the  River  of  Wells,  which 
had  its  rise  in  the  high  ground  about  Clerkenwell,  and,  running  due 
south,  fell  into  the  Fleet  river  at  the  bottom  of  Holborn  Bridge  and 
Snow  hill.  It  was  so  called,  says  Stow,  "  for  the  skinners  of  London 
held  there  certain  plays  yearly,  played  of  Holy  Scripture."  In  Rocque's 
Map  of  1745  a  Skin  Market  occupies  the  ground  on  both  sides  of  what 
is  now  Perceval  Street.  Its  memory  is  preserved  in  Skinner  Street  and 
Market  Street  The  latter  occupies  part  of  the  site  and  the  former  leads 
to  it. 

In  the  year  1390,  the  I4th  of  Richard  II.,  I  read  the  Parish  Clerks  of  London, 
on  the  1 8th  of  July,  played  interludes  at  Skinners'  Well,  near  unto  Clarkes'  Well, 
which  play  continued  three  days  together  ;  the  king,  queen,  and  nobles  being  pre- 
sent.1 Also  in  the  year  1409,  the  loth  of  Henry  IV.,  they  played  a  play  at  the 
Skinners'  Well,  which  lasted  eight  days  and  was  of  matter  from  the  Creation  of  the 
world.  There  were  to  see  the  same  the  most  part  of  the  nobles  and  gentles  in  Eng- 
land.— Stow,  p.  7. 

Skinners'  Well  is  almost  quite  lost,  and  so  it  was  in  Stow's  time.  But  I  am 
certainly  informed,  by  a  knowing  parishioner,  that  it  lies  on  the  west  of  the  church, 
enclosed  within  certain  houses  there.  The  parish  would  fain  recover  the  well  again, 
but  cannot  tell  where  the  pipes  lie.  Dr.  Rogers,  who  formerly  lived  in  an  house 
there,  shewed  Mr.  E.  H. ,  late  churchwarden,  two  marks  in  a  wall  in  the  Close  where 
these  pipes  (as  he  affirmed)  laid,  that  it  might  be  known  after  his  death. — Strype, 
B.  iv.  p.  69. 

Slaughter's  Coffee-house,  a  famous  coffee-house  at  the  upper 
end  of  the  west  side  of  St.  Martin's  Lane,  three  doors  from  Newport 

1  It  appears  by  Devon's  Issues  of  the  Ex-  the  Passion  of  our  Lord,  and  the  Creation  of  the 

citeq-uerfroni  Henry  III.  to  Henry  VI.  (8vo,  1837,  World,  performed  by  them  at  Skinners'  Well,  in 

p.  244),  that  the  sum  of  ;£io  was  paid  to  the  Parish  1391,  after  the  Feast  of  St.  Bartholomew  (Shaks. 

Clerks    and    others    on  account  of  the   play  of  Sac.  Pap.,  vol.  i.  p.  43). 


SMART'S  QUAY  253 


Street,  so  called  after  Thomas  Slaughter,  the  landlord  by  whom  it  was 
established  in  the  year  1692.  Slaughter  died  in  or  about  the  year 
1740,  and  in  1741  was  succeeded  in  his  business  by  Humphrey  Bailey. 
A  second  Slaughter's  (New  Slaughter's,  as  it  was  called)  was  established 
in  the  same  street  about  1760,  when  the  original  establishment  adopted 
the  name  of  "  Old  Slaughter's,"  by  which  designation  it  was  known  till 
within  a  few  years  of  the  final  demolition  of  the  house  to  make  way  for  the 
new  avenue  between  Long  Acre  and  Leicester  Square  made  1843-1844. 
The  chief  frequenters  of  the  house  were  artists  living  in  St.  Martin's 
Lane.  Here  Roubiliac  was  often  to  be  found,  and  Wilson  was  an 
occasional  visitor ;  and  here,  in  early  life,  Wilkie  would  enjoy  a  small 
dinner  at  a  small  cost.  Abraham  De  Moivre,  the  great  mathematician, 
in  his  old  age  and  penury  (he  died  in  1754,  aged  eighty-seven),  used  to 
attend  at  Slaughter's  Coffee-house  to  pick  up  a  pittance  by  the  solution  of 
questions  relative  to  games  of  chance.  Goldsmith,  in  his  Account  of 
Various  Clubs  (Essay  VI.) :  says  "  If  a  man  be  passionate,  he  may  vent 
his  rage  among  the  old  orators  at  Slaughter's  coffee-house,  and  damn 
the  nation  because  it  keeps  him  from  starving." 

Sloane  Street,  a  very  long  street  lying  between  Knightsbridge  and 
the  King's  Road,  and  so  called  after  Sir  Hans  Sloane,  the  physician,  and 
Lord  of  the  Manor  of  Chelsea.  It  was  planned  in  1780  by  the 
architect  Henry  Holland.  [See  Cadogan  Place  ;  Chelsea;  Hans  Place.] 

On  the  a6th  of  October  (1818)  Mrs.  Inchbalcl  went  once  more  into  private 
lodgings  at  No.  48  in  Sloane  Street ;  a  situation  to  which  she  had  always  professed 
uncommon  dislike. — Boaden,  Life  of  Mrs.  Inchbald,  vol.  ii.  p.  230. 

Originally  on  the  east  side,  near  Sloane  Square,  was  Holy  Trinity 
Church,  erected  from  the  designs  of  James  Savage,  architect,  and 
consecrated  May  8,  1830.  This  church  was  pulled  down  in  1889, 
and  replaced  by  a  new  one,  built  from  the  designs  of  J.  D.  Sedding, 
architect,  at  a  cost  of  nearly  .£35,000,  defrayed  by  Earl  Cadogan. 
Consecrated  by  the  Bishop  of  London,  May  13,  1890. 

In  Sloane  Square,  at  the  south  end  of  Sloane  Stree.t,  lived 
(1790-1797)  Francis  Legat,  the  engraver  of  Northcote's  Murder  of  the 
Princes  in  the  Tower  and  other  excellent  plates. 

When  Lord  Byron,  at  ten  years  of  age,  was  brought  to  London  for 
the  benefit  of  Dr.  Matthew  Baillie's  advice,  his  mother  took  apartments 
in  Sloane  Terrace,  the  second  turning  south  of  Cadogan  Place,  on  the 
east  side  of  Sloane  Street.  Here  too  he  came  for  the  Saturdays  and 
Sundays,  and  for  all  holidays,  during  the  two  years  he  was  at  Dr.  Glennie's 
School  at  Dulwich. 

Smart's  Quay,  LOWER  THAMES  STREET,  east  of  Billingsgate. 

Smart's  Key,  so  called  of  one  Smart  sometime  owner  thereof. — Stoiv,  p.  78. 

One  Wotton,  a  gentilman  borne  and  sometyme  a  marchauntt  of  good  credyte, 
who  fallinge  by  tyme  into  decay,  kepte  an  alehowse  at  Smart's  keye,  neere  Byllinges- 
gate,  and  after,  for  some  mysdemeanor  beinge  put  downe,  he  reared  upp  a  new  trade 
of  lyffe,  and  in  the  same  howse  he  procured  all  the  cuttpurses  abowt  this  Cittie  to 


254  SMART'S  QUAY 


repaire  to  his  said  howse.  There  was  a  schole  howse  sett  upp  to  learn  younge  boyes 
to  cutt  purses.  There  were  hung  up  two  devices,  the  one  was  a  pockett,  the  other 
was  a  purse.  The  pocket  had  in  yt  certen  cownters  and  was  hunge  abowte  with 
hawkes  bells,  and  over  the  toppe  did  hangge  a  little  scaring  bell ;  and  he  that  could 
take  owt  a  counter  without  any  noyse  was  allowed  to  be  a  publique  Hoyster ;  and 
he  that  could  take  a  piece  of  sylver  owt  of  the  purse  without  the  noyse  of  any  of  the 
bells,  he  was  adjudged  a  judiciall  Nypper.  Nota,  that  a  Hoister  is  a  Pick-pockett, 
and  a  Nypper  is  termed  a  Pickpurse  or  a  Cutpurse. 

Memorand.  That  in  Wotton's  howse  at  Smart's  keye  are  wryten  in  a  table 
divers  Poysies,  and  among  the  rest  one  is  this — 

"  Si  spie  sporte,  si  non  spie,  tune  steale." 

Another  is  thus — 

"  Si  spie,  si  non  spie,  Hoyste,  nyppe,  lyfte,  shave  and  spare  not." 

Note,  that  Hoyste  is  to  cutt  a  pockett,  nyppe  is  to  cutt  a  purse,  lyft  is 
to  robbe  a  shoppe  or  a  gentilman's  chamber,  shave  is  to  take  a  cloake,  a  sword,  a 
sylver  spoone,  or  such  like  that  is  negligentlie  looked  unto. — Fleetwood  (the 
Recorder)  to  Lord  Burghley,  July  7,  1585  (Ellis,  vol.  ii.  p.  298). 

Sraithfield,  or,  SMOOTHFIELD,  the  "  campus  planus  re  et  nomine  " 
of  Fitzstephen,  an  open  area  in  the  form  of  an  irregular  polygon  con- 
taining 5f  acres,1  for  centuries,  and  until  1855,  used  as  a  market 
for  sheep,  horses,  cattle  and  hay.  It  is  sometimes  called  West 
Smithfield,  to  distinguish  it  from  a  place  of  smaller  consequence  of 
the  same  name  in  the  east  of  London. 

Est  ibi  extra  unam  portarum,  statim  in  suburbio,  quidam  planus  campus,  re  et 
nomine. — Fitzstephen  (temp.  Henry  II.) 

And  this  Sommer,  1615, 2  the  Citty  of  London  reduced  the  rude  vast  place  of 
Smithfield  into  a  faire  and  comely  order,  which  formerly  was  neuer  held  possible  to 
be  done,  and  paved  it  all  ouer,  and  made  diuers  sewers  to  conuey  the  water  from  the 
new  channels  which  were  made  by  reason  of  the  new  pauement :  they  also  made  strong 
rayles  round  about  Smithfield,  and  sequestred  the  middle  part  of  the  said  Smithfield 
into  a  very  faire  and  ciuill  walk,  and  rayled  it  round  about  with  strong  rayles  to 
defend  the  place  from  annoyance  and  danger,  as  well  from  carts  as  all  manner  of 
cattell,  becausejit  was  intended  hereafter,  that  in  time  it  might  proue  a  faire  and  peace- 
able Market  Place,  by  reason  that  Newgate  Market,  Cheapside,  Leadenhall,  and 
Gracechurche  Street,  were  unmeasurably  pestred  with  the  unimaginable  increase  and 
multiplicity  of  market-folkes.  And  this  field,  commonly  called  West  Smithfield,  was 
for  many  yeares  called  "  Ruffian's  Hall,"  by  reason  it  was  the  usual  place  of  Frayes 
and  common  fighting  during  the  time  that  sword  and  bucklers  were  in  use.  But  the 
ensuing  deadly  fight  of  Rapier  and  Dagger  suddenly  suppressed  the  fighting  with 
Sword  and  Buckler. — Howes,  ed.  1631,  p.  1023. 

Fahtaff.   Where's  Bardolph  ? 

Page.   He's  gone  into  Smithfield  to  buy  your  worship  a  horse. 

Fahtaff,  I  bought  him  in  Paul's,  and  he'll  buy  me  a  horse  in  Smithfield :  an 
I  could  get  me  but  a  wife  in  the  Stews,  I  were  manned,  horsed,  and  wived.  — 
Second  Part  of  Henry  IV,,  Act  i.  Sc.  2. 

This  town  two  bargains  has  not  worth  one  farthing, 
A  Smithfield  horse — and  wife  of  Covent  Garden. 

Epilogue  to  Dryden's  Limberham. 

And  if  some  Smithfield  Riiffian  take  up  some  strange  going  :  some  new  mowing 
with  the  mouth  ;  some  wrinching  with  the  shoulder ;  some  brave  proverb ;  some 

1  Answer  1372  to  Question   of  Committee   of  us,  on  February  4,  1614-1615.      "The  citizens 
House    of    Commons    on    Smithfield    Enquiry,  charge   thereof  (as  I    have  been  credibly  told 
1849-1850.  by  Master  Arthur  Strangewaies)  amounting  well 

2  The  work  began,  Antony  Munday  informs  near  to  sixteen  hundred  pounds." 


SMITHFIELD  255 

fresh  new  oath  that  is  not  stale  but  will  run  round  in  the  mouth ;  some  new  disguised 
garment,  or  hat,  fond  in  fashion,  or  garish  in  colour,  whatsoever  it  cost, 

•ever  his  living  be,  by  what  shift  soever  it  be  gotten,  gotten  must  it  be, 
and  used  with  the  first,  or  else  the  grace  of  it  is  stale  and  gone. — Roger  Ascham's 

,  1570  (Arber,  p.  54). 

December  4,  1668. — Mr.  Pickering  meets  me  at  Smithfield,  and  I,  and  W. 
I  Fewer  and  a  friend  of  his,  a  jockey,  did  go  about  to  see  several  pairs  of  horses,  for 
my  coach ;  but  it  was  late  and  we  agreed  on  none,  but  left  it  to  another  time  :  but 
here  I  do  see  instances  of  a  piece  of  craft  and  cunning  that  I  never  dreamed  of,  con- 
cerning the  buying  and  choosing  of  horses. — Pepys. 

Smithfield  is  famous  in  history  for  its  jousts,  tournaments, 
executions  and  burnings,  and  until  1855  for  its  market, — the 
great  cattle  market  of  the  largest  city  in  the  world.  Here  Wallace 
and  the  gentle  Mortimer  were  executed.  [See  The  Elms.]  Here,  on 
Saturday,  June  15,  1381,  Sir  William  Walworth  slew  Wat  Tyler. 
"  The  King,"  says  Stow,  "stood  towards  the  east  near  St.  Bartholomew's 
Priory,  and  the  Commons  towards  the  west  in  form  of  battle."1 

1357. — In  the  winter  following  [the  Battle  of  Poictiers]  were  great  and  royall 
justs,  holden  in  Smithfield,  where  many  knightly  feats  of  armes  were  done,  to  the 
great  honour  of  the  king  and  realme,  at  the  which  were  present  the  kings  of  England, 
France,  and  Scotland,  with  many  noble  estates  of  all  those  kingdomes,  whereof  the 
more  part  of  the  strangers  were  prisoners. — Stow,  by  Howes,  p.  263. 

"  Sir  William  Chatris,  otherwise  called  Santre,  parish  priest  of  the 
church  of  St.  Scithe  [Osyth]  the  Virgin  in  London,"  was  the  first  person 
burned  for  heresy  in  England.  The  decree  of  Henry  IV.,  dated 
February  26,  1400- 1401,  directs  that  he  shall  be  "put  into  the  fire  in  some 
public  or  open  place  within  the  liberties  of  your  City."  There  can  be 
no  doubt  that  Smithfield  was  the  place  selected.  The  next  victim 
(March  1609)  was  John  Badley,  a  tailor  in  the  diocese  of  Rochester. 
According  to  Foxe  Prince  Henry  (Henry  V.)  was  present  at  Smithfield 
and  did  his  best  to  save  him,  going  so  far  even  as  to  have  the  fire 
extinguished  for  a  time. 

1410  (nth  Henry  IV.) — This  same  yere  there  was  a  clerk  that  beleved 
nought  on  the  sacrament  of  the  Auter,  that  is  to  seye,  Codes  body,  which  was 
dampned  and  brought  into  Smythfield  to  be  brent,  and  was  bounde  to  a  stake  where 
as  he  schulde  be  brent.  And  Henry,  prynce  of  Walys,  thanne  the  kynge's  eldest  sone, 
consailed  hym  for  to  forsake  his  heresye  and  holde  the  righte  wey  of  holy  chirche. 
And  the  prior  of  seynt  Bertelmewes  in  Smythfeld  broughte  the  holy  sacrament  of 
Codes  body,  with  xij  torches  lyght  before,  and  in  this  wyse  cam  to  this  cursed  heretyk  : 
and  it  was  asked  hym  how  he  beleved ;  and  he  ansuerde,  that  he  beleved  well  that  it 
was  halowed  bred  and  nought  Codes  body ;  and  thanne  was  the  toune  put  over  hym, 
and  fyre  kyndled  therein  :  and  whanne  the  wrecche  felte  the  fyre  he  cryed  mercy  ; 
and  anon  the  prynce  comanded  to  take  awey  the  toune  and  to  quenche  the  fyre,  the 
whiche  was  don  anon  at  his  comandement:  and  thanne  the  prynce  asked  hym  if 
he  wolde  forsake  his  heresye  and  taken  hym  to  the  feith  of  holy  chirche,  whiche  if  he 
wolde  don,  he  schulde  have  hys  lyf  and  good  ynow  to  liven  by :  and  the  cursed 
shrewe  wold  nought,  but  contynued  forth  in  his  heresye  ;  wherefore  he  was  brent. — 
A  Chronicle  of  London  from  1089  to  1483,  p.  92,  edited  by  Sir  N.  H.  Nicolas. 

In  May  1538  Forrest,  the  Prior  of  the  Observant  Convent  at 
Greenwich,  was  burnt  for  denying  the  King's  [Henry  VIII.'s]  supremacy  ; 

1  Stem's  Annals,  by  Howes,  ed.  1631,  p.  288. 


256  SMITHFIELD 

and  for  some  reason  his  punishment  was  made  to  differ  from  the  usual 
form.  A  wooden  image  of  a  Welsh  saint  which  had  been  regarded 
with  peculiar  reverence  throughout  North  Wales  had  recently  been 
brought  to  London,  and  was  hewed  into  billets  to  serve  as  fuel  for 
the  occasion.  Forrest  was  suspended  over  the  fire  in  an  iron  cage 
and  roasted  to  death.  On  July  28,  1540,  three  eminent  Protestant 
divines,  Barnes,  Garret  and  Jerome,  were  burnt  at  Smithfield  for 
heresy ;  and  three  papists,  Powel,  Fetherstone  and  Abel,  were,  at  the 
same  time  and  place  hanged,  drawn  and  quartered,  for  denying  the 
King's  supremacy.  The  Marian  burnings,  some  270  in  all,  were  too 
numerous  to  particularise.  The  last  of  the  burnings  for  heresy  in 
Smithfield  was  in  the  reign  of  James  I.,  when,  on  March  25,  1612, 
"  Bartholomew  Legate,  the  Arian "  so  suffered.  For  other  crimes 
Smithfield  witnessed  burnings,  at  least  occasionally,  for  many  years 
longer. 

May  10,  1652. — Passing  by  Smithfield,  I  saw  a  miserable  creature  burning  who 
had  murdered  her  husband. — Evelyn. 

In  March  1849,  during  excavations  necessary  for  a  new  sewer, 
and  at  a  depth  of  3  feet  below  the  surface,  immediately  opposite 
the  entrance  to  the  church  of  St.  Bartholomew  the  Great,  the  workmen 
laid  open  a  mass  of  unhewn  stones,  blackened  as  if  by  fire,  and 
covered  with  ashes  and  human  bones  charred  and  partially  consumed. 
This  was  doubtless  the  spot  generally  used  for  the  Smithfield  burnings 
— the  face  of  the  sufferer  being  turned  to  the  east  and  to  the  great 
gate  of  St.  Bartholomew,  the  prior  of  which  was  generally  present  on 
such  occasions.  Many  bones  were  carried  away  as  relics.  The  spot 
is  indicated  by  a  granite  memorial  with  a  suitable  inscription  placed 
(1870)  in  the  wall  of  St.  Bartholomew's  Hospital  (on  the  left  of  the 
entrance),  nearly  opposite  the  above  site.  A  "  Smithfield  Martyrs' 
Memorial  Church  "  was  about  the  same  time  erected  in  St.  John's 
Street  Road,  the  nearest  site  available.  In  the  first  English  edition 
of  Foxe's  Acts  and  Monuments  there  is  a  view,  accurate  enough  as 
to  the  locality,  representing  the  burning  of  Anne  Askew  and  her 
two  companions.  The  market-place  was  paved,  drained  and  railed 
in  1685. 

The  sharp  practices  in  the  horse  and  cattle  markets  early  made 
Smithfield  bargains  a  byword. 

He  [Gay]  had  made  a  pretty  good  bargain  (that  is  a  Smithfield)  for  a  little  pace 
in  the  Custom  House. — Swiff  to  Arbuthnot,  November  30,  1727. 

Shall  I  stand  still  and  tamely  see 
Such  Smithfield  bargains  made  of  me  ? 
Is  not  my  heart  my  own  ? 

H.  Carey,  The  Honest  Yorkshireman. 

The  inconvenience  of  holding  the  great  horse  and  cattle  market  of 
the.  metropolis  within  the  City  was  every  year  more  obvious.  The 
space  was  insufficient  to  meet  the  ever  increasing  growth  of  the  trade, 
and  the  interference  with  the  ordinary  traffic  and  the  public  comfort 


SMITHFIELD  BARS  257 


had  become  almost  intolerable.  The  place  itself  had,  moreover,  come 
to  be  a  moral  and  physical  nuisance.  It  was  surrounded  by  bone- 
houses,  cat-gut  manufactures,  slaughter-houses,  and  knackers'  yards, 
and  of  the  sixty-seven  houses  about  it  thirteen  were  public-houses.  On 
market-days  it  was  dangerous  to  pass  and  painful  to  witness.  None  too 
dark  for  the  latter  years  of  its  existence  was  Dickens's  sketch  of  Smith- 
field  Market  in  1838:— 

It  was  market  morning.  The  ground  was  covered,  nearly  ankle-deep,  with  filth 
and  mire ;  a  thick  steam  perpetually  rising  from  the  reeking  bodies  of  the  cattle,  and 
mingling  with  the  fog,  which  seemed  to  rest  upon  the  chimney-tops,  hung  heavily 
above.  All  the  pens  in  the  centre  of  the  large  area,  and  as  many  temporary  pens 
as  could  be  crowded  into  the  vacant  space,  were  filled  with  sheep  ;  tied  up  to  posts 
by  the  gutter  side  were  long  lines  of  beasts  and  oxen,  three  or  four  deep.  Country- 
men, butchers,  drovers,  hawkers,  boys,  thieves,  idlers  and  vagabonds  of  every  low 
grade,  were  mingled  together  in  a  mass ;  the  whistling  of  drovers,  the  barking  of 
dogs,  the  bellowing  and  plunging  of  oxen,  the  bleating  of  sheep,  the  grunting  and 
squeaking  of  pigs,  the  cries  of  hawkers,  the  shouts,  oaths,  and  quarrelling  on  all 
sides ;  the  ringing  of  bells  and  roar  of  voices,  that  issued  from  every  public-house  ; 
the  crowding,  pushing,  driving,  beating,  whooping  and  yelling ;  the  hideous  and 
discordant  din  that  resounded  from  every  corner  of  the  market ;  and  the  unwashed, 
unshaven,  squalid,  and  dirty  figures  constantly  running  to  and  fro,  and  bursting  in 
and  out  of  the  throng  ;  rendered  it  a  stunning  and  bewildering  scene,  which  quite 
confounded  the  senses. — Oliver  Twist,  chap.  xxi. 

At  length  the  Corporation  decided  to  remove  the  market.  The 
necessary  Parliamentary  powers  were  obtained.  A  site  of  about  30 
acres  was  obtained  in  what  was  known  as  the  Copenhagen  Fields  and 
a  new  market  constructed.  On  June  n,  1855,  the  last  market  for 
horses,  cattle  and  sheep  was  held,  and  Smithfield  Market  finally  closed ; 
and  two  days  later,  June  13,  the  New  Smithfield  or  Metropolitan  Cattle 
Market  was  opened  in  Copenhagen  Fields.  [See  Metropolitan  Cattle 
Market.]  On  January  19,  1857,  a  large  meeting  of  unemployed 
workmen  of  London  was  held  in  Smithfield.  It  was  stated  that  the 
numbers  were  :  carpenters,  9000 ;  plasterers,  4000  ;  painters,  4000  ; 
stone  masons,  1000;  bricklayers  and  labourers,  15,000;  smiths, 
moulding  decorators,  etc.,  2000,  making  a  total  of  35,000  men. 

The  general  aspect  of  Smithfield  has  since  greatly  changed.  It  is 
still  preserved  as  an  open  space,  the  hay  market  being  still  held  here  ; 
but  the  area  has  been  contracted  by  the  appropriation  of  that  portion 
of  it  lying  north  of  Long  Lane  to  the  construction  of  the  Central  Meat, 
Poultry,  and  Provision  Markets,  a  very  remarkable  structure  described 
elsewhere.  [See  London  Central  Markets.]  The  centre  of  Smithfield  has 
been  laid  out  as  a  garden,  with  a  handsome  drinking  fountain,  etc.  The 
greater  part  of  the  public-houses  have  been  cleared  away  ;  a  bank  and 
other  good  buildings  have  been  erected,  and  the  approaches  improved. 

Smithfield  Bars,  a  wooden  barrier  on  the  north  side  of  Smithfield, 
like  Holborn  Bars,  Temple  Bar,  etc.  The  name  survived  till  the 
erection  of  the  new  Central  Meat  Market  (1868),  but  the  barrier  had 
long  disappeared. 

VOL.  Ill  S 


258  SMITHFIELD  BARS 

Smithfield  Bars,  so  called  from  the  Bars  there  set  up  for  the  severing  of  the  City 
Liberty  from  that  of  the  County. — Strype,  B.  iii.  p.  284. 

June  23,  1580. —  The  French  Imbasidore,  Mounswer  Mouiser  (Malvoisier) 
ridinge  to  take  the  ayer,  in  his  returne  cam  thowrowe  Smithfild  ;  and  ther,  at  the 
Bars,  was  steayed  by  those  offisers  that  sitteth  to  cut  sourds,  by  reason  his  raper  was 
longer  than  the  statute.  He  was  in  a  great  feaurie,  and  dreawe  his  raper ;  in  the 
meane  season  my  Lord  Henry  Seamore  cam,  and  so  steayed  the  mattr.  Hir  Matie  is 
greatlie  ofended  wth  the  ofisers,  in  that  they  wanted  jugement. — Letter  of  Lord  Talbot 
(Lodge,  ///.  Br.  Hist.,  vol.  ii.  p.  228). 

Smithfield  (East).  Spenser,  author  of  The  Faerie  Queen,  is  said 
to  have  been  born  here. 

On  the  east  and  by  north  of  the  Tower  lieth  East  Smithfield  and  Tower  Hill,  two 
plots  of  ground  so  called  without  the  walls  of  the  city. — Stow,  p.  47. 

Strype  mentions  the  "  lands  and  mills."  In  early  times  it  was  a 
haunt  of  river-pirates,  and  very  appropriately  their  place  of  execution. 

Concerning  Pyrates  :  I  read,  that  in  the  year  1440  in  the  Lent  season,  certain 
persons  with  six  ships  brought  from  beyond  the  seas  fish  to  victual  the  City  of 
London  ;  which  fish  when  they  had  delivered,  and  were  returning  homeward,  a 
number  of  sea-thieves  in  a  barge,  in  the  night  came  upon  them,  when  they  were 
asleep  in  their  vessels,  riding  at  anchor  on  the  river  Thames,  and  slew  them,  cut 
their  throats,  cast  them  over  board,  took  their  money,  and  drowned  their  ships,  for 
that  no  one  should  espy  or  accuse  them.  Two  of  these  thieves  were  after  taken  and 
hanged  in  chains  upon  a  gallows  set  upon  a  raised  hill,  for  the  purpose  made,  in  the 
field  beyond  East  Smithfield,  so  that  they  might  be  seen  far  into  the  river  Thames. 
— Strype,  B.  iv.  p.  43. 

Smith  Square,  WESTMINSTER,  the  houses  round  St.  John's 
Church  [which  see].  John  Fawcett,  the  actor,  was  born  at  No.  5, 
February  6,  1824. 

Smith  Street,  WESTMINSTER. 

Smith  Street,  a  new  street  of  good  buildings,  so  called  from  Sir  James  Smith, 
the  ground  landlord,  who  has  here  a  fine  house.  It  is  situate  in  Westminster 
fronting  the  Bowling  Alley  on  the  west  side  Peter  Street. — Hatton,  1708,  p.  76. 

From  "Smith  Street,  Westminster,  1707,"  Steele  writes  to  assure  the 
future  Mrs.  Steele  that  he  lies  down  to  rest  with  her  image  in  his 
thoughts,  and  awakes  in  the  morning  in  the  same  contemplation.1 
Thomas  Southerne,  author  of  Oroonoko  and  the  Fatal  Marriage,  died 
in  1746  at  his  house  in  this  street.  The  Westminster  Literary, 
Scientific,  and  Mechanics  Institute  was  built  1840.  It  is  now  a  Free 
Library  and  School  of  Art  in  connection  with  South  Kensington. 

Smyrna  Coffee-house,  a  celebrated  coffee-house  of  the  time  of 
Queen  Anne.  It  was  situated  on  the  north  side  of  Pall  Mall,  at  the 
corner  of  Crown  Court,  over  against  Marlborough  House — where  is 
now  No.  59,  Messrs.  Harrisons,  the  booksellers. 

My  brother  Isaac  designs,  for  the  use  of  our  sex,  to  give  the  exact  characters  of 
all  the  chief  politicians  who  frequent  any  of  the  coffee-houses  from  St.  James's  to 
the  'Change  ;  but  designs  to  begin  with  that  cluster  of  wise-heads,  as  they  are  found 
sitting  every  evening,  from  the  left  side  of  the  fire  at  the  Smyrna  to  the  door. — The 
Tatler,  No.  10,  May  3,  1709. 

1  Corrtsp.,  by  Nichols,  vol.  i.  p.  104. 


SNOW  HILL  259 


The  seat  of  learning  [at  the  Smyrna]  is  now  removed  from  the  corner  of  the 
chimney  on  the  left  hand  towards  the  window,  to  the  round  table  in  the  middle  of 
the  floor,  over -against  the  fire;  a  revolution  much  lamented  by  the  porters  and 
chairmen,  who  were  much  edified  through  a  pane  of  glass  that  remained  broken  all 
the  last  summer. — The  Tatler,  No.  78,  October  8,  1709. 

I  have  known  Peter  publishing  the  whisper  of  the  day  by  eight  o'clock  in  the 
morning  at  Caraway's,  by  twelve  at  Will's,  and  before  two  at  the  Smyrna. — The 
Spectator,  No.  457. 

Prior  and  I  came  away  at  nine,  and  sat  at  the  Smyrna  till  eleven  receiving 
acquaintance. — Swift,  Journal  to  Stella  (Scott,  vol.  ii.  p.  49). 

February  19,  1711. — I  walked  a  little  in  the  Park  till  Prior  made  me  go  with 
him  to  the  Smyrna  Coffee  House. — Ibid.  (Scott,  vol.  ii.  p.  1 80). 

If  it  is  fine  weather,  we  take  a  turn  in  the  Park  till  two,  when  we  go  to  dinner  ; 
and  if  it  be  dirty,  you  are  entertained  at  picket  or  basset  at  White's  ;  or  you  may 
talk  politics  at  the  Smyrna  and  St.  James's. — Macky,  A  Journey  through  England, 
8vo,  1722,  vol.  i.  p.  1 68. 

I  have  known  him  [Beau  Nash]  wait  a  whole  day  at  a  window  in  the  Smyrna 
Coffee  House,  in  order  to  receive  a  bow  from  the  Prince,  or  the  Duchess  of  Marl- 
borough  as  they  passed  by  where  he  was  standing,  and  he  would  then  look  round 
upon  the  company  for  admiration  and  respect. — Goldsmith,  Life  of  Nash. 

To  the  printed  copy  of  Thomson's  Proposals  for  publishing,  by 
subscription,  the  Four  Seasons  with  a  hymn  on  their  succession,  the 
following  note  is  appended :  "  Subscriptions  are  taken  in  by  the 
author  at  the  Smyrna  Coffee  House  in  Pall  Mall." 

Snow  Hill,  HOLBORN,  the  confined,  circuitous,  narrow  and  steep 
highway  between  Holborn  Bridge  and  Newgate.  Stow  writes  it  Snor 
Hill  and  Snore  Hill  (pp.  144,  145);  Howell,  Sore  Hill,  adding,  "now 
vulgarly  called  Snow  Hill ; " *  but  Hatton  writes  Snow  Hill  without 
any  comment.  When  Skinner  Street  was  built  in  1802  Snow  Hill 
ceased  to  be  the  highway  between  Newgate  Street  and  Holborn.  It 
remained  little  improved  till  cleared  away  in  forming  the  Holborn 
Viaduct  and  approaches,  1867.  The  present  Snow  Hill  is  a  new  and 
wider  street,  carried  partly  on  the  old  lines,  from  the  eastern  end  of  the 
Holborn  Viaduct  to  Farringdon  Street.  The  steepness  of  Snow  Hill 
is  suggestive  of  a  species  of  ruffianly  violence  which  Gay  has  described 
in  his  account  of  the  "  Scowrers  "  and  "  Mohocks  "  in  his  Trivia : — 

I  pass  their  desp'rate  deeds,  and  mischiefs  done 

Where  from  Snow  Hill  black  steepy  torrents  run  ; 

How  matrons  hooped  within  the  hogshead's  womb 

Were  tumbled  furious  thence. — Gay's  Trivia,  B.  iii.  p.  329,  etc. 

Snow  Hill  in  Charles  II. 's  days  was  famous  for  its  ballads  and 
ballad-mongers.  Dorset  asks  Howard  : — 

Whence 

Does  all  this  mighty  mass  of  dulness  spring 
Which  in  such  loads  thou  to  the  stage  dost  bring  ? 
Is't  all  thy  own  ?  or  hast  thou  from  Snow  Hill 
The  assistance  of  some  ballad-making  quill  ? 

Buckingham,  Misc.  p.  75. 

1  Londitwpolis,  fol.  1657,  p.  344.     In  a  contem-       Hill,  alias  Snow  Hill." — Additional MSS.,  Brit. 
porary  document   describing  property  destroyed       Jlftts.,  No.  5063,  fol.  37. 
in  the  Great  Fire  of  1666,  it  is  written  "Snore 


260  SNOW  HILL 


I  knew  a  Unitarian  minister  who  was  generally  to  be  seen  upon  Snow  Hill  (as 
yet  Skinner  Street  was  not)  between  the  hours  of  ten  and  eleven  in  the  morning, 
studying  a  volume  of  Lardner.  I  own  this  to  have  been  a  strain  of  abstraction 
beyond  my  reach.  I  used  to  admire  how  he  sidled  along  keeping  clear  of  secular 
contacts. — Elia's  Essays,  "Detached  Thoughts." 

Where  Snow  Hill  joined  Holborn  Bridge  and  Cow  Lane  (near  the 
end  of  the  present  Cock  Lane)  the  roadway  widened,  and  in  the  midst 
was  a  conduit  about  which  idlers  used  to  gather  and  gossip  and 
occasionally  to  quarrel.  Here  in  1715,  on  the  anniversary  of  Queen 
Anne's  coronation,  a  Jacobite  mob  collected,  and  with  banners  and 
trumpets  toasted  the  memory  of  King  James,  drank  Queen  Anne  and 
High  Church,  cursed  King  William  and  abused  King  George,  and 
beat  and  stripped  all  passers-by  who  would  not  do  the  same.1 

By  the  advantage  of  copying  some  pictures  of  Titian  and  Vandyck,  Dobson 
profited  so  much  that  a  picture  he  had  drawn  being  exposed  in  the  window  of  a 
shop  on  Snow  Hill,  Vandyck  passing  by  was  struck  with  it ;  and  inquiring  for  the 
author,  found  him  at  work  in  a  poor  garret,  from  whence  he  took  him  and 
recommended  him  to  the  king. — Walpole's  Anecdotes,  1st  ed. ,  4to,  1762,  vol.  ii.  p. 
106  ;  ed.  4to,  1798,  vol.  iii.  p.  235. 

John  Bunyan,  author  of  the  Pilgrim's  Progress,  died  (1688)  at  the 
house  of  his  friend,  Mr.  Strudwick,  a  grocer  at  the  sign  of  the  Star  on 
Snow  Hill.  Thomas  Cromwell,  great  grandson  of  the  Protector  and 
grandson  of  Henry  Cromwell,  the  Lord  Deputy,  carried  on  the  business 
of  a  grocer  on  Snow  Hill,  and  there  died  in  1748. 

Soane  Museum  (Sir  John  Soane's  Museum),  13  LINCOLN'S  INN 
FIELDS,  north  side  ;  formed  by  Sir  John  Soane,  architect  of  the  Bank  of 
England  (d.  1837).  The  house  was  built  by  Sir  John  Soane  in  1812, 
and  the  collection  is  distributed  over  twenty-four  rooms.  Every  corner 
and  passage  is  turned  to  account.  On  the  north  and  west  sides  of  the 
picture-room  are  cabinets,  and  on  the  south  are  movable  shutters, 
with  sufficient  space  between  for  pictures.  By  this  arrangement  the 
small  space  of  13  feet  8  inches  in  length,  12  feet  4  inches  in  breadth, 
and  1 9  feet  6  inches  high,  is  rendered  capable  of  containing  as  many 
pictures  as  a  gallery  of  the  same  height  45  feet  long  and  20  feet 
broad. 

Observe. — The  Egyptian  sarcophagus,  discovered  by  Belzoni, 
October  1 8,  1815,  in  a  tomb  in  the  valley  of  Biban  el  Molook,  near 
Gournou.  It  is  formed  of  one  single  piece  of  alabaster,  or  arragonite, 
measuring  9  feet  4  inches  in  length  by  3  feet  8  inches  in  width,  and  2 
feet  8  inches  in  depth,  and  covered  internally  and  externally  with 
elaborate  hieroglyphics.  When  a  lamp  is  placed  within  it  the  light 
shines  through,  though  it  is  z\  to  4  inches  in  thickness.  On  the  interior 
of  the  bottom  is  a  full-length  figure,  representing  the  Egyptian  Isis,  the 
guardian  of  the  dead.  It  was  purchased  by  Soane  from  Mr.  Salt  in  1824 
for  ^2000.  The  lid  or  cover  has  been  broken  into  numerous  pieces, 
of  which  there  are  seventeen  in  the  Museum ;  it  was  itself  a  hollowed 

1  Doran,  London  in  Jacobite  Times,  vol.  i.  p.  69. 


SOANE  MUSEUM  261 


block,  which  when  placed  upon  the  chest  added  15  inches  to  its  height. 
The  pieces  were  put  together  by  Joseph  Bonomi.  Sixteen  original  sketches 
and  models,  by  Flaxman,  including  one  of  the  few  casts  in  plaster  of 
the  Shield  of  Achilles. .  Six  original  sketches  and  models  by  T.  Banks, 
K.A.,  including  the  Boothby  Monument,  one  of  his  finest  works.  A 
large  collection  of  ancient  gems,  intaglios,  etc.,  under  glass,  and  in  a 
good  light.  Set  of  the  Napoleon  medals,  selected  by  the  Baron  Denon 
for  the  Empress  Josephine,  and  once  in  her  possession.  Sir 
Christopher  Wren's  watch.  Carved  and  gilt  ivory  table  and  four  ivory 
chairs,  formerly  in  Tippoo  Saib's  palace  at  Seringapatam.  Richly 
mounted  pistol,  said  to  have  been  taken  by  Peter  the  Great  from  the 
Bey,  Commander  of  the  Turkish  army  at  Azof,  1696,  and  presented 
by  the  Emperor  Alexander  to  Napoleon  at  the  Treaty  of  Tilsit  in 
1807.  Napoleon  took  it  to  St.  Helena,  from  whence  it  was  brought 
by  a  French  officer,  to  whom  he  had  presented  it.  The  original  copy  of 
the  Gerusalemme  Liberata,  in  the  handwriting  of  Tasso.  The  first  four 
folio  editions  of  Shakespeare  (J.  P.  Kemble's  copies).  An  exceedingly 
interesting  folio  of  designs  for  Elizabethan  and  James  I.  houses  by 
John  Thorpe,  an  architect  of  those  reigns.  Fauntleroy's  Illustrated 
copy  of  Pennant's  London;  purchased  by  Soane  for  650  guineas. 
Commentary  on  St.  Paul's  Epistles^  illuminated  by  Giulio  Clovio  for 
Cardinal  Grimani.  Three  Canalettis — one  A  View  on  the  Grand 
Canal  of  Venice,  extremely  fine.  The  Snake  in  the  Grass,  or  Love 
unloosing  the  Zone  of  Beauty,  by  Sir  Joshua  Reynolds ;  purchased  at 
the  sale  of  the  Marchioness  of  Thomond's  pictures  for  ^500.  The 
Rake's  Progress,  by  Hogarth,  a  series  of  eight  pictures ;  purchased  by 
Soane  in  1802  for  ^"598.  The  Election,  by  Hogarth,  a  series  of  four 
pictures ;  purchased  by  Soane,  at  Mrs.  Garrick's  sale  in  1823  for 
^£1732:103.  Van  Tromp's  Barge  entering  the  Texel,  by  J.  M.  W. 
Turner,  R.A.  Portrait  of  Napoleon  in  1797,  by  Francesco  Goma. 
Miniature  of  Napoleon,  painted  at  Elba  in  1814,  by  Isabey.  In  the 
dining-room  is  a  portrait  of  Soane,  by  Sir  T.  Lawrence ;  and  in  the 
gallery  under  the  dome  a  bust  of  him  by  Sir  F.  Chantrey.  The 
contents  of  the  Museum  are  very  crowded,  but  the  trustees  having 
succeeded  in  obtaining  some  additional  premises  near,  new  rooms 
are  now  (1890)  in  course  of  completion  which  will  give  more  space 
and  cause  some  rearrangement  of  the  Museum. 

Admission  by  tickets,  which  may  be  obtained  on  application  at  the 
hall.  The  Museum  is  open  to  general  visitors  on  Tuesdays,  Wednes- 
days, Thursdays  and  Saturdays  from  ten  to  five  during  the  months  of 
April,  May,  June,  July,  and  August ;  and  on  Tuesdays  and  Thursdays 
in  February  and  March.  Access  to  the  Books,  Drawings,  MSS.,  or 
permission  to  copy  Pictures  or  other  Works  of  Art,  is  to  be  obtained 
by  special  application  to  the  Curator. 

Society  for  Promoting  Christian  Knowledge.  [See  Christian 
Knowledge  Society.] 


262  SOCIETY  FOR  PROPAGATION  OF  GOSPEL 

Society  for  the  Propagation  of  the  Gospel  in  Foreign  Parts ; 

Office,  19  Delahay  Street,  Westminster.  An  offshoot  of  the  Society 
for  Promoting  Christian  Knowledge;  this  Society  was  founded  in  1701 
to  establish  and  support  Church  of  England  Missions  in  the  colonies 
and  heathen  countries.  Its  income  in  1888  was  ^"138,366. 

Society  of  Painters  in  Water  Colours,  PALL  MALL  EAST,  was 
established  in  1805,  and  held  its  first  exhibition  at  No.  20  Lower 
Brook  Street,  Bond  Street. 

Here  fat  the  house  of  Samuel  Shelley,  a  miniature  painter  of  considerable  eminence 
in  his  day],  Shelley,  W.  F.  Wills,  W.  H.  Pyne,  and  R.  Hills  first  kid  their  heads 
together  and  projected  the  institution  of  a  Society  of  Painters  in  Water  Colours. 
This  was  about  the  years  1800-1802,  and  it  was  not  till  1804  that  they  had  succeeded 
in  getting  nine  others  to  join  them  in  the  speculation. — MS.  Letter  of  the  late 
Robert  Hills,  President  of  the  Society  of  Painters  in  Water  Colours. 

The  original  members  were  George  Barrett,  Joshua  Cristall,  W.  S. 
Gilpin,  John  Glover,  William  Havell,  Robert  Hills,  J.  Holworthy,  J.  C. 
Nattes,  F.  Nicholson,  N.  Pocock,  W.  H.  Pyne,  S.  Rigaud,  S.  Shelley, 
J.  Varley,  and  W.  F.  Wells.  The  annual  spring  exhibition  of  this 
Society,  commonly  called  the  Old  Water  Colour  Society,  is  one  of  the 
most  agreeable  and  attractive  in  London.  They  also  have  a  winter 
exhibition  of  the  members'  studies  and  sketches.  [See  Institute  of 
Painters  in  Water  Colours.] 

Soho  Bazaar.     [See  Soho  Square.] 

Soho  Square,  on  the  south  side  of  OXFORD  STREET,  contains 
some  good  houses,  well  inhabited  till  within  the  last  fifty  or  sixty  years. 
So-Jio,  or  So-how,  was  an  old  cry  in  hunting  when  the  hare  was  found. 
Pennant  gives  a  very  erroneous  account  of  the  square  : — 

Soho  Square  was  begun  in  the  time  of  Charles  II.  The  Duke  of  Monmouth 
lived  in  the  centre  house  [on  the  South  side]  facing  the  statue.  Originally  the  square 
was  called  in  honour  of  him  Monmouth  Square  ;  and  afterwards  changed  to  that  of 
King  Square.  I  have  a  tradition  1  that  on  his  death,  the  admirers  of  that  unfortunate 
man  changed  it  to  Soho,  being  the  word  of  the  day  at  the  field  of  Sedgemoor.  The 
house  was  purchased  by  the  late  Lord  Bateman  [hence  Bateman's  Buildings]  and  let  by 
the  present  Lord  [1791]  to  the  Comte  de  Guerchy,  the  French  ambassador.  After 
which  it  was  let  on  building  leases.  The  form  of  the  house  is  preserved  by  Mr. 
Nathaniel  Smith,  in  the  first  number  of  the  Illustrations  of  London.  The  name  ot 
the  unfortunate  Duke  is  still  preserved  in  Monmouth  Street. — Peniiant. 

The  square  was  not  named  from  "  the  word  of  the  day  at  Sedgemoor," 
but  "the  word"  at  Sedgemoor  was  given  from  the  name  of  the  neigh- 
bourhood in  which  Monmouth  dwelt.  The  battle  of  Sedgemoor  was 
fought  in  1685,  and  the  ground  on  which  Soho  Square  stands  was  called 
"Soho"  or  So-hoe  as  early  as  the  year  i632,2  and  perhaps  before.  So- 
hoe  frequently  occurs  in  the  Records  and  in  the  parish  books  from  that 
time  onwards.  In  1 634  there  is  a  grant  of  the  lease  of  a  "  watercourse 
of  spring  water  coming  and  rising  from  a  place  called  So-howe,"  etc. 
In  1636  people  were  living  at  the  "Brick-kilns  near  Sohoe,"3  and  in 

1  S.  Pegge,  Esq.,  to  whom  I  am  indebted  for  2  Rate-books  of  St.  Martin's, 

several  interesting  remarks. — Pennant.     The  re-  3  Ibid, 

verse  of  Pegge 's  tradition  is  the  fact. 


SO  HO  SQUARE  263 


1650  Shavers'  Hall,  or  Piccadilly  Hall,  is  described  in  the  Common- 
wealth Survey  as  "  lying  between  a  roadway  leading  from  Charing  Cross 
to  Knightsbridge  West,  and  a  high-way  leading  from  Charing  Cross 
towards  So-Hoe."  In  the  burial  register  of  St.  Paul's,  Covent  Garden, 
is  the  following  entry — 

1 660.  Dec.  1 6.  A  pr'sh  child  from  Soeho  in  chy'd. 

"The  fields  about  So-Hoe"  are  mentioned  in  a  proclamation  of 
April  7,  1671,  prohibiting  the  further  erecting  of  small  habitations  and 
cottages  in  the  fields,  called  the  Windmill  Fields,  Dog  Felds,  and  the 
fields  adjoining  to  "  So-Hoe,"  which  building,  it  is  said,  "  choak  up  the 
air  of  his  Majesty's  palaces  and  parks,  and  endanger  the  total  loss  of 
the  waters,  which,  by  expensive  conduits,  etc.,  are  conveyed  from  those 
fields  to  his  Majesty's  Palace  at  Whitehall."  In  1675  the  fields  about 
Soho  were  so  much  built  upon  that  there  was  a  separate  receiver  of  the 
rates  of  this  part  of  the  then  parish  of  St.  Martin's-in-the-Fields ;  and 
the  book  in  which  the  rates  are  entered  is  called  the  "  Soho  Book." 
To  this  information  it  may  be  added  that  Alexander  Radcliffe's  Epistle 
from  Hypsipyle  to  Jason,  in  his  Ovid  Travestie  (410,  1680),  is  dated 
from  "So-hoe  Fields,  February  27th,  1679-1680;" — that  Soho,  and 
certain  fields  adjoining,  south  of  the  present  Oxford  Street,  were  granted 
(July  17,  1672)  by  the  trustees  of  Henrietta  Maria  to  Henry  Jermyn, 
Earl  of  St.  Albans ;  by  Charles  II.  to  the  Duke  of  Monmouth  ;  by 
James  II.,  after  the  duke's  attainder,  to  his  duchess ;  and  by  William 
III.  (May  13,  1700)  to  William  Bentinck,  Earl  of  Portland,  and  his 
heirs  for  ever.  The  grant  to  the  Earl  of  Portland  includes  "  all  those 
pieces  or  parcels  of  land  situate,  lying,  and  being  in  or  near  the  parish 
of  St.  Anne,  within  the  liberty  of  Westminster,  anciently  called  or  known 
by  the  names  of  Kemp's  Field  and  Bunches  Close,  Coleman  Hedge,  or 
Coleman  Hedge  Field,  containing  together  by  estimation  220  acres,  and 
Doghouse  Field,  alias  Brown's  Close,  containing  by  estimation  5  \  acres, 
and  were  since  more  lately  called  or  known  by  the  name  or  names  of 
Soho  or  Soho  Fields,  which  premises  are  now  laid  out  into  streets  and 
other  places,  with  many  tenements  and  buildings  erected  thereon,  the 
chief  of  which  are  at  present  known  and  distinguished  by  the  names 
following — King's  Square,  alias  Soho  Square,  Greek  Street,  Church 
Street,  Moor  Street,  Compton  Street,  Frith  Street,  Charles  Street, 
Sutton  Street,  Queen  Street,  Dean  Street,  King's  Court,  Falconberg 
Court,  Rose  Street,  north  side  of  King  Street,  west  side  of  Crown 
Street,  alias  Hog  Lane,  south  side  of  the  road  called  Acton  Road 
[Oxford  Street],  leading  from  St.  Giles's  towards  Tyburn,  the  whole 
ground  aforesaid  being  limited  and  bounded  as  followeth,  viz. — by  the 
said  high  road  leading  to  Tyburn  on  the  north  ;  by  the  said  lane  or 
street,  called  Crown  Street,  alias  Hog  Lane,  towards  the  east ;  by  the 
said  street  or  high  road  leading  towards  Piccadilly,  called  King  Street, 
over  against  the  land  called  the  Military  Ground  (now  also  built  upon), 
towards  the  south ;  and  by  the  back  part  of  houses  and  lands  late  in 


264  SOHO  SQUARE 


the  tenure  of  Sir  William  Pulteney,  deceased,  or  his  assigns,  in  a  street 
called  Old  Soho,  alias  Wardour  Street,  in  part,  and  by  a  lane  called 
Hedge  Lane  (now  Princes  Street),  towards  the  west."  This,  it  will 
be  seen  by  a  reference  to  the  map,  includes  the  whole  of  Soho,  and 
nearly  the  whole  of  the  present  parish  of  St.  Anne's.  So  much  for  the 
Pennant  tradition. 

The  square  was  built  in  1681,  and  contained  at  that  time  the 
following  inhabitants  : — 

Duke  of  Monmouth  ;  Colonel  Rumsey  ;  Mr.  Pilcher  ; Broughton,  Esq  ;  Sir 

Henry  Inglesby ;  Earl  of  Stamford. — Rate-books  of  St.  Martin's. 

It  is  called  King's  Square  (1694)  in  the  quotation  below.  Hatton 
describes  it  in  1708  as  "King's  or  Soho  Square"  (p.  43);  Strype  in 
1720,  and  Maitland  in  1739,  as  "a  stately  quadrate  designated  King's 
Square,  but  vulgarly  Soho  Square ;"  in  the  index  to  Strype  it  is  entered 
as  "  Soho  Square,"  though  the  name  never  occurs  in  the  description.  In 
Strype's  Map  the  present  Carlisle  Street  is  called  King  Square  Street 
and  King  Square  Court ;  and  the  latter  name  by  Smith  in  his  Life  of 
Nollekens,  1829. 

The  design  also  of  that  Fountain  in  the  middle  of  King's  Square  in  Soe-Hoe-Fields- 
Biii/dings,  deserves  observation  ;  where  on  a  high  pedestal  is  His  Majesty's  statue, 
and  at  his  feet  lie  the  representatives  of  the  four  principal  rivers  of  England,  Thames, 
Trent,  Humber,  and  Severn,  with  subscriptions  under  each. — Anglicz  Notitia,  1694. 

November  27,  1690. — I  went  to  London  with  my  family  to  winter  at  Soho  in  the 
great  Square. — Evelyn. 

Sir  Will.  That's  the  coxcombly  Alderman  [Sir  Humphrey  Maggot],  that 
marry'd  my  termagant  Aunt :  she  has  this  dolt  under  correction  and  has  forced  him 
out  of  Mark  Lane  to  live  in  Soho  Square. — The  Scowrers,  by  T.  Shadwell,  4to, 
1691,  and  so  in  two  other  places  in  the  same  play. 

The  first  of  our  Society  is  a  gentleman  of  Worcestershire,  of  ancient  descent,  a 
Baronet :  his  name  Sir  Roger  de  Coverley.  When  he  is  in  town  he  lives  in  Soho 
Square. — The  Spectator,  No.  2  (March  2,  1710-1711). 

And  when  I  flatter,  let  my  dirty  leaves 

Clothe  spice,  line  trunks,  or,  fluttering  in  a  row, 

Befringe  the  rails  of  Bedlam  and  Soho. — POPE. 

Eminent  Inhabitants. — The  Duke  of  Monmouth,  natural  son  of 
Charles  II.,  by  Lucy  Walters  (beheaded  1685).  In  1717  Monmouth 
House  was  an  auction- room.  J.  T.  Smith  visited  the  house  with 
Nollekens  about  1773,  when  the  workmen  were  beginning  to  pull  it 
down. 

It  was  on  the  south  side  [between  Frith  Street  and  Greek  Street]  and  occupied 
the  site  of  the  houses  which  now  stand  in  Bateman's  Buildings.  .  .  .  The  gate 
entrance  was  of  massive  ironwork  supported  by  stone  piers,  surmounted  by  the 
crest  of  the  owner  of  the  house ;  and  within  the  gates  there  was  a  spacious  court- 
yard for  carriages.  The  hall  was  ascended  by  steps.  There  were  eight  rooms  on  the 
ground  floor  ;  the  principal  one  was  a  dining-room  towards  the  south,  the  carved  and 
gilt  panels  of  which  had  contained  whole-length  portraits.  At  the  corners  of  the 
ornamented  ceiling,  which  was  of  plaster,  and  over  the  chimney-piece,  the  Duke  of 
Monmouth's  arms  were  displayed.  .  .  .  The  staircase  was  of  oak,  the  steps  very  low, 
and  the  landing-places  were  tesselated  with  woods  of  light  and  dark  colours.  ...  As 
I  ascended,  I  remember  Mr.  Nollekens  noticing  the  busts  of  Seneca,  Caracalla,  Trajan, 
Adrian,  and  several  others,  upon  ornamented  brackets.  The  principal  room  on  the 


SO  HO   SQUARE  265 


">r,  which  had  not  been  disturbed  by  the  workmen,  was  lined  with  blue  satin, 
superbi .  i  with  pheasants  and  other  birds  in  gold.  The  chimney-piece  was 

richly  ornamented  with  fruit  and  foliage.  ...  In  the  centre  over  this  chimney-piece, 
within  a  wreath  of  oak  leaves,  there  was  a  circular  recess  which  evidently  had  been 

d  for  the  reception  of  a  bust.  The  beads  of  the  panels  of  the  brown  window - 
shutters,  which  were  very  lofty,  were  gilt;  and  the  piers  between  the  windows,  from 
stains  upon  the  silk,  had  probably  been  filled  with  looking-glasses.  The  workmen 
were  demolishing  the  upper  part,  so  that  it  was  dangerous  for  us  to  go  higher,  or  see 
more  of  this  most  interesting  house. — Smith's  Nollekens,  vol.  i.  pp.  30-32. 

There  is  an  engraving  of  the  front  in  Smith's  Antiquities  of  London. 
Gilbert  Burnet,  Bishop  of  Salisbury. 

January  22,  1708-1709. — Walked  to  Soho  Square  to  the  Bishop  of  Salisbury's, 
who  entertained  me  most  agreeably  with  the  sight  of  several  valuable  curiosities,  as 
the  original  Magna  Charta  of  King  John,  supposed  to  be  the  very  same  that  he 
granted  to  the  nobles  in  the  field,  it  wanting  that  article  about  the  Church,  which  in 
the  exemplars  afterwards  was  always  inserted  first ;  it  has  part  of  the  great  seal  also 
remaining.—  Thoresby's  Diary,  vol.  ii.  p.  27. 

Sir  Cloudesley  Shovel  (d.  1707.)  Here  his  body,  after  his 
melancholy  shipwreck,  was  laid  in  state  previous  to  interment  in 
Westminster  Abbey.  On  the  south  side  Daniel  Finch,  Earl  of  Win- 
chelsea  and  Nottingham,  1708.  Ripperda,  the  Dutch  adventurer,  once 
Prime  Minister  of  Spain,  lived  here  in  great  magnificence,  1726.  Lord 
Chancellor  Macclesfield ;  he  died  here  in  1732.  His  son,  the 
President  of  the  Royal  Society,  afterwards  resided  in  the  same  house. 
Alderman  Beckford  (father  of  William  Beckford,  author  of  VatheK), 
in  the  house  the  corner  of  Greek  Street,  sold  in  1861  to  the  Sisters 
of  Charity.  [See  Greek  Street.] 

The  Lord  Mayor  had  enjoined  tranquillity — as  Mayor.  As  Beckford,  his  own 
house  in  Soho  Square  was  embroidered  with  "Liberty"  in  white  letters  three  feet 
high.  Luckily  the  evening  was  very  wet,  and  not  a  mouse  stirred. —  Walpole  to 
Mann,  April  19,  1770. 

Walpole's  correspondent,  Field-Marshal  Conway  (d.  1795),  on 
the  south  side,  in  the  right-hand  corner,  leading  from  .Greek  Street. 
Mrs.  Teresa  Cornelys,  "the  Heidegger  of  the  age,"1  in  "Carlisle 
House "  (so  called  from  Charles  Howard,  Earl  of  Carlisle,  who  built 
the  house  between  1786  and  1790),  on  the  east  side,  corner  of  Sutton 
Street;  Mrs.  Cornelys  purchased  the  house  in  1760,  and  built  some 
additional  rooms  in  1769.  Here  were  given  a  series  of  balls,  concerts, 
and  masquerades,  unparalleled  in  the  annals  of  public  fashion.  At 
one  of  these  (February  26,  1770)  the  Duke  of  Gloucester  (brother  of 
George  III.)  appeared  in  the  character  of  Edward  IV.,  with  Lady 
Waldegrave  as  Elizabeth  Woodville ;  and  though  their  disguise  was  not 
made  known  till  two  or  three  years  later,  "  methinks,"  says  Horace 
Walpole,  "  it  was  not  very  difficult  to  make  out  the  meaning  of  the 
masks." 2  Mrs.  Cornelys  was  a  German  by  birth,  and  by  profession  a 
public  singer.  She  was  a  bankrupt  in  1772,  and  the  house  was  sold 
by  auction,  but  in  1776  she  re-obtained  temporary  possession  of  it. 
The  house  was  pulled  down  in  1788,  but  the  ballroom  was  kept 

1  Walpole  to  Mann,  February,  22,  1771.  2  Letters,  vol.  v.  p.  227. 


266  SO  HO  SQUARE 


standing,  and  in  1792  St.  Patrick's  R.  C.  Chapel  was  consecrated.  Sir 
John  Hawkins  says  in  his  Life  of  Johnson,  published  in  1787,  that  she 
was  a  prisoner  for  debt  to  a  large  amount,  "but  in  the  riots  of  1780 
found  means  to  escape  from  confinement,  and  has  not  since  been  heard 
of."  She  turned  up  again,  however,  as  a  "vender  of  asses'  milk"  at 
Knightsbridge,  but  she  sank  still  lower,  and  died  (1797)  in  the  Fleet 
Prison.  The  staircase  of  the  house  was  painted  by  Henry  Cook  (d. 
1700).  Wedgwood  thought  ot  taking  this  house  for  a  warehouse  and 
showrooms.  On  November  14,  1772,  he  wrote  to  his  partner, 
Bentley,  "  What  has  become  of  Mrs.  Cornelys's  rooms  ?  She  is,  I  hear, 
to  remain  in  prison,  and  I  cannot  think  anybody  else  will  venture  to 
take  up  her  place.  Soho  Square  is  not  a  bad  situation  I  think,  but 
then  you  know  better  than  I  do."  They  ultimately  settled  in  Greek 
Street.  George  Colman  the  elder,  at  No.  28,  left-hand  corner  of 
Bateman's  Buildings.  Sir  Joseph  Banks,  in  the  house  No.  32  in  the 
south-west  corner,  by  Frith  Street  Here  he  gave  his  public  breakfasts 
and  Sunday  evening  receptions. 

On  Sundays  at  Sir  Joseph's  never  failed. 

Matthias,  Pursuits  of  Literature,  pt.  iv.  1.  275. 

Sir  Joseph  Banks's  house,  as  Gifford  remarked  to  Moore,1  was  in 
science  what  Holland  House  was  in  politics  and  literature.  Peter 
Pindar  made  merry  with  the  President  of  the  Royal  Society  and  his 
Sunday  gatherings. 

One  morning  at  his  house  in  Soho  Square, 
As  with  a  solemn  awe-inspiring  air, 

Amidst  some  Royal  sycophants  he  sat ; 
Most  manfully  their  masticators  using, 
Most  pleasantly  their  greasy  mouths  amusing, 

With  coffee,  butter'd  toast,  and  birds'  nest  chat. — 

Peter  Pindar,  Sir  Joseph  Banks  and  the  Boiled  Fleas. 

To  give  a  breakfast  in  Soho, 
Sir  Joseph's  very  bitterest  foe 

Must  certainly  allow  him  peerless  merit  : 
Where  on  a  wagtail  and  torn-tit 
He  shines,  and  sometimes  on  a  nit ; 

Displaying  powers  few  gentlemen  inherit. 
Peter  Pindar,  Sir  Joseph  Banks  a  Privy  Counsellor !  (an  Ode). 

By  a  codicil  to  his  will,  dated  January  21,  1820,  Sir  Joseph  left 
the  use  of  his  large  library  and  collections  to  Robert  Brown,  the 
eminent  botanist,  during  life,  and  to  the  British  Museum  on  his  death.2 
Brown  occupied  the  apartments  in  which  Banks  held  his  meetings, 
and  there  died,  June  10,  1858.  The  front  part  of  the  house,  over- 
looking the  square,  was  occupied  by  the  Linnasan  Society  till  its 
removal  to  Burlington  House.  It  is  now  the  Hospital  for  Diseases  of 
the  Heart. 

Richard  Payne  Knight,  the  famous  collector  and  writer  of  many 
works  on  art  and  taste,  died,  April  24,  1824,  at  his  house  No.  3  in  this 

1  Diary,  vol.  ii.  p.  230.  2  Weld,  Hist,  of  Royal  Society,  vol.  ii.  p.  115. 


SOMERS   TOWN  267 


square,  now  Messrs.  Kirkman's  pianoforte  warehouse.  Here  he  formed, 
at  a  cost  of  over  ^50,000,  the  remarkable  collection  of  bronzes  and 
Greek  coins,  drawings,  etc.,  which  he  bequeathed  to  the  British 
Museum.  No.  12  was  the  residence  of  Sir  Anthony  Carlisle  the  great 
surgeon. 

In  this  solitary  sullen  life  Barry  [the  painter]  continued  till  he  fell  ill,  very 
probably  from  want  of  food  sufficiently  nourishing ;  and  after  lying  two  or  three  days 
under  his  blanket,  he  had  just  strength  enough  to  crawl  to  his  own  door,  with  a 
paper  in  his  hand  on  which  he  had  written  his  wish  to  be  carried  to  the  house  of 
Mr.  Carlisle  in  Soho  Square.  There  he  was  taken  care  of,  and  the  danger  which  he 
had  thus  escaped  seems  to  have  cured  his  mental  hallucinations. — Southey  to  A. 
Cunningham. 

Hatton  (1708)  gives  the  following  as  the  aristocratic  inhabitants  of 
the  square  at  that  date :  on  the  east  side,  Lord  Berkeley,  Lord  Carlisle ; 
on  the  west  side,  Lord  George  Howard,  Sir  Thomas  Mansel,  comptroller 
of  the  Household;  on  the  south  side,  Lord  Nottingham;  and  on  the  north 
side,  Lord  Leicester,  whose  house  in  Leicester  Square  was  then  let  to 
the  Imperial  ambassador.  • 

The  White  House  opposite  Mrs.  Cornelys  had  long  a  very  unsavoury 
reputation.  It  is  now  included  in  Messrs.  Crosse  and  Blackwell's 
premises.  No.  18  on  the  east  side  was  occupied  in  1824,  and  for 
many  years,  by  W.  H.  Pickersgill,  R.A.,  portrait  painter.  In  181 1,  when 
Sir  Charles  Bell,  the  great  anatomist,  married,  he  took  the  house  No.  34 
Soho  Square. 

Here,  on  the  west  side,  is  the  Soho  Bazaar,  established  1815  by 
Mr.  Trotter.  This  the  chief  bazaar  in  London  was  offered  for  sale  by 
auction  in  July  1879,  but  the  reserved  price  was  not  reached,  and  the 
bazaar,  to  the  great  delight  of  young  folks  (and  their  elderly  relations), 
still  keeps  its  doors  open,  although  its  proportions  are  somewhat 
contracted,  the  upper  rooms  being  closed. 

The  statue  of  Charles  II.  which  stood  in  the  centre  of  the  square 
was  removed  in  the  summer  of  1876  to  the  grounds  of  Mr.  Frederick 
Goodall,  R.A.,  at  Harrow  Weald,  and  an  octagonal  tool-house  erected 
on  the  site.1 

Sol's  Row.     [See  Hampstead  Road.] 

Somers  Town,  a  poorly  inhabited  suburb  of  London,  on  the 
north-west  side,  built  in  1786  and  following  years,  and  so  called  from 
the  noble  family  of  Somers,  whose  freehold  property  it  is,  or  was,  when 
it  was  named.  "The  Brill,"  or,  as  Dr.  Stukeley  has  called  it,  Caesar's 
Camp,  was  a  part  of  the  present  Somers  Town,  but  the  district  called 
the  Brill  and  a  considerable  portion  of  the  rest  of  Somers  Town  has 
been  cleared  away  during  the  last  twenty  years  in  order  to  construct 
the  Midland  Railway  Terminus  and  goods  depot.  Towards  the  end 
of  the  last  century  Somers  Town  became  a  great  resort  of  Roman 
Catholic  priests  and  other  refugees  from  the  French  Revolution, 
attracted  probably  by  the  low  rents  of  houses  in  the  unfinished  "  town," 

1  Builder,  July  29,  1876 


268  SOMERS   TOWN 


and  the  proximity  of  the  St.  Pancras  burial  -  ground.  A  chapel  and 
various  benevolent  institutions  were  established  here  by  the  Abbe 
Caron,  a  man  of  great  influence  among  his  compatriots.  In  the 
chapel  were  interred  the  Princess  of  Conde,  M.  Caron  and  his  brother, 
and  other  persons  of  note,  but  the  majority  were  buried  at  St.  Pancras. 
The  chapel  remains,  but  all  other  vestiges  of  the  French  colony  have 
disappeared.  William  Godwin  lived  in  Somers  Town  from  the 
beginning  of  1793,  first  in  Chalton  Street,  where  he  wrote  Caleb 
Williams  and  published  Political  Justice  ;  afterwards  (1797),  when  he 
married  Mary  Wollstonecraft,  in  Evesham  Buildings,  and  then  in  the 
Polygon.  Dr.  Wolcott  (Peter  Pindar)  died  at  his  house  in  Somers 
Town,  January  14,  1819.  He  had  gone  there  to  live  when  the  house 
was  in  the  midst  of  nursery  grounds,  and  remained  when  it  was 
surrounded  by  dull  lines  of  streets.  Leslie  the  painter  visited  him 
shortly  before  his  death. 

A  short  time  before  Dr.  Wolcott's  death  I  became  acquainted  with  a  young 
Irishman,  a  literary  man,  named  Desmoulins,  who  was  intimate  with  him,  and  who, 
knowing  my  admiration  of  his  poems,  offered  to  take  me  to  see  him.  The  doctor 
appointed  a  day  to  receive  us,  and  we  called  at  his  lodgings  in  a  small  house  in  an 
obscure  street  in  Somers  Town.  But  he  was  too  ill  to  see  a  stranger.  Mr. 
Desmoulins  went  up  to  his  bedroom,  and  I  stayed  in  his  little  sitting-room  which 
was  furnished  as  might  be  expected.  There  were  shelves  with  books,  a  piano  on 
which  lay  a  violin,  and  there  were  pictures  and  drawings  on  the  walls,  of  which 
some  were  small  copies  from  Reynolds,  and  some  landscapes  in  water-colours  by 
Wolcott  himself. — Autob.  Recollections  of  C.  R.  Leslie,  R.A.,\o\.  i.  p.  248. 

Somerset  Coffee-house,  in  the  STRAND,  east  corner  of  the 
entrance  to  King's  College.  The  letters  of  Junius  were  occasionally 
left  at  the  bar  of  this  coffee-house,  sometimes  at  the  bar  of  the  New 
Exchange,  and  now  and  then  at  Munday's  in  Maiden  Lane.  The 
waiters  received  occasional  fees  for  taking  them  in. 

Somerset  House,  in  the  STRAND  (the  old  building),  "  a  large  and 
goodly  house," x  built  by  the  Protector  Somerset,  brother  of  Queen 
Jane  Seymour,  and  maternal  uncle  of  Edward  VI.  Two  inns, 
appertaining  to  the  sees  of  Worcester  and  Lichfield,  and  several  tene- 
ments adjoining,  were  pulled  down  in  1549  to  make  way  for  it;  and 
the  great  cloister  on  the  north  side  of  St.  Paul's,  containing  "  The 
Dance  of  Death,"  and  the  priory  church  of  the  Knights  Hospitallers  (of 
St.  John  of  Jerusalem),  Clerkenwell,  were  demolished  to  find  stones  to 
erect  it.  The  present  Somerset  House  occupies  the  same  site.  The 
Protector  began  his  palace  in  the  Strand  very  soon  after  the  death  of 
Henry  VIII.  Letters  exist  dated  from  "Somerset  Place"  as  early  as 
1547  ;  Foxe  tells  of  speeches  in  "the  Gallery  at  his  Grace's  house  in 
the  Strand,"  and  of  his  examining  prisoners  there ; 2  and  one  of  the 
"  Articles  objected  against  the  Lord  Protector  "  was  that  "  you  had  and 
held,  against  the  law,  in  your  own  house,  a  Court  of  Requests."  But 
this  house  may  have  been  an  inn  seized  and  new  named — not  an 
uncommon  circumstance  at  this  time,  or  indeed  for  many  years  after. 

1  Stow.  2  Foxe,  vol.  vi.  pp.  198,  246. 


SOMERSET  HOUSE  269 

1551. — Master  Bradford  spared  not  the  proudest,  and  among  many  many  others 
will't  them  to  tak  example  be  the  last  Duek  of  Somerset,  who  became  so  cold  in  hearing 
God's  word,' that  the  ycir  before  his  last  apprehension  hce  wold  goe  visit  his  masonis, 
and  wold  not  dinye  himsell  to  goe  from  his  Gallerie  to  his  hall  for  hearing  of  a 
sermon. — John  K'nox  to  the  Faithful  in  London. 

What  portion  of  the  work  was  completed  when  the  Protector  was 
beheaded,  January  22,  1552,  no  research  has  yet  been  able  to  discover. 
In  an  account  of  the  duke's  expenditure  between  April  i,  1548,  and 
October  7,  1551,  the  amount  expended  on  Somerset  House  is  stated  as 
^10,091:9:2,  equal  at  least  to  .£50,000  of  our  present  money.1 
The  name  of  the  architect  is  unknown.  The  Clerk  of  the  Works  was 
Robert  Lawes,  described  in  a  roll  of  the  duke's  debts  as  "late  Clerke 
of  the  Duke's  Woorkes  at  Strand  Place  and  at  Syon." 2  There  is  a 
plot  or  plan  of  the  house  among  the  drawings  of  Thorpe,  preserved  in 
Sir  John  Soane's  Museum.  Of  this  very  interesting  old  building 
there  are  several  views ;  that  by  Moss  is  considered  the  best.  One 
by  Knyff  is  early  and  curious.  The  picture  at  Dulwich  (engraved  in 
Wilkinson)  represents  the  river  front  before  Inigo  Jones's  chapel  and 
alterations  destroyed  the  uniform  character  of  the  building.  In  the 
Fitzwilliam  Museum  at  Cambridge  is  a  cork  model  of  the  facade  and 
back,  presented  in  1826  by  the  Rev.  E.  B.  Elliot  of  Trinity  College. 
After  the  attainder  of  the  duke,  when  Somerset  House  became  the  property 
of  the  Crown,  little,  if  anything,  was  done  to  complete  the  building.  The 
screen  prepared  for  the  hall  was  bought  for  the  church  of  St.  Bride's, 
where  it  no  doubt  remained  till  destroyed  in  the  Great  Fire.3  During 
a  iportion  at  least  of  Mary's  reign  it  was  appropriated  to  her  sister 
Elizabeth. 

[On  February  25,  1557]  the  Lady  Elizabeth  came  riding  from  her  house  at 
Hatfield  to  London,  attended  with  a  great  company  of  lords,  and  nobles,  and 
gentlemen,  unto  her  place  called  Somerset  Place,  beyond  Strand  Bridge. — MS. 
journal,  quoted  by  Strype,  Eccl.  Mem.,  vol.  iii.  p.  444. 

In  1566-1567  Queen  Elizabeth  listened  to  the  promises  of  an 
alchemist  who  undertook  to  manufacture  precious  gems  and  to  transmute 
any  metal  into  gold.  His  letters  were  addressed  direct  to  the  Queen. 
Cecil  writes  in  his  Diary,  February  10,  1567  :  "Cornelius  de  la  Noye, 
an  alchemist,  wrought  in  Somerset  House,  and  abused  many."  In  1596 
Elizabeth  granted  the  keeping  of  Somerset  House  to  her  kinsman, 
Lord  Hunsdon,  during  life.4  James  I.  granted  Somerset  House  to  his 
Queen,  Anne  of  Denmark,  and  in  1 6 1 6  commanded  it  to  be  called 
Denmark  House.5 

August  14,  1604. — Grant  by  Queen  Anne  to  John  Gerard,  Surgeon  and  Herbalist, 
of  lease  of  a  garden  plot  adjoining  Somerset  House,  on  condition  of  his  supplying 
her  with  herbs,  flowers,  and  fruit.  With  an  endorsement  of  surrender  to  the  Oucen 
of  the  said  plot,  27  June  1611,  by  Robert  Earl  of  Salisbury  to  whom  it  was  granted 
by  Gerard.  —  Cal.  State  Pap.,  1603-10,  p.  141. 

1  Letters  to  Granger,  p.  108.  3  Stow,  p.  147. 

2  Account  of  Thomas  Blagrave,  Esq.,  preserved  4  Burjjhley's    Diary      in     Murdcn,     p.     8n 
in  the  Audit  Office,  Somerset  House.                            Norden's  Essex,  p.  15. 

5  Stow,  by  Howes,  ed.  1631,  p.  1026. 


270  SOMERSET  HOUSE 

June  22,  1608. — Grant  to  Earl  of  Salisbury  of  the  office  of  Keeper  of  Somerset 
House  and  Garden  during  the  Queen's  life. — Cal.  State  Pap.,  1603-1610,  p.  441. 

February  8,  1609. — Warrant  to  pay  to  William  Goodrowse,  Sergeant  Surgeon 
.£400  for  laying  out  the  gardens  of  Somerset  House. — Ibid,,  p.  490. 

Charles  I.  assigned  it  to  his  Queen  (Henrietta  Maria)  in  the  ninth 
year  of  his  reign,  and  caused  a  chapel  to  be  added  to  the  building,  for 
the  free  use  of  the  Roman  Catholic  religion.  The  chapel  was  designed 
by  Inigo  Jones,  and  the  first  stone  laid  September  14,  j.632.1  It  was 
consecrated  with  much  ceremony  at  the  end  of  1635. 

January  8,  1636. — This  last  month  the  Queen's  Chapel  in  Somerset  House  Yard 
was  consecrated  by  her  Bishop  ;  the  ceremonies  lasted  three  days,  massing,  preaching, 
and  singing  of  Litanies,  and  such  a  glorious  scene  built  over  their  altar,  the  Glory  of 
Heaven,  Inigo  Jones  neer  presented  a  more  curious  piece  in  any  of  the  Masques  at 
Whitehall;  with  this  our  English  ignorant  papists  are  mightily  taken.  —  Garrard to 
Wentiuorth  (Straffbrd  Letters,  vol.  i.  p.  505). 

May  10,  1638. — The  Lieutenant  of  the  Tower,  Sir  William  Balfour,.  beat  a  priest 
lately  for  seeking  to  convert  his  wife  :  he  had  a  suspicion  that  she  resorted  a  little  too 
much  to  Denmark  House,  and  staid  long  abroad,  which  made  him  one  day  send 
after  her.  Word  being  brought  him  where  she  was,  he  goes  thither,  finds  her  at  her 
devotions  in  the  Chapel ;  he  beckons  her  out ;  finds  her  accompanied  with  a  priest, 
who  somewhat  too  saucily  reprehended  the  Lieutenant  for  disturbing  his  Lady  in 
her  devotions  ;  for  which  he  struck  him  two  or  three  sound  blows  with  his  Battoon,  and 
the  next  day  came  and  told  the  King  the  whole  passage  :  so  it  passed  over. — Garrard 
to  Wentworth  (Strafford  Letters,  vol.  ii.  p.  165). 

A  few  tombs  of  her  French  Roman  Catholic  attendants  are  built 
into  the  cellars  of  the  present  building,  immediately  beneath  the  great 
square.  Here,  in  the  Christmas  festivities  of  1632-1633,  Henrietta 
Maria  took  a  part  'in  a  masque  (the  last  in  which  she  played) ;  Here,  in 
1652,  died  Inigo  Jones,  the  great  architect.  Here,  in  1658,  Oliver 
Cromwell's  body  lay  in  state. 

This  folly  and  profusion  so  far  provoked  the  people  that  they  threw  dirt  in  the 
night  on  his  escutcheon  that  was  placed  over  the  great  gate  of  Somerset  House. — 
Ludlow,  vol.  ii.  p.  615. 

After  Cromwell's  death  it  was  in  contemplation  to  sell  Somerset 
House.  Ludlow,  not  always  a  safe  authority,  says  it  was  sold. 

Col.  Henry  Martin  moved  at  the  same  time  that  the  Chapel  belonging  to 
Somerset  House  might  not  be  sold,  because  it  was  the  place  of  meeting  for  the 
French  Church,  and  this  request  was  granted  ;  but  the  House  itself  was  sold  for  the 
sum  of  ten  thousand  pounds. — Ludlow,  vol.  ii.  p.  679. 

A  project  was  formed  to  purchase  it  for  the  Quakers,  but  George 
Fox  put  his  foot  upon  it : — 

1658. — When  some  forward  spirits  that  came  among  us  would  have  bought 
Somerset  House,  that  we  might  have  meetings  in  it,  I  forbade  them  to  do  so  :  for  I 
then  foresaw  the  King's  coming  in  again. — George  Fox,  vol.  i.  p.  490. 

On  November  2,  1660,  Henrietta  Maria  resumed  her  residence  in 
Somerset  House,  and  Cowley  and  Waller  wrote  copies  of  verses  on  the 
repairs  she  had  made  iii  her  old  palace.  The  former  makes  the 
renovated  edifice  sing  its  own  praises.  After  speaking  of  the  desolate 
condition  in  which  she  had  found  it,  he  continues  : — 

1  Ellis's  Letters,  vol.  iii.  p.  271,  2d  S. 


SOMERSET  HOUSE  271 

And  now  I  dare 
Ev'n  with  the  proudest  palaces  compare. 

Before  my  gate  a  street's  broad  channel  goes, 

Which  still  with  waves  of  crowding  people  flows. 

And  every  day  there  passes  by  my  side, 

Up  to  its  western  reach,  the  London  tide, 

The  Spring-tides  of  the  term  ;  my  front  looks  down 

On  all  the  pride  and  business  of  the  town. 

My  other  fair  and  more  majestic  face 

(Who  can  the  Fair  to  more  advantage  place  ?) 

For  ever  gazes  on  itself  below  ; 

In  the  best  mirror  that  the  world  can  show. 

Cowley,  On  the  Qtteen's  Repairing  Somerset  House. 

Here,  in  May  1665,  on  Henrietta  Maria's  farewell  to  England, 
Catharine  of  Braganza  took  up  her  residence,  although  the  formal  grant 
by  letters  patent  was  not  made  by  Charles  II.  till  after  his  mother's 
death  in  1669.  Here,  in  January  1669-1670,  the  body  of  Monk, 
Duke  of  Albemarle,  lay  in  state.  Sir  Samuel  Tuke,  author  of  Adventures 
of  Five  Hours,  died  in  Somerset  House,  January  26,  1673,  and  was 
buried  in  the  chapel.  Here,  on  October  17,  1678,  the  famous 
Sir  Edmund  Berry  Godfrey,  is  said  to  have  been  murdered,  and  his 
body  carried  hence  to  the  field  where  it  was  found  near  Primrose  Hill. 
Two  of  the  supposed  murderers  were  attendants  belonging  to  the  chapel 
in  Somerset  House.  Charles  II.  died,  February  2,  1685,  and  on 
April  8  Evelyn  "  met  the  Queen  -  Dowager  going  now  first  from 
Whitehall  to  dwell  at  Somerset  House.  When  she  left  England  for 
Portugal,  in  May  1692  (never  to  return),  Somerset  House  became  a 
nest  of  lodgings  (as  Hampton  Court  at  the  present  day)  for  some 
of  the  nobility  and  poorer  persons  about  the  Court ;  though  it  would 
appear  to  have  been  always  recognised  as  part  of  the  jointure  of  the 
consort  of  the  sovereign. 

They  passed  that  building  which  of  old 

Queen  Mothers  were  designed  to  hold, 

At  present  a  mere  lodging  pen, 

A  palace  turn'd  into  a  den, 

To  barracks  turn'd,  and  soldiers  tread 

Where  Dowagers  have  laid  their  head. 

Churchill,  The  Ghost,  B.  iv. 

Lewis  de  Duras,  Earl  of  Feversham,  who  commanded  King  James's 
troops  at  the  battle  of  Sedgemoor,  and  Lady  Arlington,  widow  of 
Secretary  Bennet,  were  living  here  in  I708.1  Mrs.  Gunning,  the  mother 
of  the  three  celebrated  beauties — the  Duchess  of  Argyll  and  Hamilton, 
the  Countess  of  Coventry,  and  Mrs.  Travers — held  the  appointment  of 
housekeeper,  and  here  she  died  in  1770,  and  her  husband  John 
Gunning  in  1767.  Here,  in  the  reign  of  George  III.,  Charlotte 
Lennox,  author  of  the  Female  Quixote,  had  apartments. 

Addison  (Spectator,   No.    77)   represents    himself  as  walking  "in 

1  Hatton,  p.  633. 


272  SOMERSET  HOUSE 

Somerset  Garden  a  little  before  our  Club  time,"  when  he  saw  Will 
Honeycomb  "squirt  away  his  watch  a  considerable  way  into  the 
Thames,"  thinking  it  was  the  pebble  he  had  just  picked  up  from  the 
grand  walk. 

Buckingham  House,  in  St.  James's  Park,  was  settled  on  Queen 
Charlotte,  in  lieu  of  Somerset  House,  by  an  Act  passed  in  1775,  and 
the  old  palace  of  the  Protector  and  of  the  Queens  of  England  immedi- 
ately destroyed,  to  erect  the  present  pile  of  public  offices  still  dis- 
tinguished as  Somerset  House.  [See  Denmark  House ;  Somerset  Stairs.] 

Somerset  House,  in  the  STRAND  (present  building).  A  pile  of 
public  offices,  erected  between  the  years  1776  and  1786,  on  the  site 
of  the  palace  of  the  Protector  Somerset.  [See  preceding  article.]  The 
architect  was  Sir  William  Chambers.  The  general  proportions  of  the 
building  are  good,  and  some  of  the  details  of  great  elegance.  The 
entrance  archway  or  vestibule  from  the  Strand  has  deservedly  found 
many  admirers.1  The  terrace  elevation  towards  the  Thames  was 
made,  like  the  Adelphi  Terrace  of  the  brothers  Adam,  in  anticipation 
of  the  long  projected  embankment  of  the  river,  and  is  one  of  the 
noblest  fa9ades  in  London.  The  building  is  in  the  form  of  a  quad- 
rangle, with  wings.  The  Strand  front  is  155  feet  long,  the  river  front 
600  feet.  The  inner  quadrangle  is  319  by  224  feet.  Wings  have  been 
added  to  Chambers's  building ;  the  east  wing,  which  contains  King's 
College,  by  Sir  R.  Smirke  in  1828-1831;  the  west  wing,  devoted  to 
the  Inland  Revenue  Department,  by  Sir  James  Pennethorne  in 
1853.  Observe — under  the  vestibule,  on  your  left  as  you  enter  (dis- 
tinguished by  a  bust  of  Sir  Isaac  Newton),  the  entrance  doorway  to 
the  apartments  formerly  occupied  by  the  Royal  Society  and  Society  of 
Antiquaries ;  Herschel  and  Watt,  and  Davy  and  Wollaston,  and 
Walpole  and  Hallam  have  often  entered  by  this  door.  Observe — under 
the  same  vestibule,  on  your  right  as  you  enter,  the  entrance  doorway 
of  the  apartments,  from  1780  to  1838,  of  the  Royal  Academy  of  Arts. 
Some  of  the  best  pictures  of  the  English  school  have  passed  under 
this  doorway  to  the  great  room  of  the  yearly  exhibition ;  and  under 
the  same  doorway,  and  up  the  same  steps,  Reynolds,  Wilkie,  Flaxman 
and  Chantrey  have  often  passed.  The  last  and  best  of  Reynolds's 
Discourses  were  delivered,  by  Sir  Joshua  himself,  in  the  great  room  of 
the  Academy,  at  the  top  of  the  building.  Somerset  House  is  now 
wholly  appropriated  as  Government  offices.  The  principal  are  the 
Exchequer  and  Audit  Department ;  the  Probate  Office ;  the  Legacy 
Duty  Office,  where  the  several  payments  are  made  on  bequests  by 
wills  of  personal  property ;  the  Inland  Revenue  Office,  where  stamps 
are  issued,  and  public  taxes  and  excise  duties  received  from  the 
several  district  collectors ;  Accountant  and  Comptroller-General's  Office ; 
and  the  Registrar-General's  Office  is  for  the  registration  of  the  births, 
marriages,  and  deaths  of  the  United  Kingdom.  In  the  basement  are 

1  The  keystone  masques  of  river  deities  on  the  Strand  front  were  carved  by  Carlini  and  Wilton,  two 
of  the  early  Royal  Academicians. 


SOMERSET  STREET  273 

produced  by  steam  and  hand  presses  all  the  various  stamps  issued 
from  the  several  Government  departments,  with  the  exception  of  the 
adhesive  postage  stamps,  which  are  prepared  by  private  firms.  Here 
also  is  the  Chemical  Laboratory  of  the  Inland  Revenue  Office.  The 
bronze  statue  of  George  III.  and  figure  of  Father  Thames,  by  John 
Bacon,  R.A.,  cost  ^2000. 

A  little  above  the  entrance  door  to  the  Stamps  and  Taxes  is  a 
white  watch-face,  regarding  which  the  popular  belief  has  been,  and  is, 
that  it  was  left  there  by  a  labouring  man  who  fell  from  a  scaffold  at 
the  top  of  the  building,  and  was  only  saved  from  destruction  by  the 
ribbon  of  his  watch,  which  caught  in  a  piece  of  projecting  work.  In 
thankful  remembrance  (so  the  story  runs)  of  his  wonderful  escape,  he 
afterwards  desired  that  his  watch  might  be  placed  as  near  as  possible 
to  the  spot  where  his  life  had  been  saved.  The  story  is  utterly 
unfounded.  The  watch-face  was  placed  where  it  is  by  the  Royal 
Society  as  a  meridian  mark  for  a  portable  transit  instrument  in  one  of 
the  windows  of  their  ante-room. 

To  this  account  of  Somerset  House  may  be  added  a  little  circum- 
stance of  interest  which  Mr.  Cunningham  was  told  by  an  old  clerk  on 
the  establishment  of  the  Audit  Office.  "When  I  first  came  to  this 
building,"  he  said,  "  I  was  in  the  habit  of  seeing,  for  many  mornings, 
a  thin,  spare,  naval  officer,  with  only  one  arm,  enter  the  vestibule  at 
a  smart  step,  and  make  direct  for  the  Admiralty,  over  the  rough  round 
stones  of  the  quadrangle,  instead  of  taking  what  others  generally  took, 
and  continue  to  take,  the  smooth  pavement  at  the  sides.  His  thin, 
frail  figure  shook  at  every  step,  and  I  often  wondered  why  he  chose 
so  rough  a  footway ;  but  I  ceased  to  wonder  when  I  heard  that  the 
thin,  frail  officer  was  no  other  than  Lord  Nelson — who  always  took," 
continued  my  informant,  "  the  nearest  way  to  the  place  he  wanted  to 
go  to." 

July  15,  1817. — Wrote  some  lines  in  the  solitude  of  Somerset  House,  not  fifty 
yards  from  the  Thames  on  one  side,  and  the  Strand  on  the  other ;  but  as  quiet  as 
the  sands  of  Arabia. — Crabbe's  Journal. 

But  the  record  is  wrongly  dated  by  Crabbe  :  it  should  be  Sunday 
the  1 3th, — which  explains  the  quiet. 

Somerset  Stairs,  SOMERSET  HOUSE. 

Neander  was  pursuing  this  discourse  so  eagerly,  that  Eugenius  had  called  to  him 
twice  or  thrice,  ere  he  took  notice  that  the  barge  stood  still,  and  that  they  were  at 
the  foot  of  Somerset  Stairs,  where  they  had  appointed  it  to  land.  The  company 
were  all  sorry  to  separate  so  soon,  though  a  great  part  of  the  evening  was  already 
spent ;  and  stood  awhile  looking  back  on  the  water,  upon  which  the  moonbeams 
played  and  made  it  look  like  floating  quicksilver  ;  at  last  they  went  up  through  a 
crowd  of  French  people  who  were  merrily  dancing  in  the  open  air,  and  walking 
thence  to  the  Piazza,  they  parted  there.  — Dryden's  Essay  on  Drumstick  Poesy,  410, 
1668. 

Somerset  Street,  PORTMAN  SQUARE,  from  Orchard  Street  to 
Duke  Street.  George  Stubbs,  A.R.A.  [elected  R.A.  in  1781,  but 

VOL.  Ill  T 


274  SOPER  LANE 


declined  the  honour,  d.  1806],  the  eminent  animal  painter,  lived  here 
for  some  years. 

Soper  Lane,  now  QUEEN  STREET,  CHEAPSIDE,  Stow  says,  "  took 
that  name  not  of  soap-making  as  some  have  supposed,  but  of  Alen  le 
Sopar,  in  the  Qth  of  Edward  II."  But  he  is  in  error.  It  was  called 
Soper  Lane  as  early  as  1288,  and  undoubtedly  from  the  sopers,  or 
soapmakers,  dwelling  there.  The  pepperers  succeeded  them. 

In  this  Soper's  Lane  the  Pepperers  anciently  dwelt,  wealthy  Tradesmen  who 
dwelt  in  spices  and  Drugs.  Two  of  this  trade  were  divers  times  Mayors  in  the 
reign  of  King  Henry  III.  ;  viz.  Andrew  Bocherel  and  John  de  Gisorcio  or  Gisors. 
In  the  reign  of  King  Edward  II.  anno  1315,  they  came  to  be  governed  by  rules  and 
orders,  which  are  extant  in  one  of  the  books  of  the  Chamber  under  this  title, 
Ordinatio  Piperarum  de  Soper's  Lane. — Strype,  B.  iii.  p.  15. 

When  Mary  and  Philip  rode  through  the  City,  they  were  accompanied  by 
Cardinal  Pole  and  Gardiner.  Before  the  Cardinal  was  carried  a  cross,  and  as  the 
party  rode  on,  the  Cardinal  ostentatiously  blessed  the  multitude ;  but  these  only 
"greatly  laughed  him  to  scorn  "  for  his  pains,  and  would  neither  take  off  their  caps 
nor  bow  to  the  cross.  This  manifestation,  from  the  houses  as  well  as  the  streets, 
fired  Gardiner  with  unseemly  rage  ;  and  his  cry  to  his  servants  was,  "  Mark  that 
house!"  "Take  this  knave,  and  have  him  to  the  Compter!"  "Such  a  sort  of 
heretics,  who  ever  saw?"  "I  will  teach  them,  an  I  live."  "This  did  I  hear  him 
say,"  writes  Mowntayne,  "  I  standing  at  Soper  Lane  end." — J.  G.  Nichols, 
Narratives  of  the  Reformation  (Camd.  Soc.) 

Sir  Baptist  Hicks,  Viscount  Campden,  of  the  time  of  James  I., 
whose  name  is  preserved  in  Hicks' 's  Hall  and  Campden  Hill,  Kensington, 
was  a  mercer,  at  the  sign  of  the  White  Bear,  at  Soper  Lane  End,  in 
Cheapside.1  Bulstrode  Whitelocke  was  residing  in  Soper  Lane  in 
1631,  when  his  son  James  was  born.  [See  Queen  Street.] 

South  Bank,  REGENT'S  PARK,  a  row  of  cottages  on  the  south 
bank  of  the  Regent's  Canal,  west  of  the  Regent's  Park.  One  of  these 
was  built  by  Ugo  Foscolo,  and  named  Digamma  Cottage,  to  com- 
memorate his  share  in  that  celebrated  controversy.  The  neighbouring 
Alpha  Road  and  Beta  Place  probably  owe  their  names  to  this 
Digamma  Cottage. 

South  Eastern  Railway.  The  original  terminus  of  this  Com- 
pany was  on  the  Surrey  or  Southwark  side  of  London  Bridge.  The 
first  \\  mile  ran  on  arches  side  by  side  with  the  East  Greenwich 
Railway,  the  next  8  miles  on  the  Croydon  Railway,  and  the  continu- 
ation to  Reigate  Station,  20 J  miles  from  London,  on  the  Brighton 
Railway.  The  South  Eastern  works  began  at  Reigate  Station  (Redhill 
is  the  junction  now)  and  ran  to  Tunbridge,  Ashford,  Canterbury, 
Ramsgate,  Deal,  Folkestone,  and  Dover.  The  whole  line  to  Dover 
was  opened  in  February  1844.  It  is  now  carried  to  the  Cannon 
Street  Station  in  the  City  and  the  Charing  Cross  Station  at  the  west  end 
— both  large  and  costly  structures  with  magnificent  hotels  attached. 
To  reach  each  of  these  the  Thames  is  crossed  by  an  iron  girder  bridge. 
Besides  the  original  line  the  Company  have  constructed  branch  lines  to 

1  Stryje,  B.  i.  p.  287. 


SOUTH  KENSINGTON  MUSEUM  275 

Tunbridge  Wells  and  Hastings ;  a  Mid-Kent  line  to  Bickley ;  North 
Kent  to  Dartford,  Gravesend,  and  Maidstone ;  a  line  to  Guildford, 
Aldershot,  and  Reading,  and  suburban  lines  to  Greenwich,  Woolwich, 
Peckham  Rye,  etc.  Pleasant  excursions,  returning  the  same  day,  may 
be  made  by  this  line  to  Box  Hill  and  Dorking,  Penshurst,  Hever  Castle, 
Tunbridge  Wells,  Knole  and  Canterbury. 

South  Kensington,  a  new  district  so  named,  formed  chiefly  out 
of  Brompton  and  Brompton  West,  and  having  for  its  nucleus  the  estate 
purchased  by  the  Commissioners  of  the  Great  Exhibition  of  1851. 
The  district  has  no  very  definite  limits,  but  is  generally  considered  to 
extend  from  the  west  end  of  the  Brompton  Road  to  Kensington 
proper,  and  to  have  for  its  north  and  south  boundaries  Kensington 
Gore  and  the  Harrington  estate.  It  is  traversed  by  broad  roads,  lined 
by  spacious  and  high-rented  dwellings,  intermingled  with  still  more  costly 
mansions  and  "  gardens " ;  and  within  its  limits  are  the  South  Ken- 
sington Museum  and  Schools  of  Science  and  Art,  the  Natural  History 
Museum,  and  the  Imperial  Institute ;  also  the  South  Kensington  and 
Gloucester  Road  Stations  of  the  Metropolitan  Railway. 

South  Kensington  Museum  has  grown  out  of  the  collection  of 
models,  casts,  prints,  and  other  examples  purchased  for  the  purpose  of 
Instruction  in  Design  and  Ornamental  Art  in  the  Schools  of  Design.  In 
1851  the  Board  of  Trade  appointed  a  committee  to  select  objects  for 
purchase,  notable  "  entirely  for  the  excellence  of  their  art  or  workman- 
ship," to  the  amount  of  ^5000,  from  the  Great  Exhibition  of  that  year. 
These  objects  were  exhibited  at  Marlborough  House  and  opened  in 
September  1852  as  a  Museum  of  Ornamental  Art.  It  was  then 
decided  to  take  an  annual  vote  for  the  formation  of  a  systematic  collec- 
tion representing  the  application  of  fine  art  to  industry  of  all  periods. 
In  1856  Parliament  voted  ^"10,000  for  the  transference  of  the  Science 
and  Art  Department  [which  see]  to  the  estate  at  South  Kensington 
purchased  by  the  Commissioners  of  the  Exhibition  of  1851,  and  an 
iron  building  was  erected,  under  the  superintendence  of  Sir  William 
Cubitt,  upon  the  south-eastern  portioa  of  the  estate,  at  a  cost  of 
;£i5,ooo.  The  Museum  was  opened  on  June  22,  1857,  by  the  Queen, 
accompanied  by  the  Prince  Consort.  Immediately  after  the  opening 
the  erection  of  permanent  buildings  was  commenced,  and  the  Picture 
Galleries,  the  Schools  of  Art,  the  North  and  Central  Courts,  the  Ker- 
amic  Gallery,  Lecture  Theatre,  and  Refreshment  Rooms  were  com- 
pleted and  opened  in  successive  years.  The  greater  portion  of  the 
iron  building  was  taken  do\vn  in  1868  and  re-erected  as  a  Branch 
Museum  at  Bethnal  Green  [which  see\.  The  South  Kensington 
Museum  stands  on  12  acres  of  land,  and  the  site  was  acquired  by 
Government  at  a  cost  of  ,£60,000. 

At  either  end  of  the  South  Court  are  the  two  fine  frescoes  by  Sir 
Frederick  Leighton,  Bart.,  P.R.A.,  executed  in  a  process,  called  by  its 
inventor,  Mr.  Gambier  Parry,  "Spirit  fresco."  The  subject  at  the 


276  SOUTH  KENSINGTON  MUSEUM 

north  end  is  The  Industrial  Arts  as  applied  to  War,  and  that  at  the 
south  end  The  Industrial  Arts  as  applied  to  Peace.  The  contents  of 
the  Museum  have  now  grown  to  vast  dimensions,  and  it  will  only  be 
possible  to  indicate  very  briefly  the  character  of  the  chief  collections. 
An  admirable  series  of  Guides  to  the  contents  of  the  Museum,  each 
forming  a  handbook  to  a  particular  subject,  has  been  published  by  the 
Department. 

Pictures. — Mr.  John  Sheepshanks  presented  his  fine  collection  of 
pictures  of  English  painters  in  1857,  "with  a  view  to  the  establishment 
of  a  collection  of  pictures  and  other  works  of  art  fully  representing 
British  art  and  worthy  of  national  support."  The  Sheepshanks'  gallery 
includes  26  of  the  finest  works  of  Mulready,  16  by  Landseer,  20  by 
Leslie,  and  4  by  Turner. 

The  collection  of  water-colour  paintings  is  of  great  value,  and  is 
composed  of  the  gift  of  Mrs.  Ellison,  Mr.  William  Smith,  Mr.  C.  T. 
Maud,  and  the  bequests  of  the  Rev.  C.  H.  Townshend  and  Mr.  J.  M. 
Parsons.  The  gallery  contains  works  by  Paul  Sandby,  T.  Girtin,  J.  S. 
Cotman,  Turner,  Varley,  David  Cox,  De  Wint,  Copley  Fielding,  Prout, 
W.  Hunt,  etc. 

The  Raphael  Cartoons,  which  were  exhibited  at  Hampton  Court 
from  the  reign  of  William  III.  till  1865,  were  in  that  year  allowed  by 
Her  Majesty  to  be  removed  to  the  Museum,  when  a  special  gallery 
was  prepared  for  them. 

Architectural  Court. — The  majority  of  the  objects  are  full-sized  re- 
productions in  plaster  of  architectural  works  of  large  dimensions.  In 
1884  a  series  of  casts  illustrative  of  the  history  of  antique  sculpture, 
copies  of  the  best  examples  in  the  principal  continental  galleries,  was 
added  to  the  Museum. 

Pottery. — The  Keramic  Gallery  contains  a  fine  collection  of  earthen- 
ware, stoneware,  and  porcelain.  There  are  no  less  than  five  pieces  of 
the  famous  Oiron  (or  Henri  Deux)  ware.  A  fine  collection  of  English 
pottery  was  presented  by  Lady  Charlotte  Schreiber  and  the  late  Mr.  C. 
Schreiber. 

Jones  Collection. — In  1882  the  Museum  was  enriched  by  the  im- 
portant bequest  of  Mr.  John  Jones  of  Piccadilly,  which  consisted  of  a 
collection  of  furniture,  Sevres  and  other  porcelain,  enamelled  miniatures 
by  Janet,  Petitot,  and  others ;  paintings,  sculpture,  bronzes,  etc. 

The  Japanese  and  Chinese  collections  in  the  South  and  Oriental 
Court  are  of  great  value  and  interest.  The  historical  collection  of 
Japanese  pottery  was  formed  by  the  Japanese  Government  for  the 
Museum. 

Mention  must  also  be  made  of  the  Delia  Robbia  ware,  majolica, 
bronzes,  woodwork  of  various  countries,  textiles,  and  the  fine  collection 
of  historical  musical  instruments  in  the  west  Arcade. 

National  Art  Library. — This  library  contains  upwards  of  70,000 
volumes  bearing  directly  upon  art,  and  in  addition  240,000  drawings, 
prints,  engravings  of  ornaments,  and  photographs  of  art  objects.  A 


SOUTH  MOLTON  STREET  277 

range  of  galleries  on  the  first  floor  has  lately  been  specially  erected  for 
this  library. 

Science  and  Educational  Library. — The  nucleus  of  this  library  is  the 
collection  which  formed  part  of  the  Educational  Exhibition  held  in 
St.  Martin's  Hall  in  1854  ;  a  portion  of  the  library  of  the  Royal  School 
of  Mines  in  Jermyn  Street  has  recently  been  added.  The  library 
contains  over  64,000  volumes. 

Dyce  and  Forster  Collections. — The  valuable  libraries  of  the  Rev. 
Alexander  Dyce,  the  Shakespearian  scholar,  and  John  Forster,  the 
critic  and  biographer  of  Dickens,  are  kept  distinct  from  the  other 
collections,  and  a  reading-room  is  attached  to  them.  The  Dyce 
collection  consists  of  oil  paintings,  miniatures,  engravings,  a  few  manu- 
scripts, and  upwards  of  1 1,000  volumes  of  printed  books.  The  Forster 
collection  consists  of  oil  and  water-colour  paintings,  drawings,  engravings, 
manuscripts,  autographs,  and  upwards  of  18,000  volumes  of  printed 
books. 

Science  Collections. — A  Museum  of  Science  was  contemplated  as  an 
integral  part  of  the  Science  and  Art  Department  from  its  creation,  but 
owing  to  a  variety  of  circumstances  the  collections  were  not  developed 
as  much  as  the  art  collections.  Some  (among  them  the  food  collec- 
tion) were  removed  to  the  Bethnal  Green  Museum,  and  the  develop- 
ment of.  the  science  collections  remained  in  abeyance  till  1881.  The 
Patents,  Designs,  and  Trade  Marks  Act  of  1883  having  transferred  the 
control  and  management  of  the  Patent  Museum  to  the  Science  and 
Art  Department,  the  iron  building  which  had  hitherto  contained 
the  Patent  Museum  was  vacated  in  1886,  and  the  collections  were 
rearranged  in  the  Exhibition  galleries  between  the  Imperial  Institute 
and  the  Natural  History  Museum. 

India  Museum  [which  see]  is  temporarily  placed  in  the  Exhibition 
galleries. 

The  remarkable  growth  of  the  South  Kensington  Museum  was 
largely  due  to  the  untiring  energy  of  the  late  Sir  Henry  Cole,  K.C.B., 
who  occupied  the  position  of  Director  for  many  years.  He  was  suc- 
ceeded by  Sir  Philip  Cunliffe  Owen,  K.C.B.,  K.C.M.G.,  the  present 
director. 

The  Museum  is  open  on  Mondays,  Tuesdays  and  Saturdays  from 
10  A.M.  till  10  P.M.,  free;  and  on  Wednesdays,  Thursdays  and  Fridays 
from  10  A.M.  till  4,  5,  or  6  P.M.,  according  to  the  daylight,  on  payment 
of  sixpence  for  each  person.  The  Exhibition  galleries  and  Indian 
section  are  open  free  daily  from  10  A.M.  till  4,  5,  or  6  P.M.,  according 
to  the  season. 

South  Molton  Street,  NEW  BOND  STREET,  from  Brook  Street 
to  Oxford  Street.  William  Blake,  the  poet  and  eccentric  painter, 
lived  for  seventeen  years  at  No.  17  in  this  street.  Here  he  had 
interviews  with  angels  and  persons  of  scarcely  inferior  distinction. 
"South  Molton  Street,  Sunday,  August  1807. — My  wife  was  told  by  a 
spirit  to  look  for  her  fortune  by  opening  by  chance  a  book  which  she 


278  SOUTH  MOLTON  STREET 

had  in  her  hand.  It  was  Bysshe's  Art  of  Poetry.  She  opened  the 
following.  ...  I  was  so  well  pleased  with  her  luck  that  I  thought  I 
would  try  my  own." 

In  excavating,  a  few  years  back,  in  front  of  a  public-house  at  the  east 
corner  of  this  street,  at  a  depth  of  about  6  feet  from  the  pavement,  an 
old  conduit  head  was  discovered,  having  on  it  the  City  arms  with  the 
date  1627. 

I  can  cut  watch-papers  and  work  cat-gut ;  make  quadrille  baskets  with  pins,  and 
take  profiles  in  shade ;  ay,  as  well  as  the  Lady  at  No.  62  South  Molton  Street, 
Grosvenor  Square. — Mrs.  Cowley's  Belle's  Stratagem,  1780. 

On  the  front  of  No.  36  (the  third  house  from  Oxford  Street)  is  an 
inscription:  "This  is  South  Molton  Street  1721." 

South  Place,  FINSBURY,  north  of  Finsbury  Circus.  Mr.  W.  J.  Fox, 
M.P.  (Publicola),  was  for  many  years  minister  of  South  Place  Chapel. 

South  Place,  KNIGHTSBRIDGE,  on  the  south  side  of  what  is  now 
known  as  the  Kensington  Road.  Here  was  the  residence  of  the  elder 
Sterling,  that  "gallant  shewy  stirring  gentleman  the  Magus  of  the 
Times,"  to  whom  and  to  whose  house  reference  is  so  often  made  in 
Carlyle's  Life  of  John  Sterling. 

South  Sea  House,  north-east  end  of  THREADNEEDLE  STREET, 
the  hall  or  place  of  business  of  "The  Governor  and  Company  of 
Merchants  of  Great  Britain  trading  to  the  South  Seas  and  other  parts 
of  America."  The  Company,  incorporated  in  1711,  consisted  of 
holders  of  navy  and  army  bills  and  other  unfunded  debts,  to  the 
amount  of  ^9,177,967  : 15  -.4,  who  were  induced  to  fund  their  debts 
on  reasonable  terms,  by  being  incorporated  into  a  Company,  with  the 
monopoly  of  the  trade  to  the  South  Sea  and  Spanish  America. 
Government,  says  Mr.  M'Culloch,  was  far  from  blameless  in  the  affair. 
The  word  "  bubble,"  as  applied  to  any  ruinous  speculation,  was  first 
applied  to  the  transactions  of  the  South  Sea  Company,  and,  often  as 
the  word  has  been  used  since,  never  was  it  more  applicable  to  any 
scheme  than  to  the  South  Sea  project  of  the  disastrous  year  of  1720. 

When  Sir  Isaac  Newton  was  asked  about  the  continuance  of  the  rising  of  the 
South  Sea  Stock,  he  answered,  that  he  could  not  calculate  the  madness  of  the 
people. — Spence's  Anecdotes,  p.  368. 

What  made  Directors  cheat  in  South-Sea  year  ? 
To  live  on  venison  when  it  sold  so  dear. 

Pope,   Works,  vol.  iv.  p.  242. 

In  the  extravagance  and  luxury  of  the  South  Sea  Year,  the  price  of  a  haunch  of 
venison  was  from  three  to  five  Pounds. — Ibid. 

Adam  Anderson,  author  of  the  History  of  Commerce  (d.  1765),  was 
forty  years  a  clerk  in  the  South  Sea  House.  The  Company  has  long 
ceased  to  be  a  trading  body,  and  its  remaining  stock  has  been 
converted  into  annuity  stock. 

At  the  north  east  extremity  of  Threadneedle  Street,  where  it  enters  Bishopsgate 
Street,  is  situated  the  South  Sea  House.  This  house  stands  upon  a  large  extent  of 
ground ;  running  back  as  far  as  Old  Broad  Street  facing  St.  Peter  le  Poor.  The 


SOUTHAMPTON  BUILDINGS  279 

back-front  was  formerly  the  Excise  Office ;  then  the  South  Sea  Company's  Office  ; 
and  hence  is  distinguished  by  the  name  of  the  Old  South  Sea  House.  As  to  the 
new  building  in  which  the  Company's  affairs  are  now  transacted,  it  is  a  magnificent 
structure. — Noorthouck's  History  of  London,  4to,  1773,  p.  569. 

Reader,  in  thy  passage  from  the  Bank — where  thou  hast  been  receiving  thy 
half-yearly  dividend  (supposing  thou  art  a  lean  annuitant  like  myself) — to  the  Flower 
Pot  to  secure  a  place  for  Dalston,  or  Shacklewell,  or  some  other  thy  suburban  retreat 
northerly,  didst  thou  never  observe  a  melancholy  looking,  handsome,  brick  and 
stone  edifice,  to  the  left — where  Threadneedle  Street  abuts  upon  Bishopsgate?  I 
dare  say  thou  hast  often  admired  its  magnificent  portals  ever  gaping  wide,  and 
disclosing  to  view  a  grave  court,  with  cloisters,  and  pillars,  with  few  or  no  traces  of 
goers-in  or  comers-out — a  desolation  something  like  Balclutha's. 

This  was  once  a  house  of  trade, — a  centre  of  busy  interests.  The  throng  of 
merchants  was  here — the  quick  pulse  of  gain — and  here  some  forms  of  business  are 
still  kept  up,  though  the  soul  be  long  since  fled.  Here  are  still  to  be  seen  stately 
porticos,  imposing  staircases,  offices  as  roomy  as  the  state  apartments  in  palaces — 
deserted,  or  thinly  peopled  with  a  few  straggling  clerks ;  the  still  more  sacred 
interiors  of  court  and  committee-rooms,  with  venerable  faces  of  beadles,  door-keepers 
— directors  seated  on  forms  on  solemn  days  (to  proclaim  a  dead  dividend)  at  long 
worm-eaten  tables,  that  have  been  mahogany,  with  tarnished  gilt-leather  coverings, 
supporting  massy  silver  inkstands  long  since  dry ;  the  oaken  wainscot  hung  with 
pictures  of  deceased  governors  and  sub-governors,  of  Queen  Anne,  and  the  two  first 
monarchs  of  the  Brunswick  dynasty  ;  huge  charts,  which  subsequent  discoveries  have 
antiquated  ;  dusty  maps  of  Mexico,  dim  as  dreams, — and  soundings  of  the  Bay  of 
Panama  ! — Charles  Lamb,  Elia,  1st  S. 

John  Lamb,  the  elder  brother  of  Charles,  was  a  clerk  in  the  South  Sea 
House,  and  through  his  influence  Elia  himself  was  admitted  to  learn 
bookkeeping  in  the  office — hence  his  familiarity  with  its  interior 
economy.  Portions  of  the  interior  and  exterior  have  been  remodelled, 
1855-1856,  and  the  South  Sea  House  is  now  a  nest  of  mercantile  offices, 
it  having  been  sold  for  ^55,700. 

South  Street,  GROSVENOR  SQUARE,  Farm  Street  to  Park  Lane. 
Eminent  Inhabitants. — Charles  James  Fox  at  No.  26,  in  1792.  The 
Duke  of  Orleans  (Philippe  Egalite),  at  No.  31.  Lady  Holland 
died,  November  16,  1845,  at  No.  33;  and  here  died,  April  10,  1843, 
John  Allen,  M.D.,  of  Holland  House  celebrity.  George  Bryan  (Beau) 
Brummell  was  living  at  No.  24  in  1809.  Lord  Melbourne,  at  No.  39, 
during  the  whole  of  the  Melbourne  administration  (1835-1841);  it  is 
said  that  Lord  Melbourne  for  many  years  never  gave  a  dinner,  or  even 
had  a  joint  cooked  for  himself,  in  this  house. 

His  cooks  with  long  disuse  their  trade  forgot ; 
Cool  was  his  kitchen. 

Southampton  Buildings,  HOLBORN  to  CHANCERY  LANE,  a  row  of 
tenements  so  called  after  the  Wriothesleys,  Earls  of  Southampton,  and 
entitled  "Old"  to  distinguish  them  from  the  "New"  buildings  in 
High  Holborn,  erected  by  Thomas  Wriothesley,  Earl  of  Southampton 
(d.  1667),  son  of  Shakespeare's  patron,  and  father  of  Lady  Rachel 
Russell.  [See  Southampton  House,  Holborn.]  On  August  16,  1673, 
the  Holborn  property  of  the  Southampton  family  was  assigned,  in  trust, 
to  Arthur,  Earl  of  Essex,  and  others,  for  and  on  behoof  of  Elizabeth, 


280  SOUTHAMPTON  BUILDINGS 

Countess -Dowager  of  Northumberland,  on  her  marriage  with  the 
Honourable  Ralph  Montague,  eldest  son  and  heir  of  Edward,  Lord 
Montague.  On  July  17,  1690,  it  was  assigned  in  mortgage  by  Ralph, 
Earl  of  Montague,  and  Elizabeth,  Countess  of  Montague,  to  Edward 
Rudge  and  Edward  Littleton.  In  1723  it  was  granted  by  John, 
Duke  of  Montague,  as  a  portion  to  his  eldest  daughter,  Lady  Isabella, 
on  her  marriage  to  William,  Duke  of  Manchester.  On  March  22, 
1727,  it  was  sold  and  assigned  in  fee  by  William  and  Isabella,  Duke 
and  Duchess  of  Manchester;  John,  Duke  of  Montague;  Scroop, 
Duke  of  Bridgewater ;  Robert,  Earl  of  Sunderland ;  and  Francis,  Earl 
of  Godolphin,  to  Jacob  de  Bouverie,  Esq.,  and  Sir  Edward  de 
Bouverie,  Bart.,  ancestors  of  the  present  proprietor,  the  Earl  of 
Radnor.  On  March  3,  1740,  Sir  Jacob  de  Bouverie,  Bart.,  granted 
a  lease  to  Edward  Bootle,  for  a  term  of  230  years,  of  those  premises. 
After  that  the  present  buildings  were  erected  by  Edward  Bootle,  who 
left  them  by  will  to  Robert  Bootle ;  who  left  them  by  will  to  trustees ; 
and  by  divers  assignments  they  became  vested  in  Edward  Smith  Bigg, 
Esq.,  who  granted  them  on  lease  to  the  trustees  of  the  London 
Mechanics'  Institute,  for  the  whole  of  his  term  of  146  years,  from 
September  i,  1824,  at  a  rent  of  £229  per  annum,  with  liberty  to 
purchase  down  to  ^29  per  annum,  at  any  time,  for  the  sum  of  £s$o.1 
They  are  now  held  by  the  Birkbeck  Bank.  The  Birkbeck  Institution, 
a  reconstitution  of  the  London  Mechanics'  Institution,  and  so  named  in 
honour  of  Dr.  Birkbeck,  the  original  founder,  has  been  removed  to  a 
new  house  in  Bream's  Buildings. 

This  yeare  [1650]  Jacob,  a  Jew,  opened  a  Coffey  house  at  the  Angel,  in  the 
Parish  of  S.  Peter  in  the  East  Oxon,  and  there  it  was  by  some,  who  delighted  in 
Noveltie,  drank.  When  he  left  Oxon,  he  sold  it  in  Old  Southampton  buildings  in 
Holborne  near  London,  and  was  living  there  in  1671. — Autobiography  of  Antony  a 
Wood,  vol.  ii.  p.  65. 

Here,  in  the  house  of  a  relative,  Edmund  Ludlow,  the  Parliamentary 
general,  lay  concealed  at  the  time  of  the  Restoration  till  he  succeeded  in 
escaping  to  the  Continent.  In  1696,  when  Sir  George  Barclay  was 
arranging  the  plot  for  the  murder  of  William  III.,  he  took  lodgings  under 
the  name  of  Brown  in  Southampton  Buildings,  "  over  against  the  arch  " 
which  led  to  Staple  Inn,  the  meeting-place  of  the  conspirators  being  the 
Griffin  Tavern  close  by.2  Thomas  Holcroft,  the  dramatist,  about 
1780  kept  a  lodging-house  in  this  street.  Charles  Lamb  was  living  at 
No.  34  in  1809,  after  he  left  Mitre  Court  Buildings  and  before  he 
went  to  Inner  Temple  Lane.  Twenty-one  years  afterwards,  in  1830, 
when  he  made  a  last  attempt  to  reside  in  London,  he  once  more  took 
up  his  abode  in  the  same  No.  34.  In  March  1811,  when  Coleridge 
was  lecturing,  he  resided  in  Southampton  Buildings,  and,  as  he  was  in 
daily  intercourse  with  the  Lambs,  very  probably  in  No.  34,  to  which 
they  themselves  twice  resorted.  Here,  in  the  Southampton  Coffee- 
house, at  the  Chancery  Lane  end,  Hazlitt  has  laid  the  scene  of  his 

1  MecJianics'  Register,  vol.  ii.  pp.  179,  180.  2  Blackmore,  pp.  135,  136. 


SOUTHAMPTON  HOUSE  281 

Essay  on  Coffee-house  Politicians ;  and  here  he  occasionally  held  a 
kind  of  evening  levee.1 

For  several  years  Mr.   Ilazlitt  was  a  very  regular  visitor  to  the   Southampton 

Coffee  House.   .   .   .   He  always  came  in  the  evening,  occupied  a  particular  place 

1  for  him  as  scrupulously  as  his  seat  at  Covent  Garden,   called  for  what  he 

1,   and  settled  the   score  whenever  it  happened  to  be  convenient. — W.  C. 

li.i-litt,  Memoirs  of  William  llazlitt,  vol.  i.  p.  292. 

In  the  year  1820  Hazlitt  took  apartments  at  No.  9,  at  the  house  of  a 
tailor  named  Walker.  Here,  on  August  16,  he  "first  saw  the  sweet 
apparition "  of  Miss  Sarah,  the  landlord's  daughter,  bringing  up  the 
tea-tray,  and  at  once  fell  in  love  with  her.  She  would  not  listen  to 
his  advances ;  and  after  a  while  he  made  a  journey  to  Edinburgh  to 
procure  a  divorce,  but  the  young  lady  remained  unmoved.  The  great 
writer  then  "  threw  out  his  clamorous  anguish  to  the  clouds  and  to  the 
winds  and  to  the  air "  in  his  Liber  Amoris,  or  the  New  Pygmalion 
(i2mo,  1823),  and  returned  no  more  to  Southampton  Buildings. 

At  Nos.  25  and  26  are  the  Patent  Office,  the  Registries  of  Design 
and  Trade  Marks  Offices,  and  the  Patent  Library  and  Reading  Room. 
At  No.  10  is  the  Office  of  the  Commissioners  for  Affidavits  in  the 
Irish  Law  Courts,  and  Registry  of  Deeds  in  Ireland.  [See  Patent 
Office.] 

Southampton  House,  BLOOMSBURY,  occupied  the  whole  of  the 
north  side  of  the  present  Bloomsbury  Square. 

Southampton  House,  a  large  building  with  a  spacious  court  before  it  for  the 
reception  of  coaches,  and  a  curious  garden  behind,  which  lieth  open  to  the  fields, 
enjoying  a  wholesome  and  pleasant  z\i;.—Strype,  B.  iv.  p.  84. 

October  2,  1664. — To  my  Lady  Sandwich's  through  my  Lord  Southampton's  new 
buildings  in  the  fields  behind  Gray's  Inn,  and  indeed  they  are  very  great  and  a  noble 
work .  — Pepys. 

February  9,  1665. — Din'd  at  my  Lo.  Treasurer's  the  Earle  of  Southampton  in 
Blomesbury,  where  he  was  building  a  noble  Square  or  Piazza,  a  little  Towne ;  his 
owne  house  stands  too  low,  some  noble  roomes,  a  pretty  cedar  chapell,  a  naked 
garden  to  the  north,  but  good  aire. — Evelyn. 

If  you're  displeas'd  with  what  you've  seen  to-night 
Behind  Southampton  House  we'll  do  you  right ; 
Who  is't  dares  draw  'gainst  me  and  Mrs.  Knight  ? 

Epilogue  to  Mountforfs  Greenwich  Park,  4to,  1691. 

Rachel,  Lady  Russell,  whose  letters  invest  this  house  with  many 
delightful  associations,  died  in  it  September  29,  1723,  aged  eighty-six. 
[See  Bedford  House,  Bloomsbury.] 

Southampton  House,  HOLBORN,  the  town  house  of  the 
Wriothesleys,  Earls  of  Southampton,  on  the  south  side  of  Holborn, 
a  little  above  Holborn  Bars.  It  was  taken  down  circ.  1652.  Parts 
remained  as  late  as  1850  in  Mr.  Griffith's,  a  whipmaker's  warehouse, 
322  Holborn,  and  some  fragments  existed  in  the  Blue  Posts  Tavern, 
No.  47  Southampton  Buildings,  Holborn.  On  May  17,  1847,  Mr. 
Griffith  showed  Mr.  Cunningham  what  is  still  called  "  the  chapel "  of 

1  Patmore,  injerrold's  Mag.  No.  2. 


282  SOUTHAMPTON  HOUSE 

the  house,  with  rubble  walls  and  a  flat-timbered  roof.  Mr.  Griffith 
informed  Mr.  Cunningham  at  the  same  time  that  his  father  remem- 
bered a  pulpit  in  the  chapel,  and  that  he  himself,  when  forming  the 
foundation  of  a  workshop  adjoining,  had  seen  portions  of  a  circular 
building  which  he  supposed  to  be  part  of  the  ruins  of  the  old  Temple 
mentioned  by  Stow.  He  was  probably  right,  for  in  pulling  down  some 
old  houses  early  in  the  last  century  in  the  immediate  neighbourhood 
unmistakable  remains  of  the  first  Temple  church  were  discovered. 
These  remains  were  of  Caen  stone. 

Beyond  the  bars  [Holborn  Bars]  had  ye  in  old  time  a  Temple  built  by  the 
Templars,  whose  order  first  began  in  1118,  in  the  iqih  of  Henry  I.  This  Temple 
was  left  and  fell  to  ruin  since  the  year  1184,  when  the  Templars  had  built  them  a 
new  Temple  in  Fleet  Street,  near  to  the  river  of  Thames.  A  great  part  of  this  old 
Temple  was  pulled  down  but  of  late  in  the  year  1595.  Adjoining  to  this  old  Temple 
was  sometime  the  Bishop  of  Lincoln's  Inn,  wherein  he  lodged  when  he  repaired 
to  this  city.  Robert  de  Curars,  Bishop  of  Lincoln,  built  it  about  the  year  1147. 
John  Russell,  Bishop  of  Lincoln,  Chancellor  of  England  in  the  reign  of  Richard  III., 
was  lodged  there.  It  hath  of  late  years  belonged  to  the  Earls  of  Southampton,  and 
therefore  called  Southampton  House.  Master  Ropar  hath  of  late  built  much  there  ; 
by  means  whereof  part  of  the  ruins  of  the  old  Temple  were  seen  to  remain,  built  of 
Caen  stone,  round  in  form  as  the  new  Temple  by  Temple  Bar,  and  other  Temples  in 
England. — Stow,  p.  163. 

Southampton  House  was  conveyed  in  Fee  to  the  Lord  Wriothesley,  Earl  of 
Southampton,  and  Lord  Chancellor  in  the  time  of  King  Edward  VI.  For  which 
the  Bishop  hath  no  other  house  in  or  near  London,  as  is  thought. — Strype,  B.  iv.  p.  69. 

This  Wriothesley,  Earl  of  Southampton,  died  at  Southampton  House 
in  1550. 

1617. — James  I.  to  Sir  Henry  Yelverton,  Attorney-General.  Orders  him  to 

prepare  a  Bill  confirming  certain  privileges  to  Henry  Earl  of  Southampton,  etc 

and  to  extend  the  liberties  of  Southampton  House  from  Holborn  Bars  to  the  Rolls 
in  Chancery  Lane. — Cal.  State  Pap.,  1611-1618,  p.  507. 

My  Lord  of  Southampton  moved  the  king  by  petition,  that  he  might  have  leave 
to  pull  down  his  house  in  Holborn,  and  build  it  into  tenements,  which  would  have 
been  much  advantage  to  him,  and  his  fortune  hath  need  of  some  helps.  His  Majesty 
brought  his  petition  with  him  to  the  Council  Table,  and  recommended  it  to  the 
Lords,  telling  their  lordships  that  my  Lord  of  Southampton  was  a  person  whom  he 
much  respected,  etc.  ;  but  upon  debate  it  was  dashed. — Garrard  to  Lord  Strafford, 
March  23,  1636,  vol.  ii.  p.  57. 

And  lately  it  [Southampton  House]  hath  bin  quite  taken  down  and  turned  to 
several  private  tenements. — Howell's  Londinopolis,  fol.  1657,  p.  344. 

Tuesday,  Aiigust  28,  1649. — There  is  a  well  found  by  a  souldier  (and  so  called 
the  Souldier's  Well)  near  Southampton  House  in  Holburne,  doth  wonderfull  cures  to 
the  blind  and  lame. — Perfect  Occurrences  from  August  24  to  Attgust  31,  1649. 

Southampton  Market,  BLOOMSBURY,  better  known  in  later  years 

as  Bloomsbury  Market  [which  see]. 

December  9,  1 668. — Abroad  with  my  wife  to  the  Temple  .  .  .  and  so  to  see  Mr. 
Spong,  and  found  him  out  by  Southampton  Market,  and  there  carried  my  wife,  and 
up  to  his  chamber,  a  bye  place,  but  with  a  good  prospect  of  the  fields. — Pepys. 

Southampton  Row,  from  HIGH  HOLBORN  to  RUSSELL  SQUARE. 
Under  this  name  are  now  included  King  Street  and  Upper  King  Street. 

1  Herbert's  Inns  of  Court,  p.  259,  note. 


SOUTHAMPTON  STREET  283 

The  former  included  the  portion  between  High  Holborn  and  Hart 
Street,  and  the  latter  the  portion  northwards  to  Bloomsbury  Place. 
The  remainder  is  the  original  Southampton  Row,  of  which  the  east  side 
of  Russell  Square  is  a  prolongation.  Here,  about  1750  (nine  doors 
north  of  Cosmo  Place),  was  the  residence  of  Ashley  Cowper,  trie  uncle 
of  the  poet,  and  the  father  of  Lady  Hesketh  and  Theodora  Jane 
Cowper,  whom  the  poet  loved  so  tenderly,  and  who  retained  for  him  a 
life-long  affection.  "  The  most  popular  poet  of  his  generation  "  was 
then  articled  to  a  solicitor  in  the  neighbourhood,  and  he  and  his  fellow- 
clerk,  Edward  Thurlow,  afterwards  Lord  Chancellor,  passed  most  of 
their  time  with  this  family. 

I  did  actually  live  three  years  with  Mr.  Chapman,  a  solicitor,  that  is  to  say  I 
slept  three  years  in  his  house  ;  but  I  lived,  that  is  to  say  I  spent  rhy  days,  in  South- 
ampton Row,  as  you  very  well  remember.  There  was  I  and  the  future  Lord 
Chancellor,  constantly  employed  from  morning  to  night,  in  giggling  and  making 
giggle,  instead  of  studying  the  law. — Cowper  to  Lady  Hesketh. 

Here,  "  at  Mr.  Jauncey's,"  on  the  east  side  of  the  Row,  when  the 
British  Museum  was  first  opened  to  the  public,  Gray  the  poet  took 
apartments  which  had  previously  been  occupied  by  his  friend  Dr. 
Wharton. 

I  am  now  settled  in  my  new  territories,  commanding  Bedford  Gardens  and  all  the 
fields  as  far  as  Highgate  and  Hampstead,  with  such  a  concourse  of  moving  pictures  as 
would  astonish  you  ;  so  rus-in-urbe-ish,  that  I  believe  I  shall  stay  here,  except  little 
excursions  and  vagaries,  for  a  year  to  come.  What  though  I  am  separated  from  the 
fashionable  world  by  Broad  St.  Giles'  and  many  a  dirty  court  and  alley,  yet  here  is 
air  and  sunshine,  and  quiet  however  to  comfort  you  :  I  shall  confess  that  I  am 
basking  all  the  summer,  and  I  suppose  shall  be  blown  down  all  the  winter,  besides 
being  robbed  every  night  ;  I  think,  however,  that  the  Museum,  with  all  its  manu- 
scripts, and  rarities  by  the  cart  load,  will  make  ample  amends  for  all  the  aforesaid 
inconveniences, — Gray  to  Mr.  Palgrave,  July  24,  1759. 

The  unhappy  Dr.  Dodd  at  one  time  kept  a  "  Select  Academy  "  in 
this  Row.  Dodd,  the  actor,  celebrated  as  Sir  Andrew  Aguecheek, 
died  at  his  lodgings  in  this  Row  in  1796. 

Southampton  Square.     [See  Bloomsbury  Square.] 

Southampton  Street,  BLOOMSBURY,  runs  from  Holborn  into 
Bloomsbury  Square. 

I  was  born  in  London  on  November  6,  1671,  in  Southampton  Street,  facing 
Southampton  House. — Colley  Gibber's  Apology. 

Southampton  Street,  PENTONVILLE,  from  Pentonville  Road  to 
Caledonian  Road.  Dickens  relates  that  Joe  Grimaldi,  the  King  of 
Clowns,  passed  his  last  days  in  a  "neat  little  dwelling"  in  this  street. 
A  few  doors  off  was  the  "  Marquis  Cornwallis  Tavern,"  the  landlord  of 
which  used  to  call  for  him  every  evening  and  return  with  him  at  night. 
Grimaldi  was  crippled  in  his  lower  limbs,  and  the  friendly  landlord 
carried  him  on  his  back.  Grimaldi  died  here  in  1837.  In  this  street 
Thomas  Carlyle  had  lodgings  ("my  own  rooms  in  Southampton 
Street")1  on  his  first  visit  to  London,  1824. 

1  Carlyle's  Reutiniscences,  p.  241. 


284  SOUTHAMPTON  STREET 

Southampton  Street,  STRAND  to  COVENT  GARDEN  MARKET, 
was  so  called  in  compliment  to  Lady  Rachel  Russell,  daughter  of 
Thomas  Wriothesley,  Earl  of  Southampton,  and  wife  of  William,  Lord 
Russell,  the  patriot.  Eminent  Inhabitants. — Mrs.  Oldfield,  the  actress  ; 
Arthur  Maynwaring,  in  his  will  (dated  1712),  describes  her  as  residing  in 
"  New  Southampton  Street,  in  the  parish  of  St.  Paul's,  Covent  Garden." 
David  Garrick  in  No.  27,  from  his  marriage  in  1749  until  1772, 
during  the  most  brilliant  part  of  his  career,  intermediately  between 
King  Street  and  the  Adelphi.  The  house  still  bears  the  same  number 
and  will  be  easily  recognised.  It  is  on  the  west  side  near  the  top ;  is 
of  red  brick,  and  has  four  front  windows  in  each  of  the  upper  storeys. 
Thomas  Linley,  the  composer,  and  father  of  Mrs.  Sherid&n  and  Mrs. 
Tickell,  died,  1795,  at  No.  u  (pulled  down  in  1890).  Dick  Estcourt, 
the  actor,  died  (1713)  at  his  lodgings  on  the  west  side.  Dr.  Lempriere, 
of  Classical  Dictionary  celebrity,  died  at  a  house  in  this  street  in  1824. 
No.  31,  Godfrey  and  Cooke's  (established  1680),  the  oldest  chemist  and 
druggist's  shop  in  London, — is  now  occupied  by  a  publisher, — lasted 
till  about  1860,  when  the  firm  discontinued  this  house  and  retained 
the  business  in  Conduit  Street.  There  was  a  bar  at  the  south  end  of 
the  street  which  was  taken  away  about  thirty  years  ago. 

Soilthwark,  Borough  Of,  on  the  south  of  the  Thames,  long  known 
as  the  Borough,  takes  its  name  from  being  originally  the  fortification 
of  London  on  the  south.  Being  on  the  high  road  to  London  from 
the  Continent  it  appears  to  have  been  inhabited  from  the  earliest 
times.  During  the  Roman  occupation  many  villas  were  built  here  for 
the  wealthier  Roman  colonists.  George  Gwilt's  Map,  compiled  in  1819, 
shows  some  twenty  distinct  finds  of  Roman  remains  about  10  feet 
below  the  present  surface,  and  connected  with  villas  and  burial-places, 
and  more  have  been  discovered  since.  In  the  construction  of  South- 
wark  Street  evidences  of  dwellings  built  on  piles  (like  lake  dwellings) 
came  to  light. 

Southwark  was  at  the  first  confined  to  within  a  short  distance  of  the 
river,  known  as  the  gildable  manor,  and  was  from  time  immemorial 
a  borough.  "The  burgesses  in  1356  say  they  had  formerly  a  charter 
franchise  which  was  destroyed  by  fire,  they  pray  an  exemplification  of  the 
same,  and  it  was  allowed."  Bit  by  bit  Southwark  came  under  the  City 
jurisdiction,  but  never  completely  so;  and  although  made  a  ward — 
Bridge  Ward  Without — it  was  never  like  other  wards,  it  conferred  no 
citizenship  on  the  inhabitants  and  gave  them  no  privileges.1  On  a 
vacancy  in  Bridge  Ward  Without  it  is  offered  to  the  senior  alderman, 
as  being  in  the  category  of  an  honorary  dignity.  [See  Bridge  Ward 
Without]  The  ward  has  no  representatives  in  the  Common  Council. 

The  Borough  is  in  shape  somewhat  like  the  map  of  Italy,  St.  George's 
Road  and  Bethlem  being  at  the  toe  of  the  boot.  It  lies  entirely  south 
of  the  Thames,  having  Lambeth  to  the  west  and  Deptford  to  the  east. 

1  The  first  alderman  of  the  ward  was  Sir  John  Ayliffe,  barber  surgeon,  who  was  appointed  in  1550. 


BOROUGH  OF  SOUTHWARK  285 

The  older  borough  comprised  the  parishes  of  St.  George,  St.  John, 
Horselydown,  St.  Olave,  St.  Thomas  and  St.  Saviour,  exclusive  of  the 
Clink  and  Christ  Church  (Paris  Garden) ;  later  on  it  included,  as  it  does 
now,  Christ  Church,  the  Church  Liberty,  Bermondsey,  and  Rotherhithe. 
In  1631,  during  a  time  of  scarcity,  the  Lord  Mayor  counted  16,880 
mouths  in  Southwark,  but  the  area  then  was  so  much  smaller  than 
it  is  now  that  it  can  scarcely  be  compared  with  the  Southwark  of  the 
census  of  1881,  which  showed  a  population  of  221,946. 

The  town  or  village  which  had  grown  up  in  Saxon  times  where  the 
Roman  villas  had  previously  stood  was  burnt  by  William  the  Conqueror, 
and  little  seems  to  have  remained  of  it  when  the  Domesday  Survey  was 
made.  Odo,  Bishop  of  Bayeux,  then  had  "  a  monastery  and  tide-way  in 
Southwark."  These  he  seems  to  have  acquired  by  somewhat  sharp 
practice.  In  Edward  the  Confessor's  time  "  of  the  produce  of  the  port 
where  ships  resort,  the  King  received  two  parts,  Earl  Godwin  the 
third,"  but  now  the  Bishop  seems  to  have  appropriated  the  whole  to 
himself.  Edward  III.,  by  a  charter  of  the  first  year  of  his  reign  (1327), 
granted  the  vill  of  Southwark  to  the  citizens  of  London  who,  as 
recited,  in  a  petition  to  the  King  in  Parliament  had  complained  that 
malefactors  escaped  there  out  of  the  jurisdiction  of  the  City,  and  prayed 
that  such  vill  might  be  given  to  them.  With  consent  of  his  Parliament 
the  King  grants  the  said  vill  in  fee  farm.  The  grant — against  which  the 
inhabitants  of  Southwark  petitioned  in  vain — was  confirmed  in  a  second 
charter  of  the  nth  year  (1337),  and  in  fuller  terms  in  a  third  of  the 
5oth  of  the  same  King's  reign  (1376).  Several  charters  in  later  reigns 
confirmed,  extended,  or  varied  the  terms  of  the  grant,  the  last,  which  vests 
the  entire  control  of  the  borough  in  the  Lord  Mayor  and  Corporation 
of  London,  being  that  of  5th  Edward  VI.,  I55I.1  Southwark  sent 
representatives  to  Parliament  from  the  23d  of  Edward  I.,  1 296.2 

Southwark,  from  the  earliest  times,  was  the  chief  thoroughfare  to 
and  from  London  and  the  southern  counties  and  towns,  including 
Canterbury  and  the  cities  of  the  Continent.  This  is  sufficient  to  account 
for  the  large  number  of  inns,  such  as  the  Bear  at  the  Bridge  foot,  the 
King's  Head,  the  Talbot  or  Tabard  of  Chaucer's  "Canterbury  Pilgrims  " 
[see  Tabard],  and  the  White  Hart,  which  was  the  headquarters  of  Jack 
Cade  during  his  brief  occupancy  of  the  City  and  Borough  (1450). 
Cade's  inn  was  destroyed  in  the  great  Southwark  fire  of  1676,  but  was 
rebuilt,  and  it  was  at  this  White  Hart  that  Sam  Weller  was  first  intro- 
duced to  a  world  of  admirers.  The  inn  was  cleared  away  in  1889. 

The  Duke  of  Hamilton  of  the  time  of  Charles  I.,  while  knocking 
for  admittance  at  an  inn  gate  in  Southwark,  about  four  in  the  morning, 
was  arrested  by  a  party  of  soldiers  searching  for  Sir  Lewis  Dyves. 

He  told  them  a  very  formal  story  of  himself  and  his  business,  which  at  first 
satisfied  them  ;  but  they  observed  that  as  he  took  a  pipe  of  tobacco  by  them,  he 
burned  several  great  papers  to  fire  it,  whereupon  they  searched  him,  and  found  such 

1  Manning  and  Bray,  and  Brayley's  Surrey  ;  Liber  Albus;  Riley's  Memorials  ;  Norton. 
2  Manning  and  Bray,  vol.  iii.  p.  649. 


286  BOROUGH  OF  SOUTHWARK 

papers  about  him  as  discovered  him. — Burnet's  Memoirs  of  the  Dukes  of  Hamilton, 
p.  384. 

Some  of  the  inns  bore  odd  signs.  Andrews,  in  Anecdote  History 
of  Great  Britain  (i  794),  mentions  that  "  in  the  borough  of  Southwark  is 
a  sign  on  which  is  inscribed  The  Old  Pick-my-toe."  Mrs.  Piozzi,  who 
long  dwelt  in  the  Borough,  wrote  in  the  margin,  "  So  it  is  :  I  knew  the 
sign  and  was  probably  then  the  only  person  who  could  have  guessed 
the  derivation."  The  figure  represented  the  ancient  statue  of  the  Roman 
slave  seeking  for  the  thorn  in  his  foot.1  In  the  i6th  century  there 
were  here  many  town  houses  of  persons  of  importance,  such  as  abbots, 
priors  and  others.  There  were  Suffolk  House,  by  St.  George's  Church, 
for  Brandon,  Duke  of  Suffolk,  and  his  wife,  the  Princess  Mary ;  and 
Winchester  House  for  the  Bishops  of  Winchester.  West  of  the  latter 
place  were  playhouses,  bear  and  bull  baiting  circuses,  and  stews  or 
licensed  brothels. 

In  the  old  poem  of  "Cock  Lorell's  Bote,"  printed  by  Wynkyn  de 
Worde  in  the  reign  of  Henry  VIII.,  the  Bankside,  Southwark,  is 
called  "  The  Stewes  Banke."  They  were  of  very  old  standing.  As  early 
as  the  reign  of  Edward  I.  there  was  an  ordinance  of  the  City  providing — 

That  no  boatman  shall  have  his  boat  moored  and  standing  over  the  water  after 
sunset ;  but  they  shall  have  all  their  boats  moored  on  this  [the  City]  side  of  the  water 
that  so  thieves  or  other  misdoers  may  not  be  carried  by  them  under  pain  of 
imprisonment :  nor  may  they  carry  any  man  or  woman,  either  denizens  or  strangers, 
unto  the  Stews  [of  Southwark]  except  in  the  day-time  under  pain  of  imprisonment. 
Liber  Albus,  B.  iii.  pt.  ii.  p.  242. 

Southwark  had  also  an  unenviable  celebrity  for  its  prisons.  These 
prisons  were  the  King's  Bench  (Queen's  Prison),  the  Marshalsea,  the 
White  Lion,  the  Borough  Compter,  and  the  Clink,  or  prison  of  the 
Clink  Liberty,  as  the  Manor  of  Southwark  was  of  old  called.  [See 
those  names.]  "  I  live,"  said  Mr.  Highland,  member  for  Southwark, 
speaking  in  the  House  of  Commons,  June  6,  1667, — "I  live  amongst 
prisoners.  In  three  prisons  near  me  there  are  above  one  thousand 
prisoners."2  Taylor,  the  Water  Poet,  thus  refers  to  these  prisons  : — 

Five  jayles  or  prisons  are  in  Southwark  placed, 
The  Counter,  once  St.  Margarets  church  defaced, 
The  Marshalsea,  the  Kings  Bench  and  White  Lyon — 
Then  thers  the  Clinke,  where  handsome  lodgings  be, 
And  much  good  may  it  do  them  all  for  me. 

It  is  pleasanter  to  remember  that  the  first  English  Bible  printed  in 
England  was  "Imprynted  in  Southwarke  for  James  Nycolson,"  1536. 
Southwark  being  the  last  stage  towards  London  was  necessarily  the 
chosen  resort  of  reformers,  disturbers,  and  lovers  of  change.  Godwin 
and  his  sons  made  incursions  in  1052.  Simon  de  Montfort  was  here 
in  1264  during  the  Barons'  Wars;  attempts  were  made  to  take  him  by 
surprise  at  his  lodgings,  but  they  failed.  In  1554  Sir  Thomas  Wyatt 
found  his  way  to  Tower  Hill  through  Southwark.  In  1666  Colonel 
Thompson  and  2000  of  people  gathered  here  "for  King  Jesus." 

1  Piozziana,  p.  183.  2  Burton's  Diary,  vol.  ii.  p.  191. 


SOUTHWARK  FAIR  287 


A  great  change  was  made  in  the  appearance  of  Southwark  when 
George  Dance  the  younger,  R.A.,  "Clerk  of  ye  City's  Works"  at  the 
end  of  the  last  century,  laid  out  the  Bridge  House  estate  of  the 
Corporation  in  St.  George's  Fields.  Since  then  changes  have  been 
continuous,  and  very  little  of  the  old-fashioned  character  of  the 
Borough  is  now  left.  [See  also  Bankside,  Barclay  and  Perkins's 
Brewery,  Bear  Garden,  Bridge  Ward  Without,  George  (St.)  the 
Martyr,  Globe  Theatre,  Guy's  Hospital,  Hope  Theatre,  Horselydown, 
Mint,  Olave  (St.),  Paris  Garden,  Rose,  Saviour  (St.),  Thomas  (St.)  a 
Waterings,  Thomas's  (St.)  Hospital,  Winchester  House.] 

Southwark  Bridge,  a  bridge  over  the  Thames,  was  of  three  cast- 
iron  arches,  resting  on  stone  piers,  at  the  narrowest  part  of  the  river, 
between  London  and  Blackfriars  Bridges.  It  was  designed  by  Sir  John 
Rennie,  and  erected  by  a  public  company,  at  an  expense  of  about 
,£800,000.  The  first  stone  was  laid  April  23,  1815,  by  Admiral 
Viscount  Keith.  The  bridge  was  opened  without  any  public  cere- 
mony at  midnight  of  March  24,  1819.  The  span  of  the  centre  arch 
is  240  feet,  of  the  side  arches  each  210  feet.  The  entire  weight  of 
iron  employed  in  upholding  the  bridge  is  about  5780  tons.  The 
roadway  is  700  feet  long  and  42  wide.  The  approach  from  the  City 
is  by  Queen  Street,  Cheapside.  Southwark  Bridge  was  purchased  by 
the  Corporation  of  London  in  1866  for  ^218,868,  and  made  free 
of  toll.  A  good  general  account  of  the  bridge  and  its  erection  will  be 
found  in  the  Autobiography  of  Sir  John  Rennie^  pp.  7  and  22-26. 

Southwark  Fair,  called  also  the  Lady  Fair  and  St.  Margaret's 
Fair.  It  was  one  of  the  three  great  fairs  of  special  importance 
described  in  a  Proclamation  of  Charles  I.,  "unto  which  there  is  usually 
extraordinary  resort  out  of  all  parts  of  the  kingdom."1  The  three 
fairs  were  Bartholomew  Fair,  Sturbridge  Fair,  near  Cambridge,  and  Our 
Lady  Fair,  in  the  borough  of  Southwark.  Liberty  to  hold  an  annual 
fair  in  Southwark,  on  September  7,  8,  and  9,  was  granted  to  the 
City  of  London  by  the  charter  of  2  Edward  IV.  (November  2, 
1462),  but  it  was  probably  held  long  before  in  a  loose  informal  manner. 
The  charter  was  confirmed  by  that  of  5  Edward  VI.  (April  23,  1551), 
together  with  a  Court  of  piepoudre  for  the  determination  of  all  suits 
and  offences  occurring  during  the  fair.  [See  Bartholomew  Fair ;  Pie- 
powder  Court]  The  fair  was  held  in  the  public  ways,  courts  and 
inn-yards  from  above  the  Tabard  to  St.  George's  Church.  Though 
the  allowed  time  for  its  continuance  by  charter  was  only  three  days,  it 
generally  continued,  like  other  fairs,  for  fourteen  days.  It  was  famous 
for  its  drolls,  puppet  shows,  rope  dancing,  music  booths,  and  tippling 
houses. 

September  21,  1 668. — To  Southwark  Fair,  very  dirty,  and  there  saw  the  puppet- 
shew  of  Whittington,  which  was  pretty  to  see  ;  and  how  that  idle  thing  do  work 
upon  people  that  see  it,  and  even  myself  too  !  And  thence  to  Jacob  Hall's  dancing 

1  Rymer,  vol.  xix.  p.  185. 


288  SOUTHWARK  FAIR 

on  the  ropes,  where  I  saw  such. action  as  I  never  saw  before,  and  mightily  worth 
seeing ;  and  here  took  acquaintance  with  a  fellow  that  carried  me  to  a  tavern, 
whither  came  the  music  of  this  booth,  and  by  and  by  Jacob  Hall  himself,  with  whom 
I  had  a  mind  to  speak,  to  hear  whether  he  had  ever  any  mischief  by  falls  in  his  time. 
He  told  me,  "Yes,  many,  but  never  to  the  breaking  of  a  limb."  He  seems  a 
mighty  strong  man.  So  giving  them  a  bottle  or  two  of  wine,  I  away. — Pepys. 

Before  going  into  the  fair  Pepys  had  taken  the  precaution  to  leave 
his  purse  with  Bland  his  waterman,  "  at  the  Beare,"  for  "  fear  of  his 
pocket  being  cut." 

September  13,  1660. — I  saw  in  Southwark  at  St.  Margaret's  Faire,  monkies  and 
apes  dance  and  do  other  feates  of  activity  on  ye  high  rope ;  they  were  gallantly  clad 
a  la  mode,  went  upright,  saluted  the  company,  bowing  and  pulling  off  their  hatts ; 
they  saluted  one  another  with  as  good  a  grace  as  if  instructed  by  a  dauncing-master. 
They  turn'd  heels  over  head  with  a  basket  having  eggs  in  it  without  breaking  any  ; 
also  with  lighted  candles  in  their  hands  and  on  their  heads  without  extinguishing 
them,  and  with  vessells  of  water  without  spilling  a  drop.  I  also  saw  an  Italian  wench 
daunce  and  performe  all  the  tricks  on  ye  high  rope  to  admiration  ;  all  the  Court 
went  to  see  her.  Likewise  here  was  a  man  who  tooke  up  a  piece  of  iron  cannon 
of  about  400  Ib.  (sic)  weight  with  the  haire  of  his  head  onely. — Evelyn. 

It  was  studied  for  its  low  life  by  Hogarth  and  Gay,  who  have  left  us 
the  celebrated  picture  of  Southwark  Fair  and  the  popular  Beggar's  Opera, 
Powell,  Booth,  and  Macklin  were  all  three  introduced  at  the  fail 

His  [Boheme's]  first  appearance  was  at  a  Booth  in  Soiithwark  Fair,  which  in 
those  days,  lasted  two  weeks,  and  was  much  frequented  by  persons  of  all  distinctions, 
of  both  sexes  ;  he  acted  the  part  of  Menelaus  in  the  best  droll  I  ever  saw,  called  the 
Siege  of  Troy. — Victor's  History  of  the  Theatres  (1761),  vol.  ii.  p.  74. 

Timothy  Fielding,  the  actor  (who  has  been  confused  with  Henry 
Fielding,  the  author),  had  a  booth  at  Southwark  Fair.  [See  BLUE  MAID 
ALLEY.]  The  bellman  by  order  of  the  Justices  cried  down  the  fair  in 
1743,  and  it  was  prohibited  for  the  future  by  the  Common  Council  in 
1762,  having  long  been  scandalous  for  its  scenes  of  riot  and  immorality ; 
it  was  finally  suppressed  by  the  Corporation  in  September  1763. 

Southwark  Park,  of  63  acres,  was  formed  by  the  Metropolitan 
Board  of  Works  and  opened  to  the  public  in  1869.  The  name  has 
the  same  misappropriateness  as  that  of  Finsbury  Park.  Southwark 
Park  is  situated  immediately  west  of  the  Commercial  Docks  and  the 
Deptford  Lower  Road,  with  the  whole  of  Bermondsey  between  it  and 
Southwark.  The  park  is  in  the  midst  of  a  dense  and  very  poor 
population,  to  whom  it  is  a  great  boon,  and  by  whom  it  appears  to  be 
thoroughly  appreciated.  It  cost  about  ,£96,000.  There  was  an  old 
Southwark  Park,  an  appendage  to  Suffolk  House  and  a  part  of  the 
King's  Manor,  which  was  excepted  from  the  grant  of  the  borough  of  . 
Southwark  to  the  City  of  London  in  the  charter  of  Edward  VI.1 

Southwark  Place,  SOUTHWARK.     [See  Suffolk  House,  Southwark.] 

Southwark  Street,  a  broad  and  handsome  street  (but  disfigured 
at    its  western   end   by  the    London,   Chatham  and   Dover   Railway 

1  Norton,  p.  388. 


AY1./    FIELDS  289 


bridge  which  crosses  it  there),  constructed  by  the  Metropolitan  Board 
of  Works  and  opened  in  1864.  It  cost  ^555,922.  It  is  70  feet  wide 
and  3450  feet  long,  and  runs  from  the  Borough  High  Street,  a  little 
south  of  the  Borough  Market,  in  an  easy  curve  to  the  Blackfriars  Road, 
opposite  Stamford  Street,  and  is  lined  for  the  most  part  with  large  and 
substantial  warehouses  and  offices,  some  of  them  of  considerable 
architectural  pretension.  Such  are  the  Hop  Exchange  (opened  1867), 
the  Southwark  and  the  Alliance  Chambers,  etc.  The  east  end  is  much 
occupied  by  hop  merchants  and  factors ;  farther  west  are  wholesale 
stationers,  druggists,  oil-merchants,  engineers,  and  other  large  business 
establishments. 

Spa  Fields,  CLERKENWELL,  so  called  from  the  London  Spa,  a 
mineral  spring  of  some  celebrity  in  the  i?th  and  first  half  of  the  i8th 
century.  The  Spa  House  stood  at  the  angle  where  Exmouth  and 
Rosoman  Streets  meet.  [See  London  Spa.]  The  fields  were  also 
known  as  Ducking  Pond  Fields,  Clerkenwell  Fields,  and  Pipe  Fields. 
They  were  an  open  waste,  notorious  for  bull-baiting,  duck-hunting, 
pugilism,  wrestling  and  other  rough  sports,  and  a  favourite  Sunday 
prom^  ide  for  Londoners.  They  began  to  be  built  over  in  1817,  and 
were  m  a  few  years  covered  thickly  with  houses. 

March  27  (Lord's  Day),  1664. — It  being  church-time  walked  to  St.  James's,  to 
try  if  I  could  see  the  belle  Butler,  but  could  not ;  only  saw  her  sister,  who  indeed  is 
pretty,  with  a  fine  Roman  nose.  Thence  walked  through  the  Ducking  Pond  Fields  ; 
but  they  are  so  altered  since  my  father  used  to  carry  us  to  Islington,  to  the  old  man 
at  the  King's  Head,  to  eat  cakes  and  ale  (his  name  was  Pitts),  that  I  did  not  know 
which  was  the  Ducking  Pond,  nor  where  I  was.  —  J \-py.s. 

On  Wednesday  last  two  women  fought  for  a  new  shift,  valued  at  half  a  guinea, 
in  the  Spaw  Fields,  near  Islington.  The  battle  was  won  by  the  woman  called 
Bruising  Peg,  who  beat  her  antagonist  in  a  terrible  manner. — Daily  Advertiser,  June 

22,    1768. 

On  Sabbath-day  who  has  not  seen 

In  colours  of  the  rainbow  dizen'd 
The  prentice  beaux  and  belles  I  ween, 

Fatigued  with  heat  with  dust  half  poisen'd 
To  Dobncy's  strolling,  or  Pantheon 

Their  tea  to  sip  or  else  regale, 
As  on  the  way  they  shall  agree  on, 

With  syllabubs  or  bottled  ale. 

London  Evening  Post,  August  1776. 

Malcolm,  in  his  Anecdotes  of  Manners  in  London  in  the  Eighteenth 
Century  (1803),  speaks  of  Spa  Fields  as  still  a  great  Sunday  resort. 

The  Ducking  Pond  was  a  little  west  of  the  London  Spa,  and  by  it 
was  Ducking  Pond  House.  This  was  taken  down  in  1770,  and  the 
Pantheon,  a  large  circular  assembly  room,  erected  on  its  site.  The 
grounds  were  laid  out  as  a  sort  of  minor  Vauxhall  or  Ranelagh,  the 
Ducking  Pond  being  now  called  the  lake,  and  furnished  with  boats. 
After  a  time  the  Pantheon  acquired  an  evil  reputation,  and  in  1776 
was  closed  as  a  place  of  entertainment,  to  become  shortly  the  birth- 
place and  cradle  of  a  new  and  influential  sect.  It  was  taken  by  two 
VOL.  in  u 


290  SPA   FIELDS 


"evangelical"  clergymen  and  reopened  as  Northampton  Chapel;  the 
lake  being  drained  and,  with  the  grounds,  turned  into  a  cemetery. 
This  provoked  the  incumbent  of  the  parish,  and  the  clergymen  were 
inhibited  by  the  Ecclesiastical  Courts  (February  1779)  from  preaching 
in  an  unconsecrated  place.  The  chapel  was  transferred  to  the  Countess 
of  Huntingdon  and  immediately  reopened,  she  making  the  adjoining 
house  her  residence  with  a  view  to  cover,  by  privilege  of  peerage, 
clergymen  preaching  there.  The  Ecclesiastical  Courts,  however, 
decided  against  the  claim,  and  two  of  her  clergy  having  seceded  from 
the  Establishment,  the  chapel  became  the  first  chapel  of  "The 
Countess  of  Huntingdon's  Connexion."  It  was  a  plain  brick  building, 
with  a  high  domical  roof  and  lantern,  and  had  on  the  front  a  stone 
inscribed  Spa  Fields  Chapel.  It  was  pulled  down  1879.  It  was 
capable  of  holding  2000  persons. 

Selina,  Countess  of  Huntingdon,  died  in  the  house  adjoining,  June 
17,  1791.  Spa  Fields  burial-ground  became  notorious  in  1845  in 
consequence  of  the  proprietors  burning  the  bodies  of  the  dead  to  make 
room  for  fresh  interments.  About  1350  bodies,  it  appeared,  were 
annually  buried  there.  The  ground  was  shortly  after  closed  by  an 
Order  in  Council. 

In  1886  a  new  Spa  Fields  chapel  was  built  in  Lloyd  Square,  the 
site  and  building  costing  ^15,000. 

The  Spa  Fields  Reform  Meetings  of  1816,  which  led  to  the 
suspension  of  the  Habeas  Corpus  Act  in  the  following  spring,  were 
held  on  the  site  of  the  present  Wilmington  Square  (erected  1818). 
The  first  meeting  was  held  November  15,  when  the  crowd  dispersed 
quietly  after  being  addressed  by  Orator  Hunt  from  the  first  floor 
window  of  the  Merlin's  Cave  public-house.  At  the  second  meeting  on 
December  2  the  Watsons,  father  and  son,  spoke  from  a  waggon  drawn 
up  in  front  of  Merlin's  Cave.  After  much  noise  and  riot  young 
Watson  called  on  the  mob  to  follow  him  and  seize  the  Tower.  Having 
sacked  the  shop  of  Beckwith,  a  gunsmith  at  Snow  Hill,  on  their  way, 
they  reached  Tower  Hill,  but  were  there  quickly  dispersed.  In  the 
following  June  young  Watson  was  tried  for  high  treason  before  Lord 
Ellenborough  and  acquitted.  A  Merlin's  Cave  still  occupies  the  site  of 
the  old  house,  the  present  building  being  a  "  gin  palace  "  marked  by  a 
bust,  meant  no  doubt  for  Merlin,  but  which  would  serve  as  well  for 
Homer,  with  the  equally  authentic  date,  "A.D.  516."  It  stands  at  the 
junction  of  Merlin's  Place  with  Upper  Rosoman  Street.  Wilmington 
Square  is  immediately  south. 

Spanish  Place,  MANCHESTER  SQUARE,  is  at  the  north-east  corner 
of  the  square  and  extends  into  Charles  Street.  At  its  own  north-east 
corner  is  the  chapel  built  for  the  Spanish  Embassy  in  1792  from  the 
design  of  Joseph  Bonomi,  A.  R.  A.,  architect,  and  renovated  and  decorated 
in  1866  under  the  superintendence  of  C.  J.  Wray,  when  a  new  and 
powerful  organ  by  Gray  and  Davison  was  added.  The  campanile  was 
raised,  1846,  by  Charles  Parker,  architect.  In  the  time  of  the  first 


SPITALFIELDS  291 

French  Empire  No.  3  was  the  residence  of  the  Marechal  due  de  Coigny, 
and  a  great  resort  of  the  leading  emigres.  Michael  Faraday,  who  spent 
his  early  days  in  this  neighbourhood,  often  pointed  out  the  spot  in  this 
street  where  he  used  to  play  marbles. 

'SparagUS  Garden,  a  place  of  amusement  in  LAMBETH  MARSH, 
adjoining  Cuper's  Gardens,  and  now  only  known,  even  by  name,  to  local 
antiquaries  and  the  readers  of  our  seventeenth  century  literature.  It  was 
a  narrow  strip  running  up  from  the  river,  a  little  east  of  Queen's  Arms 
Stairs,  the  landing-place  opposite  and  answering  to  Whitehall  Stairs. 
Richard  Brome  wrote  a  play,  called  the  'Sparagus  Garden,  acted  in 
1635  at  Salisbury  Court,  and  printed  in  4to,  1640. 

April  22,  1668. — To  the  fishmonger's  and  bought  a  couple  of  lobsters,  and 
over  to  the  'Sparagus  Garden,  thinking  to  have  met  Mr.  Pierce  and  his  wife,  and 
Knipp.  — Pepys. 

Spectacle  Makers'  Company,  the  sixtieth  on  the  list  of  the  City 
Companies,  an  ancient  fraternity  by  prescription,  but  first  incorporated 
by  letters  patent  of  Charles  I.,  dated  May  16,  1630.  The  Company 
has  a  livery,  granted  by  the  Court  of  Aldermen  in  1809,  but  no  hall. 

Spencer  House,  ST.  JAMES'S  PLACE  and  the  GREEN  PARK,  was 
built  for  John  Spencer,  first  Lord  Spencer  of  Althorp  (d.  1783).  The 
statues  on  the  pediment  are  by  M.  H.  Spang.  The  Green  Park 
front  designed  by  John  Vardy,  and  the  St.  James's  Place  front  by  James 
Stuart.  [See  St.  James's  Place.] 

Spitalfields,  a  district  and  parish  in  the  east  of  London,  between 
Bishopsgate  and  Bethnal  Green,  inhabited  by  weavers  of  silk  and  other 
poor  people.  It  was  a  place  of  sepulture  for  Roman  London,  and 
received  its  name  from  the  fields  having  once  belonged  to  the  Priory 
and  Hospital  of  St.  Mary  Spital,  founded  in  1197  by  Walter  Brune  and 
Rosia  his  wife,  and  dedicated  to  the  honour  of  Jesus  Christ  and  the 
Virgin  Mary  by  the  name  of  Domus  Dei  et  Beatse  Mariae,  extra  Bishops- 
gate,  in  the  parish  of  St.  Botolph.  Hence  the  present  parish  of  Christ 
Church,  Spitalfields.  The  old  name  was  Lolesworth,  according  to 
Stow,  who  gives  a  long  and  particular  account  of  the  discovery  of  a 
large  number  of  Roman  cinerary  urns,  bones,  vestiges  of  coffins  and 
various  other  remains  made  in  excavating  on  the  east  side  of  the  church 
for  brick-earth  in  1576.  Stow  was  himself  present  during  some  of 
the  diggings,  and  carried  with  him  a  small  "  pot  of  white  earth  .  .  . 
made  in  the  shape  of  a  hare  squatted  upon  her  legs,  and  between 
her  ears  the  mouth  of  the  pot ;  also  the  lower  jaw  of  a  man,  some  iron 
nails,"  etc.1  The  fields  were  covered  with  buildings  between  1650  and 
1660. 

The  silk  manufacture  was  planted  in  Spitalfields  by  French  emi- 
grants, expelled  from  their  own  country  upon  the  revocation  of  the 
Edict  of  Nantes  in  1685,  a  measure  which  transferred  to  this  country 

1  Stmu,  p.  64. 


292  SPITALFIELDS 

the  families  of  Auriol,  Barre,  Boileau,  Bouverie,  Ligonier,  Labouchere, 
Romilly,  Houblon,  Lefroy,  Levesque,  De  la  Haye,  Garnault,  Ouvry,  etc. 
In  Spitalfields  are  found  many  French  names,  as  Bataille,  Lafontaine, 
Strachan,  Fontaneau,  etc.,  by  weavers,  enamellers,  jewellers,  etc.,  both 
masters  and  workpeople,  down  to  our  own  day  ;  while  still  more,  perhaps, 
translations  of  the  original  French  names  of  their  ancestors,  as  Masters 
(Le  Maitre),  Young  (Le  Jeune),  Black  (Lenoir),  King  (Le  Roi),  and 
the  like ;  but  the  traces  of  French  descent  have  been  fast  fading  away 
in  recent  years.  The  Dollonds  were  French  refugees,  and  John 
Dollond,  the  inventor  of  the  achromatic  telescope,  was  born  in  Spital- 
fields and  worked  with  his  father  at  the  loom.  In  the  churchyard  of 
the  priory  (now  Spital  Square),  was  a  pulpit  cross,  "somewhat  like," 
says  Stow,  "  to  that  in  St.  Paul's  churchyard,"  where  the  celebrated  Spital 
sermons  were  originally  preached.  The  cross  was  rebuilt  in  1594,  and 
destroyed  during  the  troubles  of  Charles  I.  The  sermons,  however, 
have  been  continued  to  the  present  time,  and  are  still  preached  every 
Easter  Monday  and  Easter  Tuesday,  before  the  Lord  Mayor  and 
Aldermen,  at  Christ  Church,  Newgate  Street.  The  Christ's  Hospital  or 
Blue  Coat  Boys  were  regular  attendants,  in  the  reign  of  Queen  Elizabeth,1 
at  the  Spital  sermons  at  the  old  cross  in  Spital  Square. 

A  hospital  or  spital  signified  a  charitable  institution  for  the  advantage  of  poor, 
infirm,  and  aged  persons — an  almshouse,  in  short ;  while  spittles  were  mere  lazar- 
houses,  receptacles  for  wretches  in  the  leprosy,  and  other  loathsome  diseases  the 
consequence  of  debauchery  and  vice. — Gifford  (Note  in  Massinger'1  s  Works], 

On  Easter  Sunday  the  ancient  custom  is  that  all  the  children  of  the  Hospital  go 
before  my  Lord  Mayor  to  the  Spittle,  that  the  world  may  witness  the  works  of  God 
and  man,  in  maintenence  of  so  many  poor  people,  the  better  to  stir  up  living  men's 
minds  to  the  same  good. — A  Nest  of  Ninnies,  by  Robert  Armin,  410,  1 680. 

That  other 

That,  in  pure  madrigal,  unto  his  mother 
Commended  the  French  hood  and  scarlet  gown 
The  Lady  May'ress  passed  in  through  the  town, 
Unto  the  Spittle  Sermon. — Ben  Jonson,  Underwoods,  No.  Ixi. 

But  the  sermon  of  the  greatest  length  was  that  concerning  Charity  before  the 
Lord  Mayor  and  Aldermen  at  the  Spittle  :  in  speaking  which  he  [Dr.  Barrow]  spent 
three  hours  and  a  half.  Being  asked  after  he  came  down  from  the  pulpit  whether  he 
was  not  tired:  "Yes,  indeed,"  said  he,  "I  began  to  be  weary  with  standing  so 
long." — Pope's  Life  of  Seth  Ward,  I2mo,  1697,  p.  148. 

The  population  of  Spitalfields  in  1881  was  22,585.  No  district  in 
or  about  London  contains  a  similar  mass  of  low-rented  houses  to  that 
•  of  Spitalfields  and  Bethnal  Green.  The  weavers'  houses  generally  con- 
sist of  two  rooms  on  the  ground  floor  and  a  workroom  above.  This 
workroom  always  has  a  window  the  whole  length  of  the  room  for  the 
admission  of  light  to  the  loom ;  in  these  small,  crowded,  and  often  dirty 
rooms  some  of  the  most  delicate  and  exquisitely  wrought  velvets,  satins, 
and  brocaded- silks  have  been  produced.  But  the  weaving  population 
of  Spitalfields  has  been  for  some  years  declining.  Many  of  the  houses 
above  described  have  been  swept  away  in  constructing  Commercial 

1  Stovj,  p.  119. 


SPRING   GARDENS  293 


Street,  the  formation  and  extension  of  the  C.rcat  Eastern  Railway,  and 
in  various  local  alterations  and  improvements,  and  few  if  any  such 
houses  have  been  built  in  their  place.  The  character  of  the  district 
has  undergone  a  marked  change  in  the  last  few  years,  but  it  remains 
distinctively  a  region  of  small,  low-rented  and  overcrowded  houses,  in- 
habited by  a  very  poor  population.  [See  Christ  Church,  Spitalfields ; 
Pelham  Street,  Spital  Square,  Wheeler  Street.] 

"  In  1870,  when  the  promulgation  of  the  celebrated  decree  of  papal  infallibility 
had  been  resolved  upon,  it  was  deemed  necessary  that  the  Pope  should  wear  at  the 
attendant  ceremony  a  new  vestment  woven  entirely  in  one  piece.  Italy,  France, 
and  other  European  countries  were  vainly  searched  for  a  weaver  capable  of  executing 
this  work,  and  at  last  the  order  came  to  England,  where  in  Spitalfields  was  found 
the  only  man  able  to  make  the  garment,  and  he,  by  a  strange  irony  of  fate,  one  of 
the  erstwhile  persecuted  Huguenot  race." — Booth's  Labour  and  Life  of  the  People, 
1889,  vol.  i.  p.  394,  note. 

Bishop  Wilson  of  Calcutta  was  born  in  Church  Street,  Spitalfields, 
July  22,  1778.  A  view  of  the  house  is  given  in  his  Life,  vol.  i.  p.  3. 

Spital  Square,  SPITALFIELDS,  is  an  open  place  on  the  east  side  of 
Norton  Folgate,  formerly  a  centre  of  the  silk  and  velvet  trade.  Thomas 
Stothard,  R.A.,  passed  a  seven  years'  apprenticeship  with  a  "draftsman 
of  patterns  for  brocaded  silk  "  in  this  square ;  and  here  his  genius  was 
first  discovered  by  Harrison,  the  publisher  of  the  Novelist's  Magazine, 
which  was  to  owe  its  popularity  to  his  graceful  pencil.1 

Spittle  Croft,  a  burying  ground  of  13  acres,  consecrated  in  1349 
by  Dr.  Ralph  Stratford,  Bishop  of  London,  situated  near  Charterhouse 
Square. 

And  the  Plague  coming  on  with  great  fury  in  the  year  1349,  Sir  Walter  de 
Manny  .  .  .  purchased  of  the  Master  and  Brethren  of  St.  Bartholomew's  Spittle,  a  piece 
of  ground  called  Spittle  Croft,  containing  thirteen  acres  and  a  rod  .  .  .  and  there 
were  buried  in  that  year  more  than  fifty  thousand  corpses  in  these  thirteen  acres  and 
a  rod  of  ground. — Bearcroft's  Stitton  and  Charter  House,  1737,  p.  164. 

Spring  Gardens,  between  St.  JAMES'S  PARK  and  CHARING  CROSS 
and  WHITEHALL,  a  garden  dating  at  latest  from  the  reign  of  James  I., 
with  butts,  bathing -pond,  pheasant -yard,  and  bowling-green,  attached 
to  the  King's  Palace  at  Whitehall,  and  so  called  from  a  jet  or  spring  of 
water,  which  sprung  with  the  pressure  of  the  foot,  and  wetted  whoever 
was  foolish  or  ignorant  enough  to  tread  upon  it. 

In  March  1610,  there  is  a  "  Grant  to  Geo.  Johnson,  Keeper  of  the  King's  Sprin^ 
Garden  ;"  amd  in  the  same  month  funds  are  assigned  for  "  making  defence  for  orange 
and  other  fruit  trees  in  the  Park  and  Spring  Garden."  In  March,  1611,  the  minion 
Robert  Carr  was  created  Viscount  Rochester,  and  appointed  Keeper  of  the  Palace  oj 
Westminster,  part  of  the  duty  being  to  "keep  and  preserve  wild  beasts  and  fowl  in 
St.  James's  Park  and  Garden  and  Spring  Garden"  (Cal.  State  Pap.,  161 1-1618,  p.  57, 
etc.)  Among  the  Egerton  MSS.,  No.  806,  in  the  British  Museum,  is  an  account  of 
' '  Charges  don  in  doeinge  of  sundry  needful  reparacons  about  the  Pkc  and  Springe 
Garden,  beginninge  primojtilij,  1614,  and  ending  ultimo  Septem.  next."  The  water 
was  supplied  by  pipes  of  lead  from  St.  James's  Fields.  Among  other  charges  at  the 

1  Life,  by  Mrs.  Bray,  p.  9. 


294  SPRING   GARDENS 


end  is  one,  "  For  two  clucking  henns  to  sett  upon  the  pheasant  eggs,  iiijs."  On  the 
29th  of  November,  1601,  a  payment  was  made  to  George  Johnson,  keeper  of  the 
Spring  Garden,  for  a  scaffold  which  he  had  erected  against  the  Park  wall  in  the  Tilt 
Yard,  for  "the  Countie  Egmond"to  see  the  tilters  (Chalmer's  Apology,  vol.  i.  p. 
340).  And  in  1630  Simon  Osbaldeston  was  appointed  keeper  of  the  King's  Garden 
called  the  Spring  Garden  and  of  His  Majesty's  Bowling-green  there.  It  appears  by 
the  patent  (Pat.  7  Car.,  pt.  8,  No.  4)  that  the  garden  was  made  a  Bowling-green  by 
command  of  Charles  I — Lysons's  Environs,  vol.  i.  p.  324 ;  Lord  Chamberlain's 
Warrant  Book,  vol.  i.  p.  252. 

In  a  garden  joining  to  this  Palace  [Whitehall]  there  is  a  jet  d'eau,  with  a  sun-dial, 
at  which,  while  strangers  are  looking,  a  quantity  of  water  forced  by  a  wheel,  which 
the  gardener  turns  at  a  distance  through  a  number  of  little  pipes,  plentifully  sprinkles 
those  that  are  standing  round. — Hentzner's  Travels,  anno,  1598. 

Water-springs  of  this  description  were  not  uncommon  in  gardens  of 
the  time  of  Queen  Elizabeth,  and  even  later.  One  of  this  character 
existed  at  Chatsworth ;  and  Nares,  in  his  Glossary,  says  that  the 
spring-garden  described  by  Plot  was  to  be  seen  at  Enstone,  in  Oxford- 
shire, in  1822. 

But  look  thee,  Martius ;  not  a  vein  runs  here, 

From  head  to  foot,  but  Sophocles  would  unseam, 

And  like  a  Spring  Garden,  shoot  his  scornful  blood 

Into  their  eyes,  durst  come  to  tread  on  him. 

Beaumont  and  Fletcher,  ed.  Dyce,  vol.  ii.  p.  484. 

To  John  Sweate,  carpenter,  for  framing  and  putting  up  two  Sluces  <?f  tymber  in 
the  Spring  Garden,  and  a  new  Bridge  with  tymber  and  plankes  and  nailes  on  each 
side,  Ix  foote  in  length,  to  lead  to  the  Duck  Pond  Island,  and  for  framing  and  setting 
up  a  Sluce  at  the  Pond  in  Scotland  Yard  .  .  .  £6  :  13  14. — Crown  Works  at 
Whitehall,  1634-1635. 

April  18,  1633. — The  Earl  of  Holland  was  on  Saturday  last  very  solemnly 
restord  at  Council  Table  (the  King  present)  from  a  kind  of  eclipse  wherein  he  had 
stood  since  the  Tuesday  fortnight  before.  .  .  .  All  the  cause  yet  known  was  a  verbal 
challenge  sent  from  him  by  Mr.  Henry  Germain  to  the  now  Lord  Weston,  newly 
returned  from  his  foreign  imployments,  that  ...  he  did  him  at  such  a  time,  even 
in  the  Spring  Garden  (close  under  his  father's  window)  with  his  sword  by  his  side. — 
Sir  H.  Wotton  to  Sir  Edmund  Bacon  (Rel.  Wott,,  p.  455). 

The  great  bowling  green  in  this  garden,  and  a  "  new  garden  house  for 
his  Majesty  to  repose  in,"  were  made  in  1629  by  William  Walker  for 
Charles  I.,  the  bowling  green  with  turf  from  Blackheath.1 

June  3,  1634. — The  Bowling-green  in  the  Spring  Garden  was,  by  the  King's 
command,  put  .down  for  one  day,  but  by  the  intercession  of  the  Queen  it  was 
reprieved  for  this  year  ;  but  hereafter  it  shall  be  no  common  bowling-place.  There 
was  kept  in  it  an  ordinary  of  six  shillings  a  meal  (when  the  King's  proclamation 
allows  but  two  elsewhere),  continual  bibbing  and  drinking  wine  all  day  under  the 
trees  ;  two  or  three  quarrels  every  week.  It  was  grown  scandalous  and  insufferable  ; 
besides  my  Lord  Digby  being  reprehended  for  striking  [Will.  Crofts]  in  the  King's 
garden,  he  answered  that  he  took  it  for  a  common  bowling-place,  where  all  paid 
money  for  their  coming  in. — Garrard  to  Lord  Strafford  (Strafford  Papers,  vol.  i. 
p.  262). 

Since  the  Spring  Garden  was  put  down,  we  have,  by  a  servant  of  the  Lord 
Chamberlain's,  a  new  Spring  Garden  erected  in  the  fields  behind  the  Muse  [See 
Piccadilly],  where  is  built  a  fair  house,  and  two  bowling  greens  made,  to  entertain 
gamesters  and  bowlers  at  an  excessive  rate ;  for  I  believe  it  has  cost  him  ^4000, — a 

1  Accounts,  favoured  by  Lord  Chamberlain's  office. 


SPRING   GARDENS 


295 


dear  undertaking  for  a  gentleman  barber.  My  Lord  Chamberlain  much  frequents 
that  place,  where  they  bowl  great  matches. — Garrard  to  Lord  Strafford  (Strafford 
Papers,  vol.  i.  p.  435). 

When  James,  Duke  of  York,  made  his  escape  from  St.  James's  Palace, 
April  20,  1648,  he  and  Colonel  Bam  field  passed  into  and  out  of  the 
Spring  Garden  "as  gallants  come  to  hear  the  nightingale." 

As  for  the  pastimes  of  my  sisters,  when  they  were  in  the  country,  it  was  to  read, 
work,  walk,  and  discourse  with  each  other.  Commonly  they  lived  half  the  year  in 
London.  Their  customs  were  in  winter  time  to  go  sometimes  to  plays  or  to  ride  in 
their  coaches  about  the  streets,  to  see  the  concourse  and  recourse  of  people,  and  in 
the  spring  time  to  visit  the  Spring  Garden,  Hyde  Park,  and  the  like  places  ;  and 
sometimes  they  would  have  music  and  sup  in  barges  upon  the  water. — Margaret 
Lucas,  Duchess  of  Newcastle  (temp.  Charles  I.) 

June  13,  1649. — I  dined  with  my  worthy  friend  Sir  John  Owen.  .  .  .  After- 
wards I  treated  ladies  of  my  relations  in  Spring  Garden. — Evelyn. 

Shall  we  make  a  fling  to  London,  and  see  how  the  spring  appears  there  in  the 
Spring  Garden  ;  and  in  Hyde  Park,  to  see  the  races,  horse  and  foot  ? — R.  Brome, 
A  Jovial!  Crew,  4to,  1652. 

May  10,  1654. — My  Lady  Gerrard  treated  us  at  Mulberry  Garden,  now  ye  onely 
place  of  refreshment  about  the  toune  for  persons  of  the  best  quality  to  be  exceedingly 
cheated  at ;  Cromwell  and  his  partizans  having  shut  up  and  seized  on  Spring  Garden, 
wch  till  now  had  been  ye  usual  rendezvous  for  the  ladys  and  gallants  at  this  season. 
— Evelyn. 

May  20,  1658. — I  went  to  see  a  coach  race  in  Hyde  Park,  and  collationed  in 
Spring  Garden. — Evelyn. 

The  manner  is  as  the  company  returns  [from  Hyde  Park]  to  alight  at  the  Spring 
Garden  so  called,  in  order  to  the  Parke,  as  our  Thuilleries  is  to  the  Course  ;  the 
inclosure  not  disagreeable,  for  the  solemnness  of  the  grove,  the  warbling  of  the  birds, 
and  as  it  opens  into  the  spacious  walks  at  St.  James's ;  but  the  company  walk  in  it 
at  such  a  rate,  you  would  think  that  all  the  ladies  were  so  many  Atalantas  contending 
with  their  wooers  .  .  .  But  as  fast  as  they  ran  they  stay  there  so  long  as  if  they  wanted 
not  time  to  finish  the  race  ;  for  it  is  usual  here  to  find  some  of  the  young  company 
till  midnight ;  and  the  thickets  of  the  garden  seem  to  be  contrived  to  all  advantages 
of  gallantry,  after  they  have  been  refreshed  with  the  collation,  which  is  here  seldom 
omitted,  at  a  certain  cabaret,  in  the  middle  of  this  paradise,  where  the  forbidden 
fruits  are  certain  trifling  tarts,  neats'  tongues,  salacious  meats,  and  bad  Rhenish  ; 
for  which  the  gallants  pay  sauce,  as  indeed  they  do  at  all  such  houses  throughout 
England. — A  Character  of  England,  etc.  (attributed  to  Evelyn),  I2mo,  1659, 
p.  56. 

After  the  Restoration  the  Spring  Garden  at  Charing  Cross  was  called 
the  Old  Spring  Garden,  the  ground  built  upon,  and  the  entertainments 
removed  to  the  New  Spring  Garden  at  Lambeth,  since  called  Vauxhall}- 
Pepys  preferred  the  new  Spring  Garden  to  the  old  one. 

May  29,  1662. — To  the  old  Spring  Garden,  and  there  walked  long,  and  the 
wenches  [his  wife's  two  maids]  gathered  pinks.  Here  we  staid  and  seeing  that  we 
could  not  have  anything  to  eate,  but  very  dear  and  with  long  stay,  we  went  forth 
again  without  any  notice  taken  of  us,  and  so  we  might  have  done  if  we  had  had 
anything.  Thence  to  the  new  one,  where  I  never  was  before,  which  much  exceeds 
the  other. — Pepys. 

In  the  early  part  of  the  i8th  century  there  was  another  Spring 
Garden  at  Knightsbridge, — like  the  Old  and  the  New  Spring  Gardens, 

1  London  Gazette  of  1675,  No.  981. 


296  SPRING   GARDENS 


a  place  of  public  resort.1  The  ground  built  upon  was  called  "  Inner 
Spring  Garden  "  and  "  Outer  Spring  Garden." 2 

The  Blue  Posts  in  Spring  Garden  was  the  rendezvous  of  the 
conspirators  in  the  plot  to  assassinate  William  III.,  in  the  spring  of 
1696. 

Eminent  Inhabitants. — Sir  Philip  Warwick,  in  1661,  etc.,  author  of 
the  Memoirs  which  bear  his  name ;  he  lived  in  Outer  Spring  Garden. 
Warwick  Street,  adjoining,  was  named  after  him.  Sir  William  Morris, 
in  1662,  etc.,  in  Outer  Spring  Garden.  Philip,  Earl  of  Chesterfield, 
1667-1670,  in  Outer  Spring  Garden.  Prince  Rupert,  from  1674  to 
his  death  in  November  1682.  The  Lord  Crofts,  "mad  Lord  Crofts," 
1674,  etc.  In  the  books  of  the  Lord  Steward's  office  he  is  described 
as  living,  in  1677,  "in  the  place  commonly  called  the  Old  Spring 
Garden."  Sir  Edward  Hungerford,  in  1681,  after  his  removal  from 
the  site  of  Hungerford  Market.  Colley  Gibber,  from  1711  to  1714. 

In  or  near  the  old  Play-house  in  Drury  Lane,  on  Monday  last,  the  igth  of 
January,  a  watch  was  dropp'd  having  a  Tortoise-shell  Case  inlaid  with  silver,  a  silver 
chain,  and  a  gold  seal  ring,  the  arms  a  cross  wavy  and  chequer.  Whoever  brings  it 
to  Mr.  Gibber,  at  his  House  near  the  Bull  Head  Tavern  in  Old  Spring  Garden  at 
Charing  Cross,  shall  have  three  guineas  reward. — The  Daily  Courant,  January  20, 
I703- 

The  Earls  of  Berkeley  from  1772.  [See  Berkeley  House.]  Admiral 
Sir  Charles  Saunders,  one  of  the  most  distinguished  on  our  long 
roll  of  seamen,  died  at  his  house  in  Spring  Gardens,  December  7, 
1775.  Sir  Gilbert  Elliott  (first  Earl  of  Minto)  was  living  here  before 
his  expedition  to  Toulon,  1793.  George  Canning  at  No.  13  (right-hand 
corner  of  Cockspur  Street).  On  March  12,  1799,  he  writes  to  Malone 
asking  him  to  take  his  place  in  the  chair  at  "The  Club."3 

A  lady  having  put  to  Canning  the  silly  question — "Why  have  they  the  spaces 
in  the  iron  gate  at  Spring  Gardens  so  narrow?"  he  replied,  "Oh  Ma'am,  because 
such  very  fat  people  tried  to  go  through," — a  reply  concerning  which  Tom  Moore 
said  that  the  person  who  does  not  relish  it  can  have  no  perception  of  real  wit. — 
Dyce's  Rogers,  p.  160. 

The  first  Earl  of  Malmesbury  at  No.  1 4. 

Sunday,  November  3,  1805. — Mr.  Pitt  and  Lord  Mulgrave  came  to  me  in  Spring 
Gardens,  about  10  o'clock,  with  a  Dutch  newspaper  in  which  the  capitulation  of 
Ulm  was  inserted  at  full  length.  As  they  neither  of  them  understood  Dutch,  and  all 
the  offices  were  empty,  they  came  to  me  to  translate  it,  which  I  did  as  well  as  I 
"  could ;  and  I  observed  but  too  clearly  the  effect  which  it  had  on  Pitt,  though  he  did 
his  utmost  to  conceal  it.  This  was  the  last  time  I  saw  him. — Lord  Malmesbury 's 
Dia?y. 

Sir  Robert  Taylor,  the  architect  of  the  Bank  of  England  and 
founder  of  the  Taylor  Institute,  Oxford,  died  at  his  house  in 
Spring  Gardens,  September  27,  1788,  leaving  a  fortune  of  ;£i  80,000, 
though,  as  he  used  to  say,  he  began  life  with  hardly  eighteenpence. 
His  son,  Michael  Angelo  Taylor,  whose  name  is  attached  to  the  well- 

1  He   carried   me   to   the   Spring   Garden   at       Moll  Flanders,  Talboy  s  ed.,  p.  243. 
fCmghtsbrieige,  where  we  walked  in  the  gardens,  -  Rate-books  of  St.  Martin's-in-the-Fields. 

and  he   treated    me  very  handsomely. —Defoe's          3  Prior,  Life  of  Malone,  p.  256. 


SQUIRE'S   COFFEE-HOUSE  297 

known  Act  of  Parliament  1816-1817,  relating  to  paving,  also  died  here 
in  1834.  In  June  1838  another  eminent  and  equally  prosperous 
architect,  Sir  George  Gilbert  Scott,  "  settled  down,"  as  he  wrote,  shortly 
fifter  his  marriage,  at  No.  20  (now  31)  Spring  Gardens,  and  continued 
to  live  there  till  1844,  when  he  removed  to  St.  John's  Wood;  but  the 
house  in  Spring  Gardens  continued  to  be  his  professional  office  till 
his  death.  The  houses  are  now  principally  used  as  offices.  No.  24  is 
the  Land  Revenue  Records  and  Enrolments  Office,  and  the  Admiralty 
has  No.  26.  At  the  Park  end,  Nos.  10  to  14,  was  the  office  of  the 
Metropolitan  Board  of  Works,  erected  in  1860,  from  the  designs  of 
Fred.  Marrable,  architect  to  the  Board.  It  is  a  large  Palladian  edifice, 
now  occupied  by  the  London  County  Council.  The  meeting-room 
has  been  (1890)  enlarged  to  afford  accommodation  for  the  increased 
number  of  representatives  at  a  cost  of  over  ^16, 500.  "  The  Great  Room 
in  Spring  Garden,"  where  the  Society  of  Artists  held  their  exhibitions 
for  several  years,  now  forms  a  part  of  the  offices  of  the  London  County 
Council.  Hogarth  designed  a  frontispiece  for  the  second  exhibition  in 
1761.  St.  Matthew's  Episcopal  Chapel,  at  the  corner  of  New  Street, 
was  built  by  an  ancestor  of  Lord  Clifford,  and  occasioned  a  dispute  in 
1792  between  Lord  Clifford  and  the  vicar  of  St.  Martin's -in -the 
Fields,  who  claimed  the  right  of  presentation.  It  is  now  closed  as  a 
place  of  worship,  and  is  filled  with  Admiralty  Records.  [See  Bull 
Head  Tavern.] 

Spur  Alley,  in  the  STRAND,  an  opening  under  the  Salutation 
Tavern,1  now  Craven  Street,  in  the  Strand,  and  so  called  since  I742.2 

Vertue  had  received  two  different  accounts  of  his  [Grinling  Gibbons's]  birth  ;  from 
Murray  the  painter,  that  he  was  born  in  Holland  of  English  parents,  and  came  over 
at  the  age  of  nineteen  ;  from  Stoakes  (relation  of  the  Stones),  that  his  father  was  a 
Dutchman,  but  that  Gibbons  himself  was  born  in  Spur  Alley  in  the  Strand. — 
Horace  Walpole. 

The  truth  is,  Gibbons  was  born  at  Rotterdam  on  April  4,  i648.3 

Spur  Inn,  No.  129  BOROUGH  HIGH  STREET,  SOUTHWARK.  Spur 
Inn  Yard  still  remains ;  and  there  is  a  17th-century  token  of  the  Spur 
Inn  in  the  Guildhall  Collection. 

From  thence  [the  Marshalsea]  towards  London  Bridge,  on  the  same  side,  be 
many  fair  inns  for  receipt  of  travellers  by  these  signs,  the  Spurre,  Christopher,  Hull, 
Queene's  Head,  Tabarde,  George,  Hart,  Kinge's  Head,  etc.  Amongst  the  which 
the  most  ancient  is  the  Tabard. — Stow,  p.  154. 

This  inn  is  shown  in  the  plan  of  the  borough  in  1542,  reproduced  in 
Rendle's  Old  Southivark. 

Spurriers'  Lane,  TOWER  STREET.     [See  Water  Lane.] 
Spurriers'  Row,  LUDGATE  HILL.     [See  Creed  Lane.] 

Squire's  Coffee-house,  FULWOOD'S  RENTS,  was  so  called  from 
a  Mr.  Squire,  "  a  noted  coffee  man  in  Fuller's  Rents,"  who  died 

1  Harleian  MS.,  6850,  temp.  James  I.  3  Black's  Catalogue  of  the  Ashmoltan  MSS, 

2  Rate-books  of  St.  Martin's-in-the- Fields.  col.  209. 


298  SQUIRE'S  COFFEE-HOUSE 

September  1 8,  1717.     It  was  patronised  by  the  benchers  and  students 
of  Gray's  Inn. 

I  do  not  know  that  I  meet,  in  any  of  my  walks,  objects  which  move  both  my 
spleen  and  laughter  so  effectually,  as  those  young  fellows  at  the  Grecian,  Squire's, 
Serle's,  and  all  other  coffee  houses  adjacent  to  the  Law. — The  Spectator,  No.  49. 

Having  passed  away  the  greatest  part  of  the  morning  in  hearing  the  Knight's 
[Sir  Roger  de  Coverley's]  reflections,  he  asked  me  if  I  would  smoke  a  pipe  with  him 
over  a  dish  of  coffee  at  'Squire's. — The  Spectator,  No.  269. 

Stafford  House,  in  ST.  JAMES'S  PARK,  between  St.  James's  Palace 
and  the  Green  Park,  occupies  the  site  of  the  library  built  by  Caroline, 
wife  of  George  II.  [See  Queen's  Library],  and  partly  that  of  Godolphin 
House.  It  was  built,  all  but  the  upper  storey,  for  the  Duke  of  York 
(second  son  of  George  III.),  with  money  advanced  for  that  purpose  by 
the  Marquis  of  Stafford,  afterwards  first  Duke  of  Sutherland  (d. 
1833),  Benj.  Wyatt,  architect.  The  Duke  of  York  did  not  live  to 
inhabit  it,  and  the  Crown  lease,  pursuant  to  4  and  5  Viet.  c.  27,  was 
sold  to  the  Duke  of  Sutherland  on  July  6,  1841,  for  the  sum  of 
^72,000,  the  original  cost  of  the  building.  The  purchase  money 
was  spent  in  the  formation  of  Victoria  Park.  The  upper  storey  was 
added  for  the  Duke  of  Sutherland,  by  Sir  Charles  Barry,  R.A.,  architect. 
This  is  said  to  be  the  finest  private  mansion  in  the  metropolis.  The 
great  dining-room  is  worthy  of  Versailles.  The  internal  arrange- 
ments were  also  planned  by  Barry.  The  pictures,  too,  are  very 
fine ;  but  the  collection  is  private,  to  which  admission  is  obtained  only 
by  the  express  invitation  or  permission  of  the  duke.  The  collection  is 
distributed  throughout  the  house.  The  Sutherland  Gallery,  as  it  is 
called,  is  a  noble  and  splendidly  decorated  room,  136  feet  long  by  32 

feet  wide. 

PRINCIPAL  PICTURES. 

RAPHAEL. — Christ  bearing  His  Cross,  a  small  full-length  figure,  seen  against  a 

sky  background  between  two  pilasters  adorned  with  arabesques. 
GUIDO. — Head  of  the  Magdalen.     Study  for  the  large  picture  of  Atalanta  in 

the  Royal  Palace  at  Naples.     The  Circumcision. 
GUERCINO. — St.  Gregory.     St.  Grisogono.     A  Landscape. 
PARMEGIANO. — Head  of  a  Young  Man  (very  fine). 
TINTORETTO. — A  Lady  at  her  Toilet. 
TITIAN. — Mercury  teaching  Cupid  to  read  in  the  presence  of  Venus  (an  Orleans 

picture,  figures  life  size).      St.  Jerome  in  the  Desert.     Three  Portraits. 
MORONI. — Head  of  a  Jesuit  (very  fine). 
MURILLO    (5). — Two   from    Marshal   Soult's    Collection — the   Return  of  the 

Prodigal   Son  (a  composition  of  nine   figures).     Abraham  and   the  Angels. 

Cost  ^3000. 

F.  ZURBARAN  (4). — Three  from  Soult's  Collection  (very  fine). 

VELASQUEZ  (2). — Duke  of  Gandia  at  the  Door  of  a  Convent,  eight  figures,  life 

size,  from  the  Soult  Collection.     Landscape. 
ALBERT  DURER. — The  Death  of  the  Virgin. 
HONTHORST. — Christ  before  Pilate  (Honthorst's  chef  d'&uvre),  from  the  Lucca 

Collection. 
N.  POUSSIN  (3). 

G.  POUSSIN  (i). 

RUBENS  (4). — Holy  Family.     Marriage  of  St.  Catherine.     Sketch,  en  grisaille, 


STAFFORD  ROW  299 


for   the  great   picture   in   the   Louvre,  of  the  Marriage  of  Henry  IV.   and 

Marie  <U-  Medicis. 
VAN   DYCK  (4). — Three-quarter  portrait  of  Thomas  Howard,  Earl  of  Arundel, 

seated    in    an    arm-chair    (very   fine    and    admirably    engraved    by   Sharp). 

Two  Portraits.     St.  Martin  dividing  his  Cloak  (in  a  circle). 
WATTEAU  (5). — All  fine. 

D.  TENIERS  (2). — A  Witch   performing   her  Cantations.     Ducks  in  a  Reedy 
Pool. 

TKRBURG. — Gentleman  bowing  to  a  Lady  (very  fine). 

SIR  JOSHUA  REYNOLDS. — Dr.  Johnson  without  his  Wig,  and  with  his  hands  up. 

SIR    D.    WILKIE.  —  The    Breakfast    Table,    painted    for  the   first   Duke   of 

Sutherland. 
SIR  T.  LAWRENCE. — LadyGower  and  Child  (afterwards  Duchess  of  Sutherland, 

and  her  daughter,  the  Duchess  of  Argyll). 

E.  BIRD,  R.A.— Day  after  the  Battle  of  Chevy  Chase. 

E.  LANDSEER,  R.A. — Lord  Stafford  and  Lady  Evelyn  Gower  (Lady  Blantyre). 

W.  ETTY,  R.A. — Festival  before  the  Flood. 

JOHN  MARTIN. — The  Assuaging  of  the  Waters. 

PAUL  DELAROCHE. — Lord   Strafford  on  his  way  to  the  Scaffold  receives  the 

blessing  of  Archbishop  Laud. 
WINTERHALTKR.— Scene  from  the  Decameron. 
A  collection  of  1 50  portraits,  illustrative  of  French  history  and  French  memoirs. 

The  land  on  which  Stafford  House  stands  belongs  to  the  Crown, 
and  the  duke  pays  an  annual  ground  rent  for  the  same  of  £7  5  8.  At 
least  ^250,000  were  spent  on  Stafford  House  up  to  1850. 

Stafford  Row,  PIMLICO,  extended  from  Buckingham  Palace  Gate 
to  Brewer  Street,  and  was  so  called  after  Sir  William  Howard,  Lord 
Viscount  Stafford,  beheaded  (1680)  on  the  perjured  evidence  of  Titus 
Gates  and  others.  [See  Tart  Hall.]  Stafford  Row  has  been  pretty 
well  cleared  away  for  the  office  of  the  Duchy  of  Cornwall,  the 
Buckingham  Palace  Hotel,  etc.,  and  is  now  included  in  Buckingham 
Palace  Gate  and  Buckingham  Palace  Road.  Here  (1767)  lived 
William  Wynne  Ryland,  the  engraver,  executed  for  forgery,  August  29, 
1783.  Here  lived  for  many  years;  and  died,  December  1781,  Judith 
Cowper  (Mrs.  Madan),  Pope's  correspondent.  No.  9  was  the  resi- 
dence of  Grosvenor  Bedford,  the  correspondent  of  Horace  Walpole. 
O'Keefe,  the  actor,  was  for  some  time  a  resident  in  Stafford  Row. 
Here  too  resided  Anna  Maria  Yates,  the  celebrated  tragic  actress. 
Her  house  was  a  favourite  resort  of  Arthur  Murphy,  John  Home, 
Richard  Cumberland,  and  other  literary  men  connected  with  the  stage. 
She  died  here  in  1787  ;  and  in  1796  was  followed  by  her  husband, 
Richard  Yates,  also  actor,  and  famous  for  his  old  men's  parts.  Yates  had 
ordered  eels  for  dinner,  and  died  the  same  day  of  rage  and  disappoint- 
ment because  his  housekeeper  was  unable  to  obtain  them.  The 
actor's  great-nephew  was,  a  few  months  after,  August  22,  1796,  killed 
while  endeavouring  to  force  an  entry  into  the  house  of  his  uncle,  to 
whose  property  he  thought,  as  heir  at  law,  he  had  a  just  claim.  He 
was  a  lieutenant  in  the  navy,  and  an  artist  of  some  merit.  Mrs. 
Radcliffe,  author  of  the  Mysteries  of  Udolpho,  died  here,  February  7, 
1823,  m  her  sixty-second  year. 


300  STAFFORD  STREET 

Stafford  Street,  OLD  BOND  STREET  to  ALBEMARLE  STREET, 
occupies  the  exact  site  of  the  Chancellor  Clarendon's  mansion.  A 
public-house,  "  The  Duke  of  Albemarle,"  perpetuates  the  name  of  the 
next  possessor.  A  stone  was  formerly  let  into  the  wall  with  the 
inscription,  "This  is  Stafford  Street,  1686." 

Staining  Lane,  WOOD  STREET,  Gresham  Street  West  to  Oat  Lane. 
Staining  Lane  of  old  time  so  called,  as  may  be  supposed,  of  painter  stainers 
dwelling  there. — Stow,  p.  114. 

When  Charles  V.  was  about  to  visit  England  in  1522  an  inventory 
was  taken  of  the  accommodation  afforded  by  the  London,  when  "  The 
signe  of  the  Egle  in  Stanyng  Lane,"  was  returned  as  having  "  vi  beddes, 
and  a  stable  for  xvi  horses." x  The  old  church  of  St.  Mary  Staining 
was  at  the  north  end  of  the  lane.  [See  St.  Mary  Staining.]  The 
hall  and  chapel  of  the  Haberdashers'  Company  are  on  the  east  side. 
The  houses  in  the  lane  are  chiefly  occupied  by  wholesale  warehouse- 
men. 

Stamford  Bridge,  FULHAM  ROAD,  nearly  opposite  the  Chelsea 
Station  of  the  West  London  Extension  Railway.  Here,  on  the  west  of 
the  West  London  Cemetery,  and  close  to  the  Lillie  Bridge  Grounds, 
are  the  grounds  of  the  London  Athletic  Club,  opened  February  3, 
1878,  one  of  the  principal  metropolitan  places  for  the  practice  of 
general  athletic  sports,  lawn  tennis,  and  the  like. 

Stamford  Street  runs  from  WATERLOO  ROAD  to  the  BLACKFRIARS 
BRIDGE  ROAD,  and  was  built  in  the  present  century  on  part  of  Lam- 
beth Marsh.  John  Rennie,  the  engineer,  the  builder  of  Waterloo  and 
South wark  Bridges,  lived  at  No.  52  (now  18),  and  died  there,  October 
1 6,  1821,  in  his  sixty-first  year.  He  was  buried  in  St.  Paul's  Cathedral. 
On  the  east  side  are  the  Stamford  Street  Unitarian  Chapel  (1827) 
noticeable  by  its  massive  Doric  portico,  and  a  Gothic  Wesleyan  Chapel. 
On  the  north  side  is  the  Hospital  for  Diseases  of  the  Skin.  In  Duke 
Street,  Stamford  Street,  is  Messrs.  Clowes's  vast  printing-office. 

Standard  in  Cheap,  a  water  standard  or  conduit,  situated  "  about 
the  midst  of  this  street "  [Cheapside],  opposite  Honey  Lane,  but  "  of 
what  antiquity  the  first  foundation,"  added  Stow,  "  I  have  not  read." 
The  Standard  in  Cheap  was  a  place  for  the  execution  of  capital  and 
minor  punishments,  the  making  of  proclamations,  etc.  Stow  mentions 
that  in  1293  "three  men  had  their  right  hands  smitten  off  there,  for 
rescuing  of  a  prisoner  arrested  by  an  officer  of  the  City."  Wat  Tyler 
in  1381  beheaded  Richard  Lions  and  others;  and  in  1450  Jack  Cade 
beheaded  Lord  Saye  at  the  Standard  in  Cheap.2 

Also  the  same  yere  [17  Hen.  VI.,  1439],  in  hervest  tyme  were  brent  at  the 
Standard  in  Chepe  diverse  nettes,  cappes,  sadelys  and  other  chaffare,  for  they  were 
falsely  mad  and  deseyvebly  to  the  peple.— Zowofcw  Chronicle ,  edited  by  Sir  N.  H. 
Nicolas. 

[See  Cheapside.] 

1  Rutland  Papers,  p.  29.  .  z  Stow ,  p.  100. 


STANHOPE  STREET  301 

Standard  in  Cornhill,  a  water-standard,  with  four  spouts,  made 
(1582)  by  Peter  Morris,  a  German,  and  supplied  with  water  conveyed 
from  the  Thames,  by  pipes  of  lead.  It  stood  at  the  east  end  of 
Cornhill,  at  its  junction  with  Gracechurch  Street,  Hishopsgate  Street, 
,'iul  Leadenhall  Street,  and  with  the  waste  water  from  its  four  spouts 
cleansed  the  channels  of  the  four  streets.  The  water  ceased  to  run 
between  1598  and  1603  ;  but  the  Standard  itself  remained  for  a  long 
time  after.  It  was  long  in  use  as  a  point  of  measurement  for  distances 
from  the  City,  and  several  of  our  suburban  milestones  were,  but  a  very 
few  years  ago,  and  some  perhaps  are  still,  inscribed  with  so  many  miles 
"from  the  Standard  in  Cornhill."  There  was  a  Standard  in  Cornhill 
as  early  as  the  2d  of  Henry  V.1  [See  Cornhill.] 

Standard  Theatre,  SHOREDITCH,  opposite  the  former  terminus, 
now  the  Goods  Station  of  the  Great  Eastern  Railway,  with  an  entrance 
from  Holywell  Street,  occupies  in  part  the  site  of  the  old  Curtain 
Theatre.  It  was  burnt  down  in  October  1866,  but  immediately  rebuilt 
on  an  improved  plan,  and  is  now  one  of  the  largest  theatres  in  London. 
It  will,  it  is  said,  accommodate  an  audience  of  4500  persons. 

Stangate,  LAMBETH,  from  the  west  foot  of  Westminster  Bridge  to 
Lambeth  Marsh.  Stukeley,  who  calls  it  Stanega  Ferry,  traces  the  old 
Roman  road  from  Chester  to  Dover  through  St.  James's  Park  and  Old 
Palace  Yard  to  Stanegate  and  Canterbury,  and  so  to  the  three  famous 
seaports,  Rutupise,  Dubris,  and  Lemanis.2  His  itinerary  is  not  quite 
accurate,  but  Stangate  was  a  part  of  or  on  the  Roman  road  to  the 
South  Coast,  and  it  has  been  stated  that  "  from  Lambeth  to  Fisher's 
Gate  on  the  Sussex  Coast,  the  word  Gate  is  added  to  the  names  of 
nearly  all  the  places  through  which  the  Roman  road  passes."3 

Had  they  a  standynge  at  Shooter's  Hill,  or  at  Stangat  Hole  to  take  a  pourse  ? 
Why  :  dyd  they  stande  by  hyghe  waye  ?  Did  they  robbe  ?  or  break  open  any  man's 
house  or  dore  ? — Latimer's  Third  Sermon  to  Edward  VI.,  1549. 

A  large  tract  of  ground  was  here  rescued  from  the  river,  upon  which  the 
new  St.  Thomas's  Hospital  was  built,  1868-1871. 

Stanhope  House,  WHITEHALL,  the  residence  of  George  Monk, 
Duke  of  Albemarle. 

There  was  a  Trunk  on  Saturday  last,  being  the  iSth  inst.  [July,  1672-1673]  cut 
off  from  behind  the  Duke  of  Albemarle's  coach,  wherein  there  was  a  Gold  George, 
1 8  Shirts,  a  Tennis  Sute  laced,  with  several  fronts  and  laced  Cravats  and  other  Linen ; 
if  any  can  give  tidings  of  them  to  Mr.  Lymbyery  the  Duke's  Steward  at  Stanhope 
House  near  Whitehall,  they  shall  have  five  pounds  for  their  pains  and  all  charges 
otherwise  defrayed. — London  Gazette,  No.  748. 

Stanhope  Street,  CLARE  MARKET,  so  called  after  Ann  Stanhope, 
wife  of  John  Holies,  first  Earl  of  Clare,  and  mother  of  the  celebrated 
Denzil  Holies  :  she  died  in  1651  in  "the  corner  house  of  the  Middle 

1  Stow,  p.  71 ;  'London  Chronicle  (Nicholas),  p.  99. 
2  Her.  Curiosuw,  p.  113.  3  Edinb.  Rev.,  May  1828,  p.  515. 


302  STANHOPE  STREET 

Piazza  in  Covent  Garden."  Joe  Grimaldi,  the  greatest  of  clowns,  was 
born  in  this  street,  December  18,  I778.1  He  was  baptized  at  St. 
Clement  Danes.  John  [Lord]  Campbell  rented,  Michaelmas  1800, 
"  the  second  floor  [Scotice,  the  third  storey]  of  No.  6  Stanhope  Street, 
Clare  Market.  ...  I  get  it,  unfurnished,  at  the  rate  of  ;£i8  a  year, 
including  £2  a  year  for  service.  ...  I  have  three  rooms — a  parlour, 
a  bedroom,  and  a  large  dressing  closet."2 

Stanhope  Street,  MAY  FAIR,  now  Great  Stanhope  Street, 
consists  of  fifteen  spacious  houses,  built  on  ground  belonging  to  the 
Dean  and  Chapter  of  Westminster,  and  runs  from  South  Audley  Street 
to  Park  Lane.  No.  i  is  the  town  residence  of  the  Duke  of  Manchester; 
No.  3  of  the  Earl  of  Jersey ;  No.  8  of  the  Earl  of  Lanesborough. 

Eminent  Inhabitants. — Right  Hon.  Charles  Townshend  in  1777. 
George  Canning  writes  to  Crabbe  the  poet  from  "Stanhope  Street, 
November  13,  1817."  Colonel  Barre,  Adjutant-General  of  Wolfe's 
army  at  Quebec,  and,  as  a  politician,  the  faithful  adherent  of  Chatham, 
lived  and  died  (1802)  at  No.  12  in  this  street.  In  this  house  Sir 
Robert  Peel  the  statesman  lived  (1820-1825),  and  here  his  heroic  son, 
William,  was  born,  November  2,  1824,  as  is  recorded  on  his  tomb  at 
Cawnpore.  Lord  Palmerston  at  No.  9.  Henry  Fitzroy,  first  Lord 
Raglan  (died  before  Sebastopol,  June  28,  1855),  at  No.  5.  Field- 
Marshal  Henry,  first  Viscount  Hardinge  (died,  September  24,  1856),  at 
No.  15. 

Staple  Inn,  HOLBORN,  an  Inn  of  Chancery  (before  1415) 
appertaining  to  Gray's  Inn,  extends  from  No.  2  Holborn  Bars  to 
Southampton  Buildings,  Chancery  Lane.  The  houses  are  built  about 
an  open  quadrangle,  and  behind  is  a  pleasant  garden. 

Staple  Inn  was  the  Inne  or  Hostell  of  the  Merchants  of  the  Staple  (as  the  tra- 
dition is),  wherewith  until  I  can  learne  better  matter,  concerning  the  antiquity  and 
foundation  thereof,  I  must  rest  satisfied.  But  for  latter  matters  I  cannot  chuse  but 
make  report,  and  much  to  the  prayse  and  commendation  of  the  Gentlemen  of  this 
House,  that  they  have  bestowed  great  costs  in  new-building  a  fayre  Hall  of  brick, 
and  two  parts  of  the  outward  Courtyards,  besides  other  lodging  in  the  garden  and 
elsewhere,  and  have  thereby  made  it  the  fayrest  Inne  of  Chauncery  in  this 
Universitie. — Sir  George  Buc  (Howes,  ed.  1631,  p.  1065). 

Staple  Inn  was  purchased  by  the  Benchers  of  Gray's  Inn  in  1529. 
In  Elizabeth's  reign  there  were  145  students  in  term  and  69  out  of 
term.  Sir  Simond  D'Ewes  mentions  that  on  February  17,  1624,  in  the 
morning,  he  went  to  Staple  Inn  and  there  argued  a  moot  point  or  law 
case  with  others,  and  was  engaged  until  near  3  P.M.  The  inn  was  sold 
in  1884  to  the  Prudential  Assurance  Company  for  ^68,000,  and  the 
Holborn  front  was  restored  and  cleared  from  the  plaster  covering  the 
timber  beams.  The  houses  are  let  as  offices  and  chambers,  and  are 
largely  tenanted  by  solicitors.  The  new  buildings  on  the  terrace 
leading  into  Southampton  Buildings  were  erected  in  1843  (Messrs. 

1  Life,  by  Dickens.  2  Life,  vol.  i.  pp.  56,  57. 


STAR  CHAMBER  303 


Wigg  and  Parnell  architects)  for  the  Taxing  Masters,  but  are  now 
occupied  by  the  Patent  Office  and  the  Land  Registry  Office. 

Dr.  Johnson  was  living  here  in  1758;  in  1759  he  removed  to  Gray's 
Inn.  Isaac  Reed,  the  Shakespeare  commentator,  had  chambers  at  No. 
i  i.  where  he  died,  January  5,  1807.  In  Reed's  chambers  Steevens 
corrected  the  proof  sheets  of  his  edition  of  Shakespeare.  He  used  to 
leave  his  house  at  Hampstead  at  one  in  the  morning,  and  walk  to 
Staple  Inn.  Reed,  who  went  to  bed  at  the  usual  hour,  allowed  his 
fellow-commentator  a  key  to  the  chambers,  so  that  Steevens  stole 
quietly  to  his  proof  sheets,  without,  it  is  said,  disturbing  the  repose  of 
his  friend. 

Star  Chamber,  a  judicial  court  in  the  palace  of  our  Kings  at 
Westminster,  commonly  said  to  have  been  erected  by  Henry  VIII., 
but  which  was  in  fact,  as  Hallam  pointed  out,  the  old  Concilium  Regis 
or  Ordinariumy  and  the  object  of  statute  3,  Henry  VII.  c.  i,  was  to 
revive  the  Council  and  place  its  jurisdiction  on  a  permanent  and  un- 
questionable basis.  "The  Judges  of  the  Court"  were  "the  Privy 
Council  and  the  Messengers  of  the  Court,  the  Warden  of  the 
Fleet's  servants,  the  Chancellor,  Treasurer,  and  Keeper  of  the 
Privy  Seal,  with  a  Bishop  and  temporal  Lord  of  the  Council ;  and  the 
Chief  Justices  of  the  King's  Bench  and  Common  Pleas,  or  two  other 
justices  in  their  absence,"  are  empowered  to  summon  before  them 
certain  specified  offenders,  and  after  examination  to  punish  them  "  as  if 
convicted  by  course  of  law."  But  the  jurisdiction  of  the  court  soon 
stretched  far  beyond  the  boundaries  assigned  by  law.  It  took 
cognisance  among  other  offences  of  "  forgery,  perjury,  riot,  maintenance, 
fraud,  libel,  and  conspiracy."  The  King  was  often  present  at  the 
sittings  of  the  court,  and  both  the  Stuarts  too  often  acted  the  part  of 
prosecutor.  Under  the  Tudors  the  Star  Chamber  formed  a  terrible 
instrument  for  the  punishment,  short  of  death,  of  any  who  had  fallen 
under  the  displeasure  of  the  Government,  but  its  full  capacity  in  this 
respect  only  became  manifest  under  the  Stuarts,  when  by  its  means,  as 
Macaulay  remarks,  "  the  Government  was  able  to  fine,  imprison,  pillory, 
and  mutilate  at  pleasure."  The  most  famous  prosecution  of  this  court 
was  that  of  the  learned  Puritan  lawyer  Prynne,  in  the  reign  of  Charles  I., 
by  the  Attorney-General  Noy,  at  the  instigation  of  Archbishop  Laud. 
Prynne  had  published  a  bulky  volume  called  Histriomastix,  in  con- 
demnation of  plays  and  actors,  full  of  erudition,  and  if  possible  fuller 
of  invective,  some  of  which  were  specially  directed  against  female  actors. 
Unfortunately  for  the  author  the  Queen  took  part  in  a  court  masque 
about  the  time  of  the  publication  of  his  book,  when  attention  was 
directed  to  an  entry  in  the  index,  "Women  Actors  notorious  whores." 
The  reference  was  to  the  Roman  courtesans,  but  Prynne  was  summoned 
before  the  Star  Chamber ;  other  offensive  passages  were  cited,  and  he 
was  condemned  and  sentenced  to  stand  twice  in  the  pillory,  to  have  both 
his  ears  cut  off  by  the  common  hangman,  to  be  branded  in  the  fore- 
head, pay  a  fine  of  ;£  5000,  and  to  be  imprisoned  for  life.  This  was 


304  STAR  CHAMBER 


perhaps  the  most  atrocious  of  the  sentences  inflicted  by  the  court,  but 
others  nearly  as  severe  and  quite  as  iniquitous  were  about  this  time  not 
infrequent.  The  Chamber  had  become  in  fact  an  intolerable  tyranny. 
It  was  abolished  by  the  Act  of  1 6  Charles  I.  c.  i  o,  the  first  year  of  the 
Long  Parliament,  and  the  memory  of  its  misdeeds  contributed  power- 
fully to  bring  about  the  tragic  fate  of  Laud,  if  not  that  of  his  royal 
Master.1 

In  the  Chamber  of  Stars 

All  matters  there  he  2  mars  ; 

Clapping  his  rod  on  the  board, 

No  man  dare  speak  a  word  ; 

For  he  hath  all  the  saying, 

Without  any  renaying. 

He  rolleth  in  his  Records  ; 

He  sayeth  how  say  ye  my  Lords, 

Is  not  my  reason  good  ? 

Some  say  yes,  and  some 
Sit  still  as  they  were  dumb. 

Skelton,  Why  Come  ye  not  to  Court  ?    85-96  (Dyce's 
Skelton),  vol.  ii.  p.  32. 

Then  is  there  the  Star  Chamber,  where  in  the  Term  time,  every  week  once  at  the 
least,  which  is  commonly  on  Fridays  and  Wednesdays,  and  on  the  next  day  after  the 
term  endeth,  the  Lord  Chancellor,  and  the  Lords  and  other  of  the  Privy  Council,  and 
the  Chief  Justices  of  England  from  nine  of  the  clock  till  it  be  eleven  do  sit.  This 
place  is  called  the  Star  Chamber,  because  the  roof  thereof  is  decked  with  the  likeness 
of  stars  gilt. — Stow,  p.  175. 

The  Starre  Chamber  is  a  chamber  at  the  one  End  of  Westminster  Hall.  It  is 
written  the  Starred  Chamber.  Now  it  hath  the  signe  of  a  Starre  ouer  the  doore  as 
you  one  way  enter  therein. — Minsheu,  ed.  1617. 

Lord  Carew  writes  to  Sir  Thomas  Roe,  then  absent  on  his  embassy 
to  the  Great  Mogul,  that  on  June  20,  1616,  the  King,  James  I.,  sat  in 
person  in  the  Star  Chamber  and  "made  a  large  speeche  to  the 
admiration  of  the  hearers,  speaking  more  like  an  angel  than  a  man."3 
About  this  time  James  purposed  building  a  new  Star  Chamber. 
There  is  a  Council  Warrant  of  June  27,  1619,  for  payment  to  Inigo 
Jones  of ^37,  "for  making  two  several  models,  the  one  for  the  Star 
Chamber,  the  other  for  the  Banqueting  House ; "  but  the  design  had 
been  prepared  by  him  at  least  two  years  earlier. 

June  21,  1617. — The  Queen  is  building  at  Greenwich  after  a  plan  of  Inigo 
Jones  :  he  has  a  design  for  a  new  Star  Chamber  which  the  King  would  fain  have 
built  if  there  were  money. — Cal.  Stat.  Pap.,  1611-18,  p.  473. 

The  building  itself  was  evidently  of  the  Elizabethan  age,  and  the  date  1 602, 
with  the  initials  E.  R.  separated  by  an  open  rose  on  a  star,  was  carved  over  one 
of  the  doorways.  The  ceiling  was  of  oak,  and  had  been  very  curiously  devised  in 
moulded  compartments,  ornamented  with  roses,  pomegranates,  portcullises  and 
fleurs-des-lys  :  it  had  also  been  gilt  and  diversely  coloured. — Britton  and  Brayley's 
Westminster  Palace,  p.  443. 

1  Hallam,  Const,  Hist,  of  England,  chaps,  i.,  2  Cardinal  Wolsey,  who  made  much  use  of  the 

viii.,  ix. ;  Sir  F.  Palgrave,  Original  Authority  of  Star  Chamber. 
the  King  s  Council  \  "Account  of  Star  Chamber," 

by  John  Bruce,  Archcto.,  vol.  v.  p.  xxv.  3  Cal.  State  Pap.,  1611-18,  p.  425. 


STATE  PAPER   OFFICE  305 

There  is  an  engraving  of  the  ceiling  by  J.  T.  Smith,  and  an 
interesting  view  of  the  Chamber  in  Britton  and  Brayley's  Westminster, 
Plate  XX.  In  the  curious  Illumination l  in  the  Lambeth  Library  of 
Earl  Rivers  presenting  his  book,  and  Caxton  his  printer,  to  King 
Edward  IV.,  the  King  is  represented  seated  in  a  chamber,  the  roof  of 
which  is  powdered  with  stars. 

Star  and  Garter,  PALL  MALL,  a  tavern  of  considerable  note  in 
the  1 8th  century.  Smollett  makes  Matthew  Bramble  say  that  the 
servants  at  private  houses  were  so  greedy  and  rapacious  that  he  could 
"  dine  better,  and  for  less  expense,  at  the  Star  and  Garter  in  Pall  Mall 
than  at  our  Cousin's  castle  in  Yorkshire."  Swift  has  also  a  good 
opinion  of  the  house  and  the  moderation  of  the  charges. 

March  20,  1712. — I  made  our  Society  change  their  house,  and  we  met  to-day 
at  the  Star  and  Garter  in  the  Pelmall.  Lord  Arran  was  president.  The  other  dog 
was  so  extravagant  in  his  bills  that  for  four  dishes,  and  four,  first  and  second  course, 
without  wine  or  desert,  he  charged  £21  :  6  :8  to  the  Duke  of  Ormond. — Swift  to 
Stella. 

Here,  1760-1770  met  George  Selwyn's  Thursday  Club,  famous 
for  wit  and  whist.  "There  is  nobody  at  White's,"  writes  Gilly 
Williams  to  George  Selwyn,  July  18,  1763;  "our  jovial  club  meets 
at  the  Star -in -Garter."  The  Dilettanti  Society  met  here,  at  least 
occasionally.  The  instructions  for  the  famous  Classical  Mission  sent 
out  by  the  Society  are  dated,  "Star  and  Garter,  May  17,  1764."  The 
meeting  of  another  club  at  the  Star  and  Garter  had  a  melancholy 
termination.  Ten  members  of  the  Nottinghamshire  Club  sat  down  to 
their  weekly  dinner  one  afternoon  in  January,  in  "a  mighty  odd- 
shaped  room  on  the  second  floor."  Dinner  was  served  precisely  at  a 
quarter  after  four.  About  seven  o'clock  a  dispute  arose  between 
William,  fifth  Lord  Byron,  and  Mr.  Chaworth, — neighbours  and  hitherto 
friends, — about  the  game  on  their  respective  estates.  Hot  words  were 
exchanged,  but  it  was  thought  the  quarrel  had  died  away.  About 
eight  o'clock  Mr.  Chaworth  left  the  room,  and  five  minutes  after  was 
followed  by  Lord  Byron.  They  met  on  the  first  floor  landing,  and 
asked  the  waiter  for  an  empty  room.  He  showed  them  into  the  back 
room  on  that  floor,  placed  a  very  small  tallow  candle  on  the  table,  and 
closed  the  door  upon  them.  The  room  was  about  16  feet  square, 
with  one  corner  cut  off  for  the  fireplace  and  chimney.  They  drew, 
fought,  and  Mr.  Chaworth  fell  mortally  wounded.  Lord  Byron  was 
tried  for  murder  and  acquitted.  "So  far  was  he  from  feeling  any 
remorse  for  having  killed  Mr.  Chaworth,"  wrote  his  grand-nephew, 
Lord  Byron,  the  poet,  that  "  he  always  kept  the  sword  which  he  used 
upon  that  occasion  in  his  bedchamber,  and  there  it  still  was  when  he 
died." 

State  Paper  Office,  in  ST.  JAMES'S  PARK,  at  the  bottom  of  Duke 
Street  West,  where  a  flight  of  stone  steps  now  leads  into  the  Parade, 

1  Engraved  as  a  frontispiece  to  Walpole's  Royal  and  Noble  Authors. 
VOL.  Ill  X 


3o6  STATE  PAPER   OFFICE 

was  a  repository  for  the  reception  and  arrangement  of  the  documents' 
accumulating  in  the  offices  of  the  Privy  Council  and  the  Secretaries  of 
state,  at  whose  disposal  the  documents  are  held.  The  office  was 
established  in  1578,  and  enlarged  and  made  into  a  "set  form  or 
library  "  in  the  reign  of  James  I.  The  papers  were  originally  kept  in 
the  uppermost  rooms  of  the  Gate  House  at  Whitehall,  and  were  first  put 
in  order  during  the  Grenville  administration  in  the  reign  of  George  III. 
They  are  now  deposited  in  the  Record  Office,  Fetter  Lane. .  [See  Record 
Office.]  The  building  in  St.  James's  Park,  the  last  design  by  Sir  John 
Soane,  R.A.,  was  erected  in  1829-1833,  and  demolished  in  1862  to 
make  way  for  the  New  India  Office. 

Stationers'  Hall,  STATIONERS'  HALL  COURT,  LUDGATK  HILL. 
The  Stationers'  Company  was  incorporated  May  4,  1557,  by  letters 
patent  of  Philip  and  Mary,  under  the  title  of  "The  Master  and 
Keepers,  or  Wardens,  and  Commonalty  of  the  Mistery  or  Art  of 
Stationers  of  the  City  of  London,"  and  a  livery  was  granted  by  the 
Court  of  Mayor  and  Aldermen,  February  i,  1560.  Its  foundation, 
however,  took  place  at  a  much  earlier  date,  as  we  find  it  mentioned  in 
1403,  when  a  set  of  by-laws  were  allowed  by  the  Court  of  Aldermen. 
The  first  hall  of  the  Brotherhood  was  situate  in  Milk  Street,  Cheapside ; 
and  in  1553  they  moved  to  St.  Peter's  College,  near  the  Deanery  of 
St.  Paul's.  In  1611  the  Stationers'  Company  purchased  the  site  of 
their  present  hall,  which  was  then  occupied  by  Abergavenny  House, 
the  residence  successively  of  the  Dukes  of  Brittany  and  the  Earls  of 
Pembroke  and  Abergavenny.  The  house  was  renovated  and  enlarged 
for  the  purposes  of  the  Company,  but  was  destroyed  in  the  Great  Fire 
of  1666,  when  the  Stationers'  Company  suffered  heavy  losses. 

Only  the  poor  booksellers  have  been  indeed  ill-treated  by  Vulcan  :  so  many 
noble  impressions  consumed  by  their  trusting  them  to  the  churches,  as  the  loss  is 
estimated  near  two  hundred  thousand  pounds,  which  will  be  an  extraordinary 
detriment  to  the  whole  republic  of  learning. — Evelyn  to  Sir  S.  Tuke,  September 
27,  1666. 

The  first  meeting  of  the  court  after  the  Fire  was  held  at  Cook's  Hall, 
and  the  subsequent  courts  until  the  hall  was  rebuilt  were  held  at  the 
Lame  Hospital  Hall,  i.e.  St.  Bartholomew's  Hospital.  The  present 
edifice  was  erected  on  the  site  of  the  former  hall  in  1670.  It  was 
built  of  brick,  but  in  1800  received  a  casing  of  Portland  stone,  from 
the  designs  of  Robert  Mylne,  architect.  St.  Cecilia's  Feast  and  several 
County  Feasts  were  annually  held  in  Stationers'  Hall.  Various  lotteries 
have  been  drawn  here,  and  in  1745  the  Surgeons'  Company  were 
allowed  the  use  of  the  hall.  Alterations  were  made  in  1888,  when  a 
new  wing  was  added. 

Observe. — Painted  window  by  Eginton,  given  by  Alderman  Cadell ; 
portraits  of  Prior  and  Steele  (good),  presented  by  John  Nichols;  of 
Richardson,  the  novelist,  Master  of  the  Company  in  1754,  and  of  Mrs. 
Richardson,  the  novelist's  wife  (both  by  Highmore) ;  of  Alderman 


ROYAL  STATISTICAL  SOCIETY  307 

Boydell,  by  Graham  ;  portrait  of  Tycho  Wing,  son  of  Vincent  Wing, 
the  astrologer;  he  died  in  1668,  but  his  name  is  still  continued  on 
one  of  the  sheet  almanacks  of  the  Stationers'  Company. 

The  Stationers'  Company,  for  two  important  centuries  in  English 
history,  occupied  by  the  terms  of  their  charters  a  commanding  position 
in  literature.  Printers  were  obliged  to  serve  their  time  to  a  member 
of  the  Company,  and  publications  were  required  to  be  "  Entered  at 
Stationers'  Hall."  This  was,  however,  far  from  always  being  the 
case,  as  during  the  reigns  of  Elizabeth  and  succeeding  sovereigns 
special  letters  patent  of  permission  to  print  specified  works  were  issued, 
and  these  letters  patent  really  exempted  them  from  the  jurisdiction 
of  the  Stationers'  Company,  the  fees  being  in  such  cases  paid 
to  the  Crown.  Thus,  to  give  one  example,  Elizabeth  granted  Richard 
Tottel,  the  publisher  of  the  first  Poetical  Miscellany,  the  privilege 
of  printing  every  law-book  published  in  England.  Registration  is 
not  compulsory,  but  under  the  Copyright  Act  of  1842  the  proprietor 
of  every  published  work  is  required  to  register  his  claim,  for  his  own 
protection,  in  the  books  of  the  Stationers'  Company  before  any  legal 
proceedings  can  take  place.  The  Stationers'  is  not  a  wealthy  Company, 
but  it  possesses  an  important  treasure  in  the  series  of  registers  of 
works  entered  for  publication  at  Stationers'  Hall  from  1557,  which  con- 
stitutes a  most  valuable  source  of  information  relating  to  the  history  of 
literature  of  the  last  300  years.  These  registers,  however,  do  not  by 
any  means  include  every  work  since  their  introduction,  for,  as  already 
mentioned,  many  works  issued  by  special  license  were  not  entered 
therein.  Mr.  J.  Payne  Collier's  two  volumes  of  carefully  selected 
extracts  from  their  earlier  pages,  and  the  accurate  "  Transcripts  "  edited 
by  Mr.  Edward  Arber,  have  opened  up  a  mass  of  interesting  matter 
previously  lying  hidden.  There  are  several  charities  connected  with 
the  Company,  and  a  Grammar  School  in  Bolt  Court,  founded  in 
1858. 

Stationery  Office  (Her  Majesty's),  PRINCES  STREET,  STOREY'S 
GATE,  WESTMINSTER,  was  established  in  1785  for  the  supply  of  stationery, 
books  and  printing  to  the  several  public  departments  of  Government, 
prior  to  which  time  the  chief  offices  of  Government  were  supplied  by 
private  individuals,  under  patents  from  the  Crown.  The  printing  of 
the  Excise  was  long  executed  under  patent  by  Jacob  Tonson,  the 
eminent  bookseller,  and  in  1757  a  patent  was  granted  to  George 
Walpole,  Earl  of  Orford,  for  the  supply  of  stationery  to  the  Treasury 
for  the  period  of  forty  years.  The  old  office  was  in  James  Street, 
Buckingham  Gate,  in  the  house  long  the  residence  of  Lord  Milford, 
where  Mr.  J.  R.  M'Culloch  (1780-1864),  comptroller,  lived  for  many 
years.  The  present  Stationery  Office  was  erected  about  1847,  from  the 
designs  of  Sir  J.  Pennethorne,  at  a  cost  of  ,£25,792. 

Statistical  Society  (Royal),  ADELPHI  TERRACE,  founded  1834; 
incorporated  1887.  The  members  are  styled  "Fellows,"  and  pay 


3o8  STEEL  YARD 

2   guineas  annually.      The  Society  issues  a  quarterly  Journal,  which 
contains  many  papers  of  great  research  and  permanent  value. 

Steaks  (The).     [See  Beaf  Steak  Society.] 

Steelyard,  STELEYARD,  or  STILLIARD  in  UPPER  THAMES  STREET, 
in  the  ward  of  Dowgate  (facing  the  river),  where  the  Cannon  Street 
Railway  Station  now  stands.  "Their  hall,"  says  Stow,  "is  large,  built 
of  stone,  with  three  arched  gates  towards  the  street,  the  middlemost 
whereof  is  far  bigger  than  the  others,  and  is  seldom  opened ;  the  other 
two  bemured  up;  the  same  is  now  called  the  old  hall."1 

The  Steelyard,  a  place  for  merchants  of  Almaine,  that  used  to  bring  hither  as  well 
wheat,  rye,  and  other  grain,  as  cables,  ropes,  masts,  pitch,  tar,  flax,  hemp,  linen 
cloth,  wainscots,  wax,  steel,  and  other  profitable  merchandises. — Stow,  p.  87. 

Steelyard,  a  place  in  London  where  the  fraternity  of  the  Easterling  Merchants, 
otherwise  the  Merchants  of  the  Hannse  and  Almaine  are  wont  to  have  their  abode. 
It  is  so  called  Stilliard  of  a  broad  place  or  court,  wherein  steele  was  much  sold. — 
Alinsheu,  ed.  1617,  and  H.  Blount  both  in  his  Law  Dictionary  and  his  Glosso- 
gr aphia. 

The  Steelyard  was  lately  famous  for  Rhenish  Wines,  Neats'  Tongues,  etc. — 
Blount's  Glossographia,  ed.  1670. 

Other  writers  derive  the  name  from  its  being  the  place  where  the 
King's  steelyard,  or  beam,  for  weighing  the  tonnage  of  goods  imported 
into  London,  was  erected  before  its  transference  to  Cornhill. 

Lambecius  explains  the  name  Steel-yard  (or  as  he  calls  it  Stealhof)  to  be  only  a 
contraction  of  Stapelhof,  softened  into  Stafelhof,  and  synonymous  with  the  English 
word  Staple,  which  is  in  the  civil  law  Latin  style  of  Edward  III.  termed  Stabile 
emporium,  a  fixed  port  depot. — Herbert's  Twelve  Livery  Companies,  p.  12,  note. 

This  latter  derivation  is  by  far  the  most  likely ;  Minsheu  is  without 
doubt  wrong,  as  steel  until  long  after  the  adoption  of  the  name  Steel- 
yard for  their  guild  by  the  Merchants  of  the  Hanse  was  only  quite  a 
secondary  item  in  their  trade. 

In  their  hall  were  the  two  great  pictures  by  Holbein,  the  triumphs 
of  Riches  and  Poverty,  thus  described  by  Walpole  :  "  The  former  was 
represented  by  Plutus  riding  in  a  golden  car ;  before  him  sat  Fortune 
scattering  money,  the  chariot  being  loaded  with  coin,  and  drawn  by 
four  white  horses,  but  blind  and  led  by  women,  whose  names  were 
written  beneath ;  round  the  car  were  crowds  with  extended  hands 
catching  at  the  favours  of  the  god.  Fame  and  Fortune  attended  him, 
and  the  procession  was  closed  by  Crcesus  and  Midas,  and  other  avar- 
icious persons  of  note.  .  .  .  Poverty  was  an  old  woman,  sitting  in  a 
vehicle  as  shattered  as  the  other  was  superb ;  her  garments  squalid,  and 
every  emblem  of  wretchedness  around  her.  She  was  drawn  by  asses 
and  oxen,  which  were  guided  by  Hope  and  Diligence,  and  other 
emblematic  figures,  and  attended  by  mechanics  and  labourers.  It  was 
on  the  sight  of  these  pictures  that  Zucchero  expressed  such  esteem  of 
this  master.  .  .  .  The  large  pictures  themselves  Felibien  and  Depiles 
say  were  carried  into  France  and  Flanders,  whither  they  were  trans- 

1  Stow,  p.  88. 


STEELYARD  309 

ported  I  suppose  after  the  destruction  of  the  Company.  The  Triumph 
of  Poverty  was  engraved  by  Vosterman,  and  copies  of  both  are  now  at 
Strawberry  Hill."  —  Walpole's  Anecdotes,  ed.  Dallaway,  vol.  i.  p.  152. 

The  merchants  of  the  Steelyard  formed  a  branch  of  the  great 
Hanseatic  League,  and  probably  originally  gave  rise  to  this  League. 
As  early  as  967  a  regulation  of  King  Ethelred  ordains  that  "the 
emperor's  men,  or  Easterlings,  coming  with  their  ships  to  Belingsgate, 
shall  be  accounted  worthy  of  good  laws."  In  the  first  charter  of  which 
we  have  record  as  being  granted  to  the  members  of  the  Steelyard  was 
that  given  by  Henry  III.  in  the  following  words  :  — 

Henry  by  the  Grace  of  God,  King  of  England,  Lord  of  Ireland,  Duke  of 
Aquitain,  etc.  To  the  citizens  of  London  to  whom  these  Presents  shall  come, 
greeting  :  Know  ye  that,  at  the  Instance  of  the  most  Serene  Prince  of  the  Roman 
Empire,  our  Brother,  we  have  granted  to  these  Merchants  of  Almain  who  have  a 
House  in  our  City  of  London,  which  is  called  commonly  Guikla  Aula  Theutonicorum, 
that  we  will  maintain  them  all  and  every  one,  and  preserve  them  through  our  whole 
Kingdom,  in  all  their  Liberties  and  free  Customs,  which  they  have  used  in  our  Times, 
and  in  the  Times  of  our  Progenitors,  and  will  not  withdraw  such  Liberties  and  free 
Customs  from  them,  nor  suffer  them  to  be  at  all  withdrawn  from  them,  etc.  Witness 
my  Self  at  Westminster  the  iSth  of  June  in  the  441)1  year  of  our  Reign. 


It  is  thus  clear  that  at  that  date  the  Merchants  of  the  Hanse  were 
a  fully  recognised  body  possessed  of  distinct  privileges.  The  term 
Steelyard  as  applied  to  the  Guildhall  of  these  merchants  came  into  use 
towards  the  end  of  the  1  4th  century. 

Other  privileges  were  granted  to  them  by  the  citizens  of  London, 
on  condition  of  their  maintaining  one  of  the  gates  of  the  City,  called 
BisJwpsgate,  in  repair,  and  their  sustaining  a  third  of  the  charges,  in 
money  and  men  to  defend  it,  "when  need  were."  These  privileges 
remained  unimpaired  till  the  reign  of  Edward  VI.,  when,  on  the  com- 
plaint of  a  society  of  English  merchants  called  "  The  Merchant 
Adventurers,"  "  sentence  was  given  that  they  had  forfeited  their  liberties 
and  were  in  like  case  with  other  strangers."  l  Great  interest  was  made 
to  rescind  this  sentence,  and  ambassadors  from  Hamburg  and  Lubcck 
came  to  the  King,  "  to  speak  on  the  behalf  of  the  Stilliard  Merchants."  '* 
Their  intercession  was  ineffectual.  "  The  Stilliard  men,"  says  the  King, 
"  received  their  answer,  which  was  to  confirm  the  former  judgment  of 
my  council."3  This  sentence,  though  it  broke  up  their  monopoly,  did 
not  injure  their  Low  Country  trade  in  any  great  degree,  and  the  mer- 
chants of  the  Steelyard  still  continued  to  export  English  woollen 
clothes,  and  to  find  as  ample  a  market  for  their  goods  as  either  the 
Merchant  Adventurers  or  the  English  merchants  not  Merchant 
Adventurers.  The  trade,  however,  was  effectually  broken  by  a  pro- 
clamation of  Queen  Elizabeth,  by  which  the  merchants  of  the  Steelyard 
were  expelled  the  kingdom,  and  commanded  to  depart  by  February 
28,  iS97-T598.4  The  after  history  of  the  building  I  find  recorded 
in  the  Privy  Council  Register  of  the  year  1598-1599,  wherein,  under 

1  King  Edward's  Diary,  in  Burnet,  February  23,  1551.  3  /£/,/.,  May  2. 

2  Ibid.,  February  28.  4  Egcrton  Papers,  p.  273. 


3io  STEELYARD 

January  30  in  that  year,  the  register  records  that  a  letter  was  sent  to 
the  Lord  Mayor,  requiring  him  to  deliver  up  the  house  of  the  Steelyard 
to  the  officers  of  Her  Majesty's  navy,  "  after  the  avoydinge  and  depart- 
inge  of  the  strangers  that  did  possess  the  house.  That  the  said  house 
of  the  Stiliards  should  be  used  and  employed  for  the  better  bestowing 
and  safe  custodie  of  divers  provisions  of  the  navy.  The  rent  to  be 
paid  by  the  officers  of  the  navy." l  In  the  church  of  Allhallows  the 
Great,  adjoining,  is  a  handsome  screen  of  oak,  manufactured  at  Ham- 
burg, and  presented  to  the  parish  by  the  Hanse  Merchants,  in  memory 
of  the  former  connection  which  existed  between  them  and  this  country. 
Sir  Thomas  More  held  the  office  of  agent  for  the  associated  merchants. 

Stephen's  Alley,  KING  STREET,  WESTMINSTER,  ran  between  King 
Street  and  Canon  Row.  It  was  swept  away  when  Parliament  Street 
was  formed :  Derby  Street,  then  called  Derby  Court,  was  a  pro- 
longation of  it.  Here  lived  and  died  (1650)  Thomas  May,  the  poet, 
and  historian  of  the  Long  Parliament. 

As  one  put  drunk  into  the  Packet  boat, 
Tom  May  was  hurried  hence  and  did  not  know't, 
But  was  amaz'd  on  the  Elysian  side, 
And  with  an  eye  uncertain  gazing  wide, 
Could  not  determine  in  what  place  he  was, 
For  whence  in  Steven's  Alley,  trees  or  grass, 
Nor  where  the  Pope's  Head  or  the  Mitre  lay 
Signs  by  which  still  he  found  and  lost  his  way. 

Andrew  Marvell's  lines  "On  Tom  May's  Death,"  Miscellaneous  Poems,  folio 
1681,  p.  35. 

Stephen's  (St.)  Chapel.     [See  Houses  of  Parliament.] 

Stephen's  (St.),  COLEMAN  STREET,  a  church  in  Coleman  Street 
Ward  (on  the  left-hand  side  of  Coleman  Street,  going  up  to  London 
Wall),  destroyed  in  the  Great  Fire  and  rebuilt  in  1676,  from  the 
designs  of  Sir  C.  Wren. 

John  Hayward,  at  that  time  under-sexton  of  the  parish  of  St.  Stephen  Coleman 
Street,  carried  or  assisted  to  carry  all  the  dead  to  their  graves,  which  were  buried  in 
that  large  parish  and  who  were  carried  in  form  ;  and  after  that  form  of  burying  was 
stopped,  he  went  with  the  Dead-Cart  and  the  Bell  to  fetch  the  dead-bodies  from  the 
houses  where  they  lay,  and  fetched  many  of  them  out  of  the  chambers  and  houses. 
For  the  parish  was  and  is  still  remarkable,  particularly  above  all  the  parishes  in 
London,  for  a  great  number  of  alleys  and  thoroughfares,  very  long,  into  which  no 
carts  could  come,  and  where  they  were  obliged  to  go  and  fetch  the  bodies  a  very 
long  way ;  which  alleys  now  remain  to  witness  it ;  such  as  White's  Alley,  Cross 
Key  Court,  Swan  Alley,  Bell  Alley,  White  Horse  Alley,  and  many  more.  Here  he 
went  with  a  kind  of  hand-barrow,  and  laid  the  dead  bodies  on  it,  and  carried  them 
out  to  the  carts ;  which  work  he  performed  and  never  had  the  distemper  at  all,  but 
lived  about  twenty  years  after  it,  and  was  sexton  of  the  parish  to  the  time  of  his 
death. — Memoirs  of  the  Plague,  by  Defoe,  ed.  Brayley,  p.  128. 

The  old  church  contained  a  monument  "  To  the  Memory  of  that 
antient  servant  to  the  City  with  his  Pen,  in  divers  employments, 
especially  the  Survey  of  London^  Master  Anthony  Munday,  Citizen  and 

1  Harl.  MS.,  4182,  fol.  185  B. 


ST.   STEPHEN'S  311 


Draper  of  London"  (d.  1633).  Over  the  gateway  into  the  churchyard 
is  a  representation  in  high-relief  of  the  Last  Judgment,  a  relic  probably 
of  the  old  church.  The  living  is  a  vicarage.  The  right  of  presentation 
belongs  to  the  parishioners,  who  in  1823  elected  the  Rev.  Josiah  Pratt, 
a  popular  evangelical  preacher  of  that  time.  On  his  death  in  1879 
the  parishioners  elected  his  son,  the  Rev.  J.  W.  Pratt,  to  succeed  him. 
The  church  was  cleaned  and  decorated  in  1879. 

Stephen's  (St.),  WALBROOK,  in  the  ward  of  Walbrook,  im- 
mediately behind  the  Mansion  House,  one  of  Sir  C.  Wren's  most 
celebrated  churches,  of  which  the  first  stone  was  laid  October  16, 
1672.  It  was  completed  in  1679,  and  cost  only  ^7652.  The 
church  was  erected  at  the  public  expense ;  but  the  pews  and  wain- 
scoting were  supplied  by  the  Grocers'  Company,  the  patrons  of  the 
living,  against  the  wish  of  the  architect.  The  exterior  is  unpromising,  but 
the  interior  is  all  elegance  and  even  grandeur.  The  interior  is  an  oblong, 
75  feet  by  56,  with  a  circular  dome  on  an  octagonal  base,  which  rests 
on  eight  Corinthian  columns — an  arrangement  at  once  original  and 
singularly  rich,  varied  and  graceful.  The  cupola — a  little  St.  Paul's — 
is  very  effective ;  the  lights  are  admirably  disposed,  and  every  one 
can  see  and  hear  to  perfection.  The  walls  and  columns  are  of  stone ; 
the  dome  only  of  timber  and  lead.  The  dimensions  of  the  church 
are  60  feet  wide,  83  feet  long,  and  60  feet  high.  The  diameter  of  the 
dome  at  the  springing  is  43  feet. 

August  24,  1679. — Ordered  that  a  present  of  Twenty  Guineas  be  made  to  the 
lady  of  Sir  Christopher  Wren,  as  a  testimony  of  the  regard  the  parish  has  for  the  great 
care  and  skill  that  Sir  Christopher  Wren  showed  in  the  rebuilding  of  our  church. — 
Ward's  Lives  of  the  Gresham  Professors,  p.  104. 

On  the  north  wall  hangs  West's  masterpiece — the  Martyrdom  of 
St.  Stephen,  painted  originally  as  the  altarpiece.  The  east  window  is 
now  filled  with  painted  glass,  by  Willement,  the  gift  of  the  Grocers' 
Company.  Sir  John  Vanbrugh,  the  architect  and  wit,  was  buried 
(1726)  in  the  family  vault  of  the  Vanbrughs  in  the  north  aisle. 
The  church  serves  as  well  for  the  parish  of  St.  Benet  Sherehog. 

Sir  Robert  Chicheley,  alderman  and  twice  Lord  Mayor  (1411, 
1421),  purchased  the  ground  whereon  St.  Stephen's  Church  stands, 
and  built  the  previous  church.  He  gave  the  advowson  to  the 
Grocers'  Company.1  Thomas  Becon  was  instituted  rector  of  this 
church,  March  24,  1547,  on  the  presentation  of  the  Grocers'  Company, 
but  was  ejected  after  the  accession  of  Mary  as  a  "  married  priest "  and 
imprisoned  in  the  tower.  There  is  a  tablet  to  the  memory  of 
Nathaniel  Hodges,  a  physician  and  writer  on  the  Plague  (1629-1688). 
Dr.  Wilson,  rector  of  St.  Stephen's  in  the  last  half  of  the  1 8th  century, 
erected  in  the  chancel  of  his  church  a  statue  of  Mrs.  Macaulay,  the 
republican  historian,  while  she  was  yet  living.  It  was  removed  by  his 
successor.2  Dr.  Croly  (d.  1860),  author  of  Salathiel  and  other  works 

1  William  Ravenhill's  Short  Account  of  the  Company  of  Grocers,  1689. 
2  Wright's  Note  to  Walpole,  vol.  v.  p.  146. 


312  ST.   STEPHEN'S 


of  fancy  and  imagination,  was  rector  for   many  years.     There   is  a 
monument  and  bust  by  Behnes  to  his  memory. 

The  church  underwent  a  restoration  in  1847-1848  (John  Turner, 
architect).  The  high  pews  were  removed  and  Mosaic  pavement  laid 
down  in  1888,  when  extensive  alterations  were  carried  out  under  the 
direction  of  A.  M.  Peebles,  architect. 

Stephen's  (St.),  WESTMINSTER,  on  the  south  side  of  Rochester 
Row,  between  Greycoat  Street  and  Vincent  Square,  a  spacious  Gothic 
church,  erected  and  endowed,  with  the  adjacent  schools  and  buildings, 
by  Miss  (now  the  Baroness)  Burdett  Coutts.  The  first  stone  of  the 
church  was  laid  July  i,  1847,  and  it  was  completed  in  1849.  It  was 
designed  by  Benjamin  Ferrey,  F.S.A. ;  is  Decorated  in  style ;  a 
substantial  stone  structure,  carefully  finished  in  all  the  details  and 
richly  ornamented  throughout.  The  body  of  the  church  is  82  feet 
long  with  a  chancel  47  feet  deep.  The  tower  and  spire  are  200  feet 
high.  The  windows  are  filled  with  painted  glass  by  Willement — some 
of  his  best  work.  The  altar  cloth  was  the  gift  of  the  Duke  of 
Wellington.  The  adjoining  schools,  for  400  children,  and  connected 
buildings,  correspond  in  style  with  the  church,  and  the  whole  form  an 
architectural  and  picturesque  group. 

Stephen  Street,  TOTTENHAM  COURT  ROAD,  west  side,  the  next 
street  south  of  Percy  Street.  George  Morland,  the  painter,  was  living 
with  his  father,  Henry  Robert  Morland,  at  No.  14  in  this  street  (now  a 
rag  and  bottle  merchant's)  in  the  years  1780-1 7 86. l  Stephen  Street 
and  the  adjacent  Gresse  Street  were  so  named  from  Stephen  Caspar 
Gresse  (father  of  John  Alexander  Gresse,  drawing- master  to  the 
daughters  of  George  III.),  who  purchased  a  long  lease  of  the  site — 
which  was  then  "  divided  into  small  portions  and  let  for  smoke-a-pipe 
gardens  to  various  tradesfolks  "  •  — and  let  it  on  building  leases. 

Stepney,  a  parish  lying  east  of  Whitechapel,  was  originally  of  very 
much  larger  extent  than  at  present,  and  included  Stratford-le-Bow, 
Whitechapel,  Shadwell,  Mile  End,  Poplar,  Blackwall,  Spitalfields, 
Ratcliff,  Limehouse,  and  Bethnal  Green.  It  is  the  mother  parish 
of  the  whole  of  what  is  now  called  "  East  London."  The  etymology  of 
the  name  Stepney  is  doubtful.  In  the  Domesday  Book  this  parish  is 
entered  as  a  manor  under  the  name  of  Stibenhede.  It  has  been 
variously  written  as  Stevenhethe,3  Stebenhuthe,4  Stebenhethe,5  Steben- 
hythe  and  Stebunhethe.6  That  the  termination  is  the  old  Saxon  word 
hyth,  a  wharf  or  haven,  there  can  be  little  doubt,  but  the  rest  of  the 
word  is  by  no  means  so  clear.  Lysons  suggests  that  it  may  be  derived 
from  ste&,  a  trunk,  and  thus  be  the  timber-wharf;  others  believe  it 
to  be  a  corruption  of  Steven,  and  the  word  thus  means  St.  Stephen's 
Haven. 

1  Catalogues  of  the  Royal  Academy.  •*  Liber  Albus,  p.  204.  4  Ibid.,  p.  So. 

2  MS.  Recollections  of  the  late  Robert  Hills,          5  Riley's  Memorials,  p.  28. 

the  water-colour  painter.  G  Lysons's  Environs,  vol.  iv.  p.  678. 


STERLING   CLUB  313 


The  whole  parish  in  1794  contained  about  1530  acres  of  land  (exclusively  of  the 
site  of  buildings),  of  which  about  80  acres  were  then  arable,  about  50  occupied  by 
market-gardeners,  and  the  remainder   meadow-pasture  and  marsh   land. — Lysons's 
'ons,  vol.  iv.  p.  678. 

All  its  pastures  and  market-gardens  have  long  since  disappeared, 
and  Stepney  is  now  one  of  the  most  populous  parishes  in  London.  In 
1 88 1  its  population  was  58,500. 

The  great  plague  of  1665  was  particularly  severe  in  this  part  of 
London.  Clarendon,  in  speaking  of  the  difficulty  of  obtaining  seamen 
in  the  following  year,  says  that  "  Stepney  and  the  places  adjacent,  which 
were  their  common  habitations,  were  almost  depopulated." 

The  church  is  dedicated  to  St.  Dunstan  (which  see).  Stepney 
meeting-house  was  erected  for  Mathew  Mead  (buried  in  the  churchyard 
of  St.  Dunstan's),  and  during  his  time  was  one  of  the  most  noted  of 
the  nonconformist  places  of  worship.  It  has  lately  been  rebuilt. 
Near  the  church  stood  a  spacious  mansion,  the  seat  of  Henry,  first 
Marquis  of  Worcester.  It  was  in  the  two-storied  dwelling  above  the 
gateway  of  this  mansion  that  Mathew  Mead  lived,  and  here  that  his 
still  more  famous  son,  Dr.  Richard  Mead, — the  "  prince  of  English 
physicians,"  and  the  friend  and  successor  in  practice  of  Dr.  Radcliffe, 
the  founder  of  the  Radcliffe  Library  at  Oxford — was  born  in  1673. 
William  King,  LL.D.,  who  delivered  the  Latin  oration  at  the  dedication 
of  the  above  library  in  1 749,  was  also  a  native  of  Stepney. 

Sterling  Club,  a  social  club,  founded  in  1838  by  John  Sterling  as 
the  Anonymous  Club,  where  he  and  his  friends  might  meet  monthly 
and  talk  together  over  a  frugal  dinner.  The  original  members 
included,  besides  the  founder  and  James  Spedding  the  secretary, 
Thomas  Carlyle,  Alfred  Tennyson,  Frederick  Maurice,  John  Stuart 
Mill,  Archdeacon  Hare,  Bishop  Thirlwall,  Lord  Lyttleton,  Monckton 
Milnes  (Lord  Houghton),  and  Sir  C.  L.  Eastlake;  to  whom  were 
shortly  afterwards  added  Bishop  Wilberforce,  Chenevix  Trench  (Arch- 
bishop of  Dublin),  and  Archdeacon  (now  Cardinal)  Manning.1  The 
history  of  the  club  is  sufficiently  told  by  Carlyle  : — 

In  order  to  meet  the  most  or  a  good  many  of  his  friends  at  once  on  such  occasions 
[his  visits  to  London],  he  now,  furthermore,  contrived  the  scheme  of  a  little  Club 
where  monthly  over  a  frugal  dinner  some  reunion  might  take  place  ;  that  is,  where 
friends  of  his,  and  withal  such  friends  of  theirs  as  suited — and  in  fine,  where  a  small 
select  company  definable  as  persons  to  whom  it  was  pleasant  to  talk  together, — might 
have  a  little  opportunity  of  talking.  The  scheme  was  approved  by  the  persons  con- 
cerned :  I  have  a  copy  of  the  Original  Regulations,  probably  drawn  up  by  Sterling, 
a  very  solid  lucid  piece  of  economics  ;  and  the  List  of  the  proposed  Members,  signed 
"James  Spedding,  Secretary,"  and  dated  "August  8,  1838."  The  Club  grew;  was  at 
first  called  the  Anonymous  Club  ;  then,  after  some  months  of  success,  in  compliment 
to  the  founder,  who  had  now  left  us  again,  the  Sterling  Club,  under  which  latter  name, 
it  once  lately,  for  a  time,  owing  to  the  Religious  Newspapers,  became  rather  famous 
in  the  world  !  In  which  strange  circumstances  the  name  was  again  altered,  to  suit 
weak  brethren  ;  and  the  Club  still  subsists,  in  a  sufficiently  flourishing,  though 
happily  once  more  a  private  condition.  That  is  the  origin  and  genesis  of  poor 

1  Carlyle's  Life  of  Sterling,  p.  208  ;  Ashwill's  Life  of  Bishop  Wilberforce,  vol.  i.  p.  142. 


314  STERLING   CLUB 


Sterling's  Club  ;  which,  having  honestly  paid  the  shot  for  itself  at  Wills'  Coffee-house 
or  elsewhere,  fancied  its  bits  of  affairs  were  quite  settled  ;  and  once  little  thought  of 
getting  into  Books  of  History  with  them  ! — Carlyle's  Life  of  Sterling,  2d  ed.,  1852, 
p.  208. 

Stew  Lane,  a  narrow  passage  between  No.  5 1  and  No.  5  2  LOWER 
THAMES  STREET,  leading  to  Stew  Quay  by  the  Thames.  This  name 
was  given  to  the  passage  as  leading  to  a  landing-place  to  which  the  Doll 
Tearsheets  were  probably  restricted  in  passing  to  or  from  the  Stews  on 
the  opposite  bank. 

January  20,  1608. — Grant  to  George  Chester  and  Wingfield  Mouls worth  to  use 
Stew  Quay  and  Sennocke  Quay,  near  the  Custom  House,  as  free  quays  for  lading 
and  unlading  goods. — Cal.  State  Pap.,  1603-1610,  p.  396. 

Stews,  or  STEWES  BANK.  [See  Winchester  House,  Southwark  ; 
Cardinal's  Cap  Alley.]  A  small  district  on  the  Bankside  in  Southwark, 
the  houses  of  which  were  "  whited  and  painted,  with  signes  on  the  front, 
for  a  token  of  the  said  houses."  x  "The  Bordello  or  Stews,"  says  Stow, 
"  a  place  so  called  of  certain  stew-houses  privileged  there,  for  the  repair 
of  incontinent  men  and  the  like  women."  These  "  allowed  stew- 
houses  "  were  originally  eighteen  in  number,  and  were  situated  between 
the  Bear  Gardens  and  the  Clink  prison.  They  "had  signs  on  their 
fronts  towards  the  Thames,  not  hanged  out  but  painted  on  the  walls, 
as  the  Boar's  Head,  the  Cross  Keys,  the  Gun,  the  Castle,  the  Crane, 
the  Cardinal's  Hat,  the  Bell,  the  Swan,  etc."2  The  houses  were  under 
strict  parliamentary  and  municipal  regulations,  dating  from  the  8th 
Henry  II.,  and  confirmed  or  modified  in  several  later  reigns.  On 
the  City  side  were  such  ordinances  as  that  (temp.  Edward  I.)  which 
directs  that  "  no  boatman  shall  have  his  boat  moored  and  standing  over 
the  water  after  sunset ;  but  they  shall  have  all  their  boats  moored  on 
this  [the  City]  side  of  the  water  .  .  .  nor  may  they  carry  any  man  or 
woman,  either  denizens  or  strangers,  unto  the  Stews,  except  in  the 
day-time,  under  pain  of  imprisonment." 3  These  houses,  which  then 
belonged  to  William  Walworth,  Lord  Mayor  of  London,  who  leased 
them  from  the  Bishop  of  Winchester,  were  "  spoiled  "  by  Wat  Tyler 
and  the  Kentish  rebels — a  circumstance  that  may  have  helped  to  nerve 
the  arm  of  the  loyal  mayor  when  he  encountered  Tyler  in  Smithfield 
a  few  days  later.  In  1506  a  royal  ordinance  closed  the  doors  of  the 
Stews,  but  shortly  after  they  were  allowed  to  be  reopened,  the  number 
being  reduced  from  eighteen  to  twelve.  Forty  years  later  (1546)  they 
were  finally  suppressed  and  all  similar  privileges  abolished. 

Latimer,  in  his  third  sermon  before  Edward  VI.  (March  22,  1549), 
alludes  to  the  suppression  of  the  Stews.  "  You  have  put  downe  the 
Stues,  but  I  praye  you  what  is  the  matter  amended.  ...  I  dare  say 
there  is  now  more  whoredom  in  London  than  ever  there  was  on  the 
Bancke.  These  be  the  newes  I  have  to  tell  you,  I  feare  they  be  true." 
So  also  says  Alexander  Barclay  in  his  Eclogue  of  the  Cytezen  and 
Uplondysman,  printed  by  Wynkyn  de  Worde.4 

1  Proclamation  of  April  13  (37th  Henry  VIII.)  in  the  Library  of  the  Society  of  Antiquarians. 
~  Stow,  p.  151.  3  Liber  Albus,  p.  242.  4  See  the  Percy  Society  reprint,  p.  29. 


STOCK  EXCHANGE  315 


Blessed  Saynt  Saviour 
For  his  naughty  behaviour 

That  dwelt  not  far  from  the  Stewes 
For  causyng  infidelitie 
Hath  lost  his  dignitie 

Of  him  we  shall  have  more  ncwes. 
A  Booke  entitled  the  Fantassie  of  Idolatrie  (circ.   1540) ;  Foxe,  vol.  v.  p.  406. 

In  the  time  of  Henry  II.  (1154)  the  Stews,  regulated  hitherto  by 
Custom  ("  Customarie"  of  long  before  is  quoted),  were  legally  recognised, 
and  they  so  continued  to  be  until  1535,  when  they  were  proclaimed  by 
sound  of  trumpet  and  as  far  as  possible  publicly  and  entirely  suppressed. 
In  the  reign  of  Richard  II.  the  rebels  under  Wat  Tyler  "  brake  down 
the  Stews  near  London  Bridge,"  then  held  by  frowes  of  Flanders  of  the 
Lord  Mayor,  Sir  William  Walworth. 

The  Castle  and  the  Cardinal's  Hat,  two  of  these  houses,  are  noted 
in  the  book  of  expenses  of  Sir  John  Howard,  the  first  Duke  of  Norfolk 
of  that  time. 

Stinking  Lane,  NEWGATE  STREET  to  LITTLE  BRITAIN,  now 
King  Edward  Street,  was  so  called  as  leading  to  the  slaughter-houses  of 
St  Nicholas  Shambles,  and  probably  not  often  visited  by  the  scavenger. 

Then  is  Stinking  Lane  so  called,  or  Chick  Lane,  at  the  East  End  of  the  Grey 
Friars  Church,  and  there  is  the  Butchers'  Hall. — Stow,  p.  118. 

It  was  afterwards  called  Bloivbladder  Street,  next  Butcher  Hall 
Lane,  and  last  of  all,  about  1844,  King  Edward  Street. 

Stock  Exchange,  CAPEL  COURT,  and  7,  8,  9  Throgmorton 
Street.  The  ready-money  market  of  the  world,  which  had  its  origin  in 
the  National  Debt.  The  Stockbrokers  originally  met  at  New  Jonathan's 
Coffee-house  in  Change  Alley,  and  on  July  14,  1773,  they  "came  to  a 
resolution  that  instead  of  being  called  New  Jonathan's  it  should  be 
called  'The  Stock  Exchange,'  which  is  to  be  wrote  over  the  door,  the 
brokers  then  collected  sixpence  each,  and  christened  the  house  with 
punch."  In  1801  a  new  building  was  erected,  and  opened  March 
1802.  In  1854  this  gave  place  to  the  present  edifice,  erected  after 
the  designs  of  Thomas  Allason,  jun.,  which,  after  being  enlarged  on 
two  several  occasions,  was  supplemented  in  and  after  1884  by  a 
magnificent  annexe,  equal  in  size  to,  but  of  an  entirely  different  shape 
from,  that  of  the  original  building.  This  was  designed  by  J.  J.  Cole, 
architect,  and  comprises  the  additions  in  Throgmorton  Street  and  in 
Old  Broad  Street.  The  interior  of  the  New  Exchange  with  its  second 
dome  is  lined  with  marbles.  Capel  Court,  in  which  it  stands,  was  so 
called  from  the  London  residence  and  place  of  business  of  Sir  William 
Capel,  ancestor  of  the  Capels,  Earls  of  Essex,  and  Lord  Mayor  of  London 
in  1504.  The  members  of  the  Stock  Exchange,  about  3200  in  number, 
consist  of  brokers  and  dealers  (or  jobbers)  in  British  and  foreign  funds, 
railway  and  other  shares  exclusively ;  each  member  paying  an  annual 
subscription  of  ;£io.  A  notice  is  posted  at  every  entrance  that  none 


3i6  STOCK  EXCHANGE 

but  members  are  admitted.  A  stranger  is  soon  detected,  and  by  the 
custom  of  the  place  is  made  to  understand  that  he  is  an  intruder,  and 
turned  out.  The  admission  of  a  member  takes  place  in  committee, 
and  is  by  ballot.  The  election  is  only  for  one  year,  so  that  each 
member  has  to  be  re-elected  every  Lady-day.  The  committee,  consisting 
of  thirty,  and  called  the  "  Committee  for  General  Purposes,"  is  elected 
by  the  members  at  the  same  time.  Every  new  member  of  the  "  house," 
as  it  is  called,  must  be  introduced  by  three  members,  of  not  less  than 
four  years  standing,  each  of  whom  enters  into  security  in  ^500  for 
four  years.  An  applicant  for  admission  who  has  been  a  clerk  to  a 
member  for  the  space  of  four  years  has  to  provide  only  two  securities, 
each  to  enter  into  a  similar  engagement  for  ^300.  A  bankrupt 
member  immediately  ceases  to  be  a  member,  and  cannot  be  re-elected 
unless  all  his  liabilities  have  been  discharged  in  full.  The  usual 
commission  charged  by  a  broker  is  one-eighth  per  cent  upon  the  stock 
sold  or  purchased ;  but  on  foreign  stocks,  railway  bonds  and  shares,  it 
varies  according  to  the  value  of  the  securities.  The  broker  generally 
deals  with  the  "jobbers,"  as  they  are  called,  a  class  of  members  who 
are  dealers  or  middle  men,  who  remain  in  the  Stock  Exchange  in 
readiness  to  act  upon  the  appearance  of  the  brokers,  but  the  market  is 
entirely  open  to  all  the  members,  so  that  a  broker  is  not  compelled  to 
deal  with  a  jobber,  but  can  treat  witrTanother  broker  if  he  can  do  so 
more  advantageously  to  his  client.  The  fluctuations  of  price  are 
produced  by  sales  and  purchases,  by  continental  news,  and  domestic 
politics  and  finance.  Those  who  buy  stock  which  they  cannot  receive 
are  called  "Bulls,"  or  who  sell  stock  which  they  have  not,  are  in  Exchange 
Alley  called  "  Bears."  These  nicknames  were  in  use  as  early  as  the 
reign  of  Queen  Anne,  but  their  meaning  is  now  somewhat  altered ;  a 
Bull  is  one  who  speculates  for  a  rise,  and  a  Bear  one  who  speculates 
for  Sifall. 

Stocking  Weavers'  Hall.     [See  Weavers'  Hall.] 

Stocks  Market.  A  market  for  fish  and  flesh  in  Walbrook  Ward, 
on  the  site  of  the  present  Mansion  House.  It  was  established  in  1282 
by  Henry  Walis,  Lord  Mayor,  "  where  some  time  had  stood  (the  way 
being  very  large  and  broad)  a  pair  of  stocks  for  punishment  of  offenders  ; 
this  building  took  name  of  these  stocks." x 

On  November  I,  1319,  the  "sworn  wardens  for  overseeing  the  flesh-meat  brought 
to  the  shambles  called  '  les  Stokkes '  .  .  .  caused  to  be  brought  before  the  said 
Mayor  and  Aldermen  two  beef  carcasses,  putrid  and  poisonous,  the  same  having 
been  taken  from  William  Sperlyng  of  West  Hamme,  he  intending  to  sell  the  same  at 
the  said  shambles." — Riley's  Memorials  of  London,  p.  133. 

The  Stocks  Market  remained  a  market  for  the  sale  of  meat  and 
fish  until  destroyed  in  the  Great  Fire  of  1666.  When  rebuilt  it  was 
converted  into  a  market  for  fruit  and  vegetables. 

Instead  of  Flesh  and  Fish  sold  there  before  the  Fire,  are  now  sold  Fruits,  Roots 
and  Herbs ;  for  which  it  is  very  considerable  and  much  resorted  unto,  being  of  note 

1  Stow,  p.  85. 


STOKE  NEWINGTON  317 

for  having  the  choicest  in  their  kind   of  all   sorts,   surpassing  all   other  markets  in 
London. — Strype,  B.  ii.  p.  199. 

In  the  market  stood  a  statue  of  Charles  I.  and  one  intended  to  be 
taken  for  Charles  II.,  of  which  latter,  however,  Pennant1  gives  the 
following  account : — 

In  it  stood  the  famous  equestrian  statue,  erected  in  honour  of  Charles  II.  by  his 
most  loyal  subject  Sir  Robert  Viner,  lord  mayor.  Fortunately  his  lordship  dis- 
covered one  (made  at  Leghorn)  of  John  Sobieski  trampling  on  a  Turk.  The  good 
knight  caused  some  alterations  to  be  made,  and  christened  the  Polish  monarch  by 
the  name  of  Charles,  and  bestowed  on  the  turbaned  Turk  that  of  Oliver  Cromwell. 

Walpole 2  says  that  the  statue  "  came  over  unfinished,  and  a  new 
head  was  added  by  Latham."  Stocks  Market  was  removed  at  Michael- 
mas, 1737,  to  the  site  of  the  present  Farringdon  Street.  Here  it 
lost  its  name,  and  was  known  as  Fleet  Market  (which  see).  The 
mutilated  statue,  after  remaining  for  some  time  among  rubbish,  was 
presented  by  the  Common  Council  to  Mr.  Robert  Vyner,  a  descendant 
of  the  Lord  Mayor,  who  removed  it  to  his  county  seat  in  Gautby  Park, 
Lincolnshire. 

Stockwell  (Surrey),  an  ecclesiastical  parish,  but  one  of  the  eight 
wards  of  the  parish  of  Lambeth,  lies  between  Wandsworth  and  Brixton. 
Lysons,  writing  in  1810,  says  "the  hamlet  of  Stockwell  contains  about 
one  hundred  houses."  At  that  time  Stockwell  was  a  surburban  hamlet, 
but  it  has  now  lost  all  its  rural  character.  Rather  more  than  a 
century  ago  (in  1772)  this  place  became  noted  as  the  scene  of  the 
famous  "  Stockwell  Ghost,"  who  created  a  great  sensation  by  causing 
the  furniture,  etc.,  to  dance.  The  maid -servant  is  said  to  have 
afterwards  acknowledged  to  having  practised  the  imposition,  but  after 
the  death  of  the  lady  of  the  house  in  1790  the  "dancing  furniture" 
sold  at  extravagant  prices.3 

The  parish  church  of  St.  Michael  was  erected  in  1840,  and 
enlarged  in  1864,  and  accommodates  about  1400  persons.  Here  in 
the  Clapham  Road  is  Mr.  Spurgeon's  Stockwell  Orphanage,  founded 
in  1867.  Stockwell  Green,  formerly  an  open  space  at  the  junction  of 
Stockwell  Road  and  Landor  Road,  fell  a  prey  to  the  builder  in  1874, 
after  a  struggle  with  the  inhabitants. 

Stoke  Newington  (MIDDLESEX),  in  the  Finsbury  division  of 
Ossulstone  Hundred,  is  bounded  by  Hornsey,  Islington,  Hackney,  and 
Tottenham.  Lysons  describes  Stoke  Newington  as  containing  in  1810 
"  about  550  acres  of  land,  18  of  which  are  occupied  by  market  gardeners  ; 
the  remainder  almost  wholly  meadow  and  pasture."  Now  it  is  a 
populous  suburb  of  London,  and  contained,  in  1881,  3544  inhabited 
houses  and  a  population  of  22,780.  In  old  records  the  name  is  written 
Newtone,  or  Neweton.  The  word  Stoke  occurs  in  the  names  of  several 
places  as  a  distinguishing  addition,  and  is  probably  derived  from  the 

1  London,  p.  577. 

-  Annals,  ed.  Dallaway,  vol.  iii.  p.  152.  237  ;  and  Hone's  Every  Day  Book,  vol.  i.  (January 

3  See  Lysons's  Environs  of  London,  vol.  i.   p.       7,  1825),  p.  62. 


318  STOKE  NEWINGTON 

Saxon  Stoc,  a  wood.  It  was  first  prefixed  to  the  name  of  this  place  in 
the  1 5th  century,  at  which  time  the  manor  contained  about  100  acres 
of  woodland.1  Morris  explains  the  word  Stoke  as  denominating  "a 
place  by  the  water." 

The  old  parish  church,  dedicated  to  St.  Mary,  was  a  low  Gothic 
structure,  and  according  to  Stow  repaired  or  "  rather  rebuilded  "  in 
1562.  Further  enlargements  and  alterations  were  made  in  subsequent 
years,  and  in  1858  a  new  church  was  erected  exactly  facing  the  old  one. 
The  new  church,  also  dedicated  to  St.  Mary,  now  serves  as  the  parish 
church,  but  divine  service  is  likewise  performed  in  the  old  church, 
which  still  retains  many  of  the  characteristics  of  a  rural  place  of 
worship.  The  new  church,  a  handsome  edifice  of  the  Early  Decorated 
style,  was  built  after  the  designs  of  Sir  Gilbert  Scott.  In  the  old  church 
are  monuments  to  John  Dudley  (d.  1580),  with  effigies  of  himself  and 
his  wife  (who  afterwards  married  Thomas  Sutton,  the  founder  of  the 
Charter  House);  Sir  John  Hartopp,  Bart.  (d.  1762),  the  monument  by 
Banks;  Dr.  Samuel  Wright  (d  1787),  the  famous  nonconformist 
preacher,  etc.  Amongst  the  ministers  at  the  presbyterian  chapel  on 
Newington  Green  may  be  mentioned  Dr.  Price  (d.  1791),  famed  for 
his  moral  and  metaphysical  writings,  but  especially  for  his  "Treatise  on 
Reversionary  Payments  "  and  his  "  Observations  on  Civil  Liberty,  and 
the  Justice  and  Policy  of  the  War  with  America ; "  Dr.  Towers  (d.  1799), 
the  author  of  British  Biography  and  other  works  ;  Rochemont  Barbauld 
(d.  1808),  husband  of  the  more  noted  Mrs.  Barbauld,  who  was  buried 
in  the  churchyard.  Clissold  Park,  or  Newington  Park  as  it  was  formerly 
called,  which  was  for  many  years  the  residence  of  the  Crawshays,  was 
acquired  as  a  public  park  in  1889.  The  New  River  passes  through 
the  grounds. 

Eminent  Inhabitants. — Here  in  181 7,  at  the  school  of  the  Rev.  John 
Bransby,  Edgar  Allan  Poe,  the  American  poet,  "  was  for  the  first  time 
placed  under  the  restraint  of  regular  school  discipline." 2  Poe  has  him- 
self described  the  house  in  his  "partly  autobiographical"  story  of 
"William  Wilson."  There,  however,  he  speaks  of  "  the  five  years  of  my 
residence  in  the  quaint  old  building,"  and  adds,  "  Encompassed  by  the 
massy  walls  of  this  venerable  academy,  I  passed,  yet  not  in  tedium  or 
disgust,  the  years  of  the  third  lustrum  of  my  life."  But  this  must  be 
taken  as  a  poetic  fiction,  as  his  biographer  expressly  states  that  he  was  only 
two  years  in  England, — 1817-1819,  i.e.  from  his  ninth  to  eleventh 
year.  Daniel  Defoe  resided  in  Church  Street  about  1 7 1  o.3  The  house 
was  pulled  down  some  years  ago  to  make  room  for  a  new  street,  which  was 
named  after  him  Defoe  Street.  Thomas  Day  (d.  1789),  the  author  of 
Sandford  and  Merton.  John  Howard,  the  philanthropist  and  pioneer 
of  prison  reform  in  England,  took  lodgings  here  after  his  first  tour 
abroad,  and  after  being  nursed  by  his  landlady  through  a  severe  illness, 
married  her,  although  twenty-seven  years  her  junior.  Lord  Chief  Justice 

i  Lysons's  Environs,  vol.  iv.  p.  15,  etc.  "  Gill's  Lije  of  Poe,  pp.  26,  28. 

3  Harl.  MSS.,  No.  7001. 


STOREY'S  GATE  319 


Popham  and  Sir  Francis  Popham  resided  here.  Bridget  Fleetwood,  the 
eldest  daughter  of  Oliver  Cromwell,  was  buried  here  September  5,  1681. 
She  married  General  Ireton,  and  after  his  death  General  Fleetwood,  and 
resided  many  years  at  Stoke  Newington.  Dr.  Isaac  Watts  was  from  1696 
to  1702  tutor  in  the  family  of  Sir  John  Hartopp  here,  and  afterwards 
spent  the  last  thirty  years  of  his  life  in  the  house  of  Sir  Thomas  and  Lady 
Abney.  A  spot  containing  an  arbour  said  to  have  been  a  favourite 
haunt  of  the  great  divine,  and  where  many  of  his  hymns  were  written, 
is  still  railed  off;  and  a  statue,  erected  to  his  memory  by  public 
subscription  in  1845,  stands  in  one  of  the  principal  walks.  The  old 
manor  house  belonged  to  the  prebendaries  of  Newington,  but  was 
leased  at  the  beginning  of  the  i6th  century  to  William  Paten,  and 
in  1571  assigned  by  him  to  John  Dudley.  After  Dudley's  death 
his  widow  appears  to  have  let  the  house  to  the  Earl  of  Leicester 
about  1582,  and  to  the  Earl  of  Oxford  a  few  years  later.  It  was 
probably  a  visit  made  by  Elizabeth  to  one  of  these  courtiers  that 
gave  rise  to  her  association  with  an  avenue  in  this  estate,  which  still 
bears  her  name.  Mrs.  Dudley,  after  her  second  marriage  to  Thomas 
Sutton,  again  lived  on  her  Newington  estate.  Through  the  marriage  of 
John  Dudley's  daughter  Anne  to  Sir  Francis  Popham  the  manor  passed 
into  the  Popham  family,  in  which  it  remained  till  1669,  when  it  passed 
by  sale  to  Thomas  Gunstor.  He  built  anew  mansion,  and  in  1695  tne 
old  one  was  pulled  down  and  part  of  the  estate  let  on  building  leases. 
His  sister  Mary,  who  inherited  the  manor,  married  Sir  Thomas  Abney, 
some  time  Lord  Mayor  of  London.  The  Abney  estate  was  converted 
into  a  cemetery  under  the  title  of  Abney  Park  Cemetery,  and  opened 
in  1840.  [See  Abney  Park  Cemetery.] 

Stone  Buildings,  LINCOLN'S  INN,  a  handsome  range  of  stone  houses 
(hence  the  name)  built  1756  from  the  designs  of  Sir  Robert  Taylor. 
The  working  drawings  were  made  by  a  young  man  of  the  name  of 
Leach,  then  a  clerk  in  Taylor's  office,  who  afterwards  became  a  student 
of  Lincoln's  Inn,  and  died  filling  the  high  and  lucrative  office  in  the 
law  of  Master  of  the  Rolls.  Leach's  drawings  are  preserved  in  the 
library  of  Lincoln's  Inn.  Pitt's  chambers  appear  to  have  been  in  Stone 
Buildings.  Canning's  father  was  "  for  some  time  with  a  Serjeant  Walker 
who  then  resided  in  Stone  Buildings."  The  south  end  was  added 
1844-1845  under  the  direction  of  Philip  Hardwick,  R.A. 

Store  Street,  TOTTENHAM  COURT  ROAD  to  GOWER  STREET.  Mary 
Wollstonecraft  went  to  live  here  in  1791,  and,  according  to  Godwin — 
In  a  commodious  apartment,  added  to  the  neatness  and  cleanliness  which  she 
had  always  scrupulously  observed,  a  certain  degree  of  elegance,  and  those  temperate 
indulgences  in  furniture  and  accommodation,  from  which  a  sound  and  uncorrupted 
taste  never  fails  to  derive  pleasure. — Godwin's  Memoir,  p.  95. 

Storey's  Gate,  BIRDCAGE  WALK,  ST.  JAMES'S  PARK,  was  so  called 
after  Edward  Storey,  who  lived  in  a  house  on  the  site  of  the  present 
gate,  and  was  keeper  of  the  Volary  (Aviary)  to  King  Charles  II.  He 
died  in  1684  and  was  buried  in  St.  Margaret's,  Westminster. 


320  STOREY'S   GATE 


April  25,  1682. — About  nine,  this  night,  it  began  to  lighten,  thunder,  and  rain. 
The  next  morning,  there  was  the  greatest  flood  in  S.  James's  Park  ever  remembered. 
It  came  round  about  the  fences,  and  up  to  the  gravel  walks — people  could  not  walk 
to  Webb's  and  Stories. 

April  3,  1685. — This  afternoon  nine  or  ten  houses  were  burned  or  blown  up, 
that  looked  into  S.  James's  Park,  between  Webb's  and  Stone's. — Diary  of  Philip 
Madox,  MS.,  formerly  in  the  possession  of  Thorpe,  the  bookseller  (Notes  and  Queries, 
No.  8). 

Their  late  Maties  King  William  and  Queen  Mary  by  Lres  Patents  under  the  Great 
Scale  bearing  date  the  7th  of  June,  1690,  did  demise  to  Richard  Kent  and  Thomas 
Musgrave,  Esqrs.,  at  the  nominacon  of  Sr  Henry  Fane,  A  certain  Peece  of  Land  in 
the  Parish  of  St.  Margarett's  Westmr.  without  the  wall  of  S'.  James's  Parke  extending 
in  length  from  the  north  end  of  a  Tenement  late  in  the  possion  of  John  Webb 
to  the  south  end  of  some  shedds  late  in  the  Tenure  of  William  Storey,  Five  Hundred 
and  Seaventy  Feet  or  thereabouts  To  hold  for  Fifty  years  from  the  date  at  the  Yearly 
Rent  of  Six  Shillings  and  Eight  Pence. — HarL  MS.,  No.  6811,  Art.  3. 

Dropt  in  St.  James's  Park,  September  the  3d,  1705,  betwixt  Mr.  Story's  and 
the  Duke  of  Buckingham's  House,  a  Gold  Minuit  Pendulum  Watch,  etc.  ;  if  offered 
to  be  Sold  or  pawn'd  you  are  desired  to  stop  the  same  and  give  notice  to  Mr.  Pading- 
ton  at  his  house  in  Princes  Court  near  Mr.  Story's. —  The  Daily  Courant,  September 

5,  1705- 

From  nine  to  eleven  I  allow  them  to  walk  from  Story's  to  Rosamond's  Pond  in 
the  Park.— Toiler,  No.  113.! 

August  5,  1746- — I  don't  know  whether  I  told  you  that  the  man  at  the  Tennis 
Court  protests  that  he  has  known  Lord  Balmerino  dine  with  the  man  that  sells 
pamphlets  at  Storey's  Gate,  and  says  "  he  would  often  have  been  glad  if  I  would  have 
taken  him  home  to  dinner." — Walpole  to  Montagu,  vol.  ii.  p.  46. 

Strand  (The),  one  of  the  main  arteries  of  London,  reaching  from 
Charing  Cross  to  the  site  of  Temple  Bar  (now  marked  by  a  huge  decorated 
pedestal).  The  portion  between  King  William  Street  and  Charing  Cross 
is  now  called  West  Strand.  In  the  last  century  it  only  reached  "  from 
Charing  Cross  to  Essex  Street,"2  the  portion  of  the  road  from  Essex 
Street  to  Temple  Bar  being  called  "  Temple  Bar  Without."  The  Strand 
was  originally  a  low-lying  road  running  near  the  banks  of  the  Thames, 
and  hence  it  obtained  its  name. 

I  send,  I  send  here  my  supremest  kiss 

To  thee  my  silver  footed  Thamasis. 

No  more  shall  I  reiterate  thy  Strami 

Whereon  so  many  stately  structures  stand. 

Herrick,  Teares  to  Thamasis. 

At  the  digging  a  Foundation  for  the  present  Church  (St.  Mary-le-Strand),  the 
Virgin  Earth  was  discovered  at  the  Depth  of  Nineteen  Feet ;  whereby  'tis  manifest  that 
the  Ground  in  this  Neighbourhood  originally  was  not  much  higher  than  the  River 
Thames  ;  therefore  this  Village  was  truly  denominated  the  Strand,  from  its  Situation 
on  the  Bank  of  the  River. — Maitland's  History  of  London,  p.  739. 

In  1315  a  petition  of  the  inhabitants  of  Westminster  represented 
the  footway  from  Temple  Bar  to  the  King's  Palace  at  Westminster  as 
so  bad  that  the  feet  of  horses  and  rich  and  poor  men  received  constant 
damage,  and  that  the  footway  was  interrupted  by  thickets  and  bushes. 

1  Pennant  has  an  erroneous  statement  about  dark  passage  leading  into  the  Park,  which  pre- 

the  origin  of  the  name.     "  Where  the  iron  gates  serves    its    memory,   but    was    corruptly  called 

at  the  bottom  of  that  noble  street,  George  Street,  Storey's  Gate." 
are  placed,  stood  a  storehouse  for  the  Ordnance 

in  the  time  of  Queen  Mary.     I  remember  a  dirty  2  Parish  Clerks'  Survey,  i2mo,  1732. 


Till-:   STRAND  321 


An  ordinance  of  Edward  III.  in  council,  dated  1353,  directs  the  laying 
of  a  tax  on  all  goods  carried  by  land  or  water  from  the  City  to  West 
minster,  "  in  order  for  the  repairing  the  highway  lending  from  the  gate  of 
London  called  Temple  Bar  to  the  gate  of  the  Abbey  at  Westminster, 
that  highway  being  .  .  .  become  so  deep  and  miry,  and  the  pavement 
so  broken  and  worn  as  to  be  very  dangerous  both  to  men  and  carriages."1 
The  Strand  was  long  very  little  more  than  "a  way  or  street"2  between 
the  cities  of  Westminster  and  London,  and  was  not  paved  before  Henry 
VIII. 's  reign,  when  (1532),  it  being  then  "full  of  pits  and  sloughs,  very 
perilous  and  noisome,"  an  Act  was  passed  for  "  paving  the  streetway 
between  Charing  Cross  and  Strand  Cross,  at  the  charge  of  the  owners 
of  the  land." 

One  of  the  first  ascertained  inhabitants  of  the  Strand  was  Peter  of 
Savoy,  uncle  of  Henry  III.,  to  whom  that  king,  in  the  thirtieth  year  of 
his  reign  (1245),  granted  "all  those  houses  upon  the  Thames,  which 
sometime  pertained  to  Briane  de  Insula,  or  Lisle,  without  the  walls  of 
the  City  of  London,  in  the  way  or  street  called  the  Strand."  The  Bishops 
were  the  next  great  dignitaries  who  had  inns  or  houses  in  the  Strand, 
connecting,  as  it  were,  the  City  with  the  King's  Palace  at  Westminster. 
"  Anciently,"  says  Selden  in  his  Table  Talk,  "  the  noblemen  lay  within 
the  City  for  safety  and  security ;  but  the  bishops'  houses  were  by  the 
waterside,  because  they  were  held  sacred  persons  whom  nobody  would 
hurt."  As  many  as  nine  bishops  possessed  inns  or  hostels  on  the  south 
or  water  side  of  the  present  Strand,  at  the  period  of  the  Reformation. 
The  Bishop  of  Exeter's  inn  was  afterwards  Essex  House.  The  Bishop 
of  Bath's  inn  was  afterwards  Arundel  House.  The  inns  of  the  three 
Bishops  of  Llandaff,  Chester,  and  Worcester  were  swallowed  up  by  the 
palace  of  the  Protector  Somerset,  on  the  site  of  the  present  Somerset 
House.  Near  the  site  of  the  present  church  of  St.  Mary's  stood 
"  Strand  Cross." 

Opposite  to  Chester  Inn  stood  an  antient  cross  ...  in  the  year  1294  and  at 
other  times  the  Judges  sat  without  the  city,  on  this  cross,  to  administer  justice. 
Pennant's  London,  p.  144. 

The  Bishop  of  Carlisle's  inn  (west  of  the  Savoy)  was  afterwards 
Worcester  House,  the  mansion  of  the  Dukes  of  Beaufort,  hence  the 
present  Beaufort  Buildings.  The  Bishop  of  Durham's  inn  occupied  the  site 
of  the  Adelphi ;  and  the  inn  of  the  Archbishop  of  York  was  conveyed, 
in  the  reign  of  James  I.,  to  Villiers,  first  Duke  of  Buckingham,  whose 
name  and  titles  are  preserved  in  several  streets  between  the  Adelphi 
and  Charing  Cross.  The  upper  or  north  side  of  the  road  lay  open  to 
the  fields,  to  St.  Martin's-in-the-Fields,  St.  Giles-in-the-Fields,  and 
Covent  Garden,  as  late  as  the  reign  of  Charles  I.  A  few  noblemen's 
mansions,  however,  had  been  previously  erected.  Burghley  House, 
the  London  lodging  of  the  great  Lord  Burghley,  on  the  site  of  the 
present  Exeter  Street  and  Exeter  'Change,  and  Bedford  House,  on  the 
site  of  the  present  Southampton  Street  and  Bedford  Street,  were  built 

1  Rymer's  Fccdera,  vol.  v.  p.  762.  -  Stow,  p.  164. 

VOL.    III.  Y 


3?2  THE  STRAND 


in  the  reign  of  Elizabeth.  Salisbury  House,  on  the  site  of  the  present 
Cecil  Street  and  Salisbury  Street,  and  Northampton,  now  Northumber- 
land House,  were  built  in  the  reign  of  James  I.  Middleton,  the 
dramatist,  describes  it  not  untruly  at  this  time  as  "the  luxurious 
Strand."1  The  stables  of  Durham  House  were  taken  down  in  1610 
to  erect  the  New  Exchange ;  York  House  was  taken  down  in  1675;  and 
Burghley,  or  Exeter  House,  in  1676,  and  Exeter  'Change  erected  the 
next  year  on  the  principal  site.  Arundel  House  was  taken  down  in 
1678;  Worcester  House  in  1683  ;  Salisbury  House  in  1696  ;  Bedford 
House  in  1704;  Essex  House  in  1710;  the  New  Exchange  in  1737, 
and  the  Adelphi  afterwards  erected  on  the  same  site :  old  Somerset 
House  was  taken  down  in  1775;  Butcher  Row  in  1813;  and  Exeter 
'Change  in  1829,  when  the  great  Strand  improvements  at  the  West  End 
were  made  pursuant  to  7  Geo.  IV.,  c.  77. 

The  Lawyer  embraced  our  young  gentleman  atid  gave  him  many  riotous  instructions 
how  to  carry  himself :  told  him  he  must  acquaint  himself  with  many  gallants  of  the 
Inns  of  Court,  and  keep  rank  with  those  that  spend  most,  always  wearing  a  bountiful 
disposition  about  him,  lofty  and  liberal ;  his  lodging  must  be  about  the  Strand,  in 
any  case,  being  remote  from  the  handicraft  scent  of  the  City. — Father  HttbburcCs 
Tales,  410,  1604  (Middleton's  Works,  vol.  v.  p.  573). 

For  divers  yeares  of  late  certain  fishmongers  have  erected  and  set  up  fishstalles  in 
the  middle  of  the  street  in  the  Strand,  almost  over  against  Denmark  House,  all  which 
were  broken  down  by  speciall  Commission,  this  moneth  of  May,  1630,  least  in  short 
space  they  might  grow  from  stalles  to  shedds,  and  then  to  dwelling  houses,  as  the 
like  was  in  former  time  in  Olde  Fish  Street,  and  in  Saint  Nicholas  Shambles,  and 
in  other  places. — Howes,  ed.  1631,  p.  1045. 

Come  let  us  leave  the  Temple's  silent  walls, 

The  business  to  my  distant  lodging  calls  : 

Through  the  long  Strand  together  let  us  stray, 

With  thee  conversing  I  forget  the  way. 

Behold  that  narrow  street,  which  steep  descends, 

Whose  building  to  the  shining  shore  extends  ; 

Here  Arundel's  fam'd  structure  rear'd  its  frame, 

The  street  alone  retains  an  empty  name  : 

Where  Titian's  glowing  paint  the  canvas  warm'd, 

And  Raphael's  fair  design  with  judgment  charm'd, 

Now  hangs  the  Bell-man's  song,  and  pasted  here, 

The  coloured  prints  of  Overton  appear. 

Where  statues  breath'd  the  work  of  Phidias'  hands, 

A  wooden  pump  or  lonely  watch-house  stands  ; 

There  Essex'  stately  pile  adorn'd  the  shore, 

There  Cecil's,  Bedford's,  Villiers', — now  no  more. — Gay,  Trivia. 

Where  the  fair  columns  of  St.  Clement  stand, 
Whose  straitened  bounds  incroach  upon  the  Strand  ; 
Where  the  low  pent-house  bows  the  walker's  head, 
And  the  rough  pavement  wounds  the  yielding  tread  ; 
Where  not  a  post  protects  the  narrow  space, 
And  strung  in  twines  combs  dangle  in  thy  face ; 
Summon  at  once  thy  courage,  rouse  thy  care, 
Stand  firm,  look  back,  be  resolute,  beware. 
Forth  issuing  from  steep  lanes,2  the  Collier's  steeds 

1  Middleton's  Works,  by  Dyce,  vol.  v.  p.  578.  "  Milford  Lane. 


THE   STRAND  323 


Drag  the  black  load  ;  another  cart  succeeds, 

Team  follows  team,  crowds  heap'd  on  crowds  appear. — Ibid. 

The  Strand  is  now  given  up  entirely  to  business  purposes,  and  the 
"luxurious"  mansions  of  the  nobility  and  gentry  must  be  sought  for 
farther  westward.  The  Strand  is  remarkable  as  containing  more 
theatres  than  any  other  street  in  London.  In  it  are  to  be  noticed — 
north  side:  Adelphi,  Nos.  410,  411  ;  Vaudeville,  No.  404;  Lyceum, 
No.  354:  Gaiety,  No.  345;  Opera  Comique,  No.  299.  South  side: 
Strand,  No.  168;  and  Terry's,  Nos.  105,  106.  Besides  these  the 
Royal  Italian  Opera  House,  Drury  Lane  Theatre,  the  Globe,  the 
Savoy,  Toole's,  and  the  Avenue  only  lie  a  short  distance  off  the  Strand. 
[See  these  respective  headings.]  The  business  of  the  Strand  now 
forms  a  kind  of  connecting  link  between  the  hurry  and  bustle  of  the 
City  and  the  comfort  and  leisure  of  the  West  End. 

Eminent  Inhabitants  (not  already  mentioned). — Sir  Harry  Vane 
the  elder  (temp.  Charles  I.),  next  door  to  Northumberland  House 
(then  Suffolk  House),  where  now  stands  the  Grand  Hotel ; l  this  was 
long  the  official  residence  of  the  Secretary  of  State.  Mr.  Secretary 
Nicholas  was  living  here  in  Charles  II. 's  reign.  William  Lilly,  the 
astrologer  (d.  1681),  at  "the  corner  house,  over  against  Strand 
Bridge."  He  was  servant  for  some  time  to  a  man  of  the  name  of 
Gilbert  Wright,  and  performed  many  of  the  menial  offices  of  his  house — 
swept  the  street  before  his  door,  cleaned  his  shoes,  scraped  the 
trenchers,  and  played  the  part  of  tub-boy  to  the  Thames  in  carrying 
water  for  his  master's  use.  "I  have  helped,"  he  says,  "to  carry 
eighteen  tubs  of  water  in  one  morning."  Lilly  got  on  in  life,  married 
his  master's  widow,  and  came  at  last  to  possess  the  house  in  which  he 
had  performed  so  many  menial  occupations.  William  Faithorne,  the 
engraver  (d.  1691),  "at  the  sign  of  the  Ship,  next  to  the  Drake, 
opposite  to  the  Palsgrave  Head  Tavern,  without  Temple  Bar."  Pierce 
Tempest,  the  engraver  of  the  Cries  of  London,  which  bear  his  name  : — 

There  is  now  Published  the  Cryes  and  Habits  of  London,  lately  drawn  after  the 
Life  in  great  Variety  of  Actions,  Curiously  Engraved  upon  50  Copper  Plates,  fit  for 
the  Ingenious  and  Lovers  of  Art.  Printed  and  Sold  by  P.  Tempest  over  against 
Somerset  House  in  the  Strand. — The  London  Gazette,  May  28  to  31,  1 688. 

At  "No.  1 8  in  the  Strand"  lived  J.  Mathews  the  bookseller,  and  father 
of  Charles  Mathews  the  actor,  and  in  this  house  the  latter  was  born. 
Jacob  Tonson,  the  bookseller  and  friend  of  Dryden,  at  "  Shakespeare's 
Head,  over  against  Catherine  Street,  in  the  Strand,"  now  No.  141  ; 
the  house  (since  rebuilt)  was  afterwards  occupied  by  Andrew  Millar, 
the  publisher,  and  friend  of  Thomson,  Fielding,  Hume,  and  Robertson ; 
and  after  Millar's  death  by  Thomas  Cadell,  his  apprentice,  and  friend, 
and  the  publisher  of  Gibbon.  Thomson's  Seasons,  Fielding's  Tom  Jones, 
and  the  Histories  of  Hume,  Robertson,  and  Gibbon  were  first 
published  at  this  house.  Millar  was  a  Scotchman,  and  distinguished 
his  house  by  the  sign  of  "  Buchanan's  Head."  James  Northcote,  R.A., 

1  This  house  was  No.  i  in  the  Strand,  and  was  the  first  house  in  London  that  was  numbered. 
— Smith's  Nollekens,  vol.  i.  p.  236. 


324  THE  STRAND 


on  his  first  coming  to  London  in  1771  lodged  at  "Mrs.  Lefty's, 
Grocer  in  the  Strand."  Six  shillings  a  week  gained  by  colouring 
prints  of  flowers  covered  all  his  expenses.  "At  the  corner  of  Beaufort 
Buildings,  in  the  Strand,"  lived  Charles  Lillie,  the  perfumer,  known  to 
every  reader  of  The  Tatler  and  The  Spectator.  [See  Beaufort  Buildings.] 
Mrs.  Inchbald,  the  actress  and  dramatic  writer,  was  living  in  1809  at  No. 
163,  "  by  the  side  of  the  new  Church,"  and  from  the  top  of  this  house 
was  a  witness  of  the  burning  of  Drury  Lane  Theatre.  No.  332,  now  the 
printing-offices  of  The  Weekly  Times  and  Echo,  was  during  its  flourishing 
epoch  the  office  of  The  Morning  Chronicle, — the  upper  floors  being  the 
Editor's  rooms  and  the  residence  of  Mr.  John  Black  during  his  long 
editorship  of  that  journal.1  No.  346  (corner  of  Wellington  Street), 
now  the  offices  of  The  Field  and  The  Queen,  was  formerly  Doyley's 
warehouse  for  woollen  goods.  Dryden  in  his  Limberham  speaks  of 
"Doily  Petticoats,"  and  Steele  in  The  Guardian  (No.  102)  of  his 
"  Doily  Suit,"  while  Gay  in  his  Trivia  describes  a  Doily  as  a  poor 
defence  against  the  cold.  No.  277  was  in  the  time  of  Queen  Anne 
the  shop  of  Bat  Pidgeon,  known  to  every  reader  of  The  Spectator?  At 
No.  132  Bathoe  the  bookseller  established  in  1740  the  first  circulating 
library  in  London.  On  the  first  floor  of  a  house  at  the  eastern  corner 
of  Castle  Court  (where  Agar  Street  now  stands)  the  Society  of  Arts  held 
their  meetings  in  1756,  and  there  they  erected  assaying  furnaces. 
Nathaniel  Smith  and  Joseph  Nollekens  were  playfellows  here. 
Adjoining  Temple  Bar  and  on  a  part  of  the  site  of  the  New  Law 
Courts,  stood  the  small  pent-house  of  lath  and  plaster  occupied  for 
many  years  by  Crockford3  (d.  1844)  as  a  shell-fish  shop;  here  he 
made  the  money  with  which  he  established  the  Club  in  St.  James's 
Street  which  bore  his  name.  [See  Crockford's.]  The  Banking  House 
of  Messrs.  Coutts  and  Company  is  numbered  59. 

The  business  hitherto  carried  on  in  St.  Martin's  Lane  was  removed  by  Middleton 
to  its  present  site  in  1757 — in  a  house  erected  for  it,  the  central  house  of  eleven 
which  formed  the  New  Exchange,  or  Britain's  Bourse.  The  house  itself  was  at  this 
time  known  as  the  Three  Crowns.  In  1755  Mr.  James  Coutts  of  Edinburgh  was 
admitted  as  a  partner,  the  firm  being  then  entitled  Campbell  and  Coutts.  By  the 
death  of  George  Campbell  in  1760  Coutts  was  left  sole  partner.  Soon  after  his 
brother  Thomas  was  admitted,  and  he,  surviving  his  brother,  became  the  head  of  the 
firm, — the  Old  Coutts  of  boundless  wealth.  By  his  death  in  1822  the  male  line  of 
Coutts  became  extinct. — "Account  of  Coutts  Family,  "by  Robert  Chambers,  Chambers 's 
Journal,  November  7,  1874. 

[See  the  various  buildings  mentioned  under  their  several  names,  and 
also  the  several  streets  along  the  line.] 

Strand  Bridge,  the  original  name  for  the  fine  bridge  by  John 
Rennie,  but  changed  by  Act  of  Parliament,  and  now  universally  known 
as  Waterloo  Bridge.  It  was  previously  applied  to  a  bridge  over  the 

1  See  Forty  Years'  Recollections,  by  Charles          :J  There  is  a  good  view  of  the  house  in  No.  i 
Mackay,  LL.D.,  vol.  i.  p.  7:.  of  J.  W.  Archer's  Vestiges  of  Old  London. 

"  Smith's  Nollekens,  vol.  i.  p.  3  ;  vol.  ii.  p.  217. 


STRAND  LANE  325 


streamlet  from  St.  Clement's  Well,  where  it  crossed  the  Strand ;  and 
afterwards  to  a  landing-pier  at  the  foot  of  Strand  Lane.  [See  Strand 
Lane.] 

Then  had  yc  in  the  high  street  a  fair  bridge  called  Strand  Bridge,  and  under  it  a 
lane  or  way  down  to  the  landing-place  on  the  bank  of  the  Thames. — Stow,  p.  165. 

I''fl>niary  25,  1527. — The  Lady  Elizabeth  came  riding  from  her  house  at 
Hatfield  to  London  .  .  .  unto  her  place  called  Somerset  Place,  beyond  Strand 
Bridge. — Strype,  Hist.  Mem.,  vol.  iii.  p.  444;  Afachyn,  p.  167. 

I  landed  with  ten  sail  of  Apricock  boats  at  Strand  Bridge,  after  having  put  in  at 
Nine  Elms,  and  taken  in  Melons,  consigned  by  Mr.  Cuffe  of  that  place  to  Sarah 
Sewell  and  Company  at  their  stall  in  Covent  Garden.  —  The  Spectator,  No.  454. 

There  was  a  third  bridge  in  the  Strand  in  addition  to  Ivy  Bridge 
and  Strand  Bridge,  the  remains  of  which  were  discovered  in  1832 
during  the  construction  of  a  sewer  a  little  east  of  St.  Clement's  Church. 
"  It  was  of  stone  and  consisted  of  one  arch  about  1 1  feet  long,  very 
antique  in  its  appearance  and  of  the  most  durable  construction." l  It 
is  difficult  for  us  to  conceive  what  a  London  roadway  must  have  been 
in  the  time  of  the  Tudors  and  Stuarts.  When  James  Naylor,  the 
weak-minded  Quaker  enthusiast,  was  flogged  by  the  direct  order  of 
Parliament,  the  historian  of  the  sect  records  that 

The  1 8th  December  [1656]  J.  Naylor  suffered  part  :  and  after  having  stood 
full  two  hours  with  his  head  in  the  Pillory,  was  stripped,  and  whipped  at  a  cart's 
tail,  from  Palace  Yard  to  the  Old  Exchange,  and  received  three  hundred  and  ten 
stripes  ;  and  the  executioner  would  have  given  him  one  more  (as  he  confessed  to 
the  Sheriff),  there  being  three  hundred  and  eleven  kennels,  but  his  foot  slipping,  the 
stroke  fell  upon  his  own  hand,  which  hurt  him  much. — Sewel's  Hist,  of  the  Quakers, 
4to,  1709,  vol.  i.  p.  239. 

There  were  thus  no  fewer  than  311  open  channels  crossing  the 
roadway  between  Westminster  Hall  and  the  Royal  Exchange ;  and 
after  heavy  rains  every  lane  leading  to  the  Thames  must  have  been  an 
open  watercourse.  Perhaps  the  largest  of  the  unbridged  channels  was 
at  Milford  (Mill  Ford)  Lane. 

Strand  Inn,  an  Inn  of  Court  belonging  to  the  Middle  Temple. 
It  was  pulled  down  by  the  Protector  Somerset,  and  part  of  the  present 
Somerset  House  occupies  the  site. 

Strand  Lane,  in  the  STRAND,  east  of  Somerset  House,  and 
opposite  the  east  end  of  St.  Mary's  Church,  was  originally  the  channel 
of  the  rivulet  which  crossed  the  great  thoroughfare  under  Strand 
Bridge.  It  must  be  remembered  that  the  Strand  at  this  part  has  been 
raised  fully  20  feet  above  the  ancient  level.  The  lane  led  to  the 
landing-place,  at  one  time  known  as  Strand  Bridge ;  but  this  was 
destroyed  in  forming  the  Thames  Embankment  and  the  lane  is  no 
longer  a  thoroughfare.  On  the  east  side  of  this  lane  is  a  genuine 
ancient  Roman  Bath,  which  is  well  worth  inspection.  The  bath  is  13 
feet  long  and  6  feet  wide,  and  is  supplied  by  a  spring  of  beautifully 
clear,  cold  water.  The  bricks  of  which  it  is  constructed  are  similar  to 
those  of  the  City  Wall,  but  smaller  in  size.2 

1  Knight,  vol.  ii.  p.  151.  London,  vol.  ii.  p.  164,  1842.     It  has  been  littlo 

2  There  is  an  engraving  of  the  bath  in  Knight's      altered  since. 


326  STRAND    THEATRE 

Strand  Theatre,  on  the  south  side  of  the  Strand,  four  doors  west 
of  Surrey  Street,  formerly  called  Punch's  Playhouse,  is  principally 
devoted  to  burlesque  and  farce.  The  exterior  is  unpretentious,  the 
interior  well  appointed. 

Stratford  Le  Bow,  (the  Stratford  atte  Bowe  of  our  old  writers  of 
the  1 4th  and  i$th  centuries),  now  commonly  called  Bow,  formerly  a 
hamlet  of  Stepney,  but  made  into  a  separate  parish  in  1720,  lies  a  mile 
east  of  Mile  End.  The  name  Stratford  or  Straet-ford  is  derived  from  a 
ford  through  the  Lea  at  the  place  where  it  was  crossed  by  the  old 
Roman  Road  to  Colchester.  About  the  beginning  of  the  i2th 
century  Queen  Matilda  built  a  bridge  over  the  Lea  near  the  "  Old  Ford," 
and  from  the  shape  of  this  bridge  the  name  of  the  village  took  the 
addition  of  "  atte  Bow." 

Matilda,  wife  of  Henry  I. ,  having  herself  been  well  washed  in  the  water,  caused 
two  bridges  to  be  builded  in  a  place  one  mile  distant  from  the  Old  Ford,  of  the 
which  one  was  situated  over  Lee  at  the  head  of  the  town  of  Stratford  nowe  called 
Bowe,  because  the  bridge  was  arched  like  unto  a  bowe,  a  rare  piece  of  work,  for 
before  that  time  the  like  had  never  been  seen  in  England.  The  other  over  the  little 
brooke,  commonly  called  Chanelse  Bridge. — Leland's  Collections. 

The  old  bridge,  consisting  of  three  narrow  arches,  had  been  so  often 
repaired  as  to  leave  little  of  the  original  structure  when  taken  down  in 
1835.  The  present  one,  a  substantial  structure  in  Aberdeen  granite, 
of  a  single  elliptical  arch,  70  feet  in  span,  was  erected  from  the  designs 
of  Messrs.  Walker  and  Burges,  and  formally  opened  February  14,  1839. 
The  French  of  Chaucer's  "Prioress"  was  spoken  in  the  Stratford  manner : — 

And  Frensch  sche  spak  ful  faire  and  fetysly, 
After  the  scole  of  Stratford  atte  Bowe, 
For  Frensch  of  Parys  was  to  hire  unknowe. 

Prologue  to  Canterbury  Tales ;  1.  124. 

Bakers  living  at  Stratford -le- Bow  supplied  London  with  bread  as 
late  as  the  reign  of  Henry  VIII. 

A  custome  which  many  holde  that  Mile-End  is  no  walke  without  a  recreation  at 
Stratford  Bow  with  creame  and  cakes. — Kemp's  Nine  Days'  Wonder,  410,  1 600. 

William  de  Croton,  of  the  county  of  Suffolk,  was  attached  for  pretending  to  be 
a  sergeant  of  the  Sheriffs  of  London.  Meeting  Richolda  of  Stratford  and  Mabel  of 
Stratford,  bakeresses,  who  were  bringing  bread  to  the  City  with  their  carts,  for  sale, 
he  arrested  the  carts  of  the  said  Richolda  and  Mabel  until  they  had  paid  him  a 
fine. — Riley's  Memorials,  p.  79. 

This  parish  was  also  for  some  time  the  resort  of  the  butchers  of 
London,  "  who  do  rent  their  houses  at  Stratforde  and  around  Stratforde." 
In  1371  the  air  of  the  City  having  been  "greatly  corrupted  and 
infected  "  by  the  slaughtering  of  cattle  therein,  Edward  III.  ordained 
that 

All  oxen,  sheep,  swine  and  other  large  animals,  for  the  sustenance  of  our  city 
aforesaid  to  be  slaughtered,  should  be  taken  to  the  village  of  Stretteford,  on  the  one 
side  and  the  village  of  Knyghtebrugge  on  the  other  side  of  the  said  city  and  there 
be  slaughtered. — Riley's  Memorials,  p.  356. 


STRATFORD  PLACE  327 

The  parish  church,  dedicated  to  St.  Mary,  was  originally  built  about 
the  beginning  of  the  i4th  century  as  a  chapel  of  ease  to  Stepney,  and 
was  consecrated  as  a  parish  church  March  16,  1719. 

What  is  now  known  as  Stratford,  a  mile  or  so  farther  east,  is  more 
properly  Stratford  Langthorn. 

Stratford  Place,  OXFORD  STREET,  north  side,  opposite  South 
Molton  Street,  was  built  about  1775  by  Edward  Stratford  second 
Earl  of  Aldborough,  and  others,  to  whom  a  ground-lease,  renewable  for 
ever  under  certain  conditions,  had  been  granted  by  the  Corporation  of 
London.  In  the  mansion  that  terminates  the  place,  and  fronts  the 
entrance  from  Oxford  Street,  the  Earl  of  Aldborough  resided  for  many 
years.1  Here  stood  the  Lord  Mayor's  Banqueting  House,  erected  for 
the  Mayor  and  Corporation  to  dine  in  after  their  periodical  visits  to  the 
Bayswater  and  Paddington  Conduits,  and  the  Conduit  Head  adjacent 
to  the  Banqueting  House,  which  supplied  the  City  with  water. 

A  conduit  head 

Hard  by  the  place  toward  Tyburn,  which  they  call 
My  Lord  Mayor's  Banqueting  House. 

Ben  Jonson,  The  Devil  is  an  Ass,  Act  v.  Sc.  i . 

Strype  preserves  a  curious  picture  of  a  visit  made  by  the  Mayor  to 
the  Conduit  Heads  in  the  year  1562.  Before  dinner  they  hunted  the 
hare  and  killed  her,  and  after  dinner  they  went  to  hunting  the  fox ; 
"  there  was  a  cry  for  a  mile,  and  at  length  the  hounds  killed  him  at  the 
end  of  St.  Giles' ;  great  hallooing  at  his  death  and  blowing  of  horns." 
The  Banqueting  House  was  taken  down  in  1737,  and  the  cisterns 
arched  over  at  the  same  time.2  Here  General  Strode  (the  same  who 
set  up  the  statue  in  Cavendish  Square)  erected  a  pillar  to  commemorate 
the  naval  victories  of  Britain,  which  it  did  for  a  very  brief  period,  as 
the  foundations  gave  way  in  1805. 

About  1792  Richard  Cosway,  R.A.,  removed  from  Schomberg 
House,  Pall  Mall,  to  the  south-western  corner  of  Stratford  Place.  The 
house  has  a  lion  on  the  outside,  and  hardly  had  he  taken  possession  of 
his  new  abode  when  a  pasquinade,  attributed  to  Peter  Pindar,  was  affixed 
to  his  door  : — 

When  a  man  to  a  fair  for  a  show  brings  a  lion, 
Tis  usual  a  monkey  the  sign  post  to  tie  on  : 
Hut  here  the  old  custom  reversed  is  seen 
For  the  lion's  without,  and  the  monkey's  within  ! 

Cosway,  one  of  the  vainest  of  men,  was  so  mortified  that  he  removed 
shortly  after  to  No.  20.  This  he  fitted  up  and  furnished  in  a  style 
then  scarcely  known  in  the  houses  of  professional  men.  His  marble 
chimneypieces  were  all  carved  by  Thomas  Banks,  R.A.  The  rooms 
— each  fitted  in  a  different  manner — "were  more  like  scenes  of 
enchantment  pencilled  by  a  poet's  fancy,  than  anything,  perhaps,  before 
displayed  in  a  domestic  habitation." 

1  Londiniana,  vol.  iii.  p.  40.  ~  Maitland,  cd.  1739,  p.  779. 


328  STRATFORD  PLACE 

His  furniture  consisted  of  ancient  chairs,  couches,  and  conversation  stools, 
elaborately  carved  and  gilt  and  covered  with  the  most  costly  Genoa  velvets ; 
escritoires  of  ebony,  inlaid  with  mother-of-pearl ;  and  rich  caskets  for  antique  gems, 
exquisitely  enamelled,  and  adorned  with  onyxes,  opals,  rubies  and  emeralds.  There 
were  cabinets  of  ivory,  curiously  wrought ;  mosaic  tables  set  with  jasper,  blood-stone, 
and  lapis-lazuli ;  having  their  feet  carved  into  the  claws  of  lions  and  eagles  ;  screens 
of  old  raised  oriental  Japan  ;  massive  musical  clocks  richly  chased  with  or-molu  and 
tortoise-shell ;  ottomans  superbly  damasked  ;  Persian  and  other  carpets  .  .  .  and 
rich  hangings  of  English  tapestry.  The  chimney-pieces,  carved  by  Banks,  were 
further  adorned  with  the  choicest  bronzes  and  models  in  wax  and  terra-cotta ;  the 
tables  covered  with  old  Sevres,  blue,  Mandarin,  Nankin,  and  Dresden  china  ;  and 
the  cabinets  were  surmounted  with  crystal  cups  adorned  with  the  York  and  Lancaster 
roses,  which  might  probably  have  graced  the  splendid  banquets  of  the  proud  Wolsey. 
— Smith's  Nollekens,  vol.  ii.  p.  401. 

In  his  drawing-room  was  a  marble  sarcophagus  in  which  was  the 
embalmed  body  of  his  deceased  daughter ;  but  this  Mrs.  Cosway,  on 
her  return  from  her  long  sojourn  in  Italy,  got  rid  of,  sending  the  body 
to  the  Bunhill  Fields  cemetery,  and  the  sarcophagus  to  Nollekens,  the 
sculptor.  Cosway  resided  here  to  the  last.  His  death  occurred  in 
Miss  Udney's  carriage,  on  July  4,  1821,  while  taking  an  airing  on  the 
Edgeware  Road.  Madame  D'Arblay  records1  meeting  Sir  Joshua 
Reynolds  at  a  dinner  at  Mrs.  Walsingham's  (a  daughter  of  Sir  Hanbury 
Williams)  in  Stratford  Place.  Henry  Addington  (Lord  Sidmouth)  was 
living  here  in  1792.  Sydney  Smith  at  No.  18  in  1835.  No.  i  is  the 
Portland  Club  House.  R.  W.  Elliston,  the  celebrated  actor,  dated  from 
Stratford  Place  in  June  1822. 

Stratton  Street,  PICCADILLY,  west  side  ot  Devonshire  House. 
Built  circ.  1693,2  and  so  called  after  John,  Baron  Berkeley  of  Stratton, 
the  hero  of  Stratton  Fight,  fought  at  Stratton  in  Cornwall  during  the 
Civil  Wars  under  Charles  I.  This  Lord  Berkeley  built  Berkeley 
House  in  Piccadilly  (on  the  site  of  Devonshire  House) ;  hence 
Berkeley  Street  and  Berkeley  Square.  Thomas  Graham,  Lord 
Lynedoch,  the  hero  of  Barossa,  and  Wellington's  second  in  command 
in  the  Peninsula,  lived  at  No.  12  in  this  street,  and  died  here, 
December  18,  1843,  m  his  ninety-sixth  year.  No.  i,  on  the  left-hand 
side,  is  the  residence  of  the  Baroness  Burdett  Coutts.  Here  the 
Duchess  of  St.  Alban's  (Mrs.  Coutts)  gave  her  magnificent  entertain- 
ments ;  and  here  she  died  in  1837.  For  two  months  before  her 
death  she  lay  in  the  great  dining-room  towards  Piccadilly,  without  pain, 
but  weak  and  tranquil.  James  Douglas,  the  author  of  Nenia  Britan- 
nica,  lived  in  this  street.  Thomas  Campbell  writes  to  Dr.  Currie 
from  No.  2,  April  13,  1802. 

StreightS  i'  the  Strand,  a  cant  name,  as  Gifford  says,  given  to 
a  "nest  of  obscure  courts,  alleys  and  avenues  running  between  the 
bottom  of  St.  Martin's  Lane,  Half- Moon,  and  Chandos  Street," 
frequented  by  bullies,  knights  of  the  post,  and  fencing  masters,  now 
cleared  away.  [See  Bermudas  ;  Butcher  Row ;  Porridge  Island.] 

1  Diary,  vol.  ii.  p.  164.  2  Rate-books  of  St.  Martin's-in-the-Fields. 


SUFFOLK  HOUSE  329 


Justice  OwrJo.  Look  into  any  angle  of  the  town,  the  Streights,  or  the  Bermudas, 
where  the  quarrelling  lesson  is  read,  and  how  do  they  entertain  the  time  but  with 
bottle-ale  and  tobacco  ? — Ben  Jonson,  Bartholomew  Fair. 

Their  very  trade 

Is  borrowing  ;  that  but  stopt  they  do  invade 
All  as  their  prize,  turn  pirates  here  at  land, 
Have  their  Bermudas,  and  their  Streights  i'  the  Strand. 

Hen  Jonson  to  Sir  Edward  Sackvillc. 

Strombello  or  Strumbello  (STRUMBELS,  Uodsley)  is  the  name 
given  in  Sayer's  Map  of  1769  to  some  buildings  in  the  Chelsea  Road, 
on  the  left  of  the  present  church  of  St  Barnabas.  Intermediately  the 
ground  was  occupied  by  a  small  playhouse  of  the  lowest  description, 
called  the  Orange  Theatre. 

1762. — At   Cromwell   House,   Brompton,  once  the  seat   of  Oliver,  was  also  a 
tea-garden  concert ;  and  at  Strombolo  Tea-gardens  near  Chelsea  was  a  fine  fountain. 
/I;  vol.  i.  p.  88. 

The  place  was  called  Queen  Street  in  1794. 

Strutton  Ground,  WESTMINSTER,  Victoria  Street  (south  side)  to 
Great  Peter  Street,  a  corruption  of  Stourton  Ground,  from  Stourton 
House,  the  mansion  of  the  Lords  Dacre  of  the  South.  [See  Emanuel 
Hospital.] 

Strype's  Court,  PETTICOAT  LANE,  the  second  turning  on  the 
right  hand  from  Aldgate,  is  said  to  have  been  so  called  after  the  father 
of  Strype,  the  historian,  a  merchant  and  silk  throwster,  and  long  an 
inhabitant  of  the  court.  The  historian  was  born  in  this  court  in  I643.1 
But  it  should  be  noted  that  in  Strype's  own  Map  (1720)  it  is  called 
Tripe  Yard ;  and  that  Dodsley  (1761)  enters  it  as  Trype  Yard,  but 
also  as  Strype's  Yard.  It  is  now  known  as  Tripe  Court.  [See 
Petticoat  Lane.] 

Suffolk  House,  CHARING  CROSS.  The  second  name  of  what  vas 
afterwards  known  as  Northumberland  House. 

On  Thursday,  May  8th,  1539,  "when  all  the  citizens  of  London  mustered  in 
harnes  afore  the  Kinge,"  Henry  VIII.  was  stationed  at  the  Whitehall  Gateway,  and 
"  the  Lord  Chancellor,  the  Duke  of  Norfolke,  Duke  of  Suffolke,  and  other  Lords  of 
the  Kinge's  househould,  stood  at  the  Duke  of  Suffolke's  place  by  Charing  Cross  to 
see  them  as  they  passed  by." — Wriothesley's  Chronicle,  p.  96. 

On  the  left  hand  of  Charing  Crosse,  there  are  divers  fair  houses  built  of  late  years, 
specially  the  most  stately  palace  of  Suffolk  or  Northampton  House,  built  by  Henry 
of  Northampton,  son  to  the  Duke  of  Norfolk  and  Lord  Privie  Seal  to  King  James. 
— Howell's  Londinopolis,  fol.  1657,  p.  350. 

Suckling  refers  to  this  house  in  his  famous  ballad  on  the  Wedding  of 
Roger  Boyle,  Lord  Broghill,  afterwards  first  Earl  of  Orrery,  with  Lady 
Margaret  Howard,  daughter  of  Theophilus,  Earl  of  Suffolk. 

At  Charing  Cross,  hard  by  the  way 
Where  we  (thou  know'st),  do  sell  our  hay, 
There  is  a  house  with  stairs. 

1  L,ysons,  vol.  iv.  p.  175. 


330  SUFFOLK  HOUSE 


And  there  did  I  see  coming  down 
Such  folks  as  are  not  in  our  town, 
Forty  at  least  in  pairs. 

March  15,  1617.  —  Grant  to  the  Earl  of  Suffolk  to  have  a  small  pipe  for 
conveying  water  to  Suffolk  House,  inserted  in  the  main  pipe  from  Hyde  Park  to 
Westminster  Palace. — Cal.  State  Pap.,  1611-1618,  p.  447. 

Evelyn,  under  June  9,  1658,  records  that  he  "went  to  see  the  Earl 
of  Northumberland's  pictures  ...  in  Suffolk  House,"  and  he  observes 
that  "  the  new  front  towards  the  gardens  is  tolerable,  were  it  not 
drown'd  by  a  too  massive  and  clumsie  pair  of  stayres  of  stone,  without 
any  neate  invention."  A  second,  perhaps  an  earlier  house  belonging 
to  the  same  noble  family,  stood  on  the  site  of  the  present  Suffolk 
Street,  Haymarket.  [See  Suffolk  Street.] 

Suffolk  House,  SOUTH  WAR  K. 

Almost  directly  over-against  St.  George's  Church,  was  sometime  a  large  and 
most  sumptuous  house,  built  by  Charles  Brandon,  late  Duke  of  Suffolk,  in  the  reign 
of  Henry  VIII.,  which  was  called  Suffolk  House ;  but  coming  afterwards  into  the 
King's  hands,  the  same  was  called  Southwarke  Place,  and  a  Mint  of  coinage  [see 
The  Mint]  was  there  kept  for  the  King.  To  this  Place  came  King  Edward  VI., 
in  the  second  of  his  reign,  from  Hampton  Court,  and  dined  in  it.  ...  Queen  Mary 
gave  this  house  to  Nicholas  Heath,  Archbishop  of  Yorke,  and  to  his  successors,  for 
ever,  to  be  their  Inn  or  Lodging  for  their  repair  to  London,  in  recompense  of  York 
House,  near  to  Westminster,  which  King  Henry  her  father  had  taken  from  Cardinal 
Wolsey,  and  from  the  see  of  York.  Archbishop  Heath  sold  the  same  house  to  a 
merchant  or  to  merchants  that  pulled  it  down,  sold  the  lead,  stone,  iron,  etc.,  and 
in  place  thereof  built  many  small  cottages  of  great  rents,  to  the  increasing  of  beggars 
in  that  borough.  The  archbishop  bought  Norwich  House  or  Suffolk  Place,  near 
unto  Charing  Cross,  because  it  was  near  unto  the  Court,  and  left  it  to  his  successors. 
—Stow,  p.  153. 

The  said  Archbishop,  August  the  6th,  1557,  obtained  a  license  for  the  alienation 
of  this  capital  messuage  of  Suffolk  Place ;  and  to  apply  the  price  thereof  for  the 
buying  of  other  houses  called  also  Suffolk  Place,  lying  near  Charing  Cross ;  as 
appears  from  a  Register  belonging  to  the  Dean  and  Chapter  of  York. — Strype,  B. 
iv.  p.  17. 

It  appears,  however,  from  the  Charter  of  Edward  VI.  (Norton,  p.  386), 
that  Henry  VIII.  purchased  these  "lands,  tenements,  and  premises" 
from  Charles,  Duke  of  Suffolk.  Edward  granted  them  to  the  City,  and 
they  were  attached  to  the  Bridge  House  estate.  The  house  with  its 
park  is  shown  in  Wyngaerde's  View  of  London  (ab.  1550).  The 
name  still  survives  in  Great  Suffolk  Street.  "Brandonne's  Place  in 
Southwerke  "  is  mentioned  in  Sir  John  Howard's  Expenses,  under  the 
year  1465,  but  this  does  not  refer  to  Suffolk  House,  which  was  not 
built  until  about  1516.  This  is  Sir  Thomas  Brandon's  Place  in 
another  part  of  Southwark,  afterwards  given  by  Sir  Thomas  in  1510 
to  Lady  Guildford,  hence  the  name  of  Great  Guildford  Street. 

Suffolk  Lane,  UPPER  THAMES  STREET,  to  Laurence  Pountney 
Lane. 

Suffolk  Lane,  well  known  by  the  Grammar  School,  founded  and  supported  there 
by  the  Merchant  Taylors'  Company,  took  its  denomination  from  the  noble  family  of 
Suffolk  [De  la  Pole],  who  anciently  had  property  on  this  spot ;  and  it  is  not  unlikely 


SUFFOLK  STREET  331 


that  what  is  called  Duck's  Foot  Lane  was  originally  the  Duke's  foot -lane,  or 
narrow  way  to  and  from  his  mansion. — Dr.  Wilson's  St.  Lawrence  Foultney,  4to, 
1831,  p.  5. 

The  Merchant  Taylors'  School  was  removed  in  1875  to  tne  site  °f 
the  old  Charterhouse  School.  [See  Merchant  Taylors'  School.]  The 
pious  Robert  Nelson,  author  of  the  Fasts  and  Festivals,  was  born  in 
this  lane,  June  22,  1656.  His  father,  John  Nelson,  was  a  wealthy 
trader  to  the  Levant. 

Suffolk  Street,  HAYMARKET  to  PALL  MALL  EAST;  built  circ. 
1664,*  and  "so  called,"  says  Strype,  "as  being  built  on  the  ground 
where  stood  a  large  house  belonging  to  the  Earls  of  Suffolk.  It  is  a 
very  good  street,"  he  continues,  "  with  handsome  houses,  well  inhabited, 
and  resorted  unto  by  lodgers." 2  It  was  originally  called  "Suffolk  Yard 
Buildings." 3  Horace  Walpole,  in  a  MS.  note  to  Pennant,  says  that 
this  street  "used  to  be  known  for  the  residence  of  foreigners,  who 
were  but  ill  lodged  here :  of  late  years  hotels  have  been  introduced 
where  they  are  better  accommodated  and  in  better  streets.  In  the  reign 
of  George  the  First  an  Italian  warehouse  was  kept  at  the  upper  end  of 
Suffolk  Street  by  one  Corticelli,  much  frequented  by  people  of  fashion 
for  raffles  and  purchases  and  gallant  meetings.  It  is  mentioned  in 
Lady  M.  W.  Montagu's  Letters."  Fifty  years  later  Theodore  Hook,  in 
Gilbert  Gurney,  writes — 

I  [Gilbert  Gurney]  took  a  first  floor  in  Suffolk  Street,  Charing  Cross,  then 
extremely  unlike  what  it  afterwards  became  in  the  course  of  the  improvements  in 
that  neighbourhood.  At  that  period  it  consisted  for  the  most  part  of  tailors'  houses, 
the  upper  floors  of  which  were  tenanted  in  their  different  degrees  by  gentlemen 
loose  upon  town,  visitors  to  the  metropolis,  and  officers  on  half-pay,  of  which  it 
appeared  the  greater  portion  were  considered  to  be  "frae  the  North,"  inasmuch  as 
Suffolk  Street  was  nicknamed  in  that  day  the  Scottish  Barracks. 

Evelyn  notes,  December  23,  1671,  that  "the  Councillors  of  the 
Board  of  Trade  dined  together  at  the  Cock  in  Suffolk  Street."  Besides 
Evelyn,  Shaftesbury  and  Waller  were  of  the  number,  and  Locke  was 
their  secretary.  The  Golden  Eagle,  Suffolk  Street,  was  the  scene  of 
the  so-called  "Calfs  Head  Club"  riot,  January  30,  1735,- when  a  m°b 
broke  the  windows  and  wrecked  the  house  under  the  belief  that  a 
number  of  young  noblemen  and  gentlemen  who  were  dining  there  were 
having  a  "  calf's-head  dinner "  in  commemoration  of  the  execution  of 
Charles  I.  The  Cock  and  the  Golden  Eagle  have  both  disappeared, 
and  there  is  no  tavern  in  Suffolk  Street  now ;  but  there  are  three  or 
four  private  hotels  and  several  lodging-houses.  At  the  Pall  Mall  corner 
is  the  University  Club  House,  built,  1822-1826,  from  the  designs  of  W. 
Wilkins  and  J.  P.  Gandy-Deering,  and  No.  6  the  gallery  of  the  Society 
of  British  Artists,  built  by  J.  Nash,  1823-1824.  The  street  was  rebuilt 
in  1822.  Eminent  Inhabitants. — Moll  Davis,  from  1667  to  1674, 
when  she  removed  to  St.  James's  Square. 

January  14,  1667-1668. — The  King  [Charles  II.],  it  seems,  hath  given  her 
[Moll  Davis]  a  ring  of  £700,  which  she  shows  to  every  body,  and  owns  that  the 

1  Rate-books  of  St.  Martin's.  -  Stryfc,  U.  vi.  p.  68.  3  Rate-books  of  St.  Martin's. 


332  SUFFOLK  STREET 

King  did  give  it  her ;  and  he  hath  furnished  a  house  in  Suffolke  Street  most  richly 
for  her ;  which  is  a  most  infinite  shame. — Pepys. 

February  15,  1668-1669. — In  Suffolk  Street  lives  Moll  Davis;  and  we  did  see 
her  coach  come  for  her  to  her  door,  a  mighty  pretty  fine  coach.  — Pepys. 

Thomas  Stanley,  the  editor  of  sEschylus ;  he  died  at  his  lodgings 
in  this  street  in  1678,  and  was  buried  in  the  adjoining  churchyard  of 
St.  Martin's -in -the -Fields.  Sir  John  Coventry,  who  was  on  his  way 
to  his  own  house  in  Suffolk  Street,  from  the  Cock  Tavern  in  Bow 
Street,  where  he  had  supped,1  when  his  nose  was  cut  to  the  bone  at 
the  corner  of  the  street  "  for  reflecting  on  the  King."  A  motion  had 
been  made  in  the  House  of  Commons  to  lay  a  tax  on  playhouses. 
The  Court  opposed  the  motion.  The  players,  it  was  said  (by  Sir  John 
Birkenhead),  were  the  King's  servants,  and  a  part  of  his  pleasure. 
Coventry  asked,  "  Whether  did  the  King's  pleasure  lie  among  the  men 
or  the  women  that  acted?" — perhaps  recollecting  more  particularly  the 
King's  visits  to  Moll  Davis  in  the  street  he  himself  lived  in.  The 
King  determined  to  leave  a  mark  upon  Sir  John  Coventry,  who  was 
watched  on  his  way  home.  "  He  stood  up  to  the  wall,"  says  Burnet, 
"and  snatched  the  flambeau  out  of  the  servant's  hands;  and  with  that 
in  one  hand,  and  his  sword  in  the  other,  he  defended  himself  so  well, 
that  he  got  more  credit  by  it  than  by  all  the  actions  of  his  life.  He 
wounded  some  of  them,  but  was  soon  disarmed,  and  then  they  cut  his 
nose  to  the  bone,  to  teach  him  to  remember  what  respect  he  owed  to 
the  King."  ^  Burnet  adds  that  his  nose  was  so  well  sewed  up  that 
the  scar  was  scarce  to  be  discerned.  The  famous  "  Coventry  Act," 
against  cutting  and  maiming,  had  its  origin  in  this  piece  of  barbarous 
revenge.  Sir  Philip  Howard  and  the  Earl  of  Suffolk ;  the  former  from 
1665  to  1672;  the  latter  from  1666.  Henry  Coventry  (Mr.  Secretary 
Coventry),  from  1669  to  1686.  Coventry  Street  derives  its  name  from 
this  Mr.  Secretary  Coventry.  Sir  Edward  Spragg,  one  of  the  Admirals 
of  the  Dutch  war  under  Charles  II.  Dean  Swift,  on  July  6,  1711, 
took  lodgings  here,  five  doors  from  Mrs.  Vanhomrigh,  the  mother  of 
Vanessa.  During  the  previous  two  months  he  had  been  living  at 
Chelsea  for  his  health,  but  kept  his  gown  and  periwig  at  Mrs.  Van- 
homrigh's  for  paying  visits.  Swift  left  Suffolk  Street  in  October  for  a 
lodging  by  Leicester  Fields.  In  his  "  Cadenus  and  Vanessa  "  he  gives  a 
lively  picture  of  a  morning  reception  in  Vanessa's  apartment,  where 

Vanessa  held  Montaigne  and  read, 

While  Mrs.  Susan  combed  her  head. 

Horace  Walpole  writes  to  Conway,  September  9,  1762,  "By  this 
time  I  suppose  the  Duke  de  Nivernois  is  unpacking  his  portion  of  olive 
dans  la  rue  de  Suffolk  Street."  At  this  time  the  Venetian  ambassador 
resided  in  Suffolk  Street,  and,  as  Dodsley  notes,  had  a  Popish  Chapel 
in  his  house.  Samuel  Foote  was  living  in  Suffolk  Street  when  young 
Holcroft  found  him  at  breakfast  in  1770;  and  here  his  body  was  brought 
after  his  death  at  Dover  in  1777.  James  Barry,  R.A.,  at  No.  29, 
between  the  years  1773  and  1776. 

1  Marvell's  Letters.  2  Burnet,  ed.  1823,  vol.  i.  p.  468. 


SUN    TAl'KKX  333 


J nines  Harry,  member  of  the  Royal  Academy  and  of  the  Clemcntini  Academy  of 
Bologna,  informs  such  of  the  young  nobility  and  gentry  as  may  be  desirous  of  form- 
ing a  taste  for  the  Arts,  and  a  knowledge  and  practice  of  drawing,  that  he  will  wait 
upon  such  as  will  honour  him  with  their  commands,  and  give  lessons  twice  a  week 
at  three  guineas  per  month.  He  continues  his  business  as  usual  in  Suffolk  Street, 
No.  29,  Haymarket,  where  he  is  to  be  met  with  Mondays  and  Tuesdays  excepted. 
— Public  Advertiser,  June  4,  1774  ;  Gentleman's  Magazine,  August  1834. 

George  Frederick  Cooke  was  living  at  No.  38  in  September  1803. 
Lord  Winchilsea  was  living  at  No.  7  when  challenged  in  1829  by  the 
Duke  of  Wellington.  Richard  Cobden,  the  Apostle  of  Free  Trade, 
died  "at  his  lodgings  in  Suffolk  Street,"  April  2,  1865,  aged  sixty. 
The  house  of  Edward  Cresy,  architect,  was  designed  by  him  in 
imitation  of  Andrea  Palladio's  at  Vicenza. 

Suffolk  Street,  MIDDLESEX  HOSPITAL — the  first  turning  west  of 
the  hospital,  now  called  Nassau  Street.  Major  Rennell,  the  celebrated 
geographer,  was  living  at  No.  23  in  this  street  in  1792. 

Suffolk  Street,  SOUTHWARK,  was  so  called  after  Suffolk  House, 
afterwards  called  Southwark  Place.  [See  Suffolk  House,  Southwark.] 
The  last  barber  who  extracted  teeth  in  London  (the  last  of  the  barber- 
surgeons)  lived  in  this  street,  and  died  here  about  the  year  1824. 
This  thoroughfare  is  now  called  Little  Suffolk  Street.  The  present 
Great  Suffolk  Street  is  set  down  as  Dirty  Lane  in  the  Map  of  1720, 
and  is  one  of  ten  enjoying  that  distinction  in  Dodsley's  London,  1761. 
The  Post  Office  Directory  recognises  no  Dirty  Lane  in  1890. 

Suffolk  Street  Gallery.    [See  Artists  (Society  of  British).] 

Sugar  Loaf  Alley,  now  SUGAR  LOAF  COURT,  on  the  south  side  of 
Leadenhall  Street,  near  Aldgate,  to  Fenchurch  Buildings. 

Then  have  ye  an  alley  called  Sprinckle  Alley,  now  named  Sugarloafe  Alley  of 
the  like  sign. — Stow,  p.  52. 

Sun  Fire  and  Life  Office,  No.  63  THREADNEEDLE  STREET,  the 
corner  of  Bartholomew  Lane  and  opposite  the  Bank  and  Royal  Ex- 
change. The  building  was  erected  1842  from  the  designs  of  C.  R. 
Cockerell,  R.A.,  at  a  cost  of  about  £  18,500,  and  stands  partly  on  the 
site  of  the  old  church  of  St.  Bartholomew  by  the  Exchange.  This, 
the  third  office  for  the  insurance  of  houses  from  fire  established  in  this 
country,  was  projected  by  John  Povey  in  1706.  The  poet  Pope  held 
thirty-one  shares  in  this  office,  for  which  he  paid  ^1011  :  73.  It 
deserves  to  be  recorded  that  a  well-known  and  useful  work,  77/6' 
Historical  Register,  was  published  by  the  Sun  Fire  Office  between 
the  years  1714  and  1738,  "to  save  their  subscribers  the  expense  of 
taking  in  a  newspaper." 

Sun  Tavern,  FISH  STREET  HILL  (west  side),  was  in  existence  in 
Pepys's  days  and  noted  then  as  a  dining-house. 

December  22,  1660. — Went  to  the  Sunne  Tavernc  on  Fish  Street  Hill  to  a 
Dinner  of  Captain  Teddiman's,  where  was  my  Lord  Inchiquin,  Sir  W.  Penn,  etc., 
and  other  good  company,  where  we  had  a  very  fine  dinner,  good  musique,  and  a 
great  deal  of  wine.  I  very  merry.  Went  to  bed  my  head  aching  all  night. — Pefys. 


334  SUN  TAVERN 


Sun  Tavern.     [See  Fulwood's  Rents.] 

Sun  Tavern  behind  the  Royal  Exchange,  was  built  immediately 
after  the  Great  Fire  of  1666,  at  the  expense  of  John  Wadloe,  son  of  old 
Simon  Wadloe  and  his  successor  as  landlord  of  the  Devil  Tavern. 

June  28,  1667. — Mr.  Lowther  tells  me  that  the  Duke  of  Buckingham  do  dine 
publicly  at  Wadlow's  at  the  Sun  Tavern. — Pepys. 

In  Wit  and  Drollery  (i2mo,  1682,  p.  28)  is  a  poem  "Upon  Mr. 
Wadloe's  New  Tavern  and  Sign  behind  the  Royal  Exchange."  The 
sign,  it  appears  from  this,  was  painted  by  Isaac  Fuller.  Among  the 
Luttrell  Ballads  and  Broadsides  was  a  poem,  called  "  The  Glory  of  the 
Sun  Tavern  behind  the  Exchange"  (1672).  It  seems  to  have  been 
built  in  a  very  magnificent  manner.  The  writer  calls  Wadloe  the  Wolsey 
of  tavern  magnificence. 

Sun  Tavern  Fields,  UPPER  SHADWELL,  east  of  King  David  Lane, 
notorious  a  century  ago  as  a  meeting-place  for  East  End  roughs,  but 
long  since  built  over.  In  1 768,  when  the  London  coal-whippers  "struck" 
for  higher  wages,  seven  of  them  were  hanged  in  these  fields  for  shoot- 
ing at  the  landlord  of  the  Roundabout  Tavern  in  Shadwell.  The  sailors 
who  manned  the  colliers  in  the  Pool  being  detained  by  the  strike  of  the 
coal-whippers,  began  to  unload  the  cargoes  themselves,  and  were  set  upon 
in  consequence. 

Surgeons,  Royal  College  of,  LINCOLN'S  INN  FIELDS,  south  side. 
In  the  year  1745  the  barbers  and  surgeons,  who  from  1540  until  that 
date  had  formed  one  company,  separated,  and  the  latter  were  incorpor- 
ated under  the  title  of  "  The  Masters,  Governors  and  Commonalty  of 
the  Art  and  Science  of  Surgery."  At  the  dissolution  the  barbers  re- 
tained the  hall  in  Monkwell  Street  [see  Barber-Surgeons'  Hall],  the 
surgeons  finding  a  temporary  home  at  Stationers'  Hall  until  1751,  when 
their  premises,  known  as  Surgeons'  Hall  in  the  Old  Bailey,  were  ready 
for  occupation.  In  1796  the  Company  came  to  a  premature  end 
through  their  Holding  an  illegal  court.  It  was  attempted  to  put  matters 
right  by  a  Bill  in  Parliament,  but  there  was  so  much  opposition  from 
those  persons  who  were  practising  without  the  diploma  of  the  Corpor- 
ation, that  the  Bill,  after  passing  safely  through  the  Commons,  was 
thrown  out  by  the  Lords.  In  the  following  year  attempts  were  made 
to  come  to  terms  with  the  opponents  of  the  Bill,  and  finally  it  was 
agreed  to  petition  for  a  Charter  from  the  Crown  to  establish  a  Royal 
College  of  Surgeons  in  London.  These  negotiations  were  success- 
fully carried  out  in  1800,  and  the  old  corporation  having  disposed 
of  their  Old  Bailey  property  to  the  City  authorities,  the  College  took 
possession  of  a  house  in  Lincoln's  Inn  Fields,  the  site  of  the  present 
building. 

The  Hunterian  collection,  which  forms  the  basis  and  still  a  large 
proportion  of  the  contents  of  the  present  Museum,  was  originally 
arranged  in  a  building  which  its  founder,  John  Hunter,  erected  for  it 


ROYAL   COLLEGE   OF  SURGEONS  335 

in  1785,  behind  his  house  in  Leicester  Square.  In  1787  he  had  com- 
pleted its  arrangement,  the  principle  of  which  is  still  adhered  to ;  and 
the  Museum  was  opened  for  inspection  during  the  month  of  October 
to  the  medical  profession,  and  in  May  to  non-professional  patrons, 
cultivators,  or  lovers  of  physiology  and  natural  history. 

John  Hunter  died  October  16,  1793,  aged  sixty-four.  By  his  will 
he  directed  his  Museum  to  be  offered  in  the  first  instance  to  the  British 
Government,  on  such  terms  as  might  be  considered  reasonable,  and  in 
case  of  refusal,  to  be  sold  in  one  lot,  either  to  some  foreign  state,  or 
as  his  executors  might  think  proper. 

In  the  year  1799  Parliament  voted  the  sum  of  £15,000  for  the 
Museum,  and  an  offer  of  it  being  made  to  the  Corporation  of  Surgeons, 
it  was  accepted  on  the  terms  proposed  by  Government. 

In  1806  the  sum  of  .£15,000  was  voted  by  Parliament  in  aid  of 
the  erection  of  an  edifice  for  the  display  and  arrangement  of  the 
Hunterian  Collection;  a  second  grant  of  £12, 500  was  subsequently 
voted,  and  upwards  of  £21,000  having  been  supplied  from  the  funds 
of  the  College,  George  Dance,  jun.,  and  James  Lewis  designed  the 
building  in  Lincoln's  Inn  Fields,  1806-1813,  and  in  this  the  Museum 
was  opened  for  the  inspection  of  visitors  in  the  year  1813. 

From  the  number  of  the  additions  the  Museum  became  too  small 
for  their  adequate  display  and  arrangement,  and  more  space  being  at 
the  same  time  required  for  the  rapidly  increasing  Library,  the  greater 
portion  of  the  present  building  was  erected  by  Sir  Charles  Barry, 
wholly  at  the  expense  of  the  College,  in  1835,  at  a  cost  °f  about 
£40,000,  and  the  Hunterian  and  Collegiate  Collections  were  rearranged 
in  what  are  now  termed  the  Western  and  Middle  Museums,  which  were 
opened  for  the  inspection  of  visitors  in  1836. 

Further  enlargement  of  the  building  having  become  necessary  by 
the  continued  increase  of  the  collection,  the  College,  in  1847,  purchased 
the  premises  of  Mr.  Alderman  Copeland,  in  Portugal  Street,  in  the 
rear,  for  the  sum  of  £16,000,  and  in  1852  proceeded  to  the  erection 
of  the  Eastern  Museum  at  the  expense  of  £25,000,  Parliament 
granting  £15,000  in  aid  thereof. 

Through  the  munificence  of  the  late  Sir  Erasmus  Wilson  the 
College  has  been  able  to  again  materially  extend  its  premises.  In  1888 
the  house  at  the  east  end  of  the  front  building  was  pulled  down,  and  on 
its  site  a  handsome  addition  to  the  Library  was  erected,  the  already 
existing  premises  being  at  the  same  time  greatly  improved.  Two  new 
museums  are  now  (1890)  in  course  of  erection  ;  in  the  upper  gallery  of 
these  will  be  displayed  a  collection  of  drawings  and  photographs  illustrat- 
ing rare  or  curious  diseases. 

The  collection  is  arranged  in  three  apartments  :  the  Western  contains 
on  the  ground-floor  the  Anthropological  series — specimens  illustrating 
human  anatomy  and  the  external  forms  of  Invertebrata ;  the  gallery 
is  devoted  to  Pathology.  In  the  Middle  Museum  will  be  found  on  the 
ground-floor  the  commencement  of  the  Comparative  Osteological  series  ; 


336  ROYAL   COLLEGE   OF  SURGEONS 

in  the  first  gallery  part  of  the  Physiological  series,  and  in  the  upper  gallery 
Entozoa  and  specimens  illustrating  Teratology.  The  remaining  portions 
of  Comparative  Osteology  and  Physiology  are  in  the  Eastern  Museum. 

The  College  possesses  a  fine  Library  of  45,000  volumes  of  books 
relating  to  medicine,  surgery  and  the  allied  sciences ;  there  is  also  a 
good  collection  of  portraits  of  medical  men.  On  the  staircase  are 
several  busts  of  eminent  surgeons,  the  majority  of  them  past  presidents 
of  the  College ;  and  also  the  cartoon  of  the  so-called  Holbein's  picture 
representing  Henry  VIII.  granting  the  Charter  to  the  Barber-Surgeons  ; 
the  painting  itself  is  in  Barber-Surgeons'  Hall.  In  the  council  room 
and  office  are  portraits  of  celebrated  surgeons,  including  Reynolds's 
well-known  painting  of  John  Hunter. 

The  Museum  is  open  to  the  members  of  the  College,  to  the  trustees 
of  the  Hunterian  Collection,  and  to  visitors  introduced  by  them  person- 
ally or  by  written  orders  on  the  public  days,  which  are  Monday, 
Tuesday,  Wednesday  and  Thursday  in  each'  week,  from  eleven  to  five 
o'clock  from  March  i  to  August  31  ;  and  from  eleven  to  four  o'clock 
from  October  i  to  the  last  day  of  February. 

The  Library  is  open  to  members  of  the  College  and  to  persons 
personally  introduced  by  them.  On  the  recommendation  of  a  member 
tickets  may  be  granted  to  non-members.  In  the  case  of  students,  the 
application  must  be  accompanied  by  a  recommendation  signed  by  two 
of  their  teachers,  members  of  the  College.  During  the  month  of 
September  both  the  Museum  and  Library  are  closed. 

Surrey  Chapel.     [See  Blackfriars  Road.] 

Surrey  Institution,  BLACKFRIARS  ROAD,  a  few  doors  over  the 
bridge,  on  the  right  passing  into  Surrey,  was  founded  in  1808  on 
a  similar  plan  to  that  of  the  Royal  Institution.  The  premises  were 
those  of  the  old  Leverian  Museum.  Dr.  Adam  Clarke  was  appointed 
Principal  Librarian  and  Secretary,  but  he  resigned  in  1809.  Here 
Coleridge  delivered  his  lectures  on  Shakespeare,  and  Hazlitt  his  lectures 
on  the  Comic  Writers  of  England.  The  Surrey  Institution  died  of  slow 
decay,  and  the  building  was  let  for  occasional  concerts  and  lectures ; 
and  eventually  the  "  Rotunda,"  as  it  came  to  be  called,  obtained  an 
evil  fame  as  the  theatre  of  the  exhibitions  of  the  Rev.  Robert  Taylor, 
known  as  "  the  Devil's  Chaplain,"  and  other  infidel  lecturers.  It 
is  now  converted  into  business  premises. 

Surrey  Street,  STRAND,  to  the  Victoria  Embankment. 

Surrey  Street,  also,  replenished  with  good  buildings,  especially  that  of  Nevison 
Fox,  Esq.,  towards  the  Strand,  which  is  a  fine,  large,  and  curious  house  of  his  own 
building  ;  and  the  two  houses  that  front  the  Thames  ;  that  on  the  East  Side  being  the 
House  of  the  Honourable  Charles  Howard,  Esq.,  brother  to  Henry  Duke  of  Norfolk, 
both  fine  houses  with  pleasant  though  small  gardens  towards  the  Thames. — Strype, 
B.  iv.  p.  1 1 8. 

John  Evelyn  was  residing  in  this  street  in  1696.  His  house  is 
particularised  as  "  William  Draper's,  Esq.,  Surrey  Street,  near  Norfolk 


Sl'KKKV  STREET  337 


Buildings."  William  Congreve  the  dramatist.  He  writes,  June  26, 
1706,  "I  am  removed  to  Mr.  Porter's  in  Surrey  Steeet."1  It  was  here 
that  Voltaire  paid  him  the  oft-cited  visit. 

Ilr  was  infirm  and  come  to  the  verge  of  life  when  I  knew  him.  .  .  .  He  spoke 
of  his  Works  as  of  Trifles  that  were  beneath  him  ;  and  hinted  to  me  in  our  first  conver- 
sation that  I  should  visit  him  upon  no  other  foot  than  that  of  a  Gentleman,  who  led  a 
life  of  plainness  and  simplicity.  I  answered  that  had  he  been  so  unfortunate  as  to  be 
a  mere  Gentleman  I  should  never  have  come  to  see  him  ;  and  I  was  very  much 
disgusted  at  so  unseasonable  a  piece  of  Vanity. — Voltaire,  Letters  Concerning  the 
:;  Nation,  London,  8vo,  1733,  p.  188. 

"  It  is  worthy  of  remark,"  says  Thackeray,  "  that  the  anecdote  does 
not  appear  in  the  text  of  the  same  letters  in  the  edition  of  Voltaire's 
CEuvres  Completes,  Paris,  1837."  It  will  be  found,  however,  in  the  first 
French  edition,  published  at  Basle  in  1734.  Congreve  died  here, 
January  29,  1728-1729,  and  was  buried  in  Westminster  Abbey.  George 
Sale,  translator  of  the  Koran,  died  here  in  1736.  The  commissioners 
appointed  for  the  regulation  of  hackney-coaches  held  their  office  in 
Surrey  Street.  This  will  explain  the  allusion  in  Book  iv.  of  the  Ghost. 
Churchill  no  doubt  had  many  disputes  with  the  cabmen  of  his  day. 

Why  should  we  mention  Surrey  Street, 

Where  every  week  grave  judges  meet 

All  fitted  out  with  hum  and  ha, 

In  proper  form  to  drawl  out  law, 

To  see  all  causes  duly  tried 

'Twixt  knaves  who  drive  and  fools  who  ride. 

Surrey  Theatre  (The),  south  end  of  the  BLACKFRIARS  ROAD, 
was  opened  November  7,  1782,  by  Messrs.  Hughes  and  Charles 
Dibdin,  in  opposition  to  the  elder  Astley.  It  was  originally  called  the 
Royal  Circus  and  Equestrian  Philharmonic  Academy,  and  was  long  an 
unsuccessful  speculation. 

And  burnt  the  Royal  Circus  in  a  hurry, 

(Twas  called  the  Circus  then,  but  now  the  Surrey). 

Rejected  Addresses. 

The  interior  was  rebuilt  in  1799,  and  the  whole  theatre  burnt, 
August  12,  1805;  the  insurance  had  run  out,  and  there  was  a  consequent 
loss  of  ^25,000.  The  new  theatre,  built  at  a  cost  of  ,£14,500  from  the 
designs  of  Rudolph  Cabanel,  jun.,  was  opened  Easter  Monday,  1806. 
Elliston,  who  held  it  from  February  1809  to  March  1814,  changed  its 
name  to  The  Surrey.  Tom  Dibdin  was  lessee  from  1816  to  1822,  and 
quitted  it,  a  loser  of  ^18,000  by  the  speculation.  He  was  well 
acquainted  with  all  the  London  theatres,  and  he  said  of  the  Surrey  that 
"  the  house  itself  is  without  exception  the  best  constructed,  both  for 
audience  and  actors,  in  or  near  the  metropolis."  :  Subsequently  Mr. 
Davidge  acquired  a  handsome  fortune  by  his  management ;  and  later, 
under  the  management  of  Mr.  Creswick,  it  obtained  some  distinction 
for  the  performance  of  the  legitimate  drama.  This  theatre,  like  its 
predecessor,  was  destroyed  by  fire,  January  30,  1865  ;  and  the  present, 

1  Berkeley's  Relics,  p.  347.  J  T.  Dibdin's  Autot.  vol.  ii.  p.  113. 

VOL.  Ill  Z 


338  THE  SURREY  THEATRE 

erected  at  a  cost  of  .£25,000  from  the  designs  of  Mr.  J.  Ellis,  was 
opened  on  December  26  of  the  same  year. 

John  Palmer,  the  actor  (d.  1798),  was  stage  manager,  and  played 
in  the  second  theatre  (1789)  while  a  prisoner  within  the  Rules  of  the 
King's  Bench.  His  salary,  £20  a  week,  and  the  way  in  which  he 
squandered  his  money,  are  said  to  have  suggested  the  clause  in  the  then 
Debtors'  Act,  which  made  all  public-houses  and  places  of  amusement 
out  of  the  Rules. 

Surrey  Zoological  Gardens,  PANTON  PLACE,  KENNINGTON, 
contained  the  menagerie  of  Mr.  Cross,  by  whom  the  grounds  were  laid 
out  in  1831-1832,  after  the  demolition  of  Exeter  'Change  and  the 
Mews  at  Charing  Cross.  The  collection  of  animals  was  a  very  good 
one,  the  lions  and  tigers  having  been  especially  noted.  The  fetes  and 
exhibitions  in  the  summer  months  in  these  gardens  were  among  the 
attractions  of  the  Surrey  side  of  London.  The  grounds  were  about 
15  acres  in  extent,  with  a  sheet  of  water  of  nearly  3  acres.  The 
building  for  the  animals  was  300  feet  in  circumference.  In  1837 
fireworks  were  introduced  and  a  series  of  fire  spectacles  were  exhibited 
for  many  years.  The  Surrey  Music  Hall  was  erected  on  a  portion  of 
the  ground  in  1856  at  a  cost  of  about  £18,000,  Sir  Horace  Jones, 
architect ;  it  was  very  successful  in  its  acoustic  properties.  Jullien  was 
manager  for  a  time,  and  Thackeray  gave  here  some  readings  of  his  Four 
Georges.  The  hall  was  not  long  successful,  and  it  was  temporarily  used 
for  St.  Thomas's  Hospital  while  the  building  at  Stangate  was  being 
erected ;  subsequently  it  was  occupied  by  the  Rev.  C.  H.  Spurgeon 
during  the  building  of  his  Tabernacle  at  Newington  Butts.  During  a 
religious  service  a  panic  was  caused  by  a  false  alarm  of  fire,  which 
caused  the  death  and  serious  injury  of  about  forty  persons.  It  was 
destroyed  by  fire,  June  n,  1861,  and  the  Gardens  were  purchased  for 
building  purposes  in  1877,  and  have  been  since  built  upon. 

Sussex  Place,  REGENT'S  PARK.  At  No.  24  lived  from  1826  to 
Z853  J-  G.  Lockhart,  editor  of  the  Quarterly  Review. 

Button's  Hospital.     [See  Charter  House.] 

Swallow  Street,  PICCADILLY,  was  so  called  from  "  Swallow  Close," 
referred  to  in  the  grant  from  the  Crown  in  1664  of  lands  in  Westminster 
to  Lord  Chancellor  Clarendon. J  But  an  earlier  mention  is  to  be  found 
in  the  Vestry  Minutes  of  St.  Martin's,  where,  under  April  29,  1658,  the 
"  Lamas  of  Swallow  field  "  is  referred  to ;  and  in  the  Patent  Roll,  dated 
July  i,  1536,  reciting  the  exchange  of  lands  between  Henry  VIII.  and 
the  Abbey  of  Westminster,  mention  is  made  of  "  two  acres  of  land  in 
Charyng  crosse  Felde  now  in  the  tenure  of  Thomas  Swallow." 

Swallow  Street,  very  long,  coming  out  of  Pickadilly,  and  runneth  northwards, 
to  Tyburn  Road,  against  Neb's  Pound,  but  of  no  great  account  for  buildings  or 
inhabitants. — Strype,  B.  vi.  p.  84. 

1  Lister's  Life  of  Clarendon,  vol.  iii.  p.  ^25. 


SWAN  ALLEY  339 


The  larger  portion  of  the  original  street  is  included  in  the  present 
Regent  Street.  What  is  now  called  Swallow  Street  was  formerly  Little 
Swnltow  Street.  Swallow  Street  proper  commenced  where  Glasshouse 
Street  (the  west  portion  of  which  is  now  called  Vigo  Street)  crossed  it, 
and  ended  in  Oxford  Street,  exactly  opposite  Princes  Street.  The 
houses  on  the  west  side  of  Regent  Street  are  built  on  its  roadway.  A 
sufficient  notion  of  its  former  importance  will  be  supplied  by  mentioning 
that  in  the  great  trial  in  1792  between  Charles  Fox  and  Home  Tooke, 
no  fewer  than  five  of  the  twelve  jurymen  were  residents  of  Swallow 
Street.  Of  the  remaining  seven,  three  were  furnished  by  Piccadilly. 

When  Richard  Baxter  was  excluded,  1675,  fr°m  ^e  meeting-house 
he  had  built  in  Oxenden  Street  he  hired  another  in  Swallow  Street,  but 
was  prevented  from  using  it,  a  guard  being  placed  there  for  many  Sundays 
to  hinder  him  from  entering  it.  In  1690  the  French  congregation 
which  had  previously  worshipped  in  the  French  Ambassador's  chapel 
in  Monmouth  House,  Soho  Square,  removed  to  a  building  in  Swallow 
Street.  The  registers  of  this  church  are  preserved  at  Somerset  House 
and  are  full  of  interesting  entries.  In  1770  the  chapel  was  sold  to  Dr. 
James  Anderson,  and  was  for  many  years  subsequently  used  as  a 
chapel  of  the  Established  Kirk  of  Scotland.  Dr.  Chalmers  frequently 
preached  from  its  pulpit.  It  is  now  the  Theistic  Church,  founded  by 
the  Rev.  C.  Voysey.  John  K.  Sherwin,  the  eminent  engraver,  died  in 
extreme  poverty,  1790,  at  the  alehouse  called  the  Hog  in  the  Pound  at 
the  corner  of  Swallow  Street  and  the  Oxford  Road,  where  he  was  hiding 
from  his  creditors.  Remains  of  the  northern  end  of  Swallow  Street 
exist  in  Swallow  Place  and  Swallow  Passage,  Oxford  Circus. 

Swan  Alley  (now  GREAT  SWAN  ALLEY)  COLEMAN  STREET,  City, 
runs  from  between  Nos.  66  and  67  Coleman  Street  to  Little  Bell  Alley. 
Swan  Alley  was  severed  into  two  parts  and  the  central  portion  swept 
away  in  the  formation  of  Moorgate  Street,  which  was  carried  across  it. 
Most  of  the  houses  left  are  on  the  east  side  of  Moorgate  Street.  About 
the  middle  of  the  1 7th  century  Swan  Alley  acquired  notoriety  from 
occurrences  connected  with  a  Puritan  meeting-house  in  it. 

Upon  the  first  day  of  the  second  month,  commonly  called  April,  1658,  many  of 
the  Lord's  people  being  assembled  together  in  Swan  Alley,  in  Coleman  Street  (a 
public  place  where  Saints  have  met  many  years)  :  as  they  were  waiting  upon  the 
Lord  in  prayer  and  other  holy  duties,  on  a  sudden  the  Marshal  of  the  City,  with 
several  other  officers,  rushed  in  with  great  violence  upon  them.  .  .  .  Old  brother 
Canne  was  then  in  the  pulpit  and  had  read  a  place  of  Scripture,  but  spoken  nothing 
to  it.  Now  he  perceiving  that  they  came  in  at  both  doors,  with  their  halberts,  pikes, 
staves,  etc. ,  and  fearing  that  there  might  be  some  hurt  done  to  the  Lord's  poor  and 
naked  people,  desired  the  brethren  and  sisters  to  be  all  quiet,  and  to  make  no  stir ; 
for  his  part  he  feared  them  not,  but  was  assured  the  Lord  would  eminently  stand  by 
them.  While  he  was  thus  speaking  to  the  people,  exhorting  them  to  patience,  one 
of  the  officers  (breaking  through  the  crowd)  came  furiously  upon  him,  and  with  great 
violence  plucked  him  out  of  the  pulpit,  and  when  he  had  so  done,  hurled  him  over 
the  benches  and  forms  in  a  very  barbarous  manner. — A  Narrative  published  by  a 
Friend  to  the  Prisoners,  1658. 

This  strange  scene  took  place  five  months  before  the  death  of 


340  SWAN  ALLEY 


Oliver  Cromwell.  John  Canne  was  pastor  at  Amsterdam,  and  a  leading 
man  among  the  Baptists ;  but  had  apparently  ceased  to  officiate 
in  Swan  Alley  before  January  6,  1661,  when  Venner  and  his  brother 
fanatics  sallied  from  this  building  and  put  all  London  in  terror. 
Such  was  their  desperate  courage,  skill  and  activity,  that  it  took  three 
days  to  master  them,  and  yet  Pepys  records  : — 

January  10,  1661. — Mr.  Davis  told  us  the  particular  examinations  of  these 
Fanatiques  that  are  taken  :  and  in  short  it  is  this,  these  Fanatiques,  that  have  routed 
all  the  train-bands  that  they  met  with,  put  the  King's  life-guards  to  the  run,  killed 
about  twenty  men,  broke  through  the  City  gates  twice  ;  and  all  this  in  the  day-time, 
when  all  the  City  was  in  arms  ;— are  not  in  all  above  thirty -one.  Whereas  we  did 
believe  them  (because  they  were  seen  up  and  down  in  every  place  almost  in  the  City, 
and  had  been  in  Highgate  two  or  three  days,  and  in  several  other  places)  to  be  at 
least  500.  .  .  .  Their  word  was  "  The  King  Jesus,  and  their  heads  upon  the  gates." 
Few  of  them  would  receive  any  quarter.  — Pepys. 

Venner,  with  Hodgkins,  another  prominent  Fifth -Monarchy  man, 
was  hanged,  drawn  and  quartered  at  the  end  of  Swan  Alley  in 
Coleman  Street,  on  January  19,  1661  ;  two  others,  Pritchard  and 
Oxman,  at  the  end  of  Wood  Street,  on  the  same  day,  and  "  many 
more"  two  days  later.  Entick  (1766)  says  that  Oliver  Cromwell  had 
resided  in  a  large  house  which  stood  at  the  east  end  of  the  alley,  and 
was  pulled  down  about  1750;  but  this  was  probably  only  one  of  the 
idle  traditions  which  associate  so  many  of  the  large  old  houses  about 
London  with  the  great  Protector. 

Swan  Alley,  near  the  WARDROBE,  BLACKFRIARS.  The  Swan  was 
the  cognisance  of  the  Beauchamp  family,  long  distinguished  residents 
in  this  part  of  London.  The  so-called  Duke  Humphrey's  tomb,  in 
old  St.  Paul's,  was  really  the  tomb  of  Sir  John  Beauchamp. 

In  the  Council  Register  of  the  l8th  August,  1618,  there  may  be  seen  "a  list  of 
buildings  and  foundations  since  1615."  It  is  therein  said,  "That  Edward  Allen, 
Esq.,  dwelling  at  Dulwich  [the  well-known  player  and  founder  of  Dulwich  College], 
had  built  six  tenements  of  timber  upon  new  foundations,  within  two  years  past,  in 
Swan  Alley  near  the  Wardrobe. — Chalmers's  Apology,  vol.  i.  p.  280. 

Swan  Stairs,  or,  The  Old  Swan,  UPPER  THAMES  STREET,  a 
celebrated  landing-place  on  the  Middlesex  side  of  the  river  Thames,  a 
little  "  above  bridge,"  where  people  used  to  land  and  walk  to  the  other 
side  of  old  London  Bridge,  rather  than  run  the  risk  of  what  was  called 
"shooting  the  bridge."  [See  London  Bridge.]  In  1441,  when  the 
Duchess  of  Gloucester  did  penance  at  Christchurch  by  Aldgate,  she 
landed  at  these  stairs  and  walked  the  rest  of  the  way. 

And  on  the  Wednesday  next  sueing  she  [Aleanor  Cobham]  com  fro  Westm',  be 
barge  unto  the  Swan  in  Tempse  strete,  and  there  she  londyd. — A  Chronicle  of 
London  from  1089  to  1483,  4to,  p.  129. 

March  25,  1661. — Come  Mr.  Salisbury  to  see  me.  ...  I  took  him  to  White- 
hall with  me  by  water,  but  he  could  not  by  any  means  be  moved  to  go  through  the 
bridge,  and  we  were  fain  to  go  round  by  the  old  Swan. — Pepys. 

We  [Johnson  and  Boswell]  landed  at  the  Old  Swan,  and  walked  to  Billingsgate, 
where  we  took  oars  [for  Greenwich]. — Boswell,  by  Croker,  vol.  i.  p.  469. 


SWAN  THEATRE  341 


I  scarcely  ever  pass  over  London  Bridge  without  glancing  my  eye  towards  those 
highly-favoured  rooms  appertaining  to  Joseph  Ilardcastle's  counting-house  at  Old 
Swan  Miiirs,  and  feeling  a  glow  of  pleasure  at  the  recollection  that  there  the  London 
Missionary  Society,  the  Religious  Tract  Society  and  the  Hibernian  Society  formed 
their  plans  of  Christian  benevolence,  on  which  Divine  Providence  has  so  signally 
smiled.  This  pleasure  is  greatly  heightened  when  I  also  recollect  that  in  these 
favoured  rooms  was  brought  forth  that  gigantic  agent  of  moral  and  spiritual  good, 
the  Jlritisli  and  Foreign  Bible  Society.  These  rooms  in  my  judgment  are  second  to 
none  but  those  in  which  the  Disciples  met  after  their  Master's  ascension,  and  from 
whence  they  went  forth  to  enlighten  and  to  bless  a  dark  and  guilty  world  ! — -Jubilee 
Memorial  of  the  Religious  Tract  Society,  p.  113. 

Swan  Tavern,  at  CHARING  CROSS.  No.  383  of  Mr.  Akerman's 
curious  collection  of  "  Tradesmen's  Tokens,  current  in  London  and  its 
vicinity  between  the  years  1648  and  1672  " — No.  303  of  the  Beaufoy 
Catalogue — is  a  swan  crowned,  and  holding  a  bunch  of  grapes  in  its 
bill,  with  the  inscription,  "  Marke  Rider  at  the  Swan  against  the 
Mewes,  1665.  His  Halfe  Penny."  The  Swan  was  a  tavern  of  repute 
in  the  1 5th  century.  In  the  Stewards'  Account-Book  of  John  Howard, 
Duke  of  Norfolk,  is  the  entry  : — 

xxj  day  of  Feverer  1466-7.  Item  my  Mastyr  payd  for  his  costes  at  the  Swan  at 
Westemenstre  .  .  .  iis.  ijd. 

It  is  the  subject  of  a  good  anecdote  preserved  by  Aubrey  and 
confirmed  by  Powell,  the  actor,  in  the  dedication  to  his  Treacherous 
Brothers,  4to,  1696. 

A   GRACE   BY    BEN  JONSON,    EXTEMPORE,    BEFORE    KlNG  JAMES. 

Our  King  and  Queen,  the  Lord  God  blesse, 

The  Palsgrave  and  the  Lady  Besse ; 

And  God  blesse  every  living  thing 

That  lives  and  breathes  and  loves  the  King. 

God  blesse  the  Councill  of  estate, 

And  Buckingham  the  fortunate. 

God  blesse  them  all,  and  keepe  them  safe, 

And  God  blesse  me,  and  God  blesse  Raph. 

The  King  was  mighty  inquisitive  to  know  who  this  Ralph  was.  Ben  told  him 
'twas  the  drawer  at  the  Swanne  Taverne  by  Charing  Crosse,  who  drew  him  good 
Canarie.  For  this  drollery  his  Ma"e  gave  him  an  hundred  poundes. — Aubrey \  vol. 
iii.  p.  415. 

Swan  Theatre,  SOUTHWARK,  in  the  liberty  of  Paris  Garden,  built 
about  1596,  and  used  as  an  amphitheatre  for  bull  and  bear  baiting,  as 
well  as  for  the  acting  of  plays  by  the  insertion  of  a  movable  stage 
when  required.  It  was  one  of  the  largest  London  theatres,  and  a  view 
of  the  exterior  is  found  in  Visscher's  View  of  London  (1616).  A 
contemporary  view  of  the  interior  has  been  discovered  in  the 
University  Library  at  Utrecht,  which  is  of  the  greatest  interest  as  the 
only  view  known  to  exist  of  the  interior  of  a  Shakespearian  theatre. 
This  was  first  issued  in  a  pamphlet  by  Dr.  Gaedertz  in  1888,  and  a 
more  accurate  reproduction  of  the  original  is  given  in  the  Transactions 
of  the  New  Shakspere  Society  (1887-1891,  p.  215). 

The  drawing  shows  a  portion  of  the  round  with  the  movable  stage 


342  SWAN  THEATRE 

in  the  centre.  There  are  three  tiers  of  seats  called  sedilia,  separated 
by  two  galleries  without  seats  called  porticus.  The  galleries  are 
covered  by  a  roof,  but  the  centre  of  the  building  is  open  to  the  sky. 
John  De  Witt,  who  wrote  a  short  description  to  accompany  the  drawing, 
says  that  the  building  was  capable  of  seating  3000  persons,  but  this  is 
scarcely  probable. 

The  theatre  fell  into  decay  and  appears  to  have  been  swept  away 
about  1633.  In  Holland's  Leaguer,  1632,  we  read  that  the  Lady  of 
the  Leaguer  can  almost  "  shake  hands  with  the  playhouse,  which  like  a 
dying  Swanne  hangs  her  head  and  sings  her  own  dirge."  It  stood 
where  Holland  Street  now  is,  and  not  far  from  the  present  Blackfriars 
Road. 

Swan  with  two  Necks,  LAD  LANE,  an  old  inn,  tavern,  and 
booking  and  parcel  office,  from  which  coaches  and  waggons  started 
to  the  north  of  England  ;  a  corruption  of  Swan  with  two  Nicks,  the 
mark  (cygninota)  of  the  Vintners'  Company  for  their  "game  of  swans" 
on  the  Thames.  [See  Vintners'  Company ;  Dyers'  Company.]  By  an 
old  law  (or  custom,  rather)  every  swan  that  swam  under  London 
Bridge  belonged,  by  right  of  office,  to  the  Lieutenant  of  the  Tower. 
Lad  Lane  is  now  incorporated  with  Gresham  Street. 

The  Carriers  of  Manchester  doe  lodge  at  the  Two  Neck'd  Swan  in  Lad  Lane, 
between  Great  Wood  Street,  and  Milk  Street  End. — Taylor's  Carrier's  Cosmographie, 
4to,  1637. 

There  was  a  house  with  this  sign,  in  1632,  in  Swan  Alley,  Southwark.1 

Swedish  Church,  PRINCE'S  SQUARE,  St.  George's -in -the -East. 
The  date  1728  is  on  the  front  of  the  church.  Emanuel  Swedenborg 
(d.  March  20,  1772),  founder  of  the  "New  Church"  or  Society  of 
Swedenborgians,  lies  buried  in  this  church,  and  alongside  Dr.  Solander, 
the  companion  of  Sir  Joseph  Banks  (d.  1782). 

Sweeting's  Alley,  originally  SWEETING'S  RENTS,  CORNHILL,  at 
the  east  end  of  the  Royal  Exchange,  was  so  called  after  Henry  Swieten 
or  Sweeting,  a  Dutch  merchant  who  owned  considerable  property  on 
this  spot  at  the  time  of  the  Great  Fire  of  1666. 2 

August  6,  1731. — Died  Mr.  Charles  Sweeting,  an  eminent  grocer  Without 
Bishopgate,  and  Deputy  of  that  part  of  the  ward,  possessed  of  a  plentiful  Estate  at 
the  East  End  of  the  Royal  Exchange. — Universal  Spectator,  August  14,  1731. 

That  excellent  and  by  all  physicians  approved  China  drink,  called  by  the 
Chineans  Toha,  by  other  nations  Tay  alias  Tee  is  sold  at  the  Sultaness  Head  Cophee 
House  in  Sweeting's  Rents,  by  the  Royal  Exchange,  London. — Mercurius  Politicus, 
September  30,  1651. 

Knight's  in  Sweeting's  Alley ;  Fairburn's  in  a  court  off  Ludgate  Hill ;  Howe's 
in  Fleet  Street — bright  enchanted  palaces,  which  George  Cruikshank  used  to  people 
with  grinning  fantastical  imps  and  merry  harmless  sprites,  —  where  are  they? 
Fairburn's  shop  knows  him  no  more ;  not  only  has  Knight  disappeared  from 
Sweeting's  Alley,  but,  as  we  are  given  ho  understand,  Sweeting's  Alley  has  dis- 

1  Churchwardens'  Accounts  of  St.  Saviour's. 
2  Addit.  MS.  in  tlie  British.  Museum,  No.  5065,  fol.  138. 


\  YMONJyS  INN  343 


from  the  face  of  the  Globe. — Thackeray,  Westminster  Review,  June  1840, 
art.  "  George  Cruikshank." 

Sweeting's  Alley  was  swept  away  for  the  new  Royal  Exchange. 
The  site  is  covered  by  the  paved  area  of  Exchange  Buildings. 

Swithin's  (St.)  by  London  Stone,  a  church  in  CANNON  STRJ.KT, 
in  Walbrook  Ward,  destroyed  in  the  Great  Fire  and  rebuilt  from  Sir  C. 
Wren's  designs  in  1678.  The  church  is  chiefly  remarkable  for  the 
constructive  skill  and  ingenuity  of  the  architect.  In  1869  the  interior 
was  "restored" — i.e.  remodelled  in  19th-century  Gothic  fashion,  and  in 
1879  a  new  chancel  and  vestry  were  added.  After  the  Great  Fire  the 
parish  of  St.  Mary  Bothaw  was  united  to  St.  Swithin's,  and  this  church 
serves  for  both  parishes.  The  Rev.  William  Elstob,  the  Saxon  scholar 
(d.  1715),  was  rector  of  St.  Swithin's.  The  last  leaf  of  a  mouldering 
register  records  (December  i,  1663)  the  marriage  of  Dryden,  the  poet, 
to  the  Lady  Elizabeth  Howard.  This  interesting  entry  escaped  the 
anxious  researches  of  Malone.  They  were  married  in  the  old  church, 
by  license  obtained  only  the  day  before.  In  the  Register  the  poet's 
name  is  spelt  Draydon,  and  the  lady's  Haward.  No  reason  has  been 
disclosed  for  the  selection  of  this  church  for  the  ceremony.  In  the 
entry  of  the  license,  which  is  preserved  in  the  Vicar-General's  office,  it 
is  recorded  that  "appeared  personally  John  Driden  of  St.  Clement 
Danes,  in  the  County  of  Middlesex,  Esq.,  aged  about  30  years  and 
a  Batchelor,  and  alleged  that  he  intendeth  to  marry  with  Dame 
Elizabeth  Howard  of  St.  Martin's  in  the  Fields,  aged  about  25 
years."  So  neither  party  belonged  to  the  parish.  There  is  a  monu- 
ment in  the  church  to  Michael  Godfrey  (1658-1695),  Deputy  Governor 
of  the  Bank  of  England,  who  was  killed  by  a  cannon  ball  at  the  Siege 
of  Namur.  [See  London  Stone.] 

Swithin's  (St.)  Lane,  LOMBARD  STREET  and  KING  WILLIAM 
STREET  to  CANNON  STREET.  On  the  west  side  of  this  lane  are 
Founders'  Hall  and  Salters'  Hall ;  and  (standing  back)  New  Court,  the 
counting-house  of  Messrs.  Rothschild,  the  great  money  merchants 
and  the  Austro- Hungarian  Consulate.  At  the  south-west  corner  of 
the  lane  is  the  church  of  St.  Swithin.  One  of  the  bubble  companies 
of  1720,  with  a  proposed  capital  of  two  millions,  was  for  a  general 
insurance  on  houses  and  merchandise,  at  the  Three  Tuns,  Swithin's 
Alley,  but  this  was  then  a  colloquialism  for  Sweeting's  Alley. 

Symond's  Inn,  CHANCERY  LANE  (east  side),  a  series  of  private 
tenements  let  to  students  ot  the  law  and  others,  and  so  called,  it  is 
thought,  from  Thomas  Simonds,  gentleman,  buried  in  St.-Dunstan's-in- 
the-West  in  June  1621.  He  was  apparently  the  great-uncle  of  Sir 
Symonds  D'Ewes.  The  Masters  in  Chancery  had  formerly  their 
offices  here.  The  ground  rents  of  this  inn  are  received  by  the  Bishop 
of  Chichester.  [See  Chichester  Rents.]  Symonds  Inn  was  demolished 
in  1873-1874,  and  a  stately  pile  of  no  chambers,  with  a  front  of 


344  -ST.    SYTHE 

Portland  stone,  60  feet  high,  towards  Chancery  Lane,  erected  on  the 
site. 

Sythe  (St.),  or  ST.  OSYTH.  [See  St.  Bennet  Sherehog;  Sise 
Lane.] 

Tabard  (The).  This  celebrated  inn  of  Southwark,  always  asso- 
ciated in  our  minds  with  Chaucer  and  the  "  Canterbury  Pilgrims,"  was 
built  most  probably  in  the  i4th  century,  as  a  neighbouring  inn,  the 
Bear,  certainly  was.  It  was  on  the  eastern  side  of  the  High  Street 
(Long  Southwark),  exactly  opposite  St.  Margaret's  Church. 

A  tabard  is  a  jaquet  or  sleeveless  coat,  worne  of  times  past  by  Noblemen  in  the 
warres,  but  now  only  by  Heraults,  and  is  called  theyre  coate  of  Armes  in  servise. 
It  is  the  signe  of  an  Inn  in  Southwarke  by  London,  within  the  which  was  the  lodging 
of  the  Abbott  of  Hyde  by  Winchester.  This  was  the  Hostelry  where  Chaucer  and 
the  other  Pilgrims  met  together,  and  with  Henry  Baily  their  hoste,  accorded  about 
the  manner  of  their  journey  to  Canterbury.  And  whereas  through  time  it  hath  been 
much  decaied,  it  is  now  by  Master  J.  Preston,  with  the  Abbot's  house  thereto 
adjoyned,  newly  repaired,  and  with  convenient  rooms  much  encreased,  for  the  receipt 
of  many  guests. — Speght's  Chaucer^  fol.  1598,  and  see  Stmv,  p.  154. 

Befel  that  in  that  sesoun  on  a  day, 

In  Southwerk  at  the  Tabard,  as  I  lay, 

Redy  to  wenden  on  my  Pilgrimage 

To  Canterburie  with  full  devout  corage, 

At  night  was  come  into  that  hostelrie, 

Well  nyne-and-twentie  in  a  companye, 

Of  sondry  folk,  by  adventure  i-falle, 

In  felawschipe,  and  pilgryms  were  they  alle, 

That  toward  Canterburie  wolden  ryde  ; 

The  chambres  and  the  stables  weren  wyde, 

And  wel  we  weren  esed  atte  beste,  etc. 

Chaucer,  Prologue  to  Canterbury  Tales. 

In  the  great  fire  which  broke  out,  May  26,  1676,  and  destroyed 
the  Town  Hall  and  above  six  houses,  Chaucer's  Tabard,  which  was 
situated  in  the  midst  of  the  part  where  the  fire  raged  fiercest,  was,  there 
can  be  no  doubt,  destroyed.  It  was  rebuilt,  and  probably  nearly  on 
the  old  lines,  for,  as  it  came  down  to  our  own  day,  it  consisted  of  open 
wooden  galleries  with  chambers  behind,  surrounding  an  open  court, 
and  a  large  room  which  continued  to  be  called  the  Pilgrims'  Room. 
But  the  landlord  of  the  new  house,  deeming  the  Tabard  too  antiquated 
a  sign,  or  perhaps  unacquainted  with  its  signification,  changed  the 
sign  to  The  Talbot,  and  Betterton  describes  it  under  its  new  name  in 
his  modernised  version  of  Chaucer's  Prologue.  The  Tabard  and 
The  Talbot  are  two  such  distinct  names,  that  a  succeeding  landlord 
found  it  necessary  to  distinguish  Chaucer's  inn  by  the  following 
inscription  on  the  frieze  of  the  beams  which  hung  across  the  road,  and 
from  the  centre  of  which  the  sign  was  suspended  :  "  This  is  the  inne 
where  Sir  Jeffry  Chaucer  and  the  nine  and  twenty  pilgrims  lay  in  their 
journey  to  Canterbury,  anno  1383."  In  1763,  when  the  signs  of 
London  were  taken  down,  this  inscription  was  set  up  over  the  gateway, 
but  was  painted  out  in  1831.  As  late  as  the  middle  of  the  i8th 


TALLOW  CHANDLERS    HALL  345 

century* plays  were  acted  in  "  The  Talbot  Inn  Yard  "  during  Southwark 
Fair.  Timothy  Fielding  had  his  "  Great  Theatrical  Booth  in  the 
Talbot  Inn  Yard,"  and  played  The  Jleggar's  Opera,  the  parts  "by  the 
Company  of  Comedians  from  the  new  Theatre  in  Lincoln's  Inn  Fields," 
with  "all  the  songs  and  dances  ...  as  performed  at  "that  theatre, 
"during  the  time  of  the  Fair  "  of  1728.  Like  most  of  the  old  inns, 
whose  main  dependence  was  on  the  coach  and  country  waggon  traffic, 
the  Tabard  suffered  greatly  from  the  introduction  of  railways.  It 
gradually  fell  into  a  dilapidated,  dirty  condition ;  the  greater  part  of  it 
was  let  for  stables,  carmen's  warerooms,  and  railway  stores.  At  length 
in  1873  it  was  sold  by  auction,  and  in  1875-1876  the  whole  was  swept 
away.  A  new  inn,  The  Old  Tabard  (No.  85  Boro'  High  Street),  has 
been  built,  and  the  site  of  the  old  one  is  marked  by  Talbot  Inn  Yard, 
let  out  chiefly  as  hop-merchants'  offices ;  and  the  name  is  further 
preserved  in  Tabard  Street,  of  old  notorious  as  Kent  Street.  The  best 
and  oldest  view  of  The  Tabard  is  in  Urry's  "Chaucer"  (fol.  I72:).1 

Tabernacle  Row,  Tabernacle  Square,  Tabernacle  Walk, 
CITY  ROAD  (east  side)  and  FINSBURY,  all  derived  their  name  from  the 
original  temporary  preaching-place  run  up  for  George  Whitefield  on  the 
west  side  of  what  was  then  called  Windmill  Hill,  and  is  now  Tabernacle 
Walk. 

Shortly  after  Whitefield's  separation  from  Wesley,  some  Calvinistic  Dissenters 
built  a  large  shed  for  him  near  the  Foundry,  upon  a  piece  of  ground  which  was  lent 
for  the  purpose  till  he  should  return  from  America.  From  the  temporary  nature  of 
the  structure  they  called  it  a  Tabernacle,  in  allusion  to  the  movable  place  of  worship 
of  the  Israelites  during  their  journey  in  the  wilderness  ;  and  the  name  being  in 
puritanical  taste  became  the  designation  of  all  the  chapels  of  the  Calvinistic 
Methodists. — Southey's  Life  of  Wesley. 

The  permanent  Whitefield's  Tabernacle  stands  on  the  north  side  of 
Tabernacle  Row.  Other  of  Whitefield's,  or  the  Countess  of  Hunting- 
don's Tabernacles  were  in  Spa  Fields,  Tottenham  Court  Road,  etc. 
But  there  was  a  Tabernacle  in  London  before  that  of  Whitefield,  and 
in  it  Bentley  delivered  his  second  series  of  Boyle  Lectures. 

December  3,  1693. — Mr.  Bentley  preach'd  at  the  Tabernacle  neere  Golden  Square. 
I  gave  my  voice  for  him  to  proceed  on  his  former  subject  the  following  yeare  in  Mr. 
Boyle's  Lecture." — Evelyn. 

[See  Tenison's  Chapel ;  Whitefield's  Tabernacle.] 
Talbot  (The).     [See  The  Tabard.] 

Tallow  Chandlers'  Hall,  No.  5,  on  the  west  side  of  Dowgate 
Hill.  The  Company,  the  twenty-first  on  the  City  list,  was  incorporated  by 
Edward  IV.,  but  it  had  existed  as  a  brotherhood  for  a  considerable 
time  previously.  Henry  VI.  granted  them  arms  and  a  crest  in  1456, 
and  Elizabeth  added  supporters.  Both  the  grants  are  preserved  in  the 
Hall,  the  latter  bearing  the  signature  of  William  Camden,  Clarencieux. 

1   The  Inns  of  Old  Southmark,  by  William   Rendle  and   Philip   Norman,  London,   1888,  has  a 
chapter  devoted  to  the  Tabard. 


346  TAN  FIELD  COURT 


The  old  hall  was  destroyed  in  the  Great  Fire,  and  was  rebuilt  from  the 
designs  of  Sir  C.  Wren  in  1672.  It  is  a  large  and  handsome  building, 
with  a  Tuscan  colonnade,  and  was  in  great  part  rebuilt  in  1871. 

Tanfield  Court,  TEMPLE.  These  buildings  were  first  erected  by 
Henry  Bradshaw,  Treasurer,  in  26  Henry  VIII.  (1534-1535),  and 
were  long  known  as  Bradshaw's  Rents.  The  present  name  is  derived 
from  Sir  Laurence  Tanfield,  Chief  Baron  of  the  Exchequer  in  1607^ 
whose  residence  was  here.  His  daughter  was  the  mother  of  Lucius 
Carey,  Lord  Falkland,  who  inherited  Tanfield's  large  fortune.  At  No. 
3  lived  Robert  Keck,  who  bought  the  Chandos  portrait  of  Shakespeare 
from  Mrs.  Barry.  Keck  died  at  Paris  in  1719,  leaving  his  chambers 
("  No  3  Tanfield  Court,  Temple ")  and  the  contents  of  them  to  his 
cousin,  Francis  Keck,  of  Great  Tew,  in  Oxfordshire,  Esq.  On  Sunday 
morning,  February  4,  1732,  Mrs.  Lydia  Duncombe,  aged  eighty,  and 
Elizabeth  Harrison,  aged  sixty,  were  found  strangled,  and  their  maid,  Ann 
Price,  aged  seventeen,  with  her  throat  cut,  in  their  beds,  at  a  house  in  Tan- 
field  Court.  The  laundress  was  Sarah  Malcolm,  who  was  executed  for  the 
murders,  and  whose  portrait  Hogarth  painted  in  Newgate.  He  said 
afterwards,  "This  woman  by  her  features  is  capable  of  any  wickedness." 
Sir  James  Thornhill  accompanied  him.  [See  Mitre  Court.] 

Tart  Hall,  "  without  the  gate  of  ST.  JAMES'S  PARK,  near  Bucking- 
ham House,"  was  built  (the  new  part  at  least)  in  1638,  by  Nicholas 
Stone,  the  sculptor,2  for  Alathea,  Countess  of  Arundel,  wife  to  Thomas, 
the  magnificent  Earl  of  Arundel,  and  descended  to  her  second  son,  the 
unfortunate  William,  Lord  Viscount  Stafford,  beheaded  in  1680,  on  the 
perjured  evidence  of,  Titus  Oates  and  others.  The  gateway  was  never 
again  opened  after  the  last  time  Lord  Stafford  passed  through  it.  The 
house,  after  being  for  some  time  used  as  a  place  of  entertainment,  was 
taken  down  in  1 720.  A  memory  of  it  is  still  preserved  in  Stafford  Row 
adjoining.  The  name  is  difficult  to  account  for.  The  adjoining 
Mulberry  Garden  was  above  all  things  famous  for  its  tarts  [see  Mulberry 
Garden],  and  this,  it  has  been  suggested,  gave  rise  to  the  popular  name 
of  this  ancient  mansion,  but  it  would  hardly  account  for  the  early  and 
general  use  of  the  name. 

The  Committee  of  Lords  being  informed  that  some  important  papers  were  hid  in 
a  wall  at  Tart  Hall,  they  sent  to  break  it,  and  in  a  copper  box  found  those  which  the 
Attorney-General  says  give  more  light  into  the  plot  than  all  they  had  formerly  seen, 
but  most  particularly  against  the  Lord  Stafford. — Algernon  Sidney' 's  Letters  to  Henry 
Savile,  p.  74. 

The  parish  of  St.  Martin's-in-the-Fields  crosseth  James  Street  against  Tart  Hall, 
which  it  passeth  through,  and  on  the  garden  wall  at  the  processioning  there  is  a  boy 
whipt  (a  custom  used  to  remember  the  parish  bounds),  for  which  he  hath  some 
small  matter,  as  about  2d. ,  given  him  :  the  like  custom  is  observed  at  or  by  Tyburn 
gallows. — Sttype,  B.  vi.  p.  67. 

The  remainder  of  the  Arundelian  Collection  was  preserved  at  Tart  Hall,  without 
the  gate  of  St.  James's  Park,  near  Buckingham  House.  Those  curiosities,  too,  were 

1  Dugdale's  Origincs  Juridiciales,  p.  146.  2  Walpole's  Anecdotes,  vol.  ii.  p.  63. 


TATTE  RS  ALL'S  347 


sold  by  auction  in  1720,  and  the  house  itself  had  been  lately  demolished.  Dr.  Mead 
bought  the  head  of  Homer,  now  in  the  British  Museum.  The  sale  produced  .£6535. 
— Walpole's  Anecdotes,  ed.  Dallau>ay,  vol.  ii.  p.  153. 

Some  carved  seats,  by  Inigo  Jones,  were  purchased  from  Tart  Hall,  and  placed 
in  a  temple  at  Chiswick  by  Lord  Burlington. — Ibid.,  vol.  ii.  p.  148. 

Mr.  Walpole,  who  saw  Tart  Hall  at  the  time  of  the  second  sale,  informed  me 
that  it  was  very  large,  and  had  a  very  venerable  appearance. — Pennant. 

Among  the  Harleian  MSS.  (No.  6272)  is  "A  Memorial  of  all  the 
Roomes  at  Tart  Hall :  And  an  Inventory  of  all  the  Household  Stuffs 
and  goods  there,  except  of  six  Roomes  at  the  north  end  of  the  ould 
Building  (\vch  the  Right  Honorable  the  Countess  of  Arundell  hath 
reserved  unto  her  peculiar  use)  and  Mr.  Thomas  Howard's  closett, 
etc.:  8°  September,  1641."  In  the  "Footmen's  Hall,"  were  "Foure 
pictures  hanging  on  the  walls  thereof — ist.  A  Gundelowe;  2d.  A 
Mountebanke;  3d.  A  Brave.  4th.  King  Henry  7,  his  wife  and 
children."  "The  Great  Roome,  or  Hall,"  was  situated  "next  to  the 
Banketing  House."  "  My  Lord's  Room  "  was  hanged  with  yellow  and 
green  taffeta.  A  closet  on  the  west  side  had  the  floor  covered  with  a 
carpet  of  yellow  leather.  The  roof  of  one  of  the  rooms  was  decorated 
with  a  "  picture  of  the  Fall  of  Phaeton."  Mr.  Arden's  room  was 
"  hanged  with  Scotch  plad."  Several  pictures  are  mentioned  with  their 
artists'  names — Diana  and  Actseon,  by  Titian  (now  in  the  Bridgewater 
Gallery  ?) ;  Jacob's  Travelling,  by  Bassano  (now  at  Hampton  Court  ?) ; 
A  Martyrdom,  by  Tintoret ;  the  Nativity  of  our  Saviour,  by  Honthorst. 
No  statues  are  mentioned.  The  site  is  marked  in  Faithorne's  Map  of 
London,  1658. 

Tasel  Close.      [See  Artillery  Ground.] 

Tatnam  Court.     [See  Tottenham  Court.] 

An  Elegy  on  the  most  execrable  murder  of  Mr.  Clun,  one  of  the  comedians  of 
the  Theatre  Royal,  who  was  robbed  and  most  inhumanly  killed,  on  Tuesday  night, 
being  the  2d  August,  1664,  neare  Tatnam  Court ,  as  he  was  riding  to  his  country- 
house  at  Kentish-town. — Hazlitt's  Handbook  of  E.  E.  Lit.,  p.  1 12  B. 

Tattersall's,  in  GROSVENOR  PLACE,  entered  by  a  narrow  lane,  at 
the  side  of  St.  George's  Hospital,  was  for  many  years  a  celebrated  mart 
for  the  sale  of  horses,  and  so  called  after  Richard  Tattersall  (d.  1795), 
originally  a  training  groom  to  the  second  and  last  Duke  of  Kingston. 
Tattersall  acquired  the  foundation  of  his  fortune  by  the  purchase,  for 
^2500,  of  the  celebrated  horse  "  Highflyer."  Here  was  a  subscription 
room,  under  the  supervision  of  the  Jockey  Club,  and  attended  by  all  the 
patrons  of  the  turf,  from  noblemen  down  to  innkeepers ;  and  the  betting 
here  regulated  the  betting  throughout  the  country.  The  lease  having 
run  out  the  building  was  pulled  down  in  1866,  and  the  site  covered 
by  the  new  wing  of  St.  George's  Hospital.  Tattersall's  was  removed 
to  Knightsbridge  Green.  [See  Grosvenor  Place ;  Knightsbridge.] 

Flutter.   Oh  yes,  I  stopt  at  Tattersall's  as  I  came  by,  and  there  I  found  Lord 

James    Jessamy,    Sir    William    Wilding    and    Mr.    . — Mrs.    Cowley's    Belle's 

Stratagem,  p.  178. 


348  T AVI  STOCK  PLACE 

Tavistock  Place,  between  WOBURN  PLACE  and  MARCHMONT 
STREET,  was  so  called  after  the  second  title  of  the  Dukes  of  Bedford, 
the  ground  landlords.  It  first  appears  in  the  Court  Guide  in  1807. 
Eminent  Inhabitants. — John  Pinkerton,  the  historian,  at  No.  9  ;  here 
his  depraved  mode  of  life  was  the  cause  of  continual  quarrels  with 
abandoned  women.  Mary  Anne  Clarke,  while  mistress  of  the  Duke 
of  York,  lived  for  some  time  at  No.  31.  Gait,  the  novelist,  and 
Douce,  the  antiquary,  lived  at  No.  32.  Francis  Baily,  President  of 
the  Royal  Astronomical  Society,  at  No.  37,  from  1825  till  his  death 
here,  August  30,  1844. 

The  house  stands  isolated  in  a  garden,  so  as  to  be  free  from  any  material  tremor 
from  passing  carriages.  A  small  observatory  was  constructed  in  the  upper  part. 
The  building  in  which  the  earth  was  weighed  and  its  bulk  and  figure  calculated,  the 
standard  measure  of  the  British  nation  perpetuated,  and  the  pendulum  experiments 
rescued  from  their  chief  source  of  inaccuracy,  can  never  cease  to  be  an  object  of 
interest  to  astronomers  of  future  generations. — Sir  John  Herschel. 

Here  were  held  the  weekly  meetings  of  the  society  of  distinguished 
and  scientific  men,  chiefly  mathematicians  and  astronomers,  known  as 
the  Baily  Club.  The  house  was  subsequently  the  residence  of  Sir 
Matthew  Digby  Wyatt,  architect;  until  his  death  in  1877.  John 
Britton,  the  antiquary,  was  long  resident  at  No.  i  o ;  and  Sir  Harris 
Nicolas  lived  for  some  years  at  No.  19. 

Tavistock  Row,  COVENT  GARDEN,  a  row  of  houses,  fourteen  in 
number,  on  the  south  side  of  Covent  Garden  Market,  now  (1890) 
entirely  cleared  away.  In  No.  4  lived  Miss  Martha  Reay,  the  mistress 
of  Lord  Sandwich,  killed  in  the  Piazza  (1779),  by  the  Rev.  James 
Hackman,  in  a  fit  of  frantic  jealousy. 

A  Sandwich  favourite  was  this  fair, 

And  her  he  dearly  loved  ; 
By  whom  six  children  had,  we  hear  ; 

This  story  fatal  proved. 

A  clergyman,  O  wicked  one, 

In  Covent  Garden  shot  her  ; 
No  time  to  cry  upon  her  God, 

Its  hop'd  he's  not  forgot  her. 

Grub  Street  Ballad  on  Miss  Ray,  quoted  by  Sir  Walter  Scott  in  his  Essay  on 
Imitations  of  the  Ancient  Ballad. 

Hackman  was  recruiting  at  Huntingdon ;  appeared  at  the  ball ; 
was  asked  by  Lord  Sandwich  to  Hinchinbrooke ;  was  introduced  to 
Miss  Reay,  became  violently  enamoured  of  her,  made  proposals,  and 
was  sent  into  Ireland,  where  his  regiment  was.  He  sold  out ;  took 
orders,  but  could  not  bend  the  inflexible  fair  in  a  black  coat  more  than 
in  a  red.  He  could  not  live,  he  said,  without  her.  He  meant  only  to 
kill  himself,  and  that  in  her  presence ;  but  seeing  her  coquet  at  the 
play  with  Macnamara,  a  young  Irish  Templar,  he  determined  suddenly 
to  dispatch  her  too.  [See  Tyburn.]  In  the  upper  part  of  the  same 
house  died,  July  n,  1797,  Charles  Macklin,  at  the  great  age  of  ninety- 
seven.  Here  the  elder  Mathews  called  to  give  the  aged  actor  a  taste 


T AVI  STOCK  STREE1'  349 

of  his  boyish  quality  for  the  stage.  In  No.  5  William  Vandervelde  the 
younger  died,  in  1707  : 1  and  in  1799,  in  the  front  room  of  the  second 
floor  of  the  same  house,  died  Thomas  Major,  the  engraver.2  It  was  after- 
wards occupied  by  "Irish  Johnstone,"  the  actor.  No.  13  was  Zincke's, 
the  celebrated  miniature  painter ;  and  Dr.  Wolcot  (Peter  Pindar), 
wrote  many  of  his  invectives  against  George  III.  and  the  Royal 
Academy  in  the  garret  of  the  same  house.  William  Godwin  was  living 
in  Tavistock  Row  in  1755.  One  of  John  [Lord]  Campbell's  early 
London  lodgings  was  at  No.  3,  "a  couple  of  rooms,"  he  wrote  to 
his  father,  February  17,  1800,  "for  which  I  pay  only  nine  shillings 
a  week." 

Tavistock  Square,  north  of  Russell  Square,  was  built  about  the 
same  time  as  Tavistock  Place,  and  like  it  named  from  the  second 
title  of  the  Duke  of  Bedford.  Prince  Hoare  resided  at  No.  3  in  1807. 
In  the  same  house  from  1816  to  1821  lived  John  Braham,  the  famous 
singer,  and  father  of  the  Countess  Waldegrave.  Charles  Knight  at 
No.  51  in  1828. 

"  Tavistock  House,"  in  the  open  space  at  the  north-east  corner  of 
Tavistock  Square,  was  long  the  residence  of  James  Perry,  editor  of  the 
Morning  Chronicle,  and  Tavistock  House  was  noted  for  its  reunions  of 
men  of  political  and  literary  distinction  during  the  great  days  of  that 
celebrated  Whig  paper.  The  house  was  afterwards  divided  and  the 
moiety,  which  still  retained  the  name  of  Tavistock,  became  the  residence 
of  Frank  Stone,  A.R.A.,  the  painter,  of  whom  the  lease  was  purchased  by 
Charles  Dickens  towards  the  end  of  1850.  During  the  next  ten  years 
it  was  his  London  abode.  He  built  a  little  theatre  in  the  garden  and 
gave  in  it  a  series  of  brilliant  amateur  performances,  in  which  he  himself 
played  the  leading  parts.  The  play-bills  were  headed  "  The  Smallest 
Theatre  in  the  World,  Tavistock  House."  In  the  summer  of  1860 
Dickens  sold  the  lease,  and  on  September  4  wrote  to  Mr.  Wills,  "Tavistock 
House  is  closed  to-day  and  possession  delivered  up." 3  -He  now  made 
Gad's  Hill  his  home,  hiring  a  furnished  house  in  London  for  a  few 
weeks  each  year.  Later  it  was  for  a  time  the  residence  of  M.  Gounod 
the  composer. 

Tavistock  Street,  COVENT  GARDEN,  runs  from  Southampton 
Street  to  Wellington  Street.  Richard  Leveridge,  the  celebrated 
singer,  kept  a  tavern  in  this  street  after  his  retirement  from  the  stage. 
Here  he  brought  out  "  A  Collection  of  Songs,  with  the  Music  by  Mr. 
Leveridge.  In  two  volumes.  London  :  Engraved  and  Printed  for  the 
Author,  in  Tavistock  Street,  Covent  Garden,  1727." 

Tavistock  Street,  Covent  Garden,  was  once  the  street  of  fashionable  shops — what 
Bond  Street  was  till  lately,  and  what  Bond  Street  and  Regent  Street  together  are 
now.  I  remember  hearing  an  old  lady  say  that  in  her  young  days  the  crowd  of 
handsome  equipages  in  Tavistock  Street  was  considered  one  of  the  sights  of  London. 

1  Smith's  Nolltkens,  vol.  i.  p.  209.  -  Ibid. ,  vol.  ii.  p.  335. 

3  Letters  of  Charles  Dickens,  vol.  ii.  p.  120. 


35°  TAVISTOCK  STREET 

I  have  had  the  curiosity  to  stride  it.  It  is  about  1 60  yards  long,  and  before  the 
footways  were  widened  would  have  admitted  three  carriages  abreast. — Walker,  The 
Original,  No.  3,  June  3,  1835. 

Returning  thence  the  disappointed  fleet 

Anchors  in  Tavistock's  fantastic  street  : 

There  under  Folly's  colours  gaily  rides 

Where  Humour  points  or  veering  Fashion  guides. 

Cumberland  (Cradock,  vol.  iv.  p.  262). 

When  he  [Lord  Thurlow]  was  young  he  would  do  the  kindest  things  and  at  an 
expense  to  himself  which  at  that  time  he  could  ill  afford,  and  he  wd  do  them,  too, 
in  the  most  secret  manner.  I  know  not  what  is  become  of  her  now,  but  in  those 
days  there  was  a  certain  Miss  Christian,  the  daughter,  if  I  mistake  not,  of  a  Norfolk 
clergyman,  who  had  been  a  friend  of  Thurlow's  father.  The  girl  was  left  pennyless, 
and  he  established  her  in  Tavistock  Street  as  a  milliner,  disbursing  three  hundred 
pounds  to  furnish  a  shop  for  her.  I  went  with  him  to  the  house,  and  having  seen 
her,  am  ready  to  swear  that  his  motives  were  not,  nor  could  be,  of  the  amorous 
kind,  for  she  was  ugly  to  a  wonder. — Cowper  to  Carwardine,  June  II,  1792; 
Southey's  Cowper,  vol.  vii.  p.  127. 

It  is  on  such  occasions  snuff  takers  delight  to  solace  themselves  with  a  pinch  of 
Thirty  seven  ;  and  we  accordingly  do  so  in  imagination  at  our  friend  Fliddon's  in 
Tavistock  Street,  who  is  a  higher  kind  of  Lilly  to  the  Indicator — our  papers  lying 
among  the  piquant  snuffs,  as  those  of  our  illustrious  predecessor,  the  Taller,  did 
among  Mr.  Lilly's  perfumes  at  the  corner  of  Beaufort  Buildings. — Leigh,  Hunt. 

A  large  building  used  as  a  flower  market  has  been  erected  on  the 
north  side  of  the  street,  but  all  that  side  west  of  the  flower  market  now 
(1890)  lies  an  open  space. 

Technical  Institute,  and  Technical  College.  [See  City  and 
Guilds  of  London.] 

Temple  (The).  A  liberty  or  district  between  FLEET  STREET  and 
the  Thames,  and  so  called  from  the  Knights  Templars,  who  made  their 
first  London  habitation  in  Holborn,  in  1 1 1 8,  and  removed  to  Fleet 
Street,  or  the  New  Temple,  1184.  Spenser  alludes  to  this  London 
locality  in  his  beautiful  "  Prothalamion  "  : — 

those  bricky  towres l 

The  which  on  Themmes  brode  aged  back  doe  ryde, 
Where  now  the  studious  lawyers  have  their  bowers, 
There  whylorhe  wont  the  Templer  Knights  to  byde, 
Till  they  decayd  through  pride. 

At  the  downfall  of  the  Templars,  in  1313,  the  New  Temple  in  Fleet 
Street  was  given  by  Edward  II.  to  Aymer  de  Valence,  Earl  of  Pembroke, 
whose  tomb,  in  Westminster  Abbey,  has  called  forth  the  eulogistic 
criticism  of  the  classic  Flaxman.  At  the  Earl  of  Pembroke's  death  in 
1323  the  property  passed  to  the  Knights  of  St.  John  of  Jerusalem  [see 
St.  John's  Gate],  by  whom  the  Inner  and  Middle  Temples  were  leased 
to  the  students  of  the  Common  Law,  and  the  Outer  Temple  to  Walter 
Stapleton,  Bishop  of  Exeter,  and  Lord  Treasurer,  beheaded  by  the 
citizens  of  London  in  1326.  No  change  took  place  when  the  Temple 
property  passed  to  the  Crown  at  the  dissolution  of  religious  houses  in 

1  The  Fire  of  London  was  stopped  in  its  march      The  houses  in  Fleet  Street  were  of  wood.     [See 
westward  by  the  brick  buildings  of  the  Temple.       Ram  Alley.] 


nil-:  TEMPLE  351 


the  reign  of  Henry  VIII.,  and  the  students  of  the  two  Inns  of  Court 
remained  the  tenants  of  the  Crown  till  1608,  when  James  I.  by  letters 
patent  conferred  the  two  Temples  on  the  Benchers  of  the  two  societies 
and  their  successors  for  ever.  There  are  two  edifices  in  the  Temple 
specially  worthy  of  a  visit :  the  Temple  Church  (serving  for  both 
Temples),  and  the  Middle  Temple  Hall. 

The  Temple  Church  was  the  church  of  the  Knights  Templars,  and 
consists  of  two  parts,  the  Round  Church  and  the  Choir.  The  Round 
Church  (transition  Norman  work)  was  built  in  the  year  1185,  as  an 
inscription  in  Saxon  characters,  formerly  on  the  stonework  over  the  little 
door  next  the  cloister,  recorded,  and  dedicated  by  Heraclius,  Patriarch  of 
Jerusalem  ;  the  Choir  (pure  Early  English)  was  finished  in  1 240.  The 
restorations  and  alterations,  made  1839-1842,  at  a  cost  of  ,£70,000, 
are  in  correct  i2th  and  i3th  century  taste;  but  it  is  much  to  be 
lamented  that  the  changes  were  of  so  sweeping  a  character  that  the 
interest  of  association  was  not  regarded,  and  that  the  monuments  to 
several  great  men  (though  architecturally  out  of  place)  were  not  suffered 
to  remain  in  the  arcades  and  compartments  in  which  they  were  first 
erected.  Many  of  these  monuments  were  removed  to  the  triforium. 
Observe. — Entrance  doorway  (very  fine) ;  two  groups  of  monumental 
effigies,  in  Round  Church,  of  Knights  Templars,  cross-legged  (names 
unknown,  at  least  very  uncertain) ;  the  figure  between  the  two  columns 
on  the  south-east  having  a  foliage-ornament  about  the  cushion  supporting 
the  head,  and  the  feet  resting  upon  a  lion,  represents,  it  is  said,  William 
Marshall,  Earl  of  Pembroke  (d.  1 1 1 9),  Earl  Marshal  and  Protector  of 
England  during  the  minority  of  Henry  III. ;  monument  of  white  marble, 
left  of  the  altar,  to  the  learned  Selden  l  (d.  1 654  ;  he  was  buried  beneath) ; 
and  in  the  triforium  (ascended  by  a  narrow  staircase),  the  tombs  of 
Plowden,  the  jurist;  Richard  Martin  (d.  1618),  to  whom  Ben  Jonson 
dedicates  his  Poetaster;  -James  Howell,  the  letter-writer  (d.  1666); 
Edmund  Gibbon. 

My  family  arms  are  the  same  which  were  borne  by  the  Gibbons  of  Kent  in  an 
age  when  the  College  of  Heralds  religiously  guarded  the  distinctions  of  blood  and 
name  ;  a  lion  rampant,  gardant,  between  three  schallop  shells  argent,  on  a  field  azure. 
I  should  not,  however,  have  been  tempted  to  blazon  my  coat  of  arms  were  it  not 
connected  with  a  whimsical  anecdote.  About  the  reign  of  James  I.  the  three 
harmless  schallop  shells  were  changed  by  Edmund  Gibbon,  Esq.,  into  there  ogresses, 
or  female  cannibals,  with  a  design  of  stigmatising  three  ladies,  his  kinswomen,  who 
had  provoked  him  by  an  unjust  lawsuit.  But  this  singular  mode  of  revenge,  for 
which  he  obtained  the  sanction  of  Sir  William  Seager,  king  at  arms,  [soon  expired 
with  its  author  ;  and  on  his  own  monument  in  the  Temple  Church  the  monsters 
vanish,  and  the  three  schallop  shells  resume  their  proper  and  hereditary  place. — 
Gibbon, 

1  "  His  grave  was  about  ten  foot  deepe  or  better,  stone  of  great  thicknesse,  with  this  inscription: 

walled  up  a  good  way  with  bricks,  of  which  also  '  Hie  jacet  corpus  Johannis  Seldeni,  qui  obijt  30 

the   bottome  was  paved,   but  the  sides  at    the  die  Novembris,  1654.'     Over  this  was  turned  an 

bottome  for  about  two  foot  high  were  of  black  arch  of  brick  (for  the  House  would  not  lose  their 

polished  marble,  wherein  his  coffin  (covered  with  ground)  and  upon  that  was  throwne  the  earth 

black  bayes)  lyeth,  and  upon  that  wall  of  marble  etc." — Aubrey,  vol.  iii.  p.  533. 
was   presently  lett   downe  a  huge  black  marble 


352  THE   TEMPLE 


The  so-called  Penitential  Cell,  off  the  corkscrew  stairs  leading  to 
the  gallery.  In  the  burial-ground  east  of  the  Choir,  and  without  the 
building.  Oliver  Goldsmith  was  buried,  on  April  9,  1774,  at  5  o'clock 
in  the  evening.  There  is  a  coped  gravestone  with  an  inscription  to 
his  memory  in  the  graveyard  on  the  north  side,  but  the  exact  place  of 
his  interment  is  unknown,  although  the  inscription  says  "  Here  lies." 
Lord  Chancellor  Thurlow  was  buried  with  unusual  pomp  under  the 
south  aisle,  September  I806.1  The  Round  was  used  as  a  place  where 
lawyers  received  their  clients,  each  occupying  his  particular  post,  like 
a  merchant  upon  'Change. 

Face.   Here's  one  from  Captain  Face,  sir  [to  Surly], 
Desires  you  meet  him  in  the  Temple  Church 
Some  half  hour  hence,  and  upon  earnest  business. 

Ben  Jonson,  The  Alchemist,  Act  ii.  Sc.  I. 

Face.   I  have  walk'd  the  Round 

Till  now,  and  no  such  thing. — Ibid.,  Act  iii.  Sc.  2. 

And  for  advice  'twixt  him  and  us  he  had  made  choice  of  a  lawyer,  a  mercer,  and 
a  merchant,  who  that  morning  were  appointed  to  meet  him  in  the  Temple  Church. 
Middleton,  Father  Hubburtfs  Tales,  410,  1604. 

Retain  all  sorts  of  witnesses 

That  ply  i'  the  Temples  under  trees, 

Or  walk  the  Round  with  Knights  o'  th'  Posts 

About  the  cross-legg'd  knights  their  hosts  ; 

Or  wait  for  customers  between 

The  pillar  rows  in  Lincoln's  Inn. — Hudibras,  pt.  iii.  c.  iii. 

Courtin.  I  shall  be  ere  long  as  greasy  as  an  Alsatian  bully  ;  this  flapping  hat, 
pinned  up  on  one  side,  with  a  sandy  weather-beaten  peruke,  dirty  linen,  and  to 
complete  the  figure,  a  long  scandalous  iron  sword  jarring  at  my  heels.  My  com- 
panions the  worthy  Knights  of  the  most  noble  order  of  the  Post,  your  peripatetic 
philosophers  of  the  Temple  Walks.— Otway,  The  Soldier's  Fortune,  4to,  1681. 

Nor  was  this  custom  forgotten  when  the  present  cloisters  were 
rebuilt,  after  the  Great  Fire  of  1666. 

I  remember  that  after  the  fire  of  the  Temple,  it  was  considered  whether  the  old 
cloister  walks  should  be  rebuilt,  or  rather  improved  into  chambers  ;  which  latter  had 
been  for  the  benefit  of  the  Middle  Temple.  But  in  regard  it  could  not  be  done 
without  the  consent  of  the  Inner  houses,  the  Masters  of  the  Middle  houses  waited 
upon  the  then  Mr.  Attorney  Finch,  to  desire  the  concurrence  of  his  society,  upon  a 
proposition  of  some  benefit  to  be  thrown  in  on  his  side.  But  Mr.  Attorney  would 
by  no  means  give  way  to  it,  and  reproved  the  Middle  Templars  very  bitterly  and 
eloquently  upon  the  subject  of  students  walking  in  evenings  there,  and  putting  cases 
"which,"  he  said,  "was  done  in  his  time,  as  mean  and  low  as  the  buildings  were 
then,  however  it  comes,"  said  he,  "that  such  a  benefit  to  students  is  now  made  so 
little  account  of."2  And  thereupon  the  cloisters,  by  the  order  and  disposition  of  Sir 
Christopher  Wren,  were  built  as  they  now  stand. — North's  Life  of  Lord  Keeper 
Guildford,  ed.  1826,  vol.  i.  p.  27. 

4 

The  preacher  at  the  Temple  is  called  Master  of  the  Temple,  and 
this  was  once  an  appointment  of  greater  dignity  and  expectations  than 

1  Campbell,   Lives  of  tJie  Chancellors,  vol.  v.          *  Evelyn  received  the  first  rudiments  of  his 
p.  631.  education  in  the  church  porch  at  Wotton. 


THE   TEMPLE  353 


it  is  now.1  The  "  judicious "  Hooker,  author  of  the  Ecclesiastical 
Polity,  was  for  six  years  Master  of  the  Temple — "a  place,"  says 
Izaak  Walton,  "which  he  accepted  rather  than  desired."  Travers,  a 
disciple  of  Cartwright,  the  Nonconformist,  was  then  lecturer ;  and 
Hooker,  it  was  said,  preached  Canterbury  in  the  forenoon,  and  Travers 
Geneva  in  the  afternoon.  The  Benchers  were  divided ;  and  Travers, 
being  first  silenced  by  the  Archbishop,  Hooker  resigned  and  retired 
to  the  quiet  parsonage  of  Boscombe  to  complete  his  great  work, 
the  Ecclesiastical  Polity,  In  this  church  Archbishop  Ussher  preached 
the  funeral  sermon  of  the  learned  Selden.  The  organ  was  made  by 
Father  Schmydt,  or  Smith,  in  honourable  competition  with  his  great  rival 
Renatus  Harris.  Blow  and  Purcell,  then  in  their  prime,  performed  on 
Father  Smith's  organ  on  appointed  days ;  and  till  Harris's  was  heard 
every  one  believed  that  Smith's  must  be  chosen.  Harris  employed 
Baptiste  Draghi,  organist  to  Queen  Catherine,  "to  touch  his  organ," 
which  brought  it  into  favour ;  and  thus  the  two  continued  vying  with 
each  other  for  near  a  twelvemonth.  The  decision  at  length  was  left  to 
the  notorious  Judge  Jeffreys,  who  decided  in  favour  of  Father  Smith. 
Smith  excelled  in  the  diapason,  or  foundation  stops ;  Harris  principally 
in  the  reed  stops.  The  choral  services  on  a  Sunday  are  well  performed 
and  well  attended.  The  Round  of  the  church  is  open  to  all,  but  the 
Choir  is  reserved  for  the  Benchers,  barristers,  and  students.  Strangers 
are  admitted  by  the  introduction  of  a  Bencher  of  either  Temple. 
Shakespeare  (or  the  writer  of  the  First  Part  of  King  Henry  VI.}  has 
made  the  "  Temple  Gardens  " — a  fine  open  space,  fronting  the  Thames 
— the  place  in  which  the  distinctive  badges  (the  white  rose  and  red 
rose)  of  the  houses  of  York  and  Lancaster  were  first  assumed  by  their 
respective  partisans. 

Suffolk,  Within  the  Temple  Hall  we  were  too  loud  : 
The  garden  here  is  more  convenient. 

Plantagenet.   Let  him  that  is  a  true-born  gentleman, 
And  stands  upon  the  honour  of  his  birth, 
If  he  suppose  that  I  have  pleaded  truth, 
From  off  this  brier  pluck  a  white  rose  with  me. 

Somerset.   Let  him  that  is  no  coward,  nor  no  flatterer, 
?.ut  dare  maintain  the  party  of  the  truth, 
Pluck  a  red  rose  from  off  this  thorn  with  me. 

Plantagenet.   Hath  not  thy  rose  a  canker,  Somerset  ? 
Somerset,   Hath  not  thy  rose  a  thorn,  Plantagenet  ? 

Warwick,  This  brawl  to-day, 

Grown  to  this  faction  in  the  Temple  Gardens, 

1  When   Sherlock,    Bishop   of  Salisbury,   was       "Which  way?"  says  the  doctor;   "why.  fool,  with  the 
Master  of  the  Temple,  the  sees  of  Canterbury  and 
London  were  vacant  about  the  same  time  (1748); 

this  occasioned  an  epigram  upon  Sherlock:—  The  tide  in  favour  of  Sherlock  was  running  to  St. 

At  the  Temple  one  day  Sherlock  taking  a  boat,  Paul's.     He  was  made  Bishop  of  London.  | 

The  waterman  asked  him,  "  Which  way  will  you  float  t" 

VOL.  Ill  2A 


354  THE   TEMPLE 


Shall  send,  between  the  red  rose  and  the  white, 
A  thousand  souls  to  death  and  deadly  night. 

First  Part  of  Henry  VI.,  Act  ii.  Sc.  4. 

It  would  be  impossible  to  revive  the  scene  in  the  supposed  place  of  its 
origin,  for  such  is  the  smoke  and  foul  air  of  London  that  the 
commonest  and  hardiest  kind  of  rose  has  long  ceased  to  put  forth 
a  bud  in  the  Temple  Gardens,  but  these  gardens  have  become  the 
home  of  the  chrysanthemum,  and  every  year  a  fine  exhibition  of  these 
flowers  is  to  be  seen  here.  The  Temple  is  walled  in  on  every  side, 
and  protected  with  gates.  There  is  no  poor-law  within  its  precinct. 
[See  Inner  Temple  Lane ;  Middle  Temple  Lane  ;  King's  Bench  Walk ; 
Paper  Buildings ;  Hare  Court ;  Elm  Court ;  Ram  Alley ;  Crown  Office 
Row ;  Fig  Tree  Court ;  Brick  Court.] 

THE  INNER  TEMPLE  is  an  Inn  of  Court,  with  three  Inns  of 
Chancery  attached — Clifford's  Inn,  Clement's  Inn,  and  Lyon's  Inn, 
the  latter  now  cleared  away.  The  Gate  House  in  Fleet  Street,  erected 
5th  of  King  James  L,  carries  the  feathers  of  Henry,  Prince  of  Wales, 
eldest  son  of  James  L,  in  relief  upon  the  front.  It  is  now  a  hairdresser's, 
and  is  thus  erroneously  inscribed  :  "  Formerly  the  Palace  of  Henry  VIII. 
and  Cardinal  Wolsey."  The  greater  part  of  the  Inner  Temple  was 
destroyed  in  the  Great  Fire  of  1666,  the  flames  stopping  within  a  very 
few  yards  of  the  Temple  Church. 

Eminent  Members. — Littleton  (the  famous  judge).  Sir  Edward  Coke. 
Sir  Christopher  Hatton.  Lord  Buckhurst  (Lord  High  Treasurer).  John 
Bradford  ("  But  for  the  grace  of  God,  there  goes  John  Bradford "), 
admitted  1547.  John  Selden  ("a  long  scabby-poled  boy,  but  a  good 
student,"  as  Sir  Giles  Mompesson  told  Aubrey),  removed  from  Clifford's 
Inn  to  the  Inner  Temple  in  May  1604.  His  chambers  were  in  Paper 
Buildings  [which  see].  He  was  elected  a  Bencher  in  1632.  When  he 
died  in  1654  his  executors  wished  to  present  his  library  to  the  Society, 
and  with  that  view  lodged  it  in  some  chambers  in  the  King's  Bench 
Walk,  where  it  remained  for  five  years  without  any  arrangement  being 
made  for  receiving  it.  It  was  then  bestowed  upon  the  Bodleian 
Library  and  welcomed  with  all  due  honour.  Heneage  Finch,  Judge 
Jeffreys,  Francis  Beaumont  (Beaumont  and  Fletcher),  Lord  Mansfield, 
William  Browne  (author  of  Britannia's  Pastorals],  William  Cowper 
(the  poet).  The  hall,  a  poor  mock  Gothic  building  as  "  restored  " 
in  1816,  was  demolished  in  1869,  and  the  present  more  spacious 
hall  erected  in  its  place  from  the  designs  of  Sydney  Smirke,  R.A. 
This  is  a  substantial  structure  of  Portland  stone,  Perpendicular 
in  style,  94  feet  long,  41  feet  wide,  and  40  feet  high  to  the  wall 
plate,  and  has  an  open  oak  roof  resembling  that  of  Westminster 
Hall.  The  fine  oriel  at  the  upper  end  is  filled  with  heraldic 
painted  glass.  Under  the  north  end  is  an  ancient  crypt,  which 
has  been  carefully  restored.  In  olden  times  the  Inner  Temple  Hall 
was  famous  for  its  revels  and  banquets.  The  revels  are  over  but  the 
banquets  are  still  given,  and  on  Grand  Days  with  much  state  and 


THE   TEMPLE  355 


ceremony.  When  Sir  Heneage  Finch,  afterwards  Lord  Chancellor 
Nottingham,  was  Reader  of  the  Society  of  the  Inner  Temple,  King 
Charles  II.  dined  with  him  in  Inner  Temple  Hall ;  an  honour,  it  is 
said,  never  before  granted  by  a  King  in  this  country.  The  last  Reader 
who  read  was  Sir  William  Whitelocke  in  i684.a 

The  last  revel  in  any  of  the  Inns  of  Court  was  in  the  Inner  Temple,  held  in 
honour  of  Mr.  Talbot,  when  he  took  leave  of  that  house,  of  which  he  was  a  bencher, 
on  having  the  Great  Seal  delivered  to  him.  A  friend,  who  was  present  during  the 
whole  entertainment,  obliged  me  with  the  following  account,  which,  with  some 
circumstances  supplied  by  another  gentleman  then  likewise  present,  seemed  worth 
adding  here,  by  way  of  comparison  with  those  in  former  times,  and  as  it  may 
probably  be  the  last  of  the  kind: — 

"On  the  2nd  of  February,  1733,  the  Lord  Chancellor  came  into  the  Inner 
Temple  Hall  about  two  of  the  clock,  preceded  by  the  Master  of  the  Revels  (Mr. 
Wollaston),  and  followed  by  the  Master  of  the  Temple  (Dr.  Sherlock),  then  Bishop 
of  Bangor,  and  by  the  Judges  and  Serjeants  who  had  been  members  of  that  house. 
There  was  a  very  elegant  dinner  provided  for  them  and  the  Lord  Chancellor's 
officers  ;  but  the  Barristers  and  Students  of  the  house  had  no  other  dinner  got  for 
them  than  what  is  usual  on  all  Grand  Days  ;  but  each  mess  had  a  flask  of  claret, 
besides  the  common  allowance  of  port  and  sack.  Fourteen  students  waited  on  the 
Bench  Table,  among  whom  was  Mr.  Talbot,  the  Lord  Chancellor's  eldest  son  ;  and 
by  their  means  any  sort  of  provision  was  easily  obtained  from  the  upper  table  by 
those  at  the  rest.  A  large  gallery  was  built  over  the  screen,  and  was  filled  with 
ladies,  who  came,  for  the  most  part,  a  considerable  time  before  the  dinner  began  ; 
and  the  music  was  placed  in  the  little  gallery,  at  the  upper  end  of  the  Hall,  and 
played  all  dinner  time. 

"  As  soon  as  dinner  was  ended  the  play  began,  which  was  Love  for  Love,  with  the 
farce  of  The  Devil  To  Pay.  The  actors  who  performed  in  them  all  came  from  the 
Haymarket,  in  chairs,  ready  dressed ;  and,  as  it  was  said,  refused  any  gratuity  for 
the  trouble,  looking  upon  the  honour  of  distinguishing  themselves  on  this  occasion  as 
sufficient. 

"  After  the  play  the  Lord  Chancellor,  the  Master  of  the  Temple,  the  Judges 
and  Benchers,  retired  into  their  Parliament  Chamber,  and  in  about  half  an  hour 
afterwards  came  into  the  Hall  again,  and  a  large  ring  was  formed  round  the  fire- 
place (but  no  fire  nor  embers  were  on  it) ;  then  the  Master  of  the  Revels,  who  went 
first,  took  the  Lord  Chancellor  by  the  right  hand,  and  he  with  his  left  took  Mr. 
J[ustice]  Page,  who,  joined  to  the  other  Judges,  Serjeants,  and  Benchers  present, 
danced,  or  rather  walked,  round  about  the  coal  fire,  according  to  the  old  ceremony, 
three  times,  during  which  they  were  aided  in  the  figure  of  the  dance  by  Mr.  George 
Cooke,  the  Prothonotary,  then  upwards  of  60 ;  and  all  the  time  of  the  dance  the 
ancient  song,  accompanied  with  music,  was  sung  by  one  Tony  Aston  [an  actor], 
dressed  in  a  bar  gown,  whose  father  had  been  formerly  Master  of  the  Plea  Office  in 
the  King's  Bench. 

' '  When  this  was  over,  the  ladies  came  down  from  the  gallery,  went  into  the 
Parliament  Chamber,  and  stayed  about  a  quarter  of  an  hour,  while  the  Hall  was 
putting  in  order  ;  then  they  went  into  the  Hall  and  danced  a  few  minutes  ;  country 
dances  began  about  ten,  and  at  twelve  a  very  fine  collation  was  provided  for  the 
whole  company  :  from  which  they  returned  to  dancing,  which  they  continued  as  long 
as  they  pleased  ;  and  the  whole  day's  entertainment  was  generally  thought  to  be  very 
genteelly  and  liberally  conducted.  The  Prince  of  Wales  honoured  the  performance 
with  his  company  part  of  the  time  :  he  came  into  the  music  gallery  wing  about  the 
middle  of  the  play,  and  went  away  as  soon  as  the  farce  of  walking  round  the  coal 
fire  was  over." — Wynne's  Eunomus,  ed.  1774,  vol.  iv.  p.  104. 

It  was  at  a  banquet  at  the  Inner  Temple  Hall  (July  6,  1 846)  that 

1  Pegge's  Cvridlia  Misc.,  p.  236. 


356  THE    TEMPLE 


Brougham  stole  a  famous  joke  of  Dr.  Arbuthnot's,  and  while  eulogising 
Lyndhurst  said,  in  allusion  to  Lord  Campbell's  presence,  that  "  to  an 
expiring  Chancellor,  Death  was  now  armed  with  a  new  terror."  Samuel 
Rogers  had  chambers  in  Paper  Buildings  [which  see].  The  reader  will 
not  forget  Charles  Lamb's  delightful  essay  on  "  The  Old  Benchers  of 
the  Inner  Temple,"  the  Inner  Temple  itself,  "the  most  elegant  spot  in 
the  metropolis,"  with  its  hall  and  library,  garden,  terrace,  and  fountain. 
THE  MIDDLE  TEMPLE  is  an  Inn  of  Court,  with  two  Inns  of 
Chancery  attached — New  Inn  and  Strand  Inn.  The  former  alone 
remains.  The  entrance  from  Fleet  Street  is  by  a  heavy  red  brick  front 
with  stone  dressings,  built  in  1684,  from  the  design  of  Sir  Christopher 
Wren,  in  place  of  the  old  portal  which  Sir  Amias  Paulet,  while  Wolsey's 
prisoner  in  the  gate-house  of  the  Temple,  "  had  re-edified  very  sumptu- 
ously; garnishing  the  same," says  Cavendish,  "on  the  outside  thereof,  with 
cardinal's  hats  and  arms,  and  divers  other  devices,  in  so  glorious  a  sort, 
that  he  thought  thereby  to  have  appeased  his  old  unkind  displeasure." 

He  [Wolsey]  layed  a  fine  upon  Sir  Amias  to  build  the  gate  of  the  Middle 
Temple  ;  the  arms  of  Pawlet  with  the  quarterings  are  in  glass  there  to  this  day 
[1680].  The  Cardinall's  armes  were,  as  the  storie  sayes,  on  the  outside  in  stone, 
but  time  has  long  since  defaced  that,  only  you  may  still  discerne  the  place ;  it  was 
carv'd  in  a  very  mouldering  stone. — Aubrey's  Lives,  vol.  iii.  p.  588. 

The  great  hall  of  the  Society,  known  as  "  Middle  Temple  Hall,"  was 
built  in  1572,  while  Plowden,  the  well  known  jurist,  was  treasurer  of 
the  Inn.  It  is  100  feet  long,  42  feet  wide,  and  47  feet  high,  and  is 
one  of  the  best  specimens  of  an  Elizabethan  hall  we  possess.  The 
roof,  put  up  in  1575,  open  hammer-beam  design  with  pendants,  is  the 
best  Elizabethan  roof  in  London.  The  screen,  a  very  rich  piece  of 
Renaissance  work,  is  said  to  have  been  formed  in  exact  imitation  of 
the  Strand  front  of  old  Somerset  House,  but  this  is  a  vulgar  error,  like 
the  tradition  which  relates  that  it  was  made  of  the  spoils  of  the  Spanish 
Armada,  the  records  of  the  Society  proving  that  it  was  set  up  thirteen 
years  before  the  Armada  put  to  sea.  Observe. — Busts  of  Lords  Eldon 
and  Stowell,  by  Behnes.  The  portraits  are  chiefly  copies,  and  not 
good.  The  exterior  was  dressed  with  stone,  in  wretched  taste,  in 
1757.  We  first  hear  of  Shakespeare's  Twelfth  Night  in  connection  with 
this  fine  old  hall,  a  student  of  the  Middle  Temple,  of  the  name  of 
Manningham,  making  the  following  entry  in  his  diary  : — 

February  2,  1601  [1601-1602]. — At  our  feast  we  had  a  play  called  Twelve  Night 
or  -what  you  "will.  Much  like  the  Comedy  of  Errors  ;  or  Menechmi  in  Plauttis  ;  but 
most  like  and  neere  to  that  in  Italian,  called  Inganni. — Harl.  MS.,  5353. 

Sir  John  Davies,  the  poet,  whose  Nosce  Teipsum  forms  one  of  the 
glories  of  Queen  Elizabeth's  reign,  was  expelled  the  Society  of  the 
Middle  Temple  for  thrashing  his  friend,  Mr.  Richard  Martin  (d.  1618), 
also  a  member  of  the  Inn,  during  dinner-time,  in  the  Middle  Temple 
Hall.  Davies  was  afterwards,  on  proper  submission,  re-admitted,  and 
Martin  is  still  remembered,  not  by  his  thrashing,  but  by  Ben  Jonson's 
noble  dedication  to  him  of  his  Poetaster.  It  deserves  to  be  mentioned, 


THE   TEMPLE  357 


in  illustration  of  the  revels  at  Christmas,  which  used  to  be  held  in  the 
halls  of  the  Inns  of  Court,  that  in  taking  up  the  floor  of  the  Middle 
Temple  Hall,  about  the  year  1764,  near  one  hundred  pair  of  dice  were 
found,  which  had  dropt,  on  different  occasions,  through  the  chinks  or 
joints  of  the  boards.  The  dice  were  very  small,  at  least  one  third 
less  than  those  now  in  use.  Members  of  this  Inn  are  summoned  to 
dinner  during  Term  by  sounding  a  horn. 

Prince  Henry.  Jack,  meet  me  to-morrow  in  the  Temple  Hall. 

Shakespeare,  First  Part  of  Henry  IV.,  Act  iii.  Sc.  I. 

On  Thursday,  the  loth  day  of  July,  1623,  after  our  supper  in  the  Middle  Temple 
Hall  ended,  with  another  utter-barrister  I  argued  a  moot  at  the  bench  to  the  great 
satisfaction  of  such  as  heard  me.  Two  gentlemen  under  the  bar  arguing  at  first  in 
law  French,  bareheaded,  as  I  did  myself  before  I  was  called  to  the  bar  at  the  cup- 
board.— D'Ewes,  vol.  i.  p.  232. 

On  Wensday  the  23  of  Febru.  1635,  the  Prince  d' Amours  gave  a  masque  to 
the  Prince  Elector  and  his  brother  in  the  Middle  Temple,  wher  the  Queene  [Hen- 
rietta Maria]  was  pleasd  to  grace  the  entertaynment,  by  putting  of  [off]  majesty  to 
putt  on  a  citizen's  habitt,  and  to  sett  upon  the  scaffold  on  the  right  hand  amongst 
her  subjects. — Sir  H.  Herbert  (Shak.  by  Boswell,  vol.  iii.  p.  237). 

Afanly.  I  hate  this  place  [Westminster  Hall]  worse  than  a  man  that  has  inherited 
a  Chancery  Suit. 

Freeman.  Methinks  'tis  like  one  of  their  halls  in  Christmas  time,  whither  from 
all  parts  fools  bring  their  money  to  try  by  the  dice  (not  the  worst  judges)  whether  it 
shall  be  their  own  or  no. — Wycherley,  The  Plain  Dealer,  410,  1676. 

The  Middle  Temple  Library,  erected  from  the  designs  of  Mr.  H.  R. 
Abraham,  was  opened  by  the  Prince  of  Wales,  October  31,  1861,  on 
which  occasion  his  Royal  Highness  was  called  to  the  Bar  and  admitted 
a  Bencher  of  the  Middle  Temple.  The  Library  is  Collegiate  Gothic  in 
style,  and  a  good  building,  but  looks  short  and  stilted  from  there  being 
two  floors  of  offices  beneath  the  great  hall.  This,  the  Library  proper, 
is  a  handsome  room  86  feet  long  (with  on  oriel  of  10  feet),  42  feet 
wide,  and  63  feet  high.  It  has  seven  tall  windows  on  each  side,  a  bay 
of  five  lights,  overlooking  the  Thames,  and  a  large  window  of  seven 
lights  on  the  north  filled  with  heraldic  glass.  The  open  timber  roof  is 
after  the  model  of  that  of  Westminster  Hall. 

The  regulations  for  admission,  call  to  the  Bar,  etc.,  are  similar  to 
those  of  the  other  Inns  of  Court.  [See  Inns  of  Court.] 

Eminent  Members. — Plowden ;  Sir  Walter  Raleigh  (who  calls  him- 
self "  Walter  Rawely  of  the  Middle  Temple  "  in  his  "  Commendation  " 
of  Gascoigne's  Steele  Glas,  circ.  1570);  Sir  Thomas  Overbury;  Sir 
John  Davies,  the  poet ;  John  Ford,  the  dramatist  (admitted  November 
16,  1602);  John  Pym  (admitted  April  23,  1602);  Lord  Chancellor 
Clarendon  (admitted  in  1625,  when  his  uncle,  Sir  Nicholas  Hyde,  was 
treasurer) ;  Bulstrode  Whitelocke  ;  Ireton  (Cromwell's  son-in-law) ; 
Evelyn  (admitted  February  13,  1636);  John  Aubrey,  the  antiquary 
(admitted  1646);  Lord  Keeper  Guildford  (admitted  November  27, 
1655);  Lord  Chancellor  Somers  ;  Wycherley;  Shad  well;  Congreve; 
Elias  Ashmole,  the  antiquary  (called  to  the  bar,  November  2,  1660); 
Southerne ;  Edmund  Burke ;  R.  B.  Sheridan ;  Sir  William  Blackstone  ; 


358  THE   TEMPLE 


Dunning  Lord  Ashburton  (d.  1783);  Lord  Chancellor  Eldon;  Lord 
Stowell ;  Thomas  Moore,  the  poet ;  Sir  Henry  Havelock,  the  Indian 
hero,  was  a  fellow-pupil  with  Judge  Talfourd  in  Chitty's  chambers  in 
the  Middle  Temple. 

Temple  Bar,  a  gateway  of  Portland  stone  which,  until  1878, 
separated  the  Strand  from  Fleet  Street.  The  first  mention  of  Temple 
Bar  occurs  in  1301  in  a  grant  of  land  in  the  parish  of  St.  Clement 
Danes,  extra  Barram  Novi  Templi.  At  that  time  the  gate  of  the  City 
was  Ludgate,  and  the  bar  or  chain  put  up  at  the  end  of  Fleet  Street  by 
the  Knights  Templars  marked  the  boundary  of  the,  territory  under  the 
control  of  the  City,  but  without  its  walls.  As  the  City  increased  in 
population  the  space  within  the  walls  became  too  limited,  and  these 
extra-mural  lands  were  put  under  the  control  of  the  ward  which  they 
adjoined ;  hence  the  without  and  within  added  to  the  names  of  certain 
of  the  wards. 

Temple  Bar  is  the  place  where  the  freedom  of  the  City  of  London  and  the  Liberty 
of  the  City  of  Westminster  doth  part  :  which  separation  was  anciently  only  Posts, 
Rails  and  a  Chain ;  such  as  now  are  at  Holbourn,  Smithfield  and  Whitechapel  Bars. 
Afterwards  there  was  a  House  of  Timber,  erected  cross  the  street,  with  a  narrow 
gateway,  and  an  entry  on  the  south  side  of  it  under  the  house. — Strype,  B.  iii.  p.  278. 

The  gate,  described  by  Strype,  of  which  a  drawing  is  given  in 
Hollar's  seven-sheet  Map  of  London,  was  taken  down  after  the  Great 
Fire,  and  a  new  Bar  erected  1670-1672  from  the  designs  of  Sir 
Christopher  Wren.  On  the  east  side,  in  niches,  were  the  statues  of 
King  James  I.  and  his  Queen,  Anne  of  Denmark,  and  on  the  west 
side  those  of  Charles  I.  and  Charles  II.,  all  by  John  Bushnell,  who 
died  in  1701.  This  gate  was  removed  in  the  winter  of  1878-1879, 
and  the  stones  (about  1000)  remained  exposed  to  the  weather  for  ten 
years.  The  work  of  re-erecting  Temple  Bar  at  the  entrance  to  Sir 
Henry  B.  Meux's  private  grounds,  Theobalds,  Waltham  Cross,  was 
completed  December  3,  1888.  There  was  an  old  custom  connected 
with  Temple  Bar  which  deserves  mention.  The  gates  were  invariably 
closed  by  the  City  authorities  whenever  the  Sovereign  had  occasion 
to  enter  the  City.  A  herald  sounded  a  trumpet  before  the  gate — 
another  herald  knocked — a  parley  ensued — the  gates  were  then  thrown 
open,  and  the  Lord  Mayor  for  the  time  being  made  over  the  sword  of 
the  City  to  the  Sovereign,  who  graciously  returned  it  to  the  Mayor. 
Stow  describes  in  his  Annales  a  scene  like  this,  when  Queen  Elizabeth 
was  on  her  way  to  St.  Paul's  to  return  thanks  for  the  defeat  of  the 
Armada. 

When  Cromwell  and  the  Parliament  dined  in  the  City  in  state,  on 
June  7,  1649,  tne  same  ceremony  was  observed;  the  Mayor,  says 
Whitelocke,  delivering  up  the  sword  to  the  Speaker,  "as  he  used  to  do 
to  the  King."  The  last  observance  01  this  ceremony  was  on  February 
27,  1872,  when  Queen  Victoria  went  to  St.  Paul's  to  the  Thanksgiving 
Service  for  the  recovery  of  the  Prince  of  Wales  from  typhoid  fever. 


TEMPLE  EXCHANGE   COFFEE-HOUSE  359 

At  many  periods  the  decorations  of  the  Gate  were  of  a  very  ghastly 
character.  The  mangled  remains  of  Sir  Thomas  Armstrong,  hanged 
at  Tyburn  June  20,  1684,  the  head  and  quarters  of  Sir  William  Parkins, 
and  the  quarters  of  John  Freind  were  among  the  early  ornaments  of  the 
present  Bar.  Armstrong  was  concerned  in  the  Rye  House  Plot;  Parkins 
and  Freind  in  the  assassination  Plot  against  William  III.  The  heads  of 
the  victims  of  the  fatal  "  45  "  were  the  last  placed  upon  the  Bar.  "  I  have 
been  this  morning  at  the  Tower,"  Walpole  writes  to  Montague,  August 
1 6,  1 746,  "and  passed  under  the  new  heads  at  Temple  Bar,  where  people 
make  a  trade  of  letting  spying-glasses  at  a  halfpenny  a  look."  "I  re- 
member," said  Johnson,1  "  once  being  with  Goldsmith  in  Westminster 
Abbey.  While  we  surveyed  the  Poets'  Corner,  I  said  to  him  : — 
Forsitan  et  nostrum  nomen  miscebitur  istis. 

When  we  got  to  the  Temple  Bar  he  stopped  me,  pointed  to  the  heads 
upon  it,  and  slily  whispered  me : — 

Forsitan  et  nostrum  nomen  miscebitur  istis." 

The  last  heads  which  remained  on  the  Bar  were  those  of  Townley 
and  Fletcher.2  "Yesterday,"  says  a  news-writer  of  April  i,  1772, 
"  one  of  the  rebels'  heads  on  Temple  Bar  fell  down.  There  is  only 
one  head  now  remaining."  This  last  head  fell  shortly  after.  The 
interior  of  the  Bar  was  leased  from  the  City  (at  a  yearly  rental  of  ^50) 
by  Messrs.  Child,  the  bankers,  as  a  repository  for  the  ledgers  and 
cash-books  of  their  house.  Pynson  the  printer  lived  here,  and  (see 
Fleet  Street)  his  first  work  states  in  the  colophon  that  it  was  printed 
"the  v  day  July  the  year  of  our  lord  god  1493  by  me  Richarde 
Pynson  at  the  Temple  barre  of  London." 

The  "Temple  Bar  Memorial,"  which  marks  the  site  of  the  old 
building,  was  unveiled,  September  8,  1880,  by  H.R.H.  the  late  Prince 
Leopold  (afterwards  Duke  of  Albany).  It  is  31  feet  6  inches  high, 
5  feet  wide,  and  7  feet  8  inches  long,  and  is  surmounted  by  a  bronze 
dragon  (commonly  styled  "  the  griffin  ")  by  C.  B.  Birch,  A.R.  A.  The 
architect  was  Sir  Horace  Jones,  and  the  marble  statues  of  the  Queen 
and  the  Prince  of  Wales  are  the  work  of  Mr.  (now  Sir  E.)  Boehm. 
The  portrait  medallions  on  the  east  and  west  sides  are  of  the  Prince  of 
Wales  and  Sir  Francis  Wyatt  Truscott,  Lord  Mayor.  The  last  of  the 
four  reliefs,  that  on  the  south  side,  representing  the  procession  of  the 
Queen  to  the  Guildhall  Banquet  on  November  9,  1837,  was  inserted 
in  place  in  December  1882,  thus  completing  the  memorial,  the  total 
cost  of  which  was  ;£  10,690  :  6  :  5. 

Temple  Church.     [See  The  Temple.] 

Temple  Exchange  Coffee-house,  near  TEMPLE  BAR.  Here  the 
Fire  of  London  stopped.  Four  of  Goldsmith's  letters  (in  1757-1758) 
are  dated  from  this  house,  which  ceased  to  be  a  coffee-house  about  the 
year  1810. 

1  Harwell,  by  Croker,  p.*2s8.  5  Ann.  Reg.,  fol.  1766,  p.  52. 


360  TEMPLE  STAIRS,   OR   TEMPLE  BRIDGE 

Temple  Stairs,  or  Temple  Bridge,  was  a  landing-place  extend- 
ing across  two  stone  arches  well  into  the  Thames,  within  the  Temple 
Grounds.1 

In  1 8  Jac.  [1621]  the  bridge  and  stairs  to  the  Thames  were  made. — Dugdale's 
Origines  Juridkialcs. 

We  were  no  sooner  come  to  the  Temple  Stairs  but  we  were  surrounded  with  a 
crowd  of  Watermen,  offering  us  their  respective  services.  Sir  Roger,  after  having 
looked  about  him  very  attentively,  spied  one  with  a  wooden  leg,  and  immediately 
gave  him  orders  to  get  his  boat  ready. — Spectator,  No.  283. 

For  some  time  there  appears  to  have  existed  a  right-of-way  through 
the  "Templegate  to  Tempelbrygge,"  and  in  1360  a  complaint  was  made 
against  the  possessors  of  the  Temple  for  preventing  the  use  of  this  way. 
The  petitioners  were  John  de  Hydyngham  and  eleven  others : — 

Who  say  upon  their  oath  that  time  out  of  mind  the  commonalty  of  the  city 
aforesaid  have  been  wont  to  have  free  ingress  and  egress  with  horses  and  carts,  from 
sunrise  to  sunset,  for  carrying  and  carting  all  manner  of  victuals  and  wares  therefrom 
to  the  water  of  Thames,  and  from  the  said  water  of  Thames  to  the  city  aforesaid, 
through  the  Great  Gate  of  the  Templars,  situate  within  Temple  Bar  in  the  Ward 
aforesaid,  in  the  suburb  of  London ;  and  that  the  possessors  of  the  Temple  were 
wont,  and  by  right  ought,  to  maintain  a  bridge  at  the  water  aforesaid. — Riley's 
Memorials,  p.  308. 

Tenison's  (Archbishop)  Chapel  is  situated  on  the  west  side  of 
King  Street,  Golden  Square.  The  approach  from  Regent  Street  is  by 
Chapel  Court,  formerly  called  Hide  Court.  In  Strype's  Stow,  1720, 
this  building  is  spoken  of  as  "  the  Chapel  of  Ease,  by  some  called  The 
Tabernacle."  It  had  a  front  in  Regent  Street,  which  was  designed  in 
1823  by  C.  R.  Cockerell,  architect,  and  was  turned  into  a  shop  about 
1861. 

February  19,  1693. — The  Bishop  of  Lincoln  [Tenison]  preached  in  the  after- 
noon at  the  Tabernacle  near  Golden  Square,  set  up  by  him. — Evelyn. 

December  3,  1693. — Mr.  Bentley  [the  great  critic]  preached  at  the  Tabernacle 
near  Golden  Square. — Evelyn. 

Tenison's  (Archbishop)  Grammar  School,  LEICESTER  SQUARE. 
The  school  was  founded  in  1685,  and  occupied  the  same  building  as 
Archbishop  Tenison's  Library.  It  was  removed  to  Leicester  Square 
when  Castle  Street  was  pulled  down,  and  it  now  occupies  the  site  of 
Hogarth's  house  and  the  Sabloniere  Hotel.  The  school  was  recon- 
stituted in  1871.  In  1887  the  income  from  payments  for  pupils  was 
^1320,  and  endowment  and  interest  only  ^220. 

Tenison's  (Archbishop)  Library,  CASTLE  STREET,  ST.  MARTIN'S 
LANE,  immediately  behind  the  National  Gallery,  founded  in  1684,  and 
partly  endowed  by  Dr.  Tenison,  then  vicar  of  St.  Martin's-in-the-Fields, 
and  afterwards  Archbishop  of  Canterbury.  The  origin  of  the  library  is 
related  by  Evelyn  : — 

February  15,1 683-1684. — Dr.  Tenison  communicated  to  me  his  intention  of  erecting 
a  Library  in  St.  Martin's  parish,  for  the  public  use,  and  desired  my  assistance,  with 

1  A  good  view  of  the  Temple  Stairs  is  given  in  the  Gentleman's  Magazine,  October  1768. 


THE   THAMES  361 


Sir  Christopher  Wren,  about  the  placing  and  structure  thereof.  A  worthy  and 
laudable  design,  lie  told  me  there  were  30  or  40  young  men  in  Orders  in  his  parish, 
either  governors  to  young  gentlemen,  or  chaplains  to  noblemen,  who  being  reproved 
by  him  on  occasion  Tor  frequenting  taverns  or  coffee-houses,  told  him  they  would 
study  or  employ  their  time  better  if  they  had  books.  This  put  the  pious  Doctor  on 
this  design. — Evelyn, 

t-\bniary  23,  1683-1684. — Afterwards  I  went  with  Sir  Christopher  Wren  to  Dr. 
Tenison,  where  we  made  the  drawing  and  estimate  of  the  expence  of  the  Library,  to 
be  begun  this  next  Spring  neere  the  Mewes. — Evelyn. 

The  library,  of  4000  volumes,  was  open  to  the  parishioners  of  St. 
Martin's-in-the-Fields  ;  St.  James's,  Westminster ;  St.  Anne's,  Soho ;  and 
St.  George's,  Hanover  Square.  An  early  Chaucer  MS.  was  the  chief 
treasure  of  the  collection ;  but  there  were  also  early  editions  of  Wiclif, 
Bacon,  and  other  old  writers,  and  copies  of  many  rare  and  valuable 
theological  works.  The  house  was  pulled  down  in  1861  to  make 
room  for  the  extension  of  the  National  Gallery;  and  the  MSS.  and 
printed  books  were,  by  order  of  the  Charity  Commissioners,  sold  by 
Messrs.  Sotheby  and  Wilkinson. 

Tennis  Court,  HOLBORN,  on  the  south  side  of  the  street,  nearly 
opposite  Gray's  Inn  Lane.  It  led  into  Southampton  Buildings,  but  is 
now  closed.  It  marks  the  site  of  the  Tennis  Court  of  Southampton 
House. 

Mr.  Julian  Marshall,  in  his  Annals  of  Tennis  (1878),  gives  a  curious 
list  of  fourteen  Tennis  Courts  in  London  in  1615  from  a  MS.  of  Lord 
Leconfield's  at  Petworth.  They  are  as  follows  :  Whitehall  (two,  covered 
and  uncovered),  Somerset  House,  Essex  House,  Fetter  Lane,  Fleet 
Street,  Blackfriars,  Southampton,  Charterhouse,  Powles  Chaine,  Abchurch 
Lane,  Lawrence  Pountney,  Fenchurch  Street  and  Crutched  Friars. 

Tennis  Court  Theatre,  SOUTHWARK. 

Afterwards  [1778]!  acted  for  a  few  nights  at  the  Tennis  Court  in  the  Borough,  which 
was  soon  shut  up  by  the  Surrey  Magistrates. — George  F.  Cooke,  Life,  vol.  i.  p.  26. 

There  is   still  a  place  named  Tennis   Court   between  56  and  57 
Newcomen  Street,  Borough. 

Terry's  Theatre,  105  and  106  STRAND,  was  built  in  1887  (Walter 
Emden,  architect).  The  accommodation  is  for  800  persons,  and 
special  arrangements  are  made  for  escape  in  case  of  fire,  and  the  total 
exit  accommodation  is  equal  to  3500  persons.  The  whole  building, 
including  the  roof,  is  constructed  of  concrete  and  iron,  no  wood  being 
used  in  the  auditorium  except  for  doors  and  windows. 

Thames  (The),  the  longest  of  our  rivers,  to  which  London  is  so 
largely  indebted  for  its  commercial  importance,  rises  on  the  south- 
eastern slopes  of  the  Cotswold  Hills,  and  after  an  easterly  course  of 
225  miles  in  length,  in  which  it  passes  Oxford,  Windsor,  Hampton 
Court,  Twickenham,  Richmond,  London  and  Greenwich,  etc.,  flows 
into  the  North  Sea  at  the  Nore,  a  distance  of  60  miles  below  London. 
The  derivation  of  the  word  Thames  was  for  a  long  time  almost 


362  THE    THAMES 


universally  misunderstood.  When  Spenser  in  his  Faerie  Quecne  made 
the  word  a  combination  of  Thame  and  Isis,  he  only  put  into  a  poetic 
form  the  idea  then  generally  current  that  this  river  only  bore  the  name 
Thames  after  the  confluence  of  the  Thame  and  Isis  at  Dorchester. 

Soon  after  whom  the  lovely  bridegroom  came, 
The  noble  Thames,  with  all  his  goodly  traine, 
But  him  before  there  went,  as  best  became, 
His  auncient  parents,  namely  th'  auncient  Thame  ; 
But  much  more  aged  was  his  wife  than  he, 
The  Ouze,  whom  men  do  Isis  rightly  name. 

Faerie  Queene,  B.  iv.  canto  xi.  stanza  24. 

Bishop  Gibson  in  his  Additions  to  Camden  first  pointed  out  the 
error  and  showed  that  Isis  is  quite  a  misnomer,  and  that  the  river  is 
the  Thames  from  its  source  to  its  mouth. 

Upon  this  first  mention  of  the  river  Thames,  it  will  not  be  improper  to  observe, 
that,  though  the  current  opinion  is  that  it  had  that  name  from  the  conjunction  of  the 
Thame  and  the  Isis,  it  plainly  appears  that  the  river  was  always  called  Thames  or 
Terns,  before  it  came  near  the  Thame.  For  instance,  in  an  ancient  charter  granted 
to  Abbot  Aldhelm,  there  is  particular  mention  made  of  certain  lands  upon  the  east 
part  of  the  river,  "  cujus  vocabulum  Temis,  juxta  vadum  qui  appellatur  Summerford  " 
(the  name  of  which  is  Thames,  near  the  ford  called  Somerford),  and  this  ford  is  in 
Wiltshire.  The  same  thing  appears  from  several  other  charters  granted  to  the  Abbot 
of  Malmesbury,  as  well  as  that  of  Evesham ;  and  from  old  deeds  relating  to  Crick- 
lade.  And,  perhaps,  it  may  with  safety  be  affirmed,  that  in  any  charter  or  authentic 
history  it  does  not  ever  occur  under  the  name  of  Isis,  which,  indeed,  is  not  so  much 
as  heard  of  but  among  scholars  ;  the  common  people  all  along  from  the  head  of  it  to 
Oxford  calling  it  by  no  other  name  but  that  of  Thames.  So  also  the  Saxon  Tamese 
(from  whence  our  Terns  immediately  comes)  is  a  plain  evidence  that  people  never 
dreamt  of  any  such  conjunction.  But  further,  all  our  historians  who  mention  the 
incursions  of  Aethelwold  into  Wiltshire,  A.D.  905,  or  of  Canute,  A.D.  1016,  tell  us 
that  they  passed  over  the  Thames  at  Cricklade. — Gibson's  Camden ]s  Britannia,  vol. 
i.  p.  194,  ed.  1772. 

The  scholarly  name  Isis  for  the  upper  river  was  probably  taken  from 
the  ending  of  the  Latin  form  Tamesis  or  Tamisis. 

From  London  Bridge  to  King's  Head  Stairs,  at  Rotherhithe,  is  called 
the  Upper  Pool ;  from  thence  to  Cuckold's  Point,  the  Lower  Pool ; 
thence  to  Deptford,  Limehouse  Reach  ;  thence  to  Enderby's  Rope- 
house,  Greenwich  Reach ;  thence  to  Blackwall  Point,  Blackwall  Reach. 
At  very  high  tides,  and  after  long  easterly  winds,  the  water  at  London 
Bridge  is  very  often  brackish.  Spenser  calls  it  "  The  silver-streaming 
Thames;"  Middleton  and  Herrick,  "The  silver-footed  Thamasis." 
Denham  has  sung  its  praises  in  some  noble  couplets  : — 

O  could  I  flow  like  thee,  and  make  thy  stream 
My  great  example,  as  it  is  my  theme  ! 
Though  deep  yet  clear,  though  gentle  yet  not  dull, 
Strong  without  rage,  without  o'erflowing  full. 

SIR  JOHN  DENHAM. 

and  Pope  described  its  banks  with  the  accuracy  of  a  Dutch  painter  in 
his  ludicrous  imitation  of  Spenser's  manner. 

I  take  it  ill  you  should  say  anything  against  the  Mole  ;  it  is  a  reflection,  I  see, 
cast  at  the  Thames.  Do  you  think  that  rivers  which  have  lived  in  London  and  its 


THE    THAMES  363 


neighbourhood  all  their  days,  will  run  roaring  and  tumbling  about  like  your  Tra- 
montane torrents  in  the  North.  No,  they  only  glide  and  whisper.  —  Gray  (the  poet) 
to  Mr.  Wharton,  August  13,  1754. 

The  morning  was  fair  and  bright,  and  we  had  a  passage  thither  [from  London  to 
Gravesend]  I  think  as  pleasant  as  can  be  conceived  ;  for  take  it  with  all  its  advan- 
tages, particularly  the  number  of  fine  ships  you  are  always  sure  of  seeing  by  the  way, 
there  is  nothing  to  equal  it  in  all  the  rivers  of  the  world.  The  yards  of  Deptford  and 
Woolwich  are  noble  sights.  .  .  .  We  saw  likewise  several  Indiamen  just  returned 
from  their  voyage.  .  .  .  The  colliers  likewise,  which  are  very  numerous  and  even 
assemble  in  fleets,  are  ships  of  great  bulk  ;  and  if  we  descend  to  those  used  in  the 
American,  African,  and  European  trades,  and  pass  through  those  which  visit  our  own 
coasts,  to  the  small  craft  that  plie  between  Chatham  and  the  Tower,  the  whole  forms 
a  most  pleasing  object  to  the  eye,  as  well  as  highly  warming  to  the  heart  of  an 
Englishman,  who  has  any  degree  of  love  for  his  country,  or  can  recognise  any  effect 
of  the  patriot  in  his  constitution. — Fielding,  A  Voyage  to  Lisbon. 

An  alderman  of  London  reasonably  (as  methought)  affirmed  that  although 
London  received  great  nourishment  by  the  residence  of  the  prince,  the  repair  of  the 
parliament  and  the  courts  of  justice,  yet  it  stood  principally  by  the  advantage  of  the 
situation  upon  the  river  ;  for  when,  as  on  a  time,  it  was  told  him  by  a  courtier  that 
Queen  Mary,  in  her  displeasure  against  London,  had  appointed  to  remove  with  the 
parliament  and  term  to  Oxford,  this  plain  man  demanded  whether  she  meant  also 
to  divert  the  river  Thames  from  London  or  no  ?  and  when  the  gentleman  had 
answered  "No;"  "Then,"  quoth  the  alderman,  "by  God's  grace  we  shall  do 
well  enough  at  London  whatsoever  become  of  the  term  and  parliament. — An  Apology 
for  the  City  of  London :  in  Stow's  Survey,  1598. 

Queen  Elizabeth    died   at  Richmond,  and  her  body  was  brought 
with  great  pomp  by  water  to  Whitehall : — 

The  Queen  was  brought  by  water  to  Whitehall  ; 
At  every  stroke  the  oars  did  tears  let  fall  : 
More  clung  about  the  barge  ;  fish  under  water 
Wept  out  their  eyes  of  pearl,  and  swum  blind  after. 
I  think  the  bargemen  might  with  easier  thighs 
Have  rowed  her  thither  in  her  people's  eyes. 
For  howsoe'er,  thus  much  my  thoughts  have  scan'd 
Sh'ad  come  by  water,  had  she  come  by  land. 

Contemporary  Epitaph,  in  Camden's  Remains,  p.  388. 

Cowley  died  at  Chertsey,  on  the  Thames,  and  his  body  was  carried 
by  water  to  Whitehall : — 

Oh,  early  lost  !  what  tears  the  river  shed 
When  the  sad  pomp  along  his  banks  was  led, 

Pope,  Windsor  Forest. 

Nelson's  body  was  brought  in  great  state  by  water  from  Greenwich  to 
Whitehall.  State  prisoners,  committed  from  the  Council  Chamber  to 
the  Tower  or  the  Fleet,  were  invariably  taken  by  water.  The  Thames, 
that  carried,  in  the  reign  of  James  II.,  the  seven  bishops  to  the  Tower, 
was  made  the  repository  of  the  Great  Seal  of  England,  which  James, 
in  his  flight,  threw  into  the  river  while  crossing  in  a  small  boat  from 
Millbank  to  Lambeth.  It  was  accidentally  fished  up  a  few  months 
after.  The  Thames  was  frozen  over  in  the  winters  of  1564,  1608, 
1634-1635,  1683-1684,  1715-1716,  1739-1740,  1789,  and  1814. 
The  frost  of  1683-1684  is  known  as  Frost  or  Blanket  Fair,  and  was 
kept  with  peculiar  honours,  such  as  the  establishment  of  a  printing- 
press  and  the  roasting  of  an  ox  whole. 


364  THE   THAMES 


The  weather  is  so  very  sharp  and  the  frost  so  great,  that  the  river  here  is  quite 
frozen  over,  so  that  for  these  three  days  last  past,  people  have  gone  over  it,  in  several 
places,  and  many  booths  are  built  on  it  between  Lambeth  aud  Westminster,  where 
they  roast  meat  and  sell  drink. — The  Duke  of  York  (James  II.)  to  the  Prince  of 
Orange  (William  III.),  January  4,  1683-1684. 

There  is  little  chance  of  the  Thames  being  frozen  over  again,  since  the 
removal  of  Old  London  Bridge,  whose  piers,  by  obstructing  the  passage 
of  the  floating  ice,  caused  it  to  coagulate  into  one  mass ;  the  current 
likewise  is  so  much  stronger  since  the  bridge  was  removed  and  the 
river  embanked  for  a  considerable  distance.  The  bridges  were  opened 
to  the  public  in  the  following  order  :  Old  London  in  1209  ;  Old  West- 
minster in  1 750  ;  Old  Blackfriars  in  1769  ;  Old Battersea  in  1 77 1  ;  Vaux- 
hall  in  1 8 1 6  ;  Waterloo  in  1817;  South wark  in  1819;  New  London  in 
1831  ;  Hungerford  Suspension  in  1846  ;  Chelsea  Suspension  in  1856  ; 
Lambeth  in  1862  ;  Charing  Cross  (which  replaced  Hungerford  Bridge) 
in  1863  ;  New  Westminster  in  1862  ;  New  Blackfriars  in  1869  ;  Albert 
Suspension  in  1873;  and  New  Battersea  in  1890.  The  Thames 
Tunnel  was  opened  in  1843.  [See  all  these  names.]  Taylor,  the 
Water  Poet,  was  a  licensed  sculler  or  waterman  on  the  Thames  in  the 
reign  of  James  I.  The  scene  of  Dryden's  Essay  on  Dramatic  Poesy  is 
laid  on  a  boat  on  the  Thames  at  London.  It  was  on  August  i,  1716, 
that  Doggett,  the  actor,  first  gave  "an  orange-coloured  livery  with  a 
badge  representing  Liberty,"  to  be  rowed  for  by  six  watermen  that  are 
out  of  their  time  within  the  year  past,  "  they  are  to  row  from  London 
Bridge  to  Chelsea,"  the  gift  being  in  honour  of  the  accession  of  the 
house  of  Hanover,  and  "  it  will  be  continued,"  as  he  announced, 
"annually  on  the  same  day  for  ever,"  a  continuance  for  which  he 
made  due  provision  in  his  will.  The  first  regatta  seen  in  this  country 
took  place  on  the  Thames  before  Ranelagh  Gardens,  June  23,  1775. 
The  first  steamboat  seen  on  the  Thames  was  in  1816.  The  Thames 
was  formerly  famous  for  its  water  dialect,  or  mob  language,  one  of 
the  privileges  of  the  river  assumed  by  watermen,  of  which  Ned  Ward 
and  Tom  Brown  have  both  left  specimens,  and  of  which  Fielding 
complains  so  touchingly  in  his  voyage  to  Lisbon. 

Leatherhead.  There's  no  talking  to  these  watermen,  they  will  have  the  last  word. 
— Ben  Jonson. 

May  14,  1669. — My  wife  and  I  by  water,  with  my  brother,  as  high  as  Fulham, 
talking  and  singing  and  playing  the  rogue  with  the  western  bargemen,  about  the 
women  of  Woolwich  which  mads  them.  [See  also  May  28,  1669.] — Pepys. 

Many  ladies  will  take  a  broad  jest  cheerfully  as  from  the  watermen.— Wycherley, 
Dedication  of  Plain  Dealer. 

To  the  knight's  great  surprise,  as  he  gave  the  good  night  to  two  or  three  young 
fellows  a  little  before  our  landing,  one  of  them  instead  of  returning  the  civility  asked 
us  what  green  old  Put  we  had  in  the  boat,  and  whether  he  was  not  ashamed  to  go  a 
wenching  at  his  years  ?  with  a  great  deal  of  the  like  Thames  ribaldry.  Sir  Roger 
seemed  a  little  shocked  at  first,  but  at  length  assuming  a  face  of  magistracy  told  us, 
That  if  he  were  a  Middlesex  Justice  he  would  make  such  vagrants  know  that  her 
Majesty's  subjects  were  to  be  no  more  abused  by  water  than  by  land. — The  Spectator, 
No.  383. 

It  is  well-known  that  there  was  formerly  a  rude  custom  for  those  who  were  sail- 


THE    THAMES  365 


ing  upon  the  Thames  to  accost  each  other  as  they  passed  in  the  most  abusive 
language  they  could  invent ;  generally  however  with  as  much  satirical  humour 
as  they  were  capable  of  producing.  Johnson  was  once  eminently  successful  in  this 
species  of  contest.  A  fellow  having  attacked  him  with  some  coarse  raillery,  Johnson 
answered  him  thus,  "  Sir,  your  wife,  under  pretence  of  keeping  a  bawdy  house,  is  a 
receiver  of  stolen  goods." — Boswell. 

The  sewerage  of  London,  and  the  restless  state  of  the  stream  from  the 
number  of  steamboats  passing  up  and  down,  have  materially  contri- 
buted to  poison  the  purity  of  the  water.  Yet  the  Thames  was  once 
famous  for  its  fish.  "What  should  I  speake,"  says  Harrison,  in  1586, 
"  of  the  fat  and  sweet  salmons,  daily  taken  in  this  streame,  and  that  in 
such  plentie  (after  the  time  of  the  smelt  be  past)  as  no  river  in  Europe 
is  able  to  exceed  it."  x  The  first  salmon  of  the  season  was  invariably 
carried  to  the  King's  table,  by  the  fishermen  of  the  Thames ;  and  a 
sturgeon  caught  below  London  Bridge  was  carried  to  the  table  of  the 
Lord  Mayor ;  if  above  bridge,  to  the  table  of  the  King  or  Lord  High 
Admiral.2  Evelyn  records  the  curious  circumstance  that  a  whale  58 
feet  in  length  was  killed  in  the  Thames  between  Deptford  and  Green- 
wich on  June  3,  1658.  The  wind  had  been  blowing  northerly  for 
nearly  six  months.  Now,  however,  it  is  very  different ;  a  salmon  has 
not  been  taken  in  the  Thames  for  many  years ;  and  the  produce  of  the 
river  in  and  near  London  is  confined  to  flounders,  eels,  and  whitebait. 
The  eels  are  small,  but  sweet ;  and  the  whitebait  is  almost  peculiar 
to  the  Thames.  [See  Blackwall;  York  House.]  The  fishing-tackle 
shops  in  Crooked  Lane,  leading  to  Old  Swan  Stairs,  where  the 
Thames  fishermen  lived  who  attended  on  the  London  disciples  of 
Izaak  Walton  were  famous,  but  the  shoals  of  roach  that  frequented 
the  starlings  of  Old  London  Bridge  were  of  rare  occurrence  before 
the  removal  of  the  bridge,  and  are  now  no  longer  to  be  seen. 
The  impurity  of  the  stream  has  driven  bathers  away — yet  it  was  once 
very  different.  Lord  Northampton,  in  the  reign  of  Charles  L,  was 
taken  ill  of  the  colic,  of  which  he  died,  while  washing  himself  in  the 
Thames,  after  he  had  waited  on  the  King  at  supper,  and  had  supped 
himself.  Blood  concealed  himself  among  the  reeds  at  Battersea,  in 
order  to  shoot  King  Charles  II.  while  bathing  in  the  Thames  over 
against  Chelsea.  One  of  the  darling  recreations  of  Sir  Dudley  North 
was  swimming  in  the  Thames. 

He  used  that  so  much,  that  he  became  quite  a  master  of  it.  He  could  live  in 
the  water  an  afternoon  with  as  much  ease  as  others  walk  upon  land.  He  shot  the 
bridge  [old  London  Bridge]  divers  times  at  low  water,  which  showed  him  not  only 
active,  but  intrepid  ;  for  courage  is  required  to  bear  the  very  sight  of  that  tremendous 
cascade,  which  few  can  endure  to  pass  in  a  boat. — Roger  North's  Lives  of  the  Norths, 
8vo,  1826,  vol.  ii.  p.  294. 

The  polite  Earl  of  Chesterfield  directed  a  letter  to  Lord  Pembroke 
(the  collector),  who  was  always  swimming,  "  To  the  Earl  of  Pembroke, 
in  the  Thames,  over  against  Whitehall."3  "Last  week,"  says  Lord 

1  Harrison's  Description  of  England  before       21,  1607;  Dugdale's  Troubles,  fol.  1681,  p.  580. 
Holinshcd,  ed.  1586,  p.  46.  a  Walpole    to  Lady  Craven,    November  27, 

-  MS.  in  Lord  Steward's  office,  dated  February       1786. 


366  THE    THAMES 


Byron,  the  poet,  in  a  letter  dated  August  n,  1807,  "I  swam  in  the 
Thames  from  Lambeth  through  the  two  bridges,  Westminster  and 
Blackfriars,  a  distance,  including  the  different  turns  and  tacks  made 
on  the  way,  of  three  miles."  The  London  visitor  should  make  a  point 
of  descending  the  Thames  by  a  steamboat  from  Chelsea  to  Blackwall 
(the  work  of  an  hour  and  a  half),  and  of  observing  the  following  places, 
principally  on  the  left  or  Middlesex  bank  :  Chelsea  Old  Church,  Chelsea 
Hospital,  Vauxhall  Bridge  ;  Penitentiary  ;  (right)  St.  Thomas's  Hospital ; 
Lambeth  Palace ;  (left)  church  of  St.  John's,  Westminster,  and  Houses 
of  Parliament,  Westminster  Bridge;  York  Water-gate,  the  Adelphi 
Terrace  (Garrick's  house  is  the  centre  one),  Waterloo  Bridge ;  Somerset 
House,  Temple  Gardens,  and  roof  of  Middle  Temple  Hall,  St. 
Bride's  Church — the  steeple  one  of  Wren's  great  works ;  Whitefriars, 
the  site  of  Alsatia,  Blackfriars  Bridge  ;  here  is  a  very  fine  view  of  St. 
Paul's  and  the  City  churches ;  observe  how  grandly  Bow  steeple,  with 
its  dragon  on  the  top,  towers  above  them  all,  and  commands  attention 
by  the  harmony  of  its  proportions ;  Southwark  Bridge ;  here  the  right 
or  Surrey  side,  commonly  called  the  Bankside,  becomes  interesting 
from  its  fine  associations — here  stood  the  Globe  Theatre,  the  Bear 
Garden  and  Winchester  House,  and  (right)  here  is  the  church  of  St. 
Saviour's,  Southwark.  You  now  pass  under  London  Bridge,  and  should 
observe  (left)  the  steeple  of  St.  Magnus  and  the  Monument.  Here  begins 
the  Pool.  Observe. — (left)  The  Tower,  St.  Katherine's  Docks ;  (right) 
Rotherhithe  Church ;  here  you  pass  over  the  Thames  Tunnel ;  (right) 
Greenwich  Hospital,  one  of  Wren's  great  masterpieces ;  the  Observatory 
at  Greenwich,  Blackwall  Reach,  etc.  [See  all  these  places,  Greenwich 
excepted.  See  also  Folly ;  Pool ;  Cuckold's  Point,  etc.] 

Thames  Embankment  (The.)  The  embanking  of  the  Thames 
formed  a  part  of  Sir  Christopher  Wren's  scheme  for  the  rebuilding  of 
London  after  the  Great  Fire,  and  since  then  has  figured  in  most  large 
plans  of  London  improvements,  but  it  was  only  in  1862  that  a  Bill 
was  obtained  and  the  necessary  works  commenced  by  the  Metropolitan 
Board  of  Works  for  the  construction  of  an  embankment  on  the  north 
bank  of  the  river  from  Blackfriars  Bridge  to  Westminster  Bridge. 
Since  then  two  further  embankments,  on  the  south  bank  from 
Westminster  Bridge  to  Vauxhall,  and  on  the  north  bank  from  Battersea 
Bridge  to  Chelsea  Bridge,  have  been  constructed. 

The  Victoria  Embankment,  the  official  name  given  to  the  northern 
embankment  between  Blackfriars  and  Westminster  Bridges,  was 
commenced  in  1862  and  opened  in  1870  by  the  Prince  of  Wales  as 
the  representative  of  the  Queen.  This  magnificent  piece  of  engineering, 
designed  by  and  carried  out  under  the  supervision  of  Sir  Joseph 
Bazalgette,  engineer  to  the  Metropolitan  Board  of  Works,  consists  of  a 
solid  granite  river  wall  8  feet  thick,  with  foundations  carried  down  from 
1 6  to  30  feet  below  low-water  mark.  About  i£  mile  in  length,  backed 
by  a  roadway  100  feet  wide  and  following  the  easy  curve  of  the  river, 
with  Blackfriars  Bridge  at  the  one  end  and  the  Houses  of  Parliament 


THE    THAMES  EMBANKMENT  367 

at  the  other,  Waterloo  Bridge  and  Somerset  House  midway,  and  all 
along  the  wide  and  animated  Thames,  the  Victoria  Embankment  forms 
perhaps  the  finest  and  most  characteristic  roadway  in  the  metropolis. 
Underneath  the  roadway  runs  the  Metropolitan  District  Railway,  and 
between  this  and  the  wall  itself  are  carried  two  tunnels,  the  lower  the 
great  intercepting  or  low-level  sewer  of  the  main  drainage  system,  the 
upper  for  water  and  gas  pipes  and  telegraph  wires,  which  can  thus  be 
repaired  without  necessitating  the  breaking  up  of  the  roadway.  From 
the  river  the  Embankment  is  marked  by  the  simplicity  and  dignity 
befitting  such  a  work.  Beyond  the  massive  bronze  lions'  heads,  holding 
large  mooring-rings,  which  are  placed  on  the  pedestals  at  intervals  of 
60  feet,  the  ornament  is  reserved  for  the  landing-places.  And  even 
here,  with  the  exception  of  the  proposed  sculptural  groups,  it  is  wholly 
constructional.  The  cost  was  about  ,£2, 000,000.  The  space  gained 
from  the  river,  and  which  was  formerly  at  low  tide  a  pestiferous  slime, 
varies  in  width  from  200  10.450  feet,  and  amounts  to  about  30  acres. 
A  part  of  this  reclaimed  land  has  been  laid  out  as  public  gardens,  and 
in  them  have  been  erected  various  statues  of  public  men,  none  of 
which,  however,  call  for  special  notice.  The  Embankment  is  gradually 
becoming  lined  with  more  or  less  pretentious  buildings,  both  public  and 
private.  At  the  Blackfriars  end  is  the  large  building  occupied  by  De 
Keyser's  Royal  Hotel ;  a  little  farther  along  we  come  to  the  new  City 
of  London  School  and  Sion  College  ;  then  follow  the  offices  of  the 
London  School  Board ;  the  Examination  Hall  of  the  Royal  Colleges 
of  Physicians  and  Surgeons,  the  Savoy  Hotel,  and  other  new  buildings 
occupied  as  offices.  At  the  corner  of  the  new  approach,  Northumber- 
land Avenue  (which  see),  is  the  Avenue  Theatre  (opened  in  March 
1882);  and  at  the  Westminster  Bridge  end  were  for  many  years  the 
unfinished  walls  of  the  ill-fated  Grand  Opera  House.  The  new 
Police  Offices,  to  be  called  New  Scotland  Yard,  are  now  (1890)  in 
course  of  completion.  At  the  foot  of  Cecil  Street  stands  the  Egyptian 
obelisk,  or  so  called  Cleopatra's  Needle,  presented  to  the  English 
Government  by  Mehemet  Ali,  but,  owing  to  the  difficulty  of  removal, 
it  was  allowed  to  remain  lying  in  the  sand  of  Alexandria  until  1877, 
when  the  public-spirited  munificence  of  Sir  Erasmus  Wilson  (who  spent 
,£10,000  for  the  purpose)  and  the  engineering  skill  of  Mr.  Dixon 
succeeded  in  removing  all  difficulties  and  transferring  the  unwieldy 
gift  to  its  present  site  on  the  Embankment. 

Together  with  its  broad  and  handsome  approach  on  the  City  side — 
Queen  Victoria  Street — the  Victoria  Embankment  opens  up  a  wide  and 
convenient  roadway  from  the  heart  of  the  City  to  the  seat  of  Legislature 
at  Westminster. 

The  Albert  Embankment,  on  the  south  side  of  the  river  from 
Westminster  Bridge  to  Vauxhall,  is  almost  identical  in  character  and 
equal  in  dignity  and  grandeur  with  that  just  described.  It  was  opened 
in  1870,  is  about  4300  feet  long,  with  a  roadway  60  feet  wide,  and  was 
constructed  at  a  cost  of  a  little  over  ;£i, 000,000.  Flanking  the 


368  THE   THAMES  EMBANKMENT 

Westminster  end  of  this  embankment  is  the  imposing  range  of  buildings 
forming  St.  Thomas's  Hospital,  but  after  passing  Lambeth  Palace  and 
Doulton's  Pottery  Works  there  is  nothing  worthy  of  note. 

The  Chelsea  Embankment,  from  Battersea  Bridge  to  Chelsea  Bridge, 
was  finished  in  1874.  It  is  faced  with  mill-stone  grit  towards  the  river, 
is  about  a  mile  long,  and  cost  about  .£250,000.  Underneath  the  road- 
way is  the  main  sewer. 

Thames  Street,  on  the  north  bank  of  the  THAMES,  stretches  from 
Blackfriars  Bridge  to  the  Tower,  and  is  rather  more  than  a  mile  in 
length.  That  part  of  the  street  below  London  Bridge  is  called  Lower 
Thames  Street,  that  above,  Upper  Thames  Street.  The  eastern  end 
of  Thames  Street  was  sometimes  called  Petty  Wales  (which  see),  and 
also  occasionally  Galley  Row.1  That  part  of  Thames  Street  which  lies 
in  Bridge  Ward  formerly  bore  the  name  of  Stockfishmonger  Row. 

Some  excavations  made  for  sewers  in  Thames  Street  led  to  discoveries  which 
confirm  the  truth  of  Fitz  Stephen's  assertion  that  London  was  formerly  walled  on  the 
water  side,  and  although  in  his  time  the  wall  was  no  longer  standing,  at  least  in  an 
entire  state,  there  was  probably  enough  lefl  to  trace  its  course  by.  This  wall  was 
first  noticed  at  the  foot  of  Lambeth  Hill,  forming  an  angle  with  Thames  Street, 
and  extending,  with  occasional  breaks,  to  Queenhithe ;  and  some  walling  of  similar 
character,  probably  a  part  of  the  above,  has  been  noticed  in  Thames  Street,  opposite 
Queen  Street.  It  was  from  eight  to  ten  feet  thick,  and  about  eight  deep,  reckoning 
the  top  at  nine  feet  from  the  present  street  level,  and  composed  of  ragstone  and  flint, 
with  alternate  layers  of  red  and  yellow,  plain  and  curve-edged  tiles,  cemented  by 
mortar,  as  firm  and  hard  as  the  tiles,  from  which  it  could  not  be  separated.  For 
the  foundation  strong  oaken  piles  were  used,  upon  which  was  laid  a  stratum  of  chalk 
and  stones,  and  then  a  course  of  hewn  sand-stones,  from  three  to  four  feet  long,  by 
two  and  a  half  in  width. — C.  Roach  Smith,  Arch.  Journal,  vol.  i.  p.  114. 

I  had  rather  live  all  my  days  among  the  cheesemongers'  shops  in  Thames  Street, 
than  pass  such  another  spring  in  this  filthy  country. — The  Connoisseur,  June  13, 
1754- 

John  Chaucer,  the  poet's  father,  was  a  vintner  in  Thames  Street,  and 
the  poet  himself  lived  there  for  many  years.  In  the  1 4th  century  the 
river  front  of  Thames  Street  exhibited  numerous  handsome  buildings, 
but  these  were  destroyed  by  the  fire  and  not  rebuilt. 

March  19,  1668. — Walked  all  along  Thames  Street,  which  I  have  not  done  since 
it  was  burned,  as  far  as  Billingsgate ;  and  there  do  see  a  brave  street  likely  to  be, 
many  brave  houses  being  built,  and  of  them  a  great  many  by  Mr.  Jaggard  ;  but  the 
raising  of  the  street  will  make  it  mighty  fine. — Pepys. 

In  Thames  Street  stood  formerly  Baynard's  Castle,  and  the  Steel- 
yard (which  see). 

Obseive — In  Upper  Thames  Street,  walking  eastward  to  The  Tower : 
church  of  St.  Benet,  Paul's  Wharf,  rebuilt  after  the  fire,  by  Wren  :  here 
Inigo  Jones  is  buried ;  churchyard  of  St.  Peter's,  Paul's  Wharf  (this 
church  was  destroyed  in  the  Great  Fire,  and  not  rebuilt) ;  Trig  Lane  ; 
Castle  Baynard  (name  alone) ;  Broken  Wharf ;  Queenhithe  ;  warehouse, 
No.  46,  as  a  successful  adaptation  of  Gothic  to  ordinary  business  pur- 
poses, architect  W.  Burges.  Church  of  St.  James,  Garlickhithe  ;  Vintner? 

1  Stow,  p.  52. 


THATCHED  HOUSE  CLUB  369 

I  Fall ;  College  Hill ;  Dowgate  ;  Allhallows  the  Great ;  Coldharbour  ; 
Steelyard;  Stiff  oik  Lane ;  Lawrence  Poultney  Hill ;  Old  Swan  Stairs 
(here  was  the  Shades,  at  London  Bridge,  noted  for  the  excellent  flavour 
of  its  wines  and  its  moderate  charges).  Here  the  street  passes  under 
London  Bridge.  Observe — In  Lower  Thames  Street,  Fish  Street  Hill, 
church  of  St.  Magnus  (built  by  Wren);  Pudding  Lane  (where  the 
Great  Fire  of  1666  broke  out);  Botolph  Lane,  so  called  from  the 
church  of  St.  Botolph,  destr  oyed  in  the  Great  Fire ;  Billingsate  ;  St. 
Mary-at-Hill  (so  called  from  the  church  on  the  hill,  on  the  left  as 
you  ascend) ;  church  of  St.  Dunstari s-in-the-East  (built  by  Wren) ; 
Custom  House  ;  the  Tower. 

Thames  Subway.    [See  Tower  Subway.] 

Thames  Tunnel  (two  miles  below  London  Bridge).  A  tunnel 
1300  feet  in  length  and  35  feet  in  width,  beneath  the  bed  of  the  river 
Thames,  connecting  Wapping  on  the  left  side  of  the  river  with  Rother- 
hithe,  or  Redriff,  on  the  right  This  work  was  projected  and  carried 
out  under  enormous  difficulties  by  Sir  Mark  Isambard  Brunei.  It  was 
commenced  in  January  1825,  closed  for  seven  years  by  an  inundation; 
recommenced  in  1835  and  opened  for  public  traffic  March  25,  1843. 
It  cost  over  ^600,000,  of  which  .£270,000  was  lent  by  Government. 
Only  about  .£100,000  of  this  advance  was  repaid,  and  a  Treasury 
Warrant  remitted  the  balance  of  over  ,£150,000.  As  a  footway  for 
passengers  this  tunnel  never  more  than  paid  the  bare  expenses  of  work- 
ing, and  was  sold  in  1865  to  the  East  London  Railway  Company  for 
,£200,000.  Sloping  approaches  were  added  by  this  Company,  and  trains 
now  run  through  the  Tunnel,  connecting  the  Great  Eastern  and  other 
lines  north  of  the  Thames  with  the  Brighton  and  those  on  the  south. 
The  Tunnel  consists  of  two  arched  passages  1200  feet  long,  14  feet 
wide,  i6|  feet  high,  separated  by  a  wall  of  brick  4  feet  thick,  with  64 
arched  openings  in  it.  The  crown  of  the  arch  is  1 6  feet  below  the 
bottom  of  the  river. 

Thanet  House,  ALDERSGATE  STREET. 

And  the  7  day  of  May  1664,  being  Saturdaie,  about  3  o'clock  in  the  morning 
dyed  my  sonne-in-law  John  Tufton  Earle  of  Thanet  in  his  house  called  Thanet 
House,  in  Aldersgate  Street  at  London  in  those  lodgings  that  look  towards  the  street, 
which  he  had  about  20  years  since  built  with  freestone  very  magnificently. —  True 
Memorials  of  Anne  Pembroke,  Dorset,  and  Montgomery. 

[See  Aldersgate  Street] 

Thanet  Place,  231  STRAND,  a  few  doors  west  of  Temple  Bar,  was 
so  called  after  the  Tuftons,  Earls  of  Thanet.  John  Martin  the  painter 
was  living  here  in  1811.  [See  Rose  Tavern.] 

Thatched  House  Club  (formerly  Civil  Service  Club),  No.  86  ST. 
JAMES'S  STREET — west  side,  next  the  Conservative  Club  House.  The 
Club  (established  1865)  comprises  1200  members,  who  are  elected  by 
ballot.  Entrance  fee,  25  guineas;  annual  subscription,  10  guineas. 

VOL.  Ill  2B 


370  THATCHED  HOUSE   TAVERN 

Thatched  House    Tavern,   ST.    JAMES'S  STREET,   a  celebrated 
tavern,  with  a  large  room  for  public  meetings,  stood  from  1711  up  to 
about  1843   on  the   site  of  the  present   Conservative    Clubhouse.     It 
then  occupied  the  adjoining  premises  from   1845  to  1865,  when  it  was 
pulled  down  and  the  Civil  Service  Club  (now  the  Thatched  House 
Club)  and  Thatched  House  Chambers  were  built  on  the  site. 
The  Deanery  House  may  well  be  match'd, 
Under  correction,  with  the  Thatch'd. 

Swift,  Birthday  Verses  on  Mr.  Ford. 

December  27 ',  1711. — I  entertained  our  Society  at  the  Thatched  House  Tavern 
to-day  at  dinner ;  but  brother  Bathurst  sent  for  wine,  the  house  affording  none. — 
Swift,  Journal  to  Stella. 

In  the  debates  on  the  Regency,  a  prim  peer,  remarkable  for  his  finical  delicacy 
and  formal  adherence  to  etiquette,  having  cited  pompously  certain  resolutions  which 
he  said  had  been  passed  by  a  party  of  noblemen  and  gentlemen  of  great  distinction 
at  the  Thatched  House  Tavern,  the  Lord  Chancellor  Thurlow,  in  adverting  to  these, 
said,  "As  to  what  the  noble  lord  in  the  red  riband  told  us  he  had  heard  at  the  ale- 
house."— Lord  Campbell's  Lives  of  the  Chancellors,  vol.  v.  p.  643. 

In  this  tavern  Gildon  has  laid  the  scene  of  his  Comparison  between 
the  Two  Stages  (izmo,  1702).  The  Society  of  Dilettanti  met  at  the 
Thatched  House,  and  here  were  kept  their  famous  portraits  until  the 
removal  to  Willis's  Rooms.  [See  Dilettanti  Society.] 

Thavie's  Inn,  HOLBORN  CIRCUS,  an  Inn  of  Chancery  appertaining 
to  Lincoln's  Inn,  but  sold  by  that  society  in  1771  to  a  Mr.  Middleton. 
It  derives  its  name  from  John  Thavie,  of  the  Armourers'  Company,  who 
in  1348  bequeathed  certain  houses  in  Holborn  towards  the  fabric  of 
the  adjoining  church  of  St.  Andrew,  still  possessed  by  the  parish.  The 
north  end  of  the  Inn  was  cut  off  in  forming  the  Holborn  Viaduct. 

I  must  and  will  begin  with  Thavis  Inne,  for  besides  that  at  my  first  coming  to 
London  I  was  admitted  for  probation  into  that  good  house,  I  take  it  to  be  the  oldest 
Inn  of  Chancery,  at  the  least  in  Holborn.  It  was  before  the  dwelling  of  an  honest 
citizen  called  John  Thavie  an  armorer,  and  was  rented  of  him  in  the  time  of  King 
Edward  the  3  by  the  chief  Professors  then  of  the  Law,  viz.,  Apprentices,  as  it  is 
yet  extant  in  a  record  in  the  Hustings,  and  whereof  my  Lord  Coke  shewed  to  me  the 
transcript,  but  since  that  time  it  was  purchased  for  the  students  and  other  professors 
of  the  Law  of  Chancery  by  the  Benchers  of  Lincoln's  Inn,  about  the  reign  of  King 
Henry  the  Seventh,  and  retaineth  the  name  of  the  old  Landlord  or  owner  Master 
Thavie. — Sir  George  Buc,  in  Howes,  ed.  1631,  p.  1074. 

Thavie's  Inn  was  purchased  by  the  Society  of  Lincoln's  Inn  in  1550 
of  Gregory  Nichols,  citizen  and  mercer,  for  the  sum  of  "  three  score  and 
fifteen  pounds,"  for  the  use  of  students  of  the  law.1  It  was  sold  to 
Mr.  Middleton  in  1769  for  ^4100.  The  scene  of  Hogarth's  Second 
Stage  of  Cruelty  is  laid  at  the  gate  of  Thavie's  Inn.  The  longest 
"  shilling  fare  "  in  London  was  from  this  Inn  to  Westminster,  and  the 
foreground  of  the  picture  is  occupied  by  four  lawyers  in  wigs  and  gowns, 
who  have  clubbed  their  threepence  each  for  the  Hackney  Coach,  No. 
24,  F.  Nero  driver,  to  carry  them  to  Westminster.  But — 
The  generous  steed  in  hoary  age 
Subdued  by  labour  lies, 

1  Cooper's  Melmoth,  p.  335, 


THEOBALDS  ROAD  371 


And  mourns  a  cruel  master's  rage 

While  Nature  strength  denies. — Inscription  under  Print. 

Thayer  Street,  MANCHESTER  SQUARE  (Hinde  Street  to  George 
Street).  Here,  at  No.  4,  was  the  Venetian  Embassy  in  1796 — the  last 
of  the  long  line.  And  here  at  his  lodgings,  in  No.  16,  died  (1857)  Long 
Tylney  Wellesley  Pole,  known  as  the  last  and  prodigal  owner  of  Wan- 
stead,  and  condemned  to  lasting  fame  by  the  "Rejected  Addresses." 

Theatre  (The),  HOLYWELL  LANE,  SHOREDITCH,  the  earliest 
building  erected  in  or  near  London  purposely  for  theatrical  entertain- 
ments, stood  on  "  certain  howsing  and  void  grounds  lying  and  being 
in  Holywell,  in  the  county  of  Middlesex,"  let  (April  13,  1576)  by 
Giles  Allein,  of  Haseleigh,  in  Essex,  gentleman,  to  "  James  Burbadge, 
late  of  London,  joiner,"  for  twenty-one  years,  at  the  yearly  rent  of  ^14. 
The  house  was  erected  at  the  cost  of  John  Braynes,  the  father-in-law  of 
Burbadge,  who  advanced  ^600  on  condition  that  Burbadge  should 
assign  to  him  a  moiety  of  the  theatre  and  its  profits.  That 
assignment  does  not  seem  to  have  been  executed  in  the  lifetime 
of  Braynes,  and  his  widow  was  obliged  to  commence  proceedings  in 
equity,  to  compel  a  fulfilment  of  the  contract.  The  point  in  dispute 
was  afterwards  moved  to  the  Star  Chamber,  Allein,  the  ground  landlord, 
complaining  to  the  Privy  Council  that  the  rent  was  partly  unpaid,  and 
that  Cuthbert  Burbadge,  the  son,  had,  December  28,  1598,  "carried 
the  wood  to  the  Bankside,  and  there  erected  a  new  playhouse  with  the 
said  wood."  Allein's  bill  was  referred  to  Francis  Bacon,  Esq.  (after- 
wards Earl  of  St.  Alban),  whose  decision  was  that  "  the  said  bill  is  very 
uncertain  and  insufficient,  and  that  no  further  answer  need  to  be 
made  thereto."  l  The  "  new  playhouse  "  was  the  Globe.  The  present 
Standard  Theatre  is  said  to  occupy,  at  least  in  part,  the  site  of  the 
Theatre  in  Holywell  Lane. 

In  the  Middlesex  County  Records  (edited  by  J.  C.  Jeaffreson,  vol.  ii. 
p.  xlvii.)  there  is  a  notice  of  an  indictment  against  John  Braynes  and 
John  Burbadge  in  Elizabeth's  reign  on  account  of  commotions  and  riots, 
etc.,  which  had  taken  place  at  the  theatre.  We  have  no  description  of 
either  the  exterior  or  interior  of  the  building,  but  in  De  Witt's  later 
description  of  the  London  Theatres,  1596,  it  is  described  as  one  of 
four  amphitheatres  (See  Transactions  of  the  New  Shakspere  Society, 
1887-1891,  p.  218). 

Theobalds  Road,  RED  LION  SQUARE  to  GRAY'S  INN  LANE,  was  so 
called  because  it  led  towards  Theobalds,  in  Hertfordshire,  the  favourite 
hunting-seat  of  King  James  I.  The  King,  on  leaving  Whitehall,  went 
through  the  Strand,  up  Drury  Lane,  and  so  on  into  Holborn,  Kingsgate 
Street,  and  the  King's  Way  or  Theobalds  Road.  Hatton  (i  708),  speaking 
of  Kingsgate  Street  and  the  King's  Way,  says,  "This  street  and  way  are 
so  called  because  the  King  used  to  go  this  way  to  Newmarket :  some 
call  the  easterly  end  of  this  street  Theobalds  Road." 2  John  le  Neve 

1  Proceedings  in  the  Star  Chamber  preserved  in  the  Chapter  House ;  Shakspere  Society's  Papers^ 
vol.  iv.  p.  63.  -  Hatton,  p.  44. 


372  THEOBALDS  ROAD 

lived  in  this  road,  and  here  he  advertised  that  his  Monumenta  Anglicana 
(5  vols.  8vo,  1717-1719)  might  be  bought.  Theobalds  Road  has 
within  the  last  few  years  been  in  parts  much  widened  and  altered  to  fit 
it  to  form  part  of  the  great  thoroughfare  from  Oxford  Street  to  Old 
Street  and  Shoreditch.  In  1878  King's  Road  was  renamed  and 
included  in  Theobalds  Road. 

Thieving  (or  Thieven,  i.e.  Thieves)  Lane,  WESTMINSTER.  Great 
George  Street  nearly  represents  it. 

And  now  to  pass  to  the  famous  monastery  of  Westminster :  at  the  very  entrance 
of  the  Close  thereof,  is  a  lane  that  leadeth  toward  the  west,  called  Thieving  Lane, 
for  that  thieves  were  led  that  way  to  the  Gate  House,  while  the  Sanctuary  continued 
in  force. — Stow,  p.  169. 

This  place  by  some  is  called  Bow  Lane,  from  its  turning  passage  into  Broken 
Cross,  or  Long  Ditch,  like  a  bent  bow.  The  houses  are  not  over  well  built,  and 
divers  of  its  inhabitants  drive  a  trade  in  second  hand  goods. — Strype,  B.  vi.  p.  63. 

Thomas  (St.)  of  Aeon  or  Acres,  was  a  Militia  Hospitalis  "  on 
the  north  side  of  Chepe,"  on  the  ground  now  occupied  by  Mercers' 
Chapel,  founded  by  Agnes,  sister  of  Thomas  a  Becket,  and  named  after 
that  popular  saint.  St.  Thomas  was  named  of  Aeon  or  Acre  in 
consequence  of  the  belief  that  Aeon  or  Acre  in  Syria  was  captured 
through  his  miraculous  interposition.  The  house  in  which  a  Becket 
was  born  stood  on  the  site  of  the  chapel  dedicated  to  him.  In  the 
early  ordinances  of  the  City  the  Mayor  and  Alderman  are  directed  on 
divers  feasts  and  other  solemn  occasions  to  go  in  procession  "  from 
the  church  of  St.  Thomas  de  Aeon  to  St.  Paul's,"  and  on  the  Wednesday 
"  in  the  week  of  Pentecost,  from  St.  Thomas  de  Acres  to  Saint  Paul's," 
the  terms  being  used  indifferently.1  The  site  of  the  chapel  is  now 
merged  in  Mercers'  Hall  and  chapel  [which  see]. 

In  the  1 3th  Henry  VIII.  (1521)  when  the  Mercers  borrowed  a 
large  sum  from  the  Prior  of  the  Charterhouse,  "  the  annuity  or  yearly 
rent "  due  upon  it  was  to  be  paid  "  at  the  aulter  of  Seynt  Thomas  the 
Martyr,  in  the  northe  parte  of  the  body  of  the  chyrche  of  Seynt  Thomas 
the  Martyr  in  London,  called  Seynt  Thomas  of  Aeon." 

In  the  sermon  preached  by  Bishop  Latimer  before  Edward  VI.  on 
April  12,  1547,  he  related  the  following  anecdote : — 

I  had  rather  ye  shoulde  come  of  a  naughtye  minde  to  heare  the  worde  of  God,  for 
noveltye,  or  for  curiositie  to  here  some  pastime  than  to  be  awaye.  I  had  rather  ye 
shoulde  come,  as  the  tale  is,  by  the  gentlewoman  of  London.  One  of  her 
neighbours  mette  her  in  the  streate,  and  sayed  Mestres  whither  go  ye  ?  Marry,  sayed 
she,  I  am  goynge  to  S.  Tomas  of  Acres,  to  the  sermon.  I  coulde  not  slepe  al  thys 
laste  nyghte,  and  I  am  goynge  now  thether,  I  never  fayled  of  a  good  nap  there.  And 
so  I  had  rather  ye  shoulde  go  a  napping  to  the  sermons  than  not  go  at  al. 

Thomas  (St.)  The  Apostle,  "  a  proper  church  "  in  Knightrider 
Street,  by  Wringwren  Lane,2  in  the  ward  of  Vintry,  destroyed  in  the 
Great  Fire  and  not  rebuilt.  The  church  of  the  parish  is  St.  Mary 
Aldermary. 

1  Liber  Albus,  p.  6,  etc;  Erasmus  speaks  of  Becket  as  "Thomas  Acrensis." — Life,  by  Jortin, 
vol.  i.  p.  33.  "  Stow,  p.  92. 


ST.    THOMAS  HOSPITAL  373 

Thomas  (St.)  Apostle,  SOUTHWARK,  on  the  north  side  of  St. 
Thomas  Street.  The  church  of  the  dissolved  Monastery  or  Hospital 
of  St.  Thomas  in  Southwark  ;  made  parochial  after  the  dissolution  of 
religious  houses.  In  1360  (34  Edward  I.)  the  brethren  of  St.  Thomas 
were  allowed  to  celebrate  divine  service.  Before  1489  a  church  was 
here,  with  chapels  and  altars  and  statues,  and  in  1521  the  parish  was 
known  as  "  the  parish  of  St.  Thomas's  Hospital."  The  living  is  in  the 
gift  of  the  governors  of  St.  Thomas's  Hospital.  The  register  records 
the  marriage,  January  27,  1613,  of  the  father  and  mother  of  John 
Evelyn.  In  1700  the  church  had  long  been  unfit  for  its  purpose, 
and  in  1703  a  new  one  was  erected  at  a  cost  of  .£3043  :  2  :  8,  allowed 
out  of  the  duty  upon  "  coales  and  culm." 

The  parish  is  the  smallest  in  Southwark,  but  it  included  within  it 
the  two  magnificent  hospitals  of  St.  Thomas  and  Guy's,  until  the 
former  was  removed  to  make  room  for  the  extension  of  the  South 
Eastern  Railway.  The  sculptor  of  the  monument  of  Mary  Queen 
of  Scots  in  Westminster  Abbey,  and  of  the  remarkable  tomb  of  Sir 
Roger  Aston  and  his  wives  in  Crayford,  describes  himself  in  the 
agreement,  dated  January  4,  1612-1613,  for  making  and  setting 
up  the  latter  work,  as  "of  St.  Thomas  the  Apostle  in  Southwarke." 
The  sculptor  of  the  monumental  bust  and  tomb  of  Shakespeare 
at  Stratford  -  upon  -  Avon  was  "Gerard  Johnson,  a  Hollander, 
in  St.  Thomas  Apostells." l  In  the  first  edition  of  this  work  Mr. 
Cunningham  assumed  that  this  was  St.  Thomas  the  Apostle  in  the 
Ward  of  Vintry,  but  further  inquiries  convinced  him  that  he  was 
mistaken,  and  that  "  Gerard  Johnson  lived,  liked  Cure,  in  St.  Thomas 
the  Apostle,  Southwark,  near  to  the  Globe  Theatre,  and  -that  he  must 
have  often  seen  Shakespeare.  If  I  am  right  in  this  conjecture,  the 
Stratford  bust  becomes  additionally  valuable  as  a  likeness."2  The 
register  of  neither  parish  throw  any  light  on  the  subject. 

Thomas  (St.)  Hospital,  ALBERT  EMBANKMENT,  rebuilt  on  8| 
acres  of  ground  recovered  from  the  river  by  the  construction  of  the 
Albert  Embankment,  lies  between  Westminster  Bridge  and  Lambeth 
Palace. 

The  old  Hospital  in  High  Street,  Southwark,  was  founded  in  1213 
by  Richard,  Prior  of  Bermondsey,  as  an  Almonry ;  bought  at  the 
dissolution  of  religious  houses  by  the  citizens  of  London,  and  opened 
by  them  as  a  Hospital  for  poor  and  impotent  people  in  1552.  The 
building  having  fallen  into  disrepair  was  entirely  rebuilt  in  1701-1706  by 
public  subscription.  In  1862  the  South  Eastern  Railway,  requiring 
a  portion  of  the  site  for  their  branch  line  to  Charing  Cross,  gave  by 
award  ^"296,000  for  the  building  and  ground.  The  new  building  was 
commenced  in  1868  and  opened  by  the  Queen  in  June  1871.  It 
consists  of  7  blocks  (or  pavilions  as  they  are  technically  designated)  of 
about  equal  size,  with  a  smaller  one  between  the  fourth  and  fifth,  and 

1  Dugdale's  Diary,  by  Hamper,  1653,  p.  79 ;  and  App.  2,  1592.       -  Letter  in  Builder,  April  4,  1386. 


374  -ST.    THOMAS  HOSPITAL 

the  medical  school,  a  long  low  building  with  a  ventilation  shaft,  at  the 
Lambeth  end.  These  pavilions  have  each  four  wards  above  the  ground 
floor,  with  their  ends  towards  the  river,  and  are  125  feet  long,  28  feet 
wide,  and  15  feet  high.  A  lower  range  of  buildings  between  the 
pavilions  and  Palace  Road  contains  meeting  hall,  chapel,  out-patients' 
department,  residences,  etc.  The  building,  of  red  brick,  was  constructed 
by  Mr.  H.  Currey,  at  a  cost  of  ^500,000,  of  which  ^90,000  was  paid  to 
the  Metropolitan  Board  for  the  site.  The  number  of  beds  is  572,  and 
the  gross  income,  derived  from  rents  aided  by  voluntary  contributions, 
is  about  ^42,200.  The  number  of  patients  in  1887  was,  in,  5058; 
out,  24,826;  casualties,  62,775. 

Mr.  W.  Rendle  communicated  some  interesting  articles  in  the 
Records  of  St.  Thomas's  Hospital  to  the  Antiquary  in  1889.  (See 
vol.  xx.) 

Thomas  (St.)  a  Waterings,  a  place  of  execution  for  the  county 
of  Surrey,  situated  close  to  the  second  milestone  on  the  Old  Kent  Road, 
and  so  called  from  a  brook,  or  spring,  dedicated  to  St.  Thomas  a 
Becket.  Chaucer's  pilgrims  passed  it  on  their  way  to  the  shrine  of 
St.  Thomas  a  Becket  at  Canterbury : — 

And  forth  we  riden  a  litel  more  than  paas, 
Unto  the  waterynge  of  Seint  Thomas, 
And  there  our  host  began  his  hors  arreste. 

Prologue  to  Canterbury  Tales,  1.  820,  etc. 

Gerard  found  white  saxifrage,  burr-reedes,  etc.,  "in  the  ditch,  right 
against  the  place  of  execution,  at  the  end  of  Southwarke,  nere  London 
called  St.  Thomas  Waterings." 

And  yf  they  do  in  dede,  I  pray  God  they  may  spede, 
Even  as  honestly 

As  he  that  from  steyling,  goth  to  Sent  Thomas  Watryng 
In  his  yong  age 

So  they  from  pytter  pattour,  may  come  to  tytter  totur, 
Even  the  same  pilgrimage. 
A  New  Enterlude,  draiven  out  of  the  Holy  Scripture  of  Godly  Queene  Hester,  1561. 

For  at  Saynt  Thomas  of  Watrynge,  an'  they  strike  a  sayle 
Then  must  they  ryde  in  the  haven  of  hempe  without  fayle. 

Morality  of  Hycke  Scorner, 

Host.   These  are  the  arts 
Or  seven  liberal  deadly  sciences 
Of  pagery,  or  rather  paganism, 
As  the  tides  run  !  to  which  if  he  apply  him, 
He  may  perhaps  take  a  degree  at  Tyburn, 
A  year  the  earlier ;  come  to  read  a  lecture 
Upon  Aquinas  at  St.  Thomas  a  Waterings, 
And  so  go  forth  a  laureat  in  hemp  circle  !  * 

Ben  Jonson,  The  New  Inn,  Act  i.  Sc.  i. 

Whitehall,  June  20,  1663. — The  fellow  that  stole  the  heiress,  was  hanged  on 
Tuesday  at  St.  Thomas  Waterings,  and  could  get  no  pardon  or  reprieve,  though  the 

1  It   is  perhaps  necessary  to  point  out  the  punning  connection  which  Ben   Jonson  strikes  out 
between  Thomas  Aquinas  and  Thomas  k  Waterings'. 


THREADNEEDLE  STREET  375 

King  by  chance  went  by,  and  was  told  'twas  the  custom  then  to  reprieve  at  least, 
but  the  City  petition  weighed  down  that  consideration. — Sir  J.  Williamson,  Corr. 
vol.  i.  p.  55;  Cam.  Soc.,  1874. 

John  Henry,  alias  ap  Henry,  a  Welchman,  and  author  of  many  of 
the  Martin  Mar-Prelate  tracts,  was  hanged  at  St.  Thomas  a  Waterings, 
May  29,  1593  ;  and  Franklin,  one  of  the  inferior  agents  implicated  in 
the  murder  of  Sir  Thomas  Overbury,  was  executed  at  the  same  place 
on  December  9,  1615.  In  1834  occurred  a  remarkable  recurrence  to 
the  old  form.  Two  men  had  been  condemned  to  death  for  a  murder 
at  Chester,  but  a  dispute  arose  as  to  whether  the  execution  should  be 
carried  into  effect  by  the  sheriff  of  the  county  or  the  sheriff  of  the  city 
of  Chester.  Neither  functionary  would  give  way,  and  as,  in  the  then 
state  of  the  law,  "  years  might  elapse  before  this  dispute  could  be 
legally  determined,"  the  Attorney-General,  Sir  John  (afterwards  Lord) 
Campbell,  resorted  to  an  expedient  which  he  may  relate  in  his  own 
words  : — 

There  was  a  great  outcry  by  reason  of  the  law  being  thus  defeated.  I  boldly 
brought  the  convicts  to  the  bar  of  the  King's  Bench,  and  prayed  that  execution 
should  be  awarded  against  them  by  the  judges  of  that  court.  After  a  demurrer  and 
long  argument  they  were  ordered  to  be  executed  by  the  Marshal  of  the  King's  Bench, 
at  St.  Thomas  a  Waterings  in  the  borough  of  Southwark,  aided  by  the  Sheriff  of 
Surrey,  a  form  of  proceeding  which  had  not  been  resorted  to  for  many  ages.  The 
execution  took  place  accordingly  amidst  an  immense  assemblage,  not  only  from  the 
metropolis,  but  from  remote  parts  of  the  kingdom. — Life  of  Lord  Campbell,  1881, 
vol.  ii.  p.  58. 

Threadneedle  Street,  from  Princes  Street,  between  the  Bank  of 
England  and  the  Royal  Exchange,  to  Bishopsgate  Street.  Stow  calls 
it  Threeneedle  Street, l  "I  suppose,"  says  Hatton,  "from  such  a  sign."5 

The  origin  of  the  name  presents  considerable  difficulty.  Some  see 
it  in  the  connection  with  Merchant  Taylors'  Hall,  while  others  suppose 
it  refers  to  the  arms  of  the  needlemakers'  Company — "  three  needles  in 
fesse  argent." 

Threadneedle  Street  was  originally  T^rzaheedle  Street,  as  Samuel  Clarke  dates 
it  from  his  study  there. — D'Israeli,  Cur.  of  Lit.,  I  vol.  ed.,  p.  259. 

Dr.  Plot  writes  it  7%ra/needle  Street  in  i693.3  Threadneedle 
Street  runs  from  Bishopsgate  Street,  between  the  Royal  Exchange  and 
the  Bank,  to  Princes  Street ;  formerly  it  ran  to  the  Stocks  Market,  the 
site  of  the  present  Mansion  House ;  but  the  enlargement  of  the  Bank 
of  England  and  the  rebuilding  of  the  Royal  Exchange  curtailed  it 
considerably.  "  The  Old  Lady  in  Threadneedle  Street  "  has  long  been 
a  familiar  name  for  the  Bank  of  England.  Observe. — Consolidated 
Bank  (No.  52),  formerly  the  Hall  of  Commerce,  on  the  north  side,  as 
marking  where  the  French  Church  stood,  and  the  Hospital  of  St. 
Anthony  before  that ;  Sun  Fire  Office,  corner  of  Bartholomew  Lane, 
on  the  site  of  St.  Bartholomew's  Church,  taken  down  in  1840; 
Merchant  Taylors'  Hall,  on  the  south  side,  entirely  hid  from  view  by  a 

1  Stow,  p.  69.  -  I  fatten,  p.  82.  8  Letter  to  Evelyn,  October  2,  1693. 


376  THREADNEEDLE  STREET 

narrow  frontage  of  modern  buildings ;  the  Baltic ;  the  South  Sea 
House.  [See  all  these  names.]  Messrs.  Prescott's  Bank,  No.  62. 

The  records  of  the  Brewers'  Company,  under  date  1421,  relate  the 
misconduct  of  one  William  Payne,  at  "the  sign  of  the  Swan  by  St. 
Anthony's  Hospital,  Threadneedle  Street,"  who  refused  to  contribute  a 
barrel  of  ale  to  be  sent  to  King  Henry  V.  in  France.  He  was  fined 
33.  4d.  for  a  swan  for  the  Master's  breakfast.  Threadneedle  Street 
was  of  old  noted  for  its  tavern^  Sir  John  Hawkins,  writing  near  the 
middle  of  the  last  century,  says  that  "  in  that  space  near  the  Royal 
Exchange  and  Threadneedle  Street,  the  number  of  taverns  was  not  so 
few  as  twenty ;  on  the  side  of  the  Bank  there  stood  four ;  and  at  one 
of  them,  the  Crown,  it  was  not  unusual  to  draw  a  butt  of  mountain, 
containing  one  hundred  and  twenty  gallons,  in  gills,  in  a  morning." 
The  Crown  was  the  house  where  Pepys  was  wont  to  "  sup  at  the  [Royal 
Society]  Club,  with  my  Lord  Brouncker,  Sir  George  Ent  and  others." 
It  stood  "  behind  the  'Change,"  on  part  of  what  is  now  the  Thread- 
needle Street  entrance  to  the  Bank  of  England.1  The  Cock  Tavern, 
another  wine  and  dining  house,  "behind  the  Exchange,"  was  built 
against  the  south  wall  of  St.  Bartholomew's  Church,  immediately  west 
of  Prescott  and  Grote's  bank.  It  was  cleared  away  in  1840.  The 
Antwerp  Tavern,  a  famous  house  in  the  early  part  of  the  1 7th  century, 
did  not  survive  the  Great  Fire.  Of  the  King's  Arms  and  one  or  two 
more  there  are  tokens  or  other  memorials  still  extant. 

The  grandfather  and  father  of  Sir  Philip  Sidney  lived  in  this  street, 
in  "  a  tenement  called  Lady  Tate's  house,"  on  the  site  of  a  part  of  the 
House  and  Hospital  of  St.  Anthony,  annexed  by  Edward  IV.  to  the 
collegiate  church  of  St.  George,  in  Windsor.  The  Dean  and  Canons 
of  Windsor  demised  this  house  to  Sir  Henry  Sidney,  by  an  indenture, 
dated  May  26,  1563,  for  the  further  term  of  sixty  years,  at  the  yearly 
rent  of  £6  : 13  :  4.2  Sir  Dudley  North,  before  he  went  to  the  Levant, 
lived  with  "  one  Mr.  Andrews,  a  packer  in  Threadneedle  Street." 

This  I  you  tell  is  our  jolly  Wassel, 

And  for  Twelfth-night  more  meet  too : 
She  works  by  the  ell,  and  her  name  is  Nell, 

And  she  dwells  in  Threadneedle  Street  too. 

Ben  Jonson,  Masque  of  Christmas. 

Three  Cranes  in  the  Vintry,  "the  most  topping  tavern  in 
London,"  as  Sir  Walter  Scott  makes  mine  host  of  the  Black  Bear  at 
Cumnor  describe  it,  was  situated  in  Upper  Thames  Street  at  the  top  of 
what  is  still  known  as  Three  Cranes  Lane,  immediately  below  Southwark 
Bridge.  It  derived  its  name  from  "three  strong  cranes  of  timber 
placed  on  the  Vintry  wharf  by  the  Thames  side  to  crane  up  wines 
there."  3  These  three  cranes,  very  clumsy  machines  too,  are  represented 
in  Visscher's  View  of  London  (1616).  It  is  probable  that  two  out  of 
the  three  were  not  erected  till  the  beginning  of  the  reign  of  Elizabeth, 

1  Burn's  Tokens,  p.  240.  2  This  indenture  is  now  Ashmole  MS.,  No.  1529. 

3  Stow,  p.  90. 


THREE   CRANES  IN  THE    VINTRY  377 

as  in  the  times  of  Henry  VIII.,1  Edward  VI.,  and  Mary,  one  only  is 
spoken  of,  and  the  tavern  appears  to  have  been  called  the  Crane. 
Then  an  entry  in  the  books  of  the  Drapers'  Company,  August  14, 
1518,  records  the  burial  this  day  of  "Mrs.  Elizabeth  Peke,  widow, 
from  the  Crayne  in  the  Vintre,"  in  St.  Michael's  Church  ;  the  Company's 
"  best  beryall  clothe  "  being  lent  for  the  occasion,  and  "  every  of  the 
vj  berers  had  a  sylver  spoone  for  his  labor."  e' 

1552. — Thus  the  good  Duke  [Somerset],  passing  through  a  great  part  of  the  City, 
landing  at  the  Crane  in  the  Vintry,  was  conveyed  to  the  tower. — Foxe's  Martyrs, 
vol.  vi.  p.  293. 

1554. — Then  the  first  day  of  February  the  queene's  grace  came  in  hare  owne 
persone  unto  the  Gilde  halle  of  Londone,  and  showyd  hare  mynde  unto  the  Mayor, 
aldermen  and  the  hole  craftes  of  London  in  hare  owne  persone,  with  hare  captes  in 
hare  honde  in  tokyn  of  love  and  pes,  and  went  home  agayne  by  water  at  the  Crane 
in  the  Ventre. — Chronicle  of  the  Grey  Friars,  p.  86. 

The  colophon  to  a  black  letter  edition  of  Sir  Bevis  of  Hampton,  in 
David  Garrick's  collection,  bears  witness  that  it  was  "  Imprynted  at 
London  in  the  Vinetre  upon  the  thre  Crane  Wharfe  by  William 
Coplande ; "  but  it  is  unluckily  without  date.  The  locality  became  a 
favourite  one  with  the  booksellers,  as  combining  the  attractions  of  a  busy 
landing-place  and  a  "  topping  tavern."  The  Workes  of  a  young  wyt 
trust  up  with  a  Fardell  of  pretty  fancies  was  printed  in  1577  "  nigh 
unto  the  Three  Cranes  in  the  Vintree;"  in  1599  E.  Venge  was  a 
bookseller  at  the  Black  Bull  in  the  same  locality,  and  others  might  be 
enumerated. 

In  whom  are  as  much  virtue,  truth  and  honestie 

As  there  are  true  fathers  in  the  Three  Cranes  of  the  Vintree. — 

Damon  and  Pithias,  1571. 

A  pox  o'  these  pretenders  to  wit !  Your  Three  Cranes,  Mitre,  and  Mermaid 
men  !  Not  a  corn  of  true  salt,  not  a  grain  of  right  mustard  amongst  them  all. — Ben 
Jonson,  Bartholomew  Fair  (1614),  Act.  i.  Sc.  i. 

Iniquity.  Nay,  boy,  I  will  bring  thee  to  the  bawds  and  the  roysters 
At  Billingsgate,  feasting  with  claret-wine  and  oysters  ; 
From  thence  shoot  the  Bridge,  child,  to  the  Cranes  in  the  Vintry, 
And  see  there  the  gimblets  how  they  make  their  entry. 

Ben  Jonson,  The  Devil  is  an  Ass,  1616. 

May  14,  1660. — Information  was  given  to  the  Council  of  State  that  several  of 
His  Majesty's  goods  were  kept  at  a  fruiterer's  warehouse  near  the  Three  Cranes,  in 
Thames  Street,  for  the  use  of  Mistress  Elizabeth  Cromwell,  wife  to  Oliver  Cromwell, 
some  time  called  Protector ;  and  the  Council  ordered  that  persons  be  appointed  to 
view  them,  and  seventeen  carts  load  of  rich  house  stuff  was  taken  from  thence,  and 
brought  to  Whitehall,  from  whence  they  were  stolen. — Mercurius  Politicus  Redivivus, 
Addit.  MS.  in  British  Museum,  10, 116. 

Here,  after  the  battle  of  Worcester,  Charles  II.  and  Lord  Wilmot 
had  agreed  to  meet  if  they  found  their  way  to  London.  They  were  to 
inquire  for  Will  Ashburnham.3 

January  23,  1662. — After  choosing  our  gloves  we  all  went  over  to  the  Three 
Cranes  Taverne,  and,  though  the  best  room  in  the  house,  in  such  a  narrow  dogg-hole 

1  Cavendish's  Wolsty,  p.  108.  2  Quoted  by  Burn,  p.  241. 

3  Dalrymple,  Charles  II.,  p.  108. 


378  THREE  CRANES  IN  THE    VINTRY 

we  were  crammed,  and  I  believe  we  were  near  forty,  that  it  made  me  loath  my 
company  and  victuals,  and  a  sorry  poor  dinner  it  was  too. — Pepys. 

New  Queen  Street,  commonly  called  the  Three  Cranes  in  the  Vintry,  a  good  open 
street,  especially  that  part  next  Cheapside,  which  is  best  built  and  inhabited.  At 
the  lowest  end  of  the  street,  next  the  Thames,  is  a  pair  of  stairs,  the  usual  place  for 
the  Lord  Mayor  and  Aldermen  to  take  water  at,  to  go  to  Westminster  Hall,  for  the 
new  Lord  Mayor  to  be  sworn  before  the  Barons  of  the  Exchequer.  This  place  with 
the  Three  Cranes  is  now  of  some  account  for  the  Costermongers,  where  they  have 
their  warehouses  for  their  fruit. — Stryfe,  B.  iii.  p.  13. 

There  were  several  other  Three  Crane  Taverns  in  London.  In 
Strype's  Map  of  Chepe  Ward  (1720)  a  large  Three  Crane  Tavern  is 
represented  as  occupying  a  courtyard  on  the  south  side  of  the  Poultry, 
opposite  St.  Mildred's  Church;  others  were  in  the  Old  Bailey,  The 
Savoy,  St.  Olave's  Street,  Southwark,  etc.  Their  signs  were  all  birds. 
Decker  in  his  Belman  of  London,  1608,  informs  us  that  "the  beggars  of 
London  called  one  of  their  places  of  rendesvous  by  this  name." 

Three  Cups  (The),  a  favourite  London  sign.  Hatton  enumerates 
three  :  on  the  east  side  of  St.  John  Street,  near  Hicks's  Hall ;  on  the 
west  side  of  Bread  Street,  near  the  middle ;  on  the  east  side  of  Goswell 
Street,  near  Aldersgate  Street.  A  fourth  is  mentioned  by  Beaumont 
and  Fletcher  : — 

You  know  our  meetings, 
At  the  Three  Cups  in  St.  Giles'. 
Beaumont  and  Fletcher's  Works,  by  Dyce,  vol.  iv.  p.  42. 

And  a  fifth  (in  Holborn),  by  Winstanley,  in  his  Lives  of  the  Poets  (i2mo, 
1687,  p.  208).  The  six  houses.  Nos.  16  to  21  Featherstone  Build- 
ings, occupy  the  site  of  the  Three  Cups  Inn  in  High  Holborn.  Three 
shillings  weekly  for  ever  are  payable  out  of  the  rents  of  these  houses  to 
the  poor  of  Holborn,  under  the  will  of  Lewis  Owen,  who  died  in  1624. 

Three  Leg  Alley,  FETTER  LANE — Great  New  Street  to  Gough 
Square.  In  Three  Leg  Alley  (now  Pemberton  Row),  in  the  parish  of  St. 
Bride's,  lived  and  died  Thomas  Flatman,  the  miniature  painter  and 
poet.1 

Flatman  who  Cowley  imitates  with  pains, 

And  rides  a  jaded  Muse  whipt  with  loose  reins. — Lord  Rochester. 

In  the  time  of  Charles  II.,  when  Flatman  lived  in  the  parish  of  St. 
Bride's,  Three  Leg  Alley  was  one  of  the  best  inhabited  parts  of  the 
parish. 

Three  Nuns  Inn,  Nos.  10  to  13  ALDGATE  HIGH  STREET,  is  men- 
tioned by  Defoe  in  his  Plague  Year,  it  was  a  great  coaching  inn,  and  long 
famous  for  its  punch.  The  Aldgate  Station  of  the  Metropolitan  Rail- 
way occupies  a  part  of  the  site  of  the  old  inn.  It  was  rebuilt  in 
1880. 

I  doubt  not  but  there  may  be  some  ancient  persons  alive  in  the  parish  who  can 
justify  the  fact  of  this,  and  are  able  to  show  even  in  what  part  of  the  churchyard  the 
pit  lay  better  than  I  can  ;  the  mark  of  it  also  was  many  years  to  be  seen  in  the 

1  Rate-books  of  St.  Bride's,  Fleet  Street. 


THROGMORTON  STREET  379 

churchyard,  on  the  surface  lying  in  length,  which  goes  by  the  west  wall  of  the  church- 
yard, out  of  Houndsditch,  and  turns  east  again  into  Whitechapel,  coming  out  near 
the  Three  Nuns  Inn. — Defoe,  Memoirs  of  the  Plague,  ed.  Brayley,  p.  90. 

Three  Tuns,  a  famous  Tavern  in  GUILDHALL  YARD. 

Ah  Ben  ! 
Say  how  or  when 
Shall  we  thy  Guests, 
Meet  at  those  lyrick  feasts 

Made  at  the  Sun 
The  Dog,  the  Triple  Tunne  ; 
Where  we  such  clusters  had 
As  made  us  nobly  wild,  not  mad  ? — Herrick,  p.  413. 

Compass.  Three  Tuns  do  you  call  this  Tavern  ?  It  has  a  good  neighbour  of 
Guildhall,  Master  Pettifog. — Show  a  room,  Boy. — Webster,  A  Cure  for  a  Cuckold, 
Act.  iv.  Sc.  I. 

General  Monk  lodged  at  this  tavern  on  a  memorable  occasion  in 
1660. 

But  the  next  morning  early,  February  9  (1660),  the  General  commanded  the 
march  of  his  army  up  into  the  City,  without  advising  with  any  of  his  own  officers. 
And  having  placed  his  main  guards  at  the  old  Exchange,  and  other  convenient  places, 
he  retired  himself  to  the  Three  Tuns  Tavern,  near  Guildhall,  where  he  dispatched  his 
orders. — Skinner's  Life  of  Monk,  p.  233. 

Three  Tuns  are  the  arms  of  the  Vintners'  Company,  and  were 
consequently  a  favourite  sign  with  Vintners.  Besides  the  Guildhall 
Tavern  there  were  in  the  City  in  the  i;th  century  the  Three 
Tuns  in  Ludgate  Hill,  in  St.  Paul's  Churchyard,  by  the  Conduit  in 
Cheapside,  in  Cloth  Fair,  in  Gracechurch  Street,  and  one  or  two  other 
places ;  and  there  are  half  a  dozen  Three  Tuns  in  the  City  now. 

I  went  to  a  little  eating  or  chop  house  called  The  Three  Tuns,  where  I  used  to 
dine  for  I3d.,  including  a  penny  to  the  waiter. — Jeremy  Bentham,  Life,  p.  133. 

Three  Tuns  Tavern,  ST.  MARGARET'S  HILL,  SOUTHWARK.  On 
April  27,  1768,  when  Wilkes  was  taken  into  custody  and  ordered  to  be 
committed  to  the  King's  Bench  prison,  the  mob  took  out  the  horses  on 
Westminster  Bridge,  and  drew  his  coach  along  the  Strand,  Fleet  Street, 
etc.,  to  Spitalfields,  where  they  turned  the  two  tip -staves  out  of  it. 
They  then  dragged  the  carriage  to  this  tavern,  where  Wilkes  alighted 
and  made  a  speech  to  them  from  one  of  the  upper  windows.  When 
he  had  persuaded  the  mob  to  disperse  he  walked  quietly  over  to  the 
King's  Bench  Prison  and  delivered  himself  to  the  Marshal.  The  house, 
afterwards  known  as  "The  Three  Tuns  Hotel  and  Tavern,"  has  recently 
been  removed  in  the  course  of  local  improvements,  but  the  site  is 
marked  by  Three  Tun  Passage,  No.  1 1  o  Borough  High  Street. 

Thrift  Street.     [See  Frith  Street,  Soho.] 

Throgmorton  Street,  LOTHBURY,  the  north-east  corner  of  the 
Bank  of  England,  to  BROAD  STREET,  was  so  called  after  Sir  Nicholas 
Throgmorton,  who  is  said  to  have  been  poisoned  by  Dudley,  Earl  of 
Leicester,  Queen  Elizabeth's  favourite.  There  is  a  monument  to  his 


380  THROGMORTON  STREET 

memory  in  the  Church  of  St.  Catherine  Cree.  The  pious  Robert 
Nelson  was  living  here  with  his  mother  towards  the  end  of  the  i7th 
century. 

August  6,  1694. — I  directed  my  letter  to  be  left  for  you  with  Madam  Nelson,  at 
her  house  in  Throgmorton  Street  behind  the  Old  Exchange. — Bishop  Bull  to  Robert 
Nelson. 

Alexander  Chalmers,  author  of  the  Biographical  Dictionary,  was 
living  here  June  13,  1815.  Throgmorton  Street  is  now  chiefly  inhabited 
by  stockbrokers  and  jobbers.  Observe. — Drapers'  Hall,  on  north  side, 
and  near  to  it  the  Imperial  Ottoman  Bank  (No.  26),  a  handsome  semi- 
oriental  edifice  erected  in  1871  from  the  designs  of  Mr.  Burnet,  and 
the  adjoining  offices,  Italian  Gothic  in  style,  built  in  1870  from  the 
designs  of  Mr.  Chatfeild  Clarke.  On  the  south  side  in  New  Court  is 
an  entrance  to  the  Stock  Exchange,  and  also  the  back  of  the  new 
buildings  of  the  Stock  Exchange.  West  of  Drapers'  Hall  is  the 
handsome  new  thoroughfare  called  Throgmorton  Avenue,  carried  across 
the  Drapers'  Hall  Gardens  (see  Drapers'  Hall)  to  London  Wall  by 
Carpenters'  Hall. 

Tichborne  Street,  HAYMARKET.  This  once  crowded  thoroughfare 
connecting  Coventry  Street  and  Regent  Street  is  set  down  as  Shug  Lane 
by  Hatton,  1708,  in  Strype's  Map  of  1720,  and  in  Dodsley's  London, 
1761.  Strype  describes  it  as  "but  meanly  built,  neither  are  its  inhabit- 
ants much  to  be  boasted  of."  A  century  and  half  later  the  description 
was  equally  applicable.  In  1726  "Winter,  a  Poem,  price  is.,"  was 
published  by  J.  Millar,  at  Locke's  Head  in  Shug  Lane,  near  the  Hay- 
market,  and  the  next  bookseller  to  the  Horse  Guards.  This  cannot 
mean  that  there  was  no  other  book  shop  between  Shug  Lane  and  the 
Horse  Guards,  so  must  refer  to  a  second  place  of  business  of  Millar's. 
The  north  side  was  pulled  down  in  connection  with  the  opening  up  of 
Regent  Circus,  Piccadilly,  and  the  formation  of  the  Shaftesbury  Avenue, 
and  the  south  side  was  incorporated  with  Piccadilly. 

Tilers'  and  Bricklayers'  Company.  This  ancient  fraternity 
received  its  first  Charter  of  Incorporation  from  Queen  Elizabeth,  August 
3,  1568.  The  old  hall  of  the  Compuny,  No.  52  Leadenhall  Street, 
has  been  rebuilt  and  is  now  known  as  Sussex  Hall. 

Tilney  Street,  MAY  FAIR — South  Audley  Street  to  Park  Lane. 
Soame  Jenyns  died  here,  December  18,  1787. 

Tiltyard  (The),  at  WHITEHALL,  an  open  space  over  against  the 
Banqueting  House,  and  including  part  of  the  present  Parade  in  St. 
James's  Park ;  "  a  large  tiltyard  for  noblemen  and  others  to  exercise 
themselves  in  justing,  turning,  and  fighting  at  barriers."1  Henry  VIII. 
on  May-day  1540  held  a  tournay  here  to  which  knights  were  invited 
from  all  parts  of  Europe,  "all  comers  that  would  fight  against  the 
challengers  of  England."  The  festival  lasted  several  days,  the  knights 

1  Stow,  p.  168. 


THE    TILT  YARD  381 


on  one  day  jousting  on  horseback  with  swords,  on  another  fighting  on 
foot  at  the  barriers ;  and  the  whole  was  wound  up  by  a  magnificent 
banquet  given  by  the  King  and  Queen  to  all  the  knights  who  had 
taken  part  in  the  tourney,  and  another  on  the  next  day  to  the  Lord 
Mayor  and  Aldermen  and  their  wives.  Here  for  many  years  were 
held  the  annual  exercises  in  arms  in  celebration  of  Queen  Elizabeth's 
birthday.  They  were  commenced  by  Sir  Henry  Lee  of  Ditchley  and 
continued  by  Clifford,  Earl  of  Cumberland  : — 

On  the  1 7th  day  of  November,  anno  1590,  this  honourable  gentleman  [Sir 
Henry  Lee]  together  with  the  Earl  of  Cumberland  [Clifford],  having  first  performed 
their  service  in  Armes,  presented  themselves  unto  her  Highness  [Queen  Elizabeth]  at 
the  foot  of  the  staires  under  the  gallery  window  in  the  Tilt  Yard  at  Westminster, 
where  at  that  time  her  Maiestie  did  sit,  accompanied  with  the  Viscount  Turyn 
[Turenne],  Ambassador  of  France,  many  Ladies  and  the  chiefest  Nobilitie.  — 
Honour,  Military  and  Civill,  by  Sir  William  Segar,  Norroy,  1602. 

In  the  reign  of  James  I.  there  was  tilting  at  Court  on  March  24, 
1620,  at  which  Prince  Charles  distinguished  himself  by  his  handsome 
display  and  gallant  running.  "  He  hurt  Lord  Montgomery  in  the 
arm."  "  The  French  Ambassador  was  absent  because  he  was  not 
allowed  the  preference  of  place  over  the  Spanish  Ambassador."1  But 
to  make  amends  to  the  French  Ambassador,  on 

January  8,  1621 — Four  couples  ran  to  tilt  to  show  the  French  Ambassador  that 
martial  pastime.  Prince  Charles  himself  ran  first  with  Richard  Buckhurst,  Earl  of 
Dorset,  and  broke  their  staves  very  successfully.  The  next  couple  that  ran  were 
the  beloved  Marquis  of  Buckingham  and  Philip  Lord  Herbert  .  .  .  but  had  very 
bad  success  in  all  the  courses  they  made. — Sir  S.  D'Ewes's  Autobiography,  vol.  i. 
p.  1 66. 

In  April  1622 — The  tilting  is  postponed  on  account  of  the  King's  illness  :  the 
Prince  [Charles]  is  disappointed,  wishing  to  make  show  of  a  feather  he  received  from 
his  Spanish  mistress. — Cal.  State  Pap.,  1619-1623,  p.  380. 

Falstaff.  And  now  is  this  Vice's  dagger  (Justice  Shallow)  become  a  squire  ; 
and  talks  as  familiarly  of  John  of  Gaunt,  as  if  he  had  been  sworn  brother  to  him  ; 
and  I'll  be  sworn  he  never  saw  him  but  once  in  the  Tiltyard,  and  then  he  burst  his 
head  for  crowding  among  the  Marshal's  men.  I  saw  it ;  and  told  John  of  Gaunt, 
he  beat  his  own  name,  for  you  might  have  truss'd  him  and  all  his  apparel  into  an 
eel-skin. — Shakespeare,  Second  Part  of  Henry  IV.,  Act  iii.  Sc.  2. 

She  had  a  tale  how  Cupid  struck  her  in  love  with  a  great  Lord  in  the  Tilt-Yard, 
but  he  never  saw  her  ;  yet  she  in  kindness  would  needs  wear  a  willow-garland  at  his 
wedding. — Beaumont  and  Fletcher,  The  Scornful  Lady,  Act  i.  Sc.  I. 

The  best  I  have  seen  have  been  the  devices  of  Tilting  whereof  many  were  till  of 
late  reserved  in  the  Private  Gallery  at  Whitehall,  of  Sir  Philip  Sydney,  the  Earl  of 
Cumberland,  Sir  Henry  Leigh,  the  Earl  of  Essex,  with  many  others  ;  most  of  which 
I  once  collected  with  intent  to  publish  them,  but  the  charge  dissuaded  me. — 
Peacham,  The  Compleat  Gent.,  ch.  xviii.  p.  277,  ed.  1661. 

And  then  his  [Essex's]  glorious  feather  -  triumph  when  he  caused  two  thousand 
orange-tawny  feathers,  in  despite  of  Sir  Walter  Raleigh,  to  be  worn  in  the  Tilt-Yard 
before  her  Majestie's  own  face. — Sir  Henry  Wotton,  Rel.  Wott.,  ed.  1685,  p.  190. 

Mr.  Sage.  If  it  were  in  my  power,  every  man  that  drew  his  sword,  unless  in 
the  Service,  or  purely  to  defend  his  life,  person  or  goods,  from  violence  (I  mean 
abstracted  from  all  puncto's  or  whims  of  honour),  should  ride  the  wooden  horse  in 
the  Tiltyard  for  such  first  offence. — The  Tatler,  No.  39. 

1  Cal.  State  fa/>.,  1619-1623,  pp.  133,  135. 


382  THE   TILTYARD 


This  predecessor  of  ours  [said  Sir  Roger  de  Coverley]  you  see  is  dressed  after 
this  manner,  and  his  cheeks  would  be  no  larger  than  mine,  were  he  in  a  hat  as  I  am. 
He  was  the  last  man  that  won  a  prize  in  the  Tiltyard  (which  is  now  a  common 
street  before  Whitehall).  You  see  the  broken  lance  that  lies  there  by  his  right  foot ; 
he  shivered  that  lance  of  his  adversary  all  to  pieces.  ...  I  don't  know  but  it  might 
be  exactly  where  the  Coffee  House  [Man's]  is  now. — The  Spectator,  No.  109. 

In  the  i  yth  century  there  was  a  Monk's  Head  in  the  Tiltyard, 
and  as  late  as  1762  there  was  a  tavern  there. 

Your  brother  ...  is  excessively  enamoured  of  London.  .  .  .  He  says  there  is 
no  wit  except  at  the  Bedford ;  no  military  genius  but  at  George's ;  no  wine  but  at 
the  Star  and  Garter ;  no  turbot  except  at  the  Tilt- Yard.  —  Bos-well  to  the  Hon. 
Andrew  Erskine,  February  16,  1762. 

Times  Newspaper  Office  (The).     [See  Printing  House  Square.] 

Tin -Plate  Workers'  Company.  This  fraternity  was  first 
incorporated  by  letters  patent  of  22  Charles  II.,  December  29,  1670, 
by  the  title  of  the  Master,  Warden,  Assistants  and  Commonalty  of  the 
Art  and  Mystery  of  Tin-plate  Workers  and  Wireworkers  of  the  City  of 
London.  A  livery  was  first  granted  them  in  1796.  They  have  no 
hall.  The  tin-plate  workers  rank  seventy-second  of  the  City  Companies. 

Titchfield  Street  (Great),  MARYLEBONE — Oxford  Street  to 
Carburton  Street.  Eminent  Inhabitants. — Richard  Wilson,  R.A.,  the 
landscape  painter,  at  No.  85,  in  1779.  P.  J.  Loutherbourg,  R.A.,  the 
landscape  painter,  at  No.  45,  from  1776  to  17 So.1  At  No.  76,  the 
house  of  Joseph  Bonomi,  A.R.A.,  died  James  Barry,  the  painter 
and  friend  of  Edmund  Burke,  February  22,  1806.  William  Collins, 
R.A.,  so  favourably  known  by  his  English  scenes  of  coast  and  country 
life,  was  born  in  this  street  in  1787.  William  Huntington's  (S.S.) 
first  chapel,  erected  by  subscription  in  this  street,  was  burnt  down 
in  1 8 10,  when  his  followers  built  him  a  much  more  spacious  edifice 
in  Gray's  Inn  Road. 

Titchfield  Street  (Little),  GREAT  PORTLAND  STREET.  At  No. 
4  lived  (1779)  William  Doughty,  who  engraved  so  many  capital 
mezzotint  portraits  after  Sir  Joshua  Reynolds.  At  No.  9,  under  the 
care  of  a  Mrs.  Gibson,  Lord  Nelson's  daughter  by  Lady  Hamilton, 
Horatia  Nelson  Ward  Thompson  was  brought  up.  She  died  Sunday, 
March  6,  1881,  at  Beaufort  Villa,  Woodriding,  Pinner,  Middlesex,  in 
her  8ist  year. 

Token  House  Yard,  LOTHBURY  (north  side  of  the  Bank  of  Eng- 
land) to  TELEGRAPH  STREET,  was  so  called  from  a  mint-house,  or  office 
established  here  for  the  issue  and  change  of  the  royal  farthing  tokens 
coined  under  a  patent  granted  in  1635-1636  by  Charles  I.  to  Henry 
Howard,  Lord  Maltravers  and  Sir  Francis  Crane,  Knights.2  It  may 
have  been  placed  here  on  account  of  its  proximity  to  Lothbury,  where 
the  brassfounders  resided,  but  here  was  the  house  and  garden  of  Thomas 
Howard,  Earl  of  Arundel,  the  father  of  Lord  Maltravers,  who  was 

1  Royal  Academy  Catalogues  for  these  years.     ,  ;          2  Burn's  Tokens,  p.  xlvii. 


TOM'S   COFFEE-HOUSE  383 

believed  at  the  time  to  have  an  interest  in  the  patent.  Token  House 
Yard  was  built  on  the  site  of  the  Earl  of  Arundel's  ground  by  Sir 
William  Petty,  our  earliest  writer  on  Political  Economy,  and  ancestor 
of  the  Marquis  of  Lansdowne.  It  is  mentioned  by  Hatton,  1708;  and 
Strype,  1720,  describes  it  as  "a  large  place,  with  well  built  houses,  fit 
for  good  inhabitants,  especially  the  row  on  the  east  side,  which  have 
courtyards  with  brick  walls  before  them.  At  the  upper  end  of  this 
yard  is  a  small  passage  down  steps  into  Bell  Alley  in  Coleman  Street 
Ward." 

Passing  through  Token  House  Yard  in  Lothbury,  of  a  sudden  a  casement  violently 
opened  just  over  my  head,  and  a  woman  gave  three  frightful  screeches,  and  then  cried, 
' '  Oh  Death,  Death,  Death  ! "  in  a  most  inimitable  tone,  and  which  struck  me  with 
a  horror  and  a  chillness  in  my  very  blood.  There  was  nobody  to  be  seen  in  the 
whole  street,  neither  did  any  other  window  open  ;  for  people  had  no  curiosity  now 
in  any  case  ;  nor  could  any  body  help  one  another ;  so  I  went  on  to  pass  into  Bell 
Alley. — Defoe,  Memoirs  of  the  Plague,  ed.  Brayley,  p.  117. 

Token  House  Yard  now  consists  of  "  well  built  houses  "  and  offices, 
mostly  occupied  by  stock  and  share  brokers  and  solicitors.  Observe  on 
the  west  side  the  Auction  Mart,  erected  in  1864,  from  the  designs  of 
Mr.  S.  Clarke,  on  the  removal  of  the  old  Auction  Mart  in  Bartholomew 
Lane.  [See  Auction  Mart.] 

Tom's  Coffee-house,  in  BIRCHIN  LANE,  CORNHILL. 

After  all  that  has  been  said  of  Mr.  Garrick,  envy  must  own  that  he  owed  his 
celebrity  to  his  merit ;  and  yet,  of  that  himself  seemed  so  diffident  that  he  practised 
sundry  little  but  innocent  arts  to  insure  the  favour  of  the  public.  He  kept  up  an 
interest  in  the  city  by  appearing,  about  twice  in  a  winter,  at  Tom's  Coffee  House  in 
Cornhill,  the  usual  rendezvous  of  young  merchants  at  'Change  time  ;  and  frequented 
a  club  established  for  the  sake  of  his  company  in  the  Queen's  Arms  Tavern  in  St. 
Paul's  Church  Yard. — Hawkins's  Life  of  Johnson,  p.  433. 

Tom's  Coffee  House,  May  T,oth,  1770. — There  is  such  a  noise  of  business  and 
politics  in  the  room  that  my  inaccuracy  in  writing  here  is  highly  excusable.  My 
present  profession  obliges  me  to  frequent  places  of  the  best  resort. — Chatterton  to 
his  Sister  (Dix's  Life,  p.  275). 

It  is  not,  however,  certain  which  was  the  Tom's  Coffee-house  that 
Chatterton  felt  himself  called  upon  to  frequent  as  a  place  of  the  best 
resort. 

Tom's  Coffee-house,  in  DEVEREUX  COURT.  [See  Devereux 
Court.]  There  is  a  letter  of  Pope's  in  print,  addressed  to  Fortescue, 
his  "  counsel  learned  in  the  law,"  at  this  coffee-house.1 

Tom's  Coffee-house,  No.  17  RUSSELL  STREET,  formerly  GREAT- 
RUSSELL  STREET,  COVENT  GARDEN,  stood  on  the  north  side  over- 
against  Button's,  and  was  so  called  after  Captain  Thomas  West,  the 
landlord,  who,  November  26,  1722,  threw  himself  in  a  delirium, 
occasioned  by  gout,  out  of  a  back-window  two  stories  high,  and  died 
immediately.2 

1  Bowles's  Pope,  vol.  x.  p.  206.  -  Historical  Register  for  1722,  p.  52. 


384  TOM'S  COFFEE-HOUSE 

With  careful  brows  at  Tom's  and  Will's  they  meet, 
And  ask,  who  did  elections  lose  or  get. 

Rowe,  Epilogue  to  Tamerlane,  4to,  1703 

After  the  Play  the  best  company  generally  go  to  Tom's  and  Will's  Coffee  Houses 
near  adjoining,  where  there  is  playing  at  Picket,  and  the  best  of  conversation  till 
midnight.  Here  you  will  see  blue  and  green  ribbons  and  Stars  sitting  familiarly,  and 
talking  with  the  same  freedom  as  if  they  had  left  their  quality  and  degrees  of  distance 
at  home. — Macky,  A  Journey  through  England,  8vo,  1722,  vol.  i.  p.  172. 

Mr.  Murphy  said  he  remembered  when  there  were  several  people  alive  in 
London  who  enjoyed  a  considerable  reputation  merely  from  having  written  a  paper 
in  The  Spectator.  He  mentioned  particularly  Mr.  Ince,  who  used  to  frequent 
Tom's  Coffee  House. — Boswell.  Life  of  Johnson,  8vo  ed.,  p.  505. 

The  house  in  which  I  reside  (17  Great  Russell  Street,  Covent  Garden)  was  the 
famous  Tom's  Coffee  House,  memorable  in  the  reign  of  Queen  Anne  ;  and  for  more 
than  half  a  century  afterwards  :  the  room  in  which  I  conduct  my  business  as  a  coin 
dealer,  is  that  which,  in  1764,  by  a  guinea  subscription  among  nearly  seven  hundred 
of  the  nobility,  foreign  ministers,  gentry,  and  geniuses  of  the  age — was  made  the 
card-room,  and  place  of  meeting  for  many  of  the  now  illustrous  dead,  and  remained 
so  till  1768,  when  a  voluntary  subscription  among  its  members  induced  Mr.  Haines, 
the  then  proprietor  (and  the  father  of  the  present  occupier  of  the  house),  to  take  in 
the  next  room  westward,  as  a  coffee-room  ;  and  the  whole  floor  en  suite  was  con- 
structed into  card  and  conversation  rooms. — William  Till,  Descriptive  Particulars  of 
English  Coronation  Medals. 

The  Craftsman  in  1727  was  printed  for  R.  Francklin  "under  Tom's 
Coffee-house  in  Covent  Garden;"  and  here  lived  Lewis,  the  book- 
seller, the  original  publisher  of  Pope's  "  Essay  on  Criticism."1  The  house 
was  pulled  down  and  rebuilt  in  1865. 

Tomlin'S  Town,  or  TOMLIN'S  NEW  TOWN,  has  now  vanished  from 
the  Directories,  but  in  Maps  of  1810-1819  it  is  the  name  given  to  the 
site  of  the  present  Oxford  Square  and  Cambridge  Square,  at  the  back 
of  the  St.  George's  burial-ground  and  west  of  the  Edgeware  Road. 

Took's  Court,  CHANCERY  LANE — Cursitor  Street  to  Furnival  Street. 
Richard  Brinsley  Sheridan,  in  the  last  year  of  his  life,  was  an  in- 
habitant of  a  spunging-house  in  this  court.  Here  he  wrote  his  angry 
letter  to  Whitbread,  printed  in  Moore's  Life  (vol.  ii.  p.  242).  The 
court  is  now  largely  occupied  by  law  stationers  and  law  writers.  No. 
2 1  is  the  Chiswick  Press  or  Whittingham's  well-known  printing  office, 
and  the  offices  of  the  Athenceum  and  Notes  and  Queries  are  next  door. 

Tooley  Street,  SOUTHWARK,  near  the  south  foot  of  London 
Bridge,  is  a  corruption  of  St.  Olave's  Street,2  and  derives  its  name  from 
the  adjoining  church  of  St.  Olave,  Southwark.  To  the  advertisement 
put  forth  in  Cromwell's  time  by  Thomas  Garway,  the  founder  of 
Garraway's  Coffee-house,  is  appended  the  following  notice  : — 

Advertisement. — That  Nicholas  Brook,  living  at  the  sign  of  the  Frying- Pan  in 
St.  Tulies  Street  against  the  Church,  is  the  only  known  man  for  making  of  Mills  for 
grinding  of  Coffee  powder,  which  Mills  are  by  him  sold  from  40  to  45  shillings  the 
Mill. — Ellis's  Letters,  second  series,  vol.  iv.  p.  61. 

1  Prospectus  of  Carte's  Life  ofOrtitond,  dated       "Sent  Towllys    in    Southwarke."   In    the   lyth 
February  2,  1733.  century  such  transitional  forms  as  St.  Tules,  St. 

2  Henry   Machyn's  Diary,  p.  303,   speaks  of      Soules,  St.  Tooleys,  are  to  be  met  with. 


TO  THILL  385 

Tooley  Street  was  known  as  Short  Southwark,  to  distinguish  it  from 
the  High  Street  or  Long  Southwark ;  about  the  church  was  a  small 
liberty  called  the  Berghene  or  Little  Burgundy.  [See  Berghene".]  It 
will  long  continue  to  be  famous  from  the  well-known  story  related 
by  Canning  of  "the  three  tailors  of  Tooley  Street,"  who  formed  a 
meeting  for  redress  of  popular  grievances,  and  began  their  petition  to 
the  House  of  Commons,  "  We  the  people  of  England."  On  the  south 
side,  approached  by  a  narrow  court,  was  St.  Saviour's  Grammar  School, 
removed  for  the  railways.  In  White  Horse  Court,  immediately  adjoining, 
was  the  inn  of  the  Prior  of  Lewes,  in  Suffolk.  A  transition  Norman 
crypt,  part  of  the  inn,  was  remaining  within  the  last  forty  years.  East  of 
St.  Olave's  Church  was  the  inn  of  the  Abbot  of  St.  Augustine,  afterwards 
in  the  possession  of  the  St.  Leger,  Grenville  and  Fletcher  families,  a 
memorial  of  it  being  preserved  to  our  own  day  in  Sillingcr  Wharf. 
Tooley  Street  has  been  much  altered  of  late  years,  and  a  portion  of  the 
south  side  swept  away  for  the  approaches  and  extensions  of  the  South 
Eastern  and  London  and  Brighton  Railways.  On  the  north  side  are 
several  new  piles  of  large  and  substantial  warehouses.  Here  is  a 
memorial  tablet  to  "  James  Braidwood,  Superintendent  of  the  London 
Fire  Brigade,  who  was  killed  near  this  spot  in  the  execution  of  his 
duty,  at  the  great  fire  on  the  22nd  June,  1861,  erected  by  the  "M" 
Division  of  Police." 

Torrington  Square.  No.  55  was  the  last  London  residence  of 
Sir  Nicholas  Harris  Nicolas,  editor  of  Nelson's  Despatches  and  Letters, 
and  author  of  the  very  useful  Chronology  of  History.  He  died  at 
Boulogne  in  1848.  The  Rev.  Joseph  Hunter,  also  a  well-known 
antiquary  (d.  1861),  resided  at  No.  30. 

Tothill,  a  manor  in  Westminster,  possessed,  in  the  reign  of  Henry 
III.,  by  John  Maunsel,  who  rose  to  the  dignity  of  Chancellor  of 
England.  Here  he  entertained  the  King  and  his  court,  the  company 
being  so  numerous  that  they  were  accommodated  in  a  large  tent,  or 
tents  ;  his  own  manor-house  being  too  small. 

"  Toot  hills  "  occurs  in  many  parts  of  England,  in  the  several  forms 
of  "  Toot,"  Tut,  Tot,  Tote,  etc.  The  origin  of  Tothill,  in  this  instance, 
appears  to  be  that  given  in  an  ancient  lease,  which  particularises  a  close 
called  the  Toothill,  otherwise  the  Beacon  Field.  There  is  a  place  of 
the  same  name  near  Caernarvon  Castle  also  called  the  Beacon  Hill. 
The  Toot  Hill  was  the  highest  ground  in  a  locality,  which  would  be 
used  as  a  post  of  observation,  for  the  erection  of  a  beacon,  or  a  strong- 
hold. Thus  in  the  second  book  of  Samuel,  v.  7,  where  the  author- 
ised version  has  "Nevertheless  David  took  the  stronghold  of  Zion," 
Wicliffe  renders  it  "Forsooth  David  toke  the  tote  hill  Syon";  and  in 
verse  9,  "  So  David  dwelt  in  the  fort,  and  called  it  the  city  of  David," 
Wicliffe  has  "David  dwelt  in  the  tote  hill."  Canon  Isaac  Taylor1 
thinks  that  "  places  called  Tot  Hill,  Toot  Hill  or  Tooter  Hill  .  .  . 

1  Wards  and  Places,  p.  326. 
VOL.  Ill  2  C 


386  TOT  HILL 

may  possibly  have  been  seats  of  Celtic  worship."  It  has  been  supposed 
by  Mr.  G.  Lawrence  Gomme  that  this  was  the  site  of  the  Folk-moot 
at  Westminster.  (See  Antiquary,  vol.  xi.,  p.  6.) 

Tothill  Fields  (particularly  so  called)  comprised  that  portion  of  land 
between  Tothill  Street,  Pimlico,  and  the  river  Thames ;  this  is  a  some- 
what uncertain  boundary — but  it  is  the  best  that  can  be  given,  or,  as 
Jeremy  Bentham  says,  writing  in  1798,  "If  a  place  could  exist  of 
which  it  could  be  said  that  it  was  in  no  neighbourhood,  it  would  be 
Tothill  Fields." l 

In  early  times  Tothill  Fields  was  the  theatre  of  great  tournaments 
and  ceremonies.  On  occasion  of  the  coronation  of  Eleanor,  Queen  of 
Henry  III.,  1236,  "royal  solemnities  and  goodly  jousts  "  were  held  in 
Tothill  Fields  ;  and  in  1256 — 

John  Mansell,  the  King's  councillor  and  priest,  did  invite  to  a  stately  dinner  the 
Kings  and  Queens  of  England  and  Scotland,  Edward  the  King's  son,  Earls,  Barons, 
and  Knights,  the  Bishop  of  London,  and  divers  citizens,  whereby  his  guests  did  grow 
to  such  a  number,  that  his  house  at  Totehill  could  not  receive  them,  but  that  he  was 
forced  to  set  up  tents  and  pavilions  to  receive  his  guests,  whereof  there  was  such  a 
multitude  that  seven  hundred  messes  of  meat  did  not  serve  for  the  first  dinner. — 
Stow,  p.  176. 

It  was  also  the  place  in  which  were  held  wagers  of  battle. 

In  the  same  yere  [1441]  was  a  fightyng  at  the  Tothill  between  too  thefes,  a 
pelour  and  a  defendant,  and  the  pelour  hadde  the  field  and  victory  of  the  defendant 
withinne  thre  strokes. — A  Chronicle  of  London,  4to,  1827,  p.  128. 

Such  scenes  were  not  uncommon  in  Tothill  Fields.  Stow  describes 
a  challenge  of  this  kind,  which  should  have  been  fought  in  Trinity  term, 
1571,  respecting  "a  certain  Manour,  and  demaine  lands  belonging 
thereunto,  in  the  Isle  of  Harty,  adjoining  to  the  Isle  of  Sheppey  in 
Kent,"  with  all  his  usual  interesting  minuteness  of  dress  and  circum- 
stance, but  the  passage  is  too  long  to  cite.2  Later  it  was  a  frequent 
scene  of  more  private  combats. 

Staines.   I  accept  it :  the  meeting  place  ? 

Spemlall.   Beyond  the  Maze  in  Tuttle. 

Staines.   What  weapon  ? 

SpendalL   Single  rapier. 

Staines.   The  time  ? 

Spettdall.   To  morrow. 

Staines.  The  hour  ? 

Spendall.   'Twixt  nine  and  ten. 

Staines.   'Tis  good.     I  shall  expect  you. — Greene's  Tu  Quoqiie. 

Lod.  I  have  expected  you  these  two  hours,  which  is  more  than  I  have  done  to 
all  the  men  I  have  fought  withal  since  I  slew  the  High  German  in  Tuttle.  — Shirley, 
The  Wedding,  Act  iv.  Sc.  3  (1629). 

The  last  duel  in  Tothill  Fields  of  which  we  have  any  account  took 
place,  May  9,  1711,  between  Sir  Cholmley  Bering,  Knight  of  the  Shire 
for  Kent,  and  a  gentleman  of  the  name  of  Thornhill.  Swift  tells  Stella 
on  the  same  day,  on  the  authority  of  Dr.  Freind  (who  had  just  left  the 
dying  man),  "  They  fought  at  sword  and  pistol  this  morning  in  Tuttle 

1  Twenty-eighth  Report  of  Finance  Committee,  p.  79.  2  Sttni',  by  Howes,  ed.  1631,  p.  669. 


TO  THILL  387 

Fields,  the  pistols  so  near  that  the  muzzles  touched.  Thornhill  dis- 
charged first,  and  Bering  having  received  the  shot  discharged  his  pistol 
as  he  was  falling,  so  it  went  into  the  air.  .  .  .  This  makes  a  noise  here, 
but  you  don't  value  it."  On  the  2ist  of  the  following  August  Swift 
completes  the  story.  "Thornhill,  who  killed  Sir  Cholmley  Bering,  was 
murdered  by  two  men  at  Turnham  Green  last  Monday  night :  as  they 
stabbed  him  they  bid  him  remember  Sir  Cholmley  Bering."  Bering 
was  to  have  been  married  the  week  after  the  duel. 

Punishments  for  various  offences,  and  particularly,  as  would  seem, 
for  necromancy  and  witchcraft,  were  often  inflicted  here  ; l  and  archery 
and  other  sports  practised. 

According  to  my  Lord's  saying,  my  cousin  Thomas  and  I,  the  Sunday  after  I 
had  your  letters,  when  the  King  [Henry  VIII.]  schote yn  Tothylle  [no  date,  but  before 
1514],  I  spoke  two  times  unto  the  King's  Grace  for  your  servants,  and  he  asked  of  me 
where  they  were,  "let  me  see  them,"  and  I  called  them  unto  the  King  and  Nott  shot 
afore  him.  My  Lord  Treasurer  said  good  words  of  you  and  them  both,  and  so  did 
Mr.  Cumton  [William  Compton],  M.  Brandon  [Duke  of  Suffolk]  and  Mr.  Garnys. 
— Trevelyan  Papers,  vol.  ii.  p.  10. 

The  privilege  of  holding  a  weekly  market  and  an  annual  fair  was 
granted  to  the  Abbot  of  Westminster  by  Henry  III.  in  1248,  the 
market  to  be  held  in  Tuthill,  the  fair  in  St.  Margaret's  churchyard, 
but  in  1542  the  fair  also  was  removed  to  Tothill  Fields.  As  long  as 
they  remained  unbuilt  on  Tothill  Fields  were  used  for  military  musters 
and  as  public  playing-ground. 

The  men  of  Hartfordshire  lie  at  Mile-End, 
Suffolk  and  Essex  traine  in  Tuttle  Fields, 
The  Londoners  and  those  of  Middlesex 
All  gallantly  prepar'd  in  Finsbury. 

Decker,  The  Gentle  Craft,  vol.  i.  p.  n. 

August  25,  1651. — The  Trained  Bands  of  London,  Westminster,  etc.,  drew  out 
into  Tuttle  Fields,  in  all  about  14,000,  the  Speaker  and  divers  members  of  the 
Parliament  were  there  to  see  them.  —  Whitelocke. 

We  have  done  him  no  injury,  but  once  I  stroke  his  shins  at  foot-ball  in  Tuttle. 
— Randolph,  Hey  for  Honesty  (1651),  Works,  p.  474. 

Locke  in  the  directions  for  a  foreigner  visiting  London,  which  he 
wrote  in  1679,  says  he  may  see  "shooting  in  the  long-bow  and  stob- 
ball  in  Tothill  Fields."  Ho  well  refers  to  the  gardens. 

July  25,  1629. — I  have  sent  you  herewith  a  hamper  of  melons,  the  best  I  could 
find  in  any  of  Tothill  Field  Gardens. — Hoviell  to  Sir  Arthur  Ingram  (Letters,  p.  214). 

The  Maze,  represented  in  Hollar's  View  of  Tothill  Fields,  was 
made  anew  in  1 672.2 

There  is  a  Maze  at  this  day  in  Tuthill  Fields,  Westminster,  and  much  frequented 
in  the  summer  time  in  fair  afternoons. — Aubrey,  Anec.  and  Trad.,  p.  105. 

In  emergencies  Tothill  Fields  were  used  as  a  place  of  sepulture 
after  a  fashion  very  strange  to  modern  notions.  Thus,  in  the  plague 
year  of  1665,  Pepys  writes  : — 

1  Walcott's  Westminster,  p.  325.  -  Churchwardens'  Accounts  of  St.  Margaret's,  Westminster. 


388  TOTHILL 

July  1 8. — I  was  much  troubled  this  day  to  hear  at  Westminster  how  the  officers 
do  bury  the  dead  in  the  open  Tuttle-fields,  pretending  want  of  room  elsewhere  ; 
whereas  the  new  chapel  churchyard  was  walled-in  at  the  publick  charge  in  the  last 
plague  time,  merely  for  want  of  room ;  and  now  none,  but  such  as  are  able  to  pay 
dear  for  it,  can  be  buried  there. — Pepys. 

The  churchwardens'  Accounts  of  St.  Margaret's,  Westminster, 
exhibit  a  payment  of  thirty  shillings  to  Thomas  Wright,  for  sixty-seven 
loads  of  soil  "laid  on  the  graves  in  Tothill  Fields,  wherein  1200 
Scotch  prisoners,  taken  at  the  Battle  of  Worcester,  were  buried." 

A  Bridewell  House  of  Correction  or  Prison  was  built  here  in  1655, 
enlarged  in  1788,  and  continued  to  be  used  till  the  opening  of  the 
New  Prison  in  1834.  On  the  side  of  the  Sessions  House,  Broad 
Sanctuary,  is  fixed  the  doorway  of  the  old  Tothill  Fields  Prison,  which 
was  removed  in  1836.  A  bear-garden  was  in  existence  here  as  late  as 
I793-1  Vincent  Square  occupies  part  of  the  site. 

Tothill,  Tuthill,  or  Tuttle  Street,  from  the  Broad  Sanctuary  to 
the  Broadway,  WESTMINSTER. 

Tothill  Street,  a  large  street  in  Westminster,  between  Petty  France  (west)  and 
the  Old  Gate  House  (east). — Hatton,  8vo,  1708,  p.  84. 

Such  is  Hatton's  description ;  but  the  Gatehouse  has  long  been  level 
with  the  ground,  and  Petty  France  has  since  been  transformed  into 
York  Street.  Our  notions  have  also  changed  about  its  size — no  one 
would  call  it  "a  large  street"  now.  In  the  i6th  and  zyth  centuries 
there  were  mansions  on  both  sides  of  Tothill  Street,  those  on  the  south 
having  gardens  reaching  to  the  Park.  Stourton  House,  at  the  south- 
west end  of  the  street,  was  the  residence  of  the  Lords  Dacre  of  the 
South ;  opposite  to  it  lived  Lord  Grey  de  Wilton ;  and  at  Caron 
House  died,  1612,  Sir  George  Carew.  At  Lincoln  House  Sir  Henry 
Herbert  had  his  office  as  Master  of  the  Revels  in  1 664-1 665.2  On 
May  28,  1623,  Endymion  Porter  wrote  to  his  wife  Olive  that  "Lady 
Carey  in  Tuttle  Street"  is  to  pay  her  "^112  for  money  lent  by  him 
to  her  son  in  Spain."  3  Before  the  middle  of  the  iyth  century  smaller 
houses  were  beginning  to  be  built  here. 

1634. — The  tobacco  licences  go  on  apace,  they  yield  a  good  fine  and  a  constant 
yearly  rent,  but  the  buildings  yield  not  that  profit  that  was  expected  as  yet.  My 
Lord  Maynard  compounded  for  ^500  for  some  twenty  houses  built  in  Tuttle  Street. 
— Garrard,  Strafford  Letters,  vol.  i.  p.  263. 

Betterton,  the  actor,  was  born  in  this  street  some  time  in  1635. 
Thomas  Amory,  the  author  of  John  Bunch,  died  here  in  1789,  aged 
ninety-seven.  In  a  house  near  the  Gate  House  Edmund  Burke  lived 
for  some  time. 

Ben  Jonson,  in  the  Staple  of  News,  speaks  of— 

All  the  news  of  Tuttle  Street,  and  both  the  Alm'ries,  the  two  Sanctuaries,  long 
and  round  Woolstaple,  with  King's  Street  and  Cannon  Row  to  boot. 

1  Walcott's  Westminster,  p.  329.        2  Walcott,  p.  282.         3  Cal.  State  Pap.,  1619-1623,  p-  59°- 


TOTTENHAM  COURT  ROAn  389 

On  the  north  side,  No.  72,  was  a  curious  old  inn,  The  Cock  [see 
the  Cock  Tavern],  but  it  was  cleared  away  in  1873,  with  all  the  other 
houses  on  that  side,  to  make  way  for  the  Royal  Aquarium.  No.  4  was 
a  later  Cock  Tavern,  and  is  now  the  Aquarium  Tavern.  This  is  a 
modern  house  with  an  old  stone,  dated  1671,  let  into  the  front.  In  the 
old  house  Thomas  Southerne,  the  poet  (1660-1746) 

Tom  sent  down  to  raise 

The  price  of  prologues  and  of  plays — 

lived  for  many  years  at  Mr.  Whyte's,  an  oilman  in  Tothill  Street, 
against  Dartmouth  Street.1  He  died  there,  May  26,  1746.  The  house, 
was  still  an  oilman's  shop  in  1850.  It  has  been  pulled  down  some 
years.  The  destruction  on  the  south  side  has  not  been  so  sweeping  • 
but  several  houses  at  the  east  end  were  taken  down  for  the  formation 
of  Victoria  Street  and  the  Westminster  Palace  Hotel.  In  all  there  are 
only  eighteen  houses  left  in  Tothill  Street. 

Tottenham  Court  Road,  a  market  road,  or  street,  leading  from 
Oxford  Street  to  the  prebendal  manor  of  Tothill,  Totenhall,  or  Totenham 
Court,  described  in  Domesday,  and  originally  appertaining  to  the  Dean 
and  Chapter  of  St.  Paul's.  In  1560  the  manor  was  demised  to  Queen 
Elizabeth  for  ninety-nine  years,  in  the  name  of  Sir  Robert  Dudley.  In 
1639,  twenty  years  before  the  expiration  of  Queen  Elizabeth's  term,  a 
lease  was  granted  to  Charles  I.,  in  the  name  of  Sir  Henry  Vane.  In 
1649,  being  seized  as  Crown  land,  the  manor  was  sold  to  Ralph 
Harrison,  Esq.,  of  London,  for  the  sum  of  ^3318  13  :  n.  At  the 
Restoration  it  reverted  to  the  Crown;  and  in  1661  was  granted  by 
Charles  II.,  for  the  term  of  forty-one  years,  in  payment  of  a  debt,  to  Sir 
Henry  Wood.  The  lease  was  next  possessed  by  Isabella,  Countess  of 
Arlington,  in  the  reign  of  Charles  II.,  from  whom  it  descended  to  her 
daughter,  the  Duchess  of  Grafton ;  and  in  this  way  was  inherited  by 
the  family  of  the  Fitzroys,  Dukes  of  Grafton,  descended  from  Barbara 
Villiers,  Duchess  of  Cleveland,  the  notorious  mistress  of  Charles  II. 
The  fee-simple  of  the  manor,  subject  to  the  payment  of  ^£300  per 
annum  to  the  prebendary  of  Tottenham,  was  subsequently  vested  in 
the  Hon.  Charles  Fitzroy,  first  Lord  Southampton,  and  his  heirs,  by  an 
Act  passed  in  1768,  and  Grafton  Street,  Fitzroy  Square^  etc.,  not  long 
after  erected  on  the  grounds  belonging  to  the  manor.  The  Manor 
House  stood  at  the  north-west  extremity  of  the  present  road,  and 
was  subsequently  transformed  into  a  public  house,  known  as  the 
Adam  and  Eve,  now  in  the  Hampstead  Road.  There  is  a  view 
of  it  in  Wilkinson,  with  a  plan  exhibiting  the  exact  locality  of 
the  house.  Here,  in  Tottenham  Court  Road,  and  in  front  of  the 
Adam  and  Eve  tea  gardens,  Hogarth  has  laid  the  scene  of  his 
March  to  Finchley.  Here  "the  famous  pugilistic  skill  of  Broughton 
and  Slack  was  publickly  exhibited,  upon  an  uncovered  stage,  in  a 
yard  open  to  the  North  Road ; " ;:  and  here,  in  the  tea-gardens, 

1  Letter  to  Dr.  Richard  Rawlinson  (Malone's  Life  of  Dryden,  p.  176.) 
2  Smith,  Book  for  a  Rainy  Day,  p.  26. 


390  TOTTENHAM  COURT  ROAD 

. — m 

(May  1 6,  1785),  Lunardi  effected  his  second  descent  from  his  balloon. 
The  grounds  attached  to  the  Adam  and  Eve  were  spacious  and  con- 
venient, and  the  company  at  one  time  respectable.  As  the  new 
buildings  increased  it  became  a  place  of  a  more  promiscuous  resort — 
so  much  so,  indeed,  that  the  music-room  was  abolished,  the  skittle- 
grounds  destroyed,  and  the  gardens  dug  up  for  the  foundation  of  the 
present  "  Eden  Street,  Hampstead  Road"  the  first  turning  on  the  left 
hand  from  Tottenham  Court  Road.  The  first  notice  of  Tottenham 
Court,  as  a  place  of  public  entertainment,  contained  in  the  books  of 
the  parish  of  St.  Giles's-in-the-Fields,  occurs  under  the  year  1645,  when 
Mrs.  Stacye's  maid,  and  two  others,  were  fined  a  shilling  a-piece  "  for 
drinking  at  Tottenhall  Court  on  the  Sabbath  daie," x  but  Ben  Jonson 
seems  to  refer  to  this  road  when  he  makes  Quarlous  say  to  Win-wife  in 
Bartholomew  Fair,  1614,  "Because  she  is  in  possibility  to  be  your 
daughter-in-law,  and  may  ask  your  blessing  hereafter  when  she  courts 
it  to  Totnam  to  eat  cream." 2  Tottenham  Fields  were  until  a  com- 
paratively recent  date  a  favourite  place  of  resort. 

When  the  sweet-breathing  spring  unfolds  the  buds, 

Love  flies  the  dusty  town  for  shady  woods. 

Then  Tottenham  fields  with  roving  beauty  swarm. 

Gay,  Epistle  to  Fttlteney. 

1773. — Notwithstanding  Tottenham  Court  Road  was  so  infested  by  the  lowest 
order,  who  kept  what  they  called  a  Gooseberry  Fair,  it  was  famous  at  certain  times 
of  the  year,  particularly  in  summer,  for  its  booths  of  regular  theatrical  performers, 
who  deserted  the  empty  benches  of  Drury  Lane  Theatre,  under  the  mismanagement 
of  Mr.  Fleetwood,  and  condescended  to  admit  the  audience  at  sixpence  each.  Mr. 
Yates,  and  several  other  eminent  performers  had  their  names  painted  on  their 
booths. — J.  T.  Smith,  Book  for  a  Rainy  Day,  p.  27. 

Tottenham  Court  Road  does  not  boast  an  illustrious  roll  of  inhabit- 
ants. Pinkerton  writes  to  Lord  Buchan,  January  29,  1793,  "My 
address  is  120  Tottenham  Court  Road;"  and  Chateaubriand  said  that 
about  the  same  time  he  lodged  in  a  garret  in  Tottenham  Court  Road 
for  six  shillings  a  week. 

December  5,  1818. — On  passing  through  Tottenham  Court  Road  we  saw  an 
unusual  congregation  of  blackguards  at  the  entrance  of  a  passage  called  Cock  Court. 
Asked  what  was  the  matter?  "Randall  lives  here,  Sir."  It  was  the  Conqueror's 
levee. — Thomas  Moore's  Diary. 

Moore  had  been  at  a  fight  between  this  Randall  and  another  the 
day  before,  and  was  now  on  his  way  to  visit  his  daughter's  grave  at 
Hornsey.  Moore's  "  congregation  of  blackguards  "  were  not  the  worst 
of  that  colour  who  have  been  met  with  here.  Brothers  the  Prophet 
declared  that  he  "had  seen  the  Devil  walking  leisurely  up  Totten- 
ham Court  Road."  3 

Observe. — Meux's  brewhouse  at  the  south-east  corner,  famous  for 
its  porter  vats  and  artesian  well.  Opposite  to  it : — 

A  large  circular  boundary  stone,  let  into  the  pavement  in  the  middle  of  the  high- 
way, exactly  where  Oxford  Street  and  Tottenham  Court  Road  meet  in  a  right  angle. 

1  Parton's  History  of  St.  Giles's,  p.  239.  "  Ben  Jonson,  Bartholomew  Fair,  Act  i.  Sc.  i. 

3  Southey's  Espriellas  Letters,  vol.  ii.  p.  231. 


THE   TOWER   OF  LONDON  391 

Whin  the  charity  boys  of  St.  Giles's  parish  walk  the  boundaries,  those  who  have 
dcsiTved  flogging  are  whipped  at  this  [stone,1  in  order  that  as  they  grow  up  they 
may  remember  the  place,  and  be  competent  to  give  evidence  should  any  dispute 
.  ith  the  adjoining  parishes.  Near  this  stone  stood  St.  Giles's  Pound. — -/.  T. 
Smith,  p.  22. 

On  the  west  side  of  Tottenham  Court  Road  was  Whitefield's 
Tabernacle,  built  by  subscription  under  the  auspices  of  the  Rev.  George 
Wh  tefield,  the  founder  of  the  Calvinistic  Methodists.  The  first  stone 
was  laid  May  i  o,  1756,  and  the  chapel  opened  November  7  following 
— Whitefield  preaching  on  the  occasion  to  a  very  crowded  audience. 
Mrs.  Whitefield  (d.  1768)  is  buried  here;  and  here,  on  a  monument 
to  her  memory,  is  an  inscription  to  her  husband,  who,  dying  in  New 
England  in  1770,  was  buried  at  Newbury  Port,  near  Boston.  John 
Bacon,  R.A.,  the  celebrated  sculptor,  died  August  7,  1799,  is  buried 
uncer  the  north  gallery ;  here  too  lies  the  once  popular  preacher  and 
writer,  the  Rev.  A.  M.  Toplady,  who  died  August  1 1,  1 788.  The  chapel 
was  pulled  down  in  April  1890. 

Tottenham  Street,  TOTTENHAM  COURT  ROAD,  west  side,  near 
Whitefield's  Tabernacle.  Richard  Wilson,  the  landscape  painter's  "last 
abcde  in  London  was  at  a  mean  house  in  Tottenham  Street,  Tottenham 
Court  Road,  in  which  he  occupied  the  first  and  second  floors,  almost 
witiout  furniture."2  The  Prince  of  Wales  Theatre  (which  see)  was 
foraerly  Francis  Pasquale's  concert-room.  It  was  afterwards  purchased 
and  enlarged  by  the  directors  of  the  Concerts  of  Antient  Music, 
and  subsequently  converted  into  a  theatre,  under  the  names  of  the 
Tottenham  Street,  Regency,  Royal  West  London,  Queen's,  and  finally 
the  Prince  of  Wales  Theatre. 

Muse  are  the  Tottenham  Street  subscribers  poor  ? 

Will  Drury  keep  some  pence  from  Tottenham's  pocket  ? 
Does  threatening  bankruptcy  extend  a  gloom 

O'er  the  proud  walls  of  Tottenham's  royal  room  ? 

Peter  Pindar,  Ode  upon  Ode. 

Tower  (The)  of  London,  the  most  celebrated  fortress  in  Great 
Brtain,  stands  immediately  without  the  City  walls,  on  the  left  or 
Middlesex  bank  of  the  Thames,  about  \  mile  below  London  Bridge. 

This  Tower  is  a  citadel  to  defend  or  command  the  city ;  a  royal  palace  for 
assemblies  or  treaties  ;  a  prison  of  state  for  the  most  dangerous  offenders ;  the  only 
place  of  coinage  for  all  England  at  this  time  ;  the  armoury  for  warlike  provisions  ; 
the  treasury  of  the  ornaments  and  jewels  of  the  crown  ;  and  general  conserver  of  the 
most  records  of  the  King's  courts  of  justice  at  Westminster. — Stoiu,  p.  23. 

Tradition  has  carried  its  erection  many  centuries  earlier  than  our 
records  : — 

This  way  the  king  will  come,  this  is  the  way 
To  Julius  Caesar's  ill-erected  Tower. 

Shakespeare,  King  Richard  II. ,  Act  v.  Sc.  I. 
Prince.   Where  shall  we  sojourn  till  our  coronation  ? 
Gloster.  Where  it  seems  best  unto  your  royal  self. 

1  This    refers  to  the  last  quarter   of  the   i8th  century.      The  boys  do  not  now  receive  their 
whippings  here.  -  Wright's  Life  of  Wilson,  p.  5. 


392  THE   TOWER   OF  LONDON 


If  I  may  counsel  you,  some  day  or  two 
Your  highness  shall  repose  you  at  the  Tower. 

Prince.   I  do  not  like  the  Tower,  of  any  place. 
Did  Julius  Caesar  build  that  place,  my  lord  ? 

Buck.   He  did,  my  gracious  lord,  begin  that  place, 
Which,  since,  succeeding  ages  have  re-edified. 

Prince.   Is  it  upon  record,  or  else  reported 
Successively  from  age  to  age,  he  built  it  ? 

Buck.   Upon  record,  my  gracious  lord. 

Shakespeare,  King  Richard  III.,  Act  iii.  Sc.  i. 

Ye  towers  of  Julius,  London's  lasting  shame, 
With  many  a  foul  and  midnight  murder  fed. 

Gray,  The  Bard. 

There  is  no  authority,  however,  to  confirm  tradition  in  the  remote 
antiquity  assigned  to  the  Tower.  No  part  of  the  existing  structure  is 
of  a  date  anterior  to  the  keep,  or  the  great  square  tower  in  the  centre 
called  the  White  Tower,  and  this,  it  is  well  known,  was  built  by  Willam 
the  Conqueror,  circ.  1078.  During  excavations  made  for  building 
purposes  in  1772  and  1777  some  ruins  of  an  old  stone  wall  9  feet  in 
thickness,  and  of  which  the  cement  was  exceedingly  hard,  were  found  near 
the  White  Tower,  and  these  were  either  the  remains  of  an  earlier  edifce, 
or  a  portion  of  the  bulwarks  of  the  old  wall.  Some  old  Roman  cans 
were  also  found  at  the  same  time. 

I  find  in  a  fair  register  book,  containing  the  acts  of  the  Bishops  of  Rochester,  set 
down  by  Edmond  de  Hadenham,  that  William  I.,  surnamed  Conqueror,  built  the 
Tower  of  London,  to  wit,  the  great  white  and  square  tower  there,  about  the  year 
of  Christ  1078,  appointing  Gundulph,  then  Bishop  of  Rochester,  to  be  principal 
surveyor  and  overseer  of  that  work. — Stow,  p.  17. 

Rochester  Castle  has  been  commonly  ascribed  to  Gundulph,  Bishop 
of  Rochester  (the  William  of  Wykeham  of  his  age),  but  it  is  now 
known  to  be  of  later  date.  The  keep  (now  a  shell)  of  the  castle  at 
Mailing  is  the  only  known  example  left  of  his  military  architecture. 

The  Tower  is  surrounded  by  a  dry  ditch,  capable  of  being  flooded 
at  high  water,  running  all  round  the  outer  wall.  The  western,  northern 
and  eastern  sides  are  protected  by  casemated  ramparts  rising  from  tie 
ditch,  with  bastions  at  the  angles,  and  surmounted  with  short  heavy 
guns.  The  defence  along  the  southern  or  river  front  consists  of  a  low 
rampart,  guarded  by  a  chain  of  small  forts. 

The  "  Ballium  wall,"  of  great  thickness  and  solidity,  and  varying 
from  30  to  40  feet  in  height,  is  probably  of  about  the  same  date 
as  the  White  Tower.  It  formerly  formed  a  continuous  inner  bulwark, 
but  when  Cromwell  obtained  possession  of  the  Tower  he  caused  the 
Royal  Palace,  which  occupied  the  south-eastern  portion  of  the  space 
enclosed  by  this  wall,  to  be  pulled  down,  and  with  this  went  a  great 
part  of  the  Ballium  wall  on  the  eastern  and  southern  sides.  The  wall 
has  lately  been  rebuilt  on  the  eastern  side.  The  only  vestige  of 
the  Palace  left  is  the  buttress  of  an  old  archway  adjoining  the 
Salt  Tower.  This  inner  wall  was  flanked  with  thirteen  protecting 


THE   TOWER   OF  LONDON  393 

towers,  of  which  twelve  still  remain  in  a  more  or  less  "restored" 
form.  The  Lanthorn  Tower,  which  stood  between  the  Salt  and 
Wakefield  Towers,  was  removed  on  the  erection  of  the  Ordnance 
Office.  In  1882  these  warehouses  were  removed,  and  the  Lanthorn 
Tower  rebuilt,  the  general  effect  of  the  buildings  from  the  river  being 
thus  greatly  improved. 

The  principal  entrance  to  the  Tower  is  from  Great  Tower  Hill,  at 
the  south-east  angle  of  the  outer  wall,  through  the  Middle  and  Byward 
Towers.  The  Lion  Tower  formerly  stood  just  without  the  Middle 
Tower,  and  it  was  here  the  Menagerie  was  kept.  On  the  south  or 
river  front  are  two  entrances,  the  Queen's  Stairs  by  the  Byward  Tower, 
and  Traitors'  Gate,  under  St.  Thomas  Tower  (used  only  for  the 
reception  of  prisoners  of  rank). 

On  through  that  gate  misnamed,  through  which  before 

Went  Sidney,  Russell,  Raleigh,  Cranmer,  More. 

Roger's  Human  Life. 

At  the  south-east  angle  is  the  Irongate,  "  a  great  and  strong  gate, 
but  not  usually  opened,"  facing  Little  Tower  Hill. 

The  White  Tower  was  restored  by  Sir  Christopher  Wren,  who  faced 
the  windows  with  stone  in  the  Italian  style  and  otherwise  modernised 
the  exterior,  but  the  interior  has  been  but  little  altered.  This  Tower 
is  11 6  feet  from  north  to  south  by  96  from  east  to  west,  and  is  three 
storeys  high.  The  exterior  walls  are  15  feet  in  thickness,  and  the 
interior  is  divided  by  a  wall  7  feet  thick,  running  north  and  south ; 
another  running  east  and  west  subdivides  the  eastern  of  these  divisions 
into  unequal  parts.  These  partition  walls,  extending  through  all  three 
storeys,  form  one  large  and  two  smaller  rooms  on  each  floor.  The 
smallest  division  of  the  ground  floor,  known  as  Queen  Elizabeth's 
armoury,  is  a  vaulted  room,  and  in  reality  forms  the  crypt  of  St.  John's 
Chapel.  On  the  north  side  of  this  room  is  a  cell  10  feet  long  and  8 
wide  in  the  thickness  of  the  wall,  and  receiving  light  only  through 
the  doorway.  These  rooms  are  said  to  have  been  Sir  Walter  Raleigh's 
prison,  where  he  wrote  the  History  of  the  World.  Over  this  room,  on 
the  first  floor,  and  extending  through  both  first  and  second  floors,  is  St. 
John's  Chapel,  one  of  the  finest  specimens  of  Norman  ecclesiastical 
architecture  which  we  possess.  The  massive  columns  and  general 
simplicity  of  character  of  this  chapel  give  it  a  very  solemn  and  impressive 
appearance.  A  triforium,  extending  over  the  aisles  and  semicircular 
east  end,  probably  served  to  allow  the  queen  and  her  ladies  to  attend 
the  celebration  of  mass  unseen  by  the  congregation  below.  The 
chapel  is  55  feet  in  length,  31  feet  wide,  and  32  feet  high  to  the  crown 
of  the  vault.  The  nave  between  the  pillars  is  14  feet  6  inches  wide; 
the  aisles  are  about  half  the  width,  and  13  feet  6  inches  high.  The 
triforium  is  1 1  feet  9  inches  high.  It  was  dismantled  in  1558.  At 
the  foot  of  the  winding  stairs  leading  up  to  St.  John's  Chapel  and 
situate  in  the  centre  of  the  south  side  of  the  White  Tower,  two  skeletons 
were  found  in  July  1674,  supposed  to  be  the  remains  of  the  two 


394  THE   TOWER   OF  LONDON 

murdered  princes,  sons  of  Edward  IV.  They  were  removed  in  1678  by 
Charles  II. 's  orders  to  Westminster  Abbey,  and  placed  in  a  small  sarco- 
phagus against  the  east  wall  of  the  north  side  of  Henry  VI I. 's  chapel. 

St.  John's  Chapel  was  long  used  as  a  repository  for  records,  but  on 
the  erection  of  the  Record  Office  the  records  were  transferred  thither 
in  1857,  and  the  chapel  once  more  dedicated  to  its  proper  uses,  divine 
service  being  now  occasionally  celebrated  therein.  It  was  in  this  chapel 
that,  at  the  creation  of  the  Order  of  the  Bath  by  Henry  IV.  at  his 
coronation,  the  forty-six  noblemen  and  gentlemen  first  installed  knights 
thereof  performed  the  chivalrous  ceremony  of  watching  their  armour 
from  sunset  to  sunrise.  Here,  kneeling  at  his  prayers  before  the  altar, 
Brackenbury  is  said  to  have  received  and  rejected  Richard's  proposal  to 
murder  the  young  princes.  And  here  the  remains  of  Elizabeth  of  York, 
Queen  to  Henry  VII.,  lay  in  state  in  1503  previous  to  her  magnificent 
funeral.  The  Council  Chamber,  in  the  second  storey,  and  communicating 
directly  with  the  triforium  of  the  chapel,  was  the  old  council  room  of 
the  English  Sovereigns.  Here  Richard  II.  was  compelled  formally  to 
resign  his  crown  to  Henry  of  Bolingbroke. 

I  have  been  King  of  England,  Duke  of  Aquitaine  and  Lord  of  Ireland  about 
twenty-one  years,  which  seigniory,  royalty,  sceptre,  crown,  and  heritage  I  clearly 
resign  here  to  my  cousin  Henry  of  Lancaster  ;  and  I  desire  him  here  in  this  open 
presence,  in  entering  of  the  same  possession,  to  take  this  sceptre. — Froissart. 

Here  also  was  Hastings  denounced,  arrested  and  hurried  to  the 
block  by  Crookback  Richard :  the  gallery  which,  cut  in  the  solid  wall, 
runs  round  the  whole  of  the  Council  Chamber  probably  serving  as  the 
hiding-place  for  the  soldiers  whom  Richard  had  in  readiness  to  carry 
out  his  foul  plans.  The  vaults  of  this  Tower  formed  dungeons  of  the 
most  dismal  kind.  Here  was  one  called  by  the  suggestive  name  of 
"Cold  Harbour";  another  "Little  Ease,"  where  Guy  Fawkes  was  for 
some  time  confined,  was  a  mere  hole  in  the  wall  closed  by  a  heavy  door, 
and  was  so  small  that  the  prisoner  could  neither  stand  upright  nor  lie 
down,  but  was  obliged  to  remain  in  a  bent  and  cramped  position.  In 
another  of  these  dungeons  was  placed  the  rack,  and  here  the  victims 
could  be  tortured  without  fear  of  their  cries  being  heard.  The 
principal  tower  in  the  outer  line  of  defence  is  the  St.  Thomas  Tower, 
a  fine  old  edifice,  under  which  extends  the  wide  stone  archway,  guarded 
by  two  strong  water-gates,  already  mentioned  as  Traitors'  Gate. 
From  the  landing-place  here  a  flight  of  stone  steps  leads  to  the  gate  of 
the  Bloody  Tower.  The  heavy  portcullis  of  this  latter  gateway  is  one 
of  the  very  few  still  to  be  found  in  England  in  working  order.  The 
Bloody  Tower,  the  only  rectangular  tower  of  the  inner  ward,  is  the 
traditional  scene  of. the  murder  of  the  young  princes  Edward  and 
Richard.  The  Bell  Tower  is  asserted  to  have  been  Elizabeth's  lodging 
when  confined  in  the  Tower  by  her  sister :  here  also  Bishop  Fisher  is 
said  to  have  been  confined;  but  during  the  restoration  of  the  White 
Tower  a  few  years  ago  a  small  cell  was  discovered  in  the  vaults  with 
an  inscription,  pointing  to  the  White  Tower  as  the  Bishop's  more 


THE    TOWER   OF  LONDON  395 

probable  prison.      The  Beauchamp  or   Cobham  Tower  was  probably 
built    about    the    beginning    of   the    i3th    century,    and    received    its 
name    from    Thomas    de    Beauchamp,    Earl    of    Warwick,    confined 
here    in    1397    previous    to    his    banishment    to    the    Isle  of    Man. 
This  tower  was  for  many  years  the  principal  state  prison,  and  the  walls 
of  the  prison  room  (with  its  two  recesses  probably  formerly  used  as  cells) 
on  the  first  floor  are  covered  with  inscriptions  chiselled  in  it  by  various 
occupants.      Amongst  the  innumerable  prisoners   from  time  to  time 
confined  here  may  be  mentioned  :  Anne  Boleyn  (in  the  upper  chamber) 
1554;  John  Dudley,  Earl  of  Warwick,  eldest  son  of  the  Duke  of  Nor- 
thumberland, condemned  to  death  for  his  part  in  the  conspiracy  to  place 
Lady  Jane  Grey  on  the  throne,  was  reprieved  but  died  shortly  after- 
wards in  his  prison  room  :  he  left  a  most  elaborate  carving,  in  which 
his  brothers  Ambrose,  Robert,  Guilford,  and  Henry  are  symbolised  by 
twigs  of  oak  with  acorns,  roses,  geraniums  and  honeysuckle.     Guil- 
ford Dudley,  1554;  and  Lady  Jane  Grey  (who  probably  inscribed  her 
name' "  Jane  "  on  the  north  wall),  1554;  Edmund  and  Arthur  Poole  (the 
great  grandsons  of  George,  Duke   of  Clarence  and  brother  of  King 
Edward  IV.),  who  were  confined  here  from  1562  till  their  death  ;  Philip 
Howard,  Earl  of  Arundel,  confined  here  from  1584  to  his  death  in  1595  ; 
his  body  was  buried  in  St.  Peter's  ad  Vincula,  but  removed  to  Arundel 
in  1624;  Dr.  John  Store,  Chancellor  of  Oxford  under  Queen  Mary, 
and  noted  for  his  cruel  persecution  of  the  Protestants,  executed  at 
Tyburn  for  high  treason  1571,  etc.  etc.     The  Devereux  Tower,  standing 
at  the  north-west  angle  of  the  inner  Ballium  wall,  derives  its  name  from 
Robert  Devereux,  Earl  of  Essex.     The  Flint  Tower,  of  which  all  but 
the  foundation  walls  are  of  modern  date,  contained  dungeons  of  such 
a  rigorous  character  as  to  receive  the  designation  of  Little  Hell.     The 
Bowyer  Tower,  formerly  the  residence  of  the  King's  Bowyer  or  "  Master 
Provider  of  the  King's  Bows,"  is  the  reported  scene  of  the  murder  of 
George  Duke  of  Clarence  in  1474.     The  fire  of  1841,  which  destroyed 
the  barracks  and  great  storehouse,  originated  in  the  Bowyer  Tower. 
The  Brick   Tower  is  assigned  as  the  place  of  confinement  of  Lady 
Jane  Grey  during  a  portion  of  the  period  of  her  incarceration.     In 
the  Jewel  or  Martin   Tower  the  Crown  jewels  were  formerly  kept ; 
it    also    served    as    a    prison-house.      The    Constable    and    Broad 
Arrow    Towers    served    the    same    purpose.       The    Salt    Tower   is 
probably  of  Norman  origin,   and   contains  the  curious    sphere    with 
the  signs  of  the  zodiack  engraved  on  its  walls,  May  30,   1561,  by 
Hugh   Draper  of  Bristol,  committed  on  a  charge  of  sorcery.      The 
Wakefield  Tower,  which    received  its  name  from  the  imprisonment 
of  the  Yorkists  after  the  battle  of  Wakefield,  tis  now  the  receptacle 
for  the  jewels. 

The  Jewel  House  within  the  Tower  was  kept  by  a  particular  officer 
called  "  The  Master  of  the  Jewel  House."  He  was  charged  with  the 
custody  of  all  the  Regalia,  had  the  appointment  in  his  gift  of  goldsmith 
to  the  King,  and  "  was  even  esteemed  the  first  Knight  Bachelor  of 


396  THE   TOWER   OF  LONDON 

England,  and  took  place  accordingly." l  The  office  was  held  by 
Thomas  Cromwell,  afterwards  Earl  of  Essex.  The  perquisites  and 
profits  were  formerly  very  large,  but  after  the  Restoration  they  dimin- 
ished so  much  that  Sir  Gilbert  Talbot,  the  then  Master,  was  tacitly 
permitted  by  the  King  to  show  the  Regalia  to  strangers. 

The  Master  of  the  Jewel  House  hath  a  particular  Servant  in  the  Tower  intrusted 
with  that  great  Treasure,  to  whom  (because  Sr  Gilbert  Talbot  was  retrenched  in  all 
the  perquisites  and  profitts  of  his  place,  and  not  able  to  allow  him  a  Competent 
Salary)  his  Majesty  doth  tacitly  allow  him  that  he  shall  shew  the  Regalia  to  Strangers  ; 
which  furnished  him  with  so  plentifull  a  livelyhood  that  Sr  Gilbert  Talbot,  upon  the 
death  of  his  Servant  there,  had  an  offer  made  to  him  off  500  old  broad  peeces  of  gold 
for  the  place. — Harl.  MS.,  6859,  p.  29. 

The  treasures  of  the  jewel  house  were  diminished  during  the  Civil 
Wars  under  Charles  I.  The  plate  amongst  the  Regalia  "  which  had 
crucifixes  or  superstitious  pictures "  was  disposed  of  for  the  public 
service ; 2  and  what  remained  of  the  plate  itself  was  subsequently 
delivered  up  to  the  trustees  for  sale  of  the  King's  goods  to  raise  money 
for  the  service  of  Ireland.3  The  Regalia  is  arranged  in  the  centre  of  a 
well-lighted  room,  with  an  ample  passage  for  visitors  to  walk  round. 
Observe — St.  Edward's  Crown,  made  for  the  coronation  of  Charles  II. 
to  replace  the  old  crown  (lost  in  the  confusion  of  the  Civil  Wars), 
which  Edward  the  Confessor  was  supposed  to  have  worn,  and  used  in 
the  coronations  of  all  our  Sovereigns  since  his  time.  This  is  the  crown 
placed  by  the  Archbishop  of  Canterbury  on  the  head  of  the  Sove- 
reign at  the  altar,  and  the  identical  crown  which  Blood  stole  from 
the  Tower  on  May  9,  1671.  The  New  State  Crown,  made  for  the 
coronation  of  Queen  Victoria;  composed  of  a  cap  of  purple  velvet, 
enclosed  by  hoops  of  silver,  and  studded  with  a  profusion  of  diamonds ; 
it  weighs  one  pound  and  three-quarters.  The  large  unpolished  ruby  is 
said  to  have  been  worn  by  Edward  the  Black  Prince  ;  the  sapphire  is 
of  great  value,  and  the  whole  crown  is  estimated  at  ;£  111,900.  The 
Prince  of  Wales's  coronet,  of  pure  gold,  unadorned  by  jewels.  The 
Queen  Consort's  Crown,  of  gold,  set  with  diamonds,  pearls,  etc.  The 
Queen's  Diadem,  or  circlet  of  gold,  made  for  the  coronation  of  Mary 
of  Modena,  Queen  of  James  II.  St.  Edward's  staff,  of  beaten  gold, 
4  feet  7  inches  in  length,  surmounted  by  an  orb  and  cross,  and 
shod  with  a  steel  spike.  The  orb  is  said  to  contain  a  fragment  of  the 
true  Cross.  The  Royal  Sceptre,  or  Sceptre  with  the  Cross,  of  gold, 
2  feet  9  inches  in  length ;  the  staff  is  plain,  large  table  diamond ; 
The  Rod  of  Equity,  or  Sceptre  with  the  Dove,  of  gold,  3  feet  7 
inches  in  length,  set  with  diamonds,  etc.  At  the  top  is  an  orb,  banded 
with  rose  diamonds,  and  surmounted  with  a  cross,  on  which  is  the 
figure  of  a  dove  with  expanded  wings.  The  Queen's  Sceptre  with  the 
Cross,  smaller  in  size,  but  of  rich  workmanship,  and  set  with  precious 
stones.  The  Queen's  Ivory  Sceptre  (but  called  the  Sceptre  of  Queen 
Anne  Boleyn),  made  for  Mary  of  Modena,  consort  of  James  II.  It  is 

Harl.  MS.,  6859,  p.  27  ;  MS.  dated  1680.  2  Whitelockc,  ed.  1732,  p.  106.  3  Ibid.,  p.  418. 


THE    TOWER   OF  LONDON  397 

mounted  in  gold,  and  terminated  by  a  golden  cross,  bearing  a  dove  of 
white  onyx.  Sceptre  found  behind  the  wainscoting  of  the  old  Jewel 
Office  in  1814  ;  supposed  to  have  been  made  for  Queen  Mary,  consort 
of  William  III.  The  Orb,  of  gold,  6  inches  in  diameter,  banded  with 
a  fillet  of  the  same  metal,  set  with  pearls,  and  surmounted  by  a  large 
amethyst  supporting  a  cross  of  gold.  The  Queen's  Orb,  of  smaller 
dimensions,  but  of  similar  fashion  and  materials.  The  Sword  of  Mercy, 
or  Curtana,  of  steel,  ornamented  with  gold,  and  pointless.  The  Swords 
of  Justice,  Ecclesiastical  and  Temporal.  The  Armillse,  or  Coronation 
Bracelets,  of  gold,  chased  with  the  rose,  fleur-de-lys,  and  harp,  and  edged 
with  pearls.  The  Royal  Spurs,  of  gold,  used  in  the  coronation 
ceremony  whether  the  Sovereign  be  King  or  Queen.  The  Ampulla 
for  the  Holy  Oil,  in  shape  of  an  eagle.  The  Gold  Coronation  Spoon, 
used  for  receiving  the  sacred  oil  from  the  ampulla  at  the  anointing  of 
the  Sovereign,  and  supposed  to  be  the  sole  relic  of  the  ancient  regalia.1 
The  Golden  Salt  Cellar  of  State,  in  the  shape  of  a  castle.  Baptismal 
Font,  of  silver  gilt,  used  at  the  christening  of  the  Royal  children. 
Silver  Wine  Fountain,  presented  to  Charles  II.  by  the  corporation  of 
Plymouth. 

The  Tower  Menagerie  was  one  of  the  sights  of  London  up  to  the 
reign  of  William  IV.  and  the  removal  of  the  few  animals  that  remained 
to  the  Zoological  Gardens  in  the  Regent's  Park.  Henry  I.  kept  lions 
and  leopards,  and  Henry  III.  added  to  the  collection. 

I  read -that  in  the  year  1235,  Frederick  the  emperor  sent  to  Henry  III.  three 
leopards,  in  token  of  his  regal  shield  of  arms  wherein  those  leopards  were  pictured  ; 
since  the  which  time  those  lions  and  others  have  been  kept  in  a  part  of  this  bulwark 
[the  Tower],  now  called  the  Lion  Tower,  and  their  keepers  there  lodged.  King 
Edward  II.,  in  the  1 2th  of  his  reign,  commanded  the  Sheriffs  of  London  to  pay  to 
the  keepers  of  the  King's  leopard  in  the  Tower  of  London  sixpence  the  day  for  the 
sustenance  of  the  leopard,  and  three  halfpence  a  day  for  diet  of  the  said  keeper. 
More  in  the  i6th  of  Edward  III.,  one  lion,  one  lioness,  and  one  leopard,  and  two 
cat  lions  in  the  said  Tower,  were  committed  to  the  custody  of  Robert,  the  son  of 
John  Bowre. — Stow,  p.  19. 

September,  1586. — The  keeping  of  the  Lyones  in  the  Tower  graunted  to  Thomas 
Gyll  and  Rafe  Gyll  with  the  Fee  of  izd.  per  diem,  and  6d.  for  the  Meat  of  those 
Lyons. — Lord  Burghley's  Diary  in  Murclin,  p.  785. 

A  century  ago  the  lions  in  the  Tower  were  named  after  the  reigning 
Kings ;  and  it  was  long  a  vulgar  belief  "  that  when  the  King  dies,  the 
lion  of  that  name  dies  after  him."  Addison  alludes  to  this  popular  error 
in  his  own  inimitable  way  : — 

Our  first  visit  was  to  the  lions.  My  friend  [the  Tory  Fox  Hunter],  who  had 
a  great  deal  of  talk  with  their  keeper,  enquired  very  much  after  their  health,  and 
whether  none  of  them  had  fallen  sick  upon  the  taking  of  Perth,  and  the  flight  of  the 
Pretender?  and  hearing  they  were  never  better  in  their  lives,  I  found  he  was 
extremely  startled  :  for  he  had  learned  from  his  cradle  that  the  lions  in  the  Tower 
were  the  best  judges  of  the  title  of  our  British  Kings,  and  always  sympathised  with  our 
Sovereigns. — Addison,  The  Freeholder,  No.  47. 

The  Menagerie  was  removed  in  November  1834.  The  present 
refreshment-room,  by  the  ticket-house,  occupies  the  site. 

1  Archecolafical Journal,  vol.  i.  p.  289. 


398  THE   TOWER   OF  LONDON 

The  Armouries  contain  a  very  fine  and  valuable  collection  of  armour 
and  weapons.  This  collection  was  historically  arranged  by  Sir  Samuel 
Meyrick,  and  rearranged  and  classified  by  J.  R.  Planche  in  1869. 
Amongst  this  collection  are  also  many  of  the  old  instruments  of  torture, 
etc.,  but  we  must  refer  to  the  Official  Catalogue  for  particulars. 

Eminent  Persons  confined  in  the  Tower. — Wallace ;  Roger  Mortimer, 
1324;  John,  King  of  France;  Charles,  Duke  of  Orleans,  father  of 
Louis  XII. ;  The  duke,  who  was  taken  prisoner  at  the  battle  of 
Agincourt,  acquired  a  very  great  proficiency  in  our  language.  A 
volume  of  his  English  poems,  preserved  among  the  Royal  MSS.  in  the 
British  Museum,  contains  the  earliest  known  representation  of  the 
Tower,  and  has  often  been  engraved.  Queen  Anne  Boleyn,  executed 
May  19,  1536,  by  the  hangman  of  Calais,  on  a  scaffold  erected 
within  the  walls  of  the  Tower ;  Queen  Katherine  Howard,  fourth  wife 
of  Henry  VIII.,  beheaded  on  a  scaffold  erected  within  the  walls  of 
the  Tower,  February  14,  1541-1542;  Lady  Rochford  was  executed 
at  the  same  time.  Sir  Thomas  More,  1534;  Archbishop  Cranmer; 
Protector  Somerset,  1551-1552;  Lady  Jane  Grey,  beheaded  on  a 
scaffold  erected  within  the  walls  of  the  Tower,  February  12,  1554; 
Sir  Thomas  Wyatt,  beheaded  on  Tower  Hill,  April  n,  1554; 
Robert  Devereux,  Earl  of  Essex,  beheaded  on  a  scaffold  erected  within 
the  walls  of  the  Tower,  February  25,  1601. 

It  is  said  I  was  a  prosecutor  of  the  death  of  the  Earl  of  Essex,  and  stood  in  a 
window  over-against  him  when  he  suffered,  and  puffed  out  tobacco  in  disdain  of  him. 
But  I  take  God  to  witness  I  had  no  hand  in  his  blood,  and  was  none  of  those  that 
procured  his  death.  My  Lord  of  Essex  did  not  see  my  face  at  the  time  of  his  death, 
for  I  had  retired  far  off  into  the  Armoury,  where  I  indeed  saw  him,  and  shed  tears 
for  him,  but  he  saw  riot  me. — Sir  Walter  Raleigh's  Last  Speech. 

Sir  Walter  Raleigh.  He  was  on  three  different  occasions  a  prisoner  in 
the  Tower ;  once  in  the  reign  of  Queen  Elizabeth,  on  account  of  his 
marriage,  and  twice  in  the  reign  of  King  James  I.  Here  he  began  his 
History  of  the  World ;  here  he  amused  himself  with  his  chemical 
experiments ;  and  here  his  son,  Carew  Raleigh,  was  born.  Lady 
Arabella  Stuart,  and  her  husband  William  Seymour,  afterwards  Duke  of 
Somerset.  Seymour  escaped  from  the  Tower. 

In  the  meane  while  Mr.  Seymour,  with  a  Perruque  and  a  Beard  of  blacke  Hair, 
and  in  a  tauny  cloth  suit,  walked  alone  without  suspition  from  his  lodging  out  at  the 
great  Weste  Doore  of  the  Tower,  following  a  Cart  that  had  brought  him  billets. 
From  thence  he  walked  along  by  the  Tower  Wharf  by  the  Warders  of  the  South 
Gate,  and  so  to  the  Iron  Gate,  where  Rodney  was  ready  with  oares  for  to  receive  him. 
— Mr.  John  More  to  Sir  Ralph  Winwood,  June  8,  1611  (Winwood,  vol.  iii.  p.  280). 

Sir  Thomas  Overbury  :  he  was  committed  to  the  Tower  on  April  21, 
1613,  and  found  dead  on  September  14  following,  having  been 
poisoned  at  the  instigation  of  the  profligate  Countess  of  Somerset. 
Sir  John  Eliot,  who  wrote  here  his  Monarchy  of  Man;  he 
died  in  the  Tower,  November  27,  1632.  Earl  of  Strafford,  1641. 
Archbishop  Laud,  1640-1543.  John  Selden.  Lucy  Barlow,  the  mother 
of  the  Duke  of  Monmouth.  Cromwell  discharged  her  from  the  Tower 


/•///.     Wll'KK   OF  LONDON  399 

in  July  I656.1  Sir  William  Davenant.  Villiers,  second  Duke  of 
Buckingham.  Sir  Harry  Vane,  the  younger.  '  Sir  William  Coventry. 

March    II,    1668-1669. — Up    and   to    Sir  W.   Coventry  to  the  Tower.   .   .   . 
We  walked  down  to  the  Stone  Walk,  which  is  called,  it  seems,  my  Lord  of  North- 
umberland's walk,  being  paved  by  some  one2  of  that  title  who  was  prisoner  there  : 
and  at  the  end  of  it  there  is  a  piece  of  iron  upon  the  wall  with  his  armes  upon  it,  and 
holes  to  put  in  a  peg  for  every  turn  they  make  upon  that  walk. — Pepys. 

Earl  of  Shaftesbury;  Earl  of  Salisbury,  temp.  Charles  II.  When 
Lord  Salisbury  was  offered  his  attendants  in  the  Tower  he  only  asked 
for  his  cook.  The  King  was  very  angry.  William,  Lord  Russell,  1683  ; 
Algernon  Sidney.  1683;  Seven  bishops,  June  8,  1688;  Lord 
Chancellor  Jeffreys,  1688;  the  great  Duke  of  Marlborough,  1692. 
Sir  Robert  Walpole,..  1712  (Granville,  Lord  Lansdowne,  the  poet, 
was  afterwards  confined  in  the  same  apartment,  and  has  left  a  copy  of 
verses  on  the  occasion.)  Harley,  Earl  of  Oxford,  1715  ;  William 
Shippen,  M.P.  for  Saltash,  for  saying,  in  the  House  of  Commons,  of  a 
speech  from  the  throne  by  George  I.,  "  that  the  second  paragraph  of  the 
King's  speech  seemed  rather  to  be  calculated  for  the  meridian  of 
Germany  than  Great  Britain  ;  and  that  'twas  a  great  misfortune  that 
the  King  was  a  stranger  to  our  language  and  constitution."  He  is  the 
"downright  Shippen  "  of  Pope's  poems.  Bishop  Atterbury,  1722. 

How  pleasing  Atterbury's  softer  hour, 

How  shone  his  soul  unconquered  in  the  Tower  ! — POPE. 

At  his  last  interview  with  Pope  Atterbury  presented  Pope  with  a  Bible. 
When  Atterbury  was  in  the  Tower  Lord  Cadogan  was  asked,  "  What 
shall  we  do  with  the  man  ?  "  His  reply  was,  "  Fling  him  to  the  lions." 
Dr.  Freind  ;  here  he  wrote  his  History  of  Medicine.  Earl  of  Derwent- 
water;  Earl  of  Nithsdale;  Lord  Kenmuir.  Lord  Nithsdale  escaped  from 
the  Tower,  February  28,  1715,  dressed  in  a  woman's  cloak  and  hood, 
provided  by  his  heroic  wife,  which  were  for  some  time  after  called 
"  Nithsdales."  The  Earl  of  Derwentwater  and  Lord  Kenmuir  were 
executed  on  Tower  Hill.  The  history  of  the  Earl  of  Nithsdale's 
escape,  contrived  and  effected  by  his  countess  with  admirable  coolness 
and  intrepidity,  is  given  by  the  countess  herself,  in  a  letter  to  her 
sister,  printed  in  the  appendix  to  Cromek's  Remains  of  Nithsdale 
and  Galloivay  Song,  p.  311.  Lords  Kilmarnock,  Balmerino,  and  Lovat, 
1746.  The  block  on  which  Lord  Lovat  was  beheaded  is  preserved  in 
the  Armoury.  John  Wilkes,  1762;  Lord  George  Gordon,  1780;  Sir 
Francis  Burdett,  April  6,  1810.  [See  Piccadilly.]  Arthur  Thistlewood, 
March  3,  1820.  [See  Cato  Street. 

Persons  born  in. — Carew  Raleigh  (Sir  Walter  Raleigh's  son) ;  Mrs. 
Hutchinson,  the  biographer  of  her  husband ;  Countess  of  Bedford, 
(daughter  of  the  infamous  Countess  of  Somerset,  and  mother  of  William 
Lord  Russell). 

The  chief  officer  of  the  Tower  is  the  Constable,  a  dignity  dating  from 
the  Conquest,  and  first  held  by  Geoffrey  de  Mandeville.  Langton, 

1   WJiitchKke,  p.  649.  2  Henry,  ninth  Earl. 


400  THE   TOWER   OF  LONDON 

Archbishop  of  Canterbury,  Hubert  de  Burgh,  Sir  Thomas  Fairfax,  the 
Duke  of  Wellington,  Sir  John  Fox  Burgoyne,  and  Lord  Napier  of 
Magdala,  are  amongst  the  familiar  historical  characters  who  have  held 
the  post  of  Constable  of  the  Tower.  The  present  (1890)  Constable 
is  Field-Marshal  Sir  Daniel  Lysons.  [See  St.  Peter's  ad  Vincula.] 

The  entrance  to  the  Tower  is  from  Tower  Hill  by  the  western  gate. 
Admission  from  ten  to  four  by  tickets,  for  the  Armoury  and  White  Tower, 
6d, ;  and  for  the  Crown  Jewels  6d.  each  person ;  but  on  Mondays  and 
Saturdays  free. 

Tower  Hamlets  (The),  certain  parishes,  or  hamlets,  and  liberties 
without  the  jurisdiction  of  the  City  of  London,  and  formerly  within  the 
liberties  of  the  Lieutenant  of  the  Tower.  These  liberties  include 
Hackney,  Norton  Folgate,  Shoreditch,  Spitalfields,  Whitechapel,  East 
Smithfield,  St.  Katherine's,  Wapping,  Ratcliffe,  Shadwell,  Limehouse, 
Poplar,  Blackwall,  Bromley,  Old  Ford,  Mile  End,  Bethnal  Green,  etc. 
By  the  Reform  Act  of  1831  they  were  constituted  a  Parliamentary 
Borough,  returning  two  members  to  represent  their  interests  in  the 
House  of  Commons.  By  the  Reform  Act  of  1867  the  borough  was 
divided  into  the  parliamentary  boroughs  of  Hackney  and  the  Tower 
Hamlets,  each  to  return  two  members  to  Parliament.  At  the  census 
of  1 88 1  the  parliamentary  borough  contained  438,910  inhabitants. 
By  the  Reform  Act  of  1885  Hackney  was  divided  into  north,  central, 
and  south,  each  returning  one  member ;  and  the  Tower  Hamlets  into 
Whitechapel,  St.  George's,  Limehouse,  Mile  End,  Stepney,  Bow,  and 
Bromley  and  Poplar,  each  returning  one  member. 

Tower  Hill,  the  high  ground  to  the  north-west  of  the  Tower. 

From  and  without  the  Tower  ditch  west  and  north  is  the  Tower  Hill,  sometime 
a  large  plot  of  ground,  now  greatly  straitened  by  encroachments  (unlawfully  made 
and  suffered)  for  gardens  and  houses.  .  .  .  Upon  this  Hill  is  always  readily  prepared, 
at  the  charges  of  the  City,  a  large  scaffold  and  gallows  of  timber,  for  the  execution 
of  such  traitors  or  transgressors  as  are  delivered  out  of  the  Tower,  or  otherwise,  to 
the  sheriffs  of  London,  by  writ,  there  to  be  executed. — Stow,  p.  49. 

When  we  came  upon  the  Hill,  the  first  object  that  more  particularly  affected  us, 
was  that  emblem  of  destruction,  the  scaffold. — Ned  Ward's  London  Spy,  pt.  13. 

The  scaffold  was  removed  about  the  middle  of  the  last  century. 

In  1543  Marillac  the  French  Ambassador  lived  on  Tower  Hill, 
and  the  Duke  of  Norfolk  (son  of  the  victor  of  Flodden)  and  his 
brother,  Lord  William  Howard,  frequently  paid  him  "mysterious  mid- 
night visits." 1  Lady  Raleigh  lodged  on  Tower  Hill  while  her  husband 
was  a  prisoner  in  the  Tower. 

The  Lady  Raleighe  must  understand  his  Mats  Expresse  Will  and  comandment 
that  she  resort  to  her  house  on  Tower  Hill  or  ellswhere  wth  her  women  and  sonnes 
to  remayne  there,  and  not  to  lodge  hereafter  wthin  the  Tower. — Orders  concerning- 
the  Tower  of  London,  to  be  observed  by  the  Lieutenant  (Sir  W.  Wade's  Reg.,  1605, 
1611  ;  Addit.  MSS.  Brit.  Mus.,  No.  14,044). 

William  Penn,  the  founder  of  Pennsylvania,  was  born  on  Tower 
Hill,  October  14,  1644. 

1  Frauds,  vol.  iv.  p.  250. 


TOWER  HILL  401 


Your  late  honoured  father  dwelt  upon  Great  Tower  Hill  on  the  east  side,  within 
a  court  adjoining  to  London  Wall. — /'.  Gibson  to  ll^illiain  rain,  the  Quaker  (Sir 
W.  1'cnn's  Life,  vol.  ii.  p.  615). 

At  a  public-house  on  Tower  Hill,  known  by  the  sign  of  the  Bull, 
whither  he  had  withdrawn  to  avoid  his  creditors,  Otway,  the  poet,  died 
(it  is  said  of  want),  April  14,  1685.  In  a  cutler's  shop  on  Tower  Hill 
Felton  bought  the  knife  with  which  he  stabbed  the  first  Duke  of 
Buckingham  of  the  Villiers  family;  it  was  a  broad,  sharp,  hunting 
knife,  and  cost  one  shilling.  The  second  duke  often  repaired  in 
disguise  to  the  lodging  of  a  poor  person,  "  about  Tower  Hill,"  who 
professed  skill  in  horoscopes.1  Smith  has  engraved  a  view  of  a  curious 
old  house  on  Tower  Hill,  enriched  with  medallions  evidently  of  the 
age  of  Henry  VIII.,  and  similar  to  those  at  old  Whitehall  and  at 
Hampton  Court. 

Executions  on  Tower  Hill. — Bishop  Fisher,  June  22,  1535;  Sir 
Thomas  More,  July  6,  1535. 

Going  up  the  scaffold,  which  was  so  weak  that  it  was  ready  to  fall,  he  said 
hurriedly  to  the  Lieutenant,  "  I  pray  you,  Master  Lieutenant,  see  me  safe  up,  and 
for  my  coming  down  let  me  shift  for  myself." — Roper's  Life. 

Cromwell,  Earl  of  Essex,  July  28,  1540;  Margaret,  Countess  of 
Shrewsbury,  mother  of  Cardinal  Pole,  May  27,  1541  ;  Earl  of  Surrey, 
the  poet,  January  21,  1547  ;  Thomas,  Lord  Seymour  of  Sudeley,  the 
Lord  Admiral,  beheaded  March  20,  1549,  by  order  of  his  brother  the 
Protector  Somerset;  The  Protector  Somerset,  January  22,  1552; 
Sir  Thomas  Wyatt,  1554;  John  Dudley,  Earl  of  Warwick  and 
Northumberland,  1553;  Lord  Guilford  Dudley  (husband  of  Lady 
Jane  Grey),  February  12,  1553-1554;  Sir  Gervase  Elways  or  Helwys, 
Lieutenant  of  the  Tower,  hanged  for  his  share  in  the  murder  of  Sir 
Thomas  Overbury ;  Earl  of  Strafford,  May  12,  1641;  Archbishop 
Laud,  January  10,  1644-1645  ;  Sir  Harry  Vane,  the  younger,  June  14, 
1662  ;  "The  trumpets  were  brought  under  the  scaffold  that  he  might 
not  be  heard  "  2 ;  William  Howard,  Lord  Viscount  Stafford,  December 
29,  1680,  beheaded  on  the  perjured  evidence  of  Titus  Gates  and 
others;  Algernon  Sidney,  December  7,  1683. 

Algernon  Sidney  was  beheaded  this  day  ;  died  very  resolutely,  and  like  a  true 
rebel,  and  republican. — Duke  of  York  to  Prince  of  Orange,  December  7,  1683. 

Duke  of  Monmouth,  July  15,  1685  ;  Sir  John  Fenwick,  January  28, 
1697  ;  Earl  of  Derwentwater  and  Lord  Kenmuir,  implicated  in  the 
Rebellion  of  1715;  Lords  Kilmarnock  and  Balmerino,  August  1 8, 
1746. 

Kilmarnock  was  executed  first,  and  then  the  scaffold  was  immediately  new  strewn 
with  sawdust,  the  block  new  covered,  the  executioner  new  dressed,  and  a  new  axe 
brought.  Then  old  Balmerino  appeared,  treading  the  scaffold  with  the  air  of  a 
general,  and  reading  undisturbed  the  inscription  on  his  coffin. — Walpole  to  Mann, 
August  21,  1746. 

Simon,  Lord  Lovat,  April  9,  1747.  He  was  not  only  the  last  person 
beheaded  on  Tower  Hill,  but  the  last  person  beheaded  in  this  country. 

1  Clarendon's  Autobiography,  vol.  iii.  p.  27.  2  Pepys,  June  14,  1662. 

VOL.  Ill  2D 


402  TOWER  HILL 


The  Tribulation  on  Tower  Hill,  mentioned  by  Shakespeare,  has  puzzled 
his  commentators  ;  the  reference  seems  to  be  to  a  Puritan  congregation, 
but  it  is  hard  to  see  why  they  should  be  ready  to  endure  "  the  youths 
that  thunder  at  a  playhouse." 

Porter.  These  are  the  youths  that  thunder  at  a  playhouse,  and  fight  for  bitten 
apples ;  that  no  audience  but  the  Tribulation  of  Tower  Hill,  or  the  limbs  of 
Limehouse,  their  dear  brothers,  are  able  to  endure. —  Shakespeare,  Henry  VIII., 
Act  v.  Sc.  3. 

Among  the  miscellaneous  titles  of  City  ordinances  in  Book  iv.  of 
the  Liber  Albus  is  one  of  a  "  Grant  of  the  Hermitage  near  the  garden 
of  his  lordship  the  King  upon  Towrhille." l 

Tower  Royal,  WATLING  STREET,  in  Vintry  Ward,  so  called, 
according  to  Stow,  from  an  ancient  tower  or  messuage  of  the  Kings  of 
England,  but  really  from  the  adjacent  street  of  the  Reole  or  Riole, 
"which  was  built  (in  the  i3th  century  probably)  by  the  Merchants  of 
the  Vintry,  who  imported  wine  from  the  town  of  La  Reole,  near 
Bordeaux."2 

Tower  Royal  was  of  old  time  the  King's  House.  King  Stephen  was  there 
lodged  ;  but  sithence  called  the  Queen's  Wardrobe.  The  princess,  mother  to  King 
Richard  II.,  in  the  fourth  year  of  his  reign  was  lodged  there;  being  forced  to  fly 
from  the  Tower  of  London,  when  the  rebels  possessed  it. — Stow,  p.  27. 

This  Tower  and  great  place  was  so  called  of  pertaining  to  the  kings  of  this 
realm,  but  by  whom  the  same  was  first  built,  or  of  what  antiquity  continued,  I  have 
not  read  more  than  that  in  the  reign  of  Edward  L,  the  2nd,  4th,  and  7th  years,  it  was 
the  tenement  of  Simon  Beawmes  [Beauvais] ;  also  that  in  the  36*  of  Edward  III., 
the  same  was  called  the  Royal  [the  Riole]  in  the  parish  of  Sl-  Michael  de  Pater- 
noster, and  that  in  the  43rd  of  his  reign,  he  gave  it  by  the  name  of  his  inn  called  the 
Royal,  in  the  city  of  London,  in  value  twenty  pounds  by  year,  unto  his  college  of 
St-  Stephen  at  Westminster. — Stow,  p.  92. 

In  early  records  it  is  invariably  called  "  la  Real,"  "  la  Reole,"  "  la  Riole,"  or  "  la 
Ryal  or  Ryole  ; "  and  it  is  described  simply  as  a  "  tenement ;  "  I  have  never  found  an 
instance  of  its  being  called  a  "tower."  At  the  close  of  the  reign  of  Henry  III.  it 
was  held  by  one  Thomas  Bat,  citizen  of  London,  who  demised  it  to  Master  Simon  of 
Beauvais,  surgeon  to  Edward  I.  ;  this  grant  was  confirmed  by  that  sovereign  by 
charter  in  1277  (Rot.  Cart.  5  Edw.  I.  m.  17. — Placita  de  Quo  Warranto,  p.  461). 
This  Simon  of  Beanvais  figures  in  Stow  and  Pennant  as  Simon  de  Beawmes.  In 
1331  Edward  III.  granted  "la  Real"  to  his  consort  Philippa,  for  the  term  of  her 
life,  that  it  might  be  used  as  a  depository  for  her  wardrobe  (Rot.  Pat.  4  Edw.  III., 
2d  part,  m.  15).  By  Queen  Philippa  it  was  extensively  repaired,  if  not  rebuilt,  and 
the  particulars  of  the  works  executed  there  by  her  direction,  may  be  seen  in  the 
Wardrobe  Account  of  the  sixth  year  of  her  reign,  preserved  in  the  Cottonian  MS. 
Galba  E.  iii.,  fo.  177,  et  seq. ;  this  account  is  erroneously  attributed  in  the  catalogue 
to  Eleanor,  consort  of  Edward  I.  One  Maria  de  Beauvais,  probably  a  descendant  of 
Master  Simon,  received  compensation  for  quitting  a  tenement  which  she  held  at  the 
time  Philippa's  operations  commenced.  In  1365  Edward  III.  granted  to  Robert  de 
Corby,  in  fee,  "one  tenement  in  the  street  of  la  Ryole,  London,"  to  hold  by  the 
accustomed  services.  Finally,  in  1370,  Edward  gave  the  "inn  (hospitium)  with  its 
appurtenances  called  le  Reole,  in  the  city  of  London,"  to  the  canons  of  St.  Stephen's, 
Westminster,  as  of  the  yearly  value  of  £20  (Rot.  Pat.  43  Edw.  III.,  m.  24). 

It  is  thus  sufficiently  clear  that  in  the  thirteenth  and  fourteenth  centuries  this 
place  was  not  called  Toiver  Royal ;  nor  does  there  appear  to  be  any  ground  for  sup- 

1  Liber  Albits,  p.  477.  2  Riley,  Memorials,  vol.  xx. 


TOWER  STREET   WARD  403 

posing  that  it  was  so  named  in  earlier  times,  or,  indeed,  that  it  was  ever  occupied  by 
royalty  before  it  became  Philippa's  wardrobe. — T.  Hudson  Turner,  in  Notes  and 
Queries,  No.  8. 

The  earliest  notices  of  the  building  Mr.  Riley  discovered  in  the  City 
archives  are  of  A.D.  1318  and  1320,  in  both  of  which  it  is  called  La 
Riole.  When  Stow  wrote  it  had  been  "neglected  and  turned  into 
stabling  for  the  King's  horses;  and  is  now  (1598)  letten  out  to  divers 
men,  and  divided  into  tenements."  What  remained  of  it  was  entirely 
destroyed  in  the  Great  Fire. 

Tower  Street  (Great),  TOWER  HILL  to  LITTLE  TOWER  STREET 
by  Idol  Lane. 

This  is  the  way 
To  Julius  Caesar's  ill-erected  Tower. 

Shakespeare,  Richard  IT. ,  Act  v.  Sc.  I . 

When  the  profligate  Earl  of  Rochester,  under  the  name  of  "  Alexander 
Bendo,"  played  the  part  of  a  mountebank  physician  in  the  City,  he  took 
up  his  lodgings  in  Tower  Street,  next  door  to  the  Black  Swan,  at  a 
goldsmith's  house,  where  he  gave  out  that  he  was  sure  of  being  seen 
"  from  3  of  the  clock  in  the  afternoon  till  8  at  night." 

Being  under  an  unlucky  accident,  which  obliged  him  to  keep  out  of  the  way,  he 
disguised  himself  so  that  his  nearest  friends  could  not  have  known  him,  and  set  up  in 
Tower  Street  for  an  Italian  mountebank,  where  he  [had  a  stage  and]  practised  physic 
some  weeks  not  without  success. — Burnet's  Life,  p.  37,  ed.  1680. 

Observe. — On  the  south  side,  No.  48,  the  Czar's  Head. 

I  laving  finished  their  day's  work  [Peter  the  Great  and  his  boon  companions]  they 
used  to  resort  to  a  public-house  in  Great  Tower  Street,  close  to  Tower  Hill,  to  smoke 
their  pipes  and  drink  beer  and  brandy.  The  landlord  had  the  Czar  of  Muscovy's 
head  painted  and  put  up  for  his  sign,  which  continued  till  the  year  1808,  when  a 
person  of  the  name  of  Waxel  took  a  fancy  to  the  old  sign,  and  offered  the  then 
occupier  of  the  house  to  paint  him  a  new  one  for  it.  A  copy  was  accordingly  made 
from  the  original,  which  maintains  its  station  to  the  present  day  as  the  sign  of  the 
"  Tzar  of  Muscovy." — Barrow's  Life  of  Peter  the  Great,  p.  83. 

The  house  has  since  been  rebuilt,  and  the  sign  removed,  but  the  name 
remains ;  and  out  of  Trinity  Square  is  Muscovy  Court.  On  the  north 
side,  by  Tower  Hill,  is  the  church  of  Allhallows,  Barking. 

Tower  Street  (Little),  from  GREAT  TOWER  STREET  to  EAST- 
CHEAP.  Here  Thomson  composed  his  poem  of  Summer. 

I  go  on  Saturday  next  to  reside  at  Mr.  Watts's  academy  in  Little  Tower  Street, 
in  quality  of  Tutor  to  a  young  gentleman  there. — Thomson  to  Aaron  Hill,  May  24, 
1726. 

When  you  honour  me  with  an  answer,  please  to  direct  for  me  at  Mr.  Watts's 
academy  in  Little  Tower  Street. — Ibid.,  June  7,  1726. 

Tower  Street  Ward,  one  of  the  twenty-six  wards  of  London,  and 
so  called  from  its  contiguity  to  the  Tower  of  London.  It  is  bounded  on 
the  north  by  fenchurch  Street,  on  the  south  by  the  Thames,  on  the  east 
by  Tower  Hill,  and  on  the  west  by  Billingsgate.  Stow  enumerates 
three  churches  in  this  ward  —  Allhallows,  Barking ;  St.  Olavcs,  JIart 


404  THE   TOWER  SUBWAY 

Street ;  St.  Dunstaris-in-the-East.  The  Custom  House,  and  two  Halls 
of  Companies,  the  Clothworkerf  and  Bakers\  are  also  in  this  ward — the 
extreme  ward  of  the  City  to  the  east  upon  the  Thames. 

Tower  Subway  (The),  a  tunnel  under  the  Thames  from  Tower 
Hill  to  Tooley  Street,  constructed  in  1869-1870  by  Mr.  P.  Barlow,  C.E. 
The  subway  is  remarkable  for  simplicity,  celerity,  and  economy  of  con- 
struction rather  than  for  commercial  success.  It  was  formed  by 
excavating  a  tunnel  through  the  clay  bed  of  the  Thames  by  means  of  a 
wrought-iron  tubular  shield,  8  feet  in  diameter,  which  was  pushed 
forward,  as  the  cutting  advanced,  by  powerful  screw-jacks.  The 
tunnel  was  lined  with  a  tube  formed  of  cast-iron  rings,  7  feet  in 
diameter,  firmly  bolted  together,  the  space  between  this  tube  and  the  clay 
being  filled  with  an  impermeable  blue-lias  cement.  The  work  was 
carried  through  at  the  average  rate  of  9  feet  a  day,  and  completed  for 
^16,000.  The  tunnel  is  reached  at  each  end  by  a  shaft  about  60  feet 
deep.  When  first  opened  passengers  were  conveyed  through  the  tunnel 
in  an  omnibus  drawn  by  small  steam  -  engines  fixed  at  the  Tower  and 
Tooley  Street  ends.  Some  difficulties  occurring  in  the  working  this  plan 
was  abandoned  and  it  was  found  necessary  to  make  passengers  walk. 

Town  Ditch. 

Town  Ditch,  a  broad  passage  just  without  the  City  wall,  between  Christ's 
Hospital  and  Little  Britain  .  .  .  and  so  called  from  the  ditch  that  was  formerly 
without  the  walls  of  the  City. — Hatton,  p.  83. 

The  Town  Ditch,  without  the  wall  of  the  City,  which  partly  now  remaineth,  and 
compassed  the  wall  of  the  City,  was  begun  to  be  made  by  the  Londoners  in  the  year 
121 1,  and  was  finished  in  the  year  1213,  the  15th  of  King  John.  This  ditch  was 
then  made  of  200 x  feet  broad  .  .  .  was  long  carefully  cleansed  and  maintained, 
as  need  required ;  but  now  of  late  neglected  and  forced  either  to  a  very  narrow  and 
the  same  a  filthy  channel,  or  altogether  stopped  up  for  gardens  planted  and  houses 
built  thereon. — Stow,  p.  8. 

A  portion  of  the  playground  fronting  the  grammar  school  at  Christ's 
Hospital  is  still  called  "  The  Ditch."  [See  Houndsditch.] 

Town's  End  (The),  an  old  name  for  that  part  of  Pall  Mall  west 
of  the  Haymarket.  Sir  Robert  Naunton,  author  of  Fragmenta  Regalia, 
was  living  in  "The  Town's  End"  in  i632.2  There  was  also  a  Town's 
End  Lane  at  Hockley  in  the  Hole ;  and  another  in  Thames  Street,  in 
which  two  pirates  are  reported  to  be  concealed  in  December  1616. 

Toynbee  Hall,  28  COMMERCIAL  STREET  E.,  was  founded  in  1884, 
and  is  supported  by  voluntary  contributions.  The  institution  is 
managed  by  a  council  elected  by  members  of  the  Universities  Settle- 
ment Association  and  by  committees  of  the  residents.  The  objects 
are  "  to  educate  citizens  in  the  knowledge  of  one  another,  to  provide 
teaching  for  those  willing  to  learn,  and  recreation  to  those  who  are 
weary." 

1  At  p.  186  he  says  204  feet.  2  Rate-books  of  St.  Martin's. 


TRAFALGAR  SQUARE  405 

Trafalgar  Square,  CHARING  CROSS,  a  spacious  square  at  the 
junction  of  Whitehall,  Cockspur  Street,  the  Strand,  St.  Martin's  Lane, 
and  Pall  Mall  East,  where  the  Royal  Meivs  and  the  Bermudas  stood, 
commenced  in  1829,  and  completed,  as  it  now  appears,  from  designs 
furnished  in  1841  by  Sir  Charles  Barry ;  Barry's  original  designs  (rejected 
as  too  costly)  were  on  a  much  grander  scale.1  The  square  derives  its 
name  from  Lord  Nelson's  last  victory.  It  is  said  to  have  cost,  in 
granite  work  alone,  upwards  of  ^10,000.  The  north  side  of  the 
square  is  occupied  by  the  National  Gallery ;  on  the  west  side  are  the 
Union  Club  and  the  College  of  Physicians,  both  designed  by  Sir  Robert 
Smirke ;  at  the  north-east  angle  is  the  fine  portico  of  St.  Martin's-in- 
the-Fields,  by  James  Gibbs,  and  on  the  east  side  are  Morley's  Hotel 
and  the  west  central  branch  Post  Office.  The  south  side  is  open  to 
Whitehall.  The  fountains,  of  Peterhead  granite,  were  designed  by 
Barry  and  made  by  Messrs.  M'Donald  and  Leslie  of  Aberdeen.  They 
are  supplied  with  water  by  two  artesian  wells,  one  395  feet  deep,  in 
front  of  the  National  Gallery,  the  other  300  feet  deep,  in  Orange  Street, 
which  are  carried  by  a  tunnel  to  a  tank  capable  of  containing  70,000 
gallons.  The  Nelson  column,  on  the  south  side  of  the  square,  was 
designed  by  William  Railton,  and  carried  out  1840-1843,  but  not 
completed  until  1846-1849.  The  statue  on  the  top  (18  feet  high, 
and  formed  of  two  stones  from  the  Granton  Quarry)  was  the  work 
of  E.  H.  Baily,  R.A.  It  has  been  styled  "the  beau  ideal  of  a 
Greenwich  pensioner."  The  capital  is  of  bronze,  cast  from  cannon 
recovered  from  the  wreck  of  the  Royal  George.  The  statue  was  set  up 
November  4,  1843. 

The  bronze  bas-reliefs  on  the  four  sides  of  the  base  of  the  column 
are — the  Death  of  Nelson,  by  Mr.  Carew ;  the  Battle  of  the  Nile,  by 
Mr.  Woodington  ;  the  Bombardment  of  Copenhagen,  by  Mr.  Ternouth ; 
and  the  Battle  of  St.  Vincent,  by  Mr.  Watson.  The  colossal  bronze 
lions  erected  in  1867  on  the  salient  pedestals  at  the  four  angles — 
studies  from  nature  by  Sir  Edwin  Landseer,  are  grand  in  their 
majestic  repose.  It  is  to  be  regretted,  however,  that  they  are  repetitions 
of  the  same  model.  The  total  cost  of  the  column  has  been  about 
^46,000.  The  equestrian  statue  of  George  IV.,  by  Sir  Francis 
Chantrey,  at  the  north-east  corner  of  the  square,  was  originally  ordered 
for  "  the  top  of  the  marble  arch  "  in  front  of  Buckingham  Palace — now 
at  the  Oxford  Street  entrance  to  Hyde  Park.  The  statue  was  commenced 
in  1829,  under  an  express  order  from  the  King  himself,  and  the  sum 
agreed  upon  was  9000  guineas.  Of  this  sum  one-third  was  paid,  in 
January  1830,  by  the  King  himself;  a  second  instalment,  upon  the 
completion  of  a  certain  portion  of  the  work,  by  the  Department  of 
Woods  and  Forests;  and  the  third  and  last  instalment,  in  1843,  after 
the  artist's  death,  by  the  Lords  of  the  Treasury.  The  statue  of  General 
Sir  Henry  Havelock,  at  the  south-east,  is  by  W.  Behnes ;  and  that  of 
Sir  Charles  Napier,  at  the  south-west,  by  G.  G.  Adams.  The  statue 

1  Life  of  Sir  C.  Barry,  by  his  son,  p.  122. 


406  TRAFALGAR  SQUARE 

of  General  Gordon  in  the  centre  of  the  square  is  the  work  of  Hamo 
Thornycroft,  R.A.  (1888).  In  1875  were  set  UP>  under  the  direction 
of  the  Astronomer  Royal,  official  "  Secondary  Standards  of  Length," 
along  a  solid  granite  platform  erected  for  the  purpose  at  the  foot  of 
the  north  wall  of  the  square,  for  its  entire  length  of  259^  feet.  The 
measures  comprise  standards  of  the  surveying  land-chain  of  66  feet, 
with  divisions  of  10  links  each;  and  the  building  land-chain  of  100 
feet,  with  divisions  of  10  feet,  the  first  division  of  10  feet  being  sub- 
divided into  feet ;  mural  standards  of  the  imperial  yard,  2  feet,  i  foot, 
and  subdivided  inches.  The  defining  lines  of  the  several  measures 
are  bronze  blocks  let  into  the  granite,  and  the  exact  measurement  is  in 
the  middle  of  each  line. 

Traitors'  Gate.     [See  Tower.] 

Travellers'  Club  (The),  PALL  MALL,  next  door  to  The  Athenaum, 
originated  soon  after  the  peace  of  1814,  in  a  suggestion  of  Lord 
Londonderry,  then  Lord  Castlereagh,  for  the  resort  of  gentlemen  who 
had  resided  or  travelled  abroad,  as  well  as  with  a  view  to  the  accommo- 
dation of  foreigners,  who,  when  properly  recommended,  receive  an 
invitation  for  the  period  of  their  stay.1  Here  Prince  Talleyrand  often 
played  a  game  at  whist.  With  all  the  advantage  of  his  great  imperturb- 
ability of  face,  he  is  said  to  have  been  an  indifferent  player.  The 
present  Club  House,  designed  by  Sir  Charles  Barry — the  design  based 
on  that  of  the  Villa  Pandolfini  at  Florence  —  in  1830-1832,  is 
deservedly  admired.  The  Carlton  Terrace  front  has  been  injured  by 
the  erection  of  a  smoking-room  on  the  attic.  The  Club  is  limited  to 
800  members.  Each  member  pays  30  guineas  on  admission,  and  an 
annual  subscription  of  10  guineas.  Rule  6  directs,  "That  no  person 
be  considered  eligible  to  the  Travellers'  Club  who  shall  not  have 
travelled  out  of  the  British  Islands  to  a  distance  of  at  least  500 
miles  from  London  in  a  direct  line." 

Treasury  Buildings,  WHITEHALL,  a  range  of  buildings  between 
the  Horse  Guards  on  one  side  and  Downing  Street  on  the  other,  and  now 
consisting  of  the  Treasury,  Education,  and  Privy  Council  offices.  The 
Treasury  is  so  called  from  its  being  the  office  of  the  Lord  Treasurer  or  Lord 
High  Treasurer :  an  office  of  great  importance,  first  put  into  commission 
in  1612,  on  Lord  Salisbury's  death,  and  so  continued  with  very  few  ex- 
ceptions till  abolished  in  1 8 1 6.  The  last  Lord  Treasurer  was  the  Duke 
of  Shrewsbury,  in  the  reign  of  Queen  Anne,  but  the  last  acting  Lord 
Treasurer  was  the  duke's  predecessor,  Harley,  Earl  of  Oxford,  the  friend 
of  Pope  and  Swift.  The  Prime  Minister  of  the  country  is  usually  First 
Lord  of  the  Treasury.  He  has  a  salary  of  ^5000  a  year,  and  an  official 
residence  in  Downing  Street.  In  the  Treasury  all  the  national  money 
transactions  are  conducted.  The  Lord  High  Treasurer  used  formerly 
to  carry  a  white  staff,  as  the  mark  of  his  office.  The  royal  throne  still 

1  Quarterly  Review,  No.  ex.  p.  481 


TR1MITY  HOCSl.  407 


remains  at  the  head  of  the  Treasury  table.  The  present  facade  towards 
the  street  was  designed  (1846-1847)  by  Sir  Charles  Barry,  R.A.,  replac- 
ing z.  facade,  the  work  of  Sir  John  Soane  in  1824-1828,  for  the  Council 
Chamber,  a  handsome  room  incorporated  in  the  new  buildings.  The 
old  Treasury,  a  stone  building  fronting  the  Horse  Guards'  Parade,  was 
erected  in  1733,  from  the  designs  of  W.  Kent,  and  is  only  a  portion 
of  a  much  more  extensive  front. 

Trig  Stairs,  TRIG  LANE,  UPPER  THAMES  STREET  ;  so  called  after 
John  Trigge,  owner  of  the  stairs  in  the  reign  of  Edward  III.     Trigg 
Lane  is  on  the  south  side  of  Upper  Thames  Street,  opposite  Lambeth 
Hill.     There  is  a  Trig  Wharf  still,  but  the  stairs  have  disappeared. 
A  pair  of  stairs  they  found,  not  big  stairs, 
Just  such  another  pair  as  Trig  Stairs. — 

Cotton's  Virgil  Travestie,  B.  I. 

The  motion  or  puppet  show  of  Hero  and  Leander,  in  Ben  Jonson's 
Bartholomew  fair,  is  thus  described  by  Littlewit,  the  author  : — 

I  have  only  made  it  a  little  easy  and  modern  for  the  times,  that's  all.  As  for 
the  Hellespont,  I  imagine  our  Thames,  here  ;  and  the  Leander  I  makes  a  dyer's  son 
about  Puddle  Wharf,  and  Hero  a  wench  o'  the  Banksicle,  who  going  over  one 
morning  to  Old  Fish  Street,  Leander  spies  her  land  at  Trig  Stairs,  and  falls  in  love 
with  her. 

And  again — 

Leander  does  ask,  Sir,  what  fairest  of  fairs, 
Was  the  fare  he  landed  but  now  at  Trig  Stairs. 

For  Calamy's  Adventure  at  Trig  Stairs,  see  his  Autobiography, 
vol.  ii.  p.  138. 

Trinity  Chapel,  CONDUIT  STREET.     [See  Conduit  Street.] 

Trinity  Church,  CHURCH  STREET,  MINORIES  (formerly  Little 
Minories) — the  first  turning  on  the  left  hand  from  Aldgate — the  church 
of  the  Priory  of  the  Holy  Trinity,  founded  by  Matilda,  Queen  of  Henry 
I.,  A.D.  1 1 08.  It  escaped  the  Fire  of  1666,  and  being  very  old,  was 
taken  down  in  the  year  1706,  and  rebuilt.1 

Here  [in  the  Little  Minories]  is  the  Trinity  Minories  Church,  which  pretends  to 
privileges,  as  marrying  without  license. — R.  B.,  in  Sttype,  B.  ii.  p.  28. 

On  the  north  side  of  the  chancel  is  a  monument  to  William  Legge, 
groom  of  the  bedchamber  and  lieutenant-general  of  the  ordnance  to 
King  Charles  I.  (d.  1672).  Here  his  son,  the  first  Earl  of  Dartmouth, 
and  his  grandson,  the  second  earl,  and  annotator  of  Burnet,  are  both 
buried.  In  the  church  is  preserved  in  a  tin  box  a  man's  head,  which  the 
tradition  of  the  place  affirms  to  be  that  of  Henry  Grey,  Duke  of  Suffolk, 
father  of  Lady  Jane  Grey,  who  was  beheaded  February  23,  1554. 

Trinity  Court,  ALDERSGATE  STREET.  [See  Aldersgate  Street.] 

Trinity  House,  on  the  north  or  upper  side  of  TOWER  HILL,  was 
built,  1793-1795,  from  the  designs  of  Samuel  Wyatt.  The  principal 

1  Hatton,  p.  573. 


408  TRINITY  HOUSE 


front  consists  of  a  main  body  and  wings  of  the  Ionic  order  on  a 
rusticated  basement.  Over  the  windows  are  medallions  with  portraits 
in  low  relief  of  George  III.  and  Queen  Charlotte,  representations  of 
lighthouses  and  emblematic  devices.  The  house  belongs  to  a  Com- 
pany or  Corporation  founded  by  Sir  Thomas  Spert,  Comptroller  of  the 
Navy  to  Henry  VIII. ,  and  commander  of  the  Harry  Grace  de  Dieu^ 
who  was  appointed  its  first  master.  It  was  incorporated  (March  20, 
1514)  by  the  name  of  "The  Guild  or  Fraternity  of  the  most  Glorious 
and  Undividable  Trinity  of  St.  Clement,"  which  name  was  extended  by 
a  later  charter  (James  II.  1685)  into  "The  Master,  Wardens,  and 
Assistants  of  the  Guild,  Fraternity,  or  Brotherhood,  of  the  Most 
Glorious  and  Undivided  Trinity,  and  of  St.  Clement,  in  the  parish  of 
Deptford  Strond,  in  the  county  of  Kent."  The  Corporation  consists  ot 
a  Master,  Deputy -Master,  Wardens,  Assistants,  and  Elder  Brethren, 
twenty-four  in  all,  and  an  unlimited  number  of  inferior  members,  and 
has  for  its  object  the  increase  and  encouragement  of  navigation,  etc., 
the  regulation  of  lighthouses  and  sea-marks,  the  securing  of  a  body  of 
skilled  and  efficient  pilots  for  the  navy  and  mercantile  service,  and  the 
general  management  of  nautical  matters  not  immediately  connected 
with  the  Admiralty.  The  revenue  of  the  Corporation,  arising  from 
tonnage,  beaconage,  etc.,  is  applied  (after  defraying  the  expenses  of 
lighthouses,  buoys,  etc.)  to  the  purposes  of  the  Mercantile  Marine 
Fund,  as  provided  by  the  Merchant  Shipping  Acts  since  1853.  Other 
funds,  derived  from  estates  and  bequests,  are  administered  for  the  relief 
of  decayed  pilots  and  seamen,  their  widows  and  children.  The  Duke 
of  Edinburgh  is  the  present  master,  and  the  Prince  of  Wales  an  elder 
brother.  The  old  hall  at  Deptford  in  which  the  Company  met  was 
pulled  down  in  1787,  and  was  replaced  by  another  building  which  is 
still  standing.  Their  first  London  house  appears  to  have  been  at 
Ratcliffe.  In  1618  a  petition  to  James  I.  from  the  "Merchant 
Adventurers  of  Newcastle  for  leave  to  freight  in  strangers'  bottoms " 
was  sent  to  the  Master,  Wardens,  etc.,  for  report ;  and  their  reply  to 
the  Council  is  dated  "Trinity  House,  Ratcliffe,  June  3d."2  Aga^n, 
there  is  a  certificate  of  May  13,  1620,  also  dated  from  Trinity  House, 
Ratcliffe,  describing  the  "  boundaries  of  the  Mediterranean  or  Levant 
Sea,  and  declaring  that  Malaga  distinctly  lies  within  that  sea,  and  that 
the  Malaga  wines  are  rolled  into  the  Levant  Sea  to  be  shipped."3 
Fifty  years  later  their  house  was  in  Water  Lane,  Lower  Thames  Street, 
the  site  and  name  of  which  are  still  preserved.  Hatton  describes  it  as 
"  a  stately  building  of  brick  and  stone  (adorned  with  ten  bustos),  built 
anno  i67i."4  In  the  court-room  of  the  present  house  are  busts  of 
Nelson,  St.  Vincent,  Howe,  and  Duncan ;  portraits  of  James  L,  James 
II.,  Sir  Francis  Drake,  William  Pitt,  the  Earl  of  Sandwich,  etc.,  and 
a  large  painting  by  Gainsborough  Duporlt,  representing  the  Members 

1  The  Harry  Grace  de  Dieu  had  four  masts,  2  Cal.  State  Pap.,  1611-1618,  p.  543. 

and  is  represented  with  great  minuteness  in  the  3  Ibid.,  1619-1623,  p.  145. 

picture  at  Hampton  Court  of  Henry  VIII. 's  em-  *  Hatton,  p.  573. 
barkation  at  Dover. 


THE   TUN  409 

of  the  Board  in  1794.  There  is  also  a  museum  of  maritime  relics  and 
curiosities.  To  ensure  the  greatest  possible  efficiency  in  the  lighting 
of  the  lighthouses  round  the  coast,  as  also  of  the  fog-signals  and  other 
appliances,  the  Trinity  House  has  generally  an  adviser  of  the  highest 
scientific  eminence.  Prof.  Faraday  held  this  post,  and  used  to  say 
that  there  was  no  part  of  his  life  that  gave  him  more  delight. 

Trinity  Lane,  UPPER  THAMES  STREET,  so  called  from  the  church 
of  the  Holy  Trinity,  destroyed  in  the  Great  Fire,  and  not  rebuilt,  but 
united  to  St.  Michael's,  Queenhithe.  At  the  corner  of  Trinity  Lane  and 
Upper  Thames  Street  was  the  church  of  St.  Michael  Queenhithe ;  and 
in  Little  Trinity  Lane,  No.  9,  is  Painter  Stainer?  Hall. 

Trinity  Square,  TOWER  HILL.  Behind  the  houses  in  this  square, 
on  the  west  side  of  a  vacant  plot  of  ground  in  George  Street,  Tower 
Hill,  stands  one  of  the  most  perfect  of  the  very  few  remaining  portions 
of  the  old  wall  of  London.  [See  London  Wall.] 

Tufnell  Park,  UPPER  HOLLOWAY,  a  collection  of  modern  villas, 
so  called  after  the  Tufnell  family,  lords  of  the  Manor  of  Barnsbury 
[which  see].  It  is  built  on  a  portion  of  the  demesne  lands,  under 
powers  of  a  private  Act  (3  George  IV.  cap.  18,  1832),  "enabling  the 
trustee  under  the  will  of  the  late  William  Tufnell,  Esq.,  to  reduce  the 
fines  of  the  copyholds  held  of  the  Manor  of  Barnsbury,  and  to  grant 
building  and  repairing  leases  of  the  devised  estates,"  etc.  St.  George's, 
Tufnell  Park,  a  rather  elegant  circular  church,  with  a  short  transept, 
an  apsidal  chancel,  and  detached  tower  and  spire,  was  erected  in  1867 
from  the  designs  of  Mr.  G.  Truefitt,  architect. 

Tufton  Street,  WESTMINSTER,  built  by  Sir  Richard  Tufton  of 
Tothill  Street  (d.  1631),  runs  from  Great  College  Street  to  Horseferry 
Road,  Westminster.  Here  was  the  "  Royal  Cock  Pit ; "  (which  see) 
probably  the  last  in  London. 

Tun  (The),  CORNHILL,  "a  prison  for  night-walkers  and  other 
suspicious  persons,"  built  of  stone  and  castellated  by  Henry  le  Waleis, 
Lord  Mayor  of  London  in  the  year  1283,  and  "called  the  Tun,  because 
the  same  was  built  somewhat  in  the  shape  of  a  tun  standing  on  one 
end." l  The  Tun  formed  a  part  of  the  structure  known  as  the  Conduit. 
An  Ordinance  of  Edward  respecting  "  persons  wandering  at  night "  was 
to  the  effect  that  any  person  found  in  the  streets  of  the  City  after 
curfew,  armed  or  of  suspicious  appearance — "unless  it  be  a  great  lord, 
or  other  substantial  person  of  good  reputation,"  or  some  one  of  their 
household  and  having  a  warranty  from  them,  and  who  "  is  going  from 
one  to  another  with  a  light  to  guide  them," — and  any  stranger  who 
shall  have  no  occasion  to  come  so  late  into  the  City,  shall  "  be  taken 
by  the  keepers  of  the  peace  and  put  into  the  Tun,  which  for  such 
misdoers  is  assigned,"  and  on  the  morrow  be  taken  before  the  mayor 

1  Stout,  p.  71. 


410  THE    TUN 

and  aldermen  to  be  by  them  dealt  with  according  to  law.  But  the 
Tun  was  not  for  night-wanderers  only.  Another  Ordinance  directs 
that  "  such  bakers  and  millers  as  shall  steal  dough  or  flour  shall  be 
drawn  on  a  hurdle,  and  be  committed  to  the  Tun  on  Cornhulle  and  there 
confined." l  "  Item — If  any  priest  be  found  with  a  woman  he  shall  be 
taken  unto  the  Tun  on  Cornhulle,  with  minstrels  "  playing  before  him.2 
The  Tun  was  in  fact  the  ordinary  prison  for  persons  charged  with 
incontinence,  against  which  the  City  laws  were  in  the  Middle  Ages 
very  severe. 

Turf  Club,  PICCADILLY — the  corner  of  Clarges  Street.  This  club, 
formerly  the  Arlington,  had  its  house  in  Grafton  Street  till  1876,  when 
it  purchased  the  lease  of  No.  47  Clarges  Street,  till  then  the  residence 
of  the  Dukes  of  Grafton,  and  fitted  it  up  sumptuously  as  a  first-class 
club-house.  The  Turf  Club  ranks  next  to  the  Portland  as  the  great 
whist  club  of  London.  Members  are  elected  by  ballot,  two  black  balls 
excluding.  The  entrance  fee  is  30  guineas,  the  annual  subscription 
15  guineas. 

Turk's  Head  Coffee-house,  "the  next  house  to  the  Stairs," 
NEW  PALACE  YARD,  WESTMINSTER.  Here,  about  1659,  James  Har- 
rington's celebrated  Rota  Club  met.  Among  the  members  were  Cyriac 
Skinner,  Major  Wildman,  and  Sir  William  Petty.  For  them  "  was  made 
purposely,"  says  Aubrey,  "  a  large  oval  table  with  a  passage  in  the  middle 
for  Miles  [the  landlord]  to  deliver  his  coffee.  About  it  sate  his 
[Harrington's]  disciples  and  the  virtuosi.  We  many  times  adjourned 
to  the  Rhenish  Wine-house."3 

Turk's  Head  Coffee-house,  STRAND,  opposite  Catherine  Street. 
A  modern  building  (No.  142)  occupies  the  site. 

July  21,  1763. — At  night  Mr.  Johnson  and  I  supped  in  a  private  room  at  the 
Turk's  Head  Coffee-house  in  the  Strand.  "I  encourage  this  house,"  said  he,  "for 
the  mistress  of  it  is  a  good  civil  woman,  and  has  not  much  business." — Croker's 
Bo  swell,  p.  152. 

They  again  supped  together  at  the  Turk's  Head  on  July  28,  and  on 
the  3oth  concluded  the  day  there  "very  socially." 

On  Wednesday  August  3  [1763]  we  had  our  last  social  meeting  at  the  Turk's 
Head  Coffee-house,  before  my  setting  out  for  foreign  parts. — Ibid.,  p.  158. 

Turk's  Head,  GERARD  STREET.  [See  Gerard  Street.]  Gibbon 
wrote  to  Malone  from  the  "Turk's  Head,  Gerard  Street,  February  5, 
1782." 

Turk's  Row,  CHELSEA.  On  the  front  of  a  house  at  the  south- 
west corner  a  stone  is  let  in  with  the  inscription,  "  Garden  Row,  anno 
I733-" 

Turnagain  Lane. 

Near  unto  this  Seacoal  Lane,  in  the  turning  towards  Holborn  Conduit,  is  Turn- 
again  Lane,  or  rather,  as  in  a  record  of  the  5th  of  Edward  III.,  Windagain  Lane, 

1  Liber  Aldus,  pp.  145,  240.  2  Ibid.,  p.  396.  3  Aubrey,  vol.  iii.  p.  375. 


TURNSTIU-:  41  1 


for  that  it  goeth  down  west  to  Fleet  Dike,  from  whence  men  must  turn  again  the 
same  way  they  came,  for  there  it  stopped.  —  Stow,  p.  145. 

There  is  an  old  proverb,  "  He  must  take  him  a  house  in  Turnagain 
Lane."  Turnagain  Lane  may  still  be  found,  though  sadly  shorn  of  its 
ancient  proportions,  on  the  east  side  of  Farringdon  Street,  near  the 
Holborn  Viaduct  bridge. 

February  28,  1560  (Ash  Wednesday).  —  In  Turnagayne  Lane,  in  Sent  Pulker's 
[St.  Sepulchre's]  paryche,  a  lame  woman  with  a  knef  kylled  a  proper  man. 

March  8,  1560.  —  Rode  to  hanging  the  woman  that  killed  the  man  in  Turnagayne 
Lane.  —  Machyn's  Diary,  p.  227. 

Turnbull  Street  (properly  TURNMILL  STREET),  between  Clerken- 
well  Green  and  Cow  Cross,  and  long  a  noted  haunt  for  harlots  and 
disorderly  people.  Middleton  in  his  Black  Book  (1604)  calls  it 
Tunbold  Street.  The  west  side  of  Turnmill  Street  has  been  cleared 
away  for  the  Metropolitan  Railway. 

Under  Fleet  Bridge  runneth  a  water,  sometimes  called  the  river  of  the  Wells, 
since  Turnmill  or  Tremill  brook,  for  that  divers  mills  were  erected  upon  it,  as 
appeareth  by  a  fair  register  book  of  the  priory  at  Clerkenwell,  and  donation  of  the 
lands  thereunto  belonging,  as  also  by  divers  other  records.  —  Stow,  pp.  6,  II. 

Falstaff.  This  same  starved  justice  [Shallow]  hath  done  nothing  but  prate  to 
me  of  the  wilclness  of  his  youth,  and  the  feats  he  hath  done  about  Turnbull  Street  ; 
and  every  third  word  a  lie,  duer  paid  to  the  hearer  than  the  Turk's  tribute.  — 
Shakespeare,  Second  Part  of  Henry  IV.,  Act  iii.  Sc.  2. 

One  of  the  characters  in  Ben  Jonson's  Bartholomew  Fair  is  "  Dan 
Jordan  Knockem,  a  horse  -courser  and  a  ranger  of  Turnbull;"  and 
there  are  many  uncleanly  references  to  it  in  Beaumont  and  Fletcher, 
Taylor  the  Water  Poet,  London  Carbonadoed,  etc. 

Ursula.  You  are  one  of  those  horse-leeches  that  gave  out  I  was  dead  in  Turnbull 
Street,  of  a  surfeit  of  bottle-ale  and  tripes. 

Knocketn.  No,  'twas  better  meat,  Urse  :  cows'  udders,  cows'  udders  !  —  Ben 
Jonson,  Bartholomew  Fair. 

Turners'  Company,  the  fifty-first  in  order  of  precedence  of  the 
City  Companies.  Though  by  repute  an  ancient  fraternity,  the  Com- 
pany received  its  first  Charter  of  Incorporation  in  the  2d  of  James  I. 
(June  12,  1604)  by  the  appellation  of  the  Masters,  Wardens,  and 
Commonalty  of  the  Art  or  Mystery  de  lez  Turners  of  London.  The 
Company  has  a  livery  but  no  hall.  The  old  hall  (long  since  sold)  was 
on  College  Hill.  Of  late  years  the  Company  has  taken  great  interest 
in  the  furtherance  of  technical  instruction,  and  instituted  prizes,  includ- 
ing the  freedom  of  the  Company,  for  the  best  specimens  of  the  turners' 
art,  and  the  freedom  of  the  Company  has  been  presented  to  many 
distinguished  men. 

Turnmill  Street.     [See  Turnbull  Street] 

Turnstile  (Great),  on  the  south  side  of  HOLBORN,  a  passage  to, 
and  in  a  straight  line  with,  the  east  side  of  Lincoln's  Inn  Fields.  The 
place  derives  its  name  from  the  turnstile,  or  revolving  barrier,  erected 


4i2  GREAT  TURNSTILE 

for  the  purpose  of  excluding  horses,  but  admitting  pedestrians  to  pass 
between  Holborn  and  Lincoln's  Inn  Fields.  Occasionally  the  name 
occurs  as  Turningstile.  In  a  Presentment  of  the  Jury  of  Middlesex, 
i  Edward  VI.,  mention  is  made  of  "  twoe  tenements  at  the  Turne  style 
in  Holborne."1 

The  Lives  of  the  Roman  Emperors. — Sold  by  George  Hutton  at  the  sign  of  the 
Sun,  within  Turning-Stile  in  Holborne,  1636. 

And  here  he  published  Sir  Edwin  Sandys's  EuropcB  Speculum  in 
1637. 

Great  Turnstile  Alley,  a  great  thoroughfare  which  leadeth  into  Holborn,  a  place 
inhabited  by  shoemakers,  sempsters,  and  milliners,  for  which  it  is  of  considerable 
trade,  and  well  noted. — R,  £.,  in  Strype,  B.  iv.  p.  75. 

Mr.  Bagford  [the  celebrated  antiquary]  was  first  a  shoe-maker  at  Turnstile,  but 
that  would  not  do  ;  then  a  bookseller  at  the  same  place,  and  that  as  little. — -J. 
Sotheby  to  Thomas  Hearne,  May  19,  1716  (Letters  from  the  Bodleian,  vol.  ii.  p.  21). 

Lump.  I  will  not  break  my  method  for  the  world  ;  I  have  these  twenty  years 
walked  through  Turn-stile  Alley  to  Holborn  Fields  at  four :  all  the  good  women 
observe  me,  and  set  their  bread  into  the  oven  by  me. — A  True  Widow  ;  a  Comedy, 
by  T.  Shadwell,  4to,  1679. 

At  Dulwich  College  is  a  Library  having  a  collection  of  plays,  given  by  one 
Cartwright,  bred  a  bookseller,  and  afterwards  turned  player.  He  kept  a  shop  at 
the  end  of  Turn  Stile  Alley,  which  was  first  designed  as  a  'Change  for  vending 
Welsh  flannels,  friezes,  etc.,  as  may  be  seen  by  the  left  side  going  from  Lincoln's 
Inn  Fields.  The  house  being  now  divided  remains  still  turned  with  arches. 
Cartwright  was  an  excellent  actor,  and  in  his  latter  days  gave  ym  not  only  plays,  but 
many  good  pictures,  and  intended  to  have  been  a  further  benefactor  with  money, 
and  been  buried  there,  but  was  prevented  by  a  turbulent  woman  there. — Bagford, 
Harl.  MS.  5900,  fol.  54  b. 

Here,  in  Great  Turnstile,  about  1750-1760,  John  Smeaton,  the 
builder  of  the  Eddystone  Lighthouse,  kept  a  shop  for  making  and  selling 
philosophical  instruments.  John  Britton  was  in  the  habit  of  meeting 
the  Chevalier  d'Eon  (who  dressed  as  a  female  and  was  respectable  and 
respected)  "  at  an  eating-house  in  Great  Turnstile,  Holborn." 

Turnstile  (Little),  on  the  south  side  of  HOLBORN,  a  passage  to 
the  west  side  of  Lincoln's  Inn  Fields. 

These  much  frequented  thoroughfares  (Great  and  Little  Turnstile)  derived  their 
names  from  the  Turning  Stiles  which,  two  centuries  ago,  stood  at  their  respective 
ends  next  Lincoln's  Inn  Fields,  and  which  were  so  placed  both  for  the  conveniency 
of  foot  passengers,  and  to  prevent  the  straying  of  cattle,  the  fields  being  at  that 
period  used  for  pasturage. — Brayley's  Londiniana,  vol.  ii.  p.  125. 

Turnstile  (New),  on  the  south  side  of  HOLBORN,  the  next  opening 
west  of  Little  Turnstile.  A  stone  let  in  to  the  wall  is  inscribed  "  New 
Turnstile,  1688."  There  was  yet  another  Turnstile  out  of  Lincoln's 
Inn  Fields,  on  the  south  side.  In  1661  Leonard  Sowerby  was  a 
publisher  at  "the  Turn-stile  near  New-Market  \i.e.  Clare  Market]  in 
Lincoln's  Inn  Fields." 

Tussaud's  Waxworks,  MARYLEBONE  ROAD.  This  exhibition, 
which  is  said  to  be  the  oldest  in  Europe,  was  opened  on  the  Boulevard 

1  Notes  and  Queries,  7th  S.,  vol.  v.  p.  415. 


TYBURN  413 

du  Temple  at  Paris  in  1780,  and  was  first  shown  in  London  at  the 
Lyceum  in  1802.  It  was  located  for  many  years  at  the  Bazaar  in 
Baker  Street,  Portman  Square,  but  in  1884  the  present  building  was 
erected  by  Mr.  H.  W.  Williams,  from  the  designs  of  Mr.  F.  W.  Hunt, 
for  the  reception  of  the  continually  increasing  collection  of  waxworks. 
It  has  an  average  depth  of  60  feet  and  a  frontage  of  400  feet.  The 
white  marble  staircase  was  brought  from  the  huge  residence  at  Ken- 
sington built  by  Baron  Albert  Grant,  when  the  materials  of  that  house  were 
publicly  sold.  Madame  Tussaud  (niece  of  M.  Curtius,  who  modelled 
figures  in  wax  and  taught  her  the  art),  was  born  at  Berne  in  1760. 
She  was  in  Paris  during  the  period  of  the  great  French  Revolution  and 
modelled  the  heads  of  the  celebrated  and  notorious  men  and  women 
whose  figures  form  so  characteristic  a  portion  of  the  gallery.  Madame 
Tussaud  died  in  London,  April  15,  1850.  The  relics  of  Napoleon  I. 
are  of  great  interest. 

Tuthill  Street.     [See  Tothill  Street.] 

Tyburn  (Aye-bourne,  Y  Aye  -  bourne),  a  brook,  or  bourne,  that 
rose  near  Hampstead,  and,  after  receiving  several  tributary  streamlets, 
ran  south  into  the  Thames  at  a  place  called  King's  Scholars'  Pond, 
a  little  below  Chelsea.  Crossing  Oxford  Street,  near  Stratford 
Place,  it  made  its  way  by  Lower  Brook  Street  and  the  foot 
of  Hay  Hill  (Aye  Hill)  through  Lansdowne  Gardens,  down  Half  Moon 
Street,  and  through  the  hollow  of  Piccadilly,  where  it  was  crossed  by 
a  stone  bridge,  into  the  Green  Park.  Here  it  expanded  into  a  large 
pond,  from  whence  it  ran  past  the  present  Buckingham  Palace  in  three 
distinct  branches  into  the  Thames,  first,  in  early  times,  spreading  into 
a  marsh  and  surrounding  the  wooded  Thorney,  or  Isle  of  Thorns,  on 
which  the  Abbey  of  Westminster  was  built.  It  formed  one  of  the  main 
sewers.  Rosamond's  Pond,  in  St.  James's  Park,  was  in  part  supplied 
by  the  Tyburn  waters.  When  Tyburn  church  was  rebuilt  it  was 
dedicated  to  the  Virgin  by  the  name  of  St.  Mary-le-bourne — hence  the 
present  Marylebone.  [See  Hay  Hill.] 

Tyburn  Lane,  PICCADILLY,  the  original  name  for  what  is  now 
Park  Lane,  between  Piccadilly  and  Oxford  Street ;  and  so  called 
because  it  led  to  Tyburn.  It  is  introduced  into  the  rate-books  of  the 
parish  of  St.  Martin's-in-the-Fields  for  the  first  time  in  1679,  an^  was 
then  called  "Tyburn  Road:"  in  1686  it  is  called  Tyburn  Lane. 

Tyburn,  TYBURN  GALLOWS,  or  TYBURN  TREE  (or  DEADLY  NEVER 
GREEN),  a  celebrated  gallows  or  public  place  of  execution  for  criminals 
convicted  in  the  county  of  Middlesex.  It  existed  as  early  as  the  reign 
of  Henry  IV.,  and  derives  its  name  from  Tyburn  Brook,  described 
above.  It  stood,  there  is  reason  to  believe,  on  the  site  of 
Connaught  Place,  and  near  its  south-west  corner,  though  No.  49 
Connaught  Square  is  said  to  be  the  spot.1  [See  Connaught  Square.] 

1  The  question  was  discussed  in  Notes  and  Queries,  1860,  without  any  definite  result. 


414  TYBURN 

Teyborne,  so  called  of  bornes  and  springs,  and  tying  men  up  there. — Minsheu's 
Dictionary,  fol.  1617. 

Tieburne,  some  will  have  it  so  called  from  Tie  and  Burne,  because  the  poor 
Lollards  for  whom  this  instrument  (of  cruelty  to  them,  though  of  justice  to  male- 
factors) was  first  set  up,  had  their  necks  tied  to  the  beame,  and  their  lower  parts 
burnt  in  the  fire.  Others  will  have  it  called  from  Twa  and  Burne,  that  is  two 
rivulets,  which  it  seems  meet  near  to  the  place. — Fuller's  Worthies  (Middlesex). 

The  first  year  of  his  [Henry  IV.'s]  reign  (1399-1400)  Sir  Barnardo  Brokkas  was 
beheaded  at  London  in  Cheppesyde,  and  Sir  Thomas  Shelle,  Knight,  Mandlyne 
and  Ferlyby,  clarkes,  were  hangyd  at  Tyborne. — Gray  friars  Chronicle,  p.  9. 

1403-1404. — The  prior  of  Lanndes,  Sir  Robert  Claryndon,  Knight,  and  eight 
freer  minores  were  hongyd  at  Tyborne.  .  .  .  And  William  Serle  that  was  cheffe 
yomane  with  King  Richard  was  drawne  and  hongyd  at  Tyborne,  and  the  quarters 
salted. — Ibid.,  p.  10. 

Tyburn  Gallows  was  a  triangle  in  plan,  having  three  legs  to  stand 
on,  and  appears  to  have  been  a  permanent  erection. 

Biron.   Thou  mak'st  the  triumviry,  the  corner  cap  of  society, 
The  shape  of  Love's  Tyburn,  that  hangs  up  simplicity. 

Shakespeare,  Lovers  Labour's  Lost. 

There's  one  with  a  lame  wit,  which  will  not  wear  a  four-corner'd  cap.  Then  let 
him  put  on  Tyburn,  that  hath  but  three  corners. — Pappe  with  a  Hatchet,  410,  1589. 

It  was  made  like  the  shape  of  Tiborne,  three  square. — Tarlton's_/^A,  4to,  1611. 

Rawbojie.  I  do  imagine  myself  apprehended  already  :  now  the  constable  is 
carrying  me  to  Newgate — now,  now,  I'm  at  the  Sessions  House,  in  the  dock  : — now 
I'm  called — "  Not  guilty,  my  Lord."  The  jury  has  found  the  indictment,  billa  vera. 
Now,  now,  comes  my  sentence.  Now  I'm  in  the  cart  riding  up  Holborn  in  a  two- 
wheeled  chariot,  with  a  guard  of  halberdiers.  "There  goes  a  proper  fellow,"  says 
one  ;  "Good  people,  pray  for  me  :"  now  I'm  at  the  three  wooden  stilts  [Tyburn]. 
Hey  !  now  I  feel  my  toes  hang  i'  the  cart ;  now  'tis  drawn  away ;  now,  now,  now  ! 
— I  am  gone. — Shirley,  The  Wedding,  4to,  1629,  Act  iv.  Sc.  3. 

Others  take  a  more  crooked  path  yet,  the  King's  highway,  where  at  length  their 
vizzard  is  plucked  off,  and  they  strike  fair  for  Tyburne. — Bishop  Earle's  Micro- 
cosmographie,  1628. 

Bishop  Latimer  preaching  before  Edward  VI.,  April  5,  1576,  concerning  corrupt 
judges,  said,  "There  lacks  a  fourth  thing  to  make  up  the  mess,  which  so  God  help 
me  if  I  were  judge,  should  be  hangiim  tuuin  a  Tyburne  Typpet  to  take  with  him ; 
an  it  were  the  judge  of  the  King's  Bench,  My  Lord  Chief  Justice  of  England,  yea 
an  it  were  my  Lord  Chancellor  himself,  to  Tyburne  with  him." 

Gascoigne,  in  his  Steel  Glas  (1576),  has  another  euphemism  for 
hanging — 

That  souldiours  starve  or  prech  at  Tyborne  Crosse. 

Celebrated  Persons  executed  at  Tyburn. — In  1499  Perkin  Warbeck, 
that  "little  cockatrice  of  a  king,"  as  Bacon  calls  him.  Elizabeth 
Barton,  the  Holy  Maid  of  Kent,  and  five  others,  were  beheaded  for 
high  treason,  April  21,  1534.  The  Nun's  head  was  fixed  on  London 
Bridge.  May  4,  1535,  Haughton,  the  last  prior  of  the  Charterhouse, 
with  others  of  his  brethren,  was  executed  for  high  treason.  This  was 
"  the  first  time  in  English  history  that  ecclesiastics  were  brought  out  to 
suffer  in  their  habits,  without  undergoing  the  previous  ceremony  of 
degradation."1  In  1536  the  Fitzgeralds,  for  their  share  in  the  Irish 
insurrection.  In  1541,  the  youthful  Thomas  Fienes,  ninth  Lord  Dacre, 

1  Froudc,  vol.  ii.  p.  359. 


TYBURN  415 

for  killing  a  man  in  a  brawl.  In  1581,  the  Jesuits  Campion  and  Harte  ; 
fragments  of  their  habits,  and  drops  of  blood  spilt  in  the  quartering, 
were  eagerly  collected  and  carried  away  as  relics.  Campion  had  a 
friend  in  the  Harrow  Road  whom  he  used  to  visit,  and  in  passing  the 
T\burn  gallows  a  presentiment  of  what  would  be  his  fate  led  him  always 
to  raise  his  hat.  In  1587  Doctor  Lopes  for  compassing  the  death  of 
the  Queen  (Elizabeth)  by  poison  ;  and  in  1589  one  Squire  for  a 
like  crime.  February  21,  1595,  Robert  Southwell  the  poet  and 
Jesuit.  November  14,  1615,  Mrs.  Turner,  implicated  in  the  murder 
of  Sir  Thomas  Overbury ;  she  was  the  inventress  of  yellow  starch,  and 
was  executed  in  a  cobweb  lawn  ruff  of  that  colour.1 

The  hangman  had  his  bands  and  cuffs  of  yellow,  which  made  many  after  that  day, 
of  either  sex,  to  forbear  the  use  of  that  coloured  starch,  till  it  at  last  grew  generally 
to  be  detested  and  disused. — Autobiography  of  Sir  S.  D'Ewes,  vol.  i.  p.  69. 

Weston,  Overbury's  keeper.  John  Felton,  the  assassin  of  Villiers, 
Duke  of  Buckingham  (1628) ;  his  body  was  afterwards  hanged  in  chains 
at  Portsmouth.  Hacker  and  Axtell  (October  19,  1660)  and  Okey, 
Barkstead  and  Corbet  (April  19,  1662),  five  of  fifty-nine  who  signed 
the  death  warrant  of  Charles  I.  Thomas  Sadler  (1677),  for  stealing 
the  mace  and  purse  of  the  Lord  Chancellor.  [See  Lincoln's  Inn 
Fields.]  Oliver  Plunket,  Archbishop  of  Armagh  (1681),  for  an  assumed 
design  of  bringing  a  French  army  over  to  Ireland  to  murder  all  the 
Protestants  in  that  kingdom.  Sir  Thomas  Armstrong  (June  20,  1684), 
who  was  concerned  in  the  Rye  House  Plot,  and  his  head  was  set  on 
Temple  Bar.  Sir  William  Parkyns  and  Sir  John  Freind  (1686),  for 
conspiring  to  assassinate  William  III. ;  Jeremy  Collier  and  two  other 
nonjuring-  clergymen  were  with  them  in  the  cart  under  the  gallows,  and 
'  produced  a  greater  sensation  than  the  execution  itself "  by  laying 
hands  on  them  and  pronouncing  a  form  of  absolution  just  before  the 
hangman  did  his  office.2  Robert  Young  (1700),  the  deviser  of  the 
Association  Plot  ("  the  flower-pot  contrivance  ")  against  Bishop  Sprat, 
Marlborough  and  others  ;  he  was  hanged  for  coining.  John  Smith  : 

On  the  I2th  of  Decr  1705,  one  John  Smith,  being  condemned  for  felony,  and 
burglary,  being  conveyed  to  Tyburn  ;  after  he  hanged  aboute  a  quarter  of  an  hour, 
a  reprieve  coming,  he  was  cut  down,  and  being  cut  down  came  to  himself,  to  the 
great  admiration  of  the  spectators,  the  executioner  having  pulled  him  by  the  legs, 
and  used  other  means  to  put  a  speedy  period  to  his  life. — ff a/ton,  1708. 

Ferdinando,  Marquis  Paleotti  (1718),  for  the  murder  of  his  servant. 
Jack  Sheppard,  in  the  presence  of  200,000  persons  (November  16, 
1724).  Jonathan  Wild  (May  24,  1725);  Fielding's  "Jonathan  Wild 
the  Great  "  picked  the  parson's  pocket  of  his  corkscrew,  at  his  execution, 
which  he  carried  out  of  the  world  in  his  hand.  Defoe  says  there  was 
a  greater  concourse  of  spectators  at  his  execution  than  on  any  previous 
occasion.  "  Jack  Sheppard  had  a  tolerable  number  to  attend  his  exit ; 
but  no  more  to  be  compared  to  the  present  than  a  regiment  to  an 
army."3  Lord  Ferrers,  for  the  murder  of  his  land-steward  (May  5, 

1  Howell's  Letters,  ed.  1705,  p.  3.       2  Macaulay,  chap.  xxi.       '  Applebee's/owrwa/,  May  29,  1725. 


416  TYBURN 

1760);  he  wore  his  wedding  clothes  to  Tyburn;  as  good  an  occasion, 
he  observed,  for  putting  them  on  as  that  for  which  they  were  first  made.1 
The  earl  had  behaved  in  so  brutal  a  manner  to  his  wife  that  they  had 
been  separated  by  Act  of  Parliament,  and  the  estate  placed  in  the 
hands  of  trustees,  who  had  appointed  Johnson  the  land-steward,  to 
receive  the  rents.  On  the  day  of  the  murder  the  earl  sent  for  Johnson 
(who  was  an  old  man)  to  his  room,  turned  the  key  in  the  door,  ordered 
him  to  kneel  down,  and  shot  him  through  the  body  with  a  pistol.  He 
then  lifted  him  into  a  chair  and  sent  for  a  surgeon.  Johnson  survived 
nine  hours  and  told  the  story.  Dr.  Cameron,  July  1753.  John 
Wesket  (January  9,  1795),  for  robbing  the  house  of  his  master,  the 
Earl  of  Harrington. 

Harrington's  porter  was  condemned  yesterday.  Cadogan  and  I  have  already 
bespoke  places  at  the  Brazier's.  I  presume  we  shall  have  your  honour's  company,  if 
your  stomach  is  not  too  squeamish  for  a  single  swing. — Gilly  Williams  to  George 
Sehvyn  (Selwyrts  Correspondence,  vol.  i.  p.  323). 

Harrington's  man  was  hanged  last  Wednesday.  The  dog  died  game — went  in 
the  cart  in  a  blue  and  gold  frock,  and,  as  the  emblem  of  innocence,  had  a  white 
cockade  in  his  hat.  He  ate  several  oranges  on  his  passage,  inquired  if  his  hearse 
was  ready,  and  then,  as  old  Rowe  used  to  say,  was  launched  into  eternity. — Gilly 
Williams  to  George  Selwyn  (Selwyn's  Correspondence,  vol.  i.  p.  355). 

Mrs.  Brownrigg  (September  14,  1767),  for  whipping  two  of  her  female 
apprentices  to  death.  [See  Flower  de  Luce  Court.]  John  Rann, 
alias  "Sixteen  Stringed  Jack,"  a  noted  highwayman  (November 
30,  1774),  for  robbing  the  Rev.  Dr.  Bell,  the  Princess  Amelia's 
chaplain,  in  Gunnersbury  Lane,  near  Brentford;  he  was  remarkable 
for  foppery  in  his  dress,  and  particularly  for  wearing  a  bunch  of  sixteen 
strings  at  the  knees  of  his  breeches. 

The  malefactor's  coat  was  a  bright  pea  -  green  ;  he  had  an  immense  nosegay, 
which  he  had  received  from  the  hand  of  one  of  the  frail  sisterhood,  whose  practice 
it  was  in  those  days  'to  present  flowers  to  their  favourites  from  the  steps  of  St. 
Sepulchre's  church. — Smith's  Book  for  a  Rainy  Day,  p.  29. 

Daniel  and  Robert  Perreau  (January  17,  1776),  for  forgery.  Daniel 
lived  with  the  notorious  Mrs.  Rudd,  who  was  said  to  have  incited  him 
to  the  crime  and  then  betrayed  him.  Boswell  described  her  as  "  a  lady 
universally  celebrated  for  extraordinary  address  and  insinuation." 2  Dr. 
Dodd  (June  27,  1777),  for  forging  a  bond  in  the  name  of  the  Earl  of 
Chesterfield  for  ^4200.  He  came  in  a  coach,  and  a  very  heavy 
shower  of  rain  fell  just  upon  his  entering  the  cart,  and  another  just  at 
his  putting  on  his  nightcap.  During  the  shower  an  umbrella  was  held 
over  his  head,  which  Gilly  Williams,  who  was  present,  observed  was  quite 
unnecessary,  as  the  doctor  was  going  to  a  place  where  he  might  be 
dried. 

He  was  a  considerable  time  in  praying,  which  some  people  standing  about  seemed 
rather  tired  with  ;  they  rather  wished  for  a  more  interesting  part  of  the  tragedy.  .  .  . 
There  were  two  clergymen  attending  on  him,  one  of  whom  seemed  very  much  affected 

1  Walpole's  Letters,  vol.  iv.  p.  50.     His  wife  was  burned  to  death  in  1807. 
2  Croker's  Boswell,  p.  544. 


TYBURN  417 

The  other  I  suppose  was  the  ordinary  of  Newgate,  as  he  was  perfectly  indifferent  and 
unfeeling  in  everything  he  said  and  did.  The  executioner  took  both  the  hat  and 
wig  off  at  the  same  time.  Why  he  put  on  his  wig  again  I  do  not  know,  but  he  did  ; 
and  the  doctor  took  off  his  wig  a  second  time,  and  then  tied  on  a  nightcap  which  did  not 
lit  him  ;  but  whether  he  stretched  that  or  took  another,  I  could  not  perceive.  He 
then  put  on  his  nightcap  himself,  and  upon  his  taking  it  he  certainly  had  a  smile  on 
his  countenance,  and  very  soon  afterwards  there  was  an  end  of  all  his  hopes  and  fears 
on  this  side  the  grave.  He  never  moved  from  the  place  he  first  took  in  the  cart ; 
seemed  absorb  tir  and  utterly  dejected  ;  without  any  other  signs  of  anima- 

tion but  in  praying.  I  stayed  till  he  was  cut  down  and  put  into  the  hearse. — A, 
Storer  to  George  Selwyn  (Selwyn's  Correspondence,  vol.  iii.  p.  197). 

Very  different  is  the  account  given  by  the  excellent  John  Wesley : — 

After  some  time  spent  in  prayer,  he  pulled  his  cap  over  his  eyes,  and  falling  down 
seemed  to  die  in  a  moment.  I  make  no  doubt  but  at  that  moment  the  angels  were 
ready  to  carry  him  into  Abraham's  bosom. 

The  Rev.  James  Hackman  (April  19,  1779),  f°r  the  murder  of  Miss 
Reay,in  the  Piazza  of  Covent  Garden;  he  was  taken  to  Tyburn  in  a  mourn- 
ing-coach, containing,  besides  the  prisoner,  the  ordinary  of  Newgate,  a 
sheriff's  officer,  and  James  Boswell,  the  biographer  of  Johnson  :  Boswell, 
like  Selwyn,  was  fond  of  seeing  executions.  [Sec  Tavistock  Row.] 
William  Wynne  Ryland,  the  line  engraver  (August  29,  1783),  for  a 
forgery  on  the  East  India  Company. 

The  last  woman  who  suffered  death  in  England  for  a  political  offence 
was  Elizabeth  Gaunt,  an  ancient  matron  of  the  Anabaptist  persuasion, 
burned  to  death  at  Tyburn  for  harbouring  a  person  concerned  in  the 
Rye  House  Plot.  The  last  person  executed  at  Tyburn  was  John 
Austin,  on  November  7,  1783.  The  first  execution  before  Newgate 
was  on  December  9  following. 

The  earliest  hangman  whose  name  is  known  was  called  Derrick. 
He  lived  in  the  reign  of  James  L,  and  is  mentioned  by  Dekker  in  his 
Gulfs  Hornbook,  and  by  Middleton  in  his  Black  Book,  He  was 
succeeded  by  Gregory  Brandon,  who,  as  has  been  said, "had  arms  con- 
firmed to  him  by  the  College  of  Heralds,  and  became  an  esquire  by 
virtue  of  his  office."  This  otherwise  incredible  legend  is  explained  in 
the  following  extract  from  one  of  Lord  Carew's  "  overland  letters  "  to 
Sir  Thomas  Roe,  when  on  his  embassy  to  the  Great  Mogul. 

December  1616. — York  Herald  played  a  trick  on  Garter  King-at-Arms  by  sending 
him  a  coat  of  arms  drawn  up  for  Gregory  Brandon,  said  to  be  a  merchant  of 
London  and  well  descended,  which  Garter  subscribed,  and  then  found  that  Brandon 
was  the  hangman :  Garter  and  York  are  both  suspended,  one  for  foolery,  the  other 
for  knavery. — Cat.  State  Pap.,  1611-1618,  p.  428. 

Chamberlain  adds  a  little  detail : — 

January  4,  1616. — I  had  almost  forgotten  that  the  two  principal  heralds,  Garter 
and  York,  are  both  in  the  Marshalsea,  for  a  trick  of  fooling  and  knavery,  in  giving 
one  Gregory  Brandon,  the  hangman  of  London,  a  fair  coat  of  arms.  The  one  is  for 
plotting  such  a  device  ;  the  other  for  being  so  grossly  overtaken. — -John  Chamberlain 
to  Sir  Dudley  Carleton. 

Brandon  was  succeeded  by  Dun,  "  Esquire  Dun,"  as  he  is  called  ; 

VOL.  Ill  2    E 


418  TYBURN 

and  Dun,  in  1684,  by  John  Ketch,  commemorated  by  Dryden,1  and 
whose  name  is  now  synonymous  with  hangman. 

The  hangman's  rope  was  commonly  called  "  a  riding  knot  an  inch 
below  the  ear,"  or,  "  a  Tyburn  tippet,"  as  we  have  seen  it  was  termed 
by  Latimer,  or  "an  anodyne  necklace ";  and  the  sum  of  i3|d.  is  still 
distinguished  as  "  hangman's  wages." 

A  Tyborne  checke 

Shall  breke  his  necke. — Skelton,  vol.  i.  p.  255. 

Trials,  condemnations,  confessions,  and  last  dying  speeches  were  first 
printed  in  1624  ;  and  "Tyburn's  elegiac  lines  "have  found  an  enduring 
celebrity  in  The  Duntiad. 

With  my  estate,  I'll  tell  you  how  it  stands, 

Jack  Ketch  must  have  my  clothes,  the  king  my  lands. 

The  last  Will  and  Testament  of  Anthony,  King  of  Poland 
[Shaftesbury],  (State  Poems,  8vo,  1703,  p.  119). 

In  the  early  part  of  the  last  century  the  hangman  did  his  office  in  a 
very  perfunctory  manner. 

The  hangman  does  not  give  himself  the  trouble  to  put  them  out  of  their  pain  ; 
but  some  of  their  friends  or  relatives  do  it  for  them.  They  pull  the  dying  person  by 
the  legs  and  beat  his  breast  to  despatch  him  as  soon  as  possible. — Misson's  Memoirs, 
1719,  p.  123. 

Here  was  one  Peter  Lambert,  a  swaggering  companion,  hanged  the  week  before 
Easter,  for  killing  one  Hamden,  a  Low  Country  Lieutenant,  and  dyed  forsooth  a 
Roman  Catholick.  His  friends  carryed  him  in  a  coach  from  the  gallows,  and  would 
have  buryed  him  the  next  day  in  Christ's  Church,  but  were  forbidden  by  the  Bishop. 
Now  upon  a  rumour  that  he  was  seen  in  France,  the  King  suspected  that  there 
might  be  cunning,  and  cautelous  dealing  in  his  execution,  and  would  not  be  satisfied 
till  the  Sheriffs  of  London,  in  the  presence  of  much  people,  took  him  up  where  he 
was  buryed  ;  and  upon  view  found  he  was  sufficiently  hanged. — Mr,  Chamberlain 
to  Sir  Ralph  Wimvood,  May  2,  1610. 

On  Tyburn. 

O  Tyburn  !  could'st  thou  reason  and  dispute, 
Could'st  thou  but  judge  as  well  as  execute  ; 
How  often  would'st  thou  change  the  Felon's  doom, 
And  trass  some  stern  Chief  Justice  in  his  room. 
Then  should  thy  sturdy  Posts  support  the  Laws  ; 
No  promise,  frown,  or  popular  applause, 
Should  sway  the  Bench  to  favour  a  bad  cause  ; 
Nor  scarlet  gown,  swell'd  with  poetic  fury, 
Scare  a  false  verdict  from  a  trembling  jury. 
Justice,  with  steady  hand  and  even  scales, 
Should  stand  upright  as  if  sustained  by  Hales  ; 
Yet  still  in  matters  doubtful  to  decide, 
A  little  bearing  towards  the  milder  side. 

Dryden's  Miscellaneous  Poems,  ed.  1727,  vol.  v.  p.  126. 

The  Devil  who  brought  him  to  the  shame  takes  part  : 
Sits  cheek  by  jowl,  in  black,  to  cheer  his  heart, 
Like  thief  and  parson  in  a  Tyburn  cart. 

Dryden,  Epilogue  to  the  Loyal  Brother,  1682. 

Henrietta  Maria,  Queen  of  Charles  I.,  is  said,  on  very  insufficient 

1  Epilogue  to  the  Duke  of  Guise ;  and  Essay  on  Satire. 


UNCUMBER  419 


authority,  to  have  walked  barefooted  through  Hyde  Park  to  Tyburn 
and  to  have  done  penance  there,  though  the  fact  of  her  having 
done  so  has  been  denied  by  the  Marshal  de  Bassompierre,  the  French 
ambassador  in  England  at  the  time.  On  the  three  wooden  stilts  of 
Tyburn  the  bodies  of  Oliver  Cromwell,  Ireton,  and  Bradshaw  were 
hung  on  the  first  anniversary  (January  30,  1660-1661)  of  the  execution 
of  Charles  I.  after  the  Restoration.  Their  bodies  were  dragged  from 
their  graves  in  Henry  VII. 's  Chapel,  in  Westminster  Abbey,  and 
removed  at  night  to  the  Red  Lion  Inn,  in  Holborn,  from  whence 
they  were  carried  next  morning  in  sledges  to  Tyburn,  and  there,  in 
their  shrouds  and  cere-cloths,  suspended  till  sunset  at  the  several  angles 
of  the  gallows.  They  were  then  taken  down  and  beheaded,  their 
bodies  buried  beneath  the  gallows,  and  their  heads  set  upon  poles  on 
the  top  of  Westminster  Hall.1 

The  last  plate  of  Hogarth's  "  Idle  and  Industrious  Apprentice " 
represents  an  execution  at  Tyburn's  triple  tree.  [See  Bowl  Yard, 
Holborn.] 

Tyburn  Road,  the  old  name  for  Oxford  Street. 

Tyburn  Road  bet"  St.  Giles's  Pound  E.  and  the  Lane  leading  to  the  Gallows  \V., 
length  350  yards. — Hatton,  8vo,  1708,  p.  84. 

Having  purchased  the  body  of  a  malefactor,  he  hired  a  room  for  its  dissection  near 
the  Pest  Fields  in  St.  Giles's,  at  a  little  distance  from  Tyburn  Road. — Memoirs  of 
Martintts  Scriblems. 

My  Lord  Dorset  was  set  upon  on  Saturday  night  by  four  or  five  footpads,  as  he 
came  by  Tyburn.  He  says  little  of  it  himself;  but  I  hear  they  took  from  him  to  the 
value  of  fifty  or  sixty  pounds,  with  his  gold  George.  They,  seeing  him  fumbling  in 
his  pockets,  told  him  it  was  not  honourable  to  sink  upon  them,  and  they  must  search 
him  ;  whereon  he  threw  his  money  out  of  the  coach,  and  bid  them  pick  it  up.  One 
of  them  told  him,  that  if  they  did  not  know  him  they  should  use  him  worse. — 
Secretary  Vernon  to  Duke  of  Shrewsbury,  July  25,  1699,  vol.  ii.  p.  327. 

Tyburnia,  the  conventional  name  of  a  part  of  Bayswater  lying 
between  the  Edgware  Road  and  Pembridge  Road,  and  reaching  north 
from  the  Bayswater  Road  to  the  Westbourne  district,  and  for  the  most 
part  covered  during  the  last  thirty  years  with  large  and  costly  mansions, 
and  laid  out  in  roads,  squares,  gardens,  and  terraces.  Like  its 
more  aristocratic  rival  Bc/gravia,  its  name,  extent  and  boundaries  are 
merely  conventional,  but  are  very  well  understood  by  the  residents. 

Uncumber  (Saint),  an  altar  or  rood  in  old  ST.  PAUL'S,  popularly 
so  called,  and  much  resorted  to  by  women  of  the  poorer  classes,  whose 
offering,  curiously  enough,  was  oats.  The  saint,  whose  proper  name, 
says  Sir  Thomas  More,  was  St.  Wylgeforte,  had  the  credit  of  being  able 
to  "  nncumber  them  of  their  husbands."  An  old  popular  rhyme  says — 

If  ye  cannot  slepe  but  slumber 

Give  otes  unto  Saynt  Uncumber. 

If  a  wife  were  weary  of  her  husband  she  offered  oats 

At  St.  Paul's,  at  London,  to  St.  Uncumber. 
Michael  Wood,  quoted  in  Wordsworth's  Eccl.  Biog.,  vol.  i.  p.  166. 

1  Wharton's  Gesta  Britannorum,  p.   490,  add.  MSS.  British  Museum   10, 116.      Wood's  Athena 
Oxonienses,  art.  "  Ireton." 


420  UNION  CLUB  HOUSE 

Union  Club  House,  TRAFALGAR  PLACE,  at  the  south-west  end  of 
Trafalgar  Square  (Sir  Robert  Smirke,  R.A.,  architect).  The  club 
is  chiefly  composed  of  merchants,  lawyers,  Members  of  Parliament,  and, 
as  James  Smith,  who  was  a  member,  writes,  "of  gentlemen  at  large." 
The  cellars  are  said  to  contain  a  larger  stock  of  wine  than  those  of  any 
other  club  in  London.  Entrance  fee,  38  guineas ;  annual  subscription,  7 
guineas.  The  house  is  built  on  ground  let  by  the  Crown,  for  ninety-nine 
years,  from  October  10,  1822. 

Union  Court,  HOLBORN,  opposite  St.  Andrew's  Church,  was 
formerly  called  Scroope's  Court,  after  the  noble  family  of  Scroope  of 
Bolton,  who  had  a  town  house  here,  afterwards  let  to  the  serjeants-at- 
law.  [See  Scroope's  Inn.]  Only  the  northern  part  now  exists,  the 
Holborn  end  having  been  swept  away  in  forming  the  Holborn  Viaduct 
and  its  approaches.  In  Union  Court  lived  William  Henry  Toms,  the 
engraver  (1700-1750),  a  name  dear  to  London  topographers. 

Union  Street,  MIDDLESEX  HOSPITAL,  from  Great  Titchfield  Street 
to  Norfolk  Street,  now  called  Cleveland  Street. 

At  the  end  of  Union  Street,  Middlesex  Hospital,  stood  two  magnificent  rows  of 
elms,  one  on  each  side  of  a  rope-walk  ;  and  beneath  their  shade  I  have  frequently 
seen  Joseph  Baretti  and  Richard  Wilson  perambulate  until  Portland  Chapel  clock 
announced  five,  the  hour  of  Joseph  Wilton's  dinner. — Smith's  Nollekins,  vol.  ii.  p. 
177. 

The  "magnificent  rows  of  elms"  were  felled  to  clear  the  ground  for 
the  Strand  Union  Workhouse. 

Union  Street,  SOUTHWARK  (formerly  Duke  Street),  connects  the 
Borough  High  Street  with  Charlotte  Street  and  the  Blackfriars  Road. 
No.  88  is  a  public-house,  distinguished  by  the  sign  of  "  King  Henry 
VIII. 's  Head."  The  house,  as  an  inn,  is  coeval  with  Henry  VIII. 's 
reign.  The  structure  is  modern.  The  Police  Court,  which  had  long 
been  fixed  in  this  street,  was  removed  in  January  1845. 

United  Service  Club,  at  the  south-east  corner  of  PALL  MALL 
and  WATERLOO  PLACE,  was  erected  1826  from  the  designs  of  John  Nash, 
architect,  for  officers  not  under  the  rank  of  Major  in  the  Army  and  of 
Commander  in  the  Navy.  The  exterior  was  redecorated  and  the 
interior  remodelled,  and  an  addition  made  on  the  east  side  from  the 
designs  of  Decimus  Burton  in  1858-1859.  The  club  was  established 
in  1815.  This  is  still  considered  to  be  one  of  the  most  commodious, 
economical  and  best  managed  of  all  the  London  Club  Houses.  In  it 
are  hung  Stanfield's  Battle  of  Trafalgar  and  several  portraits.  The 
members  are  limited  to  1600.  Entrance  fee,  ^40;  annual  subscrip- 
tion ;£8. 

United  Service  Club  (JUNIOR),  north-west  corner  of  CHARLES 
STREET  and  east  side  of  REGENT  STREET,  was  designed  by  Sir  Robert 
Smirke  for  the  Senior  United  Service  Club,  but  was  found  too  small 
for  the  purposes  of  that  Club.  It  was  rebuilt  on  an  enlarged  scale 


NEW  UNIVERSITY  CLUB  421 

and  in  a  more  sumptuous  style  in  1855-1857;  architects  Messrs. 
Nelson  and  Innes.  It  comprises  2000  members,  who  pay  an  entrance 
fee  of  ,£40  and  an  annual  subscription  of  7  guineas. 

United  Service  Institution,  WHITEHALL  YARD,  founded  1830, 
as  a  central  repository  for  objects  of  the  military  and  naval  arts,  science, 
natural  history,  books  and  documents  relating  to  those  objects,  and  for 
the  delivery  of  lectures  on  appropriate  subjects.  Member's  entrance 
fee,  ;£i ;  annual  subscription,  IDS.  ;  life  subscription,  ^6.  Hours  of 
Admission  for  Visitors. — Daily  (Fridays  excepted)  during  the  summer 
months,  April  to  September,  from  eleven  to  five ;  winter  months, 
from  eleven  to  four.  Mode  of  Admission. — Member's  order,  easily 
procurable.  The  members  are  above  4000  in  number.  The 
museum  of  the  institution  contains  much  that  will  repay  a  visit. 
The  Asiatic  Room  contains  a  large  and  rich  collection  of  Indian 
and  Afghan  arms,  armour,  etc.,  Chinese  and  Japanese  weapons, 
and  the  ruder  weapons  of  the  natives  of  Borneo  and  the  South  Sea 
Islands.  The  African  Room  displays  an  equally  varied  collection 
of  Moorish,  Abyssinian,  Ashantee  and  Central  African  arms  and  armour. 
Other  rooms  exhibit  the  early  and  recent  military  weapons  and 
accoutrements  of  different  European  countries,  while  others  again  are 
devoted  to  the  arms  used  of  old  and  at  the  present  time  in  the  navy, 
models  of  ships  of  various  countries,  including  some  of  our  recent 
gunboats  and  iron-clads.  Observe.  —  Basket-hilted  cut-and-thrust 
sword,  used  by  Oliver  Cromwell  at  the  siege  of  Drogheda  (1649), — 
the  blade  bears  the  marks  of  two  musket-balls  ;  sword  worn  by  General 
Wolfe  when  he  fell  at  Quebec  (1759);  Sir  Francis  Drake's  walking 
stick ;  sash  used  in  carrying  Sir  John  Moore  from  the  field,  and 
lowering  him  into  his  grave  on  the  ramparts  at  Corunna ;  Captain 
Cook's  chronometer ;  part  of  the  deck  of  the  Victory  on 
which  Nelson  fell,  his  sword  and  other  relics  ;  rudder  of  the  Royal 
George  sunk  at  Spithead  ;  skeleton  of  Marengo,  the  barb-horse  which 
Napoleon  rode  at  Waterloo ;  Captain  Siborne's  elaborate  and  faithful 
model  of  the  field  and  battle  of  Waterloo,  containing  100,000  metal 
figures  ;  large  model  of  the  Battle  of  Trafalgar ;  Colonel  Hamilton's 
model  of  Sebastopol ;  relics  of  Sir  John  Franklin's  Arctic  expedition. 
There  is  an  excellent  library. 

United  University  Club  House,  SUFFOLK  STREET  and  PALL 
MALL  EAST,  was  built  from  the  designs  of  William  Wilkins,  R.A., 
and  J.  P.  Gandy  Deering,  and  opened  February  13,  1826.  A  storey 
was  added  in  1850.  The  members,  limited  to  1000,  belong  to  the 
two  universities  of  Oxford  and  Cambridge.  Entrance  fee,  30  guineas  ; 
annual  subscription,  8  guineas. 

University  Club  (New),  57  ST.  JAMES  STREET,  a  handsome  Gothic 
building  erected  from  the  designs  of  Alfred  Waterhouse,  R.A.  It  was 
established  in  1863,  and  consists  of  uoo  members.  Entrance  fee, 
30  guineas ;  annual  subscription,  8  guineas. 


422  UNIVERSITY  COLLEGE 

University  College,  LONDON,  on  the  east  side  of  GOWER  STREET, 
a  proprietary  institution,  "  for  the  general  advancement  of  literature  and 
science,  by  affording  to  young  men  adequate  opportunities  for  obtain- 
ing literary  and  scientific  education  at  a  moderate  expense."  It  was 
founded  in  1826  as  the  London  University  by  the  exertions  of  Lord 
Brougham,  Thomas  Campbell  the  poet,  and  others,  but  the  title  was 
changed  under  the  Charter  of  Incorporation  to  University  College. 
It  was  reincorporated  with  the  same  title  in  1865.  The  central  build- 
ing was  erected  1827-1828  from  the  designs  of  W.  Wilkins,  R.A. 
The  hall  at  the  rear  having  been  burnt  down,  a  library  with  staircase 
approach  was  erected  1848-1851  from  the  designs  of  Professor  T.  L. 
Donaldson  at  a  cost  of  ^6173.  The  central  vestibule  or  Flaxman 
Hall,  1848,  by  Professor  C.  R.  Cockerell  and  Professor  T.  L.  Donaldson. 
About  1867  a  south  wing  was  added  from  the  designs  of  Professor  T. 
Hayter  Lewis;  and  the  north  wing  was  opened  in  February  1881,  and  cost 
.£35,000.  The  course  of  instruction  in  University  College  is  of  the 
most  comprehensive  kind.  The  college  is  open  to  all,  and  everything 
is  taught  that  falls  within  a  university  curriculum,  except  theology,  which 
by  its  constitution  is  strictly  excluded.  Science  is  made  a  special 
feature.  The  School  of  Medicine  is  deservedly  distinguished.  There 
is  a  department  of  Engineering  and  the  Constructive  Arts,  and  of  late 
years  a  Slade  School  of  the  Fine  Arts  has  been  added  with  marked 
success.  The  staff  of  professors  are  men  of  high  reputation  in  their 
respective  departments.  There  are  scholarships,  exhibitions  and  prizes 
in  the  several  schools,  and  the  students  have  the  use  of  an  extensive 
library  and  medical  museum. 

The  Junior  School  for  boys  between  seven  and  fifteen  years  of  age, 
under  the  government  of  the  Council  of  the  College,  is  entered  by  a  sepa- 
rate entrance  in  Upper  Gower  Street.  The  school  session  is  divided 
into  three  terms ;  and  the  payment  is  8  guineas  a  term,  with  some 
"extras."  Boys  are  admitted  to  the  school  at  any  age  under  fifteen,  if 
they  are  competent  to  enter  the  lowest  class.  When  a  boy  has  attained 
his  sixteenth  year  he  will  not  be  allowed  to  remain  in  the  school  beyond 
the  end  of  the  current  session.  The  subjects  taught  include  the  usual 
branches  of  a  liberal  education,  and  the  work  of  the  higher  classes  is 
arranged  with  special  regard  to  matriculation  at  the  University  of 
London.  Full  information  as  to  all  matters  connected  with  the  school 
may  be  obtained  of  the  Secretary. 

University  College  (or  North  London)  Hospital,  opposite 
University  College,  GOWER  STREET,  was  founded  in  1833  for  the 
gratuitous  relief  of  poor,  sick,  and  maimed  persons,  and  the  delivery 
of  poor  married  women  at  their  own  homes,  and  for  furthering  the 
objects  of  the  College,  by  affording  improved  means  of  instruction  in 
medicine  and  surgery  to  the  medical  students  of  University  College, 
under  the  superintendence  of  its  professors.  The  front  looking  east 
was  designed,  1833-1834,  by  Alfred  Ainger,  as  also  the  north  wing,  of 
which  the  first  stone  was  laid  by  Lord  Brougham,  May  20,  1846. 


UNIVERSITY  OF  LONDON  423 

The  building  was  altered  and  the  number  of  beds  increased  from 
1 60  to  200  in  the  summer  and  autumn  of  1879.  The  hospital  has 
separate  departments  for  diseases  of  women ;  of  children — fourteen 
beds  being  devoted  to  children  under  twelve  years  of  age  in  separate 
wards ;  diseases  of  the  skin  ;  of  the  eye ;  of  the  ear ;  the  throat  and 
the  teeth.  The  number  of  persons  treated  during  the  year  1888  was 
38,487,  of  whom  2701  were  in-patients.  The  annual  cost  of  main- 
taining the  Hospital  in  its  present  state  is  over  ^"15,000,  whilst  its 
settled  income  amounts  to  only  about  ^"8000. 

University  of  London,  BURLINGTON  GARDENS,  established  by 
Royal  Charter  in  1837  "for  the  advancement  of  religion  and  morality 
and  the  promotion  of  useful  knowledge,  without  distinction  of  rank, 
sect,  or  party."  The  government  of  the  University  is  vested  in  a 
Chancellor  (Earl  Granville),  Vice-Chancellor,  and  Senate  of  thirty-six 
Fellows.  The  University  is  not  a  teaching  but  an  examining  body ; 
conferring  degrees  after  examination  —  considered  to  be  more 
severe  and  searching  than  in  the  older  universities — upon  members 
of  the  various  colleges  throughout  the  kingdom,  and  private  students 
who  have  previously  matriculated  at  this  university.  The  examiners 
are  paid  by  Government.  Degrees  are  conferred  in  Arts  (bachelor  and 
master),  Literature  (doctor),  Science  (bachelor  and  doctor),  Laws 
(bachelor  and  doctor),  Medicine  (bachelor  and  doctor),  Surgery 
(bachelor  and  master),  and  Music  (bachelor).  There  are  also  examina- 
tions in  Scriptural  subjects,  and  subjects  relating  to  public  health. 

The  building,  the  principal  fagade  of  which  is  one  of  the  most 
elegant  and  most  characteristic  for  its  purpose  in  London,  was  com- 
pleted in  1870  from  the  designs  of  Mr.  (afterwards  Sir  James) 
Pennethorne.  It  is  of  Portland  stone,  with  columns  of  red  Mansfield 
stone,  and  mouldings  and  carvings  of  Hopton  stone ;  Palladian  in 
style,  the  principal  storey  of  the  Corinthian  order  on  a  rusticated  base- 
ment. Along  the  front  are  statues  of  men  who  may  be  regarded  as 
impersonations  of  the  University  studies.  On  the  roof  line  of  the  east 
wing  are  Galileo,  La  Place  and  Goethe  (all  by  Mr.  E.  W.  Wyon) ;  on 
the  centre  Aristotle,  Galen  and  Cicero,  by  Mr.  J.  S.  Westmacott ; 
Justinian,  Archimedes  and  Plato,  by  Mr.  F.  Woodington ;  on  the  west 
wing  David  Hume,  John  Hunter  and  Sir  Humphry  Davy,  by  Mr. 
Nobla  In  the  niches  of  the  east  wing  are  Cuvier,  Liebnitz  and 
Linnaeus,  by  Mr.  P.  M'Dowell,  R.A. ;  in  the  western  niches  Locke, 
Bacon  and  Adam  Smith,  by  Mr.  W.  Theed.  In  the  portico  are  seated 
statues  of  Harvey,  Newton,  Milton  and  Jeremy  Bentham.  The  prin- 
cipal rooms  of  the  interior  are  the  Theatre,  in  the  east  wing,  used  on 
public  occasions  for  conferring  degrees,  etc.,  and  the  examination 
rooms  in  the  west  wing,  each  about  72  feet  by  56  feet;  the  waiting 
and  secondary  examination  rooms,  each  62  feet  by  33  feet;  laboratory 
and  anatomical  rooms,  of  about  the  same  dimensions,  and  a  spacious 
and  handsome  library — in  which  is  an  excellant  collection  of  books, 
very  largely  due  to  the  liberality  of  the  late  Lord  Overstone  and  of 


424  UNIVERSITY  STREET 

George  Grote  the  historian.     It  also  includes  the  valuable  library  of  the 
late  Professor  Augustus  De  Morgan. 

University  Street,  TOTTENHAM  COURT  ROAD  and  Gower 
Street.  At  No.  22  in  this  street  died,  March  8,  1833,  John  Thomas 
Smith,  Keeper  of  Prints  in  the  British  Museum,  whose  services  to 
London  topography  must  be  honourably  mentioned  in  every  account 
of  the  great  City. 

Upholders'  Company.  This  Company  was  founded  between 
1460  and  1465,  and  a  coat  of  arms  was  granted  on  December  n  of 
that  year.  A  charter  was  given  by  Charles  I.  in  1626  to  the  Company 
under  the  title  of  the  Master,  Wardens  and  Commonalty  of  the 
Mystery  or  Art  of  the  Upholders  of  the  City  of  London.  This 
Company  ranks  forty -ninth  among  the  City  Guilds.  They  have  a 
livery  but  no  hall. 

Uxbridge  House,  BURLINGTON  GARDENS,  the  corner  of  Old 
Burlington  Street,  was  designed  1790-1792  by  John  Vardy,  who 
was  assisted  in  the  front  by  Joseph  Bonomi,  A.R.A.,  on  the  site 
of  Queensberry  House  (designed  by  G.  Leoni,1  1726),  the  London 
residence  of  the  Duke  and  Duchess  of  Queensberry,  who  befriended 
Gay.  It  was  the  town  residence  of  the  Earl  of  Uxbridge  (Marquis 
of  Anglesea),  who  was  living  here  in  1815  immediately  before  the 
battle  of  Waterloo,  where  he  commanded  the  British  cavalry  and 
lost  his  leg.  He  died  here,  April  29,  1854,  in  his  eighty -sixth 
year.  The  house  is  now  the  Western  Branch  of  the  Bank  of  England, 
and  has  of  course  been  greatly  altered  to  adapt  it  to  banking  purposes, 
and  offices  have  been  added  at  the  back  and  fronting  Savile  Row,  but 
the  principal  rooms  on  the  first  floor  retain  their  stately  carved  marble 
fireplaces  and  other  decorative  features. 

Vandon  Street,  WESTMINSTER.  This  was  formerly  Little  George 
Street,  and  on  a  stone  on  the  front  of  one  of  the  houses  is  the  inscrip- 
tion, "This  is  George  Street,  1717." 

Vandun's  Almshouses,  PETTY  FRANCE,  afterwards  YORK  STREET, 
WESTMINSTER,  so  called  after  their  founder,  Cornelius  Van  Dun,  a 
native  of  Breda,  in  Brabant,  and  a  soldier  under  Henry  VIII.  at  the 
siege  of  Tournay  (d.  1577).  His  monument  in  the  church  of  St. 
Margaret,  Westminster  (engraved  by  J.  T.  Smith),  represents  him  in 
his  dress  as  one  of  the  yeomen  of  the  guard  to  Queen  Elizabeth.  The 
almshouses  which  were  for  eight  poor  women  have  been  abolished,  and 
the  "  Vandon  Charity  "  is  otherwise  appropriated. 

Vaudeville  Theatre,  404  STRAND,  a  small  theatre,  insignificant 
outside,  but  with  a  pretty  and  convenient  interior,  was  erected  in  1870, 
and  is  chiefly  devoted  to  comedy  and  burlesque.  It  has  been  lately 
distinguished  by  the  production  of  plays  grounded  on  Fielding's  novels. 

1  There  is  an  engraving  of  it  by  Picart,  1726. 


VAUXHALL  BRIDGE  425 

Vauxhall,  FAUKESHALL,  or  FOXHALL,  a  manor  in  Surrey,  properly 
Fulke's  Hall,  and  so  called  from  Fulke  de  Breaute,  the  celebrated 
mercenary  follower  of  King  John. 

Fulke  de  Breaute'  married  Margaret,  Earl  Baldwin's  mother,  and  thus  obtained 
the  wardship  of  her  son  ;  he  appears  to  have  built  a  hall,  or  mansion-house,  in  the 
manor  of  South  Lambeth  during  his  tenure  of  it  ;  and  from  his  time  it  was  called 
indifferently  Faukeshall,  or  South  Lambeth,  and  is  so  termed  in  the  tenth  year  of 
Edward  I. — T.  Hudson  Turner,  Archaol.  Journal,  No.  xv.  p.  275. 

Edward  II.  granted  the  manor  of  Faukeshall  to  Roger  Damorie.  Upon  his 
attainder,  for  taking  part  with  the  Barons  against  the  King  about  two  years  after- 
wards, it  was  granted  to  Hugh  le  Despencer  ;  who  being  executed  in  1326,  the  manor 
appears  to  have  been  restored  to  the  widow  of  Roger  Damorie,  who  gave  it  to  King 
Edward  III.  in  exchange  for  some  lands  in  Suffolk.  It  was  afterwards  granted  to 
Edward  the  Black  Prince,  and  by  him  given  to  the  church  of  Canterbury,  to  which 
it  still  belongs ;  King  Henry  VIII.  having  given  it  to  the  Dean  and  Chapter  on  the 
suppression  of  the  Monastery. — Lysons,  vol.  i.  p.  231. 

There  is  a  view  of  the  old  manor-house  in  Wilkinson's  Londina 
Illustrata.  It  was  afterwards  known  as  Copped  or  Copt  Hall ;  and 
here  Lady  Arabella  Stuart  was  confined,  under  the  custody  of  Sir 
Thomas  Parry. 

The  Earl  of  Worcester  is  buying  Fauxhall  from  Mr.  Trenchard,  to  bestow  the 
use  of  that  house  upon  Gaspar  Calehof  and  his  son  as  long  as  they  shall  live ;  for  he 
intends  to  make  it  a  college  of  artizans. — Hartlib  to  Boyle,  May,  1654  (Weld's  Royal 
Society,  vol.  i.  p.  53). 

At  Vaux  Hall,  Sir  Samuel  Moreland  built  a  fine  Room,  anno  1667  ;  the  inside 
all  of  Looking  Glass,  and  Fountains  very  pleasant  to  behold,  which  is  much  visited 
by  strangers ;  it  stands  in  the  middle  of  the  Garden,  .  .  .  Foot  square,  .  .  . 
high,  covered  with  Cornish  Slate  ;  on  the  front  whereof  he  placed  a  Punchanello, 
very  well  carved,  which  held  a  Dial ;  but  the  winds  have  demolished  it. — Aubrey's 
Surrey,  vol.  i.  p.  12. 

Lysons  says  that  Morland's  house  was  converted  into  a  distillery  in 
1725,  and  it  was  still  used  as  a  distillery  when  he  wrote  in  1790  ;  but 
there  is  some  uncertainty  as  to  the  exact  site  of  the  house.  Tradition 
has  associated  the  name  of  Guido  Fawkes  with  Vauxhall,  but  it  is 
certain  that  he  never  had  any  connection  with  the  place.  It  appears, 
however,  that  a  house  or  store  by  the  waterside  at  Vauxhall  was  hired 
by  Robert  Kayes,  who  was  hanged  and  quartered  along  with  Fawkes, 
Rookwood  and  Winter  in  Old  Palace  Yard,  January  31,  1606.  This 
house,  which  stood  on  a  part  of  the  present  Nine  Elms  Station  of  the 
South- Western  Railway,  "  was  casually  burnt  down  to  the  ground  by 
powder"  in  i634.x 

Ambrose  Phillips,  the  poet,  died  at  his  lodgings,  Vauxhall,  June  1 8, 
1749.  When  every  movement  of  Wilkes  was  watched  and  reported 
upon  to  the  Secretaries  of  State,  he  frequently  went  to  "  one  Mr.  Kerr's 
at  Vauxhall,  where  Mr.  Churchill  lodges."'2 

Vauxhall  Bridge,  an  iron  bridge  over  the  Thames  at  Vauxhall, 
communicating  with  Millbank  on  the  left  bank  of  the  river.  It  was 
built  from  the  designs  of  James  Walker,  C.E. ;  and  was  originally  called 

1  Sermon  by  Dr.  Featley    quoted  by  Lysoiis,  vol.  i.  p.  233  ;  and  by  Brayley,  History  of  Surrey 
vol.  iii.  p.  348.  :  Grenvilk  Papers,  vol.  ii.  p.  156. 


426  VAUXHALL  BRIDGE 

Regent's  Bridge,  the  first  stone  having  been  laid,  May  9,  1811,  by  Lord 
Dundas  as  proxy  for  the  Prince  Regent.  The  works  were  suspended 
for  a  time,  and  on  August  21,  1813,  Prince  Charles  of  Brunswick  laid 
the  first  stone  of  the  abutments  on  the  Surrey  side.  The  bridge  was 
opened  June  4,  1816.  It  consists  of  nine  arches,  each  of  78  feet  span, 
and  cost  about  ,£300,000.  In  1879  it  was  purchased  by  the  Metro- 
politan Board  of  Works  for  £255,230,  and  opened  to  the  public  toll 
free. 

Vauxhall  Bridge  Road  extends  from  Vauxhall  Bridge  and 
Besborough  Gardens,  the  western  end  of  Victoria  Street.  A  portion  of 
the  site  formerly  occupied  by  the  Neathouse  Gardens  was  raised  to  a 
level  with  Pimlico  by  the  use  of  soil  transported  from  St.  Katherine's 
when  the  docks  were  formed.  On  this  made  ground  the  upper  part 
of  the  road  was  built.  In  1865  several  terraces  and  places  were 
renamed,  and  325  houses  renumbered  as  Vauxhall  Bridge  Road. 

Vauxhall  Gardens,  on  the  Surrey  side  of  the  Thames,  and  a 
short  distance  east  of  Vauxhall  Bridge,  over  against  Millbank,  a  place 
of  public  resort  from  the  reign  of  Charles  II.  almost  to  the  present 
time,  and  celebrated  for  its  walks,  lit  with  thousands  of  lamps ;  its 
musical  and  other  performances  •  its  suppers,  including  ham  cut  in 
wafery  slices,  and  its  fireworks.  The  Gardens  were  formed  circ.  1 6  6 1 ,  and 
originally  called  "  The  New  Spring  Gardens,"  to  distinguish  them  from 
the  Old  Spring  Gardens  at  Charing  Cross. 

Not  much  unlike  what  His  Majesty  has  already  begun  by  the  wall  from  Old  Spring 
Gardens  to  St.  James's  in  that  Park,  and  is  somewhat  resembled  in  the  New  Spring 
Garden  at  Lambeth. — Evelyn's  Fumifugium,  1661. 

July  2,  1661. — I  went  to  see  the  New  Spring  Garden  at  Lambeth,  a  pretty 
contrived  plantation. — Evelyn. 

Balthazar  Monconys,  in  his  Voyage  d*  Angleterre,  1633,  describes 
the  Jardins  Printemps  at  Lambeth  as  having  "  lawns  and  gravel  walks, 
dividing  squares  of  20  or  30  yards  enclosed  with  hedges  of  gooseberry 
trees,  within  which  were  planted  roses  "  and  other  flowers  and  shrubs. 

June  20,  1665. — Thanksgiving  Day  for  victory  over  the  Dutch.  ...  By  water 
to  Fox  Hall  [Vauxhall],  and  there  walked  an  hour  alone,  observing  the  several 
humours  of  the  citizens  that  were  there  this  holyday,  pulling  off  cherries,  and  God 
knows  what. — Pepys. 

May  28,  1667. — I  by  water  to  Foxhall  and  there  walked  in  Spring  Garden.  A 
great  deal  of  company,  and  the  weather  and  garden  pleasant,  and  it  is  very  pleasant 
and  cheap  going  thither,  for  a  man  may  go  to  spend  what  he  will,  or  nothing,  all  is 
one.  But  to  hear  the  nightingale  and  other  birds,  and  other  fiddles  and  there  a  harp, 
and  here  a  Jew's  trump,  and  here  laughing  and  there  fine  people  walking  is  mighty 
divertising.  — Pepys, 

May  30,  1668. — Over  to  Fox  Hall,  and  there  fell  into  the  company  of  Harry 
Killigrew,  a  rogue  newly  come  back  out  of  France,  but  still  in  disgrace  at  our  Court, 
and  young  Newport  and  others,  as  very  rogues  as  any  in  the  town,  who  were  ready 
to  take  hold  of  every  woman  that  come  by  them.  And  so  to  supper  in  an  arbour  : 
but  Lord !  their  mad  talk  did  make  my  heart  ake. — Pepys. 

Pepys  moralises  as  he  makes  the  entry  in  his  Journal,  "  But  Lord  ! 
what  loose  company  was  this,  that  I  was  in  to-night,  though  full  of  wit ; 


VAUXHALL  GARDENS  427 

and  worth  a  man's  being  in  for  once,  to  know  the  nature  of  it,  and 
their  manner  of  talk  and  lives."  And  then  he  went  again,  the  next  day 
but  one  (the  next  day  was  "  the  Lord's  Day,"  so  he  could  not  go  then), 
to  learn  a  little  more  of  the  nature  of  it. 

June  I,  1668. — Alone  to  Fox  Hall,  and  walked  and  saw  young  Newport  and  two 
more  rogues  of  the  town  seize  on  two  ladies,  who  walked  with  them  an  hour  with 
their  masks  on  (perhaps  civil  ladies) ;  and  there  I  left  them. — Pepya. 

July  27,  1668. — Over  the  water  with  my  wife  and  Deb  and  Mercer  to  Spring 
Garden,  and  there  eat  and  walked  ;  and  observe  how  rude  some  of  the  young  gallants 
of  the  town  are  become,  to  go  into  people's  arbors  where  there  are  not  men,  and 
almost  force  the  women  ;  which  troubled  me,  to  see  the  confidence  of  the  vice  of  the 
age  :  and  so  we  away  by  water  with  much  pleasure  home. — Pepys. 

Hippolita.   Not  suffered  to  see  a  play  in  a  twelvemonth  ! — 

J'nie.   Nor  go  to  Punchinello,  nor  Paradise  ! — 

Hippolita.  Nor  to  take  a  ramble  to  the  Park  nor  Mulberry  Garden  ! — 

Prue.  Nor  to  Totnara  Court,  nor  Islington  ! — 

Hippolita.  Nor  to  eat  a  syllabub  in  New  Spring  Garden  with  cousin  ! — Wycherley, 
The  Gentleman  Dancing  Master,  4to,  1673. 

Cunningham.  No,  Madam,  you  conquer  like  the  King  of  France.  Your  subjects 
for  ever  after  are  at  rest. 

Thisbe.  You  said  as  much  to  the  flame  -  coloured  Petticoat  in  New  Spring 
Garden. — Sedley,  Bellamira,  410,  1687. 

Mrs.  Frail.  A  great  piece  of  business  to  go  to  Covent  Garden  Square  in  a 
hackney-coach,  and  take  a  turn  with  one's  friend  !  If  I  had  gone  to  Knightsbridge, 
or  to  Chelsea,  or  to  Spring  Garden  or  to  Barn  Elms,  with  a  man  alone,  something 
might  have  been  said. — Congreve,  Love  for  Love,  4to,  1695. 

Lady  Fancyful.  Tis  infallibly  some  intrigue  that  brings  them  to  Spring  Garden. 
— Vanbrugh,  The  Provoked  Wife,  410,  1697. 

Wycherley  has  other  references  besides  that  we  have  quoted.  Van- 
brugh lays  one  of  his  liveliest  scenes  in  the  Spring  Garden ;  Etherege, 
in  his  She  Would  if  She  Could ;  and  other  dramatists  speak  of  Foxhall 
or  Spring  Gardens  in  passages  indicating  with  sufficient  plainness  the 
character  of  the  place. 

The  Great  Spring  Garden,  commonly  called  the  New  Spring  Garden  at  Fox  Hall, 
with  several  acres  of  Land,  and  Houses,  is  to  be  sold.  Inquire  of  Mrs.  Eliz.  Plant 
at  Fox  Hall  near  the  Garden. — London  Gazette,  No.  3006,  p.  1694. 

The  ladies  that  have  an  inclination  to  be  private  take  delight  in  the  close  walks 
of  Spring  Gardens, — where  both  sexes  meet,  and  mutually  serve  one  another  as 
guides  to  lose  their  way,  and  the  windings  and  turnings  in  the  little  Wildernesses 
are  so  intricate,  that  the  most  experienced  mothers  have  often  lost  themselves  in 
looking  for  their  daughters. — Tom  Brown's  Amusements,  8vo,  1700,  p.  54. 

May  17,  1711. — I  was  this  evening  with  Lady  Kerry  and  Miss  Pratt  at  Vauxhall 
to  hear  the  nightingales,  but  they  are  almost  past  singing. — Swift  to  Stella. 

May  24,  1714. — We  went  by  water  to  Fox  Hall  and  the  Spring  Garden.  I  was 
surprised  with  so  many  pleasant  walks,  etc.,  so  near  London. — Thoresby's  Diary, 
vol.  ii.  p.  215. 

I  immediately  recollected  that  it  was  my  good  friend  Sir  Roger's  voice,  and  that 
I  had  promised  to  go  with  him  on  the  water  to  Spring  Garden,  in  case  it  proved  a 
good  evening.  .  .  .  We  were  now  arrived  at  Spring  Garden,  which  is  exquisitely 
pleasant  at  this  time  of  the  year.  When  I  considered  the  fragrancy  of  the  walks  and 
bowers,  with  the  choirs  of  birds  that  sung  upon  the  trees,  and  the  loose  tribe  of 
people  that  walked  under  their  shades,  I  could  not  but  look  on  the  place  as  a  kind 
of  Mahometan  Paradise.  Sir  Roger  told  me  it  put  him  in  mind  of  a  little  coppice 


428  VAUXHALL   GARDENS 

by  his  house  in  the  country,  which  his  chaplain  used  to  call  an  Aviary  of  Nightingales. 
.  .  .  He  here  fetched  a  deep  sigh,  and  was  falling  into  a  fit  of  musing,  when  a 
Mask  who  came  behind  him,  gave  him  a  gentle  tap  on  the  shoulder,  and  asked  him 
if  he  would  drink  a  bottle  of  Mead  with  her  ?  But  the  Knight  being  startled  at  so 
unexpected  a  familiarity,  and  displeased  to  be  interrupted  in  his  thoughts  of  the 
widow,  told  her  "  she  was  a  wanton  baggage,"  and  bid  her  go  about  her  business. 
We  concluded  our  walk  with  a  glass  of  Burton  ale  and  a  slice  of  hung  beef. — The 
Spectator,  No.  383. 

We  hear  very  little  of  New  Spring  Gardens  between  1712  and  the 
great  period  of  their  reopening,  under  the  management  of  Jonathan 
Tyers,  on  June  7,  1732,  with  an  entertainment  called  Ridotto  alfresco, 
at  which  the  Prince  of  Wales  was  present,  two-thirds  of  the  company 
appearing  in  masks,  dominoes,  or  lawyers'  gowns.  Admission  tickets 
were  charged  a  guinea  each.  Tyers  was  unceasing  in  his  endeavours 
to  enlarge  the  beauty  and  attractions  of  the  grounds.  Hogarth  executed 
several  pictures  for  the  rooms,  and  Tyers  presented  him  with  a  gold 
admission  medal  for  himself  and  friends,  bearing  the  inscription,  In 
perpetuam  Beneficii  Memoriam.  Roubiliac's  first  work  in  England  was 
a  statue  of  Handel  made  for  Vauxhall  Gardens.  Roubiliac  is  said  to 
have  owed  his  introduction  to  his  first  patron,  Sir  Edward  Walpole,  to 
an  advertisement  he  put  forth  of  his  having  found,  on  his  way  home 
from  Vauxhall,  a  pocket-book  containing  a  considerable  number  of  bank- 
notes, and  some  papers,  apparently  of  consequence  to  the  owner ; 
their  owner  was  Sir  Edward  Walpole.  The  price  of  admission  was  is. 
up  to  the  summer  of  1792,  when  it  was  raised  to  25.  Subsequently 
it  was  raised  to  45.,  but  in  1850  it  was  is.  again.  Vocal  music  was 
introduced  for  the  first  time  by  Mr.  Tyers  in  1745.  Fireworks  were 
not  exhibited  till  1798,  and  even  then  not  constantly  displayed. 

The  coaches  being  come  to  the  water-side,  they  all  alighted,  and  getting  into  one 
boat,  proceeded  to  Vauxhall.  The  extreme  beauty  and  elegance  of  this  place  is  well 
known  to  almost  every  one  of  my  readers  ;  and  happy  is  it  for  me  that  it  is  so  ;  since 
to  give  an  adequate  idea  of  it  would  exceed  my  power  of  description. — Fielding, 
Amelia,  B.  ix.  chap.  ix. 

Tom  Tyers  was  the  son  of  Mr.  Jonathan  Tyers,  the  founder  of  that  excellent 
place  of  public  amusement,  Vauxhall  Gardens,  which  must  ever  be  an  estate  to  its 
proprietor,  as  it  is  peculiarly  adapted  to  the  taste  of  the  English  nation  ;  there  being 
a  mixture  of  curious  show,  gay  exhibition,  musick,  vocal  and  instrumental,  not  too 
refined  for  the  general  ear, — for  all  which  only  a  shilling  is  paid, — and  though  last 
not  least,  good  eating  and  drinking  for  those  who  choose  to  purchase  that  regale. — 
Bos-well,  by  Croker,  p.  599. 

Friday,  April  21,  1749,  was  performed  at  Vauxhall  Gardens  the  rehearsal  of  the 
.music  for  the  fireworks,  by  a  band  of  100  musicians,  to  an  audience  of  above  12,000 
persons  (tickets  2s.  6d. )  So  great  a  resort  occasioned  such  a  stoppage  on  London 
Bridge  [then  the  only  bridge  over  the  Thames  below  Kingston],  that  no  carriage 
could  pass  for  three  hours.  The  footmen  were  so  numerous  as  to  obstruct  the 
passage,  so  that  a  scuffle  happened,  in  which  some  gentlemen  were  wounded. — 
Gent.  Mag.,  1749,  vol.  xix.  p.  185. 

June  23,  1750. — I  had  a  card  from  Lady  Caroline  Petersham  to  go  with  her  to 
Vauxhall.  I  went  accordingly  to  her  house  and  found  her  and  the  little  Ashe,  or 
the  Pollard  Ashe  as  they  call  her  ;  they  had  just  finished  their  last  layer  of  red,  and 
looked  as  handsome  as  crimson  could  make  them.  .  .  .  We  marched  to  our 
barge,  with  a  boat  of  French  horns  attending  and  little  Ashe  singing.  We  paraded 


VAUXHALL   GARDENS  429 

some  time  up  the  river,  and  at  last  debarked  at  Vauxhall.  .  .  .  Here  we  picked 
up  Lord  Granby,  arrived  very  drunk  from  Jenny's  Whim.  ...  At  last  we 
assembled  in  our  booth,  Lady  Caroline  in  the  front,  with  the  vizor  of  her  hat 
erect,  and  looking  gloriously  jolly  and  handsome.  She  had  fetched  my  brother 
Orford  from  the  next  box,  where  he  was  enjoying  himself  with  his  petite  partie, 
to  help  us  to  mince  chickens.  We  minced  seven  chickens  into  a  China  dish, 
which  Lady  Caroline  stewed  over  a  lamp  with  three  pats  of  butter  and  a  flagon  of 
water,  stirring  and  rattling  and  laughing,  and  we  every  minute  expecting  the  dish  to 
fly  about  our  ears.  She  had  brought  I3etty  the  fruit-girl,  with  hampers  of  straw- 
berries and  cherries  from  Rogers's,  and  made  her  wait  upon  us,  and  then  made  her 
sup  by  us  at  a  little  table.  ...  In  short,  the  whole  air  of  our  party  was  sufficient, 
as  you  will  easily  imagine,  to  take  up  the  whole  attention  of  the  Garden  ;  so  much 
so,  that  from  1 1  o'clock  till  half  an  hour  after  I  we  had  the  whole  concourse  round 
our  booth  ;  att  last,  they  came  into  the  little  gardens  of  each  booth  on  the  sides  of 
ours,  till  Harry  Vane  took  up  a  bumper  and  drank  their  healths,  and  was  proceeding 
to  treat  them  with  still  greater  freedoms.  It  was  3  o'clock  before  we  got  home. — 
Wai  pole  to  Montague,  vol.  ii.  p.  211-214. 

This  [Foxhall]  is  the  place  where  are  those  called  Spring  Gardens,  laid  out  in  so 
grand  a  taste,  that  they  are  frequented  in  the  three  summer  months  by  most  of  the 
nobility  and  gentry,  then  in  and  near  London  ;  and  are  often  honoured  with  some  of 
the  royal  family,  who  are  here  entertained  with  the  sweet  song  of  numbers  of 
nightingales,  in  concert  with  the  best  band  of  musick  in  England.  Here  are  fine 
pavilions,  shady  groves,  and  most  delightful  walks,  illuminated  by  above  1000  lamps, 
so  disposed  that  they  all  take  fire  together,  almost  as  quick  as  lightning,  and  dart 
such  a  sudden  blaze  as  is  perfectly  surprising.  Here  are  among  others,  2  curious 
statues  of  Apollo  the  god,  and  Mr.  Handel  the  master  of  musick  ;  and  in  the  centre 
of  the  area,  where  the  walks  terminate,  is  erected  the  temple  for  the  musicians,  which 
is  encompassed  all  round  with  handsome  seats,  decorated  with  pleasant  paintings,  on 
subjects  most  happily  adapted  to  the  season,  place,  and  company. — England's 
Gazetteer,  I2mo,  1751  (art.  "Foxhall"). 

There  oft  returning  from  the  green  retreats 

Where  fair  Vauxhallia  decks  her  sylvan  seats  ; 

Where  each  spruce  nymph  from  city  Counters  free, 

Sips  the  frothed  syllabub,  or  fragrant  tea  ; 

While  with  sliced  ham,  scraped  beef,  and  burnt  champagne, 

Her  prentice  lover  soothes  his  amorous  pain. 

Canning's  Loves  of  the  Triangles,  1798. 

The  title  Spring  Garden  was  retained  till  1785,  when  it  was  changed 
to  Vauxhall  Gardens ;  but  the  annual  licence  was  to  the  last  taken  out 
in  the  name  of  the  Spring  Gardens.  The  gardens  continued  to  be  a 
place  of  fashionable  amusement  nearly  to  the  end  of  the  reign  of 
George  III. ;  and  after  they  ceased  to  be  fashionable  they  were  long  a 
popular  resort.  In  their  later  years  they  were  a  favourite  place  for 
balloon  ascents.  M.  Garnerin  ascended  several  times  from  these 
gardens,  and  on  one  occasion,  September  21,  1802,  he  descended  from 
a  great  height  in  a  parachute.  It  was  at  Vauxhall  that  Green  became 
famous  as  an  aeronaut.  His  voyage  to  the  continent,  with  Messrs. 
Monck  Mason  and  Holland,  was  made  in  his  great  balloon,  80  feet 
high,  from  Vauxhall,  at  half-past  one  in  the  afternoon  of  November  7, 
1836,  and  the  descent  near  Weilburg  in  Nassau  about  half-past  seven 
next  morning.  After  many  changes  of  managers  and  fluctuations  in 
prosperity  Vauxhall  Gardens  were  opened  for  the  last  time  on  the 
night  of  Monday,  July  25,  1859.  Then,  as  the  advertisements  ran, 


430  VAUXHALL   GARDENS 

"  Farewell  to  Vauxhall.  The  last  night  for  ever !  .  .  .  The  last 
Dancing  !  the  last  Suppers  !  the  last  Punch  !  And  no  extra  charge  ! " 
Soon  after  the  closing  of  the  gardens  the  site  was  laid  out  in  streets, 
and  the  whole  is  now  covered  with  houses,  schools,  and  a  church  (St. 
Peter's)  designed  by  J.  L.  Pearson,  architect.  The  memory  of  the 
gardens  is  preserved  in  Vauxhall  Walk,  Tyer  Street,  etc.  There  is  a 
capital  old  view  of  the  gardens  by  J.  Mtiller,  after  Wall,  and  another 
by  S.  Maurer,  dated  1744;  but  the  best  of  all  is  "A  general  Prospect 
of  Vauxhall  Gardens,  showing  at  one  view  the  disposition  of  the  whole 
Gardens,"  engraved  for  the  1754  edition  of  Stow.  Later  views 
abound. 

Vauxhall  Park,  SOUTH  LAMBETH,  a  small  park  of  about  8 
acres  in  the  South  Lambeth  Road,  opened  by  H.R.H.  the  Prince  of 
Wales  on  Monday,  July  7,  1890.  The  cost  was  about  ^45,000, 
raised  partly  from  the  rates  but  largely  by  private  subscriptions.  The 
park  includes  the  garden  of  the  Right  Hon.  Henry  Fawcett  and  the 
house  in  which  he  died.  The  park  has  been  handed  over  to  the 
vestry  of  Lambeth  and  laid  out  at  the  expense  of  the  Kyrle  Society. 

Vedast's  (St.),  FOSTER  LANE,  a  church  in  the  ward  of  Farring- 
don  Within  ;  destroyed  in  the  Great  Fire,  and  rebuilt  from  the  design  of 
Sir  Christopher  Wren.  The  lane  as  well  as  the  church  originally  bore 
the  name  of  St.  Vedast ;  this  was  corrupted  into  Fauster  and  then  into 
Foster.  In  the  i7th  century  the  correct  name  of  the  church  was 
revived  with  the  alias  of  St.  Foster's,  but  the  lane  retained  the 
corrupted  form.  It  serves  as  well  for  the  parish  of  St.  Michael-le- 
Querne.  The  right  of  presentation  belongs  alternately  to  the  Arch- 
bishop of  Canterbury  and  the  Dean  and  Chapter  of  St.  Paul's. 

The  church  is  noteworthy  as  having  one  of  the  most  original  and 
picturesque  of  Wren's  spires.  The  steeple  of  the  old  church,  being 
only  partially  injured  by  the  fire  of  1666,  was  retained  when  the 
new  church  was  built,  but  in  1694  it  was  found  necessary  to  take  it 
down,  when  the  present  one  was  erected.  Like  most  of  Wren's  towers 
it  is  quite  plain  till  it  rises  above  the  houses.  The  spire  is  square  in 
plan,  but  the  lower  stage  is  slightly  concave,  the  second  convex,  and 
considerable  character  is  given  by  clusters  of  engaged  shafts  projecting 
boldly  from  the  angles,  thus  producing  great  play  of  light  and  shade. 
The  entire  height  is  150  feet.  The  interior  of  the  church  has  also 
some  peculiarities.  It  consists  of  a  nave  (70  feet  by  34)  and  south 
aisle  (50  feet  by  20,  the  tower  being  taken  out  of  it);  and  in  order 
to  make  the  most  of  the  site  the  walls  are  not  exactly  at  right  angles, 
the  north  side  being  a  few  feet  longer  than  the  south,  which,  again,  is 
a  little  out  of  a  straight  line.  Observe — the  altar  with  its  Corinthian 
columns,  vase -like  finials,  carved  scrolls  and  festoons,  a  characteristic 
work  of  Grinling  Gibbons. 

John  Scott  alias  Rotherham,  Archbishop  of  York  and  Lord 
Chancellor,  was  buried  here  in  1465.  Robert  Herrick,  the  poet  (d. 


COURT  OF  THE    VERGE  431 

1674),  was  baptized  here  on  August  24,  1591.     His  father,  Nicholas, 
was  a  goldsmith  in  Cheapside. 

Vere  Street,  CLARE  MARKET,  was  so  called  after  Elizabeth  Vere, 
(d.  1683),  daughter  of  Horatio,  Lord  Vere,  of  Tilbury,  and  wife  of 
John  Holies,  second  Earl  of  Clare.  Sir  Thomas  Lyttelton  was  living 
in  this  street  in  I688.1  Here  stood  Gibbons 's  Tennis  Court,  converted 
into  a  theatre  by  Thomas  Killigrew ;  and  in  this  temporary  building 
his  company  performed  from  1660  till  April  1663,  when  the  new 
theatre  in  Drury  Lane  was  ready  to  receive  them.  They  furnished  a 
list  of  twenty  pieces,  which  they  termed  their  stock  plays.  Of  these 
three  only  were  Shakespeare's,  but  one  of  them,  Henry  IV.,  was  acted 
on  the  opening  night,  November  8,  1660.  Dry  den's  first  play,  the 
Wild  Gallant,  was  brought  out  here  in  February  1663. 

Rest  you  merry 
There  is  another  play-house  to  let  in  Vere  Street. 

Davenant,  The  Play-house  to  be  Lett,  1663  (Works,  p.  72). 

Ogilby,  the  poet,  drew  a  lottery  of  books  on  Tuesday,  June  2,  1668, 
"at  the  Old  Theatre,  between  Lincoln's  Inn  Fields  and  Vere  Street" 
He  describes  the  books  in  his  advertisement  as  "  all  of  his  own  design- 
ment  and  composure."  One  of  the  many  "  lock-ups  "  with  which  Sir 
Richard  Steele  became  acquainted  was  situated  in  this  street.  On 
October  24,  1740,  he  writes  to  his  wife  from  "the  Bull  Head,  Clare 
Market,"  and  again  on  the  3oth  from  "Vere  Street."  He  was  out  the 
next  day. 

Vere  Street,  OXFORD  STREET  to  CAVENDISH  SQUARE,  derives  its 
name  from  the  Veres,  Earls  of  Oxford.  In  St.  Peter's  Chapel,  in  this 
street  (designed  by  James  Gibbs,  1721-1724),  cost  ^7000,  William, 
second  Duke  of  Portland,  was  married  (July  n,  1734)  to  the  Lady 
Margaret  Cavendish  Harley,  only  daughter  and  heir  of  Edward 
Harley,  Earl  of  Oxford  and  Mortimer,  by  his  wife,  the  Lady  Henrietta 
Cavendish,  only  daughter  and  heir  of  John  Holies,  Duke  of  Newcastle. 
The  surrounding  streets  preserve  many  of  these  names.  This  Duchess 
of  Portland  formed  the  celebrated  museum  which  bore  her  name. 
The  celebrated  Rev.  Frederick  Denison  Maurice  was  incumbent  of 
this  chapel  from  1860  until  his  death,  1872.  John  Michael  Rysbrack, 
the  sculptor,  lived  for  forty  years  in  this  street,  and  died  at  Bristol  1770. 

Mr.  Rysbrach's  house  is  in  the  further  end  of  Bond  Street,  and  up  cross  Tyburne 
Rode  [Oxford  Street],  in  Ld.  Oxford's  grownd  upon  the  right  hand  going  to  his 
Chaple. — Gibbs,  the  Architect,  to  Pope  (supp.  vol.  to  Works  of  Pope,  8vo.  1825,  p. 
154)- 

Edward  Askew  Sothern,  the  celebrated  comedian  (Lord  Dundreary), 
died  at  his  residence,  No.  i  Vere  Street,  January  19,  1881,  of  con- 
sumption. 

Verge,  Court  of  The,  was  instituted  by  James  I.  on  June  8, 
161 1,  apparently  by  the  advice  of  Sir  Francis  Bacon,  to  take  cognisance 

1  Rate-books  of  St.  Clement's  Danes. 


432  COURT  OF   THE    VERGE 

"  of  personal  actions  which  concern  persons  not  being,  or  which  here- 
after shall  not  be,  of  our  household,"  but  which  are  within  the  verge  of 
the  King's  house;  there  being  some  doubt  as  to  the  powers  of  the 
Marshalsea  in  such  cases.  Sir  Thomas  Vavasour  and  Sir  Francis 
Bacon  were  the  first  judges. 

For  nuisances  and  grievances  I  will  for  the  present  only  single  out  one,  that  ye 
present  the  decays  of  highways  and  bridges,  for  where  the  majesty  of  the  King's 
.House  brings  recourse  and  access  it  is  both  disgraceful  to  the  King  and  diseaseful  to 
the  people  if  the  ways  near  abouts  be  not  fair  and  good  :  whereas  it  is  strange  to  see 
the  chargeable  pavements,  causeways  in  the  avenues  and  entrances  of  the  towns 
abroad  beyond  the  seas ;  whereas  London,  the  second  City  (at  the  least)  of  Europe, 
in  glory,  in  greatness,  and  in  wealth,  cannot  be  discerned  by  the  fairness  of  the  ways, 
though  a  little,  perhaps,  by  the  badness  of  them,  from  a  village. — Bacon's  Charge  to 
the  Jury  on  opening  the  Court  of  the  Verge,  1611  (Works,  vol.  ii.  p.  288). 

Moria.  There  should  not  a  nymph  or  a  widow  be  got  with  child  in  the  Verge  but 
I  would  guess,  within  one  or  two,  who  was  the  right  father. — Ben  Jonson,  Cynthia's 
Revels,  Act  iv.  Sc.  i. 

The  Verge  of  the  Court  was  a  place  privileged  from  arrests  by 
ordinary  officers  of  the  law,  and  retained  its  rights  till  all  privileges  of 
sanctuary  were  abolished. 

The  Verge  of  the  Court  was  that  ground  about  Whitehall  and  St.  James's  which 
belongs  to  the  Crown,  and  which  is  privileged  from  arrests.  The  privileged  place 
includes  Charing  Cross  on  the  north  side  of  the  way,  from  the  corner  of  St.  Martin's 
Lane  to  Hedge  Lane,  and  both  the  King's  Mews.  On  the  south  side  from  the  street 
leading  into  Spring  Gardens  to  the  public  house  beyond  the  Treasury,  and  all  Spring 
Gardens  ;  on  the  opposite  side  of  the  way  from  Northumberland  House  to  the  end 
of  Privy  Garden,  taking  in  all  Scotland  Yard,  Whitehall,  and  Privy  Garden.  It 
further  includes  all  the  Parks,  the  Stable-Yard,  St.  James's,  Cleveland  Court  and  all 
Hyde  Park,  except  the  mere  crossing  from  the  Green  Park  to  Hyde  Park.  Most 
houses  in  the  Verge  let  lodgings  ;  and  I  knew  an  artful  fellow  once  that  eluded  all 
his  creditors  by  residing  there  :  if  he  wanted  to  go  out  of  it  he  took  water  at  White- 
hall Stairs,  which  place  is  privileged  ;  and  as  no  writ  can  be  served  on  the  water 
without  a  water-bailiff's  warrant,  which  cannot  be  immediately  procured,  he  would 
land  safely  in  the  City  or  on  the  Surrey  side  ;  for  a  Middlesex  writ  loses  its  force  in 
the  City  and  in  Surrey,  unless  backed  by  a  City  or  a  Surrey  magistrate,  which 
requires  time  and  preparation  to  get  done. — Trusler's  London  Adviser  and  Guide, 
I2mo,  1790. 

Victoria  Docks,  PLAISTOW  LEVEL,  east  of  Bow  Creek,  were 
authorised  by  Parliament  in  1850-1851,  and  opened  in  1856.  Ex- 
cavated from  the  comparatively  valueless  marshes,  the  surface  of  which 
was  below  high-water  mark,  the  docks  were  constructed  on  a  larger 
scale,  with  greater  facility  and  at  less  cost  than  the  older  docks  in 
London.  The  area  secured  by  the  Company  was  about  600  acres,  of 
which  200  acres  were  appropriated  to  dock  purposes  and  the  rest 
retained  for  building  on  and  for  future  extension  if  necessary.  The 
water  area  of  the  new  docks  was  100  acres,  a  little  over  that  of  the 
West  India  Docks,  and  exceeding  the  united  area  of  all  the  other  docks 
on  the  left  bank  of  the  Thames.  The  docks  were  especially  fitted  for 
vessels  of  the  largest  size,  the  intention  being  to  save  such  vessels  the 
risks  attending  the  navigation  of  the  narrow  and  crowded  upper  reaches 
of  the  river.  The  entrance  lock,  below  Blackwall,  is  325  feet  long,  80 


VICTORIA    GARDENS  433 

feet  wide,  and  28  feet  deep.  Quays  and  warehouses  were  carefully 
arranged  and  encircled  with  a  complete  system  of  railways  and  tele- 
graphs, and  hydraulic  machinery  was  for  the  first  time  introduced — it 
is  now  employed  in  all  the  London  Docks.  The  Company  was 
empowered  to  raise  a  capital  of  ^1,000,000  and  borrow  ^200,000. 
The  works  were  completed  for  about  ;£i, 000,000.  The  docks  were 
found  to  answer  the  anticipations  of  the  projectors,  and  have  been 
steadily  growing  in  favour  with  merchants  and  shipowners. 

This  increasing  competition  of  the  Victoria  Docks  led  to  the  union 
of  the  East  and  West  India  Docks,  the  London  Docks,  and  the  St. 
Katharine's  Dock  Companies  in  1863,  and  after  some  negotiations  to 
the  amalgamation  with  them  of  the  Victoria  Docks,  the  latter  under- 
taking being  purchased  in  1869  for  ^1,062,000.  Since  then  the 
united  Company  has  expended  on  the  Victoria  Dock  a  very  large  sum 
in  the  construction  of  warehouses  and  on  various  appliances ;  and  in 
1876-1880  it  added  a  magnificent  new  dock  to  the  east  of  the  former, 
and  with  it  uniting  the  Bugsby  and  Galleon  Reaches  of  the  Thames  by 
a  straight  water-way  2|  miles  long,  and  saving  steamers  of  the  larger 
class  the  intricate  navigation  of  the  narrow  upper  reaches  of  the  Thames. 

The  Albert  Dock  as  this  extension  of  the  Victoria  Dock  is  named, 
was  formally  opened,  May  7,  1880.  The  great  basin  is  6500  feet 
long,  490  wide,  and  has  a  depth  of  27  feet  below  Trinity  high-water 
mark.  The  entrance  lock,  by  the  Beckton  Gas  Works  opposite 
Triphook  Point,  a  short  distance  below  Woolwich,  is  800  feet  long  and 
So  feet  wide.  A  cut  200  feet  long  and  80  feet  wide  connects  the  two. 
The  Albert  Dock  has  proved  of  immense  value  as  an  auxiliary  to 
Woolwich  Arsenal  in  affording  the  means  of  rapidly  victualling  and  pre- 
paring the  large  Government  troop  and  store  ships  for  sea  with  previ- 
ously unequalled  ease  and  quickness.  Connected  with  the  Albert 
Dock  are  two  graving  docks,  respectively  500  and  410  feet  long. 
The  total  water  area  of  the  Victoria  and  Albert  Docks  is  about  185 
acres ;  the  land  area  is  430  acres. 

About  these  docks  has  grown  up  the  large  and  populous  districts  01 
Canning  Town  and  Silvertown,  with  half  a  dozen  churches,  and  many 
chapels,  schools,  halls,  institutes,  and  hotels,  inns  and  public-houses  of 
all  grades.  The  "  uptown  "  warehouses  of  the  Victoria  Docks  are  on 
the  line  of  the  Blackwall  Railway  by  the  Minories. 

Victoria  Embankment.     [See  Thames  Embankment.] 

Victoria  Gardens,  WESTMINSTER.  The  long  vacant  piece  of 
ground  on  the  south  of  the  Victoria  Tower  of  the  Houses  of  Parlia- 
ment, between  Abingdon  Street  and  the  Thames,  about  an  acre  in 
extent,  was  laid  out,  1880-1881,  by  Her  Majesty's  Board  of  Works,  as 
a  summer  garden  for  public  use  and  enjoyment,  and  named  the  Victoria 
Gardens.  A  vote  of  ^2400  was  made  for  laying  and  planting  the  ground, 
March  1881,  in  addition  to  which  the  Rt.  Hon.  W.  H.  Smith,  M.P., 
contributed  ^1000  towards  the  cost. 

VOL.  Ill  2   F 


434  VICTORIA   PARK 


Victoria  Park,  BETHNAL  GREEN  and  HACKNEY,  was  formed 
under  the  authority  of  an  Act  passed  in  1842.  The  first  cost  of 
formation  was  covered  by  the  purchase-money  of  York  House,  St. 
James's,  received  from  the  Marquis  of  Stafford  (afterwards  Duke  of 
Sutherland),  to  whom  the  remainder  of  the  Crown  lease  was  sold  in  1841 
for  ^72,000.  The  entire  cost  was  about  ;£  100,000.  A  plot  of  land 
was  purchased  265  acres  in  extent,  bounded  on  the  south  by  Sir  George 
Duckett's  canal  (sometimes  called  the  Lea  Union  Canal) ;  on  the  west 
by  the  Regent's  Canal ;  on  the  east  by  Old  Ford  Lane,  leading  from 
Old  Ford  to  Hackney  Wick ;  and  on  the  north  by  an  irregular  line  of 
fields,  but  of  this  a  sixth  (45  acres)  was  by  the  Act  reserved  for  building 
sites.  Twenty-one  acres  were  so  employed,  but  in  1 8  7  2  the  Metropolitan 
Board  of  Works  purchased  the  remaining  24  acres  for  ^24,000,  and 
these  by  an  Act  of  that  year  were  incorporated  with  the  park,  which 
now,  therefore,  comprises  244  acres. 

The  ground,  a  long  and  comparatively  narrow,  curved  area,  was 
laid  out  with  much  judgment  and  taste,  every  irregularity  of  form  and 
inequality  of  surface  being  turned  to  account,  planted  with  trees,  shrubs, 
and  flowers  in  prettily  arranged  beds,  and  two  moderate  sized  sheets  of 
water  formed,  with  islands  for  the  shelter  of  aquatic  birds,  and  boats  for 
the  recreation  of  juvenile  oarsmen.  A  portion  of  the  park  is  set  aside 
as  cricket  and  play  grounds.  Formed  out  of  open  fields,  it  \  had 
necessarily  at  first  'a  somewhat  bare  aspect,  but  it  is  now  a  very  fine 
park,  and  an  immense  and  thoroughly  appreciated  boon  to  a  poor 
and  thickly-populated  district.  It  serves  as  a  lung  to  the  north-east 
part  of  London,  and  is  said  to  have  perceptibly  improved  the  health 
as  well  as  added  to  the  enjoyment  of  the  inhabitants  of  Bethnal  Green 
and  Spitalfields.  It  is  said  by  the  "Parks  Preservation  Society" — 
which  was  a  main  instrument  in  procuring  the  addition  in  1872 
— that  the  population  of  the  districts  surrounding  the  park,  which 
was  309,367  at  the  census  of  1841,  had  increased  to  839,647  in 
1871. 

Near  the  Hackney  entrance  is  a  large  and  handsome  Gothic 
Drinking  Fountain,  designed  by  Mr.  H.  A.  Darbyshire,  and  erected  by 
the  Baroness  Burdett-Coutts  in  1862  at  a  cost  of  over  ^5000.  It  is 
an  octagon  in  plan,  28  feet  in  diameter,  crowned  by  a  cupola  60  feet 
high.  The  base  is  of  granite,  the  columns  of  coloured  red  granite ; 
marble  figures  pour  water  from  vases  into  a  capacious  basin,  and  at  the 
angles  are  vases  for  holding  living  flowers.  On  the  skirts  of  the  park 
have  been  erected  the  French  Hospital  (Hospital  for  poor  French 
Protestants  and  their  descendants)  [see  French  Hospital],  and  the  City 
of  London  Hospital  for  Diseases  of  the  Chest  (founded  1848),  opened 
by  the  Prince  Consort  in  1855. 

Victoria  Railway  Station.     [See  Victoria  Street,  Westminster.] 

Victoria  Square,  BUCKINGHAM  PALACE  ROAD,  PIMLICO,  was  built 
circ.  1836,  or  rather  scooped  out  of  the  back  gardens  of  Arabella  Row 


VI GO  STREET  435 


and  Ranelagh  Street.  The  last  London  residence  of  Thomas  Campbell, 
author  of  the  Pleasures  of  Hope,  was  at  No.  8  in  this  square.  He  went 
there  in  January  1841,  and  left  in  September  1843. 

Victoria  Street,  HOLBORN,  the  name  first  given  to  the  continuation 
of  Farringdon  Street  northward.  It  is  now  called  FARRINGDON  ROAD, 
and  extends  from  the  Holborn  Viaduct,  or  Charterhouse  Street,  to 
King's  Cross  Road.  The  church  seen  at  the  distance  is  St.  James's, 
Clerkenwell ;  the  dome  adjoining  is  part  of  Clerkenwell  Sessions  House. 

Victoria  Street,  WESTMINSTER,  a  street  3080  feet  long  and  80 
feet  wide  between  the  kerbs,  with  footways  20  feet  wide,  extending 
from  the  Broad  Sanctuary,  Westminster,  to  Pimlico.  It  was  projected 
1844  by  H.  R.  Abraham,  architect,  and  opened  in  August  1851,  at  a 
cost  of  ^215,000.  It  was  at  a  standstill  for  some  years  and  took 
slowly  for  building  purposes,  in  fact  it  was  only  completely  filled  up  in 
1887.  The  street  is  lined  with  lofty  "mansions"  let  out  in  "flats"  as 
residences — at  the  time  of  their  erection  a  novelty  in  London — and 
large  blocks  of  chambers.  At  the  Westminster  end  is  the  spacious 
Westminster  Palace  Hotel.  At  the  Pimlico  end  is  the  Victoria  Station 
of  the  London,  Chatham  and  Dover ;  and  London,  Brighton  and  South 
Coast  Railways,  connected  with  which,  by  a  subterranean  passage,  is 
the  Victoria  Station  of  the  Metropolitan  District  Railway.  Near  the 
centre  of  Victoria  Street,  north  side,  is  Christ  Chttrch. 

Victoria  Theatre,  WATERLOO  ROAD,  LAMBETH,  originally  The 
Cobourg,  and  called  The  Victoria  for  the  first  time  in  the  reign  of 
William  IV.,  when  her  present  Majesty  was  only  heir-presumptive  to 
the  crown.  The  first  stone  of  the  Cobourg  Theatre  was  laid  September 
14,  1 8 1 6  (Rudolph  Cabanel,  architect),  and  the  house  opened  in  1 8 1 8. 
It  was  opened  as  the  Victoria  Theatre,  July  i,  1833,  witn  the  play  of 
Black-eyed  Susan,  T.  P.  Cooke  sustaining  the  part  of  William.  It  was 
for  many  years  a  favourite  resort  of  the  inhabitants  of  the  district,  and 
was  noted  for  the  blood  and  thunder  character  of  the  entertainments, 
widely  known  as  the  "  Vic."  After  being  some  time  closed,  the  lease 
was  purchased  by  a  limited  association  with  the  view  of  trying  whether 
the  working  classes  of  that  part  of  London  could  be  attracted  by 
musical  entertainments  of  a  popular  character,  but  divested  of  what 
was  objectionable  in  the  lower  class  of  music  halls.  It  was  accordingly 
altered  and  handsomely  decorated  at  the  cost  of  a  few  friends  interested 
in  the  experiment,  and  opened  early  in  1881  as  the  Royal  Victoria 
Coffee  Music  Hall.  Smoking  is  allowed;  and  tea,  coffee,  and  light 
beverages  are  provided,  but  all  "alcoholic  drinks"  are  prohibited. 
[See  Cobourg  Theatre]. 

VigO  Street,  REGENT  STREET.  The  original  name  was  Vigo  Lane, 
bestowed  in  honour  of  the  action  at  Vigo  Bay  in  1702,  and  it  applied 
to  the  whole  lane  from  Bond  Street  to  Glasshouse  Street  The  portion 
behind  Burlington  House  was  afterwards  called  Burlington  Gardens. 


436  VIGO   STREET 


Lane  was  not  changed  to  Street  for  many  years  after  the  formation  of 
Regent  Street;  it  stands,  indeed,  as  Vigo  Lane  in  Elmes's  London 
Streets,  1831. 

April  28,  1761. — There  has  been  a  terrible  fire  in  the  little  traverse  street  at  the 
upper  end  of  Sackville  Street.  Last  Friday  night,  between  II  and  12,  I  was  sitting 
with  Lord  Digby  in  the  coffee-room  at  Arthur's  :  they  told  us  there  was  a  great  fire 
somewhere  about  Burlington  Gardens.  I,  who  am  as  constant  at  a  fire  as  George 
Selwyn  at  an  execution,  proposed  to  Lord  Digby  to  go  and  see  where  it  was.  We 
found  it  within  two  doors  of  that  pretty  house  of  Fairfax,  now  General  Waldegrave's. 
I  sent  for  the  latter,  who  was  at  Arthur's,  and  for  the  Guard  from  St.  James's.  Four 
houses  were  in  flames  before  they  could  find  a  drop  of  water :  eight  were  burnt. — 
Walpole  to  Montagu,  vol.  iii.  p.  397. 

Villiers  Street,  STRAND,  built  circ.  I674,1  and  so  called  after 
George  Villiers,  second  and  last  Duke  of  Buckingham  of  the  Villiers 
family.  [See  York  House.]  Eminent  Inhabitants. — John  Evelyn. 

November  17,  1683. — I  tooke  a  house  in  Villiers  Streete,  York  Buildings,  for  the 
winter,  having  many  important  concerns  to  dispatch,  and  for  the  education  of  my 
daughters.  — Evelyn. 

Sir  Richard  Steele,  after  his  wife's  death,  from  1721  to  1724.  In 
1725  the  rate-books  of  St.  Martin's  have  the  word  "gone"  against  his 
name.  He  died  in  Wales  in  1729. 

In  this  street  was  a  Music  Room  almost  as  celebrated  in  its  day  as 
the  Hanover  Square  Room  at  a  later  period.  There  was  also  for  a 
time  a  Music  Room  in  Charles  Street,  Covent  Garden,  which  was 
frequently  coupled  with  it.  Among  Aaron  Hill's  Miscellanies  (vol.  iv. 
p.  1 06)  is  "A  Prologue  for  the  third  night  of  Zara,  when  first  played 
at  the  Great  Mustek  Room,  in  Villars  Street,  York  Buildings,"  1735. 
On  this  occasion  a  gentleman  named  Bond,  who  was  acting  the  part 
of  Lusignan,  fell  dead  upon  the  stage. 

About  three  years  previous  to  Mr.  Garrick's  appearing  at  the  Theatre  in  Goodman's 
Fields,  he  performed  Chamont  in  the  Tragedy  of  the  Orphan,  at  a  small  house  called 
the  Duke's  Theatre,  in  Villiers  Street,  York  Buildings,  which  was  situated  within  a 
few  doors  of  the  bottom  of  the  street,  on  the  right-hand  side.  The  play  was  got  up 
by  the  Scholars  of  Eton  College.  The  ladies  who  were  present  at  Mr.  Garrick's 
professional  debut  were  so  fascinated  by  his  splendid  powers  that  they  offered  him 
their  purses  and  trinkets  from  the  Boxes. — Anthony  Pasquin,  Children  of  Thespis, 
p.  208,  note. 

All  the  houses  on  the  right-hand  side  of  Villiers  Street  were 
removed  to  make  way  for  the  Charing  Cross  Station  and  Hotel. 

Vincent  Square,  WESTMINSTER,  built  early  in  this  century  on  the 
site  of  the  Bear  Garden  in  Tothill  Fields,  was  so  called  after  William 
Vincent,  Dean  of  Westminster  (d.  1816).  The  church  of  St.  Mary 
the  Virgin  was  designed  by  Edward  Blore,  F.S.A.,  and  consecrated 
October  12,  1837.  Here  is  the  Westminster  Police  Court,  removed, 
1845,  from  Queen  Square,  where  it  had  been  fixed  so  long  as  to  be 
quite  identified  with  the  locality.  Here,  too,  are  the  Coldstream 
Guards'  Hospital,  and  a  hospital  for  women  and  children. 

1  Rate-books  of  St.  Martin's. 


VINEGAR    YARD  437 


Vine  Court,  MIDDLE  TKMIM,K.  Finetti  Philoxenis,  a  curious 
little  book  of  Court  Ceremonies  of  the  time  of  James  I.  and  Charles  I., 
was  printed  in  1656  "by  T.  R.  for  H.  Twyford  and  G.  Bedell,  and  are 
to  be  sold  at  their  shops  in  Vine  Court,  Middle  Temple,  and  the 
Middle  Temple  Gate."  The  author  was  Sir  John  Finett,  master  of  the 
ceremonies  to  James  I.  and  Charles  I.  The  first  edition  of  Cocker's 
Arithmetic,  1671,  was  also  published  by  "Henry  Twyford  in  Vine 
Court,  Middle  Temple." 

Vine  Street,  PICCADILLY.  Here,  after  his  removal  from  Old 
Palace  Yard,  was  the  studio  of  Scheemakers  the  sculptor,  in  which 
Joseph  Nollekens  learned  his  art.  Mrs.  Scheemakers  had  such  an 
opinion  of  her  husband's  pupil  that  she  declared  "Joey  was  so  honest 
she  could  trust  him  to  stone  the  raisins." 

Little  Vine  Street  now  contains  little  more  than  the  back  of  St. 
James's  Hall  and  the  Police  Office.  The  old  Watch-house  was  pulled 
down  in  1868  and  rebuilt  on  a  larger  scale. 

Vine  Street,  SAFFRON  HILL,  so  called  from  the  vineyard  of  old 
Ely  Gardens.  [See  Ely  Place.] 

Vine  Street,  WESTMINSTER,  on  the  south  side  of  St.  John's 
Church-,  was  so  called  from  the  vineyard  belonging  to  the  Palace  of  our 
Kings  at  Westminster.  It  was  renamed  Romney  Street  in  1869-1870. 
The  Vine-garden,  within  the  Mill-ditch  of  Westminster,  is  mentioned  in 
a  Privy  Seal  granted  by  Charles  II.  to  Edward  Billing.1  Charles 
Churchill,  the  satirist,  was  born,  in  1731,  in  this  street. 

Famed  Vine  Street, 

Where  Heaven,  the  utmost  wish  of  man  to  grant, 
Gave  me  an  old  house  and  an  older  aunt. 

So  he  sang  to  lose  a  legacy  by  the  allusion.  The  poet's  father  was 
curate  and  evening  lecturer  of  the  neighbouring  church  of  St.  John  the 
Evangelist. 

Vinegar  Yard,  DRURY  LANE,  properly  Vine  Garden  Yard,  or 
Vineyard,  was  built  circ.  i62i.2 

February  4,  1624. — Buried  Blind  John  out  of  Vinagre  Yard. — Burial  Register  of 
St.  Mart  Ms-  in  -the- Fields. 

In  the  Beggar's  Opera  this  yard  is  mentioned  as  a  rival  to  Lewknor's 
Lane  and  Hockley  in  the  Hole ;  and  in  Pope's  "  Instructions  to  a 
Porter  how  to  find  Mr.  Curll's  authors,"  "the  schoolmaster  with 
carbuncles  on  his  nose"  is  made  a  resident  of  "the  Hercules  and  Hell 
in  Vinegar  Yard."  Clayrender's  letter,  in  Roderick  Random,  to  her 
"Dear  Kreeter,"  is  written  from  "Wingar  Yeard,  Droory  Lane."  Its 
contiguity  to  the  theatre  is  not  overlooked  in  the  Rejected  Addresses : — 

And  one,  the  leader  of  the  band, 

From  Charing  Cross  along  the  Strand, 

Like  stag  by  beagles  hunted  hard, 

Ran  till  he  stopp'd  at  Vin'gar  Yard. 

1  Harleian  MS.,  7344.  -  Rate-books  of  St.  Martin's. 


438  VINTNERS'  HALL 


"The  Crown  Tavern,"  in  the  yard,  was  a  favourite  place  of  "The 
Eccentrics,"  a  celebrated  Club  of  Londoners,  who  allowed  drink  and 
eccentricities  to  prevail.  The  club  does  not  now  exist. 

Vintners'  Hall,  No.  68,  on  the  south  side  of  UPPER  THAMES 
STREET.  The  Vintners'  Company  is  the  eleventh  on  the  list  of  the 
twelve  Great  Companies  of  London.  The  Vintners,  comprising  the 
Vinetarii)  or  wine  importers  and  merchants,  and  the  Tabernarii,  tavern- 
keepers  or  retailers  of  wine,  were  an  ancient  fraternity,  and  were  in- 
corporated in  the  isth  of  Henry  VI.  (1436-1437).  They  are  a  wealthy 
company,  maintain  considerable  hospitality,  and  dispense  large  charities. 
John  de  Stody,  who  held  the  lordship  of  the  village  of  Stody,  in 
Norfolk,  1344,  was  Sheriff  of  London  1352,  free  of  the  Vintners' 
Company,  and  Lord  Mayor  1357.  "He  gave  the  company  the  site 
of  the  quadrant,  where  the  Vintners'  Hall  is  built,  yet  called  Stody's 
Lane." l  The  hall  was  burnt  down  in  the  Great  Fire  and  rebuilt  from 
the  designs  of  Sir  Christopher  Wren  in  1671.  It  is  of  moderate  size 
and  comparatively  plain,  but  has  some  good  carved  oak  in  the  great 
room.  Only  the  Council  Chamber  remains,  as  the  hall  was  rebuilt 
1820-1823.  In  the  court-room  are  full-length  portraits  of  Charles  II., 
James  II.,  Marie  d'Este,  and  Prince  George  of  Denmark,  and  a  painting 
ascribed  to  Vandyck  of  St.  Martin,  the  patron  saint  of  the  Company, 
dividing  his  cloak  with  a  beggar.  There  is  also  a  good  and  well- 
preserved  piece  of  tapestry  representing  St.  Martin.  Among  the 
Company's  plate  is  a  remarkably  fine  parcel  gilt  salt-cellar  ascribed  to 
Cellini.  One  of  the  churches  in  the  ward  of  Vintry  is  dedicated  to  the 
Company's  patron  saint.  It  is  called  St.  Martin-in-the-  Vintry. 

Vintry  (The),  says  Stow,  was— 

A  part  of  the  bank  of  the  river  Thames,  where  the  merchants  of  Burdeaux  craned 
their  wines  out  of  lighters  and  other  vessels,  and  there  landed  and  made  sale  of  them. 
— Stow,  p.  89. 

Prior  to  the  28th  of  Edward  I.  the  merchants  had  to  make  sale  of 
their  wines  within  forty  days  of  unlading  from  the  ships,  but  in  that 
year,  on  their  setting  forth  the  loss  and  inconvenience  they  suffered, 
their  complaint  was  "  redressed  by  virtue  of  the  King's  writ .  .  .  since 
the  which  time  many  fair  and  large  houses,  with  vaults  and  cellars  for 
stowage  of  wines,  and  lodging  of  the  Bordeaux  merchants  have  been 
built "  along  the  wharfs  on  the  river's  side,  and  the  place  acquired  the 
name  it  retained  for  centuries  of  the  Vintry.  This  was  the  first  patent 
of  the  kind  granted  to  foreign  merchants,  but  it  was  followed  three 
years  later  by  another  extending  cognate  privileges  to  all  foreign 
merchants  who  "sell  by  wholesale  only." 

In  the  reign  of  Henry  IV.,  the  young  Prince  Henry  [Shakespeare's  Prince  Hal], 
Thomas,  Duke  of  Clarence,  John,  Duke  of  Bedford,  and  Humfrey,  Duke  of  Glocester, 
the  King's  sons,  being  at  supper  among  the  merchants  of  London  in  the   Vintry,  in 
the  house  of  Lewes  John,  Henry  Scogan  sent  them  a  ballad  beginning  thus  : — 
"  My  noble  Sonnes  and  eke  my  lordes  deare." — Stow,  p.  90. 

1  Norfolk  Tour,  p.  792. 


IV ALB  ROOK  439 


This  was  "  ballad-royal,"  which,  Ben  Jonson  says,  Scogan  "  For  the 
King's  sons  writ  daintily  well."  1 

Vintry  (Ward  Of),  one  of  the  twenty-six  wards  into  which  the 
City  of  London  is  divided,  was  so  named  as  containing  the  Vintry 
[which  see].  It  is  bounded  on  the  north  by  Cannon  Street,  south  by 
the  Thames,  east  by  Dowgate,  and  west  by  Queenhithe.  Stow  enumerates 
four  churches  and  four  Halls  of  Companies  as  situated  in  this  ward : 
St.  Michael's,  called  Paternoster  Church -in-the-Royal,  College  Hill ;  St. 
Thomas  the  Apostle  (destroyed  in  the  Fire,  and  not  rebuilt) ;  St. 
Martin's-in-the- Vintry  (destroyed  in  the  Fire,  and  not  rebuilt) ;  St. 
James's,  Garlickhithe ;  Vintners'  Hall ;  Cutlers'  Hall ;  Glaziers'  Hall, 
but  this  Company  now  has  no  hall ;  Parish  Clerks'  Hall  (now  in  Silver 
Street,  Cripplegate  Ward).  [See  all  these  names.]  Southwark  Bridge 
abuts  from  near  the  centre  of  this  ward,  and  the  larger  part  of  the 
Cannon  Street  terminus  of  the  South  Eastern  Railway  is  within  it. 

Wager  Hall. 

Wits,  cheats,  and  fops  are  free  of  Wager  Hall, 

says  Dryden  in  his  Prologue  to  King  Arthur  (1691),  but  we  find  no 
other  trace  of  such  a  place,  which  is  probably  an  imaginary  one 
invented  by  the  poet  for  the  purpose  of  his  attack  on  the  prevalent  vice 
of  betting. 

Walbrook  was  in  early  days,  as  Stow  tells  us,  a  "  fair  brook  of 
sweet  water,  which  came  from  out  the  north  fields,  through  the  wall 
and  midst  of  the  City,  into  the  river  of  Thames,  and  which  Division  is 
till  this  day  constantly  and  without  change  maintained."  Thus  in  the 
City  ordinances  we  find  that  "  when  a  person  is  bound  to  clear  himself 
under  the  Great  Law,"  or  under  pleas  of  the  Crown,  it  is  declared  that 
there  must  be  a  jury  provided  of  "  six-and-thirty  reputable  men  of  the 
City " ;  and  in  choosing  these  six-and-thirty  men  "  the  procedure, 
according  to  the  ancient  usage  of  the  City  of  London,  is  wont  to  be, 
and  should  be,"  that  "  eighteen  men  must  be  chosen  from  the  east  side 
of  the  Walebroke,  and  eighteen  men  from  the  west  side  of  Walebroke. "  - 
But  important  as  it  must  have  been  as  a  boundary  mark,  it  must  very 
early  have  ceased  to  be  "  a  fair  brook  of  sweet  water,"  and  was,  in  fact, 
the  first  of  the  many  similar  streamlets  which  have  fallen  victims  to  the 
exigences  of  the  growing  city,  being  first  polluted  and  then  blotted  out. 
As  early  as  16  Edward  I.  A.D.  1288,  it  was  ordained  "that  the  watercourse 
of  Walbrook  should  be  made  free  from  dung  and  other  nuisances, 
and  that  the  rakes  [jakes  ?]  should  be  put  back  again  upon  every 
tenement  extending  from  the  Moor  [of  Finsbury]  to  the  Thames."  At 
this  time  it  had  been  partially  covered  in,  and  in  28  Edward  I.  1300, 
it  was  ordered  that  the  portion  of  "  the  covering  over  the  water-course 
of  Walebroc,  over  against  the  chancel  of  the  church  of  St.  Stephen," 
should  be  repaired  at  the  cost  of  that  parish ;  and  it  had  been  previously 
determined  by  whom  the  bridges  over  the  brook  should  be  kept  in 

1  Ben  Jonson,  Fortunate  Isles.  '*  Liber  Albus,  pp.  51,  98. 


440  WALBROOK 


order.1  Seventy-four  years  later,  in  48  Edward  III.  (1374),  the  Moor 
of  Finsbury  was  leased  to  Thomas  atte  Ram,  a  brewer,  "for  seven 
years  then  next  ensuing,  without  paying  any  rent  therefor :  upon  the 
understanding  that  the  same  Thomas  shall  keep  the  said  moor  well  and 
properly,  and  shall  have  the  Watercourse  of  Walbrok  cleansed  for  the 
whole  of  the  term  aforesaid ;  and  shall  have  the  same  cleared  of  dung 
and  other  filth  thrown  or  deposited  therein,  or  that  may  be  there  placed 
during  the  term  aforesaid :  he  taking  for  every  latrine  built  upon  the 
said  watercourse  12  pence  yearly,  during  such  term,  for  his  trouble,  as 
from  of  old  has  been  wont  to  be  paid.  And  if  in  so  cleansing  it,  as 
aforesaid,  he  shall  find  aught  therein,  he  shall  have  for  his  own  all  that 
he  shall  so  find  in  the  dung  and  filth  thereof." 2  But  even  this  last 
liberal  concession  was  insufficient  to  procure  the  desired  end ;  and  in 
6  Richard  II.  (1383)  the  nuisance  had  become  greater  than  ever, 
although  the  charge  for  latrines  had  been  doubled. 

Up  to  this  time  its  name  as  a  stream,  Wall  Brook,  is  still  preserved, 
but  in  3  Henry  V.  (1415)  the  "fair  brook  of  sweet  water"  has  sunk 
into  the  "  Foss  of  Walbrooke  "  (as  Fleet  River  became  the  Fleet  Ditch) ; 
its  "horrible,  infected  and  corrupt"  atmosphere  is  spoken  of;  and 
provision  is  made  for  the  construction  of  a  scluys  or  speye?  by  which 
it  might  from  time  to  time  be  flooded  by  water  little  less  filthy  than  its 
own.  Later  it  was  in  part  vaulted  over,  and  by  the  end  of  the  reign  of 
Elizabeth  the  whole  was  covered  over  and  hidden  from  view. 

This  water  was  called  not  Galus,  brook  of  a  Roman  Captain,  slain  by  Asclepiodatus, 
and  thrown  therein  as  some  have  fabled,  but  of  running  through  and  from  the  wall 
of  the  city,  the  course  whereof,  to  prosecute  it  particularly,  was  and  is  from  the  said 
[city]  wall  to  St.  Margaret's  Church  in  Lothbury ;  from  thence  beneath  the  lower 
part  of  the  Grocers'  Hall  about  the  East  part  of  their  Kitchen  under  St.  Mildred's 
Church,  somewhat  west  from  the  Stocks'  Market ;  from  thence  through  Buckelsbury, 
by  one  great  house  built  of  stone  and  timber,  called  the  Old  Barge,  because  barges 
out  of  the  river  of  Thames  were  rowed  up  so  far  into  this  brook  .  .  .  and  so  behind 
the  other  houses  to  Elbow  Lane,  and  by  a  part  thereof  down  Greenwich  Lane  into 
the  river  of  Thames. — Stow,  p.  45. 

This  water-course  having  divers  bridges,  was  afterwards  vaulted  over  with  brick, 
and  paved  level  with  the  streets  and  lanes  wherethrough  it  passed  ;  and  since  that, 
also  houses  have  been  built  thereon,  so  that  the  course  of  Walbrook  is  now  hidden 
under  ground,  and  thereby  hardly  known. — Stow,  p.  6. 

The  writer  of  Sir  Richard  Phillips's  History  of  London*  says,  that 
he  saw  the  Walbrook  in  November  1803,  "still  trickling  among  the 
foundations  of  the  new  buildings  at  the  Bank."  In  digging  for  the 
foundations  of  new  buildings  in  recent  years,  stout  timber  piles  have 
been  at  different  times  excavated  in  the  course  of  the  old  Walbrook,  and 
it  has  been  suggested  that  a  cluster  of  these  had  formed  the  basis  of  a 
primeval  pile  dwelling  or  dwellings ;  but  the  piles  bore  no  marks  of 
such  extreme  antiquity,  and  there  can  be  little  doubt  that  they  were 
the  supports  of  some  of  the  structures  that  we  know  abounded  along 
the  banks  of  "the  fair  brook." 

1  Riley,  Memorials,  pp.  23,  43-47-  3  Kiley,  p.  615. 

-  Ibid.,  p.  379  ;  and  see  Liber  Albus,  p.  501.  *  History  of  London,  410,  1805,  p.  20. 


WALLINGFORD  HOUSE  441 

Walbrook,  a  street  in  the  City,  running  from  the  POULTRY  into 
BUDGE  Row  and  CANNON  STREET.  In  35  Edward  I.  (1307)  "John  Le 
Marischale  of  Walebroke  "  is  associated  with  the  Aldermen  and  other 
good  men  of  the  City  in  a  business  of  importance.  In  39  Edward  III. 
(1365),  when  ordinances  were  made  for  Pelterers  and  Pelliperes,  or 
furriers  and  skinners,  as  they  would  now  be  called,  it  was  specially 
directed  that  "  all  the  freemen  of  the  said  trade  shall  dwell  in  Walebroke, 
Cornehulle,  and  Bogerowe  "  [Walbrook,  Cornhill,  and  Budge  Row] ;  and 
later  it  was  ordered  "  that  no  one  shall  cause  his  furs  to  be  scoured  in 
the  high  streets  in  the  day-time."1 

Sir  Christopher  Wren  is  said  to  have  lived  in  a  house  subsequently 
No.  5.  Observe. — Church  of  St.  Stephen's  Walbrook  [which  see].  No. 
5,  the  handsome  new  building  of  the  City  Liberal  Club.  On  a  house 
(No.  n)  on  the  west  side  is  a  tablet  with  bracket  and  cornice  dated 
1668. 

Walbrook  Ward,  one  of  the  twenty-six  wards  of  London,  and  so 
called  from  the  brook  by  the  City  wall,  described  in  the  preceding 
article.  Stow  enumerates  five  churches  in  this  ward :  St.  Swithin-by- 
London-Stone  ;  St.  Mary  Woolchurch  ;  St.  Stephens,  Walbrook  ;  St.  John- 
upon -Walbrook ;  St.  Mary  Bothaw.  The  Mansion  House  is  in  this 
ward. 

In  1382  (5  Richard  II.)  an  occurrence  took  place  which  is 
amusingly  illustrative  of  old  City  ways. 

Whereas  the  Mayor  and  Aldermen  with  common  assent  had  agreed  that  all  the 
Aldermen  of  London,  for  the  dignity  of  the  said  City,  should  be  arrayed  upon  the 
Feast  of  Pentecost,  in  the  5th  year,  etc.,  in  cloaks  of  green,  lined  with  green  taffeta 
or  tartaryn  [a  thin  silk]  under  a  penalty,  at  the  discretion  of  the  Mayor  and  the  other 
Aldermen,  so  arrayed,  to  be  assessed  : — On  Monday,  the  same  Feast,  when  the  said 
Mayor  and  Aldermen  went  to  the  Church  of  St.  Peter  on  Cornhill,  to  go  in 
procession  from  thence  through  the  City,  according  to  the  ancient  custom,  to  the 
Church  of  St.  Paul,  John  Sely,  the  Alderman  of  Walbrook,  appeared  there  in  a  cloak 
that  was  single  and  without  a  lining,  contrary  to  the  Ordinance  and  assent  aforesaid. 
Whereupon,  by  the  advice  of  the  Mayor  and  other  Aldermen,  it  was  then  adjudged 
and  assented  to,  that  the  said  Mayor  and  other  Aldermen  should  dine  with  the  same 
John  at  his  house,  and  that  at  the  proper  costs  of  the  said  John,  on  the  Thursday 
following,  and  further  the  said  John  was  to  line  his  cloak  in  manner  aforesaid  :  and 
so  it  was  done.  And  this  judgment  shall  extend  to  all  other  Aldermen,  hereafter  to 
come,  without  sparing  any  one,  if  any  person  among  them  shall  act  contrary  to  the 
Ordinance  aforesaid. — Riley,  Memorials,  p.  466. 

Wallingford  House  stood  on  the  site  of  the  present  Admiralty, 
and  was  so  called  after  Sir  William  Knollys,  Treasurer  of  the  House- 
hold to  Queen  Elizabeth  and  King  James,  Baron  Knollys,  Viscount 
Wallingford,  and  Earl  of  Banbury.  His  father  was  Treasurer  of  the 
Household  before  him,  and  inhabited  the  same  official  house  at  the 
end  of  the  Tilt  Yard.  The  first  Duke  of  Buckingham  of  the  Villiers 
family  purchased  the  house  from  Lord  Wallingford  in  1621-1622. 
Carleton's  correspondent,  John  Chamberlain,  says  that  he  paid  partly 
by  "some  money"  and  partly  by  "making  Sir  Thomas  Howard 

1  Riley's  Memorials;  Liber  Albits. 


442  WALLINGFORD  HOUSE 

Baron  of  Charlton  and  Viscount  Andover;  and  some  think  the 
relieving  of  the  Lord  of  Somerset  and  his  Lady  out  of  the  Tower." l 
Buckingham's  first  child,  called  Jacobina  after  the  King,  was  born  here 
in  March  1622.  "During  the  illness  of  the  Marchioness,"  we  are 
told,  "  the  King  prayed  heartily  for  her,  and  was  at  Wallingford  House 
early  and  late."  Here  Buckingham's  eldest  son,  the  author  of  the 
Rehearsal,  was  born  January  30,  1627.  Bassompierre  calls  the  house 
Valinforth.  The  house  assumed  the  character  of  an  official  residence 
very  early.  When  Buckingham  was  created  Lord  High  Admiral  he 
established  at  Wallingford  House  a  Council  of  the  Sea,  or  Board  of 
Admiralty.  The  Duke  was  assassinated  August  23,  1628,  and  the 
young  Duke  being  a  minor  the  Council  was  continued  at  Wallingford 
House.2  The  Lord  Treasurer's  Office 3  was  also  here.  Warrants  are 
extant  addressed  to  the  Auditors  of  the  Imprests,  and  signed  "  R. 
Weston,"  and  "  Fra.  Cottington  " ;  and  "  Portland  "  and  "  Fra.  Cotting- 
ton,"  dated  from  Wallingford  House,  April  21,  1632,  and  April  29, 
1634.  Weston  (afterwards  Earl  of  Portland)  was  treasurer  and 
Cottington  under-treasurer  at  this  time,  so  that  Wallingford  House 
must,  during  those  years,  have  continued  to  serve  as  a  Government 
office.  Whether  it  continued  to  be  thus  employed  in  the  following 
years  is  not  so  certain. 

April  14,  1635. — The  Duchess  of  Buckingham  was  married  about  a  week  since 
to  the  Lord  Dunluce,  and  are  to  live  at  Wallingford  House,  whence  the  Treasurer's 
family  removes.  My  Lord  Chamberlain  takes  home  his  daughter,  and  the  King 
places  the  young  Duke  and  his  brother  with  the  Archbishop  of  Canterbury  to  be 
bred  up  there. — Garrard  to  Wentuuorth  (Slraffbrd  Letters,  vol.  i.  p.  413). 

The  infamous  Countess  of  Essex  is  said  to  have  died  in  this  house, 
but  this  is  a  mistake;  she  died  in  1632  at  Chiswick.  From  the  roof 
of  Wallingford  House,  then  in  the  occupation  of  the  Earl  and  Countess 
of  Peterborough,  Archbishop  Ussher  saw  Charles  I.  led  to  execution. 
Ussher  swooned  at  the  sight  and  was  carried  to  his  apartments.4 

The  "  General  Council  of  the  Officers  of  the  Army,"  otherwise 
known  as  the  Wallingford  House  Party,  assembled  here  after  Cromwell's 
death.  Their  chief  object  seems  to  have  been  to  frustrate  the  designs 
of  Monk,  but  they  had  no  settled  plan,  and  the  party,  though  sup- 
ported by  Fleetwood  and  Vane,  was  a  powerless  faction.  Ludlow 
describes  their  movements  with  great  minuteness  in  his  Memoirs. 
Fleetwood  was  at  this  time  living  in  the  house.  Wallingford  House 
reverted  to  the  second  Duke  of  Buckingham  at  the  Restoration ;  here 
the  corpse  of  Cowley,  his  brother-collegian  and  intimate  friend,  lay  in 
state,  and  here  the  Duke  was  living  in  1671,  when  the  following  ad- 
vertisement appeared  in  the  London  Gazette  of  that  year  : — 

On  Wednesday,  March  26,  1671,  was  lost  from  Brentwood  in  Essex,  a  couple  of 
young  Hounds  of  his  Grace  the  Duke  of  Buckingham  ;  the  one  a  black  Tanned,  with 
a  little  white  under  his  neck  ;  the  other  a  white  one,  with  black  spots,  both  marked 

1  Cal.  State  Papers,  1603-1610,  p.  337.  3  Ibid.,  vol.  i.  p.  221. 

*  Straffcrd  Letters,  vol.  i.  p.  209.  *  Parr's  Life  of  Ussher,  fol.  1686. 


WAL  WORTH  443 


with  13.  on  the  left  shoulder ;  whoever  can  give  notice  of  them  to  the  Porter  at 
Wallingford  House  in  the  Strand,  shall  be  well  rewarded  for  their  pains. — London 
Gazette,  No.  563. 

Lord  Clifford,  the  Lord  Treasurer,  afterwards  inhabited  it,  and  here 
Evelyn  called  to  take  leave  of  his  lordship. 

August  1 8,  1673. — I  went  to  take  leave  of  him  [My  Lord  Clifford]  at  Wallingford 
House.  He  was  packing  up  pictures,  most  of  which  were  of  hunting  wild  beasts, 
and  vast  pieces  of  bull-baiting,  beare-baiting,  etc.  I  found  him  in  his  study,  and 
restored  to  him  several  papers  of  state  and  others  of  importance,  which  he  had 
furnished  me  with,  on  engaging  me  to  write  the  Historie  of  the  Holland  War.  .  .  . 
Taking  leave  of  my  Lord  Clifford  he  wrung  me  by  the  hand,  and  looking  earnestly  on 
me,  bid  me  God  b'ye,  adding,  "  Mr.  E.,  I  shall  never  see  thee  more."  "No  !"  said 
I.  "My  Lord,  what  is  the  meaning  of  this?  I  hope  I  shall  see  you  often,  and  as 
greate  a  person  againe."  "  No,  Mr.  E.,  do  not  expect  it,  I  will  never  see  this  place, 
this  City,  or  Courte  againe."  ...  In  this  manner,  not  without  almost  mutual  tears, 
I  parted  from  him  ;  nor  was  it  long  after  but  the  news  was  that  he  was  dead,  and  I 
heard  from  some  one,  who  I  believe  knew,  he  made  himself  away,  after  an  extra- 
ordinary melancholy.  — Evelyn. 

The  Lord  Treasurer  dated  public  documents  from  this  house,  1674- 
1676.     Wallingford  House  was  sold  to  the  Crown  in  1680,  and  about 
1726  the  present  Admiralty  was  erected  where  it  stood. 
To  Sir  Christopher  Wren. 

Sir  — My  Lord  Treasurer  has  ordered  me  to  let  you  know  that  he  would  have  the 
Duke  of  Buckingham's  building  at  Wallingford  House  and  so  on,  in  what  relates  to  the 
building  itself,  but  as  to  the  way  out  of  the  street  into  Old  Spring  Gardens,  that  must 
be  stopt  up  till  my  Lord  is  satisfied  that  it  may  be  legally  made  into  that  ground. — 
I  am  Sir  yours  etc.,  H.  G.  Tunbridge  Wells, 

Treasury  Letter  Book.  Juty  26,  1 686. 

Walnut  Tree  Tavern,  TOOLEY  STREET,  SOUTHWARK. 

Over  against  this  parish  church  [St.  Olave's],  on  the  south  side  of  the  street,  was 
sometime  one  great  house  built  of  stone,  with  arched  gates,  pertaining  to  the  Prior  of 
Lewes  in  Sussex,  and  was  his  lodging  when  he  came  to  London  :  it  is  now  a  com- 
mon hostelrie  for  travellers,  and  hath  to  sign  the  Walnut  Tree. — Stow,  p.  154. 

Walnut  Tree  Alley  preserved  the  memory  of  the  old  hostelry,  and 
when  this  alley  was  swept  away  for  the  approaches  to  New  London 
Bridge,  a  vaulted  chamber,  or  crypt,  was  discovered  underneath  the 
houses,  curiously  confirming  the  statement  of  Stow  that  the  Walnut 
Tree  Inn  was  the  mansion  of  the  Priors  of  Lewes.  Cuthbert  Beeston, 
citizen  and  girdler  of  London,  died  in  1582,  seized  of  the  Walnut  Tree 
Inn,  together  with  the  garden  belonging  thereto,  and  fifteen  messuages 
in  Walnut  Tree  Lane,  otherwise  Carter  Lane,  in  St.  Olave's,  Southwark, 
"held  of  the  Queen  in  chief,  worth  yearly  ^5  :  6  :  8."  It  appears  that 
the  Walnut  Tree  Inn  occupied  the  east  side  of  the  building.  The 
west  wing  was  purchased  by  the  parish  for  the  use  of  the  Grammar 
School  of  St.  Olave's,  founded  in  15 7 1.1 

Walworth,  a  manor  so  named  in  Domesday,  now  and  for  about 
500  years  included  in  Newington  and  Newington  Butts,  the  birthplace, 
Lysons  thought,  of  the  celebrated  citizen  who  bore  its  name.  Two 

1  ArcJutlogia,  vol.  v.  p.  xxiii. 


444  WALWORTH 


commons  were  comprised  in  the  manor :  Walworth  Common,  about 
48  acres,  and  Lowenmoor  Common,  of  about  19  acres.  It  is  now  the 
property  of  the  Dean  and  Chapter  of  Canterbury.  The  church, 
dedicated  to  St.  Peter,  a  classical  structure  erected  from  the  designs 
of  Sir  John  Soane  at  a  cost  of  ^19,126,  was  consecrated  by  Arch- 
bishop Sutton,  February  28,  1825.  There  are  besides  the  district 
churches  of  St.  John,  St.  Paul,  St.  Mark,  and  St.  Stephen,  the  last  a  Gothic 
edifice  of  florid  design  erected  in  1871  by  Messrs.  Jarvis.  The  fields 
and  open  spaces  about  Walworth  have  all  been  covered  with  houses, 
and  at  the  census  of  1881  the  registration  sub-district  contained 
59,562  inhabitants.  The  population  is  mostly  of  the  artisan  and 
labouring  class,  and  many  parts  of  the  district  are  ill-built,  crowded, 
and  unwholesome.  A  worthy  attempt  to  provide  better  accommodation 
for  the  inhabitants  of  one  of  these  districts  was  made  by  the  Fishmongers' 
Company,  who,  in  1876,  erected,  at  a  cost  of  ^13,000,  ten  admirably 
fitted  blocks  of  dwellings  on  their  estate  in  Lock's  Fields,  providing 
comfortable  tenements  for  800  families. 

In  Manor  Place,  Walworth,  died,  November  i,  1835,  aged  seventy- 
seven,  the  friend  and  correspondent  of  Southey,  Thomas  Taylor,  the 
Platonist. 

Wapping,  a  hamlet  of  St.  Mary,  Whitechapel,  on  the  Middlesex 
side  of  the  River  Thames,  a  little  below  The  Tower,  "and  chiefly 
inhabited  by  seafaring  men  and  tradesmen  dealing  in  commodities  for 
the  supply  of  shipping  and  shipmen."1  It  was  originally  a  great  wash, 
watered  by  the  Thames,  and  was  first  recovered  in  the  reign  of  Queen 
Elizabeth.  Stow  calls  it  "Wapping  in  the  Wose"2  (really  Wapping 
in  the  Ooze),  signifying  as  much,  says  Strype,  "as  in  the  wash  or  in 
the  drain."  3  The  usual  place  of  execution  for  pirates  was  at  "  Wap- 
ping in  the  Wose."4  [See  Execution  Dock.]  But  other  offenders 
sometimes  suffered  here. 

March  10,  1618. — Sir  George  Sandys  hanged  at  Wapping  for  taking  purses  on 
the  highway,  having  been  formerly  pardoned  for  like  offences  :  his  lady  and  son  in 
prison  as  accomplices. — Sir  G.  Herbert  to  Sir  Dudley  Carleton  (Cat.  State  Pap., 
1611-1618,  p.  527. 

Lord  Chancellor  Jeffreys  attempting,  after  the  abdication  of  King 
James,  to  make  his  escape  in  the  disguise  of  a  common  seaman — 
having  on  a  "  furre  cap,  a  seaman's  neckcloth,  and  a  dirty  coat " —  was 
captured  in  an  obscure  alehouse,  called  the  Red  Cow,  in  Anchor-and- 
Hope  Alley,  near  King  Edward's  Stairs  in  Wapping.  He  was  found 
by  a  scrivener  he  had  formerly  insulted,  lolling  out  of  window  in  all 
the  confidence  of  misplaced  security.  Among  the  papers  preserved 
in  the  Record  Office  connected  with  the  great  Overbury  poisoning 
case,  is  one  in  which  the  "  Old  Man  of  Wapping  "  is  denounced  as  an 
"eminent  Witch."  Strype  relates  at  length  the  curious  history  of 
"  a  large  house  of  timber  "  which  was  built  by  the  river  side  "  in  this 

1  Strype,  B.  iv.  p.  39.  2  Stow,  p.  157.     In  the  second  edition  it  is  misprinted  "in  the  West." 

3  Strype,  B.  iv.  p.  37.  4  Stow,  by  Howes,  ed.  1631,  p.  697. 


WAP  PING  445 


hamlet  of  Wappin,  anno  1626  ...  for  the  making  of  allom,  and 
which  grew  to  such  an  inconvenience  and  annoyance  .  .  .  that  upon 
complaint  of  the  inhabitants  to  the  King  and  Council,  it  was  proceeded 
withal  as  appeareth."  He  gives  this  "complaint,"  which  set  forth  as 
a  special  case,  that  "  a  lighter  of  allom  grease  lying  in  the  Hermitage 
Dock,  which  was  taken  out  of  a  ship  lying  there  overthwart  the  mouth 
of  the  Dock;  and  upon  the  emptying  of  the  water  out  of  the  lighter, 
which  issued  from  the  grease,  there  did  arise  a  most  noysome  stinking 
.  .  .  and  it  did  so  stink  that  we  were  not  able  to  endure  the  scent  of 
it,  insomuch  that  it  endangered  all  the  ponds  and  wells  thereabouts." 
Another  petition  from  the  inhabitants  of  the  hamlet  of  Wapping  and 
the  neighbouring  parishes  declares,  with  a  fine  redundancy  of  expletives, 
that  "  being  continually  choaked  and  poysoned  up  with  the  daily  and 
continual  stink  and  most  noisome  and  infectious  smell  that  is  lately 
begun  among  us  by  a  workhouse  for  making  of  allome,"  we  "  are  not 
able  to  live  in  our  houses,  nor  keep  our  families  at  work  about  us,  the 
detestable  stink  thereof  is  so  infectious  and  intolerable."  If  allowed 
to  be  continued  they  affirm  "  it  is  generally  thought  it  will  be  a  decay 
and  dangerous  infection  to  all  inhabitants  both  on  this  side  and  the 
other  side  the  water  within  two  miles'  compass  of  the  place  it  standeth." 
And  they  conclude  by  asking  that  "  reformation  be  given,"  otherwise 
"  we  shall  be  compelled  to  leave  our  houses  and  dwellings  to  our  utter 
undoings,  for  the  noysome  smell  is  so  dangerous,  that  no  man  will 
dwell  thereabouts,  if  he  might  have  his  house  rent  free  !  "  Then  there 
is  another  petition  of  his  "  Majesty's  liege  subjects,  being  in  number 
many  thousands,"  which  points  out  the  injury  done  to  the  "  many  great 
brewhouses,  which  breweth  beer  for  the  use  and  service  of  your 
Majesty's  navy,"  to  "all  passengers  that  way,  or  by  the  River  of 
Thames,"  many  of  whom  have  already  been  "  cast  into  extremity  of 
great  sicknesses  and  diseases";  that  "of  late  many  fishes  in  the 
Thames  have  been  found  ready  to  die  and  dead,  supposed  to  be 
poysoned  by  some  ill  substance  issuing  into  the  River  of  Thames ; " 
that  "all  the  pasture  ground  lying  near  thereabouts  is  tainted  and 
spoiled  in  such  manner  that  the  cattel  do  refuse  to  feed  on  the 
same ; "  and  they  ask  for  "  speedy  redress  in  that  behalf,  the  same 
annoyance  being  so  great  and  unsavoury  that  otherwise  your  poor 
subjects,  being  many  thousands  in  number,  shall  be  compelled  to 
forsake  their  houses,  and  abandon  their  dwellings,  to  the  loss  of  their 
trades  and  lives,  and  the  utter  undoing  of  them  and  their  families." 

These  petitions  were  considered  in  Council  at  Whitehall,  July  25, 
1627,  and  an  order  made  that  the  works  should  be  continued  until 
Lady  Day  next  ensuing,  and  no  longer,  and  in  the  meantime  no  new 
works  should  be  erected.  The  inhabitants  demurred  to  the  delay,  and 
on  their  further  petition  an  Order  in  Council  was  issued,  September  1 2, 
that  "the  said  Allome  works  should  be  presently  suppressed  from 
working,"  and  the  farmers  thereof  are  commanded  to  "see  the  same 
duly  executed ;  and  of  the  performance  thereof  to  give  account  to  their 


446  WAPPING 


Lordships  within  ten  or  twelve  days  after  the  date  hereof."  Still  the 
works  went  on,  and  the  Council  at  their  meeting,  December  12,  1627, 
for  reasons  stated,  authorise  the  continuance  of  the  works  to  Lady 
Day,  1628,  when  they  are  to  be  removed  "to  some  other  place  more 
remote  from  the  City  of  London  and  the  suburbs  thereof ; "  and  this, 
we  may  suppose,  was  done,  as  nothing  more  is  said  on  the  subject.1 

Friday,  July  24,  1629. — King  Charles  having  hunted  a  Stag  or  Hart  from 
Wansted  in  Essex,  killed  him  in  Nightingale  Lane  in  the  hamlet  of  Wappin, 
in  a  garden  belonging  to  one  -  — ,  who  had  some  damage  among  his  herbs,  by 
reason  the  multitude  of  people  there  assembled  suddenly. — Strype,  B.  iv.  p.  39. 

The  first  (Pope's)  Duke  of  Chandos  married  the  widow  of  Sir 
Thomas  Duval,  regarding  whom  Mrs.  Pendarves  [Mrs.  Delaney]  writes 
to  Swift,  April  22,  1736,  "The  marriage  has  made  a  great  noise,  and 
the  poor  Duchess  is  often  reproached  with  being  bred  up  in  Burr 
Street,  Wapping."  Oddly  enough,  Swift,  in  writing  to  Mrs.  Pendarves 
in  January  1736,  says,  "A  woman  of  quality,  who  had  excellent  good 
sense,  was  formerly  my  correspondent,  but  she  scrawled  and  spelt  like 
a  Wapping  wench." 

He  [Johnson]  talked  to-day  [April  12,  1783]  a  good  deal  of  the  wonderful  ex- 
tent and  variety  of  London,  and  observed  that  men  of  curious  inquiry  might  see  in 
it  such  modes  of  life  as  very  few  could  ever  imagine.  He  in  particular  recommended 
us  to  explore  Wapping,  which  we  resolved  to  do.  [We  accordingly  carried  our 
scheme  into  execution  in  October  1792,  but  whether  from  that  uniformity  which  has 
in  a  great  degree  spread  through  every  part  of  the  metropolis,  or  from  our  want  of 
sufficient  exertion,  we  were  disappointed.] — Croker's  JBoswell,  p.  724,  and  BoswelPs 
note. 

Any  one  seeking  to  "  explore  Wapping  "  now,  would  find  less  to  repay 
his  trouble  than  Boswell  might  have  discovered  in  1792.  There  must 
then  have  been  much  that  was  curious  and  characteristic  in  the  low- 
lying  semi -maritime  suburb,  with  its  narrow  ways,  quaint  shops,  and 
river-side  manners.  But  all  this  has  been  swept  away  by  the  recent 
rapid  march  of  improvement.  A  few  years  ago  the  notoriety  of  the 
"  Claimant "  and  his  asserted  riparian  origin  led  many  to  visit  Wapping, 
if  not  to  explore  its  byways.  But  even  the  Orton  house  has  now 
disappeared.  It  was  pulled  down  in  1876,  and  it  may  save  the  future 
annotator  of  our  criminal  annals  some  trouble  to  record  its  exact  site. 

It  stood  near  the  Wapping  entrance  of  the  London  Docks,  and  adjoined  that  in 
which  it  is  said  Lord  Nelson  got  his  outfit  when  he  first  went  to  sea.  Both  are  now 
demolished  to  make  way  for  warehouses,  which  promise  to  displace  most  of  the  old 
residences  by  the  river-side  in  these  parts.  Indeed,  the  High  Street  of  Wapping  is 
gradually  being  skirted  by  enormous  piles  of  these  buildings,  and  before  long  few 
beyond  the  model  lodging-houses  of  Sir  Sidney  Waterlow  and  the  residences  of  the 
dock  officers  will  be  left  for  domestic  use. — Rev.  H.  Jones,  East  and  West  London, 
p.  50. 

In  Wapping  High  Street  was  the  entrance  to  the  Thames  Tunnel 
[which  see]. 

Much  of  Wapping  is  considerably  below  high-water  level,  and  as 
very  inadequate  provision  has  been  made  to  prevent  overflows,  the 

1  St'ypc,  vol.  ii.  pp.  39-43. 


W ARDOUR  STREET  447 

streets  are  flooded  and  the  basements  of  the  houses  filled  with  water 
whenever  the  spring  tides  rise  above  the  ordinary  level.  It  can  hardly 
be  regretted,  therefore,  that  dwellings  are  giving  place  to  warehouses. 
When  these  are  general  their  owners  and  occupants  will  take  care  that 
a  sufficient  embankment  is  provided.  Joseph  Ames,  the  antiquary,  and 
author  of  Typographical  Antiquities,  or  the  History  of  Printing  in  England, 
"  lived  in  a  strange  alley  or  lane  in  Wapping."  *•  His  very  useful  work, 
first  printed  in  1749,  has  been  edited  and  enlarged  by  William  Herbert, 
and  again  in  the  present  century  by  T.  F.  Dibdin.  The  church  is 
dedicated  to  St.  John  the  Baptist.  The  Rev.  Francis  Willis,  the 
"mad  doctor,"  whose  treatment  of  George  III.  was  considered  to  be 
so  beneficial  that  he  was  rewarded  with  a  pension  of  ^1500  a  year 
for  twenty-nine  years,  was  rector  of  Wapping.  So  later  was  Dr.  Le 
Bas. 

War  Office,  PALL  MALL.  The  War  Office,  of  which  the  head- 
quarters were  formerly  at  the  Horse  Guards,  now  occupies  the  old 
Ordnance  Office,  built  for  the  Duke  of  Cumberland,  brother  of  George 
III.,  and  the  adjoining  Buckingham  House  to  the  east  and  Schomberg 
House  to  the  west,  on  the  south  side  of  Pall  Mall.  Here  are  concen- 
trated the  offices  of  the  Adjutant-General,  the  Quarter-Master-General, 
the  Inspector-General  of  Artillery,  the  Chaplain -General,  and  other 
heads  of  departments.  [See  Horse  Guards.]  In  the  front  of  the  old 
Ordnance  Office  is  a  bronze  statue  of  Sidney  Herbert,  Lord  Herbert 
of  Lea,  by  Foley,  erected  in  1867.  [See  Ordnance  Office,  Pall  Mall, 
Schomberg  House.] 

Wardour  Street,  SOHO,  or,  WARDOUR  STREET,  OXFORD  STREET, 
ran  from  Oxford  Street  to  Compton  Street,  but  now,  by  the  incor- 
poration of  Princes  Street,  extends  to  Coventry  Street.  [See  Princes 
Street.]  It  was  built  circ.  i686,2  and  so  called  after  Henry,  third 
Lord  Arundel  of  Wardour  (d.  1694),  a  steady  adherent  to  the  cause  of 
King  James  II.  Henry,  the  fifth  Lord  Arundel,  married  Elizabeth, 
daughter  of  Thomas  Panton,  of  St.  Martin's-in-the-Fields.  [See  Panton 
Square.]  Flaxman,  the  sculptor,  lived  at  No.  27,  a  small  house  in 
this  street,  from  1781  to  1787.  No.  99,  the  corner  of  Peter  Street,  is 
The  Intrepid  Fox,  so  called  in  honour  of  Charles  James  Fox,  by  the 
landlord,  Sam  House,  one  of  his  most  enthusiastic  worshippers. 
House  died  in  1785,  and  on  the  day  of  his  death  Mr.  Fox  sat  for  a 
considerable  time  by  his  bedside.  He  is  celebrated  in  the  Rolliad. 

Why  should  I  tell  the  Election's  honest  tale, 
That  scene  of  libels,  riots,  blood  and  ale  ? 
There,  of  Sam  House  the  horrid  form  appeared  ; 
Round  his  white  apron  howling  monsters  reared 
Their  angry  clubs  ;  and  broken  heads  they  polled, 
And  Hood's  best  sailors  in  the  kennel  rolled. 

Charles  Jenkinson,  Political  Eclogues. 

1  Brydges'  Restituta,  vol.  iv.  p.  235.  J  Stone,  corner  of  Edward  Street. 


448  W ARDOUR  STREET 

Wardour  Street  is  famous  for  book -stalls  and  curiosity-shops.  Charles  Lamb 
was  fond  of  this  street ;  and  Hazlitt  lies  on  the  other  side  of  the  wall  which  encloses 
the  burial  ground  of  St.  Anne's. '  I  have  heard  Lamb  expatiate  on  the  pleasure  ot 
strolling  up  "Wardour  Street  on  a  summer's  day." — Leigh  Hunt. 

Rummaging  over  the  contents  of  an  old  stall  at  a  half  book,  half  old-iron  shop,  in 
an  alley  leading  from  Wardour  Street  to  Soho  Square,  yesterday,  I  lit  upon  a  ragged 
duodecimo,  which  had  been  the  strange  delight  of  my  infancy.  .  .  .  The  price 
demanded  was  sixpence,  which  the  owner  (a  little  squab  duodecimo  of  a  character 
himself)  enforced  with  the  assurance  that  his  "own  mother  should  not  have  it  for  a 
farthing  less." — Elia:  The  Months, 

The  York  Chop  House  in  this  street  was  the  favourite  (and 
inexpensive)  resort  of  successive  generations  of  young  painters  and  art 
students  attending  the  schools  in  St.  Martin's  Lane  and  the  Royal 
Academy. 

Nothing  could  be  more  agreeable  than  my  daily  intercourse  at  this  period  (the 
Spring  of  1820)  with  Irving  and  Newton.  We  visited  in  the  same  families,  chiefly 
Americans  resident  in  London,  and  generally  dined  together  at  the  York  Chop  House 
in  Wardour  Street. — Leslie,  R.A.,  Autob.  Recollections,  vol.  i.  p.  63. 

Here  are  many  shops  exclusively  devoted  to  the  sale  of  old  furniture, 
pictures,  china,  and  other  articles  of  vertu.  Rumour  says  that  the 
back  premises  of  Wardour  Street  are  largely  devoted  to  the  manufacture 
of  sham  antiques  of  all  kinds.  [See  St.  Anne's,  Soho.] 

Wardrobe  (The),  a  house  near  Puddle  Wharf,  Blackfriars,  built 
by  Sir  John  Beauchamp  (d.  1359),  whose  tomb  in  old  St.  Paul's  was 
mistaken  for  the  tomb  of  the  good  Duke  Humphrey.  Beauchamp's 
executors  sold  it  to  Edward  III.,  and  it  was  subsequently  converted 
into  the  office  of  the  Master  of  the  Wardrobe  and  the  repository  for 
the  royal  clothes.  When  Stow  drew  up  his  Survey,  Sir  John  Fortescue 
was  lodged  in  the  house  as  Master  of  the  Wardrobe. 

Lord's  Day,  June  9,  1661. — By  and  by  we  got  a  sculler,  and  landing  at  Worcester 
House,  went  to  the  Wardrobe.  I  went  up  to  Jane  Shore's  Tower,  and  there  W. 
Howe  and  I  sang. — Pepys. 

There  were  also  kept  in  this  place  the  ancient  cloathes  of  our  English  Kings, 
which  they  wore  on  great  festivals  ;  so  that  this  Wardrobe  was  in  effect  a  Library 
for  Antiquaries,  therein  to  read  the  mode  and  fashion  of  garments  in  all  ages.  These 
King  James  in  the  beginning  of  his  reign  gave  to  the  Earl  of  Dunbar,  by  whom  they 
were  sold,  re-sold,  and  re-re-sold  at  as  many  hands  almost  as  Briareus  had,  some 
gaining  vast  estates  thereby. — Fuller's  Worthies,  ed.  1662,  p.  193. 

I  gyve,  will,  bequeath,  and  devise  unto  my  daughter,  Susannah  Hall,  all  that 
messuage  or  tenement,  with  the  appurtenances,  wherein  one  John  Robinson  dwelleth, 
situat,  lying,  and  being  in  the  Blackfriers  in  London,  nere  the  Wardrobe. — Shake- 
speare's Will. 

After  the  Great  Fire  the  Wardrobe  was  removed,  first  to  the  Savoy, 
and  afterwards  to  Buckingham  Street  in  the  Strand.1  It  was  the  duty 
of  the  officers  of  the  Wardrobe  to  provide  "  proper  furniture  for  coro- 
nations, marriages,  and  funerals "  of  the  sovereign  and  royal  family, 
"  cloaths  of  state,  beds,  hangings,  and  other  necessaries  for  the  houses 
of  foreign  ambassadors,  cloaths  of  state  for  Lord  Lieutenant  of  Ireland, 
Prince  of  Wales,  and  ambassadors  abroad,"  as  also  to  provide  robes  for 

1  Chatitlcrlayne,  ed.  1669,  p.  263  ;  Hatton,  p.  729, 


WARWICK  HOUSE  449 


ministers  of  state,  Knights  of  the  Garter,  etc.     The  last  Master  of  the 
Wardrobe  was  Ralph,  Duke  of  Montague,  died  1709.     [.feSwan  Alley.] 

Warner  Street,  COLD  BATH  FIELDS.  Henry  Carey  (natural  son 
of  Savile,  Marquis  of  Halifax,  the  famous  "  Trimmer,"  and  great-grand- 
father of  Edmund  Kean),  author  of  Chrononhotonthologos,  and  the  ever 
popular  ballad  of  "  Sally  in  our  Alley,"  died  by  his  own  hand  in  this 
street  on  October  4,  1743. 

Warren  Street,  FITZROY  SQUARE,  Tottenham  Court  Road  to 
Cleveland  Street.  Dr.  William  Kitchener,  author  of  the  Cook's  Oracle, 
lived  and  died  at  No.  43  in  this  street,  and  here  were  held  what  he 
called  his  "  Committee  of  Taste  "  dinners.  The  hour  was  five  minutes 
past  five,  and  no  guest  arriving  late  was  admitted.  The  last  of  these 
pleasant  meetings  was  held  on  February  20,  1827,  and  six  days  later 
Kitchener  was  dead.  He  was  buried  in  the  family  vault  at  St.  Clement 
Danes.  It  was  for  his  weekly  conversazione  that  the  directions  "  come 
at  seven,  go  at  eleven"  were  prepared.  For  some  time  this  was  a 
favourite  locality  with  artists.  Leslie  settled  here  when  he  first  came 
to  London  at  the  end  of  1811. 

I  was  solitary,  and  began  to  feel  that  even  in  London  it  was  possible  to  be  un- 
happy. I  did  not,  however,  feel  this  in  its  full  force  until  I  was  settled  in  lodgings, 
consisting  of  two  desolate-looking  rooms  up  two  pair  of  stairs  in  Warren  Street, 
Fitzroy  Square. — C.  R.  Leslie,  R.A.,  Autobiographical  Recollections,  vol.  i.  p.  29. 

Charles  Turner,  one  of  the  best  of  the  great  school  of  mezzotint 
engravers,  lived  for  many  years  at  No.  50.  Abraham  Raimbach,  the 
line  engraver,  was  living  at  No.  10  whilst  engaged  on  Wilkie's  Village 
Politicians ;  James  Boaden,  author  of  the  Life  of  Mrs.  Siddons  and 
other  theatrical  biographies,  at  No.  60 ;  Frederick  Reynolds,  the 
dramatist,  at  No.  48 ;  the  Rev.  F.  W.  Robertson  of  Brighton  was  born 
at  No.  70,  February  3,  1816. 

Warwick  Crescent,  PADDINGTON.  Robert  Browning  lived  at 
No.  19  from  the  time  of  his  return  out  of  Italy  after  the  death  of  his 
wife  in  1861,  until  the  summer  of  1887,  when  he  removed  to  29  De 
Vere  Gardens.  Much  of  his  poetry  was  therefore  written  in  Warwick 
Crescent,  notably  "  The  Ring  and  the  Book."  A  memorial  tablet  was 
placed  upon  the  front  of  the  house  by  the  Society  of  Arts  in  August 
1890. 

Warwick  House,  CHARING  CROSS,  stood  at  the  end  of  Warwick 
Street,  an  impasse  running  out  of  Cockspur  Street,  parallel  to  Pall 
Mall,  and  terminating  in  a  stable  yard.  This  was  the  site  of  Warwick 
House,  the  birthplace  (1608)  and  residence  of  Sir  Philip  Warwick,  the 
well-known  royalist  memoir  writer  (d.  1683).  The  mansion,  however, 
is  best  known  as  the  residence  of  the  Princess  Charlotte  of  Wales.  At 
that  time  (1815)  "  the  entrance  of  Warwick  House  was  secured  by  bars 
of  iron  in  the  inside ;  and  the  Princess  goes  through  the  Court  of 
Carlton  House."1 

1  bliss  Knight,  vol.  ii.  p.  55. 
VOL.   Ill  g   G 


450  WARWICK  HOUSE 


Warwick  House,  in  which  Princess  Charlotte  and  I,  with  an  excellent  family  of 
old  servants,  were  now  the  only  residents,  was  an  old  mode  rate -sized  dwelling,  at 
that  time  [January  1813]  miserably  out  of  repair,  and  almost  falling  to  ruins.  It 
was  situated  at  the  extremity  of  a  narrow  lane  with  a  small  court-yard  and  gates,  at 
which  two  sentinels  were  placed.  On  the  ground  floor  was  a  hall,  dining-room, 
library,  comptroller's  room,  and  two  very  small  rooms,  with  a  good  staircase,  and 
two  back  staircases  much  the  reverse.  Above  was  what  was  called  the  waiting-room, 
of  very  moderate  dimensions,  where  Princess  Charlotte  took  her  lessons  in  the  morn- 
ing ;  a  good  drawing-room,  her  Royal  Highness's  bedroom  and  dressing-room,  or 
closet  off  it  for  a  maid ;  my  sitting-room  adjoining,  and  my  bedroom,  both  small, 
the  latter  particularly  so.  Yet  for  a  private  family  it  was  far  from  being  uncomfort- 
able, though  anything  rather  than  royal.  The  drawing-room  and  Princess  Charlotte's 
bedroom,  with  bay  windows,  looked  on  a  small  garden  with  a  wall,  and  a  road 
which  divided  it  from  the  gardens  of  Carlton  House,  to  which  there  was  a  door  of 
communication.  Nothing  could  more  perfectly  resemble  a  convent  than  this  resi- 
dence, but  it  was  a  seat  of  happiness  to  Princess  Charlotte  compared  with  the  Lower 
Lodge  at  Windsor. — Autobiography  of  Miss  Cornelia  Knight,  vol.  i.  p.  200. 

It  was  from  Warwick  House  that  the  Princess,  "  wearied  out  by  a 
series  of  acts,  all  proceeding  from  the  spirit  of  petty  tyranny,  and  each 
more  vexatious  than  another,"  made  her  escape  in  a  hackney  coach, 
July  1 6,  1814,  to  the  house  of  her  mother  in  Connaught  Place;  but 
was  induced,  chiefly  by  the  arguments  and  persuasion  of  Mr.  (afterwards 
Lord)  Brougham,  and  the  entreaties  of  the  Duke  of  Sussex  and  of  her 
mother,  to  submit  to  her  father  and  return  to  Warwick  House,  which 
she  did  in  a  royal  carriage  that  had  been  sent  for,  accompanied  by  the 
Duke  of  York  and  her  governess,  between  four  and  five  o'clock  in  the 
morning.1 

Warwick  House,  in  HOLBORN  (north  side),  where  is  now  Warwick 
Court,  a  short  distance  west  of  Gray's  Inn  Gateway,  and  leading  into 
Gray's  Inn.  The  Earl  of  Warwick  was  living  in  Warwick  House  in 
1646,  but  it  must  have  passed  into  other  hands  not  long  after. 

Dame  Shusan,  lady  to  the  Rt.  Honble-  Robert  Lord  Rich,  Earl  of  Warwick,  died 
in  Warwick  House  in  Holborn,  the  1 6th  January  1645-1646,  and  was  buried  at  St. 
Lawrence  Church,  near  Guildhall,  on  the  24th  of  the  same. — Parish  Register  of  St. 
Andrew's,  Holborn. 

March  3,  1659-1660. — After  dinner  I  to  Warwick  House  in  Holborn,  to  my 
Lord  [the  Earl  of  Sandwich],  where  he  dined  with  my  Lord  of  Manchester,  Sir 
Dudley  North,  my  Lord  Fiennes,  and  my  Lord  Barkly. — Pepys. 

As  we  came  by  Warwick  House,  observing  all  shut  up  there,  he  [William  Lord 
Russell]  asked  if  my  Lord  Clare  was  out  of  town.  I  told  him  he  could  not  think 
any  windows  would  be  open  there  on  this  occasion.  — Bp.  Burnet's  Journal  (William 
Lord  Russell  on  his  way  to  execution  in  Lincoln's-Inn-fields).2 

The  Earl  of  Clare  was  living  in  Warwick  House  in  1688.  Warwick 
House  had  given  place  to  Warwick  Court  in  1708. 

Warwick  Lane,  NEWGATE  STREET  to  PATERNOSTER  Row; 
originally  (1311)  Eldedeneslane,  i.e.  Old  Dean's  Lane. 

Then  is  Eldenese  Lane,  which  stretcheth  north  to  the  high  street  of  Newgate 
Market ;  the  same  is  now  called  Warwick  Lane,  of  an  ancient  house  there  built  by 
an  Earl  of  Warwick,  and  was  since  called  Warwick  Inn.  It  is  in  record  called 

1  Lord  Brougham,  2  London  Gazette,  No.  2359. 


WARWICK  STREET  451 


a  messuage  in  Eldenese  Lane,  in  the  parish  of  St.  Sepulchre,  the  28th  of  Henry  VI. 
Cicillc,  Duchess  of  Warwick,  possessed  it. — Stow,  p.  128. 

I  read  that  in  the  36th  of  Henry  VI.  that  the  greater  estates  of  the  realm  being 
called  up  to  London  .  .  .  Richard  Nevill,  Earl  of  Warwick  [the  King -maker], 
came  with  six  hundred  men  all  in  red  jackets,  embroidered  with  ragged  staves  before 
and  behind,  and  was  lodged  in  Warwick  Lane  ;  in  whose  house  there  was  often- 
times six  oxen  eaten  at  a  breakfast,  and  every  tavern  was  full  of  his  meat ;  for  he  that 
had  any  acquaintance  in  that  house,  might  have  there  so  much  of  sodden  and  roast 
meat  as  he  could  prick  and  carry  up  on  a  long  dagger. — Slow,  p.  33. 

On  the  house  at  the  corner  of  Newgate  Street  is  a  stone  with  the 
effigy  in  low  relief  of  Guy,  Earl  of  Warwick,  and  the  date,  1668.  Just 
beyond,  on  the  west  side,  was  the  College  of  Physicians — the  old 
College,  with  its  "  gilded  pill "  on  the  top,  designed  by  Wren.  [See 
Physicians,  Royal  College  of.]  On  the  east  side  was  the  Bell  Inn. 

He  [Archbishop  Leighton]  used  often  to  say  that  if  he  were  to  choose  a  place  to 
die  in,  it  should  be  an  Inn  ;  it  looking  like  a  pilgrim's  going  home,  to  whom  this 
world  was  all  as  an  Inn,  and  who  was  weary  of  the  noise  and  confusion  in  it.  He 
added  that  the  officious  tenderness  and  care  of  friends  was  an  entanglement  to  a 
dying  man  ;  and  that  the  unconcerned  attendance  of  those  that  could  be  procured  in 
such  a  place  would  give  less  disturbance.  And  he  obtained  what  he  desired  ;  for 
he  died  [1684]  at  the  Bell  Inn  in  Warwick  Lane. — Burnet's  Own  Times,  ed.  1823, 
vol.  ii.  p.  426. 

The  Inn  has  gone,  but  Old  Bell  Inn  Yard,  now  a  railway  booking-office 
waggon  yard,  is  there  to  mark  the  site.  On  the  west  side  was  an 
equally  famous  inn,  the  Oxford  Arms. 

These  are  to  give  notice  that  Edward  Bartlet,  Oxford  Carrier,  hath  removed  his 
Inn  in  London,  from  the  Swan  at  Holborn  Bridge  to  the  Oxford  Armes  in  Warwick 
Lane,  where  he  did  Inn  before  the  Fire.  His  coaches  and  waggons  going  forth  on 
their  usual  days,  Mondays,  Wednesdays,  and  Frydays.  He  hath  also  a  Hearse, 
with  all  things  convenient  to  carry  a  Corps  to  any  part  of  England. — London  Gazette 
for  March  1672-1673,  No.  762. 

"  At  the  Oxford  Arms  in  Warwick  Lane  "  lived  John  Roberts,  the 
bookseller,  from  whose  shop  issued  the  majority  of  the  squibs  and 
libels  on  Pope,  and  the  publisher,  1744,  of  Johnson's  Life  of  Savage. 
The  Oxford  Arms  Inn,  with  its  quaint  galleries,  chambers,  and  carved 
fireplaces,  was  sold  in  1875  an^  pulled  down  in  1876,  but  its  memory 
survives  in  Oxford  Arms  Passage. 

Warwick  Street,  COCKSPUR  STREET,  Charing  Cross,  was  built 
circ.  I675.1  The  street,  which  had  no  thoroughfare,  was  so  called 
from  the  house  of  Sir  Philip  Warwick,  author  of  the  Memoirs  which 
bear  his  name. 

Over  against  St.  Alban's  Street  is  Stone  Cutter's  Alley,  paved  with  free-stone, 
which  leads  into  Warwick  Street,  and  likewise  to  the  back  gate  of  the  King's  garden, 
for  the  conveniency  of  Mr.  George  London,  her  late  Majesty's  principal  gardener, 
there  inhabiting  in  a  neat  and  pleasant  house. — Strype,  B.  vi.  p.  81. 

This  George  London  was  a  landscape-gardener  of  great  celebrity  before 
the  time  of  Kent  or  "Capability"  Brown.  In  conjunction  with  Wise  he 
introduced  what  Walpole  calls  "verdant  sculpture"  among  us,  stocking 
our  gardens  with  giants,  animals,  monsters,  coats  of  arms,  and  mottoes, 

1  It  is  mentioned  by  Ogilby  of  that  date. 


452  WARWICK  STREET 

in  yew,  box,  and  holly.  At  the  end  of  this  street  stood  Warwick 
House,  inhabited  for  a  time  by  the  Princess  Charlotte.  [See  Warwick 
House,  Charing  Cross.]  At  No.  4  Little  Warwick  Street  lived  General 
Conway,  the  cousin  and  correspondent  of  Horace  Walpole.1 

Warwick  Street,  GOLDEN  SQUARE.  Roman  Catholic  Chapel, 
formerly  the  chapel  of  the  Bavarian  Embassy,  now  called  the  Church 
of  the  Assumption.  This  chapel  was  gutted  in  the  riots  of  1780. 
Hogarth  collectors  greatly  value  a  shop  bill  executed  by  him  for  a 
tobacconist  in  this  street.  On  the  top  is  a  label  with  the  words, 
"  La  Croix's,  the  Corner  of  Warwick  Street,  near  Swallow  Street,  St. 
James's."  Here,  when  John  (afterwards  Lord)  Campbell  came  to 
London  to  push  his  fortune  (1798)  he  had  his  first  London  lodgings 
— first  at  No.  35,  then  at  No.  i8.2 

Water  Gate  (The),  at  the  TOWER. 

One  other  water-gate  there  is  by  the  bulwark  of  the  Tower,  and  this  is  the  last 
and  farthest  water-gate  eastward  on  the  river  of  Thames,  so  far  as  the  city  of  Lon- 
don extendeth  within  the  walls. — Stow,  p.  17  ;  see  also  Strype,  Appendix,  p.  68. 

Water  Gruel  Row,  HACKNEY.  Here  lived  William  Caslon,  the 
celebrated  typefounder  (b.  1692,  d.  1766). 

Water  Lane,  BLACKFRIARS,  from  Broadway  to  Queen  Victoria 
Street.  On  the  east  side  is  Apothecaries  Hall ;  and  from  it  run  Play- 
house Lane  and  Printing-house  Yard. 

Water  Lane,  FLEET  STREET,  changed  November  5,  1844,  into 
Whitefriars  Street,  by  consent  of  the  Commissioners  of  the  Sewers  and 
at  the  request  of  the  freeholders  of  the  lane.  Thomas  Tompion,  the 
famous  watchmaker,  kept  shop  at  the  corner  of  Water  Lane,  died  here 
in  1713,  and  was  buried  in  the  centre  of  the  nave  of  Westminster 
Abbey. 

Well,  let  me  tell  you  (said  Goldsmith),  when  my  tailor  brought  home  my  bloom- 
coloured  coat,  he  said,  ' '  Sir,  I  have  a  favour  to  beg  of  you.  When  anybody  asks 
you  who  made  your  clothes,  be  pleased  to  mention  John  Filby,  at  the  Harrow  in 
Water  Lane."  Johnson:  Why,  Sir,  that  was  because  he  knew  the  strange  colour 
would  attract  crowds  to  gaze  at  it,  and  then  they  might  hear  of  him,  and  see  how 
well  he  could  make  a  coat  even  of  so  absurd  a  colour. — Bosivell,  ed.  Croker,  p.  203. 

Filby  also  supplied  him  with  "a  pair  of  bloom-coloured  breeches,"  for 
which  he  charged  him  £i  14:6. 

Water  Lane,  GREAT  TOWER  STREET,  formerly  called  Spurrier 
Lane. 

The  next  is  Sporiar  Lane,  of  old  time  so  called,  but  since  and  later  time  named 
Water  Lane,  because  it  runneth  down  to  the  water-gate  by  the  Custom  House  in 
Thames  Street. — Stow,  p.  51. 

Here  was  the  house  of  Sir  Marmaduke  Rawdon,  a  great  merchant 
of  the  time  of  James  I.  and  Charles  I. ;  and  uncle  of  the  M.  Rawdon 
whose  life  has  been  published  by  the  Camden  Society  (1863).  In 

1  See  Walpole's  Letters,  vol.  iii.  p.  343 ;  vol.  vii.  p.  391. 
2  Life,  by  Hon.  Mrs,  Hardcastle,  vol.  i,  pp.  39,  41 


WATERLOO  PLACE  453 


this  lane  was  the  Old  Trinity  House,  burned  down  in  the  Great  Fire, 
and  again  in  1718,  and  each  time  rebuilt.  The  site  is  marked  by  the 
site  of  merchants'  offices  (No.  5),  called  "The  Old  Trinity  House." 

Waterloo  Bridge,  a  bridge  over  the  Thames,  between  Wellington 
Street,  Strand,  and  the  Waterloo  Road  (at  first  called  the  Strand  Bridge), 
the  noblest  stone  bridge  in  the  world,  was  built  by  a  public  company 
pursuant  to  an  Act  passed  in  1809.  The  first  stone  was  laid  October 
n,  1811,  and  the  bridge  publicly  opened  by  the  Prince  Regent  on  the 
second  anniversary  of  the  battle  of  Waterloo,  June  18,  1817.  The 
engineer  was  John  Rennie,  son  of  a  farmer  at  Phantassie,  in  East 
Lothian — the  engineer  of  many  of  our  celebrated  docks  and  of  the 
breakwater  at  Plymouth.  He  died  in  1821,  and  is  buried  in  St.  Paul's 
Cathedral  by  the  side  of  Sir  C.  Wren.  Ralph  Dodd,  C.E.,  stated 
(Gentlemaris  Magazine,  1817,  vol.  i.  p.  482),  that  the  design  was 
approved  by  the  proprietors  before  Rennie  had  anything  to  do  with 
the  work. 

Canova,  when  he  was  asked  during  his  visit  to  England  what  struck  him  most 
forcibly,  is  said  to  have  replied — that  the  trumpery  Chinese  Bridge,  then  in  St. 
James's  Park,  should  be  the  production  of  the  Government,  whilst  that  of  Waterloo 
was  the  work  of  a  Private  Company. — Quarterly  Review,  No.  1 12,  p.  309. 

Speak  ye,  too,  Works  of  Peace 

For  ye  too  have  a  voice, 

Which  shall  be  heard  by  ages  !     The  proud  Bridge 

Through  whose  broad  arches,  worthy  of  their  name 

And  place,  his  rising  and  his  refluent  tide 

Majestic  Thames,  the  royal  river,  rolls. 

Southey,  Ode  on  Visit  of  George  IV.  to  Scotland. 

This  celebrated  bridge,  "a  colossal  monument  worthy  of  Sesostris 
and  the  Caesars  "  (M.  Dupiri),  consists  of  nine  equal  elliptical  arches,  each 
of  120  feet  span  and  a  rise  of  24  feet  6  inches,  supported  on  piers 
20  feet  wide  at  the  springing  of  the  arches.  The  entire  length  is  2456 
feet,  the  bridge  and  abutments  being  1380  feet,  the  approach  from  the 
Strand,  310  feet,  and  the  causeway  on  the  Surrey  side,  as  far  as  sup- 
ported by  the  land-arches,  766  feet.  The  bridge  is  therefore  on  a  level 
with  the  Strand,  and  one  uniform  level  throughout. 

The  total  cost  of  the  bridge  was  ,£565,000.  .  .  .  The  approaches,  besides  the 
land  and  buildings,  cost  a  further  sum  of  £112,000;  so  that  the  total  cost  of  the 
bridge  and  approaches  was  .£677,000,  and  the  land  and  buildings  and  contingences, 
.£373,000,  making  a  total  0^1,050,000. — Autob.  of  Sir  John  Rennie,  F.R.S.,  p.  35. 

As  a  commercial  speculation  the  bridge  was  so  far  from  successful 
that  in  January  1872  two  shares,  of  £100  each,  were  sold  by  auction 
for  ^lo.1  Under  powers  conveyed  by  the  Metropolitan  Bridges  Act, 
1877,  the  Metropolitan  Board  of  Works  purchased  the  bridge  and  all 
the  bridge  company's  rights  for  ,£475,000,  and  on  October  5,  1878, 
opened  the  bridge  to  the  public  free  of  toll. 

Waterloo  Place,  PALL  MALL.  The  second-floor  window  of  No. 
n,  looking  into  Charles  Street,  marks  the  bedroom  and  sitting-room 

1  City  Press,  January  6,  1872. 


454  WATERLOO  PLACE 

of  James  Hogg,  the  Ettrick  Shepherd,  during  his  first  and  only  visit  to 
London,  in  the  winter  of  1831-1832.  No.  13  was  the  west-end 
establishment  of  Messrs.  Taylor  and  Hessey,  the  publishers  of  the 
London  Magazine,  in  which  the  Essays  of  Elia  and  the  Confessions  of  an 
English  Opium  Eater  first  appeared. 

It  was  then  that  [circ.  1823]  the  contributors  met  once  a  month  over  an  excellent 
dinner  given  by  the  firm  ;  and  consulted  and  talked  on  literary  matters  together.  .  .  . 
Charles  Lamb  came  to  most  of  these  dinners,  always  dressed  in  black  (his  snuff- 
coloured  suit  having  been  dismissed  for  years),  always  kind  and  genial. 

Until  the  middle  of  the  year  1890  Messrs.  Rivington's  business 
was  carried  on  at  No.  3.  Waterloo  Place  now  boasts  among  other 
publishers'  firms  W.  H.  Allen  and  Co.,  No.  1 3  ;  and  Smith,  Elder  and 
Co.,  No.  15.  Other  noteworthy  houses  of  somewhat  earlier  date  are 
commemorated  in  Hood's  verses  : — 

Thy  first  great  trial  in  this  mighty  town 
Was,  if  I  rightly  recollect,  upon 

That  gentle  hill  which  goeth 
Down  from  the  "  County  "  to  the  Palace x  gate. 

And,  like  a  river,  thanks  to  thee,  now  floweth 
Past  the  old  Horticultural  Society, 
The  Chemist  Cobb's,  the  house  of  Howell  and  James, 
Where  ladies  play  high  shawl  and  satin  games, 

A  little  Hell  of  lace  ! 
And  past  the  Athenaeum,  made  of  late, 
Severs  a  sweet  variety 
Of  milliners  and  booksellers  who  grace 

Waterloo  Place, 

Making  division,  the  Muse  fears  and  guesses, 
'Twixt  Mr.  Rivington's  and  Mr.  Hessey's. 

Thomas  Hood,  Ode  to  Mr.  MacAdam. 

The  lower  end  of  Waterloo  Place  is  a  favoured  place  for  statues  and 
memorials.  At  the  junction  with  Pall  Mall  is  the  Guards'  Memorial, 
by  John  Bell,  erected  in  honour  of  the  officers  and  men  of  the  three 
regiments  of  Foot  Guards  who  fell  in  the  Crimea ;  three  bronze  statues 
of  guardsmen  on  a  pedestal  of  granite  surmounted  by  a  Victory  of 
marble ;  the  Russian  cannon  taken  at  Sebastopol.  South  of  Pall 
Mall,  statues  of  Lord  Clyde,  by  Marochetti;  Sir  John  Franklin,  by 
Noble;  Field-Marshal  Sir  John  Burgoyne,  by  Sir  Edgar  Boehm,  and 
opposite  to  it  at  the  south-east  corner  Lord  Lawrence,  by  the  same 
sculptor.  At  the  end  of  the  place,  on  the  steps  leading  into  St.  James's 
Park,  is  the  Duke  of  York's  column  and  statue  [which  see]. 

Watermen's  Hall,  No.  18  ST.  MARY  AT  HILL,  LOWER  THAMES 
STREET,  is  a  neat  unpretentious  building  of  brick  and  stone,  erected  in 
1 786.  The  old  hall  of  the  Company  was  in  Cold  Harbour,  Upper  Thames 
Street,  and  faced  the  river.  Taylor,  the  Water  Poet,  tells  us  that  in  his 
time  "  the  number  of  watermen,  and  those  that  lived  and  were  maintained 
by  them,  and  by  the  only  labour  of  the  oar  and  scull,  betwixt  the  bridge  of 
Windsor  and  Gravesend,  could  not  be  fewer  than  40,000."  This  was  in 

1  Carlton  House— long  removed. 


\rATI.lXG  STREET  455 


the  reign  of  Queen  Elizabeth ;  and  in  the  reign  of  Anne  the  number  was 
said  to  be  the  same.  "There  be,"  says  Strype,  "40,000  watermen 
upon  the  rolls  of  the  Company,  as  I  have  been  told  by  one  of  the 
Company;  and  that  upon  occasion  they  can  furnish  20,000  men  for 
the  fleet ;  and  that  there  were  8000  then  in  the  service."  In  6  Henry 
VIII.  (1514)  an  Act  was  passed  for  regulating  the  fares,  charges,  etc., 
of  watermen,  wherrymen,  bargemen,  etc.,  in  the  City  of  London  and  on 
the  river  Thames,  but  the  watermen  of  London  were  first  made  a 
Company  by  virtue  of  an  Act  of  Parliament  passed  in  the  2d  and  3d 
of  Philip  and  Mary  (1515).  The  watermen  rank  ninety-first  of  the 
City  Companies.  The  Company  has  no  livery.  The  licensing  and 
registration  of  boats  and  barges,  the  licensing  and  control  of  the  water- 
men, and  the  direction  of  the  pilotage,  navigation  of  barges  and  lighters, 
are  vested  in  the  Watermen's  Company.  When  Blackfriars  Bridge  was 
built  the  Company  accepted  the  sum  of  ,£13,650  in  the  Three  Per 
Cents  in  compensation  for  the  loss  of  the  Sunday  ferry,  maintained  by 
the  Company  for  charitable  purposes.  The  introduction  of  steam-boats 
has  changed  the  whole  character  of  the  passenger  traffic  on  the  Thames, 
and  watermen  proper  are  greatly  reduced.  But  the  watermen  and 
river  pilots  licensed  by  the  Watermen's  Company  number  nearly  1 2,000. 

Watling  Street,  from  BUDGE  Row,  CANNON  STREET,  to  ST.  PAUL'S 
CHURCHYARD. 

Then  for  Watheling  Street,  which  Leland  called  Atheling,  or  Noble  Street ;  but 
since  he  showeth  no  reason  why,  I  rather  take  it  to  be  so  named  of  that  great  high- 
way of  the  same  calling.  True  it  is  that  at  the  present  the  inhabitants  thereof  are 
wealthy  drapers,  retainers  of  woollen  cloths,  both  broad  and  narrow,  of  all  sorts, 
more  than  in  any  one  street  of  this  city. — Stow,  p.  129. 

In  Maxwell  Lyte's  Report  on  the  MSS.  of  St.  Paul's,  Hist.  MSS. 
Comm.  (Appendix  to  Ninth  Report),  of  the  end  of  the  i3th  century 
and  middle  of  the  i4th  century,  are  registers  in  which  we  find  the 
form  Athelyng  Street. 

He  fills  his  belly,  and  never  asks  what's  to  pay  :  wears  broad  cloth  and  yet  dares 
walk  Watling  Street  without  any  fear  of  his  draper. — Greeifs  Tzt  Quoque  (Old 
Plays,  vol.  xi.  p.  207). 

Watling  Street  was  two  centuries  ago  notorious,  as  it  still  is,  for  its 
inconvenient  and  almost  dangerous  narrowness.  Thus  Moxon,  speaking 
of  the  Milky  Way  in  his  Treatise  of  Astronomy,  1670,  says,  "Some  in 
a  sportive  manner  call  it  Watling  Street,  but  why  they  call  it  so  I 
cannot  tell,  except  it  be  in  regard  of  the  narrowness  it  seemeth  to 
have." 

Who  would  of  Watling  Street  the  dangers  share, 

When  the  broad  pavement  of  Cheapside  is  near  ? — Gay,  Trivia. 

In  this  street  were  the  following  churches,  walking  eastward  into 
Budge  Row :  St.  Augustine's,  Watling  Street  (near  St.  Paul's) ; 
Allhallows,  Bread  Street ;  Si.  Mary's,  Aldermary ;  St.  Anthony's,  or 
St.  Antholiris.  But  within  the  last  few  years  Allhallows,  Bread  Street, 
and  St.  Antholin's  have  been  pulled  down.  [See  those  places.]  Nos. 


456  WATLING  STREET 

63,  64,  are  the  headquarters  of  the  London  Salvage  Corps,  and  at  Nos. 
64-69  was  the  chief  station  of  the  Metropolitan  Fire  Brigade,  now 
removed  to  Southwark  Bridge  Road.  Dr.  Nathaniel  Hodges,  so 
honourably  distinguished  for  his  conduct  during  the  plague  of  1665, 
dates  his  account  of  it  from  his  house  in  Watling  Street,  May  8,  1666. 

Wax  Chandlers'  Hall,  GRESHAM  STREET  WEST,  was  built  in  1852 
from  the  designs  of  Charles  Fowler.  The  Wax  Chandlers  were  recog- 
nised as  a  fraternity  and  their  bylaws  allowed  by  the  Court  of  Alder- 
men in  1372,  but  the  Company,  the  twenty-ninth  in  precedence  among 
the  City  Companies,  was  first  incorporated  in  i  Richard  III.,  1684. 
The  mercurial  Duke  of  Wharton,  when  anxious,  like  Shaftesbury  and 
Buckingham  before  him,  to  foment  a  spirit  of  opposition  in  the  City, 
became  a  member  of  this  Company.  A  previous  hall  in  Gutter  Lane 
was  new  built  in  1657. 

Weavers'  Company,  the  forty- second  in  order,  and  the  most 
ancient  of  the  Livery  Companies  of  London — a  Company  possessing 
the  exclusive  privilege  of  admitting  to  the  freedom  and  livery  of  the 
Company  persons  not  free  of  the  City  of  London.  The  first  Charter 
of  Incorporation  was  granted  by  Henry  II.  in  1184  to  the  cloth  and 
tapestry  weavers  of  London,  and  has  affixed  to  it  the  seal  of 
Thomas  a  Becket.  The  guild  consists  of  two  Bailiffs  (an  upper  and 
under),  two  Wardens,  a  court  of  eighteen  assistants,  livery  and  freemen. 
The  old  hall  of  the  Company  was  destroyed  in  the  Great  Fire,  rebuilt 
on  the  same  site,  and  taken  down  in  1856,  when  a  block  of  merchants' 
offices  were  built  on  the  site,  No.  22  Basinghall  Street  (east  side)  and 
named  Weavers'  Hall.  In  the  i7th  century  the  hall,  like  the  halls  of 
some  of  the  other  Companies,  seems  to  have  been  used  as  a  Presbyterian 
meeting-house. 

That  Paul's  shall  to  the  Consistory  call 

A  Dean  and  Chapter  out  of  Weavers'  Hall  ? 

Cleaveland's  Hue  and  Cry  after  Sir  John  Presbyter,  p.  75. 

Weighhouse  Yard,  LITTLE  EASTCHEAP,  so  called  from  the  King's 
Weighhouse. 

In  this  Lane  [Love  Lane]  on  the  north-west  corner  entering  into  Little  Eastcheap, 
is  the  Weighhouse,  built  on  the  ground  where  the  church  of  St.  Andrew  Hubbard 
stood  before  the  Fire  of  1666.  Which  said  Weighhouse  was  before  in  Cornhill.  In 
this  House  are  weighed  merchandizes  brought  from  beyond  seas  to  the  King's  Beam, 
to  which  doth  belong  a  Master,  and  under  him  four  Master  Porters,  with  labouring 
Porters  under  them.  They  have  Carts  and  Horses  to  fetch  the  goods  from  the 
Merchants'  Warehouses  to  the  Beam,  and  to  carry  them  back.  The  house  belongeth 
to  the  Company  of  Grocers,  in  whose  gifts  the  several  Porters',  etc. ,  places  are.  But 
of  late  years  little  is  done  in  this  office,  as  wanting  a  compulsive  power  to  constrain 
the  merchants  to  have  their  goods  weighed  ;  they  alleging  it  to  be  an  unnecessary 
trouble  and  charge. — Strype,  B.  ii.  p.  173.  See  also  Stow,  p.  73  ;  and  Strype,  B. 
v.  p.  421,  etc. 

It  is  accorded,  that  the  King  shall  have  his  weights  in  a  certain  place,  or  in  two 
places,  or  in  three  or  four  if  necessary,  within  the  City  ;  and  that  all  merchandize 
sold  by  weight  that  exceeds  five-and-twenty  pounds,  shall  be  weighed  with  the  King's 
weights  in  weighing  for  the  custom  that  pertains  thereunto,  according  as  shall  thereon 


WELL  STREET  457 


be  ordained.  And  unto  such  weights  of  the  King  as  well  buyers  as  sellers  are  to 
resort,  after  the  form  above  stated.  And  if  any  person  shall  be  found  weighing 
merchandize,  that  is  weighable,  above  the  weight  of  five-and-twenty  pounds,  otherwise 
than  by  the  King's  weights,  and  be  convicted  of  the  same,  let  the  merchandize  of 
such  person  be  forfeited  to  the  King,  in  whatever  hands  the  same  shall  be  found  ; 
and  let  the  other  party  be  heavily  amerced  unto  the  King.  And  let  the  weighers  be 
sworn  unto  the  King  lawfully  to  weigh  for  vendor  and  for  seller. — Ordinance^  13 
Edward  I.,  1285  (Liber  A  lints,  p.  248). 

In  the  early  part  of  the  1 8th  century  a  congregation  of  Independents 
had  their  "commodious  meeting-house"  in  a  "large  room  over  the 
Weigh-house ; "  hence  the  title  of  a  later  meeting-house,  the  Kings 
Weigh-house  Chapel,  Fish  Street  Hill,  not  far  from  the  old  Weighhouse, 
which  became  famous  during  the  ministry  of  the  Rev.  Thomas  Binney. 
This  was  taken  by  the  Metropolitan  and  District  Railway  Companies 
for  the  completion  of  the  Inner  Circle  Railway.  The  compensation 
was  ^37,000.  In  April  1888  the  Duke  of  Westminster  offered  a  site 
in  Duke  Street,  Grosvenor  Square,  at  a  peppercorn  rent  for  99  years' 
lease,  the  freehold  of  which  was  valued  at  ,£25,000.  The  new  chapel 
is  now  in  course  of  erection. 

Welbeck  Street,  CAVENDISH  SQUARE,  from  Great  Marylebone 
Street  to  Henrietta  Street,  was  so  called  after  Welbeck  in  Notting- 
hamshire, the  ancient  seat  of  the  noble  family  of  Cavendish,  now  the 
residence  of  the  Duke  of  Portland.  Eminent  Inhabitants. — The  mother 
of  Martha  and  Theresa  Blount. 

Item,  I  give  and  devise  to  Mrs.  Martha  Blount,  younger  daughter  of  Mrs.  Martha 
Blount,  late  of  Welbeck  Street,  Cavendish  Square,  the  sum  of  one  thousand  pounds. 
—Pope's  Will. 

Edmund  Hoyle,  who  wrote  on  Whist;  he  died  here  in  August  1769, 
aged  ninety-seven,  and  was  buried  in  the  cemetery  in  Paddington  Street. 
Lord  George  Gordon,  the  hero  of  the  riots  of  1780.  Tyrwhitt,  editor 
of  the  Canterbury  Tales  of  Chaucer,  died  here,  August  15,  1786.  Mrs. 
Thrale  came  to  reside  at  No.  33  on  her  marriage  with  Piozzi,  and  from 
here  she  wrote  her  last  note  to  Fanny  Burney,  August  13,  1784.  Miss 
Thrale  (Queeny)  was  living  at  No.  12  in  1792.  Maclean,  the  highway- 
man who  robbed  Horace  Walpole,  and  carried  off  the  Earl  of  Eglinton's 
blunderbuss,  had  been  a  grocer  in  Welbeck  Street.  His  father  was  an 
Irish  dean.  Dr.  Thomas  Young  lived  here  in  1815. 

At  No.  32  is  the  Chapel  of  the  Russian  Embassy;  No.  71  is  a 
Chapel  of  the  Plymouth  Brethren.  No.  73,  the  West  End  Hospital  for 
the  Paralysed  and  Epileptic. 

Weld  House.     [See  Wild  House.] 

Well  Street,  JEWIN  STREET,  CRIPPLEGATE.  [See  Crowders'  Well 
Alley.] 

Well  Street,  WELLCLOSE  SQUARE,  runs  from  Cable  Street  to  East 
Smith  field.  Here,  on  the  west  side,  stood  the  unfortunate  Royalty 
Theatre  [see  that  heading].  On  the  site  stands  that  very  useful 


458  WELL  STREET 


institution,  the  Sailors'  Home,  where  provision  is  made  for  lodging 
and  boarding  500  seamen,  and  providing  them  with  home,  club  and 
social  comfort,  and  recreation  adapted  to  the  maritime  taste.  Upwards 
of  9000  seamen  avail  themselves  annually  of  the  Home,  which  is  now 
self-supporting.  Close  to  it,  and  conducted  under  the  same  auspices, 
the  Destitute  Sailors  Asylum,  which,  during  1880,  gave  shelter  to  599 
shipwrecked  seamen,  and  in  which,  since  its  opening  in  1827,  above 
60,000  seamen  of  all,  nations,  "utterly  destitute,  have  been  sheltered, 
fed  and  clothed,  and  sent  forth  again  in  a  condition  to  battle  with  the 
peculiar  hardships  of  their  calling." 

Wellclose  Square,  ST.  GEORGE  STREET,  WHITECHAPEL.  "It 
has  also  been  called  Marine  Square,  from  the  number  of  sea  officers 
residing  there."1  The  old  Danish  Church  which  from  1696  stood  in 
the  centre  of  this  square — and  during  part  of  his  latter  days  was  the 
Seamen's  Church  with  "Bo'son"  Smith  as  its  minister — was  pulled 
down  in  1869,  and  the  Seamen's  Children  Day  Schools  (in  connection 
with  the  church  of  St.  Paul,  Dock  Street,  Whitechapel)  erected  on  the 
site.  These  schools,  which  have  room  for  700  children,  and  cost 
^5000,  were  opened  by  the  Prince  and  Princess  of  Wales  on  June  30, 
1870.  [See  Danish  Church.]  The  first  Magdalen  Chapel  was  in  this 
square,  with  Dr.  Dodd  for  its  chaplain. 

The  Sessions  House  for  the  Liberty  of  the  Tower  is  at  No.  33  in 
this  square.  Thomas  Day,  the  author  of  what  was  once  the  delight 
of  all  schoolboys,  Sandford  and  Merton,  was  born  at  No.  36  in  1748. 
Mr.  W.  B.  Ward,  the  inventor  of  the  Wardian  Case,  was  a  medical 
practitioner  in  Wellclose  Square. 

WellingS  Farm,  the  name  given  in  old  maps  to  the  site  of  the 
present  Inner  Circle  of  the  Regent's  Park,  and  the  gardens  of  the  Royal 
Botanic  Society. 

Wells  Street,  OXFORD  STREET.  Dr.  Beattie,  author  of  The 
Minstrel,  lodged  at  No.  64  in  the  year  1771.  Here  are  St.  Andrew's 
Church,  famous  for  its  musical  services,  built  1845-1847  (Messrs. 
Dankes  and  Hamilton,  architects) ;  St.  Andrew's  Choir  and  Middle 
Class  School,  and  St.  Andrew's  National  Schools. 

Weltzie's  Club.     [See  St.  James's  Street.] 

Wenlock's  Barn  appears  in  the  old  maps  three-quarters  of  a  mile 
direct  north  of  the  present  Finsbury  Square,  near  the  footbridge  in 
Shepherd  and  Shepherdess  Walk.  It  was  the  manor-house  of  the 
ancient  prebendal  manor  of  Wenlock's  Barn  belonging  to  the  Dean 
and  Chapter  of  St.  Paul's,  and  has  bequeathed  its  name  to  Wenlock 
Basin,  Road  and  Street,  City  Road. 

Wesley's  (John)  Chapel.     [See  City  Road.] 

1  Harrison,  circ.  1777 


WESTBOURNE  459 


Wesleyan  Centenary  Hall  and  Mission  House,  BISHOPSGATE 
STREET  WITHIN,  facing  Threadneedle  Street,  erected  from  the  designs 
of  W.  F.  Pocock,  1839-1840,  provides  offices  for  transacting  the 
ordinary  business  of  the  Society,  and  a  large  hall  for  holding  public 
meetings  and  occasional  religious  services. 

West  India  Docks,  at  the  time  of  construction  the  most  magnifi- 
cent in  the  world  (William  Jessop,  engineer),  cover  295  acres,  and  lie 
between  Limehouse  and  Blackwall,  on  the  left  bank  of  the  Thames. 
The  first  stone  was  laid  by  William  Pitt,  July  12,  1800,  and  the  Import 
Dock  was  opened  for  business  August  21,  1802.  The  docks  as  a 
whole  were  formally  opened  by  Lord  Minto,  July  12,  1806,  exactly 
six  years  from  the  laying  of  the  first  stone.  The  northern,  or  Import 
Dock,  is  170  yards  long  by  166  wide,  and  will  hold  204  vessels  of  300 
tons  each;  and  the  southern,  or  Export  Dock,  is  170  yards  long  by 
135  yards  wide,  and  will  hold  195  vessels.  South  of  the  Export  Dock 
is  a  canal  nearly  three-quarters  of  a  mile  long,  cutting  off  the  great  bend 
of  the  river,  connecting  Limehouse  Reach  with  Blackwall  Reach,  and 
forming  the  northern  boundary  of  the  Isle  of  Dogs.  It  was  originally 
constructed  by  the  Corporation  of  London,  and  called  the  City  Canal. 
Being  unremunerative  as  a  ship  canal  it  was  sold  to  the  West  India 
Dock  Company  in  1829.  The  two  docks,  with  their  warehouses,  are 
enclosed  by  a  lofty  wall  5  feet  in  thickness,  and  have  held  at  one 
time  148,563  casks  of  sugar,  70,875  barrels  and  433,648  bags  of 
coffee,  35,158  pipes  of  rum  and  Madeira,  14,021  logs  of  mahogany, 
and  21,350  tons  of  logwood.  The  water  area  of  the  West  India  Docks 
is  about  98  acres;  the  storage  capacity  of  the  warehouses  31,531,725 
cubic  feet.  Though  they  retain  their  old  name  the  docks  belong  to 
the  East  and  West  India  Dock  Company — formed  by  the  amalgama- 
tion of  the  two  companies  in  1838 — and  are  used  by  every  kind  of 
shipping.  [See  East  India  Docks.] 

West  Street,  UPPER  ST.  MARTIN'S  LANE  to  CAMBRIDGE  CIRCUS. 
West  Street  Chapel,  between  Nos.  10  and  n,  was  La  Tremblade,  one 
of  the  original  Huguenot  churches  in  London.1  John  Wesley  frequently 
preached  in  this  chapel  between  the  years  1743  and  1793.  The  pulpit 
was  also  filled  at  various  times  by  Whitefield,  Romaine,  and  Fletcher  of 
Madeley.  The  chapel  is  now  opened  as  a  free  church  in  connection 
with  St.  Giles's  parish.  On  the  corner  house  of  West  Street  and  St. 
Martin's  Lane  is  a  parish  mark  with  the  date  1691. 

Westbourne,  a  bourne,  brook,  or  streamlet  of  water  rising  a  little 
north  of  Paddington,  and  passing  Bayswater  and  the  east  end  of  the 
present  Serpentine,  through  the  Five  Fields  (or  what  is  now  called 
Belgravia)  on  to  Westbourne  Place,  Sloane  Square,  direct  to  the 
Thames  at  Chelsea.  It  is  now  the  Ranelagh  sewer.  Here,  from 

1  Smiles,  Huguennts,  p.  266. 


460  WES  TBO  UR  NE 


1805  to  1817,  Mrs.  Siddons  had  a  cottage,  called  Westbourne  Farm, 
on  which  her  husband  wrote  verses.  General  Lord  Hill  occupied  a 
house  by  Paddington,  pleasantly  situated  in  the  fields,  with  country  all 
around  it.  The  construction  of  the  Great  Western  Railway  altered 
the  appearance  of  the  place,  and  every  part  has  since  been  built  over. 

Westminster,  a  city,  constituted  by  royal  charter  and  by  many 
public  privileges,  but  since  swallowed  up  in  the  general  vortex  of 
modern  London.  It  extends  as  far  as  Kensington  and  Chelsea 
westward,  to  the  City  of  London  boundary  (Temple  Bar)  eastward, 
to  the  Thames  southward,  and  to  Marylebone  northward.  It  therefore 
embraces  the  whole  of  St.  Paul's,  Covent  Garden;  St.  Clement's 
Danes ;  St.  Mary-le-Strand ;  the  precinct  of  the  Savoy ;  St.  Martin's-in- 
the-Fields ;  St.  James's,  Westminster ;  St.  George's,  Hanover  Square ; 
St.  Margaret's,  and  St.  John  the  Evangelist.  Here  was  a  Benedictine 
monastery  (Westminster  Abbey),  from  which  it  derives  its  name,  and 
here  the  Kings  and  Queens  of  England,  from  Edward  the  Confessor  to 
Queen  Elizabeth,  had  their  principal  palace  (  Westminster  Palace). 

Thorney  may  be  defined  as  an  island  lying  off  the  coast  of  Middlesex  in  the  estuary 
of  the  Thames.  It  was  very  scientifically  described  for  us  about  half  a  century  ago 
by  William  Bardwell  of  Park  Street,  Westminster,  one  of  the  architects  of  the 
"  Westminster  Improvement  Company."  He  says  it  is  about  470  yards  long  and 
370  yards  wide,  and  is  washed  on  the  east  side  by  the  Thames,  on  the  south  by  a 
rivulet  running  down  College  Street,  on  the  north  by  another  stream  which  flows  or 
flowed  through  Gardener's  Lane,  the  two  being  joined  by  the  "  Long  Ditch  "  which 
formed  a  western  boundary,  as  nearly  as  possible  where  Prince's  Street  is  now. 
Within  the  narrow  limits  thus  described  stand  both  the  Abbey  and  the  Houses  of 
Parliament  and  other  familiar  buildings.  —  Loftie's  Westminster  Abbey  (Portfolio,  1 889, 

p.   21). 

Three  hundred  years  before  Domesday  Book  (1086)  the  extent  of  the  rural  manor 
of  Westminster  was  mentioned  in  a  Charter  of  Offa  King  of  Mercia  dated  785.  .  .  . 
In  the  6  Henry  III.  (1222)  a  decree  of  Cardinal  Archbishop  Langton  and  certain 
Bishops  and  Priors,  who  appear  to  have  sat  in  arbitration  on  some  difference  which 
had  arisen  on  the  question,  curtails  from  the  east  side  of  the  parish  all  the  precinct  of 
the  Savoy,  the  entire  area  of  St.  Mary  le  Strand  and  St.  Clement  Danes,  and  .  .  . 
parts  of  St.  Giles  and  St.  Andrew  Holborn  ...  St.  Margaret  Westminster  as  thus 
left  comprised  the  present  parishes  of  St.  Paul  Covent  Garden,  St.  Martin-in-the 
Fields,  St.  James  Piccadilly,  St.  Anne  Soho,  St.  George  Hanover  Square  and  St. 
John  the  Evangelist,  Westminster,  and  as  if  in  compensation  for  the  detachment  of 
the  east  side,  three  manors  were  added  to  the  parish  on  the  west  and  north-west. 
Paddington  had  also  been  confirmed  as  an  appendage  of  Westminster  by  Stephen 
(1135)  and  Henry  II.  (1 154).  By  a  charter  of  17  Richard  II.  (1393)  the  parishes  of 
St.  Mary  le  Strand  and  St.  Clement  Danes,  together  with  that  of  St.  Martin's-in4he- 
Fields,  then  newly  formed,  were  declared  to  be  possessed  by  the  Abbot  as  part  of  the 
manor  of  Westminster.  Further  changes  were  also  made  by  Letters  Patent  in  the 
reigns  of  Henry  VIII.  (1534)  and  James  I.  (1604). — Report  of  the  Vestryofthe  United 
Parish  of  St.  Margaret  and  St.  John  the  Evangelist,  1889,  pp.  3,  4. 

Though  a  city  Westminster  has  no  municipality,  but  is  governed  by 
a  High  Steward,  elected  by  the  Dean  of  the  collegiate  church  of  St. 
Peter's,  Westminster  ( Westminster  Abbey},  and  by  a  High  Bailiff,  also 
elected  by  the  Dean,  and  by  sixteen  burgesses  and  the  like  number  of 
assistants.  Henry  VIII.  made  it  the  seat  of  a  bishop,  who  was  called 


WESTMINSTER  ABBEY  461 

the  Bishop  of  Westminster,  but  only  one  person  received  that  distinction, 
Thomas  Thurleby,  or  Thirlby,  afterwards  Bishop  of  Ely.  Westminster 
returned  two  members  to  Parliament  since  the  time  of  Henry  VIII. 
until  the  Reform  Act  of  1885,  and  was  long  almost  a  nomination 
borough  of  the  Court,  but  for  nearly  a  century  was  notorious  for 
generally  returning  radical  members  to  Parliament  after  contests  so 
severe  that  the  Westminster  elections  of  Mr.  Fox  and  Sir  Francis 
Burdett  are  points  of  importance  in  the  history  of  the  British  Con- 
stitution.1 

By  the  last  Reform  Act  it  was  divided  into  St.  George's,  Hanover 
Square,  Strand,  and  Westminster,  each  division  returning  one  member. 
From  being  the  seat  of  the  Courts  of  Law  the  name  of  Westminster 
became  at  an  early  date  synonymous  with  the  law  itself. 

Not  much  unlyke  the  bargayne  that  I  herd  of  late  shoulde  be  betwixt  two  fryndes 
for  a  horse.  .  .  .  Thus  thys  bargayne  became  a  Westminster  matter :  the  lawyers 
gote  twyse  the  valewe  of  the  horse. — Bp.  Latimer's  First  Sermon,  p.  28. 

The  very  valuable  report  of  the  Vestry  already  quoted  from  in  this 
article  contains  notes  on  local  government  in  Westminster  from  pre- 
Reformation  times  to  the  present  day.  The  compiler  (Mr.  John 
Edward  Smith,  Vestry  Clerk)  writes,  "  Several  Charters,  each  under  the 
Great  Seal  of  the  Monarch  of  the  time,  the  earliest  dates  from  125.6  (40 
Henry  III.),  have  been  brought  to  light  during  the  past  five  years.  The 
parish  muniment  room  at  the  Town  Hall  also  contains  thousands  of 
manuscript  books  and  records  of  parochial  affairs  from  the  year  1464 
(3  Edward  IV.)  to  the  present  day,  in  addition  to  the  Vestry  Minutes 
dating  from  1585." 

Westminster  Abbey,  the  Collegiate  Church  or  Abbey  of  St. 
Peter's,  Westminster — the  "minster  west"  of  St.  Paul's,  London,  is 
said,  on  somewhat  legendary  authority,  to  have  been  founded  by  Sebert, 
King  of  the  East  Saxons,  circ.  616.  It  is,  however,  mentioned  in  a 
charter  of  Offa,  King  of  Mercia,  A.D.  785,  and  must  have  existed  before 
that  date.  The  present  abbey  was  founded  by  King  Edward  the 
Confessor,  and  dedicated  to  St.  Peter.  It  was  fifteen  years  in  build- 
ing, and  only  completed  in  time  to  permit  of  its  consecration  on 
Innocents'  Day,  December  28,  1065,  a  week  before  the  King  died. 
The  church  was  built  in  the  Norman  style,  and  was  regarded  as  a 
structure  of  matchless  grandeur  and  beauty.  "  Its  very  size — occupy- 
ing as  it  did  almost  the  whole  area  of  the  present  building — was  in 
itself  portentous.  .  .  .  The  east  end  was  rounded  into  an  apse.  A 
tower  rose  in  the  centre  crowned  with  a  cupola  of  wood.  At  the 
western  end  were  erected  two  smaller  towers,  with  five  large  bells. 

1  Some    curious  particulars   concerning  early  down  his  men  at  a  strange  rate,  and  cudgelled 

Westminster  Elections  will  be  found  in  the  corre-  him  into  ditches  full  of  water,  and  yet  we  say 

spondenceof  Secretary  Vernon,  vol.  ii.  pp.  135-137,  they  were  the  aggressors."    The  poll  was  taken 

and  vol.  iii.  p.  159.    Vernon  (who  sat  for  Westmin-  in  Covent  Garden  Church  porch  for  the  first  time 

ster),  speaking  of  the  opposition  of  Sir  Harry  Colt,  in  November  1701.     The  election  generally  lasted 

observes — "  We  had  a  mighty  appearance  against  forty  days, 
him  in  the  field,  both  of  horse  and  foot,  who  run 


462  WESTMINSTER  ABBEY 

The  hard  strong  stones  were  richly  sculptured.  The  windows  were 
filled  with  stained  glass.  The  roof  was  covered  with  lead.  The 
cloisters,  chapter -house,  refectory,  dormitory,  the  infirmary  with  its 
spacious  chapel,  if  not  completed  by  Edward,  were  all  begun  and 
finished  in  the  next  generation  on  the  same  plan."1  But  of  this 
goodly  edifice  hardly  anything  remains  except  a  few  fragments  of  the 
substructure.  In  this  abbey  our  kings  and  queens  have  been  crowned, 
from  Edward  the  Confessor  to  Queen  Victoria ;  and  here  very  many  of 
them  are  buried,  some  with  and  others  without  monuments. 

A  man  may  read  a  sermon,  the  best  and  most  passionate  that  ever  man  preached, 
if  he  shall  but  enter  into  the  sepulchre  of  kings.  .  .  .  Where  our  kings  have  been 
crowned,  their  ancestors  lie  interred,  and  they  must  walk  over  their  grandsire's  head 
to  take  his  crown.  There  is  an  acre  sown  with  royal  seed,  the  copy  of  the  greatest 
change — from  rich  to  naked,  from  cieled  roof  to  arched  coffins,  from  living  like  gods 
to  die  like  men.  .  .  .  There  the  warlike  and  the  peaceful,  the  fortunate  and  the 
miserable,  the  beloved  and  the  despised  princes  mingle  their  dust,  and  pay  down 
their  symbol  of  mortality ;  and  tell  all  the  world,  that  when  we  die  our  ashes  shall 
be  equal  to  kings,  and  our  accounts  easier,  and  our  pains  or  our  crowns  shall  be  less. 
— Jeremy  Taylor's  Holy  Dying,  chap.  i.  sect.  2. 

The  abbey  is  5 1 1  feet  long  (or  403  exclusive  of  Henry  VII. 's  Chapel) ; 
the  transepts,  203  feet  across;  height  of  roof,  101  feet  8  inches  from 
the  pavement ;  height  of  towers,  225  feet.  The  choir,  which  extends 
far  west  of  the  transepts,  is  155  feet  long;  the  nave,  154  feet.  What 
remains  exist  of  the  Confessor's  church  are  the  substructure  of  the 
Dormitory,  or  Chapel  of  the  Pyx,  and  the  dark  cloister  south  of  the 
south  transept.  Of  the  existing  church  the  oldest  parts  are  Edward 
the  Confessor's  Chapel,  or  Chapel  of  the  Kings,  choir,  and  tran- 
septs, which  were  built  by  Henry  III.,  and  are  Early  English,  or  First 
Pointed,  in  style.  The  four  bays  west  of  the  transept  (including  the 
west  end  of  the  choir  and  the  first  bay  of  the  nave)  are  of  the  time  of 
Edward  I.,  and  are  Early  Decorated,  or  Second  Pointed,  in  style.  The 
remainder  of  the  nave,  to  the  west  door,  was  built  in  the  i5th 
century,  under  Sir  Richard  Whittington  as  Commissioner.  Henry 
VII. 's  Chapel  is  late  Perpendicular,  very  richly  ornamented  with 
panelling,  etc.  The  lower  part  of  the  western  towers  and  the  facade 
were  fairly  well  repaired  by  Sir  C.  Wren,  who  had  been  appointed 
surveyor  in  1698.  This  work  was  begun  about  1713,  and  completed 
about  1723.  Nicholas  Hawksmoor  succeeded  Wren,  and  in  1735  he 
proposed  the  raising  of  the  towers,  which  was  completed  1739,  in  a 
mixture  of  Gothic  and  Italian  details.2  Sir  Gilbert  Scott  was  appointed 
architect  to  Westminster  Abbey  in  1849,  and  retained  that  office  till  his 
death  in  1878.  During  those  years  not  only  did  he  pay  unremitting 
attention  to  the  maintenance  of  the  fabric,  but  carried  out  a  con- 
tinuous though  gradual  restoration  of  its  ornamental  details  as  well  as 

1  Dean    Stanley's    Historical   Memorials    of  other  matters  is  Dean  Stanley's  most  interesting 
Westminster  Abbey,  p.  25.  Historical  Memorials  of  Westminster   Abbey, 

2  The  best  (and  a  very  sufficient)  guide  to  the  4th  edition,  1876.    The  Misses  Bradley,  daughters 
architecture  of  the  Abbey  is  Sir  Gilbert  Scott's  of  the  present  Dean,  have  compiled  a  very  useful 
Gleanings  from  Westminster  Abbey,   as  in  all  guide. 


WESTMINSTER  ABBEY  463 

constructive  features.  His  chief  works  here,  as  enumerated  by  himself, 
were  "  two  pulpits,  three  grilles,  altar  rails,  the  gable  and  pinnacles  of 
the  south  transept,  sundry  tops  of  pinnacles,  a  new  altar-table  in  the 
sanctuary  of  the  church,  and  another  in  Henry  VII.'s  Chapel."  Also 
"  the  hardening  of  the  decayed  internal  surfaces  with  shellac  dissolved 
in  spirits  of  wine ; "  the  cleansing  and  renovating  the  "  bronze  effigies 
of  Kings  and  others ; "  the  portals  of  the  north  transept,  being  the 
so-called  Solomon's  Porch,"  and,  perhaps  the  greatest  triumph  of  all,  the 
entire  restoration  of  the  beautiful  Chapter  House.1  The  upper  part  of 
the  north  transept  has  just  (August  1890)  been  completed  by  Mr.  J. 
L.  Pearson,  R.A.,  the  present  architect. 

The  following  eminent  persons  are  buried  in  Westminster  Abbey. 
(The  names  of  those  persons  buried  without  monuments  or  inscribed 
gravestones  are  printed  in  italics.)  KINGS  AND  QUEENS. — King  Sebert, 
— his  tomb  was  certainly  here  if  his  body  was  not  ;  Edward  the  Con- 
fessor ;  Henry  III. ;  Edward  I.  and  Queen  Eleanor ;  Edward  III.  and 
Queen  Philippa;  Richard  II.  and  his  Queen;  Henry  V.;  Henry  VII. 
and  his  Queen ;  Anne  of  Cleves,  Queen  of  Henry  VIII. ;  Edward  VI.; 
Mary  I.  ;  Mary,  Queen  of  Scots  ;  Queen  Elizabeth ;  James  I.  and  his 
Queen  ;  Queen  of  Bohemia,  daughter  of  James  I.  and  mother  of  Prince 
Rupert ;  Charles  II. ;  Anne  Hyde,  first  wife  of  James  II. ;  William 
III.  and  Queen  Mary ;  Queen  Anne  ;  George  II.  and  Queen  Caroline. 
EMINENT  MODERN  STATESMEN. — Lord  Chancellor  Clarendon;  Savile 
Lord  Halifax ;  Sir  William  Temple ;  Craggs ;  Pulteney,  Earl  of  Bath  ; 
the  great  Lord  Chatham  ;  William  Pitt ;  Fox  ;  Canning  ;  Castlereagh  ; 
Wilberforce;  Palmerston.  EMINENT  SOLDIERS. — Aymer  de  Valence, 
Earl  of  Pembroke;  Sir  Francis  Vere;  Prince  Rupert ;  Monk,  Duke  of 
Albemarle ;  William,  Duke  of  Cumberland,  the  hero  of  Culloden ; 
Marshal  Wade.  The  INDIAN  STATESMEN. — Sir  George  Staunton  and! 
Lord  Lawrence ;  and  the  INDIAN  GENERALS. — Lord  Clyde ;  Sir  James 
Outram  ;  and  Sir  George  Pollock.  EMINENT  SEAMEN.  — Admiral 
13 lake  ;  Admiral  Dean  ;  Sir  E.  Spragg  ;  Montague,  Earl  of  Sandwich ; 
Sir  Cloudesley  Shovel;  Earl  of  Dundonald  (Lord  Cochrane).  EMINENT 
POETS. — Chaucer;  Spenser;  Beaumont;  Ben  Jonson;  Michael  Dray- 
ton;  Sir  Robert  Ayton;  Sir  W.  Davenant;  Cowley;  Denham ;  Ros- 
common ;  Dryden ;  Prior ;  Congreve  ;  Addison  ;  Rowe ;  Gay ;  Mac- 
pherson,  who  gave  "  Ossian "  to  the  public ;  R.  B.  Sheridan  ;  and 
Thomas  Campbell.  EMINENT  ANTIQUARIES,  HISTORIANS,  and  PROSE 
WRITERS  generally. — Camden;  Spelman;  Isaac  Casaubon;  Archbishop 
Ussher ;  Dr.  Samuel  Johnson ;  Lord  Lytton ;  Bishop  Thirwall ; 
Grote ;  Macaulay ;  Charles  Dickens ;  Rennell,  the  geographer ; 
Thomas  Telford  and  Robert  Stephenson,  the  '  engineers ;  Sir 
William  Chambers,  James  Wyatt,  Sir  Charles  Barry,  and  Sir  Gilbert 
Scott,  the  architects ;  Banks,  the  sculptor ;  David  Livingstone, 
the  African  missionary  and  traveller;  and  Sir  Rowland  Hill,  the 
originator  of  the  penny  post.  EMINENT  MEN  OF  SCIENCE.  — 

1  Scott,  Antob.  Recollections,  p.  287,  etc.;  Gleanings  front  Westminster  Abbey. 


464  WESTMINSTER  ABBEY 

Sir  Isaac  Newton ;  John  Woodward,  the  founder  of  the  professorship 
of  geology  at  Cambridge;  Richard  Mead;  John  Hunter,  the  great 
anatomist,  brought  here  in  1859  from  the  vaults  of  St.  Martin's-in-the- 
Fields;  Herschel;  Sir  Charles  Lyell.  EMINENT  ACTORS  AND  ACTRESSES. 
— Betterton;  the  second  Mrs.  Barry  ;  Mrs.  Oldfidd  ;  Mrs.  Bracegirdle ; 
Mrs.  Gibber ;  Henderson  ;  Samuel  Foote;  and  David  Garrick.  EMINENT 
MUSICIANS. —  Henry  Purcell;  Dr.  Blow;  William  Croft;  William 
Shield;  Samuel  Arnold;  Sir  Sterndale  Bennett;  and,  greatest  name  of 
all  in  music,  Handel.  EMINENT  DIVINES. — Dr.  Barrow ;  Dr.  South. 
OTHER  EMINENT  PERSONS. — Mountjoy,  Earl  of  Devonshire,  of  the  time 
of  Queen  Elizabeth;  the  unfortunate  Arabella  Stuart;  the  mother  of 
Henry  VII. ;  the  mother  of  Lady  Jane  Grey ;  the  mother  of  Lord 
Darnley ;  the  wife  of  the  Protector  Somerset ;  the  wife  of  the  great 
Lord  Burghley;  the  wife  of  Sir  Robert  Cecil;  Sir  Dudley  Carleton, 
ambassador  and  letter  writer,  temp.  James  I. ;  the  Duke  and  Duchess 
of  Newcastle  (the  poet  and  poetess) ;  the  father  and  mother  of 
Villiers,  Duke  of  Buckingham;  Villiers,  first  Duke  of  Buckingham, 
and  his  two  sons,  the  profligate  second  duke,  and  Francis,  killed  when 
a  boy  in  the  Civil  Wars;  the  Duchess  of 'Richmond  (La  Belle  Stuart); 
the  second  Duke  of  Ormond,  and  Atterbury,  Bishop  of  Rochester,  all  of 
whom  died  in  banishment ;  Sheffield,  Duke  of  Buckingham ;  Hakluyt, 
who  collected  the  early  voyages  which  bear  his  name ;  Dr.  Busby,  the 
schoolmaster;  Tom  Killigrew  and  M.  St  Evremont,  the  English  and 
French  epicurean  wits ;  Aubrey  de  Vere,  the  twentieth  and  last  Earl  of 
Oxford  of  the  house  of  Vere;  and  old  Parr,  who  died  (1635),  as  was 
very  positively  affirmed,  at  the  great  age  of  152. 

"Victory  or  Westminster  Abbey"  was  Nelson's  exclamation  at 
Trafalgar ;  and  when  we  reflect  on  the  many  eminent  persons  buried 
within  its  walls,  it  is  indeed  an  honour.  There  is,  however,  some  truth 
in  the  dying  observation  of  Sir  Godfrey  Kneller — "  By  God,  I  will  not 
be  buried  in  Westminster  !  They  do  bury  fools  there." 

CHAPELS.  —  Observe  that  in  each  chapel  are  placed  plans  of  its 
monuments  mounted  on  cards,  which  will  be  found  very  convenient 
for  reference,  as  they  show  at  once  the  name  and  position  of  every 
monument. 

I.  Chapel  of  St.  Benedict  (the  first  south-east  end  of  Poets' 
Corner).  Observe. — Under  glass,  and  on  the  left  in  entering,  is  part 
of  an  altar-decoration  of  the  i3th  or  i4th  century,  n  feet  long  by  3 
feet  high. 

The  work  is  divided  into  two  similar  portions ;  in  the  centre  is  a  figure,  which 
appears  to  be  intended  for  Christ,  holding  the  globe,  and  in  the  act  of  blessing ;  an 
angel  with  a  palm  branch  is  on  each  side.  The  single  figure  at  the  left  hand  of  the 
whole  decoration  is  St.  Peter  ;  the  figure  that  should  correspond  on  the  right,  and 
all  the  Scripture  subjects  on  that  side,  are  gone.  In  the  compartments  to  the  left, 
between  the  figure  of  St.  Peter  and  the  centre  figures,  portions  of  those  subjects 
remain  :  the  fourth  is  destroyed.  These  single  figures  and  subjects  are  worthy  of  a 
good  Italian  artist  of  the  fourteenth  century.  The  remaining  decorations  were 
splendid  and  costly ;  the  small  compartments  in  the  architectural  enrichments  are 


WESTMINSTER  ABBEY  465 

filled  with  variously -coloured  pieces  of  glass,  inlaid  on  tinfoil,  and  have  still  a 
brilliant  effect.  The  compartments  not  occupied  by  figures  were  adorned  with  a 
deep-blue  glass  resembling  lapis  lazuli,  with  gold  lines  of  foliage  executed  on  it. 
The  smaller  spaces  and  mouldings  were  enriched  with  cameos  and  gems,  some  of 
which  still  remain.  That  the  work  was  executed  in  England  there  can  be  little 
doubt. — East  lake  on  Oil  Painting,  p.  176. 

This  is  commonly  called  the  "Chapel  of  the  Deans  of  the  College," 
several  of  whom  are  buried  here.  The  principal  tombs  are  those  of 
Langham,  Archbishop  of  Canterbury  (d.  1376) ;  the  Countess  of  Hert- 
ford, sister  to  the  Lord  High  Admiral  Nottingham,  so  famous  for  his 
share  in  the  defeat  of  the  Spanish  Armada  (d.  1598);  and  Lionel 
Cranfield,  Earl  of  Middlesex,  and  Lord  High  Treasurer  in  the  reign  of 
James  I.  (d.  1645).  Here  are  also  the  tombs  of  Archbishop  Spottis- 
woode,  Abbot  Carlington,  and  Deans  Bill  and  Goodman. 

II.  Chapel  of  St.  Edmund. — Contains  twenty  monuments,  of  which 
that  on  the  right  on  entering,  to  William  de  Valence,  Earl  of  Pem- 
broke, half-brother  to  Henry  III.,  and  father  of  Aymer  de  Valence, 
Earl  of  Pembroke  (d.  1296),  is  the  first  in  point  of  time  and  also  the 
most  important ;  the  effigy  exhibits  the  earliest  existing  instance  in  this 
country  of  the  use  of  enamelled  metal  for  monumental  purposes.     The 
other  tombs  and  monuments  of  importance  in  this  chapel  are :    tomb 
of  John  of  Eltham,  son   of   Edward  II. ;    tomb,  with   two  alabaster 
figures,    20    inches    in   length,  representing  William   of  Windsor  and 
Blanche  de  la  Tour,  children  of  Edward  III. ;  monumental  brass  (the 
best  in   the    Abbey),  representing   Eleanora   de    Bohun,    Duchess    of 
Gloucester,  in  her  conventual  dress  as  a  nun  of  Barking  Abbey  (d. 
1399);  monumental  brass  of  Robert  de  Waldeby,  Archbishop  of  York 
(d.  1397);  effigy  of  Frances  Grey,  Duchess  of  Suffolk,  grand-daughter 
of  Henry  VII.,  and  mother  of  Lady  Jane  Grey;  alabaster  statue  of 
Elizabeth  Russell,  of  the  Bedford  family — foolishly  shown  for  many 
years  as  the  lady  who  died  by  the  prick  of  a  needle.     Edward  Bulwer 
Lyttori — Lord  Lytton,  the  novelist  and  statesman — was  interred  here 
in  1873. 

III.  Chapel  of  St.  Nicholas. — Contains  the  monument   of  Anne, 
wife  of  the  Protector  Somerset ;  the  great  Lord  Burghley's  monument 
to  his  wife   Mildred,  and  their  daughter  Anne ;    Sir   Robert   Cecil's 
monument  to  his  wife  ;  tomb  of  Lady  Jane  Clifford ;  a  large  altar-tomb, 
in  the  area  of  the  chapel,  to  the  father  and  mother  of  the  celebrated 
Villiers,  Duke  of  Buckingham,  the  "  Steenie "  of  James  I. ;  Philippa, 
Duchess  of  York  (d.  1433) ;  under  it  lies  the  body  of  Queen  Catherine 
of  Valois,  removed  here  in  1776. 

IV.  Chapel  of  the  Blessed  Virgin,  generally  known  as  Henry  VI rl. 's 
Chapel,  is  entered  by  a  flight  of  steps  beneath  the  chantry  of  Henry  V. 
The  entrance  gates  are  of  oak,  overlaid  with  brass,  gilt,  and  wrought 
into  various    devices — the  portcullis    exhibiting    the    descent    of  the 
founder  from  the  Beaufort  family,  and  the  crown  and   twisted  roses 
the  union  that  took  place,  on  Henry's  marriage,  of  the  White  Rose  of 
York  with  the  Red  Rose  of  Lancaster.     The  chapel  consists  of  a 

VOL.  Ill  2   H 


466  WESTMINSTER  ABBEY 

central  aisle,  with  five  small  chapels  at  the  east  end,  and  two  side  aisles, 
north  and  south.  The  banners  and  stalls  appertain  to  the  Knights  of 
the  Most  Honourable  Military  Order  of  the  Bath,  an  order  of  merit 
next  in  rank  in  this  country  to  the  Most  Noble  Order  of  the  Garter : 
the  knights  were  formerly  installed  in  this  chapel ;  and  the  Dean  of 
Westminster  is  Dean  of  the  Order.  The  statues  in  the  architecture  of 
this  chapel  are  commended  by  Flaxman  for  "their  natural  simplicity 
and  grandeur  of  character  and  drapery ; "  and  speaking  of  the  fan- 
vaulting  of  the  roof,  Sir  Gilbert  Scott  says  it  is  here  seen  in  "  its  most 
perfect  beauty." 

The  principal  monuments  in  Henry  VII. 's  Chapel  are  :  altar-tomb 
with  effigies  of  Henry  VII.  and  Queen  (in  the  centre  of  the  chapel), 
the  work  of  Peter  Torrigiano,  an  Italian  sculptor.  Lord  Bacon  calls  it 
"  one  of  the  stateliest  and  daintiest  tombs  in  Europe ; "  the  heads  of 
the  King  and  Queen  were  originally  surmounted  with  crowns ;  the 
enclosure  or  screen,  of  earlier  date,  is  of  brass,  and  the  supposed  work  of 
English  artists.  In  the  vault  below  was  placed  the  body  of  James  I., 
the  coffins  of  Henry  and  his  Queen  being  "  stripped  of  their  cases  and 
coverings  "  and  removed  from  their  places  "  to  give  convenient  entry  to 
the  enormous  bulk  of  the  coffin  of  James." l  In  the  South  Aisle. — 
Altar -tomb,  with  effigy  (by  Peter  Torrigiano)  of  Margaret,  Countess 
of  Richmond,  mother  of  Henry  VII. ;  altar-tomb,  with  effigy  of  the 
mother  of  Lord  Darnley,  husband  of  Mary,  Queen  of  Scots;  tomb, 
with  effigy  (by  Cornelius  Cure)  of  Mary,  Queen  of  Scots,  erected  by 
James  I.,  who  brought  his  mother's  body  from  Peterborough  Cathedral 
and  buried  it  here.  The  painting  and  gilding  of  Mary's  monument 
cost  ^265;  the  tomb  [sarcophagus  and  effigy]  ^825  :  IDS.  ;  the  iron 
grate  ^195.  Monument  to  George  Villiers,  Duke  of  Buckingham, 
and  his  duchess;  the  duke  was  assassinated  by  Felton  in  1628;  his 
youngest  son,  Francis,  who  was  killed  in  the  Civil  Wars,  and  his  eldest  son, 
the  second  and  profligate  duke,  are  buried  with  their  father  in  the  vault 
beneath.  Statue  of  the  first  wife  of  Sir  Robert  Walpole,  erected  by  her 
son  Horace  Walpole,  the  great  letter-writer.  In  the  North  Aisle. — 
Tomb,  with  effigy  (by  Maximilian  Coult)  of  Queen  Elizabeth  (the  lion- 
hearted  Queen) ;  her  coffin  is  placed  on  that  of  her  sister,  Queen 
Mary,  in  a  low  narrow  vault,  affording  room  only  for  the  two  coffins  ; 
alabaster  cradle,  with  effigy  of  Sophia,  daughter  of  James  I.,  who  died 
when  only  three  days  old.  Beneath,  in  the  vault  of  the  Stuarts,  was 
found,  on  opening  it  in  1869,  "a  vast  pile  of  coffins"  of  all  sizes, 
rudely  huddled  together;  "  a  chaos  of  royal  mortality,"  is  Dean  Stanley's 
striking  expression.  On  a  careful  examination  there  could  be  identified 
the  coffins  of  Henry,  Prince  of  Wales ;  Mary,  Queen  of  Scots,  with  that 
of  Arabella  Stuart  upon  it ;  Henry  of  Oatlands ;  Mary,  Princess  of 
Orange  ;  Prince  Rupert ;  Anne  Hyde,  first  wife  of  James  II. ;  Elizabeth, 
Queen  of  Bohemia ;  ten  children  of  James  II.  (including  his  "  natural 
son  James  Darnley ") ;  and  the  eighteen  children  of  Queen  Anne. 

1  Dean  Stanley,  p.  559. 


WESTMINSTER  A1U11-.Y  467 

James  I.  and  his  Queen  lie  elsewhere — Anne  of  Denmark,  in  a  lonely 
vault,  and  James,  as  we  have  seen,  in  that  of  Henry  VII.1  Monument 
to  Lodowick  Stuart,  Duke  of  Richmond  and  Lennox,  and  his  duchess, 
of  the  time  of  James  I. :  La  Belle  Stuart  is  buried  beneath  this  monu- 
ment ;  monument  to  George  Monk,  Duke  of  Albemarle,  who  restored 
King  Charles  II. ;  sarcophagus  of  white  marble,  containing  certain 
bones  accidentally  discovered  (July  1674)  in  a  wooden  chest  below  the 
stairs  of  the  White  Tower,  and  believed  to  be  the  remains  of  Edward 
V.  and  his  brother  Richard,  Duke  of  York,  murdered  by  order  of  their 
uncle,  King  Richard  III. ;  monuments  to  Savile,  Marquis  of  Halifax, 
the  statesman  and  wit  (d.  i695);2  to  Montague,  Earl  of  Halifax,  the 
universal  patron  of  the  men  of  genius  of  his  time  (d.  1715);  here 
Addison  and  Craggs  are  buried;  to  Sheffield,  Duke  of  Buckingham, 
the  patron  of  Dryden,  with  its  inscription,  "  Dubius,  sed  non  Improbus, 
Vixi,"  which  suggested  to  Prior  his  well-known  lines — 

On  Bishop  Atterbury's  burying  the  Duke  of  Buckingham. 

"  I  have  no  hopes,"  the  Duke  he  says  and  dies ; 
"  In  sure  and  certain  hope,"  the  Prelate  cries  : 

Of  these  two  learned  Peers,  I  pr'ythee,  say  man, 

Who  is  the  lying  knave,  the  Priest  or  Layman  ! 

The  Duke  he  stands  an  infidel  confest, 
"  He's  our  dear  brother,"  quoth  the  lordly  priest ; 

The  Duke,  though  knave,  still  "  Brother  dear  "  he  cries, 

And  who  can  say  the  reverend  Prelate  lies  ? 

In  the  vault  at  the  base  of  the  monument  lie  the  Duke  and  his 
family — usually  spoken  of  as  deposited  in  the  Ormond  Vault.  North- 
east of  Henry  VII.'s  tomb  is  the  Argyll  vault,  in  which,  and  not  under 
the  Sheffield  Chapel  as  commonly  supposed,  are  deposited  the  coffins 
of  the  great  Duke  of  Argyll  and  his  Duchess,  side  by  side,  and  on  them 
those  of  their  two  daughters  (Stanley.}  Recumbent  figure,  by  Sir  R. 
Westmacott,  of  the  Duke  of  Montpensier,  brother  to  Louis  Philippe, 
King  of  the  French.  King  Charles  II.,  William  and  Mary,  and 
Queen  Anne,  are  buried  in  a  vault  at  the  east  end  of  the  south  aisle  of 
the  chapel.  King  George  II.  and  Queen  Caroline ;  Frederick,  Prince 
of  Wales,  the  father  of  George  III.,  his  wife  Augusta,  and  three  of 
their  children ;  and  William,  Duke  of  Cumberland,  the  hero  of 
Culloden,  in  a  vault  in  the  centre  of  the  nave  of  the  chapel.  The 
remains  of  King  George  II.  and  his  Queen  lie  mingled  together,  a  side 
having  been  taken  by  the  King's  own  direction  from  each  of  the 
coffins  for  this  purpose  :  the  two  sides  which  were  withdrawn  were 
seen  standing  against  the  wall  when  the  vault  was  opened  for  the  last 
time  in  1871.  In  a  vault  south-west  of  Henry  VII.'s  tomb  was  found, 
during  the  search  for  the  coffin  of  James  I.,  a  leaden  coffin  rudely 
shaped  to  the  form,  with  an  inscribed  plate  showing  that  it  contained 

1  See  the  very  interesting   "Account   of  the  -  "I  am  not  sure  that  the  head  of  Halifax  in 

Search  for  the  Grave  of  King  James  I.,"  printed  Westminster  Abbey  does  not  give  a  more  lively 

as  an   Appendix   to   Dean    Stanley's  Historical  notion  of  him  than  any  painting  or  engraving  tha 

Memorials,  p.  535,  etc.  I  have  seen." — Macaulay. 


468  WESTMINSTER  ABBEY 

the  undisturbed  remains  of  Elizabeth  Claypole,  the  favourite  daughter 
of  Oliver  Cromwell.  The  great  Protector  himself  was  interred  at  the 
extreme  eastern  end  of  Henry  VII. 's  chapel,  but,  as  is  too  well  known, 
his  corpse  was  exhumed  after  the  Restoration  and  treated  with  every 
possible  contumely. 

V.  Chapel  of  St,  PauL — Contains  altar-tomb  on  the  right  on  enter- 
ing to  Lodowick  Robsart,  Lord  Bourchier,  standard-bearer  to  Henry 
V.   at    the   battle  of   Agincourt ;  altar- tomb   of    Sir    Giles    Daubeny 
(Lord-Chamberlain  to   Henry  VII.)  and  his  lady.     Stately  monument 
against  the  wall  to  Sir  Thomas  Bromley,  Lord-Chancellor  of  England 
in  the  reign  of  Queen  Elizabeth ;  he  sat  as  Chancellor  at  the  trial  of 
Mary,  Queen  of  Scots,  at   Fotheringay.     Monuments  to   Sir  Dudley 
Carleton,  ambassador  to  Spain,  from  James  I. ;  to  Viscount  Dorchester, 
and  Francis,   Lord  Cottington,    of  the   time  of  Charles   I.     Colossal 
portrait  -  statue  of   James    Watt,   the  great    engineer,   by  Sir   Francis 
Chantrey,  cost  ^"6000 ;  quite   out  of  harmony  with  the  rest  of  the 
monuments  and  out  of  proportion  to  the  size  of  the  chapel.     As  the 
huge  mass  was  being  moved  across  the  threshold  the  arch  of  the  vault 
beneath  gave  way,  disclosing  to  the  eyes  of  the  astonished  workmen 
rows  upon  rows  of  gilded  coffins  in  the  vaults  beneath ;  into  which,  but 
for  the  precaution  of  planking  the  area,  workmen  and  work  must  have 
descended,  joining  the  dead  in  the  chamber  of  death.     The  long  in- 
scription on  the  pedestal  was  written  by  Lord  Brougham.     A  marble 
bust  (by   W .  D.   Kayworth)   bears    the  inscription,    "  Underneath  is 
interred  Sir  Rowland  Hill.     Born  December  8,  1795,  died  August  27, 
1879.     Originater  of  the  Penny  Postal  System."     Archbishop  Ussher 
is  buried  in  this  chapel ;  his  funeral  was  conducted  with  great  pomp  by 
command  of  Cromwell,  who  bore  half  the  expense  of  it ;  the  other  half 
fell  heavily  on  his  relations. 

VI.  Chapel  of  St.  Edward  the  Confessor •,  also  called  the  Chapel  of 
the,  Kings,  in   many  respects  the  most  interesting  of  all  the  chapels, 
occupies  the  space  at  the  back  of  the  high  altar  of  the  Abbey,  and  is 
entered  from  the  north  Ambulatory  by  a  temporary  staircase.    The  centre 
of  this  chapel  is  taken  up  by  the  shrine  of  King  Edward  the  Confessor, 
erected  in  the  reign  of  Henry  III.,  and  richly  inlaid  with  mosaic  work : 
of  the  original  Latin  inscription  only  a  few  letters  remain.     The  wains- 
cot addition  at  the  top  was  erected  in  the  reign  of  Mary  I.  by  Abbot 
Fekenham.     Henry  IV.  was  seized  with  his  last  illness  while  perform- 
ing his  devotions  at  this  shrine.     No  part  of  this  chapel  should  be 
overlooked.     Observe. — Altar-tomb,  with  bronze  effigy  of  Henry  III. 
(the  effigy  of  the  King  very  fine) ;  altar-tomb  of  Edward  I.,  composed 
of  five  large  slabs  of  Purbeck  marble,  and  carrying  this  appropriate 
inscription  : — 

"EDWARDVS  PRIMVS  SCOTORVM  MALLEUS — HIC  EST." 

When  the  tomb  was  opened  in   1774,  the  body  of  the  King  was 
discovered  almost  entire,  with  a  crown  of  tin  gilt  upon  his  head,  a 


WESTMINSTER  ABBEY  469 

sceptre  of  copper  gilt  in  his  right  hand,  and  a  sceptre  and  dove  of  the 
same  materials  in  his  left ;  and  in  this  state  he  is  still  lying.  Altar- 
tomb,  with  effigy  of  Eleanor,  Queen  of  Edward  I. ;  the  figure  of  the 
Queen  was  the  work  of  Master  William  Torell,  goldsmith,  i.e.  Torelli, 
an  Italian,  and  is  much  and  deservedly  admired  for  its  simplicity  and 
beauty ;  the  original  iron-work  was  the  work  of  a  smith,  Thomas  le 
Leghtone,  living  at  Leighton  Buzzard,  in  Bedfordshire.  On  the  south 
side,  altar-tomb,  with  effigy  of  Edward  III. ;  the  sword  and  shield  of 
state,  carried  before  the  King  in  France,  are  placed  by  the  side  of  the 
tomb. 

Sir  Roger  in  the  next  place  laid  his  hand  upon  Edward  III.'s  sword,  and  leaning 
upon  the  pommel  of  it,  gave  us  the  whole  history  of  the  Black  Prince ;  concluding 
that,  in  Sir  Richard  Baker's  opinion,  Edward  III.  was  one  of  the  greatest  princes 
that  ever  sate  on  the  English  throne. — Addison. 

Altar-tomb,  with  effigy  of  Philippa,  Queen  of  Edward  III.  The 
tomb  was  the  work  of  Hawkin  de  Liege,  and  of  John  Orchard,  a 
stone-mason  of  London.1  Altar-tomb,  with  effigies  of  Richard  II. 
and  his  Queen.  Altar-tomb  and  chantry  of  Henry  V.,  the  hero  of 
Agincourt ;  the  head  of  the  King  was  of  solid  silver,  and  the  figure  was 
plated  with  the  same  metal ;  the  head  was  stolen  at  the  Reformation  ; 
the  helmet,  shield,  and  saddle  of  the  King  are  still  to  be  seen  on  a  bar 
above  the  turrets  of  the  chantry.  Gray  slab,  formerly  adorned  with  a 
rich  brass  figure  (a  few  nails  are  still  to  be  seen),  covering  the  remains 
of  Thomas  of  Woodstock,  Duke  of  Gloucester,  youngest  son  of  Edward 
III.,  murdered  by  order  of  his  nephew,  Richard  II.  Small  altar-tomb 
of  Margaret  of  York,  infant  daughter  of  Edward  IV.  Small  altar-tomb 
of  Elizabeth  Tudor,  infant  daughter  of  Henry  VII.  Brass,  much 
worn,  representing  John  de  Waltham,  Bishop  of  Salisbury,  and  Lord 
High  Treasurer  of  England  in  the  reign  of  Richard  II.  ;  by  whose 
command  he  was  buried  in  the  Chapel  of  the  Kings.  At  the  west  end 
of  the  Chapel  are  the  two  coronation  chairs,  still  used  at  the  corona- 
tions of  the  sovereigns  of  Great  Britain — one  containing  the  famous 
stone  of  Scone  on  which  the  Scottish  Kings  were  wont  to  be  crowned, 
and  which  Edward  I.  carried  away  with  him  as  an  evidence  of  his 
absolute  conquest  of  Scotland :  this  stone  is  26  inches  long,  16  inches 
wide,  and  1 1  inches  thick,  and  is  fixed  in  the  bottom  of  the  chair  by 
cramps  of  iron ;  it  is  simply  a  block  of  the  reddish-gray  sandstone  of 
the  western  coasts  of  Scotland,2  squared  and  smoothed.  "  In  this 
chair  and  on  this  stone  every  English  sovereign  from  Edward  I.  to 
Queen  Victoria  has  been  inaugurated  "  (Stanley).  The  other  chair  was 
made  for  the  coronation  of  Mary,  Queen  of  William  III.  Between 
the  chairs  are  placed  the  great  two-handed  sword  borne  before  Edward 
III.  in  France. 

We  were  then  conveyed  to  the  two  coronation  chairs,  where  my  old  friend  [Sir 
Roger  de  Coverley],  after  having  heard  that  the  stone  underneath  the  most  ancient 

1  Devon's  fssues  of  the  Exchequer  from  Henry  III.  to  Henry  VI. 
-  Professor  Ramsay,  see  Stanley,  p.  58. 


470  WESTMINSTER  ABBEY 

of  them,  which  was  brought  from  Scotland,  was  called  Jacob's  pillow,  sat  himself 
down  in  the  chair ;  and  looking  like  the  figure  of  an  old  Gothic  king,  asked  our 
interpreter  what  authority  they  had  to  say  that  Jacob  had  ever  been  in  Scotland  ? 
The  fellow,  instead  of  returning  him  an  answer,  told  him  that  he  hoped  his  honour 
would  pay  the  forfeit.  I  could  observe  Sir  Roger  a  little  ruffled  at  being  thus 
trepanned ;  but  our  guide  not  insisting  upon  his  demand,  the  knight  soon  recovered 
his  good  humour,  and  whispered  in  my  ear,  that  if  Will  Wimble  were  with  us,  and 
saw  those  two  chairs,  it  would  go  hard  but  he  would  get  a  tobacco-stopper  out  of 
one  or  t'  other  of  them. — Addison. 

The  Screen  dividing  the  chapel  from  the  Choir  was  erected  in  the 
reign  of  Henry  VI. ;  beneath  the  cornice  runs  a  series  of  fourteen 
sculptures  in  bas-relief,  representing  the  principal  events,  real  and 
imaginary,  in  the  life  of  Edward  the  Confessor ;  the  pavement  of  the 
chapel,  much  worn,  is  contemporary  with  the  shrine  of  the  Confessor. 

VII.  Chapel  of  St.  John  the  Baptist  contains  the  tombs  of  several 
early  Abbots  of  Westminster:  Abbot  William  de  Colchester  (d.  1420); 
Abbot   Mylling  (d.  1492);  and  Abbot   Fascet  (d.  1500).     The  large 
and  stately  monument  to  Henry  Carey,  Lord  Hunsdon,  first  cousin  and 
Chamberlain  to  Queen  Elizabeth.     Large  altar-tomb  of  Cecil,  Earl  of 
Exeter  (eldest  son  of  the-  great  Lord  Burghley),  and  his  two  wives ;  the 
vacant  space  is  said  to  have  been  intended  for  the  statue  of  his  second 
countess,  but  outliving  him,  she  disdainfully  refused  to  be  represented 
on  the  left  side,  though  she  is  buried  below.     Monument  to  Colonel 
Popham,  one  of  Cromwell's  officers  at  sea,  and  the  only  monument  to 
any  of  the  Parliamentary  party  suffered  to  remain  in  the  Abbey  at  the 
Restoration  of  Charles  II. ;  the  inscription,  however,  was  turned  to  the 
wall ;  his  remains  were  removed  at  the  same  time  with  those  of  Cromwell, 
Ireton,  Bradshaw,  Blake,  and  the  great  Parliamentary  leader  John  Pym, 
who  was  buried  in  this  chapel,  December  15,  1643,  w^h  extraordinary 
magnificence,  the  two  Houses  of  Parliament  and  the  Assembly  of  Divines 
being  in  attendance.     By  Pym's  body  were  laid  those  of  Devereux, 
Earl  of  Essex,  and  Sir  William  Strode. 

VIII.  The  Chapel  of  Abbot  Islip  contains  the  altar-tomb  of  Islip 
himself  (d.    1532),   and    the    monument    to    the  great -nephew  and 
eventually  heir  of  Sir  Christopher   Hatton,  Queen   Elizabeth's   Lord 
Chancellor.     The  Hatton  vault  was  purchased  by  William  Pulteney, 
the  celebrated   Earl  of  Bath,  who  is  here  interred,  and  whose  monu- 
ment, by  the  side  of  General  Wolfe's,  is  without  the  chapel,  in  the 
aisle  of  the  Abbey.     The  Wolfe  monument  was  the  work  of  Joseph 
Wilton,  and  cost  ^3000;  the  bas-relief  (in  lead,  bronzed  over)  repre- 
sents the  march  of  the  British  troops  from  the  river  bank  to  the  Heights 
of  Abraham ;  this  portion  of  the  monument  is  by  Capizzoldi. 

The  East  Aisle  of  the  North  Transept  was  formerly  divided  by 
screens  into  the  Chapels  of  St.  John,  St.  Michael,  and  St.  Andrew. 
Here  are  two  of  the  most  remarkable  monuments  in  the  Abbey.  One 
is  that  of  Sir  Francis  Vere,  the  great  Low  Country  soldier  of  Queen 
Elizabeth's  reign.  Four  knights  kneeling,  support  on  their  shoulders 
a  table,  on  which  lie  the  several  parts  of  a  complete  suit  of  armour; 


U'KS'fMIXSTER  Alilll-.Y  471 

beneath  is  the  recumbent  figure  of  Vere ;  the  whole  full  of  vigour  and 
admirably  executed.  The  sculptor  is  unknown.  The  other  is  the 
monument  by  Roubiliac  (one  of  the  last  and  best  of  his  works)  to  Mr. 
and  Mrs.  Nightingale.  The  bottom  of  the  monument  is  represented  as 
throwing  open  its  marble  doors,  and  a  sheeted  skeleton  is  seen  launch- 
ing his  dart  at  the  lady,  who  has  sunk  affrighted  into  her  husband's  arms. 

The  dying  woman  would  do  honour  to  any  artist.  Her  right  arm  and  hand  are 
considered  by  sculptors  as  the  perfection  of  fine  workmanship.  Life  seems  slowly 
receding  from  her  tapering  fingers  and  quivering  wrist. — Allan  Cunningham. 

When  Roubiliac  was  erecting  this  monument,  he  was  found  one 
day  by  Gayfere,  the  Abbey  mason,  standing  with  his  arms  folded,  and 
his  looks  fixed  on  one  of  the  knightly  figures  which  support  the  table 
over  the  statue  of  Sir  Francis  Vere.  As  Gayfere  approached,  the 
enthusiastic  Frenchman  laid  his  hand  on  his  arm,  pointed  to  the  figure, 
and  said,  in  a  whisper,  "  Hush  !  hush  !  he  vil  speak  presently."  *•  The 
monument  to  Lord  Norris,  another  of  Elizabeth's  generals,  near  the 
north  end,  is  also  a  noteworthy  work,  not  less  magnificent  though  less 
beautiful  than  that  of  Sir  Francis  Vere.  The  kneeling  figures  which 
support  the  slab  are  those  of  Lord  Norris's  six  sons,  who  had  all,  but 
the  youngest,  died  in  their  father's  lifetime ;  they  are  praying,  he  is 
praising  God.  Behind  the  Norris  tomb  are  statues  of  Mrs.  Siddons  by 
Chantrey,  and  of  her  brother  John  Philip  Kemble,  modelled  by  Flaxman, 
and  sculptured  after  his  death  by  Hinchcliffe  (removed  from  the  South 
Transept) ;  both,  however,  are  buried  elsewhere.  Against  the  walls  are 
a  bust  of  Sir  Humphry  Davy,  the  great  chemist,  and  a  medallion  of 
Dr.  Thomas  Young,  the  pioneer  in  deciphering  Egyptian  hieroglyphics  and 
author  of  the  undulatory  theory  of  light.  On  the  west  side  are  monuments 
to  Admiral  Kempenfelt,  lost  in  the  Royal  George ;  Sir  John  Franklin, 
the  Arctic  voyager ;  and  a  bust  of  Dr.  Matthew  Baillie. 

The  CJioir  affords  the  best  point  of  view  for  examining  the  archi- 
tecture of  the  Abbey.  The  view  from  here  is  very  grand.  In  the 
centre,  under  the  tower,  is  the  spot  where  the  sovereigns  of  England, 
from  the  Conqueror  downwards,  have  been  crowned.  The  altar,  erected 
in  1867,  from  the  designs  of  Sir  G.  G.  Scott,  has  in  the  reredos  a 
mosaic  of  the  Last  Supper,  executed  by  Messrs.  Clayton  and  Bell,  and 
is  altogether  a  most  elaborate  and  costly  work.  Observe. — Tomb  of 
Sebert,  King  of  the  East  Saxons,  erected  by  the  abbots  and  monks  of 
Westminster  in  1308.  Portrait  of  Richard  II.,  a  contemporary  painting 
lately  and  skilfully  restored  by  G.  Richmond,  R.A.  Tomb  of  Edmund 
Crouchback,  Earl  of  Lancaster,  second  son  of  Edward  III.,  and  of  his 
countess.  Tomb  of  Aymer  de  Valence,  Earl  of  Pembroke  (very  fine — 
one  of  the  best  views  of  it  is  from  the  north  aisle). 

The  monuments  of  Aymer  de  Valence  and  Edmund  Crouchback  are  specimens 
of  the  magnificence  of  our  sculpture  in  the  reign  of  the  two  first  Edwards.  The 

1  Smith,  Nollekens  and  his  Times,  vol.  ii.  p.       were   "rivetted    to  the   kneeling    figure  at   the 
90,  says  that  Gayfere  related   this  anecdote  to      north-west  corner  of  Lord  Norris's  monument." 
him,  with   the   difference  that    Roubiliac's  eyes 


472  WESTMINSTER  ABBEY 

loftiness  of  the  work,  the  number  of  arches  and  pinnacles,  the  lightness  of  the  spires, 
the  richness  and  profusion  of  foliage  and  crockets,  the  solemn  repose  of  the  principal 
statue,  the  delicacy  of  thought  in  the  group  of  angels  bearing  the  soul,  and  the 
tender  sentiment  of  concern  variously  expressed  in  the  relations  ranged  in  order 
round  the  basement,  forcibly  arrest  the  attention,  and  carry  the  thoughts  not  only  to 
other  ages,  but  to  other  states  of  existence.  —  Flaxman. 

Tomb  of  Ann  of  Cleves,  one  of  King  Henry  VIII.  's  six  wives. 

The  rich  mosaic  pavement  is  an  excellent  specimen  of  the  Opus 
Alexandrinum,  and  was  placed  here  at  the  expense  of  Henry  III.,  in 
the  year  1268.  The  black  and  white  pavement  was  laid  at  the 
expense  of  Dr.  Busby,  master  of  Westminster  School. 

The  organ  is  divided  and  placed  above  the  stalls.  It  is  blown  by 
the  action  of  a  gas  engine  fixed  in  the  centre  of  the  cloisters.  The 
visitor  now  enters  the  North  Transept,  where  inscribed  stones  mark  the 
graves  of  the  rival  statesmen,  Pitt  and  Fox. 

The  mighty  chiefs  sleep  side  by  side  ; 

Drop  upon  Fox's  grave  the  tear, 

'Twill  trickle  to  his  rival's  bier.  —  Sir  Walter  Scott. 

Grattan,  Canning,  Castlereagh,  and  Palmerston.  —  The  monuments  to 
the  Duke  and  Duchess  of  Newcastle,  of  the  time  of  Charles  I.  and  II. 
Roubiliac's  monument  to  Sir  Peter  Warren,  containing  his  fine  figure 
of  Navigation.  Rysbrack's  monument  to  Admiral  Vernon,  who  dis- 
tinguished himself  at  Carthagena.  Bacon's  noble  monument  to  the 
great  Lord  Chatham,  erected  by  the  King  and  Parliament  at  a  cost  of 


Bacon  there 

Gives  more  than  female  beauty  to  a  stone, 
And  Chatham's  eloquence  to  marble  lips. 

Cowper,  The  Task. 

Nollekens's  large  monument  to  the  three  naval  captains  who  fell 
in  Rodney's  great  victory  of  April  12,  1782,  erected  by  the  King  and 
Parliament,  cost  ^"4000.  Flaxman's  grand  portrait-statue  of  the  great 
Lord  Mansfield,  with  Wisdom  on  one  side,  Justice  on  the  other,  and 
behind  the  figure  of  a  youth,  a  criminal,  by  Wisdom  delivered  up  to 
Justice  —  erected  by  a  private  person,  who  bequeathed  ^2500  for  the 
purpose.  Statue  of  Sir  W.  Follett,  by  Behnes.  Small  monument, 
with  bust,  to  Warren  Hastings  —  erected  by  his  widow.  Sir  R.  West- 
macott's  Mrs.  Warren  and  Child  —  one  of  the  best  of  Sir  Richard's 
works.  Chantrey's  three  portrait-statues  of  Francis  Homer,  George 
Canning,  and  Sir  John  Malcolm.  Statue,  by  Gibson,  of  Sir  Robert 
Peel,  disguised,  by  a  pedantic  anachronism,  in  a  Roman  toga;  and 
statue  of  Lord  Palmerston  robed  as  a  Knight  of  the  Garter,  by  Jackson. 

On  the  way  to  the  Nave,  and  in  the  North  Aisle  of  the  Choir,  are 
tablets  to  Henry  Purcell  (d.  1695),  and  Dr.  Blow  (d.  1708),  two  of 
our  greatest  English  musicians.  The  Purcell  monument  was  erected  at 
the  expense  of  the  wife  of  Sir  Robert  Howard,  the  poet  ;  the  inscription 
is  attributed  to  Dryden.  Portrait-statues  of  Sir  Stamford  Raffles,  by 
Chantrey  ;  and  of  Wilberforce,  by  S.  Joseph. 


WESTMINSTER  ABBEY  473 

The  Nave. — Entering  the  nave  on  the  right  is  the  monument  to  Sir 
John  Herschel.  A  small  stone,  in  the  middle  of  the  north  aisle 
(fronting  Killigrew's  monument),  inscribed,  "O  Rare  Ben  Jonson," 
marks  the  grave  of  the  poet.  He  is  buried  here  standing  on  his  feet, 
and  the  inscription  was  done,  as  Aubrey  relates,  "  in  a  pavement-square 
of  blue  marble,  about  fourteen  inches  square  ...  at  the  charge  of  Jack 
Young  (afterwards  knighted),  who,  walking  here  when  the  grave  was 
covering,  gave  the  fellow  eighteenpence  to  cut  it."  When  the  nave  was 
repaved  in  1821,  the  stone  was  taken  up  and  the  present  uninteresting 
square  placed  in  its  stead.  The  original  stone  was,  however,  recovered 
from  the  stoneyard  in  the  time  of  Dean  Buckland,  who  caused  it  to  be 
affixed  to  the  north  wall  of  the  nave.  In  1849,  when  Sir  Robert  Wilson 
was  buried,  and  again  when  John  Hunter's  grave  was  dug  a  little  to  the 
west,  the  loose  sand  in  which  Ben  Jonson  was  interred  gave  way,  and  the 
poet's  skull,  with  "  the  red  hair  still  upon  it,"  rolled  down  ;  but  upon  each 
occasion  was  reverently  replaced.1  Tom  Killigrew,  the  wit,  is  buried  by 
the  side  of  Jonson ;  and  his  son,  who  fell  at  the  battle  of  Almanza  in 
1707,  has  a  monument  immediately  opposite.  East  of  Ben  Jonson's 
grave  is  that  of  David  Livingstone,  the  African  traveller ;  and  near 
his  those  of  Telford  and  Stephenson,  the  engineers,  the  latter  com- 
memorated by  an  incised  brass  on  the  floor,  and  both  by  a  memorial 
window  just  above.  In  the  south  aisle  are — Monument  to  Sir  Palmes 
Fairborne,  with  a  fine  epitaph  in  verse  by  Dryden.  Monument  to  Sir 
William  Temple,  the  statesman  and  author,  his  wife,  sister-in-law,  and 
child ; — this  was  erected  pursuant  to  Temple's  will.  Monument  to 
Sprat,  the  poet,  and  friend  of  Cowley.  (Bishop  Atterbury  is  buried 
opposite  this  monument,  in  a  vault  which  he  made  for  himself  when 
Dean  of  Westminster,  "as  far,"  he  says  to  Pope,  "from  kings  and 
kaesars  as  the  space  will  admit  of.")  Monument,  with  bust,  of  Sidney, 
Earl  of  Godolphin,  chief  minister  to  Queen  Anne  "during  the  first 
nine  glorious  years  of  her  reign."  Monument  to  Heneage  Twysden, 
who  wrote  the  genealogy  of  the  Bickerstaff  family  in  the  Tatler,  and 
fell  at  the  battle  of  Blaregnies  in  1709.  Monument  to  Congreve,  the 
poet,  erected  at  the  expense  of  Henrietta,  Duchess  of  Marlborough, 
to  whom,  for  reasons  not  known  or  mentioned,  he  bequeathed  a  legacy 
of  about  ;£i  0,000. 

When  the  younger  Duchess  exposed  herself  by  placing  a  monument  and  silly 
epitaph  of  her  own  composing  and  bad  spelling  to  Congreve  in  Westminster  Abbey, 
her  mother,  quoting  the  words,  said  "  I  know  not  what  pleasure  she  might  have  had 
in  his  company,  but  I  am  sure  it  was  no  honour." — Horace  Walpole. 

In  the  Baptistery,  at  the  west  end  of  the  south  aisle,  are  the  monu- 
ments to  Atterbury ;  to  Secretary  Craggs  (with  an  epitaph  in  verse  by 
Pope),  and  Dean  Wilcocks ;  a  seated  statue  of  the  poet  Wordsworth  by 
Lough,  and  a  bust  of  Keble,  author  of  the  Christian  Year,  by  Woolner. 
In  front  of  Congreve's  monument  Mrs.  Oldfield,  the  actress,  is  buried, 
"in  a  very  fine  Brussells  lace  head,"  says  her  maid ;  "a  Holland  shift 

1  Frank  Buckland's  Curiosities  of  Natural  History,  3d  S.,  vol.  ii.  pp.  181-189. 


474  WESTMINSTER  ABBEY 

with  a  tucker  and  double  ruffles  of  the  same  lace ;  a  pair  of  new  kid 
gloves,  and  her  body  wrapped  up  in  a  winding-sheet."  Hence  the 
allusion  of  the  satirist — 

Odious  !  in  woollen  !  'twould  a  saint  provoke  ! 
(Were  the  last  words  that  poor  Narcissa  spoke) — 
No,  let  a  charming  chintz  and  Brussells  lace 
Wrap  my  cold  limbs,  and  shade  my  lifeless  face ; 
One  would  not,  sure,  be  frightful  when  one's  dead — 
And — Betty— give  this  cheek  a  little  red. — POPE. 

Under  the  organ-screen — Monuments  to  Sir  Isaac  Newton,  designed 
by  Kent,  and  executed  by  Rysbrack — cost  ^500;  and  to  Earl 
Stanhope.  Monument  to  Dr.  Mead,  the  famous  physician  (d.  1754). 
Three  monuments,  by  Roubiliac,  in  three  successive  windows ;  to 
Field -Marshal  Wade,  whose  part  in  putting  down  the  Rebellion  of 
1745  is  matter  of  history;  to  Major-General  Fleming;  and  Lieutenant 
General  Hargrave.  The  absurd  monument,  by  Nicholas  Read,  to 
Rear-Admiral  Tyrrell  (d.  1766);  its  common  name  is  "The  Pancake 
Monument."  Heaven  is  represented  with  clouds  and  cherubs,  the 
depths  of  the  sea  with  rocks  of  coral  and  madrepore ;  the  admiral  is 
seen  ascending  into  heaven,  while  Hibernia  sits  in  the  sea  with  her 
attendants,  and  points  to  the  spot  where  the  admiral's  body  was 
committed  to  the  deep.  The  upper  part  of  this  monument  has  now 
been  taken  away. 

Monument  of  Major-General  Stringer  Lawrence,  erected  by  the 
East  India  Company,  "  in  testimony  of  their  gratitude  for  his  eminent 
services  in  the  command  of  their  forces  on  the  coast  of  Coromandel, 
from  1746  to  1756."  Monument,  by  Flaxman,  to  Captain  Montagu, 
who  fell  in  Lord  Howe's  victory  of  June  i.  Monumental  group  of 
Lord  Clyde,  Sir  James  Outram,  and  Sir  Henry  Havelock.  Bust  of  Sir 
James  Outram.  Monument  to  Major  Andre,  executed  by  the  Americans 
as  a  spy  in  the  year  1780.  The  monument  was  erected  at  the  expense 
of  George  III.,  and  the  figure  of  Washington  on  the  bas-relief  has  been 
renewed  with  a  head,  on  three  different  occasions,  "  the  wanton  mischief 
of  some  schoolboy,"  says  Charles  Lamb,  "fired,  perhaps,  with  raw 
notions  of  transatlantic  freedom.  The  mischief  was  done,"  he  adds, — 
he  is  addressing  Southey, — "  about  the  time  that  you  were  a  scholar 
there.  Do  you  know  anything  about  the  unfortunate  relic  ?  "  This 
sly  allusion  to  the  early  political  principles  of  the  poet  caused  a  tempo- 
rary cessation  of  his  friendship  with  the  essayist.  Sir  R.  Westmacott's 
monument  to  Spencer  Perceval,  First  Lord  of  the  Treasury  and 
Chancellor  of  the  Exchequer,  shot  by  Bellingham  in  the  lobby  of  the 
House  of  Commons  in  1812,  cost  ^5250.  Monuments  to  William 
Pitt,  cost  ^6300;  and  C.  J.  Fox  (there  is  no  inscription);  both  by 
Sir  Richard  Westmacott.  Monument,  by  E.  H.  Baily,  R.A.,  to  the 
third  Lord  Holland. 

In  South  Aisle  of  C/ia'r,  recumbent  figure  of  William  Thynn, 
Receiver  of  the  Marches  in  the  reign  of  Henry  VIII.  Good  bust,  by 


WESTMINSTER  ABBEY  475 

Le  Sceur,  of  Sir  Thomas  Richardson,  Lord  Chief  Justice  in  the  reign  of 
Charles  I.  Monument  to  Thomas  Thynn,  of  Longleat,  who  was  shot 
in  his  coach  on  Sunday,  February  12,  1682.  [See  Haymarket.]  The 
bas-relief  contains  a  representation  of  the  event. 

A  Welshman  bragging  of  his  family,  said  his  father's  effigy  was  set  up  in  West- 
minster Abbey ;  being  asked  whereabouts,  he  said,  "In  the  same  monument  with 
Squire  Thynn,  for  he  was  his  coachman." — -Joe  Miller's  Jests. 

Monument  to  Dr.  South,  the  great  preacher  (d.  1716);  he  was  a 
prebendary  of  this  church.  Monument,  by  F.  Bird,  to  Sir  Cloudesley 
Shovel  (d.  1707). 

Sir  Cloudesley  Shovel's  monument  has  very  often  given  me  great  offence.  Instead 
of  the  brave  rough  English  Admiral,  which  was  the  distinguishing  character  of  that 
plain  gallant  man,  he  is  represented  on  his  tomb  by  the  figure  of  a  beau,  dressed  in 
a  long  periwig,  and  reposing  himself  upon  velvet  cushions  under  a  canopy  of  state. 
The  inscription  is  answerable  to  the  monument ;  for,  instead  of  celebrating  the  many 
remarkable  actions  he  had  performed  in  the  service  of  his  country,  it  acquaints  us 
only  with  the  manner  of  his  death,  in  which  it  was  impossible  for  him  to  reap  any 
honour.  — Addison. 

Bird  bestowed  busts  and  bas-reliefs  on  those  he  decorated,  but  Sir  Cloudesley 
Shovel's,  and  other  monuments  by  him,  made  men  of  taste  dread  such  honours. — 
Horace  Walpole. 

Monuments  to  Dr.  Busby,  master  of  Westminster  School  (d.  1695); 
to  Sir  Godfrey  Kneller,  with  epitaph  in  verse  by  Pope;  and  by  T. 
Banks,  R.A.,  to  Dr.  Isaac  Watts,  who  is  buried  in  Bunhill  Fields. 
Bust,  by  Flaxman,  of  Pasquale  de  Paoli,  the  Corsican  chief  (d.  1807). 
Monument  to  Charles  Burney,  D.D.,  the  Greek  scholar  (d.  1817);  the 
inscription  by  Dr.  Parr. 

Poets  Corner  is  the  name  given  to  the  eastern  angle  of  the  South 
Transept,  from  the  tombs  and  honorary  monuments  of  Chaucer, 
Spenser,  Shakespeare,  and  several  of  our  greatest  poets.  \_See  Poet's 
Corner.]  Tomb  of  Geoffrey  Chaucer,  the  father  of  English  poetry  (d. 
1400);  erected  in  1555,  by  Nicholas  Brigham,  a  scholar  of  Oxford, 
and  himself  a  poet ;  Chaucer  was  originally  buried  in  this  spot, 
Brigham  removing  his  bones  to  a  more  honourable  tomb.  A  portrait 
of  Chaucer  originally  ornamented  the  back  of  the  tomb.  Its  loss  was 
in  part  supplied  in  the  painted  glass  window  above  the  tomb,  erected 
in  1868,  in  which  are  medallions  of  Chaucer  and  Gower  and  scenes 
from  Chaucer's  poems.  Monument  (at  south  end)  to  Edmund  Spenser, 
author  of  The  Faerie  Qiieene ;  executed  by  Nich.  Stone  at  the  expense 
of  "  Anne  Pembroke,  Dorset,  and  Montgomery  "  (the  cost  was  ^40), 
and  renewed  in  1778  at  the  instigation  of  Mason,  the  poet;  Spenser 
died  in  King  Street,  Westminster,  "from  lack  of  bread,"  and  was  buried 
here  at  the  expense  of  Queen  Elizabeth's  Earl  of  Essex.  Monument  to 
Shakespeare  in  the  west  aisle — his  bones,  as  all  know,  repose  at 
Stratford-on-Avon ;  erected  in  the  reign  of  George  II.  from  the  designs 
of  Kent.  When  Pope  was  asked  for  an  inscription,  he  wrote — 

Thus  Britons  love  me,  and  preserve  my  fame, 
Free  from  a  Barber's  or  a  Benson's  name. 


476  WESTMINSTER  ABBEY 

We  shall  see  the  sting  of  this  presently  :  Shakespeare  stands  like  a 
sentimental  dandy.  Beaumont  rests  here  in  an  unrecorded  grave. 
Monument  at  the  south-east  end  to  Michael  Drayton,  a  poet  of  Queen 
Elizabeth's  reign,  erected  by  the  same  Anne,  Countess  of  Pembroke, 
Dorset,  and  Montgomery  ;  the  epitaph  in  verse  by  Ben  Jonson,  and  very 
fine.  Close  to  it  a  tablet  to  Ben  Jonson,  erected  in  the  reign  of  George  II., 
a  century  after  the  poet's  death  :  Jonson,  as  we  have  seen,  was  buried  in 
the  north  aisle  of  the  nave.  At  the  south  end,  bust  of  Milton  (buried 
at  St.  Giles's,  Cripplegate),  erected  in  1737,  at  the  expense  of  Auditor 
Benson  :  "  In  the  inscription,"  says  Dr.  Johnson,  "  Mr.  Benson  has 
bestowed  more  words  upon  himself  than  upon  Milton  ; "  a  circumstance 
that  Pope  has  called  attention  to  in  the  Dunciad — 
On  poets'  tombs  see  Benson's  titles  writ. 

Next    to    Milton's    is   a    monument   to   Butler,   author  of    Hudibras 
(buried  at  St.  Paul's,  Covent  Garden),  erected  in  1732  by  John  Barber, 
a  printer,  and  Lord  Mayor  of  London.     Grave  of  Sir  William  Davenant, 
with  the  inscription,  imitated  from  Ben  Jonson's,  "  O  rare  Sir  William 
Davenant."     Monument  to  Cowley  (north  of  Chaucer's),  erected  at  the 
expense  of  the  second  and  last  Villiers,  Duke  of  Buckingham ;    the 
epitaph  by  Sprat.     North  of  Cowley's  monument  is  a  bust  of  Dryden, 
erected  at  the  expense  of  Sheffield,  Duke  of  Buckingham. 
This  Sheffield  raised  :  the  sacred  dust  below 
Was  Dryden  once  :  the  rest  who  does  not  know. — POPE. 

The  bust  by  Scheemakers  is  very  fine.  Honorary  monument  to 
Shadwell,  the  antagonist  of  Dryden,  erected  by  his  son,  Sir  John 
Shadwell,  in  front  of  Milton's.  South  of  Chaucer's  tomb  is  a  monument 
to  John  Philips,  author  of  The  Splendid  Shilling  (d.  1708). 

When  the  inscription  for  the  monument  of  Philips,  in  which  he  was  said  to  be 
uni  Miltono  secundus,  was  exhibited  to  Dr.  Sprat,  then  Dean  of  Westminster,  he 
refused  to  admit  it ;  the  name  of  Milton  was  in  his  opinion  too  detestable  to  be  read 
on  the  wall  of  a  building  dedicated  to  devotion.  Atterbury,  who  succeeded  him, 
being  author  of  the  inscription,1  permitted  its  reception.  "And  such  has  been  the 
change  of  public  opinion,"  said  Dr.  Gregory,  from  whom  I  heard  this  account, 
"  that  I  have  seen  erected  in  the  church  a  bust  of  that  man  whose  name  I  once  knew 
was  considered  as  a  pollution  of  its  walls." — Dr.  Johnson. 

Monument  (near  ShadwelFs)  of  Matthew  Prior,  erected,  according 
to  his  own  desire,  "  as  a  last  piece  of  human  vanity,"  by  his  son. 
The  bust,  by  A.  Coysevox,  was  a  present  to  Prior  from  Louis  XIV., 
and  the  epitaph,  written  by  Dr.  Freind,  famous  for  long  epitaphs,  for 
which  he  has  been  immortalised  by  Pope — 

Freind,  for  your  epitaphs  I  griev'd, 

Where  still  so  much  is  said  ; 
One  half  will  never  be  believ'd, 
The  other  never  read. 

Monument  (south-east  corner  of  the  west  aisle)  to  Nicholas  Rowe, 
author  of  the  tragedy  of  Jane  Shore,  erected  by  his  widow ;  epitaph  by 
Pope.  Monument  (next  to  Rowe's)  to  John  Gay,  author  of  The 

1  Dean   Stanley,  on   the  authority  of  Crull  the  antiquary  (who  copied  the  inscription  before  the 
offending  words  were  erased),  says  it  was  written  by  Dr.  Smalridge. 


WESTMINSTER  ABBEY  477 

r's  Opera;  the  short  and  irreverent  epitaph,  Life  is  a  jest,  etc.,  is 
his  own  composition ;  the  verses  beneath  it  are  by  Pope.  Statue  of 
Addison,  by  Sir  R.  Westmacott,  erected  1809.  Close  to  the  statue  of 
Shakespeare  is  a  monument  to  Thomson,  author  of  The  Seasons  (buried 
at  Richmond),  erected  1762;  from  the  proceeds  of  a  subscription 
edition  of  his  works.  Tablet,  by  Nollekens,  to  Oliver  Goldsmith 
(buried  in  the  Temple).  The  Latin  inscription  is  by  Dr.  Johnson,  who, 
in  reply  to  a  request  that  he  would  celebrate  the  fame  of  an  author  in 
the  language  in  which  he  wrote,  observed,  that  he  never  would  consent 
to  disgrace  the  walls  of  Westminster  Abbey  with  an  English  inscription. 
Monument,  near  the  bust  of  Milton,  to  Gray,  author  of  An  Elegy  in  a 
Country  Churchyard,  who  lies  in  his  own  churchyard  of  Stoke-Poges. 
The  verse  by  Mason,  the  monument  by  Bacon,  R.A.  Monument  to 
Mason,  the  poet,  and  biographer  of  Gray  (buried  at  Aston);  the 
inscription  by  Bishop  Kurd.  Monument  to  Christopher  Anstey,  author 
of  the  New  Bath  Guide  (buried  at  Bath).  Inscribed  gravestone  over 
Richard  Brinsley  Sheridan.  Bust  of  Robert  Southey  (buried  at  Kes- 
wick),  by  H.  Weekes.  Inscribed  gravestone  over  Thomas  Campbell, 
author  of  The  Pleasures  of  Hope,  and  statue  by  W.  C.  Marshall,  A.R.A. 
Beside  him,  in  an  unmarked  grave,  was  laid  Henry  Gary,  the  translator 
of  Dante.  At  the  foot  of  the  statue  of  Addison  lies  Lord  Macaulay. 
Close  by  is  the  bust  of  William  Makepeace  Thackeray,  the  novelist, 
himself  resting  at  Kensal  Green ;  and  below  his  bust  is  the  grave  of 
Charles  Dickens. 

The  wall  of  the  South  Transept  has  been  named  by  Dean  Stanley 
— following  a  hint  of  Fuller's — the  Historical  Aisle.  Here,  on  the 
west  side,  is  the  monument  of  Isaac  Casaubon  (d.  1614),  the  learned 
editor  of  Persitis  and  Polybius. 

On  Isaac  Casaubon's  tablet  is  left  the  trace  of  another  "candid  and  simple 
nature."  Izaak  Walton  .  .  .  forty  years  afterwards,  wandering  through  the  South 
Transept,  scratched  his  well-known  monogram  on  the  marble,  with  the  date  1658, 
earliest  of  those  unhappy  inscriptions  of  names  of  visitors,  which  have  defaced  so 
many  a  sacred  space  in  the  Abbey.  0  si  sic  omnia  !  " — Dean  Stanley,  p.  290. 

Next  to  Casaubon's  is  a  monument  to  William  Camden,  the  great 
English  antiquary  (d.  1623).  The  monument  was  defaced  and  the 
nose  broken  off  the  bust  when  the  hearse  and  effigy  of  Essex,  the 
Parliamentary  general,  were  destroyed  in  1646,  by  some  of  the  Cavalier 
party,  who  lurked  at  night  in  the  Abbey  to  be  revenged  on  the  dead. 
The  monument  was  piously  restored  by  the  University  of  Oxford  in 
1780.  "Opposite  his  friend  Camden's  monument,"  but  outside  the 
transept,  is  the  grave  of  Sir  Henry  Spelman,  an  antiquary  scarcely  less 
famous.  At  the  foot  of  Camden's  monument  the  Parliamentary 
historian  May  was  buried,  but  afterwards  exhumed.  "Close  by  the 
bust  of  Camden  and  Casaubon  lie,  in  the  same  grave,  Grote  and 
Thirlwall,  both  scholars  together  at  the  Charter  House,  both  historians 
of  Greece,  the  philosophic  statesman  and  the  judicial  theologian." x 

1  Stanley,  p.  303. 


478  WESTMINSTER  ABBEY 

Under  a  white  gravestone  in  the  centre  of  the  South  Transept  lies 
Thomas  Parr.  "  Old  Parr,"  who,  if  we  may  trust  the  record  on  his 
gravestone,  died  in  1652,  at  the  great  age  of  one  hundred  and  fifty-two, 
having  lived  in  the  reigns  of  ten  princes,  viz.  Edward  IV.,  Edward  V., 
Richard  III.,  Henry  VII.,  Henry  VIII. ,  Edward  VI.,  Mary,  Elizabeth, 
James  L,  and  Charles  I.  Gravestone  over  the  body  of  Thomas  Chiffinch, 
closet-keeper  to  Charles  II.  (d.  1666).  Monument  to  M.  St.  Evremont, 
a  French  epicurean  wit,  who  fled  to  England  to  escape  a  government 
arrest  in  his  own  country  (d.  1703).  Bust  of  Dr.  Barrow,  the  great 
divine  (d.  1677).  Gravestone  over  the  body  of  the  second  wife  of  Sir 
Richard  Steele,  the  "  Prue "  of  his  correspondence.  Monument,  by 
Roubiliac,  to  John,  Duke  of  Argyll  and  Greenwich  (d.  1743);  the 
figure  of  Eloquence,  with  her  supplicating  hand  and  earnest  brow  is 
very  masterly.  Canova  was  struck  with  its  beauty ;  he  stood  before  it 
full  ten  minutes,  muttered  his  surprise  in  his  native  language,  passed 
on,  and  returning  in  a  few  minutes,  said,  "That  is  one  of  the  noblest 
statues  I  have  seen  in  England."  Monument  by  Roubiliac  (his  last 
work)  to  George  Frederick  Handel,  the  great  musician  (d.  1759). 
Monument  to  Barton  Booth  (buried  at  Cowley),  the  original  Cato  in 
Addison's  play.  Monument  to  Mrs.  Pritchard,  the  actress,  famous  in 
the  characters  of  Lady  Macbeth,  Zara,  and  Mrs.  Oakley  (d.  1768). 
Inscribed  gravestones  over  the  bodies  of  David  Garrick  and  Samuel 
Johnson.  Monument  to  David  Garrick,  by  H.  Webber,  erected  at  the 
expense  of  Albany  Wallis,  the  executor  of  Garrick. 

Taking  a  turn  the  other  day  in  the  Abbey,  I  was  struck  with  the  affected  attitude 
of  a  figure  which  I  do  not  remember  to  have  seen  before,  and  which,  upon  examina- 
tion, proved  to  be  a  whole-length  of  the  celebrated  Mr.  Garrick.  Though  I  would 
not  go  so  far  with  some  good  Catholics  abroad  as  to  shut  players  altogether  out  of 
consecrated  ground,  yet  I  own  I  was  not  a  little  scandalised  at  the  introduction  of 
theatrical  airs  and  gestures  into  a  place  set  apart  to  remind  us  of  the  saddest  realities. 
Going  nearer,  I  found  inscribed  under  this  harlequin  figure  a  farrago  of  false  thoughts 
and  nonsense. — Charles  Lamb. 

Inscribed  gravestones  over  the  remains  of  James  Macpherson,  the 
translator  of  Ossian  ;  and  of  William  Gifford,  the  editor  of  the  Quarterly 
Review. 

The  painted  glass  in  the  Abbey  is  mostly  modern.  The  older  (but 
not  ancient)  glass  in  the  north  rose  window  is  richer  in  colour. 

The  exhibition  of  the  wax  figures  was  discontinued  in  1830.  They 
originated  in  the  old  custom  of  making  a  lively  effigy  in  wax  of  the 
deceased  in  robes  of  state — a  part  of  the  torchlight  funeral  procession 
of  every  great  person — and  of  leaving  the  effigy  over  the  grave  as  a  kind 
of  temporary  monument.  Some  of  these  effigies  were  executed  at  great 
cost  and  with  considerable  skill.  That  of  La  Belle  Stuart,  one  of  the 
last  that  was  set  up,  was  the  work  of  a  Mrs.  Goldsmith.  The  effigy  of 
General  Monk  used  to  stand  by  his  monument  close  to  Charles  II. 's 
grave,  and  the  showman  used  to  hand  Monk's  cap  round  to  receive  the 
visitors'  contributions. 


WESTMINSTER  ABBEY  479 

This  here's  the  cap  of  General  Monk  !    Sir,  please  put  summut  in. — Barham, 

/T  Legends. 

This  kind  of  exhibition  was  found  so  profitable  to  the  Minor  Canons 
and  Lay  Vicars,  that  they  manufactured  effigies  (such  as  those  of  the 
great  Earl  of  Chatham  and  Lord  Nelson)  to  add  to  the  popularity  of 
their  series. 

Another  time  he  [Dr.  Barrow]  preached  at  the  Abbey  on  a  holiday.  Here  I 
must  inform  the  reader  that  it  is  a  custom  for  the  servants  of  the  church  upon  all 
Holidays,  Sundays  excepted,  betwixt  the  Sermon  and  Evening  Prayers,  to  show  the 
Tombs  and  Effigies  of  the  Kings  and  Queens  in  Wax,  to  the  meaner  sort  of  people, 
who  then  flock  thither  from  all  the  corners  of  the  town,  and  pay  their  twopence  to 
see  The  Play  of  the  Dead  Volks,  as  I  have  heard  a  Devonshire  Clown  most 
improperly  call  it.  These  perceiving  Dr.  Barrow  in  the  pulpit  after  the  hour  was 
past,  and  fearing  to  lose  that  time  in  hearing  which  they  thought  they  could  more 
profitably  employ  in  receiving — these,  I  say,  became  impatient,  and  caused  the  organ 
to  be  struck  up  against  him,  and  would  not  give  over  playing  till  they  had  blow'd 
him  down. — Dr.  Pope's  Life  of  Seth  Ward,  I2mo,  1697,  p.  147. 

Many  of  the  effigies,  for  the  most  part  very  dilapidated,  are  preserved 
in  the  wainscot  presses  over  the  Islip  Chapel,  and  only  shown  by 
special  permission.  Now  leave  the  interior  of  the  Abbey,  for  the  purpose 
of  visiting  the  Cloisters,  walking  through  St.  Margaret's  churchyard, 
and  entering  Dean's  Yard,  where,  on  the  left,  next  the  west  front  of 
the  Abbey,  is  the  Jerusalem  Chamber,  in  which  King  Henry  IV.  died. 

King  Henry.  Doth  any  name  particular  belong 
Unto  the  lodging  where  I  first  did  swoon  ? 

Warwick.   'Tis  called  Jerusalem,  my  noble  lord. 

King  Henry.   Laud  be  to  God  ! — even  there  my  life  must  end. 
It  hath  been  prophesied  to  me  many  years, 
I  should  not  die  but  in  Jerusalem  ; 
Which  vainly  I  supposed  the  Holy  Land : — 
But  bear  me  to  that  chamber  ;  there  I'll  lie  ; 
In  that  Jerusalem  shall  Harry  die. 

Shakespeare,  Second  Part  of  King  Henry  IV. 

It  was  of  old  the  Abbot's  private  withdrawing  room,  with  doors  leading 
to  the  refectory  and  the  garden.  After  the  dissolution  of  the  Abbey 
and  the  appropriation  of  the  Chapter  House  to  national  purposes,  the 
Jerusalem  Chamber  became  the  place  where  the  Dean  and  Chapter 
met  to  discuss  their  business  matters.  Occasionally  it  was  used  for  the 
reception  of  distinguished  guests  and  for  holiday  festivals.  Conferences 
were  held  in  it,  and  in  it  met  the  famous  Assembly  of  Divines. 

Out  of  these  walls  came  the  Directory,  the  Longer  and  Shorter  Catechism,  and 
that  famous  Confession  of  Faith  which,  alone  within  these  Islands,  was  imposed  by 
law  on  the  whole  kingdom  ;  and  which  alone  of  all  Protestant  Confessions,  still,  in 
spite  of  its  sternness  and  narrowness,  retains  a  hold  in  the  minds  of  its  adherents,  to 
which  its  fervour  and  its  logical  coherence  in  some  measure  entitle  it. — Stanley, 
p.  467. 

Here  were  held  conferences  'and  convocations  of  bishops  and 
clergy,  here  met  the  commissioners  for  the  revision  of  the  Liturgy,  and 
here  the  Prayer  Book  received  its  final  form,  and  here  in  our  own  day 
have  sat  that  band  of  learned  theologians  and  philologists  who  were 


480  WESTMINSTER  ABBEY 

occupied  in  the  grave  task  of  revising  the  received  translation  of  the 
Old  and  New  Testaments.  Convocation  has  met  here  since  its  renewal 
in  1854.  Another  purpose  to  which  the  Jerusalem  Chamber  was 
formerly  applied,  and  which  has  invested  it  with  associations  very 
different  to  those  just  mentioned,  was  that  of  being  the  occasional 
depository  of  the  bodies  of  eminent  persons  about  to  be  buried  in  the 
Abbey.  Here  lay  in  solemn  state  the  famous  anti-puritan  pulpit  wit 
Robert  South  ;  Sir  Isaac  Newton ;  and  for  the  days  before  the  torchlight 
procession  at  dead  of  night  to  the  grave  in  Henry  VI I. 's  chapel,  Joseph 
Addison. 

The  South  Cloister  may  be  entered  from  a  door  in  the  south  aisle 
of  the  nave,  or  from  Dean's  Yard.  The  cloisters  were  the  cemetery  of 
the  abbots,  the  centre  or  open  space  that  of  the  monks.  In  the  south 
cloister  are  effigies  of  several  of  the  early  abbots.  A  large  blue  stone, 
uninscribed,  marks  the  grave,  it  is  said,  of  Long  Meg  of  Westminster,  a 
noted  virago  of  the  reign  of  Henry  VIII.  Note  the  quaint  epitaph  in 
verse,  in  north  cloister,  to  William  Lawrence,  by  Thomas  Randolph. 
Monument,  in  east  cloister,  to  Sir  Edmund  Berry  Godfrey,  murdered 
in  the  reign  of  Charles  II.  In  the  east  cloister  is  a  tablet  to  the 
mother  of  Addison.  Monument,  in  east  cloister,  to  Lieutenant-General 
Withers,  with  epitaph  by  Pope.  Monument,  in  west  cloister,  to  George 
Vertue,  the  antiquary  and  engraver.  Medallion  monument  to  Bonnell 
Thornton,  editor  of  the  Connoisseur — inscription  by  Joseph  Warton. 
In  the  west  cloister  is  a  monument  by  T.  Banks,  R.A.,  to  William 
Woollett,  the  engraver  (buried  at  St.  Pancras).  Tablet  to  Dr.  Buchan 
(west  cloister),  author  of  a  work  on  Domestic  Medicine  (d.  1 8 o 5 ).  "Under 
a  blue  marble  stone,  against  the  first  pillar  in  the  east  ambulatory,"  Aphra 
Behn  was  buried,  April  20,  1689,  and  alongside  of  her,  in  fitting  com- 
panionship, the  scurrilous  wit  Tom  Brown.  Under  stones  no  longer 
carrying  inscriptions,  are  buried  Henry  Lawes,  "  one  who  called  Milton 
friend;"  Betterton,  the  great  actor;  Mrs.  Bracegirdle,  the  beautiful 
actress ;  and  Samuel  Foote,  the  famous  comedian.  At  the  south-east 
corner  of  the  cloister  are  remains  of  the  Confessor's  buildings,  including 
the  Chapel  of  the  Pyx,  an  interesting  specimen  of  the  earliest  Anglo- 
Norman  architecture ;  it  was  of  old  a  treasury  office,  and  still  permission 
to  enter  the  building  can  only  be  obtained  through  the  Lords  of  the 
Treasury.  A  small  wooden  door,  in  the  south  cloister,  leads  to 
Ashburnham  House,  and  the  richly  ornamented  doorway  in  the  east 
cloister  to  the  Chapter  House.  This  is  open  to  the  public,  and  should 
by  all  means  be  visited.  [See  Ashburnham  House ;  Chapter  House  ; 
Sanctuary.] 

The  hours  of  Divine  Service  are:  Sundays,  8  A.M.,  10  A.M.,  and 
3  P.M.,  also  at  certain  seasons  7  P.M.  (in  choir  or  nave) ;  Week-days, 
8.30  A.M.,  9  A.M.  (Westminster  School  Service),  10  A.M.,  and  3  P.M. 
The  chapels  are  open  free  on  Mondays  and  Tuesdays. 

Westminster  Bridge,  the  second  stone  bridge  in  point  of  time 
over  the  Thames  at  London.  When  we  read  in  our  old  writers — and 


WESTMINSTER  BRIDGE  481 

the  allusions  are  common  enough  —  of  Ivy  Bridge,  Strand  Bridge, 
Whitehall  Bridge,  Westminster  Bridge,  and  Lambeth  Bridge,  landing 
piers  alone  are  meant. 

Ralph  Morice,  Archbishop  Cranmer's  secretary,  "went  over"  from  Lambeth 
"  unto  Westminster  Bridge  with  a  sculler,  where  he  entered  into  a  wherry  that  went  to 
London,  wherein  were  four  of  the  Card,  who  meant  to  land  at  Paules  Wharfe,  and 
to  passe  by  the  King's  highnesse,  who  then  was  in  his  barge,  with  a  great  number 
of  barges  and  boates  about  him,  then  baiting  of  beares  in  the  water  over  against  the 
bank." — Fox,  Mart.  ed.  1597,  p.  1081. 

Latimer  in  preaching  to  Edward  VI,  April  12,  1549,  on  Christ's 
words  to  Peter,  says,  "  I  dar  saye  there  is  never  a  wherriman  at  West- 
minster Bridge  but  he  can  answere  to  thys ; "  and  the  Order  of  Crown- 
ing of  James  I.  and  Anne  of  Denmark  opens  with,  "  The  King  and 
Queen  came  from  Westminster  Bridge  to  the  West  door  of  the  Minster 
Church."  Great  opposition  was  made  by  the  citizens  of  London  to  a 
second  bridge  over  the  Thames,  at  or  even  near  London;  and  in  1671, 
when  a  bill  for  building  a  bridge  over  the  Thames  at  Putney  was  read, 
a  curious  debate  took  place,  recorded  by  Grey  (vol.  i.  p.  415).  The  Bill 
was  rejected,  fifty-four  voting  for  it  and  sixty-seven  against  it. 

The  Act  for  constructing  a  bridge  from  Old  Palace  Yard,  West- 
minster, to  the  opposite  shore  in  Surrey  was  passed  in  1736.  The 
architect  employed  to  construct  it  was  Charles  Labelye,  a  native  of 
Switzerland,  naturalised  in  England.  The  first  stone  was  laid  January 
29,  1738-1739,  and  the  bridge  first  opened  for  foot-passengers,  horses, 
etc.,  November  18,  1750.  It  was  1223  feet  long  and  44  feet  wide,  and 
consisted  of  thirteen  semicircular  arches,  the  centre  being  76  feet  span, 
as  well  as  a  small  one  at  each  end.  The  piers  were  built  on  caissons 
or  rafts  of  timber,  which  were  floated  to  the  spot  destined  for  them.  It 
was  originally  surmounted  by  a  lofty  parapet,  which  M.  Grosley,  a 
French  traveller,  has  gravely  asserted  was  placed  there  in  order  to 
prevent  the  English  propensity  to  suicide.  It  was  on  this  bridge  that 
Wordsworth  wrote  his  famous  sonnet — 

COMPOSED  UPON  WESTMINSTER  BRIDGE, 
September  3,  1803. 

Earth  has  not  anything  to  show  more  fair  : 

Dull  would  he  be  of  soul  who  could  pass  by 

A  sight  so  touching  in  its  majesty  : 

This  City  now  doth  like  a  garment  wear 

The  beauty  of  the  morning  ;  silent,  bare, 

Ships,  towers,  domes,  theatres  and  temples  lie 

Open  unto  the  fields,  and  to  the  sky ; 

All  bright  and  glittering  in  the  smokeless  air. 

Never  did  sun  more  beautifully  steep 

In  his  first  splendour  valley,  rock,  or  hill ; 

Ne'er  saw  I,  never  felt,  a  calm  so  deep ! 

The  river  glideth  at  his  own  sweet  will : 

Dear  God  !  the  very  houses  seem  asleep  ; 

And  all  that  mighty  heart  is  lying  still. 

When  Gibbon  lost  his  place  at  the  Board  of  Trade,  and  again  set 
out  for  Lausanne  to  finish  the  Decline  and  Fall,  he  says,  "As  my 

VOL.  Ill  2  I 


482  WESTMINSTER  BRIDGE 

post-chaise  moved  over  Westminster  Bridge,  I  bade  a  long  farewell  to 
ihefumum  i?/  opes  strepitumque  Romiz."  Crabbe,  the  night  after  he  left 
his  letter  at  Burke's  door,  "  walked  Westminster  Bridge  backwards  and 
forwards  until  daylight."  Burke's  reply  saved  him  from  suicide. 

The  soil  was  deepened  or  washed  away  after  London  Bridge  was 
removed,  and  in  consequence  ten  piers  settled  down.  In  1846,  it  was 
found  necessary  to  close  the  bridge  entirely,  until  it  could  be  lightened 
of  much  superincumbent  material  and  fitted  to  serve  as  a  temporary 
structure.  During  six  and  thirty  years  upwards  of  ^200,000  are  said 
to  have  been  spent  on  its  maintenance  and  repairs.  After  many 
delays  a  new  bridge  was  commenced,  May  1854,  from  the  designs  of 
Mr.  Thomas  Page,  C.E.  As  it  was  to  be  of  unusual  width,  the  engineer 
conceived  the  bold  plan  of  constructing  in  the  first  instance  one  half 
the  bridge  (about  40  feet  in  width)  from  end  to  end,  and  opening  it  for 
traffic  while  the  other  was  being  built.  Owing  to  obstructions  and  a 
temporary  suspension  of  the  works,  the  first  half  was  not  opened  for 
traffic  till  March  1860.  The  second  half  was  completed  and  formally 
opened  at  four  o'clock  in  the  morning  of  May  24,  1862,  "that  being 
the  day  and  hour  on  which  her  Majesty  was  born"  in  1819. 

The  present  bridge  is  1160  feet  long  and  85  feet  wide,  and 
so  nearly  level  that  the  rise  in  the  centre  is  little  over  5  feet.  It 
consists  of  seven  low  segmental  wrought  and  cast  iron  arches  —  the 
central  arch  120  feet  in  span,  and  the  shore  arches  95  feet — borne  on 
granite  piers.  The  foundations  of  each  pier  are  formed  by  145  bear- 
ing piles  driven  through  the  gravel  to  an  average  depth  of  nearly  30 
feet  into  the  London  clay,  and  around  them  44  cast-iron  cylinder 
piles  and  as  many  sheeting  plates,  forming  a  sort  of  permanent 
coffer-dam,  the  intermediate  spaces  and  area  up  to  low  water  level 
being  filled  with  a  concrete  of  hydraulic  lime.  A  base  course  of 
blocks  of  granite  was  laid  on  this,  and  then  the  pier  carried  up,  the 
core  of  brick,  the  casing  granite.  The  total  cost  of  the  bridge  did  not 
exceed  ,£250,000.  From  Westminster  Bridge  is  obtained  the  best  view 
of  the  Houses  of  Parliament;  their  towers,  mingling  with  those  of  West- 
minster Abbey,  stand  out  grandly  as  the  bridge  is  crossed  from  the  Surrey 
side.  The  river  front  of  the  Houses  on  the  one  hand  and  St.  Thomas's 
Hospital  and  Lambeth  Palace  on  the  other,  are  well  seen  from  the 
south  side  of  the  bridge. 

Westminster  Bridge  Road  extends  from  Westminster  Bridge  to 
the  Obelisk,  Blackfriars  Road.  In  this  road,  on  the  south  side,  is  the 
entrance  to  St.  Thomas's  Hospital,  Sanger's  Amphitheatre  (late  Astley's), 
Canterbury  Theatre  of  Varieties  (late  Canterbury  Hall),  and  Christ 
Church,  the  handsome  successor  of  Rowland  Hill's  Surrey  Chapel. 
On  the  north  side  are  some  houses,  on  one  of  which  (No.  266)  is  a  stone 
inscribed  "Coade's  Row,  1798."  The  name  was  given  from  its  neigh- 
bourhood to  Coade's  manufactory  of  artificial  stone,  situated  in  Narrow 
Wall  (now  Belvedere  Road),  and  at  one  time  an  establishment  of  much 
merit. 


WESTMINSTER  HALL  483 

Westminster  Hall,  the  old  hall  of  the  palace  of  our  kings  at 
Westminster,  incorporated  by  Sir  Charles  Barry  into  the  new  Houses 
of  Parliament,  to  serve  as  their  vestibule.  It  was  originally  built  in 
the  reign  of  William  Rufus,  and  is  supposed  to  have  been  a  nave  and 
aisles  divided  by  timber  ports ;  and  during  the  refacing  of  the  outer 
walls,  a  Norman  arcade  of  the  time  of  Rufus  was  uncovered,  but  de- 
stroyed. Rufus's  Hall  was  intended  as  the  commencement  of  a  new 
Westminster  Palace  to  supersede  that  of  Edward  the  Confessor.  The 
present  hall  was  formed  1397-1399  (in  the  last  three  years  of  Richard  II.), 
when  the  walls  were  carried  up  2  feet  higher,  the  windows  altered,  and 
a  stately  porch  and  new  roof  constructed  according  to  the  design  of  Master 
Henry  de  Yeveley,  master  mason.  The  stone  moulding  or  string-course 
that  runs  round  the  hall  preserves  the  white  hart  couchant,  the  favourite 
device  of  Richard  II.  The  roof,  with  its  hammer  beams  (carved  with 
angels),  is  of  oak,  and  the  finest  of  its  kind  in  this  country.  Fuller 
speaks  of  its  "  cobwebless  beams,"  alluding  to  the  vulgar  belief  that  it 
was  built  of  a  particular  kind  of  wood  (Irish  oak)  in  which  spiders 
cannot  live.1  The  early  Parliaments,  and  the  still  earlier  Grand  Councils, 
were  often  held  in  this  hall.  The  Law  Courts  of  England  were  of  old 
held  in  the  open  hall ;  the  Exchequer  Court  at  the  entrance  end,  and 
the  Courts  of  Chancery  and  Kings  at  the  opposite  end ;  and  here,  in 
certain  courts  built  by  Sir  John  Soane,  on  the  west  of  the  hall, 
they  continued  to  be  held  until  the  opening  of  the  New  Law  Courts  in 
1882.  These  courts  were — the  Court  of  Chancery,  in  which  the 
Lord  Chancellor  sat ;  the  Court  of  Queen's  Bench,  in  which  the  Lord 
Chief  Justice  of  the  King's  Bench  2  sat ;  the  Court  of  Common  Pleas, 
presided  over  by  a  Lord  Chief  Justice,  and  called  by  Coke  "  the  pillow 
whereon  the  attorney  doth  rest  his  head  "  ;  and  the  Court  of  Exchequer, 
presided  over  by  a  Lord  Chief  Baron.  The  name  Westminster  Hall 
was  not  unfrequently  used  for  the  law  itself. 

Whatever  Bishops  do  otherwise  than  the  Law  permits,  Westminster  Hall  can 
control  or  send  them  to  absolve. — Selden's  Table  Talk. 

When  Peter  the  Great  was  taken  into  Westminster  Hall,  he  inquired 
who  those  busy  people  were  in  wigs  and  black  gowns.  He  was 
answered  they  are  lawyers.  "  Lawyers ! "  said  he,  with  a  face  of 
astonishment :  "  why,  I  have  but  two  in  my  whole  dominions,  and  I 
believe  I  shall  hang  one  of  them  the  moment  I  get  home."  3 

It  is  reported  that  John  Whiddon,  a  Justice  of  the  Court  of  King's  Bench  in 
I  Mariae,  was  the  first  of  the  Judges  who  rode  to  Westminster  Hall  on  a  Horse  or 
Gelding;  for  before  that  time  they  rode  on  mules. — Dugdale's  Orig.  Jur.  ed.  1680, 
p.  38. 

Manly.  I  hate  this  place  [Westminster  Hall]  worse  than  a  man  that  has  inherited 
a  Chancery  suit  :  I  wish  I  were  well  out  on't  again. 

Freeman.   Why,  you  need  not  be  afraid  of  this  place ;  for  a  man  without  money 

1  Ned  Ward's  London  Spy,  part  viii.  Chief  Justice  of  the  King's  Bench. 

*  Sir  Edward  Coke  was  the  last  Lord  Chief          3  Fog  s  Journal,  quoted  in  Gentleman's  Maga- 
Justice  of  England.     His  successor  was  Lord      tine,  1737,  p.  293. 


484  WESTMINSTER  HALL 

needs  no  more  fear  a  crowd  of  lawyers  than  a  crowd  of  pickpockets. — Wycherley, 
The  Plain  Dealer,  4to,  1676. 

Colonel  Standard.  What !  a  soldier  stay  here.  To  look  like  an  old  pair  of 
Colours  in  Westminster  Hall,  ragged  and  rusty. — Farquhar,  The  Constant  Couple, 
4to,  1707. 

I  remember,  when  I  was  a  boy,  I  saw  the  Hall  hung  full  on  one  side  with  colours 
and  standards  taken  from  the  Scots  at  Worcester  fight,  but  upon  King  Charles  the 
Second  his  coming  to  his  just  right,  all  taken  down. — Strype,  B.  vi.  p.  49. 

The  late  Mr.  Jekyll  told  me  that  soon  after  he  was  called  to  the  bar  a  strange 
solicitor  coming  up  to  him  in  Westminster  Hall,  begged  him  to  step  into  the  Court 
of  Chancery  to  make  a  motion  of  course,  and  gave  him  a  fee.  The  young  barrister, 
looking  pleased  but  a  little  surprised,  the  solicitor  said  to  him,  "  I  thought  you  had 
a  sort  of  right,  Sir,  to  this  motion,  for  the  bill  was  drawn  by  Sir  Joseph  Jekyll,  your 
great  grand -uncle,  in  the  reign  of  Queen  Anne." — Lord  Campbell's  Lives  of  the 
Chancellors. 

October  27,  1621. — A  high  tide  swept  through  Westminster  Hall,  and  did  much 
harm. — Cal.  State  Papers,  1619-1623,  p.  303. 

March  1625. — The  highest  tide  ever  known  has  done  great  harm  along  the 
Thames  side.  Westminster  Hall  was  three  feet  in  water. — Cal.  State  Papers,  1623- 
1625,  p.  497. 

The  Thames  Embankment  has  effectually  got  rid  of  that  danger ;  but 
as  late  as  October  21,  1812,  Speaker  Abbot  records  in  his  Diary 
that— 

About  half-past  2,  returning  to  Palace  Yard,  I  saw  the  tide  rushing  in.  It  soon 
rose  to  the  door  of  Westminster  Hall ;  flowed  into  it ;  and  three  or  four  boats  full 
of  men  went  into  the  Hall.  The  tide  still  continued  to  rise  for  three-quarters  of  an 
hour.  It  filled  my  Court  Yard,  and  the  horses  were  up  to  their  bellies  in  water  in 
the  stable. — vol.  ii.  p.  406. 

Besides  the  Law  Courts,  a  part  of  Westminster  Hall  was  taken  up  with 
the  stalls  of  booksellers,  law  stationers,  sempstresses,  and  dealers  in 
toys  and  smallwares,  the  rents  and  profits  of  which  belonged  by  right 
of  office  to  the  Warden  of  the  Fleet.1  The  Hall  was  found  on  fire, 
Sunday,  February  20,  1630-1631,  "by  the  burning,"  as  Laud  records 
in  his  Diary ,  "of  the  little  shops  or  stalls  kept  therein."  In  the 
curious  account  of  Master  [afterwards  Sir]  Henry  Blount's  Voyage  into 
the  Levant,  made  in  1634  (published  1638),  he  says  that  he  gave 
one  of  the  boys  (pages)  attached  to  the  Turkish  commander  in  the 
Danube,  "  a  pocket  looking-glass  in  a  little  ivory  case,  with  a  comb ; 
such  as  are  sold  at  Westminster  Hall  for  four  or  five  shillings  a  piece." 

Jamiaryzo,  1659-1660. — At  Westminster  Hall,  where  Mrs.  Lane  and  the  rest  of 
the  maids  had  their  white  scarfs,  all  having  been  at  the  burial  of  a  young  bookseller 
in  the  Hall. — Pepys. 

In  Hall  of  Westminster 
Sleek  sempstress  vends  amidst  the  Courts  her  ware. 

Wycherley,  Epilogue  to  the  Plain  Dealer. 

We  entered  into  a  great  Hall  where  my  Indian  was  surprised  to  see  in  the  same 
place,  men  on  the  one  side  with  baubles  and  toys,  and  on  the  other  taken  up  with 
the  fear  of  judgment,  on  which  depends  their  inevitable  destiny.  In  this  shop  are 
to  be  sold  ribbons  and  gloves,  towers  and  commodes  by  word  of  mouth  :  in  another 
shop  lands  and  tenements  are  disposed  of  by  decree.  On  your  left  hand  you  hear  a 
nimble-tongued  painted  sempstress  with  her  charming  treble  invite  you  to  buy  some 

1  Laud's  Diary,  p.  45 ;  Strype,  B.  iii.  p.  280. 


WESTMINSTER  HALL  485 

of  her  knick-knacks,  and  on  your  right  a  deep-mouthed  cryer,  commanding  impossi- 
bilities, viz.,  silence  to  be  kept  among  women  and  lawyers. — Tom  Brown's  Amuse- 
ments, etc.,  8vo,  1700. 

The  duodecimo  volume  of  Sir  Walter  Raleigh's  Remains  was  printed 
in  1675,  f°r  Henry  Mortlock,  at  the  Phoenix  in  St.  Paul's  Churchyard, 
and  at  the  White  Hart  in  Westminster  Hall.1 

Let  the  spectator  picture  to  himself  the  appearance  which  this 
venerable  hall  has  presented  on  many  occasions.  Here  were  hung  the 
banners  taken  from  Charles  I.  at  the  battle  of  Naseby ; 2  from  Charles 
II.  at  the  battle  of  Worcester ; 3  at  Preston  and  Dunbar;4  and,  some- 
what later,  those  taken  at  the  battle  of  Blenheim.5  Here,  at  the  upper 
end  of  the  hall,  Oliver  Cromwell  was  inaugurated  as  Lord  Protector, 
sitting  in  a  robe  of  purple  velvet  lined  with  ermine,  on  a  rich  cloth  of 
state,  with  the  gold  sceptre  in  one  hand,  the  Bible  richly  gilt  and  bossed 
in  the  other,  and  his  sword  at  his  side ;  and  here,  four  years  later,  at 
the  top  of  the  hall  fronting  Palace  Yard,  his  head  was  set  on  a  pole, 
with  the  skull  of  Ireton  on  one  side  of  it  and  the  skull  of  Bradshaw  on 
the  other.  Here  shameless  ruffians  sought  employment  as  hired 
witnesses,  or  to  act  as  bail,  and  walked  openly  in  the  hall  with  a  straw  in 
the  shoe  to  denote  their  quality ; 6  and  here  the  good,  the  great,  the 
brave,  the  wise  and  the  abandoned  have  been  brought  to  trial.  Here 
(in  the  Hall  of  Rums)  Sir  William  Wallace  was  tried  and  condemned. 
Here,  in  this  very  hall,  Sir  Thomas  More  and  the  Protector  Somerset 
were  doomed  to  the  scaffold.  Here,  in  Henry  VIII.'s  reign  (1517), 
entered  the  City  apprentices  implicated  in  the  murders  on  "  Evil  May 
Day "  of  the  aliens  settled  in  London,  each  with  a  halter  round  his 
neck,  and  crying  "  Mercy,  gracious  Lord,  mercy,"  while  Wolsey  stood 
by,  and  the  King,  beneath  his  cloth  of  state,  heard  their  defence  and 
pronounced  their  pardon — the  prisoners  shouting  with  delight  and 
casting  up  their  halters  to  the  hall  roof,  "so  that  the  King,"  as  the 
chroniclers  observe,  "  might  perceive  they  were  none  of  the  discreetest 
sort."  7  Here  too,  on  "  a  scaffold  "  erected  for  the  purpose,  took  place, 
in  the  same  presence,  the  trial  of  Queen  Anne  Boleyn.  Here  the 
notorious  Earl  and  Countess  of  Somerset  were  tried  in  the  reign  of 
James  I.  for  the  murder  of  Sir  Thomas  Overbury.  Here  the  great 
Earl  of  Strafford  was  condemned  : — 

Each  seemed  to  act  the  part  he  came  to  see, 

And  none  was  more  a  looker-on  than  he. — Sir  John  Denham. 

the  King  being  present,  and  the  Commons,  sitting  bareheaded  all  the 
time.8  Here  the  High  Court  of  Justice  sat  which  condemned  King 
Charles  I.,  the  upper  part  of  the  hall  hung  with  scarlet  cloth,  and  the 

1  There   is  an   old  engraving  of  the  hall  by      famous  for  so  friendly  a  disposition  that  he  was 
Gravelot,  representing  the  bookstalls.  bail  for  above  a  hundred  persons  in  one  year. 

2  Ludlmu,  Vevay  ed.,  vol.  i.  p.  156.  He  had  likewise  the  remarkable  humour  ofwalk- 

3  Strype,  B.  vi.  p.  49.  *  Ibid.          ing  in  Westminster  Hall  -with  a  straw  in  his 
B  Whitelocke,  p.  471.  shoe. — Jonathan  Wild,  chap.  ii. 

6  Charity  took  to  husband  an  eminent  gentle-          7  Hall's  Chronicle,  ed.  1548,  fol.  Ixi. 
man,  whose  name  I  cannot  learn,  but  who  was          8  Sir  £.  Walker,  p.  219. 


486  WESTMINSTER  HALL 

King  sitting  covered,  with  the  Naseby  banners  above  his  head.  Here 
Lily,  the  astrologer,  who  was  present,  saw  the  silver  top  fall  from  the 
King's  staff,  and  others  heard  Lady  Fairfax  exclaim,  when  her  husband's 
name  was  called  over,  "  He  has  more  wit  than  to  be  here."  Here,  in 
the  reign  of  James  II.,  the  seven  bishops  were  acquitted.  Here  Dr. 
Sacheverel  was  tried  and  pronounced  guilty  by  a  majority  of  seventeen. 
Here  the  rebel  Lords  of  1745 — Kilmarnock,  Balmerino  and  Lovat — 
were  heard  and  condemned.  Here  Lord  Byron  was  tried  for  killing 
Mr.  Chaworth ;  Lord  Ferrers  for  murdering  his  steward ;  and  the 
Duchess  of  Kingston,  1776,  for  bigamy.  Here  Warren  Hastings  was 
tried,  and  Burke  and  Sheridan  grew  eloquent  and  impassioned,  while 
senators  by  birth  and  election,  and  the  beauty  and  rank  of  Great 
Britain,  sat  earnest  spectators  and  listeners  of  the  extraordinary  scene. 
The  last  public  trial  in  the  hall  itself  was  Lord  Melville's  in  1806 ;  and 
the  last  coronation  dinner  in  the  hall  was  that  of  George  IV.,  when  for 
the  last  time,  probably,  according  to  the  custom  maintained  for  ages, 
the  King's  champion  (young  Dymocke)  rode  on  horseback  into  the 
hall  in  full  armour,  and  threw  down  the  gauntlet  on  the  floor,  challeng- 
ing the  world  in  a  King's  behalf. 

At  the  upper  end  of  Westminster  Hall  is  a  long  marble  stone  of  twelve  foot  in 
length  and  three  foot  in  breadth.  And  there  is  also  a  marble  chair,  where  the  Kings 
of  England  formerly  sate  at  their  Coronation  Dinners  ;  and  at  other  solemn  times  the 
Lord  Chancellor.  But  now  not  to  be  seen,  being  built  over  by  the  two  Courts  of 
Chancery  and  King's  Bench. — Strype,  B.  vi.  p.  49. 

Access  to  St.  Stephen's  Crypt  at  the  sonth-east  corner  is  by  a  flight  of 
steps. 

This  noble  hall  is  290  feet  long  by  68  feet  broad.  It  is  said 
to  be  the  largest  apartment  in  the  world  not  supported  by  pillars 
—  save  the  Hall  of  Justice  at  Padua,  and  railway  stations.  The 
floor  was  renewed  by  Sir  Charles  Barry,  R.A.,  to  something  like  its 
original  elevation  in  relation  to  the  height  of  the  building ;  and  some- 
what altered  to  make  the  hall  serve  as  the  vestibule  to  the  new  Palace 
of  Westminster.  Barry  pulled  down  the  south  wall  of  the  hall  and 
formed  the  archway  and  steps  into  his  St.  Stephen's  chamber.  [See 
Heaven  and  Hell]  Sir  John  Soane's  Law  Courts  were  sold  in  January 
1883  for  about  ^2400.  The  clearing  away  of  these  left  one  side  of 
Westminster  Hall  in  a  very  bald,  unfinished  condition,  and  new  so-called 
cloisters  have  been  built  after  the  designs  of  J.  L.  Pearson,  R.A., 
architect. 

Westminster  Hospital,  BROAD  SANCTUARY,  opposite  WEST- 
MINSTER ABBEY,  an  Elizabethan  Gothic  edifice,  erected  1832,  from 
the  designs  of  Messrs.  Inwood.  The  hospital  was  instituted  1719,  and 
was  the  first  in  this  kingdom  established  and  supported  by  voluntary  con- 
tributions. It  was  established  in  Petty  France,  April  1720;  removed  to 
Chapel  Street,  Westminster,  in  1724;  to  James  Street  in  1734;  and  to 
Broad  Sanctuary  in  1834.  The  hospital  has  been  lately  enlarged  and 
improved;  and  has  now  205  beds.  In  1888  the  number  of  in-patients 


WESTMINSTER  SCHOOL  487 

was  2684,  of  out-patients  22,103,  °f  lying-in  cases  256.  The  total 
income,  ,£12,537.  The  Medical  School  connected  with  the  hospital 
was  opened  in  Caxton  Street  in  1885,  and  enlarged  in  1886  and  1887. 
The  number  of  students  is  over  100. 

Westminster  Ophthalmic  Hospital,  KING  WILLIAM  STREET, 
STRAND,  founded  1 8 1 6,  by  the  eminent  ophthalmic  surgeon,  G.  J.  Guthrie, 
F.R.S.,  for  the  relief  of  indigent  persons  afflicted  with  diseases  of  the 
eye,  who  are  received  on  their  own  application  without  letters  of  re- 
commendation. The  income  in  1887  was  .£1688;  the  number  of 
in-patients,  363,  and  out-patients,  7852. 

Westminster  Palace,  the  principal  seat  and  palace  of  the  Kings 
of  England,  from  Edward  the  Confessor  to  Henry  VIII.  The  bulk  of 
the  building  was  destroyed  by  fire  in  1512,  and  Henry  VIII.,  after 
Wolsey's  disgrace,  removed  his  palace  to  Whitehall ;  but  still  much  of 
the  rambling  old  palace  remained  until  the  burning  of  the  Houses  of 
Parliament  The  only  remaining  portions  are  Westminster  Hall  and 
the  crypt  of  St.  Stephen's  Chapel ;  the  fire  which  destroyed  the  Houses 
of  Parliament,  October  16,  1834,  having  destroyed  the  Painted  Chamber, 
the  Star  Chamber,  St  Stephen's  Chapel  and  cloisters,  the  cellar  of  Guy 
Fawkes,  the  Armada  hangings,  and  the  other  less  important  vestiges  of 
the  original  building.  Other  apartments  in  the  old  palace  bore  the 
names  of  Antioch  Chamber,  Cage  Chamber,  Chamber  of  the  Holy 
Ghost,  Great  Exchequer  Chamber,  Jewry,  etc.  The  name  survives  in 
the  Palace  Yards — Old  Palace  Yard,  the  court  of  the  old  palace ;  and 
new  Palace  Yard,  the  court  of  the  new  palace,  projected  by  William 
Rufus.  The  ground  plan,  measured  and  drawn  by  William  Capon, 
between  1793  and  1823,  is  engraved  in  volume  v.  of  the  Vetusta  Monu- 
menta.  St.  Stephen's  Chapel  was  founded  by  Stephen,  King  ot 
England,  for  a  dean  and  canons.  The  chapel  was  rebuilt  in  the  reign 
of  Edward  II.,  between  1320  and  1352,  and  till  its  destruction  in 
1834  was  always  looked  upon  as  an  excellent  example  of  Decorated 
architecture  of  very  fine  and  rich  work.1  This  was  the  House  of 
Commons  from  the  reign  of  Edward  VI.  to  its  destruction  by  fire 
in  1834  ;  and  was  the  scene  of  Cromwell's  dismissal  of  the  Parliament. 
The  House  of  Lords,  destroyed  in  1834,  was  the  old  Court  of  Requests. 
[See  Houses  of  Parliament.]  The  crypt  of  St.  Stephen's  Chapel  was 
restored  by  the  late  E.  M.  Barry,  R.A.,  in  a  rich  and  costly  style,  and 
fitted  up  as  a  chapel  for  the  use  of  Members  of  Parliament. 

Westminster  School,  or  ST.  PETER'S  COLLEGE,  DEAN'S  YARD, 
WESTMINSTER,  "A  publique  schoole  for  Grammar,  Rethoricke, 
Poetrie,  and  for  the  Latin  and  Greek  languages,"  founded  by  Queen 

1  The  oldest  view  of  the  river -front  of  St.  ous  engravings  from  actual  measurements  made 
Stephen's  Chapel  is  before  the  second  volume  of  in  1844,  by  direction  of  the  Woods  and  Forests. 
Nalson's  Impartial  Collection  (fol.  1683),  since  re-  The  engravings  from  Billings's  drawings  in  Bray- 
engraved  by  J.  T.  Smith.  But  the  most  splendid  ley  and  Britton's  Westminster  Palace  are  also 
work  on  St.  Stephen's  Chapel  is  Mr.  F.  Mac-  good, 
kenzie's  account,  large  atlas  folio,  with  its  numer- 


488  WESTMINSTER  SCHOOL 

Elizabeth,  1560,  on  an  older  foundation,1  and  attached  to  the  colle- 
giate church  of  St.  Peter  at  Westminster.  A  school  connected  with 
the  collegiate  church  was  kept  in  the  west  cloister  of  the  Abbey  as 
early  as  the  i4th  century,  and  in  some  form  or  other  was  no  doubt 
continued  down  to  the  dissolution  of  the  Abbey.  The  College 
consists  of  a  dean,  twelve  prebendaries,  twelve  almsmen,  and  forty 
scholars ;  with  a  master  and  an  usher.  This  is  the  foundation,  but 
the  school  consists  of  a  larger  number  of  masters  and  of  a  much 
larger  number  of  boys.  The  forty  are  called  Queen's  scholars,  and 
after  an  examination,  which  takes  place  on  the  first  Tuesday  after 
Rogation  Sunday,  four  are  elected  to  Trinity  College,  Cambridge, 
and  four  to  Christ  Church,  Oxford ;  and  "  in  the  former  years  of  my 
mastership  "  [of  Trinity],  Bentley  writes  to  the  Dean  of  Westminster, 
"  the  Westminster  scholars  got  the  major  part  of  our  fellowships.  Of 
later  years  they  have  not  so  succeeded."  A  parent  wishing  to  place  a 
boy  at  this  school  will  get  every  necessary  information  from  the  head- 
master ;  boys  are  not  placed  on  the  foundation  under  twelve,  or  above 
thirteen  years  of  age.  Eminent  Masters,  —  Alexander  Nowell,  head- 
master, 1543  ;  Nicholas  Udall,  author  of  Roister  JDoister,  was  appointed 
Master  by  Queen  Mary  about  1555,  having  been  expelled  from  the 
same  position  at  Eton  in  1543  ;  Camden,  the  antiquary — second  master, 
1575,  headmaster,  1593  ;  Dr.  Busby,  for  over  half  a  century  (1640- 
1695);  Vincent  Bourne;  Jordan  (Cowley  has  a  copy  of  verses  on  his 
death).  Eminent  Men  educated  at. —  Poets :  Ben  Jonson  ;  Bishop 
Corbet ;  George  Herbert ;  Giles  Fletcher ;  Jasper  Mayne ;  William 
Cartwright ;  Cowley ;  Dryden  ;  Nat  Lee ;  Rowe ;  Prior ;  Churchill ; 
Dyer,  author  of  Grongar  Hill ;  Cowper  ;  Southey.  Cowley  published 
a  volume  of  poems  whilst  a  scholar  at  Westminster.  Other  great  Men. 
— Sir  Harry  Vane,  the  younger;  Hakluyt,  the  collector  of  the 
voyages  which  bear  his  name ;  Sir  Christopher  Wren ;  Charles 
Montague,  Earl  of  Halifax ;  George  Stepney ;  Locke ;  South ; 
Atterbury ;  Warren  Hastings ;  Gibbon,  the  historian ;  Cumberland ; 
Home  Tooke,  before  going  to  Eton ;  Lord  Mansfield ;  Marquis  of 
Rockingham  ;  Marquis  of  Anglesey ;  Lord  Raglan ;  Lord  Comber- 
mere  ;  Lord  Keppel ;  Earl  Russell ;  the  elder  Colman. 

Cumberland  and  I  boarded  together  in  the  same  house  at  Westminster. — COWPER. 

At  Westminster,  where  little  poets  strive 
To  set  a  distitch  upon  six  and  five, 
Where  Discipline  helps  opening  buds  of  sense, 
And  makes  his  pupils  proud  with  silver  pence, 
I  was  a  poet  too. — Cowper,  Table  Talk. 

He  who  cannot  look  forward  with  comfort,  must  find  what  comfort  he  can  in 
looking  backward.  Upon  this  principle  I  the  other  day  sent  my  imagination  upon  a 
trip  thirty  years  behind  me.  She  was  very  obedient,  and  very  swift  of  foot,  presently 
performed  her  journey,  and  at  last  set  me  down  on  the  sixth  form  at  Westminster. 
.  .  .  Accordingly  I  was  a  schoolboy  in  high  favour  with  the  master,  received  a 

1  Appendix  to  Report  of  the  Cathedral  and  Collegiate  Church  Cotunt.,  1854. 


WESTMINSTER  SCHOOL  489 

silver  groat  for  my  exercise,  and  had  the  pleasure  of  seeing  it  sent  from  form  to  form 
for  the  admiration  of  all  who  were  able  to  understand  it. — Cowper. 

This  custom  [of  sending  from  form  to  form]  was  not  practised  at  Westminster  in 
the  days  of  Dr.  Vincent.  But  "sweet  remuneration"  was  still  dispensed  in  silver 
pence  ;  and  those  pence  produced  still  "  goodlier  guerdon  "  by  an  established  rate  of 
exchange  at  which  the  mistress  of  the  boarding-house  received  them,  and  returned 
current  coin  in  the  proportion  of  six  to  one.  My  first  literary  profits  were  thus 
obtained,  and,  like  Cowper,  I  remember  the  pleasure  with  which  I  received  them. 
But  there  was  this  difference,  that  his  rewards  were  probably  for  Latin  verse,  in  which 
he  excelled,  and  mine  were  always  for  English  composition. —  Southey,  Life  of 
Cowper,  vol.  i.  p.  17,  note. 

The  boys  on  the  foundation  were  formerly  separated  from  the  town 
boys  when  in  school  by  a  bar  or  curtain.  The  schoolroom  was  a 
dormitory  belonging  to  the  Abbey,  and  retained  certain  traces  of  its 
former  ornaments.  New  buildings  have  been  erected,  in  which  the 
boys  are  now  taught  in  distinct  and  separate  classes,  and  the  old  school- 
room is  no  longer  used.  The  College  hall,  originally  the  Abbot's  re- 
fectory, was  built  by  Abbot  Litlington,  in  the  reign  of  Edward  III. 
The  dormitory  was  built  by  the  Earl  of  Burlington  in  1722.  The 
Dean  and  Chapter  hold  a  house  and  estate  at  Chiswick,  to  which  the 
boys  are  to  be  removed  in  case  of  the  plague ;  the  house  (or  hospital 
as  it  was  called)  cost  ,£500  when  first  built,  in  the  reign  of  Queen 
Elizabeth.1  It  has  long  been  let;  and  was  for  many  years  well  known 
as  the  Chiswick  Press  of  Charles  Whittingham.  It  was  pulled  down  a 
few  years  ago  and  applied  to  other  uses. 

In  conformity  with  an  old  custom,  the  Queen's  scholars  perform  a 
play  of  Terence  or  Plautus  every  year  at  Christmas,  with  a  Latin  pro- 
logue and  epilogue  new  on  each  occasion.  A  school  oration  on  Dr. 
South  was  pirated  in  1716  by  the  notorious  Edmund  Curll,  and  printed 
with  false  Latin.  The  boys  accordingly  invited  him  to  Westminster  to 
get  a  corrected  copy,  and  first  whipped  him  and  then  tossed  him  in  a 
blanket.  There  is  a  curious  poem  on  the  subject,  with  three  repre- 
sentations, of  the  blanket,  the  scourge,  and  Curll  upon  his  knees. 

The  Westminster  Boys  were  long  notorious  for  their  rough 
behaviour  in  the  Abbey,  where  visitors  of  all  ranks  stood  very  much  in 
awe  of  them. 

July  9,  1754. — Will  you  believe  that  I  have  not  yet  seen  the  Tomb  [of  his 
mother  in  Westminster  Abbey]  ?  None  of  my  acquaintance  were  in  town,  and  I 
literally  had  not  courage  to  venture  alone  among  the  Westminster  boys  at  the  Abbey ; 
they  are  as  formidable  to  me  as  the  ship  carpenters  at  Portsmouth. — Walpole  to 
Bentley,  vol.  ii.  p.  394. 

The  privilege  of  Westminster  Boys  to  be  present  at  Coronations  in 
Westminster  Abbey  is  recognised  by  the  authorities,  who  provide  seats 
for  them ;  and  Dean  Stanley  observes  in  their  presence  a  remarkable 
case  of  survival :  "  Even  the  assent  of  the  people  of  England  to  the 
election  of  the  Sovereign  has  found  its  voice  in  modern  days,  through 
the  shouts  of  the  Westminster  scholars,  from  their  recognised  seats  in 
the  Abbey.2 

1  LansdoTJune  MS.,  4,  art.  12.  8  Stanley,  Hist.  Memorials  of  Westminster  Abbey,  p.  46. 


490  WEYMOUTH  STREET 

Weymouth  Street,  PORTLAND  PLACE  to  HIGH  STREET,  MARYLE- 
BONE.  Prof.  Faraday's  father  died  at  No.  18  in  this  street  in  1810. 
The  Rev.  Sidney  Smith  was  living  here  in  1810.  From  1861  till  his 
death,  October  4,  1874,  Bryan  Waller  Proctor  (Barry  Cornwall)  lived 
at  No.  32. 

Wheeler  Street,  SPITALFIELDS,  WHITE  LION  STREET  and  COM- 
MERCIAL STREET.  The  principal  meeting-house  of  the  early  Quakers — 
William  Penn,  George  Whitehead,  Thomas  Ellwood,  etc.,  was  in  this 
street.1  On  June  23,  1657,  an  Act  was  passed  of  which  one  clause 
enabled  "  William  Wheeler,  Esq.,  who  is  by  lease  and  contract  engaged 
to  build  certain  houses  in  and  upon  his  lands  in  Spitalfields,  in  the 
parish  of  Stepney,  at  any  time  before  October  i,  1660,  to  erect,  new 
build  and  finish,  upon  eight  acres  of  the  said  fields,  on  part  whereof 
divers  houses  and  edifices  are  already  built,  and  streets  and  highways 
set  out,  several  houses,  buildings,  and  other  appurtenances."  2 

Wheelwrights'  Company  (The),  was  incorporated  February  3, 
1670,  under  letters  patent  of  Charles  II.,  by  the  name  of  "  The  Master, 
Wardens,  Assistants  and  Commonalty  of  the  Art  and  Mistery  of  Wheel- 
wrights of  the  City  of  London,"  but  a  livery  was  not  granted  till  1773. 
This  Company  possesses  no  hall,  and  its  business  is  transacted  at 
Guildhall. 

Whetstone  Park,  a  narrow  roadway  in  the  parish  of  St.  Giles- 
in-the-Fields,  formed  between  the  north  side  of  Lincolris  Inn  Fields 
and  the  south  side  of  Holborn,  and  so  called  after  William  Whetstone, 
a  tobacconist,  and  overseer  of  the  parish  of  St.  Giles-in-the-Fields,  in 
the  time  of  Charles  I.  and  the  Commonwealth.  There  is  a  token  of 
William  Whetstone  at  the  Black  Boy  in  Holborn,  dated  1653.  It  was 
long  notorious,  and  was  attacked,  on  account  of  its  great  immorality, 
by  the  London  apprentices  in  1682.  Since  1708,  however,  it  has 
chiefly  consisted  of  stables  and  workshops.3  There  is  still,  however, 
an  alehouse,  the  Horse  and  Groom,  in  Whetstone  Park.  The  west 
part  of  Whetstone  Park  was  called  Phillip?  Rents  from  one  Phillips, 
who  built  it,  as  what  is  now  Feathers'  Court,  running  north  into 
Holborn,  was  called  Pargiter's  Court  for  a  similar  reason.4  Milton's 
garden,  when  in  1645  "he  removed  to  a  smaller  house  in  Holborn, 
which  opened  backward  into  Lincoln's  Inn  Fields,"  must  have  been 
built  over  by  these  unhallowed  houses. 

And  makes  a  brothel  of  a  palace, 

Where  harlots  ply,  as  many  tell  us, 

Like  brimstones  in  a  Whetstone  alehouse. — BUTLER. 

Near  Holborn  lies  a  Park  of  great  renown, 
The  place  I  do  suppose  is  not  unknown. 
For  brevity's  sake  the  name  I  shall  not  tell, 
Because  most  genteel  readers  know  it  well. 

1  Ellwood,  p.  187.  z  See  note  to  Barton's  Diary,  vol.  ii.  p.  283. 

3  Hatton's  New  View  of  London,  8vo,  1708,  p.  88.         *  Dobie's  St.  Giles  and  St.  George,  p.  56. 


WHITE'S  491 

(Since  Middle  Park  near  Charing  Cross  was  made 
They  say  there  is  a  great  decay  of  trade) ; 
'Twas  there  a  flock  of  Dukes,  by  fury  brought, 
With  bloody  mind  a  sickly  damsel  sought,  etc. 
On  (he  three  Dukes  killing  the  Beadle  on  Sunday  Morning,  February  26,  1670-1671, 

(State  Poems,  8vo,  1697,  p.  147). 

Lady  Flippant.  But  why  do  you  look  as  if  you  were  jealous  then  ? 
Dapperwit.   If  I  had  met  you  in  Whetstone's  Park,  with  a  drunken  foot  soldier, 
I  should  not  have  been  jealous  of  you. — Wycherley,  Love  in  a  Wood,  410,  I672.1 

After  I  had  gone  a  little  way  in  a  great  broad  street,  I  turned  into  a  tavern  hard 
by  a  place  they  call  a  Park ;  and  just  as  one  park  is  all  trees,  that  park  is  all  houses — 
I  asked  if  they  had  any  deer  in  it,  and  they  told  me  not  half  so  many  as  they  used 
to  have;  but  that  if  I  had  a  mind  to  a  doe,  they  would  put  a  doe  to  me. — The 
Country  Wit,  by  J.  Crowne,  4to,  1675. 

Aldo.  Tis  very  well,  Sir ;  I  find  you  have  been  searching  for  your  relations  then 
in  Whetstone's  Park. 

Woodall.  No,  Sir  ;  I  made  some  scruple  of  going  to  the  foresaid  place,  for  fear  of 
meeting  my  own  father  there. — Dryden's  Kind  Keeper,  or  Mr.  Limberham,  4to, 
i68o.2 

Bedlam — 'tis  a  new  Whetstone's  Park,  now  the  old  one's  plough'd  up. — Ned 
Ward,  The  London  Spy,  pt.  iii. 

Whitcomb  Street,  PALL  MALL  EAST  to  COVENTRY  STREET, 
originally  Hedge  Lane,  is  mentioned  under  its  present  designation  in  a 
Vestry  Minute  of  St.  Martin's-in-the-Fields  of  March  14,  1677,  fixing 
the  proposed  boundaries  of  St.  James's,  Piccadilly,  and  St.  Anne's,  Soho. 
It  is  so  named  also  in  Strype's  Map,  1710.  A  stone  high  up  on  the 
house  No.  14  has  the  initials  I.  A.  and  the  date  1692. 

White  Bear  Inn,  PICCADILLY,  stood  on  the  south  side  of 
Piccadilly,  between  the  Haymarket  and  Regent  Street.  Luke 
Sullivan,  Hogarth's  assistant  in  many  of  his  plates,  and  J.  B.  Chatelain, 
engravers,  died  here.3 

White's,  a  celebrated  Club-house,  Nos.  37  and  38  ST.  JAMES'S 
STREET,  originally  White's  Chocolate-house,  under  which  name  it  was 
established  circ.  1698,  on  the  west  side  of  the  present  street,  five  doors 
from  the  bottom,  in  the  house  that  was  previously  the  residence  of  the 
stately  Countess  of  Northumberland — "the  last  who  kept  up  the 
ceremonious  state  of  the  old  peerage."  Pope  fixes  the  locality  as  being 
between  the  Chapel  Royal  and  Mother  Needham's  in  Park  Place. 

She  ceased.     Then  swells  the  Chapel  Royal  throat 
"  God  save  King  Gibber  !  "  mounts  in  every  note. 
Familiar  White's  "God  save  King  Colley  !"  cries; 
"  God  save  King  Colley  !  "  Drury  Lane  replies  : 
To  Needham's  quick  the  voice  triumphal  rode 
But  pious  Needham  dropt  the  name  of  God. 

Pope,  Dundad,  vol.  i.  p.  308. 

Very  early  in  the  i8th  century  it  had  become  notorious  as  an 
aristocratic  gaming-house.  Swift  says  that  "  The  late  Earl  of  Oxford 

1  See  also  Shadwell's  Miser,  410,  1672.  ences  might  be  endless  and  the  result  worthless 

2  See  also  his  Prologue  to  the  Wild  Gallant,       or  worse, 
when  revised);    also   Nat  Lee's  Dedication  oj 

Princess  of  Cleve,  410,  1689,  etc.,  but  the  refer-  3  Smith's  A ntiquarian  Ramble,  vol.  L  p.  26. 


492  WHITES 

[Robert  Harley,  who  died  1724],  in  the  time  of  his  ministry,  never 
passed  by  White's  Chocolate  -  house  (the  common  Rendezvous  of 
infamous  Sharpers  and  noble  Cullies)  without  bestowing  a  curse  upon 
that  famous  academy,  as  the  bane  of  half  the  English  nobility." x  And 
William  Whitehead  (who  quotes  this  passage  in  a  note)  calls  it  in  his 
Manners,  a  Satire  (1739),  "a  Den  of  Thieves."  The  first  White's 
was  destroyed  by  fire,  April  28,  1733,  at  which  time  the  house  was 
kept  by  a  person  of  the  name  of  Arthur. 

On  Saturday  morning  [April  28,  1733],  about  four  o'clock,  a  fire  broke  out  at 
Mr.  Arthur's,  at  White's  Chocolate  House,  in  St.  James's  Street,  which  burnt  with 
great  violence,  and  in  a  short  time  entirely  consumed  that  house,  with  two  others, 
and  much  damaged  several  others  adjoining. — The  Daily  Courant,  April  30,  1733. 
Young  Mr.  Arthur's  wife  leaped  out  of  a  window  two  pair  of  stairs  upon  a 
feather  bed  without  much  hurt.  A  fine  collection  of  paintings  belonging  to  Sir 
Andrew  Fountaine,  valued  at  ^3000  at  the  least,  was  entirely  destroyed.  His 
Majesty  and  the  Prince  of  Wales  were  present  above  an  hour,  and  encouraged  the 
Firemen  and  People  to  work  at  the  Engines  —  a  guard  being  ordered  from  St. 
James's  to  keep  oft'  the  populace.  His  Majesty  ordered  20  guineas  among  the  Fire- 
men and  others  that  worked  at  the  Engines  and  5  guineas  to  the  Guard ;  and  the 
Prince  ordered  the  Firemen  10  guineas. — Gent.  Mag.  for  1733. 2 

This  is  to  acquaint  all  noblemen  and  gentlemen  that  Mr.  Arthur,  having  had  the 
misfortune  to  be  burnt  out  of  White's  Chocolate  House,  is  removed  to  Gaunt's 
Coffee  House,  next  the  St.  James's  Coffee  House,  in  St.  James's  Street,  where  he 
humbly  begs  they  will  favour  him  with  their  company  as  usual.  —  The  Daily  Post, 
May  3,  1733. 

All  accounts  of  gallantry,  pleasure  and  entertainment,  shall  be  under  the  article 
of  White's  Chocolate  House ;  poetry  under  that  of  Will's  Coffee  House ;  learning 
under  the  title  of  the  Grecian  ;  foreign  and  domestic  news  you  will  have  from  St. 
James's  Coffee  House. — The  Tatler,  No.  I. 

To  all  his  most  frequented  haunts  resort, 

Oft  dog  him  to  the  Ring,  and  oft  to  Court ; 

As  love  of  pleasure,  or  of  place  invites  : 

And  sometimes  catch  him  taking  snuff  at  White's. 

Addison,  Prologue  to  Steele's  Tender  Husband. 

As  a  Club  White's  dates  from  1736,  when  the  house  ceased  to  be 
an  open  Chocolate -house  that  any  one  might  enter  who  was  prepared 
to  pay  for  what  he  had.  It  was  made  a  private  house  for  the  conveni- 
ence of  the  chief  frequenters  of  the  place,  whose  annual  subscriptions 
towards  its  support  were  paid  to  Arthur,  the  proprietor  of  the  house, 
by  whom  the  Club  was  formed.  Arthur  died  in  June  1761,  and  was 
succeeded  by  Robert  Mackreth,  who  married  Mary  Arthur,  the  only 
child  of  the  former  proprietor. 

When  Bob  Mackreth  served  Arthur's  crew,  . 
"Rumbold,"  he  cried,  "come  black  my  shoe  !" 
And  Rumbold  answer'd,  "Yea,  Bob  !" 

1  Swift's  Essay  on  Modern  Education. 

2  The  incident  of  the  fire  was  made  use  of  by  Plate  IV.  of  the  same  pictured  moral  represents  a 

Hogarth  in   Plate  VI.  of  the  Rake's  Progress,  group    of   chimney  -  sweepers    and    shoe  -  blacks 

representing    a    room    at    White's.      The    total  gambling  on   the  ground  over  against  White's, 

abstraction  of  the  gamblers  is  well  expressed  by  To  indicate  the  Club  more  fully,   Hogarth  has 

their  utter  inattention  to  the  alarm  of  fire  given  inserted  the  name  Black's,  and  it  is  irradiated  by 

by  watchmen  who  are  bursting  open  the  doors.  a  flash  of  lightning  pointed  directly  at  it. 


WHITE'S  493 

But  now  returned  from  India's  land, 
He  scorns  t'  obey  the  proud  command, 
And  boldly  answers,  "  Na-bob." 

Sir  E.  Brydges's  Autobiography,  vol.  i.  p.  194  (Lord  Camden?).     For  variations  in 
the  Epigram,  see  Walpole  to  Mason,  November  I,  1780. 

Mackreth  retired  in  1763  with  an  unenviable  fame,1  transferring 
the  property  to  his  kinsman  the  Cherubim. 

That  puts  me  in  mind  to  inform  your  Grace  of  a  great  event,  which  is  that  Bob 
retires  from  business  at  Lady  Day,  and  the  Cherubim  is  to  keep  the  house. — Rigby 
to  the  Duke  of  Bedford. 

April  5,  1763. — Sir — Having  quitted  business  entirely  and  let  my  house  to  the 
Cherubim,  who  is  my  near  relation,  I  humbly  beg  leave,  after  returning  you  my  most 
grateful  thanks  for  all  favours,  to  recommend  him  to  your  patronage,  not  doubting 
by  the  long  experience  I  have  had  of  his  fidelity  but  that  he  will  strenuously 
endeavour  to  oblige. — Robert  Mackreth  to  George  Selwyn. 

The  property  passed,  in  1784,  to  John  Martindale,  who  was  bank- 
rupt in  1797;  and  in  1812  to  Mr.  Ragget.  From  him  it  descended 
to  his  son.  The  Club  was  removed  to  the  present  house  in  1755. 
The  front  alterations  were  made  in  1850,  and  the  four  bas-reliefs  of  the 
seasons,  from  the  designs  of  Mr.  George  Scharf,  were  added.  The 
freehold  of  White's  Club-house  was  sold  at  the  auction  mart,  March  7, 
1871,  for  ,£46,000,  to  H.  W.  Eaton,  Esq.,  M.P. 

The  earliest  record  in  the  Club  is  a  book  of  rules  and  list  of 
members  "  of  the  old  Club  at  White's,"  dated  October  30,  1736.  The 
principal  members  were  the  Duke  of  Devonshire,  the  Earls  of 
Cholmondeley,  Chesterfield,  and  Rockingham,  Sir  John  Cope,  Major- 
General  Churchill,  Bubb  Dodington,  and  Colley  Gibber.  The  Rules 
direct — 

That  every  member  is  to  pay  one  guinea  a  year  towards  having  a  good  Cook. 
The  supper  to  be  upon  Table  at  10  o'Clock  and  the  Bill  at  12. 
That  every  member  who  is  in  the  room  after  7  o'Clock  and  plays  is  to  pay  Half 
a  Crown. 

From  1736  the  records  of  the  Club  are  nearly  complete.  Many 
of  the  rules  are  curiously  characteristic  of  the  state  of  society  at  the 
time. 

December  26,  1755. — That  the  Picket  Cards  be  charged  in  the  Dinner  or  Supper 
Bill. 

March  22,  1755. — That  the  names  of  all  Candidates  are  to  be  deposited  with 
Mr.  Arthur  or  Bob  [Mackreth]. 

May  20,  1758. — To  prevent  those  invidious  conjectures  which  disappointed 
candidates  are  apt  to  make  concerning  the  respective  votes  of  their  Electors,  or  to 
render  at  least  such  surmises  more  difficult  and  doubtful,  it  is  ordered  that  Every 
Member  present  at  the  time  of  Balloting  shall  put  in  his  Ball,  and  such  person  or 
persons  who  refuse  to  comply  with  it  shall  pay  the  supper  reckoning  of  that  night. 

February  u,  1762. — It  was  this  night  ordered  that  the  Quinze  players  shall  pay 
for  their  own  cards. 

1  See  two  leading  cases  in  Equity,  Fox  v.  Mackreth ;   and  Mackreth  v.  Symmons,  i  W.  and 
Tudor,  92  and  235. 


94  WHITES 

February  15,  1769. — It  was  this  night  agreed  by  a  majority  of  nineteen  balls, 
that  Every  Member  of  this  Club  who  is  in  the  Billiard  Room  at  the  time  Supper  is 
declared  upon  table  shall  pay  his  reckoning  if  he  does  not  Sup  at  the  Young  Club.1 

In  1775  the  Club  was  restricted  to  151  members,  and  the  annual 
subscription  raised  to  10  guineas.  In  1780  it  was  ordered  that  a 
dinner  should  be  ready  every  day  at  five  o'clock  during  the  sitting  of 
Parliament,  at  a  reckoning  of  twelve  shillings  per  head.  In  1781  the 
Club  was  enlarged  to  300  members,  and  in  1797,  when  it  was  enlarged 
to  400,  the  following  rules  were  added  to  the  book  : — 

No  person  to  be  balloted  for  but  between  the  hours  of  II  and  12  at  Night. 

Dinner  at  Ten  Shillings  and  Sixpence  per  head  (Malt  Liquor,  Biscuits,  oranges, 
apples,  and  olives  included)  to  be  on  Table  at  Six  o'Clock.  The  Bill  to  be  brought 
at  nine.  The  price  and  qualities  of  the  Wines  to  be  approved  by  the  Manager. 

That  no  Member  of  the  Club  shall  hold  a  Faro  Bank. 

That  the  Dice  used  at  Hazard  shall  be  paid  for  by  Boxes,  that  is,  every  Player 
who  holds  in  three  hands  to  pay  a  Guinea  for  Dice. 

That  no  hot  suppers  be  provided  unless  particularly  ordered,  and  then  be  paid 
for  at  the  rate  of  Eight  Shillings  per  head.  That  in  one  of  the  rooms  there  be  laid 
every  night  (from  the  Queen's  to  the  King's  Birthday)  a  Table  with  Cold  Meat, 
Oysters,  etc.  Each  person  partaking  thereof  to  pay  four  shillings — Malt  Liquor 
only  included. 

That  Every  Member  who  plays  at  Chess,  Draughts,  or  Backgammon  do  pay  One 
Shilling  Each  time  of  playing  by  day-light  and  half  a  crown  Each  by  Candle-light. 

The  distinction  between  the  Young  and  the  Old  Clubs  seems  to 
have  ceased  about  this  time.  In  1800  it  was  enlarged  to  450 
members,  and  in  1813  to  500  members.  The  present  limitation  is 
750.  Walpole,  writing  to  Mason  (June  18,  1751),  describes  "an 
extravagant  dinner  at  White's,"  which  is  the  talk  of  the  town.  The 
Club,  on  June  20,  1814,  gave  a  ball  at  Burlington  House  to  the 
Emperor  of  Russia,  the  King  of  Prussia,  and  the  allied  Sovereigns 
then  in  England,  which  cost  ^9849  :  2  :  6.  Covers  were  laid  for 
2400  people.  Three  weeks  after  this  (July  6,  1814)  the  Club  gave  a 
dinner  to  the  Duke  of  Wellington,  which  cost  ^2480  : 10  :  9. 

At  its  foundation  and  long  after  White's  was  essentially  a  gaming 
club.  Walpole  tells  us  that  the  celebrated  Earl  of  Chesterfield,  after  he 
gave  up  the  Seals  in  1748,  lived  "at  White's,  gaming  and  pronouncing 
witticisms  among  the  boys  of  quality ; " 2  and  yet  he  says  to  his  son 
that  "  a  member  of  a  gaming  club  should  be  a  cheat  or  he  will  soon  be 
a  beggar."  3 

The  most  fashionable  as  well  as  the  common  people  at  that  time 
dined  at  an  early  hour,  and  a  supper  was  then  an  indispensable  meal. 
White's  became  a  great  supper-house,  where  gaming,  both  before  and 
after,  was  carried  on  to  a  late  hour  and  to  heavy  amounts.  The  least 
difference  of  opinion  invariably  ended  in  a  bet,  and  a  book  for  entering 
the  particulars  of  all  bets  was  always  laid  upon  the  table.  One  of 

1  See  on  the  subject  of  the  "  Old  Club,"  Wai.  small  in  its  numbers,  the  young  club  was  con- 

pole  to  Mann,  February  2,  1752.     It  appears  that  sidered  as  an  adjunct  from  which  it  could  be 

the  two  clubs  were  kept  quite  distinct,  although  replenished  as  members  died  or  resigned, 

they  seem  to  have  been  held  in  the  same  house.  2  Walpole's  George  II. ,  vol.  i.  p.  51. 

Probably,  as  the  old  club  was  very  select   and  3  Works,  by  Lord  Stanhope,  vol.  ii.  p.  429. 


WHITE'S  495 

these,  with  entries  of  a  date  as  early  as  1 744,  has  been  preserved.  The 
marriage  of  a  young  lady  of  rank  would  occasion  a  bet  of  a  hundred 
guineas,  that  she  would  give  birth  to  a  live  child  before  the  Countess 

of ,  who  had  been  married  three  or  even  more  months  before  her. 

Heavy  bets  were  pending  that  Arthur,  who  was  then  a  widower,  would 
be  married  before  a  member  of  the  Club  of  about  the  same  age  and 
also  a  widower ;  that  Sarah,  Duchess  of  Marlborough,  would  outlive 
the  old  Duchess  of  Cleveland ;  that  Colley  Gibber  would  outlive  both 
Beau  Nash  and  old  Mr.  Swinney ;  and  that  a  certain  minister  would 
cease  to  be  in  the  Cabinet  by  a  certain  time.1 

What  can  I  now  ?  my  Fletcher  cast  aside, 
Take  up  the  Bible,  once  my  better  guide  ? 
Or  tread  the  path  by  vent'rous  heroes  trod, 
This  box  my  thunder,  this  right  hand  my  god  ? 
Or  chair'd  at  White's,  amidst  the  Doctors  sit, 
Teach  oaths  to  Gamesters,  and  to  Nobles  wit  ? 

Pope,  The  Dunciad. 
As  oft  I  overheard  the  Demon  say, 
\Vho  daily  met  the  loiterer  in  his  way, 
"  I'll  meet  thee  youth  at  Whites";  the  youth  replies, 
"  I'll  meet  thee  there," — and  falls  his  sacrifice. —  Young  to  Pope. 

There  is  a  man  about  town,  a  Sir  William  Burdett,  a  man  of  very  good  family 
but  most  infamous  character.  In  short,  to  give  you  his  character  at  once,  there  is  a 
wager  entered  in  the  bet  book  at  White's  (a  MS.  of  which  I  may  one  day  or  other 
give  you  an  account)  that  the  first  baronet  that  will  be  hanged  is  this  Sir  William 
Burdett. — Walpole  to  Mann,  December  16,  1748. 

They  have  put  in  the  papers  a  good  story  made  on  White's.  A  man  dropped 
down  dead  at  the  door  was  carried  in  ;  the  club  immediately  made  bets  whether  he 
was  dead  or  not,  and  when  they  were  going  to  bleed  him  the  wagerers  for  his  death 
interposed,  and  said  it  would  affect  the  fairness  of  the  bet.  —  Walpole  to  Mann, 
September  I,  1750. 

March  21,  1755. — I  t'other  night  at  White  found  a  very  remarkable  entry  in 
our  very  remarkable  wager  book,  "  Lord  Mountford  bets  Sir  John  Bland  twenty 
guineas  that  Nash  outlives  Gibber."  How  odd  that  these  two  old  creatures,  selected 
for  their  antiquities,  should  live  to  see  both  their  wagerers  put  an  end  to  their  own 
lives.  —  Walpole  to  Mason,  vol.  ii.  p.  481. 

White's  was  formerly  distinguished  for  gallantry  and  intrigue.  During  the 
publication  of  The  Tatler,  Sir  Richard  Steele  thought  proper  to  date  all  his  love- 
news  from  that  quarter  :  but  it  would  now  be  as  absurd  to  pretend  to  gather  any 
intelligence  from  White's,  as  to  send  to  Batson's  for  a  lawyer,  or  to  the  Rolls  Coffee 
House  for  a  man-midwife. — The  Connoisseur  of  May  9,  1754. 

Mr.  Pelham  [the  Prime  Minister]  was  originally  an  officer  in  the  army  and  a 
professed  gamester  ;  of  a  narrow  mind,  low  parts,  etc.  .  .  .  By  long  experience  and 
attendance  he  became  experienced  as  a  Parliament  man  ;  and  even  when  Minister, 
divided  his  time  to  the  last  between  his  office  and  the  Club  of  gamesters  at  White's. 
— Glover  the  Poefs  Autobiography,  p.  48. 

The  Dryads  of  Hagley  are  at  present  pretty  secure,  but  I  sometimes  tremble  to 
think  that  the  rattling  of  a  dice-box  at  White's  may  one  day  or  other  (if  my  son 
should  be  a  member  of  that  noble  academy)  shake  down  all  our  fine  oaks.  It  is 
dreadful  to  see  not  only  there,  but  almost  in  every  house  in  town,  what  devastations 
are  made  by  that  destructive  Fury,  the  spirit  of  Play. — Lord  Lyttelton  to  Dr. 
Doddridge,  April  17 5°  (Lyttelton  Correspondence,  p.  421). 

1  See  Walpole  to  Bentley,  October  31,  1756. 


496  WHITE'S 

From  hence  to  White's  our  virtuous  Cato  flies, 
There  sits  with  countenance  erect  and  wise, 
And  talks  of  games  of  whist  and  pig-tail  pies. 

Soame  Jenyns,  The  Modern  Fine  Gentleman,  1 746. 

March  3,  1763. — White's  goes  on  as  usual ;  play  there  is  rather  more  moderate, 
ready  money  being  established  this  winter  at  quinze.  Lord  Masham  was  fool  enough 
to  lose  three  thousand  at  hazard  to  Lord  Bolingbroke  the  night  before  last  :  I  guess 
that  was  not  all  ready  money. — Rigby  to  Duke  of  Bedford, 

March  2,  1818. — Let  me  here  relate  what  I  heard  of  one  of  the  Clubs — White's 
— the  great  Tory  Club  in  St.  James's.  Somebody  spoke  of  the  lights  kept  burning 
there  all  night :  "Yes,"  said  a  member,  "they  have  not  been  out,  I  should  think, 
since  the  reign  of  Charles  the  Second. — Rush,  Residence  at  the  Court  of  London. 

With  reference  to  the  great  spirit  of  gaming  which  prevailed  at 
White's,  the  arms  of  the  Club  were  designed  by  Horace  Walpole,  Dick 
Edgcumbe,  George  Selwyn,  etc.,  at  Strawberry  Hill,  in  I756.1  The 
blazon  is  vert  (for  a  card  table) ;  three  parolis  proper  on  a  chevron 
sable  (for  a  hazard  table) ;  two  rouleaus  in  saltier,  between  two  dice 
proper,  on  a  canton  sable ;  a  white  ball  (for  election)  argent.  The 
supporters  are  an  old  and  young  knave  of  clubs ;  the  crest,  an  arm  out 
of  an  earl's  coronet  shaking  a  dice-box ;  and  the  motto,  "  Cogit  Amor 
Nummi."  Round  the  arms  is  a  claret  bottle  ticket  by  way  of  order. 
Edgcumbe  made  "  a  very  pretty  painting  "  of  these  arms,  which  they 
entitled  "  The  Old  and  Young  Club  at  Arthurs."  At  the  Strawberry 
Hill  sale  it  was  bought  by  the  Club  for  twenty-two  shillings. 

White's  Coffee-house,  near  the  ROYAL  EXCHANGE,  was  the  daily 
resort  of  Colonel  Blood  and  his  associates  during  that  mysterious  period 
of  his  being  in  favour  at  Court. 

White  Conduit  House,  PENTONVILLE,  a  popular  place  of  enter- 
tainment and  tea-gardens,  was  so  named  from  a  conduit  of  flint  and 
brick,  faced  with  stone,  built  over  a  reservoir,  the  water  from  which  was 
conveyed  by  pipes  to  the  Charterhouse.2  When  the  Charterhouse  was 
supplied  from  other  sources  the  conduit  was  suffered  to  go  to  ruin.  A 
view  of  it,  when  in  the  last  stage  of  neglect  (1827),  by  Mr.  J.  Fussell, 
is  given  in  Hone's  Every-Day  Book  (vol.  ii.  p.  1202).  It  was  finally 
demolished  in  1831,  and  the  site  built  over.  White  Conduit  House 
was  a  kind  of  minor  Vauxhall  for  the  Londoners  who  went  for  cakes 
and  cream  to  Islington  and  Hornsey.  The  gardens  were  a  favourite 
Sunday  afternoon  resort  for  small  tradesmen  and  their  families. 

Time  was  when  satin  waistcoats  and  scratch  wigs, 
Enough  distinguished  all  the  City  prigs 
Whilst  every  sunshine  Sunday  saw  them  run 
To  club  their  sixpences  at  Islington  ; 
When  graver  citizens,  in  suits  of  brown, 
Lined  every  dusty  avenue  to  town, 

1  Walpole  to  Montagu,  April  20,  1756.  the  well-spring  in  Overmead  to  make  an  aqueduct 

2  In  1430  John  Feriby  and  Margery  his  wife       at  the  rent  service  of  izd. — Tomlins,  Yseldon,  p. 
enfeoffed  the  Prior,  etc.,  of  the  Charterhouse  of      161. 


WHITE  HART  INN  497 


Or  led  the  children  and  the  loving  spouse, 

To  spend  two  shillings  at  White  Conduit  House. 

Rev.  Charles  Jenner,  Eclogue  2,  Time  Was. 

William  Woty,  1760,  celebrated  in  delectable  verse  the  "tea  and 
cream  and  buttered  rolls  "  served  "  in  china  with  gilt  spoons  "  at  White 
Conduit  House  "on  Sunday  afternoons."  The  gardens  lost  their 
character  early  in  the  present  century,  and  the  house,  before  it  was 
pulled  down  (January  1849)  to  make  way  for  a  new  street,  was  nothing 
more  than  a  large  tavern,  with  a  large  room,  for  suburban  entertainments 
and  political  meetings.  A  public-house  called  White  Conduit  was  built 
on  the  north  end  of  the  gardens,  now  No.  14  Barnsbury  Road,  and 
the  name  is  further  preserved  in  White  Conduit  Street,  running  from 
Barnsbury  Road  to  Cloudesley  Road,  Islington. 

White  Hart  Court,  LOMBARD  STREET,  was  the  last  turning  on 
the  right  hand  from  the  Mansion  House,  but  has  been  swept  away  in 
recent  improvements.  In  it  lived  from  1740  till  1767  Dr.  John 
Fothergill,  the  celebrated  Quaker  physician. 

White  Hart  Inn,  BISHOPSGATE  STREET  WITHOUT,  "next  unto  the 
parish  church  of  St.  Botolph."  "  Bishopsgate,"  says  Stow,  "is  a  fair  inn 
for  receipt  of  travellers."  Next  to  it  was  "  the  Hospital  of  St.  Mary  of 
Bethleham."1  The  hospital — Bedlam — was  removed  in  1814.  By 
that  time  the  White  Hart  seems  to  have  lost  much  of  its  reputation  as 
an  inn  for  travellers.  The  courtyard  was  in  part  taken  for  the  build- 
ing of  White  Hart  Court ;  but  the  inn  remained  down  to  1829 — a  large, 
rambling,  half-timber  structure,  having  three  broad  bays  in  the  front, 
with  a  lofty  central  archway  as  the  principal  and  carriage  entrance.  On 
the  central  bay  was  the  date  1480.  The  old  inn  was  pulled  down  in 
1829,  when  Bedlam  Gate  was  removed  and  the  broad  thoroughfare 
called  Liverpool  Street  formed.  A  new  White  Hart — a  smart  "  wine 
and  spirit "  tavern,  was  built  on  what  remained  of  the  site  of  the  old 
inn.  An  engraving  of  the  Old  White  Hart  is  given  in  the  European 
Magazine  for  March  1787;  and  another,  showing  the  house  as  it 
appeared  before  its  demolition  in  1829,  but  somewhat  changed  in 
appearance  from  1778,  in  the  Mirror  for  1830  (vol.  xv.  p.  177). 

White  Hart  Inn,  SOUTHWARK,  is  mentioned  in  the  Greyfriars 
Chronicle,  p.  ig;2  in  the  Fasten  Letters,  vol.  i.  p.  61  ;  in  Shakespeare's 
Second  Part  of  Henry  VI.,  Act  iv.  Sc.  8  ;  and  by  Sam  Weller  in  the  Pick- 
wick Papers.  Hatton  describes  it  as  standing  "  on  the  east  side  of  the 
Borough  of  Southwark,  towards  the  south  end  ;"  and  adds  (p.  90), 
"This  is  the  largest  sign  about  London,  except  the  Castle  Tavern,  in 
Fleet  Street."  There  are  many  interesting  pictures  of  the  old  inn, 
taken  at  different  times,  and  descriptions,  notably  in  the  Pickwick  Papers. 
The  White  Hart  no  doubt  existed  as  an  inn  before  1406,  and  was 
Cade's  headquarters  in  1450.  In  1669  it  was  partly  burnt  down  and 

1  Stow,  p.  62.  dyne  of  Sent  Martyns,  at    the  Whyt    Harte  in 

2  And  there  was  beheddyd  .  .  .  one  Haway-       Southwarke. — Greyfriars  Chron.,  p.  19. 

VOL.  Ill  2   K 


WHITE  HART  INN 


in  1676  wholly  so.  It  remained  until  July  1889,  when  it  was  pulled 
down.  It  was  a  fair  specimen  of  the  inn  with  large  courtyard  and 
galleries. 

White  Hart  Inn,  STRAND,  has  given  its  name  to  Hart  Street, 
Covent  Garden,  and  is  mentioned  in  a  lease  to  Sir  William  Cecil 
(Lord  Burghley)  of  September  7,  1570,  and  is  there  described  as  being 
"scituate  in  the  high  streete  of  Westm'.  commonly  called  the 
Stronde."1 

Weever  has  preserved  an  epitaph  in  the  Savoy  Church  on  an  old 
vintner  of  the  White  Hart. 

Here  lieth  Humphrey  Gosling,  of  London,  vintnor, 

Of  the  Whyt  Hart  of  this  parish  a  neghbor, 

Of  vertuous  behauiour,  a  very  good  archer, 

And  of  honest  mirth,  a  good  company  keeper. 

So  well  inclyned  to  poore  and  rich, 

God  send  more  Goslings  to  be  sich. 

Gosling  died  in  1586. 

White  Horse  Cellar,  PICCADILLY  (south  side),  near  Arlington 
Street,  famous  as  the  starting -place,  in  coaching  days,  of  the  mail- 
coaches  and  finely-appointed  stages  to  Oxford,  Bristol,  and  the  western 
towns  generally.  An  excellent  representation  of  it  in  its  palmy  days, 
by  George  Cruikshank,  will  be  found  at  the  end  of  Pierce  Egan's  Tom 
and  Jerry,  and  a  verbal  description  by  Charles  Dickens  in  the  Pickwick 
Papers.  The  old  White  Horse  Cellar  faded  before  the  progress  of 
railways ;  but  "  Hatchett's  Hotel  and  New  White  Horse  Cellar "  at 
the  corner  of  Dover  Street  still  nourishes,  and  is  the  stabling-place  of 
the  summer  four-horse  coaches  that  are  now  so  much  in  vogue  for 
plaseure  traffic.  The  hotel  and  cellar  have  been  lately  rebuilt. 

White  Lion,  near  ST.  GEORGE'S  CHURCH,  SOUTHWARK. 

The  White  Lion,  a  gaol,  so  called  for  that  the  same  was  a  common  hosterie  for 
the  receipt  of  travellers  by  that  sign.  This  house  was  first  used  as  a  gaol  within 
these  forty  years  [1598]  last  past. — Stow,  p.  153. 

There  was  formerly  in  Southwark  but  one  prison,  particularly  serving  for  the 
whole  county  of  Surrey,  and  that  called  the  White  Lion,  which  was  for  the  custody 
of  murtherers,  felons,  and  other  notorious  malefactors.  It  was  situate  at  the  south 
end  of  St.  Margaret's  Hill,  near  unto  St.  George's  church  ;  but  that  being  an  old 
decayed  house,  within  less  than  twenty  years  past  the  county  gaol  is  removed  to  the 
Marshalsea  Prison,  more  towards  the  Bridge. — Strype,  B.  iv.  p.  29. 

Lent  unto  Frances  Henslow,  to  discharge  hime  seallfe  owt  of  the  \Vhitte  Lion, 
from  a  hat-macker  in  barmsey  [Bermondsey]  streete,  abowt  his  horsse  which  was 
stolen  from  hime — v1'. — Henslowe's  Diary,  p.  192. 

Some  confusion  has  arisen  on  account  of  an  inn  near  the  bridge 
and  a  gaol  near  the  church,  a  quarter  of  a  mile  apart,  being  of  the  same 
name. 

Robert  Cooke  Keeper  of  the  Whit  lyon,  a  suter  for  the  amendment  of  a  partye 
gutter  betwyxt  the  blacke  bull  and  the  sayd  Whytt  lyon,  was  answeryd  that  yl  shold 
be  vewyd  by  ye  surveyors  on  day,  of  this  week,  yf  God  send  fayre  wether. — MS. 
Notes  of  Weekly  Meetings  of  Governors  of  St.  Thomas's  Hospital,  July  16,  1571. 

1  Archizologia,  vol.  xxx.  p.  497. 


WHITECHAPEL  499 

This  was  afterwards  represented  by  149  High  Street,  near  St.  George's 
Church,  and  is  identical  with  the  site  of  the  prison  of  1560,  which 
served  for  the  county  of  Surrey  for  felons,  recusants,  Quakers,  and 
religious  nonconformists  generally.  The  rabble  apprentices,  who  in 
the  year  1640  attacked  Lambeth  Palace,  were  sent  to  this  prison. 

The  daye  before  the  triall  some  of  that  companye  came  in  the  daye  time,  brake 
open  the  prison,  the  White  Lion  in  Southwark,  lett  out  all  the  prisoners,  the  rest  as 
well  as  their  own  companye.  One  of  them  hath  been  taken  since,  and  on  Saturdaye 
last  was  hanged  and  quartered. — Laud  to  Lord  Con?vay,  May  25,  1640;  Gent. 
Mag.,  1850,  vol.  i.  p.  349. 

In  1718  the  White  Lion  is  described  as  "a  strong  place  for  fettered 
felons,"  but  towards  the  end  of  the  century  it  was  unfit  for  use. 
Ultimately  the  White  Lion  gave  place  to  the  New  Bridewell  at  Hang- 
man's Acre,  by  Higler's  Lane  and  Dirty  Lane  (Suffolk  Street),  shown 
on  Horwood's  Map  1799.  In  1811  ^8000  was  spent  on  the  site 
of  the  old  prison  in  building  the  New  Marshalsea,  the  prison  im- 
mortalised by  Dickens. 

White  Lion  Street  (Great),  SEVEN  DIALS,  north-west  side,  to 
Dudley  Street.  Here,  in  1746,  at  the  sign  of  the  Dove,  in  "a  pretty 
decent  room,"  for  which  she  paid  "  three  pounds  a  year,"  lived  Mrs. 
Pilkington,  known  by  her  Memoirs.  Here  she  advertised  that  she  drew 
petitions  and  wrote  letters  "  on  any  subject  except  the  law." 

White  Tower.     [See  The  Tower.] 

Whitechapel,  a  parish  lying  east  of  ALDGATE,  originally  a  chapelry 
in  the  parish  of  Stepney,  but  constituted  a  separate  parish  in  the  i7th 
century.  It  is  large,  stretching  away  to  Mile  End ;  populous,  it  had 
71,350  inhabitants  in  1881  ;  commercial,  but,  as  regards  the  bulk  of 
the  inhabitants,  poor. 

Whitechapel  is  a  spacious  fair  street  for  entrance  into  the  city  Eastward,  and  some- 
what long,  reckoning  from  the  laystall  East  unto  the  bars  West.  It  is  a  great 
thorough-fare,  being  the  Essex  road,  and  well  resorted  unto,  which  occasions  it  to  be 
the  better  inhabited,  and  accommodated  with  good  Inns  for  the  reception  of  travellers 
and  for  horses,  coaches,  carts,  and  waggons. — Strype,  B.  ii.  p.  27. 

The  great  street  in  Whitechapel  is  one  of  the  broadest  and  most  public  streets  in 
London  ;  and  the  side  where  the  butchers  lived  more  like  a  green  field  than  a  paved 
street ;  toward  Whitechapel  church  the  street  was  not  all  paved,  but  the  part  that 
was  paved  was  full  of  grass.  —  The  City  Remembrancer,  vol.  i.  p.  357. 

Ralph.  March  fair,  my  hearts  ! — Lieutenant,  beat  the  rear  up. — Ancient,  let  your 
colours  fly  ;  but  have  a  great  care  of  the  butchers'  hooks  at  Whitechapel ;  they  have 
been  the  death  of  many  a  fair  ancient  [ensign]. — Beaumont  and  Fletcher,  The  Knight 
of  the  Burning  Pestle  (ed.  Dyce,  vol.  ii.  p.  218). 

I  lived  without  Aldgate,  about  midway  between  Aldgate  Church  and  Whitechapel 
Bars,  on  the  left  hand  or  north  side  of  the  street ;  and  as  the  Distemper  had  not 
reached  to  that  side  of  the  City,  our  neighbourhood  continued  very  easy  ;  but  at  the 
other  end  of  the  town  the  consternation  was  very  great ;  and  the  richer  sort  of  people, 
especially  the  nobility  and  gentry,  from  the  west  part  of  the  city,  thronged  out  of 
town  with  their  families  and  servants  in  an  unusual  manner ;  and  this  was  more 
particularly  seen  in  Whitechapel ;  that  is  to  say,  the  broad  street  where  I  lived. — 
Defoe,  Memoirs  of  the  Plague, 


joo  WHITECHAPEL 

In  the  High  Street  of  Whitechapel  is  held  the  largest  hay  and  straw 
market  in  the  kingdom.  So  large  is  the  influx  of  carts  and  waggons 
on  market  days  that  the  broad  street  is  insufficient  to  contain  them, 
and  they  crowd  the  neighbouring  thoroughfares  to  overflowing.  Till 
within  memory  the  district  north  of  the  High  Street — extending  from 
Petticoat  Lane  to  Osborn  Street,  and  stretching  back  to  (and  including) 
Wentworth  Street — was  one  of  the  very  worst  localities  in  London ;  a 
region  of  narrow  and  filthy  streets,  yards  and  alleys,  many  of  them 
wholly  occupied  by  thieves'  dens,  the  receptacles  of  stolen  property, 
gin-spinning  dog-holes,  low  brothels,  and  putrescent  lodging-houses, 
— a  district  unwholesome  to  approach  and  unsafe  for  a  decent  person 
to  traverse  even  in  the  daytime.  In  George  Yard,  one  of  the 
worst  of  these  dark  ways,  was  "  Cadgers'  Hall,"  notorious  as  a 
haunt  where  mendicants  who  live  on  assumed  sores  met  and  regaled. 
The  construction  of  the  broad  Commercial  Street  across  the  centre  of 
the  district  swept  away  some  of  the  worst  of  the  rookeries  and  let  light 
into  others,  and  the  supervision  of  the  new  police  did  even  more  to 
mitigate  its  dangers  and  improve  its  general  character,  but  it  is  still  one 
of  the  foul  spots  of  London. 

Here  [leaving  Spitalfields,  which  lies  to  the  north]  you  lose  sight  of  the  dwarfish 
and  dwindled  weavers,  and  are  moving  among  men  of  might — fellows  of  thews  and 
sinews,  genuine  specimens  of  the  stuff  of  which  common  men  are  made — no  porcelain 
and  brittle  ware,  but  unqualified  English  clay  and  flint-stone,  roughly  annealed,  but 
strong,  solid,  and  serviceable.  A  Whitechapel  Bird  was  once  a  well-understood 
definition  of  a  thorough-paced  rascal — one  versed  in  all  the  accomplishments  of  bull- 
baiting,  dog-fancying  and  dog-stealing,  Sunday-morning  boxing-matches,  larcenies 
great  and  small,  duffing,  chaffering,  and  all  other  kinds  and  degrees  of  high  and  low 
villany.  Thirty  years  ago  no  Smithfield  Market  day  passed  over  without  what  is 
called  a  bull  hank,  which  consisted  in  selecting  a  likely  beast  to  afford  sport  from  any 
drove  entering  Whitechapel,  and  hunting  him  through  the  streets  till  he  became 
infuriated  ; — when  the  ruffians  had  had  their  fun  out,  and  enough  fright  and  alarm 
were  spread  around  to  satisfy  them,  the  poor  beast  was  knocked  on  the  head  and 
delivered  over  to  its  owner,  if  they  could  find  him. — Cornelius  Webbe,  1836. 

Mr.  Webbe  was  misinformed  as  to  the  frequency  of  these  bull  hanks. 
They  were  mostly  confined  to  the  Monday  droves  and  the  summer 
months.  The  Whitechapel  Birds  were  usually  assisted  on  such  occa- 
sions by  a  contingent  of  Spitalfields'  Weavers,  lithe  of  body,  light  of  foot, 
and  fond  of  sport,  and  all  armed  with  long,  light  ash  sticks.  The  beast 
was  generally  picked  out  from  a  drove  taking  the  Sun  Street  and  Brick 
Lane  route,  the  favourite  spot  being  the  junction  of  Brick  Lane  and 
Osborn  Street,  when  the  birds  would  swoop  down  on  their  quarry  from 
Montague  and  Wentworth  Streets  in  irresistible  numbers.  The  un- 
fortunate animal  was  invariably  turned  down  the  Whitechapel  Road 
towards  Stepney  or  Bow-Fair  Fields  (fields  no  longer),  and  we  have 
heard  of  some  of  exceptional  wind  and  vigour  running  as  far  as 
Wanstead  Flats.  If  a  run  was  anticipated  (and  Rumour's  voice  was 
seldom  silent),  the  Whitechapel  headborough  with  his  crown-tipt  staff 
and  one  or  two  officers  would  most  likely  make  their  appearance,  but 


WHITECROSS  STREET  501 

conveniently  be  elsewhere  when  a  fray  was  imminent.  With  the 
appointment  of  the  "  New  Police  "  bull  hanks  disappeared  for  ever. 

Perhaps  the  term  Whitechapel  Bird  was  only  a  variation  of  the  term 
jail-bird — a  jail-bird  of  a  lower  stamp.  At  any  rate,  there  was  a  jail  of 
no  very  high  repute  in  Whitechapel  in  the  lyth  century,  and  Taylor 
the  Water  Poet,  in  his  "  Praise  and  Virtue  of  a  Jayle,"  puts  up  a  pious 
petition  that  he  may  be  saved  from  it : — 

Lord  Wentworth's  Jayle  within  White-Chappell  stands, 
And  Finsbury,  God  bless  me  from  their  hands  ! 

Hatton  speaks  of  it  in  1708  as  "a  prison  for  debtors  in  the  manor  of 
Stepney,  under  ^5  per  annum " l — whatever  that  may  mean.  The 
terrible  outrages  on  poor  women  in  1888  and  1889,  known  as  the 
Whitechapel  murders,  created  a  widespread  terror  in  the  district  as 
well  as  a  feeling  of  horror  over  the  whole  country.  The  murderer  or 
murderers  still  remain  undiscovered. 

The  Parliament  in  1642  erected  fortifications  in  Whitechapel,  then 
called  Mile  End.  The  mound  was  large  and  surrounded  by  a  trench. 
While  watching  its  formation  in  disguise,  Sir  Kenelm  Digby  was  arrested 
here.  "  A  mistaken  idea,"  says  Lysons, "  has  prevailed  that  this  mountwas 
made  of  the  rubbish  occasioned  by  the  Great  Fire  of  London  in  1666."  2 
A  more  persistent  tradition  was  that  the  mount  was  a  great  burial- 
ground  for  the  victims  of  the  plague  of  1665.  The  site  is  marked  by 
Mount  Place  on  the  south  side  of  Whitechapel  Road,  a  little  west  of 
the  London  Hospital. 

The  church,  dedicated  to  St.  Mary  Matfellon,  was  rebuilt  on  a 
larger  scale  and  more  costly  fashion  in  1875-1877,  and  burnt  down  in 
August  1880.  It  has  again  been  rebuilt.  [See  St.  Mary  Matfellon.] 
There  are  also  two  district  churches,  St.  Mark's  and  St.  Jude's,  and 
many  chapels.  On  the  south  side  of  Whitechapel  Road  is  the  London 
Hospital.  On  the  same  side,  No.  235,  is  the  New  East  London  Theatre, 
and  next  door  were  Meggs'  Almshouses  ;  the  Pavilion  Theatre  is  on  the 
opposite  side  of  the  road.  There  are  in  the  parish  a  Court  House, 
station  of  the  East  London  Railway,  and  the  Proof-house  of  the  gun- 
makers  of  London,  where  all  gun-barrels  made  in  London  have  to  be 
proved  and  stamped  before  being  issued  for  sale.  In  the  Jews'  burial- 
ground  in  Brady  Street,  Whitechapel  Road,  N.  M.  Rothschild  (d.  1836), 
the  leading  stockbroker  of  Europe  and  founder  of  the  Rothschild  family, 
was  buried.  [See  Mile  End.] 

Whitecross  Street,  CRIPPLEGATE  (Whytcrouchstrete,  1339),  runs 
from  Fore  Street,  City,  to  Old  Street,  St.  Luke's.  The  City  End,  Fore 
Street  to  Beech  Street,  is  known  as  Lower  Whitecross  Street ;  the 
northern  extensions,  a  region  of  costermongers,  from  Beech  Street  to 
Old  Street,  is  called  Upper  Whitecross  Street.  The  name  was  derived 
from  a  stone  cross  which  stood  near  Beech  Lane. 

1  Hatton,  New  View,  p.  783.  -  Lysons,  vol.  ii.  p.  714. 


502  WHITECROSS  STREET 

In  this  street  was  a  white  cross  ;  and  near  it  was  built  an  arch  of  stone,  under 
which  was  a  course  of  water  down  to  the  Moor,  called  now  Moorfields.  Which  being 
too  narrow  for  the  free  course  of  the  water,  and  so  an  annoyance  to  the  inhabitants, 
the  twelve  men  presented  it  at  an  Inquisition  of  the  King's  Justices,  3  Edward  I. 
(1275).  And  they  presented  the  Abbot  of  Ramsey,  and  the  Prior  of  St.  Trinity, 
whose  predecessors,  for  six  years  past  had  built  (as  the  Inquisition  ran)  a  certain  stone 
arch  at  White  Cross  .  .  .  which  arch  the  foresaid  Abbot  and  Prior  and  their  suc- 
cessors ought  to  maintain  and  repair.  .  .  .  Hereupon  it  was  commanded  the  Sheriffs 
to  distrain  the  said  Abbot  and  Convent,  to  mend  the  arch. — Strype,  B.  iii.  p.  88. 

In  White  Crosse  Street  King  Henry  V.  built  one  fair  house,  and  founded  there  a 
brotherhood  of  St.  Giles.  .  .  .  But  the  said  brotherhood  was  suppressed  by  Henry 
VIII.  ;  since  which  time  Sir  John  Gresham,  mayor,  purchased  the  lands  and  gave 
part  thereof  to  the  maintenance  of  a  free  school  which  he  had  founded  at  Holt,  a 
market-town  in  Norfolk. — Stow,  p.  113. 

On  the  west  side  of  Lower  Whitecross  Street  stood  the  well-known 
debtors'  prison — "Whitecross  Street  Prison,"  appertaining  to  the  Sheriffs 
of  London  and  Middlesex,  built  1813-1815,  from  the  designs  of  William 
Mountague,  Clerk  of  the  City  Works.  It  was  calculated  to  hold  400 
prisoners,  and  was  a  large  gloomy  and  unwholesome -looking  place. 
The  alterations  in  the  law  as  respects  imprisonment  for  debt  rendered 
Whitecross  Prison  unnecessary,  and  it  was  closed  in  July  1870  and 
shortly  after  demolished,  the  prisoners  for  debt  being  transferred  to  the 
City  Prison,  Holloway.  The  site  is  now  occupied  by  the  City  Goods 
Station  of  the  Midland  Railway,  a  vast  structure  of  red  brick  and  stone, 
covering  an  area  of  2000  square  yards,  erected  in  1874-1875  at  a  cost 
of  ;£  1 3  0,0  oo.  On  the  opposite  side  of  the  way  was  the  City  Green 
Yard  or  Pound,  which  was  built  over  about  1883.  [See  Greenyard.] 
The  new  red  brick  Fire  Brigade  Station  at  the  Beech  Street  end  marks 
the  City  boundary. 

In  Upper  Whitecross  Street  extensive  clearances  have  been  made 
among  the  costermongers'  yards  and  alleys,  and  blocks  of  model  dwell- 
ings are  intended  to  supply  their  place. 

Whitefield  Street,  FITZROY  SQUARE,  runs  from  Windmill  Street 
to  Warren  Street,  parallel  with  the  Tottenham  Court  Road  and  Charlotte 
Street,  and  midway  between  the  two.  The  name  was  formerly  John 
Street^  but  was  changed  about  1870  in  honour  of  the  famous  preacher, 
at  the  back  of  whose  Tabernacle  it  passes.  Public  feeling  has  changed 
since  the  time  when  Cowper  wrote — 

Leuconomus — beneath  well-sounding  Greek 
I  slur  a  name  a  poet  must  not  speak. 

Cowper,  Hope  (1782),  1.  554,  and  see  the  following  lines. 

Whitefield's  Tabernacle,  TOTTENHAM  COURT  ROAD,  for  some 
time  known  as  Tottenham  Court  Road  Chapel,  on  the  west  side,  about 
half-way  up,  was  erected  by  the  Rev.  George  Whitefield,  the  popular 
preacher,  A.D.  1756,  and  enlarged  in  1759.  The  chapel  was  built  on 
the  site  of  an  immense  pond,  called  in  Pine  and  Tinney's  Maps  (1742 
and  1746)  "The  Little  Sea."  There  were  several  interesting  monu- 
ments— to  Whitefield's  wife,  to  Augustus  Toplady,  and  to  John  Bacon, 


WHITEFRIARS  503 

R.A.  The  latter  was  buried  under  the  north  gallery.  There  was  also 
a  good  bas-relief  by  him  of  the  Woman  touching  the  hem  of  the  Saviour's 
Garment. 

The  property  is  copyhold,  and  was  sold  in  1827  for  .£19,500  ;  after 
this  the  chapel  was  closed  for  a  time.  It  was  afterwards  purchased 
by  trustees  and  much  altered  in  appearance.  In  1860  it  was  enlarged 
and  refronted ;  in  1889  the  building  showed  serious  signs  of  decay,  and 
it  was  found  necessary  to  close  it,  and  it  was  pulled  down  in  April 
1890.  A  temporary  iron  chapel  has  been  built  on  the  ground  adjoining 
for  use  until  a  new  chapel  can  be  erected. 

Whitefriars,  a  precinct  or  liberty,  between  Fleet  Street  and  the 
Thames,  the  Temple  walls  and  Water  Lane.  Here  was  the  White 
Friars'  Church,  called  "  Fratres  Beatse  Marise  de  Monte  Carmeli,"  first 
founded  by  Sir  Richard  Gray  in  1241.  Among  the  benefactors  were 
King  Edward  I.,  who  gave  the  ground ;  Hugh  Courtenay,  Earl  of  Devon, 
who  rebuilt  the  church  ;  and  Robert  Marshall,  Bishop  of  Hereford,  who 
built  the  choir,  presbytery,  and  steeple.  The  church  was  surrendered 
at  the  Reformation,  and  in  place  thereof  were  "  many  fair  houses  built, 
lodgings  for  noblemen  and  others." 1  The  hall  was  used  as  the  first 
Whitefriars  Theatre  (1609).  The  privileges  of  sanctuary,  continued 
to  this  precinct  after  the  Dissolution,  were  confirmed  and  enlarged  in 
1608  by  royal  charter.  Fraudulent  debtors,  gamblers,  prostitutes,  and 
other  outcasts  of  society  made  it  a  favourite  retreat.  Here  they  formed 
a  community  of  their  own,  adopted  the  language  of  pickpockets,  openly 
resisted  the  execution  of  every  legal  process,  and  extending  their  cant 
terms  to  the  place  they  lived  in,  new-named  their  precinct  by  the  well- 
known  appellation  of  Alsatia,  after  the  province  which  formed  a  debate- 
able  land  between  Germany  and  France.  [See  Alsatia.] 

Though  the  immunities  legally  belonging  to  the  place  extended  only  to  cases  of 
debt,  cheats,  false  witnesses,  forgers  and  highwaymen  found  refuge  there.  For 
amidst  a  rabble  so  desperate  no  peace  officer's  life  was  in  safety.  At  the  cry  of 
"Rescue,"  bullies  with  swords  and  cudgels,  and  termagant  hags  with  spits  and 
broom-sticks,  poured  forth  by  hundreds  ;  and  the  intruder  was  fortunate  if  he  escaped 
back  into  Fleet  Street,  hustled,  stripped,  and  pumped  upon.  Even  the  warrant  of 
the  Chief  Justice  of  England  could  not  be  executed  without  the  help  of  a  company  of 
musketeers.  Such  relics  of  the  barbarism  of  the  darkest  ages  were  to  be  found  within 
a  short  walk  of  the  chambers  where  Somers  was  studying  history  and  law,  of  the 
chapel  where  Tillotson  was  preaching,  of  the  coffee-house  where  Dryden  was  passing 
judgment  on  poems  and  plays,  and  of  the  hall  where  the  Royal  Society  was  examin- 
ing the  astronomical  system  of  Isaac  Newton. — Macaulay's  Hist.,  chap.  iii. 

This  vicious  privilege  was  at  length  abolished  by  the  Act  8  and  9 
William  III.,  c.  27  (1697),  but  it  was  only  by  slow  degrees  that  White- 
friars was  cleared  of  its  lawless  inhabitants  and  became  a  safe  resort 
and  dwelling-place  for  respectable  citizens.  There  had,  however,  at 
all  times  been  a  portion  of  the  old  precinct  wholly  removed  from  this 
lawless  community.  Many  of  the  Greys  were  buried  in  the  monastery, 
and  at  the  Dissolution  the  Friary  House  seems  to  have  been  secured 

1  Stow,  p.  148. 


504  WHITEFRIARS 


by  the  head  of  this  powerful  family.  Henry  Grey,  the  ninth  Earl  of 
Kent  (d.  1639),  the  friend  of  Selden,  and  his  widow,  the  something 
more  than  friend,  lived  here  in  cedibus  carmeliticis.  At  the  death  of 
the  Countess  (1651)  the  mansion  was  bequeathed  to  Selden,  who 
continued  to  live  in  it  till  his  death  in  1654.  Here,  in  the  reign  of 
James  I.,  Turner,  the  fencing-master,  kept  his  school,  and  here,  while 
drinking  with  a  friend  at  a  tavern  door  on  a  fine  evening  in  May,  he 
was  shot  through  the  heart  by  assassins  hired  for  the  purpose  by  Lord 
Crichton  of  Sanquhar.  Turner  had  accidentally  put  out  the  eye  of 
Lord  Sanquhar  while  fencing  at  Rycote,  in  Oxfordshire,  and  was  never 
forgiven.  The  actual  assassins  were  hanged  in  Fleet  Street  at  the 
Whitefriars  Gate,  and  Lord  Sanquhar  himself  in  Old  Palace  Yard.  In 
another  part  of  the  Whitefriars  Sir  Balthazar  Gerbier  established  his 
Academy  for  Foreign  Languages ; x  and  here,  in  Charles  II. 's  reign, 
Banister  established  a  music  school,  and  Ogilby,  the  poet,  a  warehouse 
for  his  maps.  Banister's  music -room  was  "a  large  room  near  the 
Temple  back-gate."2  The  George  Tavern  in  Whitefriars — in  which 
Shadwell  laid  some  of  the  scenes  of  his  Squire  of  Alsatia,  and  which  Mrs. 
Behn  mentioned  in  The  Lucky  Chance  (1687) — became  the  printing- 
office  of  William  Bowyer,  the  elder.  The  house,  which  he  converted 
into  a  printing-office,  was  situated  in  Dogwell  Court.  On  January  30, 
1713,  the  premises  were  entirely  destroyed  by  fire,  and  so  high  did 
Bowyer's  character  stand,  that  his  brother  stationers,  the  Stationers' 
Company  and  the  two  Universities  assisting,  subscribed  enough  to  set 
him  up  again  in  business.  The  unusual  course  was  taken  of  issuing 
a  "Brief,"  which  produced  ^1514;  this,  with  the  amount  contributed 
by  his  friends,  made  a  total  sum  of  ^2539  received  by  Mr.  Bowyer. 
His  loss  was  estimated  at  £$ 146.3  In  this  house  the  second  and  more 
eminent  William  Bowyer,  "the  learned  printer,"  was  born,  December 
17,  1699,  and  lived  in  it  for  sixty-seven  years,  only  quitting  it  for  a 
roomier  house  in  Red  Lion  Passage  in  1767.  The  house  was  occupied 
later  by  Thomas  Davison,  and  is  now  a  part  of  the  establishment  of 
Messrs.  Bradbury  and  Agnew,  famed  as  printers,  and  the  proprietors 
of  Punch. 

During  recent  years  great  changes  have  been  made  within  the 
precinct  of  Whitefriars.  On  the  eastern  side  considerable  spaces  have 
been  cleared  and  large  offices  and  warehouses  erected.  The  Thames 
Embankment  has  been  carried  along  its  southern  border,  and  here, 
instead  of  gas-works,  coal  wharfs,  and  river-side  rookeries,  the  ground 
is  now  occupied  by  the  City  of  London  School  and  Sion  College. 

Gentleman.  Towards  Chertsey,  noble  lord  ? 

D.  of  Gloucester.   No,  to  Whitefriars  ;  there  attend  my  coming. 

Shakespeare,  Richard  III. 

Whitefriars  Theatre.  Three  of  our  early  theatres  stood  between 
the  Thames  and  Fleet  Street.  The  first  was  called  the  Whitefriars 

1  Whitelocke,  ed.  1732,  p.  441.  2  Roger  North's  Memoirs  of  Mustek. 

3  Nichols's  Literary  Anecdotes,  vol.  i.  pp.  59-63. 


WHITEHALL  505 

Theatre,  the  second  the  Salisbury  Court  Theatre,  and  the  third  the 
Duke's  Theatre  in  Dorset  Gardens.  The  Whitefriars  Theatre  was  the 
old  hall  or  refectory  belonging  to  the  dissolved  Monastery  of  White- 
friars,  and  stood  without  the  garden  wall  of  Salisbury  or  Dorset  House, 
the  old  inn  or  hostel  of  the  Bishops  of  Salisbury.  The  patent  mention- 
ing the  Whitefriars  as  a  theatre  is  dated  in  January  1610,  and  the 
alteration  appears  to  have  been  made  in  1609.  Little  that  is  certain 
is  known  of  the  old  playhouse,  although  it  has  been  stated  that  plays 
were  acted  at  Whitefriars  as  early  as  1580,  which  was  before  the  theatre 
was  opened.  {See  Dorset  Gardens  Theatre  and  Salisbury  Court 
Theatre.] 

Whitehall,  WESTMINSTER,  the  Palace  of  the  Kings  of  England 
from  Henry  VIII.  to  William  III.  Nothing  remains  of  it  but  Inigo 
Jones's  Banqueting  House,  James  II. 's  statue,  and  the  name,  in  the 
broad  thoroughfare  called  Whitehall,  and  Whitehall  Gardens,  Place,  and 
Yard.  It  was  originally  called  York  House;  was  delivered  and  de- 
mised to  the  King  by  charter,  February  7  (2ist  of  Henry  VIII.),  on  the 
disgrace  of  Cardinal  Wolsey,  Archbishop  of  York,1  and  was  then  first 
called  Whitehall.  "  There  is  another  place  of  this  name,"  says  Minsheu, 
"where  the  Court  of  Requests  is  kept  in  the  palace  at  Westminster." 

Whitehall  occupied  a  large  space  of  ground,  having  one  front 
towards  the  Thames,  and  another  of  a  humbler  character  towards 
St.  James's  Park ;  Scotland  Yard  was  the  boundary  one  way,  and 
Canon  Row,  Westminster,  the  boundary  on  the  other.  There  was  a 
public  thoroughfare  through  the  Palace  from  Charing  Cross  to  West- 
minster, crossed  by  two  gates,  one  known  as  Whitehall  Gate,  the  other 
as  the  King  Street  Gate.  This  arrangement  was  long  an  eyesore,  and 
Henry  VIII.,  offended  with  the  number  of  funerals  which  passed  before 
his  Palace  on  their  way  from  Charing  Cross  to  the  churchyard  of  St. 
Margaret's,  Westminster,  erected  a  new  cemetery  on  the  other  side  of 
Whitehall,  in  the  parish  of  St.  Martin' s-in-the-Fields. 

Henry  VIII. 's  Whitehall  was  a  building  in  the  Tudor  or  Hampton 
Court  style  of  architecture,  with  a  succession  of  galleries  and  courts,  a 
large  hall,  a  chapel,  tennis-court,  cockpit,  orchard,  and  banqueting 
house.  Hentzner,  who  saw  Whitehall  in  the  reign  of  Elizabeth  (1598), 
says  : — 

This  Palace  is  truly  royal ;  inclosed  on  one  side  by  the  Thames,  on  the  other  by 
a  Park,  which  connects  it  with  St.  James's,  another  royal  palace.  .  .  .  Near  the 
Palace  are  seen  an  immense  number  of  swans,  who  wander  up  and  down  the  river 
for  some  miles  in  great  security.  ...  In  the  Park  is  great  plenty  of  deer.  ...  In 
a  garden  adjoining  to  this  Palace  is  a.  jet  d'eau,  which  while  strangers  are  looking  at 
it,  a  quantity  of  water  forced  by  a  wheel,  which  the  gardener  turns  at  a  distance, 
through  a  number  of  little  pipes,  plentifully  sprinkles  those  that  are  standing  round. 

James  I.  intended  to  have  rebuilt  the  whole  Palace,  and  Inigo  Jones 
designed  a  new  Whitehall  for  that  king,  worthy  of  the  nation  and  his 

1  Archbishop  Warham  acknowledges  the  receipt  of  Wolsey's  "loving  letters  dated  at  your  Grace's 
place  beside  Westminster." — Ellis's  Letters,  vol.  ii.  p.  43. 


So6  WHITEHALL 

own  great  name.  But  nothing  was  built  beyond  the  Banqueting  House. 
Charles  I.  contemplated  a  similar  reconstruction,  but  poverty  at  first 
prevented  him,  and  the  Civil  War  soon  after  was  a  more  effectual 
prohibition.  Charles  II.  preserved  what  money  he  could  spare  from 
his  pleasures  to  build  a  palace  at  Winchester.  James  II.  was  too  busy 
about  religion  to  attend  to  architecture,  and  in  William  III.'s  reign  the 
whole  of  Whitehall,  Inigo  Jones's  Banqueting  House  excepted,  was 
destroyed  by  fire.  William  talked  of  rebuilding  it  after  Inigo's  designs, 
and  a  model  by  Mr.  Weedon  was  laid  before  him.1  Nothing,  however, 
was  done.  Anne,  his  successor,  took  up  her  abode  in  St.  James's 
Palace,  and  Sir  John  Vanbrugh  built  a  house  at  Whitehall — the  house 
ridiculed  by  Swift  with  such  inimitable  drollery.  The  first  fire  was  in 
1619  (when  the  Banqueting  House  was  burnt);  the  second  in  1686; 
and  the  third  in  1708  was  owing  to  the  negligence  of  a  maid-servant, 
who,  about  eight  at  night,  to  save  the  labour  of  cutting  a  candle  from 
a  pound,  burnt  it  off  and  carelessly  threw  the  rest  aside  before  the  flame 
was  out. 

April  10,  1691. — This  [last]  night  a  sudden  and  terrible  fire  burnt  down  all  the 
buildings  over  the  stone  gallery  at  Whitehall  to  the  water  side,  beginning  at  the 
apartment  of  the  late  Duchess  of  Portsmouth  (which  had  been  pulled  down  and  re- 
built no  less  than  three  times  to  please  her),  and  consuming  other  lodgings  of  such 
lewd  creatures  who  debauched  K.  Charles  2  and  others,  and  were  his  destruction. — 
Evelyn  ;  see  also  Bramston,  p.  365. 

But  the  great  (or  fourth)  fire  which  finally  destroyed  Whitehall  broke  out 
on  Tuesday,  January  4,  1697-1698,  about  four  in  the  afternoon,  through 
the  neglect  of  a  Dutchwoman  who  had  left  some  linen  to  dry  before 
the  fire  in  Colonel  Stanley's  lodgings.  The  fire  lasted  seventeen 
hours. 

The  tide  at  times  rose  so  high  at  Whitehall  that  it  flooded  the 
kitchen.  Pepys  illustrates  this  by  a  curious  story  of  the  Countess  of 
Castlemaine,  when  the  King  was  to  sup  with  her  soon  after  the  birth  of 
her  son,  the  Duke  of  Grafton.  The  cook  came  and  told  the  imperious 
countess  that  the  water  had  flooded  the  kitchen,  and  the  chine  of  beef 
for  the  supper  could  not  be  roasted.  "  Zounds  ! "  was  her  reply,  "  she 
must  set  the  house  on  fire,  but  it  should  be  roasted."  So  it  was  carried, 
adds  Pepys,  to  Mrs.  Sarah's  husband's,  and  there  roasted.2  A  still  more 
curious  picture  of  the  water  rising  at  Whitehall  is  contained  in  a  speech 
of  Charles  II.'s  to  the  House  of  Commons,  entitled,  "  His  Majestie's 
Gracious  Speech  to  the  Honourable  House  of  Commons  in  the 
Banqueting  House  at  Whitehall,  March  i,  i66i[2J."  .  .  .  "The 
mention  of  my  wife's  arrival,"  says  the  King,  "  puts  me  in  minde  to 
desire  you  to  put  that  compliment  upon  her,  that  her  entrance  into  the 
town  may  be  with  more  decency  than  the  ways  will  now  suffer  it  to  be ; 
and  for  that  purpose,  I  pray  you  would  quickly  pass  such  laws  as  are 
before  you,  in  order  to  the  amending  those  ways,  and  that  she  may  not 
find  Whitehall  surrounded  with  water."  Lord  Dorset  alludes  to  these 

1  Strypc,  B.  vi.  p.  6.  -  Pepys,  October  13,  1663. 


WHITEHALL  507 

periodical  inundations  in  his  well-known  song,  "To  all  you  ladies  now 
at  land  "  :— 

The  King,  with  wonder  and  surprize, 

Will  swear  the  seas  grow  bold  ; 
Because  the  tides  will  higher  rise 

Than  e'er  they  did  of  old  ; 
But  let  him  know  it  is  our  tears 
Bring  floods  of  grief  to  Whitehall  Stairs. 

With  a  fa  la,  la,  la,  la. 

Three  of  the  best  of  the  several  engravings  of  Whitehall  are  copied 
with  great  care  in  Wilkinson's  Londina  Illustrata.     A  good  view  of  the 
water  front  (showing  the  Privy  Stairs)  is  engraved  at  the  top  of  Morden 
and  Lea's  large  Map,  published  in  the  reign  of  William  III. ;  and  in 
Kip's  Nouveau  Theatre  is  an  interesting  view  of  the  Banqueting  House, 
inscribed  "  H.  Terasson  delin.  et  sculp.   1713,"  showing  the  curious 
entrance  gate  on  the  north  side,  and  on  the  south  a  wall  bristling  with 
cannon.    Another  valuable  view  is  preserved  in  the  famous  caricature  of 
"  The  Motion,"  executed  in  1742,  and  which  Horace  Walpole  commends 
so  highly  in  his  letters.     But  the  engraving  which  preserves  Whitehall  to 
us  in  all  its  parts  is  the  ground-plan  of  the  Palace,  from  a  survey  made 
in  the  reign  of  Charles  II.  by  John  Fisher,  and  engraved  by  Vertue  (1747), 
who  might  have  dated  it  with  safety  before  1670,  not,  as  he  has  done, 
1680,  seeing  that  Sir  John  Denham  and  the  Duke  of  Albemarle,  whose 
apartments  are  marked,  were  both  dead  before  1670  ;  and  in  1680  Dr. 
Wren  was  Sir  Christopher  Wren,  and  the  Countess  of  Castlemaine 
Duchess  of  Cleveland.1     In  filling  up  the  plan  preserved  by  Vertue, 
Pepys  comes  to  our  aid  with  some  of  his  minute  allusions.     He  refers 
oftener  than  once  to  the  following  places  :   Henry  VIII. 's  Gallery,  the 
Boarded  Gallery,  the  Matted   Gallery,  the   Shield  Gallery,  the  Stone 
Gallery,   and  the  Vane  Room.       Lilly,   the  astrologer,   mentions   the 
Guard  Room.      The  Adam  and  Eve  Gallery  was  so  called  from  a 
picture  by  Mabuse,  now  at  Hampton  Court.     In  the  Matted  Gallery 
was  a  ceiling  by  Holbein ; z  and  on  a  wall  in  the  Privy  Chamber  a 
painting  of  Henry  VII.  and  Henry  VIII.,  with  their  Queens,  by  the 
same  artist,  of  which  a  copy  in  small  is  preserved  at  Hampton  Court.3 
On  another  wall  was  a  Dance  of  Death,  also  by  Holbein,  of  which 
Douce  has  given  a  description ;  and  in  the  bed-chamber  of  Charles  II. 
a  representation  by  Wright  of  the  King's  birth,  his  right  to  his  domin- 
ions, and  his  miraculous  preservation,  with  this  motto,  Terras  Astrcea 
revisit*      Manningham   in   his    Diary   gives   thirty-six    of   "  Certayne 
devises  and  empresses  taken  by  the  scucheons  in  the  Gallery  at  White- 
hall ; "  and  Hentzner  enumerates  among  the  objects  to  be  observed  in 
Whitehall  a  "  variety  of  emblems  on  paper,  cut  in  the  shape  of  shields, 
used  by  the  nobility  at  tilts  and  tournaments,   hung  up  there  for  a 
memorial."     Considering  that  the  age  was  that  of  Elizabeth,  and  that 

1  The  original  drawing  (or  a  reduced  copy)  by          ^  Pfpys,  August  28,  1668. 
Vertue  is  preserved  in  the  Library  of  the  Society          3  Sanderson's  Graphicc,  p.  24. 
of  Antiquaries.  4  Cat.  of  Ashm.  MSS.,  coll.  475. 


5o8  WHITEHALL 

such  men  as  Sidney  and  Raleigh  and  Devereux  were  among  the  knights 
who  hung  up  these  shields,  it  is  worth  while  to  give  a  specimen  of  what 
Manningham  made  note  of  on  March  19,  1602. 

The  scucheon,  twoe  windmilles  crosse  sailed,  and  all  the  verge  of  the  scucheon 
poudered  with  crosses  crosselets,  the  word  [motto]  Vndique  Cruciatus.  Under 
written  these  verses — 

When  most  I  rest  beholde  howe  I  stand  crost, 
When  most  I  move  I  toyle  for  others'  gayne, 
The  one  declares  my  labour  to  be  lost, 

The  other  showes  my  quiet  is  but  payne. 
Unhappy  then  whose  destiny  are  crosses 
When  standing  still  and  moveing  breedes  but  losses. 

Another  specimen  is  much  less  romantic — "  An  empty  bagpipe. 
The  word  Si  imphveris? 

Whitehall,  March  30,  1604. — Grant  with  survivorship  to  And  :  Bright  and 
Samuel  Doubleday,  of  the  offices  of  distilling  herbs  and  sweet  waters  at  the  Palace  of 
Whitehall  and  of  keeping  the  library  there.  —  Cal.  State  Pap.,  1603-1610,  p.  89. 

Whitehall,  Oct.  27,  1604. — Grant  to  Sir  Th  :  Knyvet  of  £20  per  annum,  for 
life,  on  consideration  of  his  giving  up  his  lodgings  at  Whitehall  for  the  use  of  Prince 
Charles. — Ibid.,  vol.  i.  p.  161. 

The  old  Banqueting  House  was  burnt  down  on  Tuesday,  January 
12,  1618-1619,  and  the  present  Banqueting  House,  designed  by  Inigo 
Jones,  commenced  June  i,  1619,  and  finished  March  31,  1622.  From 
the  roll  of  the  account  of  the  Paymaster  of  the  Works,  of  the  "  Charges 
in  building  a  Banqueting  House  at  Whitehall,  and  erecting  a  new  Pier 
in  the  Isle  of  Portland,  for  conveyance  of  stone  from  thence  to  White- 
hall," formerly  preserved  at  the  Audit  Office  among  the  Declared 
Accounts,  it  appears  that  the  sum  received  by  the  paymaster  "  for  the 
new  building  of  the  Banqueting  House,  and  the  erecting  a  Pier  at  Port- 
land," was  ^15,648  :  35.  The  expense  of  the  pier  was  ^712  : 19  :  2, 
and  of  the  Banqueting  House,  ^14,940  :  4  :  i  ;  the  expenditure  exceed- 
ing the  receipts  by  ^5  10:3.  The  account,  it  deserves  to  be  mentioned, 
was  not  declared  (i.e.  finally  settled)  till  June  29,  1633,  eleven  years 
after  the  completion  of  the  building,  and  eight  after  the  death  of  King 
James  I.  :  a  delay  confirmatory  of  the  unwillingness  of  the  father  and  son 
to  bring  the  works  at  Whitehall  to  a  final  settlement.  Inigo's  great 
masterpiece  is  described  in  this  account  as  "a  new  building,  with  a 
vault  under  the  same,  in  length  no  feet,  and  in  width  5 5  feet  within  ; 
the  wall  of  the  foundation  being  in  thickness  14  feet,  and  in  depth  10 
feet  within  ground,  brought  up  with  brick ;  the  first  storey  to  the  height 
of  1 6  feet,  wrought  of  Oxfordshire  stone,  cut  into  rustique  on  the  out- 
side, and  brick  on  the  inside ;  the  walls  8  feet  thick,  with  a  vault  turned 
over  on  great  square  pillars  of  brick,  and  paved  in  the  bottom  with 
Purbeck  stone ;  the  walls  and  vaulting  laid  with  finishing  mortar ;  the 
upper  storey  being  the  Banqueting  House,  55  feet  in  height,  to  the  laying 
on  of  the  roof;  the  walls  5  feet  thick,  and  wrought  of  Northampton- 
shire stone,  cut  in  rustique,  with  two  orders  of  columns  and  pilasters, 
Ionic  and  Composite,  with  their  architrave,  frieze,  and  cornice,  and 
other  ornaments ;  also  rails  and  ballasters  round  about  the  top  of  the 


WHIT/-'./ f  ALL  509 


building,  all  of  Portland  stone,  with  fourteen  windows  on  each  side, 
and  one  great  window  at  the  upper  end,  and  five  doors  of  stone  with 
frontispiece  and  cartoozes ;  the  inside  brought  up  with  brick,  finished 
over  with  two  orders  of  columns  and  pilasters,  part  of  stone  and  part  of 
brick,  with  their  architectural  frieze  and  cornice,  with  a  gallery  upon 
the  two  sides,  and  the  lower  end  borne  upon  great  cartoozes  of  timber 
carved,  with  rails  and  ballasters  of  timber,  and  the  floor  laid  with  spruce 
deals ;  a  strong  timber  roof  covered  with  lead,  and  under  it  a  ceiling 
divided  into  a  fret  made  of  great  cornices  enriched  with  carving ;  with 
painting,  glazing,  etc. ;  for  performance  thereof  a  great  quantity  of 
stone  hath  been  digged  at  Portland  quarry,  in  the  county  of  Dorset, 
and  Huddlestone  quarry,  in  the  county  of  York."  As  surveyor-general 
Inigo  Jones  had  for  salary  8s.  4d.  per  day,  with  an  allowance  of  £46 
a  year  for  house  rent,  besides  a  clerk  and  incidental  expenses.  The 
master  mason  was  Nicholas  Stone.  His  pay  was  43.  lod.  the  day. 
The  masons'  wages  were  from  i2d.  to  as.  6d.  the  man  per  diem  ;  the 
carpenters  were  paid  at  the  same  rate ;  while  the  bricklayers  received 
from  i4d.  to  25.  2d.  the  day.1 

The  ceiling  of  the  Banqueting  House  is  lined  with  pictures  on 
canvas,  representing  the  apotheosis  of  James  I.,  painted  abroad  by 
Rubens  in  1635.  Sir  Godfrey  Kneller  had  heard  that  Rubens  was 
assisted  by  Jordaens  in  the  execution.  The  sum  he  received  was  ^3000. 
In  1785  G.  B.  Cipriani,  R.A.,  received  ^2000  for  cleaning  and  "restor- 
ing "  these  paintings.  His  repaintings  were  removed  by  Seguier,  and 
the  painting  again  cleaned  and  restored  by  Rigaud.  The  figures  in 
these  works  are  of  colossal  dimensions.  Smith,  who  examined  them 
closely  when  Seguier's  scaffold  was  erected  for  cleaning  them  in  1832, 
says  that  "  the  children  are  more  than  9  feet,  and  the  full-grown  figures 
from  20  to  25  feet  in  height."  Within,  and  over  the  principal  entrance, 
is  a  bust,  in  bronze,  of  James  I.,  by  Le  Soeur,  it  is  said.  The  Banquet- 
ing House  was  converted  into  a  chapel  in  the  reign  of  George  I.  (about 
1724).  It  has  never  been  consecrated.  Here,  on  every  Maundy- 
Thursday  (the  day  before  Good  Friday),  is  the  Royal  Maundy  dis- 
tributed to  as  many  poor  and  aged  men  and  women  as  the  Sovereign 
may  be  years  of  age.  James  Wyatt  added  the  staircase  on  the  north 
side  in  1798.  Sir  John  Soane  restored  the  building  in  1829-1830. 
The  services  at  the  Chapel  Royal,  Whitehall,  are  Sunday  morning  at 
1 1,  afternoon  at  3.  The  Boyle  Lectures  are  given  here  in  May  and 
June  in  the  afternoon.  The  old  chapel  of  the  palace  was  situated  near 
the  river. 

During  several  years  of  the  reign  of  Henry  VIII.  Whitehall  was 
the  scene  of  many  of  those  splendid  jousts  and  revels  in  which  he 
delighted  till  age  and  sickness  had  soured  his  temper.  Here  too  passed 
before  him  those  mighty  musters  of  the  citizens  and  train-bands  which 
contemporary  annalists  describe  with  so  much  enjoyment.  It  was  in 
Whitehall  that  at  midnight,  on  January  25,  1533,  the  unfortunate  Anne 

1  Walpole,  by  Dallaway,  vol.  ii.  p.  58. 


510  WHITEHALL 

Boleyn  was  married  to  the  wife-slaying  monarch.  Edward  VI.  held  a 
Parliament  here,  and  here  listened  to  the  preaching  of  Latimer.  At 
the  outset  of  the  reign  of  Mary,  Whitehall  was  attacked  by  a  party  of 
Wyatt's  followers ;  and  a  few  days  after  the  Queen  had  the  satisfaction 
of  seeing  the  misguided  rabble  kneel  in  the  mire  in  front  of  Whitehall, 
with  halters  round  their  necks,  and  crave  her  mercy,  which  she,  looking 
over  the  gate,  graciously  accorded,  whereat  they  set  up  a  mighty  shout 
of  "  God  save  Queen  Mary."  Mary  spent  many  solitary  days  here, 
and  here  her  ecclesiastical  adviser,  Bishop  Gardiner,  died,  November 
15,  1556.  Elizabeth  restored  to  Whitehall  its  former  splendour  and 
festivity.  She  built  a  new  Banqueting  House  and  gave  magnificent 
feasts;  held  tourneys  and  jousts,  where  knights  like  Sir  Harry  Lee, 
Sir  Christopher  Hatton  (afterwards  Chancellor),  Sir  Philip  Sidney,  Sir 
Fulke  Greville,  Sir  Walter  Raleigh,  and  Sir  Robert  Devereux  kept  the 
barriers  against  all  comers;  and  saw  grave  tragedies  and  courtly 
masques,  and  sometimes  baitings  of  bulls  and  bears  and  the  per- 
formances of  mimes  and  tumblers.  Of  the  serious  matters  of  state 
transacted  here  it  is  needless  to  speak. 

These  courtly  amusements  her  successor  continued.  Several  of 
Ben  Jonson's  masques  were  written  for  performance  before  their 
Majesties  at  Whitehall,  Inigo  Jones  contriving  the  properties  and 
machinery.  Even  the  mighty  intellect  of  Bacon  bent  itself  to  the 
preparation  of  a  masque  to  be  performed  at  Whitehall  by  the  members  of 
the  Inns  of  Court.  Sometimes  the  masques  followed  weddings,  as  after 
the  marriage  of  Philip  Herbert,  Earl  of  Montgomery,  to  the  Lady  Susan 
Vere,  December  27,  1600  ;  of  the  abandoned  Countess  of  Essex  to  the 
King's  worthless  favourite,  Robert  Carr,  Earl  of  Somerset,  December 
26,  1613  ;  and,  most  splendid  of  all,  that  of  the  King's  only  daughter, 
Elizabeth,  to  Frederick  Prince  Palatine,  afterwards  the  luckless  King  of 
Bohemia.  For  a  few  years  Charles  I.  kept  Whitehall  brilliant  with 
masques  and  plays,  the  King  and  Queen  taking  part,  and  lawyers  as  well 
as  courtiers  assisting. 

February  27,  1634. — On  Monday  after  Candlemas  Day  the  Gentlemen  of  the 
Inns  of  Court  performed  their  Masque  at  Court.  They  were  sixteen  in  number,  who 
rode  through  the  streets  in  four  chariots,  and  two  others  to  carry  their  pages  and 
musicians,  attended  by  an  hundred  gentlemen  on  great  horses,  as  well  clad  as  ever  I 
saw  any.  They  far  exceeded  in  bravery  any  masque  that  had  formerly  been  presented 
by  those  Societies,  and  performed  the  dancing  part  with  much  applause.  In  their 
company  there  was  one  Mr.  Read  of  Grays  Inn,  whom  all  the  women,  and  some 
men,  cried  up  for  as  handsome  as  the  Duke  of  Buckingham.  They  were  well  used 
at  Court  by  the  King  and  Queen,  no  disgust  given  them,  only  this  one  Accident  fell, 
Mr.  May  of  Grays  Inn,  a  fine  poet,  he  who  translated  Lucan,  came  athwart  my  Lord 
Chamberlain  in  the  Banqueting  House,  and  he  broke  his  staff  over  his  shoulders,  not 
knowing  who  he  was,  the  King  present,  who  knew  him,  for  he  calls  him  his  Poet, 
and  told  the  Chamberlain  of  it,  who  sent  for  him  the  next  morning,  and  fairly  excused 
himself  to  him,  and  gave  him  fifty  pounds  in  pieces. — Garrard  to  Lord  Deputy 
Wentioorth  (Strafford  Letters'],  vol.  i.  p.  207. 

November  9,  1637. — Here  are  to  be  two  masques  this  winter  ;  one  at  Christmas, 
which  the  King  with  the  young  nobless  do  make  ;  the  other  at  Shrovetide,  which  the 
Queen  and  her  ladies  do  present  to  the  King.  A  great  room  is  now  in  building  only 


WHITEHALL  5 1 1 

for  this  use,  betwixt  the  Guard  Chamber  and  Banquetting  House,  of  fir,  only  weather 
1  and  slightly  covered.  At  the  marriage  of  the  Queen  of  Bohemia  I  saw  one 
set  up  there,  but  not  of  that  vastness  that  this  is,  which  will  cost  too  much  money 
to  be  pulled  down,  and  yet  down  it  must  when  the  masques  are  over. — Garrard  to 
Wentworth  (ibid.),  vol.  ii.  p.  130. 

A  few  weeks  later  (November  16)  Garrard  tells  Wentworth  that  the 
King  is  busy  practising  his  part,  and  that  "  most  of  the  young  lords, 
who  are  good  dancers,  attend  his  Majesty  in  this  business." l 

The  event  which  is  most  closely  associated  in  the  popular  mind 
with  Whitehall  is  the  execution  of  King  Charles  I.,  which  took 
place  on  January  30,  1649,  on  a  scaffold  erected  in  front  of  the 
Banqueting  House,  towards  the  Park.  The  warrant  directs  that  he 
should  be  executed  "  in  the  open  street  before  Whitehall."  Lord 
Leicester  tells  us  in  his  Journal  that  he  was  "  beheaded  at  Whitehall 
Gate."  Dugdale,  in  his  Diary,  that  he  was  "  beheaded  at  the  gate  of 
Whitehall ; "  and  a  broadside  of  the  time,  preserved  in  the  British 
Museum,  that  "the  King  was  beheaded  at  Whitehall  Gate."2  There 
cannot,  therefore,  be  a  doubt  that  the  scaffold  was  erected  in  front  of 
the  building  facing  the  present  Horse  Guards.  Another  point  has 
excited  some  discussion.  It  appears  from  Herbert's  account  of  the 
King's  last  moments,  that  "  the  King  was  led  all  along  the  galleries  and 
Banqueting  House,  and  there  was  a  passage  broken  through  the  wall, 
by  which  the  King  passed  unto  the  scaffold."  On  the  other  hand, 
Ludlow  relates  in  his  Memoirs  that  the  King  "  was  conducted  to  the 
scaffold  out  of  the  window  of  the  Banqueting  House."3  The  following 
memorandum  of  Vertue's  on  the  copy  of  Terasson's  large  engraving  of 
the  Banqueting  House  is  preserved  in  the  library  of  the  Society  of 
Antiquaries  :  "  It  is,  according  to  the  truest  reports,  said  that  out  of 
this  window  K.  Charles  went  upon  the  scaffold  to  be  beheaded,  the 
window-frame  being  taken  out  purposely  to  make  the  passage  on  to  the 
scaffold,  which  is  equal  to  the  landing-place  of  the  Hall  within  side." 
The  window  marked  by  Vertue  belonged  to  a  small  building  abutting 
from  the  north  side  of  the  present  Banqueting  House,  and  he  was 
certainly  in  error.  It  is  almost  certain  that  Charles  went  out  of  an 
opening  made  in  the  centre  blank  window  of  the  front,  next  the  park. 
It  must  be  remembered  that  all  the  windows  were  then  blank.  As  late 
as  1761  the  centre  window  only  was  glazed. 

On  Tuesday,  March  31,  1657,  the  Speaker,  at  the  head  of  the 
whole  House  of  Parliament,  "repaired  to  the  Banqueting  House  at 
Whitehall,  to  present  unto  his  Highness  the  Lord  Protecter  the  humble 
Petition  and  Advice  "  of  the  House.  "  H.  H.  attended  by  the  Lord 
President  of  the  Council  and  other  Officers  of  State  came  thither  "  to 
receive  them ;  listened  to  the  address  of  the  Speaker,  accepted  the 
petition,  and  promised  an  early  reply.4  The  humble  petition  and 

1  Straffbrd  Letters,  vol.  ii.  140.  scaffold  was  erected  "before  the  Great  Gate  at 

2  So  also  in  his  History  of  the   Troubles  in       Whitehall." 

England,   fol.    1681,  p.  373,    Dugdale   says   the  3  Memoirs,  Vevey  ed.,  vol.  i.  p.  283. 

4  Journal  of  Parliament. 


512  WHITEHALL 

advice  was  a  proffer  of  the  crown  ;  the  reply  came  in  writing  on  April  3, 
gratefully  declining  the  proffered  gift. 

The  residence  of  the  second  Charles  at  Whitehall  is  marked  by 
gifts  to  harlots,  advertisements  of  lost  and  stolen  dogs,  and  a  variety 
of  unseemly  scenes.  Charles  built  a  new  playhouse  at  Whitehall,  to 
which  Pepys  went,  and  saw  there  "the  King  and  Queen,  Duke  and 
Duchess,  and  all  the  great  ladies  of  the  Court,  which,  indeed,  was  a 
fine  sight,"  but,  "  above  all,  my  Lady  Castlemaine."  It  is  a  curious 
illustration  of  the  extent  of  the  panic  caused  by  the  Great  Fire  of 
London  that  Pepys  notes  (under  September  6,  1666)  that  he  went  "to 
Sir  W.  Coventry  at  St.  James's,  who  lay  without  curtains  having 
removed  all  his  goods ;  as  the  King  at  Whitehall  and  everybody  had 
done,  and  was  doing."  Evelyn  records  a  scene  he  witnessed  at 
Whitehall  when  James  II.  was  king,  the  sequel  to  which  affords  a 
remarkable  exemplification  of  the  punishment  inflicted  for  striking  in 
the  King's  Court. 

July  9,  1685. — Just  as  I  was  coming  into  the  lodgings  at  Whitehall,  a  little 
before  dinner,  my  Lord  of  Devonshire,  standing  very  near  his  Majesty's  bedchamber 
door  in  the  lobby,  came  Col.  Culpepper  and  in  a  rude  manner  looking  my  lord  in 
the  face,  asked  whether  this  was  a  time  and  place  for  excluders  to  appear  :  my  Lord 
at  first  took  little  notice  of  what  he  said,  knowing  him  to  be  a  hot-headed  fellow, 
but  he  reiterating  it,  my  Lord  asked  Culpepper  whether  he  meant  him  ;  he  said,  yes, 
he  meant  his  Lordship.  My  Lord  told  him  he  was  no  excluder  (as  indeed  he  was  not); 
the  other  affirming  it  again,  my  Lord  told  him  he  lied,  on  which  Culpepper  struck 
him  a  box  on  the  ear,  which  my  Lord  return'd  and  fell'd  him.  They  were  soon 
parted,  Culpepper  was  seiz'd,  and  his  Majesty,  who  was  all  the  while  in  his  bed- 
chamber, order'd  him  to  be  carried  to  the  Green  Cloth  Officer,  who  sent  him  to  the 
Marshalsea,  as  he  deserv'd.  My  Lord  of  Devonshire  had  nothing  said  to  him. — 
Evelyn. 

But  the  earl  escaped  only  for  the  moment.  Culpepper,  it  was 
intimated,  should  not  be  again  admitted  to  the  presence-chamber.  But 
after  a  while  he  was  there,  as  little  abashed  as  ever.  The  two  again 
met  in  the  drawing-room  at  Whitehall.  There  had  been  disputes  in 
the  interval  between  their  respective  adherents,  and  threats  had  passed 
on  both  sides.  They  at  once  withdrew  from  the  royal  presence.  At 
the  door  the  old  quarrel  was  renewed,  and  the  earl  struck  Culpepper  in 
the  face  with  a  cane.  The  earl  was  in  disfavour  at  Court  on  account 
of  his  politics,  and  a  criminal  information  was  filed  against  him  in  the 
King's  Bench.  He  pleaded  privilege  of  peerage,  but  this  was  dis- 
allowed. He  then  pleaded  guilty  ;  and  Jeffreys  sentenced  him  to  a  fine 
of  ^"30,000  and  to  imprisonment  till  payment  should  be  made.1  It  was 
at  Whitehall  that  Monmouth  after  his  capture  was  brought,  "  his  arms 
bound  behind  him  with  a  silken  cord,"  into  the  presence  of  his  uncle, 
James  II.,  in  order  that  the  mean-spirited  monarch  might  enjoy  the  abject 
submission  of  the  nephew  whom  he  had  already  resolved  no  submission 
should  save  from  the  scaffold.  A  little  later  Whitehall  witnessed  his 
own  craven  terrors  and  final  flight  from  his  crown  and  country  (December 

1  Macaulay,  ch.  vii. 


WHITEHALL   STAIRS  513 

1 8,  1668).  "On  the  morning  of  Wednesday  the  i3th  of  February 
(1669),  the  court  of  Whitehall  and  all  the  neighbouring  streets  were 
filled  with  gazers."  The  Lords  and  Commons  in  Convention  had 
agreed  to  offer  the  crown  to  William  of  Orange  and  the  Princess  Mary. 
The  formal  tender  was  that  day  made  in  the  Banqueting  House,  which 
had  been  duly  prepared  for  the  great  ceremony.  With  this  solemnity 
the  glory  of  Whitehall  passed  away.  Thenceforth  no  monarch  resided 
in  it,  and  it  was  not  again  the  scene  of  courtly  ceremonials.  A  large 
part  of  the  Palace,  as  we  have  seen,  was  destroyed  by  fire  in  January 
1697,  and  not  rebuilt.  The  ground  was  assigned  to  private  uses,  and 
in  August  1759  the  fine  old  gatehouse,  known  as  Holbein's  Gate,  was 
demolished  to  make  way  for  the  present  Parliament  Street ;  and  with  it 
may  be  said  to  have  disappeared  the  last  vestige,  except  the  Banqueting 
House,  of  Royal  Whitehall. 

Of  Holbein's  Gate  there  is  an  interesting  view,  by  Vertue,  in  the 
Vetusta  Monumenta,  a  second  in  Wilkinson's  Londina  Illustrata,  a  third 
in  Smith's  Westminster,  and  a  fourth  by  Wale  in  Dodsley's  London. 
William,  Duke  of  Cumberland  (the  hero  of  Culloden),  had  every  brick 
removed  to  Windsor  Great  Park,  and  talked  of  re-erecting  it  at  the  end 
of  the  Long  Walk,  with  additions  at  the  sides,  from  designs  by  Thomas 
Sandby.  Nothing,  however,  was  done.  Sandby's  design  may  be  seen  in 
Smith's  work.  There  were  eight  medallions  on  this  gate  (four  on  each 
side)  made  of  baked  clay,  and  glazed  like  delft-ware.  Three  of  these  (then 
and  still  at  Hatfield  Priory,  Hatfield  Peverell,  in  Essex)  are  engraved  in 
Smith's  Westminster,  and  represent,  it  is  said,  Henry  VII.,  Henry  VIII., 
and  Bishop  Fisher.  Two  (worked  into  keepers'  lodges  at  Windsor)  are 
now,  by  Mr.  Jesse's  exertions,  at  Hampton  Court,  where  they  are  made 
to  do  duty  as  two  of  the  Roman  Emperors.  That  they  were  of  Italian 
workmanship,  and  like  the  medallions  at  Hampton  Court,  probably  the 
work  of  John  de  Maiano,  has  been  pretty  well  determined  by  Sir  Henry 
Ellis.1  When  Strype  drew  up  his  additions  to  Stow's  London,  "the 
uppermost  room,  in  Holbein's  Gateway,  was  used  as  the  State  Paper 
Office."  2 

The  lead  statue  of  James  II.,  behind  Whitehall,  was  the  work  of 
Grinling  Gibbons,  and  was  set  up  December  31,  1686,  at  the  charge 
of  Tobias  Rustat.3  The  King,  it  is  said,  is  pointing  to  the  spot  where 
his  father  was  executed ;  but  this  vulgar  error  has  been  exposed  long 
ago,  though  it  is  still  repeated.  Nothing  can  illustrate  better  the 
mild  character  of  the  Revolution  of  1688  than  the  fact  that  the  statue 
of  the  abdicated  and  exiled  King  was  allowed  to  stand  in  the  innermost 
courtyard  of  what  was  once  his  own  Palace. 

Whitehall  Gardens.     [See  Privy  Gardens.] 

Whitehall  Stairs,  the  stairs  leading  from  the  Thames  to  White- 
hall Palace.  Here  Vanbrugh  has  laid  a  scene  in  The  Relapse,  or 
Virtue  in  Danger.  [See  Whitehall.] 

1  Ellis's  Letters,  3d  S.,  vol.  i.  p.  249.  "  Strypt,  B.  vi.  p.  5.  8  Brantstoit,  p.  253. 

VOL.  Ill  2   L 


514  WHITEHALL  STAIRS 

The  Court  used  to  take  the  water  from  the  stairs  at  Whitehall  Palace  in  Summer 
evenings  when  the  heat  and  dust  prevented  their  walking  in  the  Park.  An  infinite 
number  of  open  boats  filled  with  the  Court  and  City  beauties  attended  the  barges 
in  which  were  the  royal  family ;  collations,  music  and  fireworks  completed  the 
scene. — Grammont  Memoirs, 

Whitehall  Yard,  north  of  the  Chapel  Royal  (Banqueting  House). 
Here  is  the  Royal  United  Service  Institution,  but  a  great  change  has 
been  made  in  the  yard  lately  by  reason  of  the  demolition  of  houses, 
and  the  erection  of  a  large  range  of  mansions  on  the  river  side. 

Whitelands,  CHELSEA.  An  old  house  on  the  north  side  of 
Marlborough  Road ;  large  buildings  are  now  attached  to  it,  and  it  is 
occupied  by  a  paper-hanging  factory.  Whitelands  Training  College  is 
in  the  King's  Road. 

Whittington's  College.     [See  College  Hill.] 

Wigmore  Street,  CAVENDISH  SQUARE  to  PORTMAN  SQUARE,  was 
so  called  after  Robert  Harley,  Earl  of  Oxford,  Earl  Mortimer,  and 
Baron  Harley  of  Wigmore  Castle,  the  stronghold  of  the  ancient 
Mortimers.  "  Wigmore  shall  fly  to  set  my  uncle  free  ! "  exclaims 
young  Mortimer  in  Marlowe's  Edward  II. 

Wild  Court,  GREAT  WILD  STREET.  Here,  at  No.  12,  lived 
Theophilus  Gibber  and  his  wife,  the  daughter  of  Dr.  Arne,  and  one  of 
the  best  tragic  actresses  the  English  stage  has  produced.  The  fact 
of  their  residence  here  is  derived  from  their  own  bills  for  their  benefits, 
and  from  the  famous  trial  of  December  5,  1738. 

Wild  House,  properly  WELD  HOUSE,  on  the  site  of  what  is  now 
LITTLE  WILD  STREET,  LINCOLN'S  INN  FIELDS,  was  built  in  the  early 
part  of  the  reign  of  Charles  I.  by  Sir  Edward  Stradling,  on  ground 
then  called  "Oldwick  close,"  and  sold,  in  1651,  to  Humphrey  Weld, 
Esq.,  a  rich  parishioner  of  St.  Giles's-in-the-Fields,  son  of  Sir  Humphrey 
Weld,  Lord  Mayor  of  London  in  1608.  The  form  of  the  house  was  a 
centre  with  two  wings,  possessing  a  street  front  of  150  feet,  and  a  depth 
behind,  with  the  garden,  of  300  feet.1  It  was  subsequently  let  by  the 
Weld  family  to  persons  of  distinction,  foreign  ambassadors,  etc.  The 
Duchess  of  Ormond  was  living  in  Wild  House  in  1655^  and  Ronquillo, 
the  Spanish  ambassador,  in  another  wing  of  the  building  in  the  reigns 
of  Charles  II.  and  James  II.  In  the  rioting  which  followed  the  news 
of  the  flight  of  James  II.,  the  mob  wrecked  Ronquillo's  house  and 
chapel,  and  the  ambassador  had  to  make  his  escape  by  a  back  door.3 

The  rich  plate  of  the  Chapel  Royal  had  been  deposited  at  Wild  House,  near 
Lincoln's-Inn-Fields,  the  residence  of  the  Spanish  Ambassador,  Ronquillo.  Ron- 
quillo, conscious  that  he  and  his  court  had  not  deserved  ill  of  the  English  nation,  had 
thought  it  unnecessary  to  ask  for  soldiers ;  but  the  mob  was  not  in  a  mood  to  make 

nice  distinctions His  house  was,  therefore,  sacked  without  mercy ;    and  a 

noble  library,  which  he  had  collected,   perished  in  the  flames.      His  only  comfort 

1  Heath's  Grocers'  Company,  p.  225.  2  Life  of  Duke  of  Ormond,  8vo,  1747,  p.  167. 

3  Bramston,  Autob.  (Camd.  Sac.),  p.  339. 


WILDMAN'S  515 


was,  that  the  host  in  his  chapel  was  rescued  from  the  same  fate. — Macaulay's  History 
of  England,  ch.  x. 

April  26,  1681. — I  din'd  at  Don  Pietro  Ronquillo's,  the  Spanish  Ambassador,  at 
Wild  House,  Drury  Lane,  who  used  me  with  extraordinary  civility.  The  dinner  was 
plentiful,  half  after  the  Spanish,  half  after  the  English  way.  After  dinner  he  led  me 
into  his  bed-chamber,  where  we  fell  into  a  long  discourse  concerning  religion. — 
Evelyn. 

Weld  House  is  to  be  lett,  containing  33  rooms,  garrets,  and  cellars,  with  other 
suitable  conveniences  in  Weld  Street,  near  Lincoln's  Inn  Fields.  Enquire  at  Weld 
House,  or  at  Marybone  House. — London  Gazette  for  1694,  No.  3010. 

Wild  House  and  gardens  were  let  on  a  building  lease  for  ninety-nine 
years  in  1695;  and  the  present  Great  and  Little  Wild  Street  erected 
on  the  site.  The  property  was  the  subject  of  the  leading  Chancery 
case  of  Lister  v.  Foxcroft  (White  and  Tudor,  625),  which  was  not 
finally  decided  by  the  House  of  Lords  until  April  7,  1701. 

Wild  Street  (Great),  LINCOLN'S  INN,  Drury  Lane  end  of  Great 
Queen  Street  to  Sardinia  Street.  [See  Wild  House.]  Pope's  correspond- 
ent, Henry  Cromwell,  was  living,  July  17,  1709,  at  "the  Blue  Bull  in 
Great  Wild  Street,  near  Drury  Lane,  London." l 

March  18,  1708. — In  the  town  it  is  ten  to  one,  but  a  young  fellow  may  find  his 
strayed  heart  again,  with  some  Wild  Street  or  Drury  Lane  damsel. — Pope  (tct.  20}  to 
Cromwell. 

Wild  Street  (Little).  [See  Wild  House.]  In  the  Baptist  Chapel 
in  this  street,  between  Nos.  23  and  24  (now  a  mission  hall),  a  sermon 
was  annually  preached  commemorative  of  the  great  storm  of  1703 
— the  storm  celebrated  by  Addison  in  his  poem  of  "The  Campaign." 

Wilderness  Row,  CLERKENWELL,  from  Goswell  Street  opposite 
Old  Street,  to  St.  John  Street,  was  so  named  from  the  houses  facing 
the  northern  portion  of  the  Charterhouse  grounds,  which  being  planted 
with  shrubs  and  laid  out  in  walks  overshadowed  by  trees  was  called  the 
Wilderness.  Wilderness  Row  has  been  widened  by  setting  back  the 
Charterhouse  wall  and  was  incorporated  in  1878  with  that  portion  of  the 
new  road  from  Oxford  Street  to  Old  Street  called  Clerkenwell  Road,  of 
which  it  forms  the  northern  half.  The  Row  covered  in  part  the  site  of 
Pardon  churchyard,  the  chapel  attached  to  which  stood  near  its 
western  end,  near  where  Zion  Chapel  now  stands.  In  excavating  at 
various  times  large  quantities  of  human  bones  have  been  found. 
When  Wilderness  Row  was  built  the  land  was  partly  open  fields ;  and 
here  as  late  as  about  1825  was  the  Cherry  Tree  Inn,  with  its  once 
noted  tea-gardens. 

Wildman's,  a  Coffee-house  in  BEDFORD  STREET,  STRAND,  the 
favourite  headquarters  of  John  Wilkes's  supporters. 

What  Patron  shall  I  choose  ?  .  .   .   . 
Shall  I  prefer  the  grand  retreat  of  Stowe, 
Or,  seeking  patriots,  to  friend  Wildman's  go  ? 

'  El  win's  /'('/c,  vol.  \-i.  p.  80. 


516  WILDMAN'S 


To  Wildman's  !    cried  Discretion  (who  had  heard 
Close  standing  at  my  elbow,  ev'ry  word) 
To  Wildman's  !  art  thou  mad  ?  can'st  thou  be  sure 
One  moment  there  to  have  thy  head  secure  ? 

Each  dish  at  Wildman's  of  sedition  smacks  ; 
Blasphemy  may  be  Gospel  at  Almacks. 

Peace,  good  Discretion,  peace — thy  fears  are  vain  ; 
Ne'er  will  I  herd  with  Wildman's  factious  train. 

Churchill,  The  Candidate. 

It  is  incredible  what  pains  Monsieur  Beaumont  has  taken  to  see.  He  has  seen 
Oxford,  Bath,  Blenheim,  Stowe,  Jews,  Quakers,  Mr.  Pitt,  the  Royal  Society,  the 
Robin  Hood,  Lord  Chief  Justice  Pratt,  the  Arts  and  Sciences,  has  dined  at  Wild- 
man's,  and  I  think  with  my  Lord  Mayor. — H.  Walpole  to  Earl  of  Hertford^  Nov- 
ember 9,  1764. 

Will  Office,  SOMERSET  HOUSE,  occupies  the  centre  of  the  south 
side  of  the  great  quadrangle,  and  was  removed  from  Knightrider 
Street,  Doctors'  Commons,  in  1874.  At  this  office  wills  are  proved 
and  administrations  granted,  and  here  are  preserved  all  wills  granted 
within  the  prerogative  of  the  Archbishop  of  Canterbury.  The  earliest 
copy  of  a  will  preserved  in  the  strong  room  of  the  Probate  Registry  is 
of  the  year  1383,  and  the  earliest  original  of  the  year  1484. 

Here  is  the  original  will  of  Shakespeare,  on  three  folio  sheets  of 
paper,  with  his  signature  to  each  sheet — the  first  signature  being,  how- 
ever, so  damaged  as  to  be  only  in  part  legible.  The  wills  of  Van 
Dyck,  the  painter,  of  Inigo  Jones,  Sir  Isaac  Newton,  Dr.  Johnson, 
Izaak  Walton  ;  and,  in  short,  of  all  the  great  men  of  this  country  who 
died  possessed  of  property  in  the  south  of  England  are  also  here.  The 
will  of  Napoleon  I.,  in  which  he  bequeathed  10,000  francs  to  Cantillon, 
the  man  who  tried  to  assassinate  the  Duke  of  Wellington  in  Paris,  was 
given  up  to  the  French  Government  in  1853.  It  was  proved  by  Count 
Antholin  in  August  1824,  and  the  assets  within  the  province  of 
Canterbury  were  sworn  to  be  under  the  value  of  ^600.  The  office 
abounds  in  matter  of  great  biographical  importance — illustrative  of  the 
lives  of  eminent  men,  of  the  descent  of  property,  and  of  the  manners 
and  customs  of  bygone  times.  Since  1861  any  person  entitled  to 
do  so  may  prove  a  will  and  take  out  probate,  at  the  Department  for 
Personal  Application,  without  the  assistance  of  Proctor  or  Solicitor. 

The  Department  for  Literary  Inquiry  is  in  a  room  set  apart  for  that 
purpose.  It  is  open  (except  on  holidays)  from  10  A.M.  to  3.30  P.M. 
between  October  10  and  August  10,  and  between  n  A.M.  and  2.30  P.M. 
between  August  and  October.  On  payment  of  a  fee  of  one  shilling 
visitors  may  search  the  calendars  and  read  registered  copies  of  wills 
from  1383  to  the  present  time. 

The  office  hours  at  the  Will  Office  are  from  ten  to  four,  excepting 
during  the  vacation,  when  they  are  from  eleven  to  three.  The  charges 
for  searching  the  calendars  of  names  is  one  shilling  for  every  name.  The 
charge  for  seeing  the  original  will  is  a  shilling  extra.  Plain  copies  of 
wills  may  be  had  at  sixpence  per  folio.  ^ 


WILL'S   COFFEE-HOUSE  517 

Will's  Coffee-house,  No.  i  Bow  STREET,  COVENT  GARDEN,  on 
the  west  side,  corner  of  Russell  Street,  and  so  called  from  William 
Urwin,  who  kept  it.  "  It  seems,"  says  Sir  Walter  Scott,  "  that  the 
original  sign  of  the  house  had  been  a  Cow.  It  was  changed,  however, 
to  a  Rose  in  Dryden's  time."  l  Scott  appears  to  have  confused  two 
houses.  The  Rose  Tavern  was  on  the  south  side  of  Russell  Street,  at 
the  east  corner  of  Bridges  Street ;  Will's  Coffee-house  was,  as  said 
above,  on  the  north  side,  at  the  corner  of  Bow  Street.  The  change 
from  the  Cow  to  the  Rose  is  also  very  doubtful.  It  certainly  must 
have  taken  place,  if  at  all,  before  Dryden's  time.  William  Long  is 
entered  in  the  parish  books  as  landlord  of  The  Rose  as  early  as  1651. 
[See  Rose  Tavern.]  The  lower  part  of  Will's  was  let  in  1693  to  a 
woollen  draper,  "  Mr.  Philip  Brent,  woollen  draper,  under  Will's  Coffee- 
house in  Russell  Street,  Covent  Garden." 2  In  1 7  2  2  it  was  occupied 
by  a  bookseller,  "  James  Woodman,  at  Camden's  Head,  under  Will's 
Coffee-house  in  Bow  Street,  Covent  Garden."  The  wits'  room  was  up- 
stairs on  the  first  floor. 

In  the  Churchwardens'  Accounts  of  St.  Paul's,  Covent  Garden, 
under  the  year  1675,  are  the  following  entries  : — 

An  accompt  of  money  received  for  misdemeanors. 
July  8,  1675. — Of  William  Urwin  ...  45. 

"Will"  kept  at  times,  it  appears,  a  disorderly  coffee-house.  He 
was  alive  in  1695. 

Nowhere  was  the  smoking  more  constant  than  at  Will's.  That  celebrated  house, 
situated  between  Covent  Garden  and  Bow  Street,  was  sacred  to  polite  letters.  There 
the  talk  was  about  poetical  justice  and  the  unities  of  place  and  time.  There  was  a 
faction  for  Perrault  and  the  moderns,  a  faction  for  Boileau  and  the  ancients.  One 
group  debated  whether  Paradise  Lost  ought  not  to  have  been  in  rhyme.  To  another 
an  envious  poetaster  demonstrated  that  Venice  Preserved  ought  to  have  been  hooted 
from  the  stage.  Under  no  roof  was  a  greater  variety  of  figures  to  be  seen.  There 
were  earls  in  stars  and  garters,  clergymen  in  cassocks  and  bands,  pert  Templars, 
sheepish  lads  from  the  Universities,  translators  and  index-makers  in  ragged  coats  of 
frieze.  The  great  press  was  to  get  near  the  Chair  where  John  Dryden  sate.  In 
winter  that  chair  was  always  in  the  warmest  nook  by  the  fire  ;  in  summer  it  stood  in 
the  balcony.  To  bow  to  the  Laureate,  and  to  hear  his  opinion  of  Racine's  last 
tragedy,  or  of  Bossu's  treatise  on  epic  poetry,  was  thought  a  privilege.  A  pinch 
from  his  snuff-box  was  an  honour  sufficient  to  turn  the  head  of  a  young  enthusiast. — 
Macaulay,  Hist,  of  England,  chap.  iii. 

February  3,  1663-1664. — In  Covent  Garden  to-night,  going  to  fetch  home  my 
wife,  I  stopped  at  the  Great  Coffee-house  there,  where  I  never  was  before  :  where 
Dryden,  the  poet  (I  knew  at  Cambridge),  and  all  the  wits  of  the  town,  and  Harris 
the  player,  and  Mr.  Hoole  of  our  College.  And  had  I  had  time  then,  or  could  at 
other  times,  it  will  be  good  coming  thither  ;  for  there,  I  perceive,  is  very  witty  and 
pleasant  discourse. — Pepys. 

This  sort  of  men  you  shall  hear  say  in  the  Pit,  or  at  the  Coffee  House  (speaking 
of  an  author)  Damn  me  !  How  can  he  write  ?  He's  a  raw  young  fellow  newly  come 
from  the  university.  ...  Of  another  they  say  S'death,  he's  no  scholar,  can't  write 
true  grammar,  etc. — Ravenscroft  (To  the  Reader),  The  Careless  Lovers,  410,  1673. 

A  boy  of  about  14  years  old,  being  threatened,  run  away  from  his  Master  in  Bow 

1  Scott's  Life  of  Dryden  (in  Misc.  Prose  Works,  vol.  i.  p.  382). 
-  Lomion  Gazette  for  1693,  No.  2957. 


5i8  WILLS   COFFEE-HOUSE 

Street  yesterday  being  the  first  of  November  [1674]  .  .  .  ;  his  name  Thomas  Parsons. 
Whoever  shall  give  notice  of  him  where  he  is  to  William  Urwin's  Coffee  House  in 
Bow  Street  in  Covent  Garden,  shall  be  well  rewarded  for  his  pains. — London  Gazette, 
No.  934. 

Johnson.   Faith,  sir,  'tis  mighty  pretty,  I  saw  it  at  the  Coffee-house. 

Bays.  'Tis  a  trifle  hardly  worth  owning  ;  I  was  t'other  day  at  Will's  throwing 
out  something  of  that  nature  ;  and  I'  gad,  the  hint  was  taken,  and  out  came  that 
picture  ;  indeed,  the  poor  fellow  was  so  civil  to  present  me  with  a  dozen  of  'em  for 
my  friends  :  I  think  I  have  one  here  in  my  pocket ;  would  you  please  to  accept  it, 
Mr.  Johnson. — Prior  and  Montague,  The  Hind  and  the  Panther  Transfers' d. 

But  granting  matters  should  be  spoke 
By  method  rather  than  by  luck  ; 
This  may  confine  their  younger  stiles, 
Whom  Dryden  pedagogues  at  Will's  : 
But  never  could  be  meant  to  tie 
Authentic  wits  like  you  and  I. 

Prior  to  Fleet-wood  Shepheard. 

As  I  remember  said  the  sober  mouse 

I've  heard  much  talk  of  the  Wits'  Coffee  House. 

Thither,  says  Brindle,  thou  shalt  go  and  see 

Priests  sipping  coffee,  Sparks  and  Poets  tea ; 

Here  rugged  frieze,  there  Quality  well  drest, 

These  baffling  the  Grand  Seigneur,  those  the  Test. 

And  here  shrewd  guesses  made,  and  reasons  given 

That  human  laws  were  never  made  in  heaven. 

But  above  all,  what  shall  oblige  thy  sight 

And  fill  thy  eye-balls  with  a  vast  delight, 

Is  the  Poetic  Judge  of  sacred  wit 

Who  does  i'  the  darkness  of  his  glory  sit. 

Prior,  Town  and  Country  Mouse. 

I  had  been  listening  what  objections  had  been  made  against  the  conduct  of  the 
play  [Don  Sebastian] ;  but  found  them  all  so  trivial,  that  if  I  should  name  them,  a 
true  critic  would  imagine  that  I  had  played  booby,  and  only  raised  up  phantoms  for 
myself  to  conquer. — Dryden,  Preface  to  Don  Sebastian. 

Dryden,  in  various  prefaces,  takes  notice  of  objections  that  had  been  made  by 
critics  to  his  Plays  ;  which  one  naturally  expects  to  find  in  some  of  the  pamphlets 
published  in  his  time.  But  the  passage  before  us  (ut  sup.)  inclines  me  to  believe 
that  most  of  the  criticisms  which  he  has  noticed  were  made  at  his  favourite  haunt, 
Will's  Coffee  House. — Malone  (Dryden,  vol.  iii.  p.  191). 

Bays.  But  if  you  please  to  give  me  the  meeting  at  Will's  Coffee  House,  about 
three  in  the  afternoon,  we'll  remove  into  a  private  room,  where,  over  a  dish  of  tea, 
we  may  debate  this  important  affair  with  all  the  solitude  imaginable. 

The  Reasons  of  Mr.  Bays 's  [Dryden's]  changing  his  Religion,  410,  1 688. 

I  cannot  omit  to  tell  you,  that  a  Wit  of  the  Town,  a  friend  of  mine,  at  Will's 
Coffee  House,  the  first  night  of  the  play,  cry'd  it  down  as  much  as  in  him  lay,  who 
before  had  read  it  and  assured  me  he  never  saw  a  prettier  comedy. — Mrs.  Behn's 
Preface  to  The  Lucky  Chance,  4to,  1687. 

A  Wit  and  a  Beau  set  up  with  little  or  no  expense.  A  pair  of  red  stockings  and 
a  sword-knot  sets  up  one,  and  peeping  once  a  day  in  at  Will's,  and  two  or  three 
second-hand  sayings,  the  other. — Tom  Brown's  Laconics. 

From  thence  we  adjourned  to  the  Wits'  Coffee-house.  .  .  .  Accordingly  up 
stairs  we  went,  and  found  much  company,  but  little  talk.  .  .  .  We  shuffled  through 
this  moving  crowd  of  philosophical  mutes  to  the  other  end  of  the  room,  where  three 
or  four  wits  of  the  upper  class  were  rendezvous'd  at  a  table,  and  were  disturbing  the 
ashes  of  the  old  poets  by  perverting  their  sense.  ...  At  another  table  were  seated 
a  parcel  of  young,  raw,  second-rate  beaus  and  wits,  who  were  conceited  if  they  had 


\VILL S  COFFEE-HOUSE  519 

but  the  honour  to  dip  a  finger  and  thumb  into  Mr.  Dryden's  snuff-box. — Ned  Ward, 
The  London  Spy,  part  x. 

It  was  in  returning  home  from  Will's  that  Dryden  was  set  upon  and 
beaten  by  the  dastardly  Lord  Rochester's  hired  ruffians. 
To  Will's  I  went,  where  Beau  and  Wit 
In  mutual  contemplation  sit ; 
But  which  were  Wits,  and  which  were  Beaus, 
The  Devil  sure's  in  him  who  knows, 
For  either  may  be  which  you  please, 
These  look  like  those  who  talk'd  like  these  ; 
To  make  amends,  there  I  saw  Dryden. 

A  Day's  Ramble  in  Covent  Garden,  1691.     Poems  in  Bttrlesque,  4to,  1692. 
Will's  is  the  mother  church  :  From  thence  their  creed 
And  as  that  censures  poets  must  succeed. 

Verses  prefixed  to  "  Sir  Noisy  Parrot,"  4to,  1693. 

I  am  by  no  means  free  of  the  Poet's  Company,  having  never  kissed  their 
Governor's  hands  nor  made  the  least  court  to  the  Committee  that  sits  in  Covent 
Garden. — Sir  Richard  Blackmore,  Preface  to  King  Arthur,  fol.  1697. 

Had  but  the  people,  scar'd  with  danger,  run 
To  shut  up  Will's,  where  the  sore  plague  begun, 
Had  they  the  first  infected  men  convey'd 
Straight  to  Moorfields  ! 

Blackmore,  A  Satire  upon  Wit,  1700. 

Blackmore  has  another  gird  at  Will's  in  connection  with  his  pro- 
posed Bank  for  Wit. 

The  Bank  when  thus  establish'd  will  supply 

Small  places  for  the  little  loitering  fry, 

That  follow  G[arth],  or  at  Will  Ur[wi]n's  ply. 

Blackmore,  ibid. 

Why  should  a  poet  fetter  the  business  of  his  plot,  and  starve  his  action,  for  the 
nicety  of  an  hour  or  the  change  of  a  scene ;  since  the  thought  of  man  can  fly  over  a 
thousand  years  with  the  same  ease,  and  in  the  same  instant  of  time,  that  your  eye 
glances  from  the  figure  of  six  to  seven  on  the  dial-plate,  and  can  glide  from  the  Cape 
of  Good  Hope  to  the  Bay  of  St.  Nicholas,  which  is  quite  across  the  world,  with  the 
same  quickness  and  activity,  as  between  Covent  Garden  Church  and  Will's  Coffee- 
house?— Farquhar,  A  Discourse  upon  Comedy,  1702. 

Whate'er  success  this  play  from  Will's  may  meet, 
We  still  must  crave  the  favour  of  the  Pit. 

Prologue  to  Orrery's  As  Yoii  find  It,  4to,  1703. 

I  am  sensible  by  experience,  that  there's  a  great  deal  of  artifice  and  accomplish- 
ment required  in  a  gentleman  that  will  write  for  the  Theatre  ; — and  'tis  a  mighty 
presumption  in  any  one  to  attempt  it,  who  has  not  ingratiated  himself  among  the 
Quality,  or  been  conversant  at  Will's. — Walker's  Preface  to  Marry  or  do  Worse,  4to, 
1704. 

I  think  our  business  done  and  to  some  purpose, — to  put  one  King  out  and  another 
in  within  the  year  !  I  meant  only  to  relieve  the  Duke  of  Savoy,  and  then — Will's 
Coffee  House  in  Winter. — Earl  of  Peterborough,  Valencia.  July  2,  1706  (Mahon's 
War  of  the  Succession,  p.  198). 

Now  view  the  beaus  at  Will's,  the  men  of  wit, 
By  nature  nice,  and  for  discerning  fit, 
The  finished  fops,  the  men  of  wig  and  snuff, 
Knights  of  the  famous  Oyster-barrel  snuff. 

Defoe's  Reformation  of  Manners. 


520  WILL'S  COFFEE-HOUSE 

I  was  about  seventeen  when  I  first  came  up  to  town,  an  odd-looking  boy,  with 
short  rough  hair,  and  that  sort  of  awkwardness  which  one  always  brings  up  at  first 
out  of  the  country.  However,  in  spite  of  my  bashfulness  and  appearance,  I  used 
now  and  then  to  thrust  myself  into  Will's  to  have  the  pleasure  of  seeing  the  most 
celebrated  wits  of  that  time,  who  then  resorted  thither.  The  second  time  that  ever 
I  was  there,  Mr.  Dryden  was  speaking  of  his  own  things,  as  he  frequently  did, 
especially  of  such  as  had  been  lately  published.  "  If  anything  of  mine  is  good,"  says 
he,  "  'tis  Mac  Flecknoe  ;  and  I  value  myself  the  more  upon  it,  because  it  is  the  first 
piece  of  ridicule  written  in  Heroics."  On  hearing  this,  I  plucked  up  my  spirit  so 
far  as  to  say,  in  a  voice  but  just  loud  enough  to  be  heard,  that  "  Mac  Flecknoe  was 
a  very  fine  poem ;  but  that  I  had  not  imagined  it  to  be  the  first  that  ever  was  writ 
that  way."  On  this,  Dryden  turned  short  upon  me,  as  surprised  at  my  interposing  ; 
asked  me  how  long  I  had  been  a  dealer  in  poetry  ;  and  added,  with  a  smile,  "  Pray, 
sir,  what  is  it  that  you  did  imagine  to  have  been  writ  so  before?"  I  named  Boileau's 
Lutrin,  and  Tassoni's  Secchia  Rapita,  which  I  had  read,  and  knew  Dryden  had 
borrowed  some  strokes  from  each.  "  'Tis  true,"  said  Dryden,  "  I  had  forgot  them." 
A  little  after  Dryden  went  out,  and  in  going  spoke  to  me  again,  and  desired  me  to 
come  and  see  him  next  day.  I  was  highly  delighted  with  the  invitation ;  went  to 
see  him  accordingly,  and  was  well  acquainted  with  him  after,  as  long  as  he  lived. — 
Dean  Lockier  (Spence,  by  Singer,  p.  59). 

I  had  the  honour  of  bringing  Mr.  Pope  from  our  retreat  in  the  Forest  of  Windsor, 
to  dress  d  la  mode,  and  introduce  at  Will's  Coffee  House. — Sir  Charles  Wogan  to 
Swift  (Scott's  Swift,  vol.  xviii.  p.  21). 

It  was  Dryden  who  made  Will's  Coffee-house  the  great  resort  of  the  wits  of  his 
time.  After  his  death,  Addison  transferred  it  to  Button's,  who  had  been  a  servant 
of  his ;  they  were  opposite  each  other,  in  Russell  Street,  Covent  Garden. — Pope 
(Spence,  by  Singer),  p.  263. 

Addison  passed  each  day  alike,  and  much  in  the  manner  that  Dryden  did. 
Dryden  employed  his  mornings  in  writing,  dined  en  famille,  and  then  went  to  Will's  : 
only  he  came  home  earlier  a'  nights. — Pope  (Spence,  by  Singer),  p.  286. 

Let  us  see  if  we  can  find  anything  in  his  rhymes,  which  may  direct  us  to  his  Coffee 
House  or  to  his  Bookseller's.  By  his  taking  three  opportunities  to  commend  Mr. 
Dryden  in  so  small  a  compass,  I  fancy  we  may  hear  of  him  at  Shakspeare's  Head 
[Tonson's],  or  at  Will's. — Dennis,  Reflections  on  Pope's  Essay  on  Criticism,  1712, 

P-  27. 

The  translator  [Pope]  seems  to  think  a  good  genius  and  a  good  ear  to  be  the 
same  thing.  Dryden  himself  was  more  sensible  of  the  difference  between  them,  and 
when  it  was  in  debate  at  Will's  Coffee  House  what  character  he  would  have  with 
posterity ;  he  said,  with  a  sullen  modesty,  I  believe  they  will  allow  me  to  be  a  good 
versifier. — Oldmixon,  An  Essay  on  Criticism,  8vo,  1728,  p.  24. 

I  find,  that  upon  his  [Pope's]  first  coming  to  Town,  out  of  pure  Compassion  for  his 
exotick  Figuor,  narrow  circumstances,  and  humble  appearance,  the  late  Mr.  Wycherley 
admitted  him  into  his  society,  and  suffered  him,  notwithstanding  his  make,  to  be  his 
humble  admirer  at  Will's. — Pope,  Alexander's  Supremacy  and  Infallibility  Examined, 
4to,  1729,  p.  13. 

When  I  was  a  young  fellow,  I  wanted  to  write  the  Life  of  Dryden  ;  and  in  order 
to  get  materials,  I  applied  to  the  only  two  persons  then  alive  who  had  seen  him  ; 
these  were  old  Swinney  and  old  Gibber.  Swinney's  information  was  no  more  than 
this,  "  That  at  Will's  Coffee  House  Dryden  had  a  particular  chair  for  himself,  which 
was  set  by  the  fire  in  winter,  and  was  then  called  his  winter-chair ;  and  that  it  was 
carried  out  for  him  to  the  balcony  in  summer,  and  was  then  called  his  summer-chair." 
Gibber  could  tell  no  more  but  "  that  he  remembered  him  a  decent  old  man,  arbiter 
of  critical  disputes  at  Will's." — Dr.  Johnson,  in  Boswell,  ed.  Croker,  vol.  iii.  p.  435. 

When  Steele  started  the  Taller,  1709,  he  announced  that — 

All  accounts  of  gallantry,  pleasure,  and  entertainment  shall  be  under  the  article 
of  White's  Chocolate  House  ;  poetry  under  that  of  Will's  Coffee  House ;  learning 
under  the  title  of  Grecian  ;  foreign  and  domestic  news  you  will  have  from  St.  James's 


WILL'S  COFFEE-HOUSE  521 

Coffee  House.  And  goes  on  with  a  statement  which  may  be  taken  to  indicate  the 
comparative  expenses  of  the  four  establishments. — "  I  cannot  keep  the  ingenious  man 
to  go  daily  to  Witt's,  under  two-pence  each  day  merely  for  his  charges  ;  to  White's, 
under  sixpence  ;  nor  to  the  Grecian,  without  some  plain  Spanish,  to  be  as  able  as 
others  at  the  learned  table  ;  and  that  a  good  observer  cannot  speak  with  even  kidney 
at  St.  James's  without  clean  linen. — The  Tatler,  No.  I  (1709). 

This  place  [Will's]  is  very  much  altered  since  Mr.  Dryden  frequented  it ;  where 
you  used  to  see  songs,  epigrams,  and  satires  in  the  hands  of  every  man  you  met,  you 
have  now  only  a  pack  of  cards  ;  and  instead  of  the  cavils  about  the  turn  of  the 
expression,  the  elegance  of  the  style,  and  the  like,  the  learned  now  dispute  only 
about  the  truth  of  the  game. — The  Tatler,  No.  i,  April  8,  1709. 

Rail  on,  ye  triflers,  who  to  Will's  repair, 
For  new  lampoons,  fresh  cant,  or  modish  air. 

E.  Smith,  On  John  Phillips 's  Death, 

Be  sure  at  Will's  the  following  day, 
Lie  snug,  and  hear  what  critics  say  ; 
And  if  you  find  the  general  vogue 
Pronounces  you  a  stupid  rogue, 
Damns  all  your  thoughts  as  low  and  little, 
Sit  still,  and  swallow  down  your  spittle. 

Swift,  On  Poetry ;  a  Rhapsody. 

After  the  Play,  the  best  company  go  to  Tom's  and  Will's  Coffee  House  near 
adjoining,  where  there  is  playing  at  Picket,  and  the  best  of  conversation  till  midnight. 
Here  you  will  see  blue  and  green  ribbons  and  stars  sitting  familiarly,  and  talking 
with  the  same  freedom  as  if  they  had  left  their  quality  and  degrees  of  distance  at 
home. — Macky,  A  Journey  through  England,  8vo,  1722,  p.  172. 

There  is  no  place  of  general  resort  wherein  I  do  not  often  make  my  appearance  ; 
sometimes  I  am  seen  thrusting  my  head  into  a  round  of  Politicians  at  Will's,  and 
listening  with  great  attention  to  the  narratives  that  are  made  in  those  little  circular 
audiences. — The  Spectator,  No.  i. 

Would  it  not  employ  a  Beau  prettily  enough,  if,  instead  of  playing  eternally  with 
a  snuff  box,  he  spent  some  part  of  his  time  in  making  one  ?  Such  a  method  as  this 
would  very  much  conduce  to  the  public  emolument,  by  making  every  man  living 
good  for  something ;  for  there  would  then  be  no  one  member  of  human  society  but 
would  have  some  little  pretension  for  some  degree  in  it ;  like  him  who  came  to 
Will's  Coffee  House  upon  the  merit  of  having  writ  a  Posie  of  a  ring. — The  Spectator, 
No.  43. 

Robin  the  porter,  who  waits  at  Will's  Coffee  House,  is  the  best  man  in  town  for 
carrying  a  billet ;  the  fellow  has  a  thin  body,  swift  step,  demure  looks,  sufficient 
sense,  and  knows  the  town. — The  Spectator,  No.  398. 

Before  five  in  the  afternoon  I  left  the  City,  and  came  to  my  common  scene  of 
Covent  Garden,  and  passed  the  evening  at  Will's  in  attending  the  discourses  of 
several  sets  of  people  who  relieved  each  other  within  my  hearing  on  the  subjects  of 
cards,  dice,  love,  learning,  and  politics.  The  last  subject  kept  me  till  I  heard  the 
streets  in  the  possession  of  the  bell-man,  who  had  now  the  world  to  himself,  and 
cried  past  two  o'clock. — The  Spectator,  No.  454,  August  II,  1712. 

Truewit.  Just  as  it  was  I  find  when  I  us'd  Will's  ;  but  pray,  Sir,  does  that 
ancient  rendezvous  of  the  Beaiix  Esprits  hold  its  ground  ?  And  do  men  now,  as 
formerly,  become  Wits  by  sipping  coffee  and  tea  with  Wycherley  and  the  reigning 
poets  ? 

Freeman.  No,  no  ;  there  have  been  great  revolutions  in  this  state  of  affairs  since 
you  left  us  :  Button's  is  now  the  established  Wit's  Coffee-house,  and  all  the  young 
scribblers  of  the  times  pay  their  attendance  nightly  there  to  keep  up  their  pretensions 
to  sense  and  understanding. — Gildon,  A  New  Rehearsal,  I2mo,  1714. 

Why,  Faith  (answered  I),  the  Controversy  [about  Pope's  Homer~\  as  yet  remains 
undecided :  Will's  Coffee  House  gives  it  to  the  four  Books,  Button's  to  the  one.  .  .  . 


522  WILLIAM  STREET 

But  leaving  the  division  of  the  merits  of  the  cause  to  those  two  sovereign  tribunals  of 
Will's  and  Button's. — Gildon,  Art  of  Poetry,  1718. 

William  Street,  LOWNDES  SQUARE.  Lady  Morgan,  the  authoress 
of  the  Wild  Irish  Girl,  went  to  reside  at  No.  n  in  1838,  and  died 
there,  April  16,  1859.  She  was  buried  in  the  Brompton  Cemetery. 

Williams's  (Dr.)  Library,  No.  16  GRAFTON  STREET  (Tottenham 
Court  Road  and  Gower  Street),  of  about  25,000  volumes,  and  exceed- 
ingly rich  in  old  and  especially  Puritan  and  patristic  theology,  was 
founded  by  the  Rev.  Daniel  Williams,  D.D.,  an  eminent  Protestant 
dissenting  minister  of  the  Presbyterian  denomination.  Dr.  Williams 
was  born  at  Wrexham,  in  Denbighshire,  1664,  and  died  in  London, 
January  24,  1716.  Dr.  Williams  possessed  considerable  property,  and, 
leaving  his  widow  a  life  interest  therein,  bequeathed  the  bulk  of  it 
after  her  death  to  various  religious  and  educational  uses.  The  bequest 
which  founded  the  Williams's  Library  was  intended  to  carry  out  a  long- 
cherished  purpose  of  the  founder  to  establish  a  library  which  might  be 
available  for  general  use,  but  be  particularly  for  the  service  of  the  London 
ministers.  He  had  himself  formed  a  good  collection  of  books,  and  he 
added  to  it,  by  purchases,  the  library  of  Dr.  Bates.  He  directed  the 
trustees  to  erect  a  suitable  building,  for  which  they  purchased  a  site  in 
Redcross  Street,  and  there  opened  the  library  in  1724.  In  1864  the 
library  was  removed  to  a  temporary  home  in  Queen's  Square,  Blooms- 
bury,  until  the  building  in  Grafton  Street  was  ready,  and  the  old  house 
was  pulled  down.  There  is  a  good  printed  catalogue,  in  three  volumes. 
Admission  is  readily  granted  to  suitable  persons,  though  nominally  a 
trustee's  nomination  is  required.  The  library  is  open  from  Monday  till 
Friday  (both  inclusive)  throughout  the  year,  except  during  the  month  of 
August  and  the  Christmas  and  Whitsun  weeks.  Among  its  treasures 
the  library  possesses  a  fine  copy  of  the  first  folio  edition  of  Shakespeare ; 
an  original  portrait  of  Richard  Baxter;  and  the  "glass  basin  which 
held  the  water  wherewith  Queen  Elizabeth  was  baptized." 

Willis's  Rooms,  No.  26  KING  STREET,  ST.  JAMES;  a  suite  of 
assembly  rooms,  built  1765-1771  (Robert  Mylne,  architect)  for  Almack's 
balls.  [See  Almack's  Rooms.]  Since  the  dissolution  of  the  Almack's 
committee  in  1863,  the  rooms  have  been  known  exclusively  as  "Willis's," 
but  that  name  (from  the  proprietor  who  succeeded  Almack)  was  used, 
at  least  occasionally,  as  early  as  17  go.1  Willis's  Rooms  were  long 
celebrated  for  high-class  dinners,  meetings,  concerts,  and  balls.  Here 
the  meetings  of  the  Society  of  Dilettanti  were  held,  and  the  famous 
portraits  of  the  original  members  were  hung.  [See  Dilettanti  Society.] 
The  establishment,  however,  ceased  to  supply  dinners  in  1889,  and  the 
dining  clubs  which  met  here  have  now  removed.  It  is  said  that  the 
place  has  been  leased  (1890)  to  a  German  syndicate,  who  intend  to 
establish  a  system  of  German  health  baths  of  every  description. 

1  See  Trusler's  London  Adviser  and  Guide,  i2tno,  1790,  p.  174. 


WINCHESTER  HOUSE  523 

Willow  Walk,  now  WILLOW  STREET,  PIMLICO,  mentioned  for  the 
first  time  in  the  rate-books  of  St.  Martin's-in-the-Fields,  under  the  year 
1723,  was,  till  1829-1839,  a  low-lying  footpath  west  of  Tothill  Fields, 
with  long  cuts  or  reservoirs  on  either  side,  belonging  to  the  Chelsea 
Waterworks  Company.  The  cuts  were  drained  in  1829-1831,  and  the 
ground  raised  for  the  present  terraces  and  squares  by  the  soil  excavated 
from  St.  Katherine's  Docks.  A  lonely  cottage  in  the  Willow  Walk, 
long  the  haunt  of  Jerry  Abershaw,  the  notorious  highwayman,  and  his 
associates,  was  standing  as  late  as  1836. 

Wilton  Crescent,  BELGRAVE  SQUARE.  No.  24  was  the  residence 
of  Henry  Hallam,  the  historian,  died  January  1859. 

Wilton  Place,  north  of  Wilton  Crescent,  KNIGHTSBRIDGE.  The 
church,  dedicated  to  St.  Paul,  has  acquired  a  prominent  place  in 
ritualistic  annals. 

Wimbledon  House,  STRAND,  a  mansion  erected  on  a  part  of  the 
Exeter  House  property  by  Sir  Edward  Cecil  (d.  1638),  first  and  last 
Baron  Putney  and  Viscount  Wimbledon,  a  grandson  of  the  great  Lord 
Burghley.  It  stood  at  the  east  corner  of  Wellington  Street  North,  and 
while  still  quite  new  was  burned  to  the  ground  in  November  1628,  a 
portion  of  the  same  viscount's  house  at  Wimbledon  having  been  de- 
stroyed by  gunpowder  on  the  previous  day.  In  1720  Strype  describes 
it  as  "  a  very  handsome  house."  It  is  said x  to  have  been  built  from  a 
design  by  Inigo  Jones,  and,  with  its  covered  up-and-down  entrance 
projecting  into  the  carriage  way,  makes  a  prominent  feature  in  old 
pictures  of  the  Strand.  It  was  pulled  down  about  1782. 

Wimpole  Street,  CAVENDISH  SQUARE,  so  called  from  Wimpole, 
in  Cambridgeshire,  sold  by  the  second  Earl  of  Oxford  to  Lord 
Chancellor  Hardwicke.  In '  No.  1 2  lived  Admiral  Lord  Hood ;  in 
1809  he  was  living  in  No.  37.  In  No.  67  Henry  Hallam  wrote  his 
History  of  the  Middle  Ages,  and  his  Constittitional  History  of  England. 
In  No.  65  lived,  in  1792,  Sir  Elijah  Impey.  Here  (then  the  house 
of  his  brother-in-law,  Sir  Benjamin  Hall)  was  the  first  London  residence 
of  Baron  Bunsen.  Early  in  1759  Edmund  Burke  was  resident  in 
Wimpole  Street,  "  the  chief  expenses  of  housekeeping  being  sustained 
by  Dr.  Nugent."  2 

William  Wilkie  Collins,  the  novelist,  died  at  his  house,  No.  82,  on 
September  23,  1889. 

Winchester  House,  AUSTIN  FRIARS,  more  generally  called  Pawlet 
or  Powlet  House,  after  William  Paulet,  first  Marquis  of  Winchester, 
Lord  High  Treasurer  of  England  in  the  reigns  of  Edward  VI.,  Mary, 
and  Elizabeth,  on  the  site  of  the  house,  cloister  and  gardens  of  the 
Augustine  Friars.  [See  Austin  Friars.]  When  the  marquis  was  asked 

1  See    Wine   and   Walnuts,    vol.    i.    p.    149;          J  Prior's  Life  of  Burke,  p.  56,  and  see  Forster's 
Notes  and  Queries,  ad  S.,  vol.  ii.  p.  476.  Goldsmith,  vol.  i.  p.  294. 


524  WINCHESTER  HOUSE 

by  what  means  he  had  managed  to  retain  so  important  an  office  as 
that  of  Lord  Treasurer  for  so  long  a  time,  his  reply  was,  "  By  being  a 
willow  and  not  an  oak."  A  portion  of  this  noble  old  mansion,  though 
deformed  by  modern  alterations  and  divided  into  warehouses,  remained 
as  late  as  1844. 

Then  east  from  the  Carriers'  Row  is  a  long  and  high  wall  of  stone,  inclosing  the 
north  side  of  a  large  garden  adjoining  to  as  large  an  house  built  in  the  reign  of  King 
Henry  VIII.  and  of  Edward  VI.  by  Sir  William  Powlet,  Lord  Treasurer  of  England. 
Through  this  garden,  which  of  old  time  consisted  of  divers  parts,  now  united,  was  some- 
times a  fair  footway,  leading  by  the  west  end  of  the  Augustine  Friars'  church  straight 
north,  and  opened  somewhat  west  from  Allhallows  church  against  London  Wall 
towards  Moorgate  ;  which  footway  had  gates  at  either  end,  locked  up  every  night ; 
but  now  the  same  way  being  taken  into  those  gardens,  the  gates  are  closed  up  with 
stone,  whereby  the  people  are  forced  to  go  about  by  St.  Peter's  church,  and  the  east 
end  of  the  said  Friar's  church,  and  all  the  great  place  and  garden  of  Sir  William 
Powlet  to  London  Wall  and  so  to  Moorgate.  This  great  house  .  .  .  stretcheth  to 
the  north  corner  of  Erode  [Broad]  Street,  and  then  turneth  up  Erode  Street,  and  all 
that  side  to  and  beyond  the  east  end  of  the  said  Friars'  church. — Stow,  p.  66. 

Winchester  House,  CHELSEA,  the  palace  of  the  Bishops  of 
Winchester  from  1663  to  1820,  was  situated  across  what  is  now  the 
river  end  of  Oakley  Street.  It  was  a  large  red  brick  building  erected 
by  James,  Duke  of  Hamilton,  in  the  reign  of  Charles  I.,  and  formed  a 
continuation  of  the  Manor  House.  It  was  bought  by  Government  for 
the  see  of  Winchester,  when  the  old  palace  at  Southwark  was  given  up, 
under  powers  of  an  Act  of  Parliament  in  1663.  Bishop  North  died 
here  in  1820,  and  the  house  was  then  sold  to  the  Lord  of  the  Manor. 
It  was  pulled  down  soon  afterwards. 

Winchester  House,  SOUTHWARK.  In  1107  William  Giffard, 
Bishop  of  Winchester  and  also  Lord  Chancellor,  built  this  spacious 
palace  on  the  Bankside,  to  the  west  of  St.  Mary  Overies,  on  a  plot  of 
ground  belonging  to  the  priory  of  Bermondsey,  and  it  became  the 
town  residence  of  the  Bishops  of  Winchester  for  five  hundred  and 
thirty  years.  During  a  vacancy  in  the  see  it  was  assigned  as  a  resid- 
ence to  Simon  de  Montfort  and  his  wife,  the  daughter  of  King  John. 
In  1424  James  Stuart,  King  of  Scotland,  liberated  from  his  prison, 
was  married  to  Johanna  Beaufort,  and  the  wedding  feast  was  held 
at  the  house  of  her  uncle,  Cardinal  Beaufort,  who  was  then  Bishop  of 
Winchester.  In  1427  the  Cardinal,  returning  from  beyond  sea, 
was  met  by  the  mayor,  aldermen  and  citizens,  and  conducted  with 
much  pomp  to  Southwark.  In  May  1451  William  Waynflete, 
"in  a  certain  lofty  roome  commonly  called  le  Peynted  Chamber  in 
his  manor  house  of  Southwark,"  made  a  solemn  declaration  regard- 
ing his  tenure  of  the  see  of  Winchester.1  Gardiner,  in  his  turn, 
lived  here  in  great  style.  He  had  a  number  of  young  gentlemen  of 
family  as  his  pages,  whose  education  he  superintended.  His  establish- 
ment was  the  last  of  the  sort  in  England,  as  after  the  Reformation  the 
bishops'  palaces  were  mostly  occupied  by  their  families  (Lord  Campbell}. 

1  Life  of  Bishop  Waynflete,  p.  66. 


WINCHESTER  STREET  525 

In  1551  Gardiner  was  imprisoned  in  his  own  house,  and  in  the  next 
year  he  entertained  at  a  great  feast  the  Ambassador  of  Spain  and  the 
Council  in  the  same  place.  In  1554  he  was  dead  :  "There  are  grand 
obsequies  a  sermon  and  a  mass,  after  which  the  peple  go  to  his  place 
to  dener." 

Stow  (1598)  describes  Winchester  House  as  "a  very  fair  house, 
well  repaired,"  with  "a  large  wharf  and  a  landing  place  called  the 
Bishop  of  Winchester's  Stairs,"  shown  by  Rocque  in  his  map  of  1726 
as  St.  Maiy  Overy's  Stairs,  and  only  closed  of  late  years.  The 
principal  frontage  of  the  palace  was  towards  the  river.  It  was  bounded 
south  and  west  by  gardens  decorated  with  statues  and  fountains,  and 
by  a  park  of  about  70  acres,  which  extended  to  the  manor  of  Paris 
Garden. 

The  last  bishop  of  the  see  who  lived  at  Winchester  House  was 
Lancelot  Andrewes,  who  died  here  in  1626,  and  was  buried  at  St. 
Saviour's  Church  in  the  so-called  bishop's  chapel. 

Winchester  House  has  been  occupied  by  several  persons  either  as  a 
residence  or  as  a  prison.  Sir  Edward  Dyer,  the  poet,  and  friend  of  Sir 
Philip  Sidney. 

I  have  been  this  morning  to  Winchester  House  to  seek  you. — Robert,  Earl  of 
Essex  to  Mr.  Dyer,  July  21,  1587. 

Add  hereunto  that  very  lately  by  a  wind-furnace  greene  glass  for  windows  is 
made  as  well  by  pit-coale  at  Winchester  House  in  Southwarke  as  it  is  done  in  other 
places  with  much  wast  and  consuming  of  infinite  store  of  billetts  and  other  wood-feull. 
— Sturtevant's  Metallica,  1612,  p.  4  (ed.  1858). 

In  1642  the  Parliament  converted  Winchester  House  into  a  prison, 
and  among  the  prisoners  confined  in  it  was  Sir  Kenelm  Digby,  who 
here  wrote  his  Critical  Remarks  on  Sir  Thomas  Browne's  Religio  Medici. 
His  letter  to  Browne  is  dated  "Winchester  House,  March  20,  1642." 

Sir  Kenelm  Digby  was  several  times  taken  and  let  go  again  ;  at  last  imprisoned  in 
Winchester  House.  I  can  compare  him  to  nothing  but  a  great  fish  that  we  catch  and 
let  go  again,  but  still  he  will  come  to  the  bait ;  at  last  therefore  we  put  him  into  some 
great  pond  for  store. — Selden's  Table  Talk. 

For  a  time  it  was  the  home  of  Lieut. -Col.  Lilburne.  In  1649  ne 
was  allowed  to  leave  his  prison  in  the  Tower  to  visit  his  sick  and 
distressed  family  at  Winchester  House,  "  mine  own  house  in  South- 
wark."  In  1647  the  manor  and  Winchester  House  were  sold  to 
Thomas  Walker  of  Camberwell  for  ^4380  :  8  :  3,  but  at  the  Restoration 
it  reverted  to  the  See.  The  bishops,  however,  no  longer  used  it  as  a 
residence,  and  an  Act  was  passed  in  1663  permitting  them  to  let  it  in 
tenements.  The  park  was  dismantled  in  this  year,  and  a  noble  old 
tree  furnished  timber  for  seven  houses  in  Gracechurch  Street. 

In  18143  great  fire  destroyed  nearly  all  the  remains  of  this  once 
noble  place,  and  there  were  disclosed  the  solid  and  noble  proportions  of 
the  great  hall,  and  the  remains  of  a  fine  circular  window.  The  site 
is  now  covered  with  wharves,  warehouses  and  other  business  premises. 

Winchester  Street,  CITY,  BROAD  STREET  to  LONDON  WALL,  was 
so  called  after  Paulet  or  Winchester  House.  [See  Winchester  House.] 


526  WINCHESTER  STREET 

John  Archer,  the  author  of  Every  Man  his  own  Physician,  1673, 
lived  at  the  "Golden  Ball,  Winchester  Street,  near  Broad  Street."  In 
this  work  he  makes  the  number  of  the  senses  six.  Edmund 
Halley,  the  astronomer,  was  the  son  of  a  soap-boiler  in  this  street, 
but  was  born  at  his  father's  country  house  at  Haggerstone.  The 
earliest  of  his  published  observations  were  made,  July  25,  1675, 
on  an  eclipse  of  the  moon,  from  the  house  in  Winchester  Street. 
Richard  Gough,  the  antiquary,  in  the  obituary  notice  which  he 
himself  selected  for  insertion  in  the  Gentleman's  Magazine,  is  stated 
to  have  been  born  in  1735  "m  a  large  house  in  Winchester  Street, 
London,  on  the  site  of  the  Monastery  of  Austin  Friars."  The  houses, 
including  some  large  recent  blocks  of  many-storied  "  Buildings,"  are 
now  mostly  occupied  as  offices  and  chambers  by  merchants,  solicitors, 
commercial  and  mining  companies,  and  the  like.  In  Great  Winchester 
Street  is  Pinners'  Hall;  in  Little  Winchester  Street  was  the  Greek 
Church,  with  an  entrance  in  London  Wall,  pulled  down  and  removed 
to  Bayswater. 

Windham  Club,  ST.  JAMES'S  SQUARE,  established  in  1828.  The 
object  of  the  Club,  as  stated  in  Rule  I.,  "is  to  secure  a  convenient 
and  agreeable  place  of  meeting  for  a  society  of  gentlemen,  all  con- 
nected with  each  other  by  a  common  bond  of  literary  or  personal 
acquaintance."  The  number  of  members  is  limited  to  650.  Election 
is  by  ballot ;  one  black  ball  in  ten  excludes.  Admission  fee  30 
guineas,  and  i  guinea  to  the  library  fund ;  annual  payment  10  pounds. 

Windmill  Street,  FINSBURY  SQUARE,  the  north-west  corner  to 
CASTLE  STREET,  was  so  called  after  three  windmills,  erected  in  the 
reign  of  Queen  Elizabeth,  on  a  deposit  made  in  Finsbury  field  of 
"  more  than  one  thousand  cartloads "  of  bones  removed  from  the 
charnel  of  old  St.  Paul's  when  the  charnel-house  was  destroyed  in 
1549  by  order  of  the  Duke  of  Somerset  On  these  bones  "the 
soilage  of  the  city,"  as  Stow  calls  it,  was  subsequently  laid,  and  the 
three  windmills  "  in  short  space  after  raised." x  It  was  also  for  some 
years  used  as  a  burial-place  for  criminals  who  had  perished  at  the  hands 
of  the  hangman.  Middleton  alludes  to  these  windmills  in  his  Father 
Hubbard's  Tales?  and  Shirley  in  his  play  of  The  Wedding?  though 
neither  GifTord  nor  Dyce  appears  to  have  understood  the  reference. 
Agas  represents  them  in  his  map.  The  royal  foundry  for  casting 
cannon  in  the  reign  of  George  I.  was  situated  on  Windmill  Hill,  in 
Upper  Moorfields. 

Windmill  Street  (Great),  PICCADILLY,  leading  from  the  west 
end  of  Coventry  Street  to  Pulteney  Street,  derives  its  name  from  a 
windmill  represented  in  Faithorne's  map  of  London,  1658,  which  wind- 
mill gave  its  name  to  certain  fields  mentioned  in  a  printed  proclamation 
of  April  7,  1671  :  "The  fields,  commonly  called  the  Windmill  Fields, 

1  Stow,  pp.  123,  159 ;  Strype,  B.  iv.  p.  102.  2  Middleton  s  Works,  by  Dyce,  vol.  v.  p.  592. 

3  Shirley's  Works,  by  Gifford,  vol.  i.  p.  421. 


WINDMILL   STREET  527 

Dog  Fields,  and  the  fields  adjoining  to  So  Hoe."     Windmill  Street  was, 
however,  then  laid  out.     In  1671  Colonel  Panton  craved  license  to 

lUrilil  and  finish  certain  houses  in  the  continuation  of  a  street  called  Windmill 
Street,  from  the  upper  end  of  the  Ilaymarket  to  the  highway  leading  from  Soho  to 
Ay  re  Street  and  Paddington  ;  on  the  east  corner  towards  the  Haymarket,  about  100 
feet  in  front,  also  on  the  same  side  about  200  feet  in  front,  opposite  Windmill  Yard ; 
and  to  build  on  both  sides  a  short  street,  leading  from  out  of  Windmill  Street, 
opposite  Windmill  Yard,  towards  St.  Giles's,  on  the  west  side  of  Windmill  Street,  in 
the  two  bowling-greens,  between  the  Haymarket  and  Leicester  Fields.  —  Trans,  of 
Privy  Council,  Elmes's  Wren,  p.  305. 

Eminent  Inhabitants. — Colonel  Charles  Godfrey,  in  1683;  he  married 
Arabella  Churchill,  mistress  of  James  II.  and  mother  of  the  Duke  of 
Berwick.  Sir  John  Shadwell,  in  1729,  a  celebrated  physician  of  his 
time,  and  son  of  Shadwell,  the  poet  laureate.  Dr.  William  Hunter,  in 
the  large  house  on  the  east  side  still  standing  and  incorporated  with  the 
Lyric  Theatre;  the  doctor  in  this  house  closed  his  life,  March  30,  1783, 
with  a  memorable  speech  :  "  If  I  had  strength  enough,"  said  he,  "  to 
hold  a  pen,  I  would  write  how  easy  and  pleasant  a  thing  it  is  to  die." 

Having  failed  in  his  application  to  Government  for  a  site  in  the 
Mews,  William  Hunter  purchased  this  piece  of  ground,  and  on  it  built 
a  spacious  house,  into  which  he  removed  in  1770.  Attached  to  the 
house  were  dissecting  rooms  and  a  museum  of  anatomical  and  pathologi- 
cal preparations  at  the  time  unrivalled.  Here  he  established  a  school 
of  anatomy,  his  famous  brother,  John  Hunter,  being  his  assistant  first 
and  afterwards  his  partner.  Hunter  bequeathed  the  museum  to  Dr. 
Baillie,  with  the  reversion  after  his  death  to  Glasgow  University.  Mr. 
Wilson,  who  later  became  proprietor  of  the  "  School  of  Anatomy,  Great 
Windmill  Street,"  offered  in  1812  to  sell  the  whole  establishment  to 
Charles  Bell  for  ^10,000.  Bell  purchased  it  for  a  much  less  sum,  and 
he  speaks  of  it  as  "an  institution  which,  founded  by  the  Hunters,  has 
made  all  the  anatomists  of  the  present  day,  at  home  and  abroad."  The 
museum  (largely  augmented  by  him)  was  sold  by  Sir  Charles  Bell,  about 
1825,  to  the  Edinburgh  College  of  Surgeons,  who  built  a  spacious  hall 
for  its  reception.  Bell  removed  to  Edinburgh  in  1826.  On  the  east 
side  of  Great  Windmill  Street  is  St.  Peter's  Church,  designed  by  Raphael 
Brandon,  and  next  to  it  the  dancing  saloon,  called  the  Argyll  Rooms, 
existed  for  some  years. 

Windmill  Street,  TOTTENHAM  COURT  ROAD  to  CHARLOTTE 
STREET,  was  so  named  from  a  windmill  which  stood  in  the  fields  at  the 
west  end  of  the  street.  Nollekens,  the  sculptor,  when  an  old  man, 
walking  one  day  with  J.  T.  Smith,  "  stopped  at  the  corner  of  Rathbone 
Place,  and  observed  that  when  he  was  a  little  boy,  his  mother  often 
took  him  to  the  top  of  that  street  to  walk  by  the  side  of  a  long  pond, 
near  a  windmill  which  then  stood  on  the  site  of  the  chapel  in  Charlotte 
Street ;  and  that  a  halfpenny  was  paid  by  every  person  at  a  hatch 
belonging  to  the  miller  for  the  privilege  of  walking  in  his  grounds." x 

1  Smith,  Life  of  Nollekens,  vol.  i.  p.  37. 


528  WINDMILL   STREET 

In  Smith's  day  "Windmill  Street  was  strongly  recommended  by 
physicians  for  the  salubrity  of  the  air."1  Maitland,  writing  in  1756, 
describes  the  Middlesex  Hospital  as  being  in  this  street.  It  was  estab- 
lished here  in  "two  convenient  houses  adjoining  each  other"  in  1745, 
and  removed  to  its  present  site  "  in  Marybon  fields "  in  the  year  in 
which  Maitland  wrote. 

Windmill  Tavern,  OLD  JEWRY,  a  noted  tavern  at  the  corner  of 
Old  Jewry  and  Lothbury.  Stow  says  it  had  originally  been  a  synagogue ; 
and,  in  1291,  when  Edward  I.  banished  the  Jews  from  England,  it  was 
made  over  to  a  new  order  of  friars  called  De  Pcenitentia  Jesu,  or  Fratres 
de  Sacca,  From  them  it  passed  in  1305  to  Robert  Fitzwalter;  and 
from  him  to  Robert  Lange,  mercer,  Lord  Mayor  in  1439,  and  to  Hugh 
Clopton,  mercer,  who  kept  his  mayoralty  there  in  1492. 

It  is  now  a  tavern  and  hath  to  sign  a  Windmill :  and  thus  much  for  this  house, 
sometime  the  Jews'  synagogue,  since  a  house  of  friars,  then  a  nobleman's  house,  after 
that  a  merchant's  house,  wherein  mayoralties  have  been  kept,  and  now  a  wine  tavern. 
— Stow,  p.  105. 

In  1522,  when  arrangements  were  being  made  for  the  reception  of 
the  Emperor  Charles  V.,  "  the  Wyndemylne  in  the  Old  Jury  "  was  set 
down  as  being  able  to  supply  fourteen  feather-beds,  and  stabling  for 
twenty  horses.  Wellbred,  in  the  first  act  of  Every  Man  in  his 
Humour,  dates  a  letter  "  from  the  Windmill,"  and  asks  Young  Know  ell 
whether  he  has  "  forsworn  all  his  friends  in  the  Old  Jewry,"  and  whether 
he  has  "  conceived  that  antipathy  between  us  and  Hogsden  as  was 
between  Jews  and  hog's  flesh."  In  1628,  when  the  wretched  Dr.  Lamb, 
the  Duke  of  Buckingham's  "  devil,"  was  pursued  by  the  mob  from  the 
Fortune  Theatre  through  Moorgate  into  Old  Jewry,  he  took  refuge  in 
this  tavern,  but  after  a  time  was  thrust  out  by  the  vintner,  and  so 
maltreated  that  he  died  at  the  Compter  the  next  day. 

Windsor  Court,  MONKWELL  STREET.  James  Percy,  the  trunk- 
maker  of  Dublin,  was  living  here  when  pressing  his  claim  to  the  peerage 
of  Northumberland.  His  pursuit,  which  he  followed  up  for  twenty 
years,  ended  by  his  being  ordered,  in  1689,  by  the  House  of  Lords  to 
wear  on  his  breast  before  the  Four  Courts  in  Westminster  Hall,  a  paper 
inscribed,  "The  false  and  impudent  Pretender  to  the  Earldom  of 
Northumberland."  The  order  was  carried  out.  His  son,  Anthony,  is 
said  to  have  been  subsequently  Lord  Mayor  of  Dublin.2 

Wine  Office  Court,  FLEET  STREET. 

About  the  middle  of  the  year  1760,  he  [Goldsmith]  left  Green  Arbour  Court  for 
respectable  lodgings  in  Wine  Office  Court,  Fleet  Street,  where  for  about  two  years 
he  remained  with  an  acquaintance  or  relation  of  the  friendly  bookseller,  Newbery. 
Here  he  was  often  visited  by  Dr.  Percy. — Prior's  Life  of  Goldsmith,  vol.  i.  p.  368. 

Here  Johnson  and  Percy  supped  with  him  on  May  31,  1761.  Percy 
called  for  Johnson  on  his  way,  and  found  him  dressed  in  a  new  suit  of 
clothes  and  well-powdered  wig.  Noticing  his  unusual  smartness  John- 

1  Recollections,  p.  25.  z  See  Craik's  Romance  of  the  Peerage,  vol.  iv.  p.  312. 


WOOD  STREET  529 


son  said,  "  Sir,  Goldsmith  is  a  great  sloven  and  justifies  his  disregard  of 
propriety  by  my  practice.  To-night  I  desire  to  show  him  a  better 
example."  Mr.  Forster  says  that  the  Vicar  of  Wakefield  was  written 
here.  On  the  right,  in  this  court,  is  the  Old  Cheshire  Cheese,  one  of 
the  oldest,  and  for  many  years  the  most  popular,  of  our  London  chop- 
houses. 

Woburn  Square,  between  RUSSELL  SQUARE  and  GORDON 
SQUARE,  was  originally  intended  to  be  called  Rothesay  Square.1  Mrs. 
Bentley,  the  actress,  died  at  her  house  in  this  square,  January  14,  1850, 
in  her  sixty-fifth  year.  Christ  Church,  on  the  east  side  of  the  square, 
was  designed  by  Lewis  Vulliamy,  architect. 

Wonder  (The),  a  Tavern  near  LUDGATE,  which  Roger  North 
mentions  as  frequented  by  his  celebrated  brother,  Sir  Dudley  North, 
who  "  loved  a  chirping  glass  in  an  evening."  On  one  occasion,  when 
he  had  been  taking  more  than  enough  of  these  chirping  glasses  "with 
the  citizens  then  called  Tories,"  he  met  with  an  accident  which  had 
nearly  proved  fatal. 

Wood  Street,  CHEAPSIDE,  runs  from  Cheapside  into  London 
Wall.  Stow  has  two  suppositions  about  the  origin  of  the  name :  first, 
that  it  was  so  called  because  it  was  built  throughout  of  wood ;  and 
secondly,  and  more  probably,  that  it  was  so  called  after  Thomas  Wood, 
one  of  the  sheriffs  in  the  year  1491,  who  dwelt  in  this  street,  an  especial 
benefactor  to  the  church  of  St.  Peter-in- Cheap,  and  the  individual  at 
whose  expense  "  the  beautiful  front  of  houses  in  Cheap  over  against 
Wood  Street  end  were  built."  "  His  predecessors,"  says  Stow,  "  might 
be  the  first  builders,  owners,  and  namers  of  this  street." 2  Entering 
Wood  Street  from  Cheapside,  the  yard  on  the  left,  with  a  tree  in  it, 
marks  the  site  of  the  church  of  St.  Peter-in-Cheap.  For  many  years  a 
pair  of  rooks  built  their  nest  in  this  tree.  The  Cross  Keys  Inn  derives 
its  name  from  the  church  of  St.  Peter.  A  little  higher  up,  on  the  right- 
hand  side  (where  the  street  indents  a  little),  stood  Wood  Street  Compter. 
At  the  corner  of  Hugin  Lane  (so  called  of  one  Hugan,  who  dwelt 
there)  is  the  church  of  St.  Michael,  Wood  Street,  the  final  repository  of 
the  head  of  James  IV.,  who  fell  at  Flodden.  Gresham  Street,  lying  to 
the  right,  was  called  Lad  Lane,  or  Ladle  Lane  ;  and  that  part  lying  to 
left,  Maiden  Lane,  from  a  sign  of  the  Virgin.  Still  higher  up  on  the 
right,  and  at  the  corner  of  Love  Lane,  is  the  church  of  St.  Alban,  Wood 
Street.  In  1569  the  Dean  and  Chapter  of  St.  Paul's  leased  three 
houses  in  Wood  Street  to  the  Corporation  in  reversion  for  ninety-nine 
years  after  1602,  at  the  rent  of  £%  per  annum.3  In  Strype's  time 
the  street  was  famous  for  the  manufacture  of  wedding-cakes.4 

February  29,  1663-1664. — T6  one  Royall,  a  stone  cutter,  over  against  the  Spur, 
at  the  upper  end  of  Wood  Street.  I  eat  for  my  dinner  a  Wood-street  cake,  which 
cakes  are  famous  for  being  well  made. — -Journal  of  Sir  Thomas  Browne's  Son, 
Edward  (Browne's  Works,  i.  52). 

1  Dobie's  St.  Giles,  p.  199.  z  Stow,  p.  3.  3  Cal.  State  Papers,  1547-1580,  p.  327. 

*  Stryfic,  B.  iii.  p.  91. 

VOL.  Ill  2   M 


530  WOOD  STREET 


The  street  is  now  largely  occupied  by  warehouses  (drapery,  lace,  silk, 
and  hosiery),  many  of  the  warehouses  being  spacious  and  costly  structures. 
Sir  John  Cheke,  who  taught  "  Cambridge  and  King  Edward  Greek," 
died  from  shame  at  his  own  moral  cowardice  in  renouncing  Protestant- 
ism on  September  13,  1557,  at  the  house  of  his  friend,  Mr.  Peter 
Osborne,  in  Wood  Street.  There  is  a  letter  from  him  of  July  16,  1657, 
"  from  my  house  in  Wood  Streete."  In  1645-1648  Dr.  Wallis  and  other 
eminent  scientific  men  used  to  meet  weekly  at  the  house  of  Dr.  Goddard 
in  Wood  Street,  "on  account  of  his  having  a  workman  skilled  in  grind- 
ing glasses  for  microscopes  and  telescopes."  Thomas  Ripley,  the 
architect  (d.  1758),  kept  in  early  life  a  carpenter's  shop  and  a  coffee- 
house in  this  street.1  Cheapside  Cross  stood  at  Wood  Street  end.  Here 
proclamations  continued  to  be  read  long  after  the  cross  was  taken  down. 
The  Castle  here,  on  the  east  side,  is  mentioned  in  1684  as  one  of  the 
most  important  of  London  inns.  It  is  still  standing,  and  is  used  as  an 
office  for  Pickford  vans. 

At  the  corner  of  Wood  Street,  when  daylight  appears, 
Hangs  a  thrush  that  sings  loud,  it  has  sung  for  three  years  : 
Poor  Susan  has  passed  by  the  spot,  and  has  heard 
In  the  silence  of  morning,  the  song  of  the  Bird. 

'Tis  a  note  of  enchantment ;  what  ails  her  ?     She  sees 
A  mountain  ascending,  a  vision  of  trees  ; 
Bright  volumes  of  vapour  through  Lothbury  glide, 
And  a  river  flows  on  through  the  vale  of  Cheapside. 
Wordsworth,  The  Reverie  of  Poor  Susan,  1797  (Works,  vol.  ii.  p.  95). 

Wood  Street  Compter  was  first  established  in  1555,  when,  on 
the  feast  of  St.  Michael  the  Archangel  in  that  year,  the  prisoners  were 
removed  from  the  old  Compter  in  Bread  Street  to  the  new  Compter  in 
Wood  Street,  Cheapside.2  This  Compter  was  burnt  down  in  the 
Great  Fire.3  It  stood  on  the  east  side  of  the  street,  where  the  houses 
recede  a  little,  and  was  removed  to  Giltspur  Street  in  1791.  There 
were  two  Compters  in  London :  the  Compter  in  Wood  Street,  under 
the  control  of  one  of  the  sheriffs,  and  the  Compter  in  the  Poultry, 
under  the  superintendence  of  the  other.  Under  each  sheriff  was  a 
secondary,  a  clerk  of  the  papers,  four  clerk  sitters,  eighteen  serjeants- 
at-mace  (each  serjeant  having  his  yeoman),  a  master  keeper,  and  two 
turnkeys.  The  Serjeants  wore  blue -coloured  cloth  gowns,  and  the 
words  of  arrest  were,  "  Sir,  we  arrest  you  in  the  King's  Majesty's  name, 
and  we  charge  you  to  obey  us."  In  the  reign  of  Henry  VI.  it  was 
ordered  that  the  sheriffs  might  exact  payment  from  prisoners  electing 
to  be  in  "  the  Compter  rather  than  go  to  Newgate  or  to  Ludgate  .  .  . 
four  pence,  six  pence,  eight  pence,  or  twelve  pence  per  week  each 
person,  towards  the  rent  of  the  said  house,  without  more."4  But  this 
tariff  speedily  fell  into  oblivion.  There  were  three  sides  :  the  knights' 
ward  (the  dearest  of  all),  the  master's  side  (a  little  cheaper),  and  the 
Hole  (the  cheapest  of  all).  The  register  of  entries  was  called  The 

1  Hawkins's  Life  of  Johnson,  p.  375.  2  Stow,  p.  3. 

3  Of  the  building  erected  after  the  Fire,  there  is  a  view  by  J.  T.  Smith.  *  Liter  Aldus,  p.  447. 


THE    WOOD  YARD  531 


Black  Book.  Garnish  was  demanded  at  every  step,  and  the  hall,  at 
least  the  hall  of  the  Wood  Street  Compter,  was  hung  with  the  story  of 
the  Prodigal  Son.1 

The  scene  of  The  Counter  Scuffle,  a  piece  of  low  humour  inserted  in 
Dryden's  Third  Miscellany,  and  quoted  by  Scott  in  the  Fortunes  of 
Nigel,  is  laid  in  Wood  Street  Compter.  One  of  the  most  amusing 
passages  in  the  novel  is  founded  on  it : — 

And  now  let  each  one  listen  well, 
While  I  the  famous  battel  tell 
In  Wood  Street  Counter  that  befell 
In  High  Lent. 

Alex.  Sir  Davy  send  your  Son  to  Wood  Street  College, 
A  Gentleman  can  nowhere  get  more  knowledge. 
Sir  Davy.  There  Gallants  study  hard. 

Decker,  The  Roaring  Girle,  vol.  iii.  p.  189. 

Wooden  Bridge,  PIMLICO,  the  old  bridge  over  the  principal 
"  cut "  in  the  great  Pimlico  marsh — now  drained  and  dry.  This  is  the 
bridge  to  which  Flaxman  refers  in  the  following  description  of  the 
residence  in  1807  of  Anker  Smith,  the  celebrated  engraver:  "In  case 
you  should  desire  to  know  his  address,  it  is  above  the  Water-works, 
nearer  to  the  Bridge,  on  the  opposite  side  of  the  road,  Chelsea,  name 
on  the  door."  [See  Jenny's  Whim.]  The  bridge  exists  still  in  a  vastly 
altered  form  as  Ebury  Bridge. 

Woodmongers'  Hall,  DUKE'S  PLACE,  ALDGATE. 

After  the  fall  of  the  church  [Trinity  Church,  Duke's  Place]  the  inhabitants  had 
service  in  the  Woodmongers'  Hall,  then  called  the  Duke's  Hall,  in  Duke's  Place. — 
Cal.  Jac.  Dom.  Add.,  p.  648. 

The  ancient  fraternity  of  Woodmongers  or  Fuellers,  who  were  also  the 
vendors  of  sea  coal,  were  incorporated  as  a  company,  3  James  I. 
(August  29,  1605),  and  were  entrusted  with  the  government  of  the 
cars  and  carts  to  be  employed  in  the  City  and  Liberties  of  London ; 
but  on  complaints  of  the  carmen  and  others  this  trust  was  taken  from 
them  and  given  to  the  President  and  Governors  of  Christ's  Hospital. 
In  1665  the  Company  surrendered  their  Charter,  but  by  an  Act  of  the 
Common  Council  in  1694,  they  obtained  the  privilege  of  keeping  120 
carts  "  for  the  more  effectual  carrying  on  their  business  "  (Strype,  Mait- 
land,  etc.)  The  Company  has  long  been  practically  extinct,  or  merged 
in  that  of  the  Carmen. 

Woodstock  Street,  on  the  south  side  of  OXFORD  STREET,  between 
New  Bond  Street  and  South  Molton  Street.  Dr.  Johnson  was  living 
in  this  street  in  the  year  I737-2 

Woodyard  (The),  WHITEHALL,  an  outlying  portion  of  the  palace, 
between  the  Thames  and  Scotland  Yard.  In  Vertue's  plan  it  is  sur- 

1  "  The  Compter  s  Commonwealth,  by  William  vol.  v.  p.  43  ;  Heywood's  play  of  the  Fair  Maid 
Fennor,  his  Majesty's  servant,"  410, 1617  ;  Strype,  of  the  Exchange;  and  Dyce's  Middleton,  vol.  i. 
B.  iii.  p.  51  ;  Dodsley's  Old  Plays,  ed.  Collier,  p.  392. 

2  Croker's  Bostuell,  p.  30. 


532  THE    WOODY ARD 


rounded  by  buildings — the  Small  Beer  Buttery,  the  Great  Bakehouse, 
the  Queen's  Bakehouse,  the  Charcoal  House,  the  Spicery,  the  Cyder 
House,  etc.  On  the  west  side  is  "  Lady  Churchill's  Laundry,"  and  on 
the  east  a  set  of  apartments  belonging  to  Mrs.  Churchill  (mother  of 
the  Duke  of  Berwick). 

September  12,  1676. — To  London,  to  take  order  about  the  building  of  an  house, 
or  rather  an  apartment,  which  had  all  the  conveniences  of  an  house,  for  my  deare 
friende,  Mr.  Godolphin  and  lady,  which  I  undertooke  to  contrive  and  survey,  and 
employ  workmen,  till  it  should  be  quite  finished ;  it  being  just  over  against  his 
Majestie's  Woodyard  by  the  Thames  side,  leading  to  Scotland  Yard. — Evelyn. 

Woolmen,  Company  of,  ranks  forty-third  in  the  City  Companies. 
The  fraternity  of  Woolmen,  sometimes  called  Woolmongers,  was 
established  by  prescription  in  the  zd  Edward  IV.,  1462,  and  em- 
powered to  grant  licences  to  woolwinders  in  the  City  and  Liberties — 
the  last  licence  so  granted  being  in  1770.  The  Company  has  no  hall, 
but  obtained  a  grant  of  livery  from  the  Court  of  Aldermen  in  1825. 

Woolsack  (The),  a  tavern  WITHOUT  ALDGATE,  famous  for  its  pies. 
Ben  Jonson  mentions  it  in  The  Alchemist,  and  in  The  Devil  is  an  Ass  ; 
and  Machyn  records  that  its  "goodman"  was  carried  to  the  Tower 
early  in  the  morning  of  July  20,  1555.  There  are  17th-century  tokens 
of  a  Woolsack  in  Houndsditch,  perhaps  the  same. 

Woolstaple  (The),  WESTMINSTER,  occupied  as  nearly  as  possible 
the  site  of  the  present  Bridge  Street,  outside  the  north  wall  of  New 
Palace  Yard.  Wool  was  in  the  i3th  and  i4th  centuries  the  great 
article  of  export  from  England,  and  the  war-making  Plantagenets  kept 
the  trade  in  it  under  their  immediate  control.  Stow  says  that  the 
staple  was  here  in  the  reign  of  Edward  L,  and  that  the  merchants  of 
the  staple  with  the  parishioners  of  St.  Margaret's  "  built  of  new  the 
said  church,  the  great  chancel  excepted,  which  was  lately  before  new 
built  by  the  Abbot  of  Westminster."  By  17  Edward  III.  (1343) 
it  was  enacted  that  "  no  silver  be  carried  out  of  the  realm  on  pain  of 
death ;  and  that  whosoever  transporteth  wool  should  bring  over  for 
every  sack  four  nobles  of  silver  bullion."  Edward  was  preparing  at 
this  time  for  his  great  invasion  of  France.  Ten  years  later  (1353),  by 
a  new  Act,  the  staple  of  wool,  before  kept  at  Bruges,  was  ordained  to 
be  kept  at  Westminster,  to  begin  on  "  the  next  morrow  after  the  Feast 
of  St.  Peter  ad  Vincula"  (August  i),  to  the  "great  benefit  of  the 
King,"  says  Stow,  "  and  loss  unto  strangers  and  merchants ;  for  there 
grew  unto  the  King  by  this  means  (as  it  was  said)  the  sum  of  one 
thousand  one  hundred  and  two  pounds  by  the  year  more  than  any  his 
predecessors  had  received."  Next  year  the  Parliament  granted  the 
King,  for  the  prosecution  of  the  French  war,  "  fifty  shillings  of  every 
sack  of  wool  transported  over  seas,  for  the  space  of  six  years  next 
ensuing."  At  this  time  all  wool  sent  from  London  had  to  be  brought 
for  "  trowage  "  to  the  Westminster  Woolstaple.  The  imposition  was 
in  no  long  time  remitted  in  favour  of  the  City  of  London ;  but  as  late 


WORCESTER  HOUSE  533 

as  Henry  VI.  the  King  had  "six  wool-houses  within  the  Staple  at 
Westminster,"  which  he  granted  to  the  Dean  and  Canons  of  St.  Stephen 
at  Westminster.1  Out  of  this  endowment,  apparently,  Henry  VIII. 
founded  on  the  site  St.  Stephen's  Hospital  for  eight  maimed  soldiers. 
This  was  removed  in  1735,  and  eight  almshouses  built  in  St.  Anne's 
Lane,  bearing  the  inscription,  "Woolstaple  Pensioners,  i74i."2 

Ben  Jonson,  in  enumerating  Westminster  localities,  speaks  of 
"  Tuttle  Street,  and  both  the  Alm'ries,  the  two  Sanctuaries,  long  and 
round,  Woolstaple,  with  Kinges  Street  and  Cannon  Row  to  boot." 3 

Worcester  House,  in  the  STRAND,  stood  on  the  site  of  the 
present  Beaufort  Buildings.  An  earlier  Worcester  House  was  in  St. 
James,  Garlickhithe,  overhanging  the  river.4  The  Strand  house 
originally  belonged  to  the  see  of  Carlisle,  but,  at  the  Reformation,  was 
presented  by  the  Crown  to  the  noble  founder  of  the  Bedford  family. 
Under  the  Earls  of  Bedford  it  was  known  as  Bedford  or  Russell  House, 
a  name  which  it  bore  till  the  family  moved  over  the  way  and  built  a 
second  Bedford  House,  on  the  site  of  the  present  Southampton  Street, 
when  the  inn  of  the  see  of  Carlisle  took  the  name  of  its  new  occupant, 
Edward,  second  Marquis  of  Worcester,  the  Earl  of  Glamorgan  of  the 
Civil  Wars,  and  the  author  of  the  Century  of  Inventions.  The  Marquis 
of  Worcester  died  in  1667,  and  his  son  Henry  was  created,  in  1682, 
Duke  of  Beaufort ;  hence  Beaufort  Buildings.  During  the  Common- 
wealth, Worcester  House  in  the  Strand  was  used  for  committees  of  all 
kinds,  and  furnished  by  Parliament  for  the  Scotch  commissioners.5 
Subsequently,  according  to  Whitelocke,  it  was  sold  by  Parliament  to  the 
Earl  of  Salisbury,  "  at  the  rate  of  Bishop's  Lands."  6  But  on  May  2, 
1657,  there  was  brought  into  Parliament  a  "Bill  for  settling  of 
Worcester  House  in  the  Strand  upon  Margaret  Countess  of  Worcester, 
during  the  life  of  Edward  Earl  of  Worcester"  ;  and  on  April  14,  1659, 
it  was  resolved  that  "  Margaret  Countess  of  Worcester,  shall  have  the 
actual  possession  of  Worcester  House  delivered  up  to  her  on  March 
25  next;  and  in  the  mean  time  the  rent  of  ^300  be  paid  her  for  the 
said  house  for  this  year ;  and  that  the  sum  of  ^400  be  paid  in  re- 
compense of  all  demands  for  detaining  of  Worcester  House  from  her 
since  her  title  thereunto  by  the  late  Acts  of  Parliament." 7  Twelve 
days  after  the  entrance  of  Charles  II.  into  London  on  his  Restoration, 
the  Marquis  of  Worcester  wrote  and  offered  his  house  (free  of  rent)  to 
the  great  Lord  Clarendon. 

In  a  word,  if  that  your  Lordship  pleased  to  accept  of  me,  I  am  the  most  real 
and  affectionate  servant,  and  as  a  little  token  of  it,  be  pleased  to  accept  of  Worcester 
House  to  live  in,  far  more  commodious  for  your  Lordship  than  where  you  now  are 
[Dorset  House],  though  not  in  so  good  reparation,  but  such  as  it  is,  without  requir- 
ing from  your  Lordship  one  penny  rent  (yet  that  only  known  between  your  Lordship 

1  Stow,  pp.  168,  169.  4  Machyn's  Diary,  p.  301 ;  Stmv. 

-  Wallcot,  Memorials  of  Westminster,  p.  79.  8  Whitelocke,  ed.  1732,  p.  80. 

3  Ben  Jonson,  Staple  of  News,  Act  iii.  So.  a.  6  Ibid.  p.  289. 

7  Burton's  Diary. 


534  WORCESTER  HOUSE 

and  me).  It  is  during  my  life  at  your  service,  for  I  am  but  a  tenant  in  tail ;  but 
were  my  interest  longer,  it  should  be  as  readily  at  your  Lordship's  command. — 
Marquis  of  Worcester  to  Lord  Clarendon  {Lister,  vol.  iii.  p.  108). 

The  Chancellor  leased  the  house  of  the  marquis,  as  he  tells  us  in 
his  Life,  at  a  yearly  rent  of  ^500  ;  and  here,  in  Worcester  House,  on 
September  3,  1660,  between  eleven  and  two  at  night,  Anne  Hyde,  the 
Chancellor's  daughter,  was  married  to  the  Duke  of  York,  according  to 
the  rites  of  the  English  Church. 

December  22,  1 660. — The  marriage  of  the  Chancellor's  daughter  being  now 
newly  owned,  I  went  to  see  her.  .  .  .  She  was  now  at  her  father's  at  Worcester 
House  in  the  Strand.  We  all  kiss'd  her  hand,  as  did  also  my  Lord  Chamberlain 
(Manchester)  and  Countess  of  Northumberland.  This  was  a  strange  change — can  it 
succeed  well  ? — Evelyn. 

The  Chancellor  was  surrounded  by  all  sorts  of  seekers  —  "  the 
creatures  of  Worcester  House,"  as  they  are  called  by  Mrs.  Hutchinson 
in  her  Memoirs  of  her  husband.  After  Clarendon's  removal  to  his  new 
house  in  Piccadilly,  near  the  top  of  St.  James's  Street,  Worcester  House 
would  appear  to  have  been  left  unoccupied,  or  let  for  installations  and 
state  receptions.  On  August  26,  1669,  the  Duke  of  Ormond  was 
installed  Chancellor  of  the  University  of  Oxford,  and  on  September  3, 
1674,  the  Duke  of  Monmouth  Chancellor  of  the  University  of  Cambridge, 
in  this  house.  The  great  hall  is  mentioned  by  Pepys  (August  20,  1660), 
and  the  "  Conference  at  Worcester  House  betwixt  the  Episcopal  and 
the  Nonconformist  Divines,  by  His  Majesty's  Commission,"  of  the 
reign  of  Charles  II.,  by  Andrew  Marvell  in  his  Rehearsal  Transprosed?- 

Worcester  Place,  the  residence  of  John  Tiptoft,  Earl  of 
Worcester,  Lord  High  Treasurer  of  England,  stood  near  Vintner's 
Hall,  Upper  Thames  Street  (1485). 

Worship  Street,  SHOREDITCH,  to  FINSBURY  SQUARE  and  CITY 
ROAD  ;  formerly  Hog  Lane.  It  appears  as  Worship  Street  in  Dodsley, 
1761,  but  in  a  map  dated  1767  it  is  still  figured  as  Hog  Lane.  The 
name  was  perhaps  changed  out  of  compliment  to  Wesley's  place  of 
Worship  in  the  Old  Foundry,  which  occupied  the  site  of  the  present 
Providence  Row.  The  name  is  now  solely  suggestive  of  the  Police 
Court. 

And  sure  enough  at  Worship  Street 

That  Friday  week  they  stood  ; 
She  said  bad  language  he  had  used—- 
And thus  she  made  it  good. — THOMAS  HOOD. 

Wyan'S  Court — in  Maitland,  1739,  and  Dodsley,  1761,  called 
WYNAM'S  COURT — GREAT  RUSSELL  STREET,  BLOOMSBURY.  In  this 
court  (it  no  longer  exists)  lived  Lewis  Theobald,  the  editor  of  Shake- 
speare, and  the  hero  of  the  early  editions  of  The  Dunciad.  There  is 
a  long  letter  written  by  him  in  defence  of  his  notes  on  Shakespeare, 
dated,  "Wyan's  Court,  in  Great  Russell  Street,  April  16,  1729."  In 
this  court  also  lived  Elizabeth  Thomas,  "Curll's  Corinna,"  the  go- 

1  Ed.  1674,  part  ii.  p.  344. 


YORK  BUILDINGS  535 


between   in  the  publication   of    Pope's    letters    to   Cromwell,   and   in 
consequence  condemned  to  everlasting  infamy  in  the  Dunciad. 

Wych  Street,  DRURY  LANE.  The  old  name  for  Drury  Lane  was 
Via  de  Aldewych ;  hence  Wych  Street,  a  street  in  continuation  of 
Drury  Lane.1  Among  the  St.  Paul's  MSS.,  calendared  by  H.  C. 
Maxwell  Lyte  (Appendix  to  Ninth  Report  Hist.  MSS.  Comrn.,  p.  7), 
is  an  "acquittance  of  the  dean  and  chapter  of  St.  Paul's  for  rent 
issuing  from  a  new  garden  lately  belonging  to  John  Bosham,  adjoining 
his  great  inn  in  Aldewych  extra  la  Temple  Barre  on  which  three 
houses  formerly  stood.  6  Henry  IV."  From  the  Angel  Inn,  at  the 
bottom  of  this  street,  Bishop  Hooper  was  taken  to  his  martyrdom  at 
Gloucester  in  1554.  Zachary  Macaulay  gives  Wilberforce  (November 
21,  1795)  an  amusing  narrative  of  the  proceedings  at  a  "Debating 
Society  in  Wych  Street,  Drury  Lane." ''  Mark  Lemon,  the  dramatic 
writer,  and  for  many  years  editor  of  Punch,  was  previously  for  some 
years  landlord  of  the  Shakespeare's  Head,  No.  31  Wych  Street,  and 
under  his  genial  rule  it  became  a  very  favourite  resort  of  actors, 
dramatic  critics  and  journalists.  Douglas  Jerrold  and  Charles  Dickens 
shining  the  bright  particular  stars  of  the  Drury  empyrean.  Most  of 
the  old  houses  have  been  pulled  down  and  rebuilt. 

York  Buildings,  STRAND,  a  general  name  for  the  streets  and 
houses  erected  on  the  site  of  old  York  House,  but  now  restricted  to 
one  street,  which  was  originally  named  George  Street.  Here  was 
established  by  patent,  27  Charles  II.,  p.  n,  n.  n,  the  "York  Water- 
works," designed  to  supply  the  west  end  of  London  with  water  from  the 
Thames.  In  1690  the  works  were  burnt  down  and  re-erected,  and 
in  1691  an  Act  of  2  and  3  William  and  Mary  was  obtained,  by 
which  the  proprietors  of  the  waterworks  were  incorporated  under  the 
name  of  "  the  Governor  and  Company  of  Undertakers  for  raising  the 
Thames  water  in  York  Buildings."  Savery's  fire-engine  was  set  up 
here,  but  proved  a  failure,  and  was  reconstructed  by  Smeaton  on  the 
Newcomen  model.3  The  works  resulted  in  a  heavy  loss.  There  are 
several  engraved  views  of  the  waterworks.  About  1719  the  Company's 
charter  was  used  for  a  different  purpose  from  that  for  which  it  was 
granted,  and  the  forfeited  estates  of  the  Jacobites  were  purchased  at  a 
very  small  sum  by  the  Company.  In  consequence  of  these  proceedings 
the  ;£io  shares  rose  in  value  to  ^305. 

You  that  are  blest  with  wealth,  by  your  Creator, 
And  want  to  drown  your  money  in  Thames  Water, 
Buy  but  York  Buildings,  and  the  cistern  there, 
Will  sink  more  pence  than  any  fool  can  spare. 
South  Sea  Playing  Cards  (Five  of  Spades),  Notes  ami  Queries,  vol.  v.  (1852),  p.  217. 

In  1829  the  Corporation  was  dissolved  by  Act  of  Parliament.  A 
full  account  of  the  curious  proceedings  here  alluded  to  is  given  in  a 
pamphlet  by  David  Murray  {The  York  Buildings  Company,  a  Chapter 

1  Parton,  Hist,  of  St.  Giles-in-the-Fields,  p.  113.  -  Wilberforce  Corr.,  vol.  i.  p.  118. 

3  Smiles,  Bovlton  and  Watt,  pp.  56,  57,  206,  216,  217. 


536  YORK  BUILDINGS 


in  Scotch  History,  Glasgow,  1883).  Eminent  Inhabitants, — Peter  the 
Great,  in  1698,  "in  a  large  house  at  the  bottom  of  York  Buildings," 
now  occupied  by  the  Charity  Organisation  Society,  and  numbered  15 
Buckingham  Street.  There  are  some  fine  painted  ceilings  in  the  house. 
Robert  Harley,  Earl  of  Oxford,  in  1708,  "in  York  Buildings,  near  the 
water-side  "  ;  Samuel  Pepys.  [See  Buckingham  Street,  Strand.]  Plate 
2  2  of  BoydelPs  Views  affords  a  peep  of  Mr.  Pepys's  house ;  and 
in  his  printed  Diary  an  engraving  of  the  interior  of  his  library.  These 
houses  are  now  chiefly  occupied  as  chambers. 

York  Column,  CARLTON  GARDENS,  a  column  of  Scotch  granite, 
erected  (1830-1833)  by  public  subscription,  and  surmounted  with  a 
bronze  statue  of  the  Duke  of  York,  the  second  son  of  George  III. 
The  column,  124  feet  high,  was  designed  by  Mr.  B.  Wyatt,  and  the 
statue,  14  feet  high,  executed  by  Sir  Richard  Westmacott.  There  is  a 
staircase  to  a  gallery  affording  a  fine  view  of  the  west  end  of  London 
and  the  Surrey  Hills,  but  during  the  last  few  years  no  one  has  been 
allowed  to  ascend. 

York  House,  BATTERSEA.  In  the  reign  of  Edward  IV.  Lawrence 
Booth,  afterwards  Archbishop  of  York,  bought  one  moiety,  nearly  400 
acres,  of  the  estate  belonging  to  the  Stanley  family,  in  this  parish. 
This  he  annexed  to  the  see  of  York,  and  built  a  house  by  the  Thames 
as  a  residence  for  the  archbishops  in  their  visits  to  the  south.  It 
continued  to  be  occasionally  used  by  them  down  to  the  end  of  the 
1 7th  century,  after  which  it  was  let  to  tenants.  Under  the  Parliament 
it  was  seized  and  sold  to  Sir  Allen  Apsley  and  Colonel  Hutchinson  for 
;£i8o6,  but  was  reclaimed  by  the  see  after  the  Restoration.  All  signs 
of  the  old  house  have  disappeared,  but  its  memory  is  preserved  in 
York  Road. 

York  House,  CITY.  Baynard's  Castle  was  known  for  a  period  by 
this  name,  no  doubt  from  having  been,  after  the  death  of  Humphrey, 
Duke  of  Gloucester,  granted  by  Henry  VI.  to  Richard,  Duke  of  York, 
who,  writes  Stow,  "in  the  year  1457,  lodged  there  as  in  his  own 
house."  [See  Baynard's  Castle.] 

York  House,  STABLE  YARD,  ST.  JAMES'S.  Built  by  Frederick, 
Duke  of  York,  second  son  of  George  III.,  on  a  piece  of  ground  leased 
from  the  Crown  for  999  years,  from  October  10,  1825,  at  the 
yearly  rent  of  ^758:  155.,  and  sold  in  1841  to  the  Marquis  of 
Stafford  (afterwards  Duke  of  Sutherland)  for  ^72,000.  [See  Stafford 
House.] 

York  House,  in  the  STRAND,  or  YORK  PLACE,  CHARING  CROSS,  an 
old  London  lodging  of  the  Archbishops  of  York,  obtained  by  Heath, 
Archbishop  of  York  and  Lord  Chancellor  in  Queen  Mary's  reign,  in 
exchange  for  Suffolk  House,  in  Southwark,  presented  to  the  see  of 
York  by  Queen  Mary,  "  in  recompense  of  Yorke  House  [Whitehall], 


YORK  HOUSE  537 


near  to  Westminster,  which  King  Henry,  her  father,  had  taken  from 
Cardinal  Wolsey,  and  from  the  see  of  York."1 

The  said  Archbishop,  August  6,  1557,  obtained  a  license  for  the  alienation  of 
this  capital  messuage  of  Suffolk  Place  ;  and  to  apply  the  price  thereof  for  the  buying 
of  other  houses  called  also  Suffolk  Place,  lying  near  Charing  Cross  ;  as  appears  from 
a  register  belonging  to  the  Dean  and  Chapter  of  York.  —  Strype,  B.  iv.  p.  17. 

This  York  House  does  not  appear  to  have  been  inhabited  by  any  Arch- 
bishop of  York  except  Heath,  and  by  him  only  for  a  very  short  time. 
Young,  Grindall,  Sandys,  Piers,  and  Hutton,  successively  Archbishops  of 
York  (1561  and  1606),  appear  to  have  let  it  to  the  Lord  Keepers  of  the 
Great  Seal.  Lord  Chancellor  Bacon,  the  son  of  Sir  Nicholas  Bacon, 
Lord  Keeper,  was  bom  at  York  House,  in  the  Strand,  in  1560-1561, 
and  here  his  father,  the  Lord  Keeper,  died  in  1579.  Lord  Keeper 
Puckering  died  here  in  1596;  Lord  Chancellor  Egerton  in  1616-1617. 
The  Commissioners  to  inquire  into  the  cause  of  the  death  of  Sir  Thomas 
Overbury  sat  at  York  House  ;  and  from  here  are  dated  the  Orders, 
October  17,  1615,  to  Somerset  "to  keep  his  chamber  near  the  Cock- 
pit," and  to  his  countess  "  to  keep  her  chamber  at  the  Blackfriars,  or 
at  Lord  Knollys's  house  near  the  Tiltyard." 

An  attempt  was  made,  in  1588,  to  obtain  the  House  from  Queen 
Elizabeth,  probably  by  the  Earl  of  Essex,  to  whom  the  custody  of  the 
House  was  subsequently  committed,  as  Norden  mentions  in  his  Survey  of 
Middlesex.  Strype  has  printed  part  of  a  secret  letter  from  Archbishop 
Sandys  to  Lord  Burghley,  entreating  his  lordship  "  to  be  a  means  to  the 
Queen  that  he  might  refuse  his  yielding  therein."  2  The  Earl  of  Essex, 
when  committed  to  the  charge  of  Lord  Keeper  Egerton,  was  for  six 
months  —  October  6,  1599  to  March  20,  1600  —  under  surveillance  or 
ward  in  York  House.  When  the  Duke  of  Lennox  wished  to  bargain 
for  his  life  interest  in  York  House,  Lord  Bacon  replied  :  "  For  this 
you  will  pardon  me  :  York  House  is  the  house  wherein  my  father  died, 
and  wherein  I  first  breathed,  and  there  will  I  yield  my  last  breath,  if 
so  please  God  and  the  King  will  give  me  leave."  3 

Bacon's  Latin  letter  to  the  University  of  Cambridge,  on  sending  them 
his  Novum  Organon,  is  dated  Ex  SEdibus  Eborac,  ^mo  October  1620. 
Aubrey  says  that  Bacon  built  an  aviary  at  York  House  which  cost  him 
^"300  ;  but  the  story  of  his  jesting  with  the  fishermen,  which  Aubrey 
says  occurred  in  the  garden  here,  Bacon  himself  places  at  Chelsea.4 
It  was  from  York  House  that,  May  i,  1621,  the  Great  Seal  was 
"  fetched  from  "  Lord  Bacon.  A  few  months  later  the  disgraced 
Chancellor  had  "leave  to  repair  to  York  House  for  a  fortnight,  but 
remained  so  long  that  he  had  warning  to  return  to  Gorhambury."5 
The  next  summer  (July  i,  1622)  we  find  that  "Viscount  St.  Albans  has 
filed  a  bill  in  Chancery  against  Buckingham,  on  account  of  the  non- 
performance  of  his  contract  for  taking  York  House."6  Somehow  York 

1  Stfftv,  p.  153.  A  Aubrey,  Lives,  vol.  ii.  pp.  223,  224  ;   Bacon, 


r  ; 

Cat.  State  Papers,  1619-1623,  p.  301. 

3  Letter  in  Lamb  MSS.,  vol.  viii.  No.  936.  (!  Ibid,  p.  418. 


538  YORK  HOUSE 


House  passed  to  Buckingham,  the  first  Duke  of  the  Villiers  family. 
He  obtained  it  not  apparently  from  Bacon,  having,  as  was  said, 
"  borrowed  "  it  of  Archbishop  Matthew,  till  such  time  as  he  could  per- 
suade him  "  to  accept  as  good  a  seat  as  that  was  in  lieu  of  the  same, 
which  could  not  be  so  soon  compassed,  as  the  Duke  of  Buckingham 
had  occasion  to  make  use  of  rooms  for  the  entertainment  of  foreign 
princes."1  An  exchange,  however,  was  subsequently  effected. 

May  15,  1624. — Whitson-Eve.  The  Bill  passed  in  Parliament  for  the  King  to 
have  York  House  in  exchange  for  other  lands.  This  was  for  the  Lord  Duke  of 
Buckingham. — Archbishop  Laud's  Diary. ,z 

The  duke  pulled  down  the  house  and  erected  a  large  and  temporary 
structure  to  supply  its  place,  the  walls  of  which  were  "covered  with 
huge  panes  of  glasse,"  as  mirrors  were  then  rather  commonly  called.3 
The  Water  Gate,  on  the  margin  of  the  Thames,  at  the  bottom  of  Buck- 
ingham Street,  which,  though  nearly  entombed  by  the  Thames  Embank- 
ment, still  remains  to  show  the  stately  scale  on  which  the  whole  house 
was  designed  to  have  been  erected,  is  attributed  to  Inigo  Jones. 

I  am  confident  there  are  some  that  live,  who  will  not  deny  that  they  have  heard 
the  King  of  blessed  memory,  graciously  pleased  to  avouch  he  had  seen  in  Anno  1628, 
close  to  the  Gate  of  York  House,  in  a  roome  not  above  35  foot  square,  as  much  as 
could  be  represented  as  to  Sceans,  in  the  great  Banqueting  Room  of  Whitehall. — Sir 
Balthazar  Gerbier,  Discourse  on  JBiiilding,  1662. 

Thursday,  October  8,  1626. — Towards  night  I  went  to  see  the  Duke  of  Bouking- 
ham  at  his  residence  called  Jorschaux  [York  House],  which  is  extremely  fine,  and 
was  the  most  richly  fitted  up  than  any  other  I  saw. — Bassompierre's  Embassy  to 
England  in  1626. 

For  the  more  magnificent  adornment  of  York  House,  Buckingham 
purchased  of  Rubens  for  a  hundred  thousand  florins  the  splendid 
collection  of  paintings,  antiques,  gems,  etc.,  "more  like  that  of  a  prince 
than  a  private  gentleman,"  with  which  the  great  painter  of  Antwerp  had 
enriched  his  own  dwelling.  Among  the  pictures  were  no  fewer  than  1 9 
by  Titian ;  2 1  by  Bassano  ;  1 3  by  Paul  Veronese ;  1 7  by  Tintoretto  ; 
3  by  Raphael ;  3  by  Leonardo  da  Vinci ;  and  13  by  Rubens  himself. 

The  duke  did  not  live  in  York  House,  but  used  it  only  for  state 
occasions.  He  was  assassinated  August  23,  1628.  His  son,  the  second 
Duke  of  Buckingham,  was  born  in  Wallingford  House  in  1627. 

At  York  House,  also,  the  galleries  and  rooms  are  ennobled  with  the  possession 
of  those  Roman  Heads  and  statues  which  lately  belonged  to  Sir  Peter  Paul  Rubens, 
Knight,  that  exquisite  painter  of  Antwerp  :  and  the  garden  will  be  renowned  so  long 
as  John  de  Bologna's  Cain  and  Abel  stand  there,  a  piece  of  wondrous  art  and  work- 
manship. The  King  of  Spain  gave  it  to  his  Majesty  at  his  being  there,  who  bestowed 
it  on  the  late  Duke  of  Buckingham. — Peacham,  Compkat  Gentleman,  ed.  166 1,  p. 
108. 

The  "  superstitious  pictures  in  York  House "  were  ordered  to  be 
sold,  August  20,  1645  >4  but  not  before,  as  Brian  Fairfax  tells  us,  his 

1  Sir  B.  Gerbier.  pieces  of  Worke  in  the  Duke's  gallery  at  Yorke 

z  See  also  Rushworth's  Histor.   Collect.,  fol.  House,"  formerly  in  the  possession  of  the  late 

1659,  p.  149  ;   and  Strype,  B.  vi.  p.  4.  Mr.  W.  J.  Thorns. 

3  MS.  Contemforary  Poem  "  Uppon  severall  4  Whitelocke,  p.  167. 


YORK  PLACE  539 


"  old  trusty  servant  Mr.  John  Trayleman "  had  contrived  to  smuggle 
some  of  the  best  of  them  over  to  Holland,  where  they  were  purchased 
by  the  Archduke  Leopold,  and  are  now  in  the  Belvedere  Gallery  at 
Vienna.1  The  house  itself  was  given  by  Cromwell  and  his  colleagues 
to  General  Fairfax,  whose  daughter  and  heiress  married  the  second 
and  last  Duke  of  Buckingham  of  the  Villiers  family.  The  young  Duke 
of  Buckingham  thought  the  easiest  way  to  regain  the  estate  was  to 
marry  the  heiress.  He  came  over  to  England  the  year  before  Oliver 
died,  proposed,  was  accepted,  and,  September  1657,  was  married  at 
Nun  Appleton,  near  York.  When  the  Protector  was  told  of  the 
marriage  he  gave  the  duke  liberty  to  reside  at  York  House,  but  not  to 
quit  it  without  permission.  Buckingham  broke  his  promise  and  was 
sent  to  the  Tower.  Lord  Fairfax  went  to  remonstrate  with  Cromwell, 
lost  his  temper,  and  the  Protector  and  his  old  General  parted  in  anger, 
never  to  meet  in  life  again. 

November  27,  1655. — I  went  to  see  York  House  and  gardens,  belonging  to  the 
former  greate  Buckingham,  but  now  much  ruin'd  thro'  neglect. — Evelyn. 

He  [Lord  Fairfax]  lived  in  York  House,  where  every  chamber  was  adorned  with 
the  arms  of  Villiers  and  Manners,  lions  and  peacocks.  He  was  descended  from  the 
same  ancestors,  Earls  of  Rutland. — Brian  Fairfax,  Memoirs  of  the  Life  of  the  D.  of 
Buckingham. 

In  1 66 1  it  was  occupied  by  Baron  de  Batteville,  the  Spanish 
ambassador;  in  1663  the  Russian  ambassador  was  lodging  here. 

May  19,  1661  (Lord's  Day). — I  walked  in  the  morning  towards  Westminster, 
and,  seeing  many  people  at  York  House,  I  went  down  and  found  them  at  masse,  it 
being  the  Spanish  Ambassador's  ;  and  so  I  got  into  one  of  the  gallerys,  and  there 
heard  two  masses  done,  I  think  not  in  so  much  state  as  I  have  seen  them  heretofore. 
After  that,  into  the  garden,  and  walked  an  hour  or  two,  but  found  it  not  so  fine  a 
place  as  I  always  took  it  for  by  the  outside. — Pepys. 

June  6,  1663. — To  York  House,  where  the  Russia  Embassader  do  lie.  .  .  . 
That  that  pleased  me  best,  was  the  remains  of  the  noble  soul  of  the  late  Duke  of 
Buckingham  appearing  in  his  house,  in  every  place,  in  the  door  cases  and  the 
windows. — Pepys. 

By  a  deed,  dated  January  i,  1672,  the  duke  sold  York  House  and 
gardens  for  the  sum  of  ,£30,000,  to  Roger  Higgs,  of  St.  Margaret's, 
Westminster,  Esq. ;  Emery  Hill,  of  Westminster,  gentleman ;  Nicholas 
Eddyn,  of  Westminster,  woodmonger ;  and  John  Green,  of  Westminster, 
brewer,  by  whom  the  house  was  pulled  down,  and  the  grounds  and 
gardens  converted  into  streets  and  tenements,  bearing  the  names  and 
titles  of  the  last  possessor  of  the  house,  George  Street,  Villiers  Street, 
Duke  Street^  Of  Alley,  Buckingham  Street.  The  rental,  in  1668,  of 
"York  House  and  tenements,  in  the  Strand,"  was  ^1359:  ios. 
There  is  an  engraving  of  York  House  in  the  Londina  Illustrata,  from 
a  drawing  by  Hollar,  in  the  Pepysian  Library  at  Cambridge.  [See 
York  Watergate.] 

York  Place,  the  old  name  for  Whitehall. 

1   Walpole,  vol.  ii.  p.  99  ;  Smith,  vol.  xxxi.  etc.  ;  Sainsbury,  Rubens  s  Papers,  p.  65. 


540  YORK  PLACE 


1st  Gent.  Sir, 

You  must  no  more  call  it  York  Place,  that  is  past  : 
For,  since  the  cardinal  fell,  that  title's  lost ; 
'Tis  now  the  king's,  and  call'd — Whitehall. 

yd.  Gent.  I  know  it ; 

But  'tis  so  lately  alter'd,  that  the  old  name 
Is  fresh  about  me. — Shakespeare,  Henry  VI II.,  Act  iv.  Sc.  I. 

The  bitter  satirist  of  Wolsey  wrote — 

Why  come  ye  nat  to  Court  ? 
To  whyche  Court  ? 
To  the  kinges  Courte 
Or  to  Hampton  Court  ? 
Nay,  to  the  Kinges  Court  : 
The  kynges  courte 
Should  have  the  excellence  ; 
But  Hampton  Court 
Hath  the  preemynence, 
And  Yorkes  Place, 
With  my  lordes  grace, 
To  whose  magnifycence 
Is  all  the  conflewence,  etc. 
Skelton,  Why  Come  ye  Nat  to  Courte?  (Skelton's  Works,  by  Dyce,  vol.  ii.  p.  39). 

York  Place,  PORTMAN  SQUARE,  is  the  continuation  of  Baker 
Street  northwards.  William  Pitt  resided  at  No.  14  during  the 
Addington  administration,  and  here  Lord  Eldon  found  him  at  break- 
fast when  he  carried  the  King's  "  commands  for  Mr.  Pitt  to  attend  him."1 
No.  8,  the  house  looking  down  York  Street,  was  the  residence  of  Cardinal 
Wiseman,  and  here  he  died,  February  15,  1865.  He  previously  lived 
in  Golden  Square. 

York  Stairs,  BUCKINGHAM  STREET.     [See  York  Watergate.] 

York  Street,  COVENT  GARDEN,  was  so  called  in  compliment  to 
James,  Duke  of  York,  afterwards  James  II.  Hatton  describes  it,  1708, 
as  "a  very  short,  but  broad  and  pleasant  street,"  and  Strype,  1720,  as 
"very  short,  but  well  built  and  inhabited."  Beneath  the  parapet  ledge 
of  the  house  well  known  as  Mr.  H.  G.  Bohn,  the  bookseller's,  now  Messrs. 
George  Bell  and  Sons  (Nos.  4  and  5)  is  a  stone  inscribed  with  the  name 
of  the  street  and  the  year  of  its  erection — "  1636."  The  vaults  of  this 
house  are  very  extensive,  and  are  said  to  cover  part  of  the  burial-ground 
of  the  ancient  convent  from  whence  Covent  Garden  derives  its  name. 
Eminent  Inhabitants. — Dr.  Donne's  son,  in  i64o.2  Mrs.  Pritchard,  the 
actress,  when  she  advertised  her  benefit  at  Drury  Lane,  in  the  Public 
Advertiser  of  March  13,  1756.  At  No.  4  De  Quincey  wrote  "bit  by 
bit "  his  Confessions  of  an  Opium  Eater.  No.  5  was  the  residence  of 
Elliston  when  lessee  of  Drury  Lane  Theatre. 

York  Street,  KENSINGTON,  so  called  from  "  Thomas  York,  Citizen 
and  Joyner  of  London,"  who,  in  1687,  was  in  possession  of  the  land  in 
this  neighbourhood.3  Thackeray  was  living  at  No.  13  in  this  street 

1  Eldon' s  Life,  by  Twiss,  vol.  i.  p.  446.  3  Title  deeds  in  possession  of  John  J.  Merriman, 

2  Rate-books  of  St.  Paul's,  Covent  Garden.  Esq. 


YORK   WATERGATE  541 

when  Vanity  Fair  was  in  course  of  publication.  His  writings  at  that 
period  are  full  of  allusions  to  the  neighbourhood.  The  house  is  the 
one  with  two  bay  windows  at  the  south-west  end  of  the  street.  The 
shop  at  the  north-east  end — an  ironmonger's — is  frequently  spoken  of 
by  Cobbett  in  his  Rural  Rides,  etc. 

York  Street,  ST.  JAMES'S  SQUARE  to  JERMYN  STREET,  was  so  called 
in  compliment  to  James,  Duke  of  York,  afterwards  James  II.  Here 
is  Ormond  Yard,  and  here,  on  the  east  side,  was  the  chapel 
of  the  Spanish  Embassy.  The  chapel  with  the  arms  of  Castile 
on  the  walls  was  turned  into  a  house  in  1877.  Apple-tree  Yard,  in  this 
street,  derives  its  name  from  an  orchard  of  apple-trees,  for  which  St. 
James's  Fields  were  famous  in  the  reign  of  Charles  ,  I.  Ridgway,  the 
publisher  of  the  Rolliad,  had  his  shop  at  No.  i  York  Street,  St.  James's 
Square. 

York  Street,  BROADWAY,  WESTMINSTER,  was  so  called  after  John 
Sharp,  Archbishop  of  York,  whose  town-house  was  in  1708  in  this 
street.  It  was  formerly  known  as  Petty  France^  and  was  so  marked 
in  Rocque's  Map.  Milton,  whilst  Latin  Secretary  to  Oliver  and  Richard 
Cromwell,  1651-1660,  lived  at  No.  19  in  this  street,  in  "a  pretty 
garden-house  next  door  to  the  Lord  Scudamore's,  and  opening  into  St. 
James's  Park." 

Here  his  blindness  came  on  ;  here  was  the  brief  period  of  his  happy  second 
marriage ;  here  he  wrote  his  Defensio  Secunda,  some  of  his  other  pamphlets,  and 
some  of  the  most  famous  of  his  Sonnets  ;  and  here  he  began  his  "  Paradise  Lost." — 
David  Masson,  Letter  in  The  Times,  October  22,  1875. 

Jeremy  Bentham  bought  the  house  and  added  the  garden  to  his 
own  house,  leaving  nothing  but  a  narrow  area  at  the  back,  overhung 
by  a  cotton  willow-tree,  said  to  have  been  planted  by  Milton.  Near 
the  back  attic-window  Bentham  affixed  a  stone  inscribed  with — "  SACRED 
TO  MILTON,  PRINCE  OF  POETS."  Among  Bentham's  tenants  in  Milton's 
house  was  William  Hazlitt,  the  critic,  who  occupied  it  from  June  1812 
to  1819.  He  made  "a  large  wainscoted  room  upstairs  his  study," 
because  he  fancied  it  might  have  been  Milton's.  Milton's  house  was 
demolished  in  1877  to  make  way  for  the  huge  Queen  Anne  Mansions. 
It  had  fallen  into  a  neglected  and  dilapidated  condition. 

York  Terrace,  QUEEN'S  ELM,  BROMPTON.  Thomas  Moore  was 
living  here  in  1811,  the  year  of  his  marriage.  Mrs.  Moore  described 
it  to  Mr.  S.  C.  Hall  as  a  pretty  house,  the  terrace  being  then  isolated, 
with  nursery  gardens  opposite.  Long  afterwards  the  poet  went  to 
Brompton  "to  indulge  himself  with  a  sight  of  that  house."  Mr.  Hall 
says  "  it  is  now  a  house  in  a  row.  I  regret  that  I  cannot  indicate  the 
number,  but  believe  it  to  be  No.  5." 

York  Waterworks.     {See  York  Buildings.] 

York  Watergate,  at  the  Thames  end  of  BUCKINGHAM  STREET, 
CHARING  CROSS,  is  commonly  said  from  an  early  date  to  have  been 


542  YORK   WATERGATE 

designed  by  Inigo  Jones  for  George  Villiers,  Duke  of  Buckingham,  the 
"  Steenie  "  of  James  I.  But  Sir  Balthazar  Gerbier  appears  to  have  acted 
as  architect  to  the  Duke  at  York  House,  and  was  probably  the  responsible 
architect  of  the  Watergate.  Whether  he  actually  designed  it  is  doubtful. 
It  was  built  by  Nicholas  Stone,  "master  mason"  of  Whitehall  and 
Windsor,  who  also  claims  the  design.  In  his  Works  Book,  preserved 
in  Sir  John  Soane's  Museum,  is  the  entry — 

The  Watergate  at  York  House  hee  dessined  and  built ;  and  ye  right  hand  lion  hee 
did,  fronting  y  Thames.  Mr.  Kearne,  a  Jarman,  his  brother  by  marrying,  did  ye 
shee  lion. 

The  Watergate  has  always  been  admired  for  its  proportions  and 
suitability  to  the  purpose.  Now  sunk  in  a  hollow  and  thrust  aside  by 
the  Thames  Embankment  works,  it  is  seen  to  a  great  disadvantage. 
On  the  street  front  is  the  Villiers'  motto — Fidei  coticula  Crux.  [See 
York  House.] 

Yorkshire  Stingo,  MARYLEBONE  ROAD,  on  the  south  side  where 
the  road  takes  a  turn  south  to  join  the  Edgware  Road,  nearly  opposite 
where  is  now  the  Metropolitan  Railway  Station.  There  is  still  a  tavern 
with  the  sign  of  the  Yorkshire  Stingo  at  183  Marylebone  Road. 

The  second  cast  iron  bridge  [ever  constructed]  was  designed  by  the  celebrated 
Thomas  Paine.  It  was  executed  at  Rotherham  in  1789,  was  brought  to  London  in 
1790,  and  set  up  in  the  bowling  green  of  the  Yorkshire  Stingo,  Lisson  Green ;  but 
as  Mr.  Paine  was  not  able  to  pay  the  expense,  the  arch  was  taken  to  pieces  and 
carried  back  to  Rotherham,  where  some  of  the  parts  were  applied  to  the  famous 
bridge  afterwards  erected  at  Sunderland. — Cooke's  Old  London  Bridge,  p.  7. 

From  here  the  first  pair  of  London  omnibuses  were  started,  July  4, 
1829;  they  ran  to  the  Bank  and  back;  the  fare  was  one  shilling,  or 
sixpence  for  half  the  distance.  Mr.  Shillibeer  was  the  owner. 

Zoological  Gardens  (The),  REGENT'S  PARK,  belong  to  the 
Zoological  Society  of  London,  a  Society  instituted  in  1826,  and  in- 
corporated by  Royal  Charter  in  1829,  for  the  advancement  of  Zoology, 
and  the  introduction  and  exhibition  of  the  Animal  Kingdom  alive  or 
properly  preserved.  The  principal  founders  were  Sir  Humphry  Davy 
and  Sir  Stamford  Raffles.  The  gardens  were  first  opened  in  1828. 

Visitors  are  admitted  to  the  gardens  of  the  Society  every  week-day 
from  nine  in  the  morning  till  sunset :  on  Mondays,  at  sixpence  each ;  on 
the  following  days  at  one  shilling  each ;  children  at  sixpence.  On  Sundays 
the  gardens  are  open  only  to  members  and  their  friends.  Every  member 
can  introduce  two  friends  personally,  or  by  special  order.  A  military 
band  performs  in  the  gardens  on  Saturday  afternoons  at  4  P.M.  during 
the  summer. 

These  gardens  contain  the  largest  and  most  complete  collection  of 
living  animals  in  the  world,  and  afford  one  of  the  greatest  attractions  to 
the  sightseer  in  London.  The  collection  of  snakes  is  the  finest  ever 
brought  together.  The  great  centres  of  attraction  are  the  large  new 
lion  house,  where  the  carnivora  are  fed  at  4  P.M.  ;  the  great  monkey 


THE  ZOOLOGICAL   GARDENS  543 

house ;  the  houses  of  the  elephants,  hippopotami,  giraffes,  zebras,  and 
antelopes  ;  the  snake  room ;  the  bear  pits  and  seal  ponds  ;  and  the 
aquarium. 

The  Society's  House  is  at  No.  1 1  Hanover  Square.  Fellows  are 
elected  by  ballot,  and  pay  an  admission  fee  of  ^5  and  an  annual 
subscription  of  ^£3.  The  annual  income  of  the  Society  is  about 
,£27,500,  of  which  about  five-sixths  are  derived  from  payments  for 
admission  to  the  gardens,  the  rest  from  the  subscriptions  of  fellows. 
The  annual  expenditure  on  the  gardens  and  museums  is  about 
^25, ooo.  The  Society  has  a  library  for  the  use  of  its  members; 
and  lectures  are  delivered  at  the  theatre  in  the  gardens  during  the 
season. 


INDEX 


ABBADIE,  John,  buried,  ii.  496 

Abbot,  Abp. ,  ii.  362  ;   portrait,  363 

Abdy,  Sir  Robert,  lived,  iii.  69 

Abel,  hanged,  iii.  256 

Abel,  Sir  John,  i.  441 

Abercorn,  Marquis  of,  lived,  i.  388 

Abercrombie,  John,  died,  i.  345 

Abercrombie,  Sir  Ralph,  monument,  iii.  48 

Aberdeen,  Earl  of,  Prime  Minister,  i.  254 ; 

lived,  59 
Abergavenny,  Henry  Nevill,  sixth  Earl  of, 

lived,  i.  2 

Abergavenny,  Marquis  of,  i.  518 
Abernethy,  John,  i.  119;  lived,  146 
Abershaw,  Jerry,  iii.  523  ;  executed,  ii.  324 
Abinger,  Lord,  lived,  ii.  586 
Abington,  Mrs.,  lived,  ii.  4;  died,  iii.  13 
Abney,  Sir  Thomas,  lived,   i.  3  ;   iii.  319  ; 

buried,  73 
Abraham,   H.    R. ,  architect,   ii.  385;    iii. 

357-  435 
Abraham,    Robert,  architect,   i.   460 ;     ii. 

299,  600 

Achilles,  statue,  ii.  253 
Achley,  Roger,  lived,  i.  458 
Ackermann,  Rudolph,  lived,  i.  140;  buried, 

415 
Adam,  Brothers,  builders  of  Adelphi,  i.  4, 

521,  526,  542  ;    ii.  50,   255,   366,  462  ; 

iii.  108 

Adam,  James,  died,  {.15 
Adam,  John,  ii.  310 
Adam,  Robert,  architect,  i.  8  ;  163,  222,  250, 

517  ;  ii.  188,  604  ;  iii.  170  ;  died,  i.  15 
Adam,  William,  duel  with  Fox,  ii.  253 
Adams,  John,  burned,  i.  116 
Adams,  John  Quincy,  married,  i.  31 
Addams,    Dr.    Jesse,    Merchant    Taylors' 

School,  ii.  526 

Addington,  Dr.,  lived,  i.  424 
Addington,  H.     See  Sidmouth 
Addison,  Joseph,  school,  i.    365  ;    church, 

ii.  326  ;  coffee-house,  281  ;  married,  7  ; 

lived,  i.  3,  380  ;  ii.    198,  224,   296  ;  iii. 

209 ;    buried,   463,    467 ;    statue,   477  ; 

memorial  tablet  to  his  mother,  480 
VOL.  Ill 


Adelaide,  Queen,  i.  4 

Aders,  Charles,  ii.  20 

Adolphus,  John  Leycester,  ii.  526 

Agar,  William,  i.  9 

Aikin,  Dr.  John,  lived,  i.  277 

Aikman,  William,  lived,  ii.  382 

Ainger,  Alfred,  architect,  iii.  422 

Ainsworth,  Robert,  lived,  i.  179  ;  buried, 
iii.  106 

Aiton,  W. ,  landscape-gardener,  ii.  329 

Akenside,  Dr.  Mark.,  i.  497;  lived,  209, 
473  ;  died,  309  ;  buried,  ii.  280 

Akerman,  Governor  of  Newgate,  buried,  i. 
392 

Alba,  Bishop  of,  ii.  503 

Albano,  Benedict,  architect,  i.  466 

Albemarle,  Ann,  Duchess  of,  ii.  48  ;  mar- 
riage to  Thomas  Radford,  372  ;  lived, 
582 

Albemarle,  Elizabeth,  Duchess  of  (d.  1734), 

'•  i3 

Albemarle,  George,  first  Duke  of,  i.  278, 
300  ;  ii.  143  ;  lived,  i.  438,  520  ;  ii.  62, 
286;  iii.  301,  379;  married,  ii.  103; 
body  lay  in  state,  iii.  271  ;  buried,  463  ; 
monument,  467  ;  wax  effigy,  478 

Albemarle,  Christopher,  second  Duke  of,  i. 
13  ;  iii.  88;  lived,  i.  411 

Albemarle,  Earl  of,  duel  (1760),  ii.  511 

Albert,  Prince  Consort,  stones  laid  and 
buildings  opened  by  him,  i.  428,  430, 
452  ;  ii.  529,  568  ;  iii.  181  ;  portrait, 
i.  386,  395  ;  statues,  ii.  223,  235,  410 

Alcock,  Bishop,  rector,  ii.  466 

Aldborough,    Edward,    Earl  of,  lived,    iii. 

327 

Alderson,  Baron,  school,  i.  365 
Aldrich,  Henry,  baptized,  ii.  468 
Aldrich,  Rev.  Mr.,  i.  432 
Aldrich,  Robert,  Bishop  of  Carlisle,  lived, 

i.  329 

Aldridge's  Horse  Mart,  ii.  485 
Alerton,  Ralph,  burned,  ii.  269 
Alfieri,  Count  Vittorio,  duel,  ii.  151 
Alfune,  ii.  109 

Allason,  Thomas,  jun.,  architect,  iii.  315 
2   N 


546 


INDEX 


Allein,  Giles,  iii.  371 

Allen,  soldier,  ii.  254 

Allen,  George,  architect,  ii.  610 

Allen,  John,  club,  i.  480  ;  died,  iii.  279 

Allen,  Ralph,  i.  146  ;  Post-office,  iii.  114 

Allen,  Sir  John,  Lord  Mayor  (1521),  ii.  520 

Allen,  Sir  Thomas,  Lord  Mayor,  lived,  ii. 

377 

Allen,  Thomas,  buried,  ii.  450 

Allen,  William,  F.  R.S. ,  iii.  99 

Alleyn,  Edward,  i.  125,  137  ;  ii.  68,  116  ; 
iii.  31  ;  baptism,  i.  227  ;  lord  of  manor, 
ii.  323  ;  marriage,  i.  318  ;  lived,  102, 
426  ;  buried,  227 

Alleyn,  William,  born,  i.  502 

Allington,  Mrs.,  i.  37 

Allington,  Sir  Richard,  monument,  iii.  166 

Allix,  Rev.  Dr.  Peter,  ii.  309 

Allston,  W.,  lived,  i.  295 

Alsop,  Bernard,  lived,  ii.  168 

Althorp,  Lord,  lived,  i.  12 

Alwyne,  Bishop,  ii.  203 

Amelia,  Princess,  lived,  i.  341,  342  ;  visi- 
tor at  Sadler's  Wells,  iii.  199 

Ames,  Joseph,  lived,  ii.  212  ;  iii.  447  ;  died, 
i.  417  ;  buried,  ii.  98 

Amherst,  General,  lived,  ii.  519 

Amhurst,  Nicholas,  ii.  526 

Amiconi,  Giacomo,  painter,  iii.  119 

Amory,  Thomas,  lived,  ii.  616  ;  died,  iii. 
388 

Amyot,  Thomas,  died,  ii.  274 

Ancaster,  Duke  of,  lived,  ii.  401 

Anderson,  Adam,  iii.  278 

Anderson,  Dr.  James,  minister,  iii.  339 

Anderson,  J.  Macvicar,  architect,  i.  331 

Anderson,  Mrs.,  i.  250 

Andre1,  Major,  born,  ii.  179  ;  monument, 
iii.  474 

Andrewes,  Lancelot,  Bishop  of  Winchester, 
born,  i.  32  ;  Merchant  Taylors'  School, 
ii.  526  ;  iii.  149  ;  lived,  525  ;  preacher, 
ii.  609  ;  prebend,  iii.  23  ;  rector,  ii.  no  ; 
monument,  iii.  215 

Angell,  Frederick,  i.  285 

Angell,  Samuel,  architect,  i.  428 

Angell,  William,  iii.    30 

Angelo,  Henry,  lived,  i.  330 

Angerstein,  John  Julius,  ii.  572  ;  lived,  13 

Anglesey,  Arthur  Annesley,  Earl  of,  school, 
iii.  488  ;  lived,  i.  99,  523 

Anglesey,  Marquis  of,  lived,  iii.  424  ; 
died,  424 

Angoule'me,  Due  d',  lived,  ii.  93 

Anketin  de  Auvergne,  ii.  32 

Anne,  Queen,  ii.  328  ;  lived,  i.  24,  162, 
320,  438  ;  ii.  430  ;  married,  277  ;  died, 
330 ;  buried,  iii.  463,  467 ;  portrait, 
ii.  523,  608  ;  iii.  5  ;  statue,  46,  53,  134 

Anne  of  Cleves,  i.  375,  378  ;  buried,  iii. 
463  ;  tomb,  472 

Anne  of  Denmark,  lived,  i.  495 ;  iii. 
269  ;  buried,  463,  467  ;  portrait,  358 


Anson,  Admiral  Lord,  i.  8  ;  lived,  iii.  187 
Anstey,  Christopher,  monument,  iii.  477 
Anstey,  John,  lived,  ii.  213 
Anstis,  John,  ii.  210  ;  lived,  i.  74 
Anthony,  Dr.  Francis,  died,  i.  no 
Apsley,  Sir  Allen,  i.    127  ;  iii.  536  ;    lived, 

ii.  298  ;  monument,  iii.  77 
Arbuthnot,  Dr.,  physician,  i.  384  ;  ii.  622  ; 

lived,  i.  379,  517,  400  ;  died,  455 ;  buried, 

ii.  280 

Arbuthnot,  George,  died,  i.  140 
Archer,  John,  lived,  iii.  526 
Archer,  Thomas,  bookseller,  lived,  iii.  104 
Archer,  Thomas,  architect,  ii.  190,  311 
Archer,  Thomas,  Lord,  lived,  i.  463 ;   ii. 

21 

Arden,  Lady,  lived,  iii.  112 
Arderne,  Thomas,  ii.  102 
Argand,  Ami,  lived,  i.  289 
Argyll,  Elizabeth,  Duchess  of,  died,  i.  59 
Argyll  and  Greenwich,  Duke  of  (d.  1743), 

i.   289  ;    buried,    iii.    467  ;    monument, 

478 
Argyll,      Archibald,      seventh     Earl     of, 

marriage,  i.  227  ;  lived  (1615),  ii.  47 
Argyll,   Archibald,    Marquis   of,    lived,    i. 

523 

Arlington,  Countess  of,  lived,  iii.  271 
Arlington,  Henry  Bennet,  Earl  of,  ii.  566  ; 

iii.  89  ;  lived,  i.  60  ;  ii.  130 
Armistead,  Mrs.,  ii.  122 
Armstrong,  Dr.  John,  ii.  163,  235  ;  iii.  152  ; 

died,  195  ;  buried,  59 
Armstrong,  Sir  Thomas,  hanged,  iii.  359, 

4iS 
Arne,  Dr.,  ii.  513  ;  lived,  i.  472  ;  ii.  336  ; 

buried,  iii.  59 

Arne,  Thomas,  upholsterer,  lived,  ii.  336 
Arnold,  Dr.  Samuel,  ii.  452,  513  ;  buried, 

iii.  464 
Arthur,    proprietor   of  White's    Club,    iii. 

492 
Arundel,  Alathea,   Countess  of,    lived,  iii. 

346 

Arundel,  Fitz-Alans,  Earls  of,  i.  228 
Arundel,  Henry  Fitz-Alan,  Earl  of,  lived,  i. 

72 

Arundel,  Master,  ii.  373 
Arundel,   Hon.  Thomas,  buried,  iii.  21 
Arundel,  Howards,  Earls  of,  ii.  244 
Arundel,  Philip  Howard,  Earl  of,  lived,  i. 

72  ;  buried,  iii.  395 
Arundel,  Thomas  Howard,  Earl  of,  i.  125  ; 

lived,  73,  337  ;  iii.  382 
Arundel,   Thomas,  Archbishop  of  Canter- 
bury, ii.  10  ;   lived,  i.    140  ;   portrait,  ii. 

363 
Arundel  of  Wardour,  Thomas,  first  Lord, 

lived,  ii.  221 
Arundel  of  Wardour,  Henry,  third  Lord, 

iii.  447 
Arundel  of  Wardour,    Henry,   fifth   Lord, 

(d.  1726),  iii.  26 


INDEX 


547 


Ascham,  Roger,  buried,   iii.  230 
Ascu,  Anne,  prisoner,  ii.  591 
Asgill,  John,  ii.  399  ;  student,  390 
Ashburnham,  Earl  of,  i.  517 
Ashburton,  Alexander  Raring  Lord,  lived, 

i.  123 
Ashburton,  John  Dunning  Lord,    Middle 

Temple,  iii.  358  ;  died,  ii.  396 
Ashe,     Elizabeth,     married     to     Edward 

Wortley  Montague,  ii.  517 
Ashley,  James,  i.  75 
Ashmole,  Elias,  ii.   182,  210 ;  lived,  537  ; 

iii.  240 ;  Middle  Temple,  357 ;  marriage, 

i.  159  ;  ii.  392  ;  monument,  495 
Aske,  Robert,  i.  75 
Askew,  Anne,  i.  116  ;  examined,  iii.  198  ; 

trial,  ii.  172  ;  burned,  iii.  256 
Askew,  Dr.  Anthony,  lived,  iii.  133 
Astle,  Thomas,  tablet,  i.  128 
Astley,  David,  lived,  iii.  13 
Astley,  John,  lived,  iii.  220 
Astley,  Philip,  i.  76  ;  ii.  182,  615 
Aston,  Walter,  Lord,  ii.  566 
Athole,  Duke  of,  lived,  ii.  301 
Atkinson,    Robert,   lived,  i.   346 ;  school, 

iii.  488 

Atkinson,  William,  architect,  i.  530 
Atterbury,     Dr.,     Bishop     of    Rochester, 

lived,  i.  379,  400  ;    preacher,  iii.   166  ; 

prisoner,  399  ;  buried,  464  ;  monument, 

473 

Aubert,  Alexander,  F.R.S. ,  lived,  ii.   214 
Aubrey,  John,  i.  92  ;  ii.  142  ;  lived,  144  ; 

iii.  172  ;    Middle  Temple,  357 
Audley,  Hugh,  i.  79  ;  ii.  131 
Audley,    Lord   Chancellor,    i.    363,    532 ; 

iii.  in 

Aufrere,  George,  lived,  i.  379 
Augusta,    Princess   of  Wales,    mother  of 

George  III. ,  buried,  iii.  467 
Aumont,  Due  d',   French  Ambassador,  iii. 

119 

Auriol,  Rev.  E. ,  rector,  i.  536 
Austen,  Dr.,  lived,  i.  344 
Austen,  Jane,  lived,  ii.  189,  208 
Austen,  Thomas,  ii.  386,  509 
Austin,  John,  executed,  iii.  417 
Austin,  William,  monument,  iii.  215 
Austo,  James,  burned,  ii.  269 
Austo,  Margery,  burned,  ii.  269 
Awdeley,  John,  lived,  ii.  405 
Awfield,  parishioners  would  not  allow  his 

body  to  be  buried  at   St.    Sepulchre's, 

iii.  230 

Axtell,  executed,  iii.  415 
Aylesbury,  Bruces,    Earls  of,  lived,   i.  85, 

418 

Aylesbury,  Earl  of,  lived,  ii.  382 
Aylmer,  Bishop  of  London,  iii.  246 
Aylophe,  Sir  John,  i.  246 
Ayscough,  Rev.  Samuel,  buried,  ii.  97 
Ayton,    Sir   Robert,    ii.    320 ;    buried,    iii. 

463 


BABBAGE,  Charles,  F.R.S.,  lived,  i.  503; 

buried,  ii.  325 
Babington,  Dr.,  bust,  iii.   82;  monument, 

48 

Babington,  hiding-place,  ii.  317 
Bach  and  Abel,  i.  330 
Bach,  Sebastian,  ii.  188 
Bachhoffner,  Dr.,  i.  446 
Backwell,  Alderman,  Edward,   i.    348  ;  ii. 

63  ;  lived,  22 
Bacon,  Anthony,  i.  299  ;  ii.  140 ;  lived,  i. 

190,  378 

Bacon,  Captain  Francis,  i.  278 
Bacon,  John,  R.A. ,  modelled  for  Coade,  i. 

430  ;    lived,   228  ;  ii.    594  ;  buried,  iii. 

391  ;  monument,  502  ;  ii.  2 
Bacon,  John,  sen.,  sculptor,  i.  47 
Bacon,  Justice  Sir  Francis,  i.  109 
Bacon,   Lord  Chancellor,  i.  364,  443  ;  ii. 

140,    144  ;    iii.    371,   432  ;    born,    537  ; 

baptized,   ii.   479  ;  married,  495  ;  com- 
missioner,   393  ;  lived,  i.   325,   515  ;  ii. 

82  ;  portrait,  iii.  188 
Bacon,  Lord-keeper,  Sir  Nicholas,  ii.  140 ; 

founder,   i.   485  ;  lived,  2,    86  ;  ii.  600 ; 

died,  iii.  537  ;  monument,  41,  49 
Bacon,  Robert,  iii.  242 
Baddeley,  ii.  88 
Badley,  John,  burned,  iii.  255 
Bagford,  John,  born,  ii.    37  ;  lived,  i.    365 
Baggallay,  Justice,  portrait,  ii.  523 
Bailey,  Captain  (1634),  ii.  517 
Bailey,  Humphrey,  iii.  253 
Bailey,  Thomas,  i.  276 
Baillie,  Dr.  Matthew,  lived,  ii.  165  ;  died, 

i.  342  ;  preparation,    iii.  82  ;  bust,  82, 

471 
Baily,  E.  H.,  R.A.,  i.  294  ;  iii.  405;  lived, 

i.  492  ;  iii.  152 
Baily,  Francis,  died,  iii.  348 
Bainham,  James,  i.  228 
Baker,  Henry,  born,  i.  346 
Baker,  Jesuit,  iii.  195 
Baker,  Mrs.  Mary,  iii.  87 
Baker,  Robert,  ii.  211 
Baker,  Robert,  iii.  85 
Baker,  R.  W. ,  ii.  348 
Baker,  Sir  Edward,  i.  90 
Baker,  Sir  Richard,  lived,  ii.   543  ;  prison, 

59  ;   burial,  i.  239 
Baker,  William,  benefactor,  ii.  176 
Bakewell,  Thomas,  i.  92 
Baldwin,  Richard,  i.  92 
Balendin,  murderer,  ii.  51 
Bales,  hanged,  ii.  64 
Bales,  Peter,  lived,  ii.  612 
Balfe,  Michael,  buried,  ii.  325 
Ball,  John,  token,  i.  93 
Ballard,  Edward,  died,  ii.  407 
Balmerino,    Lord,    i.    357  ;  trial,  iii.    486  ; 

prisoner,   399  ;    executed,   401 ;    buried, 

76 
Balthrope,  Robert,  monument,  i.  116 


548 


INDEX 


Baltimore,  George  Calvert,  first  Lord,   iii. 
192  ;  buried,  i.  538  ;  lay  in  state,  ii.  25 
Baltinglass,  Lady,  lived,  i.  207 
Bambridge,  Thomas,  ii.  58 
Bamfield,  Colonel,  in  Spring  Gardens,  iii. 

295 

Bamfield,  confessor,  ii.  271,  286,  401 
Bampfylde,  John,  lived,  ii.  336 
Banbury,    Sir   William   Knollys,    Earl  of, 

lived,  iii.  441 
Bancroft,  Archbishop,  Gray's  Inn,  ii.  140  ; 

Lambeth  Palace,  362  ;  tomb,  495 
Bancroft,   Francis,   i.   93  ;    tomb,   ii.  205, 

613 
Bancroft,  Mr.  and  Mrs. ,  Prince  of  Wales's 

Theatre,  ii.  201  ;  iii.  122 
Bangor,  Bishops  of,  i.  94 
Banim,  John,  lived,  i.  42 
Bankes  and  his  horse,  i.  156  ;  ii.  136  ;  iii. 

44 

Banks  and  Barry,  architects,  i.  308 
Banks,  Lady,  i.  254 
Banks,  Sir  Joseph,  i.  254  ;  iii.  185  ;  born, 

i.    60 ;  lived,    308,   493  ;  ii.     401  ;    iii. 

266  ;  club,    ii.     484 ;   President    of  the 

Royal    Society,    iii.     187  ;    bust,    188 ; 

portrait,  188  ;  statue,  i.  274 
Banks,   Thomas,   R.A. ,   lived,   i.    187;  ii. 

594  ;  buried,  iii.  2  ;  463 
Bannister,  Charles,  buried,  ii.  479 
Bannister,  Jack,  i.  406  ;  ii.  201  ;  died,  134 
Bannister,  John,  the  younger,  i.  288 
Bannister,  Mr.,  ii.    19  ;  his  music  school, 

iii.  504 

Banquelle,  John  de,  i.  92 
Barbauld,   Mrs.,    lived,    i.    334;  ii.    594; 

buried,  iii.  318 
Barbauld,   Richemount,   minister,  ii.  594  ; 

iii.  318 
Barber,    Alderman,  erector   of  monument 

to    Butler    in    Westminster   Abbey,    iii. 

476  ;  died,  132 

Barclay,  Alexander,  rector,  i.  35 
Barclay,  Sir  George,  i.  439  ;  lived,  iii.  280 
Barebone,  Nicholas,  ii.  17 ;  lived,  299,  399 
Barebone,    Praise-God,   lived,   ii.   37,   62  ; 

iii.  243 
Baretti,  Joseph,  stabs  a  man  in  a  broil,  ii. 

199  ;  died,   7  ;    buried,  iii.    3  ;    monu- 
ment, ii.  496 

Barham,  Rev.  R.  H. ,  rector,  i.  81  ;  ii.  502 
Barker,  bookseller,  iii.  195 
Barker,  John,  preacher,  ii.  179 
Barker,  J.  R. ,  architect,  ii.  275 
Barker,    Robert,    i.    304  ;  died,    ii.    357 ; 

tomb,  495 

Barker,  Thomas,  lived,  i.  283 
Barkstead,  executed,  iii.  415 
Barlow,    Dr.,    Bishop  of  Lincoln,    conse- 
crated, ii.  13 

Barlow,  Lucy,  prisoner,  iii.  398 
Barlow,  P.,  engineer,  iii.  404 
Barlow,  P.  W. ,  engineer,  ii.  358 


Barlow,  W.  H. ,  engineer,  ii.  538 

Barnaby,   Grace,  i.  415 

Barnard,  Lady  Anne,  lived,  i.  165 

Barnard,  Sir  Andrew,  buried,  i.  384 

Barnes,  burned,  iii.  256 

Barnes,  Joshua,  "  Grecian,"  i.  396 

Barnes,  Thomas,  "Grecian,"  i.  396;  lived, 

ii.  578  ;  buried,  325 
Barnwell,  George,  i.  3 
Baro,  Peter,  lived,  i.  481 
Barowe,  Alice,  ii.  214 
Barre1,  Colonel,  lived,  ii.  460  ;  iii.  302 
Barrett,  George, R.A. ,  lived,  iii.  i ;  buried,  2 
Barrington,  Daines,  lived,  ii.  343 
Barrington,    Shute,    Bishop    of    Durham, 

lived,  i.  342 

Barrington,  Viscount,  lived,  i.  342 

Barrow,  Dr.  Isaac,  school,  i.  365  ;  preached, 

ii.   371  ;  professor,    155  ;  lived,  iii.    ii  ; 

died,  i.  357  ;  buried,  iii.  464  ;  bust,  478 

Barrow,  Sir  John,  lived,  ii.  586  ;  buried,  i. 

320 

Barry,  Bishop,  ii.  344 
Barry,    Sir   Charles,    R.A. ,    born,   i.    245; 
lived,   ii.    14,   67,  92  ;  buried,   iii.   463  ; 
architect,  i.  93,  246,  429  ;  ii.  227,  239  ; 
iii.  8,  157,  181,  201,  298,  335,  405,  406, 
407,   483,  486 
Barry,    Charles,    architect,   ii.    146,    429 ; 

iii.  252 

Barry,  E.  M. ,  R.A. ,  architect,  i.  323,  359, 

466  ;  ii.  15,  65,  242,  572,  618  ;  iii.  487 

Barry,  James,  R.A.,  i.  71  ;  lived,  338  ;  ii. 

616  ;  iii.  332  ;  died,  382  ;  grave,  49 
Barry,  Ann  (1734-1801)  buried,  iii.  464 
Barry,  Elizabeth  (1658-1713),  died,  iii. 

219 
Barry,    Spranger,   lived,   i.   229 ;   ii.    601  ; 

died,  i.  343 

Bartleman,  James,  died,  i.  170 
Bartlett,  Thomas,  i.  121 
Bartolozzi,  Francis,  lived,  i.  161,  277 
Barton,    Elizabeth,    holy   maid    of   Kent, 

executed,  iii.  414 
Basevi,   George,     architect,   i.     153,   451  ; 

ii.  303 

Basevi,  Nathan,  lived,  i.  185 
Basing,  William,  ii.  203 
Basire,  James,  lived,  iii.  137 
Basyngstoke,  Richard  de,  i.  235 
Bateman,  Lord,  lived,  i.  123 
Bateman,  Miss,  Sadler's  Wells,  iii.  201 
Bates,  Dr. ,  library,  iii.  522  ;  minister,  98  ; 

preacher,  ii.  179 
Bates,  executed,  ii.  431,  448 
Bath,  Bishops  of,   residences,  i.   72,    124  ; 

iii.  321 
Bath,  William  Bourchier,   Earl  of,  lived, 

i.  284 

Bath,  William  Pulteney,  Earl  of,  lived,  i.  62, 
123  ;  duel,  ii.  151 ;  buried,  iii.  463,  470 
Bathurst,  Earl,  lived,  i.  56  ;  ii.    254,  300  ; 
iii.  89  ;  portrait,  ii.  398 


INDEX 


549 


Battcrsby,  Mr.,  ii.  35 

Batteville,  Baron  de,  Spanish  Ambassador, 

lived,  iii.  539 

Battir,  William,  M.D. ,  iii.  193 
Battishill,  organist,  i.  415 
Bawdrick,  William,  iii.  173 
Baxter,  Richard,  i.  336  ;  ii.  37  ;  marriage, 

i.  157,  226  ;  lived,  207,  366  ;   pn 

ii.   284  ;    pastor,   619 ;  minister,  iii.   98, 

339;  prisoner,  ii.   341$;  burial,  i.  392; 

his  wife's  burial,  392 
Baynard,  Ralph,  i.  131,  133 
Baynard,  William,  i.  131 
Baynings,  Lord,  lived,  ii.  471 
Bazalgette,  Sir  Joseph,   engineer,   i.   383  ; 

iii.  366 

Beachcroft,  Samuel,  architect,  ii.  522 
Beaconsfield,    Earl    of,    born,    i.    6,    181  ; 

baptism,  44  ;  lived,  487  ;  ii.  273  ;  statue, 

iii.  8 

Beake,  Thomas,  i.  135  ;  iii.  130 
Beale,  Mary,  lived,  iii.  n 
Beard,  John,  i.  213 
Beard,  Lady  Henrietta,  buried,  iii.  20 
Beattie,  Dr.,  lived,  iii.   458 
Beatty,  Sir  William,  buried,  ii.  325 
Beauchamp,  Sir  John,  iii.  340  ;  lived,  448  ; 

tomb,  41 
Beauclerk,  Topham,  died,  i.   6 ;  iii.    193  ; 

quoted,  i.  287  ;  his  children,  321 
Beaufort,  Cardinal,  iii.  213  ;  lived,  524 
Beaufort,   Henry,    first   Duke  of,   lived,   i. 

140,  141,  378 

Beaufort,  Dukes  of,  residence,  iii.  321 
Beaufort,   Johanna,   married   to   James    I. 

of  Scotland,  iii.  213 
Beaumont,  Colonel,  duel,  ii.  299 
Beaumont,  Earl  of,  lived,  i.  313 
Beaumont,    Francis,    lived,    i.     101,    365, 

Inner   Temple,   iii.    354 ;    buried,   463, 

476 

Beaumont,  J.  T.  Barber,  ii.  542 
Beaumont,  Sir  George,  ii.    572  ;  lived,  164 
Beazley,  Samuel,  architect,  ii.  305,  451 
Beck,  William,  architect,  i.  222 
Becket,  Agnes  a,  iii.  372 
Becket,  Gilbert,  iii.  29 
Becket,  Thomas  a,  born,  ii.  521  ;  iii.  456  ; 

lived,  i.  6  ;  image,  ii.  361 
Beckford,  Alderman,  i.  184  ;  lived,  ii.  149, 

547  ;  iii.  265  ;  memorial,  ii.  95  ;  monu- 
ment, 170  ;  statue,  264 
Beckford,  William,  lived,  i.  502  ;  ii.  165 
Becon,  Thomas,  i.  392  ;  rector,   505  ;  iii. 

311 

Bedborough,  A.,  architect,  i.  58  ;  iii.   181 
Bedford,  Captain,  ii.  607 
Bedford,  Countess  of,  born,  iii.  399 
Bedford,   Lucy,  Countess   of,  marriage,  i. 

539 

Bedford,  Duchess  of,  ii.  129 
Bedford,  Dukes  of,  i.  144,  145 
Bedford,  John  Plantagenet,  Duke  of,  i.  451 


Bedford,  William,  first  Duke  of,  i.  463 
Bedford,  John,  fourth  Duke  of,  portrait,  ii. 

575 
Bedford,  Francis,  fifth  Duke  of,  statue,  iii. 

191 
Bedford,  Earls  of,  i.  145,  330  ;  residence, 

iii-  533 

Bedford,  John,  first  Earl  of,  i.  460 
Bedford,    Edward   Russell,   third   Earl   of, 

marriage,  i.  539 
Bedford,  Francis,  fourth  Earl  of,  i.  461  ;  iii. 

56 

Bedford,  Francis,  architect,  ii.  312 
Bedford,  Grosvenor,  lived,  i.  276  ;   iii.  299 
Beechey,  Sir  William,  R.A.,  lived,  ii.   93, 

192 

Beeston,  Cuthbert,  iii.  443 
Beeston,  William,  iii.  204 
Behn,  Aphra,   buried,  iii.  480 
Behnes,  William,  i.    374  ;    lived,   492  ;    ii. 

619  ;  buried,  325 
Belasyse,  John,  first  Lord,  i.  361 
Belcher,  J.,  architect,  ii.  418 
Belcher,  Messrs.,  architects,  i.  485 
Belenian,  Nicholas,  burned,  i.  116 
Bell,  Robert,  bequest,  ii.  573 
Bell,  Sir  Charles,  surgeon,  ii.    538  ;  lived, 

66,   386,  426  ;   iii.    267,   527  ;    died,   i. 

283 

Bell,  William,  parson,  ii.  540 
Bellamont,  Lord,  duel,  ii.  511 
Bellamy,  George  Anne,  lived,  i.  170,  534 
Bellamy,  Thomas,  architect,  ii.  344 
Bellew,  Rev.  John,  i.  142 
Bellieure,  Mons,  lived,  ii.  130 
Bellingham,    lived,    ii.    546  ;     trial,    611  ; 

executed,  592 
Beloe,  Rev.  William,  i.  29  ;    ii.  15  ;   lived, 

i.  281  ;  died,  ii.  327  ;  tablet,  i.  35 
Belzoni,  iii.  260  ;   exhibited,  ii.  8  ;  iii.  201 
Benbow,  Admiral,  iii.  175 
Benedict,  Sir  Julius,  buried,  ii.  325 
Benet,  Sir  John,  lived,  ii.  299 
Bennett,  Rev.  W.  J.  E.,  iii.  63 
Bennett,  Sir  Sterndale,  buried,  iii.  464 
Benson,    Auditor,   erector  of   the  bust    of 

Milton  in  Westminster  Abbey,  iii.  476 
Benson,  William,  abbot  and  dean,  i.  192 
Bentham,  Jeremy,  ii.  545  ;  born,  iii.  157  ; 

married,  ii.   468  ;  lived,  iii.    541  ;  died, 

J34 

Bentham,  William,  lived,  ii.  134 
Bentinck,  Lord  George,  married  to  Mary 

Davies  (1753),  n-  5Z7  '<  statue,  i.  341 
Bentinck,  Ven.  W.  H.  E. ,  ii.  545 
Bentley,  Mrs. ,  actor,  lived,  iii.  529 
Bentley,  Richard,  i.  44,  253  ;   lived,   i.  2, 

75  I   »i-  34 

Berenger,  De,  swindler,  ii.  296 
Beresford,  Viscount,  i.  342 
Berkeley,  Dr.,  Bishop  of  Cloyne,    lived,  i. 

14  ;  ii.  307  ;  iii.  85  ;  buried,  i.  414 
Berkeley,  Earls  of,  lived,  iii.  296 


55° 


INDEX 


Berkeley,    George,   first    Earl,    benefactor, 

iii.  250;    "grocer,"    ii.  161 
Berkeley,  Fred.  Augustus,  fifth  Earl  of,   i. 

163 

Berkeley,  Hon.  George,  ii.  320 
Berkeley,  Lady  Elizabeth,   i.  166  ;    monu- 
ment, ii.  277 

Berkeley,  John,   Lord,  of  Stratton,  iii.  89 
Berkeley,  Lords,  i.  166  ;  iii.  328  ;  lived,  i. 

162,  288  ;   iii.  267 

Berkshire,  Howards,  Earls  of,  i.  166 
Berkstead,  Colonel,  iii.  135 
Bernal,  Ralph,  died,  ii.  4 
Bernard,   Francis,   M.D. ,    buried,   i.    159; 

monument,  226 

Bernard,  Sir  Thomas,  i.  169 ;  buried,  ii.  73 
Bernardiston,  Sir  Samuel,  lived,  i.  190 
Berners,  Charles,  ii.  537 
Berners,  Ralph  de,  i.  325 
Berners,  William,  i.  169 
Berri,  Due  de,  lived,  ii.  93 
Berry,  Mr.,  (d.  1735),  i.  310 
Berry,  Agnes,  lived,  i.  80,  487 
Berry,  Dame  Rebecca,  monument,  i.  540 
Berry,  Mary,  lived,  i.  80,  487 
Best,  Captain,  duel  with  Lord  Camelford, 

i.  450  ;  ii.  328 
Bettenham,  Jeremiah,  ii.  144 
Betterton,  Thomas,  i.  357  ;  born,  iii.  388  ; 

baptized,  ii.  468  ;  lived,  iii.  202  ;  died, 

194  ;  buried,  464,  480  ;  portrait,  ii.  575 
Betty,  Henry  West,  died,  i.  43 
Bevan,  Joseph  Gurney,  iii.  99 
Bevan,  Sylvanus,  iii.  99 
Bevan,  W.  C. ,  ii.  39 
Beveridge,  William,  Bishop  of  St.  Asaph, 

rector,  iii.  73  ;  died,  i.  494 
Bigg,  Edward  Smith,  iii.  280 
Biggin,  George,  lived,  i.  361 
Bigland,  Sir  Ralph,  buried,  i.  159 
Bigods,  Earls  of  Norfolk,  i.  280 
Bill,  Dean,  tomb,  iii.  465 
Bill,  John,  printer,  lived,  iii.  54,  122;  died, 

i.  49 

Billing,  Edward,  iii.  437 
Billings,  Robert,  architect,  iii.  228 
Billington,  Mrs.,  lived,  i.  281 
Bindley,  James,  memorial,  ii.  501 
Bingham,  John,  monument,  iii.  215 
Bingley,  Benson,  Lord,  lived,  ii.  190 
Binney,  Rev.  Thomas,  minister,  iii.  457 
Birch,  Alderman,  lived,  i.  458 
Birch,  C.  B.,  A.R.A.,  iii.  359 
Birch,    Dr.    Samuel,     Merchant     Taylors' 

School,  ii.  526 
Birch,  Dr.  Thomas,  i.  254,  497  ;  lived,  ii. 

60 1  ;  buried,  466  ;  portrait,  iii.  188 
Birch,  Samuel,  Lord  Mayor,  ii.  431 
Bird,  William,  ii.  485 
Birkbeck,  George,    M.D.,  i.    188  ;  buried, 

»•  325 
Birkenhead,  Sir  John,  iii.  232  ;  buried,  ii. 

479 


Bish,  lottery  agent,  i.  458  ;  ii.  417 
Bishop,  Sir  Henry  R.,  died,  i.  319 
Black,  John,  lived,  iii.  324 
Black,  W.  H.,  minister,  i.  485  ;  ii.  546 
Blackall,  Alderman,  lived,  i.  489 
Blackall,  Offspring,  Bishop  of  Exeter,  born, 

i.  489 

Blackborough,  lived,  ii.  486 
Blackburn,  E.  L.,  architect,  i.  478  ;  ii.  317 
Blackmore,    Sir    Richard,   i.    125  ;    lived, 

374  ;  iii.  198 
Blackstone,   Sir  William,    school,    i.  365  ; 

Middle  Temple,  iii.   357  ;  lived,  i.   237, 

327,  374  ;  died,  ii.  396 
Blackwell,  Mrs.,  lived,  i.  380 
Blackwell,  William,  ii.  262 
Blades,  Sheriff,  i.  238 
Blagden,  carpenter,  i.  474 
Blagden,  Sir  C. ,  club,  ii.  484 
Blagrove,  William,  iii.  203 
Blake,  Admiral,  buried,  ii.  468  ;  iii.  463 
Blake,  William,   painter,   ii.   20 ;    born,  i. 

277  ;    apprenticed,    iii.    137  ;    marriage, 

i.  128  ;    lived,   ii.    210 ;    iii.    101,    277  ; 

died,  ii.  75  ;  buried,  i.  304 
Blanche  de  la  Tour,  tomb,  iii.  465 
Blanchard  (d.  1835),  actor,  ii.  450 
Blanchard,  Richard,  banker,  lived,  ii.  63 
Bleek,  Peter  van,  buried,  iii.  21 
Blemund,  William,  lived,  i.  206 
Blemunds,  family  of,  i.  143,  205 
Blessington,  Countess  of,  lived,  ii.  130 
Bligh,  Admiral,  tomb,  ii.  495 
Bliss,  Dr.,    Merchant  Taylors'  School,  ii. 

526 
Blizard,  Sir  William,  i.    126,   278  ;    brass, 

227 

Blomfield,  Bishop,  ii.  507  ;  tomb,  iii.  48 
Blomfield,   Sir  Arthur,  R.A. ,   architect,    i. 

46,   49,    149,    393;  ii.    368,    371,   498, 

609  ;  iii.  62,  74,  212,  214,  251 
Blood, Colonel,  ii.  304,  404;  iii.  496;  died, 

i.  232  ;  buried,  ii.  579 
Blood,  Fanny,  lived,  ii.  594 
Bloomfield,  Robert,  poet,   ii.  25  ;  lived,  i. 

154,  404,  444 
Blore,  Edward,  architect,  i.  171,  293,  366; 

ii.  363,  471  ;  iii.  436 
Blount,  Martha,  lived,  i.  218  ;  died,  165  ; 

buried,  iii.  20 
Blount,  Mrs.    Martha,   mother  of   Martha 

and  Theresa  Blount,  lived,  iii.  457 
Blount,  Sir  Michael,  monument,  iii.  77 
Blount,  Sir  Richard,  monument,  iii.  77 
Blount,   Theresa,    lived,   i.    218  ;  ii.   337  ; 

buried,  iii.  20 
Blow,    Dr. ,    buried,    iii.    464 ;    memorial 

tablet,  472 

Blucher,  Marshal,  lived,  ii.  287 
Bludworth,    Sir  Thomas,    Lord  Mayor  at 

time  of  the  Fire,  iii.  128 
Boaden,  James,  lived,   iii.  449 
Bodeley  Master  (killed  1560),  i.  336 


INDEX 


551 


Bodley,  Lady,  tablet,  i.  116 
Bodley,  Sir  Thomas,  lived,  ii.  405 
Boehm,  Sir  Edgar,  R.A.,  statues,  i.  274; 

ii.  256  ;   iii.  359 
Boffe,  Joseph  de,  lived,  ii.   107 
Bohn,  Henry  G. ,  bookseller,  iii.  540 
Bohun,  Humphry  de,  Earl  of  Hereford  and 

Essex,  i.  203 

Bokerels  or  Bukerels,  i.  297 
Bole,  Richard,  ii.  598 
Boleyn,  Anne,  married  to   Henry  VIII., 

iii.  510;  prisoner,  395,  398  ;  trial,  485; 

buried,  76 
Bolingbroke,   Viscount,  lived,  i.   517;    ii. 

121  ;  iii.  12,  151  ;   monument,  i.  128 
Bollcin,  Geffrey,  buried,  ii.  370 
Bollinbrooke,  Earl  of,  lived,  ii.  596 
Bolton,  Duke  of,  lived,  iii.  192  ;  duel,  ii.  511 
Bolton,  Prior,  i.  115,  325,  326 
Bonaparte,  Joseph,  ex-king  of  Spain,  lived, 

iii-  33 
Bond,    Alderman  William    (d.    1576),    i. 

477  ;  monument,  ii.  205 
Bond,  Alexander,  i.  133 
Bond,  G. ,  architect,  ii.  337 
Bond,  Martin,  monument,  ii.  205 
Bond,  Sir  Thomas,  i.  14,  218  ;  iii.  88 
Bone,   Henry,    R.A.,  lived,  i.   125,   169  ; 

iii.  72 

Boniface,  Archbishop  of  Canterbury,  ii.  360 
Bonington,  R.  P.,  buried,  iii.  70 
Bonner,  Bishop,  i.    179,  221  ;  prisoner,  ii. 

476  ;  buried,  102 

Bonomi,  Joseph,  A.  R.A. ,  iii.  261  ;  archi- 
tect, 290,   424  ;  lived,  382  ;  buried,   ii. 

496  ;   iii.  3 

Bonvici,  Antonio,  lived,  i.  477 
Booth,  Barton,   died,   i.    360  ;  monument, 

121  ;  iii.  478 

Booth,  Charles,  Bishop  of  Hereford,  ii.  46 
Booth,  Lawrence,  Archbishop  of  York,  iii. 

536 

Bootle,  Edward,  iii.  280 
Boreman,  John,  ii.  289 
Boreman,  William,  iii.  95 
Boron,  Due  de,  lived,  i.  477 
Boroski,    murderer   of  Tom   Thynne,    ii. 

198 

Borrell,  H.  P.,  i.  266 
Boscawen,  Admiral,  lived,  ii.  300 
Bosset,  Colonel  de,  i.  266 
Bossy,  Peter  James,  pillory,  ii.  611 
Boswell,   James,   ii.    137  ;    club,    i.    480 ; 

lived,   80,    219,   450  ;  ii.    181,  258  ;  iii. 

139  ;  died,  no 

Boswell,  James,  jun. ,  died,  ii.  85 
Boswell,  Ralph,  lived,  i.  223 
Boswell,  Sir  Alexander,  lived,  i.  91 
Boswell,  Veronica,  iii.  132 
Bothmar,  Baron,  lived,  i.  519 
Boucher,  Catherine  S. ,  baptism,  i.  128 
Boufflers,  Madame  de,  lived,  ii.  307 
Boughton,  murderer,  ii.  58 


Bouilld,  Marquis  de,  buried,  iii.  18 
Boulter,    Archbishop,    Merchant   Taylors' 

School,  ii.  526 
Boulton,  M.,  i.  18 

Bourchier,  Lodowick  Robsart,  Lord,  altar- 
tomb,  iii.  468 

Bourgeois,  Sir  Francis,  born,  ii.  484 
Bourne,    Vincent,     master,     Westminster 

School,  iii.  488 

Bouverie,  Sir  Jacob  de,  iii.  280 
Bovy,  James,  i.  543 
Bowack,  lived,  i.  400 
Bowen,  killed  by  Quin  in  self-defence,  iii. 

105 
Bower,   Archibald,   lived,   i.    219  ;  buried, 

ii.  496  ;  iii.  3 
Bowes,  Edward,  iii.  31 
Bowes,  Lady  Anna  Maria,  lived,  ii.  66 
Bowes,  Sir  Martin,  ii.  417  ;  buried,  508 
Bowes,  Ralph,  iii.  31 
Bowles,   William  Lisle,   ii.    555 
Bowman,  coffee-house,  ii.  532 
Bowman,  Sir  William,  ii.  344 
Bowyer,  Sir  Edmund,  lived,  i.  318 
Bowyer,  William,  the  elder,  lived,  iii.  504 
Bowyer,    William,  the  younger,   born,  ii. 

407  ;  iii.  504  ;  lived,  154 
Box,  Simon,  burial,  i.  385 
Boyce,  Samuel,  died,   iii.  243 
Boydell,   Alderman,  John,    i.    251  ;    lived, 

374  ;  ii.  263  ;  buried,  610  ;  monument, 

610  ;  portrait,  iii.  306 
Boyer,  Abel,  died,  i.  380  ;  ii.   50  ;  buried, 

45° 

Boyer,  Rev.  James,  buried,  i.  392 
Boyle,  Hon.    Robert,  died,  iii.  n  ;  buried, 

ii.  478  ;  portrait,  iii.    188 
Boyse,  S. ,  the  poet  (d.  1749),  lived,  ii.  158  ; 

prisoner,  iii.  117 
Bracegirdle,   Mrs. ,   i.   407,   524  ;  ii.    397  ; 

lived,  ii.  245  ;  buried,  iii.  464,  480 
Brackenbury,  iii.  394 
Brackston,  John,  ii.  387 
Bradborne,  i.  370 
Bradford,   John,    Inner  Temple,   iii.    354 ; 

preacher,    31  ;     lived,    ii.   61  ;    prisoner, 

i.   426;  ii.   341  ;  iii.  117;  examination, 

213 

Bradshaw,  Henry  (1534-1535),  iii.  346 
Bradshaw,  John,  regicide,    Gray's  Inn,  ii. 

140  ;   corpse,  iii.  155  ;   body  at  Tyburn, 

419 

Bradshaw,  Lucretia,  married,  ii.  "205 
Bradwardine,  Archbishop,  i.  328 
Brady,   Nicholas,    D.  D. ,   rector,    ii.    322  ; 

preacher,  450 
Brady,  Sir  Antonio,  i.  180 
Braham,  John,  ii.    128  ;  iii.   189  ;  lived,    i. 

91,  280;  iii.  349;   manager,  ii.  305 
Braidwood,  James,  memorial,  iii.  385 
Bramah,  lived,  ii.  400 
Bramston,  Sir  John,  lived,  ii.  149 
Branch,  William,  burned,  ii.  469 


552 


INDEX 


Brand,  John,  rector,  ii.  492 
Brand,  Sir  Matthew,  ii.  117 
Brandon,  David,  architect,  i.  331 
Brandon,  Gregory,  hangman,  iii.  417 
Brandon,   Raphael,   architect,  ii.   351  ;  iii. 

527 

Brandon  and  Ritchie,  architects,  ii.  129 
Brandon,    Richard,    buried,    ii.    504 ;    iii. 

173 
Brandon,  Sir  Thomas,  K.G.,  lived,  iii.  330; 

buried,  i.  197 
Bray,  Mrs.,  died,  i.  281 
Bray,  of  Eaton,  tomb,  ii.  448 
Bray,  Rev.  William,  iii.  56 
Bray,  Sir  Reginald,  i.  375 
Braybrooke,  Bishop,  i.  221  ;  ii.  495 
Brayley,  E.  W. ,  librarian,  iii.  191 
Braynse,  John,  iii.  371 
Breautd,  Fulke  de,  iii.  425 
Brent,  John,  brass,  ii.  481 
Brent,  Philip,  iii.  517 
Brett,  Miss,  lived,  ii.  287 
Brettingham,  Matthew,  architect,   ii.   299, 

600 

Brewster,  Sir  David,  lived,  i.  515 
Briane  de  Insula,  or  Lisle,  iii.  321 
Bridgewater,  Francis,  Duke  of,  i.  248  ; 

lived,  i.  422,  473 
Bridgewater,  John,  third  Earl  of,   lived,  i. 

106,  248 

Bridgman,  landscape-gardener,  ii.  329 
Bridgman,  Sir  Orlando,  lived,  ii.  17 
Bridport,  Viscount,  lived,  ii.  191 
Bright,  John,  portrait,  ii.  575 
Brinsden,  John,  i.  544 
Briset,  Jordan,  ii.  313 
Bristol,  Countess  of,  i.  378 
Bristol,   Frederick  Digby,   Earl  of,  Bishop 

of  Down,  lived,  ii.  299 
Bristol,  John  Digby,  Earl  of,  i.  141  ;  lived, 

ii.  395  ;  iii.  136 
Britain,  Earls  of,  ii.  443 
Britton,  John,   iii.   412  ;  lived,  i.   419  ;  ii. 

435  ;  iii.    157,  348  ;  died,  i.  316 
Britton,  Thomas,  lived,  i.  85 
Broadwood,    John,    pianoforte   maker,   iii. 

130 

Brockedon,  William,  lived,  i.  334,  503 
Brocklesby,  Dr.,  ii.  106  ;  lived,  60 1 
Brodie,  Sir  Benjamin,  lived,  iii.  212 
Brome,  Alexander,  ii.  613  ;  buried,  392 
Bromley,   Sir   Thomas,    Lord    Chancellor, 

monument,  iii.  468 
Bronte\  Anne,  i.  351 
Bronte",  Charlotte,  i.  351 
Brook,  Nicholas,  lived,  iii.  384 
Brooke,  Christopher,  prisoner,  ii.  477 
Brooke,  Fulke  Greville,  first  Lord,  lived,  i. 

284  ;  ii.  156 
Brooke,  William,  seventh  Lord,  lived,   ii. 

1 86 

Brooke,  John  Charles,  buried,  i.  159 
Brooke,  Lady,  lived  (1644),  iii.  136 


Brooke,  Rev.  Stopford,  i.  142 

Brookes,   Joshua,   lived,   i.   205 ;    ii.    474 ; 

died,  iii.  no  ;  buried,  ii.  281 
Brooks,  wine  merchant,  i.  286 
Brooks,  John,  ii.  438 
Brooks,   Shirley,  lived,   i.   281  ;  buried,  ii. 

325 

Brooks,  William,  architect,  ii.  431 
Brothers,   Richard,  lived,   i.    141  ;  buried, 

ii.  318 
Brougham,  Lord,  i.  403  ;  student,  ii.  391  ; 

lived,  i.  164  ;  ii.  137,  396  ;  founder,  iii. 

422  ;  joke  on    Campbell's  Lives  of  the 

Chancellors,  356  ;  his  daughter  buried, 

ii.  392 

Broughton,  John,  i.  288  ;  died,  ii.  357 
Broughton,  Lady,  keeper  of  the  gatehouse, 

ii.  90 

Broughton,  lived,  iii.  264 
Broughton,  prize-fighter,  ii.  510 
Brouncker,    Viscount,     President    of    the 

Royal  Society,  iii.    187  ;  died,   ii.   303  ; 

buried,  320  ;   portrait,  iii.  188 
Brown,  Lancelot,  ii.  329  ;  died,  212 
Brown,    Robert,    lived,    iii.    266 ;  died,    i. 

493 

Brown,  Sir  Anthony,  iii.  213 
Brown,  Tom,  lived,  i.  92  ;  died,  25  ;  buried, 

iii.    480 
Browne,  Alderman  John,  Serjeant  Painter 

to  Henry  VIII.,  iii.  4 
Browne,  Dr.  Edward,  lived,  i.  471 
Browne,  Henry,  F. R.S.,  lived,  iii.  109 
Browne,  Isaac  Hawkins,  lived,  i.  2 
Browne,  John,  buried,  ii.  112 
Browne,  Sir  Anthony,  ii.  577 
Browne,    Sir  Thomas,    baptized,    ii.  536  ; 

portrait,  iii.  82 
Browne,  Sir  William,  lived,  i.   126  ;  died, 

iii.  134 
Browne,     William     (1590-1645),     Inner 

Temple,  iii.  354 

Browning,  Robert,  lived,  iii.  449 
Brownlow,  Sir  John,  i.  288 
Brownrigg,  Mrs.,  lived,  ii.  37,  65  ;  executed, 

iii.  416 
Bruce,   Lord,    of  Kinloss,   monument,  iii. 

166 

Bruges,  William,  lived,  ii.  333 
Brummell,   Beau,   lived,  i.  349,  359,  389  ; 

iii.  279 

Brummell,  William,  died,  i.  359 
Brune,  Walter,  iii.  291 
Brune,  William,  ii.  605 
Brunei,   Isambard  Kingdom,  engineer,  ii. 

147,  249  ;  lived,  400  ;  buried,  325 
Brunei,   Sir  Marc  Isambard,  engineer,  iii. 

369,  lived,  134  ;  i.  147  ;  ii.  400  ;  died, 

i.  535  ;  buried,  ii.  325 
Brunswick,  Augusta,  Duchess  of,  lived,  ii. 

187 

Brunswick,  Duke  of,  lived,  ii.  191 
Bryan,  picture  dealer,  lived,  iii.  221 


INDEX 


553 


Bryan,  Michael,  buried,  iii.  2 

i,  Sir  Francis,  i.  194 
Bryson,  J.  M.,  architect,  ii.  196 
Bubh,  Captain,  lived,  ii.  357 
Bubb,  G. ,  ii.  199 
Buc,  Sir  George,  i.  508 
Buccleuch,  Dukes  of,  residence,  iii.  126 
Buchan,    William,    M.D.,     died,    iii.    71, 

memorial  tablet,  480 
Buck,  Samuel,  buried,  i.  415 
Buckerel,  Andrew,  i.  297 
Buckhurst,  Lord,  i.  231 
Buckingham,    Duchess    of,    lived,    i.    62, 

292 
Buckingham,  Villiers,  Dukes  of,  residence, 

iii.  321,  441 

Buckingham,  George  Villiers,  first  Duke  of, 
i.  141,  290,  378  ;  ii.  608  ;  rebuilt  York 
House,  iii.  538  ;  buried,  464 ;  monu- 
ment, 466 

Buckingham,  George  Villiers,  second  Duke 
of,  i.  141,  378,  533  ;  ii.  182  ;  iii.  539  ; 
married,  ii.  451  ;  lived,  i.  291,  296, 
348,  438,  445  ;  at  Tower  Hill,  iii.  401  ; 
prisoner,  399  ;  buried,  464,  466  ;  por- 
trait, i.  366 

Buckingham,  John  Sheffield,  Duke  of, 
Master  of  Grocers'  Company,  ii.  161  ; 
at  Marylebone,  512  ;  duel,  352  ;  lived,  i. 
61,  291  ;  ii.  130,  400  ;  buried,  iii.  464, 
monument,  467  ;  portrait,  i.  366 
Buckingham,  George  Grenville,  first 

Marquis  of,  lived,  i.  291 
Buckland,  Frank,  died,  i.  13  ;  buried,  281 
Buckland,  George,  i.  446 
Buckle,  Henry  Thomas,  lived,  ii.  601,  622 
Buckley,  Samuel,  lived,  ii.  406 
Buckstone,  manager,  ii.  201 
Budd,  Dr.,  lived,  i.  367 
Budgell,  Eustace,  lived,  i.  74 
Buggin,  Sir  George  (d.  1825),  monument, 

i-  536 

Bull,  John,  i.  429 
Bull,  Mr.,  lived,  ii.  545 
Buller,  Right  Hon.  Charles,  died,  i.  387 
Buller,  William   and  Richard,  buried,   ii. 

109 

Bullock,  William,  ii.  7 
Bulmer,  Bevis,  water-works,  i.  280 
Buhner,  W. ,  printer,  buried,  {.415 
Bulwer,  Lady,  school,  ii.  189 
Bunbury,  Sir  Charles,  died,  iii.  13 
Bunning,    J.    B.,    architect,    i.    182,    403, 

404,  430  ;  ii.  32,  247,  530  ;  iii.  233 
Bunsen,   Baron,    i.   478  ;    lived,    80,   333, 

487;  iii.  523 
Bunyan,    John,    ii.    138  ;    died,    iii.    260  ; 

buried,  i.  303 

Burbadge,  Cuthbert,  i.  199  ;  iii.  371 
Burbadge,  James,  i.  199 ;  iii.  371 ;  buried, 

ii.  387 
Burbadge,   Richard,  ii.    116;    died,   228; 

buried,  387 


Burbadge,  Winifrid,  i.  199 

Burdett,  Sir  Francis,  lived,  iii.  89 ;  prisoner, 

399  ;    died,  ii.  297 
Burdett -Coutts,    Baroness,    i.    178,    446  ; 

ii.   606;    iii.  21,   49,  50,  90,  166,   312  ; 

residence,  328  ;  benefactor,  434 
Burford,  John,  i.  304 
Burges,  Captain,  monument,  iii.  48 
Burges,  Robert,  buried,  i.  158 
Burges,    William,    A.  R.A.,    i.    255,    265, 

266  ;  St.  Paul's,  iii.  51 
Burgess,  Daniel,  preacher,  i.  524 
Burgess,  Dr.,  pastor,  iii.  44 
Burgh,  Hubert  de,  i.  193,  197  ;  Constable 

of  the  Tower,  iii.  400 
Burghley,  Mildred,   Lady,  monument,  iii. 

465 
Burghley,  Sir  William  Cecil,  Lord,  i.  141, 

377,   460  ;  ii.    140  ;  iii.  30,  498  ;   lived, 

i.   304;  iii.   321  ;  died,  i.  343 
Burgoyne,    Field-Marshal,   Sir   John    Fox, 

Constable  of  the  Tower,  iii.  400  ;  died, 

69  ;  buried,  77  ;  statue,  454 
Burgoyne,  General,  ii.  284  ;  died,  213 
Burke,   Edmund,   i.    184,    287,    464,  476  ; 

ii.    1 8  ;     member    of   Brooks's,    i.    287 

note,   Middle  Temple,   iii.    357 ;    lived, 

i.    283,    361,    494,    534;    ii.   66,    106  ; 

iii.    139,   209,    106,    388,    523  ;    statue, 

ii.  242 

Burke,  Richard,  born,  i.  127  ;  died,  476 
Burley,  Sir  Simon,  ii.  531 
Burley,  William,  lived,  iii.  54 
Burlington,  Countess  Dowager  of,  i.    320, 

331 

Burlington,  Richard,  first  Earl  of,  i.   305 
Burlington,  Richard,  third  Earl  of,  i.   80, 
102,  306,   331,  455,  450  ;  ii.  454,  463  ; 
iii.  162,  489  ;  restored  St.  Paul's  Church, 
Covent  Garden,  56 
Burlington,  Lord  George  Cavendish,  Earl 

of,  i.  306 

Burn,  William,  architect,  ii.  557 
Burnet,    Bishop,   ii.    276,    371  ;    preacher, 
iii.  46,  166  ;  lived,  265  ;  died,  i.  419;  ii. 
316  ;  buried,  277 

Burnet,  Dr.   Thomas,   lived,  i.   365  ;  por- 
trait, 366 ;  ii.  35 
Burnet,  Mr.,  architect,  iii.  380 
Burney,  Admiral  James,  died,  ii.  274 
Burney,   Charles,   D.D.    (d.    1817),  monu- 
ment, iii.  475 

Burney,  Dr.  Charles,  organist,  i.  505 ;  lived, 
ii.    384,    489 ;    iii.    100,    132  ;    died,    i. 

385 

Burney,  Fanny.     See  D'Arblay 
Burrowes,  Dr.,  rector,  i.  413 
Burt,  Nicholas,  lived,  iii.  99 
Burton,    Decimus,    architect,    i.    78,    225, 

358,  408,  446  ;  ii.  254  ;  iii.  160,  161 
Burton,  Henry,  rector,  ii.  514  ;  iii.  213 
Burton,  James,  builder,  i.  309  ;  iii.  160, 

191 


554 


INDEX 


Busby,  Dr.  Richard,  iii.  472  ;  benefactor,  ii. 

150  ;  headmaster,   Westminster  School, 

iii.  488  ;  buried,  464 ;  monument,  475 
Busby,  Dr.  Thomas,  translator  of  Lucretius, 

lived,  iii.  139 

Bushill,  Fred.  K.,  architect,  ii.  615 
Bushnell,  John,  statues,   iii.  358  ;  buried, 

iii.  2 

Busk,  Captain  Hans,  lived,  i.  75 
Bute,    Earl   of,   i.    163,    438 ;    lived,    14 ; 

died,  80 

Butler,  Albian,  ii.  527 
Butler,  Bishop,  preacher,  iii.  166 
Butler,  Charles,  died,  ii.  618 
Butler,  Joseph,  rector,  iii.  64 
Butler,  Sir  Oliver  (d.  1632),  iii.  226 
Butler,  Samuel,  died,  iii.  170  ;  buried,  58  ; 

monument,  476 
Butterfield,   William,    architect,   i.   ii,  36, 

391  ;  ii.  6,  535  ;  iii.  57 
Butterworth,  Joseph,  lived,  ii.  63 
Button,  Daniel,  i.  314 
Buxton,     Sir  Thomas    Powell,    memorial 

fountain,  ii.  93 

Byer,  Nicholas,  buried,  i.  413 
Byerley,  George,  iii.  152 
Byfield,  Adoniram,  preacher,  ii.  179 
Byng,  Admiral,  lived,  ii.  215 
Byrom,  John,   Merchant  Taylors'   School, 

ii.  526 
Byron,    William,    fifth    Lord,    killed    Mr. 

Chaworth,  iii.  14,  305  ;  trial,  486 
Byron,    George,   Lord,   i.    29,    220,    412, 

440  ;    ii.    26,    403 ;    born,    226  ;    bap- 
tized,   497  ;    lived,    i.    12,    15,    160  ;  ii. 

304  ;  iii.  91,  253  ;  in  the  Thames,  366; 

body  lay  in  state,  ii.  92 
Byron,  Henry  James,  buried,  i.  282 

CABANEL,   Rudolph,    architect,    i.     431  ; 

iii-  435 

Cabanel,  Rudolph,  jun.,  architect,  iii.  337 
Cade,    Jack,  ii.    465  ;  iii.    285,   300,  497  ; 

head  on  London  Bridge,  ii.  419 
Cadell,   Thomas,   lived,   iii.   323  ;  died,   i. 

206 

Cademan,  Will.,  lived,  ii.  583 
Cadogan,  Lords,  of  Oakley,  ii.  607 
Cadogan,  Charles,  second    Lord,   i.    316, 

375 

Csesar,  Sir  Julius,  ii.  320,  322  ;  monu- 
ment, 204 

Caius,  Dr.,  lived,  i.  no 

Calamy,  Benjamin,  minister,  ii.  490 

Calamy,  Edmund,  i.  336  ;  Merchant 
Taylors'  School,  ii.  526  ;  lived,  246  ;  at 
Trig  Stairs,  iii.  407  ;  died,  6  ;  buried, 
ii.  490 

Calamy,  Edmund,  jun.,  minister,  i.  484  ; 
ii.  490 

Calcott,  Dr.,  lived,  ii.  457 

Calcott,  Sir  Augustus  Wall,  R.A.,  lived, 
ii.  457  ;  buried,  328 


Caldwell,  Richard,  M.D.,  buried,  i.  159 

Call,  Sir  John,  lived,  i.  309 

Calmazel,  Angelus  Franciscus  de  Talaru  de, 

Bishop  of  Coutance,  buried,  iii.  18 
Gallon,  Sir  Francis,  ii.  323 
Cambridge,    George   Augustus,    Duke    of, 

lived,  iii.  90 
Cambridge,    Adolphus,  Duke  of,  died,  i. 

3i8 
Cambridge,  George,  Duke  of,  ii.  118  ;  iii. 

33  ;  opened  Charing  Cross  Road,  i.  318, 

359  ;  iii.  237 
Camden,    Charles    Pratt,    first    Earl,     i. 

319  ;    baptism,   ii.    327 ;    grocer,    161  ; 

died,  215  ;  portrait,  iii.  232 
Camden,   Marquis,   i.    449  ;  ii.  23  ;    lived, 

i.  64 
Camden,   William,   i.   319,  455  ;  ii.    209  ; 

born,     612  ;    at    Christ's    Hospital,     i. 

396  ;       school,      iii.     63 ;    headmaster, 

Westminster     School,     488  ;    lived,    i. 

494 ;  buried,  iii.  463  ;  monument,    477  ; 

portrait,  5 
Camelford,   Lord,  lived,  i.  90,  220  ;  duel 

with  Captain  Best,  450  ;  ii.  328  ;  buried, 

i.  50 

Cameron,   Dr.,   executed,  iii.  416  ;  monu- 
ment, ii.  500 
Campbell,    Lady    Augusta,    eloped    with 

Mr.  Clavering,  i.  470 
Campbell,    Colin,    architect,    i.    306 ;    iii. 

119,  166 

Campbell,  Duncan,  lived,  i.  290 
Campbell,  John,  banker,  ii.  484 
Campbell,  John,  LL.D.,  lived,  iii.  133  ; 

buried,  ii.  102 
Campbell,  John,  Lord,  i.  250,   287,  347  ; 

club,  ii.  456  ;  lived,  259,  352,  586,  614  ; 

iii.  28,  302,  349,  452  ;  portrait,  232 
Campbell,  Thomas,  iii.  206  ;  founder,  422  ; 

married,  ii.  468  ;  lived,  i.  29,  169,  342, 

357.  534.  535  I  »•  4.  5°.  67,  188,  304, 

396,    470  ;    iii.    225,    236,    328,    435  ; 

buried,  463  ;  statue,  477 
Campden,    Sir    Baptist    Hicks,    Viscount, 

lived,  i.  320  ;  ii.  213  ;  iii.  274 
Campden,    Baptist   Noel,    third  Viscount, 

lived,  i.  320 

Campion,  Jesuit,  executed,  iii.  415 
Campion,  Dr.  Thomas,  buried,  i.  538 
Canaletto,  lived,  iii.  248 
Canne,  John,  minister,  iii.  340 
Cann  ng,  Earl,  born,  ii.  119 
Canning,  Elizabeth,  trial,  ii.  6n 
Canning,   George,  father  of  statesman,  ii. 

497 

Canning,  Right  Hon.  George,  i.  221,  425  ; 
ii.  422 ;  student,  391  ;  church,  326  ; 
grocer,  161  ;  lived  ;  i.  12,  289,  361, 
450  ;  ii.  118  ;  iii.  28,  296,  302,  463, 
472  ;  statue,  8,  472  ;  his  son's  monument, 
ii.  326 

Cantlow,  Sir  John,  i.  416 


INDEX 


555 


C.iprl,  Lord,  hrhraded,  iii.  7, 
Capel,  Sir  William,  i.   327  ;  lived,  iii.  315 
Ivhvard,  died,  i.  237 

I  R.  W.,  i.  246 

Cardigan,  Lord,  lived  (1668),  iii.  112 
Canhvell,  Lord,  portrait,  ii.  575 
Careless,  Betty,  buried,  iii.  59 
Carew,  Lord,  quoted,  iii.  304 
Carew,  Sir  Alexander,  buried,  ii.  179 
Carcw,  Sir  George,  lived,  iii.  388 
Carew,  Sir  Nicholas,  monument,  i.  226 
Carew,  Thomas,  lived,  ii.  338 
Carey,  Henry,  lived,  i.  512;  died,  iii.  449 
Carey,  John,  ii.  509 
Carey,  Nicholas,  i.  327 
Carey,  Sir  George,  i.  327 
Carey,  Sir  Henry,  ii.  509 
Carey,  Sir  Phil,  ii.  509 
Carey,  Thomas,  i.  327 
Carleton,    Henry    Boyle,    Lord,    lived,    i. 

331 
Carleton,     Sir    Dudley,    lived,     iii.     129 ; 

buried,   464  ;  monument,   468 
Carlington,  Abbot,  tomb,  iii.  465 
Carlini,  Agostino,  died,  i.  330 
Carlisle,  Bishops  of,   residence,  i.  329  ;  iii. 

321,  533 
Carlisle,  Countess  of,  ii.  28  ;  lived,  i.  327  ; 

ii.  296 

Carlisle,  Howards,  Earls  of,  i.  329,  330 
Carlisle,    Charles    Howard,    first  Earl  of, 

lived,  ii.  597 
Carlisle,    Charles  Howard,  third  Earl  of, 

lived,  iii.  265,  267 

Carlisle,  seventh  Earl  of,  born,  ii.  215 
Carlisle,  Sir  Anthony,  lived,  iii.  267 
Carlyle,  Dr.  Alexander,  i.  439 
Carlyle,  Thomas,   i.   333  ;    club,  iii.    313  ; 

lecturer,  ii.  7  ;  lived,  i.  43,  380,  389  ;  ii. 

570  ;  iii.  283  ;  statue,  i.  383 
Carmarthen,  Marquis  of,  lived,  ii.  382 
Carnarvon,  Earl  of,  lived,  i.  289 
Caroline,  Queen  of  George  II. ,  ii.  285,  287, 

294,   328  ;  iii.    141,   233,   298 ;   buried, 

463,  467 
Caroline,  Queen  of  George  I  V.,i.  80  ;  lived, 

451  ;  ii.    301  ;   Italian  witnesses  at    her 

trial,  i.  460 

Caron,  Abbe1,  buried,  iii.  268 
Caron,  Sir  Noel  de,  i.  334  ;  ii.  323  ;  lived, 

357 

Carpenter,  John,  town  clerk,  i.  403 
Carpenter,  Lord,  lived,  ii.  186 
Carr,  Henry,  architect,  iii.  206 
Carr,  James,  architect,  ii.  277;  lived,  i.  14 
Carr,  Mrs. ,  ii.  459 
Carr,  Rev.  W.  Holwell,  ii.  573 
Carr,  Sir  John,  lived,  ii.  85 
Carrington,  Lord,  charge  of  assault,  ii.  474 
Carte,  Samuel,  lived,  i.  336 
Carte,  Thomas,  historian,  lived,  i.  494  ;  ii. 

597 
Carter,  sculptor,  ii.  605 


Carter,  Mrs.  Elizabeth,  lived,  iii.  54  ;  died, 

i.  411 

Carteret,  Lord,  lived,  i.  63  ;  ii.  307 
Cartwright,  architect,  i.  51 
Cartwright,  Major,  statue,  i.  309 
Cartwright,  William,  school,  iii.  488  ;  lived, 

99 

Gary,  Lord,  i.  414 

Gary,  Rev.  Henry,  ii.  310  ;  lived,  i.  40, 
344,  361,  519;  iii.  35  ;  buried,  477 

Gary,  Thomas,  ii.  28 

Caryll,  Joseph,  minister,  ii.  471 

Casaubon,  Isaac,  buried,  iii.  463  ;  monu- 
ment, 477 

Casimir,  Duke,  ii.  250 

Caslon,  William,  lived  (1766),  ii.  206;  iii. 
452  ;  died,  i.  179  ;  buried,  ii.  450 

Castellani,  Alessandro,  i.  255 

Castile,  King  of,  lived,  i.  132 

Castlehaven,  Elizabeth,  Countess  of,  memo- 
rial, iii.  19 

Castlemaine,  Countess  of.  See  Cleveland, 
Duchess  of 

Castlemaine,  Earl  of,  lived,  i.  166 

Castlereagh,  Lord,  lived,  i.  423  ;  ii.  301  ; 
buried,  iii.  463,  472 

Catalan!,  Madame,  lived,  i.  281,  361 

Catherine  of  Valois,  Queen,  buried,  iii.  465 

Catherine,  Queen  of  Charles  II.,  i.  339, 
390  ;  ii.  79  ;  iii.  88  ;  lived,  271  ;  por- 
trait, 5 

Catton,  Charles,  iii.  5 

Cavallo,  Tiberius,  buried,  iii.  21 

Cavanagh,  fives  player,  i.  454 

Cave,  Edward,  lived,  ii.  314 

Cave,  William,  rector,  i.  34 

Cavendish,  Henry,  lived,  i.  204  ;  ii.  474 

Cavendish,  Sir  William,  buried,  i.  226 

Cawarden,  Sir  Thomas,   i.   194,    199  ;    ii. 

SOS 

Cawood,  Robert,  buried,  i.  226 
Cawthorne,  Mrs.,  i.  489 
Caxton,  William,   i.   39  ;    buried,  ii.  468  ; 

tablet,  467 

Cecil,  Rev.  Richard,  i.  146  ;  born,  391 
Cecil,  William,  baptized,  i.  413 
Centlivre,  Susan,  died,  i.  290  ;  buried,  iii.  59 
Chadwicke,  John,  died,  ii.  13 
Chalmers,  Alexander,  lived,  iii.  380 
Chalmers,  Dr.,  preacher,  iii.  339 
Chalmers,  George,  died,  ii.  274 
Chaloner,  Sir  Thomas,  died,  i.  419 
Chamberlain,  Dr.  Hugh,  lived,  ii.  18 
Chamberlain,  John,  lived,  ii.  610 
Chamberlayne,  Dr.  Edward,  lived,  i.  380  ; 

monument,  ii.  449 
Chamberlin,  Mason,  died,  i.  121 
Chambers,   Ephraim,  died,  i.  326 
Chambers,  Sir  Robert,  lived,  ii.  67 
Chambers,    Sir    William,     lived,     i.    169  ; 

ii.  605  ;  iii.  101  ;  died,  ii.  606  ;   buried, 

iii.     463 ;    portrait,    180 ;    architect,   i. 

12  ;  iii.  177,  272  ;  state  coach,  i.  295 


556 


INDEX 


Chandler.  Dr.  S.,  portrait,  iii.  188 

Chandos,  Duchess  of,  iii.  446 

Chandos,  James  Brydges,  Duke  of,  i.  341, 

348 
Chandos,  George  Brydges,  sixth  Lord,  i. 

289 
Chandos,  William  Brydges,  seventh  Lord, 

i.  348 

Chantrey,  Sir  Francis,  lived,  i.  350,  487  ; 
ii.  5  ;  died,  i.  152  ;  bequest,  iii.  180  ; 
statues,  i.  274 

Chapman,  George,  buried,  ii.  112 
Chapman,  J. ,  bequest,  ii.  499 
Chapone,  Mrs. ,  lived,  i.  328,  330,  493 
Chardin,  Sir  John,  lived,  ii.  224 
Charlemont,  Lord,  lived,  ii.  212 
Charles  I. ,  i.  360,  370  ;  ii.  289  ;  at  Guild- 
hall, 172  ;    at   Paul's  Cross,  iii.  62  ;  in 
the  tilt-yard,    381  ;    during  his  trial,    i. 
459  ;  iii.  485  ;  prisoner,  ii.  286  ;  death- 
warrant  signed,    iii.  4;   execution,  511; 
portrait,    ii.    523  ;    iii.    358  ;    statue,    i. 
355,  428  ;  ii.  503  ;  iii.  135,  183,  317 
Charles  II.,  i.  361,  371,  383,  451  ;  ii.  99, 
292,  293,  295  ;  iii.  377  ;  born,  ii.  286  ; 
in    Privy    Garden,     iii.     125  ;     in    the 
Thames,    365  ;     speech    to    House   of 
Commons,    506 ;     Pall   Mall,    ii.    458  ; 
benefactor,  iii.  250  ;   buried,    463,    467 ; 
founder  of  Mathematical  School,  i.  396  ; 
Master  of  Grocers'   Company,   ii.    161  ; 
bust,   iii.  188  ;  portrait,   i.  366,  395  ;  ii. 
523  ;   iii.  5,  358,  438  ;  statue,   i.   384  ; 
iii.  267,  317 
Charles  V.,    lived,   i.    194,  240;    iii.    300, 

528 

Charles  X.,  of  France,  lived,  i.  80 
Charles   Edward,    Prince,  the  Young   Pre- 
tender, i.  218  ;  ii.  19  ;  iii.  12 
Charlotte,  Princess  of  Wales,   i.  451  ;  iii. 
449,  452 ;  born,  i.  332  ;  married,   332 ; 
lived,  320 ;  iii.  33 

Charlotte,  Queen  of  George  III.,  i.    293, 
362;  ii.  201,  597;  iii.  272;  portrait,  ii. 
523  ;  iii.  179;  statue,  133 
Charnock,  conspirator,  i.  212 
Charteris,  Francis,  lived,  ii.  93 
Chartres,  William,  otherwise  Sautre,  i.  160 
Chastillon,  Mons  de,  lived,  i.  541 
Chateaubriand,  ii.  404  ;  lived,  iii.  390 
Chatelain,    J.    B.,    lived,    iii.    246  ;    died, 

491 

Chatham,  William  Pitt,  Earl  of,  i.  367, 
520 ;  ii.  137 ;  baptism,  281  ;  lived, 
301  ;  grocer,  161  ;  lay  in  state,  iii.  4  ; 
buried,  463 ;  monument,  ii.  170  ;  iii. 
472 ;  statue,  ii.  242  ;  wax  effigy,  iii. 

479 
Chatham,   second  Earl  of,  i.    164 ;  lived, 

iii.  212 

Chatris,  Sir  William,  burned,  iii.  255 
Chatterton,  Thomas,  lived,  iii.  245  ;  died, 

i.  285  ;  buried,  44  ;   iii.  243 


Chaucer,     Geoffrey,    ii.    80 ;    fined,     64  ; 

lived,  i.    27 ;  buried,  iii.   463  ;  portrait, 

ii.  575  ;  monument,  iii.  475 
Chaucer,  John,  lived,  iii.  368 
Chauncey,  Dr.,  minister,  ii.  471 
Chaworth,  duel  with  Lord  Byron,  iii.  14, 

305  ;  died,  i.  165 
Chaworth,  William    (d.    1582),    brass,   ii. 

499 

Chedsey,  William,  rector,  i.  32 
Cheere,  John,  i.  341 
Cheke,  Sir  John,   ii.   372  ;  died,  iii.    530  ; 

buried,  i.  ii 
Chelmsford,  Frederick,   first  Lord,  buried, 

i.  282 

Cheney,  Prof.,  buried,  i.  282 
Cheselden,  William,  buried,  i.  384 
Chester,  Bishops  of,  residence,  iii.  321 
Chester,  Colonel,  lived,  i.   210 
Chesterfield,   Countess  of,   ii.    619;   lived, 

586 
Chesterfield,    Philip,   second    Earl   of,    ii. 

in 
Chesterfield,  Philip,  fourth  Earl  of,  baptism, 

ii.  281  ;  at  White's,  iii.  494  ;  club,  14  ; 

lived,  i.  148;  ii.  164,  300;  iii.  296;  died, 

i.  207,  388 

Cheyne,  Charles,  Viscount,  i.  375,  389 
Cheyne,  Lady  Jane,  monument,  ii.  449 
Cheyne,  Sir  William,  buried,  i.  159 
Chicheley,    Abp.,    ii.   361  ;   portrait,    362, 

3.64 

Chicheley,  Sir  Robert,  iii.  311 
Chichester,  Bishops  of,  i.  346  ;  iii.  343 
Chichester,  Earls  of,  i.  255 
Chichester,  Sir  Arthur,  lived,  i.  523 
Chichley,  John,  lived,  ii.  193 
Chiffinch,  Thomas,  buried,  iii.  478 
Child,  Aylwin,  i.  167 
Child,  Francis,  lived,  ii.  63  ;  banker,  i.  390  ; 

portrait,  395 

Child,  Messrs.,  i.  501  ;  iii.  359 
Chilmead,  Rev.  Edward,  buried,  i.  226 
Chippendale,   workshops,   ii.    485  ;    lived, 

iii.  137 

Chiswell,  Richard,  tablet,  i.  226 
Cholmondeley,  Marquis  of,  lived,  i.  318 
Cholmondeley,  Sir  Richard,  tomb,  iii.  77 
Christian    VII.,    King    of    Denmark,     i. 

49° 

Christian,  Ewan,  architect,  i.  393 
Christie,     James,     auctioneer,      iii.      14  ; 

buried,  ii.  275,  281,  sale-rooms,  337 
Christie,  duel  with  John  Scott,  i.  345  ;  iii. 

120 
Christmas,    Gerard,    architect,    i.    21  ;    ii. 

603 

Christy,  Henry,  i.  255,  266 
Chudleigh,  Miss,  marriage,  i.  487 
Churchill,  Admiral,  lived,  ii.  296 
Churchill,  Arabella,  lived,  ii.  298 
Churchill,  Awnsham  and  John,   lived,  iii. 

39 


IXDEX 


557 


Churchill,    Charles,    ii.    312;    school,    iii. 

488  ;    teacher,    132  ;     married,    ii.    60  ; 

lived,  165  ;   iii.  35,  425 
Churchill,  General,  i.  528 
Churchman,  John,  i.  488 
Churchman,  Mrs.,  lived,  iii.  246 
Churchyard,  Thomas,  buried,  ii.  468 
Gibber,    Caius    Gabriel,    i.    177  ;   ii.    379 ; 

iii.  46,  184  ;  buried,  i.  490  ;  bas  relief, 

»•  557 
Gibber,  Colley,  i.    214 ;    lived,    360 ;    iii. 

296  ;  died,   i.  164  ;    ii.    270  ;  buried,   i. 

490 
Gibber,  Mrs.,  lived,  ii.  121,  336  ;  iii.  225, 

buried,  464 

Gibber,  Theophilus,  lived,  iii.  514 
Cioll,  Germayne,  i.  477 
Cipriani,    J.    B.,    R.A.,    i.    295  ;    iii.   509  ; 

teacher,  162  ;  lived,  ii.  203  ;  city  coach, 

464 ;  buried,  450 
Claggett,  Mr. ,  i.  55 
Clare,  John  Holies,  first  Earl  of,  i.  406  ; 

iii.  301  ;   death  of  his  wife,  301 
Clare,  John  Holies,  second  Earl  of,  i.  405  ; 

ii.  22 
Clare,    Gilbert  Holies,    third   Earl   of,    i. 

496  ;   lived,  iii.  450  ;  died,  ii.  108 
Clare,  Viscount,  lived,  ii.  92 
Clarence,  George,   Duke  of,  murdered,  iii. 

395 
Clarendon,  Edward  Hyde,  Earl  of,  i.  334, 

449  ;    iii.    338  ;    Middle  Temple,    357  ; 

married,  ii.  468  ;  lived,  i.   166,  408  ;  ii. 

298  ;  iii.    533  ;  buried,   463  ;   statue,   ii. 

242    ' 
Clarges, Anne.  SeeAlbemarle,  Ann, Duchess 

of 

Clarges,  farrier,  ii.  518 
Clarges,  Sir  Thomas,  lived,  iii.  88 
Clarges,  Sir  Walter,  i.  411  ;  iii.  89 
Clark,  menagerie  keeper,  ii.  26 
Clarke,    Dr.   Adam,   iii.   336 ;    monument, 

i.  405 
Clarke,  Dr.  Samuel,  i.  159 ;  rector,  ii.  279  ; 

lived,  iii.  89 

Clarke,  Francis,  bequest,  ii.  573 
Clarke,  Joseph,  architect,  ii.  149 
Clarke,  Mary  Anne,  i.  348  ;  lived,  iii. 

348 

Clarke,  S. ,  architect,  i.  79  ;  iii.  383 
Clarke,  Sir  Edward,  ii.  344 
Clarke,  Sir  Simon,  lived,  ii.  119 
Clarke,  T.  Chatfeild,  architect,  i.  45,  503  ; 

iii.    380 

Clarke,  Thomas,  lived,  iii.  99 
Claydon,  John,  burned,  ii.  233 
Claypole,    Elizabeth,    daughter   of   Oliver 

Cromwell,  buried,  iii.  468 
Clayton,  Dr.,  pastor,  iii.  117 
Clayton,  Sir  Robert,  i.  394  ;  ii.  431  ;  lived, 

614 
Clayton    and   Bell,    glass,  ii.    360,  491  ; 

mosaic,  iii.  471 


Cleland,  John,  died,  iii.  79 

Cleland,  William,  lived,  ii.  296 

Clemence,  architect,  i.  362 

Clement,  Gregory,  executed,  i.  354 

Clere,  Thomas,  brass,  ii.  495 

Cleveland,     Duchess    of,     i.     421,     422  ; 

baptized,  ii.  468  ;  letter,  448  ;  lived,  i. 

62,  166  ;  iii.  506 
Cleveland,  Duke  of,  died,  ii.  300 
Cleveland,  John,  buried,  ii.  535 
Clifford,  family,  i.  324 
Clifford,  Lady  Jane,  tomb,  iii.  465 
Clifford,  Hugh,  Lord,  iii.  297 
Clifford,    Lord-Treasurer,    lived,    i.    361  ; 

iii.  443 

Clifford,  Martin,  lived,  i.  365 
Clifford,  Robert  de,  i.  423 
Clifton,   Edward,  ii.  38  ;  architect,  3,  23, 

377.  378 
Cline,  Henry,  lived,  i.  277  ;   ii.  493  ;  died, 

396 

Clint,  George,  A.  R.A.,  lived,  ii.    134 
Clinton    General,    Sir    Henry,    lived,    iii. 

109 

Clinton,  Lord,  lived,  i.  289 
Clive,  Kitty,  lived,  ii.  208 
Clive,    Robert    Lord,    Merchant   Taylors' 

School,  ii.   526  ;  died,  i.    163  ;  portrait, 

ii.  616 

Closterman,  John,  lived,  iii.  85 
Cloudesley,  family,  i.  429 
Clun,  actor,  murdered,  ii.  333  ;  iii.  347 
Glutton,  Henry,  architect,  ii.  31 
Clyde,    Lord,    lived,  i.    165  ;    buried,    iii. 

463  ;  statue,  454  ;  monument,  474 
Cnut,  King,  ii.  419 
Coade's  artificial  stone,  iii.  482 
Coan,  Norfolk  dwarf,  ii.  50 
Cobb,  cabinetmaker,  ii.  485 
Cobbett,  William,  lived,  i.  217 
Cobden,    Richard,  lived,   iii.   333  ;    statue, 

i-  319 
Cobham,  Sir  John  Oldcastle,  Lord,  lived, 

i.  419,  454  ;   executed,  ii.  113 
Cobham,  Lord,  i.  197  ;  ii.  79,  548 
Cobham,  Lord,  Pope's,  lived,  ii.  187 
Cochrane,  Lord.     See  Dundonald 
Cock,  Mr.,  surgeon,  ii.  305 
Cockaine,  Sir  Thomas,  ii.  33 
Cockaine,  Sir  William,  i.  435  ;  lived,  278 
Cocker,   Edward,   lived,   iii.    52 ;    died,   ii. 

341  ;  buried,  103 
Cockerell,    C.    R. ,   R.A.,  architect,   i.    96, 

117;  ii.  2,  51,  186,  430,  443;   iii.  159, 

333,  360,  422 

Cockerell,  F.  Pepys,  architect,  ii.  77 
Cockerell,    S.    P.,  architect,   i.    8,  49;    ii. 

481  ;  iii.  209 

Cockes,  Dr.,   Dean  of  Canterbury,  ii.  271 
Cocks's  auction  rooms,  iii.  84 
Codrington,    Admiral    Sir   Edward,    died, 

ii.  4  ;  buried,  iii.  74 
Coigny,  Mardchal  Due  de,  lived,  iii.  291 


558 


INDEX 


Coke,  Sir  Edward,  i.  424  ;  ii.  n,  27,  195  ; 

reader,   453  ;   Inner  Temple,   iii.    354  ; 

marriage,  i.  44  ;  lived,  iii.  232  ;  portrait, 

232 

Coke,  Justice  William,  i.  108 
Coke,  Lady  Mary,  lived,  ii.  565 
Coke,  Robert,  buried,  i.  44 
Coke,  Sir  John,  lived,  ii.  85 
Coke  of  Holkham,  i.  164  ;  lived,  iii.  33 
Colbert,  lived,  ii.  380 
Colborne,  Lord,  lived,  ii.  215 
Colburn,  Henry,  died,  i.  289 
Colby,  Sir  Thomas,  i.  441 
Cole,  J.  J.,  architect,  iii.  315 
Cole,  Lieutenant  H.   H.,  architect,  ii.  569 
Cole,   Sir   Henry,   K.C.  B.,   iii.    222,    223, 

277  ;    at    Christ's    Hospital,    i.     396 ; 

buried,  282 

Coleman,  Robert,  i.  443 
Colepepper,  Colonel,  i.  214  ;  at  Whitehall, 

iii.  512 
Coleridge,  S.  T. ,  ii.  37,  593;   "Grecian," 

i.  396  ;  lectures,   471  ;  ii.   66  ;  iii.  336  ; 

monetary  relief,  188  ;  tavern,  207  ;  lived, 

i.  204  ;  ii.  7,  601  ;  iii.  280 
Coleridge,  Sara,  died,  i.  387 
Colet,  Dean  John,  born,  i.  52  ;  vicar,  538  ; 

founder,   iii.  63  ;  tomb,  41  ;  monument, 

49  ;  portrait,  ii.  520 
Colet,  Humfrey,  M.P.,  ii.  91 
Colet,  Sir  Henry,  lived,  i.  539 
Coley,  Henry,  ii.  144  ;  lived,  iii.  173 
Collcutt,  T.  E.,  architect,  ii.  256  ;  iii.  237 
College,  Stephen,  buried,  ii.  154 
Collier,  Jeremy,  prison,  ii.  90 ;  buried,  iii.  20 
Collier,  J.  Payne,  iii.  153,  307 
Collingwood,  Lord,  monument,  iii.  48 
Collingwood,  Sir  John,  grave,  iii.  49 
Collins,  Anthony,  lived,  i.  341 
Collins,   Arthur,   lived,    ii.    63 ;    buried,   i. 

128 

Collins,  Charles  A.,  buried,  i.  282 
Collins,  John,  died,  ii.  85 
Collins,    William,    poet,    i.     380  ;    lived, 

330  ;  ii.  270 
Collins,    William,    R.A.,    born,    iii.    382  ; 

lived,  no;  died,  i.  501  ;  buried,  iii.  3 
Collins,  William  Wilkie,  died,  iii.  523 
Collinson,  Peter,  F.R.S.,  lived,  ii.  136 
Colman,  George,  the  elder,  school,  iii.  488  ; 

lived,  i.  123  ;  iii.  266  ;  manager,  ii.  200  ; 

monument,  326 

Colman,  George,  the  younger,  manager,  ii. 
201  ;  married,  450  ;  lived,  519  ;  died,  i. 
281  ;  monument,  ii.  326 
Colman,  Thomas,  monument,  ii.  326 
Colquhoun,  Patrick,  died,  ii.  274 
Colton,  Rev.  C.  C. ,  lived,  iii.  121 
Combe,  William,  prisoner,  ii.  342 
Combermere,  Field-Marshal,  Lord,  school, 

iii.  488  ;  buried,  77 

Compton,  Henry,  Bishop  of  London,  i.  49 ; 
iii.  46  ;  lived,  i.  24 


Compton,  Sii  Francis,  i.  449 

Comyn,    Sir    Robert,    Merchant    Taylors' 

School,  ii.  526 
Concanen,  ii.  141 
Cond6,  Prince  of,  lived,  ii.  384 
Cond£,  Princess  of,  buried,  iii.  268 
Condell,  Henry,  buried,  ii.  490;   will,  206 
Congleton,    H.    B.     Parnell,    first    Lord, 

buried,  i.  134 
Congreve,  William,  ii.  397,  414,  440,  446  ; 

Middle   Temple,    iii.   357 ;    lived,   337  ; 

buried,  463  ;  monument,  473 
Conquest,  George,  ii.  148 
Constable,  Amy,  memorial,  iii.  19 
Constable,    John,     R.A. ,    lived,    ii.    335  ; 

died,  i.  362 
Constance    of    Castile,    John   of  Gaunt's 

second  wife,  tomb,  iii.  41 
Constantino,  a  Greek,  ii.  147 
Conway,  Field-Marshal,  lived,  iii.  265,  452 
Conyngham,  Marchioness  of,  lived,  ii.  183 
Cook,  Captain  James,  i.  254  ;  club,  ii.  484 ; 

lived,  542 

Cook,  Henry,  painter,  iii.  266 
Cooke,   George   Frederick,   actor,   ii.    126, 

200 ;   lived,   i.    311  ;    ii.   4,   336,   489  ; 

iii.  91,  332 

Cooke,  Henry,  lived,  ii.  349 
Cooke,  Thomas,  buried,  ii.  495 
Cooke,    T.    P.,    Sadler's  Wells,    iii.    201  ; 

buried,  i.  282 
Cooper,  J. ,  i.  490 
Cooper,  Samuel,   miniature  painter,  lived, 

ii.  207  ;  memorial,  iii.  17 
Cooper,  Sir  Astley,  lived,  i.  277  ;    ii.  305, 

493'  586  ;  died,  i.  450  ;  buried,  ii.  176  ; 

monument,  iii.  48 
Coote,  Sir  Eyre,  portrait,  ii.  616 
Cope,  C.  W. ,  R.A. ,  frescoes,  ii.  241,  242 
Cope,  Lady,  lived,  i.  522 
Cope,  Sir  John,  lived,  i.  411  ;  ii.  296 
Cope,  Sir  Walter,  ii.  223 
Copeland,  Alderman,   W.    T. ,  i.   478  ;  iii. 

335 

Copeland,  William,  lived,  ii.  63,  443 
Copland,  William,  lived,  iii.  377 
Copley,  John  Singleton,  R.A.,  lived,  ii.  93  ; 

portraits  by,  i.  395 
Coram,  Captain  Thomas,  i.  455  ;  founder, 

ii.  71  ;  died,  383 
Corbet,  Bp. ,  school,  iii.   488 
Corbet,  D.  A.,  architect,  i.  544 
Corbet,  Mrs.,  monument,  ii.  468 
Cork,   Countess  of,   lived,    i.    360 ;    died, 

308 
Cornelys,   Mrs.   Teresa,  i.    329  ;   lived,  iii. 

265  ;  prison,  ii.  60 
Cornwall,    John     of    Eltham,    Duke    of, 

buried,  i.  197 

Cornwallis,  Abp. ,  portrait,  ii.  364 
Cornwallis,   Charles,    Marquis,   grocer,   ii. 

161  ;  duel,  253  ;  lived,   i.  309  ;  ii.  137, 

165,  462  ;  monument,   iii.  48 


INDEX 


559 


Cormvallis,  Lady,  lived,  ii.  596 

Corticclli,  iii.  331 

Coryat,  Tom,  lived,  i.  228 

Cosin,  William,  i.  459 

Costa,   Sir   Michael,  conductor,  iii.    197  ; 

buried,  ii.  325 
Cosway,   Richard,   R.  A. ,  married,   ii.  96; 

lived,  i.  165  ;  ii.  616  ;  iii.  13,  220,  327; 

monument,  ii.  497 
Cotes,  F.,  R.A.,  died,  i.  342 
Cottenham,  Lord,  student,  ii.  391 
Cottington,  Francis,   Lord,  ii.  323  ;  lived, 

i.  278  ;  monument,  iii.  468 
Cotton,  Mr.,  Governor  of  the  Bank,  i.  97 
Cotton,  Charles,   buried,  ii.    280 
Cotton,  Sir  Allen,  Lord  Mayor,  monument, 

ii.  481 

Cotton,  Sir  John,  i.  252,  459 
Cotton,  Sir  Robert,  i.  253,  266  ;  lived,  459 
Courtenay,  William,  Abp.   of  Canterbury, 

i.  194 
Courtin,     Antoine,   French     Ambassador, 

lived,  ii.  299 

Cousins,  Samuel,  lived,  ii.  619 
Coutts,  (Mrs. )    See  St.  Alban's  (Duchess  of) 
Coutts,  Thomas,  i.  5  ;  lived,  476 
Coventry,  Wm. ,  fifth  Earl  of,  lived,  ii.  186 
Coventry,  George,  sixth  Earl  of,  i.  466  ;  ii. 

515  ;  died,  iii.  89 
Coventry,    Henry,     Secretary,    lived,     iii. 

332  ;  i.  467  ;  tomb,  ii.  478 
Coventry,  Lord  Keeper,  lived,  i.  325,  542  ; 

ii.  269  ;  died,  i.  467 

Coventry,  Sir  John,  i.  231  ;  lived,  iii.  332 
Coventry,  Sir  William,  i.   467  ;   prisoner, 

ii.  89  ;  iii.  399 
Coverdale,  Miles,  rector,  ii.   455  ;  buried, 

i.  117 
Cowley,  Abraham,  ii.  298  ;  school,  iii.  488  ; 

candidate   for    office    of  Master   of  the 

Savoy,  218  ;  lived,  i.  128  ;  ii.    62  ;  died 

iii.  363  ;  buried,  463  ;  monument,  476 
Cowley,  Richard,  buried,  ii.  387 
Cowper,  Ashley,  lived,  iii.  283 
Cowper,  James,  lived,  iii.  112 
Cowper,    Lord   Chancellor,   lived,   ii.    93, 

187,  395 
Cowper,   William,   poet,   i.   488  ;    ii.    335, 

469  ;     iii.     72  ;     school,     488  ;     Inner 

Temple,  354  ;  lived,  ii.    258 
Cowper,  William,  Earl  (d.  1793),  lived,  iii. 

193 

Cowper,  Sir  William,  i.  469  ;  lived,  iii.  112 
Cox,  Richard,  Bp.  of  Ely,  ii.  10 
Coxe,  Archdeacon,  born,  i.  517 
Coxe,  Peter,  auctioneer,  lived,  iii.  221 
Crabbe,  George,  ii.    248  ;    lived,  i.  7,  189, 

311,   458;  on  Westminster  Bridge,  iii. 

482 

Grace,  F. ,  i.  255,  267 
Grace,  J.  G. ,  decorator,  iii.  23 
Cracherode,    Rev.    C.    M. ,    i.    254,    267 ; 

born,  iii.  134 


Cradock,  James,  buried,  ii.  501 
Cradock,  Thomas,  jumped  from  monument, 

»•  559 

Cragg,  James,  i.  469 
Craggs,   Secretary,  lived,   ii.   307  ;   buried, 

iii.  463,  467  ;  monument,  473 
Craig,  Joseph,  i.  469 
Cramer,  William,  buried,  ii.  496 
Crane,  Sir  Francis,  iii.  382 
Cranmer,  Abp. ,  prisoner,  iii.  398 ;  portrait, 

ii.  364 

Crashaw,  Richard,  school,  i.  365 
Cratwell,  London  hangman,  i.  420 
Craufurd,  Dr.,  i.  386 
Craven,  Sir  William,  iii.  104 
Craven,  William,  first  Earl  of,  i.  166,  334; 

ii.  232  ;   iii.  72  ;  died,  i.  472  ;  portrait, 

366 

Craythorne,  John,  i.  155 
Creede,  Thomas,  i.  336  ;  lived,  ii.  372 
Cremorne,  Lord,  i.  376  ;  lived,  473 
Cresswell,  Sir  Cresswell,  school,  i.  365 
Creswell,  Madame,  i.  243 
Creswick,     Mr.,     actor,     lived,     i.     209  ; 

manager,  iii.  337 
Cresy,  Edward,  lived,  iii.  333 
Crew,  Nathaniel,    Lord,    Bp.   of  Durham, 

lived,  iii.  84 
Crewe,  John,  first  Lord,  i.  287  ;  lived,  ii. 

166 

Crewe,  Mrs. ,  lived,  ii.  166 
Crispe,  Sir  Nicholas,  buried,  ii.  539 
Crispin,    Dr.,   lived   at    Pimlico  1687,   iii. 

97 

Crockford,  John,  i.  475  ;  lived,  iii.  324 
Crodacott,  chaplain,  iii.  216 
Croft,  William,  buried,  iii.  464 
Crofts,  Lord,  lived,  ii.  596  ;  iii.  296 
Crofts,  Sir  William,  duel,  ii.  130 
Croke,  Sir  George,  lived,  ii.  62 
Croker,  J.  Crofton,  buried,  i.  282 
Croly,  Rev.  George,  LL.  D. ,  lived,  i.  169 
281  ;  iii.  133  ;  rector,  311  ;  bust,  312 
Cromarty,  Earl  of,  died,  iii.  101 
Cromwell,  Mrs.  Elizabeth,  died,  i.  146 
Cromwell,    Henry,    Pope's    correspondent, 

lived,  iii.  121,  515  ;  buried,  i.  414 
Cromwell,    Henry,    son  of  Oliver,    Gray's 

Inn,  ii.  140  ;  married,  i.  475  ;  ii.  326 
Cromwell,  Mary,  lived,  ii.  30 
Cromwell,   Oliver,  i.    210,   419,  443,  535  ; 
ii.  160,  252,  273,  290  ;  student,  ii.  390  ; 
married,    no;    lived,    i.    437,    523;    ii. 
338,    437 ;    iii.    340 ;   at   Temple  Bar, 
358  ;  keys  of  City  delivered  to  him,  ii. 
269  ;    inaugurated  as    Lord    Protector, 
iii.    485  ;   offered  the  Crown,    511  ;    lay 
in    state,     270 ;    corpse,    155  ;    buried, 
468  ;  body  at  Tyburn,  419  ;  letter,  183  ; 
proclamation,      ii.     283  ;     his     mother 
buried,  468  ;  his  tall  porter,  i.  175 
Cromwell,    Richard,   temp.   Henry,  VIII., 
ii.  203 


560 


INDEX 


Cromwell,  Richard,  son  of  Henry,  baptism, 

ii.  178 

Cromwell,  Richard,  student,  ii.  390 
Cromwell,  Thomas,  Lord,  i.  325 
Cromwell,  Thomas  (d.  1748),  iii.  260 
Crook,  Japhet,  pillory,  i.  355 
Crooke,  Dr.  Hilkiah,  i.  172 
Croom,  Dr.,  trial,  iii.  214 
Crosby,    Brass,  -died,   i.    367 ;    obelisk  in 

honour  of,  ii.  607 
Crosby,  Sir  John,  i.   476 ;    monument,  ii. 

204 

Cross,  highwayman,  ii.  591 
Cross,  menagerie  keeper,  ii.  26  ;  iii.  338 
Crosse  and  Blackwell,  iii.  267 
Croton,  William,  iii.  326 
Cruden,  Alex.,  lived,   iii.    219;    died,   ii. 

270  ;  buried,  i.  491 

Cruikshank,  George,  lived,  ii.  184,  563 
Cruikshank,   William   Cumberland,    died, 

ii.  384 

Crundale,  Richard  de,  i.  353 
Crundale,  Roger  de,  i.  353 
Crunden,  John,  i.  222 
Cubitt,  J. ,  architect,  i.  198 
Cubitt,  Lewis,  architect,   i.    131  ;  ii.  146, 

147 

Cubitt,  Thomas,  i.  16,  153  ;  ii.  323 
Cubitt,  Sir  William,  iii.  275 
Cubitt,  Mr.,  ii.  425 
Cubitt,  Messrs. ,  ii.  4  ;  iii.  83 
Cullum,  Sir  John,  lived,  i.  482 
Culver,  William,  ii.  415 
Cumberland,    William,    Duke   of,    i.    482, 

483  ;  ii.   71,    166,  235  ;  iii.  220  ;  born, 

ii.  381  ;  lived,  iii.  12  ;  buried,  463,  467;; 

statue,  i.  341 
Cumberland,  Duke  of,   brother  of  George 

III.,  lived,  iii.  447 
Cumberland,  Cliffords,   Earls  of,   lived,   i. 

324;  iii.  381 
Cumberland,  George,  third  Earl  of,  buried, 

ii.  500 
Cumberland,    Richard,    school,    iii.    488  . 

lived,  i.  2  ;  iii.  139  ;  died,  i.  145 
Cumberland,    Richard,     Bishop    of   Peter- 
borough, lived,  i.  324 
Cundy,    Thomas,    architect,    i.    108,    152, 

387  ;  ii.  162,  533  ;  iii.  3 
Cundy,  Messrs.,  architects,  ii.  318 
Cunningham,   Allan,   i.    295  ;    lived,    152  ; 

buried,  ii.  325 

Cunningham,  Thomas,  buried,  ii.  312 
Cunningham,  William,  lived,  i.  443 
Cuper,  Boydell,  i.  483 
Cure,  Thomas,  i.  484 ;  lord  of  manor,  iii. 

30  ;  monument,  215 
Curll,  Edmund,  i.  349,  494  ;   lived,  ii.  63  ; 

iii.    170  ;  pillory,   i.    355  ;   treatment  by 

the  Westminster  scholars,  iii.  489 
Curll,  William,  lived,  {.,229  ;  club,  480 
Curran,  John  Philpot,  i.    357  ;  lived,   42  ; 

ii.  14  ;  died,  i.  281  ;  buried,  iii.  2 


Currey,  Henry,  architect,  ii.  424  ;  iii.  374 
Curtis,  William,   lived,   ii.    136  ;  buried,  i. 

128 

Curzon,  Lady  Diana,  lived,  iii.  112 
Cutler,   Sir  John,  grocer,   ii.    161  ;  buried, 

468 

Cuvier,  Baron,  lived,  ii.  385 
Cuzzoni,  Francesca,  singer,  ii.  200 

DABORNE,  prisoner,  i.  426 

Dacre  family,  i.  141 

Dacre,  Anne,    Lady,   benefactor,   ii.    14 ; 

monument,  449 
Dacres,  Lords,  of  the  South,  residence,  iii. 

329.  388 
Dacre,    Thomas,  eighth   Lord,    executed, 

iii.  414 
Dacre,  Gregory,  ninth  Lord,   i.  324,  377  ; 

ii.  14  ;  buried,  iii.   230  ;  monument,    ii. 

449 
Daffy,  Mrs.    Catherine,  ii.   457;    died,  iii. 

203 

Dahl,  Michael,  buried,  ii.  280 
Dale,  Rev.  Thomas,  "  deputy  Grecian,"  i. 

396 

Dalhousie,  Countess  of,  monument,  ii.  499 
Dallington,  Sir  Robert,  lived,  i.  365 
Dalton's  print  warehouse,  iii.  14 
Damer,  Hon.  John,  i.  142  ;  lived,  ii.  164 
Darner,  Hon.  Mrs.,  died,  i.  283 
Danby,  Henry  Danvers,  Earl  of,  ii.  283 
Dance,  George,  sen.,  architect,  i.  178,  226  ; 

ii.  386,  450,  463 
Dance,    George,  jun. ,    R.A. ,    architect,    i. 

29,    35,    116,    120  ;    ii.    114,    134,    170, 

366,  451,  463,  591,  611  ;  iii.  287,  335 
Dance,  Giles,  architect,  i.  227 
Dancett,  Mr. ,  lived,  ii.  596 
Dandulo,  baptized,  ii.  28 
Dangerfield,  ii.  194,  221 
Daniel,  George,  lived,  i.  326 
Daniel,  Samuel,  lived,  ii.  615 
Daniel,  Thomas,  i.  236 
Daniell,    Thomas,    R.A.,    lived,    ii.    245; 

buried,  325 

Danvers,  Sir  John,  lived,  i.  376,  377,  490 
Danvers,  Lord,  lived,  ii.  196 
Darbishire,    H.  A. ,   architect,  i.   446  ;   iii. 

434 
D'Arblay,     Madame,      married,     i.     533 ; 

lived,  218,  387  ;  ii.  181,  489,  565 
Darbyshire,  Richard,  rector,  ii.  178 
Darcy,  Thomas,  Lord,  monument,  i.  226 
Darnley,  James,  natural  son  of  James  II., 

buried,  iii.  466 
Darrell,  Dr.,  bequest,  ii.  579 
Darson,  John,  i.  213 
Dartequenave,   Charles,  ii.   345  ;   lived,  i. 

309 
Dartmouth,  William,  first  Earl  of,  i.   410  ; 

lived,  i.  490  ;  buried,  iii.  407 
Dartmouth,     William,     second    Earl    of, 

buried,  iii.  407 


INDEX 


561 


Darwin,  Charles,  statue,  i.  274 
Daubeny,  Sir  Giles,  altar-tomb,  iii.  468 
Daukes,  Samuel  W.,  architect,  i.  530 
Daukes  and  Hamilton,  architects,  iii.  458 
Davenant,  Lady,  lived,  iii.  202  ;  died,  i. 

337  ;  buried,  239 
Davenant,    Sir  William,   i.    24,    85,   436  ; 

ii.  397,   607  ;    prisoner,   iii.    399  ;    died, 

112  ;    buried,  463,  476;    revival  of  the 

stage,  191 

Davenport,  Mrs.,  lived,  i.  280 
Davidge,  — ,  manager,  iii.  337 
Davids,  Miss,  lived,  i.  337 
Davidson,  Alexander,  lived,  ii.  301 
Davies,  James,  i.  139 
Davies,  John,  architect,  i.  478 
Davies,    Sir    John,    expelled    the    Middle 

Temple,  iii.  356  ;  readmitted,  356 
Davies,   Mary,    marriage   to    Sir    Thomas 

Grosvenor,  i.  414 
Davies,  Mary,    married   to   Lord   George 

Bentinck,  ii.  517 
Davies,  Tom,  lived,  i.  531 ;  iii.  194  ;  buried, 

59 

Davies,  Sir  Thomas,  i.  79 
Davies  of  Hereford  (d.    1617),  buried,  i. 

538 

Davis,  Sir  John,  ii  387 
Davis,  Lockyer,  monument,  i.  116 
Davis,  Moll,  lived,  ii.  298  ;  iii.  331 
Davison,  Thomas,  lived,  iii.  504 
Davy,   Sir    Humphry,    iii.    186  ;    founder, 

542  ;    married    to   Mrs.    Apreece,    109  ; 

lived,   ii.    165  ;    iii.    34  ;    portrait,   188  ; 

bust,  471 

Dawe,  George,  R.A.,  lived,  i.  236 
Dawes,  John,  ii.  214 
Dawes,     Sir     William,     Abp.     of    York, 

Merchant  Taylors'  School,  ii.  526  ;  lived, 

'•  343 

Dawncey,  William,  founder,  iii.  212 
Dawson,  Bully,  died,  ii.  413 
Dawson,  Jemmy,  executed,  ii.  324 
Dawson,  Nancy,  buried,  ii.  102 
Day,  Bp.,  rector,  i.  34 
Day,  Thomas,  market  keeper,  i.  463 
Day,  Thomas,   born,   iii.   458  ;    school,   i. 

365  ;  lived,  iii.  318 
Daye,  John,  lived,  i.  21 
Dayes,  Edward,  lived,  ii.  76 
Dean,  George,  builder,  ii.  56 
Deane,  Mr.,  Pope's  schoolfellow,  i.  519 
De  Beauvoir,  Richard,  i.  93 
De  Cort,  H.  F.  J.,  buried,  iii.  21 
De  Critz,  John,  lived,  iii.  242 
Defoe,    Daniel,   i.    314 ;    ii.   68 ;    prisoner, 

591  ;    lived,    i.    494  ;    ii.    76,    185  ;    iii. 

318  ;  died,  ii.    109  ;   iii.    168  ;  buried,  i. 

3°3 

Defoe,  Mrs.,  buried,  i.  303 
Defoe,  Sophia,  baptism,  ii.  178 
De  Grey,  Lord  Chief  Justice,  lived,  ii.   396 
Dekker,  prisoner,  iii.  117 
VOL.  Ill 


De  la  Beche,  Sir  H.  T.,  ii.  567 
Delany,    Mrs.,    i.    422;    lived,    218,    283, 
340,  412  ;  iii.  170  ;  died,  ii.  297 ;  buried, 
281 

Delaval,  Lord,  i.  330 
De  Moivre,  Abraham,  iii.  253 
Denbigh,  William,  Earl  of,  lived,  i.  325 
Denham,     Lieut. -Col,     Dixon,    Merchant 

Taylors'  School,  ii.  526 
Denham,  Sir  John,  i.  305,  495  ;   student, 
ii.  390  ;  married,  i.  239  ;  died,  iii.  224  ; 
buried,  463 

Denham,  Lady,  buried,  ii.  468 
Denison,  J.,  lived,  ii.  493 
Denman,    Lord  Chief    Justice,   lived,    iii. 

109  ;  portrait,  232 
Denman,  Maria,  ii.  51 
Denney,  Lord,  ii.  27 
Denny,  Sir  Anthony,  school,  iii.  63 
Denny,  Hugh,  ii.  139 
Dent,  Mr.,  died,  ii.  213 
Denys,  Peter,  lived,  iii.  65 
De  Quincey,  Thomas,  lived,  i.    380  ;  iii. 

540 
Derby,  Thomas  Stanley,  first  Earl  of,  lived, 

i.  496  ;  ii.  208  ;  iii.  191 
Derby,  Edward,  third  Earl  of,  i.  324,  496 
Derby,   William,   sixth   Earl  of,   lived,   i. 

496 
Derby,  Edward,  twelfth  Earl  of,  married  to 

Miss  Farren,  ii.  165 
Derby,  Edward,  fourteenth  Earl  of,  i.  254  ; 

bust,  ii.  523  ;  statue,  iii.  8 
Derby,  Edward,  fifteenth  Earl  of,  ii.  302  ; 

Peabody  Buildings,  iii.  66 
Dering,  Sir  Cholmley,  duel,  iii.  386 
Dermody,  Thomas,  lived,  ii.  620 
Derrick,  — ,  ii.  18 
Derrick,  hangman,  iii.  417 
Derwentwater,    Earl   of,   ii.    74  ;   prisoner, 

iii.  399  ;  executed,  401 
Desaguliers,  Dr.  J.  T. ,  died,  i.  143 
De  Tabley,  Lord,  lived,  ii.  215 
Dethike,  Gilbert,  ii.  209 
De  Valangin,  Dr.,  lived,  ii.  211 
Devone,  Mons. ,  i.  358 
Devonshire,  Countess  of,   ii.   48  ;   died,  i. 

502 

Devonshire,  Duchess  of,  ii.  438 
Devonshire,  William,  first  Duke  of,  i.  61  ; 
163,    214  ;    at  Whitehall,    ii.    556 ;    iii. 
512  ;  died,  i.  502  ;  iii.  89 
Devonshire,    William,    third    Duke    of,    i. 

163  ;  lived,  501 

Devonshire,  fourth  Duke  of,  i.  306 
Devonshire,  Hugh  Courtenay,    Earl  of,  i. 

475  ;  benefactor,  iii.  503 
Devonshire,  Mountjoy,  Earl  of,  buried,  iii. 

464 
Devonshire,  William,  first  Earl  of,  died,  ii. 

596 

Devonshire,  William,  second  Earl  of,  died, 
i.  502  ;  buried,  227 

2  O 


562 


INDEX 


D'Ewes,  Sir  Symonds,  iii.   302  ;   lived,   i. 

494  ;  ii.  61,   269 
De  Wint,  Peter,  lived,  ii.   134  ;    iii.    152  ; 

memorial,  ii.  500 
Dibdin,   Charles,   ii.   336,  452  ;    manager, 

iii.  337  ;  died,  i.  61  ;  buried,  319 
Dibdin,  Thomas,   iii.  209  ;  born,   ii.   569  ; 

lessee,  iii.   337  ;    lived,  i.   362  ;   ii.   126, 

562,  570 
Dibdin,   R.ev.    Thomas  Frognal,  D.  D. ,   i. 

289  ;  rector,  ii.  493 
Dickens,  Charles,   i.    181  ;  ii.   249  ;  lived, 

i.     131,    161,    503,    516 ;    ii.    600 ;    iii. 

349  ;    died,    ii.    84 ;    buried,    iii.    463, 

477 

Dickenson,  Dr.  Edmund,  lived,  ii.  483 
Dicker,  Walter,  ii.  523 
Dickson,  Dr.,  Bp.  of  Down,  buried,  ii.  275 
Digby,  Sir  Everard,  executed,  ii.  431,  448 
Digby,   Sir  Kenelm,    lived,    ii.    155,    221, 

483  ;    iii.   84  ;   arrested,   501  ;  prisoner, 

i.  478  ;  iii.  525  ;  buried,  i.  392 
Digby,  Lady  Venetia,  buried,  i.  392 
Dighton,  William  de,  lived,  i.  206 
Dillon,  A.  R.,  Abp.  of  Narbonne,  buried, 

iii.  i  8 

Dillon,  Dr.,  i.  291,  362 
Dillon's  print  warehouse,  iii.  177 
Dilly,  Edward,  bookseller,  lived,  iii.  117  ; 

buried,  ii.  102 

Dingley,  Mr.,  i.  404 ;  ii.  454 
Disraeli,  Benjamin.     See  Beaconsfield 
Disraeli,  Isaac,  lived,  i.  6,  7,  209  ;  ii.  273 
Ditton,  Humphry,  i.  479  ;  buried,  398 
Dives,  Sir  Lewis,  lived,  ii.  207 
Dixon,  John,  i.  417 
Dobson,  William,  buried,  ii.  478 
Docminique,  Paul,  lived,  ii.  489 
Dockwra,   William,    iii.   69 ;  Penny  Post, 

114 ;  lived,  ii.  388 
Docwra,  Thomas,  Prior  of  the  Hospital  of 

St.  John  of  Jerusalem,  Clerkenwell,  ii. 

211,   313 

Dodd,  actor,  died,  iii.  283 

Dodd,  Rev.  Dr.,  i.  290,  362  ;  ii.  97,  126  ; 

chaplain,  iii.  458  ;  lived,  283  ;  trial,  ii. 

611  ;  executed,  iii.  416 
Dodd,  Ralph,  iii.  453 
Dodington,  Bubb,  Lord  Melcombe,  lived, 

iii.  12 

Dodington,  Eliza,  ii.  121 
Dodington,  William,  iii.  230 
Dodsley,  James,  buried,  ii.  281 
Dodsley,  Robert,  lived,  iii.  12 
Dodson,    Sir    John,    Merchant     Taylors' 

School,  ii.  526 

Doggett,  Thomas,  ii.  49  ;  prize,  iii.  364 
Dolben,  David,   Bp.    of   Bangor,    i.    94 ; 

monument,  ii.  178 

Dolben,  John,  Bp.  of  Rochester,  i.  393 
Dollond,  John,  born,  iii.  292 
Dollond,  Peter,  died,  ii.  357  ;  tomb,  495 
Dolman,  Master,  i.  344 


Donaldson,   Thomas  L. ,   buried,  i.   282  ; 

architect,   280,  471,    489  ;    ii.  130  ;    iii. 

91,  226,  422 
Donegal,  Barbara,  Marchioness  of,  lived, 

i.  491 

Donne,  John,  mercer,  ii.  498 
Donne,  Dr.,  lived,  i.  522  ;  student,  ii.  390  ; 

preacher,    391,    449  ;     vicar,    i.    538  ; 

prison,  ii.    59 ;    tomb,  iii.    41,    48 ;    his 

wife  buried,   i.  414  ;    his  son  lived,   iii. 

540 

Donyngtone,  Thomas  de,  thief,  iii.  241 
Doolittle,  Thomas,  minister,  ii.  554 
Dorchester,  Countess  of,  i.  50  ;    lived,   ii. 

300 

Dorchester,  Darners,  Earls  of,  i.  512 
Dorchester,  Marquis  of,  lived,  i.  22,  24 
Dorchester,  Viscount,  monument,  iii.  468 
D'Orsay,  Count,  lived,  ii.  130 
Dorset,  Anne  Clifford,  Countess  of,  lived, 

i-  324 

Dorset,    Cicely,    Dowager     Countess    of, 

lived,  i.  515  ;  prison  (1610),  ii.  59 
Dorset,  Lionel,  first  Duke  of,  lived,  ii.  73, 

198 
Dorset,  Richard,  Earl  of,  lived,  i.  515  ;  iii. 

202 
Dorset,  Thomas  Sackville,  Earl  of  (d.  1608), 

i.  515  ;  buried,  239 
Dorset  and   Middlesex,   Charles,   Earl  of, 

Master  of  Grocers'   Company,  ii.    161  ; 

lived,  i.  229,  296,  357  ;   ii .  299  ;  verses 

on  Whitehall,  iii.  507 
Doubleday,  John,  i.  254 
Douce,  Francis,  lived,  ii.  134  ;  iii.  348 
Doughty,  William,  lived,  iii.  382 
Douglas,  Gawin,  Bp.   of  Dunkeld,  brass, 

ii.  500 

Douglas,  James,  lived,  iii.  328 
Douglas,  John,  Bp.  of  Salisbury,  i.  433 
Douglas,  Miss,  i.  250 
Douglas,  Sir  Robert  and  Lady,  monument, 

ii.  499 
Dove,  Bp. ,  Merchant  Taylors'  School,  ii. 

526 

Dover,  Henry  Carey,  Earl  of,  lived,  i.  278 
Dover,    Henry   Jermyn,   Earl  of,   lived,  i. 

516  ;  iii.  88 
Dover,  George  Agar  Ellis,  Lord,  lived,  ii. 

Si9 
Dow,  Robert,  monument,  i.  226  ;  portrait, 

»•  523 

Dowbiggin,  Launcelot,  architect,  ii.  494 
Dowe,    Robert,  gift  to  St.   Sepulchre's,  iii. 

229  ;  buried,  229 

Downing,  Dr.  Calybute,  rector,  ii.  178 
Downing,  Sir  George,  i.  519 
Doy ley's  warehouse,  iii.  324 
D'Oyley,  Mrs.,  lived,  i.  487 
Drake,   Sir  Francis,   lived,  i.    518  ;  ii.  15  ; 

portrait,  iii.  408 
Drayton,  Michael,  lived,  ii.  61  ;  buried,  iii. 

463  ;  monument,  476 


INDEX 


563 


Drogheda,  Countess  of,  lived,  ii.  194 

Drope,  Sir  Robert,  i.  457 

Drummond,  Mr.,  lived,  i.  330 

Drummond,  Messrs.,  i.  5 

Drury,  Elizabeth,  i.  522 

Drury,  Sir  Robert,  i.  522 

Drury,  Sir  William,  i.  522 

Dryden,  Erasmus,  grocers,  ii.    160  ;  lived, 

339 

Dryden,  John,  ii.  37 ;  school,  iii.  488 ; 
attack  on,  170,  519  ;  married  to  Lady 
Elizabeth  Howard,  343  ;  lived,  ii.  105, 
437  ;  buried,  iii.  463  ;  bust,  476 

Dryden,  Thomas,  school,  i.  365 

Dubourg,  Matthew,  buried,  iii.  2 

Ducarel,  Dr.,  died,  ii.  320 

Duck,  Stephen,  ii.  294 

Ducrow,  buried,  ii.  324 

Dudley,  Alice,  Duchess  of,  lived,  i.  530  ; 
died,  ii.  407;  monument,  112 

Dudley,  Earl  (d.  1833),  lived,  i.  64,  530 

Dudley,  Earl  of,  ii.  8  ;  iii.  33 

Dudley,  Lord  Guilford,  prisoner,  iii.  395  ; 
executed,  401  ;  buried,  76 

Dudley,  Edmund,  lived,  iii.  206 

Dudley,  John,  iii.  319  (d.  1580),  monu- 
ment, 318 

Dudley,  Lady  Mary,  monument,  ii.  467 

Duesbury,  W. ,  i.  380 

Duffet,  Thomas,  lived,  ii.  582 

Dugdale,  Sir  William,  lived,  ii.  208 

Duggan,  William,  ii.  235 

Duke,  John,  lived,  ii.  228 ;  prisoner,  i.  426 

Duke,  Mr.,  ii.  202 

Dumergue,  Charles,  lived,  iii.  90 

Dun,  hangman,  iii.  417 

Duncan,  Lord,  monument,  iii.  48  ;  bust, 
408 

Dunch,  Mrs.,  died,  iii.  225 

Duncombe,    Mrs.    Lydia,    murdered,    iii. 

346 

Duncombe,  William,  lived,  ii.  81 
Dundonald,  Thomas,  tenth  Earl  of,  lived, 

ii.  152,  296,  619  ;  prisoner,  341  ;  died, 

iii.  141  ;  buried,  463 
Dunmore,  Earl  of,  lived,  i.  379  ;  ii.  186 
Dunster,  Roger,  i.  428 
Dunton,  John,  lived,  ii.    309  ;  buried,    i. 

303 

Dupont,  Gainsborough,  picture,  iii.  408 
Durel,  Dr.,  preacher,  iii.  218 
D'Urfey,  Tom,  ii.  593  ;  buried,  280 
Durham,  Bps.  of,  residence,  iii.  321 
Durrani,  John  Rowland,  ii.  87 
Dusillon,  architect,  iii.  91 
Dutch  ambassador,  iii.  35 
Duval,  Claude,  i.  348 
Dyce,  Rev.  Alexander,  library,  iii.  277 
Dyce,   W. ,  R.A. ,  frescoes,   ii.    240,    241  ; 

director,  iii.  222 
Dyer,  Charles,  architect,  i.  544 
Dyer,    Sir    Edward,    prisoner,     iii.     525  ; 

buried,  215 


Dyer,    George,   i.    424,    442 ;    buried,  ii. 

325 
Dyer,  J. ,  author  of  Grongar  Hill,  school, 

iii.  488 

Dyer,  Samuel,  died,  i.  337 
Dyot,  Richard,  lived,  i.  544 
Dyson,  Jeremiah,  iii.  232 
Dyves,  Sir  Lewis,  iii.  285 

EARDLEY-WiLMOT,  Sir  J. ,  lived,  ii.  618 
Earle,  Nathaniel  and  Jane,  lived,  {.313 
Earlom,  Richard,  born,  i.  468  ;  lived, 

441  ;  iii.  174  ;  died,  ii.  29  ;  buried,  494 
Eastfield,  Sir  William,  i.  20  ;  ii.   55 
Eastlake,  Sir  Charles  L.,  P.R.A.,  school, 

i.    365  ;  club,    iii.    313  ;  lived,    ii.    50  ; 

buried,  325 

Eaton,  H.  W.,  M.P.,  iii.  493 
Ebury,  Lord,  ii.  545 
Edgeworth,  Maria,  lived,  i.  80 
Edinburgh,  Duke  of,  i.   408;   ii.  151  ;   iii. 

408 

Edis,  Robert  William,  architect,  i.  452 
Edmeston,  J.  S. ,  architect,  ii.  36 
Edmeston,  James,  lived,  iii.  208 
Edridge,  Henry,  A.  R.A. ,  lived,  ii.  470 
Edward  the  Black  Prince,  ii.  47,  323 
Edward  the  Confessor,   founder,  iii.  461  ; 

died,  4  ;  buried,  463  ;  shrine,  468 
Edward  I. ,  i.    193  ;  benefactor,  iii.    503  ; 

buried,  463  ;  altar-tomb,  468 
Edward  III.,  ii.  3,  113  ;  buried,  iii.  463  ; 

altar-tomb,  469 
Edward  V. ,  born,  iii.  208  ;  and  his  brother 

buried,  393,  394 
Edward  VI.,  i.    194,   241,   394  ;  portrait, 

395'  397-  496  ;   at  Whitehall,  iii.  510  ; 

buried,  463  ;  statue,  ii.  502 
Edwards,    meeting  with   Dr.    Johnson,    i. 

3J3 

Edwards,  Major  Arthur,  i.  253 
Edwards,  Bryan,  lived,  ii.  92 
Edwards,  Daniel,  ii.  532 
Edwards,  Edward  (d.  1806),  buried,  iii.  21 
Edwards,  Talbot,  ii.   404  ;  memorial,   iii. 

77 
Edwin,  first  Abbot  of  Westminster,  buried, 

>•  351 

Edwin,  John,  lived,  i.  148 
Elliot,  George,  died,  i.  389 
Egerton  (d.  1836),  actor,  ii.  450 
Egerton,  John,  duel,  ii.  269 
Egerton,     Lord    Chancellor,    student,    ii. 

390  ;  lived,  269  ;  iii.  537 
Eggylston,  Richard,  murdered,  ii.  436 
Egremont,  Earl  of,  lived,  i.  318 
Eldon,  Lady,  died,  ii.  184 
Eldon,   Lord  Chancellor,  i.   470  ;  ii.    96  ; 

Middle  Temple,  iii.  358  ;  lived,  i.    146, 

328,  485 ;  ii.  134,  183,  618  ;  iii.  90,  233 ; 

portrait,  ii.  523  ;   iii.  232  ;  bust,  356 
Eleanor,  Queen,  widow  of  Henry  III.,   ii. 

319 


564 


INDEX 


Eleanor,   Queen,   wife   of  Edward    I.,    i. 

*97.    353 :    "•    3*9  '<    buried,    iii.    463 ; 

altar-tomb,  469 
Elgin,  Earl  of,  i.  260  ;  lived,  iii.  90  ;  duel 

(1638),  ii.  130 
Eliot,  George,  lived,  i.  204 
Eliot,  Sir  John,  prison,  ii.  89,  477 ;  died, 

iii.  398  ;  buried,  76 
Elizabeth,  widow  of  Edward  IV.,  died,  i. 

167 

Elizabeth  of  York,  lay  in  state,  iii.  394 
Elizabeth,  Queen,   i.   36,    363,    373,    378, 

541  ;    iii.    218  ;    buried,     463  ;    tomb, 

466  ;  statue,  i.   538  ;  ii.   444,    502  ;  iii. 

181 
Elizabeth,  Queen  of  Bohemia,  prisoner  when 

Princess,  ii.  380  ;  marriage  to  the  Prince 

Palatine,  iii.  126  ;  lived,  i.  472  ;  died,  ii. 

380  ;  buried,  iii.  463,  466 
Ellenborough,  Lord  Chief  Justice,  school, 

i.  365 ;  lived,  208 ;  ii.  301  ;  iii.  28 ;  died 

(1818),   ii.  213  ;  buried,  i.  365 
Ellesmere,    Francis,    Earl  of,    i.    325 ;    ii. 

151  ;  lived,  i.  246 
Ellice,  Edward,  M.P. ,  lived,  i.  63 
Elliot,  Adam,  ii.  278 
Elliot,  Sir  Henry,  K.C.B.,  born,  i.  236 
Elliot,  Lady,  lived,  ii.  352 
Elliotson,  Dr.,  lived,  i.  450 
Elliott,  Dame,  ii.  281 
Ellis,  Sir  Henry,  i.   272  ;    Merchant  Tay- 
lors' School,  ii.  526 
Ellis,  J.,  architect,  iii.  338 
Ellis,  John,  i.  117 
Ellis,  Wynn,  bequest,  ii.  573 
Ellison,   Mrs.,   collection  of  water-colour 

paintings,  iii.  276 
Elliston,  R.  W. ,  actor,  ii.  201  ;    manager, 

615  ;  lived,  iii.  328,  540  ;  buried,  ii.  312 
Ellwood,  Thomas,  i.   242,   300,    503  ;    ii. 

308  ;  prisoner,  591 
Elmes,  James,  architect,  i.  91 
Elmsley,  bookseller,  i.  451  ;  ii.  304 
Elphinstone,    J.,    translator    of    Martial, 

lived,  ii.  327  ;  monument,  326 
Elphinstone,    Hon.   Mountstuart,   lived,   i. 

13  ;  portrait,  ii.  16 

Elsing,  William,  i.  40  ;  founder,  ii.  10 
Elstob,  Rev.  William,  rector,  iii.  343 
Elsynge,  Henry,  born,   i.  127  ;  buried,   ii. 

468 

Elways,  Sir  Gervase,  hanged,  iii.  401 
Emanuel  and  Davis,  architects,  i.  403 
Emden,  Walter,  architect,  ii.  88  ;  iii.  361 
Emery,  J.,  actor,  tablet,  i.  44 
Emmet,  Maurice,  i-.  512 
Emmett,  J.  T. ,  architect,  ii.  318 
Empson,   Sir  Richard,   lived,    i.   241  ;    iii. 

206 

Ent,  Sir  George,  buried,  ii.  371 
Entick,  Rev.  John,  buried,  i.  539 
Eon,  Chevalier  d',  iii.  412  ;   lived,  i.  235  ; 

died,  ii.  546  ;  buried,  iii.  21 


Epine,  Francesca  Margherita  de  1',  singer, 
ii.  200 

Erasmus,  lived,  i.  83 

Erkenwald,  Bp.  of  London,  i.  188  ;  iii.  39 

Erskine,  Sir  Harry,  ii.  18 

Erskine,  Lord,  student,  ii.  391  ;  club,  i. 
480  ;  lived,  58,  166,  289  ;  ii.  48,  166, 
396  ;  iii.  13,  155  ;  statue,  ii.  399 

Esher,  Lord,  ii.  344 

Essex,  Countess  of  (Miss  Stephens,  singer), 
iii.  25  ;  died,  i.  153 

Essex,  Robert  Devereux,  Earl  of,  Queen 
Elizabeth's  favourite,  iii.  144,  510  ; 
lived,  ii.  16 ;  prisoner,  362  ;  iii.  398, 
537  ;  buried,  76,  470 

Essex,  Robert,  Earl  of,  Parliamentary 
general,  born,  ii.  17  ;  baptized,  609  ; 
iii.  227  ;  died,  ii.  17  ;  effigy  in  West- 
minster Abbey  destroyed,  iii.  477 

Essex,  Thomas  Cromwell,  Earl  of,  ii.  140  ; 
iii.  396 ;  lived,  i.  520 ;  executed,  iii. 
401  ;  buried,  76 

Essex,  William,  ii.  129  ;  lived,  619 

Estcourt,  Dick,   died,  iii.   284  ;  buried,  58 

Ethelbert,  King  of  Kent,  i.   20  ;  iii.  39 

Ethelgoda,  buried,  i.  351 

Etty,  William,  R.A.,  lived,  i.  296  ;  paint- 
ings, ii.  7 

Eugene,  Prince,  lived,  ii.  381 

Eurett,  Lady,  lived,  ii.  596 

Evans,  Rev.  — ,  ii.  174 

Evans,  General,  lived,  ii.  186 

Evans,  Henry,  i.  199 

Evans,  Maurice,  i.  213 

Evans,  Mrs.,  i.  483 

Evans,  William,  giant,  ii.  592 

Evelyn,  John,  Middle  Temple,  iii.  357 ; 
lived,  i.  72  ;  ii.  16,  448  ;  iii.  194,  336, 
436  ;  marriage  of  his  father  and  mother, 

373 

Everington  and  Graham,  ii.  447 
Evyngar,  Andrew,  brass,  i.  31 
Ewens,  Ralph,  died,  i.  223 
Ewin,  John,  lay  brother,  ii.  157 
Exeter,  Bps.   of,  residence,  iii.  321 
Exeter,   John  Holland,  Duke  of,  tomb,  ii. 

322 
Exeter,   Thomas   Cecil,   Earl   of,    lived,  ii. 

27  ;  altar-tomb,  iii.  470 
Exeter,  Countess  Dowager  of,  lived,  i.  473 
Exmouth,  Lord,  portrait,  ii.  264 
Eyre,  Charles,  lived,  iii.  122 
Eyre,  Simon,  mayor,  ii.  375,  417  ;  buried, 

508 

FABYAN,  Robert,  buried,  ii.  534 

Fairborne,  Sir  Palmes,  monument,  iii.  473 

Fairchild,  Thomas,  ii.  386 

Fairfax,  Bryan,  lived,  iii.  211 

Fairfax,  General,  Lord,   ii.   160  ;  iii.  539  ; 

Constable  of  the  Tower,  400  ;  married, 

ii.  179  ;  lived,  224  ;  iii.  136 
Fairholt,  F.  W.,  buried,  i.  282 


INDEX 


565 


Faithorne,  William,  lived,  i.   21  ;  iii.    16, 

124,  323  ;  buried,  i.  49 
Falconberg,  Lady,  died,  ii.  30 
Falconer,  Thomas,  ii.  563 
Falkland,  Lucius  Carey,  Viscount,  i.  509  ; 

prison,  ii.  59  ;  statue,  242 
Falmouth,  Charles,  Earl  of,  i.  359 
Falstolfe,  Sir  John,  i.  215,   528  ;    ii.  33  ; 

lived,  233 

Fane,  Colonel,  lived,  ii.  186 
Fanhope,  Lord,  lived,  ii.  48 
Fanshawe,  Lady,  i.  327  ;  born,  ii.  193  ; 

lived,  i.  223 
Fanshawe,  Sir  Richard,  lived,  i.   223  ;   ii. 

395 

Fantom,  Captain  Carlo,  i.  524 
Faraday,    Michael,    i.    78,   513  ;    iii.    186 ; 

born,  ii.  593  ;   Trinity  House,   iii.   409  ; 

lived,  i.  204,  361  ;  ii.  108,  272  ;  iii.  291, 

490 

Farindone,  William  le,  ii.  31 
Farinelli,  singer,  ii.  200 
Farnaby,  Thomas,  lived,  ii.  123 
Farnborough,  Lord,  ii.  573 
Farquhar,  G. ,  dramatist,  buried,  ii.  479 
Farquhar,  Sir  Walter,  lived,  i.  450 
Farr,  James,  iii.  146 
Farrar,  Archdeacon,  ii.  344 
Farren,  William,  died,  i.  281 
Farren,  Miss,  lived,  ii.    152  ;    married  to 

Earl  of  Derby,  165 

Farrington,  Joseph,  R.A. ,  lived,  i.  362 
Farryner,  king's  baker,  iii.  127 
Fascet,  Abbot,  tomb,  iii.  470 
Fauntleroy,  H.,  lived,  i.  134,  170;   ii.  611 
Fawcett,  Colonel,  duel,  i.  235 
Fawcett,  Right  Hon.  H.,  lived,  iii.  430 
Fawcett,  John,  born,  iii.  258 
Fawkes,  Guy,  prisoner,  iii.  394 ;  executed,  5 
Fawkes,  Richard,  lived,  i.  543 
Featherstone,  Cuthbert,  ii.  33 
Featherstonhaugh,  Sir  Matthew,   lived,   ii. 

519 

Fell,  Rev.  John,  ii.  229 
Fellows,  Sir  Charles,  i.  255,  260 
Felton,  Eleanor,  lived,  ii.  64 
Felton,  John,  bought  the  knife  with  which 

he  stabbed  the  first  Duke  of  Buckingham, 

iii.  401  ;  executed,  415,  430 
Penning,  Eliza,  i.  347 
Fenton,  Lavinia,  actress,  ii.    398  ;  lived,  i. 

218 
Fenwick,    Sir   John,    ii.     377  ;    executed, 

iii.  401 
Fergusson,  James,  F. R.S. ,  lived,  ii.    366; 

died,  i.  217  ;  monument,  ii.  496 
Ferrabosco,  Alphonso,  buried,  ii.  468 
Ferrar,  Mr.,  i.  160 
Ferrars,  Bp.,  trial,  iii.  214 
Ferrers,    Earl,   trial,    iii.    486  ;    executed, 

4iS 

Ferrers,  Sir  John.  i.  226 
Ferrey,  E.  B.,  architect,  iii.  40 


Ferrey,   Benjamin,  architect,  i.    276,  391  ; 

538  ;  iii.  166,  312 
Fetherstone,  hanged,  iii.  256 

;m,  Lewis  de  Duras,  Earl  of,  ii.  233  ; 

lived,  ii.  298  ;  iii.  271  ;  buried,  ii.  500 
Ffolkes,  Richard,  lived,  ii.  596 
Field,  Nathan,  christened,  ii.  no;  buried, 

i.  49 

Field,  Theophilus,  rector,  iii.  73 
Fielding,   Basil,  killed  in  a  duel  with  his 

brother,  iii.  228 
Fielding,   Henry,  lived,  i.    140,  230 ;    iii. 

131 

Fielding,  Lord,  duel,  ii.  352 

Fielding,  Sir  John,  ii.   454,   470  ;   lived,  i. 

230  ;  buried,  ii.  450 
Fielding,  Timothy,  i.    115,  212;    iii.    288, 

345 
Fife,  James  Duff,  second  Earl  of,  ii.   40  ; 

lived,  iii.  126 
Figg,  James,    ii.    40,    510 ;    lived,    i.    3  ; 

buried,  ii.  496 

Filby,  John,  Goldsmith's  tailor,  iii.  452 
Finch,  Sir  Heneage.      See  Nottingham 
Finch,  Lady  Isabella,  lived,  i.  163 
Finden,  William,  lived,  i.  389 
Finden,  — ,  architect,  i.  30 
Finett,  Sir  John,  lived,  ii.  483 
Finke,  Robert,  ii.  41 
Fish,  Simon  (d.  1531),  buried,  i.  538 
Fisher,  Edward,  lived,  ii.  383 
Fisher,  John,   Bp.   of  Rochester,  lived,  i. 

328  ;  preacher,   iii.   61  ;    prisoner,   394  ; 

executed,  401  ;  buried,  i.    31  ;   head  on 

London  Bridge,  ii.  419 
Fisher,  Jasper,  ii.  47  ;  lived,  i.  503 
Fisher,  John,  ground  plan  of  Whitehall, 

iii.  507 

Fisher,  Kitty,  lived,  i.  336 
Fisher,  Payne,  buried,  iii.  231 
Fitz  Aylwin,  Henry,  lived,  ii.  434 
Fitzgerald,  Lady  Margaret,  died,  i.  359 
Fitzgerard,  Robert,  i.  131 
Fitzharding,  Lady,  lived,  iii.  112 
Fitzherbert,  Mrs.,  lived,  ii.  137  ;  iii.  33 
Fitz-Mary,  Simon,  i.  171 
Fitzpatrick,  General,  lived,  i.  63 
Fitzroy,  Admiral,  lived,  ii.  615 
Fitzwalter,  Archbishop  Hubert,  ii.  360 
Fitzwalter,  Robert,  i.  131  ;  iii.  528 
Fitzwilliam,  Earl,  ii.  165 
Flamsteed,  lived,  i.  479  ;  portrait,  iii.  188 
Flatman,   Thomas,  born,   i.   24;  died,   iii. 

378  ;  buried,  i.  239 
Flaxman,  John,  R.A. ,  i.  238;  ii.  51,  297  ; 

lived,  i.  295  ;  ii.  586  ;  iii.  447  ;  buried, 

ii.    113  ;  modelled  for  Coade,    i.    430  ; 

sculpture,  393 

Fleetwood,  Bridget,  buried,  iii.  319 
Fleetwood,  General  Charles,  lived,  iii.  442  ; 

buried,  i.  303 
Fleetwood,  William,  Recorder  of  London, 

lived,  i.  86  ;  ii.  69 


566 


INDEX 


Fleming,  Abraham,  rector,  iii.  23 
Fleming,    Major-General,    monument,    iii. 

474 

Fleming,  Mrs.  Elizabeth,  i.  326 
Fletcher,  head  at  Temple  Bar,  iii.  359 
Fletcher,  Rev.  Alexander,  i.  205 
Fletcher,  Bp. ,  lived,  i.  378 
Fletcher,  Elizabeth,  buried,  ii.  449 
Fletcher,  Giles,  school,  iii.  488 
Fletcher,  John,  lived,  i.  101,  107  ;  buried, 

iii.  214 
Fletcher,  Lawrence,  lived,  i.  102  ;  buried, 

iii.  215 

Flint,  Bet,  lived,  ii.  518 
Flint,  Ernest,  architect,  iii.  73 
Flitcroft,    Henry,   architect,   ii.    in,    296, 

610 

Flood,  Henry,  lived,  i,  423 
Florio,  John,  lived,  iii.  242 
Flower,  Henry,  architect,  ii.  154 
Fludd,  Dr.  William,  died,  i.  443 
Fludyer,  Sir  Samuel,  ii.  66 
Foe,  James,  lived,  ii.  68 
Foley,  Lord,  ii.  66 
Foliot,  Gilbert,  iii.  70 
Folkes    Martin,  married,  ii.  265  ;  portrait, 

iii.  188 
Follett,  Sir  William,  died,  i.   483  ;  statue, 

iii.  472 

Fontana,  Count  Filippo  N.,  buried,  iii.  21 
Foote,  Miss.  See  Harrington,  Countess  of 
Foote,  Samual,  manager,  ii.  200 ;  lived,  iii. 

332  ;  buried,  464,  480 
Ford,  John,  Middle  Temple,  iii.  357 
Ford,  Parson,  ii.  248  ;  prison,  60 
Ford,  Richard,  lived,  iii.  34 
Fordyce,  Dr.  George,  club,  ii.  484 
Fordyce,  Sir  William,  M.D. ,  lived,  i.  283 
Forest,  Miles,  murderer,  ii.  487 
Forester,  Sir  William,  duel,  ii.  299 
Forman,   Simon,    lived,   ii.    357  ;    buried, 

495 

Forrest,  Prior,  burned,  iii.  255 
Forset,  Edward,  ii.  509 
Forshall,  Rev.  J. ,  buried,  ii.  73 
Forster,  Dame  Agnes,  ii.  445 
Forster,  John,  his  library,  iii.  277 
Fort,  Edward,  i.  523 
Fortescue,  Sir  John,  student,  ii.  390  ;  lived, 

iii.  448 
Fortescue,   William,   Pope's  friend,   lived, 

i.  156  ;  ii.  190  ;  iii.  383 
Fortune,  John,  i.  488 

Foscolo,  Ugo,  lived,  i.  40  ;  ii.  207  ;  iii.  274 
Foster,  Elizabeth,  granddaughter  of  Milton, 

i,  431  ;   lived,  iii.  69 
Foster,   Dr.  James,   i.    107 ;  preacher,   ii. 

614  ;  minister,  iii,  98 
Fothergill,  Dr.  Anthony,  buried,  ii.  505 
Fothergill,  Dr.  John,  lived,  iii.  497  ;  died, 

ii.  193 

Foubert,  Major,  ii.  70  ;  lived,  i.  235 
Foulis,  Sir  Henry,  i.  452 


Fourmantel,  Catherine,  lived,  ii.  519 
Fowke,   Captain  Francis,   architect,  i.   17, 

273  ;  ii.  235  ;  buried,  i.  282 
Fowler,  Bp.,  rector,  i.  32 
Fowler,  Charles,  architect,  i.  464  ;  ii.  248 
Fowler,  J.,  architect,  ii.  504 
Fowler,  J.,  engineer,  ii.  531 
Fowlers,  Lords,  of  Manor  of  Barnsbury,  ii. 

270 
Fox,    founder  of  Corpus  Christi  College, 

Oxford,  vicar,  i.  538 
Fox,   Charles  James,   i.   287  ;  born,   450  ; 

gambling,   38  ;  trial,   iii.  339  ;    duel,  ii. 

253  ;  lived,  i.  15,  63,  165,  412;  ii.  120, 

137,    285,    296,    304 ;  iii.   279  ;   buried, 

463,   472;  monument,    474;  statues,    i. 

209  ;  ii.  242  ;  iii.  191 
Fox,    Bp.    Edward,    iii.    214  ;    buried,    ii. 

S°4 
Fox,    George,    ii.  417 ;    lived,    596  ;  died, 

136  ;  buried,  i.  304 
Fox,   Mrs.,  wife  of  Charles  James,  lived, 

ii.  181 

Fox,  Nevison,  lived,  iii.  336 
Fox,  Sir  Stephen,  i.  383  ;  ii.  249 
Fox  ,W.  J.,  minister,  iii.  278 
Foxe,  John,  the  martyrologist,  lived,  i.  21, 

28  ;  died,  ii.  168  ;  buried,  109 
Franchotti,  Horatio,  iii.  173 
Francis,  F.  J.,  architect,  i.  452 
Francis,  Messrs.,  architects,  ii.  365,  418 
Francis,   Rev.  Dr.   Philip,    i.  384  ;  ii.  28 ; 

lived,  572 
Francis,  Sir  Philip,  school,   iii.  63  ;    lived, 

ii.  301 
Francklin,  Dr. ,  translator  of  Lucian,  lived, 

iii.  137 

Francklin,  R. ,  bookseller,  lived,  iii.  384 
Franklin,  executed,  iii.  375 
Franklin,  B. ,  i.   386,   511  ;  ii.    152  ;  club, 

426  ;  skater,  iii.  234  ;  lived,  i.  no,  473, 

533  ;  ii.  406 
Franklin,  Sir  John,   monument,    iii.    471  ; 

statue,  454 

Fraxinet,  Gilbert  de,  ii.  389 
Frederick,    Prince  of  Wales,  i.   in,   331  ; 

iii.     2ii  ;    saddler,    198  ;    married,     ii. 

277  ;  lived,  285,  381,  595,  600  ;  buried, 

iii.  467  ;  portrait,  198 
Frederick,  Sir  Christopher,  lived,  ii.  76 
Frederick,  Sir  John,  lived,  ii.  76  ;  i.  394 
Freeman,  Mr.,  i.  526 
Freind,   Dr.,    prisoner,   iii.    399  ;   portrait, 

82 
Freind,     Sir    John,     executed,     iii.     415  ; 

quarters  on  Temple  Bar,  359 
Freke,  John,  i.  118 
Frith,  Mary,  buried,  i.  239 
Frith,  Richard,  ii.  81 
Frobisher,  Sir  Martin,  buried,  ii.  109 
Fromont,  M. ,  i.  329 
Frost,  famous  runner,  i.  454 
Fry,  Mrs.,  i.  478 


INDEX 


567 


Fuller,  Isaac,  ii.  35  ;  paintings,  iii.  5 
Fuller,  Thomas,  i.  415  ;  lecturer,  iii.  218  ; 

lived,  250 

Fuller,  Dr.,  William,  rector,  ii.  no 
Fullerton,   duel  with  Lord  Melbourne,   ii. 

253 

Fulwood,  Christopher,  ii.  82 
Furnival,  Sir  William,  ii.  83 
Fuseli,  Henry,  R.A. ,  lived,  i.  169,  277, 

470 ;  ii.  484  ;  iii.  137,  139  ;  grave,  49 
Fussell,  Joseph,  i.  249 

GABRIEL,  E.,  architect,  ii.  36 

Gadbury,  John,  died,  i.  236  ;  buried,  ii. 

468 

Gage,  Lord,  lived,  iii.  126 
Gahagan,  ii.  8 
Gainsborough,  Thomas,  lived,  iii.  13,  221  ; 

died,     221  ;     portrait,     180  ;     pictures, 

178 

Gale,  Theophilus,  ii.  177 
Gale,  Dr.  Thomas,  inscription,  ii.  557 
Gallini,  Sir  John,  ii.  188 
Gait,  John,  student,  ii.  391;    lived,   181  ; 

iii.  348 

Gamble,  Ellis,  i.  470 
Gandy-Deering,   J.    P.,    architect,    i.    80; 

ii.  5,  26  ;  iii.  331,  421 
Gape,  Mrs.,  i.  224 
Gardelle,  Theodore,  lived,  ii.  383 
Gardiner,    Stephen,     Bp.    of    Winchester, 

lived,  iii.  524  ;  died,  510 
Gardner,  Sir  Alan,  lived,  iii.  109 
Garnault,  Samuel,  ii.  85 
Garnerin,  balloon  ascents,  iii.  429 
Garnet,  Jesuit,  trial,  ii.  172 
Garrard,  George,  lived,  i.  365 
Garret,  burned,  iii.  256 
Garret,  Thomas,  i.  34 
Garrett,  Daniel,  architect,  ii.  605 
Garrett,  John,  Lord  Mayor,  ii.  424 
Garrick,  David,   i.  254,  287  ;  ii.  127,  315, 

526  ;  student,   391  ;  club,  i.    287   note  ; 

iii.    141  ;    coffee-house,     ii.     281  ;     life 

governor,  452  ;  married,  i.  80  ;   iii.  194  ; 

lived,  i.   229,   360,  543 ;    ii.  462,  274, 

336  ;  iii.   284 ;  died,    i.    6  ;  buried,    iii. 

464  ;  monument,  478 
Garrick,  Mrs.,  died,  i.  6 
Garrow,  Sir  W. ,  lived,  i.  146 
Garrow,  William,  jun. ,  lived,  ii.  92 
Garth,  Sir  Samuel,  lived,  ii.  198  ;  portrait, 

iii.  82 

Garvagh,  Lady,  lived,  iii.  in 
Garway,  Thomas,  iii.  384  ;  lived,  ii.  86 
Garway,  contractor  (1610),  ii.  509 
Gascoigne,    Sir    Crisp,    Lord    Mayor,    ii. 

463 

Gascoigne,  George,  ii.  140 
Gascoigne,  Sir  William,  ii.  140 
Gastigny,  M.  de,  ii.  78 
Gateacre,  William,  i.  437 
Gaunt,  Elizabeth,  executed,  iii.  417 


Gay,    John,     i.     306,    349 ;    lived,     305 ; 

iii.   424  ;    lay   in  state,   ii.    25 ;    buried, 

iii.  463  ;  monument,  476 
Gayer,  Sir  John,  ii.  322 
Gayre,  Sir  Robert,  ii.  279 
Gayton,      Edmund,     Merchant      Taylors' 

School,  ii.  526 

Geddes,  A.,  A. R.A. ,  altar-piece,  ii.  278 
Geddes,  Dr.  Alexander,  buried,  iii.  2 
Geldorp,  George,  lived,  i.  59 
Cell,  Dr.  Robert,  minister,  ii.  492 
Gell,  Sir  William,  lived,  i.  13 
Gellibrand,  Rev.  Henry,  buried,  iii.  75 
Gentilis,  Albericus,  buried,  ii.  205 
George  I.,   ii.  293,  469;  statues,  97,  385; 

iii.  184 
George  II. ,  i.  253  ;  when  Prince  of  Wales, 

lived,  14  ;    ii.  381  ;  died,   330  ;  buried, 

iii.  463,  467  ;  statues,  ii.  122  ;  iii.  184 
George  III.,    i.    245,    253,    269,    293  ;    ii. 

201  ;  born,  299,  600  ;  portrait,  523  ;  iii. 

179;  bust,  188  ;  statues,  i.  165,  439  ;  iii. 

15,  184,  273 
George  IV.,  iii.  188  ;  i.  254,  269,  293  ;  ii. 

197  ;  in  the  Watch  House  when  Prince  of 

Wales,   565  ;  laying  first  stone,  i.  465  ; 

married,  ii.  277  ;   coronation  dinner,  iii. 

486  ;  lived,  i.  332 ;  bust,  iii.  82 ;  statues, 

184,  405 
George,    Prince,   of  Denmark,  i.  8  ;  died, 

ii.  330  ;  portrait,  iii.  438 
Georgeirenes,  Joseph,  ii.  506 
Gerarde,  John,  ii.  99  ;  lived,  221 
Gerbier,   Sir    Balthazar,    i.   179 ;    iii.    135, 

542  ;  lived,  504 

Gericault,  J.  L.  T.  A.,  exhibited,  ii.  8 
Germany,  Emperor  William  of,  i.  333 
Germany,  Empress  Frederick  of,  married, 

ii.  277 

Gerrard,  Charles  Lord,  ii.  543  ;  lived,  596 
Gerrard,  Mr.,  iii.  74 
Gibbon,  Benj.  Phelps,  died,  i.  13 
Gibbon,  Dr.,  ii.  177 
Gibbon,   Edward,   i.   39,    222,   287,  440 ; 

lived,  445  ;    iii.  172,  195  ;   school,  488  ; 

member  of  Brooks's,  i.  287  note ;   lived, 

6,  160,  219,  451  ;  ii.   304  ;  iii.  13,    401 
Gibbon,  Edmund,  monument,  iii.  351 
Gibbon,  John,  ii.  320 
Gibbon,  Matthew,  lived,  ii.  377 
Gibbons,  Alderman,  portrait,  iii.  207 
Gibbons,  Charles,  ii.  107 
Gibbons,  Dr.  Christopher,  lived,  ii.  587 
Gibbons,  Grinling,   i.    355,  384,  434,  506, 

515  ;   ii.  279,  465  ;  born,  i.  473  ;  lived. 

156,   229  ;  iii.   297  ;    buried,    58  ;   carv- 
ings,  i.    536 1    "•    109,  490,   535,   536, 

539  ;  iii.  47,  229 
Gibbs,   James,  lived,  ii.   207  ;    architect,  i. 

120,  413  ;  ii.   477,    501  ;   iii.  405,  431  ; 

monument,  ii.  496 
Gibbs,  Sir  Vicary,  lived,  i.  206  ;  died,  iii. 

193 


568 


INDEX 


Gibson,    Bp.    Edmund,   ii.    98 ;    librarian, 

363 

Gibson,  J.,  landscape  gardener,  n.  385 
Gibson,  Jesse,  architect,  i.  190;  iii.  75,  198 
Gibson,  John,  R.A.,  models,  iii.  179 
Gibson,  Mrs.,  buried,  ii.  102 
Gibson,  William,  executed,  ii.  324 
Giffard,  Henry,  manager,  ii.  127,  398 
Giffard,  William,  Bp.   of  Winchester,    iii. 

212  ;  lived,  524 
Gifford,    William,   died,   ii.   274 ;    buried, 

iii.  478 

Gilbart,  James  William,  died,  i.  281 
Gilbert,  A.  T.,  Bp.  of  Chichester,  lived,  iii. 

139 

Giles,  John,  architect,  iii.  202 
Giles  and  Murray,  architects,  ii.  366 
Gill,  Alexander,  D.  D. ,  Master  of  St.  Paul's 

School,  iii.  63  ;  buried,  i.  226 
Gilliver,  Lawton,  lived,  ii.  63 
Gillray,  James,  lived,  ii.  304  ;  buried,  281 
Girtin,  Thomas,  buried,  iii.  59 
Gladstone,   Right   Hon.    W.  E.,  lived,  i. 

333  ;  ii.  192 
Glanville,  Gilbert  de,  Bp.  of  Rochester,  i. 

328 

Glassington,  John,  ii.  351 
Gleig,  Rev.  W.  R.,  i.  384 
Glenelg,  Lord,  lived,  i.  13 
Glenham,  Anne,  Lady,  i.  343 
Glenvarloch,  Lord,  iii.  65 
Gloucester,  Eleanor  Cobham,  Duchess  of, 

penance,  ii.  533  ;  iii.  340 
Gloucester,   Eleanora  de   Bohun,  Duchess 

of,  brass,  iii.  465 
Gloucester,    Maria,  Duchess   of,  lived,   ii. 

118  ;  iii.  90 
Gloucester,   Humphry,    Duke   of,    i.    531  ; 

lived,  131  ;  iii.  536 
Gloucester,  Thomas  of  Woodstock,  Duke 

of,  monument,  iii.  469 
Gloucester,   Duke   of,   son  of  Charles  I . , 

prisoner,  ii.  380 
Gloucester,  Duke  of,  son  of  Queen  Anne, 

i.  320 
Gloucester,    Duke   of,   brother   of  George 

III.,  ii.  162,  166,  382  ;  iii.  265 
Gloucester,  Duke  of,  son  of  George  III., 

i.  492  ;  ii.  118 

Glover,  Alex,  and  Vincent,  ii.  359 
Glover,  Richard,  born,  ii.  482  ;    lived,  i. 

160  ;  ii.  274,  373  ;  died,  i.  15 
Glover,  Robert,  buried,  ii.  109 
Goda,  Countess,  ii.  356 
Goddard,   Dr.,   Jonathan,    lived,   iii.    186, 

530  ;  buried,  ii.  205 
Godden,  John,  i.  141 
Goderich,  Lord  (1782),  buried,  ii.  212 
Godfrey,  — ,  Keeper  of  the  Bears,  i.  138 
Godfrey,  Colonel  Charles,  lived,  iii.  527 
Godfrey,  Sir  Edmund  Berry,  i.  344,  414  ; 

ii.  193  ;  lived,  151  ;  murder,  iii.  22,  120, 

271  ;  monument,  480 


Godfrey,  Mary,  lived,  i.  491 

Godfrey,   Michael,  i.   95  ;   monument,  iii. 

343 
Godfrey  and  Cooke,  chemists,  ii.  457  ;  iii. 

284 
Godolphin,  Sidney,  Earl  of,  monument, 

iii-  473 

Godwin,  Earl,  iii.  286 
Godwin,  Mary  Jane,  tomb,  iii.  19 
Godwin,   Mary  Wollstonecraft,    lived,    iii. 

319  ;  died,  101  ;  tomb,  19 
Godwin,    William,    ii.    246  ;    married    to 

Mary  Wollstonecraft,  iii.    19  ;    lived,  i. 

345  ;  ii.    135,  189  ;  iii.    101,    251,   268, 

349  ;  died,  8  ;  tomb,  19 
Gold,  James,  architect,  i.  227 
Golde,  Henry,  hanged,  ii.  491 
Goldie,  G.,  architect,  ii.  594 
Golding,  Dr.,  buried,  i.  281 
Goldney,  Henry,  lived,  ii.  136 
Goldsmith,  Oliver,  i.   71  ;  ii.    18,  294  ;  iii. 

243,  359  ;  the  Cock  Lane  ghost,  i.  433  ; 

coffee-house,   ii.    148,   281  ;    at  Temple 

Bar,   iii.   359  ;  usher,   67  ;  lived,   i.    84, 

102,  234,  326  ;  ii.  6,  85,  141,  150,  270, 

343.   559  I    »'•   38.  203>   528  '•   died'    '• 

236  ;  buried,  iii.  352  ;  grave-stone  ;  352  ; 

memorial  tablet,  477 
Gondomar,  Count,  lived,  i.  105  ;   ii.  ii 
Gooch,  J.  M. ,  i.  285 
Gooch,  Dr.  Robert,  lived,  i.  170 
Good,  J.  H.,  jun. ,  architect,  i.  64 
Goodall,  Frederick,  R.A. ,  iii.  267 
Goodchild,  Ralph,  remarriage,  ii.  502 
Goodge,  Mr.,  ii.  125 
Goodman,  Bp. ,  lived,  ii.  338 
Goodman,  Dean,  tomb,  iii.  465 
Goodrich,  Thomas,  rector,  iii.  72 
Goodwin,  John,  i.  443  ;  books  burned  by 

hangman,  ii.  612 
Goodwin,    Dr.    Thomas,    pastor,    iii.    65  ; 

buried,  i.  303 
Gooscal,  Sir  John,  ii.  51 
Gordon,  Alexander,  Duke  of,  lived,  i.  291 
Gordon,   General,   tomb,   iii.    48  ;    statue, 

406 
Gordon,  Lord  George,  i.  430 ;  ii.  100 ; 

iii.  176  ;  born,   i.   283  ;  lived,   iii.   457  , 

prisoner,   399 ;    died,   ii.    591  ;    buried, 

275 

Gorges,  Sir  Arthur,  i.  141,  378  ;  monu- 
ment, ii.  449 

Goring,  Lord,  ii.  566 

Goring,  Mr.,  duel,  ii.  352 

Gosling,  Sir  Francis,  ii.  444 

Gosling,  Humphrey,  vintner,  iii.  498 

Gosson,  Stephen,  i.  194  ;  buried,  227 

Gough,  Sir  John,  i.  376 

Gough,  Richard,  born,  i.  84 ;  iii.  526 

Gough  and  Roumieu,  architects,  iii.  17 

Gould,  John,  died,  i.  361 

Gower,  John,  benefactor,  ii.  10 ;  lived, 
555  ;  monument,  iii.  214 


INDEX 


569 


Grabe,  John  Ernest,  buried,  iii.  20 
Grafton,  Isabella,  Duchess  of,  i.  61 
Grafton,  Dukes  of,  ii.  20,  137  ;  iii.  389  ; 

livrcl,  i.  412  ;  ii.  50,  137  ;  iii.  410 
Grafton,    Henry,    first   Duke  of,    lived    at 

I'imlico,  iii.   97 
Grafton,  Augustus,  third  Duke  of,  Prime 

Minister,  i.  438 

Graham,  Alexander,  architect,  i.  322 
Graham,  Dr.,  lived,  iii.  220 
Graham,  Lord  George,  prisoner,  ii.  485 
Graham,  Thomas,  Master  of  the  Mint,  ii. 

549 
Gran  by,  Marquis  of,  ii.  211  ;  at  Hercules 

Pillars,  iii.  91 
Grandison,     Oliver    St.    John,    Viscount, 

monument,  i.  128 
Grant,  — ,  executed,  ii.  431 
Grant,  Albert,  ii.  326,  385 
Grant,  Charles,  lived,  iii.  192 
Grant,  Donald,  D.D.,  buried,  ii.  312 
Grant,  Sir  Francis,  portraits  by,  i.  395 
Grant,  Sir  R. ,  lived,  iii.  192 
Grant,  William,  lived,  ii.  215 
Grant,  Sir  William,  i.  429  ;  lived,  ii.  396  ; 

iii.  167  ;  portrait,  ii.  398 
Grantham,  Earl  of,  ii.  137  ;  lived,  i.  14 
Grantley,  Sir  Fletcher  Norton,  Lord,  died, 

ii.  396 

Granville,  Earl,  i.  402  ;  lived,  289 
Granville,  Sir  Richard,  fined,  ii.  209 
Grasse,  Count  de,  lived,  iii.  13 
Grattan,  Right  Hon.    Henry,  lived,  i.    90  ; 

iii.  35  ;  buried,  472  ;  statue,  ii.  242 
Graunt,  John,  lived,    i.  186  ;    buried,  538 
Graves,  Alexander,  builder,  iii.  156 
Gravel,  William,  vicar,  iii.  230 
Gray,   Edmund,   Lord,  ii.    139 ;    lived,    i. 

343 

Gray,  John,  iii.  75 
Gray,  John,  executed,  i.  209 
Gray,  Sir  Richard,  founder,  iii.  503 
Gray,  Robert,  portrait,  ii.  523 
Gray,  Sarah,  ii.  329 
Gray,    Thomas,   born,   i.    458 ;    in  Cran- 

bourne  Alley,    470  ;  lived,  ii.  307,  327  ; 

iii.    283  ;    monument,    477 ;    his    father 

buried,  ii.  534 

Gray  de  Wilton,  Lord,  lived,  iii.  388 
Gray    and    Davison,  organ,   iii.    290 ;    ii. 

535 

Grayson,  — ,  architect,  i.  402 
Greaves,  John,  buried,  i.  160 
Greaves,  Samuel,  ii.  18 
Green,  balloon  ascents,  iii.  429 
Green,  Joseph  Henry,  lived,  ii.  396 
Green,  Matthew,  died,  ii.  136,  570 
Green,  "Paddy,"  ii.  21 
Green,  Richard,  statue,  iii.  106 
Green,  T.  K.,  architect,  ii.  481 
Green,  Valentine,  i.  251 
Green,  William,  jumped  from  monument, 

ii.  559 


Greene,  Fortunatus,  buried,  ii.  387 
Greene,  Robert,  i.  24  ;   died,  518  ;  buried, 

171 

Greenwell,  Rev.  William,  i.  255,  265 
Grenville,  Lord,  lived,  i.  320 
Grenville,    Right    Hon.    George,    i.    283 ; 

lived,  218 
Grenville,    Right   Hon.    Thomas,    i.    254, 

268  ;  lived,  ii.  184 
Grenwich,  John  de,  ii.  153 
Gresham,  Sir  John,  i.  171 
Gresham,  Sir  Thomas,   founder,   ii.   154  ; 

iii.  182  ;  mercer,  ii.    521  ;  lived,  i.  190  ; 

ii.  416  ;  monument,  204  ;  portrait,  520  ; 

statue,  iii.  181 

Gresse,  John  Alexander,  ii.  156 
Gresse,  Stephen  Jaspar,  iii.  312 
Greville,  Colonel,  iii.  158 
Greville,  Fulke,  lived,  i.  83  ;  iii.  510 
Grey,  Earl,  lived,  i.  164  ;  ii.  213 
Grey,  Lord,  lived,  iii.  134 
Grey,  Lady  Jane,   prisoner,  iii.  395,  398  ; 

trial,  ii.  172  ;  buried,  iii.  76 
Gribelin,    Simon,    i.  93  ;   lived,  ii.    437 
Griffin,  Edward,  lived,  iii.  ii 
Griffith,  Philip,  lived,  iii.  99 
Griffith,  William,  ii.  30 
Griffith,   W.   P.,  architect,   ii.    277,   315  ; 

iii.  228 

Griffith  and  Dawson,  architects,  iii.  39 
Griffiths,  bookseller,  iii.  38 
Grignion,    Charles,    lived,    ii.    274 ;     died, 

334 
Grimaldi,  J.,  born,  iii.  302  ;  Sadler's  Wells, 

201  ;  lived,  ii.  85  ;  died,  iii.  283;  buried, 

70 
Grimaldi,   L.  A.,    Bp.    of  Noyon,   buried, 

iii.  18 

Grimston,  Sir  Harbottle,  arms,  iii.  166 
Grimthorpe,  Lord,  ii.  242 
Grisi,  Madame,  singer,  ii.  200 
Groot,  Isaac  de,  lived,  i.  366  ;   iii.   131 
Grose,  Francis,  ii.  210 
Grosvenor,  Mary  Davies,  Lady,  i.  490 
Grosvenor,  Sir  Richard  (d.  1732),  ii.  164 
Grosvenor,  Sir  Robert,  lived,  ii.  545 
Grosvenor,  Sir  Thomas,  marriage,  i.  414 
Grote,  George,  school,  i.  365  ;  lived,  152  ; 

buried,  iii.  463,  477 
Grove,  Captain,  i.  69 
Gruner,  L. ,  decorator,  i.  294 
Gruning,  Edward  A.,  architect,  i.  79 
Gryffyth,  Richard  ap,  ii.  268 
Guiccioli,  Countess,  lived,  ii.  385 
Guildford,  Lord  Keeper,   Middle  Temple, 

iii-  357  I    lived,  i.   346  ;    ii.    9,  297  ;  iii. 

232 

Guiscard,  i.  438  ;  buried,  392 
Guizot,  F. ,  lived,  i.  281  ;  ii.  461  ;   iii.  68 
Guizot,  Madame,  died,  iii.  69 
Gull,  Sir  William,  lived,  i.  283 
Gundulph,  Bp.  of  Rochester,  architect,  iii. 

392 


570 


INDEX 


Gunnell,  Richard,  iii.  203 

Gunner,  hairdresser,  iii.  127 

Gunning,  Mrs.,  lived,  i.  219  ;  died,  iii.  271 

Gunning,  Rev.  Peter,  ii.  28 

Gunning,    Elizabeth,  marriage  to  Duke  of 

Hamilton,  i.  487  ;  ii.  516  ;  died,  i.  59 
Gunning,  John,  died,  iii.  271 
Gunstor,  Thomas,  iii.  319 
Gunter,  Rev.  Edmund,  buried,  iii.  75 
Gurney,  Sir  John,  tomb,  iii.  19 
Gurwood,  Colonel,  buried,  iii.  77 
Guthrie,  G.  J.,  founder,  iii.  487 
Guthrie,   William,   died,   iii.    no  ;  buried, 

ii.  496 

Guy,  John,  lived,  i.  121 
Guy,   Thomas,   ii.    417 ;   born,   29,    233 ; 

apprentice,   521  ;    founder,    175  ;    lived, 

i.  458 
Gwilt,  Joseph,  architect,  ii.  159,  234,  498  ; 

iii.  214  ;  his  map  of  Southwark,  284 
Gwydyr,  Lord,  ii.  176 
Gwynn,  John,  lived,  ii.  383,  484 
Gwynne,    Nell,    i.    87,    385  ;    born,    431  ; 

lived,  523  ;  ii.   288  ;  iii.    n  ;  buried,  ii. 

478 

HAAK,  Theodore,  F.R.S.,  iii.  186  ;  buried, 

i.  44 

Habershon,  E.,  architect,  i.  223 
Hacker,   Colonel   Francis,    ii.    598  ;  lived, 

528  ;  executed,  iii.  415 
Hacket,  Bp. ,  rector,  i.  44 
Hacket,  William,  lived,  ii.  350  ;  hanged, 

i.  280 
Hackman,    Rev.    James,    i.    142  ;    lived, 

473  ;  murderer,  iii.  348  ;  executed,   417 
Hadeleye,  John,  ii.  542 
Hadfield,  Mrs.,  lived,  ii.  93 
Haggerty,  murderer,  i.  545 
Haines,  Joe,  actor,  ii.  607  ;  died,  193 
Hakewell,  Henry,  architect,  iii.  74 
Hakluyt,  Richard,  school,  iii.  488  ;  buried, 

464 
Hale,    Sir    Matthew,    i.    424  ;    student,  ii. 

390  ;   bequest,    398  ;  portrait,   iii.   232  ; 

ii.  398 
Halford,  Sir  Henry,  College  of  Physicians, 

iii.  82  ;  lived,  i.  487 
Halifax,  C.  Montague,  Earl  of,  school,  iii. 

488  ;    President    of  the  Royal  Society, 

187  ;  lived,  ii.  298  ;  monument,  iii.  467 
Halifax,  Savile,  Marquis  of,  lived,  ii.  337  ; 

buried,  iii.  463  ;  monument,  467 
Hall,  Chambers,  i.  267 
Hall,  Vice-Chancellor  Sir  Charles,  died,  i. 

i3S 

Hall,  Edward,  ii.  140  ;  buried,  i.  160 
Hall,  John,  lived,  i.  170 
Hall,  John,  engraver,  buried,  iii.  2 
Hall,  Bp. ,  i.  522 

Hall,  Rev.  Newman,  minister,  iii.  177 
Hall,  Mrs.  (1768),  i.  512 
Hall,  Mrs.  S.  C.,  school,  ii.  189 


Hall,    Timothy,    ii.    514 ;    rector,    i.    36 ; 

buried,  ii.  179 
Hallam,  Henry,  lived,  iii.  523  ;  monument, 

48 

Hallenge,  Jasper,  ii.  566 
Halley,    Dr.    Edmund,    i.    390 ;    born,    ii. 

1 80  ;    school,    iii.   63  ;    coffee-house,    ii. 

148  ;    lived,   iii.    121,    526  ;    portraits, 

188 

Halsal,  Bp. ,  brass,  ii.  500 
Halsey,  E.,  i.  107 
Hamilton,  Colonel,  ii.  252 
Hamilton,   James,  first  Duke  of,   i.    375  ; 

iii.  285  ;  beheaded,  7 
Hamilton,  James,  fourth  Duke  of,  duel  with 

Lord  Mohun,  ii.  252  ;  iii.  165,  172 
Hamilton,  James,  sixth  Duke  of,  married  to 

Elizabeth  Gunning,  i.  487  ;  ii.  516 
Hamilton,  Alexander,  tenth  Duke  of,  lived, 

i.  64  ;   iii.  in 

Hamilton,  Elizabeth,  ii.  183 
Hamilton,  Gavin,  ii.  366  ;  lived,  iii.  101 
Hamilton,  James,  ii.  183  ;  iii.  89 
Hamilton,   Lady,  ii.    165  ;    lived,   i.   220, 

367,  412 

Hamilton,  Lady  Anne,  ii.  448 
Hamilton,    Marquis    of,    died    (1625),    ii. 

47 
Hamilton,   William,   R.A. ,    lived,    i.   492  ; 

monument,  50 
Hamilton,   Sir  William,    i.    254 ;  ii.    165  ; 

married,  96  ;  lived,  337  ;  died,  iii.  89 
Hamilton,  William  Gerard  (Single-speech), 

lived,  ii.  187  ;  died,  i.  283 
Hammersley,  Sir  Hugh,  monument,  i.  46 
Hampden,    John,    lived,    ii.    144 ;    statue, 

242 

Hand,  Richard,  i.  381 
Handel,  G.  F. ,    ii.    200  ;    benefactor,   73  ; 

lived,    i.    283,    306 ;    buried,    iii.    464  ; 

monument,  478  ;  portrait,  ii.  574 
Hanmer,  Sir  Thomas,  lived,  iii.  12 
Hannes,  Sir  Edward,  ii.  86 
Hanson,  Sheriff,  lived,  i.  190 
Hanway,  Jonas,  ii.  454,  470  ;  died,  iii.  156 
Harborne,  John,  ii.  38 
Harcourt,  Charles,  died,  i.  359 
Harcourt,    Simon,     Lord    Chancellor    (d. 

1727),  lived,  i.  74  ;  ii.  18,  190,  395 
Harcourt,  John,  M.P.,  ii.  402 
Hardcastle,  Dean,  i.  413 
Hardinge,  Agnes,  ii.  190 
Hardinge,    Field  -  Marshal,   first   Viscount, 

lived,  iii.  302 
Hardman,  Mr.,  stained  glass,  ii.  241;  iron 

gates,  iii.  8 
Hardwick,    Philip,    R.A.,  architect,   i.  57, 

153.  175-  393.  402  ;    ii.  123,    147,  318, 

323.  353.  398,  432  ;  "i.  319 
Hardwick,   P.   C. ,  architect,   i.   364,  402  ; 

ii.  369,  418,  443,  495 
Hardwick,  Thomas,  architect,  i.    116  ;    ii. 

275.  S1^'  497  I  '"•  57  !  died,  i.  170 


INDEX 


Hardwicke,  Philip  Yorke,  Earl  of,  i.  285  ; 

lived,  ii.  396,  617;  iii.    119,  131,    155  ; 

died,  ii.  164 

Hardwidge,  James,  tablet,  i.  167 
Hardy,  Thomas,   trial,  ii.   6n  ;    buried,  i. 

3°4 
Hardy,  Sir  T.  Duffus,  at  Christ's  Hospital, 

i.  396 

Hardyman,  John,  parson,  ii.  481 
Hare,  John,  manager,  ii.  305 
Hare,  Archdeacon,  Julius  Charles,  school, 

i.  365  ;  club,  iii.  313 
Hare,  Nicholas,  ii.  190 
Harewood,  Earl  of,  ii.  188 
Hargrave,  Lieut. -General,    monument,   iii. 

474 

Hargreave,  Francis,  lived,  i.  224 
Harley,  J.  P.,  lived,  ii.  134 
Harlow,  Mrs.  Elizabeth,  lived,  iii.  138 
Harlow,    George    Henry,    lived,   iii.    138  ; 

died,  i.  492  ;  buried,  ii.  281 
Harness,  Rev.  William,  ii.  351 
Harold,  Earl,  i.  166 
Harpefield,  Archdeacon,  John,  ii.  8 
Harper,  Justice  Richard,  i.  108 
Harpur,  Sir  William,  i.  145  ;  ii.  193 
Harrington,  Miss   Foote,    Countess    of,    i. 

145  ;  lived,  ii.  335  ;  died,  iii.  163 
Harrington,   Earl  of,   lived,   ii.    303  ;    iii. 

126 
Harrington,   James,   club,  ii.    542 ;    iii.  7, 

410  ;  lived,  i.  40  ;  buried,  ii.  468 
Harris,  — ,  actor,  lived,  iii.  202 
Harris,  Lady,  lived,  ii.  596 
Harris,  Renatus,  organ,  i.  31,  43  ;  ii.  535  ; 

iii.  229 

Harris,  Richard,  clock,  iii.  57 
Harris,  Thomas,  i.  537 
Harrison,  Elizabeth,  murdered,  iii.  346 
Harrison,  Henry,  architect,  ii.  169,  452 
Harrison,  John,  i.  156  ;  lived,  iii.  53 
Harrison,  Major-General,  executed,  i.  354 
Harrison,  Ralph,  iii.  389 
Harrowby,  Earl  of,  i.  340  ;  lived,  ii.  164 
Hart,  Sir  John,  lived,  ii.  620 
Harte,  executed,  iii.  415 
Hartington,  Marquis  of,  lived,  i.  14 
Hartlib,  Nan,  marriage,  ii.  131 
Hartlib,  Samuel,  lived,  i.  85,  533 
Hartopp,  Sir  John,  lived,  iii.  319  ;  monu- 
ment, 318 

Harvard,  John,  iii.  216 
Harvey,  Daniel  and  Eliab,  lived,  ii.  372 
Harvey,  Daniel  Whittle,  ii.  614 
Harvey,  Sir  Eliab,  i.  435,  440 
Harvey,  Henry,  i.  507 
Harvey,  Dr.  William,  i.  118,  435  ;  lecturer, 

iii.  82  ;  preparations,  82;  lived,  ii.  372; 

portrait,  iii.  82  ;  bust,  82  ;  statue,  83 
Haselrigge,  Sir  Arthur,  i.  284  ;  married,  32 
Haslang,  Count,  lived,  ii.  122 
Hastings,  Lord,  arrested,  iii.  394 
Hastings,  Marquis  of,  ii.  296 


Hastings,  Warren,  school,  iii.  488  ;  lived, 
i.  283  ;  ii.  297  ;  trial,  iii.  486  ;  monu- 
ment, 472 

Hatfield,  Thomas,  Bp.  of  Durham,  lived, 
i.  540 

Hatfield,  lunatic,  i.  526 

Hatherley,  Lord  Chancellor,  died,  ii.  92 

Hatherly,  John,  i.  372 

Hatten,  John,  iii.  194 

Hatton,  Sir  Christopher,  i.  399  ;  ii.  194  ; 
iii.  510 ;  lived,  ii.  10 ;  monument,  iii. 

4i.  49 

Hatton,  Lord,  died,  ii.  13 
Hatton,  Lady,  ii.  195,    582;  lived,  ii,  27 
Haughton,  Prior  of  the  Charter-house,  ex- 
ecuted, iii.  414 
Haughton,  John,  i.  363 
Haughton,  Sir  John  Holies,  Lord,  ii.  196 
Haughton,  William,  prisoner,  i.  426 
Havelock,    Sir    Henry,    school,     i.    365  ; 
Middle    Temple,    iii.   358  ;    monument, 
474  ;  statue,  405 
Haward,  Francis,  lived,  ii.  474 
Hawes,  — ,   jumped  from  monument,  ii. 

559 
Hawes,    Dr.     William,    born,     ii.     270  ; 

founder,  247 
Hawke,  Admiral  Sir  Edward,  i.  8  ;  lived, 

»•  93 

Hawker,  Colonel  Peter,  died,  i.  515 
Hawkesworth,   Dr.,    lived,    ii.    158,    618  ; 

died,  388 
Hawkins,  Caesar,  at  Christ's  Hospital,  i. 

396 

Hawkins,  Edward,  i.  255,  267 
Hawkins,  Dr.  Edward,  Merchant  Taylors' 

School,  ii.  526 
Hawkins,  Dr.  Francis,  Merchant  Taylors' 

School,  ii.  526 
Hawkins,  John,  editor  of  Cocker's  Works, 

buried,  ii.  103 
Hawkins,  Sir  John,  author  of  the  History 

of  Music,  died,  iii.  209 
Hawkins,   Sir  John,    Naval   Commander, 

monument,  i.  536 
Hawkins,  R.  M. ,  architect,  ii.  176 
Hawkshaw,  Sir  John,  engineer,  i.  358,  324 
Hawksmoor,    Nicholas,    architect,    i.    49, 

393 '.    ii-    97.    98.    33°,    389.    5°8  >    »i- 

462 

Hay,  Charles,  baptized,  ii.  17 
Hay,  Thomas  Atte,  ii.  230 
Haydn,    Joseph,    at   St.    Paul's,    iii.    52  ; 

lived,  130 
Haydon,   B.    R. ,    exhibited,   ii.   8  ;    lived, 

402,  474  ;    iii.    156  ;    prisoner,  ii.   342  ; 

died,  i.  310  ;  buried,  iii.  3 
Hayley,   William,  lived,   i.    108  ;   iii.    137, 

i-  S38 

Hayman,  Francis,  lived,  i.  492  ;  ii.  483 
Haynau,  General,  i.  107 
Haynes,  Joseph,  lived,  iii.  99 
Hayter,  Sir  George,  lived,  i.  187,  204 


572 


INDEX 


Hayward,  John,  iii.  81 
Hayward,  Sir  John,  buried,  i.  116 
Hayward,    Sir    Rowland,    lived,    i.    284  ; 

monument,  40 

Haywood,  W.,  engineer,  ii.  222,  223 
Hazlitt,     William,      lecturer,     iii.      336  ; 

marriage,    i.    44  ;   lived,    228,    519  ;   ii. 

181  ;    iii.  79,  281,   541  ;   died,  ii.   82  ; 

buried,  i.  50 

Head,  Richard,  lived,  iii.  141 
Heath,  engraver,  lived,  ii.  402 
Heath,  Nicholas,  Abp.  of  York,  i.  52,  328  ; 

lived,  iii.  536 
Heath,  James,  lived,  ii.    595  ;    buried,  i. 

117 
Heathcote,   Sir  Gilbert,    Lord  Mayor,   ii. 

464 
Heathfield,  Lord,  lived,  i.  487  ;  monument, 

iii.  48 
Heber,   Bp. ,  married,  ii.  468  ;    preacher, 

392  ;   monument,  iii.  48 
Heber,    Richard,   ii.    274 ;    lived,    i.    236  ; 

died,  iii.  97 

Heberden,  Dr.,  portrait,  iii.  82 
Heidegger,  J.  J. ,  lived,  iii.  133 
Heinch,  Mademoiselle,  dancer,  ii.  453 
Heine,  Heinrich,  lived,  i.  473 
Hemens,  Giles,  i.  495 
Hemings,  John,  lived   ii.  206 
Hemynge,  John,  grocer,  ii.   160  ;   buried, 

490 
Henchman,  Bp.  Humphry,  died,  i.  24  ;  ii. 

430 

Henderson,  Alexander,  i.  52 
Henderson,  John,  i.   255,  265,   266,  267  ; 

ii.  270  ;  actor,  201 ;  died,  i.  296  ;  buried, 

iii.  464 

Heneage,  Thomas,  i.  180  ;  ii.  207 
Heneage,   Sir  Thomas,  i.    310  ;    died,   iii. 

219 

Henley,  John,  "orator,"  i.  407;  ii.  595 
Henley,  Robert,  lived,  iii.  112 
Henning,  jun. ,  ii.  254 
Henrietta  Maria,  Queen,  ii.  207  ;  iii.  418  ; 

lived,  270  ;  statue,  135 
Henry  III.,    i.  351;   Westminster  Abbey, 

iii.  462  ;  buried,  463  ;  altar-tomb,  468 
Henry  IV.,  died,  iii.  479 
Henry  V.,  i.  352  ;  ii.  220  ;  prisoner  when 

Prince  of  Wales,  341  ;  Smithfield,  when 

Prince  of  Wales,  iii.  255  ;  buried,  463  ; 

altar-tomb,  469 
Henry  VII.,  lived,  i.  132  ;  buried,  iii.  463  ; 

altar-tomb,  466 
Henry  VIII.,   i.    194,   240,   363,    375;   ii. 

113,  285,  320  ;  portrait,  523 
Henry,  Prince  of  Wales,  ii.  104,  589  ;  iii. 

121  ;    benefactor,   ii.    477  ;    died,   286  ; 

buried,  iii.  466 

Henry,  John,  hanged,  iii.  375 
Henry,  Matthew,  preacher,  ii.  179 
Henryke,  builder,  iii.  182 
Henslowe,  Francis,  ii.  166 


Henslowe,    Philip,    ii.    68,    116,    229  ;   iii. 

31,    95,    172,    174 ;    manager,    ii.    594  ; 

lived,  i.  101,  426  ;  buried,  iii.  215 
Herbert,  George,  school,  iii.  488 
Herbert,  Sir  Henry,  ii.  389,  477  ;  lived,  i. 

327 ;  iii.    388  ;    died,   ii.    274 ;  buried, 

iii.  58 

Herbert,  Magdalen,  buried,  ii.  449 
Herbert,  Mr.,  ii.  444 

Herbert,  J.  R. ,  R.A. ,  frescoes,  ii.  241,  242 
Herbert,  William,  lived,  ii.  132 
Herbert  of  Cherbury,  Edward  Lord,  lived, 

ii.    613 ;    iii.    136 ;    died,    136  ;    buried, 

ii.   112 

Herbert,  of  Lea,  Lord,  statue,  iii.  447 
Hereford,  Bps.  of,  ii.  46,  504 
Hereicke,  Elizabeth,  tablet,  ii.  468 
Heriot,  Alison,  wife  of  George,  buried,   ii. 

IS4 

Heriot,  George,  buried,  ii.  478 
Herrick,  Nicholas,  lived,  iii.  431 
Herrick,  Robert,  baptized,  iii.  430  ;  lived, 

i.  51 

Herring,  Abp.,  portrait,  ii.  363 
Herringman,  Henry,  i.  210  ;  lived,  ii.  583 
Herschel,  Sir  John,  Master  of  the  Mint,  ii. 

549  ;  buried,  iii.  464  ;  monument,  473 
Hertford,  Countess  of,  lived,  ii.  165  ;  tomb, 

iii.  465 
Hertford,  William  Seymour,  Earl  of,  lived, 

i.  324  ;  ii.  17 
Hertford,    Marquis    of,    i.    537  ;     iii.    90  ; 

lived,  ii.  461  ;  iii.  161  ;  died,  33 
Hervey,    Bp.    of    Cloyne,  in    Cranbourne 

Alley,  i.  470 

Hervey,  John,  lived,  ii.  299 
Hervey,  John,  Lord,  i.  293  ;  duel,  ii.  151  ; 

lived,  i.  309  ;  ii.  299 
Hervilly,  L.  C.,  Comte  d',  buried,  iii.  18 
Hesketh,  Lady,  lived,  ii.  600 
Heton,  Dr.  Martin,  Bp.  of  Ely,  ii.  ii 
Hewer,  William,  i.  428  ;  lived,  296 
Hewett,  Dr.  John,  executed,  ii.  153 
Hewson,  Hugh,  buried,  i.  319 
Heydon,  Alderman,  ii.  197 
Hey  ward,  Edward,  iii.  27 
Hickes,    Dr.    George,  vicar,    i.  31  ;  lived, 

ii.  617  ;  buried,  468 
Hicks,  Sir  Baptist,  ii.  213  ;  lived,  i.  320 
Higgins,  J.  M.,  architect,  ii.  78 
Higgins,  M.  J.,  lived,  ii.  4 
Higgons,  Bevil,  buried,  iii.  20 
Highland,  Mr.,  M.P.,  iii.  286 
Hill,  Aaron,  i.  540;  born,  140  ;  lived,  iii. 

79 

Hill,  Sir  John,  i.  316  ;  lived,  134,  279 
Hill,  Joseph,  lived,  iii.  212 
Hill,  General  Lord,  lived,  i.  153  ;  iii.  460 
Hill,  Captain  Richard,  ii.  244 
Hill,  Sir  Richard,  M.P.,  lived,  ii.  191 
Hill,  Matthew  Davenport,  lived,  i.  380 
Hill,   Rowland,   minister,  iii.  176  ;  dislikes 

William  Huntington,  54  ;  died,  i.  199 


INDEX 


573 


Hill  Sir  Rowland,  Post  Office,   iii.  114  ; 

lived,   ii.    616  ;    buried,   iii.  463  ;  bust, 

468 

Hill,  Bp.  Rowley,  "Grecian,"  i.  396 
Hill,  Thomas,  Mayor,  ii.  135 
Hill,    Thomas,   lived,   i.   7  ;    ii.   273 ;   iii. 

144 

Hill,  T.  J.,  architect,  i.  37,  125 
Hilliard,  Nicholas,  buried,  ii.  478 
Hillier,  Charles  Parker,  died,  i.  359 
Hills,  Richard,  benefactor,  ii.  524 
Hillsborough,  Lord,  lived,  ii.  186 
Hilton,  William,  R.A.,  lived,  ii.  134;  altar- 
pieces,  535  ;  iii.  74  ;  memorial,  ii.  500 
Hinchman,  Dr.,  Bp.  of  London,  iii.  46 
Hind,  Andrew,  iii.  77 
Hinde,  Jacob,  ii.  215,  510 
Hinde,  Peter,  ii.  215 
Hingham,  Ralph  de,  Chief  Justice,  iii.  6 
Hoadly,  Benj.,  Bp.  of  Winchester,  lecturer, 

ii.  540  ;  rector,  iii.  74 
Hoadly,   Benjamin,    M.D.,  born,   i.   278  ; 

lived,  380  ;  died,  376 
Hoare,  Prince,  lived,  iii.  349 
Hoare,  Richard,  lived,  ii.  63 
Hobbes,    of   Malmesbury,    lived,    ii.    37  ; 

portraits,  iii.  188 

Hobbey,  Sir  Edward,  lived,  i.  324 
Hobhouse,  Sir  John,  arrested,  ii.  581 
Hobhouse,  Lord,  lived,  i.  289 
Hobson,  Cambridge  carrier,  i.  298 
Hobson,  Thomas,  ii.  509 
Hodges,    Dr.    Nathaniel,    lived,    iii.    456  ; 

memorial,  311 
Hodgkins,  hanged,  iii.  340 
Hogarth,  Mary  and  Ann,  ii.  440 
Hogarth,  William,  i.  120,    143,  490,  492, 

501  ;   ii.  36,    73,    114,    149,  403,    406  ; 

iii.    297,    150,    452  ;    baptism,    i.    116  ; 

club,    ii.    106 ;    Vauxhall   Gardens,    iii. 

428  ;    married   to    Jane   Thornhill,    3  ; 

lived,    ii.     364,     383,     612  ;     iii.     196 ; 

pictures,  ii.  399,  496,  570;  iii.   57,  84, 

95,  102,  172,  190,  201,    261,  346,  376, 

389,   419,   492;  shopbill,   27;    bust,   ii. 

385 
Hogg,  James,  lived,  iii.  454  ;  dinner,  ii. 

77 

Holbein,    Hans,    i.    395  ;    ii.    275,    321  ; 
lived,   i.  377  ;  died,  46  ;   pictures,    102, 

243  I   "•  555  !   ii'-  3<>8 
Holcroft,  Thomas,  born,  ii.  616  ;  club,  iii. 

107 ;    lived,    i.    80  ;    iii.    280 ;    died,    i. 

427  ;  buried,  ii.  496 
Holden,  Thomas,  architect,  ii.  264 
Holderness,  Lord,  iii.  220 
Holford,  R.  S. ,  i.  512  ;  iii.  33 
Holgate,  Abp.,  i.  127 
Holl,  William,  engraver,  lived,  i.  131 
Holland,    Henry,  lived,   iii.   65  ;  architect, 

i.  201,  286,  332,  527  ;  ii.  189,  519 
Holland,  Sir  Henry,  M.  D.,  lived,  i.  283  ; 


Holland,   Henry  Rich,   Earl   of,  lived,  ii. 

223 
Holland,  Robert  Rich,  second  Earl  of,  i. 

361  ;  ii.  596 

Holland,  Lady  (1845),  died,  iii.  279 
Holland,   Henry  Fox,  first  Lord,  died,  ii. 

224 

Holland,  Stephen,  second  Lord,  lived,  i.  12 
Holland,   Henry  Vassall,  third  Lord,  i.  3  ; 

died,  ii.  225  ;  monument,  iii.  474 
Hollar,  Wenceslaus,   lived,  i.  73  ;  died,  ii. 

85  ;  buried,  468,  579  ;   drawings,  iii.  44  ; 

views,  57,  183 

Holies,  Denzil,  Lord,  i.  496  ;  lived,  iii.  84 
Holies,  Sir  John,  i.  416  ;  ii.  589 
Hollis,  Charles,  architect,  iii.  106 
Hollis,  — ,  lived,  ii.  596 
Holloway,  murderer,  i.  545 
Holmes,  J.  L.,  architect,  ii.  378 
Holscombe,  Ellis,  ii.  359 
Holt,    Lord  Chief  Justice,  Gray's  Inn,  ii. 

140  ;  died.  i.  146 

Home,  John,  author  of  Douglas,  lived,  i.  80 
Home,  architect,  ii.  321 
Home,  Earl  of,  ii.  165 
Home,  Sir  Everard,  lived,  iii.  197 
Hone,  Horace,  buried,  i.  134 
Hone,    Nathaniel,    R.A.,    died,  iii.    151  ; 

exhibited,  ii.  484 
Hone,    William,    lived,    ii.   63,    136,    271, 

365,  612  ;   prisoner,  342  ;  buried,  i.  3 
Hood,  Admiral  Lord,  lived,  iii.  523  ;  por- 
trait, ii.  264 
Hood,    Thomas,    ii.    26  ;    born,    iii.    117  ; 

lived,  165  ;   died,  ii.  9,  42  ;   buried,  325 
Hook,  James,  ii.  513 
Hook,   Theodore,   ii.   319  ;  born,   i.    361  ; 

spunging-house,  iii.  241  ;  hoax,  i.  170  ; 

lived,  423 

Hooke,  Dr.  Robert,  buried,  ii.  205  ;  archi- 
tect, i.   76,   173  ;  ii.   555  ;  professor,  i. 

155 
Hooker,   Richard,  Master  of  the  Temple, 

iii.  353  ;  lived,  246 
Hoole,  Charles,  lived,  i.  72 
Hoole,   John,   translator  of   Tasso,  ii.   3  ; 

lived,  iii.  137 
Hooper,  Bp. ,  i.  48  ;  trial,  iii.  214;  prisoner, 

i.   426  ;  ii.  59  ;  iii.  535 
Hope,  Henry  Thomas,  i.  78  ;  lived,  iii.  91 
Hope,  Philip  Henry,  i.  528  ;  ii.  462 
Hope,  Tho. ,  lived,  i.  528  ;  died,  ii.  462 
Hopetoun,  Earl  of,  i.  342 
Hopkins,  Bp.,    Merchant  Taylors'   School, 

ii.  526 

Hopper,  Tho.,  architect,  i.  65  ;  ii.  494 
Hoppner,  J. ,  lived,  i.  361  ;  buried,  ii.  275 
Hore,  James,  lived,  ii.  63 
Hornby,  John,  ii.  38 
Home,  J.,  surveyor,  ii.  72 
Home,  Bp.  Robert,  rector,  i.  32 
Home,   Rev.  Thomas  Hartwell,    "deputy 

Grecian,"  i.  396  ;  died,  209 


574 


INDEX 


Horneck,  Mrs.,  Hi.  25 

Horner,  Francis,  club,  ii.   335  ;  lived,  85  ; 

statue,  iii.  472 
Horner,  Messrs.,  i.  297 
Hornor,  — ,  founder  of  Colosseum,  i.  446 
Horsley,  Bp.,  rector,  ii.  505 
Horsley,    J.    C.,    R.A.,    fresco,    ii.    241, 

242 

Hosiar,  Ralph,  i.  481 
Hoskin,  John,  lived,  i.  148 
Hotham,  John  de,  Bp.  of  Ely,  ii.  10 
Houblon,  Sir  John,  lived,  i.  95 
Houghton,  Lord,  club,  iii.  313 
Houlker,  Thomas,  i.  424 
House,  Sam,  lived,  iii.  447 
Howard,  Hon.  Charles,  lived,  iii.  336 
Howard,  Hon.  Esme,  buried,  iii.  20 
Howard,  Sir  George,  lived,  iii.  267 
Howard,  Hon.  James,  quoted,  ii.  251 
Howard,    John,    i.    217 ;  born,    ii.     179'; 

lived,  618  ;    iii.   318 ;    statue,  48  ;    his 

father,  ii.  440 
Howard,  Queen  Katherine,   prisoner,    iii. 

398  ;  buried,  76 

Howard,  Lady  Mary,  lived,  iii.  ii 
Howard,  Mrs.,  lived,  i.  165 
Howard,  Sir  Philip,  ii.   233  ;  lived  (1665- 

1672),  iii.  332 

Howard,  Sir  Robert,  prison,  ii.  89 
Howard,  Sir  William,  lived,  ii.  596 
Howard  of  Effingham,   Katherine,  Lady, 

i.  375  ;  brass,  ii.  495 
Howard  of  Effingham  (William,  first  Lord), 

Lord  Admiral,  lived,  ii.  337 
Howard  of  Effingham,  Francis,  fifth  Lord, 

i.  476 
Howard    of    Effingham,     Thomas,     sixth 

Lord,  born,  i.  476 
Howe,    John,    minister,    iii.    98 ;  lived,  i. 

80,  366  ;  buried,  32 
Howe,  Admiral  Lord,  i.  8  ;  lived,  ii.  137  ; 

bust,  iii.  408  ;  monument,  48 
Howe,  Earl,  lived,  i.  80 
Howe,  George,  third  Viscount,  i.  486 
Howell,  James,  lived,  i.   278  ;  prison,   ii. 

59  ;  monument,  iii.  351 
Howell,  Thomas,  i.  522 
Howland,  John,  Lord,  i.  447  ;  ii.  245 
Howland,  Mrs.,  iii.  74 
Howley,    Abp. ,    ii.    362,    363  ;    portrait, 

364 

Howson,  J. ,  Bp.  of  Durham,  i.  542 
Hoyle,  Edmund,  died,  iii.  457 ;  buried,  ii. 

496 

Hubbard,  J.  G.,  M.P.,  i.  ii 
Hubert,  hanged  for  setting  fire  to  London, 

iii.  128 

Hucks,  William,  ii.  97 
Hudson,  Geo. ,  Railway  King,  lived,  i.  16 
Hudson,  Sir  Jeffrey,  prison,  ii.  90 
Hudson,  Philip,  i.  66 
Hudson,  Thomas,  lived,  iii.  137 
Hugan,  — ,  iii.  529 


Huggins,  — ,  ii.  57 

Hughes,  . — ,  manager,  iii.   337  ;    exhibits 

feats  of  horsemanship,  i.  476 
Hughes,  John,  buried,  i.  44 
Hughes,  Thomas,  i.  540 
Hugo,  Rev.  T. ,  quoted,  ii.  180 
Hugolin,  buried,  i.  351 
Hull,  J.  F.,  i.  254 
Hullah,  John,  ii.  438 
Humble,  Alderman,  monument,  iii.  215 
Hume,  Sir  Abraham,  lived,  ii.  215 
Hume,  David,  i.  287 ;  member  of  Brooks's, 

287  note,  lived,  235,  296  ;  ii.  402 
Hume,  Joseph,  M.  P. ,  died,  i.  289  ;  buried, 

»•  325 
Humphrey,  Duke,  tomb  at  St.  Paul's,  iii. 

41.    See  Gloucester,  Humphrey,  Duke  of 
Humphrey,  Ozias,  R.A. ,  lived,  i.   219;  ii. 

597  ;  iii.  151 
Humphreys,  Samuel,  lived,  ii.  269  ;  died, 

i.  326 

Humphries,  Mrs.,  lived,  ii.  571 
Hungerford,   Sir  Edward,  lived,  iii.  296  ; 

died,  ii.  248 

Hungerford,  Thomas,  monument,  ii.  449 
Hunlock,  Sir  Hugh,  i.  466  ;  iii.  89 
Hunne,  Richard,  prisoner,  ii.  414 ;  hanged, 

iii.  245 
Hunsdon,   Henry  Carey,    Lord,   K.G. ,  ii. 

447 ;     iii.    269 ;     lived,    i.    196,     284 ; 

monument,  iii.  470 
Hunt,  F.  W.,  architect,  iii.  413 
Hunt,  Holman,  studio,  i.  423 
Hunt,  Leigh,  i.  424;    "deputy  Grecian," 

396  ;   prisoner,   ii.   234  ;   lived,   i.   389  ; 

ii.  334,  403  ;  iii.  no  ;  buried,  ii.  325 
Hunt,  Roger,  iii.  173 
Hunt,  William,   bequest,  ii.   176  ;  born,  i. 

157 

Hunt,  Orator,  iii.  290 
Hunter,  John,  i.  119,  342  ;  iii.  527;  club, 

ii.  484;   founder,   iii.  334;  lived,   ii.    i, 

307,  383  ;  died,    101  ;  buried,  479  ;  iii. 

464  ;  grave,  473  ;  portrait,   336  ;   bust, 

11.  385  ;  his  widow  died,  226 
Hunter,  Rev.  Joseph,  lived,  iii.  385 
Hunter,    Dr.   William,  lived,   ii.   307  ;  iii. 

12,  527  ;  buried,   ii.   280  ;  portrait,  iii. 
82 

Huntingdon,  Catherine,  Countess  of,  tomb, 

ii.  449 
Huntingdon,  Selina,  Countess  of,  died,  i. 

419  ;  iii.  290 
Huntingdon,  Theophilus,  Earl  of,  lived,  i. 

473 
Huntington,    William,    S.S.,    i.    117;    ii. 

144  ;  minister,  iii.  382  ;  died,  ii.  211 
Hurd,  Bp. ,  preacher,  ii.  392  ;  lived,  i.  424 
Hurst  and  Blackett,  ii.  474 
Huskisson,  William,  lived,  ii.  165  ;  statue, 

410 
Hutchinson,    Colonel,    i.    127  ;    iii.    536  ; 

student,  ii.  390  ;  marriage,  i.  44 


INDEX 


575 


Hutchinson,  Mrs.,  born,  iii.  399 

Hutton,    Matthew,    Abp.    of  Canterbury, 

died,  i.  534 

Huysman,  James,  buried,  ii.  280 
Hyde,  Lord  Chief  Justice  (d.  1631),  lived, 

i.   346  ;    iii.  232  ;    Treasurer  of  Middle 

Temple,  357 

I'ANSON,  Edward,  architect,   i.    120,    181, 

456  ;  ii.  523,  525;   iii.  184 
Iddesleigh,  Earl  of,  lived,  ii.  192  ;  portrait, 

575 

Ilchester,  Stephen,  Earl  of,  i.  309 
Hive,  Jacob,  lived,  i.  24 
Illidge,  S. ,  lived,  iii.  232 
Impey,  Sir  Elijah,  lived,  iii.  523 
Inchbald,    Mrs.,    lived,   ii.    81,    384;    iii. 

324  ;  died,  ii.  327  ;  monument,  326 
Inchiquin,  Earl  of,  lived,  ii.  384 
Incledon,  Charles,  lived,  i.  281 
Ingelric,  Earl  of  Essex,  founder,  ii.  486 
Ingram,  Sir  Arthur,  lived,  ii.  257 
Innes,  C. ,  architect,  ii.  491 
Inwood,  Henry  William,  architect,  iii.  23, 

158,  486 
Inwood,  W. ,  architect,  i.  319;    ii.   312; 

iii.  23,  158,  209,  486 
Ireland,  J. ,  quoted,  ii.  72 
Ireland,  Samuel,  lived,  ii.  601 
Ireland,  William,  ii.  262  ;  iii.  129 
Ireton,  Colonel,  Middle  Temple,  iii.  357  ; 

corpse,  155  ;  body  at  Tyburn,  419 
Ironside,  Bp.  Gilbert,  buried,  ii.  505 
Irving,  Rev.  Edward,  i.  479  ;  preacher, 

iii.  158  ;  lived,  ii.  20,  119,  570 
Irving,  Washington,  quoted,  ii.  534 
Isaacs,  L.  H. ,  architect,  ii.  425 
Isabel,  Queen  of  Edward  II. ,  buried,  ii.  157 
Islip,  Abbot,  tomb,  iii.  470 

JACKSON,  Bp.,  tomb,  iii.  48 

Jackson,    John,     R.A.,     buried,    ii.    318  ; 

tomb,  i.  282 
Jackson,   John,   pugilist,   lived,   i.  220  ;  ii. 

1 66 

Jacob,  Sir  Hildebrand,  buried,  i.  50 
Jacob,  Lady,  lived,  i.  523 
Jacobsen,    Theodore,    architect,    ii.    71  ; 

buried,  i.  34 

Jaggard,  John,  lived,  ii.  62 
James   I.,   ii.  223  ;    Pall   Mall,   iii.    8  ;    at 

Paul's    Cross,    61  ;    buried,    463,    466, 

467  ;  portrait,  358,  408  ;  statue,  i.  428  ; 

bust,  iii.  509 
James  II.,  i.  371,  451  ;  ii.  231  ;  as  Duke 

of    York,     271,     286  ;     grocer,     161  ; 

revenues   of  Post  Office,    iii.    113  ;    in 

Priory  Garden ,  125;  in  Spring  Gardens, 

295  ;  escape,  ii.  401  ;  flight  from  White- 

hafl,  iii.  363,  512  ;   portraits,  i.  395  ;  ii. 

523  ;  iii.  408,  438  ;  statue,  513 
James  I.  of  Scotland,  marriage  to  Johanna 

Beaufort,  iii.  213,  524 


James   IV.  of  Scotland,  head  buried,   ii. 

536 

James,  the  old  Pretender,  born  ii.  286 
James,  Sir  Henry,  ii.  316 
James,  John,  i.  301 
James,  John,  architect,  ii.  95 
James,  John,  executed,  ii.  546 
James,  Mrs. ,  benefactor,  iii.  250 
James,  Dr.  Robert,  died,  i.  289 
James,  Sir  Walter,  lived,  i.  502 
James,  William,  Bp.  of  Durham,  i.  542 
Jameson,  Mrs. ,  lived,  i.  289,  387 
Jamford,  William  de,  ii.  608 
Jamieson,  Dr.,  monetary  relief,  iii.  188 
Jamrach,  Charles,  iii.  151 
Jansen,  Mr.,  i.  363 
Jansen,  Bernard,  ii.  603 
Jansen,  Cornelius,  iii.  4  ;  lived,  i.  196 
Jansen,  Sir  Theodore,  iii.    134  ;   lived,  ii. 

186 

Jarvis,  Messrs. ,  iii.  444 
Jebb,  Major  R. ,  architect,  iii.  71 
Jeffrey,  Francis,  duel  with  Moore,  i.  344  ; 

iii.  1 20 
Jeffreys,    Judge,    married,     i.     31  ;    Inner 

Temple,   iii.    354 ;     at    Wapping,    444 ; 

lived,  i.  20,  534  ;   ii.  288,  439  ;  prisoner, 

iii.  399  ;  buried,  ii.  491 
Jekyll,  Sir  Joseph,  accident,  ii.   395  ;  iii. 

1 66 

Jekyll,  J. ,  lived,  ii.  343,  586 
Jenkins,  gardener,  i.  295 
Jenkins,  bank  clerk,  buried,  i.  399 
Jenner,  Rev.  Charles,  quoted,  ii.    268  ;   iii. 

497 

Jenner,  Dr.,  lived,  ii.  213;  iii.  193 
Jenner,  Sir  William,  lived,  i.  283 
Jennings,    Henry    Constantine,    lived,    ii. 

400  ;  died,  i.  157 

Jennings,  Joseph,  architect,  i.  68,  405 
Jenyns,  Soame,  ii.  41  ;  born,  617 
Jerdan,  William,  lived,  i.  281 
Jerman,    Edvv.,    architect,   i.    521  ;    ii.    8, 

259,  520  ;   iii.  183 
Jermyn,  Henry,  duel,  ii.  283 
Jerome,  William,  vicar,   i.   538  ;    burned, 

iii.  256 
Jerrold,   Douglas,  born,  ii.    149  ;  lived,  i. 

277,  400 

Jersey,  Earl  of,   i.  164  ;  iii.  302 
Jervas,  Charles,  lived,  iii.  221  ;  died,  i.  421 
Jessop,  William,  engineer,  iii.  459 
Jevon,  T. ,  actor  and  dramatist,  ii.  414 
Jewel,  John,  Bp.  of  Salisbury,  i.  515 
Jocelyn,  Lord  Chancellor  of  Ireland,  i.  285 
John,  King,  i.  481 

John,  King  of  France,  prisoner,  iii.  217 
John  of  Eltham,  monument,  iii.  465 
John  of  Gaunt,  iii.  217  ;  tomb,  41 
John  of  Northampton,  i.  351 
Johnson,  tavern  proprietor,  i.  406 
Johnson,  Gerard,  lived,  iii.  373 
Johnson,  Hector,  ii.  254 


576 


INDEX 


Johnson,  Sir  Henry,  i.  202 

Johnson,  J. ,  lived,  iii.  54 

Johnson,  Joel,  architect,  ii.  311 

Johnson,  John,  architect,  ii.  548 

Johnson,  Marmaduke,  ii.  446 

Johnson,  Rev.  Samuel,  ii.  221  ;  mock 
ceremony  of  degradation,  iii.  55 

Johnson,  Dr.  Samuel,  i.  71,  350,  413  ;  ii. 
90,  302,  314,  336,  353  ;  the  Cock  Lane 
ghost,  i.  432  ;  meeting  with  Edwards, 
313  ;  at  Temple  Bar,  iii.  359  ;  dined,  ii. 
586  ;  at  the  Mitre,  551  ;  clubs,  i.  480, 
500  ;  ii.  18,  106,  271,  403 ;  iii.  141  ; 
lived,  i.  224,  230,  337,  491,  544;  ii. 
28,  131,  221,  257,  318,  406  ;  iii.  303, 
531  ;  died,  i.  216;  buried,  iii.  463,  478; 
his  will,  516  ;  statue,  48 

Johnstone,  "Irish,"  lived,  iii.  349 

Jones,  clockmaker,  ii.  259 

Jones,   Mrs.  Ann,  licence  to  eat  flesh   in 

Lent,  ii.  505 
Jones,  Gale,  ii.  100 

Jones,  Sir  Horace,  lived,  i.  502  ;  architect, 
183  ;  ii.  32,  170,  171,  173,  424,  530  ; 

iii-  338-  359 

Jones,   Inigo,  ii.    112,  225,    360,   560  ;  iii. 
4  ;  baptism,  i.  116  ;  lived,  iii.  224  ;  died, 
276;  buried,  i.  159;  architect,  ii,  23,  74, 
102,    143,  461  ;  ii.   84,    104,   321,   391, 
393,    401,   604;    iii.    40,    56,    83,   269, 
505,  508,  509,  523  ;  his  will,  516 
Jones,  John,  bequest,  iii.  276 
Jones,  John,  engraver,  lived,  iii.  no 
Jones,  John,  executed,  i.  354 
Jones,  Owen,  school,  i.  365  ;  architect,   ii. 

283  ;  iii.  159 

Jones,  Thomas,  chaplain,  iii.  216 
Jones,  William,  architect,  iii.  147 
Jones,  Rev.  William,  of  Nayland,  school, 

i-  365 
Jones,  Sir  William,  lived,  i.   80  ;  ii.  354  ; 

monument,  iii.  48 
Jones,  J.  Winter,  i.  268,  272 
Jonson,  Ben,  i.  509  ;  ii.  no,  390;  school, 

iii.    488  ;    duel,    ii.   245,   387 ;    club,    i. 

497 ;  lived,   195  ;    ii.    193 ;    buried,   iii. 

463,   473  ;     monumental    tablet,    476  ; 

burial  of  his  infant  son,  i.  227 
Jordaens,  iii.  509 

Jordan,  Master  Westminster  School,  iii.  488 
Jordan,  Mrs.,  lived,  i.  316 
Jortin,  John,  monument,  ii.  326 
Jortin,  Roger  (d.  1795).  i-  53$ 
Joseph,  N.  S. ,  architect,  iii.  no 
Judd,   Sir   Andrew,   ii.    319  ;    monument, 

204  ;  portrait,  iii.  252 
Jullien,   C. ,   manager,   iii.   338  ;    concerts, 

i.  466 

Junius,  ii.  456 

Jupp,  Richard,  architect,  ii.  2  ;  iii.  252 
Jupp,  William,  lived,  ii.  434 
Juxon,  Abp.,  ii.  362  ;  school,  526  ;  Gray's 

Inn,  140  ;  portrait,  364 


KATHARINE,    Queen  of   Charles    II.,    i. 

187 

Katherine  of  Aragon,  ii.  99,  320 
Katterfelto,  lived,  iii.  91 
Kay,  John,  i.  19 
Kayes,  Robert,  iii.  425 
Kean,  Charles,  manager,  iii.  122 
Kean,  Edmund,  i.  350  ;  ii.  616  ;  iii.  209  ; 

born,  i.  336  ;  club,  ii.  75  ;  lived,  i.  344, 

412  ;  ii.  81,  402 
Keats,    John,   born,    ii.    562  ;    baptism,    i. 

227 ;    student,   ii.    176 ;    lived,   i.   493 ; 

iii.  116,  140 

Keble,  Henry,  buried,  ii.  491 
Keble,  John,  bust,  iii.  473 
Keck,  Robert,  lived,  iii.  346 
Keeley,    Robert,   born,  ii.   138 ;  died,   iii. 

69  ;  buried,  i.  282 
Keeling,  F.  B. ,  architect,  ii.  84 
Keir,  Dr.,  i.  386  ;   ii.  484 
Keith,  Rev.  Alexander,  ii.  516  ;  chapel,  i. 

487  ;  prison,  ii.  60  ;  died,  517 
Keith,  Admiral  Lord,  lived,  ii.  192 
Kelly,  Hugh,  lived,  ii.  132 
Kelly,  Miss,  manager,  iii.  189 
Kem,  Rev.  — ,  preached  in  buff  coat,  iii. 

77 
Kemble,     Charles,     lived,     ii.    107,    595  ; 

buried,  325 
Kemble,     Mrs.     Fanny,    born,     ii.     595  ; 

school,  189  ;  lived,  107 
Kemble,  John  Philip,  i.   465  ;  lived,  334  ; 

iii.  193  ;  farewell  dinner,  ii.   77  ;  statue, 

iii.  471 

Kemp,  W. ,  actor,  i.  101 
Kemp,  Thomas,  Bp.    of  London,  iii.    60  ; 

mortuary  chapel,  41 
Kemp,  T.  R. ,  i.  153 
Kempenfelt,  Admiral,  monument,  iii.  471 
Ken,  Thomas  (d.  1651),  lived,  ii.  84 
Kendal,  Duchess  of,  lived,  ii.  164,  287 
Kendal,  Mr.  and  Mrs.,  ii.  305 
Kendall,  H.  E.,  architect,  i.  153 
Kene,  Antony,  ii.  201 
Kenmuir,    Lord,    prisoner,   iii.    399  ;    exe- 
cuted, 401 
Kennet,  Dr.  White,  Bp.  of  Peterborough, 

rector,  i.  227  ;   ii.  490  ;  satire  on,  503  ; 

lived,  i.  481 ;  died,  ii.  296 
Kenney,  J.,  dramatist,  died,  i.  281 
Kenrick,  James,  ii.  454 
Kenrick,  William,  LL.D.,  i.  501;  buried, 

ii.  450 
Kensington,  William    Edwards,   Lord,  ii. 

7,  224  ;  married,  517 
Kent,  Duchess  of,  lived,  i.  408 
Kent,  Duke  of,  lived,  ii.   331  ;  statue,   iii. 

33-  109 
Kent,  Henry  Grey,  ninth   Earl  of,  i.  214  ; 

lived,  iii.  504 
Kent,  William,  i.  306,  332  ;  architect,  63, 

163,  501  ;    ii.  232,  532;    iii.  141,   407; 

landscape  gardener,  ii.  329 


INDEX 


577 


i,  Lord,  lived,  ii.  396 
Keppel,  Lord,  i.  8  ;  school,  iii.  488 
Kerbye,  Charles,  bookseller,  ii.  192 
Kerr,  Prof.  Robert,  architect,  ii.  4 
Kerwyn,  And.,  ii.  531 
Kerwyn,   William  and   Magdalen,    monu- 
ment, ii.  205 

Ketch,  John,  hangman,  iii.  418 
Kettlewell,  John,  i.  120  ;  buried,  31 
Key,  Sir  John,  Lord  Mayor,  ii.  451 
Keys,  — ,  prison,  ii.  59 
Keyes,  — ,  executed,  iii.  5 
Keyse,  Thomas,  i.  168 
Kidd,  Captain  William,  hanged,  ii.  25 
Kiffen,  William,  i.  502 
Kildare,    Gerald,  ninth    Earl   of,   buried, 

iii.  76 

KiUigrew,   Anne,  buried,  iii.  218  ;  monu- 
ment, ii.  499 
Killigrew,   Dr.,  Master  of  the  Savoy,   iii. 

218  ;  buried,  464 

Killigrew,  Sir  Robert,  prison,  ii.  59 
Killigrew,  Thomas,  ii.  335,  607  ;  iii.    153, 
431  ;  manager,   i.   436  ;    ii.   397  ;  born, 
442  ;  lived,  iii.  84  ;  buried,  ii.  327 ;   iii. 

473 
Kilmarnock,     Lord,     prisoner,    iii.     399 ; 

trial,  486 ;  executed,  401  ;  buried,  76 
Kilwardby,   Robert,  Abp.   of  Canterbury, 

i-  193 

King,  Charles,  executed,  i.  209 
King,  Sir  Edmund,  portrait,  iii.  82 
King,  Gregory,  buried,  i.  159  ;  builder,  ii. 

149 

King,  John,  Bp.  of  London,  ii.  311 
King,    Peter,  first  Lord,  ii.  469  ;   portrait, 

iii.  231 

King,  Peter,  seventh  Lord,  died,  i.  517 
King,  William,  LL.  D. ,  iii.  116,  313 
King,  Tom,  lived,  ii.  343 
Kingston,  Duchess  of,  lived,  ii.  327,  352  ; 

marriage,  96  ;  trial,  iii.  486 
Kingston,  Duke  of,  marriage,  i.  487 
Kinnaird,  Hon.  Douglas,  lived,  i.  412 
Kinski,  Count,  lived,  ii.  186 
Kip,  John,  died,  ii.  439 
Kippis,  Andrew,  F.  R.S. ,  ii.  246;  lived,  i. 

481  ;  ii.  179  ;  buried,  i.  303 
Kirby,  John,  lived,  i.  179 
Kirk,  Captain,  ii.  293 
Kirkall,  Edward,  lived,  i.  507 
Kirkeby,  John  de,  Bp.  of  Ely,  ii.  10 
Kirkley,  Ralph,  ii.  198 
Kitchener,  Dr.  Wm.,  lived,  iii.  449  ;  died, 

449  ;  buried,  i.  415 
Knapton,  George,  painter,  i.  505 
Knatchbull,  Sir  Edward,  lived,  ii.  92 
Kneller,   Sir  Godfrey,   ii.    348  ;    lived,    i. 

543  ;  iii.  85,  137  ;  monument,  475 
Knevet,  Sir  Edmund,  i.  213 
Knight,  surgeon  to  Charles  II,  lived,  iii. 

194 

Knight,  Charles,  lived,  iii.  349 
VOL.  Ill 


Knight,  Gowin,  M.D. ,  i.  272 

Knight,  Henry  Gaily,  lived,  ii.  165 

Knight,  John,  lived,  i.  140 

Knight,  Mary,  lived,  iii.  n 

Knight,  Richard  Payne,  i.  254,  266,  267  ; 

died,  iii.  266 
Knight,  Robert,  cashier  of  the  South  Sea 

Company,  i.  445 
Knight,  Samuel,  school,  iii.  63 
Knollys,  Sir  Francis,  marriage,  L  35 
Knowles,  James,  died,  i.  29 
Knowles,  J. ,  architect,  ii.  385 
Knowles,  Sheridan,  lived,  i.  29 
Knowles,  Thomas,  ii.  171 
Knox,  John,  i.  32 
Knox,     Vicesimus,     i.     536 ;      Merchant 

Taylors'  School,  ii.  526 
Koningsmarck,  Count,  ii.  71,   198  ;  trial, 

214 

Koops,  Matthias,  ii.  578 
Kosciusko,  lived,  ii.  385  ;  iii.  196 
Kossuth,  Louis,  lived,  i.  40 
Kyllingham,  John,  i.  336 
Kynaston,    Edward,    lived,    i.    148,    149  ; 

buried,  iii.  58 

Kynaston,  Sir  Francis,  lived,  i.  148 
Kyngescote,  William,  warden,  ii.  444 

LABELYE,  Charles,  architect,  iii.  481 
Lackington,  George,  i.  391  ;  ii.  7  ;   lived, 

43 

Lacy,  Bp.  of  Exeter,  lived,  ii.  21 
Lacy,    John,    lived,    i.    523  ;    buried,    ii. 

478 

Ladbroke,  Sir  Robert,  monument,  i.  393 
Laguerre,    Louis,    painter,   i.    524  ;    died, 

526  ;  buried,  ii.  479 
Laing,  David,  architect,  i.  487,  535 
Lake,  General  Lord,  lived,  i.  283 
La  Marche,  J.   F. ,  Comte  de,  Bp.   of  St. 

Pol  de  Leon,  buried,  iii.  18 
Lamb,  auctioneer,  iii.  14,  177 
Lamb,  Lady  Caroline,  school,  ii.  189 
Lamb,  Charles,  i.  204  ;  ii.  3,  20,  34,  82, 

141,   593  ;  born,  i.  480  ;  school,   121  ; 

"  deputy  Grecian,"  396  ;  tavern,  iii.  207  ; 

lived,   i.   350,   442  ;  ii.    258,  270,   551  ; 

iii.  138,  280,  195 
Lamb,  Dr.,  the  conjurer,  iii.  528  ;  prisoner, 

117 

Lamb,  E.  B. ,  architect,  i.  222,  452 
Lamb,  John,  iii.  279 
Lamb,  Mary,  school,  i.   121  ;  stabbed  her 

mother,  iii.  138  ;  lived,  i.  350,  442 
Lambe,  William,  i.  428  ;  ii.  212,  354 
Lambert,  George,  i.  150 
Lambert,  General,  lived,  ii.  224 
Lancaster,   Henry  Plantagenet,  first  Duke 

of,  iii.  217 
Lancaster,  John  of  Gaunt,  Duke  of,  i.  528  ; 

died,  ii.  10 
Lancaster,  Edmund  Crouchback,  Earl  of, 

iii.  217  ;  tomb,  471 

2  P 


578 


INDEX 


Lancaster,  Joseph,  i.  250  ;  ii.  365  ;  schools, 

i.  223  ;  lived,  ii.  273 
Lander,  Richard,  monument,  ii.  500 
Landon,  Miss  L.  E. ,  born,  ii.  189 ;  married, 

i.  289  ;   ii.  493 

Landor,  Walter  Savage,  lived,  i.  142,  224 
Landseer,  Charles,  R.A.,  died,  ii.  318 
Landseer,  Sir  Edwin,  R.A.,  lions  in  Tra- 
falgar Square,   iii.    405 ;    lived,  ii.    67, 

166  ;  died,  318 
Landseer,  John,  lived,  ii.  67 
Landseer,  Thomas,  A.R.A.,  lived,  ii.  318 
Lane,  William,  highwayman,  ii.  352 
Lanesborough,  Earl  of,  iii.  48,  302 
Laney,  Benjamin,  Bp.  of  Ely,  ii.  13 
Lange,  Robert,  Lord  Mayor,  iii.  528 
Langford's  auction  rooms,  iii.  84 
Langham,  S.,  Abp.  of  Canterbury,  tomb, 

iii.  465 

Langham,  Sir  James,  ii.  66,  365 
Langham,  Sir  John,  lived,  i.  478 
Langhorne,  John,  ii.  144,  312  ;  assistant 

preacher,  392 

Langley,  Batty,  lived,  ii.  519 
Langton,  Bennet,  lived,  i.  219 
Langton,  Thomas,  monument,  ii.  204 
Langton,   Abp.,  rector,   i.   32  ;    Constable 

of  the  Tower,  iii.  399 
Lankrink,  Prosper  Henry,  lived,  iii.  85 
La  Noye,  Cornelius  de,  lived,  iii.  269 
Lansdowne,    George  Granville,  Viscount, 

lived,  ii.  187  ;  prisoner,  iii.  399  ;  buried, 

i-  415 
Lansdowne,   first   Marquis  of,   i.   163  ;  ii. 

366 

Lant,  family  of,  ii.  367 
Large,  Robert,  buried,  ii.  609 
Larke,  John,  rector,  ii.  450 
Laroone,  Capt.  Marcellus,  club,  ii.   208  ; 

lived,  i.  229 

Latham,  Mrs.,  lived,  ii.  502 
Latimer,   Dr.   Hugh,  ii.  357,   364,    372; 

preacher,  357,  364,  468,  490  ;  iii.  246 
Latimer,  Lady  Lucy,  monument,  ii.  178 
Laud,  Abp.,  ii.  360,  386,  579;  Gray's 

Inn,    140;  consecration,  in  ;  prisoner, 

m-     77'     398  !    trials,    ii.     361,     364 ; 

executed,    iii.     401  ;     buried,      i.     31  ; 

portrait,  ii.  363 
Lauder,  Wm. ,  lived,  i.  ii 
Lauderdale,  John,  Duke  of,  lived,  i.  23 ; 

ii.  367 

Lawes,  Henry,  buried,  iii.  480 
Lawes,  Robert,  Clerk  of  the  Works,  iii.  269 
Lawrence  family,  i.  375 
Lawrences  of  Shurdington,  i.  476 
Lawrence,    Dr.  French,   i.    184 ;  died,    ii. 

19 

Lawrence,  Sir  Henry,  monument,  iii.  48 
Lawrence,    Lord,  ii.    448  ;    lived,   i.    376 ; 

ii.    205  ;  buried,    iii.  463  ;   statue,    454 
Lawrence,  General  Stringer,  lived,  i.   289  ; 

monument,  iii.  474  ;  portrait,  ii.  616 


Lawrence,  Sir  Thomas,  iii.    150  ;  lived,  ii. 

149  ;  i.  219  ;  died,  iii.  192  ;  grave,  49  ; 

monument  ii.  449 

Lawrence,  William,  epitaph,  iii.  480 
Lawson,  Sir  John,  buried,  i.  536 
Layard,  Sir  A.  H.,  i.  255,  258,  259 
Leach,  John,  Master  of  the  Rolls,  drawings, 

iii.  319 

Leadbetter,  S.,  architect,  ii.  66;  iii.  62 
Leake,  Dr.  John,   ii.  452 
Leake,  Admiral  Sir  John,  born,  iii.  175 
Leathercoat,  porter,  iii.  172 
Le  Bas,  Dr.,  rector,  iii.  447 
Lechmere,  Sir  Edmund,  ii.  315 
Lechmere,  Lord,  lived,  i.  320;  ii.  224 
Ledru  Rollin,  lived,  i.  281  ;  iii.  69 
Lee,  E.  C.,  architect,  i.  128  ;  ii.  199,  503 
Lee,  Sir  George,  died,  ii.  300 
Lee,  Sir  Henry,  of  Ditchley,  iii.  381,  510 
Lee,  John,  LL.D.,  ii.  141 
Lee,  Nat,   i.  175  ;  school,  iii.  488  ;   died, 

i.  313  ;  buried,  414 
Lee,  W.  W. ,  architect,  i.  no 
Lee  Boo,  Prince,  monument,  iii.  174 
Leech,  John,  school,  i.  365  ;  lived,  i.  288 ; 

iii.    119;    buried,    ii.    325;    his    father, 

426 

Leeds,  Duke  of,  lived,  ii.  302 
Leeke,  Henry,  founder,  iii.  140 
Le  Fevre,  Ralph,  ii.  31 
Lefevre,  Roland,  died,  i.  139 
Le  Galeys,  Henry,  i.  21,  23 
Legat,  Francis,  lived,  iii.  253 
Legate,  Bartholomew,  burned,  iii.  256 
Legge,  William,  ii.  606 
Legh,  Alex.,  rector,  i.  238 
Legh,  Sir  Thomas,  benefactor,  ii.  520 
LeGrice,  Rev.  C.  V.,  i.  285 
Leicester,  Robert  Dudley,  Earl  of,  ii.  452  ; 

lived,  1 6,  379 
Leicester,    Robert   Sidney,    first    Earl   of, 

lived,  ii.  380 
Leicester,   Robert  Sidney,  second  Earl  of, 

lived,  ii.  543,  596 
Leicester,    John    Sidney,    sixth    Earl '  of, 

lived,  iii.  267 
Leigh,  Mrs.,  i.  114 
Leighton,  Dr.  Alexander,  pillory,  iii.  7 
Leighton,  Abp.,  died,  iii.  451 
Leighton,  Sir  Frederick,  frescoes,  iii.  275 
Leland,  John,  school,  iii.  63  ;  buried,  ii. 

536 

Le  Long,  John,  the  Easterling,  i.  189 
Lely,  Sir  Peter,  lived,  iii.  84  ;  buried,  58 
Le  Marchant,  Sir  Denis,  died,  i.  152 
Le  Mintier,  Bp. ,  buried,  iii.  18 
Lemon,  Mark,  lived,  iii.  535 
Lempriere,  Dr.,  died,  iii.  284 
Le  Neve,  John,  born,  iii.  193  ;  lived,  371 
Le  Neve,  Peter,  Merchant  Taylors'  School, 

ii.  526 

Le  Neve,  Sir  William,  buried,  i.  159 
Lennard,  Sampson,  buried,  i.  159 


INDEX 


579 


Lennox,    Mrs.    Charlotte,   lived,   iii.   271  ; 

died,  i.  494 

Lennox,  Duchess  of,  i.  378 
Lennox,  Duke  of,  ii.  12 
Lennox,  Lady  Margaret,  lived,  ii.  179 
Lennox,  Lady  Sarah,  lived,  i.  316 
Le  Notre,  Andre1,  ii.  290 
Lens,  Bernard,  lived,  ii.  55 
Lenthall,  Speaker,  lived,  ii.  336,  566 
Leoni,  G. ,  architect,  iii.  424 
Leoni,  James,  buried,  iii.  21 
Leopold,  king   of  the    Belgians,    i.    431  ; 

Jived,  320 ;  ii.  473  ;  iii.  33 
Lepel,  Molly,  lived,  ii.  296 
Leslie,  C.  R.,  R.A.,  lived,  i.  295  ;  ii.  403, 

426 ;  iii.  98,  449  ;  died,  i.  2 
Le   Sceur,   Hubert,    i.    355;    lived,    no; 

buried,  116 
L'Estrange,    Sir    Roger,    lived,    ii.    108, 

271  ;  buried,  112 
Le  Tellier,  Abp. ,  i.  543 
Lettsom,   John  Coateley,  M.D. ,   lived,    i. 

123  ;  died,  iii.  208 

Leventhorpe,  John,  monument,  ii.  204 
Lever,   Sir  Ashton,  lived,  ii.  381 
Leveridge,  Richard,  lived,  iii.  349 
Leverton,  Thomas,  architect,  ii.  158 
Leverton,  W. ,  architect,  ii.  112 
Levett,  Robert,  buried,  i.  244 
Levi,   Lyon,  jumped  from  monument,    ii. 

559 

Lewes,  Priors  of,  residence,  iii.  385,  443 
Lewes',  G.  H.,  lived,  i.  204 
Lewis,  Mr.,  actor,  lived,  i.  277 
Lewis,  Mr.,  bookseller,  iii.  195,  384 
Lewis,  Erasmus,  lived,  i.  455 
Lewis,  Sir  Frankland,  lived,  ii.  137 
Lewis,    Sir   George   Cornewall,    lived,    ii. 

137,  207,  213,  331,  396 
Lewis,  James,  architect,  i.   175  ;  iii.  335 
Lewis,  M.  G. ,  lived,  i.  12,  502 
Lewis,  T.  D.,  bequest,  ii.  573 
Lewis,  T.    Hayter,  architect,  i.   30,   115  ; 

iii.  422 

Lewknor,  Sir  Lewis,  ii.  387 
Leyre,  William  de,  ii.  35 
Lichfield,  Anson,  Earl  of,  lived,  ii.  301 
Lichfield,  Lee,  Lord,  i.  519 
Liddell,  Hon.  and  Rev.  R. ,  iii.  63 
Lieven,  Prince,  lived,  i.  517 
Ligonier,  Colonel,  lived,  i.  309 
Ligonier,  Viscount,  duel,  ii.  151 
Lightfoot,  Hannah,  ii.  25,  285,  471,  517 
Lilburne,  John,  i.    25  ;  lived,   ii.    434  ;  iii. 

525  ;  prison,  ii.  59  ;  buried,  i.  171 ;  ii.  565  ; 

iii.  79 
Lillie,  Charles,  lived,   i.    140 ;  ii.   75  ;    iii. 

324 

Lillo,  George,  buried,  ii.  387 
Lilly,  grammar  master  of  St.  Paul's  School, 

iii.  63  ;  lived,  53  ;  buried,  42 
Lilly  the  astrologer,  i.  51 ;  ii.  174  ;  married, 

103  ;  lived,  394  ;  iii.  323 


Limerick,   Thomas,    Earl   of,    buried,   iii. 

20 
Linacre,  founder,  iii.   82  ;  lived,   ii.  350  ; 

buried,  iii.  42  ;  statue,  82 
Lincoln,   Henry  Fiennes,   Earl  of,  i.   141, 

377  ;  lived,  324  ;  ii.  460 
Lincoln,  De  Lacies,  Earls  of,  ii.  390 
Lincoln,    Henry   Lacy,  Earl   of,  lived,   i. 

346 

Lindsay,  Sir  Coutts,  i.  220  ;  ii.  161 
Lindsay,  John,  i.  25 
Lindsey,  Robert  Bertie,  first  Earl  of,  lived, 

ii.  401 
Lindsey,  Montague  Bertie,  second  Earl  of, 

died,  i.  320 
Lindsey,  Robert  Bertie,  third  Earl  of,  lived, 

ii.  400 

Lindsey,  Earls  of,  i.  376 
Lindsey,  Rev.  Theophilus,  buried,  i.  304 
Linley,  Thomas,   died,  iii.  284 
Linley,  William,  died,  ii.  84  ;  buried,  iii. 

59 

Lintot,  Bernard,  lived,  ii.  63,  483,  571 
Linwood,  Miss,  needlework,  iii.  211 
Lisle,  Robert,  Lord,  friar,  ii.  157 
Lister,  Lady  Theresa,  lived,  ii.  331 
Listen,   John,  i.    337 ;    ii.   201  ;    lived,    i. 

281  ;  died,  ii.  101  ;  buried,  325 
Litlington,  Abbot,  iii.  489 
Littledale,  Sir  John,  died,  i.  147 
Littleton,  Adam,  i.  393 
Littleton,  Sir  Richard,  lived,  i.  473 
Liverpool,  Charles,  first  Earl  of,  died,  ii. 

40,  213 
Liverpool,  second  Earl  of,  school,  i.  365  ; 

lived,  iii.  126 
Livingstone,  David,  buried,  iii.  463 ;  grave 

473 

Llandaff,  Bishops  of,  residence,  iii.  321 
Llanover,  Sir  Benjamin  Hall,  Lord,  lived, 

iii.  523 

Lloyd,  Captain,  ii.  402 
Lloyd,  Dr.,    Bp.  of   St.   Asaph,  lived,  ii. 

382 

Lloyd,  Edward,  ii.  407 
Lloyd,  Miss,  i.  222 
Lloyd,  Robert,   prison,  ii.    60 ;    buried,   i. 

239 

Locke,  Charles,  lived,  ii.  596 
Locke,  John,  ii.  15;  school,  iii.  488;  lived, 

i.  23,  512  ;  ii.  28,  395 
Lockett,  Adam,  ii.  413 
Lockhart,  Anne  Scott,  buried,  ii.  325 
Lockhart,  John  Gibson,  lived,  i.  i;   iii.  14, 

338 

Lockhart,  John  Hugh,  buried,  ii.  325 
Lockhart,  Sophia,  buried,  ii.  325 
Lockwood  and  Mawson,  architects,  i.  405 
Lockyer,  Lionel,  monument,  iii.  215 
Lodge,    Edmund,    ii.     210 ;    lived,     274 ; 

died,  i.  209  ;  buried,  ii.  97 
Lodge,  Dr.  Thomas,  lived,  ii.  502 
Loftus,  W.  K.,  i.  258,  259 


580 


INDEX 


Logan,  Rev.  John,  died,   i.  474 
Loggan,  David,  lived,  ii.  382 
Londesborough,  Lord,  ii.  165  ;  died,  i.  333 
London,  Bishops  of,  ii.  301 
London,  George,  gardener,  i.   331  ;  lived, 

iii.  451 

London  and  Wise,  i.  282 
London,  John,  ii.  434 
Londonderry,  Marquis  of,  iii.  33 
Long,  tavernkeeper,  iii.  170 
Long,  Benjamin,  ii.  441 
Long,  John  St.  John,  lived,  ii.  192  ;  buried, 

324 

Long,  William,  iii.  517 
Long  Meg,  buried,  iii.  480 
Longford,  Earl  of,  lived,  i.  289 
Longland,  Will,  lived,  i.  13 
Longman  and  Co.,  iii.  39 
Longueville,  William,  lived,  i.  229 
Lonsdale,  J.,  lived,  i.  169 
Lonsdale,  Bp.,  preacher,  ii.  392 
Lopes,  Dr.,  executed,  iii.  415 
Lord,  Thomas,  ii.  441 
Lort,  Michael,  monument,  ii.  514 
Lostange,  Marquis  de,  buried,  iii.  18 
Loten,  John,  lived,  ii.  284 
Loudon,  J.  C.,  buried,  ii.  325 
Loughborough,  Lord,  lived,  i.  146;  ii.  396 
Louis   XVIII. ,    lived,    i.    15,    80;    when 

Monsieur,  90 

Louis  Phillippe,  lived,  ii.  93 
Loutherbourg,  P.  J.,  R.A.,  lived,  iii.  382 
Lovat,    Simon,   Lord,   prisoner,   iii.    399 ; 

trial,  486 ;    execution,  i.  108  ;   iii.  401  ; 

buried,  76 

Loveing,  Mr.,  i.  414 
Lovell,  Sir  Thomas,  K.G.,  i.  346;  ii.  228, 

390 

Lovell,  Mathild,  ii.  443 
Lovelace,  Ada,  Countess  of,  died,  i.  483 
Lovelace,   Richard,  i.   24 ;    prison,  ii.  89 ; 

died,  174  ;  buried,  i.  239 
Lovelace,  Thomas,  pillory,  iii.  7 
Low,  David,  first  London  hotel-keeper,  i. 

463 

Lowe,  Mr.,  ii.  513 

Lowe,  Sir  H.,  lived,  ii.  7  ;  buried,  i.  80 

Lowe,  Mauritius,  lived,  ii.  203 

Lowe,  Rev.  Richard  T.,  i.  254 

Lowen,  J.,  marriage,  i.  227;  buried,  414 

Lowndes,  H. ,  lived,  ii.  63 

Lowndes,  William,  ii.  443 

Lowth,  William,  Merchant  Taylors'  School, 

ii.  526 

Lowther,  Sir  James,  ii.  94 
Lucas,  John,  his  token,  i.  2 
Lucas,  R.  C.,  i.  261 
Lucchese,    Count   Ferdinand,   buried,   iii. 

21 

Lucius,  King,  iii.  73 
Lucy,  Sir  Fulke,  lived,  ii.  298 
Lucy,  Margaret,  monument,  ii.  109 
Luda,  William  de,  Bp.  of  Ely,  ii.  10 


Ludlow,  Edmund,  lived,  iii.  280 

Luke,  Sir  Samuel,  lived,  i.  49 

Lullius,  Raimondus,  lived,  ii.  320 

Lumley,  Lady,  lived,  ii.  437 

Lumley,  Lord,  lived,  ii.  451 

Lumsden,  Archibald,  iii.  9 

Lunardi,  the  aeronaut,   i.  3,  69  ;    balloon 

ascent,  iii.  390 

Lush,  Lord  Justice  Sir  Robert,  died,  i.  84 
Luttrell,  Henry,  lived,  i.  281 
Lydekker,  John,  ii.  410 
Lyell,  Sir  Charles,  buried,  iii.  464 
Lyly,  John,  lived,  i.  117 
Lyndhurst,  Lord,   student,   ii.  391  ;   lived, 

i.  480  ;  ii.  16,  40,  93  ;  portrait,  iii.  232 
Lyndwood,  Bp.,  rector,  i.  32 
Lynedoch,  Lord,  died,  iii.  328 
Lyons,  Lord,  monument,  iii.  48 
Lysons,  Sir  Daniel,  Constable  of  the  Tower, 

iii.  400 

Lysons,  Samuel,  lived,  ii.  343 
Lyttelton,  Charles,   Bp.   of  Carlisle,  died, 

i.  424 

Lyttelton,  Sir  Charles,  ii.  232  ;  lived,  i.  361 
Lyttelton,  Sir  Edward,  lived,  i.  223 
Lyttelton,  Lord,  "the  good,"  lived,  i.  60; 

ii.  215  ;  club,  iii.  313 
Lyttelton,  Lord,  "the  wicked,"  lived,  ii. 

215 

Lyttelton,    Sir    Thomas,    ii.    476 ;    Inner 

Temple,  iii.  354  ;  lived,  431 
Lytton,  Edward,   first  Lord,  born,  i.  91  ; 

lived,  12,  359  ;  ii.  213  ;  buried,  iii.  463, 

465 

M'ARDELL,  James,  lived,  ii.  208 

Macartney,  General,  iii.  172  ;  ii.  252 

Macartney,  Lord,  lived,  i.  487 

Macaulay,  Dr.,  lived,  iii.  100 

Macaulay,  Lord,  i.  288  ;  church,  ii.  326  ; 
lived,  i.  12,  187,  321,  412,  521  ;  ii.  41, 
92,  327,  618  ;  buried,  iii.  463,  477 

Macaulay,  Mrs.,  lived,  i.    170;  statue,  iii. 

3H 
Macaulay,  Zachary,  lived,  i.  187;   buried, 

ii.  102 

Macbean,  Alexander,  lived,  i.  366 
Macclesfield,  Countess  of,  lived,  i.  219 
Macclesfield,  Charles  Gerard,  first  Earl  of, 

ii.  104,  453  ;  lived,  396  ;  iii.  163  ;  died, 

265 
Macclesfield,     Charles,    second    Earl    of, 

P.R.S.,  lived,  iii.  265 
M'Culloch,  J.  R.,  lived,  iii.   307;  buried, 

i.  281 

Macdonald,  Sir  John,  died,  i.  289 
Mackenzie,  John,  ii.  40 
Mackintosh,  Sir  James,  married  to  his  first 

wife,    Catherine    Stuart,    ii.    497 ;    first 

wife  buried,   i.   415  ;    lectures,   ii.    399  ; 

lived,  i.  15,  316,  362,  427,  483 ;  ii.  169, 

600  ;  iii.  232  ;  died,  ii.  366 
Mackonochie,  Rev.  A.  H.,  i.  ii 


INDEX 


581 


Mackreth,    Robert,   proprietor   of   White's 

club,  i.  65  ;  iii.  492 
Mackworth,  Dr.  John,  i.  108 
Mackworth,  Sir  Thomas,  buried,  iii.  20 
Maclean,    James,    highwayman,    lived,   ii. 

305  ;  iii.  457 
Macklin,  Charles,  i.  531  ;  lecturer,  iii.  80  ; 

manager,  ii.  200  ;  lived,  i.  229  ;  iii.  348 ; 

buried,  59 
Maclise,    Daniel,    frescoes,    ii.    240,   241  ; 

died,  i.  389 

M'V ighten,  — ,  i.  176 
Macpherson,    James,   lived,    ii.    66,    460 ; 

will,  40  ;  buried,  iii.  463,  478 
Macpherson,  Sir  John,  monument,  i.  50 
M'Pherson,  Mr.,  i.  98 
Macready,  W.  C. ,  born,  i.    361  ;  lived,  ii. 

82 

Madan,  Rev.  Martin,  buried,  ii.  327 
Madan,  Mrs.,  died,  iii.  299 
Madden,  Thomas,  sculptor,  i.  46 
Maddox,  Sir  Benjamin,  ii.  454 
Magheramorne,  Lord,  Chairman,  ii.  528 
Maginn,  Dr.,  spunging-house,  iii.  241 
Magniac,  Charles,  i.  388 
Maiano,  John  de,  iii.  513 
Maiden,  Thomas,  ii.  433 
Maine,      Sir      H.      Sumner,     K.  C.S.I., 

"  Grecian,"  i.  396 

Mainwaring,  Boulton,  surveyor,  ii.  429 
Maitland,    Dr.     Samuel    Roffy,    ii.    361  ; 

librarian,  363 
Major,  John,  lived,  i.  366 
Major,  Thomas,  lived,  ii.   484  ;  died,  iii. 

349  ;  buried,  i.  318 
Malcolm,  James  Peller,  buried,  iii.  21 
Malcolm,   Sir  John,  ii.  616  ;    lived,  i.  2  ; 

died,  iii.    121  ;   buried,   ii.    281  ;  statue, 

iii.  472 
Malcolm,  Sarah,  buried,  iii.  230 ;  executed, 

ii.  553  ;  iii.  346 
Mallet,  David,  lived,  i.  63  ;  ii.  93  ;  buried, 

i.  80 

Malme,  George  H.,  ii.  338 
Malmesbury,  first  Earl  of,   lived,  iii.    126, 

296  ;  died,  ii.  215 
Malone,   Edmund,  lived,  ii.   67,  514 ;   iii. 

138  ;  died,  139 
Maltby,  Bp. ,  preacher,  ii.  392 
Maltby,  W. ,  librarian,  ii.  431 
Malthus,  Thomas,  lived,  iii.  ii 
Maltravers,  Henry  Howard,  Lord,  iii.  382 
Man,  Alexander,  ii.  460 
Man,  Mr.,  lived,  ii.  596 
Manchester,  Duke  of,    iii.    302 ;    lived,  i. 

324 

Manchester,  Montagues,  Earls  of,  ii.  460 
Manchester,  Earl  of,  lived,  ii.  105,  269 
Mandeville,  Bernard,  lived,  ii.  179 
Mandeville,   Geoffrey   de,   ii.  5 ;    iii.    70 ; 

Constable  of  the  Tower,  399 
Manley,  Mrs.,  buried,  i.  159 
Manning,  William,  M.P. ,  lived,  i.  185 


Manning,  Cardinal,  ii.    14,  594  ;  club,   iii. 

313 
Manningham,  Thomas,  Bp.  of  Gloucester, 

died,  ii.  156 

Manny,  Sir  Walter  de,  i.  363 
Mansel,  Sir  Thomas,  lived,  iii.  267 
Mansfield,     Earl     of,     school,     iii.     488  ; 

student,    ii.     391  ;     Inner    Temple,    iii. 

354  ;  lived,  i.   208  ;  ii.   343,   400,   614  ; 

iii.  193  ;  portrait,   232  ;  statue,  ii.  242  ; 

iii.  472 

Mantell,  Dr.  Gideon,  died,  i.  387 
Manton,  minister,  iii.  98 
Manton,  Joe,  lived,  i.  491 
Mapp,  Mrs.,  bone  setter,  ii.  148 
Marat,  Jean  Paul,  lived,  i.  400 
Marchmont,  Lord,  lived,  i.  486 
Margaret  of  Anjou,  ii.  113 
Margaret,  Queen  of  Edward  I.,  buried,  ii. 

157 
Margaret  of  York,  infant  daughter  of  Edward 

IV.,  tomb,  iii.  469 
Marillac,   French   Ambassador,   lived,   iii. 

400 

Mario,  G. ,  singer,  ii.  200 
Markeby,  William,  brass,  i.  116 
Markham,  Abp. ,  lived,  i.  80 
Markham,  Sir  George,  fined   ii.  209  ' 
Markham,  Lady,  penance,  iii.  62 
Markland,  Jeremiah,  "Grecian,"  i.  396 
Marks,  H.  S. ,  R.A.,  picture,  iii.  175 
Marlborough,    Henrietta,    Duchess   of,   iii. 

473 

Marlborough,  Sarah,  Duchess  of,  lived,  ii. 
395  ;  died,  473 

Marlborough,  John  Churchill,  Duke  of, 
school,  iii.  63  ;  lived,  ii.  306,  472  ;  iii. 
12  ;  prisoner,  399 

Marmion,  Robert,  iii.  30 

Marnock,  Robert,  i.  225 

Marochetti,  Baron,  lived,  ii.  615 

Marquand,  John,  ii.  176 

Marr,  murdered,  iii.  150 

Marrable,  Frederick,  architect,  ii.  87,  529 ; 
iii.  297 

Marriot,  Richard,  publisher,  lived,  i.  538  ; 
ii.  152 

Marryat,  Captain,  born,  ii.  92 

Marshall,  — ,  ii.  203 

Marshall,  John,  i.  393 

Marshall,  Joshua,  i.  355 

Marshall,  Robert,  Bp.  of  Hereford,  bene- 
factor, iii.  503 

Martin,  Baron,  buried,  i.  282 

Martin,  John,  lived,  i.  42;  ii.  400;  iii.  369 

Martin,  Jonathan,  i.  176 

Martin,    Richard,    iii.     356  ;    monument, 

3Si 
Martin,  Samuel,  M.  P. ,  duel  with  Wilkes, 

ii.  253  ;  iii.  165 

Martin  and  Co.,  bankers,  ii.  416 
Martindale,   John,    proprietor  of  White's 

club,  iii.  493 


582 


INDEX 


Martineau,  Harriet,  lived,  ii.  66 

Marvell,    Andrew,    ii.    308 ;    lived,    456  ; 

buried,  112 
Mary  I.,  Queen,  i.  27,  241  ;  conspiracy  to 

kill  her,  ii.  289  ;  buried,  iii.  463,  466 
Mary  II.,   Queen,    died,   ii.    330;  buried, 

iii.  467,  463 
Mary,   Queen  of  Scots,   buried,  iii.  463  ; 

tomb,  466 
Mary  of  Modena,  Queen  of  James  II.,  ii. 

358  ;  portrait,  iii.  438 
Maryatt,  Richard,  ii.  33 
Masham,  Mrs.  Abigail,  died,  i.  455 
Maskell,  Rev.  J.,  ii.  15 
Maskell,  W.,  i.  255 
Maskelyne  and  Cooke,  ii.  8 
Maseres,  Baron,  lived,  iii.  152 
Mason,  Cartwright,  i.  521 
Mason,  H.  A.,  architect,  ii.  534 
Mason,  Rev.  H.  H.  Cox,  i.  168,  492 
Mason,  Matt.,  iii.  116 
Mason,   Rev.  William,  lived,  i.  422,  487  ; 

monument,  iii.  477 
Massinger,  Philip,   prisoner,  i.  426  ;  died, 

102  ;  buried,  iii.  214 
Master,  Sir  Streynsham,  ii.  101 
Mathew,   Rev.    Henry,   i.   362 ;    minister, 

iii.  71,  151 

Mathew,  Tobias,  Bp.  of  Durham,  i.  542 
Mathews,  Sir  Tobie,  prison,  ii.  59 
Mathews,  — ,  duel  with  Sheridan,  ii.  208 
Mathews,  Charles,   i.   7  ;  ii.   87  ;  iii.  246  ; 

born,    323  ;  Merchant  Taylors'  School, 

ii.  526  ;  lived,  334,  402  ;  died,  iii.  193  ; 

buried,  ii.  325 

Mathews,  Charles  James,  Merchant  Tay- 
lors' School,  ii.  526 
Mathews,  J.,  bookseller,  lived,  iii.  323 
Mathews,  J.  Douglass,  architect,  ii.  8,  259 
Mathison,  Mr.,  ii.  471 
Matilda,  wife  of  King  Stephen,  ii.  319 
Matilda,  Queen  of  Henry   I.,   i.    532  ;  ii. 

113  ;  iii.  407 

Maty,  Mathew,  M.D. ,  i.  272 
Maud,   C.  T. ,    collection  of  water-colour 

paintings,  iii.  276 
Maudslay,  Henry,  lived,  ii.  470 
Maule,  Justice,  lived,  iii.  27 
Maunsell,    Sir    John,    ii.    22  ;    lived,    iii. 

385 

Maurice,  Bp. ,  iii.  39 
Maurice,    Rev.    Frederick    Denison,    club, 

iii.  313  ;  chaplain,   ii.   176  ;  incumbent, 

iii.  431 

Mawman,  bookseller,  lived,  iii.  117 
Maxey,  Thomas,  ii.  345 
May,  builder,  ii.  515 
May,  Baptist,  i.  86  ;  ii.  298 
May,  Hugh,  architect,  i.  162 
May,  Sir  Humphrey,  lived,  ii.  269 
May,  Thomas,   buried  and  exhumed,   iii. 

468,  477 
Mayer,  Henry,  lived,  iii.  156 


Mayerne,  Elizabeth,  monument,  ii.  449 
Mayerne,  Sir  Theodore,  ii.    400  ;  lived,   i. 

378>  379  I  "•  483  ;  tomb,  478;  portrait, 

iii.  82 

Maynard,  Sir  John,  lived,  iii.  112 
Mayne,  Jasper,  school,  iii.  488 
Maynwaring,  Arthur,  lived,  ii.   18 
Mayo,  Charles,  Merchant  Taylors'  School, 

ii.  526 
Mazarin,    Duchess   of,    i.    378 ;    lived,    ii. 

400 

Mazzinghi,  Thomas,  buried,  iii.  21 
Mead,  Matthew,  buried,  i.  539  ;  iii.  313 
Mead,    Dr.   Richard,   i.    126,  390 ;    born, 

iii.  313  ;  lived,   i.  14,  84,  207,  481  ;    ii. 

617 ;    duel  with   Dr.   Woodward,    156  ; 

buried,     iii.     464 ;     monument,     474 ; 

portrait,  82  ;  bust,  82 
Mee,  A. ,  architect,  ii.  101 
Meg,    Long,   of  Westminster,    buried,   iii. 

480 

Melbourne,  first  Viscount,  lived,  i.  12 
Melbourne,  Viscount,  Prime  Minister,  born, 

ii.  519  ;  lived,  i.   218  ;  iii.   279  ;  monu- 
ment, 48 

Melker,  William,  ii.  386 
Mellish,  Lord  Justice,  buried,  i.  282 
Mellitus,  Bp.,  iii.  39 

Mellon,  Miss.    See  St.  Albans,  Duchess  of 
Melville,   Dundas,  first  Viscount,   lived,   i. 

63  ;  trial,  iii.  486  ;  portrait,  ii.  575 
Mendelssohn,  i.  60 
Mendip,    Welbore    Ellis,    Lord,    died,    i. 

283 

Mennis,  Sir  John,  memorial,  ii.  609 
Merivale,  Herman,  buried,  i.  282 
Metcalf,    Charles,    Lord,    lived,     ii.    462  ; 

iii.  109 

Methven,  Paul,  lived,  ii.  165 
Metzler,  Messrs.,  ii.  474 
Mews,  Bp.,   Merchant  Taylors'  School,  ii. 

526 

Mexborough,  Earl  of,  i.  518 
Meyrick,  Sir  S. ,  iii.  398 
Michael  de  Cantuaria,  i.  372 
Middlemore,  Samuel,  i.  415 
Middlesex,  Lionel  Cranfield,  Earl  of,  i.  141, 

378  ;  tomb,  iii.  465 
Middleton,  goldsmith,  ii.  484 
Middleton,  Thomas,  surgeon,  ii.  372 
Middleton,     Thomas     Fanshaw,     Bp.     of 

Calcutta,  i.  396 
Milbanke,    Sir  Ralph,  lived,    ii.    191  ;  iii. 

109 

Milbourne,  Luke,  rector,  ii.  19 
Mildmay,  Carew,  i.  449 
Mildmay,  Sir  Walter,  lived,  iii.  65  ;  monu- 
ment, i.  116 

Milford,  Lord,  lived,  iii.  307 
Mill,  James,  ii.  3  ;  monument,  326 
Mill,  John  Stuart,  ii.  3  ;  club,  iii.  313 
Millais,   Sir  J.    E. ,   R.A. ,    lived,   ii.    134 

studio,  i.  423 


INDEX 


583 


Millar,    Andrew,    ii.    346  ;   lived,   iii.    323  ; 

buried,  ii.  450 

Miller,  Joe,  iii.  in  ;  buried,  i.  414  ;  iii.  112 
Miller,    Philip,   lived,    i.    225  ;  monument, 

ii.  449 
Milles,  Jeremiah,  Dean  of  Exeter,  i.  254  ; 

died,  ii.  191  ;  monument,  6 
Millington,  lived,  ii.  406 
Mills,  Mrs.  Isabella,  buried,  iii.  21 
Milman,    Dr.    Henry  Hart,  born,   i.    283  ; 

lived,  75  ;  died,  494  ;  tomb,  iii.  48 
Milner,  Rev.  John,  schoolmaster,  iii.  67 
Milton,    Katherine,    Milton's  second    wife 

(il.   1658)  buried,  ii.  468 
Milton,  John,  gardener,  ii.  615 
Milton,  John,  sen.,  died,  i.  106 
Milton,  John,  i.  535  ;  born,  233  ;  baptized, 
32  ;  school,  iii.  63  ;  married  to  Katherine 
Woodcocke,   second  wife,  ii.   468,   491  ; 
married  to  Elizabeth  Minshull,  308,  492  ; 
lived,    i.    25,   70,    106,    no,   226,    240, 
300,   301  ;  ii.  221,    288,   308,   486  ;  iii. 
79,  225,  490,  541  ;  buried,  ii.  109  ;  bust, 
iii.  476  ;  books  burned  by  hangman,  ii. 
612 

Mingay,  James,  lived,  i.  146 
Minshull,  Elizabeth,  ii.  308,  492 
Minto,    Gilbert,    first    Earl   of,    lived,    iii. 

296 

Mirfeld,  John,  5.  118 
Mirabeau,  lived,  ii.  194 
Misaubin,  Dr.,  lived,  ii.  484 
Mitchell,  Thomas,  "Grecian,"  i.  396 
Mitford,  Dr.,  i.  180 
Mitford,  Mary  Russell,  school,  ii.  189 
Mohun,  Lord,   i.   89,   524  ;  lived,  ii.    105, 
474 ;    trial,    245  ;     duel  with    Duke    of 
Hamilton,  252  ;  iii.  165,  172  ;  buried,  ii. 

479 
Mohun,  Major  Michael,  lived,  i.  229,  288  ; 

iii.  99,  194  ;  buried,  ii.  112 
Molesworth,  Sir  William,  buried,  ii.  325 
Molins,  James,  tablet,  i.  239 
Molony,  Mrs.  Jane,  tablet,  i.  135 
Monce,  David  de,  ii.  206 
Money,  Major,  lived,  ii.  106 
Monk,  General.     See  Albemarle,  Duke  of 
Monk,  Bp. ,  school,  i.  365 
Monkhouse,  Thomas,  M.  P. ,  lived,  ii.  119 
Monmouth,  Duchess  of,  lived,  i.  380 
Monmouth,  James,  Duke  of,    i.   2,  23  ;  ii. 

233,    554  ;    installed  Chancellor   of  the 

University    of    Oxford,    iii.     534 ;     at 

Whitehall,  512  ;  lived,  i.    123  ;  ii.   202  ; 

iii.  263,  264  ;  executed,  401  ;  buried,  76  ; 

portrait,  i.  366 

Monmouth,  Carey,  Earl  of,  ii.  554 
Monmouth,  Humphrey,  i.  536 
Monroe,  James,  American  Minister,  lived, 

iii.  109 

Montagu,  Captain,  monument,  iii.  474 
Montagu,  Duchess  of  (d.    1734),  lived,  ii. 

587 


Montagu,    Ralph,   Duke  of,   ii.   201,  555  ; 
Master  of  the  Wardrobe,  iii.  449  ;  lived, 

193 
Montagu,   Lady  Mary  Wortley,    baptism, 

iii.  58  ;  lived,  i.  62,   342,    462  ;  ii.   93  ; 

iii.  85  ;  buried,  i.  80 
Montagu,   Anthony    Brown,   Viscount,    ii. 

555 

Montagu,  W. ,  architect,  ii.  32 
Montagu,  Edward  Wortley,  married,  ii.  517 
Montagu,  Mrs.,  ii.  557;  lived,  215;  iii.  no 
Montague,  Basil,  lived,  i.   147 
Montalembert,    Baronesse   de,  buried,   iii. 

i9 

Montboissier,  Comte  de,  buried,  iii.  18 
Monteagle,  Lord,  lived,  iii.  35 
Montes,  Lola,  lived,  ii.  181  ;  married,  97 
Montfort,  Simon  de,  iii.  286  ;  lived,  524 
Montgomery,      Rev.       Robert,      i.      362  ; 

minister,  iii.  71 
Montpensier,    Due    de,    brother  of  Louis 

Philippe,  monument,  iii.  467 
Montrose,  Duke  of,  lived,  ii.  186 
Moone,  Nicholas,  lived,  iii.  99 
Moore,  Abp.,  tomb,  ii.  495 
Moore,   Edward,    died,    ii.    357 ;    buried, 

495 

Moore,  Francis,  lived,  ii.  357 
Moore,  George,  i.  228 
Moore,  G.  B.,  architect,  iii.  252 
Moore,  John,  lived,  i.  i 
Moore,   Sir  John,  Lord  Mayor  (d.   1702), 

i.  397  ;  monument,  536 
Moore,   General  Sir  John,  monument,   iii. 

48 

Moore,  Sir  Jonas,  buried,  iii.  76 
Moore,  Peter,  M.P. ,  lived,  ii.  92 
Moore,  Thomas,  i.  221,  470  ;  Middle 

Temple,  iii.  358  ;  lived,  i.  311,  491  ;   ii. 

93>  3°7  ;   m-   541  I   duel  with  Jeffrey,  i. 

344  ;  iii.  120 
More,  Dean,  iii.  29 
More,  Sheriff,  i.  443 
More,  Sir  Thomas,  i.  52  ;  ii.  84 ;  born,  544 ; 

student,  390  ;   agent,  iii.  310  ;  lectures, 

ii.   370  ;   lived,   i.   140,   298,  376,   477  ; 

ii.   583  ;  prisoner,   iii.    398  ;   trial,   485  ; 

executed,    401 ;    buried,    76 ;    head   on 

London     Bridge,     ii.     419  ;     memorial 

tablet,  448 

More,  Sir  William,  i.  199 
Moreton,  chaplain,  iii.  216 
Morgan,  James,  architect,  i.  506 ;  engineer, 

iii.  160 

Morgan,  John,  ii.  41 
Morgan,   Lady,  lived,   in.  522  ;  buried,   i. 

282 

Morgan,  Octavius,  i.  265 
Morgan,  Sylvanus,  i.   117 
Morgan,  Sir  T.  C.,  M.D.,  tablet,  i.  282 
Morgan,  Sir  William,  iii.  30 
Morison,  Dr.,  ii.  290 
Morison,  Fynes,  i.  25 


584 


INDEX 


Morison,  Robert,  died,  ii.  152 
Morland,  George,   i.  387  ;  born,    ii.    198  ; 
lived,    iii.    312  ;    died,   ii.    29  ;    buried, 

275 

Morland,  Mrs.  George,  buried,  ii.  275 
Morland,  Henry  Robert,  lived,  iii.  312 
Morland,  Sir  Samuel,  i.  455  ;  lived,  iii. 

425 

Morley,  Atkinson,  benefactor,  ii.  101 
Morley,    George,    Bp.    of  Winchester,    i. 

393  ;  born,  374  ;  portrait,  366 
Morley,  Prof.  Henry,  ii.  344 
Mornington,  Anne,   Countess  of,  died,  ii. 

207 

Mornington,  Earl  of,  lived,  ii.  327 
Morrice,  High  Bailiff  of  Westminster,   ii. 

224 

Morrice,  William,  lived,  i.  495 
Morris,  Peter,  i.  458  ;  iii.  301 
Morris,  Sir  William,  lived,  iii.  296 
Morrison,  Sir  Richard,  lived,  ii.  547 
Mortellari,  A.  M.  D. ,  buried,  iii.  18 
Mortimer,    Roger,   prisoner,   iii.   398  ;    ex- 
ecuted, ii.  9  ;  iii.  255  ;  buried,  ii.  157 
Mortimer,  J.  H. ,  painter,  lived,  ii.  601 
Mortimer,  Rev.  Thomas,  i.  117 
Morton,  Abp.,    ii.  363;   consecrated,  360, 

362 

Morton,  Charles,  M.D.,  i.  272 
Morton,  Mr. ,  i.  327 
Moseley,  Messrs.,  architects,  i.  421 
Moser,  Michael,  keeper,  iii.  74 
Mosse,  Capt. ,  monument,  iii.  48 
Mossop,  Henry,  buried,  ii.  450 
Motteux,   Peter  Anthony,    lived,    ii.    377, 

564  ;  died,  i.  313  ;  buried,  46 
Mounsey,  Messenger,  died,  i.  384 
Mountague,  W. ,  architect,  ii.  463 
Mountfiquet,  Baron  of,  ii.  565 
Mountfort,  William,   lived,   ii.    244,    601  ; 

buried,  i.  414 

Mountjoy,  Lord,  lived,  i.  508 
Mowbray,  John  de,  i.  425 
Mowbrays,  Dukes  of  Norfolk,  i.  280 
Moxhay,  Edward,  ii.  183 
Moyes,  Margaret,  jumped  from  monument, 

"•  559 

Moyle,  Walter,  ii.  372 
Moyses,  — ,  ii.  465 
Mudge,  Thomas,  buried,  i.  538 
Muggleton,  Lodowick,  born,  i.  191  ;  lived, 

ii.  237  ;  prisoner,  591  ;  buried,  i.  171 
Mulgrave,  Lord,  club,  ii.  484 
Mulready,  W. ,  R.A. ,  buried,  ii.  325 
Munday,  Anthony,  monument,  iii.  310 
Munden,  Joseph,  i.  344  ;  born,  286  ;  died, 

169  ;  buried,  ii.  97 
Munden,  Vice- Admiral,  i.  511 
Munro, — ,  of  Novar,  lived,  ii.  184 
Munro,  Lieut.,  duel,  i.  235 
Munro,  Dr.  Thomas,  lived,  i.  7 
Murchison,    Sir    Roderick,    died,    i.    153 ; 

buried,  281  ;  legacy,  ii.  568 


Murphy,  Arthur,  lived,  ii.  82,  399,  585  ; 

died,  353  ;   portrait,  574 
Murray,  Sir  George,  died,  i.  153 
Murray,  Hen.,  lived,  ii.  596 
Murray,    John   (d.    1843),   i.    15  ;    ii.    30, 

63  ;  buried,  325 
Murray,  Sir  John,  lived,  i.  495 
Murray,  Robert,  Post  Office,  iii.  69,  114 
Murray,  Sir  Robert,  President  of  the  Royal 

Society,  iii.  187 
Musgrave,  Thomas,  Abp.  of  York,  buried, 

ii-   325 

Musgrave,  Sir  Wm.,  i.  254  ;  lived,  iii.  33 
Muskerry,  Viscountess,  lived,  iii.  85 
Muss,  Mr.,  i.  238 
Myddelton,    Sir   Hugh,    i.    344 ;    ii.    570, 

584  ;  buried,  514  ;  statue,  270  ;  iii.  181 
Mylling,  Abbot,  tomb,  iii.  470 
Mylne,    Robert,   grave,   iii.   49  ;    architect, 

i.  37,    197,  405  ;  ii.   570,    604  ;  iii.    48, 

306,  522 

Mynn,  Mrs.,  i.  114 
Mytens,  Daniel,  lived,  ii.  483 

NAPIER,  Adm.,  Sir  Charles,  lived,  i.   13, 

166 
Napier,   General  Sir   Charles,   monument, 

iii.  48  ;  statue,  405 
Napier,  James  Murdoch,  i.  97 
Napier,  Lady  Sarah,  lived,  i.  316 
Napier  of   Magdala,   Lord,   Constable   of 

the  Tower,  iii.  400 

Napier,  Sir  William,  monument,  iii.  48 
Napoleon  I.,  his  will,   iii.   516  ;    portrait, 

261  ;  miniature,  261 
Napoleon  III.,  lived,  i.   400;  ii.  337 
Nares,  Archdeacon,   ii.   193  ;  rector,  i.  35 
Nash,  John,  architect,   i.  9,   36,   60,   293, 

388  ;    ii.    66,    199,   201,   295,   365  ;  iii. 

132,   158,  159,  331,  420;  lived,  i.  517  ; 

died,  iii.  93 

Nash,  Thomas,  prison,  ii.  59 
Nasmith,  James,  rector,  ii.  490 
Nasmyth,  James,  tomb,  ii.  495 
Nasmyth,   Patrick,   picture,   i.   374  ;  died, 

"•  357 

Nathan  and  Pearson,  architects,  i.  134 
Naunton,  Sir  Robert,  lived,  iii.  404 
Naylor,  James,  flogged,  iii.  325 
Neal,   Daniel,   Merchant  Taylors'    School, 

ii.  526 
Needham,    Marchmont,    prison,     ii.     90 ; 

died,  i.  496  ;  buried,  414 
Needham,  Mother,  lived,  iii.  33 
Neilson,  Adelaide,  buried,  i.  282 
Nelson,   John,  lived,   iii.    331  ;  buried,   ii. 

372 
Nelson,    Frances,    Dowager    Viscountess, 

died,  ii.  192 
Nelson,    Horatio,    Viscount,    i.    236 ;    ii. 

165,   301  ;  lived,   i.    63,    220,    342  ;  ii. 

337,   meeting  with  Wellington,  i.    445  ; 

at    Somerset    House,     iii.     273  ;    body 


INDEX 


585 


lit    in     state    from    Greenwich    to 

Whitehall,    363;     lay    in   state,    i.     8; 

sarcophagus,  iii.  49  ;  monument,  ii.  170; 

iii.  48  ;  bust,  408  ;  wax  effigy,  479 
Nelson,  Maurice,  ii.  577 
Nelson,    Robert,    i.    91  ;    born,   iii.    331  ; 

baptized,  ii.  372  ;  school,  iii.  63  ;  lived, 

ii.    119,  382,  559,   617;  iii.    380;  died, 

ii.  327  ;  buried,  102 
Nelson,  T.  M. ,  architect,  iii.  122 
Nelson  and  Innes,  architects,  iii.  159,  421 
Nesfield,  Mr.,  ii.  235 
Nevill,  Sir  Hugh,  ii.  373 
Nevill,  Ralph,  Bp.    of  Chichester,  i.    390  ; 

ii.  579  ;  lived,  390  ;  died,  i.  346 
Newbery,  John,  lived,  i.  326  ;   iii.  54 
Newburgh,  Lady,  lived,  ii.  298 
Newcastle,   Margaret  Cavendish,   Duchess 

of,   lived,   i.    419  ;    ii.    587  ;    buried,    iii. 

464  ;  monument,  472 
Newcastle,   William  Cavendish,   Duke  of, 

lived,  i.  418,  419,  515  ;  ii.  587 ;  buried, 

iii.  464  ;  monument,  472 
Newcastle,  John  Holies,  Duke  of,  ii.  509  ; 

lived,  588,  589  ;  iii.  118 
Newcastle,  Thomas  Pelham  Holies,  Duke 

of,  ground  landlord  of  Clare  Market,  i. 

407  ;   Prime  Minister,  255  ;  lived,  379  ; 

ii.  396 

Newcome,  Richard,  buried,  ii.  179 
Newland,   Abraham,    born,  i.    339  ;  lived, 

ii.  214  ;  portrait,  i.   97  ;  monument,  iii. 

215 

Newman,  Cardinal,  i.  359 
Newman,  Mr.,  builder,  ii.  595 
Newman,  A.  S.,  architect,  ii.  102 
Newman,  John,  architect,   i.  205  ;  iii.  167 
Newport,  Montjoy,  Earl  of,  ii.  596  ;  lived, 

543 

Newton,  Sir  C.  T.,  i.  255,  260,  261 
Newton,  Gilbert  Stuart,  lived,  ii.  474 
Newton,  Sir  Isaac,  i.   299  ;    Master  of  the 
Mint,   ii.    549  ;   President  of  the   Royal 
Society,  iii.  187  ;   lived,  i.    380  ;  ii.  307, 
384,  489  ;  iii.  245  ;  died,  ii.  327  ;  lay  in 
state,    iii.    480 ;    buried,    464  ;    his  will, 
516  ;  monument,  474;  bust,  ii.  385  ;  iii. 
188,  272  ;  portraits,  188 
Newton,    Rev.   John,  lived,  i.   359,   444 ; 

ii.  246  ;  memorial,  508 
Newton,   Thomas,  Bp.  of  Bristol,   died,  i. 

494  ;  monument,  ii.  498 
Newton,  Sir  William  J. ,  lived,  i.  60 
Nicholas,  Sir  Ambrose,  lived,  ii.  620 
Nicholas,  Secretary,  lived,  iii.  323 
Nicholl,  W.  G. ,  bas  reliefs,  ii.  622 
Nicholls,  Sutton,  lived,  i.  25 
Nicholls,  S.  T.,  architect,  ii.  325 
Nichols,  Gregory,  iii.  370 
Nichols,  John,   lived,    ii.    270 ;    iii.    154  ; 

buried,  ii.  494 

Nichols,  John  Gough,  Merchant  Taylors' 
School,  ii.  526  ,; 


Nicholson,  Francis,  buried,  i.  282 

Nicholson,  Bp. ,  lived,  ii.  460 

Nicholson,  Peg,  i.  176 

Nicholson,  Renton,  i.  231 

Nicolas,  Ambrose,  iii.  172 

Nicolas,  Sir  Nicholas  Harris,  lived,  iii.  348, 

385 

Nithsdale,  Earl  of,  prisoner,  iii.  399 
Nivernois,  Due  de,  lived,  i.  14 
Nixon,  Bp. ,  Merchant  Taylors'  School,  ii. 

526 

Nixon,  Samuel,  ii.  340 
Noble,  Matthew,  buried,  i.  282 
Nollekens,  Joseph,  ii.  138;  iii.    324  ;  bap- 
tized, i.    533 ;  lived,    iii.    437 ;    died,    ii. 

563 ;     buried,    iii.    2  ;     monument,    3  ; 

sculpture  by,  i.  421 
Nollekens,    Joseph     Francis     (d.      1747), 

buried,  iii.  2 

Norfolk,  Dukes  of,  ii.  356,  600 
Norfolk,  Thomas  Howard,  Duke  of,  i.  363, 

532  ;  lived,  28 
Norfolk,  Henry  Howard,  Duke  of,  ii.  601 ; 

Royal  Society,  iii.  187  ;  lived,  i.  73 
Norgate,  Edward,  buried,  i.  159 
Norman,    John,    Lord    Mayor,     ii.    464  ; 

burial,  i.  34 
Norman,  Dr.,  i.  34 
Norris,  Lord,  monument,  iii.  471 
North,  Dr.  Brownlow,  Bp.  of  Winchester, 

lived,  i.  376  ;  died,  iii.  524 
North,  Sir  Dudley,  in  the  Thames,  iii.  365  ; 

married,  ii.  179  ;  tavern,  iii.  529  ;  lived, 

i.  122  ;  iii.  85,  376  ;  buried,  58 
North,  Frederick,  lived,  i.  450 
North,  John,  ii.  602 
North,  Edward,  first  Lord  (d.    1564),   i. 

363 

North,  Roger,  second  Lord,  i.  363 
North,    Dudley,    fourth    Lord   (d.    1677), 

lived,  ii.  339 

North,  William,  sixth  Lord,  iii.  134 
North,  Frederick,  Lord,  Prime  Minister,  i. 

438  ;  lived,  ii.  164  ;  died,  165,  207 
North,  Roger,  lived,  iii.  85 
Northampton,    Henry    Howard,    Earl  of, 

lived,  ii.  603 
Northampton,  Spencer  Compton,  Earl  of, 

i.  418  ;  lived,  478  ;  in  the  Thames,  iii. 

365 

Northampton,  Marquis  of,  lived,  i.  325 
Northcote,  James,  R.A. ,  lived,  i.  60,  219; 

iii.  323  ;  died,  i.  59  ;  buried,  ii.  497 
Northington,  Lord  Chancellor,  married,  i. 

80  ;   lived,  ii.  273,  395 
Northumberland,    Countess    of,    lived,    ii. 

3°3-  3°6 
Northumberland,    Jane    Dudley,    Duchess 

of,  monument,  ii.  449 
Northumberland,  Dukes  of,  lived,  ii.  603 
Northumberland,  John  Dudley,  Duke  of,  i. 

32S.  363.  375  I  lived.  54i  I  »•  io,  113  ; 

executed,  iii.  401  ;  buried,  76 


586 


INDEX 


Northumberland,  George  Fitzroy,  Duke  of, 

lived,  ii.  300 
Northumberland,    Hugh   Smithson,    Duke 

of,  ii.  604 

Northumberland,  Earls  of,  lived,  ii.  602,  603 
Northumberland,  Henry  Percy,  sixth  Earl 

of,  died,  i.  284  ;  ii.  178 
Northumberland,  Henry  Percy,  ninth  Earl 

of,  K.G. ,  ii.  262  ;  lived,  547,  602 
Northumberland,  Algernon,  tenth  Earl  of, 

ii.  603,  604 
Northumberland,    Josceline,  eleventh  Earl 

of,  died,  ii.  604 

Norton,  Hon.  Mrs.  Caroline,  lived,  i.  187 
Norwich,  George  Goring,  Earl  of,  lived,  ii. 

130 

Notary,  Julian,  lived,  ii.  337  ;  iii.  53 
Nott,  Sir  W.,  portrait,  ii.  616 
Nottingham,  Countess  Dowager  of,  monu- 
ment, ii.  499 
Nottingham,    Charles    Howard,   first  Earl 

of,  lived,  i.  73,  422 

Nottingham,  Heneage  Finch,  first  Earl  of, 
ii.    328,    330;     "grocer,"    161  ;    Inner 
Temple,  iii.  354,  355  ;  lived,  136 
Nottingham,  Daniel  Finch,  second  Earl  of, 

lived,  iii.  267 
Nourse,  Edward,  i.  119 
Novosielski,  Michael,  lived,  i.  280  ;  archi- 
tect, ii.  199 

Nowell,  Alexander,  Headmaster  of  West- 
minster School,  iii.  488  ;  buried,  42 
Noy,  William,  Attorney-General,  student, 

ii.  390 ;  benefactor,  391 
Nurse,  Wm. ,  builder,  i.  483 
Nutford,  William,  lived,  i.  412 
Nycolson,  James,  printer,  iii.  286 
Nye,  Philip,  preacher,  ii.  179  ;  buried,  534 

OAKEY,  Mrs.,  buried,  i.  539 

Gates,  Titus,  i.  538  ;    ii.    221,   332,    345  ; 

Merchant  Taylors'  School,  526  ;  pillory, 

iii.  7  ;  lived,  i.  439 
O' Brian,  Charles,  the  Irish   giant,  ii.    i  ; 

died,  i.  439 

O'Brien,  Lady  Susan,  married,  iii.  58 
O'Brien,  Nelly,  lived,  iii.  12  ;  died,  34 
Ochterlony,  Sir  David,  portrait,  ii.  616 
O'Connell,  Daniel,  i.  287  ;  lived,  311,  412; 

ii.  92 

O'Connor,  Feargus,  ii.  324 
Odell,  Thomas,  ii.  126 
Oddie,  Henry  Hoyle,  i.  328 
Odo,  Bp.  of  Bayeux,  iii.  285 
Offa,  King  of  Mercia,  iii.  461 
Offor,  George,  buried,  i.  3 
Ogilby,   F. ,  author  of  Britannia,   ii.    86  ; 

lottery,  iii.  431  ;  lived,  ii.  345  ;  iii.  504  ; 

buried,  i.  239 

Ogle,  Henry  Cavendish,  Earl  of,  ii.  604 
O'Keefe,  J.,  lived,  i.  362;  ii.  489  ;  iii.  299 
Okey,    Colonel,    regicide,    lived,    ii.    401  ; 

executed,  iii.  415  ;  buried,  76 


Oldcastle,  Sir  John,  executed,  ii.  no 
Oldenburg,  Grand  -  Duchess  of,  lived,   iii. 

90 

Oldenburgh,  Henry,  lived,  iii.  n 
Oldfield,  Mrs.    Anne,   lived,  ii.    165,   198, 

285-  553  ;  iii-  284  ;  buried,  464,  473 
Oldham,  Bp.  Hugh,  rector,  ii.  539 
Oldmixon,  John,  died,  iii.  130 
Oldys,  William,  ii.  612  ;  died,  210  ;  buried, 

i-  159 

O'Leary,  Father,  buried,  iii.  18 
Oliver,  Isaac,  lived,  i.  196  ;  buried,  49 
Oliver,  Peter,  buried,  i.  49 
O'Meara,  Barry,  died,  ii.  6 
O'Neill,  Miss,  actress,  lived,  i.  412 
Oniate,  Conde   de,  Spanish    Ambassador, 

iii-  135 
Onslow,  Speaker,  ii.  309  ;   "grocer,"  161  ; 

died,  iii.  193 

Onslow,  Thomas,  Lord,  ii.  148 
Opie,  John,  lived,  i.  169  ;  ii.  616  ;  iii.  137  ; 

grave,  49 
Orange,   Prince  of,  suitor  to  the  Princess 

Charlotte  of  Wales,  lived,  i.  425 
Ordish,  F.  W.,  architect,  i.  221 
Ordish,  R.  M.,  architect,  i.  16,  17 
Orford,  Margaret,  Countess  of,  married  to 

the  Hon.  Sewallis  Shirley,  ii.  517 
Orford,  Edward  Russell,  Earl  of,  lived,  i. 

463  ;  ii.  21  ;  iii.  85 

Orleans,  Charles  Due  d',  prisoner,  iii.  398 
Orleans,   Philippe   Egalit6,   Due  d',   lived, 

iii.  279 

Orme,  Robert,  lived,  ii.  191 
Ormond,    Duchess    of    (1655),    lived,    iii. 

5U 
Ormond,  James  Butler,  Duke  of,  ii.  304  ; 

lived,   i.    410  ;    ii.    299,    619  ;    installed 

Chancellor  of  the  University  of  Oxford, 

iii-  534 
Ormond,  James,  second  Duke  of,  lived,  ii. 

299  ;  buried,  iii.  464 
Orrery,  Countess  of,  lived,  iii.  33 
Orrery,  Roger  Boyle,  first  Earl  of,  married 

to  Lady  Margaret  Howard,  iii.  329 
Orrery,   Charles    Boyle,    Earl  of,   lived,   i. 

534  I  »•  US 

Osborne,  Peter,  lived,  iii.  530 
Osborne,  Ralph  Bernal,  school,  i.  365 
Osborne,  Admiral  Sherard,  died,  i.  360 
Osborne,   T. ,   bookseller,    lived,    ii.    143  ; 

buried,  494 

Osborne,  Sir  Thomas,  i.  438 
Ossory,  Earl  of,  ii.  619 
Oteswich,  Martin,    Nicholas,  William  and 

John  de,  founders,  ii.  481 
Otho,  Papal  Legate,  lived,  i.  540 
Otway,   Thomas,   i.   513  ;    died,   299  ;  iii. 

401  ;  buried,  i.  414 
Oude,  Queen  of,  lived,  ii.  191 
Ouseley,  Sir  Gore,  i.  254 
Outram,  Sir  James,  buried,  iii.  463  ;  monu- 
ment, 474 


INDEX 


587 


Overbury,   Sir    Thomas,    Middle   Temple, 

"'•  357  I  prisoner,  398  ;   buried,  76 
Overstone,  Lord,  lived,  ii.  600 
Owen,  Alice,  benefactor,  ii.  619 
Owen,  Dr.  John,  minister,  iii.  98  ;  buried, 

'•  303 

Owen,  Robert,  lived,  i.  310 
Owen,  T.  E. ,  architect,  ii.  78 
Owen,  William,  R.A. ,  lived,  i.  289 
Oxford,  Henrietta,  Countess  of,  ii.  207,  226 
Oxford,  Earls  of,  lived,  ii.  620 
Oxford,    John   de   Vere,   twelfth    Earl   of, 

buried,  i.  82 
Oxford,  John  de  Vere,  sixteenth  Earl  of,  i. 

214 
Oxford,  Edward  de  Vere,  seventeenth  Earl 

of,  lived,  ii.  47 
Oxford,  Henry  de  Vere,  eighteenth  Earl  of, 

lived,  ii.  62 
Oxford,  Aubrey  de  Vere,  twentieth  Earl  of, 

i.  361  ;  ii.  232  ;  lived,  i.  519  ;   ii.  298  ; 

iii.  84  ;   buried,  464 
Oxford,  Robert  Harley,  first  Earl  of,  i.  252, 

438  ;  born,   229  ;    lived,    296,    517  ;   iii. 

536  ;  prisoner,  399 

Oxford,  Edward  Harley,  second  Earl  of,  i. 

341  ;  ii.  7,  191,  346,  563;  lived,  i.  517 

Oxford,  Edward,  fired  at  the  Queen,  i.  176, 

452 
Oxman,  hanged,  iii.  340 

PACE,  Richard,  vicar,  i.  538 

Pack,  Major,  i.  136 

Packer,  J.  Hayman,  buried,  iii.  21 

Packington,  Dame  Anne,  tomb,  i.  225 

Page,  Robert,  right  hand  cut  off,  iii.  7 

Page,  S. ,  architect,  iii.  211 

Page,  Thomas,   engineer,  i.  129,  381  ;  iii. 

482 
Paget,  Wm. ,  first  Lord,  lived,  i.  324  ;  ii. 

16  ;  iii.  3 

Paget,  Henry,  second  Lord,  iii.  3 
Paine,  James,  architect,  ii.   451,  484,  519, 

537  ;  iii.  205 

Paine,    Tom,   author  of  Rights  of  Man, 

lived,  ii.  37 

Palastron,  Comtesse  de,  buried,  iii.  18 
Paleotti,   Ferdinando,    Marquis,  executed, 

iii.  415 
Paley,  Archdeacon,  prebend,  iii.  23  ;  lived, 

i.  209 

Palliser,  Sir  Hugh,  lived,  iii.  13 
Palliser,  Sir  William,  buried,  i.  282 
Palmer,  Henry  R.,  engineer,  ii.  427 
Palmer,  James,  B.D. ,  iii.  15 
Palmer,  John,  actor,  iii.  189,  338 
Palmer,  John,  Post  Office,  iii.  114 
Palmerston,  Viscount,    i.     287 ;     ii.    461  ; 

lived,  i.  318,  333  ;  iii.  90,  302  ;  buried, 

463,  472  ;  statue,  8,  472 
Paltock,  Robert,  i.  416 
Panizzi,   Sir  Anthony,  i.   271,  272  ;  died, 

209 


Panton,   Colonel  Thomas,  i.   1 1  ;   ii.    202  ; 

iii.  25,  87,  527 
Paoli,  General   Pasquale,  lived,    i.    80  ;  iii. 

236 ;     died,     ii.     6 ;     buried,     iii.     21  ; 

remains  exhumed,  21  ;  bust,  475 
Papworth,    John    B.,    director,    iii.     222  ; 

lived,  i.   334  ;  architect,  140,  222,  238  ; 

ii.  7 
Papworth,  Wyatt,  ii.  605  note ;  architect, 

337 
Park,    Sir  James  Allan,  lived,   i.    147  ;  ii. 

396 

Parker,  mutineer,  buried,  ii.  504 
Parker,  Charles,  architect,  iii.  290 
Parker,  Admiral  Sir  Hyde,  died,  i.  483 
Parker,    Matthew,  Abp.    of  Canterbury,    i. 

53  ;    ii.    80  ;    iii.    35  ;  buried,    ii.    360  ; 

portrait,  364  ;  his  wife,  600 
Parker,  Peter,  ii.  322 
Parker,  Philip,  lived,  iii.  35 
Parker,  Lord  Chief  Baron  Thomas,  i.  285 
Parkes,  Dr.  Edmund,  at  Christ's  Hospital, 

i.  396 
Parkins,   Sir  William,  head  and  quarters 

on  Temple  Bar,  iii.  359 
Parkyns,  Sir  William,  executed,  iii.  415 
Parnell,  C. ,  architect,  ii.  418 
Parnell  and  Smith,  architects,  i.  65 
Parnell,  Sir  John,  buried,  i.  134 
Parnell,  Thomas,  lived,  ii.  296 
Parr,  Queen  Katherine,  i.  375,  378 
Parr,  Rev.  Richard,  buried,  i.  317 
Parr,  Dr.   Samuel,  lived,  i.  327  ;  portrait, 

»•   574 

Parr,  Th.,   "Old,"  buried,  iii.  464,  478 
Parris,  E.  T.,  i.  446 
Parry,  Sefton,  ii.  118 
Parry,  Sir  Thomas,  lived,  i.  454 
Parry,  William,  hanged,  iii.  7 
Parsons,  Dr.,  died,  iii.  156 
Parsons,   the  comedian,   i.    228  ;  died,    ii. 

357  ;  Cock  Lane  ghost,  i.  432 
Parsons,  J.  M.,  bequest,  iii.  276 
Parsons,  Nancy,  lived,  i.  236 
Partridge,  almanac  maker,  lived,  iii.  205 
Partridge,  Sir  Miles,  ii.  29 
Pasqualino,  Peter,  buried,  iii.  21 
Pate,  Robert,  i.  318 
Paten,  William,  iii.  319 
Paterson,  Samuel,  lived,  ii.  17,  336 
Paterson,  William,  i.  95  ;  ii.  81 
Patrick,  Mr.,  buried,  ii.  387 
Patrick,   Simon,    Bp.    of  Ely,    rector,     iii. 

59  ;  vicar,  i,  128 ;  lived,  ii.  13 
Pattison,  Sir  James,  lived,  i.   147 
Paulet,  Lady,  ii.   403 
Paulet,  Sir  Amias,  prisoner,  iii.  356 
Paulett,  Earl,  i.  410 
Paulson,  Thomas,  lived,  ii.  612 
Paxton,  Sir  Joseph,  ii.  253 
Paxton,  Robert,  buried,  iii.  21 
Payne,  Roger,  buried,  i.  320 
Payne,  Thomas,  bookseller,  ii.  532 


$88 


INDEX 


Payne,  William,  iii.  376 

Peabody,  George,  benefactor,  iii.  65  ;  died, 

ii.  4  ;  statue,  iii.  67,  184 
Peake,  Sir  Robert,  buried,  iii.  230 
Pearson,  Bp. ,  rector,   i.  415 
Pearson,  J.  L.,    R.A.,   architect,   iii.    156, 

430,  463,  486 

Peck,  Frederick,  architect,  i.  10 
Pedley,  Mr.,  M.P.,  i.  406 
Peel,  first  Sir  Robert,  lived,  ii.  166 
Peel,  second  Sir  Robert,  married,  iii.  236  ; 

lived,    302 ;    died,    i.     452 ;     iii.     126 ; 

statue,   i.  374 ;  iii.    8,  472  ;   pictures,   ii. 

573 

Peel,  William,  born,  iii.  302 
Peele,  George,  ii.  80  ;  at  an  alehouse,  iii. 

227 

Pegge,  Samuel,  died,  iii.  225 
Peke,  Elizabeth,  buried,  iii.  377 
Pelham  family,  i.  255 
Pelham,  Henry,  lived,  i.  63 
Pell,  Walter,  portrait,  ii.  523 
Pellatt,  Apsley,  M.P.,  ii.  226 
Pemberton,  Hugh,  tomb,  ii.  481 
Pembroke,  Countess-Dowager  of,  lived,  i. 

478  ;  died,  24 
Pembroke,      Dorset,     and     Montgomery, 

Anne,    Countess    of,    i.    132 ;  iii.    369 ; 

married,  i.  83 
Pembroke,    William     Marshall,    Earl    ot, 

tomb,  iii.  351 
Pembroke,  Aymer  de  Valence,  Earl  of,  iii. 

350  ;  buried,  463  ;  tomb,  471 
Pembroke,   William  de  Valence,   Earl  of, 

monument,  iii.  465 
Pembroke      and       Montgomery,       Philip 

Herbert,  Earl  of,  i.    132  ;  ii.  442,  531  ; 

lived,  i.  542  ;  died,  437 
Pembroke,  Thomas,   Earl  of,   i.   8  ;  lived, 

ii.  300 
Pembroke,   William    Herbert,    Earl   of,   i. 

132  ;     prison,    ii.    59  ;     lived,    i.    284  ; 

benefactor,  ii.  391 
Pembroke,  Henry,  Earl  of,  in  the  Thames, 

iii-  365 

Fender,  Sir  John,  M.P.,  lived,  i.  63 
Penderell,  Richard,  buried,  ii.  112 
Penn,  Granville,  lived,  i.  474 
Penn,     W. ,    ii.     417;    born,     iii.     400; 

baptized,   i.    31  ;    lived,    ii.    224,    353, 

601;  prisoner,  60,  591 
Pennant,    Sir    Charles,    Lord    Mayor,    ii. 

463 

Pennant,  Thomas,  lived,  ii.  93 
Pennell,  Mr.,  i.  483 
Pennethorne,  Sir  James,  i.  209  ;  architect, 

294,   308,   391  ;  ii.   337,  473,   568  ;   iii. 

152,  272,  307,  423 

Pennington,  Isaac,  i.  373  ;  ii.  49  ;  iii.  62 
Penny,  Stephen  Jarvis,  ii.  97 
Penrose,  F.  C. ,  architect,  iii.  51,  59 
Penry,  John,  lived,  ii.   439  ;  prisoner,  341 
Penton,  Henry,  iii.  70 


Pepusch,  J.  C. ,  died,  i.  366 

Pepys,  Sir  Lucas,  lived,  i.  283 

Pepys,    Samuel,    i.    428  ;  school,    iii.    63  ; 

married,  ii.  468  ;  buys  a  coach,  i.  468  ; 

President  of  the  Royal  Society,  iii.  187  ; 

prison,  ii.  89  ;  lived,  i.  85,  296  ;  ii.  576 ; 

iii.    227,  536  ;  portrait,  188  ;  buried,  ii. 

609  ;  memorial,  609 ;  monument  to  his 

wife,  609 

Pepys,  Tom,  buried,  ii.  609 
Perceval,  Spencer,   born,  i.   79  ;  lived,   ii. 

396  ;   monument,  iii.  474 
Percival,   H. ,   proprietor  of  White's   club, 

iii.  493 

Percy,  James,  claimant,  lived,  iii.  528 
Percy,  Earl,  ii.  165 
Percy,    "Harry  Hotspur,"  lived,   ii.   486, 

603 
Percy,    Sir    Thomas,     head    on    London 

Bridge,  ii.  419 
Perkins,  John,  i.  213 
Perkins,  Richard,  buried,  ii.  277 
Perreau,  Daniel,  executed,  iii.  416 
Perreau,  Robert,  lived,  ii.  122  ;  executed, 

iii.  416 

Perry,  James,  lived,  ii.  365  ;  iii.  349 
Persiani,  Madame,  singer,  ii.  200 
Peter  of  Colechurch,   ii.    418  ;    chaplain, 

493 
Peter  de  Rupibus,  Bp.  of  Winchester,   iii. 

213 
Peter  the  Great,  i.    397 ;  iii.  483  ;  lived,  i. 

135,  296  ;  ii.  601  ;  iii.  536 
Peter  of  Savoy,  lived,  iii.  321 
Peterborough,  Bps.  of,  residence,  iii.  77 
Peterborough,     Henry,    second    Earl     of, 

lived,  ii.  437 
Peterborough,    Charles,   third  Earl  of    (d. 

1735),  lived,  i.  218  ;  ii.  105,  327,  545,  587 
Peters,  Hugh,  ii.  202  ;   preacher,  469 
Petiver,  James,  lived,  i.  25 
Peto,  Henry,  statue,  ii.  84 
Peto,  William,  builder,  ii.  84 
Petre,  Lord,  lived,  i.  22,  24 
Pettigrew,  T.  J.,  buried,  i.  282 
Petty,  Sir  William,  iii.  383  ;  club,  7,  410  ; 

lived,  89,  197 

Phelps,  Richard,  bell,  iii.  49 
Phelps,  Samuel,  Sadler's  Wells,  iii.  201 
Philip,  John,  R.A.,  buried,  ii.  325 
Philpot,  John,  buried,  i.  159  ;  ii.  430 
Philippa,  Queen  of  Edward  III.,  ii.   319  ; 

buried,  iii.  463  ;  altar-tomb,  469 
Philips,    Ambrose,    lived,   ii.    483  ;    died, 

187  ;  iii.  425  ;  buried,  i.  80 
Philips,  Sir  Edward,  lived,  i.  223 
Philips,  John,  monument,  iii.  476 
Philips,    Katherine,  i.   108  ;   lived,  ii.  62  ; 

buried,  i.  160 
Philips,  Theresa  Constantia,  lived,  i.  469  ; 

iii.  134 

Phillimore,  Sir  R.  J. ,  lived,  i.  63 
Phillips,  Augustine,  lived,  ii.  234 


INDEX 


589 


Phillips,  John,  lived,  i.  297 

Phillips,  R.,  ii.  568 

Phillips,  Sir  Richard,  lived,  i.  281 

Phillips,  Thomas,  R.A.,  lived,  i.  i  r  ;   ii.  93 

>t  family,  ii.  542 
Philpot,  martyr,  ii.  415 
Philpot,  Sir  John,  lived,  iii.  81 
Phipps,  Sir  Constantino,  Lord  Chancellor 

of  Ireland,  lived,  ii.  617 
Phipps,    C.   J. ,   architect,   i.    501  ;    ii.    84, 

201  ;  iii.  122,  201,  237 
Pickering,  Danby,  ii.  453 
Pickering,  William,  i.  347 
Pickering,  Sir  William,  monument,  ii.  204 
Pickersgill,  F.  R.,   R.A.,   fresco,  ii.   242; 

lived,  563 

Pickersgill,  W.  H.,  R.A.,  lived,  iii.  267 
Picket,  Alderman,  iii.  92 
Picton,  Sir  Thomas,  lived,  i.   220  ;   ii.  7  ; 

buried,  i.  134  ;  monument,  iii.  48 
Pidgeon,  Bat,  iii.  324 
Pierce,  Edward,  i.  413  ;  ii.  557 
Pigott,  Adam,  i.  463 
Pilcher,  Mr. ,  lived,  iii.  264 
Pilkington,  Mrs.,  lived,  iii.  499 
Pilkington,  Wm. ,  architect,  i.  213,  325  1513 
Pinchbeck,  buried,  i.  538 
Pinckney,  Major,  lived,  ii.  64 
Pinkerton,  John,  lived,  ii.  4 ;   iii.  348,  390 
Pinkethman,  actor,  ii.  516 
Pindar,  Sir  Paul,  lived,  i.  191  ;  monument, 

227 

Pine,  John,  engraver,  lived,  i.  25 
Piozzi,  Mrs.,  i.  357  ;  ii.  336  ;  lived,  i.  60, 

491,  493  ;  ii.  564  ;  iii.  457 
Piper,  Francis,  buried,  ii.  502 
Pisani,  Father  Nicholas,  buried,  iii.  18 
Pitcairn,  Dr.  David,  i.  119 
Pitcairn,  Dr.  William,  i.  119 
Pile,  A.   R. ,  architect,  ii.  26 
Pitt,    William,   i.    164,    287  ;    student,   ii. 

391  ;  member  of  Brooks's,  i.  287  note  ; 

club,  480  ;    "grocer,"  ii.    161  ;  lived,  i. 

90,  91,  450,  520 ;  ii.  191,  396  ;  iii.  33, 

212,  319,  540  ;  lay  in  state,  4  ;  buried, 

463,  472  ;  monument,  ii.  170  ;  iii.  474  ; 

statue,  ii.   188,  242  ;  portrait,  523  ;   iii. 

408 

Planche",  J.  R.,  iii.  398  ;  lived,  i.  281 
Planta,  Joseph,  i.  272 
Platt,  William,  memorial,  iii.  17 
Plaw,  John,  architect,  iii.  2 
Playfair,  Professor  John,  i.  386  ;  lived,  74  ; 

ii.  269 

Plot,  Dr.  Robert,  quoted,  ii.  406 
Plowden,  Edmund,  iii.  100  ;  Treasurer  of 

Middle  Temple,  356,  357  ;  tomb,  351 
Plumpton,  Sir  Richard,  lived,  i.  48 
Plunket,  Oliver,  Abp.  of  Armagh,  executed, 

iii.  415  ;  buried,  ii.  112 
Pocock,  Sir  George,  died,  i.  360 
Pocock,  W.  F. ,  architect,  i.  236  ;  ii.  379  ; 

iii.  439 


Pocock,  W.  W.,  architect,  i.  335  ;  ii.  593 
Poe,  Edgar  Allan,  school,  iii.  318 
Poelemberg,  lived,  i.  58 
Pole,    Long   Tylney   Wellesley,  died,    iii. 

371 

Polito,  menagerie  keeper,  ii.  25 
Pollock,  Sir  Frederick,  Lord  Chief  Baron, 

school,  iii.  63  ;  bust,  ii.  523 
Pollock,     Sir    George,    buried,    iii.     463  ; 

portrait,  ii.  616 

Pomfret,  Thomas,  Earl  of,  i.  528  ;  ii.  294 
Ponsonby,  General,  monument,  iii.  48 
Pont  de  1'Arche,  William,  founder,  iii.  212 
Pontcarre',  Seigneur  de,  buried,  iii.  19 
Poole,  Edmund  and  Arthur,  prisoners,  iii. 

395 

Poole,  Henry,  master  mason  of  West- 
minster Abbey,  iii.  100 

Pope,  Alex.,  sen.,  lived,  i.  278 

Pope,  Alexander,  i.  165,  218  ;  born,  ii. 
417  ;  iii.  99  ;  school,  i.  503  ;  Sun  Fire 
Office,  iii.  333  ;  lived,  i.  248,  422,  517  ; 
ii.  303 

Pope,  Mrs.  Magdalen,  buried,  i.  158 

Pope,  Miss,  actress  (d.  1818),  i.  280 

Pope,  Mrs.,  actress  (d.  1797),  ii.  181 

Pope,  Morgan,  i.  137 

Pope,  Sir  Thomas,  i.  168 

Popham,  Sir  Francis,  iii.  319 

Popham,  Lord  Chief  Justice,  lived,  iii.  318 

Popham,  General,  funeral,  ii.  27  ;  monu- 
ment, iii.  470 

Porden,  C. ,  architect,  i.  276 

Person,  Professor,  i.  337 ;  ii.  456 ;  librarian, 
431  ;  lived,  16  ;  died,  605,  614 

Porten,  Mrs.  Catherine,  lived,  i.  445,  494 

Porter,  F.  W.,  architect,  i.  348  ;  iii.  198 

Porter,  Joseph,  lived,  ii.  263 

Porter,  Mrs.,  lived,  i.  74 

Porter,  Phil,  Piccadilly  Hall,  iii.  87 

Porter,  Sir  R.  Ker,  ii.  452 

Porter,  Rev.  William,  pastor,  iii.  65 

Porteus,  Dr.  B. ,  Bp.  of  London,  ii.  481 

Portington,  William,  portrait,  i.  335 

Portland  family,  i.  160 

Portland,  Countess  of,  lived,  iii.  ii 

Portland,  Margaret  Harley,  Duchess  of,  i. 
264,  528  ;  ii.  470 

Portland,  Dukes  of,  residences,  ii.  190  ; 
iii.  126 

Portland,  William  Bentinck,  second  Duke 
°f>  i-  533  I  i'-  5°9  '<  niarried  to  Lady 
Margaret  Cavendish  Harley,  iii.  431 

Portland,  William,  third  Duke  of,  i.  307 

Portland,  William  Bentinck,  Earl  of,  iii. 
263  ;  lived,  ii.  300 

Portman,  Lord,  i.  289  ;  ii.  616 

Portman,  William  Henry,  iii.  no 

Portsmouth,  Duchess  of,  lived,  ii.  327  ;  iii. 
162 

Pott,  Perceval,  i.  119;  lived,  ii.  187; 
buried,  491 

Potter,  Abp.,  portrait,  ii.  363 


590 


INDEX 


Potter,  John,  builder,  ii.  200 

Pottinger,  Sir  H.,  portrait,  ii.  616 

Poultney,  Sir  John,  i.  441  ;  ii.  371,  525 

Poultney,  Sir  William,  club,  iii.  7 

Poussin,  M. ,  French  Ambassador,  i.  212 

Povey,  John,  iii.  333;   Post  Office,  114 

Powell,  hanged,  iii.  256 

Powell,  George,  actor,  buried,  i.  414 

Powell,  Martin,  actor,  lived,  iii.  99 

Powell,  Mrs.,  lived,  i.  367 

Powell,  Richard,  died,  i.  106 

Power,  Tyrone,  lived,  i.  19 

Power,  music  publisher,  lived,  i.  297 

Powerscourt,  Lord,  lived,  i.  473 

Powis,  William,  first  Marquis  of,  lived,  ii. 

588  ;  iii.  118 
Powis,  William,  second  Marquis  of,  lived, 

iii.  i  i  8 

Pownall,  F.  H.,  architect,  i.  421 
Poynter,   Ambrose,    architect,  ii.   78,  322, 

580 

Poynter,  E.  J. ,  R.A.,  ii.  240 
Pozzo  di  Borgo,  Prince,  lived,  i.  517 
Praed,    W.     Mackworth,    died,    i.     237 ; 

buried,  ii.  325 

Pratt,  Sir  Roger,  architect,  i.  408 
Pratt,  Rev.  Josiah,  vicar,  iii.  311 
Pratt,  Rev.  J.  W. ,  vicar,  iii.  311 
Prescott,  Mrs.,  iii.  220 
Preston,  Keeper  of  the  Bears,  ii.  216 
Preston,  Elizabeth,  ii.  216 
Price,  player  on  salt-box,  ii.  33 
Price,  Ann,  murdered,  iii.  346 
Price,  D. ,  and  Co. ,  feather  merchants,  iii. 

96 

Price,  F.  G.  Hilton,  ii.  418 
Price,  John,  architect,  ii.  102 
Price,  Peter,  i.  213 

Price,  Dr.  Richard,  club,  ii.  426  ;  minister, 
J79-   594  I  '"•    S1^  !  preacher,   ii.    614  ; 
buried,  i.  303  ;  portrait,  iii.  188 
Pride,  Col.,  ii.  202 
Prideaux,  Edmund,  M.  P. ,  iii.  113 
Priestley,     Dr.    Joseph,    club,     ii.     426 ; 

minister,  "179  ;  lived,  366 
Primrose,  Lady,  ii.  19 
Pringle,   Sir  John,  lived,   iii.    13  ;  died,   ii. 

337  !  portrait,  iii.  188 
Prior,  Matthew,  ii.   294  ;  school,  iii.   488  ; 
lived,    i.    357,    534 ;    buried,    iii.    463 ; 
monument,  476  ;  portrait,  306 
Prior,  Samuel,  iii.   190  ;  lived,  i.  357 
Pritchard,  hanged,  iii.  340 
Pritchard,   Mrs.,    i.    114;  lived,    iii.    540; 

monument,  478 
Procter,  Adelaide,  born,  i.  147 
Procter,  Bryan  Waller,  lived,  i.  147,   288  ; 

ii.  166,  192  ;  iii.  490 
Proctor,  Thomas,  sculptor,  died,  ii.  457 
Proctor,  William,  vintner,  lived,  ii.  553 
Proger,  Art.,  ii.  531 
Prosser,  Richard,  iii.  36 
Prujean,  Sir  Francis,  lived,  iii.  127 


Prynne,  William,  student,  ii.  390 ;  in  the 

Star  Chamber,  iii.   303  ;  prison,  ii.   59  ; 

buried,  392 
Psalmanazar,   George,    lived,    ii.    263  ;  iii. 

12  ;   died,  ii.  615 
Puckering,  Lord   Keeper,  lived,  iii.    191  ; 

died,  537 

Puget,  Pierre,  architect,  ii.  556 
Pugin,  Augustus,  lived,  iii.  193 
Pugin,  Augustus  Welby,  born,  iii.  193  ; 

architect,  i.  506  ;  ii.  95 
Pullison,  Sir  Thomas,  i.  518  ;  ii.  15 
Pulteney,  Sir  William,  lived,  iii.  130 
Pulteney,  William,  afterwards  Earl  of  Bath, 

duel,  ii.  151 

Purbeck,  Viscount,  lived,  ii.  298 
Purbeck,  Frances  Viscountess,  prison,  ii.  89 
Purcell,    Henry,    organist,    i.   415  ;    lived, 

51,    92 ;     buried,    iii.     464 ;    memorial 

tablet,  472 

Purcell,  Mrs.,  lived,  i.  494 
Purchas,  Samuel,  rector,  ii.  480 
Purfoote,  lived,  iii.  54 
Puttick  and  Simpson,  ii.  384 
Pye,  Henry  James,  lived,  ii.  274 
Pye,  Sir  Robert,  ii.  579  ;  lived,  iii.  131 
Pym,  Sir  John,   ii.   469  ;   Middle  Temple, 

i'i-  357  ;  lived,  i.  379  ;  ii.  144  ;  died,  i. 

496 
Pynson,  Richard,  lived,  ii.  62  ;  iii.  359 

QUARE,  Daniel,  buried,  i.  304 
Quarles,  Francis,  buried,  ii.  386 
Queensberry,    Duchess  of,    lived,    i.    305  ; 

iii.  424 
Queensberry,  Charles,  third  Duke  of,  lived, 

iii.  424 
Queensberry,  William,  fourth  Duke  of,  club, 

iii.  15  ;  lived,  90  ;   died,  90  ;  buried,  ii. 

281 
Quick,    John,    lived,    i.    277 ;    buried,    ii. 

227 
Quin,  James,   actor,   ii.   398  ;  born,    336  ; 

killed  Bowen,  iii.  105  ;  lived,  i.  148 
Quyney,  Richard,  i.  336  ;  lived,  298 

RACKET,  Henry,  buried,  iii.  20 

Racket,  Robert,  buried,  iii.  20 

Radcliffe,  Alexander,  iii.  263 

Radcliffe,  Dr.  John,  i.  120,  301,  390,  407  ; 
gold-headed  cane,  iii.  82  ;  quarrel  with 
Kneller,  85  ;  lived,  i.  207,  229 ;  por- 
trait, iii.  82 

Radcliffe,  Mrs.,  died,  iii.  299  ;  buried,  i. 
134 

Radford,  Thomas,  and  his  wife  Ann  Clarges, 
ii.  582 

Radnor,  first  Earl  of,  lived,  i.  378 

Radnor,  second  Earl  of,  ii.  340  ;  lived,  300 

Radstock,  Admiral  Lord,  lived,  iii.  109 

Raffles,  Lady,  i.  255 

Raffles,  Sir  Stamford,  founder,  iii.  542  ; 
statue,  472 


INDEX 


591 


i,    proprietor   of  White's   club,   iii. 

493.  496 

Raglan,  Lord,  school,  iii.  488  ;  lived,  302 
Rahere,  founder,  i.  115,  117  ;   iii.  145 
Railton,  William,  architect,  iii.  405 
Rainibach,  Abraham,  born,  ii.  484  ;  lived, 

iii.  449 
Raine,  Matthew,  D.D.,  monument,  i.  365; 

club,  ii.  456 
Rainham,  James,  i.  81 
Raleigh,  Carew,  born,  iii.  398,  399  ;  lived, 

ii.  483  ;  buried,  468 
Raleigh,  Lady,  lived,  i.  223  ;  iii.  400 
Raleigh,  Sir  Walter,  iii.  510  ;   Gray's  Inn, 

ii.  145  ;   Middle  Temple,  iii.  357;  lived, 

i.  542  ;  ii.    269,   542  ;  iii.    149  ;  prison, 

ii.  89  ;  iii.  393,  398  ;  buried,  ii.  468  ;  iii. 

76  ;  portrait,  ii.  574  ;  brass  tablet,  467 
Ramsay,  Allan,  portrait  painter,  lived,  ii. 

191,  615;  buried,  496,  497 
Ramsay,  Andrew,  killed,  ii.  35 
Ramsay,  Col.  John,  lived,  ii.  192 
Ramsden,  Jesse,  club,  ii.  484 
Ramsey,  Dame  Mary,  buried,  ii.  508 
Randall,  prize-fighter,  lived,  iii.  390 
Ranelagh,    Richard,    Earl,   lived,   iii.   147 ; 

design,  149 

Ranelagh,  Lady,  lived,  iii.  ii 
Rann,  John,  executed,  iii.  230,  416 
Rassam,  Hormuzd,  i.  258,  259 
Rastell,  John,  lived,  ii.  62 
Rastell,  Thomas,  lived,  ii.  528 
Rastrick,  Mr. ,  ii.  424 
Ravenet,  S.  F. ,  buried,  iii.  20 
Ravenscroft,  George,  i.  213 
Rawdon,  Sir  Marmaduke,  lived,  iii.  452 
Rawlins,  T.,  medallist,  lived,  i.  348 
Rawlinson,  Dan,  lived,  ii.  35 
Rawlinson,  Dr.  Rich.,  library  sold,  iii.  56 
Rawlinson,  Sir  Henry  C. ,  i.  259 
Rawlinson,  Mrs.,  died,  ii.  35 
Rawlinson,  Thomas,  lived,  i.  24  ;  ii.  430  ; 

buried,  i.  226 
Rawthmell,  John,  iii.  152 
Raymond,    Lord  Chief  Justice,   died,   iii. 

156 

Reach,  — ,  nurseryman,  i.  187 
Read,   Robert,  landlord  of  a  Mug-house, 

iii.  203 
Reay,  Martha,  lived,  iii.    348  ;    murdered, 

348 

Recorde,  Richard,  rector,  ii.  492 
Reed,  Rev.  Andrew,  D.D. ,  born,  i.  313 
Reed,  Sir  Charles,  M.P. ,  buried,  i.  3 
Reed,  Isaac,  lived,  iii.  303 
Rees,  Dr.   Abraham,   ii.    246  ;  lived,  249  ; 

died,  i.  69  ;  buried,  304 
Rees,  Rev.  Thomas,  minister,  ii.  594 
Reeve,  Justice  Edmund,  i.  109 
Reeve,  John,  died,  i.  281  ;  buried,  171 
Reid,  Captain  Mayne,  died,  i.  205 
Reinagle,  Philip,  ii.  191 
Rendel,  J.  M. ,  engineer,  ii.  295 


Rennell,  James,  lived,  iii.  333  ;  buried,  463 
Rennie,  John,  engineer,  i.  18;  ii.  424,  427; 

iii.  324,   453  ;  died,  300 ;  buried,  453  ; 

grave,  49 
Rennie,  Sir  John,  engineer,  ii.   262,  424; 

iii.  287 
Rennie,  J.  and  G. ,  engineers,  ii.  254,  329; 

iii.  233 

Repton,  G.  S. ,  architect,  ii.  199 ;  iii.  80,  159 
Repton,    Humphry,    landscape  -  gardener, 

ii.  329  ;  iii.  191 
Revett,  Nicholas,  lived,  ii.  488 
Reynolds,  Frances,  died,  iii.  134 
Reynolds,  Frederic,   born,   ii.   388  ;    lived, 

iii.  449 
Reynolds,  Sir  Joshua,  i.  39,  287;  club,  480; 

ii.    106,    403  ;    iii.    15  ;    i.    287    note  ; 

President  R.A. ,  iii.  14  ;   Discourse,  177; 

member  of  Painter  Stainers'  Company, 

5  ;    lived,   ii.    384.   483,  597  ;    iii.  137 ; 

grave,  49  ;    statue,  48  ;    bust,    ii.    385  ; 

picture,  iii.  178 
Reynolds,  Miss,  lived,  i.  517 
Rhodes,  — ,  manager,  i.  436  ;  lived,  357 
Rhodoway,  John,  i.  215 
Ricardo,  J.  L. ,  buried,  i.  281 
Riccard,  Sir  Andrew,  ii.  609 
Ricci,  Sebastian,  i.  306,  384 
Ricci,  Marco,  i.  306 
Rich,  Christopher,  manager,  ii.  397 
Rich,  John,  i.  150,  465  ;  manager,  ii.  398 
Rich,  Richard,  ii.  333 
Richard,    Prior   of   Bermondsey,    founder, 

iii-  373 
Richard  II. ,  buried,  iii.   463  ;  altar-tomb, 

469  ;  portrait,  471  ;  ii.  575. 
Richard  III.,  i.  132,  477  ;  ii.  15 
Richards,  Brinsley,  buried,  i.  282 
Richardson,  Mr.,  pastor,  iii.  65 
Richardson,  Charles,  jun. ,  i.  316 
Richardson,  C.  J. ,  lived,  i.  281 
Richardson,     Jonathan,    died,     iii.     134  ; 

buried,  ii.  102 

Richardson,  Lady,  monument,  i.  226 
Richardson,  Mrs.,  portrait,  iii.  306 
Richardson,   Lord  Chief  Justice,   lived,   i. 

148  ;  bust,  iii.  475 
Richardson,   Samuel,   ii.    132  ;   at   Christ's 

Hospital,  i.  396  ;  lived,  iii.  202  ;  buried, 

i.  239  ;  portrait,  iii.  306 
Richmond,    Margaret,    Countess  of,   altar- 
tomb,  iii.  466 

Richmond,  Duchess  of,  ii.  27 
Richmond,  "  La  Belle  Stuart,"  Duchess  of, 

i.  500  ;  lived,  ii.    306  ;  buried,   iii.  464  ; 

monument,  467  ;  wax  effigy,  478 
Richmond,    Lodowick     Stuart,    Duke    of, 

lived,  ii.  196  ;  died,  12  ;  monument,  iii. 

467 
Richmond,  Charles,  second   Duke  of  (d. 

1750),  iii.  162 
Richmond,    Charles,    third    Duke   of,    iii. 

162 


592 


INDEX 


Rickman,    J. ,    friend    of   Southey,    lived, 

»•  551 

Rider,  Mark,  iii.  341 
Rider,  Sir  William,  lived,  i.  178 
Ridley,  Bp. ,  i.  241,  394 
Ridley,  Dr.  Gloucester,  buried,  iii.  106 
Ridley,  Sir  Thomas,  buried,  i.  159 
Ridgway,  — ,  bookseller,  iii.  91,  541 
Rigaud,  J.  F.,  R.A.,  altar-piece,  ii.  481 
Rigby,  Francis  Hale,  lived,  ii.  166 
Rigby,  Right  Hon.  Richard,  lived,  ii.  296  ; 

duel,  253 

Riley,  John,  buried,  i.  227 
Rimmel,  Eugene,  i.  140 
Riou, — ,  monument,  iii.  48 
Ripley,  Thomas,   architect,   i.   8,  488  ;  ii. 

345  ;  lived,  iii.  530 
Ripperda,  Duke  de,  lived,  iii.  265 
Ritson,  Joseph,  lived,  ii.    141  ;   buried,  i. 

3°3 

Rivers,  James,  bust,  i.  116 
Rivers,  Richard,  Earl,  lived,  iii.  136 
Rivett,  John,  i.  356 
Roberts,  David,  R. A. ,  lived,  i.  2  ;  ii.  50  ; 

died,  i.  170 

Roberts,  Edward,  i.  266 
Roberts,  Emma,  school,  ii.  189 
Roberts,  Henry,  architect,  i.  507,  545  ;  ii. 

48,  424 

Roberts,  John,  singer,  i.  493 
Roberts,  John,  bookseller,  iii.  451 
Robertson,  Joseph  Clinton,  iii.  152 
Robertson,  Rev.  F.  W.,  born,  iii.  449 
Robertson,  Dr.  Wm. ,  i.  250 
Robins,  E.  C. ,  architect,  i.  128 
Robins,  George,  auctioneer,  iii.  84  ;  buried, 

ii.  324 
Robinson,  Anastasia,  "Perdita,"  lived,  ii. 

121,  297  ;  iii.  137 
Robinson,  Bp.,  lived,  i.  24 
Robinson,  Sir  Christopher,  buried,  i.  159 
Robinson,  Dick,  buried,  i.  49 
Robinson,  Frederick,  lived,  i.  309 
Robinson,  H.  Crabb,  ii.  93  ;  lived,  iii.  212 
Robinson,  Jacob,  lived,  ii.  63 
Robinson,  John,  monument,  ii.  205 
Robinson,  Sir  John,  lived,  ii.  547 
Robinson,  P.  F.,  architect,  ii.  7 
Robinson,  Wm. ,  architect,  ii.  23 
Robson,  E.  R. ,  architect,  ii.  262  ;  iii.  121, 

223 

Rocheford,  Lady,  prisoner,  iii.  398 
Rochester,    Laurence    Hyde,    Earl   of,    i. 

410  ;  lived,  ii.  298 
Rochester,  Wilmot,  Earl  of,  lived,  iii.  112  ; 

in  Tower  Street,  403 
Rock,  Rich.,  quack  doctor,  lived,  i.  156 
Rock,  Dr.,  buried,  ii.  325 
Rockingham,  Charles,  second  Marquis  of, 

school,  iii.  488  ;  married,  ii.  122  ;  lived, 

164 
Rodney,    Admiral    Lord,    lived,    ii.    187 ; 

monument,  iii.  48 


Roe,  Sir  John,  buried,  i.  414 

Roe,  Sir  Thomas,  i.  171 

Roger  de  Lincoln,  prisoner,  ii.  487 

Rogers,   John,   rector,    ii.   465  ;   vicar,   iii. 

230  ;  trial,  214  ;  burnt,  ii.  10 
Rogers,  Mrs.,  benefactor,  ii.  491 
Rogers,  Samuel,  i.  165,  417;  ii.  77  ;  born, 

594  ;  lived,  i.   362  ;   ii.   151,  297,    594  ; 

iii.  28 

Rogers,  Thomas,  architect,  i.  421 
Rogers,  Thomas,  carvings,  ii.  533,  492 
Rogers,  Prof.  Thorold,  ii.  344 
Roget,  Dr.,  lived,  i.  169 
Rokeby,  Sir  Richard  and  Lady,  tomb,  ii. 

500 

Rokesley,  Gregory,  i.  193  ;  ii.  174 
Rolfe,  Sir  R.  M.,  lived,  ii.  586 
Romaine,   Rev.  William,   lecturer,  i.    536  ; 

preacher,  ii.  586  ;  monument,  i.  47 
Romilly,  John  Lord,  buried,  i.  282 
Romilly,  Sir  Samuel,  born,  ii.  81 ;  manager, 

iii.  191  ;  lived,  ii.  399,  513  ;  iii.  192 
Romney,  Charles  Marsham,  Earl  of,  ii.  i, 

477 
Romney,  Henry  Sidney,  Earl  of,  died,  ii. 

300 ;  buried,  280 
Romney,   George,   lived,   i.    469,   342  ;  ii. 

597  ;  iii-  98 
Ronquillo,  Spanish  Ambassador,   ii.   394  ; 

lived,  iii.  514 

Rooker,  Michael  Angelo,  buried,  i.  320 
Rookwood,  executed,  iii.  5 
Roos,  Lord,  lived,  i.  367 
Roos,  Sir  Thomas,  i.  203 
Roper,  Margaret,  born,  i.  298 
Roper,  D.  R. ,  architect,  ii.  324 
Roper,  Wm. ,  i.  477 
Roscommon,  Earl,  buried,  iii.  463 
Rose,    John,    gardener,    i.    331  ;    buried, 

ii.  479 

Rose,  Henry,  architect,  i.  223  ;  iii.  214 
Rose,  Sir  George,  quoted,  i.  473 
Rose,  Richard,  i.  328  ;  ii.  356 
Rose,  Samuel,  lived,  i.  347  ;  iii.  72 
Rosebery,  Earl  of,  ii.  426 
Rosee,  Pasqua,  coffee-house,  ii.  532 
Rosoman,  — ,  iii.  174 
Ross,  Sir  John,  died,  ii.  114 
Ross,  Sir  William  C.,  lived,  ii.  50 
Rossetti,    Dante    Gabriel,    born,    i.    362  ; 

studio,  423  ;  lived,  389  ;  statue,  383 
Rossi,  J.  C.  F.,  R.A.,  ii.  403 
Rossi,  C.  and  H.,  terra-cotta,  iii.  23 
Rosslyn,  first  Earl  of,  lived,  iii.  192 
Roth,  Richard,  burned,  ii.  269 
Rothes,  Countess  of,  lived,  i.  283 
Rothschild,  Baron  Ferdinand  de,  ii.  21 
Rothschild,  N.  M.,  buried,  iii.  501 
Rotier,  John,  buried,  iii.  76 
Roubiliac,  L.   F. ,    i.    226,   493  ;    iii.   253, 

478  ;  studio,  73  ;  lived,  ii.  484  ;  buried, 

479  ;  monuments  in  Westminster  Abbey, 
iii.  471,  472  ;  statue  of  Handel,  428 


INDEX 


593 


Rouelle,  innkeeper,  ii.  307 
Rough,  John,  burned,  ii.  269 
Roumieu,  Robert  Louis,  architect,  ii.  78 
Rousseau,   J.    J.,  ii.    402  ;    lived,    i.    296  ; 

ii.  151 

Row,  Sir  Thomas,  portrait,  ii.  523 
Rowe  family,  ii.  177 
Rowe,  John,  ii.  177 
Rowe,  Nicholas,  school,  iii.  488  ;  lived,  ii. 

437  ;   died,  336  ;  buried,  iii.  463  ;  monu- 
ment, 476 

Rowe,  Owen,  buried,  ii.  179 
Rowe,  Thomas,  ii.  177 
Rowlandson,  Thomas,  died,  i.  7 
Roxburgh,  Duke  of,  lived,  ii.  186 
Roxburgh,  John,   Duke  of,  lived,  ii.   188, 

301 

Royston,  Richard,  lived,  ii.  271 
Rudd,  Mrs.  Margaret  Caroline,    iii.   416  ; 

died,  ii.  122 

Rudyerd,  Sir  Benjamin,  lived,  ii.  483 
Rumford,  Count,  founder,   iii.  185  ;  lived, 

i.  281 

Rumsey,  Colonel,  lived,  iii.  264 
Rupert,  Prince,    ii.    246 ;    iii.    190 ;    lived, 

i.  149  ;   iii.  296  ;  buried,  463 
Rushworth,  John,  student,  ii.  390  ;  buried, 

103  ;  died,  341 
Russell,  draper,  iii.  191 
Russell  family,  i.  447 
Russell,  Earls  of  Bedford,  lived,  iii.  191 
Russell,  Colonel,  ii.  232 
Russell,  Earl,  school,  iii.  488 
Russell,  Elizabeth,  statue,  iii.  465 
Russell,   Lady  Rachel,    i.    143 ;    died,   iii. 

281 
Russell,  Lord  William,  i.  i  ;    ii.  221  ;    iii. 

138  ;  lived,  i.    206;   trial,  ii.    213,  611  ; 

prisoner,    591  ;    iii.    399  ;    executed,    ii. 

393 

Russell,  Richard  (1374),  iii.  37 
Russell,  Richard  (1784),  ii.  50 
Russell,  Sir  William  (d.  1705),  monument, 

i-  536 
Russia,    Nicholas,    Emperor  of,    in    1814, 

lived,  iii.  90 

Russian  Ambassador  (1663),  lived,  iii.  539 
Rustat,  Tobias,  i.  384  ;  iii.  513 
Ruthven,  Patrick,   died,   ii.   341  ;    buried, 

103 

Rutland,  Countess  of,  buried,  ii.  387 
Rutland,  John,  third  Duke  of,  died,  iii.  196 
Rutland,  John,  fifth  Duke  of,  lived,  i.  64 
Rutland,  Edw. ,  third  Earl  of,  lived,  iii.  129 
Rutland,  Fran.,  sixth  Earl  of,  lived,  ii.  451 
Ryder,  Captain,  iii.  196  ;  lived,  ii.  596 
Ryder,  Richard,  lived,  i.  471 
Ryland,  William  Wynne,   lived,  iii.   299  ; 

executed,  417 

Rymer,  Thomas,  lived,  i.  74  ;  buried,  414 
Ryplingham,  William,  i.  47 
Rysbrack,  J.  M. ,  lived,  iii.  431  ;  buried,  ii. 

496  ;  statues,  i.  224 
VOL.  Ill 


SAHKKNES,  William,  i.  481 

Sabine,  Sir  Edward,  K.C.B.,  lived,  i.  75 

Sacheverell,  Dr.,  chaplain,  iii.  216  ;  rector, 

i.  44  ;  trial,  iii.  486 
Sackville,  Lord  George,  born,  ii.  198 
Sackville,  Isabel,  Lady  Prioress,  ii.  277 
Sackville,  Sir  Richard,  lived,  i.  496 
Sadleir,  Sir  Ralph,  lived,  ii.  179 
Sadler,  surveyor,  iii.  199 
Sadler,  John,  lived,  i.  298 
Sadler,  Thomas,  thief,   ii.  393 ;  executed, 

iii.  415 

Saffin,  Thomas,  buried,  i.  539 
St.  Albans,  Duchess  of  (Miss  Mellon),  iii. 

90  ;  lived,  ii.  489  ;  iii.  328 
St.  Albans,   Charles,  first  Duke  of,  lived, 

i.  218 

St.  Albans,  George,  third  Duke  of,  i.  5 
St.  Albans,  Henry  Jermyn,  Earl  of,  ii.  278; 

iii.  88,  263  ;   lived,  ii.  298,  299 
St.  Andre,  Nathaniel,  lived,  ii.  605 
St.  Antoine,  M. ,  ii.  532 
St.   Augustin,  Abbots    of,    residence,     iii. 

385 

St.  Croix,  L.  C.  Bigot  de,  buried,  iii.  18 
St.   Evremond,   Chevalier  de,  i.  187,  378, 

528;    ii.   294;    lived,   i.    ii  ;    ii.   400; 

buried,  iii.  464  ;  monument,  478 
St.  Helens,  Lord,  iii.  193 
St.  John  family,  i.  127 
St.  John,    Oliver,   third  Lord,    of  Bletsoe, 

lived,  ii.  245 

St.  Leger  family,  i.  84  ;  residence,  iii.  385 
St.  Leger,  Sir  Warham,  iii.  30 
St.  Leonards,  Lord,  student,  ii.  391 
St.  Vincent,  Earl,  i.  8  ;  lived,  ii.  165,  564  ; 

monument,  iii.  48  ;  bust,  408 
Sala,  G.  A.,  ii.  130 
Sale,  George,  died,  iii.  337 
Salis,  Count  de,  i.  266 
Salisbury,  Bishops  of,  residence,  iii.  202 
Salisbury,    Margaret,  Countess  of,  buried, 

iii.  76 

Salisbury,  Richard  Nevill,  Earl  of,  ii.  15 
Salisbury,    Robert  Cecil,   Earl  of,   i.    141, 

377  ;  iii.    204  ;    baptized,   i.  413  ;  lived, 

343  ;  arms,  iii.  166 
Salisbury,  William,  second  Earl  of,  prisoner, 

iii.  399 

Salisbury,  Marquis  of,  i.  467 
Salisbury,  Marquis  of,  i.  63  ;  ii.  151 
Salisbury,  Mr.,  i.  316 
Salkeld,  Mr.,  i.  285 
Salmon,  Mrs.,  ii.  6r  ;  lived,  iii.  206 
Salter,  "Don  Saltero,"  barber,  i.  390,  511 
Salter,  Stephen,  architect,  ii.  391 
Salvage,  Elizabeth,  ii.  547 
Salvin,  Anthony,  architect,  iii.  75 
Sambrook,  Sir  Jeremy,  i.    123  ;    lived,  iii. 

208 

Sampson,  George,  architect,  i.  96 
Sampson,  Richard,  rector,  ii.  178 
Sams,  W.  T.,  architect,  ii.  161 

2    Q 


594 


INDEX 


Sancho,  Ignatius,  died,  i.  360 

Sancroft,  William,  Abp.  of  Canterbury,   i. 

383  ;   ii.    178  ;   Dean  of  St.    Paul's,   iii. 

45  ;    lived,    i.   494 ;     ii.  456  ;    iii.    16  ; 

portrait,  ii.  364 

Sandby,  Paul,  R.A.,  buried,  i.  134 
Sandby,  Thomas,  R.A. ,  iii.  513;  architect, 

ii.  77 

Sanders,  John,  architect,  iii.  186 
Sandford,  Francis,  ii.  210  ;  lived,  iii.  193  ; 

prison,  ii.  59  ;  buried,  i.  239 
Sandford,  actor,  lived,  iii.  202 
Sandwich,   Edward,  first  Earl  of,  i.    518  ; 

lived,  ii.  395  ;  buried,  iii.  463  ;  portrait, 

408 

Sandwich,  J.  fourth  Earl  of,  died,  ii.  212 
Sandwich   Islands,    King   and   Queen  of, 

died,  i.  6 
Sandys,    Sir    Edwin,    Merchant    Taylors' 

School,  ii.  526  ;  quarrel,  i.  169 
Sandys,  William,  Lord,  i.  375 
Sanquhar,  Lord,  iii.  504  ;  hanged,  7 
Saul,  Edwin  and  Susan,  ii.  221 
Saumerez,  Richard,  F.  R.S.,  buried,  ii.  505 
Saunders,  Mr.,  trial,  iii.  214 
Saunders,  Adm.  Sir  Charles,  died,  iii.  296 
Saunders,  Lawrence,  rector,  i.  32 
Saunders,  Lord  Chief  Justice,  lived,  i.  313 
Saunders,  Richard,  ii.  171 
Savage,  James,  architect,  i.  304  ;  ii.  450, 

492  ;  iii.  253 
Savage,  John,  i.  301 

Savage,   Richard,   ii.   75,  302,    317  ;  bap- 
tism, i.  44;   trial,  ii.  611  ;    prison,  60, 

90 
Savery,  T. ,  i.  320  ;  his  fire  engine  tried, 

iii-  535 

Savile,  Sir  George,  lived,  ii.  385  ;  iii.  211 
Savile,  Sir  Henry,  prison,  ii.  89 
Saville,  Henry,  lived,  ii.  306 
Savoy  and  Richmond,  Peter,  Earl,  of,  iii. 

217 

Say,  Frederick  Richard,  lived,  ii.  192 
Sayers,  Tom,  lived,  i.  9 
Scarborough,  Earl  of,  lived,  ii.  300 
Scarlett,  Sir  James,  lived,  i.  480 
Scawen,  Capt. ,  iii.  25 
Scheemakers,    Thomas,    lived,    iii.    437 ; 

buried,  21 
Schiavonetti,  Louis,  lived,  i.  280  ;  buried, 

iii.  2 

Schlesinger,  Dr.  Max,  died,  i.  145 
Schmydt,  Bernard,  organ,  iii.  48 
Schnebbelie,  Jacob,  lived,  iii.  101  ;  buried, 

11.  275 

Scholefield,  James,  "Grecian,"  i.  396 
Schomberg,  Frederick,    first  Duke  of,    iii. 

12,  220 

Schomberg,  Charles,  second  Duke  of,   iii. 

220 
Schomberg,    Mindhardt,    third   Duke    of, 

lived,  iii.  220 
Scoles,  J.  J.,  architect,  i.  280;  ii.  31,  166 


Scot,  Colonel,  ii.  362 

Scot,  Thomas,  executed,  i.  354 

Scott,  Sir  G.  Gilbert,  R.A.,  architect,  i.  131, 
317-  35*1  357,  405.  494  I  »•  20, 132,  326, 
399,  466,  533,  534,  538  ;  iii.  318,  462, 
471  ;  Memorial  to  Old  Westminsters, 
209  ;  lived,  208,  297  ;  buried,  463 

Scott,  General  H.Y.D.,  architect,  i.  17,  180 

Scott,  John,  alias  Rotherham,  Abp.  of 
York,  buried,  iii.  430 

Scott,  J. ,  of  Amwell,  born,  i.  168  ;  ii.  138 

Scott,  John,  i.  7 

Scott,  J. ,  duel  with  Christie,  i.  344  ;  iii.  120 

Scott,  J.  O. ,  architect,  ii.  324 

Scott,  Robert,  monument,  ii.  495 

Scott,  Samuel,  lived,  ii.  208 

Scott,  Rev.  Thomas,  founder,  ii.  412  ; 
lived,  183 

Scott,  Sir  Walter,  i.  221  ;  lived,  ii.  308, 
441  ;  iii.  14,  90 

Scroggs,  Sir  William,  died,  ii.  18 

Scroope,  Sir  Carr,  lived,  i.  534 

Scrope,  Robert,  executed,  i.  354 

Scudamore,  Lord,  lived,  iii.  541 

Seamer,  Joan,  monument,  ii.  204 

Sebert,  King  of  the  East  Saxons,  iii.  461  ; 
buried,  i.  351  ;  tomb,  iii.  471 

Seeker,  Archbishop,  ii.  362  ;  rector,  279  ; 
tomb,  495  ;  portrait,  363 

Sedding,  J.  D. ,  architect,  iii.  253 

Seddon,  Mr.,  upholsterer,  i.  24 

Sedley,  Catherine,  lived,  ii.  300 

Sedley,  Sir  Charles,  i.  231  ;  ii.  182  ;  bap- 
tized, i.  413  ;  died,  207 

Sedley,  Sir  John,  lived,  iii.  240 

Sefton,  Lord,  lived,  i.  64 

Selby,  Mrs.,  iii.  73 

Selden,  J. ,  i.  424  ;  ii.  453  ;  Inner  Temple, 
iii.  354;  lived,  27,  504;  prison,  ii.  89; 
iii.  398  ;  monument,  351  ;  statue,  ii.  242 

Selous,  Henry,  lived,  i.    131 

Selwyn,  George,  i.  287  ;  club,  iii.  15,  305  ; 
lived,  i.  389  ;  died,  422 

Selywn,  Mrs.,  lived,  i.  422 

Serle,  Henry,  ii.  399  ;  iii.  232 

Sermon,  Dr.  William,  lived,  ii.  190 

Serres,  John  Dominick,  buried,  ii.  496 

Settle,  Elkanah,  i.  371  ;  died,  365 

Seward,  William,  school,  i.  365  ;  lived,  iii. 
no 

Seymour,  Lady  Arabella,  ii.  357 

Seymour,  Conway,  ii.  293 

Seymour,  Sir  Edward,  i.  357 

Seymour,  Lord  George,  lived,  ii.  331 

Seymour  of  Sudeley,  Thomas  Lord,  lived,  i. 
72,  124  ;  beheaded,  iii.  401  ;  buried,  76 

Shaa,  Sir  John,  ii.  170 

Shackelton,  portrait  painter,  lived,  i.  165 

Shadwell,    Sir   John,    lived,    i.    379,    399, 

533  I  "I-  527 

Shadwell,  Thomas,  Middle  Temple,  iii. 
357 ;  lived,  i.  379 ;  iii.  202 ;  died,  i. 
399  ;  buried,  ii.  440  ;  monument,  iii.  476 


INDEX 


595 


Shaftcsbury,  Anthony,  first  Earl  of,  student, 
ii.  390  ;  lived,  i.  23  ;  ii.  27,  483  ;  trial, 
611  ;  prisoner,  iii.  399;  portrait,  i.  366 

Shaftesbury,  Anthony,  third  Earl  of,  author 
of  Characteristics,    born,    ii.   27  ;    bap- 
d,  i.  413  ;  lived,  379 

Shakespeare,  Edmund,  lived,  i.  102  ; 
buried,  iii.  214 

Shakespeare,  William,  house  in  Black- 
friars,  i.  26,  195 ;  ii.  262  ;  iii.  129  ; 
lived,  i.  101,  426,  478  ;  his  will,  iii. 
516  ;  Chandos  portrait,  ii.  574 ;  me- 
morial window,  205  ;  monument,  iii. 
475  ;  statue,  ii.  385 

Sharp,  John,  Abp.  of  York,  rector,  ii.  in  ; 
lived,  iii.  541 

Sharp,  William,  born,  ii.  548 ;  lived,  i. 
121,  361 

Sharpe,  Richard,  i.  425  ;  club,  480 

Shattrell,  Robert,  lived,   iii.  99 

Shaw,  Dr.,  preacher,  iii.  61 

Shaw,  Sir  James,  Lord  Mayor,  ii.  464 

Shaw,  John,  architect,  i.  395,  536 

Shaw,  John,  jun. ,  architect,  i.  395 

Shaw,  Mr. ,  lived,  ii.  299 

Shaw,  R.  Norman,  R.A. ,  architect,  ii. 
378  ;  lived,  i.  190 

Shee,  Sir  Martin  Archer,  P. R.A. ,  married, 
iii.  3  ;  lived,  i.  342 

Sheepshanks,  John,  lived,  iii.  196  ;  col- 
lection of  pictures,  276 

Sheffield,  John  Holroyd,  Lord,  died,  iii.  109 

Sheffield,  Sir  Charles,  i.  293 

Shelburne,  Earl  of,  duel,  ii.  253 

Sheldon,  Daniel,  iii.  2 

Sheldon,  Gilbert,  Abp.  of  Canterbury,  iii. 
2  ;  Gray's  Inn,  ii.  140  ;  rector,  178  ; 
portrait,  i.  366  ;  ii.  364 

Sheldon,  Sir  Joseph,  i.  336  ;  iii.  2 

Sheldon,  Mr.,  lived,  ii.  186 

Shelley,  Mrs.  Harriet,  lived,  ii.  565 ; 
suicide,  152 

Shelley,  Mrs.  Mary,  died,  i.  387 

Shelley,  Percy  B. ,  married  Mary  Godwin, 
ii.  540  ;  in  St.  Pancras  Churchyard,  iii. 
19  ;  lived,  i.  349  ;  ii.  181,  189  ;  iii.  101 

Shelley,  Sir  Thomas,  i.  86  ;  lived,  ii.  600 

Shelton,  William,  iii.  35 

Shenstone,  William,  lived,  ii.  62 

Shepherd,  Edward,  i.  465,  487;  ii.  127,  515 

Shepherd,  Sir  Samuel,  lived,  ii.  586 

Shepherd,  Thomas,  lived,  i.  i 

Sheppard,  Jack,  i.  407  ;  ii.  388  ;  iii.  in, 
190  ;  trial,  ii.  611  ;  executed,  iii.  415  ; 
buried,  ii.  478 

Sheppy,  John  de,  Bp.  of  Rochester,  i.  328 

Sherard,  William,  Merchant  Taylors' 
School,  ii.  526 

Sheridan,  R.  B. ,  i.  287;  ii.  92,  285; 
Middle  Temple,  iii.  357  ;  member  of 
Brooks's,  i.  287  note ;  Spunging-house,  iii. 
384 ;  duel,  ii.  208 ;  married,  497  ;  lived,  93, 
213,  616;  iii.  212,  137;  buried,  463,  477 


Sheridan,  Thomas,  lived,  i.  148  ;  ii.  93 
Sherlock,  Thomas,  Bp.  of  London,  i.  24 
Sherlock,    William,    Dean    of  St.    Asaph, 

rector,  ii.  95 

Sherrington,  Walter,  iii.  29 
Sherwin,    John    Keyes,   lived,   i.    161  ;    ii. 

277.  3°4  I  died,  iii.  339 
Sherwood,  Mr.,  lived,  235 
Shield,  William,  composer,  club,  iii.  107  ; 

died,  i.  170  ;  buried,  iii.  464 
Shipley,  Bp.  Jonathan,  died,  i.  218 
Shipley,  William,  i.  70  ;  lived,  337 
Shippen,    William     "Downright,"    M.P., 

lived,  ii.  224,  601  ;   prisoner,  iii.  399 
Shirley,  Sir  Anthony,  prison,  ii.  59 
Shirley,  James,  Merchant  Taylors'  School, 

ii.    526;    lived,    62;    buried,    112;    his 

child  baptized,  no  ;  his  son,  84 
Shirley,  John,  traveller,  brass,  i.  116 
Shirley,       Hon.      Sewallis,      married      to 

Margaret,  Countess  of  Orford,  ii.  517 
Shoppee,  C.  J.,  architect,  i.  102 
Shore,  Jane,  penance,  iii.  62;  her  husband, 

ii.  416 

Short,  Dudley,  lived,  iii.  246 
Shorter,  Catherine,  married,  ii.  351 
Shorter,  Sir  Robert,  died,  i.  in 
Shovel,  Sir  Cloudesley,  lived,  iii.  120,  265  ; 

buried,  463  ;  monument,  475 
Shrewsbury,      Margaret,       Countess      of, 

executed,  iii.  401 
Shrewsbury,  profligate  Countess  of,  buried, 

ii.  112 
Shrewsbury,    Charles    Talbot,     Duke    of, 

portrait,  i.  366 
Shrewsbury,   John   Talbot,    first    Earl    of, 

portrait,  ii.  209 
Shrewsbury,    George,    fourth    Earl   of,    i. 

441 
Shrewsbury,  Francis,  fifth  Earl  of,  i.  441  ; 

ii.  83 
Shrewsbury,  George,  sixth  Earl  of,  i.  441  ; 

ii.  83 
Shrewsbury,  Gilbert,  seventh  Earl  of,  lived, 

i.  278 

Shuckburgh,  Sir  G.,  club,  ii.  484 
Shudi,  harpsichord  maker,  iii.  130 
Shuter,  Ned,  lived,  i.  496  ;  ii.  489 
Shuttleworth,  Sir  James  P.   Kay,   buried, 

i.  282 

Sibbes,  Dr.  Richard,  Gray's  Inn,  ii.  140 
Sibthorp,  Colonel,  died,  ii.  4 
Sicard,  — ,  buried,  i.  351 
Sicigniano,  Duke  of,  buried,  iii.  21 
Siddons,  Mrs.,  i.  217  ;   lived,  90  ;   ii.  134, 

474  ;   iii.   460  ;  buried,  2  ;    monument, 

3  ;  statue,  471 

Sidmouth,  Viscount,  born,  i.  246  ;  baptism, 
44  ;  student,  ii.  391  ;  lived,  i.  424  ;  ii. 
119,  586  ;  iii.  328 
Sidney,    Algernon,   i.   2  ;    lived,    ii.    612  ; 

prisoner,  iii.  399  ;  executed,  401 
Sidney,  Sir  Henry,  lived,  i.  542  ;  iii.  376 


596 


INDEX 


Sidney,  Sir  Philip,  iii.  510;   "grocer,"  ii. 

160 ;  lived,  i.  133  ;  monumental  tablet, 

iii.  41 

Simmons,  Samuel,  i.  25 
Simon,  Sir  John,  ii.  344 
Simon,  Thomas,  medallist,  died,  i.  414 
Simond,  Thomas,  buried,  iii.  343 
Sims,  Valentine,  lived,  i.  4 
Simson,  Cuthbert,  prisoner,  ii.  269 
Simson,  Dr.  John,  benefactor,  iii.  248 
Sinclair,  Mary,  ii.  5 
Sinclair,  Matilda,  ii.  50 
Singleton,  Hugh,  lived,  i.  473 
Sisson,  John,  iii.  172 
Skelton,   John,   lived,  iii.   208  ;  buried,   ii. 

468 

Skepworth,  William,  ii.  139 
Skinner,  Cyriack,  club,  ii.   542  ;  iii.  410  ; 

lived,  ii.  471 

Skip,  Bp. ,  buried,  ii.  504 
Slade,  Felix,  i.  255,  266,  267 
Slater,  William,  architect,  i.  115 
Slater  and  Carpenter,  architects,  ii.  507 
Slaughter's  coffee-house,  ii.  484  ;  iii.  253 
Sleep,  Thomas,  ii.  316 
Slingsby,  Sir  William,  ii.  437 
Sloane,    Sir  Hans,    i.    56,    141,    251,  266, 

267,    275,  375,  390,   511;  ii.    189;  iii. 

253  ;    coffee-house,    ii.    148  ;    President 

of  the    Royal  Society,  iii.    187  ;    lived, 

i.  207  ;  died,  380  ;  monument,  ii.   449  ; 

statue,  i.  224  ;  portrait,  iii.  82,  188 
Slye,  William,  lived,  ii.  234  ;  buried,  387 
Smallwood,  William,  portrait,  iii.  80 
Smart,   Christopher,    lived,   i.    326  ;  died, 

ii.  341 
Smart,  Sir  George,  lived,  iii.  no;  died,  i. 

147 

Smeaton,  John,  ii.  563  ;  club,  484 
Smellie",  Dr.,  lived,  iii.  12 
Smethwick,  J. ,  lived,  i.  537 
Smirke,  Sir  Robert,  R.A.,  architect,  i.  252, 

330,  465,  488  ;  ii.  343,   344,   493,  548, 

622 ;    iii.    4,   82,    115,    159,    272,    405, 

420 ;  lived,  i.  169  ;  died,  ii.  619 
Smirke,   Sydney,   R.A. ,    architect,   i.   175, 

271.    3°7.  330,   45i.   48o;  ii.   85,   235, 

303,   500,   622  ;  iii.    25,  28,   180,   354 ; 

lived,  i.  165  ;  ii.  344 
Smith,  Albert,  ii.  8  ;  buried,  i.  282 
Smith,  Anker,  lived,  iii.  531 
Smith,  Charlotte,  born,  ii.  337 
Smith,  Elizabeth,  monument,  i.  226 
Smith,  George,  print-seller,  lived,  ii.  402 
Smith,  George,  architect,  i.  456 ;  ii.  154, 

521  ;  iii.  63 
Smith,      Rev.      Henry,     lecturer     at     St. 

Clement's  Church,  i.  413 
Smith,  Henry,  buried,  ii.  69 
Smith,  Horace,  born,  i.  123 
Smith,  Hugh,  architect,  i.  362 
Smith,   James,  born,   i.    123 ;    lived,    84  ; 

died,  473  ;  buried,  ii.  479 


Smith,  Sir  James,  iii.  258 

Smith,  John  (1705),  executed,  iii.  415 

Smith,  Capt.  John,  buried,  iii.  230 

Smith,  John  Edward,  Vestry  Clerk,  iii.  461 

Smith,  Dr.  J.  Pye,  ii.  229 

Smith,  John  Thomas,  i.   161,  492  ;  lived, 

ii.  106  ;  died,  iii.  424  ;  buried,  i.  134 
Smith,  Nathaniel,  iii.  324 
Smith,  Nicholas,  token,  i.  92 
Smith,  Raphael,  lived,  i.  123 
Smith,  Richard,  ii.  75 
Smith,  General  Richard,  lived,  ii.  191 
Smith,  Robert,  solicitor,  lived,  i.  123 
Smith,  Robert,  "Bobus,"  club,  i.  480;   ii. 

335  ;  lived,  iii.  212 

Smith,  Sir  Sidney,  lived,  i.  423  ;  iii.  193 
Smith,  Rev.  Sydney,  ii.   310  ;  lived,  i.  42, 

283.   359.  Sl6  I  "•    l69-   3°7-   6l6  '<  m'- 

328,  490  ;  died,  ii.  152  ;  buried,  325 
Smith,  William,  "father  of  geology,  "1.275  ; 

lived,  297 

Smith,  William,  M.  P. ,  lived,  iii.  34 
Smith,  William,  lived,   ii.   402  ;  collection 

of  water-colour  paintings,  iii.  276 
Smithson,  Sir  Hugh.     See  Northumberland 

(Duke  of) 
Smollett,  Tobias,  i.  439  ;   lived,  380,  520  ; 

prisoner,  ii.  341 
Snell,  Hannah,  i.  176 
Snelling,  T. ,  lived,  ii.  62 
Snooke,  W. ,  architect,  i.  76 
Soames,  Sir  William,  lived,  ii.  306 
Soane,  Sir  John,   R.A. ,  i.  384;  architect, 

96,  152,  178,  291  ;  ii.  77,  164,  240;  iii. 

77,  260,   306,  407,  444,  483,  486,  509  ; 

tomb,  19  ;   portrait,  261  ;  bust,  261 
Solander,   Dr. ,  club,  ii.  484 ;   buried,  iii. 

151,  342 

Somere,  Richard,  beheaded,  ii.  541 
Somers,  Lord  Chancellor,  Middle  Temple, 

iii.  357  ;   President  of  the  Royal  Society, 

187  ;  lived,  ii.  382,  396,  588  ;  iii.  118  ; 

statue,    ii.    242  ;    portrait,    i.    366  ;    iii. 

188 

Somers,  Will,  buried,  ii.  387 
Somerset,  negro  prisoner,  iii.  118 
Somerset,  Anne,  Duchess  of,  i.  375  ;  lived, 

324  ;  monument,  iii.  465 
Somerset,  Elizabeth,  Duchess  of,  lived,  ii. 

604 

Somerset,  Seymours,  Dukes  of,  iii.  236 
Somerset,  Edward  Seymour,  first  Duke  of,  i. 


460 
321 
401 


Protector,  ii.  314 ;  iii.  29  ;  lived,  zt 
trial,  485 ;  prisoner,  398  ;  executed, 


buried,  76 
Somerset,  William  Seymour,  second  Duke 

of,  escaped  out  of  the  Tower  (1611),  iii. 

398 
Somerset,  Charles  Seymour,  sixth  Duke  of, 

lived,  ii.  396,  401,  604 
Somerset,   Robert  Carr,    Earl  of,  i.    197  ; 

lived,  iii.    194  ;  married  to  Countess  of 

Essex,  ii.  522  ;  trial,  iii.  458  ;  buried,  58 


INDEX 


597 


Somerville,  Mrs.,  bust,  iii.  188 

Sophia,   Princess,  daughter  of  James    I., 

buried,  iii.  466 
Sophia,  Princess,  daughter  of  George  III., 

buried,  ii.  324 

Sotheby,  James,  monument,  ii.  178 
Sotheby,  William,  lived,  ii.  165 
Sothern,  E.  A.,  died,  iii.  431 
South,  Sir  James,  lived,  i.  321 
South,  Dr.  Robert,  ii.  223  ;   baptism,  178  ; 

school,   iii.   488  ;    school   oration,   489  ; 

chaplain,  ii.  524  ;   lay  in  state,  iii.  480  ; 

buried,  464  ;  monument,  475 
Southampton,   Wriothesley,   Earls   of,   iii. 

279,  281 
Southampton,  Thomas,  first  Earl  of,  Lord 

Treasurer,    i.    143 ;    born,    105  ;    lived, 

206  ;  ii.  17  ;  buried,  i.  45 
Southampton,  Henry,  third  Earl  of,  ii.  16  ; 

benefactor,  391  ;  prisoner,  362 
Southampton,   Charles  Fitzroy,   Lord,  iii. 

389 
Southcott,  Joanna,  i.   24 ;   died,  ii.   462  ; 

buried,  318 
Southerne,  Thomas,  lived,  iii.  389  ;  Middle 

Temple,  357  ;  died,  258 
Southesk,  Countess  of,  lived,  iii.  ii 
Southey,  Robert,  school,  iii.  488  ;  lived,  i. 

276;  ii.  141,  593;  bust,  iii.  477 
Southwell,  Robert,  executed,  iii.  415 
Southwell,   Sir    Robert,  i.    168  ;    portrait, 

iii.  188 

Sowerby,  James,  died,  ii.  357  ;   tomb,  495 
Sowerby,  Leonard,  publisher,  iii.  412 
Soyer,  Alexis,  ii.  130  ;   iii.  158 
Spang,  M.  H. ,  statues,  iii.  291 
Sparke,  Michael,  lived,  ii.  150 
Spedding,  James,  club,  iii.  313 
Speed,   John,   baptism,   i.    158  ;   Merchant 

Taylor,  ii.  524  ;  buried,  109 
Spelman,  Sir  Henry,  ii.  61,  140 ;  student, 

390  ;  died,  i.  106  ;  buried,  iii.  463,  477  ; 

portrait,  188 
Spencer,  Earls,  residence,  i.   127;  ii.  296; 

iii.  291 

Spencer,  Gabriell,  lived,  ii.  218 
Spencer,  Jack,  prisoner,  ii.  485 
Spencer,  Sir  John,  lived,  i.  325,  477  ; 

monument,  ii.  205 
Spencer,  Hon.  W.,  lived,  {."311 
Spenser,    Edmund,   i.   236  ;  ii.    16  ;   born, 

3  ;  iii.  258  ;   Merchant  Taylors'  School, 

ii.    526 ;    died,    338  ;    buried,    iii.    463, 

monument,  475 

Spenser,  Florence,  baptized,  i.  413 
Spenser,   Gabriel,   killed,   ii.    245  ;   buried, 

387 
Spert,    Sir    Thomas,    founder,    iii.     408  ; 

buried,  i.  539 

Spiggot,  highwayman,  ii.  591 
Spiller,  James,  buried,  i.  415 
Spiller,  John,  architect,  ii.  429 
Spohr,  Ludwig,  composer,  i.  60 


Spottiswoode,  Abp. ,  tomb,  iii.  465 
Spragg,  Sir  Edward,  lived,  iii.  332  ;  buried, 

463 
Sprat,  Thomas,  Bp.  of  Rochester,  lived,  i. 

494  ;  monument,  iii.  473 
Spurgeon,  Rev.  C.  H. ,  preacher,  iii.  338  ; 

pastor,  ii.  593 
Squibb,  auctioneer,  i.  308 
Squire,  Mr. ,  iii.  297 
Squire,  executed,  iii.  415 
Stacey,  Wm. ,  ii.  509 
Stacy,  Robert,  ii.  317 
Stael,  Madame  de,  lived,  i.  60  ;   ii.  93 
Stafford,  John,  Abp.  of  Canterbury,  ii.  465 
Stafford,  Lady,  lived  at  Pimlico  (1687),  iii. 

97 

Stafford,   William   Howard,   Viscount,    iii. 

299  ;  lived,  346  ;  executed,  401 
Stafford,  Richard,  i.  175 
Stafford,  Simon,  lived,  i.  4 
Staines,  Sir  William,  builder,  i.  40 
Stallworth,  William,  i.  490 
Stamford,  Earl  of,  lived,  iii.  264 
Standish,  Sir  Frank,  i.  222 
Stanfield,  Clarkson,   R.A.,  iii.  189;  lived, 

i.  296  ;  ii.  563  ;  buried,  325 
Stanhope,  Countess,  lived,  i.  412 
Stanhope,  Earl,  monument,  iii.  474 
Stanhope,  John,  first  Lord,  i.  375 
Stanley,  Sir  Robert,  monument,  ii.  449 
Stanley,  Thomas,  died,  iii.  332  ;   buried,  ii. 

478 
Staple,  Alderman    (1594),    monument,   ii. 

481 
Stapylton,  Walter,  Bp.  of  Exeter,  lived,  ii. 

26  ;  beheaded,  iii.  350 
Staunton,  Sir  George,  buried,  iii.  463 
Steele,  Mr. ,  murdered,  i.  545 
Steele,  Sir  Richard,  i.   310,  407  ;  school, 

365  ;    coffee-house,  ii.   281  ;    spunging- 

house,  iii.   431  ;    his  wife    Prue  buried, 

478  ;  lived,  i.  208,  380  ;   iii.   258,   436  ; 

portrait,  306 
Steevens,  George,  iii.  303  ;  baptized,  106 ; 

buried,  106 

Stephen,  Cardinal  Abp.,  ii.  271 
Stephen,  Sir  James  Fitzjames,  ii.  344 
Stephens,  Edward  B. ,  died,  i.  295 
Stephens,  Joel,  lived,  ii.  62 
Stephenson,  George,  statue,  ii.  20 
Stephenson,     Robert,     buried,     iii.     463  ; 

grave,  473  ;  statue,  ii.  20 
Stepney,  George,  school,  iii.  488 
Sterling,  the  elder,  lived,  iii.  278 
Sterling,  John,  club,  iii.  313  ;  lived,  ii.  617 
Stern,  Lieut.,  hanged,  iii.  14 
Sterne,  Laurence,   ii.    107  ;    died,   i.   219  ; 

buried,  134  ;  ii.  97 

Stevens,  A. ,  Wellington  monument,  iii.  48 
Stevens,  George  Alexander,  lecture,  iii.  199 
Stevenson,  Mrs.,  i.  321 
Steward,  Alicia,  monument,  ii.  500 
Stewart,  James,  buried,  ii.  494 


INDEX 


Stewart,  Sir  James,  duel,  ii.  269 

Stewart,  John,  lived,  i.  296 

Stewart,  Mr.,  duel  with  Duke  of   Bolton, 

ii.  511 

Stewart,  Mr.,  prisoner,  ii.  485 
Stewart,  Lieut. -General,  ii.  96;  lived,  186 
Stiddolph,  Sir  Richard,  i.  449 
Stillingfleet,  Benj.,  buried,  ii.  280 
Stillingfleet,  Edward,  Bp.  of  Worcester,  at 

Christ's  Hospital,   i.   396  ;    rector,   44  ; 

lived,  iii.  34 
Stirling,  Sir  William  Alexander,   Earl  of, 

lived,  i.  523  ;  ii.  483,  543 ;  iii.  84 
Stirling  Maxwell,  Sir  William,  M.P.,  lived, 

iii-  34 

Stody,  John  de,  benefactor,  iii.  438 
Stone,  Frank,  A.  R.A.,  lived,  i.  169 ;  iii.  349 
Stone,  Henry,  lived,  ii.  437 
Stone,  John,  in  hiding,  ii.  437 
Stone,  Nicholas,  i.  363  ;  sculptor,  ii.  205, 

225  ;  iii.  346,  475  ;  pay,  509, 542  ;  lived, 

ii.  437  ;  buried,  478 
Stonehewer,  Richard,  lived,  i.  486 
Storace,  Madame,  monument,  ii.  496 
Storace,  Stephen,  monument,  ii.  496 
Store,  Dr.  John,  prisoner,  iii.  395 
Storer,  Anthony  Morris,  lived,  ii.  122 
Storer,  Henry  Sargant  (d.    1837),  buried, 

iii.  71 

Storer,  James  (d.  1853),  buried,  iii.  71 
Storey,  Edward,  iii.  319 
Storketh,  Mr.,  ii.  539 
Stothard,  Thomas,  R.A. ,  i.  294;  born,  ii. 

438  ;  baptized,  479  ;  lived,  595  ;  buried, 

i.  304 

Stow,  Henry,  i.  441 
Stow,    John,    Merchant    Taylor,    ii.    524 ; 

monument,  i.  46 
Stowell,   Lord,  Middle  Temple,  iii.  358  ; 

lived,  ii.  137  ;  bust,  iii.  356 
Strachan,  Sir  Richard,  died,  i.  289 
Stradling,  Sir  Edward,  lived,  iii.  514 
Strafford,    Thomas   Wentworth,    Earl    of, 

born,  i.  346  ;  baptized,  538  ;  lived,  83  ; 

ii.    37,   207 ;    trial,  iii.   485  ;    prisoner, 

398  ;  executed,  401 
Strafford,  second  Earl  of,  lived,  ii.  382 
Strahan,  William,  lived,  iii.  122 
Strange,  Sir  John,  i.  285 
Strange,  Sir  Robert,  lived,  ii.  208  ;  i.  337; 

iii.  137;  died,  137;  buried,  59 
Strangeways,  Major,  ii.  591 
Strangford,  Lord,  died,  ii.  192 
Strangways,  hanged,  i.  245 
Stratford,  Ralph,  Bp.  of  London,  iii.  29 
Streater,  Robert,  paintings,  ii.  614 
Streatfield,  Sophy,  lived,   i.  425 
Street,  A.  E. ,  architect,  ii.  368 
Street,    G.    E.,    R.A.,    architect,    i.     187, 

341,  506 ;  ii.  295,  368 
Street,  Peter,  builder,  ii.  68,  116 
Stretes,  Guillim,  i.  244 
Stringer,  Anthony,  ii.  38 


Stringfellow,  Rev.  — ,  i.  449 

Strode,  General,  iii.  133,  327 

Strode,  Ralph,  i.  21 

Strode,  Sir  William,  buried,  iii.  470 

Strong,  Bp.  Edward,  rector,  i.  34 

Strong,    Edward,    master  mason,  ii.   535  ; 

iii.  46 

Strong,  Thomas,  master  mason,  iii.  46 
Strong,  William,  ii.  177 
Strudwick,   Mr.,   grocer,   lived,  i.   303;  ii. 

190  ;  iii.  260 
Strutt,  Joseph,  lived,  i.  534  ;  died,  360  ; 

buried,  44 

Stryp,  John  van,  buried,  i.  529 
Strype,  Gherardt  van,  iii.  78 
Strype,  Mrs.  Hester,  lived,  ii.  257 
Strype,   John,   born,   iii.  329  ;  school,  63  ; 

died,  ii.  178 
Stuart,  Lady  Arabella,   i.   454  ;    lived,    iii. 

129  ;  prisoner,   398,   425  ;  buried,  464, 

466 
Stuart,   James,    "Athenian,"  architect,   ii. 

296,  301  ;  iii.    no,   291  ;  born,   i.  473  ; 

lived,  ii.  192,  383  ;  buried,  479 
Stuart,  Lady  Louisa,  lived,  ii.  119 
Stubbs,  George,  A.  R.A.,  lived,  iii.  273  ; 

buried,  ii.  496 

Stubbs,  John,  right  hand  cut  off,  iii.  7 
Stukeley,  Dr.   William,    i.    130,    248;    iii. 

267,  301  ;  rector,   ii.   101  ;   lived,   334, 

617  ;  iii.  133 

Styllington,  M.  R.,  ii.  540 
Suckling,  Sir  John,  i.    136  ;  lived,  513  ;  ii. 

483  ;  Piccadilly  Hall,  iii.  87 
Suckling,  Capt.  Maurice,  lived,  ii.  577 
Suckling,  William,  ii.  577 
Sudbury,  John,  lived,  iii.  104 
Suffolk,    Henrietta,    Countess  of,   lived,    i. 

80  ;  ii.  287  ;  iii.  211 
Suffolk,   Catherine,   Duchess  of,   ii.   401  ; 

escape,  i.  104 
Suffolk,  Frances  Grey,  Duchess  of,  effigy, 

iii.  465 

Suffolk,  Dukes  of,  i.  530 
Suffolk,    Charles    Brandon,    Duke  of,    ii. 

550  ;  lived,  i.  104  ;  ii.  372 ;  iii.  286,  330 
Suffolk,   Henry  Grey,   Duke  of,   head,  iii. 

407 
Suffolk,  Thomas  Howard,  Earl  of,  i.  363, 

532  ;  iii.  168  ;  lived,  ii.  603 
Suffolk,  James,   third   Earl  of,   lived,   iii. 

332 

Sullivan,  engraver,  died,  iii.  491 
Sully,  Due  de,  lived,  i.  74,  313,  477 
Summer,  John,  buried,  ii.  277 
Sunderland,  Lady,  ii.  199 
Surrey,  Henry,  Earl  of,  ii.  373  ;  trial,  172  ; 

prison,   59  ;  executed,  iii.  401  ;  buried, 

i-  3i 

Surridge,  Obadiah,  token,  i.  47 
Sussex,    Augustus   Frederick,   Duke  of,   i. 

358  ;  marriage,  ii.  96,  504  ;  died,  330  ; 

buried,  324 


INDEX 


599 


Sussex,     Robert    Ratcliffe,    first    Earl    of, 

buried,  ii.  372 
Sussex,    Henry  Ratcliffe,   second   Earl  of, 

lived,    ii.  10  ;  buried,  372 
Sussex,    Thomas  Ratcliffe,   third  Earl  of, 

lived,  i.  168,  324 
Sutcliffe,  Dr.  Matthew,  Dean  of  Exeter,  i. 

382 

Sutherland,  Colonel,  lived,  ii.  134 
Sutherland,  George,  first  Duke  of,  iii.  215  ; 

lived,  298 

Sutton,  Sir  Richard,  lived,  i.  318 
Sutton,  Roger,  i.  364 
Sutton,    Thomas,  i.   362  ;    portrait,    366 ; 

iii.  319  ;  lived,  i.  280  ;   ii.  179 
Sutton,  chaplain,  iii.  216 
Sutton,  C.  Manners,  Abp.   of  Canterbury, 

school,  i.  365  ;  portrait,  ii.  364 
Swallow,  Thomas,  iii.  338 
Swedenborg,    Emanuel,   iii.    151  ;  buried, 

342  ;  died,  i.  125,  419 
Swieten,  Henry,  iii.  342 
Swift,  Dr.  Jonathan,  i.  26,  415  ;  lived,  n, 

219,  310,  379,  381,  400  ;  ii.    327,  382  ; 

iii.  196,  332 
Swinnerton,  John,  i.  83 
Sydenham,    Dr.    William,    lived,    iii.    10 ; 

buried,  ii.  280  ;  statue,  iii.  83  ;  bust,  82  ; 

portrait,  82 

Sydney,  Anne,  baptized,  ii.  17 
Sydney,  Viscount,  i.  423 
Sylvester,  Joshua,  lived,  i.  117 
Sylvester,  Matthew,  i.  336 
Symington,  William,  buried,  i.  227 
Symondes,  Thomasin,  iii.  172 
Symons,  — ,  Lord  Camelford's  mistress,  i. 

450 

TAIT,  Abp.,  ii.  360,  499 

Talbot,  Edward,  buried,  ii.  280 

Talbot,   Lord  Chancellor,   Inner  Temple, 

iii-  355 

Talbot,  Sir  Gilbert,  iii.  396 
Talfourd,  SirTh.,  Middle  Temple,  iii.  358  ; 

lived,  192 
Talleyrand,  Travellers'  Club,  iii.  406 ;  lived, 

ii.  188,  461  ;  iii.  109 
Talma,    school,   i.    533 ;    lived,   342  ;    ii. 

384 

Tamburini,  singer,  ii.  200 
Tanfield,  Sir  Laurence,  iii.  346 
Tanner,  J.  Sigismund,  died,  ii.  7 
Tappen,  George,  architect,  i.  317 
Tarlton,  Richard,   i.    299  ;  lived,    510 ;   ii. 

136  ;  iii.  38  ;  buried,  ii.  387 
Tarring,  J.,  and  Son,  architects,  i.  451 
Tassie,  James,  i.  251 
Taswell,  Dr.,  ii.  30 
Tatam,  Boniface,  ii.  528 
Tate,  Nahum,  died,  ii.  550  ;  buried,  103 
Tattersall,  Richard,  iii.  347 
Taylor,  Brook,  LL.  D. ,  buried,  i.  50 
Taylor,  Jeremy,  preacher,  ii.  154 


Taylor,  John,  architect,   i.  231  ;  ii.   573  ; 

iii.  75 

Taylor,  John,  the  Water  Poet,  i.  23,  26 
Taylor,  Joseph,  lived,  iii.  194 
Taylor,  Michael  Angelo,  died,  iii.  296 
Taylor,  Rev.  Robert,  "  Devil's  Chaplain," 

iii.  336 

Taylor,  Sir  Robert,  died,  iii.  296  ;  archi- 
tect, i.  96,  332,  517;  ii.  418  ;  iii.   319  ; 
alto-relievo,  ii.  463 
Taylor,  Thomas,   the  Platonist,   died,  iii. 

444 

Taylor,  Tom,  buried,  i.  282 
Taylor,  Watson,  i.  342  ;  lived,  ii.  137 
Taylor,  Messrs.,  of  Loughborough,  iii.  49, 

So 
Telford,  Thomas,  ii.  262  ;  engineer,  323  ; 

lived,     i.    357 ;    iii.    206 ;    died,    i.    2  ; 

buried,  iii.  463  ;  grave,  473 
Tempest,   Pierce,  lived,  iii.   323  ;    buried, 

58 
Temple,  Right  Hon.   Sir  William,  i.   254, 

266  ;  lived,  iii.  1 1  ;  buried,  463  ;  monu- 
ment, 473 

Templeman,  Peter,  M.D. ,  school,  i.  365 
Tenison,  Abp. ,  ii.  362  ;  rector,  279  ;  lived, 

483  ;  tomb,  495 

Tennyson,  Lord,  i.  434  ;  club,  iii.  313 
Tenterden,   Lord  Chief  Justice,   died,   iii. 

192  ;  buried,  ii.  73 
Terry,  Daniel,  i.  7  ;  buried,  ii.  318 
Teulon,  S.  S. ,  architect,  i.  167 
Thackeray,  W.  M. ,  school,  i.  365  ;  church, 

ii.  326  ;  lecturer,  iii.  338  ;  lived,  i.  237, 

455  ;  ii.  615  ;  iii.  540  ;  buried,  ii.  325  ; 

bust,  iii.  477 
Thanet,  Tuftons,  Earls  of,  lived,  i.  22,  23 ; 

iii.  193 

Thavie,  John,  iii.  370 
Thayer,  Miss,  ii.  215 
Thellusson,  Peter,  lived,  iii.  81 
Thelwall,  John,  lived,  i.  145  ;  trial,  ii.  611 
Theobald,    Lewis,    lived,    iii.     193,    534  ; 

buried,  20 
Theodore,  King  of  Corsica,  i.  350  ;  lived, 

493  ;  prisoner,  ii.  341  ;  tablet,  i.  50 
Thesiger,  Lord  Justice,  buried,  i.  282 
Thirlby,    Thomas,    Bp.     of  Westminster, 

iii.  461  ;  buried,  ii.  495 
Thirlwall,    Bp.,    school,    i.    365;    student, 

ii.  391  ;  club,  iii.  313  ;  buried,  463,  477 
Thistlewood,    Arthur,     i.    340 ;    ii.     164  ; 

trial,  611  ;  prisoner,  iii.  399  ;  hanged,  i. 
341 
Thomas,  Elizabeth,  lived,  i.  545  ;  iii.  534  ; 

buried,  i.  239 
Thomas,  John,  architect,  i.  506  ;  sculptor, 

ii.  240  ;  bas  reliefs,  432 
Thomas,  Dr.  John,  died,  i.  376 
Thomas,  Mrs. ,  prison,  ii.  60 
Thomas,  Moy,  i.  285 
Thomas,  William,  architect,  iii.  176 
Thompson,  Abp.,  preacher,  ii.  392 


6oo 


INDEX 


Thompson,   Colonel  (1666),    ii.    100  ;    iii. 

286 
Thompson,  Horatia  Nelson,   baptized,  ii. 

497  ;  lived,  iii.  382 
Thorns,  W.  J. ,  buried,  i.  282 
Thomson,   James,  lived,  ii.   365  ;  iii.   134, 

403 ;  monument,  477 
Thomson,    James,    architect,    i.    483  ;   iii. 

101,  158 

Thomson,  J.  J.,  architect,  i.  348 
Thoresby,  Ralph,  ii.  569  ;  lived,  350 
Thornhill,  Sir  James,  i.  306  ;  club,  ii.  106  ; 

lived,  i.  492  ;  ii.  274,  383,  483  ;  iii.  85  ; 

painting,  ii.  490  ;  iii.  47 
Thornton,    Bonnell,    i.    231  ;   ii.    456  ;    iii. 

148  ;  monument,  480 
Thornton,    Henry,    M.  P. ,    i.   492  ;    lived, 

129  ;  ii.  340 
Thorpe,  John,  architect,  ii.  223  ;  designs, 

iii.  261,  269 

Thrale,  Henry,  i.  107;  lived,  491  ;  ii.  164 
Thrale,  Miss,  "Queeny,"  lived,  iii.  457 
Thrale,  Mrs.      See  Piozzi 
Throgmorton,  Francis,  lived,  iii.  65 
Throgmorton,  Sir  Nicholas,  iii.  379  ;  trial, 

ii.  172  ;  died,  16  ;  monument,  321 
Thurloe,  John,  i.  419  ;  lived,  ii.  400  ;  died, 

400  ;  buried,  392  ;  his  wife  died,  i.  337 
Thurlow,    Lord   Chancellor,    iii.    283  ;    ii. 

335.    57i  I    »i-    35°  :    lived-  ii-    4°.    92> 
301,  617  ;  buried,  iii.  352 
Thurtell,  murderer,  i.  450  ;  lived,  ii.  460 
Thwaites,  Sir  John,  chairman,  ii.  528 
Thynne,  Thomas,  of  Longleat,  murdered, 

ii.  198,  604  ;  iii.  14  ;  monument,  475 
Thynne,    William,    brass,    i.    31  ;    monu- 
ment, iii.  474 
Tichborn,  Sir  Robert,  Lord  Mayor,  lived, 

ii.  49 
Tierney,  Right  Hon.  G. ,  lived,  ii.  92,  137, 

212  ;  died,  iii.  212 
Tillier,  Comte  de,  i.  196 
Tillotson,  Abp. ,    ii.    490;    lecturer,   370; 
preacher,    391  ;  married,   371  ;  lived,   i. 
347,  494  ;  portrait,  ii.  363 
Timbs,  John,  i.  215 
Tindal,  Sir  Nicholas,  lived,  i.  147 
Tite,   Sir  William,  architect,   ii.    23,    121, 

443  ;  iii.  158,  181 
Tobin,  Sir  James,  memorial,  iii.  19 
Todd,  Henry  John,  librarian,  ii.  363 
Todd,  Silas,  ii.  73 

Tofts,  Katherine,  singer,  ii.  200  ;  lived,  382 
Tomkins,  Charles,  ii.  254 
Tomkins,  Nathaniel,  buried,  i.  44 
Tompion,  Thomas,  died,  iii.  452 
Toms,  William  Henry,  lived,  iii.  420 
Tomson,  Bp. ,  Merchant  Taylors'  School, 

ii.  526 

Tonson,    Jacob,    i.    231  ;   ii.    347  ;   ware- 
house,  iii.    219  ;  patent,   307  ;    lived,  i. 
347  ;  ii.  142,  63  ;  iii.  323 
Tooke,  Rev.  Andrew,  lived,  i.  365 


Tooke,  J.  Home,  baptism,  i.   50 ;  school, 

iii.    488  ;    lived,   i.    493  ;  ii.    595  ;   trial, 

611  ;  iii.  339  ;  prisoner,  ii.  592 
Tooke,  William,  i.  92 
Tooley,  Alexander,  ii.  101 
Topham,  Thomas,  lived,  i.  125 
Toplady,     Augustus,     buried,     iii.      391  ; 

monument,  502 
Torell,  W. ,  goldsmith,  iii.  469 
Torre',  pyrotechnist,  ii.  512 
Torrigiano,  Peter,  sculptor,  iii.  166,  466 
Torvor  or  Turver,  Richard,  i.  503 
Tottel,   Richard,  privilege,  iii.  307  ;  lived, 

ii.  62 

Tottingham,  Mrs.,  lived,  i.  170 
Tournour,  John,  iii.  241 
Towers,  Dr.,  minister,  iii.  318 
Townley,  Charles,  lived,  iii.  35  ;  died,  35 ; 

head  on  Temple  Bar,  359 
Townley,  Rev.  James,  tablet,  i.  158 
Townley,  Peregrine,  i.  254,  266 
Townsend,  Rev.  John,  i.  168,  492 
Townsend,  Bow  St.  Officer,  born,  ii.  538 
Townshend,  Right  Hon.  Charles,  lived,  iii. 

302  ;  bequest,  276 
Townshend,  Lord  Charles,  i.  425 
Townshend,  George,  duel,  ii.  511 
Townshend,     Charles,     second    Viscount, 

scuffle  with  Walpole,  i.   422  ;   duel,  ii. 

Sii 

Tracy,  "Handsome,"  married,  ii.  516 
Tradescant,  J. ,  lived,  ii.  356  ;  tomb,  495 
Traherne,  John,  monument,  iii.  215 
Trapp,  vicar,  i.  392 
Travers,  lecturer,  iii.  353 
Tredgold,  Thomas,  buried,  ii.  318 
Trench,  Abp.,  club,  iii.  313 
Tresham,  Sir  Thomas,  ii.  314 
Tresilian,  Sir  Robert,  i.  20 
Tress,  William,  architect,  i.  317 
Tress  and  Chambers,  architects,  iii.  135 
Trevor,  Sir  John,  died,  i.  347,  417 
Treyssac  de  Vergy,   Peter  Henry,   buried, 

iii.  21 

Trimen,  R.,  architect,  i.  317 
Trimnell,  Charles,  Bp.  of  Norwich,  lived, 

iii.  79 

Trollope,  Anthony,  buried,  ii.  325 
Trotman,  Samuel,  highwayman,  ii.  352 
Trotter,  Mr.,  iii.  267 
Troughton,  Edward,  died,  ii.  62 
Trowbridge,  Sir  Thomas,  lived,  i.  283 
Truefitt,  G. ,  architect,  iii.  409 
Trundle,  John,  his  sign,  i.  106 
Truro,   Lord    Chancellor,    i.    518  ;    born, 

337;     school,     iii.     63;    died,     ii.    4; 

portrait,  iii.  232 
Trusler,    Rev.    John,   LL.D. ,    Marylebone 

Gardens,  ii.  512  ;  lived,  iii.  157 
Tufnell,  William,  iii.  409 
Tufton,  Sir  Richard,  iii.  409 
Tuke,  Sir  Samuel,  died,  iii.  271 
Tullum,  Daniel,  memorial,  iii.  19 


INDEX 


601 


Tunstnl,  Cuthhert,  Bp.  of  Durham,  i.  344, 

44  i ,  541  ;  buried,  ii.  495 
Turke,  Robert,  ii.  415 
Turle,  Mr.,  organist,  lived,  i.  75 
Turner,  fencing-master,  lived,  iii.  504 
Turner,  Mrs.  Anne,  lived,  iii.  38 
Turner,  Charles,  lived,  iii.  449 
Turner,  J.    M.  W. ,    R.A.,   born,   ii.   457; 

baptized,    iii.    58  ;    lived,    ii.    186,    192, 

606  ;   iit.  139  ;  died,  i.    389  ;   grave,  iii. 

49  ;   bequest,  ii.  573  ;   picture,  iii.   175  ; 

monument,  48 
Turner,  Mrs.,   executed,   iii.   415;  buried, 

ii.  478 

Turner,  Sharon,  lived,  iii.  156 
Turner,  T.,  architect,  ii.  424 
Turner,     Dr.     William,    lived,     i.     481  ; 

memorial,  ii.  609 
Turner,    William,     father   of    the    artist, 

married,  iii.  58  ;  buried,  58 
Turpin,  Dick,  iii.  157  ;  lived,  i.  279 
Turton.  Th.,  Bp.  of  Ely,  buried,  ii.  325 
Tussaud,  Madame,  died,  i.  91  ;  iii.  413 
Tusser,  Thomas,  buried,  ii.  540 
Tutchin,  John,  died,  ii.  550 
Twiss,  Horace,  lived,  i.  347  ;  died,  245 
Twiss,  Richard,  monument,  iii.  3 
Twyford,  Henry,  lived,  iii.  437 
Twyford,     Nicholas,     founder,     ii.      313  ; 

arrested,  544 

Twysden,  Heneage,  monument,  iii.  473 
Tyers,  Jonathan,  iii.  428 
Tyler,  H.  E. ,  architect,  ii.  188 
Tyler,  Rev.  James  Endell,  ii.  15 
Tyler,  Wat,  ii.  313  ;  iii.  217,  300,  314 
Tyler,  William,  R.A.,  architect,  ii.  77 
Tyndal,  William,  i.  536  ;  died,  ii.  13 
Tyrrell,    Rear    Admiral,    monument,     iii. 

474 

Tyrconnell,  Frances,  Duchess  of,  ii.  583 
Tyrwhitt,  Thomas,  i.  254  ;  lived,  iii.  457 
Tyson,  Dr.  Edward,  monument,  i.  35 
Tyssen,  family,  ii.  178 


UDALL,  Nicholas,  master,  Westminster 
School,  iii.  488  ;  buried,  ii.  468 

Ude,  cook,  lived,  i.  64 

Underbill,  Cave,  iii.  202 

Unwin,  Rev.  W.  C. ,  school,  i.  365 

Upcott,  William,  lived,  ii.  270 

Uphome,  Robert,  ii.  113 

Urswick,  Christopher,  altar-tomb,  ii.  178 

Urwin.  William,  iii.  517 

Usher,  Abp. ,  i.  354  ;  iii.  442  ;  preacher, 
59-  353  :  buried,  463,  468 

Uwins,  Thomas,  R.A.,  born,  ii.  211 


VALANGIN,  Dr.  de,  lived,  iii.  70 
Valentia,  Lord,  lived,  i.  13 
Vanbrugh,   Sir   John,   ii.    210;    architect, 
199;  lived,  iii.  225,  506;  buried,  311 


Vancouver,  Capt. ,  insulted  by  Lord  Camel- 
ford,  i.  450 

Vanderbank,  John,  buried,  ii.  496 
Vanderborcht,  lived,  i.  73 
Vanderdoort,  Abraham,  lived,  ii.  483 
Vandergucht,  Benjamin,  born,  i.  283 
Vandergucht,  Gerard,  lived,  i.  283 
Vanderput,  Mr.,  i.  310 
Vandervelde,  Wm. ,  the  elder,  buried,  ii.  280 
Vandervelde,  William,   the  younger,  died, 

iii.  349  ;  buried,  ii.  280 
Van  de  Weyer,  Sylvain,  lived,  i.  64 
Van  Dun,   Cornelius,    founder,    iii.    424  ; 

monument,  ii.  467  ;   iii.  424 
Vandyck,   Sir   A.,  iii.    4;    lived,  i.    196; 

died,  49  ;  buried,  iii.  42  ;  his  will,  516 
Vane,  Sir  Harry,  the  elder,  lived,  iii.  323 
Vane,  Sir  Harry,  the  younger,  school,  iii. 

488  ;  lived,   i.    357  ;   iii.   84  ;    prisoner, 

399  ;  executed,  401 
Vane,  Lady,  died,  ii.  215 
Vane,  Miss,  lived,  ii.  165,  287 
Vane,  Sir  Walter,  ii.  232 
Vanhomrigh,  Mrs.,  i.  310;  iii.  332 
Van  Limput,  Remigius,  lived,  i.  148 
Van     Mildert,     Bp. ,     Merchant    Taylors 

School,  ii.  526 
Van  Nost,  lived,  ii.  483 
Vansittart,  Right  Hon.  P.,  lived,  ii.  92 
Vansomer,  Paul,  buried,  ii.  478 
Van  Stryp,  John,  buried,  i.  539 
Vardy,  John,  ii.  232  ;  architect,  296,  473  ; 

iii.  291,  424 

Varley,  John,  lived,  i.  277 
Vaughan,  B. ,  i.  386 
Vaulx,  Viscomte  de,  buried,  iii.  18 
Vaux,  W.  S.  W.,  buried,  i.  282 
Vavasour,  Sir  Thomas,  iii.  432 
Venalinie,  Jacob,  ii.  115 
Venge,  E. ,  lived,  iii.  377 
Venner,  Millennarian,  hanged,  i.  443  ;  iii. 

340  ;  head  on  London  Bridge,  ii.  419 
Vere,  Elizabeth,  iii.  431 
Vere,  Sir  Francis,  buried,  iii.  463  ;  monu- 
ment, 470 

Verelst,  Simon,  lived,  ii.  284,  306 
Vergil,  Polydore,  lived,  iii.  53 
Verity,  Thomas,  architect,  i.  475     , 
Verney,  Sir  Edmund,  lived,  iii.  83 
Vernon,   Admiral,   born,    iii.    134  ;    lived, 

209  ;  monument,  472 
Vernon,  John,  portrait,  ii.  523 
Vernon,  Robert,  ii.  573 
Verrio,   Antonio,   lived,    ii.    286 ;    iii.    89  ; 

paintings,  i.  395  ;  ii.  555 
Verselyn,  James,  ii.  115 
Verstegan,  Richard,  born,  ii.  320 
Vertue,   George,   lived,   i.    288  ;    ii.    569  ; 

monument,  iii.  480 
Vesey,  Mrs.,  lived,  i.  218,  411 
Vestris,   Madame,  ii.    451  ;  born,   i.    493  ; 

lived,  487  ;  manager,  ii.  615 
Vicars,  John,  buried,  i.  392 


6o2 


INDEX 


Vicary,  Thomas,  i.  118 

Victoria  (Queen),   born,  ii.  330  ;  married, 

27  ;  at  Temple  Bar,  iii.   358  ;  portrait, 

'•  375  I  statue,  iii.  181,  359 
Villiers,  Sir  John,  married,  ii.  195 
Vincent,  Augustine,  buried,  i.  159 
Vincent,  William,    Dean  of  Westminster, 

rector,  i.  34  ;  iii.  436 
Violante,    descended    from   St.     Martin's 

steeple,  ii.  479 
Vivares,    Francis,  lived,  ii.    597 ;    buried, 

iii.  2 

Voltaire,  i.  185  ;  lived,  ii.  456 
Voss,  Mrs.,  ii.  285 
Voysey,  Rev.  C. ,  minister,  iii.  339 
Vratz,  Col.,  hanged,  iii.  14 
Vulliamy,  George,  architect,  i.  486 
Vulliamy,     Lewis,    architect,    i.    512  ;    ii. 

369  ;  iii.  33,  185,  529 
Vyner,    Sir    Robert,    iii.    317 ;    lived,    ii. 

4i7 
Vyse,  Edward,  i.  309 


WAGE,  Dr.,  ii.  344 

Wade,    Field -Marshal,     lived,    i.     456 ; 

buried,  iii.  463  ;  monument,  474 
Wadloe,  J. ,  innkeeper,  i.  497  ;  iii.  334 
Wadloe,  Simon,  i.  497  ;  buried,  538 
Waghorn,  Lieut.  Thomas,  died,  i.  109 
Wagstaffe,  Thomas,  rector,  ii.  466 
Waithman,  Alderman  Robert,    tablet,    i. 

239  ;  obelisk,  ii.  32,  55 
Wake,     William,    Abp.     of    Canterbury, 

lived,  i.  494  ;  rector,   ii.  279  ;  portrait, 

363 

Wakefield,  Gilbert,  died,  ii.  179 
Walcott,  Rev.  Mackenzie,  buried,  i.  282 
Waldeby,  Robert  de,  Abp.  of  York,  brass, 

iii.  465 

Waldegrave,  Sir  Charles,  lived,  iii.  112 
Waldegrave,    Countess  of,  lived,   i.   163  ; 

iii.  21 

Waldegrave,  Earl,  K.G. ,  lived,  i.  14 
Waldegrave,  General,  lived,  iii.  211 
Waldo,  Daniel,  i.  429 
Waldo,  Sir  Timothy,  ii.  588 
Wale,  Samuel,  R.A. ,  lived,  ii.  484 
Waleis,    Henry  le,    Lord   Mayor,   i.    455, 

457 ;  iii.  316,  409 
Wales,  Frederick,  Prince  of,  i.  331 
Wales,  Albert  Edward,  Prince  of,  i.  119  ;  ii. 

473 ;    iii.    15,   408  ;     married,   ii.   277  ; 

Bencher  of  the  Middle  Temple,  iii.  357  ; 

Thanksgiving  Service  at  St.  Paul's,  51  ; 

statue,  359 

Wales,  Princess  Dowager  of,  i.  332 
Walker,  Fowler,  ii.  470 
Walker,   Hubert,  Abp.   of  Canterbury,   i. 

328 

Walker,  John,  memorial,  iii.  19 
Walker,  J.  L.,  bequest,  ii.  573 
Walker,  Obadiah,  buried,  iii.  20 


Walker,  Thomas,  iii.  525 

Walker,  William,  iii.  294 

Walkley,  Thomas,  lived,  ii.  582 

Wall,  Governor,  trial,  ii.  611 

Wallace,  Sir  Richard,  lived,  ii.  461 

Wallace,  Robert,  iii.  214 

Wallace,   Sir  William,  i.  36  ;  prisoner,  ii. 

35  !  ii'-   398  ;    trial,   485  ;    executed,   ii. 

9  ;  iii.   255  ;  head  on  London  Bridge, 

ii.  419 
Wallen,  J.,  architect,  i.  405  ;  ii.  262,  471  ; 

engineer,  iii.  425  ;  died,  ii.  92 
Waller,  Edmund,   married,  ii.  468  ;  lived, 

i.  229  ;  ii.  303  ;  speech,  iii.  4 
Waller,  Sir  William,  buried,  ii.  579 
Wallington,  John,  common  crier,  i.  474 
Wallis,  Albany,  lived,  ii.  601 
Wallis,    John,   D.D.,    ii.    84;    iii.     186 ; 

portrait,  188 

Walmesley,  Sir  Thomas,  i.  109 
Walpole,  Sir  Edward,  lived,  iii.  12 
Walpole,   Edward,  of  Dunston  (d.  1740), 

buried,  iii.  20 

Walpole,  Horatio  Lord,  married,  ii.  278 
Walpole,    Horatio,    i.    287  ;    student,    ii. 

390  ;  member  of  Brooks's,  i.  287  note  ; 

robbed,  ii.  253  ;   lived,  iii.   109  ;  died, 

i.  163 
Walpole,    Lady,  first  wife  of  Sir  Robert 

Walpole,  statue,  iii.  466 
Walpole,  Sir  Robert,   ii.   600  ;  club,   208  ; 

married,  351  ;  scuffle  with  Lord  Town- 

shend,   i.   422  ;  lived,  62,  379,  519  ;  ii. 

300  ;  iii.  12  ;  prisoner,   399  ;  statue,  ii. 

242 
Walsingham,    Sir  Francis,    lived,    iii.   28 ; 

died,  227  ;    monumental  tablet,  41 
Walsingham,  George  de  Grey,  third  Lord, 

died,  ii.  192 

Walsingham,  Mrs.,  lived,  iii.  328 
Walter,  John  (d.  1812),  iii.  124 
Walter,  John  (d.  1847),  iii.  124 
Walters,  John,  architect,  i.  78  ;  iii.  64 
Waltham,    John    de,     Bp.    of    Salisbury, 

brass,  iii.  469 
Walton,    Bp.    Bryan,    i.    415 ;    ii.    no ; 

rector,  503  ;  died,  i.  24 
Walton,    Isaac,  lived,   i.    346,    419  ;    his 

will,  iii.  516  ;  portrait,  ii.  264 
Walton,  Isaak,  jun.,  buried,  ii.  278 
Walworth,  John,  ii.  56 
Walworth,    Sir   William,    ii.    49  ;     lease- 
holder of  the    Stews,   iii.    314 ;    slays 

Wat  Tyler,  255  ;  lived,  ii.  534 
Wanley,  Humphrey,  lived,  i.  517  ;  ii.  533  ; 

monument,  496 

Waple,  Rev.  E. ,  benefactor,  iii.  250 
Wapshott,  Thomas,  builder,  iii.  2 
Warbeck,  Perkin,  executed,  iii.  414 
Warburton,  Bp.,  preacher,  ii.   391  ;  lived, 

i.  146  ;  ii.  141,  164 
Warburton,  John,  buried,  i.  159 
Ward,  Artemus,  ii.  8 


INDEX 


603 


Ward,  M  M.,  R.A.,  fresco,  ii.  242 

I  ami's,  R.  A.,  lived,  i.  492;  picture, 

iii.  161 

Ward,  John,  lived,  ii.  179 
Ward,  John,  LL.D.,  buried,  i.  303 
Ward,  Ned,  died,  ii.  83  ;  buried,  iii.  20 
Ward,  Sir  Patience,  Lord  Mayor,  lived,  ii. 

373  ;  monument,  490 
Ward,  Seth,   Bp.  of  Salisbury,  rector,  ii. 

370  ;  died,  353 
Ward,  W.  B.,  lived,  iii.  458 
Wardle,  Colonel,  lived,  ii.  274 
Ware,  Isaac,  architect,  i.  209,  388 
Ware,  Samuel,  lived,  i.  14  ;  architect,  304 
Warham,  Abp.,  portrait,  ii.  363 
Warren,  Dr.,  portrait,  iii.  82 
Warren,  Mrs.,  monument,  iii.  472 
Warren,  Sir  Peter,  monument,  iii.  472 
Warton,  Dr.  Joseph,  lived,   iii.  197 
Warwick,    Countess    of,  wife  of  Addison 

(d.  1731),  lived,  i.  309;  ii.  224 
Warwick,    Countess   of  (1676),    lived,   ii. 

298 

Warwick,  Earl  of,  ii.  592 
Warwick,  Thomas  de  Beauchamp,  Earl  of, 

prisoner,  iii.  395 
Warwick,   Richard  Nevill,  Earl  of,   lived, 

ii.  15 
Warwick,  John  Dudley,  Earl  of,  prisoner, 

iii-  395 

Warwick,  Robert  Rich,  second  Earl  of,  i. 
169  ;  lived,  iii.  450 

Warwick,  Charles,  fourth  Earl  of,  i.  37 

Warwick,  Edward,  seventh  Earl  of,  ii. 
224  ;  monument,  326 

Warwick,  Sir  Philip,  born,  iii.  449  ;  lived, 
296,  449,  451 

Waterhouse,  Alfred,  R.A.,  architect,  i. 
273,  286,  328,  402  ;  ii.  221  ;  iii.  421 

Watier,  cook,  i.  218 

Watson,  Sir  Brook,  portrait,  i.  395 

Watson,  Caroline,  monument,  ii.  496 

Watson,  Daniel,  i.  197 

Watson,  General,  i.  340 

Watson,  James,  lived,  iii.  138 

Watson,  J.  B.,  architect,  ii.  295 

Watson,  John  Webbe,  ii.  518 

Watson,  L.  M. ,  sculptor,  ii.  183 

Watson,  Richard,  Bp.  of  Llandaff,  lived, 
i.  517  ;  ii.  92 

Watson,  Thomas,  buried,  i.  117 

Watt,  James,  i.  18  ;  articled,  ii.  41  ;  meet- 
ing, 77  ;  lived,  434  ;  statue,  iii.  468 

Watts,  G.  F. ,  R.A,,  fresco,  ii.  398 

Watts,  Dr.  Isaac,  i.  310  ;  ii.  177  ;  min- 
ister, 471  ;  iii.  98  ;  lived,  i.  3  ;  iii.  319 ; 
buried,  i.  303  ;  monument,  iii.  475 

Watts,  Joseph,  iii.  68 

Watts,  Mr.,  i.  225 

Watts,  Thomas,  iii.  68 

Waynflete,  William,  Bp.  of  Winchester, 
ii.  465  ;  lived,  iii.  524 

Weare,  William,  lived,  ii.  453 


Webb,  Aston,  architect,  i.  115 

Webb,  John,   architect,  i.  143,   305,   542  ; 

iii.  135  ;  scenes  painted  by  him,  196 
Weber,  C.    M.    von,  i.  60  ;  died,   iii.  no; 

buried,  ii.  42,  407  ;  iii.  167 
Webster,  Benjamin,  i.  7  ;  buried,  282 
Webster,  John,  i.  45  ;  Merchant  Taylor,  ii. 

524  ;  lived,  228 
Wedgwood,  Josiah,  iii.  266  ;  lived,  ii.  302, 

597  ;  showrooms,  149 
Weedon,  Cavendish,  ii.  400 ;    Whitehall, 

iii.    506 

Weekes,  Henry,    R.A. ,  lived,  i.  152 
Weever,  John,   died,    i.  419  ;    buried,    ii. 

277 

Welby,  Henry,  died,  ii.  169 
Welch,  Joseph,  iii.  158 
Welch,  Saunders,  ii.  454 
Weld,  Humphrey,  lived,  iii.  514 
Wellesley,  Marquis,   lived,  i.   57  ;   died,  ii. 

327 
Wellington,    Duke   of,    ii.    277  ;    meeting 

with  Nelson,  i.  445  ;  duel,   129  ;  Con- 
stable of  the  Tower,  iii.  400  ;  gift,  312  ; 

lived,  i.  56,  425  ;  ii.  184,  192  ;  buried,  iii. 

51  ;  lay  in  state,  i.   384  ;  monument,  ii. 

170  ;  iii.   48  ;  sarcophagus,  49  ;  statue, 

ii.  256  ;  iii.  182  ;  portrait,  ii.  523,  616  ; 

iii.  207 

Wells,  Mother,  lived,  i.  2 
Wells,  William  Charles,  tablet,  i.  239 
Weltzie  Club,  i.  516  ;  ii.  303 
Welwood,  Dr.,  died,  i.  296 
Wentworth,  Lady  Elizabeth,  lived,  i.  219 
Wentworth,  Thomas,  Lord,  i.  325 
Wenzel,  Baron  de,  buried,  iii.  21 
Wesket,  John,  executed,   iii.  416 
Wesley,  Charles,  i.  404 ;  preacher,  ii.  324  ; 

monument,  i.  405  ;  ii.  496 
Wesley,  Rev.  John,   i.  25  ;  ii.    73  ;  Gray's 

Inn,  146  ;  school,  i.   365  ;  preacher,  ii. 

324,  562  ;  iii.  459;  died,  i.  404;  buried, 

404  ;  his  wife  buried,  318 
Wesley,  Samuel,   lived,  i.  494 
Wesley,  Susannah,  buried,  i.  303  ;  monu- 
ment, 405 
West,  Benjamin,  P.  R.A.,  ii.  138  ;  skater, 

iii.   234  ;    lived,  i.    148,   337  ;    ii.    594  ; 

grave,  iii.  49  ;    modelled  for  Coade,  i. 

430  ;  altarpiece,  ii.  497  ;  iii.  311  ;  bust, 

179 

West,  Sir  Henry,  monument,  ii.  178 
West,  James,  lived,  i.  463  ;  ii.  21 
West,  Richard,  lived,  i.  219 
West,  Captain  Thomas,  iii.  383 
Westall,  Richard,  R.A.,  lived,  i.  362 
Westbrook,  Harriet,  suicide,  ii.  152 
Westbury,  Lord,  lived,  i.  145 
Westmacott,  Sir  Richard,   R.A. ,  i.   209  ; 

died,  80 
Westmacott,  Richard,   R.A.,  architect,  ii. 

438  ;  sculpture,  iii.  181 
Westminster,  Duke  of,  ii.  162 


604 


INDEX 


Westminster,  second  Marquis  of,  born,  ii. 

545 
Westmoreland,  Nevilles,  Earls  of,  lived,  i. 

23 

Weston,  executed,  iii.  415 
Weston,  Lord  Treasurer,  i.  356  ;  lived,  278 
Weston,  Prior,  ii.  314  ;  monument,  277 
Whalley,  Rev.  Peter,  rector,  ii.  466 
Wharncliffe,  Lord,  lived,  i.  487 
Wharton,  Sir  George,  duel,  ii.  269 ;  buried, 

494 

Wharton,  Henry,  librarian,  ii.  363 
Wharton,    Maria    Theresa,    Duchess    of, 

buried,  iii.  21 

Wharton,  Duke  of,  lived,  ii.  407 
Wharton,  Marquis  of,  lived,  i.  517 
Whashe,  — ,  ii.  5 

Wheatley,  Francis,  i.  278  ;  buried,  ii.  496 
Wheatly,   Charles,  lecturer,   ii.  540  ;   Mer- 
chant Taylors'  School,  526 
Wheeler,  John,  banker,  i.  390 
Wheeler,  R.  C. ,  bequest,  ii.  573 
Wheeler,  William,  iii.  490 
Whetstone,  William,  iii.  490 
Whichcote,  Benjamin,  rector,  ii.  371 
Whichcott,  Sir  Jeremy,  i.  335 
Whiston,  William,  i.  44,  390  ;   lived,  479 
Whitaker,  William,  school,  iii.  63 
Whitbread,  Sam.,  M.  P. ,  i.  391  ;  died,  517 
Whitbread,  Samuel,  jun.,  lived,  ii.  165 
Whitbread,  Thomas,  ii.  18 
Whitbrook,  Sir  John,  ii.  58 
White,  Francis,  i.  160 
White,  John  Francis,  died,  ii.  13 
White,  Miss  Lydia,  lived,  iii.  34 
White,  Robert,  died,  i.  206 
White,  Dr.  Thomas,  vicar,  i.  538  ;  founder, 

iii.  248 

White,  T. ,  bookseller,  lived,  ii.  63 
White,  Dr.   Thomas,   deprived    Bishop  of 
Peterborough,  rector,   i.  34  ;  buried,  ii. 

154 
White,    Sir    Thomas,    founder,    ii.    524 ; 

statue,  525  ;  portrait,  523 
White,  William,  i.  255 
Whitefield,  Rev.  George,  iii.  502;  minister, 

345  ;  preacher,  ii.  324,  562 
Whitefield,  Mrs.,  monument,  iii.  391,  502 
Whitefoord,  Caleb,  buried,  iii.  2 
Whitehead,  George,  buried,  i.  303 
Whitehead,  Paul,  i.  313  ;  born,  337;  lived, 

ii.  208 

Whitehead,  William,  buried,  i.  80 
Whitehurst,  Mr.,  i.  386 
Whitelocke,  Bulstrode,  i.    136,    141,   378, 

499  ;    born,   ii.    62  ;    baptized,    i.    538  ; 

Merchant     Taylors'    School,    ii.     526  ; 

Middle  Temple,  iii.  357  ;  lived,  202,  274 
Whitelocke,  General,  trial,  i.  384 
Whitelocke,  Sir  James,  Merchant  Taylors' 

School,  ii.  526 
Whitelocke,    Sir   William,   Reader,    Inner 

Temple,  iii.  355 


Whitfield,  Sir  Ralph,  lived,  i.  106 
Whitgift,  Abp.,  i.  52  ;  Gray's  Inn,  ii.  140 
Whitley,  Roger  and  Thomas,  ii.  544 
Whitmore,    Sir  George,   i.   93  ;    lived,    ii. 

245 

Whitney,  Constance,  monument,  ii.  109 
Whittington,  Sir  Richard,  i.  301,  302,  444  ; 

ii.  157,   445,    589  ;  iii.  462  ;  mercer,  ii. 

521  ;  lived,    193,   535  ;   statue,  iii.  181  ; 

executors,  ii.  535 
Whitwell,  T.,  architect,  i.  288 
Whitworth,  Charles,  Lord,  died,  ii.  106 
Whyte,  Mr.,  ii.  216 
Wicliffe,  John,  ii.  361 
Wigan,  Alfred,  lived,  i.  321  ;  ii.  189 
Wigan,  Edward,  i.  255,  266 
Wigg,  F.,  surveyor,  ii.  139 
Wigg  and  Pownall,  architects,  iii.  303 
Wigram,  Sir  Robert,  i.  202 
Wilberforce,    W. ,    i.     287;     member    of 

Brooks's,   287  note  ;  governor,   ii.  452 

church,    326 ;    Percy    Chapel,    iii.    71 

lived,  i.  129,  281,  450  ;  ii.  130  ;  iii.  100 

died,  i.  317;  buried,  iii.  463  ;  statue,  472 
Wilberforce,   Bp.   Samuel,   ii.   610 ;    club, 

iii-  3T3 

Wilbraham,  Sir  Roger,  lived,  ii.  314 
Wilcocks,  Dean,  monument,  iii.  473 
Wild,  Jonathan,  married  to  his  third  wife, 

iii.  20;  lived,  ii.  388,  611,612;  executed, 

iii.  415  ;  buried,  20 
Wild,  J.  W.,  architect,  i.  276 
Wildman,  i.  143 
Wildman,  Major,  club,  iii.  410 
Wilkes,  Israel,  ii.  246 
Wilkes,  John,  iii.    515  ;  duel,  ii.   253  ;  iii. 

165  ;  King's  Bench  Prison,  379  ;  prisoner, 

ii.    341  ;    iii.   399  ;    alderman,    ii.    32  ; 

obelisk,   32,   55  ;    lived,   91,    126,   296  ; 

iii.  120,  155  ;  died,  ii.  164  ;  tablet,  i.  80 
Wilkie,  Sir  David,  iii.  253  ;  lived,  ii.  184, 

327,  606  ;  iii.  no  ;  exhibition  of  pictures, 

13  ;  statue,  ii.  574 
Wilkins,  Bp.   John,   rector,  ii.  370  ;  died, 

'•  347 

Wilkins,  Serjeant,  lived,  ii.  327 

Wilkins,  Thomas,  lived  at  Pimlico  (1687), 

iii.  97 
Wilkins,  William,  R.A.,  architect,  ii.  2, 100, 

572  ;  iii.  331,  421,  422 
Wilkinson,  Jane,  ii.  306 
Wilkinson,  alias  Tooley,  Nicholas,  bene- 
factor, ii.  387 

Wilks,  Mark,  lived,  iii.  109 
Wilks,  Robert,  lived,  i.  229  ;  buried,  iii.  59 
Willes,  Chief  Justice,  died  1761,  i.  208 
Willes,  Justice,  buried  (1872),  i.  282 
William,  son   of  William   the   goldsmith, 

founder,  ii.  203 
William  de  Colchester,   Abbot,   tomb,   iii. 

470 

William  of  Windsor,  tomb,  iii.  465 
William  of  Wykeham,  dean,  ii.  487 


INDEX 


605 


William  III.,  ii.  99,  286,  328  ;  offered  the 

crown  at  Whitehall,  iii.  513  ;    Master  of 

Grocers'  Company,  ii.   161  ;  died,  330  ; 

buried,    iii.   463,   467 ;    statue,   ii.    302 ; 

portrait,  523  ;  iii.  5 
William    IV.,    i.    8,    293,    408;    ii.    564; 

statue,  i.  215  ;  ii.  340 
William,  Major,  shot,  iii.  55 
Williams,  landlord  of  White  Horse  Cellar, 

iii.  89 

Williams,  murderer,  iii.  150 
Williams,    Dr.    Daniel,   minister,    ii.    185  ; 

buried,  i.  303  ;  library,  iii.  522 
Williams,    David,    ii.     404,    470 ;     died, 

107  ;  buried,  i.  50 
Williams,   Gilly,    club,    iii.    305  ;    died,    i. 

422 
Williams,  G.  Barnes,  architect,  i.  453  ;  iii. 

63 

Williams,  Herbert,  architect,  i.  521 
Williams,  H.  W. ,  builder,  iii.  413 
Williams,  J. ,  architect,  iii.  115 
Williams,  John,  bookseller,  pillory,  iii.  7 
Williams,    Miss,    ii.    336  ;    lived,    i.    216  ; 

benefactor,  ii.  354 
Williams,  Sir  W.  F.,   of  Kars,   buried,   i. 

282 

Williamson,  murdered,  iii.  150 
Williamson,    Sir     Joseph,    lived,    ii.    299 ; 

President  of  the  Royal  Society,  iii.  187 
Willis,  proprietor,  iii.  522 
Willis,  Browne,  lived,  ii.  483 
Willis,  Rev.  Francis,  rector,  iii.  447 
Willis,  Dr.  Richard,  died,  i.  376 
Willis,  Dr.  Th.  (d.  1675),  lived-  "•  4^3 
Willmore,  J.  T. ,  lived,  iii.  101 
Wilmot,  John,  iii.  189 
Wilmot,  Lord,  iii.  377 
Wilson,  proprietor,  iii.  527 
Wilson,  Benjamin,  died,  iii.  193 
Wilson,  D. ,  Bp.  of  Calcutta,  born,  iii.  293 
Wilson,  C.  H.,  director,  iii.  222 
Wilson,  Dr.,  rector,  iii.  311 
Wilson,    Edward,    architect,   ii.    190 ;    en- 
gineer, 146 
Wilson,    Sir   Erasmus,    i.    417  ;    iii.    367 ; 

benefactor,  335  ;  surgeon,  ii.  538 
Wilson,  G.  A.,  architect,  ii.  379 
Wilson,  James,  architect,  ii.  232 
Wilson,  Mrs.,  lived,  i.  80 
Wilson,    General  Sir  Robert  T. ,  died,  i. 

342 

Wilson,  Richard,  R.A. ,  iii.  253;  club,  ii. 
107  ;  lived,  i.  362  ;  ii.  606  ;  iii.  84,  no, 
137,  382,  391 ;  pictures,  ii.  438 

Wilson,  Sir  Robert,  born,  iii.  193  ;  buried, 

473 

Wilson,  Thomas,  i.  543 
Wilton,  Joseph,  R.A. ,    lived,  ii.  [67,    203  ; 

iii.  no  ;  teacher,  162 
Wiltshire,  Earl  of,  lived,  i.  541 
Wimbledon,   Sir  Edward  Cecil,   Viscount, 

lived,  iii.  523 


Winchester,  Bps.  of,  i.  376,  426  ;   ii.  301  ; 

residence,  iii.  286,  524 
Winchester,  William,   first  Marquis   of,  ii. 

547  ;  lived,  i.  82,  141,  377  ;  iii.  523 
Winchester,  John,  second  Marquis  of,  died, 

i-  377 
Winchilsea,   Daniel  Finch,  sixth   Earl  of, 

lived,  iii.  265 
Winchilsea,  George,  eighth  Earl  of,  lived, 

iii-  333 
Winde,    Capt.  William,   architect,   i.   291  ; 

ii.  588  ;  iii.  118 
Windham,  Rt.  Hon.  William,  i.  437,  450  ; 

born,  ii.  122  ;    lived,   215,   301  ;  iii.  13, 

34-  139 
Windsor,  William,  second  Lord,  lived,  ii. 

554 

Wing,  Tycho,  portrait,  iii.  307 

Winsor,  introducer  of  gas-lighting,  iii.  15 

Winston,  Charles,  ii.  467 

Winter,  Mrs.,  died,  ii.  181 

Winter,  Robert,  executed,  ii.  431,  448 

Winter,  Thomas,  executed,  iii.  5 

Winter,  Sir  William,  ii.  576 

Winwood,  Sir  Ralph,  lived,  ii.  405  ; 
buried,  i.  117 

Wise,  gardener,  ii.  328 

Wiseman,  Cardinal,  lived,  ii.  122  ;  en- 
throned, 95  ;  died,  iii.  540  ;  buried,  ii. 

325 
Wither,  George,  student,  ii.  390  ;  prisoner, 

477  ;  buried,  500 
Withers,    Lieut.  -  General,    monument,    iii. 

480 
Woffington,  Peg,  i.  150;  lived,  229;  died, 

iii.  134 
Wolcott,  Dr.  John,  ii.  248  ;  iii.  91  ;  lived, 

i.  350;  ii.  245,  597;  iii.  119,  137,  349  ; 

died,  ii.  20  ;  iii.  268  ;  buried,  59 
Wolfe,  John,  prisoner,  i.  426 
Wolfe,  an  Esterling,  hanged,  ii.  579 
Wolfe,   General,   lived,   i.    309  ;     ii.    303  ; 

monument,  iii.  470 
Wollaston,  Dr.,  F.R.S.,  lived,  i.  295,  344, 

515  ;  died,  366  ;   portrait,  iii.  188 
Wollstonecraft,  Mary,  lived,  i.  483  ;   ii.  91, 

246,  319,  594  ;  died,  i.  345 
Wolsey,    Cardinal,    i.    352  ;    ii.    46,    320 ; 

lived,  i.  241  ;  iii.  505 
Wood,  Sir  Henry,  iii.  389 
Wood,  J.  T.,  architect,  i.  255,  260 
Wood,  Sir  Matthew,  ii.  183  ;  lived,  i.  80 
Wood,  Michael,  quoted,  iii.  419 
Wood,  Thomas,  sheriff,  i.  369 ;  lived,  iii.  529 
Wood,  Thomas,  monument,  ii.  178 
Wood,   William,   coined  his  halfpence  in 

Seven  Dials,  iii.  81 
Woodcroft,  Bennet,  iii.  36 
Woodfall,  Henry  Sampson,  i.  469  ;   lived, 

380  ;  iii.  38  ;  buried,  ii.  450 
Woodhead,  Abraham,  buried,  iii.  19 
Woodhouse,  Mr.,  i.  266 
Woodman,  James,  iii.  517 


6o6 


INDEX 


Woodmason,    James    and    Mary,    family 

burnt,  iii.  73 

Woods,  J. ,  architect,  i.  456 
Woods,  Sir  William,  buried,  i.  159 
Woodthorpe,  Edmund,  architect,  ii.  109 
Woodward,   Dr.,  duel  with  Dr.  Mead,   ii. 

156  ;  buried,  iii.  464 
Woodward,  George  M. ,  lived,  i.  230 
Woolaston,  Mary,  i.  192 
Woollett,  William,  lived,  i.  362  ;  died,   ii. 

152  ;  monument,  iii.  480  ;  memorial,  19 
Woolley,  Mr.,  i.  321 
Woolston,  Thomas,  buried,  ii.  103 
Wootton,  John,  died,  i.  342 
Worcester,  Bps.  of,  residence,  iii.  321 
Worcester,   Margaret,    Countess  of,  lived, 

"i-  533 
Worcester,   John    Tiptoft,   Earl   of,   lived, 

iii.  534  ;  buried,  i.  197 
Worcester,  Henry,  first  Marquis  of,  i.  330  ; 

lived,  iii.  313 
Worcester,    Edward,  second   Marquis  of, 

lived,  iii.  533 
Worde,   Wynkin   de,    lived,    ii.    30,    62  ; 

buried,  i.  239 
Wordsworth,   William,   married,    i.   281  ; 

lived,  iii.  34 ;  statue,  473 
Worlidge,  Thomas,  lived,  iii.  137 
Woronzow,  Count,  lived,  ii.  191 
Worsdale,  James,  buried,  iii.  59 
Wotton,  Sir  Henry,  iii.  242 ;  lived,  338, 

483 

Wotton,  Dr.  Nicholas,  lived,  ii.  8  ;  brass, 
481 

Wotton,  W. ,  lived,  i.  422 

Woulfe,  Peter,  lived,  i.  108  ;  buried,  iii. 
21 

Wraxall,  Sir  Nicholas,  lived,  i.  411 

Wray,  C.  J. ,  architect,  iii.  290 

Wray,  Daniel,  tablet,  i.  226 

Wren,  SirC.,  i.  355,  438  ;  ii.  249;  school, 
iii.  488  ;  tavern,  207  ;  married,  ii.  277  ; 
professor,  155  ;  President  of  the  Royal 
Society,  iii.  187  ;  lived,  i.  318,  374  ;  ii. 
30 ;  iii.  192,  225,  243,  441 ;  architect, 
i.  ii,  32,  33,  35,  43,  47,  48,  51,  81, 
117,  157,  158,  238,  352,  383,  392, 

399-  4i3.  4iS.  488,  S°S.  SiS.  S25.  535  : 
ii.  6,  8,  95,   176,  259,  278,  330,  370, 
455,  465,  466,  472,  480,  490,  491,  492, 
497.  5°2,  505,  508,  514,  520,  533,  534, 
535-    536,    539-    540,    557.    558.    598, 
609  ;  iii.   5,  44,  45,  73,  99,  228,  310, 
311,  343,  346,  356,  358,  393,  430,  438, 
451,  462;  grave,  49;  inscription  to,  in 
St.  Paul's,  48  ;  portrait,  188 
Wren,  Matthew,  Bp.  of  Ely,  died,  ii.  13 
Wright,  bookseller,  iii.  91 
Wright,  Gilbert,  lived,  iii.  323 
Wright,  Sir  Nathan,  lived,  ii.  588 
Wright,  Sir  Robert,  died,  ii.  592 
Wright,  Dr.  Samuel,  monument,  iii.  318 
Wright,  Thomas,  i.  215  ;  iii.  388 


Wroth,  Richard,  burned,  ii.  269 
Wroughton,  Richard,  lived,  i.  170,  277 
Wyat,  Sir  Thomas,  i.  155  ;  ii.  446,  451  ; 
iii.  286  (1554)  ;  lived,  i.   481  ;  prisoner 
(1554),   iii.   398  ;    executed,   401  ;  head 
set  up,  ii.  196 

Wyatt,  Benj.,  architect,!.  527  ;  iii.  298,  536 
Wyatt,  Benj.  and  Philip,  architects,  i.  57, 

475 
Wyatt,   James,    R.A.,    architect,    ii.    297, 

391  ;  iii.  24,  509  ;  lived,  ii.  67  ;  buried, 

iii.  463 
Wyatt,  Sir  M.  Digby,  architect,  ii.  2,  295 ; 

lived,  iii.  348 
Wyatt,    Samuel,    architect,     i.     18  ;    iii. 

407 

Wyatt,  S.  and  B.,  architects,  iii.  33 
Wyatt,  Thomas  Henry,  architect,  i.  7  ;  ii. 

353.  494-  538  I  i".  33 
Wyatville,  Sir  Jeffrey,  lived,  i.  283 
Wych,  Sir  Cyril,  lived,  ii.  298 
Wycherley,    William,    ii.     194 ;     Middle 

Temple,  iii.  357 ;  lived,  i.  229  ;  prisoner, 

ii.  59  ;  buried,  iii.  58 
Wylgeforte,  St. ,  iii.  419 
Wylson  and  Long,  architects,  ii.  248 
Wyndham,     Sir    William,    lived,     i.     14, 

517 

Wyndesore,  Henry,  i.  215 
Wynford,  Lord,  ii.  165  ;  lived,  i.  147 
Wynn,  Charles,  lived,  ii.  137 
Wynne,  Sir  William,  buried,  i.  159 
Wynter,  Sir  Edward,  monument,  i.  128 
Wyrley,  William,  buried,  i.  159 
Wyseman,  Sir  Robert,  buried,  i.  159 


YARBOROUGH,  Earl  of,  i.  63 
Yarmouth,  Countess  of,  lived,  iii.  118 
Yarrell,  William,  lived,  i.  534 
Yates,  Anna  Maria,  lived,  iii.   299  ;  died, 

299 
Yates,  Frederick  Henry,  i.  7  ;  school,  365 ; 

lived,  281 

Yelverton,  Sir  Henry,  lived,  ii.  269 
Yeowell,  James,  died,  i.  366 
Yevele,  Henry,  ii.  454 
York,  Abps.  of,  i.  127  ;  residences,  iii.  79, 

321,  536,  537 
York,   Anne  Hyde,   Duchess  of,    married, 

iii.  534  ;  buried,  463,  466 
York,  Frederica,  Duchess  of,  iii.  234 
York,    Philippa,    Duchess   of    (d.    1433), 

buried,  iii.  465 

York,  Richard,  Duke  of,  lived,  iii.  536 
York,   Frederick,  Duke  of,  son  of  George 

III.,  i.  395;  ii.   519,  619;  iii.   89,  298, 

536 ;  lived,  i.  12,  79  ;  died,  64;  statue,  iii. 

454.  536 ;  portrait,  ii.  523 
York,  Thomas,  iii.  540 
Yorke,  Hon.  Charles,  lived,  ii.  309 ;  died, 

i.  208 
Young,  Arthur,  lived,  iii.  197 


INDEX 


607 


Young,    Dr.    John,    Master  of  the   Rolls, 

monument,  iii.  166 
Young,  Robert,  executed,  iii.  415 
Young,    Dr.  Thomas,   club,  iii.   14  ;  lived, 

457  ;   marriage,   ii.  492  ;  medallion,   iii. 

Young,  Rev.  William,  buried,  i.  384 
Young,  Witherden,  architect,  ii.  444 
Yule,  Major  William,  i.  254 
Yuseph,  Emin,  iii.  106 


ZACHARY,  Thomas,  ii.  313 

/ctland,  Earl  of,  i.  63 

Zincke,    Christian    Frederick    (d.     1767), 

lived,  iii.  349 
Zinzendorf,    Count,    Gray's    Inn,    ii.    146 ; 

lived,  400 
Zoffany,    John,    R.A. ,    lived,    i.    15,    160, 

495  I  i».  85 

Zouch,  Edward,  twelfth  Lord,  lived,  iii.  80 
Zucchi,  Antonio,  A. R.A. ,  i.  6 


THE  END 


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