SS oe Eg tos Che Tock Cap. Ceec,
TECHNICAL REPORT CERC-89-17
US Army Corps
LOS ANGELES AND LONG BEACH HARBORS
of Engineers MODEL ENHANCEMENT PROGRAM
TIDAL CIRCULATION PROTOTYPE DATA
COLLECTION EFFORT
Volume |
MAIN TEXT AND APPENDIXES A THROUGH C
aIstdVvag
by
°
Lal
.
>
z
David D. McGehee, James P. McKinney, Michael S. Dickey
Coastal Engineering Research Center
DEPARTMENT OF THE ARMY
Waterways Experiment Station, Corps of Engineers
3909 Halls Ferry Road, Vicksburg, Mississippi 39180-6199
DOCUMENT LIBRARY
Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution
December 1989
Final Report
Approved For Public Release; Distribution Unlimited
Prepared for US Army Engineer District, Los Angeles
Los Angeles, California 90053-2325
Port of Los Angeles
San Pedro, California 90733-0151
and
Port of Long Beach
Long Beach, California 90801-0570
Destroy this report when no longer needed. Do not return
it to the originator.
The findings in this report are not to be construed as an official
Department of the Army position unless so designated
by other authorized documents.
The contents of this report are not to be used for
advertising, publication, or promotional purposes.
Citation of trade names does not constitute an
official endorsement or approval of the use of
such commercial products.
DOCUMENT LIBRARY
Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution
Unclassified
SECURITY CLASSIFICATION OF THIS PAGE
Form Approved
REPORT DOCUMENTATION PAGE OMB No. 0704-0188
3. DISTRIBUTION / AVAILABILITY OF REPORT
2b. DECLASSIFICATION / DOWNGRADING SCHEDULE
Approved for public release; distribution
4. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION REPORT NUMBER(S)
unlimited.
Technical Report CERC-89~-17
5. MONITORING ORGANIZATION REPORT NUMBER(S)
6a. NAME OF PERFORMING ORGANIZATION 7a, NAME OF MONITORING ORGANIZATION
USAEWES, Coastal Engineering
Research Center
6c. ADDRESS (City, State, and ZIP Code)
3909 Halls Ferry Road
Vicksburg, MS 39180-6199
6b. OFFICE SYMBOL
(If applicable)
7b. ADDRESS (City, State, and ZIP Code)
9. PROCUREMENT INSTRUMENT IDENTIFICATION NUMBER
8b. OFFICE SYMBOL
(If applicable)
8a. NAME OF FUNDING/SPONSORING
ORGANIZATION
See reverse.
8c. ADDRESS (City, State, and ZIP Code)
10. SOURCE OF FUNDING NUMBERS
PROGRAM PROJECT TASK WORK UNIT
NO. NO. ACCESSION NO.
See reverse. ELEMENT NO.
11. TITLE (Include Security Classification)
See reverse.
12. PERSONAL AUTHOR(S)
McGehee, David D.; McKinney, James P.; Dickey, Michael
13a. TYPE OF REPORT 13b. TIME COVERED 14. DATE OF REPORT (Year, Month, Day)
Final report December 1989
16. SUPPLEMENTARY NOTATION
See reverse.
15. PAGE COUNT 524
in three volumes
18. SUBJECT TERMS (Continue on reverse if necessary and identify by block number)
Circulation Tidal datum
en | Pe ESE Loney BeacneHarbor Tides
Se | Pn | Pill | MeelosmAnzellesmHanbor
19. ABSTRACT (Continue on reverse if necessary and identify by block number)
A tidal circulation study of the Los Angeles and Long Beach Harbors was conducted
by the US Army Engineer Waterways Experiment Station. Field data were collected from
5 tide gages and 16 current meters for use in calibration and verification of a numerical
circulation model. The methods and results of the field data collection effort are
presented. Analysis was performed to verify the quality of the tidal data and the flow
patterns revealed by the current data.
20. DISTRIBUTION / AVAILABILITY OF ABSTRACT 21. ABSTRACT SECURITY CLASSIFICATION
BO UNCLASSIFIED/UNLIMITED () SAME AS RPT (1 pTic USERS Unclassified
22a. NAME OF RESPONSIBLE INDIVIDUAL 22b. TELEPHONE (Include Area Code) | 22c. OFFICE SYMBOL
DD Form 1473, JUN 86 Previous editions are obsolete. SECURITY CLASSIFICATION OF THIS PAGE
WACO TL
0 0301 0091246 1
Unclassified
en — ——
SECURITY CLASSIFICATION OF THIS PAGE
NAME OF FUNDING/SPONSORING ORGANIZATION (Continued).
USAED, Los Angeles;
Port of Los Angeles;
Port of Long Beach
ADDRESS (Continued).
Los Angeles, CA 90053~2325;
San Pedro, CA 90733-0151;
Long Beach, CA 90801-1570
11. TITLE (Continued).
Los Angeles and Long Beach Harbors Model Enhancement Programs Tidal Circulation
Prototype Data Collection Effort; Volume I: Main Text and Appendixes A Through C;
Volume II: Appendixes D Through I; Volume III: Appendix J
16. SUPPLEMENTARY NOTATION (Continued).
A limited number of copies of Volumes II (Appendixes D through I) and III (Appendix J)
were published under separate cover, Copies of Volume I (this report and Appendixes A
through C) are available from National Technical Information Service, 5285 Port Royal
Road, Springfield, VA 22161.
Unclassified
ee eee
SECURITY CLASSIFICATION OF THIS PAGE
PREFACE
This report was prepared by the Coastal Engineering Research Center
(CERC), US Army Engineer Waterways Experiment Station (WES), and is a product
of the Los Angeles and Long Beach Harbors Model Enhancement (HME) Program.
The HME Program has been conducted jointly by the Ports of Los Angeles and
Long Beach (LA/LB); US Army Engineer District, Los Angeles (SPL); and WES.
The purpose of the HME Program has been to provide state-of-the-art engineer-
ing tools to aid in port development. In response to the expansion of ocean-
borne world commerce, the LA/LB are conducting planning studies for harbor
development in coordination with SPL. Ports are a natural resource, and
enhanced port capacity is vital to the Nation’s economic well-being. Ina
feasibility study being conducted by SPL, the LA/LB are proposing a well-
defined and necessary expansion to accommodate predicted needs in the near
future. The CE will be charged with responsibility for providing deeper
channels and determining effects of this construction on the local
environment.
This investigation involved collection of prototype tidal circulation
data for use in the calibration and verification of a three-dimensional numer-
ical circulation model. Data collection occurred between June and October
1987 by personnel of the Prototype Measurement and Analysis Branch (PMAB) and
the Field Research Facility (FRF) Group, Engineering Development Division.
Design and installation of the measurement system were under the supervision
of Messrs. William Kucharski and William E. Grogg, Equipment Specialists,
PMAB, with the assistance of the University of Southern California Marine
Support Facility. The PMAB personnel involved in data collection were
Messrs. Michael S. Dickey, Douglas C. Lee, Jeffery A. Sewell, C. Ray Townsend,
and Ralley Webb. The FRF personnel were Messrs. Kent K. Hathaway, Michael W.
Leffler, and Brian Scarborough and Ms. Adele Militello. Data collection was
performed under the supervision of Mr. David D. McGehee, PMAB. Data analysis
was performed by Mr. James P. McKinney, PMAB, and Mr. McGehee. Technical
supervision was provided by Mr. Gary L. Howell, PMAB, and technical assistance
by Dr. S. Rao Vemulakonda, Coastal Processes Branch, Research Division, WES,
and Mr. William C. Seabergh, Wave Processes Branch, Wave Dynamics Division,
WES. Additional data were provided by the US Air Force Technical Applications
Center and the Sea and Lake Levels Branch of the National Ocean Service. The
PMAB personnel were under the direction of Mr. Thomas W. Richardson, Chief,
Engineering Development Division, and Mr. J. Michael Hemsley, Acting Chief,
PMAB. This study was under the general supervision of Dr. James R. Houston,
Chief, CERC, and Mr. Charles C. Calhoun, Jr., Assistant Chief, CERC.
During the course of the study, liaison was maintained between WES, SPL,
and LA/LB. Mr. Dan Muslin, followed by Mr. Angel P. Fuertes, was SPL point of
contact. Mr. John Warwar and Ms. Lillian Kawasaki, Port of Los Angeles, and
Mr. Michael Burke, Mr. Rich Weeks, and Dr. Geraldine Knatz, Port of Long
Beach, were LA/LB points of contact and provided invaluable assistance.
COL Larry B. Fulton, EN, was Commander and Director of WES during the
publication of this report. Dr. Robert W. Whalin was Technical Director.
CONTENTS
Page
PREPAC Ee eee ete Ee eo tenes Teche em 8 eo, PN Pm Me ie! <a) ANY ENEE Wis) IA a ralaehes Pe 1
CONVERSION FACTORS, NON-SI TO SI ae
UNITS OF MEASUREMENT 4
PAR Tastee BACKGROUND» tec Ao peo. 4 oye). Eis SgcluekMan call Conti cet Lica Sinlespancbec ha one Maem enews 5
PART II: DATA COLLECTION . 7
Tel CD enteAD pe cle rede das VyiGhicy., Sie soya Ream cr Ge elicne ocak wees eee enteh weiss ae 7
LNG TEUSIGUISFETICS | <b wk Ger ce ORY GS 4) ee) ee Ce em 12
CUGRENERE TO RIMNeS Uni em ce ferme meinen eit a, Conte Meiee Sian Tameennsr Ec aeen Ome 16
DaAtag@RECOVE Dy) Geo cheat) SP Che eee SRI © eS wish ee) aetia s)he OLE Ee 19
PART elie eI DATAGANATEYSTIS! fico cy Bigg Fcc a NO MINMRO I Sacco copies cc RMERCII I, nin. 5 Cn nase 22
Tidal Data ... SPOTS Fo ck Se Ge SO. Pi NOP 15m Fee ech SOTO RO MSY TOR aMcnner CoG 22
In Situ Current Data i dl ie, Wee MoU WR AR eu Jat case MO sey atc. May Rake Couette 26
Current®ProfilemDatate eet 5s AT e wey Paes 2 ee ss eee Di]
PARTE @DESCUSSTONMME © Shier te 2) tt Mit PARR TREE, MAENEE Rem Tyee eh eee 29
TaidaleDatam ~ PAVE a tem BANE Ee ey SON Tae See oy ee PN ere ge NS oeTit te ae 29
GurKenteDatay Firs ey cele tp me) ete leoh ania busy ibe yen ee ciamrcran eau cman nal Coe see 32
PART aN ae CON GIEOSTONS 2 sc) ica cele s ccugger aca eam os Pleo e wu ties co ages cto col arse owes ce 40
RIE RIEN GES rue oy th roa (oie A yoke etbacst cea ns meters coy Elo acs cc aS a CO eC 4l
PLATES 1-54
APPENDIX A: INSTRUMENT DESCRIPTIONS AND SPECIFICATIONS ......... Al
/NIBIMDIDS 139 GUIRY TAROIMOED WYN 5 5 6 0 6 5 6 6 6 6 6 6 0 8 6 6 8 Ol Bl
APPENDIX C: DIFFERENTIAL LEVELING SURVEY DESCRIPTION AND LEVEL NOTES . . onl
APRPENDIbXe D2) DAL SE EE VATE ON IMEI: SERIDES sP1EO 0S) Ds inn i-inr tenants D1
APPEND IX@ Ee GURREN Tab GLORSR OS Pye 120/10: see mr ern El
/NIAAMDIDE 1S (GUIRY WARLOYGICIEe ARIDN)S, (UO) IILONS 5 6 56 5 56 0 0 oo Fl
/NIBADIDE (GF (GOPAVSIAY WHY MILO) ALIONOD, SHOU IONS, 5 6 5 6 6 1 oo 5 oo Gl
/NOQANDIDC JS — (GOPUAOINAY WANG AHO) AEINID, SIO RS IIMS 5 6 5 cia 50 6 50 6 6 6 0 8 H1
APPENDIX I: RESIDUAL TIDAL ELEVATION TIME SERIES PLOTS ......... Il
APPENDIX J SUING, MUSTO. ORISONMEONIS 5 6 5 6 6 6 9» 6 0 6 0 6 OO J1
* A limited number of copies of Appendixes D-I (Volume II) and Appendix J
(Volume III) were published under separate cover. Copies are available from
National Technical Information Service, 5285 Port Royal Road, Springfield,
VA 22161.
CONVERSION FACTORS, NON-SI TO SI (METRIC)
UNITS OF MEASUREMENT
Non-SI units of measurement used in this report can be converted to SI
(metric) units as follows:
Multiply By To Obtain
feet 0.3048 metres
inches 2.54 centimetres
knots (international) 0.5144444 metres per second
pounds (mass) 0.4535924 kilograms
pounds (force) per square 6.894757 kilopascals
inch
TIDAL CIRCULATION PROTOTYPE DATA COLLECTION EFFORT
PART I: BACKGROUND
1. The Ports of Los Angeles and Long Beach (LA/LB), California, are
conducting planning studies for harbor development in coordination with the US
Army Engineer District, Los Angeles. The US Army Corps of Engineers (CE) is
charged with the responsibility for providing deeper navigation channels and
determining the effects of harbor expansion on the environment. To upgrade
the CE’s capability to determine these effects based on state-of-the-art mod-
eling technology, the US Army Engineer Waterways Experiment Station (WES) is
executing the Los Angeles/Long Beach Harbors Model Enhancement Program.
2. This program is separated into two major studies. The first will
address long-period wave energy in the harbors and its effect on moored ves-
sels. The second will provide improved tidal circulation modeling with a more
efficient numerical model system that will couple hydraulics and water quality
variables (CE 1987). The prototype data for model calibration and verifica-
tion have been collected by the Prototype Measurement and Analysis Branch of
the Coastal Engineering Research Center (CERC), WES. This report describes
the methodology and results of that data collection effort.
3. Los Angeles and Long Beach Harbors are adjacent ports situated
behind a rubble-mound breakwater in San Pedro Bay, California (Figure 1). In
the initial WES study of the harbors, a fixed-bed three-dimensional (3-D) phy-
sical model (McAnally 1975) and a depth-averaged-flow, two-dimensional numeri-
cal model (Raney 1976) were developed. Advancements in the state of the art
of prototype measurement and hydraulic simulation provided the means to
enhance the models. The upgraded numerical model of this program provides
simulation of the time series of the resultant 3-D water currents and water
surface elevations in the harbors given the physical boundaries and the water
surface elevations in the open ocean outside the harbor breakwater.
4. Boundary conditions are established by obtaining the positions of
the shoreline, including structures, and the bathymetry of the area modeled.
Water surface elevations measured using tide gages placed outside the harbor
provide the input forcing function that drives the system. Measurements of
tidal elevation and water currents at selected positions inside the harbor are
compared with predicted values to calibrate and verify the model.
cS)
H9VI9 G
1y0dM3N SN
5
Twst
dvW NOILV307
O2S1INVUs
RVs
dew uotjeo0,T eats Apnas “{T eansTy
HdVv30
TI
ava oudad nv “ins
peeeree Lae tae ‘oad
HOVv38 HOSUVH és i
jv3s g7 i ep
~~) :
NE LEN i J y 2
Hi i HY wv ONOT al w
AAT or
TANNVHO
SOLIYYIO
PART II: DATA COLLECTION
5. The general requirements and schedule for each task in the program
were prescribed in the Management Plan for the Model Enhancement Program.
Data collection was divided into three subtasks: tidal, in situ current, and
current profile data. Data were collected for varying intervals between
10 June and 14 October 1987 (Table 1). Measurement intervals for each subtask
varied, but deployment times were nested to provide a period of simultaneous
data from all three elements from 6 to 14 August 1987. Requirements for the
final data sets and the instrumentation and techniques used to obtain them are
discussed in this section.
Tidal Data
Requirements
6. The requirement of the tidal data subtask was to obtain time series
of water surface elevations at two outside and two inside locations for a min-
imum of 90 days. Each data set was to be a continuous record of elevations
relative to a Mean Lower Low Water (MLLW) datum at 6-min intervals with an
accuracy of at least 0.05 ft.”
7. Figure 2 shows the positions of the tidal measurement sites; geo-
graphic coordinates and depth of each measurement site are listed in Table 1.
Method
8. For the offshore sites, potential cable runs of several miles made
hard wiring of power and signal to shore uneconomical. Erecting structures in
water depths of 60 to 100 ft would be very expensive, and proximity to the
shipping lanes and the heavy traffic volume precluded platforms and buoys
because of the risk of collision. The remaining option was bottom-mounted
pressure transducers with self-contained power and data storage capability.
This option allowed a wide latitude in positioning and reduced the risk of
unintentional and deliberate interference. The same approach was used at
sites in the harbor for consistency of deployment/recovery techniques and data
format.
* A table of factors for converting non-SI units of measurement to SI
units is presented on page 4.
LEGEND
PRIMARY TIDE GAGE
REDUNDANT TIDE GAGE
SURGE GAGE
NOS TIDE GAGE
Po@o
TG6a
a
TG5
Figure 2. Tide gage deployment site map
9. The flexibility and relative security of this type of gaging are
always offset by the potentially lower reliability of data recovery since gage
nonperformance is only apparent after removal of the gage. To enhance relia-
bility, redundant gages (TG5-TG8) were deployed for each of the four primary
gages (TG1-TG4).
Instruments
10. Details on all instruments, including manufacturer's specifications
are found in Appendix A. The tide gage selected uses a vibrating quartz crys-
tal pressure transducer whose output is proportional to absolute pressure.
Oscillations of the crystal are counted over some selected sample interval,
and this integrated pressure is averaged over that interval to filter wave
frequency signals. The average pressure is recorded as a 16-bit digital word
on a magnetic tape along with a time word from a quartz clock. Shorter sample
intervals retain more information but require more storage on the tape, short-
ening deployment time. To obtain the required 3 months of data on one
*peTeAooer Jou 33e9 x
VN L8/€/8 GI O€ 109°9T 8Il 87°71 CE W6WO
18/6/8 L8/47/8 GT O€ 100°80 81L S271 € WW
L8/01/6 L8/47/8 Ov aLWO
L8/01/6 L8/47/8 va 947 109°80 81 .€8 €%7 €E SLWO
L8/01/6 L8/%/8 0S aq9Wo
L8/01/6 L8/%7/8 OT G9 1€S TL 8IL .09°€4 €€ SOWO
VN 18/%7/8 ZE aSWO
VN L8/%7/8 8 0” pS 2S Be oar Gy Ase SSGWO
L8/01/6 L8/47/8 7% ayWo
VN L8/%7/8 8 O€ sSE AL Sil 1GL Gy Gs S7WO
L8/11/6 L8/%7/8 7S ano
L8/11/6 L8/%7/8 Ze Wewo
L8/11/6 L8/%7/8 l 09 169°ZL 8IL .09°V1 £€ SEWO
L8/€1/6 L8/€/8 67 AN)
18/€1/6 L8/€/8 LT W2WO
L8/€1/6 L8/€/8 OT SE (XO OR Ol pBE Gy {Se SZNO
18/6/6 18/€/8 Yd a1Wo
L8/6/6 L8/¢/8 S O€ ,00°7T 8TT .€T°97 €€ JeTanND § STNO
18/L/6 YYW}: L8/ST/L ~— 8 0z WL Ge Oil ce Pn EE cvI
18/L/6 GWU iofcif/l 08 Ep GOO CL aR UD ASE yVI
L8/L/6 CYY £8/S1/L €€ 95 iGO GIN AGG Gin SE yVT
L8/L/6 L8/ST/L 8T 7% /1S°9T 81T 199° €€ aAeM Tv1
L8/ST/01 88/€/8 9€ 6€ 1€7°9T 8IL 08°77 €€ gOL
L8/S1/01 WW]; 88/€/8 AG GZ 100°80°8IT .0S* 74 .€€ LOL
L8/ST/01 WAM 88/€/8 6S z9 100°Z0°81T .OL°TY €€ 991
VN 88/€/8 x x SOL
L8/6/6 88/01/9 7€ LE ASP GO SL ols VAT ASE 7OL
L8/6/6 WU Wet 88/01/9 = SZ 82 18S°ET BIT .80°9% €€ €OL
L8/€1/6 By) 88/01/9 47S LS 10G°80 8I1T .OT €% £E ZOL
18/6/6 Y)!WllYoee:t 88/01/9 ol GL AGA Gk BT — OW" TP Sie eptL Ton
oe (a “eaeq ss OED Cs! TLECCHEe cE Gece <ENSS
““A000Y USO Ea) ‘Teqsul MTIN 33 Gadeq j~ Sep “UoTITSoq
@[Npeyosg pue sSuOTIeOOT JUSUIAOTdeq ede5
T eTqeL
deployment tape, an interval of 3.75 min (eight tide measurements/hour) was
selected.
Mounting
11. The instrument housing is a 6-in.-diam. by 30-in.-long aluminum
pressure case containing the transducer, electronics, data logger, and battery
pack. The case was attached with stainless steel bolts to a vertical mount
that was welded to a 600-1b railroad wheel. Gages inside the harbor had a
subsurface retrieval buoy attached to the mount and an acoustic beacon for
relocation by divers. Because of the depth outside the harbor, a subsurface
buoy was attached to the wheel with a length of retrieval line coiled in a
canister. The canister, in turn, was attached to the wheel with a trans-
ponder/acoustic release. The release served the dual purposes of a beacon,
for locating the instrument package, and as a means of releasing the buoy and
recovery line at the end of the deployment. Figure 3 shows a typical assembly
in the deployed configuration.
Deployment/recovery
12. A temporary field office was leased on Terminal Island with adja-
cent dock space. This provided office and testing space, secure outdoor stor-
age of heavy equipment and vessels, and a staging/loading area for operations.
13. All tide gages and in situ current meters were deployed from the
University of Southern California research vessel "Sea Watch" through the co-
operation of the USC Marine Science Laboratory on Terminal Island. An experi-
enced crew, aided by the stern-mounted A-frame and ample work deck, installed
the primary gages on 10 June and the backup gages on 3 August by lowering the
mounts using the lift bail (Figure 4).
14. Positions were established with LORAN, radar bearings, and visual
bearings to prominent targets on shore.
15. The planned recovery technique was to trigger the acoustic release,
allowing the buoy to surface and enable retrieval from the surface without
diver assistance. In the event of transponder failure, the gage positions
could be relocated within ~100 ft, at which point a sweep would be made from
the surface by dragging a chain between two vessels. Divers would then
recover the gage by descending the sweep chain.
10
einpeooid
quowkoTdep e8e3 opty
‘y 9in3Ty
AjTquesse ZutTqunow oe8e3 epty ‘¢ ean3ty
IOVO
IGit
NLISNI
ANOG AYFIAOIIY
YILSINNVI
3d0Y¥
3Svji13ay
IILSNOIDV
ONIGNOdSNV YL
11
Additional tidal data
16. In addition to the eight tide gages specifically deployed for this
study, data were available from a primary control tide station (33) located
inside Los Angeles Harbor and from four pressure sensors located around the
harbor perimeter (Figure 2). These four pressure sensors were installed by
CERC to obtain long-term measurements of harbor surge events under a separate
subtask of the Model Enhancement Program entitled Wave Data Acquisition. They
were configured as low-frequency wave gages, but postprocessing of the time
series also produces continuous tidal data.
17. These data were processed to provide additional boundary conditions
for the model and for quality control checking of the primary tide data sets.
In Situ Currents
Requirements
18. The requirement for the in situ current subtask was a 30-day record
of the vertical velocity profile at eight locations covering the major tidal
exchange openings inside the harbor and at the harbor-complex perimeter. The
acceptable resolution for the vertical stratification of the flow field was
three points, representing a near-surface, middepth, and near-bottom cell at
each site. Desired accuracy in speed and direction was +0.1 knot and 2 deg,
respectively. Samples were needed on a similar frequency to the tidal data,
that is, continuous time series at average intervals near 3 min.
Method
19. The vertical profiles were obtained by deploying up to three cur-
rent meters on a string supported by a surface buoy on a taut mooring. To
reduce the risk of ship collision, the gage sites were moved to the sides of
major entrances and channels. A total of 19 gages were available for the
project. A deployment scheme was selected which increased the total number of
sites to nine by reducing the number of meters on a string to one or two at
certain sites not expected to have strong vertical gradients, while one meter
was kept as a spare. Figure 5 shows the location of each site.
Instruments
20. The current meters were ducted-impeller type with an internal com-
pass for direction (Figure 6 and Appendix A). Velocity is measured by count-
ing impeller revolutions over the selected averaging interval, and an
12
LEGEND
e CURRENT PROFILE STATION
4 IN SITU CURRENT METER
Figure 5. Current meter deployment site map
instantaneous direction is taken at the end of that interval. Both values,
along with temperature and conductivity, are recorded on a magnetic tape. The
averaging interval selected was 2 min, allowing a total tape capacity of
34 days.
21. Prior to deployment, each meter was calibrated at the US Geological
Survey (USGS) calibration facility at the Stennis Space Center, Mississippi,
by tank tow at three known velocities through still water. The calibration
coefficients for each impeller/bearing combination were used in postprocessing
the data. Compasses were bench checked and accepted if within manufacturer's
tolerances without individual corrections.
Mounting
22. Figure 6 illustrates a typical current meter string in place. A
spherical 36-in.-diam steel buoy was attached to a 900-1b railroad wheel with
a 1/4-in.-diam mooring cable. A taut moor was maintained in spite of the tid-
al variation by including a length of 1-in.-diam rubber cord below the buoy.
The cable was attached at either end with 3/8-in. screw-pin shackles. Each
buoy supported an 8-ft mast with a radar reflector and amber marker light.
For additional visibility, two or three "guardian" buoys of similar design
13
Figure 6. In situ current meter (inset) and typical
current meter mooring string
14
(but without instruments) were placed around the instrumented buoy approxi-
mately 200 ft away.
23. To allow the meter to rotate around the mooring as current direc-
tions changed without fouling on the mooring, a split Teflon bearing sleeve
was attached to the 1/4-in. cable at the appropriate depth for each string. A
hinged stainless steel clamp went around the bearing and locked with a captive
hinge pin. The meter was attached to a ring on the clamp with a 3/8-in.
screw-pin shackle, safety wired after closure. This arrangement permitted
rotational freedom and a means for diver changeout of the gage during
inspection without recovering the entire mount.
Deployment/recovery
24. In addition to routine electronic predeployment testing, each gage
was balanced for neutral buoyancy and horizontal trim. Adjustments for varia-
tions in gage construction, battery weight, and local water density were made
by placing lead trim weights at the front and rear of the meter. This adjust-
ment ensured that the meter aligned with the water flow, especially in the
low-velocity conditions expected in the harbor.
25. Deployment was similar to the tide gage installation. All nine
current meter strings were put in place on 3 and 4 August from the "Sea
Watch." On 9 August, each meter was visually inspected by CERC divers to
verify proper deployment and operation. Inspection included secure attachment
and safety wiring of the shackles and sleeve/bearing assembly, neutral buoyan-
cy and horizontal trim, no restrictions to either impeller or swivels, overall
integrity of the mooring components, and functioning of the marker lights.
26. The first instrument casualty was discovered during the 9 August
inspection. The buoy at current meter Site 8 (CM8) was not on station, but
the meter was discovered shortly afterward washed up on the west jetty of Ana-
heim Bay Inlet. The wire cable (not, interestingly, the rubber cord) had
parted near the lower end, most likely pulled by a vessel. The single meter
was still attached, and though it was damaged, the data tape was recovered
intact. The spare current meter was installed as CM8 on 15 August. The com-
plete history of lost and damaged instruments is covered in the subsequent
section headed "Data Recovery."
15
Current Profiles
Requirements
27. Since the current data collected by the in situ meters were limited
by the available number of meters and the vessel traffic, a current profiling
subtask was designed to provide supplementary information. The purpose was to
collect vertical current profiles at major entrances and interfaces and within
the Cerritos Channel at hourly intervals over half-tidal cycles. The measure-
ments were to be made concurrent with deployment of the in situ meters and
tide gages.
28. Figure 5 shows the selected locations of the profile ranges and
stations. A range is a transect across an entrance or interface between major
sections of the harbor, such as Range 7, and a station is one of three to five
locations, depending on width, along a range, for example Station 5D. Sta-
tions 9-12 were along the Cerritos Channel and had a single profile, each mid-
way across the channel.
29. A vertical profile consisted of a measurement of current velocity
and direction at three depths, near surface, middepth, and near bottom, at
each station of a range at l-hr intervals for 13 continuous hours.
30. In addition to supplementing the other data, the profiles were ex-
pected to identify flow features not readily detectable from stationary meas-
urements. A large-scale gyre was observed under certain conditions in the
physical and numerical models in the outer Los Angeles Harbor. Range 5 was
selected to augment data from a separate Lagrangian current experiment de-
signed to verify the existence of the gyre. It entailed continuous tracking
of drogues, or floats, that followed the path of the water particles at vari-
ous depths. The results of the Lagrangian current study will be presented in
a separate report under the Model Enhancement Program.
31. Stations 9-12 were intended to detect the nodal point for flow
convergence of water entering opposite ends of the Cerritos Channel, also as
predicted in the model.
Instruments
32. The current meter used for profiling was of the same manufacture
and general design as the in situ meters, but was equipped with microproces-
sors to reduce the data internally into engineering units. The data could be
stored onboard in RAM microchips or transmitted over a cable via standard RS
16
232 interface as an ASCII file. The internal memory was sufficient to hold a
day's profiling record, but the latter mode was selected. By connecting the
meter to a lap-top computer on the boat for the profiling experiment, the
operator could verify operation and reasonableness of the data.
33. The backup gage for the profiling experiment was a second solid
state meter, with cable and computer of the same design. Both profiling
meters were calibrated prior to use at the USGS facility.
Method
34. A profiling schedule that included a flow reversal as well as a
peak flood and ebb in the measurement interval was developed for the period
6-14 August 1987 (Figure 7).
35. Ranges 7 and 8 were combined in one interval because of their prox-
imity, as were Stations 9-12; otherwise, one range was measured per "day."
Because of the progression of the tidal cycle relative to the diurnal, subse-
quent intervals progressed, taxing the endurance and sleep habits of the crew.
Including preparations, crew changes, equipment maintenance, data reduction,
and inevitable unexpected occurrences, each shift lasted 14 to 16 hr.
36. Measurements were taken from a 26-ft, outboard-powered workboat
fitted with a LORAN and depth sounder. Because of the constant ship traffic,
separate radar reflectors were installed on the mast to increase target
CURRENT PROFILE RANGES
P3 | P5, P-9-12 P-7&8 |P4 Pi, (P2, P6
HEIGHT, FT
5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15
DAYS; AUGUST, 1987
LEGEND
[ _]pay NIGHT
==== TIDE CYCLE
— MEASURED TIDE CYCLE
Figure 7. Current profiling schedule with predicted tides
iL
strength for approaching vessels. Four people were aboard on each shift: a
boat operator, a forward deck hand, a stern deck hand/meter handler, and a
data recorder. Again because of the high traffic volume, safety dictated the
need for at least two people (the operator and a deck hand) to have no other
duties than the safe maneuvering of the boat, maintaining a lookout at all
times, and being prepared to slip a mooring and be underway without hesita-
tion--and without distraction by the profiling duties--if a ship approached
too closely.
37. Every profile experiment started with the placement of temporary
lighted mooring buoys at each station site. The buoys permitted each station
to be rapidly and precisely recovered by the boat, which could use the buoy
together with a bow anchor in a two-way mooring. This system was chosen to
prevent the wind-induced "sailing" from side to side experienced by a boat
moored only at the bow. Any boat motion would seriously affect the accuracy
of the current data, particularly in the low-velocity regime of the harbor.
Thus, a station was recovered by dropping the bow anchor upwind/current of the
buoy and backing down until the stern deck hand could secure to the buoy.
38. At stations located in the center of a narrow shipping channel,
even a temporary buoy would be an unacceptable hazard to traffic. In those
cases, a stern clump anchor, lowered after the bow anchor had paid out suffi-
cient scope, served the same purpose as the buoy.
39. Once the boat was secured on station, the meter was lowered to the
bottom. The water depth was obtained from the meter’s pressure transducer and
compared with the graduated marks on the meter cable and to the boat’s sounder
to ensure accuracy. The meter was then raised to 90 percent of water column
depth and allowed to stabilize, and the velocity and direction together with
the time and depth of the reading were recorded from the surface display.
After repeating the measurement at 50- and 10-percent depths, the meter was
pulled aboard and the anchor(s) retrieved. For a range with five stations,
each profiled at hourly intervals, the allotted time for that procedure was
12 min. To avoid data gaps at shift changes, a separate shuttle boat was used
to transport crews between the measuring boat and shore.
18
Data Recovery
Positioning
40. Positions were obtained for all measurement sites with LORAN, sup-
plemented when possible by visual and radar bearings to identifiable shore
features. The LORAN was calibrated for local variance by occupying known 1lo-
cations with the boat and recording both time differences (TD) in microseconds
and the LORAN’s automatic conversion to latitude and longitude. The offset
from true position was entered into the microprocessor-controlled LORAN for
automatic adjustment of calculated position. After this calibration, known
positions were again occupied on each day of operation. Thus, a correction
factor for each region of the harbor, valid for each day's atmospheric condi-
tions, was obtained and allowed an improvement from LORAN’s normal error of
2£3)0\0) (@ aesk0) 281e.
Tide gages
41. Of the eight tide gages deployed, seven were recovered. One of the
redundant gages, number 5, had not been recovered at the time of this report's
preparation; its acoustic transponder did not respond to surface interroga-
tion, and a side-scan sonar search failed to show an identifiable target. Two
other gages were located using side-scan and "sweeping" with a chain suspended
between two vessels when acoustic releases failed to operate, but extensive
diver searching verified that this gage was not in the immediate area. Since
the subsurface float provides an easy target for both search methods, it seems
likely that the gage and mount (or at least the buoy) were the victims of an
encounter with a deep draft vessel. In that event, the gage may have been
dragged off station, but could still be in the general harbor area. An
expanded search of the harbor and surrounding offshore waters was conducted
using the acoustic interrogator in subsequent months without success.
42. Tide Gage 2 (TG2) experienced a sudden electronic failure partway
through its deployment. Data were recorded from installation on 10 June
through 20 August. Tide Gage 4 (TG4) experienced a tape drive failure that
made the entire data set unrecoverable. Tide Gage 8 (TG8) exhibited a drift
in amplitude and phase because of electronic failure. Portions of the data
set are recoverable, but can only be used for frequency analysis unless some
arbitrary correction is made to the time axis. The remaining four gages had
no failures, and their locations coincided with the requirements for two
I)
outside and two inside gages operating during the period when the in situ
meters and the profiling meters were operating.
43. Additional tidal records were made available by processing the
pressure time series of four wave gages: LA1, LA4, LB4, and LB5. These four
gages were serviced on 11 August 1987, resulting in two data sets over the
period of interest. The first, designated by the suffix "A," extends from
15 July 1987 to 11 August at 0700 hr. The second, designated by the suffix
"B," starts at 1800 hr, 11 August, and ends on 7 Sept 1987. Each data set had
to be reduced and plotted separately, for example LB4A and LB4B, in the subse-
quent analysis.
In situ current meters
44. Of the 18 in situ current meters deployed at 9 sites, 13 were re-
covered between 9 and 12 September (Table 1). Only 1 of the 5 meters not re-
covered (the single meter at CM Site 9) was attributable to catastrophic loss
of the mooring. The buoy at this site, in the Cerritos Channel near a major
container ship berth, was reported adrift the week before the planned
recovery. A diver search at the site on 11 September failed to locate the
submerged mount or meter. Because of the proximity of ship and tug traffic in
the area, the buoy and mooring were likely pulled off station by a vessel.
45. The remaining unrecovered gages were the upper meter at CM Site 4,
both meters at CM Site 5, and the single meter at CM Site 8. The buoys at
these sites were intact and the moorings undamaged, but the meters were re-
moved at the shackle connecting the meter to the swivel. Since the shackles
and their safety wires had been individually inspected a week after
deployment, the most likely conclusion is that the meters were stolen by
persons using dive gear.
46. The buoy from CM Site 2 was located onboard a commercial derrick
barge moored adjacent to the meter site. The elastic section of the mooring
had parted when the contractor attempted to move the buoy to accommodate re-
pair work on a nearby wharf. Divers were able to recover the three meters,
which were still attached to the mooring cable, and the weight at the deployed
location.
47. One week of data was recovered from the initial deployment at
CM Site 8.
Current profiles
48. Each range was profiled on the scheduled stage of tide to include a
20
peak flood or ebb and a tidal reversal. When a range contained only three
stations, each station was profiled at approximately 1-hr intervals, as
planned. The 1-hr return interval proved less attainable when a range con-
tained five stations, and return intervals varied from 1-1/2 to 2 hr. In-
creased travel time between stations, increased anchoring time in deeper
water, and occasional instrument malfunction contributed to the overall in-
crease in return intervals. The complete data set is listed in Appendix B.
Wind data
49. An anemometer deployed on the outer Los Angeles breakwater failed
to record data during the measurement interval. Wind and pressure data were
obtained from daily logs of hourly surface observations compiled by the
National Weather Service (NWS) at Long Beach Airport and provided through the
US Air Force Environmental Technical Applications Center, Asheville, NC.
(Appendix J). Data were also obtained from an anemometer located on the Port
Authority building in San Pedro and provided by the Port of Los Angeles.
These data were digitized and used as input to the model.
21
PART III: DATA ANALYSIS
Tidal Data
50. Raw data from the recovered tide gages were processed using
SEA11.FOR, a program which converts raw ASCII data into tide, time, and wave
record files. The wave data records were not used in this study but were ar-
chived for future reference. The tide file at this stage is a time series of
pressure values in pounds per square inch, absolute (PSIA). To convert raw
tide pressure files into a time series of tidal elevation, several steps must
be performed. Error checking of pressures and time values (editing) will be
described, and the reduced data presented in time-series plots.
Conversion of time data
51. Time files of each data set are in decimal hours relative to the
individual gage reset time. To be of use in a numerical model, all data sets
must have a common time origin. The decimal hour equivalent of individual
reset times relative to 1 January 1987 was added to each time word in respec-
tive time files. All data used in this study are in decimal hours relative to
1 January 1987.
Conversion of PSIA data to depth data
52. Conversion of the raw pressure files to hydrostatic pressure
requires the removal of the atmospheric pressure component. Rather than
assuming atmospheric pressure to be constant during the sampling period,
observed atmospheric pressure over the deployment interval was obtained from
the NWS daily logs for Long Beach Airport. Pressure, in inches of mercury,
was recorded on an hourly basis from 0500 to 2300. Pressure was considered
constant over the hourly interval between observations, except for the 6-hr
intervals when no hourly observations were made. During these periods,
linearly interpolated pressures were assigned on an hourly basis. The conver-
sion factor used to convert from inches of mercury to pounds per square inch
was 0.489525.
53. Each raw pressure word has a time word associated with it. Using
these time words, hourly time intervals corresponding to the observed or
linearly interpolated atmospheric pressures were located. Atmospheric
pressure in pounds per square inch was removed from raw pressure words whose
time words fell within the appropriate time intervals. The pressure data time
22
series is converted to a depth time series by using a conversion factor based
on average temperature and salinity, since their variance over the study
period did not warrant a time synchronized adjustment in density. The factor
used in the conversion was 2.246 ft/psi.
Datum assignment
54. The required datum for all tidal time series was MLLW. Since it
was impractical to level each gage from shore using traditional surveying
techniques, a simplifying assumption was made that the average free surface
elevation over the deployment interval was constant throughout the harbor re-
gion. This is valid over a limited area with insignificant freshwater inflow
and where no net transport can occur within the area over the time interval.
Each tidal depth time series had the average depth of that time series sub-
tracted, converting it to a time series relative to the average free surface
at that site over the deployment interval.
D(t) = d(t) - d(t) (1)
where D(t) is the "de-meaned" time series and d(t) is the measured-depth
time series. Under the assumption above, D(t) is referenced to the same
datum for all gages. To convert the depth time series to a tidal time series,
T(t) , relative to MLLW, a constant equal to the difference between the aver-
age free surface elevation over the measurement interval and MLLW,can be added
to the depth time series.
55. Mean Sea Level (MSL) and MLLW are defined as the arithmetic mean
elevation of the sea surface and of the lower low water heights, respectively,
observed over a specific 19-year metonic cycle (Harris 1981). Means calcu-
lated over shorter intervals will vary and are calculated by the National
Ocean Service (NOS) for monthly (m) and annual (a) departures from MLLW at
each primary control tide station. Thus an average free surface elevation for
the deployment interval is not necessarily MSL.
56. A primary tide station, 33, is located in Los Angeles Harbor
(Figure 2). Its tidal record is referenced to MLLW datum. If the exact ele-
vation of the free surface at any time and place relative to MLLW was of pri-
mary importance, then the average monthly departure, m , of Gage 33 would be
the required constant. However, since the monthly average varies, its use as
a constant would produce discontinuities in the records each month.
23
Discontinuities would interfere with spectral analysis of the signal and cause
artificial oscillations in the numerical model.
57. To obtain a continuous time series, the values of m were obtained
from NOS’ for June through September for tidal Station 33 and averaged
(Table 2). The result, 3.09 ft, was added to each de-meaned depth series to
produce the tidal time series relative to MLLW.
ave) = WKGe)) ar SoO8) (2)
Error checking
58. To validate the supposition of constant average sea level through-
out the harbor, monthly means relative to MLLW were also calculated for each
tide gage. Means, the average mean and the difference in means (A) between
months, are listed in Table 2 for the NOS tidal Station 33 and the CERC tide
gages. Direct comparison is valid only for those months when the gage was
operational for nearly the entire month.
59. With the exception of TG2, which failed before recovery, the cumu-
lative average water levels at each station are within 0.03 ft. The individ-
ual monthly averages show more variation, though the differences between
months indicate that the same trends are occurring at each site.
60. To verify clock accuracy (nominally +1 ppm), deployment, recovery,
and shutoff times, as recorded in the field, were checked against the
indicated times of the data sets. Deployment and recovery are apparent from
pressure records and shutoff time from the last time word in the series.
Agreement within the 3./5-min sampling interval was considered adequate veri-
fication. Verification was not possible when the gage was not operating at
recovery, as for TG2.
61. Tidal accuracy is addressed in more detail under Part IV.
Output
62. Two files from each data set were generated. The first, TG*W, was
of the entire time series. The second file, TG*S, was of a "specified" time
interval for which current meter data were available. The * symbol refers
* Personal Communication, Wolfgang Scherer, February 1988, US Department of
Commerce, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA), NOS, Sea
and Lake Levels Branch.
24
Table 2
Monthly Mean Sea Surface Levels, Sea-Level Variations
and Differences (A), June-October 1987
Month TS - 33 A TG-1 A TG-3 A TG-6 A TG-7 A
Jun 2.88 2.95 2.90 Be e
Opal 0.15 0.22
Jul 3.09 3.10 33,12 sa 2s
0.05 0.05 0.03 0.15 0.16
Aug 3.14 3.15 3.15 2.99 2.99
0.09
Sep 3.23 ae oe 3.14 3.15
Cum Avg 3.09 3.07 3.06 307 3.07
Note: Elevations are in feet relative to MLLW.
to the number of the particular gage. Both of these file types had one tidal
elevation word as well as the corresponding time word in each data record.
The date-time interval of the "specified" files was from 4 August 1987 at
approximately 0700 hr to 7 September 1987 at approximately 0000 hr. The full-
length data set intervals varied, depending on individual gage deployment and
recovery times. Both were unformatted, sequential access files of record
length 2. The first 56 records are character strings concatenated into seven
64-character information strings. A typical open statement for a tide eleva-
tion file is as follows:
OPEN (UNIT=1 , FILE=’TGIW. DAT’ , FORM='UNFORMATTED’ , STATS='OLD’ , RECORDLENGTH=2 )
63. Plots of tidal elevation for the full data set, the "specified"
data set, and a representative 2-day interval (7 and 8 August) and a 4-hr in-
terval (0000 to 0400 hr, 8 August) are shown for tide Gages 1, 2, 3, 6, and 7
in Appendix D.
64. Similar analysis was carried out on the eight data sets from the
wave gages. A "specified" data set was not plotted since the specified inter-
val overlapped the two data sets. The whole time series, a 2-day plot on
7 and 8 August for the "A" data sets, a 2-day plot on 16 and 17 August for the
"B" data sets, and the same 4-hr interval are also plotted in Appendix D.
Zo
In Situ Current Data
65. Raw data in ASCII format are converted to separate velocity (feet
per second), direction (degrees from magnetic north), temperature (degrees C),
and conductivity files. Direction data words were converted to true north by
adding the magnetic variation specific to the LA/LB area, -13.55 decimal
degrees.
Clock correction
66. Unlike the tide gages, the current meters do not record sample
times as a separate file. Each parameter is recorded at the selected interval
of 2 min, and this rate is assumed to be constant throughout the entire de-
ployment. The specified accuracy of the clock is 1.5 sec a day, or roughly
two orders of magnitude less accurate than the tide gage clock. Since
correlation of the tides and currents in time is one of the goals of the
study, the current time series were checked as described in the following
paragraph.
67. The reset, deployment, and shutoff times of the current meters were
known. Therefore, an "expected" number of samples could be calculated. By
counting the actual number of samples in a particular data set, a time correc-
tion factor for that data set could be accurately calculated, provided that
the collecting current meter was still operating at the time of the shutoff.
Time correction was deemed unnecessary if, when the tabular listing of each
time series was examined, the "observed" deployment and recovery time coin-
cided with the "recorded" deployment and recovery time. In most cases, these
times agreed to within a few minutes. Inspection of discernible events such
as a ship passage, or, as in the case of Site CM3, the destruction of the
noone, provided further verification that the gages of each string were in
phase with each other.
68. Of the 14 gages recovered, 12 have usable data sets over the
required 30-day interval, and 2, CM1S and CM8M, have time series of shorter
duration.
Error checking
69. From previous studies and results of a reconnaissance profiling
experiment performed prior to deployment, the expected current magnitudes were
relatively low, on the order of 1 fps. To enhance the viewability of data
during processing, a maximum of 2 fps was set for any data point. A solitary
26
occurrence of a value that differed from the previous value by more than
0.3 fps was attributed to an electronically induced spike and was edited to
the average of the previous and succeeding values.
Output
70. The output files, CM*S, CM*M, and CM*B represent current meter sta-
tion * at surface, middepth, and bottom, respectively, where * indicates
the station number. They are unformatted, sequential access files of record
length 5. Each record contains five data words: time, velocity, direction,
temperature, and conductivity. The first 21 records are character strings
that are to be concatenated into seven 60-character information strings. A
typical open statement for a current file is as follows:
OPEN (UNIT=1 , FILE=CM1S .DAT’ , FORM=UNFORMATTED’ , STATUS='OLD’ , RECORDLENGTH=5 )
71. Various plots of the current velocity and direction time series
were produced. Shaded rose plots of entire time series (Appendix E) show mean
velocity and percent occurrence in each of 20 degree sectors. These plots are
useful in displaying dominant directions and velocities associated with each
site. Separate velocity and direction time series illustrate the trends of
each data set and allow quick verification of data quality (Appendixes F
and G).
Current Profile Data
72. The current profile data required no analysis since they were read
directly in engineering units and entered as such into a file. Direction and
velocity were subjectively averaged during observation of the analog output
meters.
73. The entire profile data set is listed in tabular form in
Appendix B. A sample plot of profile data from Range 5 is provided in
Figure 8 as a vector time series for each depth. Figure 9 is a sample of di-
rection and velocity time series of Station 5A for all three depths.
27
-N- RANGE P5
LEGEND Se
<— surface “
€=- MID-DEPTH
++ BOTTOM
1600 1800 2000 2200 2400 0200 0400 0600
TIME, HR
AUG 7&8, 1987
Figure 8. Current vector time series, Range 58
(AB. GD, and) Ej=Jsitations)
DIRECTION,
DEGREES
0.30 LEGEND
—— SURFACE
0.20 -—- MID-DEPTH
sxe BOTTOM
VELOCITY,
KNOTS
0) Seer tinaweans
o
1600 1800 2000 2200 2400 0200 0400 0600
TIME, HR
AUG 7&8, 1987
Figure 9. Current direction and velocity
time series, Station 5A
28
PART IV: DISCUSSION
74. Before examining results of the data collected, certain confidence
checks were performed. A rigorous statistical analysis could be performed in
subsequent reports, but direct observations of trends and selected samples
will provide adequate evaluation of the measurements. General characteristics
of the observed harbor circulation patterns will be discussed.
Tidal Data
Predicted tide
75. Perhaps the most basic concern is the overall shape of the tide
curves over the deployment. Classic semidiurnal behavior is evident in the
time series of TG1S (Figure 10). Another obvious test is to compare the
measured tidal data with the predicted tide for the same period. Exact agree-
ment is never obtained, but given the proximity of the tide station and by
selecting periods with low atmospheric anomalies, a close agreement can be
expected between observed and predicted tidal elevations.
76. Figure 11 shows the predicted tide for 7 and 8 August (average at-
mospheric pressure = 29.8 in. Hg, average wind speed < 7.5 kt) (NOAA 1987)
overlaid with measurements from TGl. A shift upward of the measured data, on
the order of 0.3 ft, is evident, while the overall range of 8.3 ft is matched
exactly. The average August departure from the annual sea level for NOS tide
Station 33 between 1963 and 1981 is +0.20 ft. The remaining 0.1 ft of dif-
ference is due to some unknown combination of gage error and predicted tide
error.
Residuals
77. A better indication of the final accuracy is obtained by comparing
two tide gages at the same location. A residual is calculated between any two
gages by subtracting one time series from another and is a plot of the instan-
taneous hydraulic head existing between them. Since each data set was
de-meaned independently, the departure from zero of the residual from two
gages at the same location is an indication of the overall accuracy of the
instruments. The best approximation to this condition occurs with Sites l, 2,
and 6, all located outside the harbor breakwater at approximately the same
depth.
Zo
5
=
=
Ww
>
Oo
a
<
ke
ae
1S)
Ww
ae
HEIGHT, FT ABOVE MLLW
LA/LB TIDAL CIRCULATION STUDY, TG1W
6/10/87 @0000 - 9/14/87 @0000
pap ep Tiel nla ils
10 18 26 4 12 20 28 #=65
6 JUN - 14 SEP 1987
Figure 10. Tidal elevation time series, Gage TG1S
Bo LEGEND
O PREDICTED TIDE
MEASURED TIDE
7 8 2
DATE
AUG 7&8, 1987
Figure 11. Predicted tide versus measured tide
7 and 8 August 1988
30
78. Residual time series plots comparing both tide and wave gages at
various scales are contained in Appendix I. Residuals between selected pairs
of tide gages over the specified interval are plotted in Plates 1-10. The
mean of the residual is included, which would theoretically be equal to zero
over a sufficiently long time interval if the assumptions made in selecting
the datum are valid. As noted earlier, TG2 experienced a failure near
20 August, and redundant gages were deployed at a later date, so the intervals
of simultaneous operation do not all coincide.
79. An obvious characteristic of residual TGl - TG2 is that it is al-
most always positive, and the mean is in fact near +0.06 ft. To an optimist,
this could be evidence of a continuous current from west to east along the
outside of the breakwater, but the "current" is also evident in residual TG6
- TG2 at almost the same average head, this time flowing to the northwest, as
well as in the remaining two residuals using TG2. Additionally, the trend is
not verified in residual TGl - TG6. Though its amplitudes appear reasonable,
as indicated by the monthly mean elevations in Table 2, TG2 apparently
suffered a timing error that placed it out of phase with the other gages--
perhaps associated with its early failure--and should not be used for
additional analysis.
80. Other residuals display diurnal and semimonthly harmonics indica-
tive of tidal curents oscillaing on and off shore, but with low mean differ-
ences. The means of the residuals of over the entire deployment, which range
from 0.0001 to 0.0038 ft, indicate an overall accuracy commensurate with the
stated specifications of the sensor and well within the experimental
requirements.
Benchmark check
81. Unlike the primary and backup tide gages, the wave gages were
installed nearshore on harbor structures and were accessible (via diving
rodmen) to standard leveling. LB4 was surveyed on two occasions to a nearby
benchmark (Hicks 1987). Details are contained in Appendix C. The average of
the two surveys is 17.60 ft below MLLW.
82. Two data sets, A and B, cover the period of consideration. A
simple average of their two mean water depths gives
20.65 + (-20.77) _ 99.71 (3)
83. Adjusting to MLLW by the constant used in the previous analysis,
31
-20.71 + 3.09 = -17.62 (4)
84. The difference of 0.02 ft is on the same order as the difference
between NOS and CERC calculations of the datum, but considering the less than
ideal surveying conditions, is not significant.
Current Data
Overview
85. Illustration of the velocity and direction time series of the en-
tire data set in one plot provides an overview of the data quality and trends.
Some spikes remain in the velocity after removal of the solitary spikes by the
error checking, or editing, routine. Before arbitrarily eliminating values,
each instance should be evaluated to discriminate between random signal errors
and hydrodynamic phenomena. Several high velocities appear in the record at
CM2S (Plate 11), but given the proximity of the gage to ship traffic, they
could be attributed to wake-induced turbulence. Most, however, are the result
of noisy signals, such as CM3B,, which had 103 spikes over 2.0 fps before
editing, approximately half of which could be removed by editing. Considering
that a whole data set contains about 30,000 points, this is not a significant
number of points. Gage CM6S recorded spikes nearly 2 percent of the time, so
additional filtering/editing will be required before it can be completely
used.
86. Anomalies can also indicate physical events. At site 2, all three
gages clearly show the occurrence of the buoy failure on 30 August (Plates 11-
16). Note the slow revolution of meter CM2S (Plate 12) over the next 2-week
interval while lying on the channel bottom, most likely tangled in its own
mooring line.
87. Semimonthly spring tidal currents are quite evident in all of the
plots and correspond well to the spring tides measured in the specified tide
data plots. Daily floods and ebbs are visible as diurnal peaks in velocity
and as reversals in direction.
Statistics ;
88. The rose plots provide the most condensed display of the current
data for statistical purposes. The average velocity in each sector is less
than 0.5 fps, as expected. The site farthest away from boundaries, Site 4
32
(Plate 20), has a near circular distribution, though with some tendency
towards the southwest. Those sites constrained in channels, such as Sites 1,
2, and 3, show a strong alignment that corresponds to the channel orientation
(Plates 17-19). Before the rose plots were calculated for Site 2, all three
data sets were truncated on 30 August, prior to the loss of the buoy.
89. Other characteristics of the flow pattern in the Cerritos Channel
are apparent from these plots. At Site 3, the surface current is strongly
skewed southeast, parallel to the adjacent mole. The strong afternoon sea
breezes typical during that time of year might be expected to drive surface
water eastward, and the mole would deflect it in the direction observed. At
the middepth, the flow along the mole is nearly exactly balanced, while a
defintite net flow towards the channel is evident at Site 3B.
90. At Site 1 at the back of the channel, the net flow is reduced on
the bottom, but the continuation of the net transport is still apparent. At
the surface, the directions are very nearly balanced. At the opposite end of
the channel--Site 2--the counterclockwise flow has left the bottom, but is
even more evident at the middepth and surface. A resultant transport pattern
that starts near the bottom on the eastern entrance and exits near the surface
at the opposite end of the channel is revealed. However, the flux is obvious-
ly not constant at the three measurement sites, most likely because of cross-
channel variations in the velocity. A counterclockwise flow would result from
wind setup against the mole at the eastern entrance and set down at the
western entrance. Structures effectively block the wind in the Cerritos
Channel itself. Other effects of the predominant sea breeze (from the west)
are discussed in the next section.
91. In addition, the two ends of the Cerritos Channel allow the flow to
flood or ebb from both ends more or less simultaneously, requiring a node to
exist at some point along the channel. This will also be addressed in more
detail in the next section.
92. Because Sites 6 and 7 are exposed to the sea breeze and are in the
proximity of the east-west aligned breakwater, a net easterly flow would be
expected at the surface, if the wind is a factor. This net easterly flow oc-
curs at Sites 6S and 7S (Plates 21 and 22). At Site 7B, the tendency is just
as strong westward, directly toward Site 6 and into the harbor. This tendency
could represent a return flow necessary to balance an eastward flow on the
surface, particularly since the only other entrances are the much smaller
33
channel passes in the breakwater. Even with only a week of data, Site 8 shows
a trend to the northwest, perhaps because of sheltering and eddy effects from
the nearby island (Plate 23).
93. The skewness observed in the rose plots are the result of statisti-
cal representation of cumulative events and do not imply a flow occurring at
any one time. To see the instantaneous currents, time series representations
are required, as shown in the next section.
Flow field details
94. To observe details of the harbor flow patterns and to illustrate
the correlations between sites at simultaneous points in time, currents must
be observed at a smaller scale. Two nested windows were selected for detailed
observation: 7 and 8 August and 0000 to 0400 hr on 8 August. This coincided
with the profiling of Range 5 and one of the Lagrangian, or drogue, tracking
experiments. At these time scales, it is also convenient to combine the velo-
city and direction information into a single vector time series plot. Both
types of plots were generated, and each has advantages (Appendixes F, G,
and H).
95. To substantiate correlations between currents occurring simultan-
eously at separate locations, the current vectors should be examined to ensure
that they are reasonable and actually in phase. Since the currents are pri-
marily driven by the potential energy of the elevation difference existing at
different places in the harbor at any instant, the residuals between selected
tide gages should indicate expected current vectors.
96. When seen at this scale, the residuals display higher frequency
oscillations as well as obvious diurnal harmonics. These could be due to ran-
dom errors in the pressure sensor signal, phase shifts in the clocks of dif-
ferent instruments, and long-period (30 to 60 min) wave energy in some unde-
termined combination. A filtering scheme could remove selected components,
but care should be taken in assuming that the actual residuals correspond to a
preconceived smooth curve or evidence of higher order oscillations could be
obscured.
97. The tidal elevation differentials can be seen in residuals TGl -
TG3 (Figure 12). Slopes approach ~2 x 10°, and comparisons with the 2-day
tidal plot (Figure 11) illustrate that rising, or inflowing, tides coincide
with positive residuals, falling tides with negative, and residuals near zero
occur near high and low water.
34
VECTOR POINTS IN DIRECTION OF TRAVEL A
SCALE: 1.0 FPS r N
\\
\ N
RTS TERRY TIRANA
DIFFERENCE IN FT.
MEAN = -0.00206
-0.5 T a ri 1
7 8 9
7 - 8 AUGUST 1987
Figure 12. Residual time series Tide Gages 1 to 3 and
resultant current vectors, meter 2S, 7 and 8 August
98. Current meters at Site 2 would be heavily influenced by the
residual TGl - TG3. Figure 12 shows the correlation regarding the directions
and timing of reversals for currents at site CM2S. At 1/00 hr on 7 August,
the residual abruptly switched from positive to negative; the current switched
from inbound to outbound at the same hour and increased in magnitude to a max-
imum 8 hr later, when the residual reached its minimum of -0.4 ft.
99. Examination of the three vector plots at Site 2 plainly shows that
more water flowed out of the channel here than flowed in, particularly at the
surface and middepth (Plates 24-26). This verifies the trend illustrated sta-
tistically in the rose plot.
100. A similar look at residual TG6 - TG3 (Plate 27) shows even better
agreement with the meter at site 3 for all depths (Plates 28-30). At 0000 hr
on 8 August, all three meters had peaked in their outward flow and had begun
reversing inward after the peak (negative) residual. Similar correlation was
maintained over the 2-day interval, but not without some phase shifts verti-
cally. The trend of meter CM3S toward the southeast and of meter 3B to the
35
north, predicted in the rose plots, is verified.
101. Since these meters are not in the eastern side of Cerritos Channel
but only near its entrance, the relative proportions cannot be assigned as
either into or out of the channel. However, times of northwesterly flow like-
ly correspond to periods of inflow into the eastern channel entrance,
southeasterly to outward flow. These periods are roughly in phase with the
western entrance periods. Thus the channel filled and drained from both
entrances approximately in phase, requiring the existence of a node somewhere
at the back of Cerritos Channel. Examination of the currents at site CMl
should indicate the location of the node.
102. If the nodal point occurs westward of Site CMl, floods will result
in westerly or counterclockwise flow, ebbs in easterly; if eastward of
Site CMl, the reverse. Plates 31 and 32, 2-day vector time series of surface
and bottom currents, respectively, do not present such a simple pattern. On
the morning of the 7th, the flood produced a southwesterly flow on the sur-
face, but during the strongest ebb on either side of midnight, the current
reversed several times. The subsequent flood produced much lower velocities
in a variety of directions. Bottom currents are also capable of flowing in
either direction during a flood or ebb.
103. Current profile Stations P9 through P12 were selected with the
intent of locating the nodal point. If it were stationary, flows would con-
verge at stations on either side of it during flood and diverge during ebb.
Figure 13 is a simplified reduction of the profile data at the top, middepth,
and bottom, respectively, wherein a vector represents the amplitude of the
flow along the channel axis in either the clockwise (right) or counterclock-
wise (left) direction, or perpendicular to the channel axis (up or down).
104. Inspection reveals that the flow in the Cerritos Channel cannot be
described as simply converging and diverging to a single, stationary nodal
point. Not only does the node migrate along the channel, converging flows do
not always produce a node at the same location as diverging flows. Both types
are evident at the middepth at near 2000 hr on 8 August. Also, there is con-
siderable vertical stratification of the flow and the nodal points. Modes of
oscillation perpendicular to the channel axis become apparent as the longitu-
dinal flow approaches zero. These and other higher frequency modes of oscil-
lation are poorly defined at the sampling rate of one measurement every 20 to
30 min used in the current profiles. Examination of the in situ meter’s time
36
CURRENT PROFILE STATIONS
9 10 11 12
1600
1700
1800
1900
2000
2100
2200
2300
2400
TIME, HOURS
0100
0200
0300
0400
0500
0600
LEGEND
ao S 0 VELOCITY — SURFACE — > CLOCKWISE FLOW
e+ 1.0FTPERSECOND --= MIDDEPTH @€— COUNTERCLOCKWISE FLOW
poec0 BOTTOM
Figure 13. Simplified current vectors in Cerritos Channel
series at an expanded scale better illustrates the complexity of the flow in
the channel.
105. A time series of the residuals at a 4-hr scale reveals higher fre-
quency oscillations occurring between gage stations. Both TGl - TG3
(Plate 33) and TG6 - TG3 (Plate 34) show an ascending series of roughly hourly
pulses moving from negative (outward flow) to near zero. The curves are simi-
lar but not identical. It is the differences between the signals of these two
gages, in fact, which illustrate the different hydraulic heads at each end of
the Cerritos Channel. (A more direct measurement of the head difference
37
between the two ends of the channel is seen in Plate 51, described below.)
106. The same hourly pulsing is visible in the currents at CM2S, CM2M,
and CM2B (Plates 35-40), and each pulse corresponds in phase, direction, and
amplitude with the forcing residual, TGl - TG3. The meters at Site CM3 are
not strictly within the confines of the eastern entrance to Cerritos Channel
and are influenced by flow in the harbor. As a result, phase dependence at
the higher frequencies to residual TG6 - TG3 is less obvious, though the trend
over the interval and the time of current reversal are well correlated
(Plates 41-46).
107. Examination of currents at Site CMl clearly illustrates the
"sloshing" occurring near the back of the channel. While the flow is ebbing
at both ends of the channel, both surface and bottom currents are reversing at
approximately 25-min cycles (Plates 47-50). The migrating node evident in
Figure 13 may be associated with these reversals if its excursions extend as
far eastward as CMl.
108. Wave Gages LA4 and LB4 are located near the entrances to the chan-
nel, and, although not ideally sited, are good indicators of the hydraulic
potential differences of the ends. Plate 51 is the residual between LA4 and
LB4. Each 25-min pulse in the currents is associated with a peak in the resi-
dual. A phase lag, likely due to wind effects and multiple reflections in the
numerous smaller basins, is evident.
109. In the outer harbor, the predominant westerly sea breeze has a
more noticeable effect on surface currents. Plates 52 and 53 demonstrate the
reason for the easterly skewness of the rose plots at Sites CM6S and CM/S.
Rising tides cause weak, short-lived westerly flows or stronger flows to the
north or even south, perpendicular to the nearby breakwater. Additional anal-
ysis may reveal whether this represents flow through the breakwater itself or
vortices caused by currents transiting the nearby openings. Falling tides are
characterized by strong easterly currents predominantly aligned with the
breakwater.
110. Current profile data in Appendix B verify the strong easterly flow
across the entire eastern entrance (Range P3) during ebb. Profiles across the
two western entrances at Ranges Pl and P2 are flood dominated, rarely turning
directly south (seaward) even during peak ebb. Thus the typical tidal cycle
during the study can be characterized by flow through the western openings and
to some extent through the breakwater during flood. During ebb, the harbor
38
drains primarily through the large eastern opening.
111. This pattern can be explained by examination of the daily wind
pattern. The normal cycle during the study was an increasing breeze in the
morning clocking from north to east, with a rapid switch to westward around
midday (the sea breeze) and decreasing velocity after sunset (see Plate 54).
These westerlies bracket the time from Higher Low to Higher High Water
(Figure 11). The wind shear would influence, and perhaps dominate, this
relatively weak flood stage--at least at the surface. With this initial set,
the strong evening ebb from Higher High to Lower Low Water would tend to exit
the harbor eastward, even though the winds are lower. A previous current
measurement study conducted by NOAA in the summer shows similar trends (Smith
1989). This flow pattern may not be observed at other times without this
relative phase relationship between the wind and tide. However, in a physical
model study conducted by WES in the early 1970's that did not include wind
effects, the net easterly flow was evident during spring tide conditions, but
not at neap (McAnally 1975).
112. Another feature predicted by the physical model was a gyre in the
Los Angeles Harbor. Figure 8 provides some evidence of a counterclockwise
pattern occurring at the surface between 1800 and 2100 hr in the vicinity of
Station B, but the predominant pattern is the easterly flow in the outer har-
bor associated with ebb conditions. Winds during this interval were generally
blowing to the NNE between 5 and 10 knots, decreasing during the night. The
flow is less organized and weaker at middepth and bottom, though reversals are
evident in the water column. Low-velocity data from a profiling meter are in-
herently less reliable than an in situ meter because of the subjective averag-
ing by the operator over a shorter interval. There is some evidence that
rotational flow is occurring for short intervals, but not as a single, well-
defined gyre extending through the water column. Many more data points would
be required to characterize the flow pattern in the outer harbor more
completely.
39
iS)
PART V: CONCLUSIONS
A synoptic data collection effort at LA/LB Harbors was completed
that provides adequate data to calibrate and verify a 3-D numerical model of
tidal circulation. Three months of tidal data, three months of wind data, one
month of current data, and half-tidal cycle current profiles were obtained
throughout the harbor. Project requirements and schedules as directed in the
Management Plan were fully met.
114.
Conclusions resulting from the study are:
a.
Io
lo
IA.
Use of a common mean water surface as a datum for synoptic
tidal measurements over limited space and duration provided
reasonable results and is a cost-effective alternative to
independent leveling of offshore gages.
Tidal circulation in LA/LB Harbors during the collection
period was characterized by low velocities (rarely exceeding
0.5 ft/sec) and small-scale spatial and temporal variations,
including frequent flow reversals in a vertical profile.
Oscillations in the current were evident at periods as short
as 30 min resulting from resonance of energy at frequencies
not normally associated with tidal constituents reflecting
from harbor boundaries.
Flow in the Cerritos Channel was basically divergent/
convergent from the two openings, but sufficient amplitude and
phase differences existed to result in a net circulation
counterclockwise. A migrating node existed at the back of the
channel.
In the outer harbor, locations near the breakwater experienced
significant net transport because of unequal ebb and flood
currents. The harbor tends to fill from the west during flood
and drain to the east during ebb. This may be a seasonal
phenomenon related to the relative phase between the tides and
the daily sea breeze.
40
REFERENCES
Harris, D. L. 1981. "Tides and Tidal Datum in the United States," Special
Report No. 7, Coastal Engineering Research Center, Fort Belvoir, VA.
1989. "Tides and Tidal Datum in the United States," Supplement
to Special Report No. 7, Coastal Engineering Research Center, Fort Belvoir,
VA.
Hicks, Steacy D., Morris, Phillip C., Lippincott, Harry A., and O’Hargen,
Michael C. 1987. "User's Guide for the Installation of Beach Marks and
Leveling Requirements for Water Leveling Stations," Department of Commerce,
National Oceanic Atmospheric Administration, National Ocean Service,
Rockville, MD.
McAnally, William H., Jr. 1975. "Los Angeles and Long Beach Harbor Model
Study; Report 5, Tidal Verification and Base Circulation Test," Technical
Report H-75-4, US Army Engineer Waterways Experiment Station, Vicksburg, MS.
National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. 1986. "Tide Tables 1987,"
US Department of Commerce, National Ocean Service, Rockville, MD.
Raney, Donald C. 1976 (Sep). "Numerical Analyses of Tidal Circulation for
Long Beach Harbor; Report 1, Existing Conditions and Alternate Plans for Pier
J Completion and Tanker Terminal Study," Miscellaneous Paper H-76-4, US Army
Engineer Waterways Experiment Station, Vicksburg, MS.
Smith, Ernest R. 1989. "Los Angeles and Long Beach Harbors Model Enhancement
Program; Current, Tide, and Wind Data Summary for 1983," Miscellaneous Paper
CERC-89-4, US Army Engineer Waterways Experiment Station, Vicksburg, MS.
US Army Engineer Waterways Experiment Station. 1987. "Management Plan--Los
Angeles and Long Beach Harbors Model Enhancement Program," Internal Working
Document, Vicksburg, MS.
41
is biota fh ie ath ‘piety Lh sae oA elt
herriuty)
Ne a oa} .
eats t> oe AK Pt 7
eid tt
“g rey m iad
ie rm Seon»
, ae a D Cina
We
se y sve iin ey ah
Ai) Bike ie hy aa Resa Ta
verwey td te
" rr
ees he
awe
Cup a. soi
i " rs fae We
fis OR te “ANN ie;
To
uy
; {
(a
r
a) A ae Re
ww We
th
i
»6800'0-
= NVAW
2861 daS 6- ONV fb
be 0d ol
Pat I tt
SEDL - SLOL -TVNGISAY
AGNLS NOILVINOUID TWGIL 81/V1
S
Ti
mn
m
EY
m
2
2)
m
z
nN
=
PLATE |
€9200°0- =NVAW
Ui,
4861 daS 6- DNV b
8c x4 ik 4 9L
S951 - SLDL -1WNGISAY
AGNLS NOILVINOYIO IVGIL €1/V1
‘Ld NI JONSYH3SSI0
PLATE 2
eS100°0-
il LA PAAL a HLS
TAMAR WA WH
24861 daS 6- DNV Pb
Xe 02 9t (43
Fn en sd i —
=NV4AIW
Liddy
SZD1L - SLDL -1VNQGISAY
AGNLS NOILVINOYID IWaIL 81/V1
"Ld NI SON3Y¥3aSd5I0
PLATE 3
c€t00'0-
= NVAW
2861 daS 6- DNV »
8c ve 02 9b
Se€9l - S9DLl -WWAGISAY
AGNLS NOILVINOUID TVGIL 1/1
2
wT
Tl
m
a
mi
4
?)
m
z
ba |
cu
PLATE 4
248614 daS 6- DNV LP
obc00'0- NWAW
S
Tl
Tl
mi
0
m
z
2)
m
=
a
a
SEDL- SZDL -1VNGISAY
AGNLS NOILVINOYID IWGIL A1/V1
tttL00°O-
= NVAW
£861 daS 6 - DNV b
8S vs 4 SL
$991 - SZD1L -1VNGISAY
AGNLS NOILVINOYID TWGIL 81/V1
g
Tl
ba |
mi
5)
mi
z
(2)
m
z
Ti
Su
PLATE 6
Z86b ONW Zt - IN Bt
LE Le
ts8sl0°0 =NVAW
ill i
LU { VT oy a re Wit v iil
i)
‘La NI 3ON3435510
Vrpal - Vevi-1vndisaY
AGNLS HOSYVH 81/V1
82910°0
= NV4AN
Z86t ONV ci - 1Nf 6L
Le Zé
| Hy Sst yeh ede Wg
VS@il - Vbvi1 -1vNnGdisaY
AGNLS YOSHVH 81/V1
“Ld NI JONAS sdSIG
PLATE 8
29200°0
= NV43WN
Veta
2861 das S - ONV EF
Sc Le
ul \ |
ee in a ee
avai - abv -1WwndissaYy
AGNLS HOSHVH 81/V1
"Ld NI JONAYSSSIG
2861 daS 9- DNV EL
6c Sc Le
01000°0- =NVAW
“Ld NI SONSYSsS5I0C
asa - abv -1vndisau
AGNLS YOSUVH 81/V1
PLATE 10
24861 daS 8- 9ONVS
02 S
‘Hain lid y fry 1 r rm i ii oe
anal iy
Sz'0
| | |
Wh | Won |
lh
SLONY NI ALIDOTSA
Z861 daS 8 - DNV GS :SZIND
AGNLS NOILVINOYID TVGIL G1/V1
PLATE 11]
2861 daS 8- ONWS
Se 02
Ul
Z86l ddaS 8 - ONV S -SZIND
AGNLS NOILVINOYID IWGIL 81/V1
2
0
m
fe)
a
)
z
z
S)
m
9)
0D
m
m
o
PLATE 12
i
A
dq
mea dds 8 - aS Ss
HNN
Z86L dJds 8 - 4S -INCIND
3 NOILVANDYID AVGIL 81/1
<
m
rE
ce)
Ww
=
~<
z
A
=
oO
=
?))
PLATE 13
£861 daS 8- DNV S
SZ 02
L86| daS 8 - DNV S ‘INZIND
AGNLS NOILVINOYIO IVGIL 81/7
2
0
m
oO
=
ce)
2
z
S)
m
@
30
m
mi
Oo
PLATE 14
£861 daS 8- ONVS
O€ Gé 0d Sl OL S
a a a aT ay gay ee ma j a ae 00°0
Wi
HAAN LAG ERE WAI ALAA |
| Tey
Z86} d3aS 8 - DNY S -G¢IND
AGNLS NOILYIKODYID Tail aivt1
<
mi
|
Oo
2
=
<
z
A
=z
Oo
=|
”
PLATE 15
2861 daS 8- ONV SG
si
'
Ih
Wiles)
|
Bal
We
lil Lidl
| | }, ; hil ;
L861 das G -dceWO
AGANLS NOILVINOYID IVGIL €1/V1
iS)
5)
m
ro)
=
fe)
z
z
Ss)
mi
ra)
0D
m
m
7)
PLATE 16
SYOLDZA LNAYYUNSD NVAW
2861 ONV ‘SLND
AGNLS NOILVINDEID IVGIL €1/V1
e
e
of
Gm %02 <
ZA K0E-OL
ZZA %O0b-e
Co) %20-0
Sa 1dNVS 40
aOVLINAIUad
Sd4 00)
Sddj 92°0
Sd 97°0
GNgz0a7
THAVHL JO NOILOAYICG NI SHOLOZA
3SOW YOLOSA LNAYYNDS
17A
PLATE
SHYOLDZA LNAYYNSD NVAW
Z86L das
AGNLS NOILVINDYID IvaiL at/v1
"0S <
KZA %08-OL
KOL-e
%20°0
SaIdWNVS 40
SOVLNSOUad
Sdd 92°
GNadaT
ony
SLND
e
@
e
Ld
Ss TBIAVUL JO NOILOAZYIG NI SHOLOZA
eereea
eee” men,
of =
“sla
2
3SOUW YOLDSA LNAYYND
17B
PLATE
SYOLOZA LNAYYND NVAW
Z86L daS - SNV :‘SZND
AGNLS NOILVINOYID IVGIL A1/v1
0S <
ZA *%0T-OL
%OL-S
%720-0
Sa IdWVS JO
ZOVINSOUad
Sd4 00)
Serer tooreeeereeee ’
Sdd 92°0
GNaDa7
e
oe
e
Ss THAVUL JO NOILOAYIC Ni SHOLOZA
0
ooOe =.
= Ld
were aoe
Seael ese @
e
nO
3SOW YOLOZA LNAYYHND
8A
]
PLATE
SHOLOSA LNAYYND NVAW
L86L das - ONV ‘WEND
AGNLS
ROE <
%0C-Ob
%OL-S
%e0-0
SAIdNVS 40
aOVINAOUad
Sd 00°b
Sdd §2°0
Sdd $0°0
GQNa9Da7
Ss IAVUL JO NOILOAUIG Ni SHOLOBA
eeroea
eee" eleva
=
=
es
2
3SOU YHOLDSA LNAYUND
18B
PLATE
SYOLOZA LNAYYNSD NVAW
Z86L daS - SNV -€znd
AGNLS NOILVINOYID IVGIL G1/V1
e
mm %02 <
Willa k0S-OL
ZZA WOL-S
Co) %&0-0
Sa IdWVS 40
ZOVINAOUad
Sdd $70
GNaDaT
TAAVUL JO NOILOAUIC NI SHOLOZA
3SOU YHOLOZA LNAYYNS
18c
PLATE
SYOLOZA LNAYYND NVAW
Z86l daS - DNV ‘SEND
AGNLS NOILVTINOYEID TVGIL A1/VI
Ss THAVEL JO NOILOAUIG NI SHOLOZA
e=Pre
eee? S056 6
of 2®e
e 2
nie
ROS <
%0C-OL
ROL-S
%20-0
SaTdNVS 40
aOVLINAIUad
Sdd 00°)
Sdd 92°0
Sdd 92°0
GNa9a1
3SO0uW YOLOSA LNAYYND
PLATE 19A
SHYOLOZA LNAYYNSD NVAW
L861 daS - SNV -‘WEND
AGNLS NOILVINOYID IVGIL A1/V1 gore
S IDAVUL IO NOILOAYIC NI SHOLDZA
e
Pike
ROS <
%0S-OL
ROL-e
%20-0
SaldNVS 40
ZOVINSDUad
‘mesma n ane
Sdd SZ"
Sdd $2°0
GQna9a1
3SOW HOLOZA LNAYYENS
PLATE 19B
SYOLOZA LNAYYNSD NVAW
Z861 daS - DNV -GEWD
AGNLS NOILVINOUID TVGIL A1/V1
e@
ROS <
%0-OL
ROL-~
% 20-0
Sa IdNVS 40
aOVLINAIDUad
Sdd $2°0
GNada1
TAAVEL JO NOILOAUIC NI SHOLOZA
3SOWU HOLOZA LNAYYND
19C
PLATE
SYOLDZA LNAYYND NVAW
Z86L daS - SNV ‘avND
AGNLS NOILVINOYID IVGIL A1/V1
ROE <
%07-OL
ROL-2
%20-0
SaIdNVS 40
FOVINADUAad
Sd4 00°t
Sdd 92°0
GQNada1
Ss TAVUL 40 NOILOAYIC NI SHOLOZA
43SOuW YOLISA LNAYYND
PLATE 20
SHYOLDAA LNAYYNSD NVAWN
2861 das - SNV ‘SOND
AGNLS NOILVINDUID IVGIL A1/V1
Mm %0Z <
ZA k0G-OL
ZZA %Ob-e
Co) %&%0-0
Sa IdNVS 40
ZOVLINSIUad
GNa0a1
e
Ss THAVHL JO NOILOAUIC NI SYUOLOBZA
3S0U YOLOZA LNAYUND
PLATE 21A
SHOLOZA LNAYENS NVAW S TAVUL JO NOILIAUIC NI SHOLOZA
4861 das - DNV 'a9NO
AGNLS NOILVINOUID IWalL 81/V1 aes
oe
"0 <
%0e-OL
*OL-e
%Z0-0
SaIdNVS 40
ZOVINSDUad
Sdd 00°L
Sdd 92'0
GNa0a1
3SOW HOLDSA LNSYYND
PLATE 21B
SYOLOZA LNAYYND NVAN
Z86l daS - SNV :SZND
ROS <
%0S-OL
ROL-e
%E0-0
SaIdNVS 40
aOVLNAOUad
GNada1
THAVUL JO NOILOAUIC NI SHOLOZA
3SOUW YOLDZA LNAYYUND
PLATE 22A
SHOLOZA LNAYYND NVAW
2£86L daS - SNV -GZND
AGNLS NOILVINOYID IVdIL A/V
Mm %0E <
KZA Kh0E-O0b
ZZ7A %O0L-e
Co] %20-0
SaldWVS 40
ZOVLNdADUAd
Sd 00")
eeeeeeereae Obeereneee
Sdd S20
GNaSa1
Ss TAAVUL 40 NOILOAYICG NI SHOLOAA
Kez
bhi Wey
KE
3SOW YHOLOSA LNAYYHND
PLATE 22B
SHOLOAA LNAYYND NVAW
Z86L daS - DNV -N8ND
AGNLS NOILVINOYID IVGIL aV/V1
e
ROE <
%OC-OL
ROL-S
%20-0
Sa ldNVS JO
BZOVLINAIUad
GNAaDa1
THAVEL JO NOILOAUIG NI SYOLOBA
3SOWU YOLOAA LNAYYND
PLATE 23
SHOLOSA ADVYSAV ALNNIW OF
THAVHL IO NOILOAYIGC NI SLNIOd YOLDAA
1864 DNV 8 - 2:SZND ean nae
AGNLS NOILVINOYID IVGIL 81/1 dd Ort tO
ANU NSAI A WL,
\ \\ \\ Wi
NOILOAYICG GNV ALIDOTSA LNAYHND
PLATE 24
SHOLDSA SADVYHSAV SLNNIW OL IZAVUL 40 NOILDAYIG NI SLNIOd HOLDAA
Z86-L DNV 8 - Z-NCWNOD i ee
AGNLS NOILVINOYID 1VGIL A1/V1 peed ies Gite bine
\ \ \\
\\ \\K \\ \ NAN Ms ANA \ LS \ A K\ oh S AN INN LS x
| N \\ x \ \ \ \\ \j
NY
NOILOAYIG GNV ALIDOTSA LNAYYEND
PLATE 25
SHOLDOSA ADVYSAYV ALNNIIW OF TZAVHL JO NOILOAUIG NI SLNIOd HOLOZA
Z86-L DNV 8- Z2:Ee2N9 Sao aauaS
AGNLS NOILVINOYIS IWGIL AI/V1 Se th ie Ae
NOILOSHIG GNV ALIODOTSA LNAYHND
PLATE 26
8LLZO'0-
Z86- LSNONYV 8-2
8
——N 4 4 ——
|
= NV4
|
| fly Wh !
al Mil
S€9Ll - S9DLl -1VNGISAY
AGNLS NOILVTINOYID TVGIL A1/V71
“Ld Ni 3ON3¥sad5I0
PLATE 27
SHOLODSA ADVHSAV ALNNIW OF
Z86t SNV 8- Z:SEND
AGNLS NOILVINOYID TWGIL G1/V1
TSHAVHL JO NOILOAYIG NI SLNIOd HOLDAA
Sd4jd 0+ *31V9S
N'
. \S
SS Sa NOS
= > ASS
\"\ \
NOILOSYICG GNV ALIDOTSA LNAYYHND
PLATE 28
SHOLDSA ADVYHSAV ALNNIW OF
Z86- SNV 8 - Z:INEWO
AGNLS NOILVINDEID TVGIL 81/V1I
Sal
TAIAVYEL JO NOILDAYIG NI SLNIOd HOLDAA
8dijd O01 'A1V908
.
YESS SASS WN
NOILOSYHIG GNV ALIDOTSA LNAYYND
PLATE 29
SHOLODSA ADVYSAV ALNNIIW OF JAAVUL JO NOILOAYIG NI SLNIOd HOLDZA
Z86t OSnv 8- 2:GENO
AGNLS NOILVINOYID TVGIL B1/V1 OG Ub Fee
6 8 Z
(en pel]
\\ S Ay RS iW oa e \ S NS \ XN : \\\ \ : NN
WIN ANS 4 ANN \" Ni \ \\ \ \Y YY Ni UY NL
NY
NOILOSYIG GNV ALIDOTSA LNAYYNSD
PLATE 30
SHOLOSA SADVYSAV ALNNIW OL TJZAVUL 40 NOILDSYIG NI SLNIOd HOLD3ZA
Z86L DNV 8- Z:SLNOD eG ee ae
AGNLS NOILVINDOYID IVGIL E1/V1 aR
NOILOAYICG GNY ALIDOTSA LNAYYND
PLATE 31
SHOLDOZAA ADVYHSAV SLNNIIW OF TAAVUL JO NOILDAHIG NI SLNIOd HOLDSA
Z86t DNV 8- Z:ELNOD
AGNLS NOILVINOYID IWGIL 81/V1
Sdj OF ‘3AIVOS
NOILOSYIG GNV ALIDOTSA LNAYHND
L0090°0- =NVAIW
Z861l LSNONV 8
S€9Ll - SLOL -1VNGISAd
AGANLS NOILVINDOYID TVGIL A1/V1
Co
7
Ti
m
5)
m
z
.@)
mi
Zz
a
ay
PUATIE 33}
LSOEL'0-
= NVAW
Z861 LSNONV 8
SESL - S9D1L -TWNGISAY
AGNLS NOILVINOYID IVGIL A1/V1
S)
Ti
Tl
mi
0
m
z
2)
m
z
bs) |
=
PLATE 34
Z86L DNV 8
L861l SNV 8 -SZND
AGNLS NOILVINDYIS IVGIL A1/V1
<
mi
FP
ce)
2
=]
<
Zz
A
2
(e)
=j
(7)
PLATE 35
Z86l ONY 8
Z86- DNV 8 :ScIND
AGALS NOILVINOYID IWGIL €1/V1
2
m
?)
=
(2)
z
=
=)
m
a)
EY
m
m
o
PLATE 36
Z86- ONV 8
L86-L DNV 8 :INCIND
AGNLS NOILVINOYIO TVGIL 81/V1
<
mi
Lie
(2)
(?)
=
=<
Zz
A
z
@)
=|
”
PLUAWE 37
Z£86t SNV 8
=
D
m
?)
=
2)
z
z
S)
m
2)
0
m
m
w
Z86lL SNV 8 -NCWOD
AGNLS NOILVINOUYID TVGIL A1/V1
Z86l DNV 8
00v0
Wr AT
Z86L SNV 8 :AcINOD
AGNLS NOILVINOYIO TWGIL 81/V1
0000
-00'+
<
m
i
(e)
O
=|
=<
Z
A
Zz
(s)
=I
wo
PLATE 39
Z86l ONV 8
(es
Z86l SNV 8 -G2WND
AGNLS NOILVINOYIOD IVGIL 81/V1
$33Y4930 NI NOILOAYIG
PLATE 40
0060
Z86- DNV 8
Z86- DNV 8 :SEIND
AGNLS NOILVINOYIO TWGIL A1/V1
0000
00°0
ps2°0
-00't
SLONY NI ALIDOTSA
PLATE 41
2861 DNV 8
L86L DNV 8 -SEWD
AGNLS NOILVINOYID 1VGIL 81/V1
$33Y¥uD30 NI NOILOAYIG
PLATE 42
Z86L DNV 8
<
mi
f=
Le)
2)
=|
~<
Z
A
=
fe)
=|
”
£864 DNV 8:WEND == °
AGNLS NOILVINDYID IWGIL 81/1
00v0
2861 SNV 8
0000
0-0
0°06
| 0'081
, 0° OLE
Z86L DNV 8 -WEWD re
AGNLS NOILVINOYID IVGIL 81/V1
$334930 Ni NOILOIYIG
PLATE 44
Z86-t ONV 8
186l ON 8 ‘aeNO
AGNLS NOILVINOUID TWGIL 81/071
-O00'°F
SLONY NI ALIDOTSA
PLATE 45
Z86l DNV 8
Z86- SNV 8 -GEWO
AGNLS NOILVINOYID 1VGIL 81/V1
$33Y4D30 NI NOILOAYIG
PLATE 46
Z86L DNV 8
Z86- SNV 8 -SLIND
AGNLS NOILVINOYID IVGIL 81/V71
<
mi
rFP
(e)
2
=
«<
Zz
A
=
e)
=|
“”
PLATE 47
2861 ONV 8
oo
LZ86l SNV 8 -SLWOD
AGNLS NOILVINDOYIO 1VGIL 81/V1
$334930 NI NOILOAYIG
PLATE 48
Z86l SNV 8
Z86L DNV 8 -GLND
AGNLS NOILVINOYID IVGIL a/v
<
m
| eae
(2)
©
=|
«<
z
A
=
(2)
=]
w”
PLATE 49
Z86l DNV 8
Z86- SNV 8 -GLIND
AGNLS NOILVINOUID TVGIL A1/V1
$334¥930 NI NOILOAYIG
PLATE 50
£2910°0
= NVAW
Z86L ONV 8
Veal - Vevl -1VNGISAY
AGNLS HYOSRVH E1/V1
)
nN
Tl
m
D
m
2
QO
m
=
Tl
W
PLATE 51
SHOLOSA SDVYSAV SLNNIIW OL TAAVHL JO NOILOAYIG NI SLNIOd HOLDSA
186l DNW 8 - 2:S9IND wea
AGNLS NOILVINOUIO IVGIL 81/V7 eee een
NOILOSYIC GNV ALIOOTSA LNAYHNSD
PLATE 52
SHOLDSZA SADVYSAV SLNNIW OL TAAVUL JO NOILOAYIG NI SLNIOd HOLDSA
Z86tL DNV 8- Z:SZNO
AGNLS NOILVINOYID TWGIL A1/V1 SEE) OD Bee
BAN
io —
= ome
ins =
> SUA
SSAA \ is 1 ae: SSS) NAN
= EZ Yj, WIN
NOILOSYIC GNV ALIDOTSA LNAYYND
PLATE 53
Z86l ONW B- Z
8
<
mi
e)
2)
=|
~<
z
A
re
co)
=|
w”
Z86- SNV 8 - 2: SGNIM V1
AGNLS NOILVINOUID TVGIL 81/771
Z86tL ONW 8-2
8
S|
NL WOU ‘NOILOAYIG
L86L DNV 8 - L:SGNIM V1
AGNLS NOILVINOYIO IVGIL 81/V1
PLATE 548
APPENDIX A: INSTRUMENT DESCRIPTIONS AND SPECIFICATIONS
This appendix provides brief descriptions and detailed
specifications of the instruments used during this
experiment.
i)
y
HY sa
,
a
hy |
a
i) ‘
Mit
i itt
I
;
{
{
eae
ty
Pa
ir
i
‘
¥
f ¥
Pd
i
ee
Le
yey
ed
2
i y
7 iy
«
i
-f vil
i 4
i -
. arn i }
i | i ‘
f } i \
*
ay - i
ea 41) Udell geld nnaply L's (Amami pretense
" f Mow
Ht 4
hy if
j . i My i
hi Ni Phe
h ey ]
D i Lat ‘ Dies oi
\ ; aed Ee ay
Ay os
j i i
ent ¥ pl Ty 5 Pic
l ‘ '
‘ pe f
i i
i ‘
u ie ( i
os La
v
2H |
‘ mH ;
; }
i i H
' i
:
t
i} \
>
i ‘ i A
i 4
enue ald Py,
I \ “ reef ial
Tl
iv Nae t m, , Ne Mite
be: Ue ss ate pNOY Conta OS ad mM ae DAViS! ee Ab
i f
? hat are mDty o) Tria atin dc
ree! i ‘ kremie@ » yes *
j ‘ Te GHG,
i ae
‘
y S
4
i I hi
1 n yi
: o~ Co)
\
c y
auld *
‘ j
i
i
i ; Ds i
4
: H)
p i + ' m
m : wr
r me ; mf
i " oy
’ 1
> an t
i Lan fas yr ae “)
} Pe WU 7
: n I ‘ , Gat he).
4 ah
)
a i if
baie ra st i
' ‘ be
1. Three types of instrumentation were used: during the tidal data, in
situ current velocity, and current velocity profile phases of the experiment.
This appendix provides a brief description of the instruments, followed by
detailed specifications provided by the manufacturer.
2. Tidal data were collected using Sea Data, Inc., Model 635-11 Wave
and Tide Recorders. The 635-11 is a self-contained digital-recording instru-
ment, capable of accurately measuring and recording water pressure. Accuracy
of the instrument is attained by use of the Paroscientific, Inc., quartz crys-
tal oscillating pressure transducer, which exhibits a 0.005-percent maximum
worst-case hysteresis error, over a full range pressure excursion. The
instrument electronics employs all C-MOS circuitry to minimize power drain.
An ultra-accurate quartz clock allows precise measurement of the sensor's
frequency. Data are recorded on a highly precise digital tape recorder, which
writes on four tracks at an 800 bits-per-inch density, allowing 15-megabit
data capacity on a 450-min cassette tape.
3. The Datasonics, Inc., "“AQUARANGE: Acoustic Command System is a
multipurpose ranging, position, and relocation system. Applications of the
system include long baseline acoustic navigation, ranging and subsea
instrumentation. It may be deployed as a recoverable position marker or data
telemetry transponder or as a pop-up buoy marker. Operating in the 30-kHz
band, a selection of 5 reply frequencies and 27 unique command codes may be
set by internal switches. Transmit, receive, and release functions are
powered by separate batteries to reduce the possibility of a total system
failure and assure recovery. Power is applied to the transponding release,
upon either fresh or saltwater immersion, by external electrodes. The
transponder housing pressure rated to a depth of 1,000 m, and the release
mechanixm has a load capability of 2,000 lb.
4. In situ current velocity data were collected using an ENDECO, Inc.,
Type 174 Digital Recording Tethered Current Meter. The 174 is an axial flow,
ducted impeller current meter, which is self-contained and records sampled
data on a 1/4-in. magnetic tape. The instrument samples and records current
velocity and direction, as well as water temperature and conductivity, at
preselected intervals. It is normally deployed attached to a vertically
buoyed 3/16- to 1/4-in. stainless steel wire rope, held taut by a subsurface
buoy. The instrument is attached to the wire rope by a braided line
terminated by a unique clampling device, known as a "Cook Cable Clamp
A3
Assembly." The tether assembly allows the instrument to freely rotate around
the mooring, with changes in current direction.
5. Current velocity profile data were collected using an ENDECO, Inc.,
Type 174 Solid State Memory (SSM) Tethered Current Meter. The 174SSM is
similar in design to the 174, but incorporates a solid state data logger for
instrument and data storage. It may be used as a self-contained current meter
or as a profiling current meter, with real-time data telemetered via a 3-
conductor cable to a surface-operated terminal. The cable assembly is sleeved
with a Dacron rope braid, enabling it to be used as a suspension tether as
well as a signal cable. Sampling parameters may be set by an external
terminal, or the instrument may be initialized by simply applying power, using
default settings.
A4
Sea Data, Inc.
Mdl. 635-11 Wave and Tide Recorder
Pressure Sensor: Paroscientific, Inc., "Digi-Quartz"
100 psia’
feet meters
Standard Ranges: 190 58
Maximum Depth: 235) 70
Resolution - Waves: 0.0035 0.10 cm
Tides: 0.0040 0.12 cm
Accuracy
(more than 80 ft) 0.03
(less than 80 ft) 0.05
vs temp @ 30 ft
0.004 £t/°C (max)
Frequency Response: DC to 1.0 Hz (Nyquist limit for 0.5-sec sampling)
Stability:
vs time:
vs temp:
percent/°C)
Timebase:
Stability:
Physical Specifications:
Sezer
Case: 7-in. diam.
Mounts: two 0.5-in.
0.0002 percent FS/month at (almost constant)
ocean depths
zero 0.0007 percent FS/°C
span 0.005 percent FS/°C (at 2/3 FS, 0.004
4.194304 MHz special quartz crystal
0.1 ppm/°C, 1 ppm/year; unmeasurable (0.001
percent) pressure data error at ocean depths
by 24 in. long
bolt holes on 13-in. centers, 1.0-in. clearance
Weight: 41 1b in air, with battery; 12.5 lb in water
Pressure Case:
Material: 6061-T6 aluminum
Hardware: 316 stainless and Delrin insulators
Finish: Hard-coat anodize with electrostatic epoxy overcoat
Depth: 1,100-m operating depth
* psia = pounds per square inch, absolute.
A5
ENDECO, Inc., Type 110/923 Remote Reading and Recording Current Meter
Current Speed Sensor: Ducted impeller and reed switch
Range:
Accuracy:
Threshold:
Current Direction Sensor:
Range:
Accuracy:
Threshold:
0 to 5 knots (0 to 257 cm/sec)
+3 percent of full scale
>0.05 knot (2.57 cm/sec)
Magnetic compass with potentiometer
0 to 360° (0 to 357° electrical)
+3 percent of full scale
0.05 knot (2.57 cm/sec)
Depth Sensor: Pressure-operated potentiometer
Range:
Accuracy:
Overpressure:
Sensor Isolation:
Physical Size:
Weight:
Weight in sea water:
Dimensions:
0 to 30 m (0 to 100 ft)
+2 percent of full scale
1.5 x full scale
Oil-filled isolator with neoprene diaphragm for
corrosion protection of sensor
18 kg (40 1b) in air
Approximately neutrally buoyant
76.2 cm long by 40.6 cm diam
(30 in 16 in.)
A6
ENDECO, Inc., Type 174 Digital Recording Tethered Current Meter
Current Velocity:
Sensor Type:
Sensitivity:
Speed Range:
Impeller Threshold:
Resolution:
Speed Accuracy:
Current Direction:
Magnetic Direction:
Resolution:
Accuracy:
Phsical Size:
Weight:
Buoyancy:
Dimensions:
Shipping Weight:
Ducted impeller
58.0 rpm knot (51.4 cm/sec)
Dependent on sampling interval (user selectable-
DS 556,110) miin))s 0) to 22,2 en/see (0 to 4.3
knots) at standard 2-min interval
<2.57 cm/sec (0.05 knot)
0.4 percent of speed range
+3.0 percent of full scale
0 to 360°
1 4o
+7.2° above 2.57 cm/sec (0.05 knot) when
referenced to computer calibration
WA Veen (SIL Id) atin Euaize
Approximately neutral; adjustable for salt,
fresh, or polluted water
85.1 cm (33.5 in.) long by 40.6 cm (16 in.) diam
25oll Vz (SH 210)))
A7
ENDECO, In., Type 174 (S.S.M.) Solid State
Current Velocity:
Sensor Type:
Sensitivity:
Speed Range:
Impeller:
Accuracy:
Resolution:
Current Direction:
Sensor Type:
Magnetic Direction:
Gimballed Range:
Accuracy:
Resolution:
Internal Heading
Correction:
Vector Averaging:
Pressure Sensor:
Sensor Type:
Range:
Accuracy:
Resolution:
Optional Resolution:
Ducted impeller
111.9 rpm/m/sec (57.58 rmp/knot)
0 to 2.57 m/sec (0 to 5 knots), programmable to
10 knots
Threshold 1.54 cm/sec (0.03 knots)
1.6 percent of full scale (99-percent confidence
limit)
0.1 percent of speed range
Gimballed, two-axis, flux gate compass
0 to 360°
+30° (two axis)
+5.0° above speed threshold
1.4°
32 point EPROM stored correction curve
Fixed displacement, sine/cosine summation
Potentiometric transducer
0 to 152 m (500 ft)
+1 percent
0.39 percent
Up to 12 bits binary (0.02 percent)
Memory Tethered Current Meter
Physical Size:
Weight: 14 kg (31 1b) in air
Buoyancy: Neutrally buoyant, adjustable for fluid medium
Dimensions: 88.9 cm (35.0 in.) long by 40.6 cm (16 in.)
Shipping Weight:
in diameter
2550 Wye (S77 ils)
A8
Datasonics, Inc., AQUARANGE/Acoustic Command System
Range Interrogate:
Frequency: 26 kHz
Reply Frequencies: Internally selectable; 28, 29, 30, 31, or 32 kHz
Pulse Length: 5 msec
Turn Around Time: 20 msec
Stability: +0.1 msec
Inhibit Time: 0.8 sec
Source Level: +188 db ref. 1 pPa @l1lm
Operating Life: 12 months, 50,000 replies
AY
; rah Die oth
ee Diriaeonct ey
\Ce 1 , a r t i aoe
fan i 1 i 7
way oT r mt
ean a ae nT
aaa . apes
. et
hy
a
a
aed atone Ot eatin a a
; : fee
; 7
¥ yi a y
‘ nd
Dene, Pate pat NAS
H i ay )
, < ) ie
ul ‘ cj}
) ry”
: y i v
ey hy
on i
i 1 1
Np ‘ ?
\ th i i i Uae
yet i ie Ne MNOS Pains i Uh ia —
Ao oe ¢ Neh Buel} i NA lig, ee LAN A, nia “i
\ A
7 t: r ‘Avg in i 1) | ns: ' Bd
s 4 ;
, ee
: 5
; AT ke CN ae) a Thies
i i “i i
: wes ; With » oh wold \ a Veen
a ‘i ) 0.
} . ; , 1 : h fis, 5
i ' Bh ; ne i eth” Ae
: u i)
‘ Cis é \
eo) i ee et i t h 19 uk LY ae ;
i ON oe | iY tdi ae Lat tale
i v7 q y i
a }
¥ /
i} ” yi ,
i oi t heey ate ’ %,
if ne » § : io. rf ;
Rie ath? 5 IT
j { | : th
Ay q
) 1 ie i Le af Te ty ¥ t
te y a
)
i
* , ae ‘ i
if 1 G
‘ iby
y ‘ v \\
a { i aN ,
I
n i} \ Y i | % Af
‘ hi fy ii eats
y 1 1 i
i HY i
i i 4 : r
i x \ \ ie!
Wy ane) I Y i i
iv i ‘ ' y y i i
APPENDIX B: CURRENT PROFILE DATA
This appendix contains locations
of current profile stations and a
tabular listing of the profile data.
Station locations are suffixed with
T, M, and B, which stand for top, mid-
depth, and bottom respectively. When
velocities were too low to allow
direct readout in knots, a velocity
was calculated using a formula re-
lating the velocity to the number of
pulses (P) or revolutions of the
impeller, observed in a 30-sec
interval.
Me
1; Abt) if
é q ;
Oe i
cy ,
rid
{ ; ; K
he! q at F ge
i t
. me rer Pheoy
ie, Debit) ehie dite: ig Dee rOr
“ar "4 dep, Gey” Rb, ae aa et dj Wit’ smh f ‘tha ete j
‘ et * a RS s ¥:
, aie { a ‘
HOM | i : Wy
wrote
Hoe Tee es ee heer
| ; uy t iy, rin ty
een Seba
2 Oh ea A Re Nay Penta’ gt ao Cay anaes hang
"Ob he FE } Y Leads oe yu t't OME
ee ora eS ane
“At
)
”
i
2
x
5
t o : ri
f
i 4 i si i -
STATION# POSITION
N. LAT W LONG
P1 A aay 42.55! 118° 15.05
B ee AGU MES Taos
C 33° 42.65" ARES AGF
P2 A 28. 43.4" 118° ele
B she Lgl yu SS. ALaOY
Cc 330 74304 118° 10.9!
P3 A 230 44 6 118° 07.4!
B Ser AVA ogy 118° 07.6!
C 33° 44.0! 118° 07.8"
D 33° 43.8" 118° 07.9"
E 2° AS50 AME? OBoN?
P4 A 35. 43.3 118° 16.2
B 33° 43.3 ies ice
C BS” 43.25 MG? 1660
P6 A Joe 4434 118° 13.75
B 8° A iid 1182 13264
C ae1> &Da7I6 118° 13.48
D BO hs) 0] HES 19697
E 33° 43.25 ME 13.26
P7 A 33° 44.08 118° Nits
B 33° 43.90 118° 10.99
C 330143073 118° 10.89
D Se AS 118° 10.84
E 33° 43.48 118° 10.80
P8 A eee ied MBS 136
B ag GAY 118° 13.05
c 367 MoS IG 1350
ro) 33 U45e56 118° 110
aay 45.58 118° 13.08
33° 45.60 118° 13.05
P10 33° 43.90! 118° 16.37!
Pll 33° 44.97! 118° 16.23"
P12 33° 45.47! 118° 15.62!
P13 33° 45.88 118° 14.65
B3
LA/LB CURRENT PROFILE DATA
TEAM METER TIME STATION DEPTH DIRECTION VELOCITY PULSES VELOCITY
S/N (PDT) (FEET) (MAGNETIC) (KNOTS) Cp) (KNOTS )
RANGE 3 08/06/87-08/07/87 EASTERN OPENING
PMAB 00381 2047 3A-B 09 167 0.16
PMAB 0081 2048 3SA-M O7 194 0.10
PMAB 0031 2050 odA-T 05 e214 0.08
PMAB 02735 2110 SA-B 09 180 15 0.14
PMAB 0273 21l1e oA-M O7 180 10 0.09
PMAB 02735 2115 oA-T 05 220 06 0.06
PMAB 0273 2137 OoB-B ay 015 06 0.06
PMAB 0273 2140 SB-M 11 160 06 0.06
PMAB 0273 2145 SB-T ee) 180 14 0.135
PMAB 02735 2158 SC-B 50 135 19 0.18
PMAB 0273 2205 3C-M 19 O60 27 0.25
PMAB 02735 2208 SC-T 05 135 13 0.12
PMAB 0273 2220 oD-B 36 080 18 (0), abe?
PMAB 0273 2228 SD-M 20 090 0.40
PMAB 0273 e2ee 3D-T 05 115 15 0.14
PMAB 0273 2240 SE-B 41 105 0.40
PMAB 02735 2245 SE-M 25 100 0.40
PMAB 02735 2247 oE-T 05 110 25 0.22
PMAB 0273 2502 SA-B 06 120 12 (5 bal
PMAB 0273 2504 SA-M O05 085 13 0.12
PMAB 0275 2506 SA-T 03 030 12 0.11
PMAB 0273 2520 3B-B 14 065 11 0.10
PMAB 0273 2525 SB-M 10 170 20 0.19
PMAB 0273 2526 oB-T 05 200 14 OFS
PMAB 0273 2557 3C-B 28 120 20 (o)5 ale)
PMAB 0273 2539 oC-M 16 090 0.40
PMAB 02735 2541 oC-T 05 150 18 0.17
PMAB 0273 2552 5D-B roy) 115 0.30
PMAB 0273 2554 SD-M 19 090 0.60
PMAB 0273 2559 SD-T 05 125 0.40
PMAB 0273 2400 SE-B 38 110 0.40
PMAB 0273 O00? SE-M 22 095 0.50
PMAB 0273 0008 SBS 05 085 0.30
FRF 02735 0051 3A-T O05 210 17 0.16
FRF 0273 0117 SB-B 11 160 22 0.21
FRF 0273 0128 SB-M 08 130 25 0.25
FRF 0273 0130 oB-T 03 040 20 @, wy)
FRF 0273 0146 3C-B 25 1350 18 (0). Ue
FRF 0275 0154 SC-M 15 095 50 0.28
FRF 0275 0200 3C-T 03 105 20 0.19
FRF 0273 0209 SD-B ol O70 22 O.e1
FRF 0275 0213 SD-M 18 090 ol 0.30
FRE: 0273 0216 oD-T 035 095 ol 0.350
FRF 0273 0229 SE-B Ov O70 16 0.15
ERE 02735 02355 SE-M el O75 32 0.30
FRF 0273 0237 SE-T 03 090 28 0.26
FRF 02735 0309 SB-B 10 260 16 OS
FRF 0273 0312 SoB-M O7 050 08 0.08
RT 02735 0324 SoC-B 25 320 09g 0.08
FRF 0273 0328 S3C-M 15 O50 10 0.09
B4
FRF
FRF
FRF
FRF
FRF
FRF
FRF
FRF
FRF
FRF
FRF
FRF
FRF
FRF
FRF
FRF
FRF
FRF
FRF
FRF
PMAB
PMAB
PMAB
PMAB
PMAB
PMAB
PMAB
PMAB
PMAB
PMAB
PMAB
PMAB
PMAB
PMAB
PMAB
PMAB
PMAB
PMAB
PMAB
PMAB
PMAB
PMAB
PMAB
PMAB
PMAB
PMAB
PMAB
PMAB
PMAB
PMAB
PMAB
PMAB
PMAB
PMAB
PMAB
PMAB
PMAB
PMAB
PMAB
PMAB
PMAB
0275
0273
02735
0273
0273
02735
02735
02735
02735
02735
02735
0275
02735
0275
02735
0273
02735
0273
0273
0273
0030
0030
0030
0030
0030
0030
0030
0030
0030
0030
0030
0030
0030
00350
00350
00380
00350
00350
0030
0050
0030
0030
0030
0030
0030
0030
0030
0030
0030
0030
0030
0030
0030
0030
0030
0030
0030
0030
0030
0030
0030
0330
0340
0343
0346
0358
0404
0408
0426
04358
0441
0444
0454
0456
0459
0509
0514
0516
0526
0529
0531
RANGE 6
1530
1535
1545
1555
1559
1602
1830
1832
1835
1858
1901
1903
1920
1923
1925
1938
1942
1945
1952
1953
1955
2010
2014
2015
2025
2026
2028
2057
2045
2046
2100
2105
2108
2120
2122
2125
2150
2153
2155
2214
2218
oC-T
SD-B
SD-M
5D-T
SE-B
SE-M
oE-T
3A-T
SB-B
SB-M
SB-T
SC-B
SC-M
oC-T
oD-B
SD-M
oD-T
SE-B
SE-M
SE-T
08/07/87-08/08/87 GYRE
6A-B
6A-M
6A-T
6B-B
6B-M
6B-T
6C-B
6C-M
6C-T
6D-B
6D-M
6D-T
6E-B
6E-M
6E-T
6A-B
6A-M
6A-T
6B-B
6B-M
6B-T
6C-B
6C-M
6C-T
6D-B
6D-M
S10)
6E-B
6E-M
6E-T
6A-B
6A-M
6A-T
6B-B
6B-M
6B-T
6C-B
6C-M
6C-T
6D-B
6D-M
42
24
ieks)
B5
295
020
085
120
340
loleye)
100
180
255
350
020
345
320
285
3350
350
265
350
540
250
104
OR
255
2e4
257
131
alg
248
083
215
281
094
256
090
058
214
218
205
298
281
160
260
260
101
iLfeyat
alg
186
228
107
042
ell
2635
226
291
284
252
294
259
108
132
018
jelexe)
lelaleleleleleleleleleleleleekelelelelelelelel ele el ele) ele eieeleel ei e(e(eleKe)
C0 ODOODQO0O000000000
PMAB
PMAB
PMAB
PMAB
FRF
FRF
FRF
FRF
FRF
FRF
FRF
FRF
FRF
FRF
BRE
FRF
FRF
FRF
FRF
FRF
FRF
FRF
FRF
FRF
FRF
FRF
FRF
FRF
FRF
HR
FRF
TRE
FRF
FRF
IES
FRF
FRF
FRF
FRF
FRF
FRF
FRF
FRF
FRF
FRF
FRF
FRF
FRF
FRF
FRF
FRF
FRF
ERE,
FRF
FRF
FRF
RE
FRF
FRF
FRF
FRF
FRF
FRF
FRF
0030
0030
0030
0030
0030
0030
0030
0030
0030
0030
0030
0030
0030
0030
0030
0030
0030
0030
0030
0030
0030
00350
0030
0030
0030
00350
0050
0030
0030
0030
0030
0030
0030
0030
0030
00350
00350
0030
00350
0030
0030
0030
0030
00350
0030
0030
0030
0030
0030
0030
00350
00350
0030
0030
0030
00350
0030
0030
0030
0030
0030
0030
0030
0050
2el9
2255
2257
2240
2540
2545
2552
0016
0019
0023
0032
0036
0041
0055
0059
0101
0113
0117
0120
0140
0143
0145
0155
0200
0208
0215
0220
0222
0254
0237
0241
0259
03504
03506
0326
0330
0353
03544
0348
03551
0404
0406
0410
0421
0424
0429
0440
0443
0448
0508
0511
0513
0522
0524
0528
0540
0542
0545
O555
0559
O601
0612
0614
0617
6DEaT
6E-B
6E-M
6Ear
6A-B
6A-M
6A-T
6B-B
6B-M
6B-T
6C-B
6C-M
6C-T
6D-B
6D-M
6D-T
6E-B
6E-M
6E-T
6A-B
6A-M
6A-T
6B-B
6B-M
6B-T
6C-B
6C-M
6C-T
6D-B
6D-M
6D-T
6E-B
6E-B
6E-T
6A-B
6A-M
6A-T
6B-B
6B-M
6B-T
6C-B
6C-M
6C-T
6D-B
6D-M
6D-T
6E-B
6E-M
jae
6A-B
6A-M
GAG a
6B-B
6B-M
OBS
6C-B
6C-M
6C-T
6D-B
6D-M
6D-T
6E-B
6E-M
GEST;
B6
121
2535
025
O60
262
550
210
030
190
218
024
190
130
120
2035
O75
045
O75
031
068
039
045
O07
038
049
159
205
013
108
211
055
006
104
040
556
100
039
250
090
025
220
267
O55
108
208
016
Ov?
230
123
115
059
229
520
120
351
O70
262
035
515
210
330
O75
225
228
OCDODDDDDDDDDDDCD DDD ODCOOOOO OOOO OOOCOOOCOOOOOOOOGOOOOOOOGDO09O000000000
RANGE 10-13 08/08/87 - 08/09/87 CERRITOS CHANNEL
PMAB 0050 1648 12-B 44 114 0.00
PMAB 00350 1654 12-M 26 001 0.10
PMAB 0030 1658 12-T O05 121 0.12
PMAB 00380 1726 13-B 45 108 0.04
PMAB 0050 1733 13-M 28 245 O19)
PMAB 0050 1741 UG=2e (e}e) 252 0.35
PMAB 00350 1757 12-B 47 250 0.05
PMAB 0030 1759 12-M 29 056 0.14
PMAB 00380 1806 I@=20 O09 O73 @. i
PMAB 0030 1823 11-B 45 557 0.14
PMAB 00380 1828 11-M ol 556 0.13
PMAB 00380 1830 alae 05 325 0.05
PMAB 0030 1902 10-B 44 346 ORS
PMAB 00350 1904 10-M 26 224 0.15
PMAB 00350 1910 LOS: O7 518 0.04
PMAB 00350 1949 12-B 45 217 0.15
PMAB 0030 1951 12-M 26 090 0.00
PMAB 0030 1953 Neat O7 250 0.05
PMAB 00350 2018 15-B 45 el2 0.18
PMAB 00380 2019 13-M 25 262 0.25
PMAB 0030 2021 LBS 06 256 0.20
PMAB 0030 20356 12-B 45 250 0.15
PMAB 0030 2059 12-M 25 0.00
PMAB 0030 2045 12-T 08 220 0.05
PMAB 00350 2148 iab=is) 50 018 0.18
PMAB 00380 2149 11-M ev 051 0.21
PMAB 00380 2150 i bak 05 120 0.10
PMAB 0030 2210 10-B 46 138 0.23
PMAB 0030 2212 10-M 24 132 0.31
PMAB 0030 2214 NO=1 03 129 0.31
PMAB 0030 2252 UW dh=13) 49 156 0.05
PMAB 0030 2254 11-M 26 1635 0.10
PMAB 00380 2256 Haba 05 316 0.136
PMAB 0030 2505 12-B 45 225 0.10
PMAB 0030 2506 12-M 26 200 0. LO
PMAB 00380 2508 1B=1e 06 190 0.10
FRF 0030 2559 10-B 48 006 0.07
FRF 0030 0002 10-M 24 Wéeit O15
FRF 00350 0004 WO=JE O05 128 0.36
FRF 00350 0039 1B SB 45 190 0.15
FRF 0030 0042 11-M LY 191 0.15
FRF 0030 0044 Wildy 05 186 0.05
FRF 0030 0059 12-B 55 170 0.10
FRF 00350 0101 12-M 19 225 0.21
FRF 0030 0102 WB=2 05 176 0.15
FRF 0030 0118 135-B 58 O76 0.05
FRF 0050 0120 13-M 18 170 0.00
FRF 0030 0124 13-T 05 038 0.18
FRF 0030 0209 10-B 35 Wasa 0.15
FRF 0030 0211 10-M el 128 0.51
FRF 0030 0213 OSE 05 145 0.36
FRF 00350 0254 able 46 550 0.00
FRF 0030 0257 1M iL) Was 0.10
FRF 0030 0238 a =2e 05 158 0.12
FRF 00350 0251 12-B 40 143 0.00
FRF 0030 0255 12-M ig) 166 0.04
FRF 0030 0259 UWB=ab 05 180 0.05
FRF 0030 0316 13-B 35 255 0.05
FRF 0030 03522 13-M WW? 050 0.00
FRF 0030 0326 Wey Ae 05 200 0.10
FRF 0030 0407 10-B 35 063 0.07
FRF 0030 0409 10-é 18 224 0.15
B/7
FRF
FRF
FRF
FRF
FRF
FRF
FRF
FRF
FRF
FRF
FRF
FRF
FRF
FRF
FRF
FRF
RE)
FRF
FRF
FRF
FRF
FRF
FRF
FRF
FRF
FRF
FRF
Ise
FRF
IShiy
FRF
FRF
RE
FRF
I ISuee
FRF
FRF
FRF
FRF
IS
FRF
FRF
FRF
FRF
FRF
FRF
FRF
FRF
FRF
FRF
FRF
FRF
FRF
RE
RE
FRF
IPSs
RE,
sae
FRF
FRF
0030
0030
0030
0050
0030
00350
0030
0030
0030
0030
0030
0030
0030
0030
0030
00350
0030
0030
0030
0030
00350
0030
0030
0050
0030
0030
0030
0030
0030
0030
0030
0050
00350
0030
0030
00350
0030
0030
0050
0030
0030
0050
0030
0030
0030
0030
0030
0030
0030
0030
0030
0030
0030
0030
0030
0050
0030
0030
0030
0030
0030
0416
0440
0456
0459
0501
0516
0518
0519
LO=2
I abs}
12-B
12-M
Ne—ak
ej 1s)
13-M
13-T
050
285
320
010
205
229
255
250
RANGE 8-9 08/09/87-08/10/87
2549
2551
2555
0014
0017
0019
0031
0033
0034
0051
0053
0055
0106
0107
0109
0116
0120
0122
01357
0139
0140
0153
0156
0157
0225
0225
0227
0241
0245
0247
0256
0259
0301
0308
0310
0313
0529
0331
0332
0349
0351
0354
0402
0403
0405
0421
0423
0426
04335
0436
0438
0446
0501
8A-B
8A-M
8A-T
8B-B
8B-M
8B-T
8C-B
8C-M
8C-T
9A-B
9A-M
9A-T
9B-B
9B-M
SBo
9C-B
9C-M
IGar
8A-B
8A-M
8A-T
8B-B
8B-M
8B-T
8C-B
8C-M
8C-T
9A-B
9A-M
QAS
9B-B
9B-M
9B-T
9C-B
9C-M
9C-T
8A-B
8A-M
8A-T
8B-B
8B-M
8B-T
8C-B
8C-M
8C-T
9A-B
9A-M
VAT
9B-B
9B-M
IBa
Qo=is}
9C-M
B8
110
100
085
1356
112
O97
165
159
1635
154
140
163
190
145
140
260
350
105
127
113
Le
138
plies
138
ROR:
173
Wes
laws
159
136
250
135
179
285
300
089
Hab al
127
103
124
120
084
512
029
041
ay?
152
154
160
116
235
285
ENTRANCE
OO0O00000
DOODDDDDDDDDODDOOODODQDODOCOOOODOOOCOOOOOODOOOO0OO0O0O0CO0O0O0O0O000000
FRF
FRF
FRF
FRF
FRF
FRF
FRF
FRF
ISIS
FRF
FRF
FRF
FRF
FRF
FRF
FRF
FRF
FRF
FRF
FRF
FRF
FRF
PMAB
PMAB
PMAB
PMAB
PMAB
PMAB
PMAB
PMAB
PMAB
PMAB
PMAB
PMAB
PMAB
PMAB
PMAB
PMAB
FMAB
PMAB
PMAB
PMAB
PMAB
PMAB
PMAB
PMAB
PMAB
PMAB
PMAB
PMAB
PMAB
PMAB
PMAB
PMAB
PMAB
PMAB
PMAB
PMAB
PMAB
FMAB
PMAB
0030
0030
00350
0030
0030
0060
0030
00380
0030
0030
0030
0030
0030
00350
0030
0030
0030
0030
0030
0015
0015
0015
0030
0030
0030
0051
0051
0051
00381
0051
0031
0031
0031
0051
0031
0031
0081
0031
00381
0031
0081
0031
0051
0031
0081
0031
00381
0031
0031
0031
0051
0031
0031
0031
0031
0031
0031
0031
0031
0031
0031
0503
05335
0535
0537
0547
0553
0555
O711
0715
O717
07355
07354
O737
O747
0749
O751
O758
0759
0801
0822
0825
0826
0954
1002
1004
1016
1018
1020
1036
1039
1041
1049
1051
1053
1058
1101
1103
1120
IL Bah
1123
1125
1127
Ia eal
1150
1152
1155
RANGE 4
0031
0033
0036
0043
0047
0049
01038
0106
0108
0116
0119
0121
0130
0131
0133
3Ca ik
8A-B
8A-M
8A-T
8B-B
8B-M
8B-T
8C-B
8C-M
8C-T
9A-B
9A-M
QA-T
9B-B
9B-M
9B-T
9C-B
9C-M
9C-T
8A-B
8A-M
8A-T
8B-B
8B-M
SoBe
8C-B
8C-M
8C-T
9A-B
9A-M
A=
9B-B
9B-M
SBE
9C-B
9C-M
ICSE
8A-B
8A-M
8A-T
8B-B
8B-M
SBS
8C-B
8C-M
8C-T
OS/ LAV SY
4A-B
4A-M
4A-T
4B-B
4B-M
4B-T
4C-B
4C-M
4C-T
4A-B
4A-M
4A-T
4B-B
4B-M
2B
LA
42
29
05
46
22
05
180
307
255
350
518
305
186
540
140
160
265
515
5355
520
3505
350
515
540
550
150
135
105
132
285
O11
068
249
508
006
057
295
187
250
118
180
160
162
512
550
136
500
294
105
173
166
153
ENTRANCE
B9
210
118
146
142
149
150
135
142
143
145
148
150
542
153
145
Olea elelelelelelelelelelelelelel eee ele ele elelelelelelelelelelelelelelele(eleleleke)
TO CERRITOS
lelelelelelelelekeleleleie(eKe)
CHANNEL
PMAB
PMAB
PMAB
PMAB
PMAB
PMAB
PMAB
PMAB
PMAB
PMAB
PMAB
PMAB
PMAB
PMAB
PMAB
PMAB
PMAB
PMAB
PMAB
PMAB
PMAB
PMAB
PMAB
PMAB
PMAB
PMAB
PMAB
PMAB
PMAB
PMAB
PMAB
PMAB
PMAB
PMAB
PMAB
PMAB
PMAB
PMAB
PMAB
PMAB
PMAB
PMAB
PMAB
PMAB
PMAB
PMAB
PMAB
PMAB
PMAB
PMAB
PMAB
PMAB
PMAB
PMAB
PMAB
PMAB
PMAB
PMAB
PMAB
PMAB
PMAB
PMAB
PMAB
PMAB
PMAB
00351
0031
0031
0031
0031
0031
0051
0031
0031
0031
0031
0031
0031
0031
0031
0031
00351
0031
0031
0031
0031
0031
0031
0031
0031
0031
0031
0031
0031
0031
0031
0031
0031
0031
0081
0031
0031
0031
0031
0015
0015
0015
0015
0015
0015
0015
0015
0015
0015
0015
0015
0015
0015
0015
0015
0015
OO15 -
0015
0015
0015
0015
0015
0015
0015
0015
0140
0142
0143
0151
0153
0155
0200
0214
0215
0220
0222
0224
0228
0235
0235
0244
0245
0248
0256
0259
0300
0307
0309
03511
0318
03520
0321
03528
0330
03353
0345
03547
03549
03559
0401
0402
0413
0416
0417
O742
O744
0746
O754
O757
0759
0809
0811
0814
0823
0825
0827
0854
0835
0836
0844
0845
0847
0910
0912
0913
0923
0925
0987
0934
0936
4C-B
4C-M
4C-T
4A-B
4A-M
4A-T
4B-B
4B-M
4B-T
4C-B
4C-M
AOE
4A-B
4A-M
4A-T
4B-B
4B-M
4B-T
4C-B
4C-M
4C-T
4A-B
4A-M
4A-T
4B-B
4B-M
4B-T
4C-B
4C-M
Cs
4A-B
4A-M
4A-T
4B-B
4B-M
Bal
4C-B
4C-M
aCe
4A-B
4A-M
4A-T
4B-B
4B-M
4B-T
4C-B
4C-M
4C-T
4A-B
4A-M
4A-T
4B-B
4B-M
4B-T
4C-B
4C-M
a4 ak
4A-B
4A-M
4A-—7
4B-B
4B-M
4B-T
4C-B
4C-M
B10
507
146
146
121
145
149
143
135
148
148
146
146
176
148
148
O70
122
152
518
167
150
258
145
134
120
142
148
028
1435
143
O97
149
156
296
ewe)
149
295
153
146
510
510
3355
540
120
140
215
27s
175
510
545
550
320
130
150
325
530
540
350
350
260
315
250
SODODDVDDDDD OOOO OCOOOODOOOODOO ODDO OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOCOOOOOO0OCOO000000
PMAB
PMAB
PMAB
PMAB
PMAB
PMAB
PMAB
PMAB
PMAB
PMAB
PMAB
PMAB
PMAB
PMAB
PMAB
PMAB
PMAB
PMAB
PMAB
PMAB
PMAB
PMAB
PMAB
PMAB
PMAB
PMAB
PMAB
PMAB
PMAB
PMAB
PMAB
PMAB
PMAB
PMAB
PMAB
PMAB
PMAB
PMAB
PMAB
PMAB
PMAB
PMAB
PMAB
PMAB
PMAB
PMAB
PMAB
PMAB
PMAB
PMAB
PMAB
PMAB
PMAB
PMAB
PMAB
PMAB
PMAB
PMAB
PMAB
PMAB
PMAB
0015
0015
0015
0015
0015
0015
0015
0015
0015
0015
0015
0015
0015
0015
0015
0015
0015
0015
0015
0015
0015
0015
0015
0015
0015
0015
0015
0015
0015
0015
0015
0015
0015
0015
0015
0015
0015
0015
0015
0015
0015
0015
0015
0015
0015
0015
0015
0015
0015
0015
0015
0015
0015
0015
0015
0015
0015
0015
0015
0015
0015
0938
0947
0949
0955
1003
1005
1008
1020
1022
1023
1031
1035
1036
1045
1046
1048
1055
1057
1058
RANGE 1
0842
0845
0848
0856
0857
0902
0913
0914
0916
0945
0948
0952
1000
1004
1006
10135
1016
1019
Wabalee
1120
1124
1137
1142
1145
1149
1150
1153
1200
1202
1204
1212
1215
1216
1225
1227
1230
1238
1239
1241
1250
1253
1256
4C-T
4A-B
4A-M
4A-T
4B-B
4B-M
4B-T
4C-B
4C-M
4C-T
4A-B
4A-M
4A-T
4B-B
4B-M
abe
4C-B
4C-M
4C-T
08/12/87
1A-B
1A-M
1A-T
1B-B
1B-M
1B-T
1C-B
1C-M
1C-T
1A-B
1A-M
1A-T
1B-B
1B-M
IAL
1C-B
1C-M
(Gat
1A-B
1A-M
I= Ab
1B-B
1B-M
iisj—ae
1C-B
1C-M
1C-T
1A-B
1A-M
1A-T
1B-B
1B-M
Ij
1C-B
1C-M
WG =e
1A-B
1A-M
1A-T
1B-B
1B-M
LB-T
125
300
340
540
625
515
300
290
135
145
555
evs
005
510
320
500
505
1350
145
ANGELS GATE
44
24
04
46
ev
04
45
Bll
280
615
080
500
515
295
265
255
215
3520
285
285
320
280
270
210
210
200
205
190
O70
229
185
180
225
210
150
170
215
090
245
220
090
229
215
165
135
180
055
185
170
080
(oleae elelelelelelelelelelelelelexe)
(elelelelelel ele) e ele) el ele) ele) eee eee eee] elekele)eielelekeelelelelekelexe)
PMAB
PMAB
PMAB
FRF
FRF
FRF
FRF
FRF
FRF
FRF
PRE
FRF
FRF
FRF
FRF
FRF
FRF
FRF
IP sy
FRF
FRF
FRF
BRE
FRF
FRF
11S
FRF
FRF
FRF
FRF
FRF
FRF
FRF
IISA
BRE
FRF
PMAB
PMAB
PMAB
PMAB
PMAB
PMAB
PMAB
PMAB
PMAB
PMAB
PMAB
PMAB
PMAB
PMAB
PMAB
PMAB
PMAB
PMAB
PMAB
PMAB
PMAB
PMAB
PMAB
PMAB
PMAB
0015
0015
0015
0015
0015
0015
0015
0015
0015
0015
0015
0015
0015
0015
0015
0015
0015
0015
0015
0015
0015
0015
0015
0015
0015
0015
0015
0015
0015
0015
0015
0015
0015
0015
0015
0015
0015
0015
0015
0015
0015
0015
0015
0015
0015
0015
0015
0015
0015
0015
0015
0015
0015
0015
0015
0015
0015
0015
0015
0015
0015
1336
1339
1341
1518
1520
1521
1536
1539
1540
1509
1511
1513
1622
1625
1624
1638
1640
1642
1653
1655
1656
1749
aoe!
1753
1821
1823
1825
1834
1836
1838
1846
1847
1849
1858
1900
1902
RANGE 2
0821
0823
0830
0850
0852
0854
0904
0912
0915
0926
0930
0932
0957
0959
1000
1010
1012
1014
1021
1023
1025
1037
1038
1040
1055
1C-B
1C-M
1C-T
1A-B
1A-M
1A-T
1B-B
1B-M
B=
1A-B
1A-M
1A-T
1B-B
1B-M
LUBE
1C-B
1C-M
1C-T
1A-B
1A-M
LA-T,
BSB
1B-M
UBS
1C-B
1C-M
1C-T
1A-B
1A-M
1A-T
1B-B
1B-M
TB
UCSB
1C-M
ESA
08/13/87
2A-B
2A-M
eA-T
2B-B
2B-M
2B-T
2C-B
2C-M
2Cc-T
2A-B
2A-M
2A-T
2B-B
2B-M
2B-T
2C-B
2C-M
2C-T
2A-B
2A-M
2A-T
2B-B
2B-M
2B-T
2C-B
B12
205
180
085
250
350
060
225
275
260
265
010
015
225
010
020
020
010
O15
335
020
100
005
020
025
340
015
025
005
350
255
325
015
030
315
345
020
GATE
350
105
085
545
010
320
255
240
255
340
005
085
350
345
000
355
520
045
320
290
295
345
330
510
345
POOODOOOOOFrFOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO0O0OrFrO0O0000
OODODDVODOOOCOFOOOO0O0O0O0O000000
PMAB
PMAB
PMAB
PMAB
PMAB
PMAB
PMAB
PMAB
PMAB
PMAB
PMAB
PMAB
PMAB
PMAB
PMAB
PMAB
PMAB
PMAB
PMAB
PMAB
PMAB
PMAB
PMAB
PMAB
PMAB
PMAB
PMAB
PMAB
PMAB
FRF
FRF
FRF
FRF
FRF
FRF
FRF
FRF
FRF
FRF
FRF
FRF
FRF
FRF
FRF
FRF
FRF
FRF
FRF
FRF
FRF
FRF
FRF
FRF
FRF
FRF
FRF
FRF
FRF
FRF
FRF
FRF
FRF
FRF
FRF
FRF
0015
0015
0015
0015
0015
0015
0015
0015
0015
0015
0015
0015
0015
0015
0015
0015
0015
0015
0015
0015
0015
0015
0015
0015
0015
0015
0015
0015
0015
0015
0015
0015
0015
0015
0015
0015
0015
0015
0015
0015
0015
0015
0015
0015
0015
0015
0015
0015
0015
0015
0015
0015
0015
0015
0015
0015
0015
0015
0015
0015
0015
0015
0015
0015
0015
1057
1100
1107
1109
Wat ahal
1118
1120
1122
1133
1135
1138
1146
1148
1150
1202
1205
1207
1215
1217
1220
1228
12350
1232
1237
1240
1242
1250
1252
1254
1404
1406
1408
1448
1450
1452
1502
1504
1505
1618
1620
1622
16354
1635
1637
1649
1651
1654
1703
1706
1710
1718
1720
1722
1735
1738
1740
1749
1751
1753
1801
1803
1805
1815
VEL?
1820
2C-M
2C-T
2A-B
2A-M
2A-T
2B-B
2B-M
2B-T
2C-B
2C-M
2Cc-T
2A-B
2A-M
2A-T
2B-B
2B-M
ena
2C-B
2C-M
2Cr
2A-B
2A-M
2A-T
2B-B
2B-M
2B-T
2C-B
2C-M
2C-T
2C-B
2C-M
2C-T
2A-B
2A-M
eA-T
2B-B
2B-M
2B-T
2A-B
2AM
2A-T
2B-B
2B-M
2B-T
2C-B
2C-M
2C-T
2A-B
2A-M
2A-T
2B-B
2B-M
2B-T,
2C-B
2C-M
2C-T
2A-B
2A-M
2A-T
2B-B
2B-M
2B-T
2C-B
2C-M
2C-T
275
295
315
305
510
3250
515
320
300
270
255
310
515
345
005
290
515
020
240
225
500
300
355
350
260
290
140
210
220
175
140
170
105
095
185
145
115
125
110
100
155
140
105
240
200
120
O75
095
080
105
105
090
090
O70
080
135
120
095
110
100
080
O65
080
O60
SGISGGOlSISISIGISISIPIGISISISISISISISIFISISISISISICISISIONSISONSNSCIONSISCICN FOCISISISClolO
OO0O00000 DO000000
al
el
2s
135
.20
PMAB
PMAB
PMAB
PMAB
PMAB
PMAB
PMAB
PMAB
PMAB
PMAB
PMAB
PMAB
PMAB
PMAB
PMAB
PMAB
PMAB
PMAB
PMAB
PMAB
PMAB
PMAB
PMAB
PMAB
PMAB
PMAB
PMAB
PMAB
PMAB
PMAB
PMAB
PMAB
PMAB
PMAB
PMAB
PMAB
PMAB
PMAB
PMAB
PMAB
PMAB
PMAB
PMAB
PMAB
PMAB
PMAB
PMAB
PMAB
PMAB
PMAB
PMAB
PMAB
PMAB
PMAB
PMAB
PMAB
PMAB
PMAB
PMAB
PMAB
FRF
0015
0015
0015
0015
0015
0015
0015
0015
0015
0015
0015
0015
0015
0015
0015
0015
0015
0015
0015
0015
0015
0015
0015
0015
0015
0015
0015
0015
0015
0015
0015
0015
0015
0015
0015
0015
0015
0015
0015
0015
0015
0015
0015
0015
0015
0015
0015
0015
0015
0015
0015
0015
0015
0015
0015
0015
0015
0015
0015
0015
0015
RANGE 7 08/14/87 NAVY MOLE TO ANGELS GATE
0837
0841
0845
0856
0859
0901
0914
0916
0919
0930
0932
0934
0955
0957
1000
1016
1019
1021
10353
1036
1038
1049
1051
1054
1106
1108
1112
1123
1125
1127
1147
1149
1151
1201
1208
1206
1215
1217
1219
1229
1231
1254
1242
1244
1245
1433
1435
1438
1451
1453
1456
1509
1512
1514
1524
1526
1528
1536
1539
1541
1556
7A-B
TA-M
TA-T
7B-B
7B-M
7B-T
7C-B
7C-M
Gas
7D-B
7D-M
{Anat
7E-B
7E-M
Tat
T7A-B
TA-M
GAR
7B-B
7B-M
7B-T
7C-B
7C-M
Gar
7D-B
7D-M
7D-T
7E-B
7E-M
Tapas
VTA-B
7TA-M
TA-T
7B-B
7B-M
B= o0
7C-B
7C-M
YO
7D-B
7D-M
Dat
7E-B
7E-M
(Ges
7A-B
TA-M
CAST:
7B-B
7B-M
Biers
7C-B
7C-M
WO
7D-B
7D-M
Td—ak
TAB=18}
VE-M
Haat
TA-B
B14
225
O70
355
510
340
C15
355
035
030
020
035
045
350
010
O75
220
255
350
345
265
105
515
325
070
510
355
030
315
005
015
260
220
175
250
520
170
240
545
220
250
350
055
320
555
020
540
270
O70
290
050
140
210
025
080
195
320
090
040
035
085
290
(exe)
O00 O
eXeleyelelele ele ele ele ele kee leleun@)
. 40
55
55
. 40
(exe)
(joXe)
jo)
OO0000000
OO0000
Se Of GOOO Of©
FRF
FRF
FRF
FRF
FRF
FRF
FRF
FRF
FRF
FRF
FRF
FRF
FRF
FRF
FRF
FRF
FRF
FRF
FRF
FRF
FRF
FRF
FRF
FRF
FRF
FRF
FRF
Rats
FRF
FRF
FRF
FRF
FRF
FRF
FRF
FRF
FRF
FRF
FRF
FRF
FRF
FRF
FRF
FRF
0015
0015
0015
0015
0015
0015
0015
0015
0015
0015
0015
0015
0015
0015
0015
0015
0015
0015
0015
0015
0015
0015
0015
0015
0015
0015
0015
0015
0015
0015
0015
0015
0015
0015
0015
0015
0015
0015
0015
0015
0015
0015
0015
0015
1559
1601
1614
1616
1618
1629
1631
1654
1643
1646
1648
1700
1702
1704
1721
1724
1726
1738
Wee sal
1744
1755
1758
1800
1813
1815
1817
1827
1830
1832
1843
1845
1847
1856
1858
1900
1909
igyabal
1913
1921
1924
1925
1954
1937
1939
7A-M
TE
7B-B
7B-M
“Br
7C-B
7C-M
7C-T
7D-B
7D-M
7D-T
7E-B
7E-M
7E-T
7A-B
7A-M
TA-T
7B-B
7B-M
7B-T
7C-B
7C-M
7C-T
7D-B
7D-M
7D-T
(eB
7E-M
TAS=AE
TA-B
7A-M
TA-T
7B-B
7B-M
7B-T
7C-B
7C-M
TG= 1
7D-B
7D-M
(AD=216
7E-B
7E-M
7E-T
B15
O75
0390
250
115
095
285
O75
080
240
080
105
190
080
105
020
300
070
245
015
060
255
090
O75
040
O75
090
360
035
090
040
025
070
290
065
065
265
080
095
025
O75
O75
045
090
090
(ele elelele(eke) eee) ele) el ele) el ele) eee) ele) el elelelelelelelelele)eyeleleleleyexe)
APPENDIX C: DIFFERENTIAL LEVELING SURVEY DESCRIPTION AND LEVEL NOTES
This appendix provides a description of the method used to obtain
elevations, referenced to Mean Lower Low Water (MLLW), and the level
notes recorded during the surveys.
\ i. La
se ake hha t
y i} LA
I) L 7 Le Vint
+ arbi t 2 | ‘ %
y 1) AG y vey a iN
anal i 4°
{ 5 + A KN
ND Hi
i ,
<i
ae i wt
y | '
eat rf ‘i
x i
j i ;
f \ i Noh x eure) Me
i; en
i A x } i a
~ i
td F
1 . ~
‘ .
i
i ry
Wan
n}
‘ te)
i
' A
x
i R
t i
if
a if
AY
\ \ {
Ye a : , ¥ al Wate je
Wb ho eb t Sie OW Sst)
i
ee beat t I Ch (yea? ‘o> aan |
j y |
6 f i 4 by =O tf Ve
q
i
i
/ ;
j
yi
\
i r i)
MEMORANDUM FOR RECORD: 23 October 1987
SUBJECT: 15 October 1987 Survey at LA/LB Stations LA-3 and LB-4
1. As a follow-up to and confirmation of survey work performed, during
April in Los Angeles and Long Beach Harbors, additional measurements
were made at Stations LA-3 and LB-4. These measurements were made in
three stages. The first two were made with diver assistance, measuring
from the top edge of the upper pile bracket, down to the harbor bottom
and Paros sensor pressure housing diaphragm. The third measurement was
made from the top edge of the upper pile bracket, up to a point on the
pier, which had been leveled-in previously. Survey bench marks used at
LA-3 and LB-4, respectively, were NOAA/NOS bench mark "TIDAL 8" at
elevation +13.90' MLLW and Port of Long Beach Civil Engineering
Division bench mark "1935" at elevation +15.98' MLLW.
2. Using the above mentioned bench marks as backsights, elevations to
the control points were measured of 13.28' and 15.92’ MLLW, for
Stations LA-3 and LB-4, respectively. The total distance measured from
the control point to the Paros sensor housing diaphragm at LA-5 was
30.70’ and at LB-4 was 34.15’. Subtracting these distances from the
pier elevations, yields a sensor elevation of -17.42' MLLW at LA-5 and
-18.23' MLLW at LB-4. By comparison, sensor elevations obtained in
April at Stations LA-3 and LB-4 were -17.50’ and -18.03' MLLW. The
differing elevations from one survey to the next, are due to the
inaccuracies of the taped measurements.
3. AS was stated above, the taped measurements were made to the Paros
sensor pressure housing diaphragm. This is the point of the oil/water
interface, between the diaphragm and the surrounding water. The point
on the quartz crystal pressure transducer, at which the input force is
sensed, is 0.53’ above the diaphragm. Hence if the sensor elevations at
each station from both surveys are averaged and then reduced by the
transducer offset, the resulting true elevation at Station LA-35 is
-16.93’ MLLW and at Station LB-4 is -17.60’ MLLW.
Michael D. Dickey
Civil Engineering Technician
Prototype Measurement & Analysis Branch
Los Angeles/Long Beach Differential Leveling Survey
Bench Mark Designations and Elevations:
NOAA/NOS "TIDAL 8" @ Elevation + 13.90' MLLW
POLB Bollard 1955 @ Elevation + 15.98’ MLLW
April 87 Survey: Survey Date 12 April 1987
STA BS+
Bollard 1935 5.65!
LB-4
TIDAL 8 5.98"
LA-3
October 87 Survey: Survey Date
STA BS+
Bollard 1935 5.72’
LB-4
TIDAL 8 Bo ais) ©
LA-3
TAPED
FS- ELEV. DISTANCE
Dotty Us. 0B" 335.95’
13.90’
6.60’ 13.28’ C10) o 1/8} °
15 October 1987
TAPED
FS- ELEV. DISTANCE
Soi” Ws. ea” o4.15°
Uae IO)”
SiGe melomcom SOG On
C4.
SENSOR
ELEVATION
= tho BO)”
SENSOR
ELEVATION
= Ut eH
how ARON eS
; cantly
peur
Sine oe
i
i
fin, r i i
\
Ms
5 i!
ihr)
pA
il
{ uh
i)
" i
i My
S
ir
iV
it
i 4)
Live Music Archive
Librivox Free Audio
Metropolitan Museum
Cleveland Museum of Art
Internet Arcade
Console Living Room
Books to Borrow
Open Library
TV News
Understanding 9/11